THE : US

JOURNAL

OF

THE LINNEAN SOCIETY.

BOTANY.

VOL. XI. €)

LONDON:
SOLD AT THE SOCIETY’S APARTMENTS, BURLINGTON HOUSE;
AND BY
LONGMANS, GREEN, READER, AND DYER,
AND
WILLIAMS AND NORGATE.
1871.

PRINTED BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS,
RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET.

LIST OF PAPERS.

Page
AITCHISON, J. E. T., M.D., F.L.S.
Flora of the Hishiarpur District of the Punjab ....* ......... 17
ANDERSON, Tuouas, M.D., F.L.S.
An Enumeration of the Palms of Sikkim .................. 4
BABINGTON, CHARLES C., M.A., F.R. & L.S.
As Revision of the Flora of Iceland . 0.220. se, 282
BAKER, J. G., Esq., F.L.S.
A Monograph of British Roses... ... i as ease ER HER 197
A Revision of the Genera and Species of Herbaceous Capsular
Gamopbyllous Liliace® -a oe a ee 349
BARBER, Mrs.
On the Fertilization and Dissemination of Duvernoia adhato-
GORGE PEE UR uo oo a 469

BENNETT, ALFRED W., M.A., B.Sc., F.L.S.
Note on the Structure and Affinities of Parnassia palustris, L... 24
Review of the Genus Hydrolea, with descriptions of three New
or mac I oe aes ee ig ANE dim a M E T 266

BERKELEY, Rev. M. J., M.A., F.L.S., and C. E. Brooms, Esq., F.L.S.
The Fungi of Ceylon. (Hymenomycetes, from Agaricus to Can-
tharelus a gk ees os BRA ETT CAI 494

BnovanroN, J., B.Sc.
Note on Hybridism among Cinchone ...................... 475

CLARKE, C. B., M.A., F.L.S.
On the Commelynaceæ of Bengal .................. ee 438

lv

Page
Cromarg, Rey. James M., M.A., F.L.S. & F.GS.
New Lichens recently discovered in Great Britain............ 48]

CuNNINGHAM, R. O., M.D., F.L.S.

Letter from, to Dr. Hookzz, F.R.S, V.P.L.S. .........usses 187
On the Occurrence of Pleiotaxy of the Perianth in Phiesia .... 477

DarzELL, N. A., Esq.
Note on Althea Ludwigii and Cystanche tubulosa ............ 437

DrickrE, Gronoz, M.D., F.LS.
Notes on @ Collection of Plants from the N orth-east Shore of

Lancaster Sound 7. 15005 A. 32
Notes on some Algæ found in the North-Atlantic Ocean ...... 456
Duncan, Mr.
Notes on the Stamens of Savifrage ........ lllo sous 31
Gray, Asa, M.D., F.M.L.S.
Characters of a new Genus consisting of two Species of Para-
sitie GNE. e e oer DL iu i 22
Hawnvuny, DANIEL, Esq., F.R.S., F.L.S.
On a Species of Ipomea, affording Tampico Jalap. 4... 279
Hance, H. F., Ph.D.
Extract of a Letter from, to Dr. Hooxer, V.P.LS........... 454
Howanr, J. E., F.L.S.
Introductory Remarks to Mr. Bnovanrow's Paper on Hy-
bridism among Cinchongs e qM xu 474
Kirk, Jonn, M.D., F.L.S.
m the Copal of Zanzibar e Qu IL MN D 1
On Copal. (Extract from a Letter to Dr. HOOKER.) ........ 479
Knieut, CHARLES, Esq., F.L.S.
Notes on Stictei in the Kew Museum ................. suse 243

LinpBERG, S. O., M.D.
Contributions to British Bryology ........................ 460

Page
Linpsay, W. Laupzn, M.D., F.R.S.E.
On Chemical Reaction as a Specific Character in Lichens .... 36
MELLO, JOAQUIM CORREA DE.
Notes on some Brazilian Plants from the neighbourhood of
Campinas. -Tan or AG ioe oer ee a 253
On Miyrocarpas frondosus, Seite ios rosse es 263
Moeermner, J. T., Esq., F.L.S.
Petalody of the Sepals in Serapias ........... ccc cece eens. 490

MÜLLER, FRITZ.
On the Modification of the Stamens in a Species of Begunia .. 472

ScHIMPER, W. Pu., S.L.LS.
Synonymia Muscorum Herbarii Linnzeani apud Societatem Lin-
neanam Londinensem asseryatt.- = i... i ete cy 246

SHORTT, Joun, M.D., F.L.5.
On Branched Palms in Southern India .................... 14

SPRUCE, RICHARD, Ph.D., F. R.G.S.

Palme Amazonice, sive Enumeratio Palmarum in itinere suo
per regiones Americæ zequatoriales lectarum .............. 65

WEDDELL, H. A., M.D., F.M.LS.
Remarks on the Generic Name Cascarilla. From a letter
addressed to J. B. HowARD, Esq., ELS. o 185

ERRATA ET CORRIGENDA.

Page 257, line 26, for Guepira read Guapéva
» 208, , 8 from bottom, for introrsum read extrorsum
» 2062, ,, 16, for arareite read araruta
» 286, , 6,for F. Gliemann read T. Gliemann
» 291, ,, 25, for Sir J. Mackenzie read Sir G. Mackenzie
292. — - l for Sibthorp read Lighfoot
298, , 9, for bifolia read biflora

THE JOURNAL

OF

THE LINNEAN SOCIETY.

On the e of Zanzibar. Extract from a letter from Joun
Krigx, M.D., F.L.S., dated Zanzibar, March 20th, 1868.

[Read June 18, 1868.]

Tug vegetation along the creek of Dan Salam * consists of
many curious and, to me, unknown bushes, with heavy timber
scattered here and there; among them was the Trachylobium
Mossambicense, Kl., distinguished by its rounded head of. glossy
leaves, with white groups of flowers projecting from the points
of the branches. This is the * M^ti Sandarusi" (Tree of Co-
pal) of the natives ; and from it one variety of Copal is obtained.
On examining the tree more closely, the trunk and main limbs
were seen to be covered with the clear resinous exudation, now
brittle and hard; from the upper branches it dropped down
on the ground below, but not in a fluid state. To judge by the
appearance it presented, I should say that the resin soon dries
and hardens after being exuded, but must be easily broken off by
violence ; pieces of various tint and form were collected, some with
insects imbedded ; but all presented a smooth polished exterior,
quite free from any pitting or * gooseskin " found on all kinds dug
up from the ground. This sort is known in trade as * Sandarusi ya
m'ti," or Copal from the tree; it is exported in considerable quantity
to India, but not to Europe. Having thus established the source
of one sort of Copal to be the Trachylobium, and transmitted the
resin with full herbarium specimens of flower and fruit (which, if

* [Dan Salam is stated in the letter to be a spacious creek opposite the
southern end of Zanzibar Island.—Ep.]

LINN. PROC.—BOTANY, VOL. XI. B

2 DR. KIRK ON THE COPAL OF ZANZIBAR.

I mistake not, are to this day desiderata in all our collections), let
me briefly state my reasons for thinking that in this tree we have
the source of the older Zanzibar Copal, the semifossil or bitumi-
nized resin known in the English market as “ Animé,” and which is
the most valuable of all resins for the manufacture of varnish, ex-
ceeding anything produced on the west coast for hardness,
elasticity, and polish.

There are three distinct kinds of Copal in the Zanzibar trade, sub-
divided by merchants into many classes, according to colour, form,
surface, and other peculiarities known to those in the trade, and
affecting the value variously in different markets: first, we have
“ Sandarusi-m'ti," Tree-Copal; second, * Chakazzi," or Copal dug
from the soil, but modern (seemingly) in origin and obtainmg a
price like that of the former quality ; the third is the trae San-
darusi, like the second, dug from the soil, but hard, less soluble,
and more than twice the value. This forms by far the greatest
part of Zanzibar Copal, the export of which has sometimes reached
800,000 lbs. at a value of £60,000.

I have already described the * Tree-Copal:" it is gathered
directly from the tree, which is known along the coast from Mo-
zambique to near Lamo, or from 3? to 15? south lat., but is most
common between Cape Delgado and Mombas. The TZrachylo-
bium Mossambicense, Kl., is found along the creeks and on the
maritime plain or the old sea-beach, but becomes very rare at a
little distance inland, and quite unknown long before the change
in geologic structure offers an explanation of its absence. It re-
quires the near presence of the sea for its growth, and dies when
far removed from its influence.

The second sort, or * Chakazzi " gum, is found in the ground
at the roots of modern Copal-trees, or in the country where these
exist; but it is also, I am told, to be got with true Copal. That
it is found near the existing forests is certain ; and there the true
Copal is not known; and we must accept with caution the state-
ment that it is also found in the interior, from this well-known
fact, that our informants habitually mix the inferior coast-gum
with the valuable produce of the interior. This * Chakazzi " is
obviously the recent gum which has remained a short time in the
soil after the death of the tree which produced it, yet long enough
to take the impression of sand and stone, or other hard matter,
as the hardest sealing-wax long left on a coin will take the im-
pression, or as ice will flow down a valley.

3)

DR. KIRK ON THE COPAL OF ZANZIBAR. 3

The Tree-Copal, or * Animé" of the English markets, is un-
doubtedly the produce of forests now extinct ; for there is no tree
now growing at a distance from the coast which produces it. It is
obtained all along the ancient sea-beach, the maritime plain which
here fringes the continent to a depth of 20-40 miles in general.
Some spots are richer than others, and some soils indicate good
“diggings.” When the rains which follow the north-east mon-
‘soon have softened the soil, the natives of the country commence
to dig this from small pits, searching the soil as removed; but
there is no system, and, like the gold-washings of Africa, so the
Copal-regions yield not a fraction of what a little system and
industry might produce. At present every clan-feud stops the
search. The producer receives, even when successful, only a
trifle from the Indian merchants, who again part with it, often
paying enormous dues to the Zanzibar State, to the European
and American traders. The supply, considering the extent over
which it is scattered, seems unlimited; for at present, with most
inadequate means and much discouragement to the labourers, the
amount obtained is very great.

If we take into account the similarity of the recent and fossil
resins in appearance, their near approach in physical properties,
the fact that the recent gum, often being imbedded in sand, takes
the characteristic surface-markings, and recollect that ‘where
now the good Copal is dug as a fossil the present Copal-tree,
in all probability, once grew, when the sea was nearer to the hills
than now, I think we may be satisfied that the Zrachylobiwm
was the source of the old Copal, which is the resin only modified
by time and long exclusion from air and light under the ground.

Perhaps it may be asked, Is there not proof in the gum itself
that the Trachylobium then existed? I have as yet found none:
insects (all of them aerial) are often preserved ; sometimes branches
and leaves ; but I have not seen evidence of the Copal-tree. When
we remember that the resin soon hardens after being exuded, and
that it runs from the underside of the main limbs, while the
leaves, flowers, and fruit are at the extremities of the branches, we
shall see that leaves of the underwood which sweep the lower
branches are much more likely to be embalmed than the leaf
of the tree itself, which, besides, is hairy, glossy, and unlikely to
adhere. If a part of the modern tree were found in the old
hard gum, the proof would be complete; at present some doubt

remains.
RZ

4 DR. ANDERSON’S ENUMERATION OF

I have sent not only full herbarium specimens, but also speci-
mens of the recent gum, of the * Chakazzi," and of the valuable
Copal, in which are many insects; and I would suggest that
entomologists should assist us by their opinions whether these
belong to existing species or not.

An Enumeration of the Palms of Sikkim. By TnowAs ANDER-
son, M.D., F.L.S., Superintendent of the Royal Botanical Gar-
dens, Calcutta.

[Read June 18, 1868.]

Tue deep valleys of Sikkim, which are fully exposed to the moist
winds blowing from the Bay of Bengal, are filled with a luxu-
riant vegetation abounding in tropical forms. Among these are
several species of Palms possessing considerable interest from
their occurrence in comparatively so northern a region. Dr.
Hooker, the first botanical explorer of Sikkim, found ten species
of Palms in that country *; and in the introductory essay to the
* Flora Indica,’ p. 183, Drs. Hooker and Thomson again state the
numbers at ten. By repeated explorations in the Teesta valley, I
have been able to add five species to that number, but I have never
found Areca disticha and Licuala peltata, both of which are in-
cluded in the number of Palms in Sikkim given by the authors of
the ‘ Flora Indica.’ I have thus seen fifteen species of Palms in
the forests of Sikkim, belonging to the genera Areca, Wallichia,
Caryota, Calamus, Plectocomia, Livistona, and Phenix,—also speci-
mens of Licuala peltata, from Sikkim, in the Herbarium of the
Botanical Gardens, Calcutta. Calamus, the most extensive genus
of Palms in Asia, is represented in these forests by seven species,
while the other genera, except Wallichia and Phenix, which con-
tain two species, are illustrated each by one species. Calamus schi-
zospathus belongs to the non-scandent Zalacca-like section of the
genus ; but, exclusive of it, there are seven climbing Palms in
Sikkim, as Plectocomia Himalayana is popularly a Rattan, and as
powerful a climber as any Calamus.

The sudden diminution in moisture which takes place almost
at the frontier between Nepal and Sikkim does not favour the

* Himalayan Journals, i. 143.

THE PALMS OF SIKKIM. 5

growth of such tropical plants as Palms. Accordingly we find
only Wallichia oblongifolia, two species of Calamus, and Phenix
acaulis extending along the Himalayan chain to the west of
Sikkim. Two other Palms, for which the climate of Sikkim is
too wet, are added to the number; these are Phenix sylvestris
and Chamerops Martiana.

In Sikkim the Palms mentioned in this enumeration are most
abundant in the hot and very damp valleys of the Mahannuddee
and the Teesta rivers in the eastern part of Sikkim. They are
apparently common in Bhotan, at least on the outer hills.

None of the cultivated Palms of Bengal are grown in Sikkim,
or even in the Terai, at the foot of the hills; Areca catechu ceases
along with the cultivation of “ Pawn” (Piper betle) at Suneezee
Kottah, about twenty-five miles from the Himalaya. In the ad-
joining districts of Bhotan, on the east bank of the Teesta, Areca
catechu abounds near the villages of the Mechis, within a few
miles of the hills. Old trees of Caryota urens also occur near
the wooden stockade of the Bhoteas, as far south as Mynagoree.
The Lepchas, who have many claims to be considered the ab-
origines of Sikkim, are familiar with the Palms of their native
forests, and have given distinct names to all of them except
Phenix rupicola and Licuala peltata. These Lepcha names are
quoted under each species.

Tribus I. AnECINE X.
ARECA, Linn.
A. GRACILIS, Rozb. Fl. Ind. iii. p. 619; Griffith, Palms of British East
India, p. 154, tab. 232 a, B, c.—Seaforthia gracilis, Mart. Palm.

p. 185.
Hab. Moist tropical valleys; valleys of the Great Rungeet and the

Teesta.
This Palm grows gregariously under the shade of trees in the

densest tropical forests of Sikkim. I have seen itin the lower part
of the valley of the Great Rungeet and along the banks of the
Teesta, throughout the course of the river in British Sikkim and
Bhotan, also in the narrow valleys of the streams entering the
Teesta below its confluence with the Great Rungeet. I have not
noticed this Palm in the dry forests at the foot of the hills. It
ranges in altitude from 400 feet in the Teesta valley to 2500 feet
in the Runjo near the plantations of Cinchona succirubra. This
species of Areca is found also in the Khasia hills, Assam, Bho-

6 DR. ANDERSON’S ENUMERATION OF

tan, and Chittagong. Sikkim is the most western district in
which it occurs. The plant is well known to the Lepchas, who
call it * Khur;" but they make no use of any part of it. Areca
disticha, Roxb., is said to occur in Sikkim; but I have never met
with it.

WALLICHIA, Roxb.

1. W. OBLONGIFOLIA, Griff. Calcutta Journ. of Nat. Hist. v. p. 486;
Palms of British East India, p. 175, tab. 237 a, B, c.

Hab. In all the tropical valleys of Sikkim.

This little Palm is abundant in all the tropical valleys of
Sikkim, where it usually grows under the shade of rocks or trees.
lt seems to prefer a soil composed of disintegrated micaceous
shale. It ranges in altitude from 400 to 3000 feet above the sea.
It is found along the lower ranges of the Himalaya, and in the
valleys of the great feeders of the Ganges and Brahmaputra,
from Assam to Kumaon, where its western limit is attained in
the valley of the Surjoo.

2. W. DISTICHA, T. Anders. Caule elato parce sobolifero, foliis dis-
tichis, pinnis fasciculatis basi conduplicatis, spadicibus terminalibus
demum lateralibus, spathis basilaribus profunde fissis, baccis apice ob-
scure bifidis vel raro trifidis, dispermis, rarissime trispermis.

Hab. In preeruptis siccis vallium profundarum Sikkimensium, preesertim
exteriorum, ad altitudinem 300-1500 ped.

Caudex 10-15 pedes altus, 5-6 uncias crassus, nudus, cinereus, a lapsu
frondium annulatus. Folia alterna, erecta, 6-10 pedes longa. Petio-
lus basi cum reti rigido, caulem amplectens. Rachis utrinque convexa.
Pinne suberectz, 2-8 fasciculatze, lineari-lanceolate,apice truncate vel
cuneatze, fimbriato-dentatz, marginibus ad apicem remote denticulatis,
supra virides, subtus albide, glauce, uninervie, 1-2 pedes longs,
2-25 uncias late. Spadix foemineus pendulus, 6-8 pedes longus,
rachi cinerea, 3 une. crassa; rami simplices, sinuati, apice attenuati,
glabri, atro-virides vel nigri. Spathe fibroso-coriacez. Sepala et
petala persistentia, submembranacea, glabra. Bacca oblonga, basi
calyce et corolla persistentibus suffulta, glabra, rubescens, 9 lin.
longa. Pulpa vix ulla, urens. Embryo dorsalis, excentricus. Al-
bumen planum.

The appearance of this Palm is very peculiar, from the manner

in whieh the leaves are ranged along two opposite sides of the
stem, as in Ravenala.

I have found this Palm growing gregariously, but very locally,
on the steep sandstone declivities in the deep valleys of Eastern
Sikkim, between the rivers Mahanuddee and Teesta. The Lepchas

THE PALMS OF SIKKIM. 7

call it “ Katong ;" they make no use of any portion of the plant ;
and they dread touching even its leaves, from the reputed irri-
tating properties of the plant. I know, from personal expe-
rience, that the berries irritate the skin, as I suffered from slight
urticaria on the hands and face after examining the seeds. Plants
of this species have been cultivated in the Botanical Gardens,
Calcutta, for the last fifteen years, under the name Caryota mitis :
but I have not been able to trace their history. They were
probably introduced from the Himalayan ranges to the east of
Sikkim. Griffith apparently found this Palm in the Mishmi
hills. At page 46 of the ‘Journal of Travels,’ he refers to a
Palm thus :—* Wallichoidea, trunco 3-10- pedali."

Caryota, Linn.

C. unENS, Linn. Fl. Zeyl. p. 369; Sp. Pl. 1660; Mart. Palm. p. 193,
tab. 107, 108, p. 162, tab. V. fig. 1, et Y. figg. 1, 2; Griffith, Palms
of British East India, p. 169.

Hab. In dense forests from the level of the plains to 4000 feet above

the sea.

This Palm is not common anywhere in Sikkim, although trees
of it may be met with in most of the valleys. It can resist a
considerable degree of cold; two large trees of it are growing
naturally in the Cinchona plantations at Rungbee, near Darjee-
ling, at a height of 4400 feet above the sea, where the temperature
of the air in January is often as low as 40? Fahr. The Lepchas
call this Palm *Simong koong;" they procure a coarse sago-
like starch from the trunk.

Tribus II. LEPIDOCARYNEÆ.
CALAMUS, Linn.
Sect. I. CoLEosPATHES.
a. Erecte.

l. C. scurzosPATHUS, Griff. Calcutta Journ. of Nat. Hist. v. p. 32;
Palms of British East India, p. 41, tab. 187. Candice arborescente,
nodis approximatis, vaginis basi auriculatis ; aculeis vaginze verticil-
latis, compressis, deflexis, setis acutis rigidis interspersis; auriculis
laxis, margine ruptis, extus densissime setoso-spinosis ; petiolo mar-
ginibus et dorso spinis solitariis ternis vel quaternis interdum ver-
ticillatis armatis; pinnis equidistantibus, lineari-lanceolatis, supra

8 DR. ANDERSON’S ENUMERATION OF

carinatis; spadice abbreviato; spathis inferioribus verticillatis spi-
nosis, superioribus varie fissis et fibroso-laceris; spathis ramorum
brevibus, glabris; ramis inferioribus approximatis decompositis, su-
perioribus remotis simplicibus ; floribus distantibus; baccis ellipsoideis,
apice mammillatis ; squamis profunde sulcatis.

Hab. In przruptis siccis vallium fluminum Teesta et Rungeet dictorum,
ad altitudinem 500-1000 ped.

Caudex erectus, nudus, annulatus, 5-10-pedalis, 15 uncias in circum-
ductu. Internodia 6-8-uncialia. Vagine spinose, furfuracez. Aculet
vaginales nigri, 1-13 une. longi. Folia 8-12 pedes longa. Pe-
tiolus erectus, rigidus, 4-5 pedes longus; aculei petiolares pallide
aurei, apice nigri. Pinne 1-2 ped. longs, ad insertionem plicate,
carina et nervis duobus supra et subtus setigerz. — Spadices suberecti,
in fructu nutantes, basi compressi, 2-4-pedales. Spatha inferior
2 ped. longa, dorso verticillatim spinosa ; superiores 3-6 unc. long,
aculeate. Rami decompositi 6-10 unc. longi; rami simplices bre-
viores. Bacce 1 unc. longe. Squame rhomboide, uninerviz, mar-
ginibus nigris.

This Zalacca-like Calamus is found on the steep northern
slopes of valleys where micaceous shale abounds. It is called
“Rong” by the Lepchas. C. erectus of Roxb., from Silhet, and
perhaps from Chittagong, is a nearly allied species; but its ripe
fruits are nearly half as large again as those of C. schizospathus.
I possess ripe fruits of C. schizospathus, and have raised young
plants in the Botanical Gardens.

B. Scandentes.
T Rachi non producta, cirris vaginalibus (loris) scandentes.

2. C. FLAGELLUM, Griff. Palms of British East India, p. 48.
Hab. Common in most of the valleys of Sikkim from the level of the
plains to 3500 feet above the sea.

This cane, the “ Reem ” of the Lepchas, is by far the commonest
Calamus in Sikkim. Its canes are soft and useless. It reaches

the tops of the highest trees by means of the powerful whip-like
prolongations from the sheaths of the leaves.

3. C. LEPTOSPADIX, Griff. Calcutta Journ. of Nat. Hist. v. p. 49;
Palms of British East India, p. 60, tab. 194.

Hab. Yn moist places in tropical valleys, from the level of the plains to
2000 feet above the sea.

This species occurs in most of the deep valleys of the outer
ranges of the Sikkim Himalaya, and extends into the interior
along the course of the large rivers and their tributaries. It is

THE PALMS OF SIKKIM. 9

somewhat gregarious in its habit. The long slender stems, when
lying on the ground, send out short leafy shoots from their
joints and form a thicket of prickly leaves. The flowering ex-
tremities of these prostrate stems ascend the trees by the as-
sistance of the strongly barbed straight tendrils springing from
the sheaths of the leaves. The canes are soft and useless. The
Lepchas call this species “ Lat.”

4. C. MONTANUS, T. Anders. Vaginis cylindricis, a basi frondium
carinatis, spinis rectis patentibus dense obtectis ; frondibus brevibus,
petiolatis ; rachi glabra, subtus uncinata, marginibus spinosis; pinnis
inferioribus lanceolatis, superioribus ovato-lanceolatis, plurinerviis,
utrinque glabris, marginibus interdum inermibus, raro setulosis ;
pinnis alternis vel oppositis, paribus inzqualiter distantibus; spa-
dicibus elongatis, spatha inferiore tubulosa compressa marginibus
uncinatis, spathis superioribus non compressis inermibus ; ramis (spa-
dicis) brevibus crassis armatis, foemineis alternis, recurvis; baccis
oblique ovatis, apice obtuse umbonatis.

Hab. In sylvis temperatis, supra arbores alte scandens, ad altitudinem
4000-6000 ped. Palma loris aculeatis alte scandens.

Caudex nudus, gracilis, crassitudine penne cygni; junior cum vaginis
frondium 13-2 unc. in diametro. Vagine spinosissime, furfure pur-
pureo et argenteo obtecte; spine rigide, patentes, compressz,
rectz, lanceolate, supra convexe, plerumque simplices, interdum
bifida. ^ Petioli dense spinosi; spine variabiles, plerumque rectze
simplices, raro recurve et bifide. Rachis glabra, frondium juniorum
furfuracea. Pinne basi plicate, supra convexa, plurinervie, mar-
ginibus exceptis setose, 10-16 unc. longs, 2-3 unc. late. Lora
ex apice vaginarum orientia, 10-12-pedalia, apice filiformia, aculeata ;
spath:z (lori) inferiores compresse, aculeis binis vel ternis reflexis
sparse armatz, spathis superioribus cylindricis. Spadiz 4-6-pedalis,
infra rigidus, erectus, apice filiformis, sterilis, aculeatus. Spatha
inferior extus furfuracea, dense spinoso-aculeata, l-pedalis ; superior
viridis, sparse aculeata, ore laxa, rupta, 4-9 unc. longa. Bacce
magnitudine glandis querci, immature fulvz, mature rubrz, basi
bracteis et bracteolis persistentibus suffulta.

This cane, the “ Rue” of the Lepchas, is the most valuable one
in Sikkim, where it is used for various purposes. The light but
strong suspension-bridges by which the large rivers of Sikkim
are crossed are made of it. It supplies the strongest ropes for
dragging logs of wood from the forests and for securing the
heavy loads which the powerful Bhotea porters carry slung from
bamboo poles.

The most durable baskets and the cane-work of chairs are ma-

10 DR. ANDERSON’S ENUMERATION OF

nufactured from the split stems. Walking-sticks and riding-
canes, prepared from this species, are exported from the Darjee-
ling district in considerable quantity. This Calamus has now
become scarce in consequence of the great demand for it and the
recklessness with which it has been cut. Plants of it are very
rare in the neighbourhood of Darjeeling ; and, indeed, it is found
abundantly only in the dense subtropical forests of the Sitong
range, and on Tonglo, near the sources of the Little Rungeet.
This species extends up the deep valley of the Great Rungeet to
the base of Kunchinjunga.

tt Rachi longe producta, cirris vaginalibus nullis.

5. C. MACRACANTHUS, T. Anders. Vaginis spinis magnis compres-
sis paucis armatis (spinis solitariis vel geminis), late lanceolatis, com-
pressis, deflexis; foliis breviter petiolatis; petiolo basi gibbo et
corrugato, supra plano, subtus convexo, marginibus armatis; rachi
utrinque convexa, marginibus et dorso aculeatis; flagello elongato,
rotundo, verticillatim aculeato; pinnis geminatim alternis, lanceo-
latis, longe acuminatis, apice subsetosis, serratis, plurinerviis, nervis
utrinque esetosis; spadicibus erectis, ramis nutantibus ; spathis bre-
vibus, tubulosis, subcompressis, ad apicem aculeatis, extus leviter
furfuraceis; spathis ramorum brevissimis, subinfundibuliformibus,
laxis, glabris, ore ciliato; spicis masculis dense imbricatis; bracteis et
bracteolis margine purpureo squamosis ; antheris elongatis, linearibus,
sagittatis, ovaria rudimentaria superantibus.

Hab. In valle fluminis Teesta prope rivulum Rayem dictum, ad altitu-
dinem 500 ped. Palma supra arbores altas scandens.

Caudex 100-200-pedalis, gracilis, digiti humani crassitie, cum vaginis
frondium 4 uncias in cireumductu. Vagine glabre, virides. Spine
vaginales 4-10, flexiles, basi glabrz virides, apice fulve, deflexæ, 1-2
unc. long, juniores vaginz adpresse nigre. — Frondes cum fla-

~ gello 10-15-pedales. Pinne 1-2-pedales, 23-3 unc. late. Spadices
supra petiolum orientes, erecti, 3-5-pedales; rami l ped. longi.
Spathe apice rupte, persistentes, 4 unc. longe; spathe ramorum
brevissimz, tenere, ł unc. longe. Spice masculine 12-2 unc.
longe. Bractee ovate, concave, margine purpurem. Squame apice
acute. ;

This Calamus is found in Sikkim only in the valley of the
Teesta, about four miles from the plains. lt is known to the
Lepchas living near the Teesta by two distinct names, * Ruebee "'
and “Greem.” The canes are thick and strong, and of great
length. I have seen this species in the valleys of the outer hills
of Bhotan between the Teesta and the Tchail.

THE PALMS OF SIKKIM. 11

6. C. 1nERMIS, T. Anders. Vaginis cylindricis, glabris, inermibus,
ad insertionem petioli gibbis; ligula parva, membranacea; petiolo
supra plano, subtus convexo, marginibus armatis; rachi convexa,
demum obtuse tetragona, subtus aculeis rigidis reflexis solitariis
vel verticillatis armata; flagello elongato, aculeis uncinatis reflexis
verticillatis obtecto; pinnis solitariis vel fasciculatis, fasciculis bi-
natis ternatisve, alternis vel suboppositis, lineari-lanceolatis, utrinque
glabris, apice longe aristatis; spadicibus foemineis axillaribus vel
supraaxillaribus, suberectis, ramis flexuosis; spathis inferioribus tu-
bulosis, compressis, sparse armatis, ore obliquo integro, superioribus
rotundis carinatis ; spicis flexuosis, glabris ; floribus approximatis, so-
litariis; fructibus immaturis ovatis, apice et basi mammillatis, ca-
lyce urceolato persistente suffultis.

Hab. In vallibus humidis, calidis, presertim jugorum exteriorum, ad
altitudinem 1000-2000 pedum.

Caudex flagellis aculeatis extensis alte scandens, cum vaginis fron-
dium persistentibus 3 pollices crassus, nudus 2 pollices. Vagine
veteres albido marmoratz, non furfuracez. Rachis (cum flagello)
16-20 pedes longa, plus minus fusco-furfuracea. Pinne lineari-
lanceolate, apice acuminate et longe aristatz, utrinque glaberrime,
13-2 ped. longz, 2-2} unc. latz, supra venis tribus setigeris notate.
Sete minute, adpresse. Spadices foeminei 2-4 pedes longi; rami
alterni, suberecti vel patentes, 1-13 pedem longi. Spice recurve,
multiflora, 2-5 unc. longs.

The canes of this Palm are used for walking-sticks, and some-

times in the construction of cane suspension-bridges. The Lep-
cha name for this species is * BrooL"

Sect. II. CvyMBosPATHES.

7. C. JeNKINSIANUS, Griff. Calcutta Journ. of Nat. Hist. v. p. 81;
Palms of British East India, p. 89.—Demonorops Jenkinsianus,
Mart. Palm. ii. p. 227, tab. Z. xvii. f. 5, et Z. xxi. f. 1.

Hab. In the dense marshy forests of the Terai.

This species abounds in the Dhulka Jhar, in the Terai. I

found it bearing ripe seed in December. Its canes are exported
to the Dinagepur and Maldah districts.

PrEcrocouia, Mart.

P. HiMALAYANA, Griff. in Calcutta Journal of Natural History, v.
p. 100; Palms of British East India, p. 108, tab. 219. Vaginis tu-
bulosis, furfuraceis, spinis setiformibus verticillatim armatis; petiolo
basi plano, inermi vel marginibus aculeatis ; rachi furfuracea, aculeis
validis recurvis binis vel pluribus basi confluentibus; flagello gra-
cili, dense aculeato; pinnis laxe ternatim vel binatim fasciculatis,

12 DR. ANDERSON’S ENUMERATION OF

superioribus solitariis, alternis, lineari-lanceolatis, apice longe acumi-
natis et aristatis, basi conduplicatis, 5-veniis, marginibus adpresse
spinoso-setosis, utrinque viridibus; spadicibus terminalibus, erectis,
ramis nutantibus, ferrugineo-furfuraceis ; spathis conduplicatis, sub-
coriaceis, ferrugineo-tomentosis, raro glabris, apice integris, ore
oblique acuminato; spicis solitariis, brevibus, flexuosis, 3-7-floris,
spathulis laxis, subdistichis, rhomboideis, apice obcuneatis acutis,
marginibus infra apicem revolutis, extus ferrugineo-tomentosis,
intus glabris; floribus masculis setis tribus suffultis; calycibus
infra medium tripartitis, cupuliformibus, laciniis glabris in setam
desinentibus; fructibus subglobosis, depressis, basi calyce et corolla
persistentibus suffultis, stylis tribus siccis rostratis ; squamis adpres-
sis, fimbriatis, non villosis.

Hab. In sylvis temperatis, przssertim lauretis, in arbores alte scandens,
4000-7000 pedum altitudinem.

Palma flagellis aculeatis scandens. Caudex nudus, l unc. diametro.
Frondes cum flagello 6-8 pedes longz. Pinne glabre, 12-16 unc.
longe, 1-13 unc. late. Spadix foemineus 5-6 ped. longus; rami
alterni, 6-9 unc. distantes, penduli, 2-3 ped. longi. Spathe 2-4 unc.
longe. Bacca ferruginea, magnitudine glandis Querci.

I do not think that Plectocomia Assamica, Griff., and P. Khasiya-
na, Griff., can be united with this species, as doubtfully suggested
by Sir W. Hooker (vide Bot. Mag. tab. 5105). I have seen au-
thentic dried specimens of all these species as well as living plants
of P. Assamica and P. Himalayana ; the Sikkim species is certainly
distinct from the Assam one. The small species of Plectocomia
which Sir W. Hooker referred to in a foot-note (loc. cif.) as
having been detected in Sikkim by Dr. Hooker, and specimens
of which have been distributed from Kew under the name of P.
montana, Griff., is apparently P. Himalayana, Griff.

P. Assamica and P. Khasiyana are identical; and the older
name P. Assamica, Griff., should be adopted. .P. Assamica, Grit.,
is easily distinguished from P. Himalayana, Griff, by having
much broader pinnæ, which are very glaucous on the under sur-
face (those of P. Himalayana are green on both sides), by larger
spadices, wHose branches are covered with very rusty tomentum.
The fruits of P. Assamica are much larger and more tomentose
than those of P. Himalayana, whose fruits are small, much
flattened from the apex, with glaucous seales with fimbriated
margins.

This is the most abundant species of rattan in Sikkim. It
occurs gregariously in all moist forests, from 4000 to 7000 feet
above the sea, and penetrates into the interior even to the base

THE PALMS OF SIKKIM. 13

of Kunchinjunga. The canes, though very pliable, are soft and
useless. The Lepcha name for this species is ^ Runool."

Tribus III. CORYPHINEA.
Livistona, R. Br.

L. JENKINSIANA, Griff. Calcutta Journ. of Nat. Hist. v. p. 334;
Palms of British East India, p. 128, tab. 226 A, B.

Hab. In the moist tropical valleys of Sikkim, especially of the outer

ranges.

This is a scarce Palm in Sikkim; I have seen it only in the
valley of the Teesta and in the deep ravines near Sitong, the
loftiest mountain of the outer ranges of Sikkim. This Palm is
well known to the Lepchas, who call it “ Tulac-Myom.”

Licvara, Thunb.
L. PELTATA, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. p. 179; Griff. Palms of British East
India, p. 120, tab. 222; Mart. Paim. ii. p. 234, tab. 134-162.

Hab. In the outer valleys of Sikkim, Hortulani hort. botan. Saha-

runporensis.

This Palm has been found in Sikkim only by collectors from
the Botanieal Garden, Saharunpore ; specimens procured by them
exist in the Caleutta Herbarium. It is quite unknown to the
Lepchas.

Puen, Lian.
l. P. acautis, Roxb. Hort. Bengal. p. 73; Fl. Ind. iii. p. 783; Griff.
Palms of British East India, p. 137, tab. 228.

Hab. Yn dry tropical forests of Sal (Shorea robusta) and Pinus longi-

folia, in the valleys of the Great Rungeet and the Teesta.

This Palm is called * Schap " by the Lepchas; they eat its ripe
fruits, which, although very astringent, are not unpleasant to the
taste.

2. P. RUPICOLA, T. Anders. Caudice elato, brevi; frondibus elon-
gatis, eleganter nutantibus, petiolo compresso; rachi trigona, com-
pressa; pinnis flaccidis, lineari-ensiformibus, acuminatis, alternis vel
suboppositis, non fasciculatis, basi conduplicatis, supra basin planis ;
spadicibus foemineis suberectis, compressis, glabris; spathis spadice
triplo vel quadruplo brevioribus, lanceolatis, coriaceis, furfuraceis ;
spicis terminalibus, fasciculatis, glabris, sinuosis ; fructibus oblongis,
glabris, apice mucronulatis, basi obtusis, calyce et corolla suffultis ;
pulpa sparsa; seminibus levibus, embryone dorsali.

Hab. In rupibus preruptis siccis in valle fluminis Teesta ad altit,
400-1500 ped. :

Palma graeilis. Caudez solitarius, 15-20-pedalis, diametro 8 pollicum.

14 DR. SHORTT ON BRANCHED PALMS IN S. INDIA.

Folia fere 10-pedalia. Pinne 13-pedales, utrinque virides, nitidze, 1-1
une. late. Spadix foemineus 3-4-pedalis, 15 unc. latus, glaber, com-
pressus, viridis. Spice erectæ, l pedemlongæ. Spathelpedem longe,
23 unc. late, erecte, fulve. Fructus į unc. longus, nitidus, flavus.

This species is distinguished from all others of the genus by -
its long slender stems without adherent petioles, except imme-
diately under the old fronds, by the soft delicate foliage, like the
leaves of the Cocoa-nut, and the elongated, much-flattened spa-
dices, bearing a few fasciculated spikes on the sharp edges near
the apex. I have seen this Palm only on the steep (almost in-
accessible) sandstone cliffs at the exit of the Teesta from the
hills into the plains. The Lepchas are apparently unacquainted
with this Palm ; but those to whom I showed it called it * Schap,"
the name given to Pheniz acaulis.

Griffith apparently found this species in Bhotan and in the
Mishmi hills; but he has not named it, and has given only a
meagre description of the fronds. This Palm is evidently re-
ferred to in the ‘Journal of Travels, at p. 46, as a “ Phe-
micoidea,' discovered at Laee Pani in the Mishmi hills; and
at p. 200 of the *Journal of the Mission under command of
Captain Pemberton to Bootan, the plant is styled *an ele-
gant Palm-tree, habitu Cocos,’ abounding on the higher preci-
pices in the valley of the Duranga, near Dewangiri. A short de-
scription of the fronds is given at p. 205; and the height of the
Palm is said to be that of a moderate Areca.

Note by Dr. T. Tuowsox.

The species of Calamus collected by Dr. Hooker in Sikkim were distributed
without names, but with numbers. It may be convenient to indicate the names
given to them in Dr. Anderson's paper.
Calamus No. 3=C. montanus, T. And.

6=C. inermis, T. And.
9—C. leptospadix, Griff.

Calamus No. 10=C. schizospathus, Grif:
11=C. flagellum, Grif.

On Branched Palms in Southern India.
By Joun Suortr, M.D., F.L.S., &c.
[Read June 18, 1868.]

Tur most extensively distributed Palms in Southern India are
the Palmyra, or “ Borassus flabelliformis,” and the Cocoa-nut, or
“Cocos nucifera;" but of the several genera, the “ Hyphene
Thebaica,” or Doum-palm, alone has a branched stem, the di-
vision being dichotomous or in pairs; but there are excep-

DR. SHORTT ON BRANCHED PALMS IN §. INDIA. 15

tions to the general rule in the case of the Palmyra and Cocoa-
nut, which are sometimes found with branches. Since the subject
first attracted my attention, some two years ago, I have been
searching for these during my peregrinations over Southern
India, in connexion with my own immediate work ; and in that
time I have seen some million of Palm-trees, both on the coast
and some hundreds of miles inland; and neither my own re-
searches nor the results of my inquiries have enabled me to trace
more than six of the Palmyra and two of the Cocoa-nut with
branches. The latter I have not seen, but have received draw-
ings of them from my friend Dr. Pulney Andy.

In the Palmyra the branching is irregular ; but in the Cocoa-nut
the tendency to division in pairs exists. Twin plants from the
Palmyra are very common all over this portion of India; but such
an occurrence in the Cocoa-nut is a variety. I have seen but
one instance of it, and that was in my own garden at Chingle-
put; and a couple of hundred yards from it, beyond my com-
pound, a twin Palmyra of the same age was found growing.

Since this paper was written, I observe, from a late number of
the ‘ Madras Times,’ that in a horticultural show the other day
at Travancore a Cocoa-nut was exhibited with five or six shoots
growing out of a single root. At the same time a plant of the
Areka Palm was also said to be exhibited having from seven to
nine heads; this is also an exception to the rule.

The following are the localities in which these branched Palms
may be seen :—

1. A few miles from Masulipatam, on the road to Bintrinully,
a Palmyra tree existed with twelve branches. During the last
cyclone ten of these were broken ; of the remaining two, one has
withered, the other exists; seven of the broken branches are
lying close by, and three stems have been washed away to some
distance.

2. At Paulghaut, about three miles from the town, on the
Cormbutne road, and about half a mile from the road itself, exists
a branched Palmyra. It is a twin plant, and one of the two has
six branches.

3. At Madara, on the northern bank of the river Vegay, there
is a Palmyra tree with nine branches; one is broken, and the
other eight exist ; this is a male tree, shown in the accompanying
woodcut.

4. At Ramnad, on the bank of the river Vegay, is to be seen

16 DR. SHORTT ON BRANCHED PALMS IN 8. INDIA.

a Palmyra tree with four well-formed branches of equal height ;
below the division the stem is covered with numerous other
shoots of different sizes.

5. On the road to Chellenubrum from Manargudi, I am told,
a Palmyra exists with branches, which I have not seen.

6. A Palmyra tree, from Travancore, with five branches, sent
by Dr. Pulney Andy.

7. Two branched Cocoa-nut-trees, from Travancore, also sent
by Dr. Pulney Andy.

Dr. Pulney Andy thinks that the Palm weevil, Calandra palma-
rum, has something to do in the branching of the Cocoa-nut : as it
perforates the leaf-bud, the original becomes diverted to one side,
and, he thinks, this in a measure gives occasion for a second
shoot forming. This may be possible ; but it requires further ob-
servation and research to determine the question.

In the genus Phenix, the Phenix acaulis, Buch, is common to
all the low hill-ranges in Southern India, to the height of 6000 feet
above sea-level. I have seen it on the Shewanys, Kotagherry,
and the Pulney Hills, where it grows commonly and luxuriantly
into a bush, caused by numerous suckers thrown out around it,

DR. AITCHISON ON THE FLORA OF HÜSHIARPUR. 17

something like the plantain. I have counted as many as a
dozen suckers around the parent stem; and, with one exception
(on the Pulneys, where a plant had attained the height of
8 feet), the stipe never exceeded the height of 2 or 3 feet; and
in the exceptional instance where it had attained 8 feet, there
were no suckers around the parent stem. The natives eat the
fruit, and are partial to it. The fronds are also made use of in
various ways, but not to the same extent as the Phenix sylves-
tris and Phenix dactylifera.

A monstrosity, if I may so term it, has been observed as oc-
curring in a Cocoa-nut-Palm, in which, from one of the flowers
on the spadix, a shoot of spring leaves is thrown out. There is
a slight tendency to fructification from the flower, and then
itis converted into spring leaves, apparently forming a young
shoot. This specimen was taken from a Cocoa nut-tree in the
province of Travancore. The plant is of the usual size of an or-
dinary Cocoa-nut-tree; but it never puts forth well-developed
fruit. On the contrary, the flowers terminate in vernal leaves;
thus, at an average, each spadix or branch bears about thirty
to forty such shoots at a time. The leaves are generally con-
sidered by botanists homologues of the flower, although their
funetions are different, the former being engaged in the con-
version and assimilation of food, whilst the latter takes on the
office of reproduction, but the type of all being the leaf. This fre-
quently occurs in the Mango-tree, where, from some inherent
cause, the flowers fail to show, and their place is taken up by
the pushing forth of numerous leaves.

Plants, we know, require a period of rest to form flowers;
and this is obtained by the cessation of the action of the leaves and
roots for a time. During this period the vegetative activity of
the sap is directed to the formation of flower-buds; but should
this rest not occur, it continues to produce new leaves and roots
in the place of flowers. Thus the absence of rain proves some-
times beneficial in arresting the formation of new leaves and
roots; and this favours the production of flowers. ,

LL
Flora of the noy District of the Punjab.
By J. E. T. Arrcytson, M.D., F.L.S., &c.
[Read June 18, 1868.]
Tue district of Hüshiarpur, in the Punjab, is of a lozenge-shape,
LINN. PROC.—BOTANY, VOL. XI. c

18 DR. AITCHISON ON THE FLORA OF HUSHIARPUR.

and extends from the river Sutlej to the Beas in a north-westerly
direction, being bounded on the east and north by the Purwain
range of hills, and on the west and south by the Jalinder district.
The physical formation of the district naturally divides it, for
description, into four parts, viz. :—

1. The Plains.

2. The Naree hills.

3. The Dhún of the Sohan rivers.

4. The Purwain hills.

The cantonments of Hüshiarpur lie in N. lat. 31? 32', and W.
long. 75? 57', at an elevation of 1070 feet above the sea-level,
and about five miles from the base of the Naree hills.

The Naree or lower range of hills extends across the district
in a north-west direction, from overhanging the Sutlej to within
six miles or so of the Beas, where it breaks up into plateaux with
numerous ravines. This range reaches an altitude of 2200 feet at
the Pandu station. The Pamran station, near Naree, is 2047
feet.

The Dhün of the Sohan rivers lies between the Naree and Pur-
wain ranges, and is from four to six milés in width; through it
run two streams, both ealled *Sohan:" that which joins the
Sutlej occupies fully three-fourths of the Dhún ; the other, that
joins the Beas, has a much shorter course, scarcely oecupying one-
fourth of the Dhún. Between the sources of these two streams
there is so very little differenee in the lie of the land that the
natives affirm that over a large tract of land the streams occasion-
ally run either way.

The temple of Una, situated in the Dhún, is 1329 feet above
the sea-level.

The Purwain or higher range runs from the Sutlej to the Beas
in a direction somewhat parallel to that of the Naree hills. At
Kullowah (or Kullu) Station the range reaches 3065 feet above
the sea-level. Solasinghi Station, which is not, however, in this
district, is 3820 feet in elevation. The southern side only of this
range is included in the Hüshiarpur district.

The Flora.—Yrom thé*whole length of the Naree hills a large
drainage of water is thrown into the plains of Hüshiarpur, which
spreads itself out into immensely broad but shallow streams
called “ Chos ; " these, before they have gone over twelve miles of
country, gradually become absorbed by the thirsty land, leaving
behind them, however, large deposits of sand and rich alluvia.

DR. AITCHISON ON THE FLORA OF HUSHIARPUR. 19

Thus the plains are well supplied with water obtainable at from ten
to twelve feet from the surface. The humidity thus created gives
a type of vegetation more analogous with that of the “ Upper
Gangetic Plain” about Saharanpur than of the Punjab.

What one is most struck with on entering the district from
Jalinder, are the large groves of Mango, showing splendid and
valuable timber, and on all sides the general abundance of wood
both natural and cultivated. Around gardens, planted along
roads, and in the vicinity of dwellings, there are fine trees of
Acacia Arabica, elata, and modesta, Dalbergia, Albizzia, Bauhinia
variegata and purpurea, Syzygiwm, Cedrela, Moringa, Bassia, Melia
azedarach, Bignonia suberosa, Cordia, Mimusops, Millingtonia, Pon-
gamia, and Tamarix. In the “ English Wood,” a natural wood
about two miles from the Civil lines, there are :—very fine trees,
with excellent timber, of Dalbergia, Albizzia, Bombax, Ficus
glomerata, Indica, and religiosa, Phyllanthus, Morus, Zizyphus,
Salix, besides the smaller trees of Acacia catechu and leucophlea,
Butea, Casearia, Phenix, Flacourtia, Ehretia, Ægle ; tree shrubs
of Grewia Asiatica and oppositifolia, Vitex, Diospyros montana,
Jottlera ; climbers and shrubs of Bauhinia Vahli Clematis,
Abrus, Capparis horrida, Jasminum, Celastrus paniculatus, Mur-
raya, Buddlea, Bergera, Randia, with Solanum verbascifolium and
Desmodium Gangeticum. On the outskirts of the wood and in the
surrounding fields we find the true Punjab or dry-country forms,
viz. Acacia Arabica, A. modesta (shrubby), Carissa, Zizyphus
jujuba and nummularia, Capparis aphylla, Calatropis, Justicia,
Solanum Jacquinii and sanctum.

As further proof of the occurrence of a more south-eastern flora,
we find cultivated in gardens, in addition to the usual Punjab
fruits, the Custard-apple, Jack-fruit, Shaddock, Averrhoa, Wampi,
Mimusops, all bearing fruit well, The Jack-fruit forms a large
and handsome tree ; and throughout the district here and there an
occasional large specimen of the Tamarind is to be met with.

Chavica Roxburghii is cultivated and grows well. Cissampelos
convolvulacea occurs as a common creeper. The Bamboo and
Pinus longifolia grow well in gardens. Argemone has reached
thus far, vid the Jalinder road. Euphorbia pentagona is utilized
extensively for hedges. Tillea pharnaceoides, Hochst., an Abys-
sinian type, grows in large quantity in a burial-ground near the
* Kutcherry.”’

*Field-cultivation is aided greatly by irrigation from wells.
c2

20 DR. AITCHISON ON THE FLORA OF HÜSIIIARPUR.

Sugar-cane is extensively grown, as also Tobacco; the latter is
considered very superior in quality. Indigo occasionally is raised
as a field-crop, and profitably so. Carthamus is not much culti-
vated. The rest of the crops are similar to those raised near the
river banks in the Doabs.

From the dry and arid condition of the part of the district
that lies opposite Rüpur, the flora at this most eastern extremity
is more strictly Punjab in its type than that of any other part.
Capparis aphylla, Calatropis Hamiltoniana, Peganum, and Alhagi
are in profusion, with Acacia modesta and Gymnosporia ; besides,
here alone, on both sides of the river, the Cypress variety of Acacia
Arabica is to be met with, this being most likely the eastern limit
of that Sindhian form, and very nearly that of Dodonea also. On
the rocks overhanging the Sutlej Capparis spinosa is found, which
occurs on similarly situated rocks up the valley as far as Wangtü
bridge. -

The Naree range of hills is apparently a continuation of the
Sewaliks westward. It averages about ten miles in breadth, and
opposite Naree, as already stated, attains an elevation of 2047
feet.

The southern aspect of these hills presents a much more barren
appearance than the northern. Under 1500 feet the southern
face is more or less covered with shrubs of Carissa, Diospyros
melanoxylon, Flacourtia, Gymnosporia, Cassia, Zizyphus, Spathodea,
Celastrus paniculatus, Dodonea, Grislea, and Bauhinia racemosa.
On the sunny and dry sides of the valleys Euphorbia pentagona is
singularly characteristic, with its candelabra-like form. Above
1500 feet we have a stunted forest of Pinus longifolia. In valleys
on the northern face, but also in sheltered southern localities
where moisture can accumulate, we have a tolerably dense vegeta-
tion of Bamboo, Erythrina, Mimosa rubricaulis, cesia, and catechu,
Albizzia, Rottlera, Ehretia levis, Moringa, Wendlandia, Diospyros
cordifolia, Morus, Vallaris, Odina, Loranthus, Ichnocarpus, De-
ringia, Porana paniculata, Celsia, Colebrookia, Hamiltonia, Scutel-
laria, Caryopteris, Tecoma, Calosanthes, Gmelina, Phyllanthus,
Casearia, Indigofera pulchella, besides Melia azedarach, apparently
indigenous, and most of the trees mentioned as being in the
* English Wood."

Here, as eastern forms occurring far west, we may note Gme-
lina, Olax, Odina, Trichosanthes,and Gentiana decemfida.

Occurring in great profusion amongst the sandstone rocks,

DR. AITCHISON ON THE. FLORA OF HÜSHIARPUR. 21

and very characteristic, are Desmodium tiliafolium, and Mucuna
pruriens..

Where the Naree hills break up into plateaux and ravines
towards the Beas, on their western extremity, they are covered
with a forest consisting nearly entirely of Bambusa, which is
much resorted to for the feeding of sheep.

Throughout these hills a larger amount of land is cultivated
than one at first is led to expect.

In gardens, or, rather, near dwellings, a peculiar kind of lemon,
called “ Gulgul,” is in great abundance.

The Dhün of the Sohan rivers has rich alluvial deposits
throughout it, and hence is well cultivated. In addition vo the
usual cereals aud sugar-cane, we have maize, rice, and Crotalaria
juncea,—the last very extensively. American varieties of cotton
have of late been introduced. The millets are little cultivated.
Phenix sylvestris is very common. | Butea, with Saccharum munja
and spontaneum, cover large tracts of waste land, amongst which
occasional fine trees of Cordia and Bombax occur.

A natural wood, called * Gügrate Geeree," exists on the
northern side of the Dhün, at an elevation of about 1300 feet ; and
in it are to be found some of the finest specimens of Pinus longi-
Jolia in the district; and in addition to most of the trees already
mentioned, we here have Feronia elephantum, Celtis australis,
Dudelia, Sponia, Cesalpinia sepinaria, Dioscoria in great abun-
dance, Dedalacanthus, besides the eastern types Ficus cordi-

Jolia, Xylosma longifolium, Engelhardtia, and Hiptage madablota.

In the Garden at Umb, which is in the Dhün, are some
splendid trees of Morus, and Platanus orientalis. The Walnut
has here borne fruit, and so also, it is said, the Apricot, which is
rare in the Purwain range ; but the trees of the last I did not see.

Tulipa stellata is not uncommon in the fields of the Dhún.

The Purwain range, above 1500 feet, is covered with a large
forest of Pinus longifolia ; but about the middle of the range this
form changes, and we gradually find a forest of SAorea robusta
taking its place, mixed up with trees of Terminalia bellerica and
chebula, and Bombas, all showing splendid timber, besides Mi-
chelia, Kydia, Pentaptera, Engelhardtia, Hymenodictyon, Nauclea,
Bassia, Ehretia serrata, Bradleia, Eleodendron, and Æchman-
thera—this forest constituting that which is usually found at
the base of the Himalaya, between the mountains and the plains.
Here we have the western limit of the Sal (Shorea).

22 DR. ASA GRAY ON A GENUS OF GENTIANEE.

Helinus occurs as an abundant creeper on the face of sandstone
rocks.

Jatropha cureas is a characteristic road-side shrub on the
highest part of the range, as also Ficus cunea on the embank-
ments of the road and ledges of rock.

Rubus flavus, a Behmeria, and a Fern (not found in the plains)
occur near water in the forest.

Throughout these hills there is not much cultivation. Tea has
been attempted ; but the soil seems to be too dry.

In conclusion, I would beg to thank Dr. T. Thomson for the
great trouble he has taken in assisting me to name my collection
of plants both for this paper and the one on Lahul, that I laid
before the Society some time ago.

Characters of a new Genus consisting of two Species of Parasitic
Gentianee. By Asa GrXy, F. Hon. Memb. L.S.
[Read November 5, 1868.]

One of the two little plants here described was detected, between
twenty-five and thirty years ago, upon one of the Mangs or
Mangsi Islands, north of the Ladrones, by the naturalists of the
American South-Pacifie Exploring Expedition under Commodore
Wilkes. The other and very nearly related species was found in
Java by the late Mr. Lobb, and the specimens are in the Hook-
erian herbarium. They are interesting chiefly from the fact that
the parasitie Gentianee hitherto known are all American. The
Gentianee generally recognized as root-parasitie are all Tropical-
American, and constitute the genus Voyria of Aublet, along with
the seetions designated by Grisebach, which Miquel has, perhaps
on insufficient grounds, proposed to distinguish as genera. It is
likely that the two little plants of the Eastern United States
which compose the genus Bartonia of Muhlenberg (Centaurella,
Michx.) are likewise parasitic, being leafless and of a yellowish
hue; and Obolaria, of the same region, may be suspected to be
partially parasitic, after the manner of certain Scrophularinec.
Both these genera, I may remark, were considered anomalous
from having the whole parietes of the ovary ovuliferous, until it
was ascertained that many Gentians, and notably those of the
United States, had the same peculiarity.

Eornuxros, nov. gen. Gentianearum parasiticarum.
Calyx 4-fidus, lobis triangulari-ovatis acutatis estivatione imbri-

-DR. ASA GRAY ON A GENUS OF GENTIANE.£. 23

catis. Corolla 4-partita, persistens, segmentis angustis æstiva-
tione convolutis? Stamina 4, summo tubo brevi inserta; fila-
menta subulata; anthers innate, lineari-oblongs, connectivo
evanido uniloculares, apice foramine unico dehiscentes. Ova-
rium globosum, placentis 2 latis multiovulatis axi coalitis fere
impletum. Stylus elongatus, persistens; stigma capitatum
seu capitellatum, leviter bisuleum. Pericarpium tenue mem-
branaceum, vix dehiscens, semiseptis evanidis uniloculare.
Semina in placentis, ut videtur, subcarnosis innumera, semi-
obovata, basi attenuata; testa reticulata. (Ludit pistillo tri-
niero.)

Herbule oceanicæ, bi- triunciales, Poyrie facie, antheris fere
Chironiearum, uni- pauciflore, squamis phyllinis ovatis parvis
præditæ, floribus albidis.

l. E. TENELLUM. Caule gracillimo unifloro; corollz profunde 4-par-
titee segmentis basi contractis quasi unguiculatis.

Hab. Mangs or Mangsi Islands, north of the Ladrones; coll. Amer.
S. Pacific Exped. under Comm. Wilkes.

2. E. Lossi. Caule validiore nunc ramoso 1-5-floro; corolle seg-
mentis lineari-oblongis tubo triplo longioribus. .
Hab. Java, Lobb; in herb. Hook.

These new Oriental or Oceanic representatives of the group,
very like Voyrias in aspect, except that the tube of the corolla is
short and inconspicuous, must, however, be referred to a different
division of the Order as arranged by Grisebach, namely, to his
subtribe Chironiee ; for a principal character of the new genus
is that the anthers are not merely destitute of connective, but the
two cells are actually confluent into one, which opens at the apex
by an ample foramen. As is not unusual in Chironiee, the large
placente are more or less united in the axis ; in one species, and
probably in the other as well, the placentz are early free from all
connexion with the parietes of the ovary, except at the base and
summit.

The name proposed for the genus, Hophylon, refers to the

oriental habitat.

24 MR. A. W. BENNETT ON PARNASSIA PALUSTRIS,

Note on the Structure and Affinities of Parnassia palustris, L.
By Aurrep W. Bex¥err, M.A., B.Se,, F.LS.

[Read November 19, 1868.]

THe true position of Parnassia has been a source of much doubt
and variety of opinion among botanists, having been placed by
authors of acknowledged repute among Hypericace:z, Droseracex,
Saxifragaces, and constituting an order by itself, Parnassiacee.
The chief advocates of its place among the Hypericaceæ were
Don and Lindley. It is singular, however, that of the characters
which Lindley gives in his * Vegetable Kingdom’ as those by
which St. John’s Worts may be recognized, viz. the axile pla-
centation, and the polyadelphous stamens, together with the long
style, the unequal-sided petals, and the opposite dotted leaves,
not one applies to Parnassia, the affinity being founded entirely
on the exalbuminous seed, and on a fancied analogy between the
polyadelphous stamens of Hypericum and the glandular scales
which constitute the nectary of Parnassia. With Droseraces,
under which order the genus is placed by Babington and most of
the older English botanists, the affinities of Parnassia consist
mainly in the uniloeular ovary, terminating in several stigmata,
the parietal placentation, the extrorse anthers, and the marcescent
petals. Bentham and Oliver unite Droseracez with Saxifragace,
an alliance not recognized by the older botanists. Without pre-
suming to express an opinion opposed to that held by such high
authorities, I may point out the following important differences in
structure between Savifraga and Parnassia :—In Saxifraga the
capsule is bilocular, the styles never more than 2, the placenta-
tion axile, and the anthers introrse ; in Parnassia the placentation
is parietal (Dr. Hooker finds no signs of any deviation from this
structure in any of the Himalayan species he has examined), the
capsule is uniloeular, the styles 3 to 5, and the anthers extrorse.
In transferring Parnassia to Saxifragacee, I cannot help doubt-
ing whether too much force has not been given to the peri-
gynous character of the stamens, as, if that is insisted on as a
material point, Parnassia must be entirely removed from Drosera,
with whieh genus all botanists seem to agree it has very close
relationship, and which has the stamens truly hypogynous, at
least in our European species. Indeed a strict carrying out of
this test would necessitate the division of Drosera itself into
widely separated orders; for St.-Hilaire describes Brazilian

MR. A. W. BENNETT ON PARNASSIA PALUSTRIS. 25

species of that genus as passing by every grade into a true attach-
ment between the stamens and the calyx, and the same variability
occurs also among Violacez.

On the difference in the structure of the seeds I do not lay so

much stress, as, if their exalbuminous character is to be taken as
an essential point, Parnassia must either be referred back to
Hypericaces, with which it has no other affinities, or be hopelessly
consigned to the solitary confinement of a separate order. . The
extrorse stamens are, however, connected with an important phy-
siological function presently to be described. In his * Genera of
-North-American Plants, Prof. Asa Gray describes the anthers of
Parnassia as introrse, and gives a drawing of P. Caroliniana as an
illustration. I do not, however, find any other observer to agree
with Prof. Gray’s observation in this respect, except two Ame-
rican botanists, Dr. Torrey and Mr. Chapman, who have pro-
bably borrowed their descriptions from him; nor do any speci-
mens which I have been able to examine of this species confirm
any departure in this respect from the ordinary type of the
genus,

Before pointing out what seem to me the affinities between
Parnassia and some tropical genera with which it has not been
generally associated, a few remarks may not be out of place on
the physiological structure of our British species. The true
morphological value of the remarkable glandular petaloid scales
of Parnassia has been a subject of much discussion. The advo-
cates of its affinity with Hypericum of course consider these scales
to be modified polyadelphous stamens united together at the
base. The fact, however, that notwithstanding the countless
number of specimens examined by some German botanists, I can
find no record of a single flower having ever been gathered in
whieh the glands have reverted into pollen-bearing anthers, seems
to me a strong argument against this hypothesis. In certain
Himalayan species these scales seem entirely to lose their stami-
noid appearance, and to be simply bifid or trifid at the apex, or
even almost entire. I am rather disposed, on the other hand, to
consider them to be a modified inner row of petals, the glands
having an unmistakeable function, as we shall presently see,
connected with the distribution of the pollen. Dr. Buchenau
(Botanische Zeitung, vol. xx. p. 307) goes so far as to view the
glands as metamorphosed carpels!, having found a specimen in
which they are rolled up in a carpellary fashion. The 4 stigmata

26 MR. A. W. BENNETT ON PARNASSIA PALUSTRIS.

present an anomaly in the otherwise quinary arrangement of the
parts of the flower. Foreign species, however, present a more
symmetrical structure. The drawing of Parnassia Kotzebui in
Hooker's ‘Flora Boreali-americana’ clearly indicates 5 stig-
mata; and Dr. Seemann, in his ‘ Botany of the Herald,’ speaks of
frequently gathering both that species and P. palustris with 5
stigmata. Prof. Roper also records, in the * Botanische Zeitung’
(vol. x. p. 187), his supreme delight, after inspecting more than a
thousand flowers of P. palustris, in being at length rewarded by
gathering one with 5 stigmata. Dr. Hooker, on the other hand,
describes Himalayan species with only 3 stigmata. If, therefore,
we are to take the number of stigmata in Parnassia as variable from
8 to 5, with 5 as the normal number, as shown by the reversion
of P. palustris, it will assimilate the genus more closely to Dro-
sera, while removing it still further from Saxifraga.

The most remarkable feature, however, in the physiology of
Parnassia is the phenomena attending its fecundation, which I
had an opportunity of observing somewhat closely during a stay
last summer in Argyleshire. The fullest and most accurate
description of these phenomena hitherto published I find in
Vaucher's * Histoire physiologique des Plantes d'Europe,' from
which I translate as follows:—"* The physiological phenomena
which Parnassia presents belong chiefly to its fecundation. When
the flower is fully open, the filaments, at first very short, suddenly
lengthen, and place the anthers on the top of the ovary, so that
all the glandular globules, and especially the scale which bears
them, and which is covered with little drops of honey, can dissolve
the pollen with which they are sprinkled. This operation accom-
plished, the anther falls and disconnects itself, and the filament
resumes its original place. Each of the anthers successively
executes the same movement; but those which succeed each
other are alternate, and not contiguous, so that the march of the
phenomenon is never interrupted. The anthers are extrorse and
somewhat lateral; the pollen consequently cannot fall on the
stigma, but falls on the nectaries, which are, as it were, smeared
with it, and only the emanation from which can, I think, fertilize
the stigmata. It would be difficult, at least, to assign any other
function than that of the absorption of the pollen to this nectary,
so remarkable and so constant in all the species of the genus.
What confirms my conjecture is, that the stigmata are entirely
invisible while the anthers are discharging their pollen, and that

MR. A. W. BENNETT ON PARNASSIA PALUSTRIS. 27
they only begin to display themselves and to expose their papil-
lose tongues at the moment when the emission is accomplished ”’
(vol. i. p. 324). The successive lengthening of the filaments was
observed so long ago as by Sir James Edward Smith; and the
manner in which this takes place is very remarkable. The
increase, to the extent of at least three or four times their original
length, must be accomplished in an incredibly short space of time ;
the adhesion to the ovary is so strong during the whole of this
time that they cannot be bent back without breaking them; but
as soon as the pollen is discharged, they retire to a horizontal
position between the petals, and the anther falls. My own ob-
servation does not, however, confirm Vaucher’s statement that
the lengthening takes place alternately; I have frequently noticed
contiguous stamens to follow each other. It will be observed
that the movement of the stamens in Parnassia presents but little
resemblance to the “approach of the stamens to the pistil in
pairs,’ which is described as taking place in certain species of
Savifraga; nor does it appear in this latter genus to be accom-
panied by the simultaneous lengthening of the filament, which
serves an important physiological function. Together with this
elongation of the filament, and previously to the discharge of the
pollen, a singular contraction of the anther takes place; and
I have no hesitation in concluding that the arrangement above
described is one of the most remarkable provisions of nature yet
observed for insuring cross-fertilization; for not only does the
anther place itself, at the time of the ripening of the pollen, with
its back on the very apex of the pistil, so as completely to close
the approach to the ovary, but, as if to make assurance doubly
sure, the stigmata are not developed until the whole of the
anthers have successively performed this movement and dis-
eharged their pollen. The object of the glandular nectaries is
now clearly seen, and is not, as Vaucher imagined, the return of
the pollen to its own stigma, but to enable insects to carry it
away to other flowers in which the stigmata are already expanded.
I spent a considerable portion of one of those rainy mornings
which in Scotland bring forth such countless clouds of insects, in
keeping watch over a field as thickly studded with Parnassia as
an English hedge-bank with primroses, and scarcely noticed a
single flower in which several insects were not regaling themselves
on the nectariferous glands—belonging to several species, but
mostly a long-legged dipterous fellow, whose long thighs, straddling

28 MR. A. W. BENNETT ON PARNASSIA PALUSTRIS.

right across the centre of the flower, could not fail to carry the
pollen right on to the expanded stigmata of some other more
fully developed flower. Those plants which were in a sufficiently
advanced state invariably had the ovary loaded with seeds. It
will be understood, from the above description, why I am disposed
to lay considerable stress on the extrorse anthers of Parnassia as
contrasted with the introrse organs of Saxifraga.

While investigating the affinities of Parnassia, I was struck
with the resemblance, in more than one point, between this genus
and two others not generally associated with it, principally located
in Tropical America, Sawvagesia and Lavradia, which have also
been referred by botanists to a number of different orders, having
been variously placed under Cistinez, Violaces, Frankeniacese,
Elatinee, Droseraces, or, to cut the Gordian knot, have been
erected into an order by themselves. The most general view of
their correct position may probably be taken to be that adopted
by Bentham and Hooker in the * Genera Plantarum,' where they
are ranged under Violacee. Here, again, I may be permitted
simply to point out the discrepancies which separate them from
the typical genera of that order; and in this, as well as in tracing
their relationship to Parnassia, I am chiefly indebted to the ad-
mirable monograph of the two genera contained in St.-Hilaire’s
‘ Histoire des Plantes les plus remarquables du Brésil et du
Paraguay.’ In Viola, then, the corolla is irregular, there is but a
single row of petals or stamens, the anthers are turned inwards,
frequently united into a ring or tube, and with the connective
extended considerably beyond the anther-cells, and the de-
hiscence of the capsule is loculicidal. In Sauvagesia, on the other
hand, the corolla is regular, there is a single or double row of
inner petals or staminodia, the anthers are turned outwards,
entirely distinet, and with the connective not prolonged, and the
dehiscence of the capsule is septicidal. The so-called “ stami-
nodia" of these genera, which I cannot but look upon as the
analogues of the glandular scales of Parnassia, are very remark-
able. In Lavradiu they present a single row of petaloid orgails,
united together into a tube completely enclosing the pistil and
the stamens, which are furnished with very short filaments, and
closely resemble those of Parnassia at an early stage, having the
same extrorse dehiscence. In Sauvagesia, instead of one, there
are two rows of these additional organs; and, what is very re-
markable, the exterior has a staminoid, and the interior row 4

MR. A. W. BENNETT ON PARNASSIA PALUSTRIS. 29

petaloid appearance. The exterior row are described by St.-Hi-
laire as varying in form in the different species, but always thread-
shaped at the base, and thickened upwards to the shape of a club,
a nail, or a spade; the inner row consists of 5 distinct petaloid
scales, surrounding the generative organs, but not united, as in
Lavradia, into a tube. Taking these two rows of organs unitedly
as constituting the nectary, it would be difficult to consider both
the inner and outer row metamorphosed stamens, the inner
row appearing never to present an approach to a staminoid form,
and the outer row being frequently partially or entirely aborted ;
and this would seem to confirm the view that the scales of Par-
nassia should be regarded in the light rather of petals than of
stamens. I can find no record of any observation of pheno-
mena connected with the stamens of Sauvagesia similar to those I
have described in Parnassia, or identifying, as I should expect
would be the ease, the functions of the extrorse anthers and
nectary of Sauvagesia with those of our English genus. In all the
species of Lavradia, however, the inner corolla is described as
purple or rose-coloured, as if for the purpose of attracting insects,
while the exterior corolla is generally white.

The most conspicuous structural differences between Parnassia
and Sauvagesia are the 3—5 stigmata and exstipulate leaves of the
former, contrasted with the single style and stigma and the re-
markable laciniated or fimbriated stipules of the latter genus,
together with the difference in their general habit. It will be
interesting, therefore, to trace what aberrant forms exist con-
necting the two. In Hooker and Thomson's ‘ Precursores ad
floram Indicam’ (Journal of the Linnean Society, vol. ii. p. 55), I
find that Himalayan Zarnassie are described as “ styles 3 or 1,"
while in P. tenella, on which species they remark (p. 79) that,
* though it is decidedly the most abnormal species of the genus
yet discovered, it is somewhat singular that it does not throw any
light on the affinities of the genus," we have the * fimbriated
stipules ” so characteristic of Sauvagesia and Lavradia, and the
curious scutiform staminodia irresistibly remind one of those of
several species of Sauvagesia. In Sauvagesia tenella, on the other
hand, the smallest species of the genus, the slender habit and
distant alternate sessile spathulate leaves, together with the
partial or entire abortion of the outer row of staminodia, show a
marked approach to some of the species of Parnassia with foliose
scapes, while the stipules, described by St.-Hilaire as very small,

30 MR. A. W. BENNETT ON PARNASSIA PALUSTRIS.

are either deciduous or entirely absent in the specimens preserved
in the Kew Herbarium.

With the exception of Sauvagesia erecta, which spreads into
Mexico and the West Indies, and even into Madagascar and
Java, these two genera are confined to South America and almost
entirely to Brazil, while the less important allied genera of
Schuurmansia and Neckia, presenting the same general features
in their structure, belong to the Indian archipelago. Without,
therefore, assuming a definite opinion that Parnassia, Sauvagesia,
and Lavradia should be united into the same order, I would
venture to suggest whether our pretty little English Grass of Par-
nassus, so foreign in many respects in its appearance, may not
be looked on in some sort as a European and temperate repre-
sentative of the tropical Sawvagesie and Lavradie.

2

1. Flower of Parnassia palustris at the time of opening.
2. Stamen commencing to discharge pollen.

3. Flower with all the stamens discharged.

4. Stamen retiring from pistil; stigmata developed.

5. Pistil at the time of opening of the flower.

6. Stamen discharging pollen (magnified).

. Pistil after the stamens are discharged.

Note.—Since the above paper was written, some observations

*

MR. DUNCAN ON THE STAMENS OF SAXIFRAGE. 91

on the same subject, by M. Gris, have been published in the
‘Comptes Rendus’ of the French Academy for Nov. 2nd, 1868.
The conclusions at which M. Gris has arrived concur, on almost
every point, with those to which I have been led, as far as the
physiological structure of Parnassia is concerned. That botanist
points out that, as long ago as 1798, Sprengel observed that the
relative positions of the pistil and stamens in this genus neces-
sitate the hypothesis of fertilization by insect agency. Linnzeus,
St.-Hilaire, and other botanists have presented different views of
the structure of the flower; but a careful series of observations
by M. Gris fully confirm in almost every respect the accuracy of
Sprengel's description. The points to which M. Gris especially
refers as having been lost sight of by most recent writers are, the
completely extrorse character of the anthers at the period of their
dehiscenee, the non-maturity of the stigma until after the whole
of the stamens have discharged their pollen, and the fact that the
stamens never do “approach the pistil in pairs" (which has been
urged as an analogy between Parnassia and Saxifraga), but that
their remarkable elongation is accomplished in close contact with
the ovary, which they do not quit till after the discharge of the
pollen.

Notes/on the Stamens of Sazifrage.
By Mr. Dun¥an. Commmunicated by J. E. BAKER.

[Read November 19, 1868.]

THE two species to which the remarks which follow appiy are
Saxifraga cespitosa and S. hypnoides; and, without any modifica-
tions of importance, what is true of the stamens of any one of
these is true also of the other.

Shortly after the expansion of a flower, the stamens, which are
of two lengths and in two rows, lie back to the petals ; and in
this spreading position they continue until the pollen is almost
ready for being shed. The contents of only one anther at any
given time are ready for dispersal; and each mature stamen is
brought at the right moment into that position which is most
favourable for the contents of the anther being emptied on the
stigma, by the timely bending inward of the filament. So soon
as the pollen is discharged, the stamen slowly retires again,
through the unbending of the filament, and takes up its old station
close to the petals. Every stamen goes through the same per-

32 DR. DICKIE ON PLANTS FROM LANCASTER SOUND.

formance, and in doing so observes a regular order: the longer
and larger stamens go first, and the shorter and smaller ones
proceed afterwards. It may be of interest to notice that the
-stigma is not always receptive when the first fully-developed
anthers begin to discharge.

Notes on a Collection of Plants from the North-east Shore of
Lancaster Sound. By G. Drox¢z, M.D., F.L.S.

[Read November 19, 1868.]

In March 1865 ‘The Queen,’ of Peterhead, commanded by
Captain Œ. Brown, sailed under orders to pass the winter in some
part of the Arctic Sea, at the discretion of the commander, in
order to capture whales late in autumn and early in spring.
Captain Brown determined to winter somewhere in the vicinity of
Lancaster Sound, near the “ north water”’ of the whalers.

Afver various detentions owing to winds and the state of the ice,
the vessel was, on the last day of August, laid up for the winter in
a deep inlet called in the charts “ Bethune Bay,” about thirty
miles from Cape Horsburgh, which bears E.N.E. from it; the
harbour is in N. lat. 74° 44’ 24", W. long. 76°.

An Aberdeen student, Dr. E. P. Philpotts, had medical charge
of the expedition; and to him I am indebted for the materials
which form the subject of the following notes.

Explorations by Captain Brown and Dr. Philpotts proved that
the land represented in the most recent maps as a peninsula is
in reality an island, the eastmost point of which is Cape Hors-
burgh. This island is separated from the mainland by a channel
full of icebergs ; the channel on the west is narrow and shallow, its
eastern margin being the shore of the said island, and its western
an extensive glacier attached to the mainland, and forming a sea-
eliff of solid ice.

The island is about thirty miles long, by ten in breadth; the
centre is a swampy plain, with numerous streams and lakes, inter-
spersed with ranges of low hills.

On various parts of this inhospitable shore Dr. Philpotts was
very assiduous in making collections, from the end of June to the
5th August, 1866, on which day the * Queen’ got free from the
ice and proceeded southwards *.

* A very full and interesting account of the voyage was published by Dr.

Philpotts in the * Peterhead Sentinel, and afterwards printed for private dis-
tribution.

DR. DICKIE ON PLANTS FROM LANCASTER SOUND.

FLOWERING PLANTS.

RANUNCULACEX.
Ranunculus nivalis, L.

PAPAYERACEX.
Papaver nudicaule, Z.

CRUCIFERE.
Cochlearia officinalis, Z., var.
arctica.
Draba alpina, Z., var. glacialis.

CARYOPHYLLACER.
Lychnis apetala, Z. Rare and
very dwarf.
Cerastium alpinum, L.
Stellaria longipes, Goldie.
S. humifusa, Rottb.
Arenaria rubella, Br.

RosacEz.

Dryas octopetala, L., var. in-

tegrifolia.
Potentilla nivea, Z.

SAXIFRAGACEX.

Saxifraga oppositifolia, Z.
S. nivalis, L.
S. rivularis, Z.
S. cæspitosa, LL.
S. cernua, L.
S. tricuspidata, L.

EnicACEX.
Cassiope tetragona, L.
VACCINIEJE.

Vaccinium uliginosum, L.

ScROPHULARIACER.
Pedicularis hirsuta, L.

POLYGONACES.

Oxyria reniformis, £L.
Polygonum viviparum, Z.

LINN. PROO.—BOTANY, VOL. XI.

83

EMPETRACES.
Empetrum nigrum, Z.

AMENTACEX.

Salix arctica, Zr.
S. herbacea, Z.

MELANTHACEX.
Tofieldia palustris, Z., var. bore-
alis.
JUNCACER.
Luzula arcuata, Wahl., var. hy-
perborea.

QRAMINACEÆ.

Alopecurus alpinus, £L.
Deschampsia alpina, Z.
Trisetum subspicatum, P. B.
Phippsia algida, Br.
Dupontia Fischeri, L.

Poa laxa, Henke.

P. alpina, Z.

LxcoroprACEX.
Lycopodium selago, Z.

MOSSES.

Andrea petrophila.

Sphagnum acutifolium.

Cynodontium virens,
var. ĝ.

C. polycarpum, Ehrh.

Dicranum fuscescens, Turn.

D. elongatum, Schw.

Barbula fragilis, Wils.

Schistidium apocarpum, Z., varr.
a, y, ò.

Grimmia elongata, Kaulf.

Rhacomitrium lanuginosum,
Hedw.

Orthotrichum arcticum, Schpr.

D

Hedw.,

94 DR. DICKIE ON PLANTS FROM LANCASTER SOUND.

Splachnum Wormskioldii, Hor-
nem.*

Webera cruda, Schr.

W. Ludwigii, Spreng.

Bryum arcticum, Br.

B. purpurascens, Br.

B. calophyllum, Br.

B. pallens, Swartz.

Mniumhymenophylloides, Hueb.

Aulacomnion turgidum, Wahl.

Timmia Austriaca, Hedw.

Pogonatum alpinum, Z.

Polytrichum piliferum, Schreb.

Myurella julacea, Villars.

Orthothecium chryseum, Sew.

Hypnum Sommerfeltii, Myr.

H. fluitans, Hedw.

H. reptile, Micha.

H. hamulosum, Br. Eur.

H. salebrosum, Hoffm.

H. splendens, Hedw.

HEPATIC.
Gymnomitrium
Ca.
Jungermannia minuta, Crantz.
J. setiformis, Ehr.
J. barbata, Schr.
Ptilidium ciliare, Wees.

LICHENS.
Sphærophoron coralloides, Ach.
Cladonia deformis, Hoff.

C. pyxidata, Fries.

C. gracilis, Hoffm.

C. furcata, Huds.

C. rangiferina, Hoffm.
Thamnolia vermicularis, Ach.
Stereocaulon paschale.

concinnatum,

Siphula ceratites, Fr.

Alectoria ochroleuca, Wyl.

Dactylina arctica, Hook.

Dufourea madreporiformis, Ach.

Cetraria Islandica, Ach.

Platysma nivale, Wyl.

P. juniperinum, Nyl.

Peltigera canina, Hoffm.

Solorina crocea, Ach.

Parmelia saxatilis, Ach., var.
omphalodes.

Umbilicaria hyperborea, Hoffm.

U. hirsuta, DO.

U. proboscidea, DC., var. arc-
tica.

U. vellea, Miche.

Placodium ‘elegans, DC.

Lecanora tartarea, Ach.

L. subfusca, Ach.

L. ventosa, Ach.

L. atra, Huds.

L. vitellina, Ach.

Lecidea petræa, Ach.

L. geographiea, Ach.

L. polytropa, Ehrh.

ALGÆ.

Fucus vesiculosus, L.
Desmarestia aculeata, Lamour.
Dictyosiphonfæniculaceus, Grev.
Sphacelaria plumosa, Lyngb.
S. arctica, Harvey.
Ectocarpus litoralis ?
ments only.
Rhodomela lycopodioides, Ag.
Polysiphonia arctica, Ag.
Conferva melagonium, Web. 4
Mohr.

Frag-

* This was found very abundant and luxuriant among the ruins of Esquimaux
huts ; the former inhabitants have crossed, years ago, to the south side of Lancas-

ter Sound.

DR. DICKIE ON PLANTS FROM LANCASTER SOUND. 35

By way of comparison we may take Port Kennedy, more than

two degrees further south, where Dr. Walker collected forty-five

flowering plants*. Dr. Philpotts’s species in Bethune Bay and

neighbourhood are thirty-five; the following occur in the latter
locality which are not in the Port Kennedy list, viz. :—

Stellaria longipes, Goldie. Trisetum subspicatum, P. B.
Vaccinium uliginosum, Z. Phippsia algida, Br.
Salix herbacea, L. Poa alpina, ZL.

Deschampsia alpina, Z.

There were very few Mosses collected at Port Kennedy; and
therefore no comparison can be made.

The species recorded here are thirty-one; and it is worthy of
note that of these only five had fruit, and that very sparingly,
viz. :—Cynodontium virens, C. polycarpum, Orthotrichum arcticum,
Bryum purpurascens, and B. calophyllum ; all these are moneecious.
The other moneecious species, without fruit, are Sphagnum acuti-
Solium, Schistidium apocarpum, Splachnum Wormskioldii, Webera
eruda, Timmia Austriaca, Orthothecium chryseum, Hypnum Som-
merfeltii, H. fluitans, H. reptile, H. salebrosum. The remaining
sixteen dicecious species were in the same condition; no capsules
in any obvious stage were seen. Thirty-one species of Lichens are
here recorded; thirty-six were found at Port Kennedy.

Dr. Philpotts made several attempts at dredging; these failed
in consequence of ice and currents: the number of Alge is there-
fore small; some were found floating, others attached; all, with
two exceptions are widely diffused, the only truly northern species
being Sphacelaria arctica and Polysiphonia arctica; the former was
discovered by Dr. Lyall at Disco t, and was also found by Mr.
Taylorf in Cumberland Sound; it now appears to range beyond
74? N.lat. Numerous Diatomacee occur on Dr. Philpotts's Algz,
and he collected masses from ice-floes consisting of the same
microscopic organisms; these, with others from various parts of
Davis Straits, may form the subject of a future communication.

* Journal of Linnean Society, vol. v. (Botany) p. 79.

t Harvey in ‘ Nereis Boreali-Americana,’ part. iii. p. 124.
t Journal of Linnean Society, Botany, vol. ix. p. 238.

p 2

36 DR. LAUDER LINDSAY ON CHEMICAL REACTION

On Chemieal Reaction as "inscite Character in Lichens. By
W. Lauper Linpbay, M.D., F.R.S.E., &c.

[Read November 19, 1868.]

CONTENTS.
1. Summary of observations by Nylander and Leighton on
Erythrinic,
Chrysophanic, and reactions, with their subactions.
Usnic
2, Criticism on said observations.
3. Summary of author's observations on the reactions of—
a. Chlorinated lime and soda,
b. Potash and ammonia,
c. Iodine.
i. Directly, on :
(a) External surface of the thallus or apothecia,
(5) Their internal tissues.
ii. On alcoholic or aqueous decoctions of thallus.

Durine the last few years several Lichenologists* of established
reputation have introduced what they are pleased to call “new
criteria" or *new chemical tests" in the study of Lichens
—chemical characters, in short, for the differential diagnosis of
species. They have done so, moreover, in language so sanguine,
and with assertions so strong, that, if their observations could be
substantiated as facts, their generalizations could not fail to be of
the utmost importance in systematic Lichenology.

Dr. Nylander, of Paris, led the way, in 1866, by introducing
Hypochlorite of Calcium and Hydrate of Potash as new tests of
species in certain large and important groups, families, and genera,
in the following terms} :—

“ These examples are amply sufficient, I think, to point out the
invaluable aidafforded by chemical reactives in the study of Lichens
(p. 365). “By these examples, which may be verified with
the greatest ease, I believe that I have sufficiently established the
invaluable assistance which the hypochlorite of lime affords us m

* Their views appear to be supported by Dr. Stenhouse, who wrote me in Feb-
ruary 1867, “ I quite agree....that much light may be thrown on the botany
of Lichens by means of chemical reaction.’ I cannot, however, accept the testi-
mony of a chemist on a question of botanical diagnosis.

+ * Hypochlorite of Lime and Hydrate of Potash, two new Criteria in the study
of Lichens," Journal of the Linnean Society, Botany, vol. ix. p. 358. Vide also
the ‘Flora,’ May 12 and 13, 1866; and paper “On two new chemical tests” for

Lichens, * Notula Lichenologiex " of Leighton, Annals of Natural History, !
vol. xviii. p. 169.

AS A SPECIFIC CHARACTER IN LICHENS. 37

the study of Lichens. The least frustule of the thallus is suffi-
cient for the verification, without the microscope, of the beautiful
chemical character which distinguishes, even in the very youngest
individual specimens, the species in which other differences are
scarcely visible. The chemical characters have also this advantage
(as I have noticed elsewhere in speaking of the utility of the
different reactions obtained with iodine as characters of Lichens),
that we are guided by the differences manifested through the
reaction to search with more attention for organic characters;
and, as a general rule, we shall not fail to find them” [Y] (p. 362).
“Tt is very easy to convince ourselves of the importance of this
distinctive sign [reaction with hydrate of potash], according to its
existence or non-existence in the Lichens which we are studying
or determining" (p. 363). “ By the presence or absence of this
yellow reaction, we can equally distinguish many species in a
manner far easier and more certain than by the ordinary characters
hitherto affixed to them " (p. 364).

The veteran Rev. Mr. Leighton, of Shrewsbury, immediately
supported all Nylander's assertions, adding a further means of dia-
gnosing the species of Cladonia by the double reaction of hypochlo-
rite of calcium and hydrate of potash, his language of recommenda-
tion failing in no respect in enthusiasm or confidence*. "Thus
he writes, “ Dr. Nylander has recently discovered two new chemical
tests or criteria which are likely to prove of great value in the
study of Lichens, not only in the discrimination of many difficult
and closely allied species, but also in associating varieties with
their proper species, and in some instances in defining the affinities
of genera...... Their usefulness is at once demonstrated and en-
hanced by the fact that the very smallest frustule is sufficient to
determine the lichen submitted to them, and that whether in the
sterile or fertile state, and even in the youngest condition ”
(p. 169) T. Chemical tests are “ most useful and indispensable
aids-as affording confirmatory characters and in discriminating
doubtful or externally allied species " (p. 440) 1.

* “On the Examination and Rearrangement of the Cladoniei as tested by
Hydrate of Potash,” Ann. Nat. Hist. 1866, vol. xviii., and “ On the Cladoniei in
the Hookerian Herbarium at Kew [tested by hypochlorite of lime after potash ],"
Ann. Nat. Hist. 1867, vol. xix.

t *Notule Lichenologice, No. IX.” Annals of Nat. History, 1866, vol.
xviii.

t “Not. Lich. No. XVIII," Ann. Nat. Hist. 1867, vol. xx.

38 DR. LAUDER LINDSAY ON CHEMICAL REACTION

Th. M. Fries has endeavoured in his later works * to apply all
the reagents recommended by Nylander and Leighton, including
iodine, to the medullary tissue of the Lecidee. Stizenberger has
supported Nylander's viewst; and there seems at present a general
tendency among continental lichenologists to introduce into their
descriptions of species the actions of one or all of the reagents
whieh are supposed or asserted to possess such important uses
in diagnosis.

Nylander, however, does not limit the usefulness of the chemi-
cals he introduces to the mere diagnosis of species. He appears to
regard them also, in some instances at least, as colorimetric
tests,—as, for instance, when he says of Roccella “ Thus are we en-
abled to say what is the quantity of this colorable matter which
the different species of the genus contain, it being in faet a sort
of immediate analysis ” (p. 859), or of Parmelia * Most of them
contain more colorable matter than the best Roccelle”’ (p. 361) f.

The following are the chief reactions described by Nylander :—

I. With hypochlorite of calcium.
Erythrinie = a fugitive red.
II. With hydrate of potash.
A. Chrysophanic = a permanent purple.
B. Usnic = a permanent yellow or greenish yellow.
c. A fugitive yellow, changing quickly to red—to which reac-
tion he does not give a special name or associate it with
the presence of a special colorific-principle.

The erythrinic reaction, which is typically developed in the
genus Roccella, he appears to attribute to erythric acid. The
chrysophanic reaction, which is typically developed in the yellow
Physcie and Placodia, he attributes to the presence of chrysopha-
nic acid. The usnic reaction, which is typically exhibited in the
genus Cladonia, he associates with the occurrence of usnic or leca-
noric acids. The third group of potash reactions is typically
illustrated by Lecanora cinerea $.

* E, g. '' Lichenes Spitsbergenses,” Kongl. Svenska Vetenskaps-Akademiens
Handlingar, 1867. :

t In a review of Nylander's supposed discoveries in the ‘ Botanische Zeitung,’
1867, p. 151.

t This assertion is quite opposed to the experience of archil-manufacturers,
who have, in this country at least, given up the’ use of the Parmelie in favour of
the Roccelle [vide the author's paper in the * Brit. Assoc. Report,’ post. citat.].

§ I am far from satisfied of the propriety of the terms here employed by

AS A SPECIFIO CHARACTER IN LICHENS. 39

Leighton formularizes what he terms these “ very remarkable
reactions," and applies them to the minute discrimination of
species and varieties in the complex genus Cladonia. He tests
these species and varieties by the double reaction of lime and
potash, his latest formule being the following :—

K+ C+ = yellow reaction with aqua potassx, yellow
heightened by bleaching-solution.

K+ C— = yellow with aq. pot., this yellow being de-
stroyed by bleaching-solution.

K— C+ = No reaction with potash, but a distinct yellow
with bleaching-solution.

K— C— = No reaction with either or both chemicals.

Leighton writes, “ This new mode of testing enables us to dis-
tinguish more accurately and definitely the limits of the different
species or forms, and appears to afford a more satisfactory con-
firmation than that obtained by the application of the hydrate of
potash alone...... The value of the chemical tests in furnishing
us with additional and confirmatory specific characters becomes at
once plainly manifest," enabling him, he asserts, to classify
properly what Acharius, Turner and Borrer, Nylander, and other
distinguished lichenologists, who had depended on “ external cha-
racters and aspects alone," had failed to effect (p.100)! He refers
again and again in some form to the “ eal utility and value of che-
mical tests’? (p. 100) *.

The object of the inquiry and experiments whose results are re-
corded in the present communication, was an endeavour to deter-
mine whether the phenomena described by Nylander and Leighton
are so constant as to be entitled to constitute “ characters " of any
value in botanical diagnosis, on the one hand, and the extent or sense
to or in which novelty could be said to attach to the introduction of
the tests under review, on the other. I read the papers of these
lichenologists with considerable surprise, because their results or
assertions are in some measure the reverse of the results and gene-
ralizations of a lengthened and careful series of experiments, on
the eolorifie properties of Lichens, made by myself nearly twenty

Nylander, or of the theory, which appears to be implied, that the reaction he de-
scribes depends on the presence of certain specified colorifie or coloured acids.

* Not. Lich. No. XII. “On the Cladoniei in the Hookerian Herbarium
at Kew" [tested by bleaching-solution and potash], Ann. Nat. Hist. 1567,

vol. xix

40 i DR. LAUDER LINDSAY ON CHEMICAL REACTION

years ago *. I confess that, had the propounders of the “ tests ” in
question been authorities of less celebrity, I should not have con-
sidered it necessary to give myself the trouble of verifying or
correcting their observations, or of revising my own former inquiry
on a closely allied subject. But Nylander and Leighton are men
of such experience and reputation, while their assertions are so
confident, that I have deemed it desirable to attempt the recon-
ciliation of the discrepaney between their observations and my
own, on the one hand by repeating and extending their experi-
ments, and on the other by revising my own former researches.
My own experimental inquiry relates to the

Reaction of (a.) hypochlorite of calcium,
(5.) hypochlorite of sodium,
(c-) aqua potasse,
(d.) aqua ammonie,
(e.) iodine solution.
I. On the thallus,—direct application.
(a.) Cortical, \ :
(5.) Medullary eases
II. On apothecia,—direct application.
(a.) Disk and exciple.
(5.) Hymenial lieheninef.
(c.) Asci and sporidia.
TII. On aqueous or alcoholic decoctions of
thallus, with or without apothecia, the
plant being reduced to powder or frag-
ments.

I confined myself as far as possible to the specimens contained in
published fasciculit, because they are accessible to all lichenolo-
gists, and bear names whose synonyms can be readily ascertained.
In special cases, of common species, I experimented on the very
considerable contents of my own herbarium. Thus of the cosmo-
polite Cladonia rangiferina [including its 8 varieties or forms,
sylvatica, Hffm.; alpestris, Ach. ; gigantea, Ach. ; pumila, Ach. ;

* « Experimental Researches on the Tinctorial Properties of Lichens,” laid
before the Botanical Society of Edinburgh, between 1853 and 1855, and pub-
lished in its ‘ Proceedings,’ as well as in the ‘Edinburgh New Philosophical
Journal,’ in 1854 and 1855.

+ Vide page 46.
i Especially those of Hepp (Switzerland), Nylander (France), Dietrich
Germany), Leighton and Mudd (England).

AS A SPECIFIC CHARACTER IN LICHENS. 41

pyenoclada, Dél.; grandis, Flk.; tenuis, Flk., and lappacea, Flk.]
I tested about 130 specimens from very different parts of the
world, including New Zealand, Falkland and Antarctic Islands,
Tasmania, Australia, Iceland, Norway, Arctic and North America,
the Scotch Alps (Braemar and Breadalbane), the lower hill-ranges
of Scotland (Ochils and Sidlaws), the Scottish Islands (Skye),
Ireland, England, Wales, and the Channel Islands (Jersey).
This considerable group of forms or conditions of growth of a
single species was rendered peculiarly suited for examination by
the circumstance that they had been named by oze authority in
aecordance with the nomenclature of a standard monograph,
viz. by Mudd, according to his‘ Monograph of British Cladoniz’
(1865). Again, I examined a larger suite of specimens (about
250) of the genus Roccella, referable to the types tinctoria, phycop-
sis, and fuciformis (including Montagnei, pygmea, portentosa, and
hypomecha, or others, which appear to me to be unworthy of
separate designations), embracing saxicolous and corticolous,
maritime 'and inland conditions of growth, from the following
countries or localities :—I. Africa and its islands, tropical, northern,
and southern: Rovuma river, 8 miles from the coast, corticolous ;
Angola, Cape of Good Hope, Mozambique, Cape Verde, and
Canary Islands. II. Asia: India and its islands; Bombay, Bur-
mah, Ceylon. III. America [South]: Peru. IV. Europe: Eng-
land, south coast, Isle of Wight, Channel Islands ; French coast.
I made selection of the genera Cladonia and Roccella for full exa-
mination in order that I might put the assertions of Nylander and
Leighton to what must be, by their own showing, considered a
sufficient test.

The majority of my testings gave no results worthy of record ;
reaction was either absent, obscure, or insignificant.

The chief reagents employed by Nylander and Leighton, or by
myself, were the following, using in their designations the most
modern nomenclature, that of the last edition of the * British
Pharmacopoeia! (1867) :—

I. Liquor Calcis Chlorate, or Solution of Chlorinated Lime.—
This is a solution of the substance known in commerce as “ bleach-
ing-powder," or * chloride of lime," and to chemists as hypochlo-
rite of lime, or hypochlorite of calcium. It consists of, or con-
tains, not only hypochlorite of lime, but chloride of calcium and
caustic lime, whereof the colorific agent appears to be the Aypo-
chlorous acid or salt. The officinal liquor may be used by the

42 DR. LAUDER LINDSAY ON CHEMICAL REACTION

lichenologist ; ora solution may be made by shaking up the chlori-
nated powder with water, and employing the filtered fluid. On ex-
posure to the air, however made, the solution undergoes somewhat
rapid decomposition, the active principle, the hypochlorous acid,
being given off, and the inert carbonate of lime formed by ab-
sorption of carbonic acid. The liquid should therefore always be
freshly made when used.

The reaction of bleaching-solution* with the colorific principles
of Lichens was pointed out by chemists more than 20 years ago.
In particular, its applications as a eolorimetrie test were dwelt
upon by Stenhouse. Following him I used this reagent very
largely in my first series of experiments on lichen dyes (1850-53).
The novelty of its present application consists, therefore, in its
being regarded as a means of discriminating botanical species.
What is its value in this respect the sequel will show.

In 1853 I wrote thust of the bleaching-solution test, my con-
clusions being based on several hundred experiments :—“ This
test requires the greatest nicety and caution in applying it; for,
from its strong bleaching or decolorizing power, the least excess
destroys the colour of any liehen-dye in solution in whatever
menstruum. The red colour is generally so delicate and fugitive
that, if an excess of the test have been originally added, no red re-
action may be perceived at all Hence, from carelessness or
inaccuracy in manipulation on the part of the experimenter, à
very erroneous opinion may be formed of the colorifie quality of
a given lichen. Perhaps the safest mode of using the test is in
the form of a very weak solution, which will admit of being added
in appreciable quantity. As the depth of tint of the red colour
struck is to the eye a measure of the quality of colorifie mate-
rial eontained in the lichen, so the amount of any given strength
of bleaching-solution required to destroy this red and convert it
into a pale wine-yellow, has been recommended by Stenhouse as
an easily appreciable and sufficiently accurate mode of estima-
ting the same thing quantitatively f. The strength of the bleaching-

* I have used throughout the present paper the term “ Meaching-solution ”
as a convenient synonym for “ liquor calcis chloratz.”

t MSS. inedit.

t Over against this conclusion of Stenhouse must be placed the experience of
archil-manufacturers, which goes to show that no trustworthy argument regard-
ing the dye-yielding properties of Lichens, either qualitative or quantitative,
can be based on experiment in the laboratory on the small scale.

AS A SPECIFIC CHARACTER IN LICHENS. 43

solution is immaterial, so long as it is not so strong as to destroy
the red colour at the very moment of its formation. It is suffi-
cient that we employ the same solution (as to strength) in
every case as a standard of comparison. The mediwm in which
the colorific principles of the lichen should be dissolved * for the
due exhibition of the red reaction varies in different cases. In
some instances a simple aqueous infusion may suffice ; in others the
comminuted lichen must be boiled in various solvents ; while in
others, again, a lime solution is apparently the most suitable. The
medium, however, which is of most general application is alcohol t,
in the form of ordinary spirits of wine. It is especially useful and
convenient in experiments on the small scale. I have employed
it now in nearly 300 test-tube experiments, boiling the pulverized
or chopped lichen for a few minutes in a little alcohol; and I
have seldom failed to observe, in greater or less quantity, a whitish
or variously-coloured gelatinous extractive T, which appears to
consist, in great measure, of the colorifie principles of the plant.
The bleaching-solution test, though extremely convenient and
applicable in the generality of cases, cannot in every instance be
relied on, either as a quantitative or qualitative indicator of the
presence of colorific materials capable of yielding by ammoniacal
maceration red or purple dyes. In other words, the action of the
test appears to be irregular or capricious, perhaps from being
sometimes chemically inappropriate. I have found, for instance,
that bleaching-solution struck no red with an alcoholic solution of
lichens which, macerated in the usual way in a weak ammonia-
eal liquor, yielded a well-marked beautiful red dye; while, on the
other hand, a red reaction was developed in some cases in which,
under the same conditions of experiment, I have failed to obtain
an archil. The irregularities in question may depend on—

* 1. Inaccuracy or carelessness in manipulation.

“2. Alcohol not being the suitable solvent of certain colorific
principles.

*8. Ammoniacal maceration not being the proper means of
developing an archil.

* The colorific matter of Lichens is extractable with very different degrees of
facility by different solvents.

t The difficulty of applying bleaching-solution directly to the thallus, and
the fact that its reaction is best manifested in solutions of colorific principles,
are arguments for preferring the use of alcoholic decoctions.

+ Assuming the character of a mucous flocculence or precipitate.

44 DR. LAUDER LINDSAY ON CHEMICAL REACTION

“4. Certain lichens not containing the same colorific principles
which exist in the majority, at least, of the dye lichens that yield
orcine, orceine, and archil.

* At present, however, I am quite unable to explain the caprices
of this and other colour reactions in lichens.”

If the application of the bleaching-solution test requires such
nicety, and its results are so capricious, in a solution of colorific
principles in boiling alcohol, which is one of their most powerful sol-
vents, it is to be presumed that the application of the test must be
attended with greater difficulty, and its results with less cer-
tainty, when a drop of the bleaching-solution is merely applied
to, or rubbed on, the lichen-thallus !

IL Liquor Kode Chlorate.—A solution of chlorinated soda—of
what is known to chemists as hypochlorite of soda or sodium, con-
stituting the “Liqueur de Labarraque” of French, and “ Labar-
raque’s solution, or disinfecting fluid,” of British pharmacy. Along
with hypochlorite of soda, the solution contains chloride of sodium
and bicarbonate of soda. As in the corresponding case of the lune
solution, the hypochlorous acid appears to be the principle on
which the reaction with the lichen- colorifie principles depends.
This test was recommended to my notice by Dr. Stenhouse, who
wrote*, “T find the hypochlorite of soda even more useful than
hypochlorite of lime.” I may here at once dismiss i¢ from
further notice by stating that I was speedily induced to give up
its use by finding all its results negative. In cases where the
corresponding lime solution gave a red reaction, the soda solution
gave none; while in no case was the reaction (if any) such as to
deserve record.

III. Liquor Potasse, otherwise known as solution of potash,
or of hydrate of potash.—From its rapid absorption of carbonic
acid, it should be used fresh; or if preserved, it ought to be kept
in closely-stoppered bottles. The latter, moreover, should be of
green glass, from its action on flint glass and oxide of lead. This
test has several advantages over the corresponding solution of
ammonia. It gives off no vapours irritating to the eye or nose,
while it much more readily attaches itself to the texture of the
plant. Of all the reagents which have been applied by means of
the glass stirrer to the thallus or apothecia, potash solution is by
far the most easily applicable. Twenty years ago, and since that
period, I used, or have used, potash solution in the microscopical

* Feb. 1867.

AS A SPECTFIC CHARACTER IN LICHENS. 45

examination of the Lichen-tissues, finding it useful in dissolving
oily protoplasm and other material which interfered with the
clear delineation of cell-nuclei and tube-walls or septa. Thus, in
microscopic analysis of the hymenium, I use or used it to render
distinct the outlines, or walls and divisions, of cells or tubes that
were otherwise obscure, e.g. the paraphyses of Abrothallus. The
novelty of its application by Nylander and Leighton, as in the case
of bleaching-solution, consists in the assertion that its reaction
with the cortical layer of the Lichen-thallus may be used as
a botanical character—as a guide, that is, to the classification
of species. As in the case of bleaching-solution, the sequel
will also show how far £his application of the reagent is to be
trusted.

IV. Liquor Ammonia, otherwise Solution of Ammonia, the com-
moner or weaker solution of Pharmacy.—Ammonia is the most im-
portant of all alkalies in relation to the chemistry of the lichen- colo-
rific principles and their coloured derivatives, probably on account
of its containing and supplying nitrogen ; whilst its importance is
fully recognized in relation to the development from lichens of co-
lours of the archil class. In experiments with the stirrer on the thal-
lus or apothecia, it is inferior in usefulness (if either reagent is to
be considered useful) to potash ; while in those on aqueous or alco-
holic decoctions containing colorifie or colouring-matters in solu-
tion, itisas decidedly superior, being of much more general appli-
cability. In the latter class of experiments, I have used it largely
for 20 years; and the results were partly made public in my first
series of researches on the lichen- colouring-matters. Even at
a much earlier date, however, the ammonia test seems to have
been applied to the determination of species. In 1858, I met
with, in the British Museum Herbarium, a specimen of Cladonia
bacillaris, Ach. ( — C. macilenta, Hffm.), presented by Sir Thomas
Gage, and bearing the following label in his handwriting, * This
diffieult species may be distinguished in all its modifications by
immediately turning yellow when touched with volatile alkali.”
Now Sir Thomas's lichens were mostly from Killarney (Ireland),
collected in or about 1810. I believe Sir Thomas to have as-
signed much too high a value to this “criterion” or “ character;”’
but his statement is important as showing that the views of Ny-
lander and Leighton are by no means new, whether or not it
prove that they are rue! In point of fact, chemical reaction
seems to have been not unfrequently recognized by the earlier

46 DR. LAUDER LINDSAY ON CHEMICAL REACTION

lichenologists as a specific character; and the reason why such
recognition has fallen into desuetude is probably to be sought in
one of two causes—either (1) that microscopical characters have
obtained too exclusive attention of late years, or (2) that the
chemical characters could not be trusted in the determination
and classification of species !

V. Tinctura lodi, otherwise Tincture of Iodine, containing a
proportion of iodide of potassium as a solvent.— Whilst chemists

tell us that the reaction of starch and iodine is so delicate as to

be discernible in water containing =o part of its weight of

iodine, they also point out that the reaction is apt to be inter-
fered with by a number of chemical obstacles. Moreover, if
chemists are right in asserting that only the ordinary form of
starch gives a blue reaction with iodine, lichenologists must be
wrong in their supposition that what they call ^ hymenial gela-
tine” is, in all cases, lichenine*! The irregularities in the re-
action of iodine in Lichens is sufficiently explained by the dif-
ferent reactions which iodine gives with different modifications of
starch, and by the aptitude of these reactions to be disturbed by
a number of trivial chemical causes. Nylander recommends the
following formula for making the iodine- test solution + :—Jodine
1 gr., iodide of potassium 3 grs., distilled water } oz. The solu-
tion should be kept from light in a black bottle, or in one covered
with paper. In testing microscopically, it is sufficient to apply
a drop to the edge of the thin glass covering the dissection,
under which it will diffuse itself in the water containing the ob-
ject. I am not aware, however, of any advantage this solution
possesses over our officinal tincture of iodine, diluted with water
to such extent that the liquid has only a pale sherry colour. For
all practical purposes, I have found, for 20 years, the latter solu-
tion sufficient. I have used the iodine test chiefly in microsco-
pical analysis of the hymenium, sometimes also of the thallus, in
order to the detection of starch in some of its modifications ; and
I pointed out its usefulness in my text-book on the British
Lichens (1856, p. 111). I have also employed it as a supposed
differential test between Lichens and Fungi, in which respect,

* Vide p. 40.

t '' On the Reaction of Iodine in Lichens and Fungi,” “Not. Lichenologice " of
Leighton, Ann. Nat. Hist. Jan. 1866, p. 59, March 1866, p. 190, Aug. 1866, p. 106;

also footnote, Journ. of Linn. Soc. vol. citat. p. 360, and quoted in ‘ Science
Gossip, 1866, p. 42.

AS A SPECIFIC CHARACTER IN LICHENS. 47

however, I have long been convinced it cannot be relied upon*. So
long ago as 1840, Professor von Mohl publishedt “ Einige Beob-
achtungen über die blaue Fürbung der vegetabilischen Zellen-
membran durch Iod," containing reference to its applications in
lichen-histology. The novelty of the present application of iodine
consists, as in the cases of bleaching-solution and potash, in its
supposed utility as furnishing a “ character" in the diagnosis of
species—a utility which, in all the cases in question, we shall pre-
sently see is only supposed !

Nylander recommends the application of the reagents he em-
ploys to the thallus or apothecia guttatim, by means of a glass
stirrer. But there is frequently great difficulty, except in the
single case of potash, of causing their adhesion to, or absorption
by, the lichen-tissues. lt is generally necessary to make repeated
applieations of the reagent, aiding the moistening of the lichen
by friction. In the case of bleaching-solution, considerable fric-
tion is usually necessary, in order to the development of reaction
— friction sufficiently forcible to break up the cortical tissue and
expose the medulla. I have found it most convenient first to
thoroughly moisten the lichen-thallus with a large drop of the
reagent, and subsequently to break up the cortical tissue and ex-
pose the medulla under the fluid so applied.

The reagents before mentioned, applied as I have just described,
have yielded me, inter alia, the following colour-results with dif-
ferent genera and species of Lichens :—

I. Reaction with Bleaching-Solution.—In some cases it bleaches,
in others darkens, in others modifies, the colour of solutions of
lichen- colouring-matters, these reactions depending in great
measure on the amount or strength of the reagent employed.
Most of the pale yellowish-green or greenish-yellow infusions are
bleached or lightened in colour ; while of those which are brown-
ish red, reddish brown, yellowish brown, or brownish yellow, some
are darkened, but none are lightened, in colour.

Genus Roccella.—As already stated, I examined specimens
from most parts of the world in which the genus grows, applying
the reagent frequently to different parts of the same specimen.
I found the reaction, where it occurred at all, immediate, and
most vivid at first—a circumstance fully explained in my experi-

* Vide paper on “Parasitic Micro-lichens” in Quart. Journ. Micro. Se.

January 1869.
t In the ‘ Flora’ (Regensburg).

48 DR. LAUDER LINDSAY ON CHEMICAL REACTION

ments of 1850-53. The colour was nearly as fugitive as where
the bleaching-solution was added to an alcoholic solution of the
colorifie principles. Sometimes scarcely a trace was left on the
lichen of the application of the reagent; sometimes a fulvous
stain was left, or it was orange-red, or exhibited various shades
of red or yellow; occasionally there were differently coloured
stains on the same plant. Sometimes a beautiful orange-red was
permanent ; more generally the stains in question gradually faded.
Sometimes the soredia were affected when the general thalline
surface was not; at other times the presence of soredia was im-
material in assisting or obstructing the exhibition of the reac-
tion. Sometimes the same branchlet showed in different parts
every shade of crimson, as well as no reactionatall As a general
rule, the reaction was most vivid where the thallus was pale, thin,
and soft,—least so where it was dark, thick and coriaceous, corru-
gated and warted. Fertile specimens generally showed it less
vividly than sterile ones. These remarks apply generally to all
the species of the genus examined.

R. tinctoria frequently gave no reaction. This was almost in-
variably the case where the thallus was dark-coloured and coria-
ceous. Sometimes there was only a faint tinge on the soredia.
Even the smaller, paler, more delicate forms never exhibited the
reaction nearly so vividly as R. fuciformis.

R. phycopsis: reaction generally vivid where thallus pale-
coloured.

R. fuciformis, including its varieties Montagnei and others:
reaction sometimes vivid crimson in one part and very faint or
absent in another part of the same plant; faint or absent gene-
rally in the more central, coriaceous, and thicker portions of
thallus.

None of the Roccelle gave me any reaction with bleaching
solution of soda.

Nylander says that the young thalli of R. tinctoria and phycopsts
exhibit distinctly and beautifully the erythrinic reaction, the
older being very little coloured ; but he goes on to remark that (as
I understand him), whatever be their colour-reactions, these
lichens “scarcely differ specifically, and cannot always be distin-
guished from each other" (p. 360). In truth, I regard phycopsis
as a mere passage form, or connecting link, between tinctoria and
fuciformis. Again, Nylander asserts that R. fuciformis does not
exhibit the reaction on the thallus, but on its soredia ; while “it

AS A SPECIFIC CHARACTER IN LICHENS. 49

is a curious thing," says he, “that neither the soredia of Mon-
tagnet nor phycopsis show colour-reaction." Subsequently, how-
ever, in the same paper, he admits that the thallus of R. fuci-
Jormis occasionally shows the erythrinic reaction. The fact, as
stated by Nylander and Leighton, that no reaction occurs in R.
Suciformis, except in the soredia, while it occurs in R. Montagnei,
save on the soredia, both species being, nevertheless, referable
botanically to the same type, is a specimen of the very unequal re-
sults of the application of the so-called * Test." There is no reaction
in R. hypomecha, Nyl.; and yet it is a tinctorial species, having
the common properties of the genus. With strange inconsistency,
as it seems to me, Nylander sums up :—* Thus are we now able,
with the aid of the hypochlorite of lime, with great facility to
separate and distinguish the species of this difficult genus, in
which heretofore the determinations have been often uncertain.
This reaction manifests also this remarkable fact, that determina-
tions perfectly exact may be made even on specimens which are in
a young and sterile state, and in other respects very incomplete "'
(p.360)! Leighton speaks of the erythrinie reaction being at
once visible in the Aoccelle, some of which, nevertheless, he pro-
ceeds to say, show “no reaction." Indeed the papers of both
Nylander and Leighton abound in ambiguities or contradictions
of this description.

` Genus Lecanora.—In L. tartarea there was generally more or
less of a blood-red colour * developed equally on the apothecial
warts and on the thallus, especially if mealy or sorediiferous—
exhibited, however, usually only on friction. Sometimes the
eolour was very faint, even in the white medullary tissue. As a
general rule the colour-reaction was faintest in corticolous forms.
In some eases [e.g. in a Loch-Lomond specimen, 1855] I found
no reaction. Nylander classes ¢artarea with pallescens, and sepa-
rates L. parella from both, * since its thallus does not exhibit any
reaction with the hypochlorite of lime." In the majority of cases it
does not; but I have met with the reaction, exceptionally, more
vividly developed than is common even in tartarea. For instance,
in ordinary corticolous forms of L. parella [from Yorkshire, 1855]
I obtained blood-red, by friction of the exciple of the apothecia,
as deep and distinct as in fartarea; while in saxicolous forms,
from the Kyles of Bute (1852), the colour-reaction was even more

* This blood-red is exhibited by many crustaceous thalli, e. g. of Lecanora,

Urceolaria, and Pertusaria.
LINN. PROC.—BOTANY, VOL. XI. E

50 DR. LAUDER LINDSAY ON CHEMICAL REACTION

brilliant. Corticolous specimens of pallescens, from Cork (1858),
also gave the blood-red of tartarea. Notwithstanding all that has
been written on the subject of their chemical distinction by Ny-
lander and Leighton, I see no reason to modify the opinion I
formed many years ago from their structural resemblances, that
tartarea and parella, with all their varieties or intermediate
forms, are referable to a single type.

Stizenberger describes the * schwer zu bestimmende Pertusaria
velata" of Switzerland as “leicht an ihrem Erythrins&ure-Gehalt
kenntlich ”’*—a statement that is opposed to the fact that in two
specimens (variolarioid and degenerate) from Otago, N. Z., I ob-
tained no reaction; while in a third, which was fertile, a beau-
tiful blood-red was developed—all three specimens having been
named by Nylander.

Genus Parmelia.— It is perhaps in the Parmelie," says Ny-
lander (p. 361), * that the erythrinic reaction presents the most
remarkable advantage as the means of distinguishing between
those species which differ very little in external appearance. In
reality the colourable material in the Parmelie is found under-
neath the gonidial layer, and not upon it or in its exterior as is
the case in the Roccelle. Consequently it is necessary to cut
the thallus of a Parmelia, so as to expose the medulla, whenever
we wish to ascertain whether the species exhibits the erythrinic
reaction or not on the application of the hypochlorite of lime."
Leighton says the seat of reaction in lichens is a “ colourable ma-
terial which is generated in the gonidial stratum of the thallus,”
a most unlikely source; but he goes on to give directions for
scraping off the cortical layer of Parmelia, and all lichens with a
cortical layer, * to expose the subjacent medulla, in which the
reaction takes place ”—another of Leighton's confusing or con-
tradictory assertions. The truth is, that the seat of colorific
material in lichens is partly the cortieal, partly the medullary,
thalline tissues, and partly those of the apothecium.

Nylander asserts that there is no erythrinic reaction in the
common JP. saxatilis; nor did I find it, as a general rule, in 4
large suite of specimens in my herbarium. But in one specimen,
from Maine, U. S. A. (1867), bleaching-solution developed at
once, on gentle friction, in the medulla, one of the most beautiful
and deep blood-reds I have ever obtained with this reagent among
lichens. It is an excellent illustration of the marked difference

* Review in the ‘ Botanische Zeitung,’ 1867, p. 151.

AS A SPECIFIC CHARACTER IN LICHENS. 5L

in results between microscopical colorimetric testings and the
manufacture of lichen-dyes—that, while bleaching-solution gene-
rally gives no reaction, ammoniacal maceration developes the pig-
ment known as “ Cudbear," on which account the lichen has been,
and still is, largely used as a dye-giving stuff *. * We distinguish
DEA with the greatest facility (Nyl., p. 361) the Parmelia levi-
gata and revoluta, which have been so often confounded,” the
latter giving an erythrinic reaction “whilst the levigata and
sinuosa do not present the least trace of this reaction " (p. 362).
Scherer’s No. 612, and Hepp’s No. 581, which (according to Nyl.,
loc. cit.) are really P. revoluta, both gave me a blood-red; but in
the former I found the reaction with potash not to be permanent,
while in the latter it was so. This permanency or fugitiveness of
potash-reaction is a “new criterion," quite as valid for “ sepa-
rating" these lichens into different species as the various “ cri-
teria" of Nylander and Leighton! In several specimens of lævi-
gata (e. g. from various parts of Ireland, from Loch Lomond, and
from England, Mudd's Exs. 69) I obtained no reaction; but in a
specimen of the same plant from the Pass of Leny, blood-red
was developed by bleaching-solution. In other forms of sinuosa
I sometimes met with an erythrinic reaction, sometimes not.
The differences in reaction described by Nylander do not prevent
me assigning, as formerly, both revoluta and levigata, with a
number of other lichens, to the single type sinuosa.

* The reactive. .... demonstrates in the most decided manner
y nem that P. olivetorum . . . . . is a species perfectly distinct from
perlata, with which it has been hitherto united” (Nyl., p. 361).
He admits, however,that *certain organic differences without doubt
also afford constant marks of distinction between the two species ;
but these marks are much less apparent and much more difficult
to verify than the chemical difference here noted; so that we must
no longer confound them, as has been hitherto done in all the
Herbaria, since the most inexperienced person is now able to dis-
tinguish them by means of the reactive" (p. 361). The medulla
of P. olivetorum is represented as giving an erythrinie reaction,
while that of perlata does not. I have, however, obtained a
blood-red, though pale, by friction, in Australian forms of perlata.
I have had no opportunity of testing authentie specimens of

* Vide paper by the author “On the present Domestic Use of Lichen-Dye-
stuffs in the Scottish Islands and Highlands,” Seemann’s Journ. of Botany,
1868, vol. vi. p. 84.

E2

52 DR. LAUDER LINDSAY ON CHEMICAL REACTION

P. olivetorum; but I have no reason to suppose that in this case,
exceptionally, chemieal reaction furnishes a character sufficient of
itself to separate or constitute species. Perlata, like saxatilis, is
an instance of a long-known and widely used dye-lichen [capable
of yielding archil] which gives, as a rule, no reaction with
bleaching-solution.

Genus Umbilicaria.—N ylander asserts that the udi of
most of the Umbilicarie exhibits an erythrinie reaction (p. 362).
He admits, however, that in the same species [e. g. hyperborea]
the reaction may be obscure or distinct, and that in d and other
species of the genus it may be better exhibited in young specimens
than old. The result of my testings of a large suite of specimens
in my herbarium is that it is only exceptionally, after much
friction, and faintly that an erythrinie reaction is developed at
all, Nylander's statement, that there is only “a small quantity
of eolourable matter which is to be found in them," is opposed to
the experience of archil-manufacturers, who at one time, if not
still, used, or use, one or more species as dye-lichens ( U. pustulata
and U, murina ]*.

IL. Reaction with Potash.. A. Chrysophanic.—In lichens whose
colour is yellow, orange, or red, the seat of colour is, according to
Leighton, following Nylander, a “ powder... . generated on the
surface " of the thallus or apothecia. I have not given special at-
tention to this subject ; but it seems to me extremely unlikely that
colouring-matter should not, in these as in other lichens, reside in
the cells or filaments, or intercellular inatter, of the cortical or
medullary tissues T. There may be, and frequently is, an efflores-
cence of granular colouring-matter (just as I believe there is of
colorific principles in a crude form) in lichens, where such matters
or principles exist in, or are secreted or excreted by, the thallus.
But it does not appear to me that Nylander’s and Leighton’s
descriptions of the seat of colour in lichens are here scientifically
correct.

The development of a purple reaction in apothecia which are
naturally of a deep red is generally obscure, if it exists at all, and
cannot, so far as I can see, serve any good purpose in classifica-
tion, e. g. in the erythrocarpous Lecanore and Lecidee [Lecanora
hematomma and ventosa] In no lichen is the colouring-matter

* Vide author's paper, “On the Dyeing Properties of Lichens,” Edin. New
Philos. Journal, July 1855, Table ii.
t Vide section on Co/our in author's * British Lichens ' (1856), p. 47.

‘AS A SPECIFIC CHARACTER IN LICHENS. ` : 53

of apothecia so easily removed by potash as in those of the true
L. ferruginea: it is at once dissolved out without being rendered.
purple, is carried away on the stirrer, and -diffused over the
thallus. In the erythrocarpous Cladonie the same thing appeared
to occur; the natural rich crimson colouring-matter was at
once dissolved out, staining the podetia. In some cases, how-
ever, the colour was at once changed into brown; and in the
natural state the red apothecia of Cladonia frequently become
brown * as the result of age and desiccation, e. g. in the cornu='
copioides group. I doubt, moreover, the propriety of describing
the reaction of potash on the red apothecia of Cladonia as
chrysophanic, and on the podetia or folioles of the same species
as usnic.

On aecount of its chrysophanie reaction, Nylander separates
Physcia parietina from P. candelaria. “The potash shows their
differences instantly in the very least atom of either their thalli or
their fruits; for the candelaria is not changed in colour by this
reactive, whilst the lychnea becomes of an intense purple. This
is so evident that we are by these means able to recognize either
the one or the other of these two lichens even without opening
the papers in which they may-be enveloped, provided the paper be
permeable by the solution of potash” (p. 363). But, in exceptional
cases, I have found the reaction in parietina obscure [e.g. in
Hepp's No. 595]; and Nylander himself admits that certain
forms of that species do not exhibit the reaction, save on the
periphery of the thallus, and on the epithecium. This occurs, he
admits, also in Physcia flavicans, P. chrysophthalma, and Placo-
dium murorum. Exceptions of this kind are sometimes so nume-
rous and of such a character, as to render the general rule quite
worthless, and altogether to invalidate the utility of the test. In
the fruited state, parietina and candelaria are sufficiently separable
by their sporidia; while the attempted distinction of sterile
(which may be abortive or degenerate as well as young) condi-
tions of lichens by chemical reaction appears to me to be at the
least fraught with danger. Inno case have I been able to satisfy
myself of its safety or propriety. Nylander classes candelaria
with vitellina, because they have the common property of non-
reaction with potash. But I have found the chrysophanie reaction
sometimes exhibit itself in the Lecanora. There are various

* Vide author's paper on “ Arctic Cladonix,”—Trans. Botanical Society of
Edinb. vol. ix. p. 176.

54 DR. LAUDER LINDSAY ON CHEMICAL REACTION

other exceptions to the general rule as regards the yellow Phy-
scie and Placodia.

On the other hand, Nylander remarks on the absence of the
reaction in the yellow Platysmata. But to this generalization
also there are exceptions. In specimens of P. nivale from
Braemar (1855), I found the deep orange (natural) stains at the
base of the plant at once become red with potash, while in
Norwegian forms (1857) the normal yellow of the thallus exhi-
bited the same reaction. No effect, however, was produced on
the purple stains at the base of P. cucullatum, or on the normal
yellow of its thallus. If we are to trust the chrysophanic test,
we must come to the conclusion that there are various yellow
colouring-matters in lichens, many of them having, however, the
same tint; for the reaction is absent in the beautiful yellow
thalli of Evernia vulpina, Sticta aurata, Lecanora chlorophana
and oreina, L. vitellina (as a general rule), Lecidea galbula,
geographica, and citrinella. On the other hand, the test in ques-
tion associates Physcia parietina and other PAyscie with Pla-
codium aureum, elegans and murorum, and other Placodia, Leca-
nora cerina, fusco-lutea, aurantiaca, and other Lecanore, Le-
cidea ferruginea and other Lecideg. In this group the magni-
ficent crimson developed is equally intense on the apothecia and
thallus; but the disk of the apothecium has sometimes a natural
crimson colour instead of its usual yellow, e.g. in Pl. murorum or
L. aurantiaca.

B. Usnic reaction, distinguished (from what may be provision-
ally termed the green-red sub-reaction) by its permanence [accord-
ingto Nylander ].—The typical beautiful lemon- (greenish) yellow is
best exhibited on thalli which are pale or white, and in proportion
to their whiteness. Thus the reaction is most vivid and con-
spicuous on the white thallus of various Physcie [stellaris, cesia,
astroidea|, Lecanore [ Reuteri, glaucoma, tartarea], Lecidee [ca-
nescens, contigua], Pertusaria, Phlyctis, Lecanactis, Arthonia, and
Stereocaulon. It is thus developed equally in the foliaceous and
frutieulose thallus, and in that which is erustaceous, especially
when it is thick and tartareous, and grey or white, in saxicolous
species. The intensity and character of the colour vary greatly.
Thus in Lecanactis illecebrosa it is less vivid or beautiful than in
Arthonia pruinosa; in the saxicolous Lecanore and Lecidee it is
frequently olive-green; in Stereocaulon, where any reaction is
visible at all, it is brightest where the thallus is palest and most

AS A SPECIFIC CHARACTER IN LICHENS. 55

delicate; in Lecanora subfusca it occurs distinctly only in those
forms which have a distinct white crustaceous thallus, e. g. intu-
mescens. Sometimes a corticolous thallus is so thin and effuse,
though white, that the lemon-yellow or olive-green reaction might
be attributed to the subjacent bark, e. g. in some forms of Pertu-
saria communis and Lecanora subfusca; but that the. reaction,
even in such cases, is attributable to the lichen, I hold proven by
the fact that I have tested the adjacent still thinner thallus of
Opegrapha, or other genera or species, without the development of
the same reaction.

C. Green-red reaction—where the greenish or yellowish tint
first developed by potash passes more or less rapidly or gradually
into a reddish or brownish-zed colour.—It appears to me that this
distinction of Nylander’s, the permanency or transiency of the
green or yellow, is a most artificial and unnecessary one; for I
find it does not hold good in the very species and genera selected
by himself as typical. Thus Lecanora cinerea, on the one hand,
and the Cladonie, on the other, yielded me a series of results dif-
ferent from those recorded by himself or Leighton. A large suite
of specimens of L. cinerea in my own herbarium yielded me, for the
most part, negative results, both with potash and bleaching-solu-
tion. In a few exceptional cases (3 Irish specimens, 1858, and
2 Norwegian, 1857) various tints, from olive-green to bright
lemon-yellow were developed by potash ; but in no case did the
colour in question change to red. Parmelia acetabulum, says
Nylander, gives the same reaction as L. cinerea; while, in my hands,
it neither yielded the same reaction with bleaching-solution nor
with potash, resembling P. Borreri as to the former.

Genus Cladonia.—On the other hand, as a general rule, the same
green or yellow colours developed in the Cladonic didchange, sooner
or later, into red or brownish-red of some shade. On reexamining,
several days or weeks after their first testing, the specimens in my
herbarium, or in various published fasciculi, to which I had applied
potash, I found both paper and plant bearing stains that were
sometimes blood-red, though more frequently brownish-red. The
marks on the podetia, or folioles, that had previously been green,
were now of a distinct red hue. Sometimes the tint was more of
atawny yellow ; and in some cases a deep fulvous tint was natural,
e.g. in deformis. The transition to red did not occur in every
case, nor was it always well marked. The same result which
was in these cases effected by time, could be, frequently at least,

50 DR. LAUDER LINDSAY ON CHEMICAL REACTION

effected at once by a subsequent applieation of potash, and less
frequently by ammonia. The latter reagent, on second applica-
tion after a varying interval of time, sometimes left a permanent
greenish-yellow in cases where potash produced a blood- or crim-
son-red. In other cases the second application of ammonia im-
parted a brownish tinge to the original greenish-yellow reaction.
The secondary development of red or brown tints, however, was
commoner with potash. The depth of the red colour appears,
frequently at least, to be proportionate to the brilliancy of the
previous lemon-yellow ; and it is therefore most marked on the
folioles, especially when they are white and mealy, e. g. in some
forms of squamosa. Potash here developes various beautiful
shades of green and yellow, which change (or not) afterwards to
various shades (sometimes beautiful and deep) of red, the same
reaction being obtained by a second addition of potash or am-
monia.

It has appeared in my experiments that Cladonie which have
red apothecia generally give a secondary red reaction with potash,
while those with brown apothecia do not (e. g. aggregata, furcata,
gracilis). This may be a mere coincidence; at all events it is as
yet a doubtfully correct generalization.

The transience of the green colour in Cladonia is in contrast
with its (at least comparative) permanence in Parmelia, Physcia,
Lecanora, Lecidea, Urceolaria, Phlyctis, Lecanactis, and Arthonia.

No reaction occurs when the thallus, especially the podetia, is
brown or dark-coloured, e. g. in forms of furcata. Brown apo-
thecia are also unaffected by potash. Reaction is always obscure
or faint in o/d specimens; so that the intensity of colour de-
veloped depends, greatly at least, on the age or freshness of the
specimen operated on. Hence the specimens in Scherer’s Exsic-
eati gave a reaction which was either not perceptible or not
vivid. Even the heightening of the natural greenish-yellow
colour of the plant was in these cases rare.

The greenish-yellow reaction is most vivid where the thallus is
white, grey, or pale; it is deepest generally on the folioles of the
horizontal thallus, especially where it is microphylline and ste-
rile, e. g. in var. erratica of degenerans, from Otago. The podetia
and folioles or squamules sometimes give different reactions, at
least as to shade or intensity of colour. The same differences are
exhibited in different specimens of the same species, according
to the conditions of growth or preservation, e.g. in retipora.

AS A SPECIFIC CHARACTER IN LICHENS. . 57

There’ may be no reaction in one part of the same specimen
which in another yet exhibits the typical yellow reaction, e. g.
retipora. All conditions of reaction—absence, obscurity, or in-
tensity—may occur in different forms or conditions of the same
species, e. g. pyxidata. Reaction, where it is developed at all, is
immediate. The development of yellow is commoner with ammo-
nia than with potash. :
“The application of both the reactives"' (potash and bleach-
ing-solution), says Leighton, “enables us to distinguish more
accurately and readily the different species which have been here-
tofore comprehended under the name rangiferina" * (p. 119).
“True or typical" C. rangiferina has, according to him, the reac-
tion K+ C—; C. sylvatica, Hffm., has Kf t-- C+; var. alpestris,
Sch., he refers to C. sylvatica, with the reaction Kf+ C+ ; while
pumila, Dél., is a form only, also referred to C. sylvatica, and also
having reaction Kf+ C+. C. pycnoclada has the double nega-
tive reaction K— C—. As already mentioned, I made a special
examination of the forms of C. rangiferina and its allies, of which
my herbarium possesses a considerable suite of specimens both
from foreign and home stations. The result was this, that, even
in the ordinary form of C. rangiferina, as determined by Mudd,
potash produced in some cases a distinct greenish-yellow, while in
others there was no reaction. In some cases the said greenish-
yellow was intensified by bleaching-solution, in others it was wn-
affected, while in a third group it was decolorized. Generally no
effect was produced by bleaching-solution on old stains made by
potash some months previously ; which stains were frequently
reddish-yellow or reddish. The same phenomena were observed in
Cl. pyenoclada from New Zealand. Moreover, in general terms,
the same reactions occurred in sylvatica, alpestris, and the type.
I therefore regard chemical reaction in these and such cases as
utterly useless, or misleading, in diagnosis. Notwithstanding the
supposed distinctions indicated by Leighton and Nylander, I still
hold to the opinion that sylvatica, alpestris, pycnoclada, with their
allies, may with propriety be referred to the single type C. rangi-

ferina 1.

* Ann. Nat. Hist. 1867, vol. xix.

+ Iam not aware what distinction Leighton draws between K and Kf.

t Observations on the confusion between varieties and species in the genus Cla-
donia will be found in the author's paper “On Arctic Cladonia,” Trans. Bot.

Soc. of Edinb. 1867, vol. ix. pp. 169, 175, 178.

58 DR. LAUDER LINDSAY ON CHEMICAL REACTION

Leighton’s scheme presents, however, other difficulties within
itself. For instance, he indicates two forms of Cl. ceratophylla,
Eschw., one with the reaction K— C—, the other with that of
Kf+ C+*; of CL Flórkeana, Fr., form seductriz, Nyl., he
mentions, as a noteworthy matter, that Nylander gives the reac-
tion as K+, while he found it the reverse in a specimen in the
Kew Herbarium, named by Nylander himself (p. 119). “ Dif-
ferent reaction," he also asserts, “separates amaurocrea and un-
cialis, to say nothing of the different external characters 4
(p. 120)! In neither the one nor the other did I find the reaction -
so distinct as to be worthy of record ; and I do not think the “ ex-
ternal characters" differ to such extent as to forbid their refer-
ence to a single type f.

III. Reaction of Iodine.—I have elsewhere i shown that the
iodine test cannot be depended on as a means of diagnosing Li-
chens from Fungi §. In true Lichens, applied to the tissues of
the hymenium, I have met with the following results :— There is
frequently a beautiful blue reaction, embracing various shades of
prussian- or indigo-blue; in other cases the colour developed is
violet, embracing various shades between blue and red; in 4
third group the colour-reaction is red, of various tints: in a fourth
it is yellow, which is apparently merely the colour of the reagent;
in other words, there is mo reaction. Moreover, in the same
species under different circumstances, the reaction may be ob-
scure, if present, or it may be absent.

Nylander asserts that the medulla of Roccella Montagne
strikes a blue with iodine. In some cases it does, but in others
it does not. I made special study of the reaction of iodine on
the medullary tissue in the genus Roccella, with the following
results. In all the species examined it was variously present or
absent. It was absent in fuciformis, Montagnei, phycopsis, and
tinctoria in certain cases; while in other specimens of the same
species it was present in some form, though frequently faint and
slowly developed. As a general rule, it may be said to occur

* Ann. Nat. Hist. 1867, vol. xix. p. 112.

t Nylander (Lich. Scand. p. 59) seems to hold a similar opinion.

i “On Arthonia melaspermelia,” Journ. of Linn. Soc. 1867, Botany, vol. ix.
p. 283.

§ Nylander disclaims any desire to consider Iodine more than an accessory
means of distinguishing certain of the lower Lichens from the Fungi; but I
deny that this test can in any sense, or with any safety, be accepted as diagnostic
between members of these two great orders.

AS A SPECIFIC CHARACTER IN LICHENS. 59

throughout the genus. The reaction is most marked where the
thallus is palest and softest, e.g. in Ceylon Orchella-weed [which
= R. Montagnei|, where the reaction is immediate and the colour
deep; it was most distinct of all in Zambesi Orchella-weed, which
is the same form of R. fuciformis. In the ordinary, non-coria-
ceous forms of R. fuciformis, as imported by archil-manufac-
turers, I never met with it; nor was there any reaction in Leigh-
ton's Exs. No.171. The reaction is least distinct where the
thallus is dark-coloured, terete, and coriaceous. In R. tinctoria
(thickest form) the colour was dull indigo, or absent. In R.
phycopsis there was no reaction, or a pale azure was slowly
developed.

This colour-reaction was of no use in any case as a means of
diagnosis.

Leighton says iodine distinguishes Spherophoron coralloides
from S. fragilis, “a long-desired distinction " (p. 442)—a phrase
which, if it mean anything, appears to imply his anxiety to
multiply species by means of minute and trivial differences !
I found iodine to produce a blue or violet in the medullary
tissue of the former lichen, a yellow in the latter. Nevertheless
my opinion is not influenced to regard them otherwise than as
referable to a single type.

My whole present experiments and inquiry have led to the
following general conclusions, or have embraced the following
general results :—

I. Not only do the results obtained by different observers on
the same species differ widely, but those of the same observer at
different times or in different circumstances do so also. Leigh-
ton and Nylander do not always agree. Th. M. Fries differs from
both *; while my results are also frequently quite of an opposite
character to theirs. Moreover I have found in reexamining
the same specimens, that different results have been obtained. In
one case a distinct colour-reaction might be obtained, while sub-
sequently it was faint or absent. This must have been due, appa-
rently, to some trivial difference in the reagent or its application,
or in the parts of the same thallus operated on. A difference in
the degree of concentration or freshness of the reagent, or in the
amount of friction employed, would account easily for all the
discrepancies in the results obtained. s

II. Not only do results differ in different specimens, or indivi-

* Vide the Table of Cladonie given in his * Lichenes Spitsbergenses,' p. 29.

60 DR. LAUDER LINDSAY ON CHEMICAL REACTION

duals, of the same species, but in the same specimen at different
times, or in different parts of it. In the same species reaction
may be distinct, faint, or absent. These differences are deter-
mined, in great measure at least, by the conditions of growth *
or preservation of the specimens (e. g. by their degree of fresh-
ness—the interval that has elapsed since they were collected;
the locality of growth in relation to climate, elevation above, or
proximity to, the sea; degree of development in relation to ste-
rility, hypertrophy, or degeneration) The differences exhibited
by the same species when freshly collected, on the one hand, and
after long preservation in the herbarium, on the other, are fre-
quently most marked. Many of the specimens operated on in
my experiments were collected so long ago as the beginning ofthe
present century, while none were freshly collected for the pur-
poses of the present inquiry. For the reasons formerly stated
(p.40), I have preferred to make use in great measure of the authen-
ticated specimens contained in published fasciculi, some of them
comparatively old,—contrasting the results with those obtained in
specimens from my own herbarium, collected at much later, and in
some cases at very recent, dates. But the results so obtained have
satisfied me of the non-necessity of engaging in a wider inquiry,
or of enlarging the area of experiment by making special collec-
tions for the purpose. I have no doubt, however, that still
more striking results might have been obtained by operations on
freshly collected lichens, in their different stages or conditions of
growth.

III. The frequent uncertainty of result, the irregularity or in-
constancy of colour-reaction, even in the same species, renders it
impossible to place confidence in chemical characters as a means
of diagnosing botanical species.

IV. Even where the phenomena are comparatively constant, I
have in no ease found colour-reaction assist me either in uniting
or separating species or varieties.

V. The discrepancies that occur among lichenologists making
efforts to discover and apply chemical tests for species, occur
equally among experimenters on a larger scale, as well as among
professional chemists studying scientifically and with no ulterior
object the lichen- colouring-matters. Westring, for instance, failed

* Modifications of reaction according to conditions of growth in the same

species are illustrated in the author's ‘ Experiments’ (1st ser.), 1854, Table xx
p. 35.

AS A SPECIFIC CHARACTER IN LICHENS. 61

to find any trace of red colouring-matter in the genus Roccella
or in Lecanora parella * !

VI. Colour-results vary not only with the scale on which expe-
riment is conducted, but with the most minute and apparently
trivial of its details. Thus botanical testing, according to the
pseudo-system of Nylander and Leighton, gives results frequently
quite of an opposite kind to those of experiment on dyeing-proper-
ties, and these, again, as conducted in the laboratory, on the small
scale, to the results obtained by the archil-manufacturer, on the
large scale. In the following dye-lichens which yield Archil to the
manufacturer, no corresponding reaction occurs with bleaching-
solution applied on Nylander’s plan :—Umbilicaria (no reac-
tion save exceptionally); Roccella (reaction, where it occurs,
does uot correspond to colorific value) ; Parmelia perlata, Lecanora
parella, glaucoma, and calcarea. On the other hand, a blood-red or
crimson is developed by the testing-process in certain non-dyeing
species, e. g. Parmelia sinuosa, Borreri, rugosa, and acetabulum.

At the Paris Exhibition (1867) I was struck with the great
variety of quality (e.g. shades of colour) in products essentially
the same, attributable, apparently, to slight modifications of the
process of manufacture. Darwin remarks, “ The chemical quali-
ties, odours, and tissues of plants are often modified by a change
which seems to us slight.” He gives several instances (hemlock,
aconite, digitalis, rhubarb, &c.), which are “remarkable because
it might have been thought that definite chemical compounds
would have been little liable to change, either in quality or
quantity " T. An apt illustration is to be found in the very dif-
ferent products obtainable by chemists, on the one hand, and
archil-manufacturers, on the other, from a single lichen, Roc-
cella tinctoria, apparently according to mere differences in its
place of growth. Archil-manufacturers, as I have elsewhere
shown, constantly recognize the fact that very different tinctorial
values are to be attributed to the same botanical species of “Orchella-
weed " from different localities $.

* Crell's * Chemische Annalen,’ 1799, vol. ii. p. 81, in note; quoted in Krem-

pelhuber's * Geschichte der Lichenologie,’ vol. i. p. 95 (1867).

t On Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication, vol. ii. p. 274
(1868).

t Journ. of Botany, 1868, vol. vi. p. 107. The irregularities of colorific re-
sults with reagents of the same class, and the causes of modification of colour-
results in the same species, are subjects illustrated more fully in the * Phyto-

logist,’ 1854, vol. v. pp. 181-2.

62 DR. LAUDER LINDSAY ON CHEMICAL REACTION

VII. The results of experiment on the small scale furnish no
index or guide to commercial utility. My own early experiments
satisfied me of this; and my impressions have been confirmed by
inquiry made subsequently, both in France and England. In-
porters of orchella-weed and archil-manufacturers have not yet
succeeded in discovering any chemical means, short of manu-
facture on the large scale, of estimating the different colorific
value of the same species. And yet we find lichenological systema-
tists (classifiers, and describers of so-called species) confidently
professing to accomplish what all the experience of chemists and
manufacturers throughout the world has hitherto failed to effect!

VIII. My results are, on the whole, negative, so far as concerns
my ability to confirm the confident assertions of Nylander and
Leighton anent the value of chemical reaction as an absolute or
corroborative “ character” in botanical diagnosis. Nevertheless
the relative experiments and inquiry eliminate many facts of a
positive kind in regard to the colorific reactions and properties
of Lichens—a subject, I am convinced, which is far from being
thoroughly known to, or understood by, either lichenologists oF
chemists. Inter alia, unlooked-for results occasionally occur in
species supposed to be devoid of eolorifie value or properties;
while in other lichens, which are used on the large scale in do-
mestic dyeing or in commercial dye-manufacture, the results are
strangely negative, contradictory, or insignificant.

On the whole, I am disposed to apply, to the so-called “ Ori-
teria" whose value has been the subject of the foregoing inquiry;
what Blumenbach is reported to have first said of phrenology,
but which has, no doubt, been applied to very many and very dif-
ferent subjects in science, both before and since his time:—
“There is much in it that is mew, and much that is £rue; but
what is true is not new, and what is new is not true.” Not only
are Nylander’s and Leighton’s observations not confirmed by the
repetition of their experiments by other authorities ; but I believe
it is impossible to obtain the results they so confidently promise
by any single “ character," whether chemical or morphological, or,
indeed, in many cases at least, by any combination of characters!
The papers of these distinguished liehenologists appear to me to
illustrate the danger of hyperenthusiasm in matters of science
(which are, or ought to be, strictly matters of fact), and the

aptitude of even the most experienced observers to be misled by
a false scent, by a hobby, or a theory.

AS A SPECIFIC CHARACTER IN LICHENS. 63

I cannot, then, commend chemical “ characters” to the con-
fidence of the lichenologist. At the same time I hold that a
botanical diagnosis ought to be based on all the characters at the
command of the observer, including those which are chemical.
And, though I believe that characters drawn from morphology,
gynecology, anatomy, and physiology must ever stand in the fore-
ground, it would be wrong in the lichenologist not to avail him-
self of any assistance that may, in certain exceptional and difficult
cases, be supposed to be afforded by chemical reaction in dia-
gnosis. lam very far from desiring to depreciate chemistry as an
adjunct to botany in plant-diagnosis ; but so far as concerns the
Lichens, Y believe their chemistry is as yet in far too crude and
unsatisfactory a state to warrant us in expecting any assistance
that can be relied upon from colour-reaction in the determination
of species !

DR. R. SPRUCE ON EQUATORIAL-AMERICAN PALMS. 65

Palme Amazonice, sive Enumeratio Palmarum in itinere suo per
ges Americ sequatoriales lectarum. Auctore RICARDO
Sprtce, Ph.D., F.R.G.-S.

[Read January 21, 1869.]

CHAPTER I.
INTRODUCTORY.

Tux Palms described in the following pages are not to be under-
stood as comprising all the species known to exist in the Amazon
valley, nor even all those seen there by the author, but only those
which he was able to preserve specimens of, and to describe,
more or less completely, on the spot. The chief object of his
travel being to collect herbarium specimens in large quantity,
certain families were, from the unwieldy size of their leaves and
inflorescence, or from their succulent nature, almost entirely
excluded from the general collection, and were rarely sought for
except when circumstances confined him for a length of time to
some very limited area whereon he had already almost exhausted
the exogenous and cryptogamic flora. The plants thus only
partially gathered and studied are chiefly Palms, Arads, Cyclanths,
and Bromels. Whenever, therefore, any locality is mentioned in
the following enumeration with great frequency, it would be
erroneous to conclude that more palms really exist there than in
other localities which are rarely spoken of. It is rather to be
taken as a measure of (in other respects) lost time to the author
—of swollen rivers and inundated forests, rendered nearly or
quite intransitable—of the superintendence of (too often) lazy
and drunken Indians at the building and caulking of boats—of
regions and seasons of scarcity, when from actual deficiency of
food he was unable to move far away from his resting-place, and
was thrown back on describing and preserving such objects as
were close at hand. If not many of the larger species of palms
appear in the following enumeration, it is partly because the col-
lecting and preserving of such requires much time and labour,
which could mostly be better bestowed, and partly because a large
proportion of them have already been described and figured *.

* A few palms of my gathering are unavoidably omitted, the specimens being
deposited in the Museum at Kew, which I have been unable to revisit. And
although Dr. Hooker has most liberally placed in my hands all the herbarium-
specimens of palms collected by myself, the museum-specimens are too bulky

LINN. PROC.— BOTANY, VOL. XI. E

66 DR. R. SPRUCE ON EQUATORIAL-AMERICAN PALMS.

I gathered palms in Equatorial South America, during the years
1849-1860, on the following areas :—

Lat. Long. (Greenw.). Alt.
E ee l-2^g. 48-49 W. Pla.
2. Amazon, between the Ta- | n, Mop Ju
pajoz and Trombetas . . l E EN E
3. Confluence of Rio Negro
and Upper Amazon e| 3 -318. 59 -60 W. Plain.
SoÜMmoena) vier cos cis
4. Upper Rio Negro, river Plain
Uaupés, river Cui 0} S.-54 N. 66 -68 W. to 2000 ft.
quiari, Upper Orinoco
5. Tarapoto, in the Andes j
of Maynas (i.e. Bast 51-7 S. 76 -77 W. to 5000 ft.
Peru)
6. Forest of Canelos (Eastern
side of Quitenian or} 01-2 S. 76 -783 W. to 5000 ft.
Equatorial Andes)....
7. Plain of Guayaquil, and

Western side of Quite-} 1 -3 S. 791-81 W. to 5000 ft.
mim Audes..........

lcs
rg
£2
-
g

DEI

The only palm actually gathered on the last area is a species of
Phytelephas, which will be described at the end of this memoir.

The true Andine palms, those namely of the forest-clad slopes
of the Andes, beginning at 6000 feet with Ceroxylon andicola, and
extending upwards to at least 11,000 feet (where there are still
noble Laurels and other trees that give the hill-forests a semi-
Amazonian character), are entirely unrepresented in my collection.
They were left to be collected when I should have nearly ex-
hausted the ferns and mosses; but ere that time came I was dis-
abled from collecting at all. There is therefore still an interesting
if not very copious harvest of Andine palms to be reaped by some
future traveller, especially in the eastern cordillera of the Equa-
torial Andes.

Thirty years before my own visit to the Amazon, Dr. von
Martius, the most eminent botanist who ever visited South Ame-
rica, had travelled on that river and on one of the largest of its
northern tributaries, the Japurá, during the space of eleven months

and fragile to be sent to a distance, and for want of them some of the following
descriptions (especially of the Cocoinz) will be found lacking in completeness.
To Dr. Hooker and to Professor Oliver I have also to express my obligation for
the loan of books and for extracts from works I was unable to consult personally a

DR. R. SPRUCE ON EQUATORIAL-AMERICAN PALMS. 67

(in 1819-20). Protected by the Emperor of Brazil, and provided
by the government of that country with all possible aids in the
prosecution of his enterprise (rarely lacking numerous Indians
to row his boats and to cut down or climb the trees of which he
desired to secure specimens) he possessed advantages seldom en-
joyed by a solitary botanist travelling and working in so modest
a way as myself. And it must be admitted that he made the best
possible use of those advantages, and that the amount of work
performed by him in that short space of time wasenormous. The
family of Palms had all through his previous travel in the central
and southern provinces of Brazil engaged his particular attention,
and on the Amazon he found a grand and almost virgin field for their
study. Ofthe nobler and loftier species, growing along the banks
of the main river, scarcely any were left unnoticed by him; and
among the smaller species, hidden away in the primeval forests,
he detected many new and striking forms. The palms collected by
Martius on the Amazon amount to about sixty-six species, by far
the most of them new, and scarcely more than ten of the whole
number known to exist elsewhere at the date of his published
descriptions of them. Ofthe eighteen genera in which those species
were comprised, four were new and peculiar to the Amazon region ;
and of a fifth new genus (GZnocarpus), containing five species,
only one species was known to the author beyond the Amazon,
in the neighbouring province of Maranhao. In Bactris alone, he
enumerated seventeen Amazon species, all but one peculiar to
that region; and Geonoma had eight (or nine) species not then
known elsewhere. Ofthe genus Astrocaryum, counting altogether
ten species, seven were found by him on the Amazon, and only
one of the seven in any other part of Brazil. Such are a few of
the results of his travel and work on the Amazon.

Dr. Martius's study of the Palms of Brazil was afterwards sup-
plemented by that of the Palms of the rest of the world; and the
result was made public in the * Genera et Species Palmarum '—
the noblest monograph of any family of plants which has ever
issued from the press, and which will cause the name of Martius
to be mentioned along with that of Palms to the end of all
time.

I confess to have followed the steps of this great botanist with
ever-increasing admiration ; for not only did he explore the ground
for palms, almost exhaustively, along his whole line of travel, but

plants of all other families were eagerly collected, and afforded
F2

68 DR. R. SPRUCE ON EQUATORIAL-AMERICAN PALMS.

him several new genera and species, most of which have been
described and figured in his great work on the Flora of Brazil,
and in the * Nova Genera et Species Plantarum Brasiliensium.’

Nor did he leave the minute cryptogamic tribes ungathered;
and it is to him we owe our first knowledge of several fine species.
Perhaps the handsomest of all the mosses of the Amazonian plain
is Leucobryum Martianum (Hsch.); and it has the rare peculiarity
(in that family) of gay colour, the snowy foliage of the stems
contrasting beautifully with the crimson involucral leaves. In the
sombre forests of the Rio Negro this moss, along with two fine
hepaticee, Lophocolea Martiana (Nees) and Jungermannia Ptery-
gophyllum (Mart.), sometimes with tufts of Hymenophyllum or
Trichomanes interspersed, completely invest the prostrate trunks
of the fallen monarchs of the forest, and hide their decay under
a tapestry of the rarest beauty.

A distinguished zoologist, Mr. A. R. Wallace, had already been
some time on the Amazon when I arrived there. In addition to
his special pursuits, he found time to make sketches of the most
notable of the palms he encountered in his travels. Those sketches
were among the very few things he was able to rescue from the
flames when the ship in which he was homeward bound was burnt
in the middle of the Atlantic ocean; and he afterwards published
them in a handy volume, which contains the most characteristic
representations of American palms that exist within a small com-
pass*. They were accompanied by so full an account of the uses
of the principal kinds, that it almost precludes the necessity of my
devoting any space to that topic; and I shall accordingly rarely
touch on it, except where the use to which a palm is put illustrates
its structure.

Mr. Wallace worked at palms chiefly on the Rio Negro, where
he preceded me by about a year. It was there he found and
figured two most remarkable palms, which he has published under
the name of Leopoldinia Piassaba and Mauritia Carand. The
first of these I was able to describe pretty fully in the Linnean
Journal for 1860, and to show that Mr. Wallace had rightly
placed it in Leopoldinia; but the second, I regret to say, my ma-
terials have not enabled me to illustrate as it deserves, although
they suffice to prove it so far distinct from typical Mauritia as to
take rank at least as a subgenus.

* Palm-trees of the Amazon and their uses. By Alfred Russel Wallace.
1853.

DR. R. SPRUCE ON EQUATORIAL-AMERICAN PALMS. 69

It may serve to foreshow the vast number of specific forms that
probably yet remain to be detected in the forests of the Amazon,
especially among the smaller palms, if I mention that although
the river Japurá, explored by Dr. Martius, and the Rio Negro,
where most of my own and Mr. Wallace’s palms were obtained,
are nearly parallel and not very far apart, and although I have re-
peatedly compared my specimens with the descriptions of Martius
and Wallace, yet, out of fourteen species of Geonoma gathered by
myself, I have been able to identify only two with Martius’s, and
out of fifteen species of Bactris only three. Of the latter genus Mr.
Wallace has figured six new species, whereof one seems certainly
the same as one of mine; but the other five do not exactly agree
with any that I gathered.

CHAPTER II.
THE DISTRIBUTION OF PALMS IN THE AMAZON VALLEY *.
$ 1. The Five Palm- Regions of the Amazon Valley.

The great Amazonian Forest, extending northward to the cata-
racts of the Orinoco, in Venezuela, southward far into the centre
of Brazil, and westward almost to the very crest of the Andes, is
entirely included in Martius’s * Chief Palm-Zone ” (10? N.-10? S.
lat.), and as respects its Palm-vegetation may be divided into the
following regions :—

I. The Coast- or Submaritime Region, viz. the country adjacent
to the mouth of the great river, both terra firma and islands, as
far inland (or westward) as there are tidal creeks and the sea-
breezes have a manifest influence on the vegetation. "This region
ought to include the whole of the Guayana coast, to the mouth of
the Orinoco (and even the West-India Islands ?).

IL. The Granite Region of the Casiquiari. I call it by this
name because while it belongs equally to the Rio Negro and to
the Orinoco, extending down the former nearly to lat. 2°S., and
down the latter to and beyond the cataracts (lat. 6? N.), the Casi-
quiari is its middle term, from which it stretches eastward through

* Being unable for the present to examine all the materials that exist in our
herbaria and museums for a complete account of the geographical distribution
of Amazon palms, especially as compared with the rest of the world, I propose
to defer that task to a future day, and shall limit myself now to sketching some
general features of the palm-vegetation of the Amazon valley, looked at by itself,
and with little reference to that of other countries.

70 DR. R. SPRUCE ON EQUATORIAL-AMERICAN PALMS.

Guayana as far as to the falls of the rivers that run direct to the
Atlantic, and westward nearly (or quite) to the foot of the Andes.
This may be described as one great sheet of granite and gneiss,
whose mean level is scarcely anywhere 500 feet above the sea, and
out of which rise peaks, masses, and ridges to a height of from a
few hundred to 10,000 feet, all of them destitute of running streams
and of human habitations; but there is nowhere any continuous
range of mountains, or plateau, and (except towards its borders)
the granite has been entirely denuded of the stratified rocks that
once overlay it, and 1s now either naked or else overspread in
some places with a thin covering of white sand, and in others
(chiefly flats, hollows, and rifts) with a thick deposit of the fertile
“terra roxa," or red loam (decomposed gneiss, mica-schist, &c.),
which I have supposed to be lacustrine, but Professor Agassiz
says is glacial drift.

3. The Diamond-Region—the elevated rocky region of Central
Brazil, where the largest southern affluents of the Amazon take
their rise, and where as we advance southward granite is the pre-
dominant rock. As I know nothing personally of either the
geology or the botany of this region, I shall not need to say more of
it at present.

4. The Amazon Region—middle and upper—comprising the
whole course of the main river and the country adjacent to its
banks, from the foot of the Andes down to the commencement of
the Pará archipelago, or westward limit of the Coast-Region. As
far up the Amazon as to the mouth of the Coary, or perhaps 8
little higher, there is stratified rock, either overlaid with alluvium
in the subriparial lands, or rising into flat-topped hills—relies of
a formation of horizontally stratified sandstones, 800 feet thick,
that once stretched continuously from the highlands of Brazil,
over the Amazon valley, the great granite flats of the Orinoco,
and the Llanos of the Apure, to the coast-range of Caracas, 0D
the borders of the Caribbean Sea; but from the Coary to the foot
of the Andes the formation is (apparently) entirely alluvial.

5. The Subandine Hegion, comprising the eastern slopes of the
Andes of Peru and Ecuador, up to 6000 feet, with a broad strip
of the great plain at their base. iu

The geological formation of the oriental Peruvian Andes i$
chiefly triassic, having the characteristic fossils, shales, and beds of
salt, of that region; but the Equatorial Andes (or so much as I
have seen of them, where the river Pastasa and its tributaries issue

DR. R. SPRUCE ON EQUATORIAL-AMERICAN PALMS. H

into the plain) begin with a vast thickness of soft and apparently
very recent alluvial rock overlying micaceous schists and trachyte.
In the plain at their base there is much red loam—at first ridged
and furrowed from north to south, but soon subsiding into a
nearly uniform level*.

[It will be seen that the areas on which I have worked belong,
the 1st to the Coast-Region, the 2nd and 3rd to the Mid-Amazon,
the 4th to the Granite, and the 5th and 6th to the Subandine
Region. ]

Each of these regions has apparently several species of palms
peculiar to it, some of them so abundant as to impress a special
character on the forests of the whole region; but I can only
mention here a few of the most striking and best-ascertained
species.

§ 2. Palms of the Coast-Region.

The Coast-Region has, of peculiar species, first and foremost the
strange-looking Manicaria saccifera, which at a distance more re-
sembles a plantain become rigid and woody than any palm, having
immense simple leaves—each a ready-made tile that reaches from
ridge toeaves. Quite as remarkable are the large, corky, tessellated
and echinate tricoccous fruits. This palm, called “ Bussü ” by the
Brazilians, is common all about the mouth of the Amazon
within the influence of tides and sea-breezes, also on some parts
of the coast of Guayana; and it is said to be the “ Palma-pinus
maritima, barbadensis et jamaicensis " of Plukenet.

Another palm confined to the same region is the “ Jupati "
(Raphia tedigera, Mart.), the only scaly-fruited palm of America
that has pinnate leaves, ali the others having fan-shaped leaves ;
while all the scaly-fruited palms of Asia and Africa have pinnate
leaves. It has actually two African congeners—a rare case among
American palms, apparently pointing it out as a relic of some very
ancient connexion between the Old World and the New. The
leaves of the Jupati are among the very longest known of any
plant, being 40 and even 50 feet in length.

I shall mention only one other characteristic Coast-palm, the
“ Mucajá ” (Acrocomia sclerocarpa), a prickly species with edible
but dryish drupes, which is not uncommon near Pará, but where-
ever it is met with further inland appears to have been planted ;

* I have materials for very much enlarging this meagre sketch of the mine-
ralogy of Amazonland ; but it is not necessary for my present purpose.

72 DR. R. SPRUCE ON EQUATORIAL-AMERICAN PALMS.

for it grows only in open situations near dwellings, as in the town
of Santarem, which is the furthest point westward where I have
seen it.

$ 3. Palms of the Granite Region.

The Granite Region is characterized by a very different set of
palms. Where the rock is bare, or thinly covered with sand, the
whole vegetation is of that peculiar kind called “ Caa-tinga,” or
white forest, consisting of low thinly set trees and bushes, with
palms of singular aspect interspersed or gregarious in clumps or
patches. The most notable Caatinga palms of the Granite are
Leopoldinia Piassaba, with its long brown beard reaching the
ground and giving half-grown trunks the appearance of bears ram-
pant, and Mauritia (Orophoma) Caraná, whose crown of palmate
leaves rises over a huge mass of decaying persistent petioles.

Where the river-beds are of granite, as throughout this re-
gion they mostly are, only a very few being in rifts or valleys
filled with alluvium, the phenomenon is seen of “ aguas negras,"
or black-water streams, whose riparial vegetation is well charac-
terized by the abundance of two beautiful palms, both having
clustered or cespitose stems. One is the Mauritia aculeata of
Humboldt (‘ Ansichten der Natur, i. 131), not the M. aculeata
of Martius, which is a distinct species with solitary stems, but
the same species as Wallace has figured under the name of M.
gracilis. Tt is a most graceful palm, the outer stems of each tuft
often leaning far over the water, and the fan-shaped leaves (blue-
green above, white beneath) having the laciniæ pendulous from
the middle. In the other palm, Leopoldinia major (Wallace),
the leaflets of the pinnate leaves are pendulous from the very
base (as in the Euterpes), and the finely divided ferruginous
spadices bear blood-red flattened drupes.

Two of the four palms above mentioned, Leopoldinia Piassaba
and major, seem nowhere to extend beyond the granite region;
but I have traced the two Mauritias down to within thirty miles
of the mouth of the Rio Negro, on the small river Tarumá, where
they grow in eaatingas whose surface-sand reposes not on granite,
but on one of the harder layers of the Amazon sandstone*.

* Similar conditions gave rise to the recurrence of “ caatingas ” throughout
the main Amazon ; but they are much rarer than on the Negro and Casiquiari,
and are sometimes replaced by scrubby savannahs, or * campos." All are
interposed in the vast primeval forest, and in a climate of almost perpetual

DR. R. SPRUCE ON EQUATORIAL-AMERICAN PALMS. 73

Martius’s original species of Leopoldinia (L. pulchra) has its
main site on the black-water streams of the Granite Region, but
extends beyond it down to the mouth of the Rio Negro, and is
found also on the Trombetas, Tapajoz, and other rivers of clear
water, wherever there are sandy beaches overlying hard rock. I
think, however, I am justified in claiming the granite as the
original site of the entire genus Tepod, seeing that there it
abounds most, both in species and individuals.

The elegant little scaly-fruited palms that constitute the genus
Lepidocaryum of Martius seem also to have originated in the
Granite Region, not on the river-banks, but in the caatinga forests,
and to have spread southwards, wherever they found a similar
habitat, across the Amazon to some way up the river Madeira.

§ 4. Palms of the Subandine Region.

The Subandine region is remarkable for being the headquarters
of palms with broad premorsely-cut, and often laciniate leaflets, with
which are nearly always associated a stem supported on an emersed
cone of roots that resembles the spokes of a half-opened umbrella,
both which features attain their greatest development in the genus
Iriartea*.

In the hill-forests of Maynas, at from two to three thousand feet
elevation, Nunnezharia fragrans, R. et P. (Chamedorea, Willd.)—
a delicate little palm, with stems no thicker than reeds, simple
forked jagged leaves, and orange-coloured flowers, that exhale their
rich and peculiar odour for years after being dried—forms no
small proportion of the undergrowth.

Still more notew orthy i is the noble and singular genus Wettinia,
whereof the first species (JF. regia) was found by Póppig on the
upper part of the Huallaga, and the second (JV. Maynensis) by
myself in the lower Maynensian Andes, whence I have traced it
along the roots of the Equatorial Andes to the upper regions of
the Pastasa and Napo. Its chief home is in the lowest skirts of
the mountains, and it very rarely descends into the Amazonian
plain. Its striking features are the root-cone, the long equably

humidity; so that the trees are always clad with verdure; and in this respect
they differ much from the *' caatingas" of Central Brazil (described by St.-Hilaire),
where most of the trees lose their leaves in the cool dry season (June to Sep-
tember).

* See Wallace's * Palms of the Amazon,' plates 12-15.

74 DR. R. SPRUCE ON EQUATORIAL-AMERICAN PALMS.

pinnate leaves with premorse leaflets, and the hairy fruits densely
packed on whorled spadices.

After Wettinia comes the allied genus Iriartea, consisting of
several species, all of which abound most in the roots of the Andes,
and a few descend a good way into the plain, but only one extends
right across the continent to the Atlantic ocean. The original
species, Z. deltoidea (R. et P.) grows in the hills along with the
Wettinias, but seems to ascend higher, and never to descend into
the plain : its range in latitude is from about 0° to 10? S. Further
south are other two Subandine species, T. Orbigniana (Mart.) and
I. pheocarpa (Mart.); and northward, in the Andes of New
Granada, other species have been found by Karsten.

Iriartea ventricosa (Mart.), the noblest species of the genus,
known from its congeners by the fusiform swelling, or belly, mid-
way of its trunk, has also its chief site in the lower Oriental
Andes, where it ascends to about 5000 feet. It is especially
abundant in the Forest of Canelos, near the equator, growing
along with Wettinia Maynensis, but reaching a greater elevation.
The most palmy hill I ever saw is a long steep ridge, rising from
the right bank of the river Pastasa, at about 3500 feet, to a thou-
sand or more feet above it, and it is almost entirely clad with Zrt-
artea ventricosa. This palm abounds also in Maynas, where it has
given its Peruvian name, “ Tarapoto," to one of the most flourish-
ing of the modern towns. Thence it descends into the plain, and
spreads aeross the Granite Region eastward to the very sources of
the Orinoco, and down the Amazon and the Rio Negro to within
perhaps a thousand miles of the Atlantic coast, but is entirely
absent from the lower Amazon.

A much lowlier species, T. setigera (Mart.), whose stems fur-
nish most of the blowing-eanes used in Amazonland, appears to
begin at the foot of the Equatorial Andes, only where there is
granite, and to extend over the whole Granite Region, and down
the Japurá, Uaupés, and Negro to the Amazon ; but I have not
heard of it below the mouth of the Rio Negro.

The last Zriartea to be mentioned is J. exorrhiza (the “ Paxiuba "
of the Brazilians), which begins in the Oriental Andes along with
I. ventricosa and the Wettinias, but extends eastward far be-
yond their range to the very mouth of the Amazon, and north
and south across the entire breadth of the Amazonian forest.
Thus, out of six species of Iriartea known to grow about the
head-waters of the Amazon, this is the only one that extends

DR. R. SPRUCE ON EQUATORIAL-AMERICAN PALMS. 75

downwards to its mouth, where it grows quite as abundantly as
in the Andes.

The Ivory-palms (Phytelephas) are also truly Subandine,
abounding in the roots of the Andes, and descending along the
course of the rivers in some cases a few hundred miles; but as
they belong rather to Pandanaceæ than to Palmaceæ, I shall treat
of them separately in an appendix.

An extract from my diary, under date May, 1857, describing
the palm-vegetation of a bit of forest on the river Bombonasa, in
the roots of the equatorial Andes, lat. 12? S., alt. about 1200 feet,
will give an idea of the grouping of Subandine palms.

“The most abundant palms were Mauritia flexuosa, Wettinia
Maynensis, Iriartea exorrhiza, and ventricosa, and Cnocarpus
Bataud. Euterpe oleracea was not unfrequent on the very mar-
gin of the river; and in the depths of the forest the smaller Ivory-
palm (Phytelephas microcarpa) formed groves, sometimes growing:
along with Iriartea ventricosa. Another palm was a large Astro-
caryum (A. vulgari proximum). The undergrowth included seve-
ral small palms :—Baetris humilis, pinnis paucis longe cuspidatis ;
Geonome due, altera foliis basi rectangulari-cuneatis apice emar-
ginato-bifidis, G. Porteane valde similis, etc.; besides some Cyclan-
thee, such as Discanthus odoratus and various Carludovice. On the
steep alluvial banks grew two other Carludovice, one of them the
* Bombonaje” (C. palmate aff.), of which straw hats are made."

It would be very interesting to compare the palms of the eastern
slopes with those of the western slopes of the Equatorial Andes,
separated as they are by a double range of lofty ridges and snowy
peaks ; but there do not yet exist materials for it. Im my journey
down the western side of the Andes, all I could do was to note that
palms were less abundant than on the eastern side, that they con-
sisted apparently ofthe same genera, Ceroxylon, Geonoma, Euterpe,
Bactris, Attalea, &c., but of species entirely distinct. Even the
Ivory-palm (Phytelephas equatorialis) that abounds on the west-
ern side of the Andes proves to be quite different from both the
species on the eastern side, as I shall show more fully in the
sequel.

§ 5. Palms of the Amazon Region.

The Amazon Region proper abounds in Palms quite as much
as the regions that border it on all sides, but seems to have
derived most of its species from them—its lriarteas from the

76 DR. R. SPRUCE ON EQUATORIAL-AMERICAN PALMS.

Andes, its Leopoldinias and Lepidocaryums from the Granite,
and so on. It must, however, have existed for untold ages so
nearly in its present state that it ought to have acquired special
forms of its own, like the other regions; and yet I am unable to
point out any such with certainty.

That noble palm Maximiliana regia, * Inajá” of the Brazilians,
* Cocurito" of the Venezuelans and of Humboldt, one of the
most conspicuous ornaments of the primitive forests of the Ama-
zon, is still more frequent in the Casiquiari Region, and (besides
being dispersed over the whole plain) is commonly seen perched
on the granite peaks, wherever there is a ledge or hollow on
whieh the decay of less noble vegetation has furnished a matrix
for its roots, up to a height of 2000 feet at the least. It proba-
bly existed there at a period when the surrounding low country
was one great lake, or a series of lakes, out of which stood these
-island-peaks. As we near the Andes, it becomes much scarcer.

I have thought that Astrocaryum Jauaré, a prickly palm of for-
bidding aspect, fond of growing on low islands and by river-sides,
might be considered characteristic of the Middle and Upper Ama-
zon ; for it only begins to appear at nearly 400 miles from the mouth
of the river, and extends thence upwards almost to the Andes. But
on ascending the northern tributariesof the Lower Amazon, such as
the Trombetas, we soon fall in with the Jauarí ; and it grows more
frequent when we reach the rapids, where the river-bed is of
granite. It is the same on the Rio Negro; and as I have
seen this Palm so abundant on the Uaupés, the Casiquiari, and
the Upper Orinoco, in the eentre of the Granite Region, I can
hardly doubt that there is its true home.

Its nobler congener, Astrocaryum vulgare, the * Tucüm" of the
Brazilians, is almost equally common in dry forests throughout
the length and breadth of the great plain, which it seems to have
reached from the campos of Central and Eastern Brazil, where,
as we learn from Martius, it abounds even more than in the
forests of the Amazon *.

$ 6. The Scaly-fruited Palms of Equatorial America.

All the Palms of the Amazon valley that have fan-shaped palma-
tifid leaves have also scaly or loricated fruits. They are species

* A few additional facts, bearing on the distribution of the genera and
species, will be found in the descriptive portion of this memoir.

DR. R. SPRUCE ON EQUATORIAL-AMERICAN PALMS. rii

of Mauritia and its subgenera Orophoma and Lepidocaryum*.
But beyond the great forest, on the campos of Brazil and the
llanos of Venezuela, most of the fan-leaved Palms have naked
fruits, and belong to Copernicia and other genera of Coryphine ;
and a little further to north and south the Mauritias fail alto-
gether, although fan-leaved Palms continue to be found far into
North America, and southward into Paraguay.

The most universally distributed palm throughout the basins
of the Amazon and Orinoco, or, say, from the Andes of Peru and
New Granada to the shores of the Atlantic, is undoubtedly Mau-
ritia flexuosa (L.); and there are few palms about which so much
has already been written. The earliest American voyagers and
missionaries noted its abundance in the delta of the Orinoco, and
how, in the season of inundations, the natives dwelt on stages
supported by the growing trunks of the Mauritia, whose fruit
afforded their chief food; so that to them it was truly the
* Arbol de la Vida," or Tree of life.

Every reader of Thomson knows the lines,—

* Wide o'er his isles the branching Oronoque
Rolls a brown deluge, and the native drives

To dwell aloft on life-sufficing trees,
At once his dome, his robe, his food, his arms "f.

At the mouths of all the rivers between the Orinoco and Ama-
zon the Mauritia abounds, but does not seem to reach much
further southward along the coast of Brazil. I can now say,
from personal observation, that it extends westward right across
the continent to the first undulations of the Andes, where it
fails at from 2000 to 3000 feet, and that it is equally common
in the Subandine and in the Submaritime regions, as well as
along the whole course of the Amazon and Orinoco.

At the mouth of the Amazon, the Mauritia abounds most on
the shores of low flat islands, and about swampy lakes. It is
common all the way up the river on low shores, where it stretches
in long avenues—and at the debouchures of the tributary rivers
and creeks, where it forms groves.

At the opposite extremity of the Amazon valley, on the river
Pastasa, the greater part of whose course lies a little without or
eastward ofthe first ranges of the Andes, we find long strips
of the same Mauritia stretching parallel to the river, and occu-

* See in the sequel for a further account of these Palms.
t ‘Seasons,’ Summer, /. 833-7.

78 DR. R. SPRUCE ON EQUATORIAL-AMERICAN PALMS.

pying low land inundated in the rainy season to a slight depth—
with an intervening narrow strip of dry land next the river,
evidently formed of alluvial sediment deposited by the river
when its floods were higher than at present, and rarely more than
a foot or two above the present high-water mark, yet clad with
lofty trees of types that pertain almost exclusively to terra
firma. The Mauritia-swamp still communicates with the river,
and partly derives its standing water from it through the mouths
of creeks that enter it at short intervals.

Far away northward of the Amazon, at the head of each of
the “ caños,” or rivulets, that run into the Upper Rio Negro and
Orinoco, there is a swamp where the predominant vegetation is
Mauritia flexuosa, if the soil be good ; but if it be thin and sandy,
then probably the curious M. Caraná takes its place, or grows
along with it.

Near the cataracts of the Orinoco, the savannahs are adorned
with small groves of Mauritia flexuosa (oases in the sandy but
by no means desert plains), and here and there with a long
winding double line, which marks the course of a rivulet. The
shade of the enormous leaves, and the drip from them, often
surround each stem of Mauritia with a little pool or morass of
its own, which is best seen on the savannahs of the Upper Ori-
noco—for instance, on that which stretches from the village of
Esmeralda to the foot of Mount Duida, where numerous plants of
Mauritia are scattered singly over the wide plain.

In the Lower Oriental Andes, it is fond of growing near springs,
where it finds the necessary moisture, and aids in maintaining it
by protecting the springs from evaporation. The inhabitants take
advantage of this property to plant Mauritias near their wells of
water; whence the Peruvian name of the Palm, “el Achuál," is
often applied also to the well it overshadows and protects.

The prevalent opinion, or rather superstition, throughout Ama-
zonia and Guayana is, that the Mauritia has the power of at-
tracting water to itself wherever planted. This is what Velasco
says of it in his ‘Historia Natural de Quito, p. 73 :—“ The
Palm Aguáshi (or Achuál) has the property of drawing water to
it, from whatever distance ; so that this Palm is nowhere seen
without a spring of water at its foot, or some rivulet close by.
The reason of this is not that it will not grow except where
there is water, but because water can never be wanting where it
grows. With the certainty of this, when any spring has dried

DR. R. SPRUCE ON EQUATORIAL-AMERICAN PALMS. 79

up, the Indians of Maynas plant one of these Palms, and the
water soon wells up again. In whatever part of the forest, high
or low, they descry a Palm of this kind, they go up to it, assured
of finding delicious water at its foot."

Humboldt heard the same thing at Esmeralda, where, in 1853,
I saw the Mauritia still growing as abundantly as he had seen
it half a century before me, although the human inhabitants had
almost disappeared. “ The trees," he says, “ preserve the mois-
ture of the ground by their shade; and hence the Indians say
that the Mauritia draws the water round its roots by a myste-
rious attraction. . . . . .. Thus the untutored child of nature
confounds cause and effect” *.

The only edible part of the fruit of the Mauritia is the rather
thin orange pulp, which easily separates from the endocarp when
ripe, but is clad with cartilaginous scales that it requires practice
to get rid of. The Indians of Venezuela are fond of it, eating
it with or without cassava, and find it quite sufficient to sustain
life for a considerable time without other food. I used to think
it insipid, but I rather liked the “ yucuta,” or wine, prepared
from it.

At Maypures and elsewhere on the Orinoco, when the fruit
of the Mauritia is ripe enough to fall of itself, it is gathered up,
the pulpy covering is rubbed off and kneaded into a mass, which
is wrapped up in fresh leaves of “ Platanillo” (Uranie sp. ?), and
enveloped in a framework of slips of Blowing-cane Palm (Iriartea
setigera), made first into a cylinder, and then the ends brought
together and tied tightly, so as to bring it to a spindle-shape.
In this way the pulp is kept for weeks, until it becomes intensely
acid. When used, it is mixed with water and passed through a
sieve, which retains all the scales of the fruit; and a little sugar
or molasses being added, it makes a pleasant cooling drink,
which, like the wine of the * Seje" (GZnocarpus Bataud), is emi-
nently diuretic and slightly laxative.

Bundles of this “ Moriche curtido” (as it is called) are sent for
sale up to San Fernando de Atabapo, the capital of the canton,
where it is much esteemed.

The Guahibos, Yarurus, and other Indians who roam over the
wide savannahs between the Vichada and Meta, and use no
canoes, often extemporize a raft from the stout petioles of the
Mauritia when they have a river to cross.

The chief native names of the Mauritia are “Ita” on the

* * Aspects of Nature,’ Sabine’s Transl. i. p. 181.

80 DR. R. SPRUCE ON EQUATORIAL-AMERICAN PALMS,

coast of Guayana, Moríche" in Venezuela, * Mirití" in Brazil,
* Achuál" and * Aguáshi" in Peru.

§ 7. The Cultivated Palms of Equatorial America.

In the course of my South-American travel I have seen only
two Palms cultivated to any extent, viz. the common Cocoa-nut
Palm (Cocos nucifera, L.) and the Peach Palm (Bactris Gasipaés,
H., B., K., = Guilielmia speciosa, Mart.).

Tt is curious that, of the earliest Spanish writers on the natural
history of the New World, those who knew only the eastern side
of the continent, the West-Indian Islands, and Mexico, such as
Hernandez and Oviedo, assert that the Coco Palm was introduced
into America by the Spanish settlers ; while those who were fa-
miliar with the Paeifie coast, including some of the earliest tra-
vellers in Peru, such as Cieza de Leon, say positively that it was
already found growing on that coast, especially in the equatorial
regions, when the Spaniards first arrived there. It is possible that
all spoke truly, according to their knowledge, and that, although
this palm may be indigenous only to the islands of the Pacific
Ocean, it had really reached the western coast of America, either
by accident or design, long before the advent of the white man.

Velasco, in his eagerness to vindicate his country's claim to the
* Hatun-Chonta," or Great Palm, as the Indians call it, gets very
angry with those who dispute it. * One may see," he says, “ with
what levity some authors relate a thousand falsehoods, like Frav-
cisco Hernandez, a native of Mexico, who in his Latin history as-
serts that Cocos were transplanted from the East to the West
Indies by the Spaniards ; whereas on their first arrival they found
Cocos laden with fruit, which is never seen on stems less than
from 16 to 20 years old’’*.

The cultivation of the Cocoa-nut is limited to the regions bor-
dering the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. As we ascend the Ama-
zon it gradually becomes sterile. At Manaos, 800 miles up, the
fruits appear fully formed externally, but are invariably empty.
At San Carlos del Rio Negro, almost exactly midway between the
two oceans, there were, in 1854, two well-grown Coco Palms which
had never even flowered.

The second palm, cultivated in the regions of the Amazon and

* Hist. Nat. de Quito, p. 54. Hernandez, * Plantarum, Animalium, &c., Megi-
canorum Historia,’ lib. iii. cap. 40.

DR. R. SPRUCE ON EQUATORIAL-AMERICAN PALMS, 81

Orinoco, is’ an undoubted native; for it belongs to a genus
(Bactris) unknown out of Tropical America. It is the Bactris
Gasipaés of Humboldt and Bonpland (Nov. Gen. i. p. 802, t. 700),
but better known by Martius's name, Guilielmia speciosa (Palm.
82, t. 66, 67), an untenable name, as it seems to me; for Guili-
elmia is undistinguishable as a genus from Bactris, and “ spe-
ciosa ” is not the original specific name. Be this as it may, the
palm is well known by its Brazilian name of * Popunha,” and as
the * Peach Palm” of Humboldt, whose vivid description of it, as
he saw it growing at San Fernando de Atabapo, will be familiar
to most readers.

The clustered stems of the Peach Palm grow to 60 or even 90
feet high, and are thickly armed with long prickles. The nume-
rous curling and drooping leaves rarely exceed 7 feet, and they
have from fifty to sixty leaflets on each side, aggregate by threes and
fours and pointing in all directions. The fruits are massed into
large pendulous corymbs ; and if from their size and vivid colours
of yellow and red they may be likened to a well-ripened peach,
in shape they more resemble a hen’s egg, although usually rather
more conical. The thick firm flesh is mealy when cooked, something
between a potato and a chestnut in flavour, and superior to either.
A seedless variety is common ; but the fruits are much smaller and
contain no more edible matter than those that have a stone (or
endocarp) at the centre.

Such is the Peach Palm ; and now as to its origin. I first saw
a few plants of it at Manáos, within the mouth of the Rio Negro ;
and on ascending towards the head-waters of that river, and espe-
cially on its tributaries the Uaupés and Casiquiari, I saw it grow-
ing abundantly in every Indian village—as also on the Atabapo,
and on the Orinoco itself above the cataracts. At San Fernando
Humboldt heard it called * Pirijao" and “ Pihiguao;" but the
Venezuelans now write and pronounce “ Pijiguao.” I tried in
vain to find a root for this name in any of the native languages;
and when I asked the people where they supposed the palm had
originally come from, they pointed westward and said, “ From the
Cordilleras;" and I got a similar answer from the natives of the
Uaupés.

When at length I reached those Cordilleras, and travelled
along their eastern foot from 7? S. latitude to the equator, I found,
indeed, the Peach Palm very abundant, but still only in the neigh-
bourhood of habitations, and always a cultivated plant. If, how-

LINN. PROC.—BOTANY, VOL. XI. G

82 DR. R. SPRUCE ON EQUATORIAL-AMERICAN PALMS.

ever, I remained in as complete ignorance as before of its true
native country, I saw at once that the Venezuelans, along with
the plant, had got also its name from the Andes, but travestied ;
for the Peruvians call it (in their native quichua) “ Pisho-guayo,”
i. e. Bird-fruit, whence to “ Pijiguao " the transition is easy.

This is not its only Andine name; for it is also very commonly
called “ Chonta-ráru," i. e. Palm-egg or Palm-fruit (which indeed
applies to the fruit of all Palms, but is considered to pertain to
the Peach Palm par excellence)—and also * Chonta-dura," although
this name belongs rather to the wood, which is black and tough
and takes a fine polish, and is the usual material for lance-shafts
among the Jibaro and Zaparo Indians. Humboldt heard the
Peach Palm called * Chontadura"' at Popayán, on the western
side of the Andes of New Granada, where also it appears to have
been cultivated *.

Although I am compelled to leave the native country of the
Peach Palm doubtful, I quite expect the wild plant will still be
met with in some unexplored recess of the Oriental Andes, perhaps
with the fruit so much smaller and drier than what it has become
by long eultivation as to be not easily recognizable.

$ 8. The Heights attained by Palms in the Amazon Valley.

I shall supplement this chapter by saying a few words on the
height of palms. Humboldt having seen at some points of his
South-American journey the crowns of palms standing so com-
pletely above the surrounding forest as to give the idea of “ a forest
above a forest," that has been rashly assumed by some writers
to be a universal characteristic of American palms. A traveller
approaching by sea the cities of Panamá, Guayaquil, and many
others within the tropics, will see groves of Coco-palms towering
far above the bushy spreading Mangos and Ingas that nestle at
their base ; but the latter are by no means forest-trees, nor is the
Coco a forest-palm. Let him, however, leave the coast and pene-
trate the virgin forest beyond, and he will see that the loftiest
palms do not usually exceed the exogenous trees of average

* * Chonta" is the Peruvian word for * Palm." In Maynas the common
word for “ fruit" is * guáyo (huáyu)," in Canelos “ rúru.” Velasco says “Fruit,
in the language of Peru, is called ruru, and in that of Quito lulun, which, also
means ‘egg ; ' hence the fruit of any Palm is called Chonta-ruru. And it is to
be noted that sometimes the fruit is taken for the whole tree, and the tree for
the fruit, as happens also in other languages " (Z. c. p. 53).

DR. R. SPRUCE ON EQUATORIAL-AMERICAN PALMS. 83

height, and that, except on the river-banks, they are often quite
hidden from view until closely approached. From some of the
naked-topped granite hills of the Rio Negro and Orinoco, and
from the ascent of the eastern side of the Andes, I have looked
over perfect oceans of forest, and am able to assert that very
rarely do palms domineer over all other trees—so rarely, indeed,
that I believe I have only noted it twice, and that on a very
limited area, during the whole course of my travels. On the con-
trary, the foliage of a grove of gregarious palms, such as the
Piassaba and the great Caraná, is usually depressed below the top
of the surrounding forest.

In faithfully recording my own experience, I have no thought
of impugning the testimony of other, and no doubt equally con-
scientious observers. Humboldt and Bonpland assure us that they
saw Wax-palms (Ceroxzylon andicola) 180 feet high in the cool
forests of the Andes of New Granada, and therefore no doubt
surpassing every other tree in their neighbourhood. Dampier, in
his graphic account of Campeachy, says, “ As the [Silk] Cotton is
the biggest tree in the woods, so the Cabbage-tree [or palm] is
the tallest; the body is not very big, but very high and straight.
I have measured one in the Bay of Campeachy 120 feet long as it
lay on the ground; and there are some much higher. . .... Those
trees appear very pleasant, and they beautify the whole wood,
spreading their green branches over all other trees”*. Here he
plainly speaks of the appearance of the forest from the sca; and
his testimony does not contradict my own ; for I concede that the
low forest, such as usually grows at the swampy heads of bays
and along inundated river-margins, is overtopped by Cocos, Mau-
ritias, and other maritime and riparial palms.

It only remains to adduce the measurements on which the fore-
going conclusions depend. The loftiest forest-trees of the Amazon
valley do not exeeed 200 feet in height. The tallest tree from
which I ever gathered flowers was about 140 feet; but I have
measured a prostrate tree that was 157 feet long; and having pre-
viously lost the top, that would have made the entire length 10
to 20 feet more, or, say, 170 feet. But I have trustworthy testi-
mony from the late Messrs. Campbell, of Pará, and others, that
Silk Cotton-trees(Eriodendron Samawma, Mart.) and Pará-nut trees
(Bertholletia excelsa, H., B., K.) have been cut down measuring
full 200 feet, which is, indeed, very credible from the height to

* Travels, vol. i. p. 165.
a 2

84 DR. R. SPRUCE ON EQUATORIAL-AMERICAN PALMS.

which they are seen towering over all neighbouring trees. From
these, and many other instances, I conclude that the real patri-
archs of the primeval forest range from 120 to 200 feet high.

The tallest palms I ever cut down were of three species—Mauw-
ritia flexuosa, Euterpe oleracea, and Iriartea ventricosa; the entire
height of each of which was about 80 feet. But my object being
to obtain specimens of the leaves, flowers, and fruit, I naturally
selected the most accessible, not the loftiest, and in every case I
saw palms of the same species, standing near, fully half as high
again as the one I had cut down. Altitudes of the loftiest of
these palms, and of GZnocarpus Bataud, taken with a sextant, never
exceeded 120 feet. Cocos nucifera rarely exceeded 100 feet ; and
persons who have seen this palm also in the East assure me that
in the New World its dimensions fall much below what it attains
in the Old.

Comparing these two groups of data, it will be seen how very
rarely in Amazon forests palms can overtop and * spread their
green branches” above all surrounding trees. But if neither
trees nor Palms grow so exceedingly lofty there as they do in
some other parts of the world, there can be little dispute that
they excel those of all other regions in beauty and infinite variety.
To fully appreciate this, the botanist should travel, as I have done,
from the mouth of the Amazon to its sources in the summits of
the Andes,

“ Through palmy shades and aromatic woods,
That grace the plains, invest the peopled hills,
And up the more than Alpine mountains wave.”
Tuomson, Summer, 1. 763-5.

CHAPTER III.

ON THE CLASSIFICATION OF THE GENERA OF PALMS.

§ 1. Palms have been divided into Five Tribes, of rather indefinite
character *.

For the purpose of describing the few Palms of my own gather-
ing, it will not be necessary to take the whole Order into consi-
deration, nor to attempt to remodel existing genera and their distri-
bution into Tribes; but I will string together a few observations

* Confer Kunth, * Enumeratio Plantarum, vol. iii. p. 168 e seq.; Endli-

cher, ‘Genera Plantarum, pp. xi et 244; Martius, ‘Genera et Species Pal-
marum.

DR. R. SPRUCE ON EQUATORIAL-AMERICAN PALMS. 85

of my own, compare them with those of other botanists, and thence
try to show how a more satisfactory and natural arrangement of
Palms may be arrived at.

The tribes into which the order of Palmaces has been divided,
although constituting, with a few exceptions, natural groups of
genera, have been founded chiefly on supposed, but not very real,
differences in the structure of the ovary and fruit. The first
Tribe, Arecine, is said to have an “ ovarium e carpidiis 3, rarius 2,
primitus connatis, 3- vel 2-loculare, rarissime carpidio unico 1-locu-
lare. Fructus baccatus.”

Tribe IV., Coryphine, has also usually baccate fruit; but the
ovaries (carpels) are said to be “ primitus distincta."

Tribe III., Borassine, has nearly always drupaceous fruit: “dru-
pa 1—3-pyrena indivisa vel lobata, interdum bacca monosperma ;”’
and the ovary is said to be 2-3- (rarely 4-)celled.

Of Tribe IL, Lepidocaryine, so well distinguished by its scaly
fruits, and Tribe V., Cocoine, by its symmetrical triforaminate en-
docarp, more anon.

Now, if we conjoin Tribes III. and IV., and eliminate there-
from a few genera (Geonoma, Phenix, &c.) to be added on to
Tribe I. (Arecine), we get (from the three) two tolerably natural
groups; but their true characters are by no means those above
stated.

$ 2. The Ovaries of all Palms consist normally of three Carpels.

On examining and comparing the ovaries of Palms, we shall find
that their normal condition is to have three carpels (“ carpidia ”
of Martius, Endlicher, &c.), four or five only by rare exception,
and fewer than three only by abortion. Even in Geonoma, which
has the ovary usually reduced to a single uniovulate carpel, the
trifid style, arising from the base of the ovary on the inner side,
betrays the triple nature of the ovary; and on exploring a good
many female flowers of any species of Geonoma, we shall be almost
certain to find one or more ovaries consisting of three carpels
united at the base to a central style, the two sterile ones either
persisting as minute warts at the base of the fertile carpel, or dis-
appearing altogether when the latter is ripe*.

* It will be seen from this that Geonoma has been described quite hypothe-
tically to have “a trilocular ovary.” I first satisfied myself of its true nature
in 1852, when collecting at the cataracts of the Rio Negro; and I have fully de-
scribed the similar structure of Wettinia in the Linnean Journal for April,

86 DR. R. SPRUCE ON EQUATORIAL-AMERICAN PALMS.

In Wettinia, a genus formerly banished from the true Palms,
and described to have a perfectly simple ovary, I have invariably
found three carpels, combined only at the very base, whereof the
two sterile ones remain adhering as two knobs at the base of the
ripened fertile carpel. In Nunnezharia also the three carpels are
very obvious, and the sterile ones persist after the same fashion.

§ 3. Palme Exocarpice, or Palms which have the sterile carpels
excluded from the pericarp of the ripe fruit.

In most of the Arecine, then, in some Coryphine, &c. the nor-
mal condition is to have an ovary of three carpels, either entirely
separate, or joined from the base up to a greater or less height, but
very rarely quite to the summit, three styles, nearly always com-
bined into one, and springing from the centre of the ovary or from
the point of divergence of the carpels, with as many distinct
stigmas. In most cases only one carpel is fertile, and in ripening
it swells chiefly at the outer circumference, scarcely at all at the
inner; so that when ripe, the style and the abortive carpels re-
main adhering to the inner face, or to the very base, of the fruit,
or their former site is indicated by a lateral scar; but they do
not grow along with the fertile carpel into a 8-celled fruit with
two empty cells. This group we may be allowed to call “ Exo-
carpice "* *,

§ 4. Palme Endocarpice, or Palms which have the sterile carpels
included in the pericarp.

But in what we may call * Palme Endocarpicz," the carpels are,
from the first, united to the very apex, and have a terminal style,
or three terminal sessile stigmas; the ripe fruit is symmetrical,
and the carpels are combined within a single endocarp, which is
marked (usually towards one end) with as many foramina as there
are carpelst. When, as is usually the case, only one of the car-
pels is fertile, then the foramen opposite to that carpel is open and
the others are closed (foramina ceca) ; but if two or three of the
carpels be fertile, then the endocarp has as many true perfo-
rations.

1859. In mentioning this I put forth no claim to a first discovery. Other cau-
tious observers must have seen the same thing, possibly before I did.
* Martius and Endlicher express the exocarpie structure by * Fructus endo-
carpio cujusvis carpidii distincto, aut abortivorum a fertilis formatione excluso."
t “Fructus monopyrenus, szepissime unilocularis, loculis abortivis in fertilis
putamine seu endocarpio inclusis." (Mart., Endl.)

DR. R. SPRUCE ON EQUATORIAL-AMERICAN PALMS. 87

This structure has been considered to pertain only to the fruit
of the Cocoine, whose black bony endocarp renders it very con-
spicuous ; but it seems to me to exist also in other palm-fruits,
which have the stigmas at the geometrical apex of the ovary and
fruit, but in which it is detected with greater difficulty, on account
of the endocarp being a membrane of extreme tenuity.

§ 5. Tribes are insufficiently characterized by variations in
the Exocarpic Structure.

If we consult and compare the characters of the genera of
Palms, as given by Kunth and Endlicher, we shall see that every
possible modification of the exocarpic structure occurs in Arecine ;
and the same thing, with a little limitation, is to be remarked of
Borassine and Coryphine. The contrast of *carpidia primitus
connata ” in Arecine, and “ carpidia primitus distincta " in Cory-
phine, is found to have no existence. In Corypha itself, and in Co-
pernicia, I find the carpels from the first combined to a greater or
less height. Ifin such Coryphinous genera as Chamerops, Thri-
nax, and Ahapis the carpels are distinct to the very base, so also
are they in the Arecinous genera Geonoma, Wettinia, Nunnez-
haria, &c. The exocarpie character serves, in fact, to unite, not
to separate, the tribes Arecinz, Coryphinz, and Borassinzm. To
distinguish them, if distinction there be, we must seek elsewhere.

§ 6. Homologies of the Pericarp of Palm-fruits.

I must here interrupt my quest to remark that the nomencla-
ture of the fruits of Palms requires to be put on a firmer basis;
for in a multitude of cases what one author has called a “drupe”
another calls a “berry ; " and if it be admitted that there may be
both dry drupes and dry one-seeded berries, the distinction will
be reduced to depend on the nature of the endocarp, not on its
presenee or absence; for I believe it is always present in some
shape or other. The number of separate (or separable) envelopes
is by no means the same in the pericarps of all palms, some having
apparently only two, others three, and many four, each of which
may consist of several lamine that are themselves sometimes easy
to separate, besides the envelopes of the seeds, or “ nucleus," as it
has been called.

In the Yagua Palm (Attalea Humboldtiana, sp. n.) the envelopes
of the drupe are:—(1) a thin brown skin, or epicarp, clad with
deciduous lepra; (2) several separable fibrous laminw forming a

88 DR. R. SPRUCE ON EQUATORIAL-AMERICAN PALMS.

layer 13 line thick ; (3) an equal thickness of similar but stouter
fibrous laminz adhering into a woody mass or outer shell; (4) the
true endocarp, ? line thick, black, bony, and with difficulty sepa-
rated from the outer envelope.

The thin mesocarp of Zriartea exorrhiza is separable into two or
three fibrous layers, and that of GZnocarpus minor into many such
Jayers. In the latter the laminæ are flabellately veined, the
simple veins (fibres) radiating from the base to the apex.

In Leopoldinia minor and L. Piassaba, besides the fleshy meso-
carp next the skin, there is an endocarp consisting of a great
many separable layers, whereof the outermost is entirely com-
posed of stout woody interwoven and anastomosing veins or fibres;

while the inner layers get gradually thinner, and the veins merely
cross without anastomosing, until the innermost is a delicate almost
veinless membrane.

It might safely be inferred, from à prior? considerations alone,
that the layers of the pericarp were modified leaves; but their
true homology is made most clear by the structure of the fruit of
Leopoldinia, where the lamine are exactly miniature counterparts
of the reticulated petiole-sheaths. In the genus Bactris the cha-
racteristic striæ of the leaf-sheaths are reproduced on the epicarp,
and the aculei on the endocarp, as I shall have to describe more
fully in the sequel. The pericarp, then, is composed of imbri-
cated rudimentary leaves, whereof the blade is undeveloped or
reduced toa minimum. Even the raphe, with its thin white veins
netting over the testa, is but a modified leaf-sheath, a sort of
ovular bract subtending the ovule from its first appearance, and
growing with its growth.

§ 7. The Scales of the loricated fruits of the Tribe Lepidocaryine
are rudimentary Leaf-blades.

But in Mauritia and other Lepidocaryine the carpophylla, or
fruit-leaves, consist not only of a sheath, but of a rudimentary
blade, at first a minute erect scale, but after fertilization becoming
retrorse, and clothing the ripe fruit with shining rhombic scales
that give it a beautiful loricated or tessellated appearance, and
liken it to a fir-cone. Dissection affords ample proof that these
scales are really the homologues of the fan-shaped leaf-blade of
Mauritia.

DR. R. SPRUCE ON EQUATORIAL-AMERICAN PALMS. 89

§ 8. Palm-fruits are all formed on one general plan, with many
partial modifications, which cannot well be classed under only
two heads.

Hence, while it is plain that all Palm-fruits are constructed on
the same general plan, and might therefore be well designated by a
single name (“ drupa ”), there are modifications of structure which
seem to require the invention of new terms for them, and are not
at all sufficiently distinguished by calling some fruits “ drupes ”’
and others “ berries," as is rendered plain by the contradictory
use different authors have made of those terms.

§ 9. All Palms may be brought under Two nearly equal but some-
what artificial Divisions, by the ZEstivation of the Corolla of the
Female Flower.

To resume the question of classification. If we seek to divide
the entire order of Palms into two great groups by contrasting a
single pair of characters, we find it readily in the corolla of the
female flower ; for, while throughout the order the petals of the
male flowers are uniformly valvate in estivation, and often more
or less united into a gamopetalous corolla, there is a very large
assemblage of genera which has the petals of the female flowers
also valvate, and another almost equally large which has them
widely imbricated. The division of Valvatipetale includes all the
Lepidocaryine, all the true Borassine and Coryphine (namely,
those that have fan-shaped leaves), Geonoma, Calyptronoma, Leo-
poldinia, and other Arecine, chiefly of humble growth, and all the
prickly Cocoine except Acrocomia; while the second division, or
Inbricatipetale, comprises all the unarmed Cocoine, most of the
taller-growing Arecins (such as Areca, Euterpe, Enocarpus, Iri-
artea, &c.) together with Phenix and a few other pinnate-leaved
genera that have hitherto been tacked on to Borassine and Cory-
phine, where they are quite out of place.

This breaks up Arecine ; but the genera (such as GZnocarpus
and Oreodoxza) thus brought into juxtaposition with Cocos and
Attalea have undeniably some degree of affinity, and often much
general resemblance to them. There are even some species of
(nocarpus with symmetrical fruits and apical stigmas, as in
Cocos, contrary to the general character of the Arecine, which is to
have excentric fruits. The greatest objection, however, to making
these differences in the female flower the positive basis of a pri-
mary division of the order is, that we thereby separate two genera

90 DR. R. SPRUCE ON EQUATORIAL-AMERICAN PALMS.

so very closely related as Wettinia and Iriartea, the former having
valvate and the latter imbricated petals in the female flower—and
also Acrocomia (which has an imbricated female corolla) from the
rest of the prickly Cocoine, which have valvate corollas.

While, therefore, I should take the zestivation of the female co-
rolla as the best possible basis of an artificial analysis of the
genera, I could not repose a natural arrangement upon it.

§ 10. Palms are more naturally divided, from the Spathes, into
Spathiflore and Spathelliflore.

Another pair of characters, one that is thoroughly natural and
easily seized upon, may be derived from the spathes. It divides
all Palms into what I would call *Spathiflore " and “ Spathelli-
flore," whose characters are the following :—

SrATHIFLORJ. Spadices either simple or vaguely branched,
never truly pinnate; if compound, then paniculate ; ifsimply
branched, often scopeform.

Spathes (one or more) inserted on the peduncle; at first
fusiform, entire, and completely including the young spadix ;
then bursting for the emission of the spadix, which usually
lengthens considerably (as the flowers and fruits advance to
maturity) in the palms with deciduous spathes, but rarely
ever exceeds, or even equals, the woody persistent spathes of
other palms. Except for these general envelopes, the rhachis
and branches of the spadix are nearly naked, the bracts sub-
tending the branches and flowers being generally reduced to
mere scales.

SPATHELLIFLORÆ. Spadices pinnately branched, branches di-
stichous and alternate; if again divided, then the ramuli also
distichous.

Spathes usually none; but the peduncle, rhachis, and
branches completely hidden by tubular distichously imbri-
cated bracts (spathelle), which are oblique-mouthed, and
sometimes widened upwards (cyathiform).

The Spathelliflore include all fan-leaved Palms, whether Boras-
sine, or Coryphine, or Lepidocaryine of Martius and Endlicher,
and both fan-leaved and pinnate-leaved genera of Lepidocaryine,
All other Palms are Spathiflore.

The scaly fruits of the Lepidocaryine mark them well out from
the rest of the Spathelliflore ; and it is here that the only aberra-

DR. R. SPRUCE ON EQUATORIAL-AMERICAN PALMS. 91

tions from the typical character occur—two Eastern genera, Cera-
tolobus and Demonorops, having complete spathes as well as
spathelle, while the spadices are paniculate. But this is only
one of those instances of transition to a more universal type which
beset all our systems.

$ 11. The Tribes and Genera of Palms (and of all other plants?)
are imperfectly characterized if the Structure of the Leaves be
not taken into consideration.

In classifying Palms I should like to avail myself of the import-
ant characters afforded by the foliage. In this case, as in that of
other groups of Phanerogams, we seek for recondite features in
the flowers and fruits, and shut our eyes to, or at least leave out
of our generic and tribual characters, the very obvious and often
constant characters afforded by the leaves—ignoring the fact that
in all stable groups, whether of higher or lower rank, there should
be some correlation of strueture in every organ, which it is the
systematist's part to trace out and rate at its true value. I do
not here attempt to follow out my notions to their results, because
I have been unable to reexamine many of the larger-fruited even
of the American Palms, without which I cannot venture to decide
on some presumed affinities. For my present purpose the fol-
lowing conspectus will sufficiently characterize the few genera with
which I shall have to deal; and for further elucidation I must
refer to the detailed accounts of the genera and species which
follow.

$. 12. Conspectus Generum Palmas Spruceanas complectentium.
SPATHIFLORHZ. Spadix vage ramosus simplexve, primum spathis
universalibus (una pluribusve) pedunculo adnatis obvelatus.
Folia simplicia bifurca, pinnatisecta vel pinnata. Fructus
esquamatus.

Carpella (plerumque 3) distincta vel plus minus alte coalita,
sepissime unicum fertile, maturatum asymmetricum, duobus
sterilibus e fertilis pericarjio exclusis.

Corolla 9 gamopetala vel petalis valvatis constans.
Calycis utriusque sexus sepala imbricata. Spathe 2.
Stamina 6 ; filamenta in tubum coalita ; antherz loculi
lineares omnino discreti. Baccæ haud compresse.
Gronoma, Willd.
Stamina 6; filamenta sublibera ; anther orbiculares
dorsifixe. Drupæ insigniter compress.
LEOPOLDINIA, Mart.

92 DR. R. SPRUCE ON EQUATORIAL-AMERICAN PALMS.

Calyx utriusque sexus gamophyllus vel sepalis valvatis
constans. Spathz 3 vel plures.

Spadices solitarii. Stamina 6, raro 9. Andrceceum floris
9 0. Bacce glabræ nitide.

NUNNEZHARILA, R. et P.

Spadices verticillati simpliciter ramosi, ramis tenuibus.
Andreceum fl. 9 filamentis 6 constans. Bacce
glabra: S eoe Morenita, R. et P.

Spadices verticillati simplices vel ramosi, ramis validis
congestis. Stamina 12-16. Baecs villose.

Wertinta, Popp. et Endl.
Corolle floris 9 petala late imbricata.
Spathe plures. Stamina 12-50.
Sepala fl. g valvata. Pinnæ apice lato premorse.
InrAgTEA, R. et P.
Spathe 2. Stamina 6.

Spadicis scopeformis rhachis brevissima, rami floriferi
penduli. Sepala fl. g valvata. Folia pinnis acutis,
vagina petiolari fusiformi antice fissa.

(ExocanPus, Mart.

Spadicis rhachis elongata, rami floriferi porrecti. Se-
pala fl. ¢ imbricata. Folia pinnis acutis, vagina
petiolari cylindrica integra.

EUTERPE, Mart.

Carpella 3 (raro plura) in ovarium triloculare coalita, unico
loculo sepius fertili, sterilibus tamen cum fertili intra putamen
unicum symmetricum triforaminatum receptis.

Aculeatz. Sepala petalaque fl. 9 valvata vel gamophylla.
Endocarpium apice foraminatum.
Stamina fl. ¢ 6 (raro plura) toro basilari imposita. An-
dreceum fl. 9 0.

Petala fl. d acuta. Folia simplicia, pinnatisecta vel
pinnata; pinnis alternis sspissime aggregatis basi
reduplicatis, nunquam in cirros abeuntibus; vaginis
ore hinc in ligulam protensis.

Bacrris, Jacq.

Petala fl. d acuminata. Folia pinnata, pinnis oppositis
e basi eonstricta spurie petiolatis, superioribus in
cirros abeuntibus, vagina petiolari in ocream elon-
gata... Ia S Desmoncus, Mart.

Stamina fl. ¢ 6 ex ima corolla orta. Androeceum fl. 9
eupulare corolle adnatum. Astrocaryum, Mey.

DR. R. SPRUCE ON EQUATORIAL-AMERICAN PALMS. 93

Inermes. Sepala petalaque fl. Q9 convoluto-imbricata.
Endocarpium basi foraminatum.

Stamina 6 inclusa ............ Cocos, L.
Stamina 6 exserta ............ MAXIMILIANA, Mart.
Stamina 9-24 inclusa ......... ATTALEA, H., B., K.

SPATHELLIFLORÆ. Spadix pinnato-ramosus, spathellis (bracteis
tubularibus cyathiformibusve) plurimis distiche imbricatis
tunicatus, spatha universali nulla. Folia sæpius flabelliformia.

Lepidocaryinæ. Fructus squamulis retrorsis loricatus.
Flores polystichi.

Corolla d mpetala Mavra, L. f.
Corolla ¢ gamopetala............ Onoruowa, Spruce.
ores distichi ey. Leprpocaryum, Mart.

§ 13. Neither the Degree of Excentricity of the Fruit, nor the
Position of the Embryo in the Seed, is to be relied on in the for-
mation of large Natural Genera of Palms.

As far as possible, I have religiously preserved the genera within
the limits assigned to them by the excellent Martius, choosing
rather to stabilitate the ancient landmarks than to set up new
ones. It will be seen that I have placed little stress on the de-
gree of adhesion of the carpels in the ovary, which varies in closely
allied species of the same genus—or on the measure of excentri-
city of the ripened carpel (when solitary), which is liable to quite
as much variation. In so very natural a genus as GZnocarpus we
find some fruits with lateral, others with apical stigmas. Under
the genus Zriartea I shall have to point out the phases of structure
in the ovary, fruit, and embryo, in species otherwise closely related
in habit, foliage, &c., which have seemed to some authors sufficient
to justify the breaking-up of that small genus into five!*

The ovule (solitary, rarely twin) is uniformly subsessile at the
inner angle of the base of each carpel, and in most of the ovaries
I have been able to examine is more or less completely anatropous ;
but neither does the position of the micropyle seem a constant
concomitant of other peculiarities of structure.

The embryo, in the exocarpic or excentric-fruited genera, occu-
pies almost every possible position on the periphery of the seed,
being apical, basal, or medial in species otherwise closely related,

* The experienced botanist will at once call to mind analogous structures in
such an order as Rutaceæ, in the umbraculiform Cordiz, and in other polycar-
pellary families and genera.

94 DR. R. SPRUCE ON EQUATORIAL-AMERICAN PALMS.

as is best seen in Iriartea. In Phenix some species have the
embryo almost basal, in others it is midway (in P. farinifera,
Roxb., &.). In Thrinax, a genus which has (by abortion) a
solitary carpel, the ripe seed has the embryo in some species at the
geometrical apex, in others at a short distance below it; and so
of many other genera. But in the genera with symmetrical fruits
the embryo is pretty constant to one position in all the species.

§ 14. The Number of complete Spathes is of great importance in
defining the Genera.

A good generic character seems to be afforded by the number
of complete spathes, whether one, two, or many; but it has not
in all cases been correctly ascertained. Two spathes coexist in
some genera, where the outer of the two may be overlooked, from
its being frailer and deciduous at an earlier stage than the inner—
or from its remaining concealed within the sheathing base of the
petiole, as happens to some Geonome, Bactrides, Astrocarya, &c. ;
and sometimes both spathes fall away with the first expansion of
the spadix, long before the flowers are fully formed, which may
cause them to escape observation altogether, as in Leopoldinia.

§ 15. On the Separation of the Sexes, its importance in the economy
of the plant, and the slight value of generic and specific cha-
racters founded upon it.

Contrary to the example of my predecessors, I have made scarcely
any use of the sexual phases of the inflorescence in the characters
of either species or genera ; for I have found many so-called dioi-
cous inflorescences to be often monoicous, and that all possible
phases of a diclinous inflorescence may be exhibited by species of
the same genus. To explain how this comes about, we must first
remark that, with few aberrations, the ternary type prevails
throughout the organization of Palms. Not only are the parts
of the flower some multiple of three, but there is a tendency to a
tristichous arrangement of the leaves, which is most obvious in
the Lepidocarya and other slender-stemmed palms; the spadices,
if more than one on a leaf-ring (or axil), are commonly three, six,
or nine, the middle one of each triplet being a female, the two
lateral ones male spadices; and the flowers, following the same
law, stand normally three together, often half-immersed in an
alveole of the rhachis, the middle flower being a female, and the
flower on each side of it a male.

In many palms there is a tendency of the ¢ flowers to become

DR. R. SPRUCE ON EQUATORIAL-AMERICAN PALMS. 95

abortive, or even obsolete, in the lower part of the branches of the
spadix, leaving the 9 flowers solitary in or on their receptacle ;
while in the upper part of the same branches it is the 9 flowers
that disappear, and the d flowers that remain standing thereon in
pars. This is the usual structure in the Cocoina, e. gr. in Bactris,
Attalea, &c. ; and in the imbricate-petaled Arecinæ, such as Euterpe,
Gnocarpus, &c.

In other palms all the triplets of flowers, by the abortion of one
sex or the other, will become unisexual on the entire spadix,
causing some spadices to be solely male, with twin flowers, others
female, with solitary flowers. This occurs most frequently in
Geonoma and its allied genera Leopoldinia, Nunnezharia, &c., where
the female flowers may be actually present on the male spadix, but
remain effete between the pair of perfect females; and on the female
spadix the male flowers, one on each side of the perfect female flower,
never emerge from the alveole, but wither away unopened ; or the
flowers of the missing sex may be really obsolete. This gives
rise to a very curious phenomenon which I would call

* Alternation of Function."

I first ascertained its existence when at San Carlos del Rio
Negro, near the debouchure of the Casiquiari, in this way. In
May, 1852, I found a small plot of ground in the forest covered
with plants of a delicate palm, a species of Geonoma, growing
about ten feet high. The plants were all females, and bore young
fruits. On revisiting the spot in the same month of the fol-
lowing year, I saw, to my astonishment, the very same plants
all bearing male flowers alone! But the mystery disappeared when,
on examination, I made out that male and female spadices must
have alternated all the way up the stem. Afterwards I found that
the same, or a similar alternation of function existed in many
other palms, and that plants exercising (pro fem.) the male func-
tion stood rarely far apart from others exercising the female
function. The following are the types of alternation that have
fallen under my notice :—

9 — d in Geonoma discolor and other species.
9 ~ 9 in G. paniculigera, chelidonura, &e.
d ~ 9d in Mazimiliana regia and some other palms.

It is quite possible that extended observation might disclose
the existence of all these modes of alternation in one and the
same species; and I suppose they must all be regarded as inter-

96 DR. R. SPRUCE ON EQUATORIAL-AMERICAN PALMS.

mediate steps towards that complete dioicity which many species of
palms have already attained.

It is easy to conceive how this change of function may operate
as a kind of repose to the plant, whose energies will be less severely
taxed when every alternate year (or season) it is relieved from
the burden of maturing the fruit.

In species that have (apparently) become permanently dioicous,
it is curious to note how the female flowers still stand singly, the
male flowers in pairs, on their respective spadices and stems, the
missing flowers of the opposite sex being sometimes indicated by
scars or by empty bracteoles. In Lepidocaryum the flowers are
distichous on the ramuli of the spadices, solitary in their recep-
tacles on the female plant, twin on the male.

From all this it is obvious that the specific characters that have
been drawn from the flowers standing by ones, twos, or threes, in
or on their receptacles, are absolutely null; for they merely indi-
cate sexual conditions, not specific differences.

§ 16. The Flowers of Palms were probably at first Bisexual.

That all palms (or, we might almost say, all plants) had in the
remote past bisexual flowers, and have ever been tending towards
a complete separation of the sexes, is highly probable; for the
multiplication of individuals leads to the division of labour, in the
processes of plant-life, as well as in those of men, bees, ants, and
other animals dwelling in communities.

That the flowers of palms were originally all bisexual and self-
fertilized, seems proved also by the existence of peculiarities of
organization calculated to facilitate the process, and (though now
become useless) still preserved, wholly or in part. The structure
of the male flowers of Geonoma is a case in point. The pistils in
these flowers (when present at all) are short and included; and
such I suppose to have been their primitive state. The stamens,
united below into a tube, have the free portion of the filament
folded in at the apex, so as to bring the anthers into contact with
the stigmas; and as the anthers burst by the effort the filament
makes to unfold itself, some of the pollen must necessarily remain
adhering to the stigmas. But the style having grown beyond the
stamen-tube in some flowers, the stigmas became exposed and
accessible to insects, by whose agency they would be more
thoroughly fertilized by the pollen of other flowers. The offspring
of the long-styled flowers, being more vigorous, would at length

DR. R. SPRUCE ON EQUATORIAL-AMERICAN PALMS. 97

supplant the original form; so that we now find in Geonoma an
effete ovary in the male flowers, a castrated stamen-tube in the
female flowers—neither of the two of any actual use, but remnants
of a structure which combined active organs of both sexes in the
same flower.

Some Eastern palms, especially among the Spathelliflore, are
said to have at this day truly hermaphrodite flowers. Among
American palms one finds in some species an occasional bisexual
flower with all the organs perfect; but it is a case of extreme
rarity. Even in Mauritia, where stamens are certainly present
in the fertile flower, they have always seemed to me emasculated.

Note 1. In the foregoing Introduction, and in the descriptions which follow,
it will be remarked that I speak always of the “leaves” of palms; for “ fronds”
they certainly are not, in the proper sense of that term, as applied to Ferns, to
some Hepatic, &c.

In describing the mode of division of the leaves I have distinguished (with
Martius) “pinnately cut " from “ pinnate,” as follows :—

Pinnatisecta, when a leaf is pinnately cloven down to the very rhachis in few
divisions, usually only three on a side, which are almost or quite as broad
at the base as at midway, and are inserted on a line parallel to the axis of
the leaf (verticalia),

Pinnata, when there are numerous distinct leaflets which are narrowed at the
base from being folded back on their own midrib (reduplicata), and are ob-
liquely inserted on the rhachis (seméverticalia).

Note 2. For the species already described I have invariably adopted the most
ancient name, and assigned it to its true author. The right of the author who
has first named a species, and either intelligibly described it or published intel-
ligible specimens of it, to have his name cited along with its name seems so in-
defeasible, that no number of botanical congresses, nor the practice of any indi-
vidual botanist, however eminent, can do away with it. So far as my own
names are concerned, I feel tolerably indifferent about their fate—the ownership
of a mere name is a possession of so very little value; but when I have seen (in
a late volume of the * Prodromus) a writer not only ignoring that I had ever
baptized any of the plants I had risked my life to gather, and coolly appropria-
ting my names as his own, but also (in other cases) calling my foundlings by
ugly names, and giving them bad characters, I confess to have felt a little of that
indignation which a parent might legitimately give way to when told that his
cherished offspring had been similarly ill-treated.

Note 3. The dimensions are given in French feet and inches, except where
otherwise specified ; and the miles spoken of are geographical.

LINN. PROC.—BOTANY, VOL. XI. H

98 DR. R. SPRUCE ON [ Geonoma.

Gronoma, Willd.

The humble but graceful palms composing this genus often
grow beneath te shade of the Mauritias, Attaleas, and other
lofty palms, and bear about the same relation to them as the
Hazels of our European woods do to the giant Oaks and other
cupuliferous trees about whose base they love to cluster; but they
grow also along with trees of all orders, and are not entirely ab-
sent from any class of forest, although perhaps less frequent in
deeply inundated woods; and in open plains they are never
found.

Many of the species afford excellent thatch, especially those of
the group “Tectorix,’” which have long simple forked leaves,
whereof the type is Œ. baculifera, a species abounding in damp
submaritime forests of Amazonia and Guayana. These leaves,
known as “ Ubim " to the dwellers on the Amazon, * Dimíti" on
the Casiquiari and Rio Negro, * Swallow-tail" to the English co-
lonists in Honduras, and by many other local appellations, are
usually fastened (to the number of eight or ten) on a lath, so as to
widely overlap each other, and thus form a sort of long shingle.
When exposed to atmospheric influences, they bleach almost white,
but do not shrivel or curl in the least; so that a roof thatched
with Ubím looks very neat, keeps out the rain perfectly, and lasts
a long time. The species of Geonoma with divided leaves are
known as * Ubim-rana," or False Ubím, and are rarely used as
thatch, although they occasionally serve for packing salt fish and
other products of the rivers and forests.

Walking-canes are often made of the stems, but they have the
defect of being rarely perfectly straight. I have never seen the
fruit of any species eaten, the mesocarp being thin and gritty, and
the kernel hard and tasteless ; but a species with edible fruit has
been found by Wendland in Central America.

All that I ean at present say of the geographical distribution
of the Geonome is that they abound in the forests of the plain all
the way from the northern to the southern tropic. In the Peru-
vian and Equatorial Andes they exist chiefly about the base of the
mountains, perhaps not climbing higher than 4000 feet; but in
the highlands of New Granada and Mexico there are species which
ascend to a much greater elevation.

Stems.—The stems arise from a subterraneous globose rhizome
that sends out stout horizontal roots, and usually reach a height

Geonoma. | EQUATORIAL-AMERICAN PALMS. 99

of from 6 to 10 feet, very rarely overpassing 15 feet, their thickness
being that of an ordinary walking-cane, or sometimes no greater
than that of a swan’s quill; and their smooth polished straw-co-
loured cuticle is marked with closely set rings (from 3 an inch to
4 inches apart). A few species are stemless : and their number is
perhaps fewer than is supposed ; for I have never gathered any
species which does not in its adult state rise above the ground
with a distinct caudex. The stems vary in leafiness even in the
same species. Characters drawn from the stems being either
leafy throughout or else only at the apex, and from the position
of the spadices, viz. arising from among the leaves or else below
the leaves, are utterly fallacious ; for they indicate in most cases
merely the age of the individual, and not any specifie difference.
Young plants grow more rapidly, and the lowest leaf does not fall
away until a good many succeeding ones have been developed;
but as the plants grow higher they add on rings and leaves more
and more slowly, and the older they are the fewer leaves do they
bear at one time, the contemporaneous leaves in adult plants
forming an apical crown exactly as in the larger palms. Neither
on the stems nor any other part of the plant do there exist prickles
or bristles of any kind; and even the pubescence of the young
leaves and spadices very rarely persists until maturity.
Leaves.—The leaves, in some species less than a foot long, in
others reach 6 feet or more. They are of thinnish but firm tex-
ture, and of a pleasant full green colour, which is mostly preserved
in the dried specimens. The petiole of the largest leaves rarely
exceeds from 1 to 2 feet; its sheathing base, a few inches long,
is strongly but obtusely keeled at the back, but in front is ten-
der and fibroso-membranous, soon breaking away after the evolu-
tion of the leaf. The lamina varies through all phases of division
(except that the pinn: are never cut at the slender acuminate
points), being either entire or pinnatisect with 3-5 (rarely
more) ligulate or rhomboidal pinne on each side, or pinnate
with from ten to forty pairs of pinnw. Where the leaves vary
from entire to pinnatisect in the same species, the pinnz or
laciniz are mostly of very unequal breadth and searcely ever oppo-
site; whereas in the species with normally pinnatisect leaves
that never become simple, the pinne are usually opposite and
subequal—although even in this case one or more of the pairs of
pinne may be broken up into two pairs, whereof the lower pair is

narrow and grassy, the number of veins in the whole leaf remain-
H2

100 DR. R. SPRUCE ON [ Geonoma.

ing unchanged. It is, in fact, on the number of the veins, rather
than on that of the lacinix or pinnz, and on the angle they form
with the costa or rhachis, that reliance is to be placed in discri-
minating the species, although further observation is needed to
determine between what limits these charaeters vary. The number
of primary veins is also that of vernation-folds. The secondary
veins, along which is the reentering angle of each fold, are often
indistinct on the upperside of the leaf; but on the underside they
are more prominent than the primary, and are there clad with a
deciduous tomentum, mostly ferruginous and scaly, but some-
times white and felty, being the only part of the leaf on which
pubescence of any kind exists, except the petiole, which is, when
young, more or less clad with the same kind of tomentum, and
only becomes bald with age.

Spadices.—The plants begin to flower when a few rings high ;
and thereafter every ring or axil in some species bears a spadix
in its turn; but in other species two or more rings intervene be-
tween the successive spadices ; and a unisexual spadix often alter-
nates with one bearing flowers of both sexes. In the stemless,
or apparently stemless, species both leaves and spadices are, or
seem to be, radical. The spadices vary in length from 2 or 3
inches to as many feet, and are usually suberect in flower, pendu-
lous in fruit. They are simple, on long stalks, in a few species
of peculiar aspect ; but in most of the species they are branched.
The ramification is never pinnate; usually it is irregularly pani-
culate, with a zigzag axis; and sometimes the crowded simple
parallel branches render the panicle scopeform, although far less
so than in the @nocarpi. No good or constant character can be
drawn from the branches being simple or again branched, although
in a few species the branching is tolerably true to one mode or
the other. The whole of the spadix is, when young, clad more or
less densely with very short, squarrose, and often crispate hairs,
but becomes denuded usually about the time of flowering, leaving
the cuticle rugose or shagreened. The branches are floriferous
from a little above the base, nearly or quite to the apex, the
flowers being contained in rather closely set deep alveoles, which
are oblong or ovate in outline, and have more or less of a rim
widening on the lower side into a sort of lip, whose form affords
one of the best specific characters. The alveoles are normally
uniflorous, the middle flower being 9, the two lateral (and more
precocious) flowers g; but sometimes all the alveoles on a spadix

Geonoma. | EQUATORIAL-AMERICAN PALMS. 101

contain but one flower each, and that one is 9, the lateral g
flowers being obsolete; and on other spadices only the two d
flowers of each alveole reach maturity, the included 9 flower re-
maining small and effete within the alveole. Spadices of these
two types often alternate on the same stem.

The various modes in which the alveoles are arranged on the
spadix afford characters for distinguishing the species. In many
Geonome they are set round the rhachis in 5, 6, or 8 longitudinal
rows; but it is scarcely correct to say, as has been said of most
species *, that the flowers are “ tri- plurifariam imbricati ; " for (1)
the alveoles and not the flowers are meant, and (2) they rarely
stand so closely as to actually imbricate each other, at least in
species hitherto described, although in my two new species, densi-
Jlora and personata, and in Wendland's congesta, they are in rea-
lity widely imbricated. These isostichous alveoles recall the
similarly disposed leaves of many Meteoria among mosses, and of
some Lycopodia.

Spathes.—Each spadix is at first included in two spathes, aad
emerges from them by bursting through their interior face, or,
more rarely, through one edge. The spathes are elongato-fusi-
form, in most cases a good deal flattened, and always ancipitous,
the edges being often dilated into wings; and in a few species
the dorsal edge of the outer spadix is replaced, especially near the
apex, by a pair of parallel keels or wings. They vary in length
from barely 2 inches in G. microspatha to a foot and a half in G.
undata, and are mostly of tender chaffy consistence, breaking up
lengthwise and falling away sometimes before the flowers are well
opened. In a few species the spathes are firmer and more endu-
ring ; and in nearly all cases perfect spathes (of spadices not yet
evolved) may be found in the upper axils of the growing stem,
although wanting to the flowering or fruiting spadices. They
are, when young, densely clad with ferruginous tomentum, which,
however, is easily rubbed off, and in age is usually quite ob-
literated.

Flowers.—Each alveole contains normally (as above said) three
flowers, a female between two males. The flowers (usually about
half-immersed) are trigonous and ovoid in the bud, and somewhat
oblique or gibbous. Their outer angle is obtuse, and the lateral
(inner) angles aeute, which arises from the outer sepal being

* Vide Kunth, Enumer. Plant. iii. pp. 229-234.

102 DR. R. SPRUCE ON [ Geonoma.

ecarinate, while the two lateral ones are sharply (or indeed alato-)
carinate ; so that of each g flower the face abutting on the included
9 flower is bounded by two sharp angles. The sepals are ovate
or oblong, slightly imbricated, and chaffy in texture. The corolla
is more coriaceous or cartilaginous, yellow or purple in colour,
nearly or quite twice the length of the calyx ; and the oval or lan-
ceolate valvate petals are united to about midway, being free for
a greater length in the d than in the 9 flower; and that is almost
the sole difference. The relative length of the calyx and corolla
in the male flower has been relied on as a character. I find it at
best of little importance ; and it ean only be accurately determined
in expanded flowers; for the corolla usually lengthens when
about to open, whereas the ealyx remains unchanged, so that their
proportions are rarely manifest in the flower-bud.

Both d and 9 flowers are subtended by two or more amorphous
chaffy bracteoles, truncate, erose, or lobed, and so short as never
to emerge from the alveole.

«The g flowers have six stamens, free from the corolla; but the
filaments are united for half their length into a trigonous tube,
and are, near the free apex, sharply folded down on themselves, the
short inflexed portion bearing two completely separated linear
anther-cells, at first deflexed and parallel, but ‘finally erecting
themselves, bursting lengthwise along their outer face, and then
becoming divergent or circinate, in which state they protrude from
the corolla. A small tripartite rudimentary pistil is sometimes
concealed within the tube.

In the 9 flowers the staminal tube is still present, but it is de-
stitute of anthers, and either ends abruptly in 3-6 short triangular
teeth, or is prolonged into 6 ligulate or finger-like processes
(anantherous filaments) which protrude beyond the corolla in a
stellate manner. This tube is in all the species equally broad from
base to summit ; but it is a common thing for small beetles to de-
posit an egg in the nascent ovary ; and as the larva develops, the
staminal tube swells below and becomes ovoid or lageniform.
Usually it breaks away at the very base, and is carried up, along
with the enclosed style, and finally thrown off by the growth of
the ovary; but sometimes it breaks off just above the base, leav-
ing the ovary seated in a small cup—although this is very rare,
and is not constant even in the same species.

The ovary is normally tricarpellary, the carpels being united only
at the very base and sending up a central style ; but much oftener

Geonoma. | EQUATORIAL-AMERICAN PALMS. 103

two of the carpels are obsolete; and then the style seems to spring
from the inner base of the remaining carpel, which contains a
solitary ovule. The style is trifid to about midway, the lobes
being recurved and stigmatose in their upper half along the inner
surface. In most species the stigmas barely emerge from the
staminal tube, but in a few they are considerably exserted.

Fruits.—The fruit is a small dry berry, of a globose or oval form,
rarely exceeding half an inch, and sometimes not more than a line
in length; and it is encompassed at the base by the persistent
floral envelopes. The thin cuticle is black when quite ripe, and
in drying becomes in some species longitudinally and closely rugu-
lose or interruptedly striate, but in other species tuberculate.
This arises in the former case from the thin mesocarp containing
a single layer of hard gritty lineari-fusiform fibres (?) alternating
in close but not quite continuous rows. In the tuberculate fruits
the fibres are globose or oblong, often knobby, and not unfre-
quently quite amorphous ; and they seem scattered without order
in the substance of the mesocarp. In some species (e. g. G. tu-
berculata) there is certainly present a thin hard dark-coloared
endocarp; but I am unable to connect it with any other peculi-
arity of structure. The testa is thin and membranous, and is
traversed nearly throughout its periphery by a circular band or
rhaphe, which in some species is simple and in others is somewhat
branched and reticulate. The albumen is corneous; and the
ovule is lateral, usually a very little above the hilum.

Obs.—This very natural genus is sufficiently distinguished from
all other genera of Palms by the long anther-cells being completely
separate, without any connective; and in very few other genera
are the spadices so deeply alveolate. The two sections into which
I divide Geonoma are characterized by the andreeceum or staminal
tube of the 9 flower being truncate in Hugeonoma, with three or
six short triangular teeth at the mouth ; whereas in Astrandreceum
it is prolonged into six broad finger-like filaments. The latter
group seems entirely confined to Amazonia and Guayana, and in-
cludes, besides the seven species gathered by myself, at least two of
Martius’s (multiflora and Spixiana), and one gathered by Schom-
burgk in Demerara, but the character derived from the andre-
ceum is not supported by any other, and the foliage seems to pass
through the same phases as in Eugeonoma. Even that character
is rather weakened by the andreceum in one of Wendland's
species (pumila) being 6-crenate, with occasionally one of the

104 DR. R. SPRUCE ON [ Geonoma.

crenatures a little elongated, indicating a transition from Fugeo-
noma to Astrandreceum; so that I do not consider the two sec-
tions at all equivalent to subgenera, but merely convenient ana-
lytieal aids to the determination of the species.

Some of the subordinate groups are natural enough—those for
instance which I have called Holospadices, Densiflore, and Verti-
cilliflore ; but most of the others can only be considered tentative,
to be abolished or modified when more abundant materials are
brought to their illustration.

I proceed to give a synopsis of all the species represented by
intelligible specimens in the Kew Herbarium. It is matter of
regret that so few of the species described by Martius exist there.
The fine Geonomas discovered by Wendland in Central America
are not always represented in the Kew Herbarium by specimens
perfect enough to enable one to classify them with certainty ; and
some of my own specimens are by no means so complete as might
be desired.

§ 1. Eugeonoma.

Tubus stamineus florum 9 ore breviter 6- vel 3-dentatus, raro
edentulus.

* Spathe anguste, 6-18-pollicares, ancipites, sepius compresse.
t Holospadices, spadicibus omnino simplicibus ; pedunculo elato, etiam
Jlorifero spathas plerumque superante.

1. G. ELEGANS, Mart. : foliis pinnatisectis, laciniis 3-4-jugis rhomboi-
deis longe acuminatis, alternis sepe angustioribus gramineis, venis
utrinque 19-23 acutiusculis; spadicibus pedalibus, alveolis 5-6-
stichis labio inferiore subintegro; spatha interiore dimidium pedun-
culum vix superante; floribus demum alte emersis, fl. g corolla calyce
vix longiore, fl. Ọ tubo stamineo ore dentibus 6 triangularibus in-
structo.— Hab. Brasilia (Gardn. 5645; Booz in hb. Hook.).—Certe
caulescens nec acaulis erit.

bo

. G. opovata, Wendl.: priori affinis, foliis tamen vel simplicibus vel
pinnatisectis ambitu obvato-cuneatis bifurcis ; spadicum alveolis 8-

stichis labio inferiore bifido.—Had. Americæ Centralis Costa Rica
( Wendl.).

3. G. CUNEATA, Wendl. : foliis plerumque simplicibus basi longe cune-
atis, venis peracutis ; spadicibus adspectu Aroideo, crassis, 16 pollices
longis, alveolis confertis in series 8-10 subtortas dispositis, labio infe-
riore late obcordato ; spathis linearibus compressis, fere G. baculifere,

interiore pedunculum subsuperante.—Hab. Amer. Centr. Costa Rica
( Wendl.).

Geonoma. | EQUATORIAL-AMERICAN PALMS. 105

4. Q. GRACILIS, Wendl. : folis e pinnis 3-jugis dissitis ligulatis gra-
mineis faleato-acuminatis, venis utrinque 15; spadicibus pedalibus
(pedunculo 8-pollicari incluso), tenuibus ; spathis teneris pedunculo
duplo brevioribus, alveolis parvis sub-5-stichis labio inferiore bifido.—
Hab, Amer. Centr. Costa Rica (Wendl.).—Facies graminis generis
Pariane potius quam Palme.

5. G. PROCUMBENS, Wendl. : foliis e pinnis 6-jugis 8-12-pollicaribus
ligulato-gramineis faleato-acuminatis, venis utrinque sub 20; spadi-
cibus crassis Aroideis fere bipedalibus, alveolis 8- vel etiam 10-stichis
labio inferiore ovato emarginato adscendente semiclausis; spathis
tubularibus ancipitibus sed vix compressis, exteriore 4-pollicari,
interiore duplo et ultra longiore—Hab. Amer. Centr. Costa Rica
( Wendl.).

[4 Gronoma ? PULCHRA ” (Wendl. in hb. Kew.), if I may judge
from the aged and incomplete specimen, is surely not of this
genus; for although the pinnatisect leaves, with four pairs of
long lanceolato-ligulate caudato-acuminate leaflets, are not unlike
those of some Geonomas, the spadices are more like those of an
Aroid or Cyclanth, having contiguous S-ranked open alveoles of a
long-hexagonal shape, without either rim or lip, containing the
scars (for they are empty) of one 9 and apparently several d
flowers. Wendland’s specimen is from Costa Rica *.]

tt Tectorie, foliis plerumque majusculis bifurcis basi longe cuneatis acuti-
venis simplicibus v. pinnatisectis (laciniis paucis inequilatis), rarissime
pinnatis; spathis tempore florum pedunculum equantibus v. subsuperanti-
bus; spadicibus ramosis.

a. Tectoriæ leptospathe, spathis teneris cito caducis,

6. Q. BACULIFERA, Pott. : foliis 3-4-pedalibus elongate cuneatis integris
v. pinnatisectis pluriveniis (venis utrinque sub 40 angulo costali circiter
209-259); spathis lineari-lanceolatis compressis semipedalibus; spadi-
cibus pedalibus, ramis 5-6 simplicibus, alveolis 6-8-stichis parvis con-
fertiusculis labio inferiore integro ; corolla florum g calycem paulo
excedente, tubo stamineo fl. 9 trigono-cylindraceo ore brevissime
6-dentato ; baccis ovalibus 4-linearibus grosse tuberculatis.— Z/ab. per
Amazoniam submaritimam et Guayanam, frequens.

7. G. MACROSPATHA, sp. n.: foliis fere prioris venis utrinque 45 ; spathis
linearibus, longissimis 15-pollicaribus; spadicibus fere bipedalibus,
alveolis 8-stichis labio inferiore integro.— Hab. ad fl. Casiquiari.

* To * Holospadices " belong also the following species described by Martius :
G. pycnostachys, stricta, acaulis, macrostachys and Poifeauana (all of Martius).

106 DR. R. SPRUCE ON [ Geonoma.

8. G. Martiana, Wendl.: G.baculiferc affinis, foliis tamen petiolisque
precipue brevioribus; spadicis ramis validioribus, alveolis parvis 6-
stichis labio inferiore integro recurvo, tubo stamineo floris Ẹ G. ba-
culifere.— Hab. in America Centrali.

9. G. PORTEANA, Wendl.: folis parvis vix bipedalibus simplicibus,
lamina perangusta 23 pollices lata basi brevicuneata, alis elongate
rhomboideis, venis utrinque solum 18; spathis iis G. baculifere si-
millimis; ramis spadicis 3, fere O-pollicaribus; floribus majusculis
dissitiuseulis, sepalis petalisque perangustis, tubo stamineo G. bacu-
lifere.— Hab. in regione fl. Amazonum loco ignoto.

10. Q. EDULIS, Wendl.: hujus loci videretur, licet specimen Kewense
folia non suppeditat, G. baculifere affinis erit ex alveolis parvis labio
inferiore patulo integro et baccis ovalibus obovatisve subacutis sub-
trilinearibus; differt ramis spadicis longissimis 9-12 pollices longis.—
Hab. Amer. Centr. Costa Rica.

ll. Q. wEMBRANACEA, Wendl.: foliis tenuissimis (rhachi tamen valida
subtus acutissime carinata) pinnatisectis, pinnis 6-7-jugis 6-9 pollices
longis ligulatis falcato-acuminatis, terminalibus prelatis rhomboideis,
venis plurimis; spadicibus tenuibus pallidis 14-pollicaribus, ramis
5 tenuissimis flexuosis 5-6-pollicaribus, alveolis subdissitis; floribus
parvis (in specimine nondum eyolutis).— Hab. Guatemala ( Wendl.).

12. G. HorrMaNNIANA, Wendl. : foliis pinnatisectis, laciniis gramineis,
duabus apicalibus solis latioribus rhomboideis, omnibus caudiformi-
acuminatis, venis plurimis angulo 25? subrectis ; spadicibus pedalibus
et longioribus, ramis 6 sat validis cinereis, alveolis parvis haud con-
fertis, tubo stamineo G. baculifere.—Hab. Amer. Centr. Costa Rica
( Wendl.).

13. Q. LixpENIANA, Wendl.: folis 3-pedalibus pinnatisectis, pinnis
sub-6-jugis ligulato-rhomboideis, inferioribus gramineis, supremis
latioribus, venis utrinque sub 27; spadicibus pedalibus ramos 10
validos 4-6-pollicares simplices v. infimos bifidos edentibus, alveolis
subconfertis labio inferiore adscendente late ovato integro; floribus

majusculis, tubo stamineo fl. 9 ore brevissime 6-dentato.—Hab.
Nova-Granata (Funk).

14. G. APPUNIANA, sp.n.: foliis magnis simplicibus (P) venis peracutis
(angulo 15°-18°) ; spathis....; spadicibus pedalibus et longioribus
bis divisis, ramis validiusculis, alveolis dissitiusculis labio inferiore
bifido; floribus magnis alte emersis, tubo stamineo fl. 9 G. bacu-
lifere.— Hab. Guayana Britannica (Appun., no. 1411 in Ab. Kewensi).
—Ad G. Lindenianam et verisimiliter ad G. undatam accedit; ab
hae venis multo acutioribus, ramis spadicis minus incrassatis, alveolis
haud confertis &c. abunde differt.

To this section belong two palms preserved in the Kew her-

Geonoma. | EQUATORIAL-AMERICAN PALMS. 107

barium under the name of * G. simplicifrons, Willd.” They do
not answer to their name, for the leaves are pinnatisect—nor to
the character assigned by Martius (Palm. 14, t. 8), especially as
to the leaves being attenuated at the base, whereas they are broadly
cuneate. Neither do the two exactly agree with each other, as
will be seen from the following brief descriptions :—

15. G. ?: foliis parvulis, pinnis bijugis late rhomboideis falcato-
acuminatis, venis utrinque 28, 7-8 pollices longis, angulo costali 45° ;
spadicibus 9-12-pollicaribus tenuiusculis ramos 3-5 simplices adscen-
dentes purpureo-badios proferentibus, alveolis 5-stichis (nonnunquam
obscure ternatim verticillatis) parvis labio inferiore integro raro de-
mum rupto nec rite bifido; spathis G. baculifere 5-6-pollicaribus
pedunculo subbrevioribus; floribus 9 anguste obovoideis, tubo sta-
mineo ore truncato obsolete 6-dentato.— Hab. Venezuela (E. Otto).

I5" G- ?: a priore differt (an specifice?) habitu firmiore, pinnis
3-jugis oppositis 9-pollicaribus fere rectis, venis utrinque 19 angulo
costali 40°; spadicibus 15-pollicaribus ramos 10 simplices subparal-
lelos validiores proferentibus ; fl. 9 tubo stam. ore 6-crenato.— Hab.
Nova Granata * woods at Pacho, near Bogotá " (Purdie).

b. Tectorize pachyspathee, spathis maximis robustis.

16. G. UNDATA, Klotsch : foliis pinnatisectis, pinnis 4—5-jugis pedalibus
et ultra, inferioribus ligulatis, supremis late rhomboideis, sensim
acuminatis subfalcatis, venis plurimis angulo costali 33? ; spadicibus
(ut videtur) maximis 3—4-pedalibus bis divisis ramulis validis 6-pol-
licaribus, alveolis subconfertis labio inferiore bifido patulo demum
recurvo laceroque ; spathis maximis, interiore fere sesquipedali fusi-
formi (arte explanata elongato- et subspathulato-lanceolata) coriacea
sed demum fibroso-dissoluta, exteriore fere dimidio breviore (expla-
nata longe ovato-lanceolata) fere lignea dorso bi- trisulca furfuraceo-
tomentella demum calvescente; floribus magnis trigono-pyriformibus
pachychlamydeis, d calyce corolla vix breviore, 9 tubo stam. cras-
sissimo ore truncato obsolete 6-dentato ; baccis magnit. fructus Pruni
spinose minoris ovalibus oblique apiculatis, siccando lineis elevatis
rugulosis.— Hab. in Andibus Meridensibus, ubi ad Coloniam Tovar
ista palma spectabilis abundare videtur (Linden, Moritz et Booth in
hb. Kew.)..

Ad Geonomas tectorias, et probabiliter ad pedem G. Appuniane,
valde dubitans (quum spathas nondum vidi) speciem sequentem
adscribo :—

17. G. DENSA, Wendl.: foliis pinnatis, pinnis 21-jugis 9-12-pollicari-

bus lineari-lanceolatis fere a basi ad apicem usque sensim angustatis
uni- triveniis plicatisque; spadicibus compositis (ramo unico mihi

108 DR. R. SPRUCE ON [ Geonoma.

viso 8-pollicari ramulos 5 validos proferente), alveolis dissitiusculis la-
bio inferiore bifido ; floribus magnis alte emersis fere squarrosis, tubo
stamineo fl. 9 truncato brevi-6-dentato.— Hab. Nova Granata (Funk).

G. magnifica, Linden, Eugeonome species videretur, sed e folio
solo viso nec dicere ausim.

** Microspathze, spathis parvis 2-4-pollicaribus pedunculo sepius multo bre-
vioribus firmiusculis, Folia pinnatisecta, raro pinnata, angulo costali
venarum lato (409-509). Spadices simpliciter ramosi vel sepius com-
positi, ramis tenuibus, alveolis parvis.

T Microspathe verticilliflorz, alveolis 2-4-natim verticillatis.

18. G. SCHOTTIANA, Mart. : foliis pinnatis, pinnis linearibus apice at-
tenuatis vix falcatis 3-plicatis; spadicibus bipedalibus, ramis præ-
longis 9-pollicaribus tenuibus flexuosis, inferioribus solis bifidis,
alveolis oppositis decussatis labio inferiore bifido; baccis ovalibus 4
lineas longis iis G. baculifere simillimis.— Hab. Brasilia (Gardn.
705 et 2969 in Ab. Hook.).—Alveolis decussatis quasi-tetrastichis facil-
lime recognoscenda.

19. G. pANICULIGERA, Mart.: foliis 31-pedalibus pinnatisectis, pinnis
3-jugis rhomboideo-acinaciformibus acumine tenui, vel 5-jugis alternis
angustis gramineis, basalibus fere sesquipedalibus, apicalibus sub-
dimidio brevioribus, venis utrinque 35 angulo costali 40°; spathis 23-
pollicaribus; spadicibus sesquipedalibus purpurascentibus bis divisis
paniculatis, ramulis tenuibus 9-pollicaribus puberulis villosulisve,
alveolis 3-4-natim verticillatis; baccis 2-3-linearibus globosis leviter
tuberculosis.— Hab. ad fl, Negro et (teste Martio) ad fl. Japura.

90. G. FLACCIDA, Wendl.: foliis pinnatisectis, pinnis sub 4-jugis 15-
pollicaribus, alternis rhomboideis acumine subfalcato, alternis grami-
neis, venis utrinque 24 angulo 35° rectiusculis; spadicibus 1-1j-pe-
dalibus panieulatis, ramis tenuibus semipedalibus, alveolis ternatim
verticillatis labio inferiore brevi ssepius integro; fl. 9 tubo stamineo
ore dentibus 6 triangularibus instructo.— Hab. Amer. Centralis Costa
Rica et Guatemala.—A. G. paniculigera segre distinguenda.

21. G. MICROSPATHA, sp. n. : foliis vix bipedalibus, pinnis 3-jugis pe-
dalibus subzequilatis, venis utrinque 26-29 angulo costali 40°-50° ;
spathis bipolliearibus pedunculo triplo brevioribus; spadicibus vix
pedalibus purpurascentibus ramos 7-11, 4i-pollicares, simplices v.
infimos bifidos proferentibus; baccis globosis ut in G. paniculigera.—
Hab. ad fl. Negro.—G. laxiflore (Mart. Palm. 12, t. 11) ulterius com-
paranda.

22. G. FENDLERIANA, sp.n.: a prioribus certe distare videtur pinnis
sepius bijugis vix semipedalibus, ramis spadicis solum 3 v. 4 cinereis
nec purpurascentibus, et precipue baccis obovato-globosis subacutis

Geonoma. | EQUATORI: L-AMERICAN PALMS. 109

lineis elevatis longitudinaliter rugosis nec tuberculosis.— Hab. Vene-
zuela (Fendl. no. 2407).—? An Gynestum deversum, Poit. in Mém.
du Mus. ix. 390, t. 3.

Tt Microspathe sparsifloree, alveolis sparsis 5-G6-stichis.

23. G. Saca, Griesb.: foliis pinnatisectis, pinnis 3-jugis subpedalibus
rhomboideo-lanceolatis falcato-acuminatis (vel plurijugis, inferioribus
gramineis), venis utrinque 28 angulo costali 459-50? ; spadicibus 1-2-
pedalibus bis ramosis paniculatis, ramis tenuibus 4—5-pollicaribus
pube densiore subpersistente villosulis, alveolis parvis labio inferiore
integro truncato; fl. 9 corolla usque ad medium fissa, tubo stamineo
ore obsolete dentato stylum sequante ; baccis ovali-globosis subacutis
2-3 lineas longis secus longitudinem rugulosis.— ZZa5. in insulis An-
tillanis (Dominica, Imray; Trinidad, Purdie).—Nescio quomodo ab
hae differat G. ozycarpa, Karst., quum spadicem solum floriferum (in
Trinidad à Crüger lectum) vidi.

24, Q. MExicANA, Liebm. : foliis pinnatisectis, pinnis 4-jugis 16-pollica-
ribus longe rhomboideo-lanceolatis falcato-acuminatis, alternis seepe
angustis gramineis, venis utrinque 38; spadicibus 15-pollicaribus bis
ramosis, ramulis 2—3-pollicaribus tenuiusculis pube subpersistente
sparsis, alveolis parvis 5-stichis labio inferiore truncato integro; flo-
ribus 9 angustis, corolla vix ultra 3 fissa, tubo stam. ore 3-dentato.—
Hab. Mexico (Liebm. in hb. Kew.).—G. Sage proxima, an revera
diversa ?

25. G. PuRDIEANA, sp.n.: G. Sage similis, pinnis tamen duplo longi-
oribus bipedalibus rhomboideis longe tenuiacuminatis pluriveniis;
spadicibus bis terve divisis, ramulis tenuibus pube breviore decidua,
alveolorum labio inferiore crassiore carnoso ; floribus vix semiemersis
tenuibus ; baccis minutis sesquilineam longis ovato-globosis acutis.—
Hab. Nova Granata ad Rio de la Hacha (Purdie, no. 259, in hb.
Hook.)**.

26. G. VERSIFORMIS, Wendl.: folis....; spadicibus 10-pollicaribus
patule ramosis, ramis infimis 3-fidis, cseteris (octo) simplicibus 4-6-
pollicaribus validiusculis, alveolis parvis subconfertis 6-stichis labio
inferiore adscendente bifido; fl. 9 fere immersis, corolla calyce vix
longiore, tubo stam. ore truncato obsolete 6-dentato. Hab. Amer.
Centralis Costa Rica ( Wendl. in hb. Kew. specim. spadicis sine foliis).

27. G. LoNaEvAGINATA, Wendl.: foliis (e specimine fragmentario)
majusculis pinnatisectis, pinnis 7-jugis ligulatis apice falcatis inzequi-
latis, latioribus pluriveniis; spadicibus sesquipedalibus (pedunculo

* I describe doubtfully this fine palm ; for the specimens appear to comprise

portions of two distinet species, the large woody spathe belonging probably to
G. undata, so that even the spadices may not be from the same plant as the
leaves.

110

DR. R. SPRUCE ON [ Geonoma.

brevissimo) subsimpliciter ramosis, ramis 2 infimis solis bifidis,
omnibus ramis 8-9-pollicaribus validiusculis, alveolis subconfertis
obscure 6-stichis parvis subtriangularibus labio inferiore adscendente
bifido ; floribus parvis turgide trigonis (omnibus quos vidi d ).— Hab.
Amer. Centralis Costa Rica.—An certe ad hanc sectionem pertinet ?

98. G. PUMILA, Wendl.: foliis parvis, pinnis 2-3-jugis 4-6-pollicaribus

rhomboideo-lanceolatis subovatisve acuminatis, venis utrinque 15;
spadicibus lO-pollicaribus fuscis ramos sex 5-pollicares edentibus,
alveolis parvis obscure 4—5-stichis labio inferiore bifido; fl. 9 tubo
stamineo ore oblique truncato 6-crenato.—Hab. Nova Granata

29. G. MICROSPADIX, Wendl. : foliis pinnatisectis, pinnis 3-jugis oppo-

sitis rhomboideo-acinaciformibus apice tenui falcato, venis utrinque
27, 7-8 pollices longis basi recurvis secus apicem incurvis; spadicibus
8-pollicaribus bis divisis, ramis inferioribus ramulos 5 curvulos 2-25
pollices longos proferentibus, alveolis parvis sub 5-stichis labio infe-
riore brevibifido; floribus parvis, 9 tubo stamineo ore obsolete dentato ;
baccis ovali-globosis 23 lineas longis—Hab. Amer. Centralis Costa
Rica.—Vix digna nomine ^ microspadix," si spadix in specimine
Kewensi (ex ipso auctore) revera ad folium pertineat.

30. G. FERRUGINEA, Wendl.: priori affinis; foliis majoribus, laciniis

caudato-acuminatis, venis utrinque 35 ; spadicum ramulis 3—4-polli-
caribus, alveolis 5-6-stichis; floribus 9 vix apice emersis, tubo
stamineo ore brevissime 3-dentato demum supra basin circumscisse
rupto.— ab. cum priore ( Wendl.).

31. G. PAUCIFLORA, Mart. (?): foliis pinnatis, pinnis 10-jugis 10-11

pollices longis lineari-lanceolatis falcato-acuminatis 2-3-veniis, angulo
costali venarum 40?; spadicibus 7-pollicaribus, ramis sub 4 simplici-
bus, alveolis obscure 5-stichis labio inferiore emarginato ; spathis
vix 4-pollicaribus ; baccis globosis pisum minus squantibus.— Hab.
Brasilia bor. ad fl. Negro (Spruce), etiam in provinciis Piauhy et
Maranhão (Martius).—Cum descriptione Martiana vix rite convenit.

32. G. HEXASTICHA, sp. n. : foliis 3-pedalibus pinnatis, pinnis 27-jugis

lineari-lancealatis faleato-acuminatis 4-5-plicato-venosis, mediis 14-
pollicaribus, apicalibus 7-pollicaribus, pinnis venisque angulo 60° e
rhachi extendentibus ; spadicibus vix pedalibus scopseformibus ramos
duodecim 4-6-pollicares puberulos simplices (infimis duobus solis
2~3-fidis) edentibus, alveolis subconfertis exacte 6-stichis labio inferi-
ore profunde emarginato; baccis oblongo-ovoideis 34 lineas longis.—
-Hab. Brasilia bor. ad fl. Negro.

33. G. DISCOLOR, sp. n.: foliis 3-pedalibus pinnatis, pinnis 16-29-jugis

13-15 pollices longis pollicem latis lineali-lanceolatis sensim: acumi-
natis subtus albidis, venis cujusque pinne 4-5 validis angulo costali

Geonoma. | EQUATORIAL-AMERICAN PALMS. 111

45° ; spadicibus pedem et ultra longis bis terve ramosis, alveolis....;
spathis parvis ovatis ancipitibus; fl. 9 tubo stamineo....—Hab. ad
flumen Amazonum prope fl. Tapajoz ostia.—Haud absque dubio ad
hane sectionem relata, quum spadices speciminum deviaverunt, et
notulas in planta viva valde incompletas solum feci.

§ 2. Astrandreceum.

Tubus stamineus florum 9 apice in lobos 6 ligulatos vel digitiformes
(filamenta ananthera) demum ultra corollam stellato-exsertos
fissus*.

* Folia simplicia bifurca.

34. G. CHELIDONURA, sp. n.: foliorum petiolo (rhachi inclusa) 9-polli-
cari, furcis lineari-rhomboideis acuminatis 13 x 1$-pollicaribus, venis
utrinque solum 10-18 rectiusculis angulo costali 30°; spadicibus 43-
pollicaribus simpliciter ramosis, ramis 3-7 tenuibus puberulis, alveolis
sub-5-stichis labio inferiore majusculo bilobo; spathis 13-2-pollica-
ribus teneris; fl. Ọ tubo stamineo coroll: æquilongo lobis 6 ligulato-
subulatis stellato-emersis ; baccis ovato-ovalibus subacutis 4-5 lineas
longis siccando obscure tuberculosis.—Hab. ad fluvios Casiquiari et
Uaupés.

35. G. AMBIGUA, sp. n. : foliis bifurcis, furcis 13x 2-pollicaribus rhom-
boideo-lanceolatis apice subfalcatis vix acuminatis, venis utrinque 9
angulo costali 30°; spadicibus 9-pollicaribus bis ramosis, ramulis
crassiusculis, alveolis sub-5-stichis labio inferiore erecto bilobo ; fl. 9
tubo stamineo ore digitiformi-lobato (?)—Hab. Guayana Britan.
(Appun. no. 566.).—Omnes quos examinavi flores jam semidestructi
fuerunt; tubus stamineus tamen fl. 2 ore digitifidus videbatur.
Folium unicum imperfectum aderat.

36. G. SCHOMBURGKIANA, sp. n.: foliis bifurcis, lamina 11-pollicari,
secus costam mensa, sed 16-pollicari ad furcarum apices usque,
latitudine majore 41-pollicari, longe obovato-cuneata bifurca, venis
utrinque 21 fere rectis angulo costali 20°; spadicibus subpedalibus
bis ramosis, ramulis patulis 3—4-pollicaribus tenuiusculis, alveolis
parvis subconfertis subdecussatis (unde tetrastichi evadunt), labio
inferiore profunde obcordato; floribus parvis altius emersis, 9 tubo
stamineo ore digitiformi-6-fido; stylo ultra tubum longe exserto,
stigmatibus recurvo-patulis; baccis ovalibus 23 lineas longis.— Hab.
Guayana Brit. (Schomburgk. no. 705 in herb. Bentham.)— G. chelido-

* Calyptronoma, Wendl. (= Eleis occidentalis, Sw.) cum Geonoma § Astran-
draceo tubo stamineo fl. 9 ore digitifido congruit; antheris tamen fl. d erectis
sagittatis, loculis connectivo subulato adnatis nec liberis, spadicibus sicco statu
l;vissimis, &c. bene genericeque differt.

112 DR. R, SPRUCE ON [ Geonoma.

nure subaffinis, et e foliis G. Porteane, sed maxime G. Spixiane
(Mart. Palm. 15. t. 15, 16), cui tamen sunt folia multo majora (4-
pedalia).

9k Folia pinnatisecta, pinnis oppositis 3-jugis subequalibus, v. interrupte
4—5-jugis.

T Densiflorse, alveolis 8-stichis in rhachides congestis revera imbricatis.

37. G. DENSIFLORA, sp. n.: foliis bipedalibus, pinnis pedalibus rhom-
boideo-lanceolatis acumine tenui, venis utrinque 28-30 angulo costali
40°; spadicibus 8-11-pollicaribus simpliciter ramosis, ramis 3-7 validis
33 pollices longis pube decisa validius rugulosis, alveolis densissimis
8-stichis labio inferiore profunde obcordato bifidove; fl. 2 tubo sta-
mineo ore digitato-lobato ; baccis ovalibus semipollicaribus tubercu-
losis.— ab. Brasilia bor. ad fl. Negro.

38. G. PERSONATA, sp. n. : foliis fere prioris ; ramis spadicis 3—5 crassis-
simis, alveolis 8-stichis labio inferiore magno late ovato obtuso retusove
fornicato; baccis paulo majoribus ovalibus ovoideisve.— Hab. cum
priore.

39. G. CONGESTA, Wendl.: prioribus affinis videtur, folia tamen non
habui, et e floribus in specimine jam semidestructis non certe ad
eandem sectionem referenda. Constat specimen Kewense spadice
9-pollicari, ramis crassis 3—4-pollicaribus inferioribus bifidis, alveolis
labio inferiore erecto profunde emarginato, floribus squarrosis vetustis
genitalibus omnino orbatis.—Hab. Amer. Centralis Costa Rica
(Wendl.).

40. G. ASPIDIIFOLIA, sp. n. : foliis parvis 15-pollicaribus, pinnis 3-jugis
rhomboideo-acinaciformibus acumine filiformi, venis utrinque 20 bis
flexis medio fere squarrosis; spadicibus parvis 33-pollicaribus ramos
tres simplices validiusculos fulvos edentibus, alveolis obscure 5-stichis
labio inferiore brevissime emarginato; spathis fere bipollicaribus
firmiusculis; fl. 3 filamentis apice bicruribus, fl. 9 tubo stamineo ore
profunde 6-fido.— Hab. ad fl. Tarumá in flumen Negro defluentem.

41. G. TUBERCULATA, sp. n.: priori affinis, minor; foliis vix pedalibus,
pinnis bijugis, venis utrinque 12 solum; spadicibus tamen majoribus
7-pollicaribus, ramis 5-6, alveolis labio inferiore emarginato v.
breviter bifido ; spathis 3-pollicaribus; floribus....; baccis globosis
magn. pisi minoris siccando grosse tuberculosis. Hab. ad fl. Negro.

*** Folia pinnata.

42, Q. PARAENSIS, sp. n.: foliis pinnatis; pinnis sub 11-jugis 14x l-
pollicaribus elongato-lanceolatis acumine tenui planiusculis sub 5-
veniis, angulo venarum 70? ; spadicibus bis ramosis, ramulis 7 -polli-
caribus, alveolis dissitis obscure 5-stichis labio inferiore perangusto

Geonoma;* EQUATORIAL-AMERICAN PALMS. 118

semiannulari emarginato; fl. d loculis antherarum prelongis, fl. 9
tubo stamineo ore digitato-6-fido. — ab. ad flum. Amazonum
prope Pará. —G. multiflore (Mart. Palm. 7, t. 4-6) affinis, cui tamen
sunt alveoli laxiusculi nonnunquam tristichi. Probabiliter varietas
erit.

43. G. NEGRENSIS, sp. n. : foliis 3-pedalibus pinnatis; pinnis 20-jugis
133 pollices longis lineari-lanceolatis longe sensim acuminatis, venis
cujusque pinnz 4-7 validis, angulo costali 65°-70°; spadicibus
semipedalibus simpliciter ramosis ; ramis 5, 31-pollicaribus, alveolis
obscure 5-stichis confertiusculis labio inferiore patulo profunde
bifido; fl. 9 tubo stamineo apice digitato-6-fido— Hab. ad fl.
Negro.

Deseriptiones specierum ab ipso auctore lectarum *.

6. G. BACULIFERA, Pott. in Mém. du Mus. ix. 389, t. 2.

Hab. Guiana Gallica (Poiteau ; Sagot, no. 815 in hb. Kew.) ; in sylvis
secus fl. Amazonum ostia et urbem Pará frequens, nomine “ Ubim"
Brasiliensibus cognita (Spruce, hb. Palm. 71).

Caudex tenuis arundinaceus 5-10-pedalis, raro vix ullus.

Folia fere 4-pedalia (stipite 10-pollicari incluso) elongate cuneata
apice bifurca, simplicia vel rarius pinnatisecta ; alis 6 pollices latis
tenuicuspidatis ; vents utrinque 42-nis, 14-15 pollices longis, angulum
25°-28° cum costa efformantibus, rectis superne leniter incurvan-
tibus.

Spadicis simpliciter ramosi pedunculus tempore florum spathis omnino
velatus, vix semipedalis, fructu maturato tamen fere duplo longior;
rami sex, 5-6-pollicares, ecaudati. Spathe 6 pollices longæ, semun-
ciam latze, lineari-lanceolatz, compresse ; exterior anceps, acie dorsali
secus apicem szpius bialata; interior ultra exteriorem subprotrusa.

Flores solitarii vel 2-3-ni in eodem spadice, obscure 6-8-stichi; alveoli
parvuli labio inferiore integro truncato vel brevissime triangulari. Fl
d calyx corolla subbrevio; stamina vix ad medium usque coalita,
filamentis apice brevissime bicruribus. FV. 9 tubus stamineus carnosus
trigono-prismaticus ore brevissime 6-dentatus, florum abortivorum
nonnunquam inordinate elongatus subclavatus. Bacce ovales 4x 3i-
lineares, grosse tuberculose.

Var. l. Folia pinnatisecta, laciniis bijugis, venis utrinque sub-40-nis
15 pollices longis angulo directionis 28^. Flores 6-stichi.— Hab. cum
forma normali (S. hb. Palm. 71 A).

Var. 2. Folia pinnatisecta, laciniis 4-jugis, alternis latis loriformibus,
alternis angustis gramineis, venis 20-pollicaribus angulo 237-25".
Spathe longitudinem 9} pollicum attingunt. Flores obscure 8-stichi.
— Hab. ad Pará cum forma normali (S. Ab. Palm. 71 B).

Var. 3. Folia 38 pollices longa, simplicia vel semel bisve pinnatisecta,

* The species are numbered as in the foregoing Conspectus.
LINN. PROC.—BOTANY, VOL. XI. I

114 DR. R. SPRUCE ON [ Geonoma.

venis acutioribus (angulo 17°-20°) rectis apice solo incurvis. Spathe
anguste fere lineares, 7 pollices longæ, ancipiti-bialatz. ^— Spadix
ramis 5 tenuibus 4—5-pollicaribus. Flores 6-8-stichi parvi (nondum
aperti).— Hab. in sylvis fl. Uaupés (S. hb. Palm. 72).

7. G. MACROSPATHA, sp. n.

Hab. per totum fl. Casiquiari superiorem (supra fl. Siapa ostia), gregaria
in sylvis primeevis, “ Dimíti" Indorum Barré dicta (S. hb. Palm. 42).

Caudex 8—12-pedalis robustus plerumque erectus.

Folia 4-pedalia et majora (stipite 10-pollicari incluso), simplicia, basi
anguste cuneata, apice bifurca tenuicuspidata ; venis utrinque 45-nis,
15 v. 16 pollices longis, angulum 207-25? cum costa efformantibus,
alternis subtus tomentellis mox glabratis.

Spadicis stipes spathas paulo excedens ; rami 6, simplices, 8-pollicares,
robusti, apice sterili breviter caudati. Spathe longissime, exterior
15x $-pollicaris, interior paulo brevior pro spadicis emissione ab apice
ultra medium fissa; ambæ spathee lineares ancipites forma fere Iridis
foliorum, ferrugineo-tomentelle, mox calvee.

Flores subsparsi obscure 8-stichi solitarii binive ; alveoli cordati labio
inferiore apiculato vel brevissime triangulari. Fl. g calyx corolla
parum brevior, sepalis subimbricatis oblique ovatis concavis carinatis
inter se inequilatis. Corolla 3-partita, laciniis ovato-ovalibus valvatis
apice subcucullatis. Stamina basi in columnam brevem coalita ; `
anthere loculis estipitatis.—77. 9 G. baculifere.

19. G. PANICULIGERA, Mart. Palm. 11, t. 10.

Hab. Brasilia bor. in sylvis humidis ad fl. Negro cataractas (S. hb.
Palm. 32); etiam ad fl. Japurá (Martius).

Caudex 12-15-pedalis, diametro $-pollicari, erectus vel inclinatus.

Folia plurima (15-20 vel etiam 30) contemporanea, 3}-pedalia; petiolus
15-pollicaris, supra profunde canaliculatus, subtus carinato-convexus,
ferrugineo-leprosus demum calvus ; lamina 27-pollicaris (secus costam
mensa) apice furcata, varie pinnatisecta, szepius pinnis 3-jugis latiu-
sculis rhomboideo-acinaciformibus attenuato-acuminatis, cum jugis
duobus pinnarum angustiorum graminearum interpositis constans ;
vene utrinque 35 rectiuscule basi paulo apice magis curvate, angulo
costali 40°, basales 173 pollices longs, medize 14 pollices, apicales 93
pollices longze.

Spadices infra frondes oriundi (spadice Q cum d v. polygamo sepe
alternante), purpureo-badii, 12-20-pollicares (peduneuio 4-pollicari
inferne compresso, bracteis 6 eirciter semiannularibus stipato incluso),
compositi, ramis inferioribus ramulos 3-5 proferentibus, omnibus
ramulis subequilongis 9-uncialibus tenuibus sparse puberulis fere ad
apicem usque floriferis ; alveoli 3-4-natim verticillati rarius sparsi.
Spathe parvæ 25-pollicares oblongo-obovatz compressie, apice ven-
tricossg ancipites, dense ferrugineo-tomentelle, pro spadicis emis-
sione antice rimosæ et posthac caduce.

Geonoma. | EQUATORIAL-AMERICAN PALMS. 115

Flores d : sepala subimbricata, inter se subineequalia, oblonga obtusa
carinata cucullata, dorso apicis puberula ; petala subdimidio longiora,
vix ad medium usque coalita, supra medium conspicue venosa, apice
obtuso incrassato ; staminorum filamenta ad medium usque in tubum
trigonum interne 6-suleatum concreta, apice in filamentula duo intro-
flexa antherarum loculis subbreviora fissa; ovarii rudimentum stylos
3 breves gerens.

Flores 9 masculis subbreviores; calyr maris; petala ultra medium
coalita ; tubus stamineus corolla subbrevior carnosus, ore breviter 6-
dentatus, demum ovario crescendo basi secedens et cum stylo deciduus ;
ovarium monocarpellare (ceteris duobus carpellis obsoletis) ; stylus
e basi interna oriundus supra medium trifidus, lobis recurvis dimidio
superiore intus stigmatosis.

Bacce globose diametro 2—3-lineares nigre leviuscule ; pericarpium
siccum crustaceum leniter tuberculosum ; testa tenuissima per totam
fere peripheriam rhaphis vasibus percursa ; albumen corneum ; embryo
paulo supra hilum lateralis.

Obs.—I have little doubt that I am correct in referring this
palm to Martius’s Geonoma paniculigera, although he describes it
“paniculis hirtulis," adding * variat spadicibus villo multo magis
conspieuo hirtis;" while my specimens have no more than the
short squarrose pubescence usual in the genus, which falls away
as the fruit advances to maturity ; and there is the same pubescence
on Wendland’s specimen of his G. flaccida, which is scarcely
distinguishable as a species.

Young and luxuriant plants are sometimes leafy from the very
base, but adult ones only towards the apex.

Not every leaf-axil puts forth a spadix. It is usual to see two
flowering spadices at a time on a plant, with from one to three inter-
vening flowerless rings; below these the spadix of the preceding
year often persists, and still retains a few fruits. None of the
spadices is fully developed until the leaf has fallen from whose
axil it arises.

A spadix with all the flowers 9 and the alveoles uniflorous
usually alternates with another which has both 9 and d flowers
in triflorous alveoles.

The staminal tube of the 9 flowers secedes at the base as the
ovary swells, and finally falls off, carrying the style or stigmas
along with it; or more rarely it is circumscissile just above the
base, which persists as a shallow membranous cupule to the
fruit.

12

116 DR. R. SPRUCE ON [ Geonoma.

21. G. MICROSPATHA, sp. n.

Hab. in monte granitico secus fl. Negro cataractas, ubi alt. 1200 pedum
gregarie et copiose viget (S. hb. Palm. 28).

Caudex 5-10-pedalis tenuis erectus subflexuosus.

Folia pauca contemporanea pinnatisecta ; petiolus 6-pollicaris ; lamina
15-pollicaris secus costam mensa; pinnæ 3-juge opposite, rhomboi-
deo-acinaciformes acumine tenui; ven: primarie utrinque 26-29,
angulo costali 40°-50°.

Spadices inter folia oriundi ll-pollicares sepe subpenduli paniculati ;
pedunculus teres flexuosus ; rami polystichi 7-11, infimis plerumque
bifidis, ezeteris simplicibus tenuibus 4—43-pollicaribus; alveoli parvi,
labio inferiore prominulo truncato integro. Spathe parvee pedunculo
triplo breviores, compresse papyraces ; exterior bipollicaris, dorso
bialata, antice ala unica subapicali instructa ; interior subminor dorso
unicarinata.

Flores parvi: d? sepala eroso-fimbriata ; corolla duplo longior ad medium
usque 3-fida. FI. 9 masculis subconformes, corolla tamen breviore;
tubus stamineus trigonus ore 6-dentatus -sinuatusve. Bacce globose
fere G. paniculigere.

Var. Pactmonensts (Spruce, hb. Palm. 41) cum typo convenit, spadice
simpliciter ramoso excepto. Folia subminora venis utrinque 23 v. 24.
Bacce minores.— Hab. ad confluentiam fluviorum Pacimoni et Casi-
quiari,

31. G. PAUCIFLORA, Mart. Palm. 12, t. 12.

Hab. in sylvis fl. Negro prope urbem Manaos (S. hb. Palm. 16); etiam
“in sylvis provinciarum Piauhiensis et Maranhiensis, locis udis"
(Mart. l. c.).

Caudex 15-pedalis tenuis, diametro 31 i-lineari, ligno duro, annulis
confertis (sesquipollice sejunctis).

Folia plurima contemporanea 3-pedalia pinnata; pinne sub 10-juge
10-11 pollices longs, lineas 5 late, spatio 10 linearum disjunctz,
lineari-lanceolatz falcato-acuminate, basi reduplicate, 2—3-venis,
venis angulo 40? e costa extendentibus.

Spadices 7-pollicares simpliciter ramosi; rami sub 4 tenues, 3-3}-polli-
cares; alveoli sparsi obscure 5-stichi; labio inferiore emarginato
bifidove. Spathe ancipites 32-pollicares lineari-lanceolate.

Flores 9: e reliquiis semidestructis tubus stamineus ore truncatus
obsolete 6-dentatus videretur. Bacce globose pisum minorem
tequantes.

32. G. HEXASTICHA, sp. n.

Hab. ad fl. Negro cataractas in iti recentioribus (S. Ab. Palm. 29).

Caudex mihi haud visus,

Folia sub-3-pedalia pifinata ; pinne 27-juge, basi subreduplicatze, inter-
spatiis angustiores, lineari-lanceolate falcato-acuminate, 4—5-plicato-
venose, medi 14-pollicares, apicales 7-pollicares, angulo 60° e rhachi
extendentes.

Geonoma. | EQUATORIAL-AMERIOAN PALMS. 117

Spadices 11-pollicares, subcorymbose ramosi vel scopæformes; pedun-
culus 5-pollicaris compressus basi dilatato-amplexans ; rami 11-12,
4—6-pollicares, tenues, puberuli, infimi bi- trifidi, cæteri simplices,
apice sterili caudati ; alveoli subconferti exacte hexastichi, 1-3-flori,
labio inferiore brevi profunde emarginato, superiore semicirculari.
Spathe..,.

Flores 3 : sepala vix imbricata angustiuscula obliqua valde inzequilatera ;
petala fere duplo longiora, valvata, lanceolato-oblonga subobtusa,
striata. Fl. 9 : tubus stamineus trigonus ore breviter 6-dentatus ;
ovarium solitarium ovale; stylus basalis, supra tubum stamineum
in stigmata tria divisus. Bacee oblongo-ovoides subgibbe 32x 2-
lineares.

33. G. DISCOLOR, sp. n.

Hab. in sylvis ad fluminum Tapajoz et Amazonum confluentiam (Spruce,
hb. Palm. 36; 30 ad Mus. Kewense).

Caudex 6-pedalis crebre annulatus.

Folia 9-pedalia et longiora pinnata; pinne 16-22-jugex, 13-15 pollices
longs, pollicem late, lineali-lanceolatz sensim acuminatie, basi
reduplicate, medio subcontigue, supra pallide virides, subtus albe-
scentes, venis 4 v. 5 validis angulo 45? tendentibus percurse ; petiolus
validus supra profunde canaliculatus.

Spadices infra folia oriundi, plerumque 9 et d in eodem caule alter-
nantes, patuli, pedales et longiores, bis terve compositi, ramis flavidis ;
alveoli ..... Spathe parv: ovatee ancipites antice apertæ cymbiformi-
concava, stuppa badia vestite demum calvee.

Flores 3: sepala cucullata; petala fere duplo longiora pluricostata ;
staminum filamenta basi in tubum coalita; antherarum loculi intro-
flexi per anthesin patuli divergentes. Fl 9....

34. G. CHELIDONURA, Sp. n.

Hab. in sylvis humidis vel etiam inundatis fl. Uaupés et Casiquiari (S.
hb. Palm. 43 et 73).

Caudices 5-12-pedales, tenues, diametro 2—3-lineari, flexuosi, plures (ut
videretur) ex eodem rhizomate orti.

Folia simplicia bifida; petiolus 63-pollicaris, basi alte obtuse carinatus ;
lamina vix 3-pollicaris (secus costam mensa), furcis duabus constans
lineari-rhomboideis acuminatis 13 x 1}-pollicaribus ; venis utrinque
solum 11-13, angulum 22°-37° cum costa efformantibus, fere ad apicem
usque rectis.

Spadices 43-pollicares, simpliciter ramosi, adscendentes, alternis sæpe 9,
alternis 9 g; pedunculus 2-pollicaris; rami 3-7, 2-23 pollices longi
tenues setuloso-puberuli, mutici vel caudati; alveoli sub-5-stichi,
labio inferiore majusculo bilobo. Spathe 1}-2-pollicares, cito disso-
lutze.

Flores parvuli semiimmersi: d calyx corolla fere dimidio brevior

118 DR. R. SPRUCE ON [ Geonoma.

petala plus minus alte connata ; stamina exserta ; pistilli rudimentum
carnosum. Fil. Q tubus stamineus corolle szquilongus, processibus
6 ligulato-subulatis stellato-emersis terminatus ; stylus corolla duplo
longior stigmatibus recurvis. Bacce ovato-ovales subacute, 4-5
lineas long, siccando obscure tuberculose.

Obs. —Specimina sub no, 73, ad fluvium Casiquiari lecta cum iis
fluvii Uaupés (no. 44) satis conveniunt. Ven: tamen foliorum
pauciores, sub 10, peracutze, angulo costali szepe 22? haud excedente.
Spathz et spadices longiores, hi fere 6-pollicares ; ramis spadicis
9 caudatis, spadicis 9 d muticis.

97. G. DENSIFLORA, sp. n.

Hab. in sylvis secus cataractas fluvii Negro, precipue in montibus

graniticis Sti. Gabrielis (Spruce hb. Palm. 30, 33.).

Caudex 6-8-pedalis erectus tenuis, diametro 4-lineari, annulis confertis
spatio semipollicis sejunctis.

Folia 9 circiter contemporanea, pinnatisecta, 25 pollices longa (petiolo
pedali incluso) ; pinne 8-juge rhomboidee sublanceolatz tenuiacumi-
nate, infimis angustioribus; vene primariæ utrinque 28, 11 pollices
longze, angulum 40° cum rhachi efformantes, venulis (inter quamque
venam primariam et alternantem secundariam) suboctonis.

Spadices floriferi erecti, fructiferi penduli, 83-pollicares, simpliciter
ramosi; pedunculus tripollicaris compressus decidue puberulus; ram?
3 validi 33-pollicares mutici grosse tuberculosi; alveoli densissime
imbricati, 8-stichi, labio inferiore profunde obcordato bifidove.
Spathe fere 3-pollicares ancipites, petiolorum basibus vaginantibus
fere celatze, mox dissolute.

Flores in alveolis 1-3-ni purpurei: d petala sepalis duplo longiora
anguste lanceolata striata; staminum filamenta ad medium usque in
tubum trigonum coalita, antherz loculis estipitatis. Fl. 9 corolla
calyce vix longior; tubus stamineus ore in lobos 6 digitiformes
demum stellato-exsertos fissus. Bacce ovales 1x $-pollicares, tu-
berculosze,

Var. MONTICOLA, luxurians, vel potius species propria : caudice robusto
8 lineas lato remote annulato (spatiis interannularibus 3—4-pollicari-
bus); foliis maximis, pinnis nonnunquam interrupte 4-5-jugis, venis
utrinque 29-30 et laciniis 20 pollices longis; spadice 11-unciali ramos
7 proferente.— Hab. secus cataractas fl. Negro in vertice montis
“ Serra de São Gabriel" dicti (S. Ab. Palm. 33).

38. G. PERSONATA, sp. n.

Hab. Adcataractas fluvii Negro, socia G. densiflora (S. hb. Palm. 34).

Palma altitudine prioris; annulis confertis ; foliis simili modo pinnati-
sectis, pinnis 3-jugis pedalibus rhomboideo-loriformibus faleato-

acuminatis, vel 4-jugis pinnis alternis angustioribus, venis utrin-
que 26.

Geonoma. | EQUATORIAL-AMERICAN PALMS. 119

Spadices 9-pollicares simpliciter ramosi, ramis 3—5, longitudine 4—5 pol-
licum, crassissimis ; alveoli densissimi 8-stichi, labio inferiore magno
late ovato obtuso retusove fornicato ringente (unde florem persona-
tum simulant).

Flores iis G. densiflore fere omnino conformes. Bacce 7 x5-lineares
ovales vel ovoidez mutice ; pericarpio sicco fere lineam crasso ; al-
bumine seminis corneo, embryone paulo supra ejus basin laterali
elongato minute tuberculoso.

Obs.— Distinguishable from the preceding, even when growing,
by the longer thicker branches of the spadix ; but the essential
difference is in the large ovate (not obcordate) lip of the alveoles.
The resemblance ofthe alveole to a labiate or personate corolla
is enhanced by the floral envelopes of effete flowers persisting
within the cavity, and protruding so as to resemble a pendulous
lip, opposite to which the true lip of the alveole overarches like a
galea.

40. G. ASPIDIIFOLIA, sp. n.

Hab. in sylvis fluvii Tarumá fl. Negro defluentis (Spruce, herb. Palm.
79).

Caudex 3-pedalis, tenuis, diametro Arundinis culmi, fuscescens.

Folia parva pinnatisecta ; petiolus tenuis 8-pollicaris ; lamina 6-7-polli-
caris (secus costam mensa); pinne 3-jugs opposite rhomboideo-
acinaciformes acumine filiformi, terminales duplo longiores; vence
primaric utrinque 20, 4-6 pollices longs», basi angulo acuto in costam
decurrentes, medio tam recurve ut angulum rectum cum costa effor-
ment, apice iterum incurvee.

Spadices infra frondes oriundi, parvi, simpliciter ramosi, suberecti; pe-
dunculus 11-pollicaris spathis velatus apice trifidus, ramis 2-23-polli-
caribus sat validis rufescentibus ; alveoli obscure 5-stichi, subrotundi,
labio inferiore brevissime emarginato. Spathe li-pollicares, fusi-
formes, pro genere firm:e et diutius persistentes, dorso carinatz,
ventre rimose.

Flores lati, ante anthesin ovato- vel subgloboso-trigoni. FI. g: petala
sepalis fere duplo longiora, plus minus alte connata ; filamenta sta-
minum ad medium usque coalita, apice bicrura, cruribus introflexis
antherarum loculis zequilongis. Fl. 9: tubus stamineus profunde 6-
fidus, lobis digitiformibus. Bacce......

4l. G. TUBERCULATA, Sp. n.

Hab. in sylvis ripariis fl, Negro secus ejus ostia (Spruce, herb. Palm.
18).

Cadet. oi.: tenuis virescens, diametro 3-lineari.

Folia 4 vel 5 contemporanea, parva (10-12-pollicaria), pinnati-
secta; pinne bijugæ rhomboideo-acinaciformes, abrupte tenuiacumi-

120 DR. R. SPRUCE ON [ Geonoma.

nat», termiminales 6X2-pollicares; vene primarie utrinque 12
solum.

Spadices 7-pollicares simpliciter ramosi; pedunculus tenuis 33-polli-
caris; rami 5 v. 6, bipollicares ; alveoli obscure 5-stichi, labio infe-
riore emarginato vel breviter bifido. Spathe 3-pollicares, lanceolate,
cito lacerz, tametsi diutius persistentes.

WE I Issues ; 9 calyx corollam fere æquans. Bacce globose
magnitudine pisi minoris, in sicco grosse tuberculate ; epicarpium
tenue sicciusculum ; endocarpium tenue osseum. Seminis testa mem-
branacea, tenuissima, vasibus rhaphis ad dimidiam peripheriam et
ultra percursa ; embryo hilo proximus.

42, G. PARAENSIS, sp. n.

Hab. in sylvis flum. Amazonum prope Para (Spruce, hb. Palm. 69).

Caudet: euer

Folia pinnata; pinne sub-ll-jugw latiuscule (14x 1l-pollieares) dis-
site, elongato-lanceolatz acumine tenui, planiuscule, basi parum re-
duplicate, sub-5-venie, terminales pluriveniz, venis angulo 70° ten-
dentibus.

Spadix imperfectus mihi aderat, et utrum simpliciter ramosus, anne
potius ramis trifidis paniculatus, e specimine non licet dicere. Rami
(ramulive?) elongati 7-pollicares, puberuli mox calvi; alveoli ob-
scure 5-stichi, labio inferiore limbo semiannulari perangusto emargi-
nato constante.

Flores parvi: d calyx corolla fere dimidio brevior; antherarum loculi
et filamenta przlonga. Fl. 9 androeceum ore digitato-sexfidum.

43. G. NEGRENSIS, sp. n.

Hab. in sylvis precipue humilioribus secus fluviorum Negro et Casi-
quiari confluentiam (Spruce, hb. Palm. 70).

Caudex 8-pedalis, diametro semipollicari.

Folia sub 7 contemporanea 3-pedalia pinnata; petiolus vix pedalis ad
basin precipue stuppa albida dense vestitus serius denudatus; pinne
20-jugze, dissitze, 13 pollices longs, semipollicem latæ, lineari-lan-
ceolate, basi parum angustate et reduplicate, apice longe sensim
acuminate, valide 4-7-venis, venis angulum 657-70? cum costa
efformantibus.

Spadices vix semipedales simpliciter ramosi; rami 5, 31-pollicares, flex-
uosi setuloso-puberuli; alveoli obscure 6-stichi confertiusculi, labio
inferiore profunde bifido patulo. Spathe sub-4-pollicares peduncu-
lum vaginantes et intra petioli basin validam amplexicaulem abscon-
ditze, firmze, demum lacerze.

Flores in alveolis 2-3-ni. Fl. d petala calycem subduplo superantia ad
medium usque coalita ; styli 3 steriles brevissimi in floris fundo. Fl
9 andra:ceum apice digitiformi 6-fidum.

Nunnezharia.| ^ EQUATORIAL-AMERICAN PALMS. 121

NUNNEZHARLA, R. e£ Pav. (1794).
Chameedorea, Willd. (1803).

This genus, although placed so far apart from Geonoma in the
arrangement of Kunth, is plainly its near ally. The slim graceful
habit is the same ; and so is the essential character of the tripar-
tite ovary, the two minute, abortive, and indurated earpels per-
sisting at the base of the ripened fertile carpel, as they sometimes
do in Geonoma. The differences, however, are numerous and
important, viz. rhachis exalveolate, inflorescence dioicous, calyx
gamophyllous, anther-cells connate, andreceum wanting to 9
flowers, berries with polished cuticle, &c.

I gathered but one species, certainly referable to Nunnezharia,
viz. the N. fragrans of Ruiz and Pavon, which is widely distributed
along the eastern roots of the Peruvian Andes, having been
gathered by those authors in the space between the rivers Hual-
laga and Ucayali, and by myself on the western side of the Hual-
laga, in the hills of Tarapoto, at an elevation of 2000 to 3000 feet.
There it forms large beds under the tall trees, and perfumes the
forest far and wide, with its orange-coloured male flowers, all
through the latter half of the year, but especially in the month of
August. The Peruvian girls, who call it * Sangapilla," stick it in
their hair, put it under their pillows, and use it largely in decora-
ting the little crosses which they set up atthe junction of forest-
paths. My specimens, dried fourteen years ago, stil give out
their fine odour of mignonnette with a dash of primrose when hot
water is poured on them.

Whether or not this premorse-leaved species be truly a con-
gener of the others, with entire pinnz, referred to Chamedorea by
Martius, there can be no doubt that the name Nunnezharia has
precedence and must stand.

1. N. FRAGRANS, R. et P. Syst. 297 ; Prodr. 137, t. 31.

Hab. in Chinchao et Cuchero nemoribus Peruvie (R. et P.); in sylvis
Andium orientalium inferiorum prope Tarapoto (S. hb. Palm. 65).
Caudices gracillimi, diametro 3-pollicari, virescentes, annulis spatio 2-

pollicari sejunctis notati, flexuosi, inclinati, raro erecti.

Folia sub sex contemporanea, simplicia bifurca, glaberrima ; petiolus
basi in vaginam integram 4—5-pollicarem superne paulo ampliatam
dilatatus, proprius pollicaris vel etiam brevior; /amina profunde
acuteque bifurca, furcis 14-15-pollicaribus, vix ultra sesquipollicem

122 DR. R. SPRUCE ON [ Nunnezharia.

latis, lineari-rhomboideis, margine interiore integerrimis, exteriore
apicali crenato-incisove-premorsis; vene utrinque 12 recte acutis-
simæ (angulo 18°).

Spadices infrafoliares, plus minus penduli, solitarii, 6-12-pollicares,
tenuissimi, ramos 2-6 (raro 0), nonnunquam ad 9 pollices longos,
flexuosos glaberrimos sulcatos haud tamen alveolatos proferentes ;
spadice 9 in diversa stirpe sæpius ramis paucioribus longioribusque
fructu corallinis gaudente. Spathe 3 membranaceze, compressz, fere
complicate, antice rimosæ et sepius laceræ, in pedunculo persis-
tentes v. tempore florum caduce.

Flores dioici: g solitarii confertiusculi squarrose patuli. Calyx mi-
nutus (,!,-pollicaris) submembranaceus cupularis trifidus, laciniis or-
bieulari-ovatis nigro-limbatis. Corolle petala j-pollicaria, longe
ovalia cymbiformi-concava inflexo-valvata coriacea carnosulave *.
Stamina 6 (raro 7-9) corollam vix dimidiam æquantia ; filamenta
basi in membranam brevissimam coalita, lata, compressa, carnosula ;
anthere loculi oblongi basi connectivo brevilateraliter adnati, apice
longe liberi introrsi. Pistillum sterile (rarissime fertile) staminibus
duplo longius corollam fere sequans profunde tripartitum, laciniis
erectis appressis; in nonnullis floribus integrum trisuleum. FI. 9
fructuum basin stipantes fragmentarii (novellos non vidi) Calyx
maris, sed crassior. Corolla 3-partita, laciniis jam ruptis sed (ut vi-
deretur) subrotundis. Ovarium tripartitum, carpellis 2 abortivis
minutis ad carpelli fertilis basin persistentibus et indurescentibus.
Bacce nigre nitide levissime, semipollicem longs, ovales subgibbse
acutiusculee monosperme ; epicarpio pergamineo, mesocarpio tenui
viridi insipido; testa seminis nigrescens firma vasibus rhaphis laxe
reticulatis operta.

2. N. ? GEONOMOIDES, sp. n.

Hab. in sylvis excelsis montis Campana Peruvis orientalis, alt. 3000-
4000 ped. (S. hb. Palm. 67).

Caudex 3-pedalis tenuissimus.

Foliorum petiolus pedalis tenuis basi longe vaginans, vagina integra pro
spadicis emissione antice rupta; lamina obovato-cuneata profunde
bifurca, 8-linearis (ad rhachim mensa), sed 15-linearis ad furcarum
apices usque, glaberrima, furcis apice vix acuminato subfaleatis ; vence
utrinque 10, directione 25°.

Spadices fere sesquipedales tenues glaberrimi simpliciter ramosi; pe-
dunculus 10-pollicaris secus apicem arcuato-pendulus; rami semipe-
dales tenuissimi flexuose patuli alveolati, alveolis oblongis cymbi-
formibus, solitariis, sparsis, raro hic illic subconfertis, unifloris.

* Nonnunquam petala duplo numero sunt, 3 seriei interioris paulo minori-
bus ; et haud raro petalum supplementarium unicum invenitur, cxteris duobus
abortivis obsoletisve. Simili modo stamina variant.

Nunnezharia.| ^ EQUATORIAL-AMERICAN PALMS. 123

Spathe 2 pedunculum floriferum excedentes, a basi usque ad 8 polli-
cum altitudinem integrz et pedunculum arcte vaginantes, apice 2-4-
pollicari anguste fusiformi antice rupte et cito fibroso-dissolute.

Flores omnes quos vidi d' nondum aperti. Calyx annularis alveolo
semiimmersus breviter trilobus transverse corrugatus, lobo inferiore
subaltiore, unde alveoli cum calyce solo persistente cunabuli-
formes evadunt. Corolla e petalis 3 suborbicularibus valvatis, calyce
triplo longioribus. Stamina 6 biseriata corolla inclusa eidem ipsa
basi adnata et brevissime monadelpha ; filamenta brevia compressa,
connectivo incluso subulata ; anthere erect turgide oblongz basi
apiceque profunde emarginatz, loculis ad latera dehiscentibus. Pis-
till: rudimentum staminibus zquilongum et cum serie interna basi
concretum, subteres, apice truncato disciformi.

Obs.—An huc referenda, quum nec flores 9 nec fructus vidi, et spadice
distincte alveolato gaudeat, valde dubius sum.

Morenia, Ruiz et Pav. Syst. 299.

A genus distinguished from Nunnezharia by the presence of
an andrceceum of six sterile filaments in the 9 flowers, and by the
spadices (at least the males) being whorled. In M. fragrans they
are said to be 4-nate in the d plant, solitary in the 9. In M.
Péppigiana (the only species known to me) I have found them
6-nate in the d plant. The 9 flowers I have not seen; but the tri-
partite ovary, although not specially mentioned, is plainly indi-
cated in Martius's description of the two species known to him,
even the fruit being sometimes triple, in consequence of all the
three carpels being fertile. M. fragrans, R. et P., has “ Bacce 3
monosperme,” and M. Poppigiana, Mart., ^ Baccee nune 3 in sin-
gulo flore evolutæ, nune unica stigmatibus 3 excentricis notata.”

1. M. POPPIGIANA, Mart. Palm. 161, t. 140, 141.

Hab. in valle Huallaga fluvii provinciam Maynas Peruvie perfluentis,
prope confluentem Chincao, locis rupestribus sylvaticis (Pöpp. in
Mart.); in eadem valle, in sylvis excelsis ad pedem montis Campana,
ipse legi (S. Ab. Palm. 58).

Caudices 6-pedales tenues distanter annulati. Folia 7-pedalia (pe-
tiolo proprio pedali ejusdemque vagina pedali integra inclusis),
ambitu longe lanceolata pinnata, glaberrima ; pinne 28-juge, infe-
riores suboppositze, 20-22-pollicares, longe lanceolate tenuiacumi-
nate parum falcate, basi fere verticali insertze, preter costam me-
diam quadriveniz, pluries plicato-striate ; pinnz superiores dimidio
breviores altern:e.

Spadices 3 verticillati, 6 ex unica folii vagina dissoluta erumpentes,
vix pedales (pedunculo subsemipedali incluso), simpliciter ramosi,

124 DR. R. SPRUCE ON | Morenia.

glaberrimi, albi; ram: 20 et plures patuli 2-3-pollicares spicæformes,
solitarii v. inferiores binati, sulcati sed non alveolati. Spathe 3, per
peduneulum sparse, imbricato-vaginantes (suprema pedunculum
plerumque longe excedente), elongato-fusiformes, subacuminatz, an-
tice rimosee demum plurifissee, 2-4 pollices longi, papyracese, pal-
lide virides, intus albidee.

Flores 3 conferti 2-4-natim aggregati 41,—1 poll. longi. Calyx minutus
cupularis trigonus membranaceus. Corolla coriacea carnosula ener-
vis; petala 3, ovalia, tertio fere orbiculari, valvata. Stamina 6 co-
rolla breviora; filamenta tenuiuscula basi brevissime monadelpha;
anthere dorsifixæ, loculis erectis parallelis oblongis basi et prsecipue
apice liberis, rima laterali dehiscentes, connectivo brevissimo. Pi-
stillum sterile tripartitum, filamentis subeequilongum iisdem basi ipsa
concretum,

LEOPOLDINIA, Mart.

Leopoldinia is allied to Geonoma in habit (although more ro-
bust), in the alveolate spadices, the imbricated sepals and valvate
petals of the flowers of both sexes, the trifid ovary, &c.,—but dif-
fers abundantly in the stamens being free except at the very base,
and not united halfway up into a trigonous tube, in the erect
and combined anther-cells, and from both Geonoma and Nunnez-
haria in the presence of an endocarp consisting of several layers
of stout interlaced fibres which are obviously the homologues of
the retiform leaf-sheaths. From Euterpe, @nocarpus, &c. it is
widely separated by the petals of the female flowers being valvate,
not convoluto-imbricate.

I regret not having profited by my opportunities to make a
thorough examination on the spot of the female inflorescence and
fruit of these beautiful palms; for L. pulchra and major abound
along the shores, and on sandy and stony islands of the Rio Negro
and other black-water rivers of the Amazon-Orinoco region ;
while the cordage-yielding L. Piassaba is almost equally abundant
in low sandy flats of the adjacent forests *.

* Those botanists who persist in calling this palm “ A¢talea funifera," because
its beard, so much employed in the manufacture of cordage, brooms, &c., bears
the same name (Piassaba) in commerce as that of the true Attalea funifera,
might any time during the last twelve years have convinced themselves that
Mr. Wallace and myself have correctly referred it to Leopoldinia, by consult-
ing my specimens in the Herbarium and Museum at Kew.

For a fuller account of L. Piassaba, its distribution and uses, I must refer to
Mr. Wallace's book (Palms of the Amazon, p. 17), and to my own deseription
(Linn. Soc. Journ. 1860, iv.), whereof I reproduce below only what is essential to
understanding the species.

Leopoldinia. | EQUATORIAL-AMERICAN PALMS. 125

The fruits are perhaps unique among Palms in being much com-
pressed laterally—so much so in L. pulchra as to be scarcely half
so thick as broad. The epicarp in all the species is of a dull red
colour. The fleshy mesocarp of L. pulchra and major has the
disagreeable bitter flavour of the fruit of Iriartea exorrhiza; but
in L. Piassaba it is sweet and edible.

In my account of L. Piassaba in the Linnean Society's Journal, I
followed Martius in describing the fruit of Leopoldinia as a “berry,”
and the endocarp as a sarcocarp; but renewed examination has
convinced me that the thick inner envelope, consisting of several
layers of interwoven horny or woody fibres, is a true endocarp,
corresponding in structure to the endocarp of Astrocaryum, &c.,
except that the interstices of the layers and fibres are open, not
closed with woody matter as in other palm-drupes ; while between
the endocarp and the cuticle there is a true fleshy mesocarp (sar-
cocarp) like that of many other palm-fruits which have, or not,a
distinct endocarp. <A further proof of its being truly an endo-
carp is in the presence of a large foramen near the base, over the
embryo, loosely stuffed with cottony matter *.

1. L. mason, Wallace, Palms of the Amazon, pl. 5: caudicibus plu-
ribus ex eodem rhizomate ortis, secus apicem vaginis petiolorum
reticulatis persistentibus circumtextis ; foliis vix 5-pedalibus sequa-
liter pinnatis, pinnis sub-28-jugis lineari-lanceolatis acuminatis
pendulis; spadicibus sesquipedalibus ter divisis dense ferrugineo-
tomentosis; bracteolis margine nudis; pistillo sterili florum d sub-
integro ; drupis subrotundis insigniter compressis.

Hab. in ripis, etiam in insulis inundatis fluviorum Negro, Pacimoni,
Vasiva et Atabapo, ubi gregarie crescit (Wall. loc. cit. ; S. hb. Palm.
24), Jar-áçů Brasiliensium dicta.

Palma muticaulis, caudicibus usque ad 24 ex unico rhizomate ortis, 15—
20-pedalibus, diametro 3-pollicari, erectis, rarius arcuatis recumbenti-
busve, secus apicem petiolorum vaginis reticulatis fragilibus obvelatis,
inferne nudis, crebre annulatis.

Folia 4-5-pedalia arcuato-patula pinnata; petiolus 14-pollicaris com-
pressus anceps, basi vaginatus, vagina opere retiformi constante ;
rhachis fere 34-pedalis, subtus convexa, squamulis laciniatis deciduis
plus minus lepidota; pinne sub-28-jugæ, sequidistantes, alterne v.
suboppositz, ssepius fere exacte pendule, lineari-lanceolate sensim
acuminate, 3—5-plicatz, apice inzequaliter bifidze, basi reduplicate et
tuberculo axillari auctze, inferiores angustiores, medie 18 x 1-polli-
cares, apicales multo breviores.

* So Martius: “ fibris , ....juxta basim deficientibus et foramen magnum

massa fibroso-struppea obturatum formantibus."

126 DR. R. SPRUCE ON [ Leopoldinia.

Spadices inter frondes oriundi, ambitu late triangulares, ter divisi, dense
ferrugineo-tomentosi, masculo cum foemineo sæpius in eodem caule
alternante; rami tenues, pilis ferrugineis stellatim 3—5-fidis tomen-
tosi; alveoli sat conferti, haud profundi, seepius 1-2-flori, nempe flori-
bus d 2, flore 9 intermedio obsoleto velO, vel e contrario (in spadice
fertili) floribus g obsoletis, flore 9 solo perfecte evoluto. Bracteole
florum intra alveolos persistentes, exterior cordato-triangularis, 2
interiores oblato-rotundatz, omnes haud raro amorph:e, dorso sub-
tomentose. Spathe 2 fusiformes membranaces rufescentes cito
caducee.

Flores d : sepala corolla triplo breviora, oblato-cordata rotundata, dorso
medio gibba, late imbricata. Petala late ovata, basi subcordata, val-
vata, coriacea, extus glandulis sparsis punctata. Stamina 6 corolle
sequilonga ; filamenta ovato-subulata, basi ipsa coalita, carnosa; an-
there breves suborbiculares dorsifixee (versatiles). Pistillum sterile
trigonum subintegrum. Flores 9 examinare non potui.

Obs.—In L. pulchra, Mart., cum L. majore sæpe in loco natali conso-
ciata, caules humiliores et subsolitarii sunt, vaginis reticulatis validis
operti; foliola pauciora subhorizontalia mec pendula; alveoli magis
dissiti; bracteole ter latiores quam longe, semiannulares; &c.

This species, well figured by Mr. Wallace in his 5th plate, ex-
cept that the clustered stems are not represented, abounds on the
Rio Negro, and on the black-water tributaries of the Casiquiari
and the Orinoco. It does not extend down to the very mouth of
the Rio Negro, and I first noticed it at about halfway up to the
confluence of the Rio Braneo. Below that point, the Jara (Leo-
poldinia pulchra) is the only species of the genus; but it accom-
panies its loftier congener throughout its whole range, and I have
observed it also on the Tapajoz and Trombetas, black-water tri-
butaries of the Amazon, where Z. major is not known to exist.

L. major is easily distinguished by its tall clustered stems: I
have counted as many as 24 from a single rhizome, which was in-
vested by a dense intricate mass of white radicles. Young stem-
less plants often form a continuous fringe to inundated islands,
and at a distance resemble large aquatic grasses. The leaves are
pendulous, as in the Assai palm (Euterpe edulis) ; while the netted
leaf-sheaths are much frailer and decay more rapidly than in the
humbler species (L. pulchra), which has them firm and woody,
clasping the stem like so many gauntlets, and persisting almost
down to its very base.

I have what I suppose to be L. pulchra from three localities :
1. Santarem, at the mouth of the Tapajoz; 2. Rio Caipurd (an
affluent of the Trombetas) ; 3. Rio Negro, left bank, stony beach

Leopoldinia. | EQUATORIAL-AMERICAN PALMS. 127

above Manaos. Possibly the three may include two species ; but
my specimens of all are incomplete.

I did not meet with Martius's second species, L. insignis, “ pin-
nis subtus glaucis," found by him in the province of Pará.

2, L. PrassaBa, Wallace, Palms, pl. 6: caudice solitario robustiore
barba petiolorum persistente velato; foliis 15-pedalibus sequaliter
pinnatis, pinnis sub-60-jugis linearibus acuminatis patulis; spadici-
bus 4-pedalibus quater divisis minus dense fulvo-tomentosis; brac-
teolis fimbriatis; pistillo sterili florum d tripartito; drupis subglo-
bosis parum compressis.

Hab. per tractus sylvarum Amazoniensium a fluvio Padauiri, flumini
Negro affluente, ad Orinoci cataractas usque, in arenosis depressis
quibus tempore pluvioso aque imbrium colliguntur, ibidemque latas
plagas efformat (Spruce in Linn. Soc. Journ. iv. 58; hb. Palm. 50).
Piagaba Brasiliensium, Chiquichiqui ab Orinocensibus dicta; Titia
Indorum Barré est.

Caudex solitarius 20—40-pedalis, barba petiolorum omnino velatus, vel
in ætate, barba marcida delapsa, apice solo barbatus.

Folia 15-pedalia arcuato-patula equaliter pinnata; petiolus 41-pedalis
basi vaginans, vagina antice fibroso-reticulata ore in barbam pendu-
lam rufo-badiam tenacem 13-43 pedes longam producta; pi»ne sub-
60-jugw, horizontales, apice solo pendulz, lineares acuminate, gla-
berrime.

Spadices 4-pedales arcuato-penduli quater divisi, ambitu triangulari-
acuminati, tomento pallide fulvo haud dense vestiti ; pedunculus 14
pollices longus, 9 lineas latus, valde compressus; rhachis superne po-
lygona; rami primarii sub 25; ramuli floriferi tenues profunde al-
veolati. Alveoli 3- (sed ex abortione 2- v. 1-) flori. Spathe 2 mem-
branace:se fusiformes rufescentes, mox deciduæ lacersve.

Flores polygamo-monoici dioicive, odore suavi Aesede scatentes. Fl.
d: bracteole ex alveolis altius emersæ (quam in L. majore) subacu-
minate insigniter fimbriatee. Sepala oblato-orbicularia subovatave
fimbriata, imbricata. Petala late ovata, valvata, sepalis triplo longiora.
Stamina corolla subbreviora; filamenta lineari-subteretia basi ipsa
coalita ; anthere suborbiculares versatiles. Pistillum rudimentarium
filamenta fere æquans tripartitum.—Fl. 9 sepe ad distinctos ramulos
v. etiam in diversis spadicibus, dissitiusculi. Calyx e sepalis 3 reni-
formibus valde oblatis late imbricatis margine attenuato fimbriatis.
Petala duplo et ultra longiora, ovato-triangularia valvata coriacea.
Andreceum sterile adest filamentis 6 subulatis liberis constans. Ova-
rium trigono-turbinatum, apice depresso-trifidum, carpidiis duobus
sterilibus demum ad unici fertilis basin persistentibus verrucifor-
mibus; stigmata 3 sessilia linearia recurva papillosa, sub fructus
grossificatione valde excentrica. JDrwpe (vix mature) 21 lineas

128 DR. R. SPRUCE ON | Wettinia.

longs, 18 lineas late, 15 lineas crasss, oblongo-globosw subcom-
presse basi subgibbz; epicarpium membranaceum sordide sangui-
neum, mesocarpium carnosum (edule); endocarpium crassum, prope
basin foraminatum, laminis plurimis constans; lamina extima e fibris
validis corneo-lignescentibus intertextis anastomosantibusque, inte-
rioribus e fibris tenuioribus solum intertextus formatis. Testa seminis
tenuis membranacea badia, ex endocarpio separabilis, raphes vasibus
pallidis obscure radiantibus extus percursa.

Obs.—So long as this palm does not exceed 10 to 20 feet in
height, it has the stem enveloped to the very base in the persis-
tent beard of the petioles; but when it grows higher, the beard
usually falls away in a mass, leaving at the top merely the short
beard that depends from the crown of existing leaves. The former
state is represented in Mr. Wallace's plate, which, however, gives
the palm a stunted aspect it does not really possess, in conse-
quence of the leaves being shown only half so long as they ought
to be, in proportion to the thickness of the stem ; those I mea-
sured were from 153 to 163 English feet long, and had never
fewer than 60 pairs of pinne.

The petioles are about 4j feet long, and for about 8 inches at
the base they sheath the stem, being concavo-convex at the back,
and in front consisting of a network of crossing brown ribands or
flat threads, which are prolonged into a pendulous beard, as much
as 4 feet 9 inches long on young plants, but dwindling as the
plants increase in height, so that in a specimen 40 feet high I
found the beard but 1 foot 9 inches long.

The spadices reach 4 to 5 feet in length, and are four times
branched, the ultimate and floriferous ramuli being very slender as
in every species of this genus. The male flowers exhale a deli-
cious odour of Mignonnette, like that of Mauritia (Orophoma)
Caraná, Wallace.

The fruits (of which I saw only unripe specimens) are 12 inch
long, nearly as broad, and somewhat compressed, but much less
so than in L, pulchra and major; and the fleshy mesocarp has
searcely any of the bitterness of that of the other species, so that,
when triturated with boiling water, it affords a creamy “ wine,”
said to be even more delicious than that of Assaí.

WzrrINIA, Popp. et Endl.

Having already, in the Linnean Society's Journal for A pril 1859
(vol. iii, p. 194), fully discussed the characters and affinities of this

Wettinia. | EQUATORIAL-AMERICAN PALMS. 129

genus, vindicating for it a place among true Palms, by the side of
Jriartea, and not intermediate between Palms and Cyclanths as
suggested by Póppig and Endlicher, I need not here recapitulate
my arguments. Its most obvious distinction from Iriartea is in
the villose fruits, so densely packed on the spadices as to seem
concrete ; but a far more important one resides in the long narrow
floral envelopes, and especially in the subulate petals of the 9
flowers being not at all imbricated, so different from the orbicular
convolutely imbricated petals of Iriartea. The basal embryo is
shared with Wendland’s genera Catoblastus and Dictyocaryum,
which I suppose subgenera of Zriartea, although I am open to
correction on this point; for all I know of them is derived from
Wendland’s description of the fruit alone, in the ‘ Bonplandia’
for 1860.

Since I first found Wettinia Maynensis, in November 1855, at
a height of 3000—4000 feet on the Andes of Maynas (lat. 63°-7° S.),
in valleys running down to the great valley of the Huallaga, I
have traversed the whole of the eastern roots of the Andes,
thence to the equator, and have seen the same species growing at
various points throughout that distance, and even occasionally
descending to 1000 feet on the river Pastasa. In ascending that
river it becomes more and more frequent, until in the forest of
Canelos (lat. 0°-2° S.) it is the most prominent feature of the
vegetation. It often grows along with Iriartea ventricosa and
exorrhiza, from which it is distinguished at sight by the long semi-
lanceolate pinnæ being equidistant and all spreading out horizon-
tally, but pendulous (from their weight), so that the entire leaf.
has a widely channelled form. But the Iriarteas have the flabel-
late pinne usually deeply cloven, the uppermost lacinia of each
pinna standing out above the rhachis, the lowest pendulous, the
rest at intermediate angles. Everywhere it preserves the same
character; and the only feature not noted in my previous de-
scription of it is that the whorled spadices, usually three on a leaf-
ring (the two lateral ones g, the medial 9 ) are sometimes double
that number, but never more. Considering this uniformity over
so large an area, it has strück me that possibly Poppig’s original
species ( W. augusta), gathered only a little further to the south-
ward than mine, in the same valley of the Huallaga, was not dis-
tinct from the latter. I could not, however, presume to identify
them from Péppig’s description. In my plant a notable and con-
stant character is that the spadices are branched, the branches

LINN. PROC.— BOTANY, VOL. XI. K

130 DR. R. SPRUCE ON | Wettima.

being fasciculated, mostly five in the 9 spadix, and eight in the d
spadix. But, according to Póppig, his Wettinia augusta has from
eight to fifteen simple spadices springing from each whorl. When
I sent to Kew a specimen of the 9 spadix of W. Maynensis, find-
ing it far too bulky for the space I had reserved for it, I cut away
all the branches but one. Can Póppig (I have thought) have done
the same, and have omitted to note that his specimen retained
only one branch of the five (or eight) it originally possessed?
Such a mistake is hardly possible to have occurred ; and until his
plant can be re-found, and shown not to correspond with his ac-
count of it, I must continue to consider it distinct from mine.

I reproduce below the specific characters of the two species,
and so much of my detailed description of W. Maynensis, from the
Linnean Journal, as it seems desirable to preserve here.

1. W. avausta, Popp. et Endl. Nov. Gen. ii. 39, t. 153 et 154:
rhizomate conico e radicibus arcte sibi invicem impositis conflato;
pinnis 18-20-jugis; spathis propriis 2; spadicibus simplicibus, pluribus
(8-15) ex eodem verticillo ortis.

Hab. “in Peruvie Transandine sylvis pulcherrimis obumbrantibus,
quibus arcetur ripa borealis fluvii Tocache ” (Poeppig, loc. cit.).

2. W. Maynensts, Spruce in Linn. Journ. April, 1859, vol. iii. p. 194:
rhizomate conico e radicibus dissitiusculis conflato; pinnis 38-40-
jugis; spathis propriis 3; spadicibus apice congesto-ramosis, paucis
(9-6) ex eodem verticillo ortis.

Hab. in convallibus Andium Maynensium umbrosis, precipue secus
rivulos, alt 3000'-4000', sociis Iriartea ventricosa, Mart., exorrhiza,
Mart., et deltoidea, R. et P. ; necnon per Andium ZEquatorialium ra-
dices valde frequens, rarius in planitiem ipsam Amazonicam de-
scendens.

Cauder radicibus strictis subaculeatis e terra emersis et in conum 3
pedes altum conniventibus sustentus, erectus, 30-40-pedalis, diametro
4-pollicari, annulatus, inermis, nudus.

Folia pauca (5 v. 6) contemporanea, 12-pedalia, sequaliter pinnata, pa-
tula; petiolus vagina preelonga 3}-pedali integra subinflata constans;
pinne 38-40-juge, infimze diminute, medix 3-pedales latitudine 3-
pollicari,e basi semiverticali cuneata dimidiato-lineari-lanceolat@,
apice obtusato- vel truncato-preemorsse, margine antico apiceque in-
cisze, dentibus preemorsis subacutisve; vene plurime, basi fere con-
tiguæ, superne magis dissitæ et in dentes marginales excurrentes.

Spadices unisezuales, 3 ex eodem verticillo orti, sc. medius 9 , laterales
d; vel 6 simili modo dispositi. Spadicum d pedunculus 6-pollicaris
obsolete trigonus, pro spatharum insertione 6-annulatus, annulo sup-

Wettinia.| EQUATORIAL-AMERICAN PALMS. 131

plementario apicali vaginam bilabiatam (quasi spatham rudimenta-
riam) gerente, apice in ramos circiter 8, confertos, simplices, 6-polli-
cares, teretes, minute pannosos, spiraliter areolatos, floribus dense
obtectos, ante florationem sinistrorsum circinatos, postea subrectos di-
visus. Fi. g: sepala petalaque squameformia, crassa, rigida, castanea,
subpuberula, tuberculis paucis sparsa, sestivatione valvata ; illa 3-5
(plerumque 4) late subulata obtusiuscula, lineam longa, libera vel
rarius duo in unicum bifidum coalita; hsec 3, longissima (7 lin.
longa) anguste subulata subflexuosa. Stamina 12-16 (ssepius 13), in-
clusa; anthere paulo supra basin in filamento brevi (3-1 lin.) subu-
lato compresso posite, lineares, 4 lineas longs, obtuse 4-gone, 2-
loculares, longitudinaliter dehiscentes, pilis albidis flexuosis deciduis
vestitze, connectivo centrali tenui in mucronem curvulum producto ;
pollen globosum, læve. Spathe 6: 3 exteriores (incomplete Martii)
cuneate, vaginzformes, subtrigons, 4-pollicares, primitus clause
apiculate, postea apice irregulariter ruptze, imbricatz, persistentes ;
3 interiores (complete Martii) fere triplo longiores (11 x 3-pollicares),
e basi vaginante fusiformes, breviter recurvirostre, pergamenese,
minute pluristriate, arcte imbricate, pro spadicis emissione lacere,
caducz; omnes spathe pilis brevibus appressis fulvis subdeciduis
vestitee.

Spadicis Ẹ stipes 10-pollicaris subcompressus adscenders apice decurvus
et ramos 5-7 confertos, fere verticillatos, rectos, patulos, 8-pollicares,
diametro (fructibus inclusis) fere 4-pollicari, proferens. Sepala 3, a
basi prelata triangulari brevisubulata, 2-3 lineas longa, inter se sub-
inzqualia. ' Petala 3, late subulata, subflexuosa, 5-6 lineas longa.
Ovaria 3, ovalia, 33 lineas longa, basi inter se et cum stylo coalita,
villosa, 1-locularia, 1 vel sepius 2 sterilia; ovulum unicum ex baseos
angulo interno fere erectum, sessile, anatropum. Stylus unicus cen-
tralis, 7 lineas longus, trigono-subulatus, villosus, plerumque cum
ovaris abortivis ad ovarii fertilis basin persistens, raro deciduus ;
stigmata 3, teretia erecto-flexuosa, 3 lineas longa. Bacce l-spermie,
siccze, in spadice densissime collect, pressione mutua 3-6-angulari-
obpyramidate, apice lato convexo, pilis cinereis subfasciculatis basi
solidis superne tubulosis flexuosis villose. ^ Mesocarpium molliter
lignosum, tenuiusculum, apice incrassatum. Endocarpium membrana-
ceum, rapheos vasibus adhzerens. Semen 11 x 6-lineare, anguste ovali-
obovatum subtrigonum ; testa tenuis, firma, nigrescens, a basi ad api-
cem usque raphe tenui percursa et ejusdem vasibus albis complanatis
adherentibus reticulata, cum nucleo connata. Albumen æquabile,
subosseum. Embryo in foveola basilari nidulans, conico-cylindricus.
ad nuclei centrum directus.

132 DR. R. SPRUCE ON [ Iriartea.

InramTEA, Ruiz et Pavon.

The handsome and singular palms included in this genus by
Martius are distinguished from nearly all their coordinates, except
Wettinia, by the three following very obvious characters: 1. Stem
supported on a cone of emersed prickly roots; 2. Pinne flabelli-
form, premorsely truncate and usually laciniate; 3. Spathes nu-
merous, the number different in nearly every species.

The fruit may be regarded either as a berry, or as a drupe with
a very thin endocarp, which has usually the peculiarity of being
geiatinous.

The pulpy mesocarp is so bitter as to be inedible. The “em-
bryo basilaris,” supposed by Martius to be common to all the
species, proves to belong to only a very few of them. One only
of the three carpels of the ovary is fertile ; and the stigmas, at first
apical or central, do not in all the species retain that position on
the ripened carpel, but in some persist near the base, and in
others at about midway on the inner side, in consequence of the
carpel swelling as it ripens much more at the outside than the
inside (with respect to the axis of the flower). Similar, but not
always corresponding, dislocations take place with the embryo,
which is found in the different species in almost all possible posi-
tions between the base and apex of the seed, although, as it would
appear, constant in position in the same species. These differences
have been laid hold on by modern authors for breaking up this
very natural genus into at least three (and it may be five) sup-
posed genera, separated from each other by no difference of habit,
or truly essential character of flower or fruit *. The characters

* Deckeria, Karst. ( —nearly Iriartea, Wendl.); Socratea, Karst.; Zriartella,
Wendl.; Catoblastus, Wendl.; Dictyocaryum, Wendl. [Karsten, “ Plante Co-
lumbiane ” in the ‘ Linnea’ for 1856, pp. 258-262 ; Wendland, “ Bemerkungen
über einige Palmengattungen Amerika’s,” in the * Bonplandia’ for 1860, pp. 100-
106.

I hs kept notes on the structure of the fresh fruit of but three species of
Iriartea ; but they are types of as many genera of Karsten and Wendland :—

In Z. exorrhiza, Mart. (Socratea, Karst.), I find the embryo at the depressed
apex of the seed, barely within the hard horny albumen. “Raphe of numerous
flattened filaments, radiating from the base to the apex of the seed, subramose
and anastomosing. :

I. setigera, Mart. (Jriartella, Wendl.), agrees with I. exorrhiza in the apical
embryo, but differs in the fruit having the stigmatic scar a little above the base,
on the inner side, and not near the apex as in Z. exorrhiza. The raphe divides

Iriartea. | EQUATORIAL-AMERICAN PALMS. 133

thus assumed to be generic have their analogues in genera of
exogeus, where they are not considered of equal importance.
Take, for example, the genus Cordia, which has an ovary of four
uniovulate carpels, followed commonly by a monocarpellary fruit,
tipped at the apex with the persistent stigmas, or at least with a
stigmatic scar. But in the Cordias of the “ nodosa ” group (and
I refer especially to one of my own gathering, C. wmbraculifere
var? Pl. Exsicc. 1234) the ripe fruit is a small, yellow, obliquely
oblong, and mostly 1-seeded drupe, which increases in gibbosity
as it ripens, so that when quite ripe the stigmatic scar is midway
between the base and the geometrical apex, and the persistent
calyx looks as if grown on to the side. But when two or more of
the earpels are fertile, the obliquity usually disappears ; while
many species of the genus have even solitary ripened carpels sym-
metrical.

I was able to examine fully but two species of Iriartea, whose
descriptions I reproduce below; but I fell in with some others,
and I. exorrhiza, especially, is one of the commonest of Amazon
palms, extending through the whole length of the great plain and
some way up the moist Andine valleys, and northward as far
as the borders of the savannahs of the Orinoco. In the Peruvian
Andes, at from 2000 to 4000 feet, T. deltoidea grows along with it;
and in the Equatorial Andes, at the same elevation, I have seen a
very fine large-leaved Iriartea which I suppose undescribed.

l. I. venrricosa, Mart. Palm. 37, t. 35, 36: caudice procero
medio ventricoso; foliis 18-pedalibus pinnatis glabratis, pinnis pluri-
jugis magnis cuneato-flabellatis apice sinuato-preemorsis demum 10-
partitis; spadicibus vix bipedalibus, ramis 3-pedalibus pendulis;
spathis 10-12; baccis globosis nigrescentibus.

into not more than ten filaments, which I find slightly anastomosed, although
Wendland describes them as quite free.

In Z. ventricosa, Mart. (Deckeria, Karst.; Iriartea, Wendl.), the embryo is
lateral a little below the middle of the seed, and the filaments of the raphe di-
stinctly anastomose.

Ail these are so alike in habit, that the Brazilian Indians unhesitatingly give
them the same generic name (Paziziba); and a closer examination reveals so many
essential resemblances, that the botanist will probably indorse the opinion of the
savage, and continue to unite these palms under one title.

Perhaps Cerozylon and Wettinia are the only genera of this group, with the
stem supported on an emersed cone of roots, which ought to be kept separate
from Zriartea.

134 DR. R. SPRUCE ON [riartea.

Hab. in solo ochraceo nigrove feraci in sylvis primevis haud inundatis
per regionem graniticam fl. Negro superioris, Casiquiari et, Orinoco,
ut etiam in tota planitie fluminis Amazonum superioris, et precipue
in Andium orientalium radicibus ubi ad 4000 pedum altitudinem usque
ascendit. Paziuba barriguda Brasiliensium, Barrigon Veneziola-
norum, Tarapoto Peruvianorum (S. hb. Palm. 26).

Caudez solitarius, e cono radicum teretium subaculeatarum exsertarum
sequilatero sub-6-pedali oriundus, 50-100-pedalis, diametro basali &
pollicari, secus medium in ventrem fusiformem diametro 20-pollicart
et majore dilatatus, secus apicem iterum cylindraceus gracilis, annulis
spatio fere pedali dissitis notatus. .

Folia pauca (sub 7) contemporanea, 18-pedalia, pinnata; petiolus sub-
teres 4 pollices diametro, ejus vagina vix pedali; rhachis trigona,
angulis superne magis acutis, tomento griseo appresso vestita; pne
plurijugse cuneato-flabelliformes, basi cartilaginea reduplicata adfixe,
mox glabrate, venis validis 10 plicisque equiparantibus percurste, et
demum fere usque ad basin in lacinias 10 fissee, lacinia infima multo
longiore (5-pedali) latioreque, superioribus sensim decrescentibus, gu-
prema vix ultra 2-pedali, omnibus laciniis apice late sinuato-dentatis
et e venulis excurrentibus erosis denticulatisve.

Spadices longe infrafoliares, ssepe ex eodem annulo binati, 1j-pedales,
fructu maturato horizontales subpenduli; pedunculus 23-pollicanis,
teres, basi abrupte dilatato-amplexicaulis; rami sub-3-pedales, dia-
metro 4 lineas, conferti et basi dilatata subcontigui, simplices v. prope
basin furcati, per totam longitudinem profunde alveolati. Spathe
plurime (10-12 teste Martio) imbricate, superiores ante anthesin,
inferiores tardius, decidus.

Flores 3 haud vidi; 9 sepala petalaque late imbricata, sed fructu ma-
turato jam dilacera mihi solum visa. Bacce diametro 10 lineas,
globose, subgibbs, apice depressee umbonat:zeque, nigro-badim ; ep-
carpium tenue fragile ; mesocarpium 13 lineam crassum molle siccius-
culum; endocarpium..... ; lesta seminis fragilis, vasibus rhaphes
anastomosantibus percursa ; albumen osseum; embryo subsuperficialis
infra seminis medium lateralis, ab hilo 43 lin. distans.

This noble and curious palm is frequent on the Solimoens (or
Upper Amazon); and still more all along the eastern roots of the
Peruvian and Equatorial Andes, up to a height of from 4000 to
5000 feet. On the Amazon it is known as * Paxiuba barriguda,"
in the Andes as * Tarapoto." There is also much of it about the
base of the granite hills of the Casiquiari, Upper Rio Negro, and
Orinoco, where it is called * Barrigón."

Well-grown plants are from 60 to 100 feet high. In a specimen
cut down at the cataracts of the Rio Negro, the whole height was
63 English feet; the cone of exserted roots 54 feet (but on another

Lriartea. | EQUATORIAL-AMERICAN PALMS. 135

plant as much as 12 feet, and on a very lofty one not quite 2 feet);
the trunk proper 563 féet. The fruit-bearing spadix was placed
at a height of 45 feet from the apex of the cone, and 113 feet be-
low the lowest extant frond; on the third ring above that was a
young decurved spadix exactly resembling a cow’s horn, still
closely invested by the numerous spathes, the lowest of which
were beginning to fall away. Another interval of two rings, and
there was another spadix, but only half so long and more rudi-
mentary. Hence, as the fruit is ripened only once a year, it
seems that the fruiting spadix is of three years’ growth. The
trunk was 8 inches thick near the base; at about halfway up it
began to swell and form a belly, whose greatest thickness (20
inches) was a little above the lowest spadix. The belly sometimes
occurs lower down the stem, and is often much wider than in this
instance, On the Pacimoni I have seen canoes extemporized from
it, by splitting off lengthwise a little less than the half of it, hol-
lowing out the remainder, and stopping up the ends with clay.

From the horn-like young spadices this palm is sometimes called

in Peru * Huacra-pona,” or Horn Palm—a name, however, more
commonly applied to its congener, I. exorrhiza, which has the
same peculiarity. An analogous name, “ Corneto," is given to
another species (J. pubescens, Karst.) found in New Granada.

2. I. SETIGERA, Mart. Palm, 39, t. 37: palma humilis (10-20-
pedalis) gracilis, tota superficie tomentella pubescensve, ad caudices
vaginasque etiam setosa ; foliis vix 5-pedalibus pinnatis, pinnis 7-ju-
gis cuneiformi-rhomboideis apice premorsis ; spadicibus subbipeda-
libus, ramis pendulis ; spathis 3 (4-5 Mart.) ; baccis obovato-cylin-
draceis incurvo-gibbis miniatis.

Hab. “in margine fluminis Japurá " (Mart. l.c.); in sylvis fluminum
Negro, Uaupés et Casiquiari, precipue humilioribus subhumidis,
etiam ad flum. Amazonum supra fl. Negro ostia (S. hb. Palm, 4, I.
pruriens in mst.; Wallace, Palms, pl. 15)—Paxiuba-t Brasiliensium.

Caudices solitarii humiles (10—20-pedales), radicibus vix vel non exsertis
sparse muricatis suffulti, soboles prostratas apice adscendentes foliosas
proferentes, tenues, diametro 1~2-pollicari, superne sensim attenuati,
distanter annulati, dense griseo-tomentelli et inter tomentum nigro-
setosi, setis deciduis et ad instar Mucune prurientibus.

Folia 41—5-pedalia, pinnata, ambitu ovalia; petiolus (vagina 9-pollicari
tereti subintegra dense setosa excepta) pedalis, teres, et rhachis to-
mentosa; pinne 7-juge, basi lata semiverticali insertze, cuneiformi-
rhomboidex, apice preemorse (laciniato-dentate eroseque), mollis-
sime, supra puberulæ, subtus tomentelle, venis sub 6 flabelliformi-
radiatis percurse, obscure plicate, mediæ longiores 11 x 3}-pollicares.

136 DR. R. SPRUCE ON [ Iriartea.

Spadices 13-2-pedales, solitarii, simpliciter ramosi ; pedunculus E
sus tomentellus ; rami subfastigiati elongati penduli alveolati. Spathe
3 (sole mihi visse; anne potius 4 v. 5, una alterave jam decisa?)
plano-convexze, pedunculum arcte investientes, infima nuda, 2 supe-
rioribus tomentellis.

Flores 9 : sepala petalaque parva oblato-orbicularia medio crassiora,
margine attenuata subciliataque. Bacce obovato-cylindracese 1m-
curve miniate ; mesocarpium tenuissimum ; endocarpium membra-
naceum viride mucilaginosum, interne vasibus rhapheos adherent ibus
sub 10 albis parce anastomosantibus vittatum ; albumen albidum
corneum apice fere exacte geometrico embryonem flavum cylindra-
ceum fovens.

Of this slender little palm the natives commonly make their
blowing-canes*. When I first found it and compared it with
Martius's account of J. setigera, as abbreviated in Kunth's ‘ Enu-
meratio (iii. 195), it seemed to me certainly distinct, and I called
it in my MSS. “ Iriartea pruriens.” Martius says of his I. seti-
gera “spathe 4-5” (I found but three, although one or more
might have fallen away from my fruiting specimen),—and “ bacca
elliptica,” but nothing about its being gibbous, and widened up-
wards, as I have always seen it. But the greatest discrepancy 18
in the height of the stem, which I have never seen above 20 feet,
whereas Martius gives it as “sub-50-pedalis.” Mr. Wallace, too,
found it but 15-20 feet high. I have since seen it extending
throughout the Rio Negro region, and preserving the characters
I have assigned to it; but I dare not assume its diversity from
Martius's plant without consulting his original specimens.

This is one of the very few palms that send out prostrate
suckers from the root.

EvrzEn»PE, Mart.

l have nothing to offer towards extending our knowledge of
this genus beyond a full description of Mr. Wallace's Euterpe
caatinga, although the Amazon valley appears to contain several
other undescribed species, especially on the lower slopes of the
Andes. The * Assai,” which affords a favourite drink to Ama-
zonians of all castes and colours, although confidently referred by
Mr. Wallace to E. oleracea of Martius, seems to comprehend two,
and possibly three species. At Pará and elsewhere the Palm-
tree itself is called “ Yucára " (written * Joçara ” and “ Jagoara ”

* See Mr. Wallace's account (Palms, p. 40) of the way these blowing-canes
&re made.

Euterpe. | EQUATORIAL-AMERICAN PALMS. 137

by Marcgraff, and * Jissara’’ by Prince Maximilian); and it is only
the fruit and the drink prepared from it that bear the name of
* Acai" (* Cao-hy,” according to Martius). The common species
of the submaritime region, with slender usually inclined stems
springing several from a root, is probably Æ. edulis (Mart. Palm.
33, t. 32). But the * Manaca" of Humboldt, which is the com-
mon Euterpe of the Rio Negro and Casiquiari, has a solitary stem,
slender but firm, tall and straight, and it is doubtless what
Martius has called E. oleracea (Palm. 29, t. 29, 30). In the low-
lands at the junction of the Rio Negro and Amazon, I cut down
one of these palms, whose trunk measured 71 feet to the base of
the cylindrical leaf-sheaths or “ cabbage ;” the latter was 4 feet
long, and the arched pinnate leaves 84 feet more. I have seen
other specimens 10 to 20 feet higher; and Martius affirms that
they sometimes reach 120 feet.

Two very pretty Euterpes (a larger one known as “ Chonta,”
and a smaller one as “ Chontilla") grow at the head of the val-
leys in the Peruvian Andes, at from 3000 to 6000 feet: and in the
Forest of Canelos, at about the same height, there is a “ Chon-
tilla” so slender that walking-canes are made of it ; and its habit
is almost that of Geonoma, but the leaves, the edible cabbage, and
the fruit, are all of Euterpe. I regret that I have nothing more
definite to offer about these interesting palms.

All the species are notable for their concinnately pinnated
leaves, with pendulous pinne (except in E. caatinga, where they
spread horizontally, and merely droop at the points)—and for the
long cylindrical pale-green entire leaf-sheaths, which finally fall
away completely, along with the rest of the leaf, so that the stem
always appears clean and naked up to the base of the lowest ex-
tant leaf. The straight rigid compressed spadices are closely be-
set with straight slender white branches, which only bend under
the weight of the ripe fruits.

E. CAATINGA, Wallace, Palms, pl. 8.

Hab. in sylvis humilioribus arenosis “ Caatingas " dictis totius fluminis
Negro ( Wallace, l.c. ; Spruce, hb. Palm, 45).—'* Acai-Catinga” Bra-
siliensium dicta est.

Caudex solitarius, e rhizomate conico radicibus strictis constanter supra
terram plus minus emergente ortus, 30—50-pedalis, tenuis (diametro
brachiali) erectus subflexuosus, annulis dissitis notatus.

Folia pauca contemporanea 10-pedalia, fere horizontaliter patula, ambitu
longe lanceolata obtusa, concinne pinnata; petiolus vagina cylindracea
bipedali albo-viridi carnosa constans; rhachis 8-pedalis, basi semi-

138 DR. R. SPRUCE ON [ Euterpe.

pollicem lata, supra canaliculata, subtus obtuse carinata, secus apicem
tamen supra acute carinata subtus convexa, squamulis purpureis (ro-
tundatis, quadratis, acuminatisve) ciliatis sparsa; pinnæ 45-jugæ,
semiverticaliter insertæ, angulo 45°-50° patulæ, arcuate sed minime
pendulæ (ut in E. oleracea videntur), elongato-lanceolatæ, apice
acutæ et subcucullatæ, leviter 5-plicatæ, mediæ sesquipedales et lon-
giores pollicem latæ, paucæ apicales 7-pollicares, basales tamen lon-
giores 22 x 1-pollicares cæteris angustiores et magis dissitæ.

Spadices solitarii infra folia oriundi ad angulum 40° porrecti rigidius-
culi polystiche ramosi; rhachis 32-pollicaris (pedunculo brevissimo
2-pollicari incluso) tomento brevi albido (e pilis crassis fasciculatis)
persistente vestita; rami sub 64 conferti squarrosi (infimi subdiver-
gentes, medii rectanguli, superiores subadscendentes) e basi turgida
attenuati, 16-21-pollicares; alveoli nec conferti nec profundi, triflori,
florem 9 cum fl. d duobus ad ejusdem basin anteriorem positis am-
plectentes. Spathe.....

Flores bracteolati, d ..... ; fl. 9 sepala et petala oblato-orbicularia,
illa apice rotundata, hzc paulo longiora subapiculata. Ovarium in
flore non visum ; stigmata 3 recurva, sub carpelli unici grossificatione
tam excentrica ut ad ejus medium ventrem posita viderentur. acce
nigree globose, diametro 3-lineari, siccando e mesocarpio tenui albido
grumoso tuberculatæ ; endocarpium tenue membranaceum intus raphes
vasibus tenuibus reticulatum. Semen 3-lineare; testa valida nigre-
scens, raphe ligulata subramosa a basi ad medium ventrem percursa ;
albumen solidum corneum ; embryo subbasilaris conicus obtusus, ex-
tremitate radiculari caviusculus umbilicatus.

Obs. In E. oleracea, Mart., secus fl. Negro ostia lecta (S. Ab. Palm. 21)
pinnas 78-jugas, 23-pedales, exacte pendulas, inveni ; spadicum rha-
chin basi preelata amplexante superne sensim angustatam, compres-
sam, supra convexam et ramos plurimos multifloros proferentem,
subtus planam et ramis orbatam, corollam fl. 9 albam ; baccas dia-
metro fere semipollicares, &c.

This very distinct species, the only one of the genus Euterpe which
has horizontally spreading and not pendulous pinne, is widely
distributed throughout the * Caa-tingas," or White Forests, of
the Rio Negro. It varies so much in the quality of the fruit that,
were not all essential characters the same, it might be supposed
to include two or more species ; for in certain districts the meso-
earp of the fruit, though thin, is soft and sweet, and makes a
better drink than even the common Assai or Manaca (E. oleracea);
but where the palm grows on almost bare flats of granite rock
that are inundated with every shower, the pulp is so grumous or
gritty as to be unserviceable ; and such is its character all about
the mouth of the Casiquiari and the Venezuelan frontier, where
I have chiefly seen this species.

Euterpe.) EQUATORIAL-AMERICAN PALMS. 139

The tubular sheath at the base of the outermost extant leaf
includes and conceals all the inner sheaths. At its mouth it is
usual to find a mass of soft flat deep-purple threads, 4!; of an
inch broad, each traversed by a strong midrib; they are the re-
mains of the membrane (a continuation of the petiole-sheath) that
enveloped the whole frond in vernation, and has been torn to
shreds by its expansion. The same shreds in the Piassaba palm,
being far stronger and firmer, persist on the petiole-sheath, and
hang down like a beard. There is scarcely any proper petiole
besides the sheathing base, the rhachis being pinnate throughout.

Whether the “ Assaí-caatinga" be distinct or not from the
“ Assaí-miri" that grows towards the mouth of the Rio Negro,
my specimens are insufficient to decide. The latter was sent to
Kew, in 1851, under the MS. name of Euterpe mollissima ( Hb.
Palm. 5; Kew Mus. 90); but I never saw either flowers or fruits
of it. I found it to have a slender taperiny stem, 3 inches thick
at the base, but only 1 inch at the apex, of very tender consis-
tence, and exuding when wounded a quantity of limpid fluid, which
hardened into a reddish gum. Leaves of the same length as E.
caatinga, but having as many as 58 pairs of pinne instead of only
45 pairs.

CENOCARPUS.

A very natural group, although its limits still remain to be ac-
curately ascertained. The species differ at sight from Euterpe in
the long sheathing base of the petioles being purplish or leaden-
coloured, fusiform, more than twice the diameter of the upper
part of the stem, and split up in front, not whitish-green, cylin-
draceous and entire, like the leaf-sheaths of Euterpe. Another
striking difference from Euterpe is in the broom-like spadix,
with numerous long simple pendulous branches crowded on an
excessively contracted rhachis. The sepals of the d flowers are
valvate and united below, while in Euterpe they are free and im-
brieated. The 9 flowers have usually the same whitish hue, and
the same structure, in both genera; and the plum-like pruinose
fruits are very similar (only rather larger in GEnocarpus), and
oblong, rarely globose (as they are in every species of Euterpe).

One character, assumed by Martius to be constant in the genus
GEnocarpus, viz. “ bacca ..... stigmatibus excentricis coronata,”
does not exist in Œ. bacaba, Mart., Œ. minor, Mart., and Œ. mul-
ticaulis, sp. n., which have the short connivent stigmas persistent

140 DR. R. SPRUCE ON [ Ginocarpus.

at the geometrical apex of the ripe fruit. I have no note on the
form of the fruit of Œ. distichus and bataua, but I suspect that
these (and perhaps Œ. circumtextus) are the only species answer-
ing to Martius’s generic character ; for they are said to have obtuse
berries, while in the three species first mentioned the berries are
acute.

The larger species are among the noblest of Palms; and they
require to be restudied in their native haunts; for there are pro-
bably several among them still undescribed, and it would seem
that the same vernacular name is applied to very distinct species
in different (or even in the same) localities. The Œ. bataua,
Mart. Palm. 23, which is supposed to be the same as the * Palma
patavona”’ of Aublet, is surely distinct from the palm that Mr.
Wallace and myself have heard called * Patauá " by the Brazi-
lians, *Seje" by the Venezuelans; for no mention is made in
Martius's description of the trunk being encased in the spiniform
remnants of the leaf-sheaths, and only becoming denuded in the
tallest specimens, after the fashion of the Piassaba; on the con-
trary, it is classed among the species * caudice nudo."

I thought at one time that our palm might be the Œ. circum-
textus (Mart. Palm. 26, t. 26), which is said to have the trunk
* ubique tectus residuis petiolorum in opus fibrosum re£iculatum
dissolutis;" but in the Patauá the veins of the leaf-sheaths per-
sist—not as reticulated fibres, but as straight spines, 13-3 feet
long, and stouter than knitting-needles; and they constitute the
almost ready-made darts which the Indians shoot from the blow-
ing-cane. Besides, Œ. cirewmtextus is altogether a smaller plant ;
for the trunk is only about 20 feet, and the leaves 8 to 10 feet
long; even the leaves of (E. bataua are said to be only 15 feet;
whereas the Patauá is a giant among palms, the trunk reaching
80 to 100 feet, and the leaves nearly half that length. I find,
however, that I have preserved only an estimate (not an exact
measurement) of the leaves of the Patauá; but the pinns alone
of my dried specimens are 5 feet 4 inches (English) long, by 4
inches wide, and they were so numerous on each frond that I did
not take the trouble to count them, but merely indicated their
number by the symbol for infinity ; so that I do not hesitate to say
that the entiré leaves are 40 feet long, at the least.

All the species of GZnocarpus have the pinne numerously and
strongly plicate; in the Patauá I have counted 14 or 15 folds on
a single pinna. The ripe fruit is usually of a deep violet or black,

(Enocarpus. | EQUATORIAL-AMERICAN PALMS. i4i

but in the Patauá of a greyish-purple colour. The thin mesocarp,
when triturated with water, affords a creamy sweetish liquor,
which is more used as a drink in the northern parts of Venezuela
than the similar but more highly coloured liquor obtained from
the fruits of the Euterpes.

1. Œ. minor, Mart. Palm. 25, t. 27: caudice solitario 15—30-pedali
gracillimo nudo; foliis requaliter pinnatis, pinnis sub-60-jugis bi-
pedalibus lineari-lanceolatis abrupte acuminatis 5-plicatis subtus
albidis et albido-puberulis; spadicum axi brevissima (2-pollicari
v. vix longiore), ramis plurimis 15-pollicaribus confertis pendulis ;
baccis sub-7-linearibus ellipsoideis stylo brevissimo apicali rostellatis.

Hab. “in sylvis provinciarum Paraénsium et Rio Negro” (Mart. l. e.) :

sylvis elatioribus siccioribus fluminis Negro supra ejus ostia;
mense Martio fructus suos maturat; Bacaba-i Brasiliensium (S. hb.
Palm. 3, 57).

Caudices solitarii mediocres, 15-30 pedes alti, diametro 13—3-pollicari,
validi denudati rufescentes.

Folia plurima contemporanea, polysticha, arcuato-horizontalia, sequaliter
pinnata, 83-pedalia (vagina petiolari bipedali crassa fusiformi antice
fissa inclusa) ; petiolus proprius 7-pollicaris et rhachis compressa
squamulis angustis fimbriatis rufis dense obsessa ; pirne sub 60-juge
(57-62) bipedales, angulo fere recto patulæ, longe lineari-lanceolate
abrupte attenuato-acuminate, valide 5-plicatz, supra saturate virides,
subtus albidz et sparse albido-puberule.

Spadices infra folia oriundi, simpliciter ramosi scopeformes ; axis brevis-
sima elongate conica, pedunculo 1}-pollicari basi dilatata amplexante
et rhachi pollicari constante; rami 24-41, 15 pollices longi, fastigiati
penduli alveolati fructu corallini ; alveoli 3-flori, nempe fl. 9 unico
inferiore bracteolato, fl. 2 superioribus d ; sed in ramorum tertia
superiore flores d soli adsunt. Spathe.....

Flores Q : sepala reniformia late imbricata. Petala (fructu maturato)
sepalis duplo et ultra longiora, imbricata coriacea concava cordato-
orbicularia, acumine brevi obliquo obtuso 2-3-fido terminata. Bacce
nigre nitide, 74 x 5-lineares, ellipsoidew, symmetrice, stylo brevis-
simo stigmatibusque 3 brevibus crassis triangularibus conniventibus
rostellatee, monospermz ; mesocarpium proprium tenue grumoso-
carnosum ; endocarpium (?) laminis plurimis flabellato-venosis con-
stans; testa tenuis firma raphes vasibus tenuibus pallidis subanasto-
sooenn:tibus a basi ad apicem usque radiantibus percursa; albumen
albescens lignescens, fibris tenuibus elongatis utrinque acutis hori-
zontalibus constans; embryo hilo proximus. "

Obs.—The fusiform leaf-sheaths are more than double the dia-
meter of the stem ; they open in front with a single slit, and then

142 DR. R. SPRUCE ON [ Ginocarpus.

split up into fibres, similar to those of the Patauá, but much
shorter and softer, and soon fall away altogether.

2. (E. MULTICAULIS, sp. n.: caudicibus 6-10-nis, 15-30-pedalibus,
validiusculis nudis; foliorum pinnis 60-jugis 2-3-natim aggregatis
subtripedalibus lineari-lanceolatis acutis 8-10-plicatis, subtus glau-
cis et albido-puberulis; spadicum axi 7-pollicari, ramis plurimis
pendulis; baccis pollicaribus ellipsoideis vel subovoideis stylo apicali
rostellatis.

Hab. Andes Maynenses, alt. 1200'-4000', precipue secus villam Tara-
poto, in humidis sylvarum primevarum, etiam in hortis ubique pro
frondibus tectoriis cultus; Sindmi et Sidmba Peruvianis dictus est
(S. hb. Palm. 63).

Palma csespitosa ; caudices 6-10 ex eodem rhizomate orti, 15-30-pedales,
graciles, diametro 4—5-pollicari, frondium basibus cito deciduis denu-
dati, annulis latis spatio 8-pollicari dissitis notati.

Folia 10-pedalia et longiora polysticha arcuata pinnata, ambitu lato-
lanceolata obtusata; vagina petiolaris 23-pedalis ventricosa olivacea
v. plumbea, mox antice rimosa et supra medium in fibros intertextos
soluta (ad Œ. bataue instar) ; petiolus proprius 8-pollicaris, et rhachis
decidue ferrugineo-lepidota, a basi ad folii tertiam partem canalicu-
lata, aciebus superne sensim approximatis demum confluentibus, dein
ad apicem usque trigona, facie inferiore convexa, lateralibus planis,
striata; pinne 60-juge inferiores apicalesque zquidistantes, medix
2-3-natim aggregate, angulum 75° cum rhachi efficientes, arcuate,
subtripedales, tres fere pollices late, longe lineari-lanceolate acute,
demum apice fissze, 8-10-plicatze, supra saturate virides nitidze, sub-
tus glaucæ et pube minuta albida sparse.

Spadices infra frondes oriundi, spatio 1-3 annulorum dissiti, breves,
scopzeformes; pedunculus 3-pollicaris subcompressus ; rhachis 4-pol-
licaris; rami plurimi confertissimi sesquipedales penduli, tomento
rufo deciduo vestiti, alveolati. Spathe 2 lignescentes tomentose mox
calve, decidus; exterior 10-pollicaris cuneata anceps (semiteres,
aciebus alatis), antice ab apice ad medium bifida; interior subbipe-
dalis elongato-fusiformis, superne paulo dilatata, ex apice obtuso ros-
trata, demum antice fissa rimosa.

Flores sessiles, in quoque alveolo 3, sc. medius 9 , laterales altius inserti
d , floribus tamen ad rhachium tertiam supremam omnibus d. Brac-
teole florum d 0, floris 9 3 ad alveoli parietes arcte applicitz, ex-
tima canaliculata (semitubularis), interiores multo minores, media
late triangularis, intima late subulata obtusa. Flores g ochroleuci;
calyx fere ad basin usque in lacinias 3 ovato-triangulares margine
membranaeeas (ante florationem valvatas) fissus ; petala triplo longiora
(sesquilinearia) ovali-lanceolata crassa valvata ; stamina petalis paulo
breviora receptaculo carnoso insidentia libera, anther@ lineares sagit-
tatz medio dorso adfixe ; ovarii rudimentum conicum apice trifi-

Bactris. | EQUATORIAL-AMERICAN PALMS. 143

dum.— FV. 9 albescentes ; sepala et petala cartilaginea orbicularia
convoluto-imbricata, illa oblata, hæc demum aucta sepalis duplo lon-
giora fructum stipantia ; stamina 0; ovarium ovale 3-loculare (loculis
2 minimis cito absorptis) ovulo loculi fertilis unico erecto; stigmata
tria terminalia sessilia, primum conniventia, ulterius reflexa. Bacce
nigro-purpurese, 1X }-pollicares, ellipsoideze vel subovoidem, styli
basi submucronatee ; mesocarpium tenue subdulce, lamina intima fibris
plurimis contiguis complanatis a fructus basi ad apicem radiantibus
constante; semen oblongum acutum; testa..... ; albumen tequabile
fibroso-osseum ; embryo hilo proximus.

Bacrris, Jacq.

With Bactris we enter the CocorNEz, whose essential character
is to have a symmetrical endocarp, that includes or combines all
the three carpels, and is marked towards one end with three
small circular depressions, or foveole, whereof usually only one,
namely that opposite the embryo of the only fertile ovule and
carpel, is open, the other two being closed (foramina ceca).

The Prickly Cocoinem, with Bactris for their type, form a
well-marked subtribe, distinguished not only by their prickles,
but also by their floral envelopes being either gamophyllous or
valvate, and the endocarp foraminate or foveolate at the apex *;
whereas in the Unarmed Cocoinee the sepals and petals of the
female flowers are widely imbricated, and the endocarp is forami-
nate at the base.

Bactris differs from most of its near allies by the female flowers
being entirely destitute of a sterile androeceum. Desmoncus,
Mart., comes the nearest to it: for an exposition of their differ-
ences see under that genus. Gwilielmia, Mart., can hardly be
considered even a subgenus, notwithstanding its attaining a far
larger size than most species of Bactris; but even in size it is
approached by such true Bactrides as B. maraja, Mart., and B.
balanophora, sp. n.; and I fail to see how it differs in character
from the section I have called below “ Cyathochlamys.”’

Although so widely diverse in character from Geonoma, some
of the smaller species of Bactris resemble certain Geonomas so
closely in habit, and in the simple or pinnatisect forked leaves,
and the apparent absence of prickles, that they are often classed
along with them by the natives under the name of “ Ubím-rána."
Generally they may be distinguished by the ciliated leaves; but

* Except only in Acrocomia, Mart., which has the petals of the d flowers
imbricated, and the endocarp foraminate at about midway.

144 DR. R. SPRUCE ON [ Bactris.

in some species the cilia exist only as a pencil at the leaf-points,
although this pencil (at least) is never wanting to any Bactris,
and exists in no Geonoma. Then the spathes are much firmer,
and persist after the fruit; the inner spathe exceeds in length
the entire spadix, and either overarches it or stands out above it
at a sharp angle; whereas in Geonoma the spathes rarely ex-
ceed the peduncle alone, and from their more fragile nature
they usually break up and fall away as the flowers open, so
that often not even a fragment of them remains when the fruit
is ripe.

A. notable feature of Bactris is the peduncle of the spadix
bursting through about the middle of the leaf-sheath, and there
so sharply decurved that the spadix, even when only in flower
is either pendulous or at least horizontal.

The striz of the thin leaf-sheaths are repeated on the epi-
carp of the drupes; and the endocarp is beset with ascending
pointed processes, which penetrate the pulpy mesocarp and, on
examination, are found to be true prickles, springing from the
veins of the endocarp, precisely like those of the leaves aud
leaf-sheaths. The drupes of nearly every species are tipped
with a short rostellum (the persistent style) which is more or
less trigonous, and often tubular.

In the forests of the Amazon, the Bactrides are almost as
numerous as the Geonomas, and, along with them, form no
inconsiderable portion of the undergrowth. They are found in
all kinds of situations, wet and dry, but prefer recent forests
to primitive. The young woods that speedily clothe deserted
clearings are particularly liable to get infested with prickly and
bristly plants, among which predominate Bactrides, Astrocary@,
Mimose, Scleria (Cut-grasses), and even sometimes prickly Tree

Ferns (Alsophila infesta, e. g.), and combine into almost impene-
trable thickets.

CONSPECTUS SPECIERUM INFRA DESCRIPTARUM.
$1. Lsochlamys.
Florum fcemineorum calyx et corolla subzquilonga, pergaminea vel
subcoriacea, glabra, ovoideo-urceolata ore tridentata, fructu per-
sistentia plus minus patula, trifida partitave. Palme humiles tenues

plerumque inermes microcarpe. Folia simplicia bifurca, rarissime pin-
natisecta. *Spadices simplices. Spathe semper inermes.

1. B. BREVIFOLIA, sp. n. Palma inermis vel ad foliorum. vaginas de-

Bactris.| EQUATORIAL-AMERICAN PALMS. 145

cidue aculeolata; caudice diametro 3-lineari; foliorum petiolo 6-
pollicari, alis furcisve 7}-pollicaribus late rhomboideo-lanceolatis
subfalcatis, venis utrinque 11-12 bis flexis directione media ad angu-
lum 367-385; drupis globosis rostellatis.

2. B. NEGnENsiS, sp. n. Palma omnino inermis; caudice diametro 3-

lineari ; foliorum petiolo 9-pollicari, alis subpedalibus rhomboideo-
ligularibus apice subfaleatis, venis utrinque 7-8 angulo 37? subrec-
tis; drupis ovoideis.

3. B. srwPLICIFRONS, Mart.? Palma fere omnino inermis; foliis sim- .
plicibus vel vario modo pinnatisectis, laciniis 12-16-pollicaribus,
venis utrinque 16-20 angulum peracutum (15°-18°) cum rhachi ef-
formantibus ; drupis (teste Martio) magn. pisi globosis.

4. B. CAROLENSIS, sp. n. Palma ad foliorum petiolos et vaginas acu-
leis armata; caudice diametro 5-lineari; foliorum petiolo pedali,
alis 9-pollicaribus rhomboideo-lanceolatis vix faleatis, venis utrinque
8 ad angulum 30° directis; drupis globoso-turbinatis.

§ 2. Anisochlamys.

F9 calyx corolla dimidio et ultra brevior tenuis tripartitus. Corolla
coriacea ovoideo-urceolata triloba, demum aucta subpatula et magis
profunde fissa. Palme humiles tenues, inermes vel subarmate. Folia
sepius interrupte pinnata, pinnis paucis. Spadices simplices. Spathe
inermes.

5. B. TENUIS, Wallace. Palma ad petiolos vaginasque aculeata ; foliis
16-pollicaribus (rhachi 5-pollicari) pinnatis, pinnis 4-jugis inequi-
distantibus 8-pollicaribus lineari-lanceolatis longe falcato-acuminatis ;
drupis globosis.

6. B. UAvPENSIS, sp.n. Palma inermis; foliis fere bipedalibus, pinnis
9-jugis 6 pollices longis lineari-lanceolatis acuminatis valde falcato-
incurvis; drupis......

$ 3. Cyathochlamys.

Fl. 9 calyx brevissimus annularis, ore trigonus trifidusve, sepe membra -
naceus. Corolla calyce multo longior cupularis truncata coriacea
vel etiam lignea, extus lanata villosave, fructu aucta integra ve,
stepius ore irregulariter fissa. Palme humiles vel mediocres aculeis
armate. Folia pinnata, pinnis aggregatis (B. bifidze simplicia). Spa-
dices ramosi (B. bifidze simplices). Spatha interior armata.

* Folia spadicesque simplicissima.
. B. BIFIDA, Mart. Palma subhumilis aculeata ; foliorum lamina 3-
pedali bifurca basi longissime cuneata, venis acutissimis ad angulum
LINN. PROC.— BOTANY, VOL. XJ. L

J

L46 DR. R. SPRUCE ON [ Bactris.

8° directis valide plicatis ; drupis magnitudine pruni damasceni sub-
obovatis succulentis glabris.

** Folia interrupte pinnata.

8. B. rLoccosa, sp. n. Palma tenuis aculeata, ad petiolos precipue
albido-floccosa ; foliis 21-pedalibus, pinnis sub-10-jugis, inferioribus
2-4-natim aggregatis, superioribus subzequidistantibus 7 -9-pollicari-
bus lineari-obovato-lanceolatis tenuiacuminatis supra subtusque ad
venas minute strigillosis, margine setis albidis ciliatis; spadicibus
ramos 4-7 proferentibus pendulis; drupis pisum minus æquantibus
globosis vel subobovatis glabris.

9. B. nrbENTULA, sp. n. Palma aculeis validis armata; caudice dia-
metro 1-1-pollicari; foliis 43-pedalibus, pinnis 33-jugis, inferioribus
3-4-natim, superioribus 6-8-natim aggregatis 15 pollices longis
lineari-obovatis, subtus albido-cinereis, apice recto elongato-triangu"
lari bidentulo, margine aculeis utrinque 6-7 ciliatis; spadicibus 9-
pollicaribus e ramis plurimis fastigiatis scopeeformibus ; drupis glo-
bosis succulentis glabris magn. globuli sclopetarii minoris.

10. B. nrcvsPrpATA, sp.n. Priori affinis, pinnis tamen paucioribus

majoribus apice profundius bifidis, aculeolis marginalibus utrinque
sub 20.

11. B. TURBINATA, sp.n. Palma aculeata; caudice diametro semipol-
licari ; foliis 3-pedalibus, pinnis 9-10-jugis 2-3-natim aggregatis 10
pollices longis, lineari-lanceolatis, acumine subfalcato, setoso-ciliatis ;
spadieibus 5-pollicaribus ramos 2 solos horizontales proferentibus;
drupis 3j lineas longis oblongo-turbinatis subpilosis.

12. B. HYLOPHILA, sp.n. Palma aculeata; caudice diametro semi-
pollicari ; foliis 3-pedalibus, pinnis 15-jugis fere zequidistantibus sub-
10-pollicaribus lineari-lanceolatis, acumine subfalcato, subtus ad
venulas pilosulis, margine setoso-ciliatis; spadicibus decurvis vix
semipedalibus ramos 2 proferentibus; drupis obovato-globosis magn.
grani piperis supra medium pilosis,

13. B. microcarpa, sp. n. Palma aculeata; caudice diametro 4-li-
neari ; foliis 3-pedalibus, pinnis 22-jugis, 4-0-natim aggregatis lineari-
lanceolatis, acumine subulato, supra subtusque ad venulas pilosulis,
margine setoso-ciliatis ; spadicibus 3}-pollicaribus, ramis 3—4 hori-

zontalibus ; drupis pro planta minutis, diametro 2 lineas, globosis,
pilosis,

14. B. BALANOPHORA, sp. n. Palma mediocris aculeis horridissima ;
caudice diametro sesquipollicari : foliis 41-pedalibus, pinnis 28-jugis
3-4-natim aggregatis 20-pollicaribus lineari-lanceolatis sensim tenui-
acuminatis, subtus ad venulas pilosis, margine aculeato-ciliatis; spa-
dicibus 7-9-pollicaribus decurvo-pendulis scopzeformibus, ramis 12-

Bactris. | EQUATORIAL-AMERICAN PALMS. 147

13 villoso-incanis ; drupis semipollicaribus ovatis superne attenuatis
coroll; persistentis cupularis lignes basi receptis glabris.

$ 4. Endochlamys.

Fl 9 calyx corolla longior globoso-urceolaris; corolla eidem inclusa
platystoma extus lanata. Palme subhumiles aculeate. Folia equaliter
pinnata. Spadices simplices. Spatha interior armata.

15. B. coxciNNa, Mart. Palma aculeis prelongis nonnullis 3-pollica-
ribus armata ; caudice diametro 9-lineari; foliis 5-pedalibus, pinnis
28-jugis 16-pollicaribus linearibus sensim tenuiacuminatis setoso-
ciliatis; spadicibus 9-12-polliearibus simplicibus decurvo-pendulis ;
drupis magn. pruni damasceni oblongis glabris.

Sequuntur descriptiones ampliores :—

1. B. BREVIFOLIA, sp. n.

Hab. in sylvis siccioribus fl. Negro ad S. Gabriel (Spruce, hb. Palm. 35);
etiam locis similibus fl. Uaupés (S. Ab. Palm. 80).

Caudex 3-5-pedalis, diametro 3-lineari, inermis.

Folia sub 10 coætanea simplicia bifurca; petiolus 6-pollicaris (vagina
33-pollicari pluristriata ore in ligulam 4 lineas longam truncatam
setoso-ciliatam producta inclusa), inermis vel aculeolis perpaucis cito
caducis ad vaginam armatus; rhachis A-pollicaris; ale 73 X 3}-pol-
licares late rhomboideo-lanceolate subfalcatz vix acuminate, secus
apicem aculeolis nigris appressis ciliate penicillataeque; vere utrinque
11-12-n:e bis flexæ directione media angulo 36°-38°,

Spadices simplices fere bipollicares; pedunculus pollicaris e vaginæ
latere erumpens ibidemque abrupte decurvus ; rhachis vix pollicaris,
Spathe......

Flores Q: calyx et corolla (fructus maturi) squilonga, subcoriacea,
patula, tripartita, laciniis late ovatis apiculatis. Drupe globose,
diametro 3-lineari, longiuscule rostellatze, coccineze (demum nigra ?)

2. B. NEGRENSIS, sp. n.

Hab. in sylvis secus fl. Negro ostia (Spruce, hb. Palm. 17).

Rhizoma tuberiforme radices prelongas horizontales ramosas pro-
ferens. Caudex 3-pedalis, diametro 3-lineari, distanter annulosus,
inermis,

Folia sub 5 contemporanea simplicia bifurca; petiolus 9-pollicaris
pluristriatus minute leproso-puberulus, vagina ocreave antice in
ligulam ovatam, vaginam suprajacentem imbricantem, producta ;
lamina bifurca, alis 13x 2-pollicaribus lineari- vel ligulari-rhombo-
ideis apice subfalcatis vix acuminatis, margine obsolete setulosis,
apice tamen setis nigrescentibus 2 lineas longis penicillatis; rene

L2

148 DR. R. SPRUCE ON [ Bactris.

primarie utrinque 7-8-næ angulo 37° e costa egredientes sub-
rectæ.

Spadiz simplex e folii infimi axilla ortus 11-2-polliearis decurvo-pen-
dulus. Spathe inermes; exterior brevior dorso bicarinata ; interior
bipollicaris et ultra fusiformis apiculata coriacea badia.

Flores d jam delapsos non vidi. Flores Q: calyx et corolla fructus basin
stipantes subæquilongæ patulo-cupulares ad medium usque in lobos
3-4 late ovatos abrupte apiculatos fissze, pluricostatæ, virides subco-
riaceæ margine membranaceo nigrescentes. Drape (immature) 3
lineas long:e ovoidex apice attenuate.

Var. MINOR.

Hab. in sylvis fl. Tarumá flum. Negro defluentis.

Cum forma typica convenit, folia tamen minora alis 10-pollicaribus,
Flores Q juniores adsunt, parvi flavidi: calyx ovoideo-urceolatus sub-
coriaceus striatus, ore oblique 3-dentato vel breviter 3-lobo, sinibus
excavatis. Corolla forma simili subbrevior, ore obliquo 3-lobo subci-
liato. Ovarium ovato-lageniforme ; stigmata in massam pyramidatam
coalita.

3. B. SIMPLICIFRONS, Mart. ? Palm. 103, t. 73 c. f. 1,2.

Hab. in silvis ad Tauati prope Para.

Forme tres mihi adsunt, fructibus carentes :

A: folia simplicia; petiolus pedalis lepra ferruginea obtectus; lamina
16-pollicaris (secus costam mensa) cuneata bifurca subacuminata,
margine setuloso ciliata, setulis nigris majoribus semilinearibus cum
brevioribus mixtis, apicalibus longioribus penicillatis; vere utrinque
20-ne angulo peracuto (15°-18°) egredientes, fere omnino recte,
inferiores 14 pollices longæ, superiores breviores.

B: folia pinnatisecta ; petiolus pedalis basi ocrea integra ferrugineo-
tomentella setis aculeolisque subappressis sparsa caudicem amplec-
tens; lamina 12-pollicaris, pinnis altero latere duabus, altero latere
quatuor (duabus intermediis perangustis); vene 16-næ angulo longi-
tudineque ut in forma A.

'C : folia pinnatisecta; petiolus 10-pollicaris basi ocreatus ut in priore;
lamina 12j-pollicaris, pinnis utrinque 8-nis gramineis sensim tenui-
acuminatis, infimis pedalibus.

My specimens of this palm being incomplete, I refer them
doubtfully to B. simplicifrons. They agree with Martius’s cha-
racter in the “foliis simplicibus ...... tandem pinnatifissis,”
although the latter peculiarity rendersthe name “simplicifrons” less
appropriate to them than to either of the preceding species, whose
leaves are constantly and truly simple. The locality assigned by

Martius is also the same as mine, namely, *near Pará," where

this palm grows not uncommonly along with the * Ubím " (Geo-
noma baculifera), and, from its resemblance to it, is classed along

Bactris.] EQUATORIAL-AMERICAN PALMS. 149

with the “Ubim-rana,” or False Ubim, which are chiefly Geonomas
with pinnatisect leaves.

4. B. CAROLENSIS, sp, n.

Hab. in sylvis recentioribus fl, Negro superioris prope pagum San Carlos
(S. hb Palm. 52).

Caudices 1-3 ex eodem rhizomate orti, 3-4-pedales crassitie digiti (5-
lineari) vaginis persistentibus plus minus obvelati. -Acwlet caudicis
subnulli, sat numerosi ad petiolos infra medium et precipue ad va-
ginas, 3 lineas longi, tenues, nigri, squarrosi, solitarii, rarius terni,
sæpe basi ramulosi.

Folia simplicia bifurca ; petiolus (vagina 33-pollicari inclusa) fere peda-
lis, junior tomento arachnoideo obsessus serius calvus, aculeatus ;
lamine alis tenuibus 9 x21-pollicaribus lanceolato-rhomboideis, apice
vix faleato subacuminato, venis primariis utrinque sub-8-nis ad angu-
lum 30? directis.

Spadices simplices e vaginis aphyllis orti; pedunculus sesquipollicaris
apicem versus abrupte reflexus; rhachis sesquipollicaris horizontalis
vel leviter deflexa glabra. Spatha interior spadicem excedens anguste
fusiformis subcuspidata inermis.

Flores Q virides parvi fructu persistentes auctique. Calyx ovoideus stri-
atus ad medium usque in lobos 3 ovatos truncatos badio-marginatos
fissus. Corolla calyci :equilonga ovoideo-urceolata, ore constricto in-
sequaliter 3-dentata, serius 3-loba una cum calyce patula. Drupe
diametro 23 lineas, globoso-turbinatz rostellatee.

5. B. rENvurS, Wallace, Palms of Amaz. pl. 33.

Hab. in sylvis fl. Uaupés (Spruce, hb. Palm. 78) et fl, Negro superioris
(Wallace, l. c.). Palma “ Peuririma" Amazoniensium videreter
(conf. Bates, * Naturalist &c.’ i. 292).

Caudex 6-10-pedalis tenuis, diametro 3-lineari, rectus vel inclina-
tus, vaginis marcescentibus aculeatis superne velatus, cæterum iner-
mis,

Folia pinnata ; petiolus 11-pollicaris basi longe vaginatus, ligula vaginze
cito dissoluta, inferne et ad vaginam sparse aculeatus, aculeis nigris
tenuibus debilibus vix 3-linearibus; rhachis inermis; pinne 4-juge
ineequidistantes, lineari-lanceolatz, longe faleato-acuminate, unico-
stato-plicate, terminalibus solis 3-plicatis, medic 8-9 x 2-pollicares,
infimze fere dimidio breviores, omnes apice solo paucis setulis obsessse
ceterum glaberrime.

Spadicis simplicis e vaginis aphyllis oriundi pedunculus sesquipollicaris
medio abrupte decurvus ; rhachis sesquipollicaris pendula dense flori-
fera glabra. Spatha interior tenuifusiformis spadicem superans.

Flores 2: calyx et corolla fructum maturum stipantes patule trilobze,
hac subduplo longior. Drupæ diametro trilineares globose subapi-
culate ; epicarpium pergamineum obscure striatum ; mesocerpium

150 DR. R. SPRUCE ON [ Bactris.

tenue carnosum; endocarpium tenue lignosum nigrum vertice 3-
foveolatum, extus setis nigris mesocarpium penetrantibus obsessum.

6. B. UAUPENSIS, Sp. n.

Hab. ad fluvium Uaupés in sylvis inundatis (S. Ab. Palm. 77).

Caudex 6-pedalis, diametro 3-4 lineas, virescens distanter annulatus
inermis.

Folia interrupte pinnata inermia ; petiolus 11-pollicaris (vagina 5-unciali
striata ore in ligulam membranaceam producta inclusa); lamina 10-
pollicaris; pinne 9-jugs, inferiores invicem dissite et aggregate
(formula 1, 2, 6 cujusque lateris) 6 pollices longze, 9 lineas late, pa-
tule, dein apice valde falcato-incurv:e, lineari-lanceolatze acuminate,
1-plicatee, terminalibus tamen 2—3-plicatis, secus apicem sparse setu-
loso-ciliatze.

Spadicum simplicium pedunculus sesquipollicaris, medium versus
abrupte decurvus ; rhachis pollicaris pendula glabra densiflora. Al-
veoli minime profundi triflori, 2 floribus superioribus masculis præ-
cocioribus cito caducis nonnunquam obsoletis, flore inferiore 9.
Spatha interior fere 3-pollicaris spadicem superans anguste fusiformis
junior fulvo-leprosa.

Flores 9 virescentes gibbi; calyx corolla dimidio et ultra brevior mem-
branaceus cupularis nigro-marginatus tripartitus, laciniis inzequalibus
late triangularibus acuminatis carinatis, carinis incrassatis. Corolla
coriacea oblique ovoidea ore inzequaliter 3-loba. Ovarium ovatum;
stigmata in massam conicam coalita.

7. B. BiFIDA, Mart. Palm. 105, t. 73 c. f. 3.

Hab. in sylvis humilioribus subripariis fl. Negro secus ejus ostia (Spruce,
hb. Palm. 22). In iisdem locis primus legit cel. Martius. Palma
Bissu-rdna ab incolis nuncupata.

Caudex 10x 1-pedalis plerumque inclinatus, nodis dissitis, internodiis
aculeis deciduis armatis.

Folia plurima contemporanea, simplicia; petiolus. .... . &culeatissimus ;
lamina 3 X l-pedalis cuneato-lanceolata bifurca, furcis subobtusis, ad
venas acutissimas (angulo 8?) valide plicata subtusque tomentella ;
czeterum facie inferiore albescentia siccando nitore metallico cupreo
chalybeoque splendentia, margine setoso-ciliata, rhachi parce aculeata
sed dense rufo-leprosa. Aculei longitudine varia, longiores 3-pollicares
trigoni aeutissimi, decidue tomentelli.

Spadices simplices, pedunculo rufo setulis appressis sparso. Spathe
lanceolato-fusiformes, interior aculeolata.

Flores Q9: calyx (fructus) annularis; corolla multo longior cupularis, ore
leviter fissa, extus pubescens. Drupe subobovate rostellate sub
apice limbo elevato circumcincte, e viridi saturate purpurez (nun-
quam nec mature nigra), mesocarpio succulento acidó-dulci.

The simple leaves imitate on a small scale those of Manicaria

Bactris.| EQUATORIAL-AMERICAN PALMS. 151

saccifera, Gaertn., which is the * Bussu ” of the dwellers on the
Amazon, whence this Bactris is commonly called ** Bussu-rana ”
or False Bussu.

8. B. FLOCCOSA, sp. n.

Hab. in sylvis flum. Amazonum prope Santarem (S. hb. Palm. 37).

Caudex 4-pedalis tenuis aculeatus.

Folia 23-pedalia interrupte pinnata; petiolus tenuis albido-floccosus
aculeis subsquarrosis tenuibus nigro-badiis, longioribus semuncialibus,
usque ad rhachis apicem ipsum armatus; pinne sub-10-jug:, inferi-
ores 2-4-natim aggregate, superiores subzequidistantes, 7-9 pollices
longs, circiter 9 lineas late, lineari-obovato-lanceolatee, acumine
abrupto tenui, supra subtusque ad venas minute strigillose, margine
setis albidis ciliate.

Spadices ex axillis aphyllis orti, breves, penduli, dense badio-villosi,
ramis 4—7 fastigiatis.

digi. Drupe=pisum minus, coccineze, globose vel subobovatee
rostellate.

9. B. BIDENTULA, sp. n.

Hab, in fl. Negro ripis prope urbem Manaos (S. hb. Palm. 9).

Caudices 3—4 ex eodem rhizomate orti, 10-15-pedales, diametro 1-14-
pollicari, internodiis semipedalibus dimidio superiore aculeatis.

Folia 43-pedalia interrupte pinnata; petiolus basi crassissimus, crebre
aculeatus, vagina demum antice reticulato-dissoluta; pinne 33-
jug:e, inferiores 3-4-natim, superiores 6-8-natim aggregate, 15 x 1}-
pollicares, lineari-obovate vel potius elongato-cuneate, apice 2i-
pollicari acute triangulari inæqualiter bidentulo, dente superiore
longiore vix semipollieari sepe aristiformi, pluricostulatze et tribus
circiter venis plicisque primariis percurss, subtus leproso-cinerese
albideve, margine cartilagineo primitus floccoso aculeolis longis
paucis (utrinque 6-7) ciliato. Aculei petioli sepe 3-7-nati semi- ad
sesquipollicares compressi nigri.

Spadices spatha interiore breviores e ramis plurimis tenuibus polystichis
fastigiatis scopæformes. Spatha exterior 10-pollicaris inermis; inte-
rior 16-pollicaris, fusiformis, demum antice fissa, fornicata, furfuracea,
aculeolis tenuibus nigris dense obsessa.

Flores 9: calyz minutus annularis obscure trigonus, Corolla multo
longior cupularis, fructu maturato in discum orbicularem explanata.
Bacce nigro-purpures globose, apice depresso rostellato, magnitu-
dine globuli sclopetarii minoris; mesocarpium gossypioideo-pulposum
succulentum et ante maturitatem intense acidum ; endocarpium extus
processibus aculeisve obsessum.

Ab hac et sequente differt B. cdmpestris (Pópp. in Mart. Palm.)
pinnis margine levissimis, supra subtusque concoloribus etc.,
etiamsi apice bifidis ut in nostra et in B. chloracantha (Popp. l. c.).

152 DR. R. SPRUCE ON | Bactris.

Hæc ultima folia -habet solum 2-3-pedalia subtus concoloria et
drupas ovatas nec globosas.

10. B. BICUSPIDATA, sp. n. a

Hab. in sylvis fluvii Acará prope Pará (S. hb. Palm. 81, specimina
incompleta).

Caudex arundinaceus subaculeatus.

Folia interrupte pinnata majuscula ; pinne 2l-jugæ, 2-3-natim aggre-
gate, mediæ fere sesquipedales, 1-14 pollices late, lineari-lanceolate,
apice subfaleato bifido, lacinia altera brevissima, altera fere bipollicari
subulata, subtus lepra pubeve brevissima albida sparse, margine acu-
leolis utrinque 20 ciliato; vene primarize cujusque pinne unice (ter-
minalium terne), secundaria suboctone subtus prominule. Folia
siecando transverse corrugata.

11. B. TURBINATA, sp. n.

Hab. in sylvis humidis fl. Negro superioris secus San Carlos (Spruce,
hb. Palm. 51). ;
Caudices 9-pedales tenues, diametro semipollicari, erecti flexuosive,

decidue aculeati.

Folia interrupte pinnata 3-pedalia; petiolus 20-pollicaris, squamulis
rufis dense leprosus, inferne aculeis horridus superne inermis, rhachi
tamen secus apicem setulis strigosa; pinne 9-10-juge, 2-3-natim
aggregate, 10 pollices longz, 7-9 lineas late, lineari-lanceolate,
supra medium paulo latiores, subfalcato-acuminate, basi constricta
reduplicatze, setoso-ciliatze, vena media subtus setulosa. Aculei nigri
tenues, szepe deflexi, longiores pollicares.

Spadices e vaginis aphyllis orti; pedunculus 3-pollicaris, supra medium
reflexo-horizontalis, aculeolis tenuibus pilis griseis mixtis dense vil-
losus, apice bifidus, ramis bipollicaribus. Spathe......

Flores 9: calyx minutus albido-membranaceus trifidus, laciniis cuspi-
datis. Corolla coriacea, extus lanata, cupularis, demum inæqualiter
tri- vel plurifissa. Drupe 3} lineas longs, 23 lineas latw, oblongo-
turbinate apice depresso rostellatee, striatule, sparse pilose.

12. B. HYLOPHILA, sp. n.

Hab. ad rivulos sylvarum fl. Negro secus ejus ostia. (Spruce, hb. Palm.
15).

Caudex 10-15-pedalis tenuis, diametro semipollicari, erectus nutansve,
aculeatus, superne reliquiis vaginarum spadicumque vetustorum
obtectus.

Folia 3-pedalia subswqualiter pinnata; petiolus preecipue ad vaginam
aculeatus et inter aculeos molliter pilosus, aculeis nigris tenuibus
compressis 3-9 lineas longis; pinne 15-jugæ, inferiores 10-11-polli-
cares, 6-8 lineas late, superiores multo breviores, lineari-lanceolatie
subfalcato-acuminate, tenues, supra glabrze vel vix subpilose, subtus
ad venas marginesque pilis fulvis sparse.

Spadices fere semipedales, decurvi, bifidi, ramis ineequilongis ; pedun-

Bactris. | EQUATORIAL-AMERICAN PALMS. 153

culus rhachesque setis nigrescentibus cum pilis flexuosis mixtis ob-
sessæ. Spatha exterior inermis bialata ; interior fusiformis, spadice
longior, ferrugineo-leprosa et setis nigris mollibus subappressis
obsessa.

Flores 9: calyx minutus papyraceus 3-lobus. Corolla coriacea cupularis
primum integra, fructu maturo ore multifida, extus pilis flexuosis
lanata. Drupe obovato-globose, rostrate, magn. grani piperis,
coccineæ (demum nigre?) supra medium pilose; mesocarpium
tenuissimum.

13. B. MICROCARPA, sp. n.

Hab. in sylvis recentioribus fl. Negro, prwcipue ad cataractas Sancti
Gabrielis dictas, frequens (S. Ab. Palm. 31).

Caudex 4—6-pedalis, diametro 4-lineari, erectus nutansve, fragilis, inter-
nodiis 13-2-pollicaribus decidue setosis, superne vaginis persistentibus
crebre aculeatis velatus.

Folia pauca (sub 4) coztanea, interrupte pinnata, sub-3-pedalia, ambitu
ovato-oblonga; petiolus sesquipedalis superne inermis ad basin vagi-
namque aculeatus, ferrugineo-leprosus et ad rhachin prsecipue subpi-
losus; pinne 22-jugs, 4-6-natim aggregate, pinnis cujusque gregis
confertis subcontiguis, lineari-lanceolatze, acumine abrupto subulato,
supra subtusque ad venulas pilis fulvis mollibus sparse. Aeulei
erecto-patuli nigri tenues trigoni plerumque solitarii, longiores vix
pollicares brevioribus immixti.

Spadices infrafoliares 3i-pollicares, pedunculo setis pilisque villoso
angulo recto flexo, ramis 3-4 subparallelis horizontalibus. Spatha
interior 4-pollicaris aculeis appressis armata.

Flores Q: corolla fructus patelliformis truncata 3- vel plurifissa, extus
villosa. Drupe pro planta minute, diametro 2-lineari, globose,
rostello tubulari apiculatz, pilis squarrosis sparse, dense tenuiter
striate, sicciuscule.

14. B. BALANOPHORA, sp. n.

Hab. in sylvis fl. Negro prope S. Carlos sub arborum excelsarum
umbra (Spruce, hb. Palm. 53).

Caudex solitarius 15-pedalis, diametro sesquipollicari, raro erectus,
aculeatus, inferne demum calvescens.

Folia pauca (4-5) contemporanea, 4i-pedalia, suberecta, pinnata;
petiolus 2-pedalis ad vaginam aculeatissimus, superne et ad rhachin
parum armatus; pinne 28-juge, inferiores 2-natim, superiores 3-natim
aggregate, 20x 1-pollicares, lineari-lanceolate sensim tenuiacumi-
nate, supra l-costatz, subtus venis venulisque pluricostulate et ad
costulas pilose, margine aculeolis tenuibus sparsis ciliate. <Aculet
petioli seepius ad lineam semiverticalem 6-natim aggregati, longitu-
dine varia, majores sesquipollicares, nigri, tenues, trigoni vel subplani,
squarrosi divaricative,

154 DR. R. SPRUCE ON [ Bactris.

Spadices simpliciter ramosi scopæformes ; pedunculus florifer 23-polli-
caris, fructifer 4-pollicaris, medio abrupte decurvus, subappresso-
setosus tomentosusque mox calvescens ; rhachis vix sesquipollicaris ;
rami conferti 12-13, penduli, 4—5-pollicares, villoso-incani, pro florum
receptione alveolati. Spathe elongato-fusiformes coriaces : exterior
7-pollicaris ferrugineo-stupposa primum setulosa mox calvescens ;
interior fere 10-pollicaris densissime aculeolata setosaque.

Flores confertissimi, masculis feemineos pauciores circumstantibus.
Fl. d majusculi obovato-triquetri; calyx corolla 2-3-plo brevior
membranaceus albidus 3-partitus (arte explanatus fere triangularis);
corolla rufo-purpurea crasse coriacea ad medium usque trifida, Sta-
mina 6, e toro corolle fundum replente eidemque adnato oriunda;
filamenta tenuiuscula corolla longiora sestivatione implicata ; anthere
oblong versatiles, loculis parallelis apice ultra connectivum brevi-
usculum productis liberis. Fl. 9: calyx pergamineus annulatus ob-
solete 3-dentatus corolla multo brevior. Corolla crassa lignosa gib-
boso-urceolata ore constricto obsolete 3-dentato, extus fibrillis tortis
griseis cum badiis mixtis subappressis lanata. Ovarium ovoideum
villis badiis deciduis sparsum ; stigmata tria sessilia carnosa triangu-
laria, demum patula, supra papillis badiis claveeformibus dense obsita.
Drupe 6x 8}-lineares ovoidez superne attenuate apice ipso obtuse,
coccinee (demum nigre ?) in cupulam (è. e. corolla aucta) validam
lignosam basi recepte ; mesocarpium tenuissimum vix edule.

15. B. concrnna, Mart. Palm. 99. t. 72.

Hab. in sylvis recentioribus siccioribus fluvii Negro secus ejus ostia
(Spruce, hb. Palm. 8). * In sylvis aboriginibus propter fluvios Ama-
zonum et Solimoes " (Mart, l c.).

Caudices multi ex eodem rhizomate orti, 10-14-pedales, diametro 9-
lineari, raro erecti, sepius nutantes, aculeati, vaginis paucis per-
sistentibus superne velati, internodiis 2-3-pollicaribus, ligno tenaci.

Folia equaliter pinnata, 5-pedalia ; petiolus pube badia furfuracea ob-
situs, sparse aculeatus, aculeis badiis tetragono-acicularibus 1-2-pol-
licaribus plerumque squarrosis ; pinne 28-jug:, 10 pollices longe,
10 lineas latze (superioribus brevioribus) lineares sensim tenuiacumi-
nate, plicis circiter sub 3 percurse basi reduplicate, margine et costa
media secus apicem setoso-ciliate.

Spadices e vaginis jam aphyllis orti, 9-12-pollicares, simplices, penduli ;
pedunculus lepra ferruginea et setis mollibus appressis vestitus.
Spatha interior fusiformis, aculeis dense armata.

Fires... Drupe magn. pruni damasceni, nigræ, nitidæ, oblongæ,
e pressione mutua angulosæ, apice depresso rostello trigono; meso-
carpium tenue dulce.

Var. INUNDATA.
Hab. in ripis fluvii Negro inundatis ad ejus ostia (S. hb. Palm. 8 A);

Bactris. | EQUATORIAL-AMERICAN PALMS. 155

etiam per totas ripas fluminum Amazonum, Huallaga et Pastasa, ad
Andium radices usque.

Pinne breviores angustioresque quam in forma typica, subobovato-
lineares, acumine breviore et magis abrupto, costa media sspe per
totam longitudinem aculeolata setosave ; aculeis petioli prelongis
scepe 3-pollicaribus.

Flores utriusque sexus adsunt. d flavi; sepala 3 perbrevia inæqualia
acuta ; corolla multo longior cartilaginea trigona profunde tripartita,
laciniis ovatis subrepandis ; stamina 6 perigyne, antheris versatilibus.
Fl. 9: calyx globoso-urceolaris, ore constricto subrepando ; corolla
brevior inclusa platystoma extus lanata.

Dersmoncts, Mart.

Of this genus, which in its sarmentose stems and prickly cir-
rhate leaves is the only western analogue of the eastern Calami,
although so widely diverse in its other characters, I seem to have
gathered but two species; but Desmonci so frequently and preju-
dicially crossed my path, that I must have left many other forms
ungathered. One of the two seems to be the D. macracanthos, de-
scribed by Martius, and well figured by Wallace (plate 27). But
besides this species, Martius describes seven others, whereof four
are proper to the Amazon valley, one of the four having been
found by Póppig in Eastern Peru (Maynas).

Karsten merges Martius’s genera Desmoncus and Guilielmia in
the Bactris of Jacquin ; but the first of these is certainly as well.
marked and distinct a group of species as almost any recognized
genus of palms. Its very obvious differences from Bactris are :—the
scandent habit; the opposite pinnæ, whereof the lower are so nar-
rowed at the base as to be spuriously petiolate and almost exactly
lance-shaped, and the upper 6 or 8 pairs are transformed into
straight tough subulate spines so reflexed at an acute angle as to
catch firm hold of any soft substance that brushes against them ;
the petiole consisting almost entirely of sheath (the rhachis being
pinnate almost to the base, where it is abruptly decurved from
the stem) and the sheath prolonged upwards into an ocrea 3 inches
long; whereas in the Bactrides the sheath has either only a ligule
at the mouth, or it extends into a very short oblique ocrea, and,
besides the sheath, there is a proper petiole of from 1 to 2 feet
long.

Besides these differences, no Desmoncus has leaves ciliated
with aculeoli; while every Bactris has them so, if not all along
the margin, at least in a pencil at the point of the leaf.

*

156 DR. R. SPRUCE ON [.Desmoncus.

I have examined too few flowers and fruits of Desmoncus to be
able to institute a thorough comparison with those parts in Bac-
tris ; but in the former the petals of the ¢ flowers are drawn out
into slender points, whereas in the latter they are merely acute;
and the endocarp of Desmoncus is so thin that the fruit has barely
a claim to be called a drupe.

1. D. RIPARIUS, sp. n.

Hab.in ripis fluminis Negro prope pagum San Carlos (S. Ab. Palm.
46).

Caudex tenuis (diametro semipollicari) flexuosus, arboribus vicinis ope
foliorum cirrhiferorum alte scandens, foliosus.

Folia 3-pedalia pinnata ; petiolus vaginans; vagina inermis, in ocream
3-pollicarem ore obliquam longiciliatam producta; rhachis glabrata
aculeis validis nigrescentibus deorsum uncinatis per totam longitu-
dinem armata; pinne 14—16-jug:e, inferiores opposite vel subalterne,
5x14-pollicares ad 7x13-pollicares, lanceolate tenuiacuminate,
basi in petiolulum spurium attenuate, plicate, subtus ad costam -
plerumque aculeis 2 dissitis rectis squarrosis armate, jugorum 6 v.
7 superiorum in spinas eirrhosve exacte oppositos subpollicares su-
bulatos acute retrorsos (sed rectos nec uncinatos) mutate.

Spadices 9-pollicares (pedunculo sub-5-pollicari incluso) simpliciter
ramosi subpinnati, axi rectiusculo ; rami 8-10 sesquipollicares tenui-
usculi spiraliter flexuosi, alveolis haud profundis obscure subdistichis.
Spathe lignescentes mox glabrate aculeis paucis conico-acuminatis
armate; exterior 7-pollicaris dorso obtuse bicarinata; interior 11-
pollicaris anguste fusiformis spadicem alte superans basi integra et
pedunculum vaginans.

Flores cujusque alveoli normaliter tres, fl. inferiore o , 2 superioribus d .
Fl. 9: calyx (fructus) disciformis cupularisve 3-4-5-fidus, lobis latis
apiee trigonis; corolla duplo longior profunde trifida, lobis subqua-
dratis apice triangularibus apieulatis. Drupe 53 x5-lineares late
Obovoidez rostellate ; mesocarpium tenue sicciusculum; endocar-
pium tenue apice triporosum.

2. D. MACRACANTHOS, Mart. Palm. 86.

Hab,“ in sylvis necnon inter virgulta provincize Paraénsis atque Cayenne
frequens" (Mart. l c. ; Aublet, $c.). Prope Pará ipse legi (hb. Palm.
82.), et ad fl. Negro amicus Wallace (Palms, pl. 27).

Cum descriptione Martiana congruere videtur et a D, ripario differt
vaginis ocreisque valde aculeatis nec inermibus; pinnis subovato-
lanceolatis longius acuminatis ; aculeis rhachis anticis rectis subcom-
pressis, posticis validis conico-acuminatis hamatis ; ete.

Flores 8 adsunt, cujus descriptio sequitur. Calyx minutus membrana-
ceus trifidus, laciniis triangularibus subacuminatis. Corolla calyce

Desmoncus. | EQUATORIAL-AMERICAN PALMS. 157

multo longior, 43 lineas longa, coriacea, fere ad basin usque tripartita,
petalis ovato-lanceolatis tenuiacuminatis. Stamina 6; filamenta
brevissima subulata supra torum corolle fundum replentem margi-
nalia (subperigyna); anthere erectæ corolle } vix sequantes oblong
basi sagittatee, loculis apice concretis.

AsTROCARYUM, Meyer.

Of this genus I have preserved descriptions made on the spot
and specimens of but two species, although several more exist in
the forests and along the banks of the Amazon. A. Jauari, Mart.,
is one of the commonest riparial palms; and its clustered, rather
slender but very prickly stems, 30 to 40 feet high, contribute to
give a forbidding and monotonous aspect to low, inundated shores,
where it often abounds to the exclusion of every other palm.

A. vulgare, Mart. (—* Tucúm ” in Brazil, =“ Chambíra" in
Peru, =“ Cumári " in Venezuela), and A. Tucumá, Mart., are com-
mon forest palms, with a stout trunk rarely exceeding 60 feet in
height. From the cuticle of their fronds (especially of A. vulgare)
are made mats, coarse hats, and the strongest hammocks, fishing-
lines and nets known on the Amazon.

A. Murumuru, Mart., rarely exceeds'15 feet in height; but it
has the same sort of pinnate leaves, white on the underside, as
the two former; and still more formidable prickles that are often
more than half a foot long. It grows, not only in moist sandy
flats or hollows of the forest, but on the very banks of the Amazon,
and of its white-water tributaries (such as the Huallaga), all the
way up to the foot of the Andes.

A. Munbaca, Mart., and A. gynacanthum, Mart., are two species
of humbler growth, occurring often in some abundance in old
clearings, along with prickly Bactrides of similar habit. They
well deserve their Tupi name, * Munbáca" (Awakeners!), from
the lancet-like flat prickles, 2 inches long, with a fine point and
sharp eutting edges, which are capable of inflicting severe wounds
on the unwary traveller. I was once run through the upperside
of a finger-joint by a prickle of Munbaca, and could make little
use of that finger for long afterwards; nay, even after the lapse
of 16 years, it is occasionally paralyzed when the other fingers are
unaffected.

The fruits of these two palms have a thin softish pericarp, of
an orange colour and sweet taste, which, when quite ripe, splits

158 DR. R. SPRUCE ON [ Astrocaryum.

up into about six lacinie, that spread back like a stellate corolla,
and finally allow the endocarp to fall out. It was doubtless this
peculiarity which led Meyer to give the name “ Astrocaryum” to
his original species (A. aculeatum, Mey. Esseg. 266), which,
along with 4. Munbaca and gynacanthum, are probably the only
true species of the genus—the other species included under
Astrocaryum by Martius all varying considerably from the type,
and none of them having (so far as I have seen) a dehiscent
pericarp.

The Astrocarya are described by Martius and others as having
a simple spathe; but those which I have been able to examine
have certainly two spathes, whereof the outer and thinner often
falls away at an early stage, which perhaps accounts for its having
been overlooked. The cupulate andreeceum of the 9 flowers, adnate
to the corolla, although not mentioned by Martius, seems indicated
by the “calyx internus basi in annulum membranaceuin ele-
vatus.”’

A. humile, and probably some other species included in Astro-
caryum by Martius and Kunth, correspond precisely to Karsten's
* Guilielmia" in the two spathes, the gamophyllous flowers of
both sexes, and the androeceum of the 9 flowers adnate to the co-
rola. But many botanists will choose to keep the original *Gui-
lielmia"' (of Martius) distinct from Bactris, in which it is merged
by Karsten; and (in any case) that name cannot well be taken
from the species to which its author applied it, and appropriated
to a totally distinct group. Karsten’s genus “ Marara” differs
from his * Guilielmia " in having the calyx of both sexes, as well
as the corolla of the males, triphyllous, but agrees with it in the
adnate andreceum and other characters. But unless there be
some degree of imbrication as well as complete separation of the
petals, the latter character is of little generic value, as is proved
by some species of Geonoma having the petals free to the base,
while their near allies have them united into a gamopetalous
corolla.

Until, therefore, the whole tribe of Prickly Cocoinex shall have
been revised from ample materials, I prefer to continue to place
the two species below described in Astrocaryum, where Martius
placed them, although neither of them agrees perfectly with
his character of that genus, nor are they themselves indisputably
congeneric.

Astrocarywm.] ^ EQUATORIAL-AMERICAN PALMS. 159

l. A. Munsaca, Mart. Palm. 74: caudice tenui 8-12-pedali acu-
leato; foliis 5-pedalibus squaliter pinnatis aculeatis, pinnis vix
sesquipedalibus lineari-lanceolatis acuminatis supra glabris subtus
albido-puberulis setulosisque margine setoso-ciliatis; spadicibus
monoicis bipedalibus simpliciter ramosis, floribus 9 ad rhachin pri-
mariam solitariis sessilibus et ex eorum axillis ramulum masculum
proferentibus; spathis 2, exteriore membranacea inermi ancipiti-
bialata 8-pollicari decidua, interiore triplo longiore coriacea aculeata
persistente; drupis subpollicaribus oblongo-obovatis aurantiacis,
pericarpio pulposo demum stellatim 6-fido patuloque.

Hab. “in sylvis aboriginibus prope urbem Para” (Mart.); ipse autem
fere semper in sylvis recentioribus vidi. Ad flumen Tapajoz, prope
urbem Santarem, et per fluvium Negro, in sylvis quondam cultis
“ Caa-poéras " dictis, sat frequens est, et fructus ab incolis comedun-
tur (S. Ab. Palm. 38; 31 ad Mus. Kewense;.

Caudex tenuis 8-12-pedalis, inter annulos confertos aculeis complanatis,
aciebus apiceque acutissimis, longitudine varia (longioribus bipolli-
caribus) armatus.

Folia 5-pedalia pinnata ; rhachis supra acute carinata minute leproso-
puberula aculeata, aculeis 21-pollicaribus cum brevioribus mixtis ;
pinne tequidistantes, inferiores alternze, superiores oppositze, lineari-
lanceolatee acuminats, subplicate, setis nigris subciliat:e, supra
glabre, subtus dense minute albido-puberule et setulis albidis basi
tuberculosis sparsm, medie fere sesquipedales, latitudine subpollicari ;
vene cujusque pinne 7, angulo costali acuto (30°).

Spadices bipedales aculeati; rhachis indivisa (rarius bifida) floribus 9
onusta, spica ramulove d obtuse trigono brevipedicellato floribundo
e cujusque floris 9 axilla oriundo. Spathe 2: exterior 8-pollicaris
fusiformis ancipiti-bialata membranacea badia inermis cito caduca ;
interior fere bipedalis coriacea, dimidio inferiore teres pedunculum
vaginans, superioresanguste fusiformis antice fissa, aculeolis tenuibus
nigris basi albidis armata.

Flores d. hexandri...... Fl. 9: calyx et corolla cupulatus, margine plu-
risinuatus, primitus squamulis aculeolisve subulatis nigris nitidis
vestitus. Drupe subpollicares, miniatz v. aurantiacee, oblongo-ob-
ovate, pressione mutua basi polygons, stigmatibus 3 persistentibus
coronate ; pericarpium (epicarpium membranaceum cum mesocarpio
pulposo dulci) fere regulariter in lacinias sub 6 stellato-patulas
fissum, et ideo, endocarpio nigro osseo deciso, florem hexapetalum
simulans.

2. A. ACAULE, Mart. Palm. 78, t. 24-63. f. 5: caudice nullo;
foliis plurimis 10-pedalibus inewqualiter pinnatis aculeatis, pinnis
sub-07-jugis 2-4-natim aggregatis bipedalibus linearibus sensim
acutatis recurvo-pendulis margine setoso-ciliatis cæterum glabris

160 DR. R. SPRUCE ON [ Astrocaryum.

subtus albidis ; spadicibus dioicis (?) subbipedalibus simpliciter ramosis
scopseformibus albido-furfuraceis, ramis 3-pollicaribus paucifloris ; -
spathis 2 validis bipedalibus et longioribus, exteriore v. inermi v. sub-
armata, interiore crebre aculeata ; drupis subpollicaribus obovatis
cinerascentibus. -

Hab. “ in arenosis prope Barra do Rio Negro, alibi in eadem provincia,
et in insulis fluminis Amazonum " (Mart.). ln sylvis humilioribus
arenosis fl. Negro superioris preecipue secus San Carlos (S. Ab. Palm.
47 ; etiam Wallace, Palms, pl. 44).

Caudex nullus.

Folia radicalia plurima 10-pedalia, e basi erecta arcuato-inclinata, pin-
nata; petiolus 41-pedalis et rhachis furfuraceo-tomentellus miniatus,
purpurascens, v. ad rhachis faciem superiorem albidus; pinne 67-
jug, 2-4-natim aggregate, lineares longe sensim angustate, recurvo-
penduls, basi arcte reduplicate, preter ad costam elevatam subplane,
venulis pluristriate, subtus albide, setulis brevibus nigris ciliate,
medise subsesquipedales, 7 lineas latz. -Aculet nigrescentes nitidi, ad
petiolum rhachimque hic illic ternatim aggregati, majores 3-pollicares
et longiores, basi 2 ad 3 lineas lati, fere complanati, aciebus acutis,
acumine valde pungente.

Spadix subbipedalis (pedunculo valido subcompresso albescente incluso),
ut videtur unisexualis, simpliciter ramosus scopeformis, tomento
furfuraceo albido obsessus ; rami plurimi 3-pollicares tenues flexuosi,
hic illic in receptacula lignosa obconica v. subhemisphzerica apice
concava uniflora (pedicellos abbreviatos sistentia) dilatati. Spathe 2,
bipedales et longiores, valide coriaces, ultra medium pedunculum
vaginantes, supra medium fusiformes et antice rimose; exterior
recta (setate convoluta) fusca striata et vel inermis vel aculeis tenui-
bus planis }-}-pollicaribus sparse armata; interior purpureo-badia
aculeis adscendentibus crebrius armata, demum aperta et supra spa-
dicem insigniter fornicata. i

Flores ( d non vidi) 9 ad quemque ramum 2-5, ad receptacula solitarii,
bracteis 3 elongato-triangularibus obtusatis intra receptacula persisten-
tibus stipati, coriacei. Calyx et corolla probabiliter primum cupularis
vel urceolaris, fructüs tamen ille tripartitus, hzc trifida calycem
paulo excedens 3-linearis, sed ambo varie multifida. Andraceum
sterile cupulare, corolla dimidio brevius eidem arcte adherens, trans-
verse striatulum. Drupe subpollicares obovate rostellate siccius-
cule cinerascentes.

Obs.—Cum descriptione Martiana haud perfecte congruit, sed a diffe-
rentiis momenti levioris, et priecipue ex habitatione conformi, veri-
similiter eadem species erit. A. humile, Wallace (Palms, pl. 45),
caudicis prasentia etiamsi perbrevis, et drupis setosis bene differt.

Cocos. | EQUATORIAL-AMERICAN PALMS. 161

Cocos, Linn.

I introduce this genus for the sake of describing under it a
Palm of the Upper Orinoco, but with considerable doubt as to
whether this is really its proper place. The whole of the Un-
armed Cocoinez, but especially those with hexandrous d flowers,
are in fact so closely allied that it is difficult to say whether they
should constitute one genus or many, and (in the latter case) on
what characters to found their delimitation. Martius describes
Cocos with a solitary spathe, and makes no mention of an hypogy-
nous cup (or sterile andreceum); yet Karsten attributes to Cocos
both an hypogynous cup and a double spathe, and frames his genus
Platenia for the reception of the species with a solitary spathe*.
The species described below has certainly a double spathe, and
would perhaps be referred by Dr. Martius to his genus Syagrus,
which itself seems to be no more than a subgenus of Cocos.

C. ORINOCENSIS, sp. n.

Hab. in montibus graniticis fluminis Orinoco secus cataractas, valde
frequens, gregaria.

Caudex 12-G0-pedalis gracilescens, diametro haud semipedali, annulatus,
levis, inermis, et (foliis marcidis omnino deciduis) ad apicem folio-
sum usque nudus.

Folia flavo-viridia, inferiora arcuato-pendula, superiora subpatula v.
fere erecta, ineequaliter pinnata, 63-pedalia ; petiolus 2-pedalis facie
superiore caviusculus basi vix dilatatus, vagina brevi fibrilloso-mem-
branacea cito decidua; pinne 78-80-juge, 2-3-natim fastigiate,
medix fere bipedales, 10 lineas late, lineares apice longe sensim
angustate, basi reduplicate, haud falcatz sed pendulæ.

Spadices 1}-pedales simpliciter ramosi, tres contemporanei sed a diver-
sorum foliorum axillis orti ; rami polystichi conferti flexuosi 9-12-pol-
licares, tertio inferiore flores 9 7-10 alternos solitarios ad flexuras pro-
ferentes, apice tenuiore flores d (ut videtur binatos bracteola stipa-
tos) gerentes. Spathe 2: exterior brevis 9-pollicaris compressa
anceps; interior lignescens 23 pedes longa, circumferentia majore
5-pollicari, e basi tenui vaginante fusiformis cuspidata antice rimosa
et demum (fructu maturato) explanata,

Flores d jam delapsi fuerunt. Fl. 9 trigono-urceolares vix semipollicem
alti. Sepala petalaque oblato-cordato-triangularia obtusa late imbri-
cata, hzc sublongiora. Andreceum sterile cupulare, vel potius late
annulare, corolla 4-plo brevius. ..... Drupe magnitudine ovi colum-

* “Plante Columbianz," Linnea, 1856, p. 249.
LINN. PROC.——BOTANY, VOL. XI. M

162 DR. R. SPRUCE ON [ Cocos. .

bini, e cinereo flavide, mesocarpio eduli sapore druparum Maaimi-
liane regie.

Obs.—Anne potius ad genus Syagrum (Martii) referenda, quum spatha
duplex invenitur ?

This handsome Palm, notable for its short curling yellowish
foliage, forms large beds on the bare granite of the mountains of
the Orinoco, between the mouths of the Vichada and Meta. 1t
is a conspicuous ornament on the Cerro de Mono and on the hills
around Maypures, ascending to their very summits, about 1000
feet above the river. Near the cataracts there are fruiting speci-
mens no more than 12 feet high, and few exceed 30 feet; but on
the mountains there are others 50, or even 60 feet high. The
fruit was just ripe at the time of my visit to Maypures, in June,
1854. It is a yellowish-grey drupe, like that of Maximiliana regia,
and the hardish mesocarp is edible but insipid.

At Maypures I heard this Palm called * Corozito "—2a name
that seems common to many Palms with hard kernels.

MAXIMILIANA, Mart.

The Palm about to be described—I regret to say, very incom-
pletely—is so obviously a congener of Mazimiliana regia, Mart.
(the * Inajá " of the Brazilians), that I introduce it here, although
my notes on the fresh plant are very brief, and I am unable to
reconsult the specimens deposited in the Kew Museum. But it
is doubtful how Mazimiliana is to be kept apart from Cocos. The
spadiees being alternately male and bisexual (with 9 flowers on
the lower part of the branches and ¢ flowers on the upper)—or,
as Martius has it, ^ spadices in eadem stirpe alii androgyni, alii
masculi "—is a character common to many Palms: we have seen
it tobe frequent in Geonoma; and I should expect to find it in
undeniable species of Cocos, as well as of Maximiliana. Karsten
compares Mazimiliana with his own Scheelea and with Attalea,
Mart., from both of which it is said to differ in the exserted sta-
mens, and from the former in the plane (not terete) petals. But
Martius's second species of Mazimiliana (M. insignis), which he de-
scribes with d flowers “non supra femineos in eodem ramo positi, sed
ad eorum latera provenientes," is removed by Karsten to Scheelea.
Ivery much doubt the generic importance of these differences.

Maximiliana Inajai, ike M. regia, has the woody boat-like

Mazimiliana.]] ^ EQUATORIAL-AMERICAN PALMS. 163

spathes persisting on the trunk for years after the spadices have
fallen.

M. Inagsat, sp. n.

Hab. in sylvis fluminis Negro subripariis, preecipue secus ejus ostia.
Inajaí Brasiliensium (S. Ab. Palm. 6; ad Mus. Kew. 83).

Caudex 10-20-pedalis, gracilis, diametro 3-pollicari, ligno molli, annulis
spatio semipedali dissitis.

Folia 8-pedalia patula inszqualiter pinnata; petiolus brevis et rhachis
ferrugineo-leprosa; pinne 80-jugs. 3-4-natim (secus apicem bina-
tim) aggregate, medir 25 x 1}-pollicares lanceolato-lineares abrupte
cuspidato-acuminate, inferiores longiores (30-pollicares) angustio-
resque, omnes preter costam mediam sub 8-veniz.

Spadices inter folia oriundi simpliciter ramosi........ Spatha unica
25x 3-pollicaris anguste fusiformis crasse lignosa extus plurisulea,
basi in vaginam 8-pollicarem angustata, post spadicis lapsum longe
persistente.

ATTALEA, Humb. et Kunth.

1. A. HUMBOLDTIANA, sp. n. : caudice robusto altitudine mediocri levi
subnudo; foliis maximis 32-pedalibus æqualiter pinnatis, petiolo vix
ullo, rhachi e lateribus valde compressa, pinnis 200-jugis et pluribus
linearibus acuminatis, mediis 43-pedalibus, basalibus longioribus ;
spadicibus O-pedalibus simpliciter ramosis fructu pendulis, ramis
androgynis apice solo masculis ; drupis plurimis 2-pollicaribus ova-
libus rostratis sicciusculis, epicarpio fuscescente.

Hab. ad ripas fluminis Orinoco supra cataractas, etiam fl. Cassiquiari
supra lacus Vasiva ostia. In humidis camporum sylvarumque ejus-
dem regionis, e. gr. secus pagum Esmeralda, gregarie viget. Vagua
ab Indis dicta (S. hb. Palm. 43).

Caudex 20-40-pedalis robustus annulatus inermis, secus apicem paucis-
simis petiolorum reliquiis obvelatus.

Folia plura contemporanea, 32-pedalia, concinne pinnata, e basi erecta
arcuato-pendula ; petiolus perbrevis e basi dilatata amplexante semi-
cylindricus 5-pollices latus, facie superiore planus cito in rhachim an-
gustatus, ita ut rhachis pro majore parte sue longitudinis multo
magis crassa quam lata est et aciem acutum supra folium ostendit ;
pinne 200- ad 213-juge, szquidistantes, validze, angulo recto inserte
basique stricte reduplicatz, in plano verticali patule, lineares
sensim in apicem acutum angustat», infime prelonge 6}-pedales,
latitudine pollicari, mediæ 41-pedales latitudine bipollicari, apienles
vix pedales.

Spadices inter folia oriundi, 4 v. 5 contemporanei, 5-pedales, simpliciter

M2

164 DR. R. SPRUCE ON [ Attalea.

ramosi, fructu penduli; pedunculus 21-pedalis decurvus subteres, cir-
cumferentia 7-pollicari; rami sub 100, polystichi conferti subcom-
pressi flexuosi 7-pollicares, flores 9 sub 11 solitarios sessiles gerentes,
apice solo sesquipollicari flores d sub 10 confertos, proferentes.
Spatha simplex maxima, 7}-pedalis, circumferentia 16-pollicari,
lignescens, fusiformis, basi in vaginam bipedalem, apice in rostrum
compressum pedale attenuata, dorso plurisulca, antice rimosa.

Flores d minute tribracteolati, in meo specimine fructifero jam decisi.
Fl. 9: bracteole 6, biseriatz, 3 exteriores minute triangulares ; trium
interiorum intima major reniformis apiculata duplo latior quam
longa (43 x2-linearis), cæteræ dus parvee ssepe in unam bicuspida-
tam coalite. Sepala 3, 9 lineas longa 8-9 lin. lata, erecta crasse co-
riacea cordato-triangularia concava imbricata. Petala 3, coriacea,
oblato-cordata v. reniformia, apiculata, 7 X 91-lineari. Urceolus hy-
pogynus liber, 3 lineas altus, ore obsolete 6-angularis petalis tenuior.
Drupe sub 1000 cujusque spadicis maturate, 2 pollices longe, 1-1}
poll. late, ovales v. ovali-oblongse sæpius pressione mutua subpris-
matices, styli basi conica 4-lineari persistente rostrate. ^ Epicarpium
fuscescens decidue leprosum minute striatum. Mesocarpium 3 lineas
crassum, e laminis fibrosis, exterioribus mollioribus separabilibus, in-
terioribus in massam ligneam concretis, constans. Endocarpium i
lines crassum, osseum nigrescens, mesocarpio adnatum, supra basin
3-foraminatum, 1-2-loculare, loculis in drupa nondum maturata
vacuis.

This noble but not very lofty Palm is the one mentioned by
Humboldt in the following terms: * Nature has lavished every
beauty of form on the Jagua Palm*, which, intermingled with the
Cocurito or Vadgihai (80 to 100 feet high), adorns the cataracts of
Atures and Maypures, and is occasionally found also on the lonely
banks of the Casiquiari. The smooth slender stems of the Jagua,
rising to between 60 and 70 feet, appear above the dense mass of
foliage of other kinds of trees, from amidst which they spring like
raised colonnades, their airy summits contrasting beautifully with
the thickly-leaved species of Ceiba, and with the forest of Lau-

* The correct Spanish orthography is “ Yagua.” In “ Jagua,” as Humboldt
writes the name, his “j ” has the German sound, viz. that of our * y." That
great traveller was not uniform in his orthography of native Venezuelan names,
sometimes writing them according to the Spanish, and at others to the German,
sound of the letters. In one case he mixes the two modes ina single word, viz.
in “ Cheruvichahena," the name of a native tribe, whose correct orthography
in Spanish is “ Jerubichajena."

The Cocurito palm is Maximiliana regia, Mart.

Attalea. | EQUATORIAL-AMERICAN PALMS. 165

rineé, Calophyllum, and different species of Amyris that surround
them. The leaves of the Jagua, which are few in number (rarely
so many as 7 or 8), are 16 or 17 feet long, and rise almost verti-
cally into the air; their extremities are curled like plumes; the
ultimate divisions, or leaflets, having only a thin grass-like paren-
chyma, flutter lightly round the slowly balancing central leaf-
stalks.” —Aspects of Nature, * Physiognomy of Plants."

Of this account it is to be remarked :—(1) that the dimensions
are probably mere estimates; for I found the leaves double the
length, or 34 English (—32 French) feet, and I counted on one
leaf 213 pairs of pinnz ; and (2) that Humboldt, writing (as he
says) after he had left the country, has probably mixed up his
impressions of the Fagua and of the Palm described above under
the name of Cocos Orinocensis ; for the latter abounds much more
at the cataracts than the Yagua, and it has only a few leaves at a
time, whereas the crown of the Yagua contains usually a great
many leaves. However that may be, the Palm above described
(from a noble specimen that I hope may still be standing at the
bifurcation of the Casiquiari) is certainly what is called * Yagua”’
at this day. Its most striking feature is that the pinne are ar-
ranged vertically, and not horizontally as in other Palms, and it is
eaused by the rhachis being so much thinned away at the sides—
80 very narrow in proportion to its thickness*—that it bends in
the plane of the pinnz, and not in a plane perpendicular to that
plane as in the generality of palms. The leaves spring up almost
perpendicularly at the base, but in the upper part arch over, to
one side or the other, as the wind sways them. The pinne
stand at right angles to the rhachis, and while those on the
lower side of the arch hang straight down, those on the upper
side point straight up, and from their constrained position quiver
and flutter with every breath of airt.

In a letter written to Sir W. Hooker just after my return
from the Casiquiari to San Carlos, I referred the Palma Yagua
to Maximiliana, moved thereto by having found an hypogynous
cup in the 9 flowers, such as Kunth in his ‘ Enumeratio’ (fol-

* At midway of leaf, the rhachis is 9 lines thick (i. e. perpendicularly to plane
of leaf), 4 lines broad at back, and in front tapers to an edge ; at the apex it is

still more compressed.
t Something of the same kind is occasionally seen in the leaves of Cocos nu-
cifera, but only near their points, where a half-twist of the rhachis brings a few

of the upper leaflets into a nearly vertical position.

166 DR. R. SPRUCE ON | Attalea.

lowing Martius) attributes to Maximiliana, but not to either
Attalea or Cocos. But when I consider the habit of this palm,
and the equably pinnate Jeaves with very numerous large leaflets
—so like those of Attalea excelsa and speciosa of the Amazon—
I can scarcely doubt its being a congener of those two species.
As I have no male flowers, and those of Attalea should be poly-
androus (stamens 9-24), there is still a doubt whether it ought
rather to be referred to Scheelea, Karst., which has hexandrous
male flowers with terete petals (the petals of Attalea being
plane). It might even prove to be scarcely distinct from the
“Palma Real" of the Magdalena and Cauca, Scheelea regia,
Karst., which has * folia eequaliter pinnata 24-pedalia, pinnis 180—
200-jugis 4-5-pedalibus, &c.” If, however, I rightly understand
what Karsten says of Scheelea, “flores g pedunculum commu-
nem tegentes, fl. 9 versus ramorum basin pauciores," it is dif-
ferent from the structure of the Yagua described above. And
here the matter must rest until some traveller procure perfect
flowers of both sexes.

2. A. RACEMOSA, sp. n.: caudice nullo; foliis 12-pedalibus sequaliter
pinnatis recte arcuatis, pinnis 90-jugis linearibus acutis; spadicibus
3-4-pedalibus simplicibus arcuatis, pedunculo subcompresso; flo-
ribus (9) racemosis 2-3-stichis secundis brevissime pedicellatis ;
drupis majusculis.

Hab. in sylvis Venezuele borealis inter fluvios Negro et Guasié, ubi
sub arborum excelsarum umbra gregarie crescit. 7éco ab Indis Barré
nuncupatur (S. Ab. Palm. 54).

Caudex nullus,

Folia plurima, omnia radicalia, sub-12-pedalia, concinne pinnata, ar-
cuata ; petiolus brevis validus; pinne 90-jugæ horizontaliter patulæ
fere rectæ lineares acute.

Spadices radicales unisexuales (dioici ?) 3—4-pedales, simplices; pedun-
culus elongatus tenuis subcompressus arcuatus; rhachis brevis 3-1-
pedalis. Spatha unica spadicem excedens, vagina basali 13-2-pedali,
limbo anguste fusiformi longe cuspidato demum antice rimoso.

Flores 9 racemosi unilaterales (terram spectantes) 7-21 ad quemque
spadicem. Pedicelli (v. si mavis, ramuli uniflori) alterni distichi v.
subtristichi, breves (i-i-pollicares), plerumque solitarii, rarissime
binati, crassi compressuli ancipites uniflori, basi bractea (spathella)
triangulari-acuminata amplexante stipati. Bractee 3, cordato-tri-
angulares latissime amplexanti-imbricate, intima multo majore, re-
ceptaculum floris convexum fibroso-papillosum cireumambientes.
Cr... Drupe magnitudine ovi cygnei......

Attalea. | EQUATORIAL-AMERICAN PALMS. 167

Obs.—There are no scars, or other indications of d flowers
fallen away, on the spadices in my specimen, whence I conclude
them purely female. No other Attalea seems to have spadices so
slightly branched ; but the habit is so exactly that of the stemless
forms of A. compta and spectabilis—the leaves, with broad flat
pinne that do not curl in drying, and so fit them admirably for
thatch, being the same, as well as the large hard drupes—that (in
the absence of flowers, both d and 9) I venture to refer it to
the same genus.

It is probable that some of the loftier Palms of the Amazon
valley, which stillremain to be described, are species of Attalea.
A very fine Palm, closely resembling 4. speciosa, Mart., but with
drupes that turn red when ripe, adorns the banks of the Upper
Amazon from the Peruvian frontier to the Andes; and north of
the Amazon, in the roots of the Equatorial Andes, there is an
Attalea, known by the Quichua name of * Biroti-huasi," which
has a beard to the petioles similar to that of the Attalea funifera
of South Brazil, but not long enough to make ropes of.

Mavunrria, Linn. f.

We enter now on a group of Palms distinct from all those pre-
viously described, not only by the important character of the
scaly or loricated fruits, but by the pinnately branched spadices,
which are destitute of any universal envelope, or spathe, and have
instead the peduncle, rhachis, and primary branches (at least)
completely encased in imbricated sheaths (spathelle). The fan-
shaped leaves, which become so through the rhachis being so
excessively contracted that the lacinie or pinne appear to all
spring from nearly the same point, is a character of less im-
portance; for there is one American genus (Rhaphia) and several
Asiatic genera of Scaly-fruited Palms which have elongated
leaves of the ordinary type.

It is difficult to decide whether Mauritia (as I understand it)
should constitute but one, or be divided into three genera. The
pretty little Palms called Lepidocarywm by Martius are exactly
miniature Mauritias in the habit, the flabellate leaves, the spa-
dices, the structure of the flowers and fruits. It is only in the
arrangement of the flowers on the spadix that a tangible cha-
racter is found to separate them ; for in Lepidocaryum the flowers
are distichous on the ultimate branches or spikes (“amenta ”

168 DR. R. SPRUCE ON [| Mauritia.

of Martius)—solitary on the female, geminate on the male spadix ;
whereas in Mauritia the male flowers (at least) are polystichous
on the spikes.

The large handsome Palm which Mr. Wallace was the first to
figure and describe, under the name of * Mauritia Carana " (Palms,
pl. 18), differs in the structure of the male flowers from both the
above, having the petals united into a hypocrateriform corolla,
with a slender tube, to which the filaments of the stamens are
adnate; whereas in Mauritia and Lepidocaryum both the lanceo-
late petals and the stamens are free to the base. I have seen
reason, in comparing the structure of the male flowers of other
palms, to regard this difference as of only secondary importance;
and as I have unfortunately neither female flowers nor fruits of
Mr. Wallace's palm, I dare not separate it generically from M.
flexuosa, with which it entirely agrees in habit, except that the
leafy crown reposes on an immense mass of persistent decaying pe-
tioles, such as is never seen in M. flexuosa, For the present, there-
fore, I shall speak of it as a subgenus of Mauritia, under the name
* Orophoma," in allusion to its general use on the Rio Negro for
the thatch or covering of houses.

The three subgenera of Mauritia wil therefore stand as fol-
lows :— ;

Fl. d ad ramulos spiciformes polystichi,

petalis staminibusque liberis ...... EUMAURITIA.
petalis in corollam hypocraterimorpham coalitis,
staminibus perigynis ........ OROPHOMA.
Bl. d adramulosdisüchl ...-...........- LEPIDOCARYUM.

I append a list of all the species known to me, either from my
own observation or the descriptions of others.

Subgenus I. Eumauritia.
$ 1. Caudice inermi. (= Murití vel Mirití Brasiliensium = Moriche
Orinocensium = Achudl et Aguáshi Peruvianorum.)

I. FLEXUOSA, L. f. Tota America ZEquatorialis Cisandina.
. VINIFERA, Mart. Brasilia, ad fl. S. Francisco.

toc
z:

$ 2. Caudice aculeis armato. (= Carand Paraénsium
= Cahudia Orinocensium.)
3. M. Martiana, Spruce. Fl. Amazonum et Negro.
4. M. ARMATA, Mart. Brasilia, ad campos centrales.
5. M. ACULEATA, H. et B. Fl. Negro, Atabapo, &c.
6. M. rvuiLA, Wallace. Fl. Negro superior.
7. M. SUBINERMIS, Spruce. Fl. Casiquiari.

Mauritia. | EQUATORIAL-AMERICAN PALMS. 169

Subgenus II, Orophoma.

(= Caraná incolarum fl. Negro= Tindmalu Indorum Barré.)
8. M. Carana, Wallace. Fl. Negro, Casiquiari, et Orinoco.

Subgenus III. Lepidocaryum.

9. M. eracus, Mart, Fl. Negro, Atabapo, &c.
10. M. TENUIS, Mart. Canumá juxta fl. Madeira.
ll. M. QUADRIPARTITA, Spruce. Rivuli fl. Negro inferioris.
12. M. CasrqurarEnsis, Spruce. Fl. Casiquiari.
13. M. GvAixrENsIS, Spruce. Fl. Guainia.

Obs.— Adsunt verisimiliter ali: species Mauritie aculeis armate
in regione fl. Negro et Orinoco superioris, omnes in Brasilia
“ Caraná," in Venezuela * Cahuaia" dicte. Baccas solas Mau-
ritie cujusdam M. flexuose valde affinis, oblongo-trigonas, duplo
longiores quam latas, vidi secus origines fluminum Negro et
Atabapo.

Sequuntur descriptiones Mauritiarum ab ipso auctore in statu
vivo (szepe quam incomplete !) investigatarum :—

I. Eumauritia: floribus polystichis, corollis masculis tripetalis,
staminibus liberis.

M. ACULEATA, Humb. et Bonpl.: caudicibus plurimis 20-25-peda-
libus; frondibus 7-pedalibus flabelliformi-40-partitis, laciniis sub-3-
pedalibus pendulis subtus albido-pruinosis ad venas et margines ex-
timos aculeolatis; baccis subglobosis ex apice depresso rostellatis.

Hab. in ripis inundatis fluminis Negro aliorumque aquis nigris manan-
tium, sc. Pacimoni, Atabapo, e. a. frequens, cum Leopoldinia majore,
Wallace, plerumque consociata (S. hb. Palm. 55); “in ripa fl.
Atabapo” (Humboldt). | Cahuáia Orinocensium ; Uya Indorum
Barré.

Syn. Mauritia aculeata, Humb. Ansicht. d. Natur, i. 131; H., B., K.,
Nov. Gen. i. 311 (nec M. aculeata, Mart. Palm. 47, t. 39).— M. gracilis,
Wallace, Palms, t. 20.

Palma multicaulis, caudicibus usque ad 50 ex eodem rhizomate magno
convexo ortis, 20-25-pedalibus, diametro 3-pollicari, flexuosis, exte-
rioribus cespitis valde inclinatis, aculeis conicis sparsis armatis,
ligno duro, annulorum interspatiis subtripollicaribus.

Folia sub 9 contemporanea, fere 7-pedalia, cum petiolis decidua; pe-
tiolus 31-pedalis basi ipsa caudicem vaginans, dein canaliculatus,
secus apicem subteres ; rhachis vix 3-pollicaris ; lamina flabelliformi-

170 ' DR. R. SPRUCE ON | Mauritia.

40-partita, laciniis mediis fere 33-pedalibus, infimis vix ultra 23-pe-
dalibus, tenuibus, secus medium abrupte pendulis, subtus albido-prui-
nosis, ad venas etiam ad laciniarum extimarum margines aculeolis
ciliiformibus 3-4 lineas longis pallidis medio badiis sursum directis

armatis. ;
Spadices bipinnati, penduli, 2 v. 3 contemporanei.
Pe ee ves. Bacce subglobose, diametro 13-pollicari, basi apiceque

depressx, conico-rostellatz, squamulis badiis loricatze.

Obs.—M. armata, Mart. Palm. 45, t. 41-43, ad rivulos camporum Bra-
siliensium reperta, priori valde affinis videretur, et caudicibus plu-
ribus (6-20) ejusdemmodi gaudet; differt tamen foliis subtus solum
glaucescentibus et baccis ovatis.

M. Martiana, nobis (= M. uculeata, Mart. Palm. 47, t. 39. f. 3, 4, et t. 44,
nec Humb.), caudice solitario robustiore recto, baccis ovato-globosis
acutis, &c. diversa est.

The name of this Palm is a question for the synonymists to
settle. I have no doubt of its being the Palm spoken of by Hum-
boldt in his * Personal Narrative’ as “a new species of Bache or
Mauritia...... This Mauritia aculeata is called by the Indians
‘Juria’ or *Cavaja;' its leaves are in the form of a fan, and
bent towards the ground..... The thorns are not slender and
long like those of the Corozo and other thorny Palm trees, but,
on the contrary, very woody, short, and broad at the base, like the
thorns of Hura crepitans. On the banks of the Atabapo this `
Palm tree is distributed in groups of 12 or 15 stems, as close to-
gether as if they rose from' the same root." To those who have
travelled on the Atabapo this description is sufficient. There is
but one Palm that answers to it, and it is more abundant than
any other on the inundated shores of that river. The slender
prickly stems, 20 to 25 feet high, spring several together from
the same root, and do not merely seem to do so, as supposed by
Humboldt. I have often seen far more than twelve or fifteen
(and I once counted as many as fifty) stems arising from a single
root. Itisa common Palm on the banks of black-water rivers
throughout what is now called the “ Canton del Rio Negro," but
in Humboldt's time “ Misiones del Alto Orinoco." I have seen
it, for instance, on the Rio Negro, Uaupés, Pimichin, Pacimoni,
and Vasiva. Other prickly species of Mauritia grow in the same
region, but more frequently in forest-swamps than on river banks,
and they have all solitary stems.

Although the identity of Humboldt's Palm is so plain to a
person who has seen it in the very place he saw it, yet when we

`

Mauritia.] EQUATORIAL-AMERICAN PALMS. 171

find it entered in the ‘ Nova Genera &e.’ with no further descrip-
tion than “ Mauritia caudice spinoso," and an added reference to
the *Aspects of Nature, where nothing more definite is said of
it, we may well exeuse Dr. Martius for having mistaken a prickly-
stemmed Mauritia of the Amazon for the M. aculeata of Hum-
boldt, although it differs from the latter in the taller, stouter
stems, growing singly and not clustered, and in the ovate (not
globose) fruits. Mr. Wallace, taking Martius’s great work as his
guide, and finding his Rio Negro Palm distinct from the * M. acu-
leata” described there, naturally enough considered it altogether
new, and named it afresh. His figure is characteristic, and quite
suffices to identify the species with Humboldt’s; hence it is doubtful
whether Wallace's name “ gracilis," or Humboldt and Bonpland’s
more ancient name “aculeata” should stand. In retaining the
latter I have been guided solely by priority ; and it entails the ne-
cessity of changing the name of Martius's *aculeata," which I
propose to call “M. Martiana.' The amended synonymy will
stand briefly thus: Mauritia aculeata, H. et B. = M. gracilis,
Wallace, nec M. aculeata, Mart. ; M. Martiana, Spruce = M. acu-
leata, Mart. (nec H. et B.).

M. SUBINERMIs, sp. n.: caudice solitario 18-pedali gracili sub-
inermi; foliis 4-pedalibus flabelliformi-30-34-partitis, laciniis 1j-
pedalibus lineari-lanceolatis acutis subtus albido-pruinosis, aculeolis
venarum marginumque nullis; baccis......

Hab. in sylvis humilioribus ad confluentiam fluviorum Casiquiari et
Guainia (S. Ab. Palm. 39). Cahudia Orinocensium.

Caudex 18-pedalis, brachialis, creberrime annulatus, inermis v. aculeis
paucissimis semipollicaribus anguste conicis armatus, secus apicem
petiolorum basibus fibroso-dissolutis in massam fusiformem congestis
investitus.

Folia 4-pedalia ; petiolus vix 21-pedalis, diametro 9-lineari, basi ipsa
caudicem vaginans, superne subteres, decidue pruinosus; lamina fla-
belliformis profunde 30-34-partita, basi integra 3-pollicari valide
plicata, laciniis 13-pedalibus, latitudine sesquipollicari, lineari-lan-
ceolatis subabrupte acutis, a medio pendulis, triplicatis, subtus albido
leprosis pruinosisve.

Spadices parvi (eorum reliquia sola visa).

II. Orophoma: floribus polystichis, corollis masculis
gamopetalis.

M. (OropHoma) Carana, Wallace, Palms, pl 18: caudice ro-

172 DR. R. SPRUCE ON | Mauritia.

busto 20-40-pedali inermi sed infra folia mole petiolorum persi-
stentium maxima aucto; folis magnis haud profunde palmatipar-
titis.

Hab. in sylvis humilioribus humidis arenosis “ Caatingas ” dictis per
totam regionem flum. Negro a fluvio Tarumá ad flum. Orinoco ori-
gines usque (Wallace, l. c. ; Orophoma Carana, Spruce, hb. Palm.
56). Caraná incolarum fl. Negro, nec Paraénsium que M. aculeata,
Mart., est; Tinámalu Indorum Barré; Muhi Indorum Tucano.

Caudices solitarii 20—40-pedales robusti, inermes, infra coronam frondo-
sam petiolis persistentibus margine fibroso-dissolutis in magnam
molem congestis obvelati.

Folia magna flabelliformi-pinnatipartita (minus profunde quam in M.
flexuosa, teste Wallace). :

Spadices inter folia oriundi bipinnati unisexuales (dioici?); rami (spa-
dicis g ) pendulini 14~16-pollicares spiciformes, basi spathella anci-
piti 2-pollicari ore dilatato bifida laciniis carinatis (spathellis 2 con-
natis constante) recepti, dein per totam longitudinem spathellis sim-
plicibus distiche imbricatis vaginati. Spathelle 26-30-jugs brevi-
cyathiformes, antice bicarinate ore ampliato obliquo, postice in
linguàm concavam recurvam product, striate, decidue cinereo-to-
mentelle. Ramult spiceve tot quot spathelle, squarrose distichz,
4-1 pollicis longse (pedicello spathella abscondito excluso), oblongo-
cylindraces, densiflorz.

Flores g sessiles polystichi cito decidui, bracteolis confertissimis per-
sistentibus squamseformibus calycem subsequantibus, linearibus, ob-
longis, anguste spathulatis, vel amorphis, et haud raro duabusin unam
bifidam coadunatis, dorso alato-carinatis et apice incrassato papillosis
stipati. Calyx 1} lin. longus trigono-infundibuliformis ore brevis-
sime trilobus, lobis rotundatis dorso papillosis. Corolla duplo et
ultra longior hypocraterimorpha v. subinfundibuliformis, tubo tenui
calycem superante, limbo e lobis 3 lanceolatis crassis concavis cari-
natis valvatis extus granulis minutis applanatis tessellatis. Stamina
6, corolla inclusa, biseriata, 3 exterioribus brevioribus; filamenta
corollæ tubo adnata superne libera carnosa subtrigono-prismatica ;
antheræ erectæ oblongæ sagittatæ, loculis basi fere ad medium usque

discretis, apice accretis, lateraliter dehiscentibus. Pistillum ste-
rile 0.

III. Lepidocaryum : floribus distichis.

M. (LEPIDOCARYUM) QUADRIPARTITA, sp. n.: caudice 8-12-pe-
dali diametro semipollicari ; foliis 5-pedalibus flabelliformi-4-partitis
(raro 5-8-partitis), laciniis lanceolatis ad venas et margines exti-
mos setoso-ciliatis ; baccis semipollicaribus oblongis obovatisve ex

Mauritia. | EQUATORIAL-AMERICAN PALMS. 173

obtuso cuspidatis, squamulis r ombeis flavidis, apice nigro ciliato
loricatis.

Hab. in sylvis humilioribus, in declivibus ad rivulum “ Igarapé da Ca-
choeira" dictum flum. Negro secus ejus ostia affluentem (S. Ab.
Palm. 23).

Caudex 8-12-pedalis, diametro semipollicari, flexuosus, raro erectus,
secus apicem basibus petiolorum equitantibus persistentibus ob-
velatus.

Folia tristicha, 5-pedalia et longiora; petiolus 40-pollicaris basi vagi-
nante obtuse carinatus, superne a latere subcompressus, lepra badia
decidua vestitus : lamina 18-22-pollicaris flabelliformis. (angulo ba-
sali vix ad 90? metiente) fere ad basin usque bifurca, furcis bipartitis,
raro una alterave 3-4-partita; vene 22-28 et furcarum margines
setis dissitis subappressis ciliate.

Spadices e sinu frondium enati, dioici; masculi 17-20-pollicares, bipin-
nati, decidue leprosi, vaginis (spathellis) bipollicaribus distichis im-
bricatis sub apice nigro-annulatis ore obliquo extus in acumen cari-
natum productis tunicati ; spathellis infimis paucis vacuis, superioribus
omnibus ramum circinato-recurvum simili modo spathellatum ex axilla
proferentibus. ŒE cujusque spathelle ramez axilla profertur spica
brevis scorpioidea flores 20-24, in catervos 5-6 bigeminatim di-
stichos dispositos gerens. Bractee spathelluleve spicarum di-
stiche late amplexanti-imbricatz bifloræ; bracteole binatæ perfo-
liatee cyathiformes ore valde oblique, alato-bicarinate, exciso-bifide
(quaque e bracteolulis 2 in unam coalitis constante), exterior inte-
riorem et flores 2 includens.

Flores d: calyx cylindraceo-cupularis ore brevissime trilobus. Corolla
exserta, oblongo-ovalis, e petalis 3 valvatis longe lanceolatis pallide
viridibus corneis pluristriatis constans. Stamina 6; filamenta clavata,
basi libera, 3 exteriora breviora; anthere profunde sagittate, loculis
apice solo accretis ssepe inequilongis. Styli 3 rudimentarii minuti.

Flores 9 in spicas breviores diversi spadicis congesti...... Bacce
7 x 5-lineares oblong:e v. subobovatee obtusæ sed styli basi persistente
acute cuspidate, squamulis rhombeis flavidis, medio badiis, apice
ciliato nigris loricatze, monosperme.

M. (LeprmocaryuM) CASIQUIARENSIS, sp. n.: caudice 4-8-pe-
dali, diametro pollicari; foliis 23-pedalibus flabelliformi-16-20-
partitis, laciniis lineari-lanceolatis subobtusis ad venas et margines
extimas parce setoso-ciliatis ; baccis fere pollicaribus obovatis abrupte
cuspidatis, squamulis majusculis oblato-rhomboideis rufis, apice ni-
grescente fimbriato, loricatis.

Hab. in sylvis fl. Casiquiari, ubi gregarie viget cum Leopoldinia Pias-
saba, Wallace, consociata (S. hb. Palm. 40).

Caudices 4-8-pedales, diametro pollicari, erecti inclinative, secus apicem
basibus petiolorum. integris obtecti.

174 DR. R. SPRUCE ON [ Mauritia.

Foha plura contemporanea, tristicha, 2}-pedalia ; petiolus subsesquipe-
dalis lepra badia densa subdecidua investitus; lamina 15-pollicaris,
profunde bifurca, rhachi vix semipollicari, dein flabellatim palmati-
partita ; pinne (si ita dicende) cujusque furcee 8-10, totius folii 16-
20, lineari-lanceolatze subobtuse, basi in flabellam integram 18-24-
plicatam sesquipollicarem coalite, nitidæ, leevissimze vel supra ad
venam cujusque pinn; parce setose, extime sole cujusque furcæ
margine exteriore setoso-ciliate.

Spadices 9 21-pollicares, bis divisi, ramos primarios sub 4 adscendentes
proferentes, per totam longitudinem spathellis distiche vel subtri-
stiche imbricatis bipollicaribus (supremis rameis vix semuncialibus),
longe cyathiformibus, ore obliquis et extus in acumen breviusculum
produetis, antice integris vaginati.

Flores 9 distichi, spathellulati, cujusque ramuli sub 6. Bractee spa-
thelluleve distichs, tot quot flores, compresso-cyathiformes, præ-
late, extus in acumen breve productz, bracteolam cyathiformem
truncatam antice bicarinatam foventes. Calyx bracteolam paulo su-
perans, urceolaris, demum ore subtrifidus. Corolla exserta 4-linearis,
tubo breviter campanulato, limbo trilobo lobis lanceolatis valvatis
subpatulis. Andreceum cupulare corolle tubo arcte adnatum, ore in
filamenta 6 ligulata (antheris cassis) fissum. Ovarium (tener setatis
non vidi); stylus brevissimus, stigmatibus 3 subulatis erectis coalitis.
Bacce fere pollicem longs, 7-8 lineaslatz, obovate abrupte apicu-
late et stigmatibus persistentibus rostellate, squamulis retrorsis in
series 18 longitudinales dispositis subimbricatis rufis cartilagineis,
apice solo nigrescente membranaceo fimbriatoque, oblato-rhomboideis
(1^8 lin. longis, 2*5 lin. latis), sulca verticali exaratis loricatee, mono-
sperme.

M. (LEPIDOCARYUM) GUAINIENSIS, sp. n.: priori affinis, cau-
dice tamen gracillimo diametro 3-pollicari; foliis vix 3-pedalibus
20-partitis, laciniis angustioribus; baccis multo minoribus anguste
obovatis longius cuspidatis, squamulis parvis fere equilatere rhombeis
badiis limbo lato pallido fimbriato semicireumductis loricatis.

Hab. in sylvis fluvii Guainia (i.e. fl. Negro supra Casiquiari ostia)
(S. Ab. Palm. 40*. Junio, 1854).

Caudices humiles tenuissimi, } pollicis diametro, secus apicem petio-
lorum basibus obtecti.

Folia tristiche imbricata vix 3-pedalia; petiolus sesquipedalis et longior
badio-leprosus -tomentellusve basi longe vaginatus, vagina antice
rupta postice obtuse carinata; lamina 16-pollicaris flabelliformis bi-
furca, furce basi 11-12-plicatze dein in pinnas 10 (totius folii 20)
longe anguste lineari-lanceolatas, supra ad venam setosas, palmati-
partite.

Spadices 2 subsesquipedales secus apicem ramos 3 breves proferentes,
spathellis elongato-cyathiformibus ore valde obliquis et in apicem

Mauritia. | EQUATORIAL-AMERICAN PALMS. 175

lanceolatum productis, hine fissis, ramulum brevem ex axilla pro-
ferentibus, vaginati, tomento badio deciduo primum vestiti.

Flores 9 cujusque ramuli subpauciores quam in priore; bractee magis
oblique extus longius acuminate; petala angustiora; andraceum
conforme. Bacce subduplo minores (8x4-lineares) anguste obo-
voidex longius apiculate rostellateque, squamulis parvis (11x 11
lin., 11x9 lin.) fere :equilatere rhombeis badiis limbo lato pallido
membranaceo fimbriato semicinctis loricate.

Obs.— Well distinguished from the foregoing by the narrower
pinne ; but especially by the smaller slenderer fruits clad with
much smaller and nearly equilateral scales, which are fringed on
all the exposed margin—not much broader than long and fringed
merely at the point as they are in M. Casiquiarensis.

Appendix, e quatuor Pandanacearum descriptionibus constans.

PAYTELEPHAS, Ruiz et Pavon.

In proceeding to give some account of the Palms the hard
albumen of whose seeds is the substance known in the arts as
“ Vegetable Ivory,” I shall not reopen the question of their place
in the system, whether as an outlying genus of the great order of
Palmacez, or as a genuine member of the allied order Pandana-
ces. Ifan enlarged view be taken of the latter order, so as to
include Cyclanthacez within its limits, I do not see how Phytele-
phas can be left out ; and then, as Ivory Palms, on thé one hand,
may seem to trench on the territory of the true Palms, so may
Cyclanths, on the other hand, upon that of Arads. But, as new
vegetable forms are discovered, to the enrichment of our herbaria,
their continual tendency is to narrow or completely obliterate the
intervals between closely allied groups, whose definition is thereby
rendered more and more difficult at the same time that their affi-
nities are placed beyond dispute ; and systematists must be con-
tent to “accept the situation."

In ascending the Amazon, it is not until we reach the mouths
of the tributary rivers whose remotest sources are in the peaks of
the Andes that we find any species of Phytelephas. In the
eastern roots of the Peruvian and Equatorial Andes two species
are tolerably abundant, and in some places cover large plots of
ground, under the shade of lofty trees, growing chiefly near streams
and on springy hillsides, up to 3000 feet altitude. I first fell in
with one of them a little above the mouth of the Napo, whose
main sources are in the snowy Antisana and Cotopaxi. This is a

176 DR. R, SPRUCE ON [ Phytelephas.

small species, fruiting sometimes with no stem at all, although
well-grown plants have a slender inclined stem no thicker than
the arm, reaching 10 feet high, and spirally areolate with the deep
leaf-scars. The fruits are about the size of a child’s head, and so
much resemble externally the fruits of some Anonas, that the
Peruvians call them * Anon de Palma;” but the palm itself is
called “ Yarina.” The thick muricated rind is reddish within,
and, although tough, may be eaten, having a flavour of melon or
mouldy cheese. The albumen of the unripe seeds is drunk while
still watery, or eaten when it becomes fleshy, the taste being
something like that of the cocoa-nut in the same immature states >
but when quite ripe, it is so hard and ivory-like as to defy the
teeth of any animal.

I regret that an accident deprived me of the means of drawing
up a botanical description of this species. On my voyage up the
Huallaga in May 1855, I gathered one morning some fully formed
fruits of Yarina, and, as they were infested by stinging ants, I laid
them near the fire, where our breakfast was being cooked, to dis-
perse the ants, and then plunged into the forest in quest of other
objects. During my absence the Indians, not knowing I wanted
to preserve the fruits, struck their cutlasses into them, and finding
the seeds still tender enough to be eaten, munched them all up, and
thus destroyed my specimens. Ineveragain saw the Yarina in good
condition, except when I and my attendants were already laden with
specimens of other plants; and I have preserved no note on the
leaves, save that they are equably pinnate and have a long petiole ;
whereas in the two species Ishall have to describe the leaves are pin-
nate down to the very base, so that there is no proper petiole at all.
By its smaller size, and petiolate leaves, this species is in fact readily
distinguished ; and I have no doubt of its being the Phytelephas mi-
crocarpa very briefly characterized by Ruiz and Pavon (Syst. Veg.
301); for I have traced it along way up the Huallaga, bearing
everywhere the same native name, and the stations given for it by
those authors, “in Pozuzo et Pampa-hermosa,” are both of them be-
tween the rivers Ucayali and Huallaga, Pozuzo being on the small
river Pachitea. One of the two Ivory Palms found by Mr. Chand-
less in the same region, in his late exploration ofthe river Purus
seems to be the Yarina. I have seen this Palm also northward
of the Amazon, on tbe river Pastasa, and espeeially on its tribu-
tary, the Bombonasa, where it abounds and, in company with a
much lofter Palm (Iriartea ventricosa), forms little groves with
scarcely any admixture of other plants.

Phytelephas. | EQUATORIAL-AMERICAN PALMS. 177

The Yarina, as we have seen, descends from the Andes into the
plain along the banks of the Amazon for nearly two hundred
miles ; but there is a second and larger species which begins to
appear only at the very roots of the Peruvian Andes, and grows
in great abundance all along the eastern side of those mountains up
to 3000 feet, or perhaps higher. This is plainly the P. macro-
carpa of Ruiz and Pavon (Syst. Veg. p. 301); for it agrees with
their description, and stil bears the same native name as they
assign to it, * Pulupuntu " (or “ Polo-ponto ” in the Hispanicized
pronunciation). They found it chiefly on the upper tributaries of
the Ucayali, “in Andium nemoribus imis et calidis versus Chan-
chamayo, Vitoc, Cuchero, et S. Antonium de Playa grande.” It
is so common along the course of rocky streams in that region,
that I know three affluents ofthe Huallaga which all bear the
name “ Polo-ponto yacu" (Ivory-Palm river) Mr. Chandless
brought good specimens of the fruit from the headwaters ofthe Purüs.
At Tarapoto, in Maynas, the Polo-ponto is very frequent, and is
even occasionally cultivated for the sake of its fronds, which are
the usual material for thatch. I was able there to draw up a
nearly complete description of the living plant: it is deficient in
the account of the female inflorescence, which I only saw when
the fruit was already ripening; and neither in this nor in the fol-
lowing species did I observe any “ flores hermaphroditi v. abortu
masculi," such as Ruiz and Pavon speak of.

The chief characters of Phytelephas macrocarpa are to have
either no trunk at all, or a very short and stout one, which is nearly
always inclined or crooked ; large leaves equally pinnate to the very
base, so that they have no distinct petiole ; male flowers (or rather
capitula) sessile on a long fleshy compressed spadix, and containing
each from 150 to nearly 300 stamens. The fruits are from 9 to 12
inches in diameter, nearly spherical, and consist of from twelve to
twenty elosely packed capitula, each of which is composed of nu-
merous concrete carpels, whereof only about four are fertile. The
sharply pyramidal free apices of the carpels are what render the
fruits murieated like those of an Anona. The nuts have been
long well-known in England.

On erossing over to the western side ofthe Equatorial Andes,
I saw no more of the two species above mentioned, but in their
stead a third species very distinct from both, and (so far as I can
find) hitherto undescribed. It is known to the natives by the
names of * Cádi " and * Corozo "—the latter applied chiefly to the

LINN. PROC.—BOTANY, VOL. XI. N

178 DR. R. SPRUCE ON [ Phytelephas.

nuts, whose “ ivory " has long been in use with the turners of
Ecuador. I gave a brief account of the Cadi ina letter to Sir W.
J. Hooker, in 1859 (published in the Linn. Journ. vol. iv. p. 186),
and I propose now to call it Phytelephas cquatorialis. It differs
chiefly from the other two species in the stout and often quite erect
trunk, reaching 15 or even 20 feet in height—in the unequally pin-
nate leaves, the pinne being not equidistant (as in the others) but
aggregate by threes and fours along the rhachis—in the male capi-
tula being stalked or racemed on a pendulous spadix—and in the very
numerous stamens, of which each capitulum contains a thousand or
more.

Phytelephas equatorialis abounds in the Guayaquilian plain,
and up the Andine valleys to a height of 5000 feet, especially to-
wards Mount Chimborazo. I should expect to find it extending
northward along the coast of the Pacific to within the bounda-
ries of New Granada; but the Ivory-Palm of that country should
be a distinct species, if the figure in Seemann’s ‘ Popular History
of Palms’ has been taken from the true plant; for it represents
astemless Palm with equably pinnate leaves. It is, indeed, within
the limits of possibility that several species of Phytelephas remain
to be discovered on both sides of the Andes, and even in the lands
lying northward of the Isthmus of Panamá *.

The characters of the three species may be contrasted as
follows :—

l. P. microcarpa, R. et P.: caudice nullo v. tenui inclinato ; foliis
sequaliter pinnatis longiuscule petiolatis........ Hab. in sylvis Pe-
ruviæ orientalis, ditione Maynensi, et /Equatorialibus “ de Canelos "
dictis, preecipue ad flum. Amazonum supra fl. Napo ostia, et in An-
dibus inferioribus, ubi ad 2500 pedum alt. ascendit.—“ Yarina ” in-
colarum.

2. P. MACROCARPA, R. et P.: caudice nullo v. perbrevi valido incli-
nato; foliis zequaliter pinnatis, petiolo subnullo; spadicibus ma-
sculis erecto-arcuatis, capitulis sessilibus, staminibus 150-280.— Hab.

* The Ivory-Palm found by Dr. Seemann along the Pacific coast of New Gra-
nada, where it is called “ Anta,” agrees with the Cadi in the male flowers being
* attached to fleshy spikes, which are from four to five feet long, and hang
down," but differs in the leaves and in the “ aerial roots " (such as I have not
seen in any Phytelephas) which aid to drag the Palm into a recumbent posture,
when it * forms a creeping caudex, which is not unfrequently more than twenty
feet long” (Voy. of the Herald,’ i. 223). The “Tagua” of the Magdalena ap-
pears to be another and very distinct species.

Phytelephas. | EQUATORIAL-AMERICAN PALMS. 179

ee

cum priore, sed rarius in planitiem descendit et paulo altius supra
montes ascendit.— Pulu-puntu ” incolarum.

. P. ZQUATORIALIS, sp. n.: caudice robusto sepius erecto; foliis

inequaliter pinnatis, pinnis 3-4-natim aggregatis, petiolo subnullo;
spadicibus masculis pendulis, capitulis pedicellatis, staminibus 1000
et pluribus.— Hab. in Andium ZEquatorialium devexis occidenta-
libus usque ad 5000 pedum alt., neenon in planitie Guayaquilensi.—
“ Cadi” incolarum.

I append descriptions of the two latter species, not complete,
but as nearly so as my materials will allow.

2.

P. macrocarpa, R. et P. Syst. Veg. 31.

Hab. In Andium Peruvianorum radicibus orientalibus, frequens, raro

tamen supra 3000 pedum alt. inventa. Ipse secus fluvios Huallaga et
Mayo vidi (hb. Palm. 61); Ruiz et Pavon versus fluviorum Hual-
laga et Ucayali origines *in Andium nemoribus imis et calidis,
versus Chanchamayo, Vitoc et S. Antonium de Playa grande;" cl.
Chandless secus fl. Purás affluentes superiores (Journ. Roy. Geog.
Soc. xxxvi. p. 99). * Polo-ponto” vel “ Pulu-puntu” a Peruvianis
nuncupta.

Caudex vel nullus vel perbrevis et semper inclinatus decumbensve, pe-

tiolis decisis spiraliter areolatus v. eorum reliquiis horridus.

Folia polysticha conferta zqualiter pinnata; petiolus preter rhachis

basim dilatatam vix ullus ; pinne circiter 100-juge, plereeque exacte
opposite, basi reduplicatze, lineari-lanceolatz sensim acutate recte
plicate glaberrime, medise 32 x 13-pollicares, apicales vix bipedales.

Spadices dioici, ex axillis foliorum annotinorum oriundi ; masculi ad-

scendentes spiciformes 32-pollicares ; pedunculus compressus 10 pol-
lices longus, 14 lineas latus, 8 lineas crassus; rhachis 22x 2} x 1}-
pollicaris, floribus (capitulis melius dictis) sessilibus onusta. Capitula
polyandra, inferiora majora subdissita elongata subrectangularia,
superiora arcte congesta fere equilatere 4-6-gona, perigonio (bractea
spathellave) annulari lineam alto ore subobliquo et 4-6-angulato
circumcincta. Stamina cujusque capituli 150-280, supra torum ele-
vatum congesta, albida, odorata ; filumenta teretia attenuata 3j lin.
longa; antherc 2 lineas longs, lineares, connectivo in unguiculum
producto, loculis secus longitudinem rimosis. Spathe 2, falve, gla-
bratze : exterior 7 x 2-pollicaris elongato-oblonga compressula ancipiti-
bialata, apice labiis 2 abrupte apiculatis hians: interior 10 x 2-polli-
caris lineari-fusiformis apice obtuso ancipiti, demum antice rimosa.

Spadicis feminei pedunculus longitudine masculi, paulo crassior, apice

in receptaculum ovale compressum dilatatus et capitulis 12-20 sessi-
libus congestis onustus. Involucra squamis pluribus parvis subtri-
angularibus tempore fructus apice fibroso-solutis capitulorum basim
cingentibus constantia. Ovaria plurima, coalita, apice solo py-

180 DR. R. SPRUCE ON [ Phytelephas.

ramidato subacuminato plerumque obliquo striato libera, perigonio
stricte induta, uniovulata, pauca centralia (sub 4) fertilia, lateralia
sterilia constricta fere mutica apiceque areolas parum elevatas effor-
mantia. Stylus filiformis basi crassior, 2-pollicaris; stigmata 5 v. 6
bipollicaria anguste loriformia, margine interno tuberculosa. Spa-
tharum reliquia sola vidi.

Fructus massam globosam, diametro 9-12-pollicari efformantes; capi-
tula matura (sorosi) pressione mutua 4-6-angulari-obpyramidata,
apice convexa et ovariorum apicibus muricata, nuces sub 4 comple-
ctentia ; exocarpio (perigoniis coalitis constante) e carnoso lignescente,
extus cinereo, intus aurantiaco investita. Nwces demum a matrice
solutz, basi stipite brevissimo ad mamillam subovoideam redacto
suffultz, albidze, crasse dolabriformes v. forma fere sphæræ quadrantis,
angulo axiali vix 90°, 21 lineas longs, 16 lineas late. Pericarpium
tenuiusculum fragile, membranis tribus constans, externa albida,
media nigrescente, interna (endocarpio) fusca primitus mediantibus
raphes vasis cum testa tenui fusca concreta. Semen forma nucis,
erectum, prope hilum mamilla embryonem obtegente instructum.
Albumen album osseum durissimum. Embryo hilo proximus, conico-
cylindraceus, forma directioneque eidem Palmarum plurimarum
omnino conformis.

3. P. HQUATORIALIS, sp. n.

Hab. in sylvis reipublice /Equatoris (Ecuador), nempe in planitie
Guayaquilensi et in Andium radicibus occidentalibus usque ad 5000
pedum alt, frequens, nominibus “Cadi” et * Corozo" cognita.
Eadem species verisimiliter etiam per oras maris Pacifici usque ad
Panamá extenditur (S. Ab. Palm. 64; Linn. Journ. iv. 186).

Caudex 15—20-pedalis validus sepius erectus raro arcuatus inclinatusve
petiolorum cicatricibus spiraliter areolatus.

Folia 30-pedalia late arcuata insqualiter pinnata; petiolus perbrevis
basi dilatatus incrassatusque ; pinne 3-4-natim fastigiate, vix bipe-
dales, subrectz, lineari-lanceolate, sensim acute, glaberrime.

Spadices masculi 4-44-pedales, simplices, arcuato-penduli. Pedunculus
18x 2x }-pollicaris, et rhachis (13 poll. lata) compressa. Spathe 2:
exterior 13 X 5-pollicaris, canescens olivaceave, rectangulari-oblonga,
fere a basi ad apicem semiovalem usque squilata, ancipiti-bialata,
antice rimosa ; interior bipedalis, circumferentia 8-pollicaris, ochraceo-
miniata, coriacea, exteriore crassior, anguste fusiformis, basi con-
stricta pedunculum vaginans, apice solo argute anceps demum antice
fissa, Capitula circiter 170, racemosa polysticha globosa exinvolu-
crata, pedicello 2-3-pollicari, albido, 4-sulco, basi unibracteato, a basi
ad apicem usque sensim attenuato, angulo 50? v. majore adscendente
suffulta. Bractee parve tenues lato-ovate apiculate, inferiores ssepe
inzquilatere et longius cuspidatze, infima vacua. Stamina mille et
plura, densissime conferta, alba, subsemipollicaria; filamenta 33

Phytelephas.] ^ EQUATORIAL-AMERICAN PALMS. 181

lineas longa, filiformia, flexuosa ; anther@ 21 lineas longz, lineares,
unguiculatz, flexuose, loculis sepe inzequilongis connectivo latera-
liter adnatis longitudinaliter dehiscentibus; pollinia trigono-pri-
smatica.

Spadices fæmineos examinare non potui.

CaARLUDOVICA, Ruiz et Pavon.

I gathered a few plants of this genus; but the dried specimens
have been mostly mutilated by insects, and are scarcely worth de-
scribing. The bifid-leaved species are tolerably abundant, from
the mouth of the Amazon all the way up to the Andes, sometimes
climbing high up the trees,like epiphytal Arads, and sending
down long aerial roots which are ready-made ropes; while other
species are terrestrial and stemless. But my object in introdu-
cing the genus here is to say a few words about the Carludovica,
from whose fan-shaped leaves what are called “ Panamá hats ” are
made, the chief sites of the manufacture being, not at Panamá,
but along the western foot of the Andes and adjacent sea-coast,
from the Equator to lat. 6? S., and at the eastern foot of the same
mountains between the parallels of 5? and 8° south. The plant
itself grows wild all along the eastern side of the Andes of Ecuador
and Peru up to perhaps 4000 feet, and descends into the great
plain, along the course of the Amazon, to beyond the Brazilian
frontier, where I first saw it near the mouth of the Yauarí.
Throughout’this region it is known by the native name of “ Bom-
bonaje."

Between the western base of the Equatorial or Quitenian Andes
and the shores of the Pacific the same species is largely cultivated,
and is probably wild towards the sources of some of the streams.
There it is called “ Toquilla," the straw prepared from it being
known as * Paja de Toquilla," and the hats as “Sombreros de
Toquilla,” or more commonly * Sombreros de paja ” (straw hats)*.

* “Toquilla” is a pure Spanish word, the diminutive of “ toca," a woman's
cap. ltalso means a hat-band—" cierto adorno de gasa, cinta ú otra cosa que
se ponia al rededor de la copa del sombrero.” (Diccionario de la Academia.)
Possibly only women's hats were at first woven of this material At the pre-
sent day the hats are worn, of one and the same shape, by both men and women
9f the native and mixed races, and even by white ladies in journeys on
horseback.

In the market of Guayaquil the hats are often classed according to the n
or district where they have been fabricated, thus : “ Sombreros de Monte Cristo,

182 DR. R. SPRUCE ON [ Carludovica.

As this plant has always passed in Europe for the Carludovica
palmata of Ruiz and Pavon (Syst. Veg. 291; Kunth, Enum. iii.
105), I supposed it already so well known, and so common in
herbaria, that I needed not include specimens in my sets; and I
accordingly dried only a couple of leaves as objects of curiosity.
But on comparing my notes and specimens with the brief descrip-
tion given by Ruiz and Pavon of their C. palmata and of its uses,
I see reason for considering it a quite distinct species from the
Toquilla. I will first sketch the leaves of the latter and the mode
of preparing the * straw," and then return to the true C. palmata.

CARLUDOVICA, sp. = Bombondje Peruvianorum = Toguilla /Equatoria-
lium (S. Ab. Palm. 83, folia in sylvis Andium Maynensium prope Ta-
rapoto lecta).

Caudex nullus. Folia plurima, radicalia, glaberrima ; petiolus tenuis
elongatus; lamina flabelliformis 4-partita, angulo basali cujusque
lacinise 40? vel totius folii 160°; laciniis 21-pollicaribus, ab apice ultra
tertiam partem 10-fidis, lacinulis ergo totius folii 40, 8 pollices longis,
late subulatis, venis primariis plicisque tot quot lacinulis.

The leaves are folded in vernation exactly like a fan, each seg-
ment on its own medial vein or rib, so as to consist of eighty
layers. It is only these young unexpanded leaves that are used in
weaving hats. With a small two-pronged fork, or with two
needles stuck into the end of a stick, the whole eighty layers are
split up at once into 160 strips, leaving out the midribs, which
are then bent back and cut away, while the strips remain hanging
from the top of the petiole broom-fashion. They are next boiled
until they become white, and, having been carefully combed out
with the fingers, are hung in the sun to dry. They curl in at the
edges in drying, but do not twist in the least; so that from being
lth or 4th of an inch in width when fresh, they are only j,th
of an inch or less when dry, and are nearly terete, but get
flattened in weaving. For the finest hats, only a single narrow
strip is taken from the margin of each segment, leaving a great
breadth to be thrown away with the midribs; such strips dry
to no more than jlth or „yth of an inch broad. :

Now Ruiz and Pavon describe their Carludovica palmata as

* de Jipijapa,” “ de la Punta de Santa Elena.” The hats last named, usually
styled “ Sombreros de la Punta” or “ Puntetios,” were in most request when I
was at Guayaquil in 1860-3.

Carludovica. | EQUATORIAL-AMERICAN PALMS. 183

having “ folia flabelliformia 3-5-partita,” and say nothing about
the segments being again numerously cloven ; but if the leaves had
been 40-cleft (as in our plant) they would surely have so de-
scribed them. And while they make no mention of hats being
made from the leaves, they say that the Indians thatch their
houses with them, and that the petioles (6 feet long) serve for
walking-canes*. But although the leaves may serve for thatch,
the petioles of the Toquilla are far too weak for walking-canes,
and I never saw them more than half 6 feet long. There is,
however, a much larger species of Carludovica in Maynas, which
corresponds both in character and uses with the C. palmata of
Ruiz and Pavon. It is called * Irapái;' and the palmatipartite
leaves are much used for thatch in the villages of the Upper
Amazon, whereof I saw a fine example in the old church of San
Regis, a little below the mouth of the Tigre; but they are
not at all used for hats. Unfortunately I never saw fresh spe-
cimens, so that I can give no description of itt.

This is all I have to offer on the question of the identity of
Carludovica palmata, R. et P. Future investigators, with ade-
quate materials, will be able to decide it.

* “Tncole e stipitibus orgyalibus teretibus baculos leves et flexiles confi-
ciunt. Indi hujus speciei et sequentium frondibus tuguria tegunt." — Sysf.
Veg. l. c.

+ In the Forest of Canelos, on the banks of the Bombonasa, I saw growing
along with the Bombonaje, a third fan-leaved species of Carludovica, foliis parvis
flabelliformibus bi- (nec quadri)partitis apice multifidis.

DR. H. A. WEDDELL ON THE GENERIC NAME CASCARILLA. 185

Remarks on the Generic Name Cascarilla. By H. A. S
M.D., F.M.L.S., &. From a letter addressed to J. E. Howarp,
Esq.

[Read March 4, 1869.]

Havine had of late many opportunities of appreciating the
advantages of the Code of Laws recommended by the Botanical
Congress of 1867, I thought I would, while dealing with cases of
priority, examine more closely than I had hitherto done a ques-
tion to which you have frequently called the attention of botanists.
I allude to the expediency of maintaining or rejecting the name of
Cascarilla, given to a genus of cinchonaceous plants, and closely
allied, but, in my opinion, still clearly distinct from, Cinchona *.
The conclusion I have come to is that the name of Cascarilla must
give way to that of Buena (Pohl), its elder—and not, as many
have thought, to Ladenbergia (Klotzsch), which is of earlier
date.

Were the disputed point to be merely between Cascarilla and
Ladenbergia, the first name would needs have to be maintained, as
' there is no sufficient reason for rejecting it (vide ‘ Laws of No-
menclature,’ art. 58 and 59)t.

The name of Buena was given by Pohl to a Brazilian tree, B.
hexandra, discovered by him in the province of Rio de Janeiro.
It is the only species he has described of the genus, and has since
become one of Klotzsch's Ladenbergie and of my Cascarille.

Klotzsch, moreover, gave the name of Buena to the first sec-
tion of his genus Ladenbergia, that of Cascarilla being applied to

* Nevertheless, if it were clearly shown that there is such a thing as Cinchona
with capsules dehiscing indifferently from base upwards and vice versd, my con-
fidence in these genera would be somewhat shaken ; but I must say that Iam not
at present sufficiently convinced that the double dehiscence described by M.
Karsten, as characteristic of his Cinchona heterocarpa, is an entirely natural
one. I mentioned a similar occurrence as having taken place in a specimen of
C. lucumefolia, but I looked upon it as a mere post mortem accident.

T Art. 58. When a Tribe is made into an Order, when a subgenus or a section
becomes a genus, or a division of a species becomes a species, or vice versá, the
old names are maintained, provided the result be not the existence of two genera
of the same name in the vegetable kingdom, &c.

Art. 59. Nobody is authorized to change a name because it is badly chosen or
disagreeable or another is preferable or better known, or for any other motive
either contestable or of little import.

.LINN. PROC.—BOTANY, VOL. XI. oO

186 DR. H. A. WEDDELL ON THE GENERIC NAME CASCARILLA.

the second, the reason for which he did not adopt it as a generic
name, instead of creating a new one, being very probably the same
that led me to leave it equally aside for that of Cascarilla, namely
the confusion existing between it and Cosmibuena of Ruiz and
Pavon. On reflection, however, such an error, even when coun-
tenanced by Pohl himself, cannot stand against fact ; and the fact
is that Buena (typified in B. hexandra) and Cosmibuena of Ruiz
and Pavon are widely distinet, the lobes of the corolla, for in-
stance, being strictly valvate in the flower-bud of the first, while
in that of the second they are contorted, &c. ;

According to law, then, the name of Buena must supersede that
of Cascarilla; and I propose, in consequence, that all the species
I have described under the head of Cascarilla shall be hencefor-
ward ranked under that of Buena, as in the subjoined list.

Buena, Pohl, Pl. Bras, t. 8. non Cav.

Cinchona b. Cascarilla, Endl. Gen. Pl. p. 556.—Ladenbergia, Klotzsch
in Hayne’s Arzneig. 14, in adnot. ad t. 15, exclus. spec.— Cascarilla,
Wedd. in Ann. Sc. Nat. 3° sér. x. p. 10; Hist. Nat. Quinq. p. 77.—
Cinchona, Sect. III. Ladenbergia, Karst.—Cinchone spec. Auct.

I. CascaniLLA, Endl. (PsEUDoQursa, Wedd.).

1. B. wAGNIFOLIA. Cinch. magnifolia, Ruiz et Pav.; Cinch. oblongi-
folia, Mutis; Ladenb. magnifolia, Klotzsch ; Case. magnifolia, Wedd.

2. B. NiTIDA. Cinch. nitida, Benth.; Ladenb. nitida, Klotzsch; Casc.
nitida, Wedd.

3. B. sTENocaARPA. Cinch. stenocarpa, Lamb.; Casc. stenocarpa, Wedd.

4. B. ACUTIFOLIA. Cinch. acutifolia, Ruiz et Pav.; Ladenb. acuti-
folia, Klotzsch; Casc. acutifolia, Wedd.

5. B. Riveroana. Cinch. oblongifolia, Lamb. non Mutis; Casc. ob-
longifolia, Wedd.
II. EvBuENA (Buena, Klotzsch ; Carua, Wedd.).

6. B. HEXANDRA (Pohl, Pl. Bras.t.8). Ladenb. hexandra, Klotzsch ;
Case. hexandra, Wedd.

7. B. RrEDELIANA. Cinch. Riedeliana, Casaretto ; Ladenb. Riedeliana,
Klotzsch; Casc. Riedeliana, Wedd.

8. B. HETEROPHYLLA. Casc. heterophylla, Wedd.

9. B. PavoNrr. Cinch. Pavonii, Don ; Ladenb. rk Klotzsch; Casc.
Pavoni, Wedd.

DR. CUNNINGHAM ON MAGELLAN PLANTS. 187
10. B. LAMBERTIANA! Cinch. Lambertiana, Mart.; Ladenb. Lam-
bertiana, Klotzsch ; Casc. Lambertiana, Wedd.
ll. B. GaupicHAuDIANA. Case. Gaudichaudiana, Wedd.
12. B. CITRIFoLIA. Case. citrifolia, Wedd.

13. B. catycina. Case. calycina, Wedd.
14. B. BULLATA. Case. bullata, Wedd.

15. B. uxDATA. Ladenb. (Buena) undata, Klotzsch; Case. undata
Wedd. ; Cinch. undata, Karst.

16. B. CARUA. Case. Carua, Wedd.

17. B. Roraima. Cinch. Roraime, Benth.; Ladenb. Roraime, Klotzsch ;
Case. Roraimz, Wedd.

III. CALYPTRIA.

18. B. macrocarpa. Cinch. macrocarpa, Vahl; Cinch. ovalifolia,
Mutis; Ladenb. macrocarpa, Klotzsch; Case. macrocarpa, Wedd.

19. B. cRrAassiroLta. Cinch. crassifolia, Pav. DC. ; Case. calyptrata,
Wedd.

IV. Muzonta.

20. B. muzonensis. Cinch. muzonensis, Goudot ; Casc. muzonensis,
Wedd.

21. B. Hookertana. Casc. Hookeriana, Wedd.

As a matter of course, to this list will have to be added the spe-
cies since described by Karsten and others as consequences of the
above, whether under the head of Cinchona or under that of La-
denbergia, the latter name being maintained, as formerly proposed
by me, for Cinchona dichotoma, Ruiz and Pavon, and its congeners.

Letter from Dr. ne ae Naturalist to H.M.S. * Nassau,’
surveying the Strait of Magellan, to Dr. Hooxer, F.R.S.

[Read May 6, 1869.]

H.M.S. ‘ Nassau,’
Western part of the Strait of Magellan,
January 1, 1869.
MY pear Srg,— We expect to reach Sandy Point in a few days
to get a supply of provisions ; and as we shall leave letters at the

settlement to be forwarded to England by a steamer which passes
o2

188 DR. CUNNINGHAM ON

through the Strait in the course of this month, I make use of
the opportunity to send you a few notes of our proceedings
during the last two months. We left the Bay of Valparaiso on
the evening of the 3rd of November, and reached Lota two days
later. The surrounding country was looking exceedingly green
and pretty, very refreshing to the eye after the daily contempla-
tion of the parched brownish-green hills at the back of Valpa-
raiso. Here our stay lasted for a day and a half; and the first
day Capt. Mayne and I enjoyed a long ride into the country,
which was beautifully diversified with trees and shrubs, Boldoa
fragrans being especially plentiful among the latter, and its leaves
presenting a most agreeable variety of shades of green. A con-
siderable number of plants were in flower, the greater number of
which I had, however, previously observed in the neighbourhood
of Valparaiso. Such were the Pasithea cerulea, an Oxalis, various
species of Gnothera, the little scarlet Zropeolum, &c.; but I
also met with some novelties, such as Bomarea Salsilla, which
presents a very handsome appearance, trailing over the shrubs,
and the Chilian Strawberry, which was in full flower. The fore-
noon of the following day I principally employed in searching
the beach for marine animals, but did not meet with anything
that had not occurred to me on my former visit. In the after-
noon we got under weigh with the idea of continuing our voyage,
but before we had gone far found the wind so much against us
that we anchored in Luco Bay, one of the subdivisions of the
large Bay of Arauco. Here we spent three very pleasant days,
enjoying the fine sunny weather and the pretty hilly country. I
saw some very beautiful trees of the Roble (Fagus obliqua), which
appears to be rapidly undergoing extinction in the northern
provinces of Chili, and I obtained a considerable number of
flowering plants, a good many of which were new to me, as, for
example, an Embothrium, which has much narrower leaves than
E. coccineum, a blue Sorema(?), an orange Linum, a species of
Libertia, &c. Here and there curious tumuli were to be seen,
and I made what inquiries I could about them. I met a very
intelligent Scotchman, who was wrecked in the Bay thirty
years ago, and has been there ever since; and he told me that
nothing, so far as he was aware, was known as to their age,
beyond the fact that they must be of very considerable antiquity,
as the Araucanian Indians have no traditions respecting them.
He informed me that nothing, so far as he was aware, had ever

PLANTS OF THE STRAIT OF MAGELLAN. 189

been got in the interior of them; and I had one of them opened
to a considerable depth, but with no results. None of the
tumuli that I saw were above 5 or 6 feet high; but I was told
there were some at a distance 40 feet in height. Of the ter-
restrial animals that I procured, I may specify a small snake
and a great longicorn beetle. The dredge yielded a few speci-
mens of a crustacean genus, Serolis. These I have not examined
sufficiently carefully to say whether they are distinct from the
S. Fabricii of the Straits. The rocks yielded specimens of a
small and active Sepia, Concholepades, Fissurelle, Patelle, a curi-
ous Ascidian which the Chilians term “ piiure" and esteem as a
delicacy (it likewise occurs at Chiloé), and some incrusting
sponges. We had two seining parties, and caught a considerable
number of fish, among which were Torpedos, which gave most
distinct. galvanic shocks, Callorhynchi, and a very curious little
fish of the Gymnetrus family, as well as some large swimming
crabs. We left our anchorage on the 11th and reached the Bay
of San Carlos, Chiloé, on the morning of the 14th, which was a
most dismal one of drizzling rain, and suggested forebodings that
we had left the region of fine weather behind us. However, by the
middle of the day it cleared up, and, wonderful to say, we had fine
weather during the rest of our stay. The land did not look quite SO
green as it did when we first arrived at Chiloé last season, owing
chiefly to the young foliage of the shrubs (particularly the Myrta-
ce&) being of a reddish-brown colour. The Fuchsias and Escallo-
nias were just beginning to make a show, and daily grew hand-
somer; and a Malvaceous shrub was in great glory, covered with
large white and delicate pale purple flowers. Our own Foxglove
(Digitalis) was also flowering luxuriantly; and Iwas much delighted
with a splendid yellow Calceolaria which grew on the cliffs close to
the beach. Sarmienta repens and Callixene polyphylla, both in full
flower, adorned the stems of many of the trees; and among the
other plants obtained were an Uncinia (probably U. multifaria),
two white-flowered species of Libertia, Berberis Darwinii, and
B. dulcis, Codonorchis Lessonii, which I had previously obtained
in the Strait, Embothrium coccineum, Lomatia ferruginea, and, last
though not least, the Tricuspidaria, the low trees of which were
loaded with the drooping rose-coloured flowers. By the way, I
See that in an article by Mr. Miers on the Tricuspidarie, in the
July number of the * Annals of Natural History,’ he describes
the flowers of what I suppose to be this species as “ aurantiaci."

190 DR. CUNNINGHAM ON

With the exception of some very fine specimens of a species of
Pholas, I did not obtain anything worth mentioning in the way of
marine animals. We were much interested in watching the flight
of large flocks of that curious diving Petrel the Pelecanoides Be-
rardi, of whose habits Mr. Darwin has given such an excellent ac-
count in his narrative. We left the Bay of San Carlos on the 20th,
and went on our way south between Chiloé and the mainland, and
we arrived at the island of Quehuy, not far from the southern ex-
tremity of Chiloé, on the 21st. There we remained a day and
a half; and Capt. Mayne engaged an Englishman to act as our
pilot through the Chonos archipelago, which we were desirous of
seeing something of. Quehuy is a pretty wooded island, with a
considerable population, a goodly proportion of whom are Indians
speaking the Huilliche language. On the steep sandstone cliffs
above the beach, in some places, I got magnificent specimens of
the yellow Calceolaria I have already mentioned; and Gunnera
scabra was a striking object, with its great rhubarb-like leaves
and curious flower-spikes ; and in the weeds I found a species of
Luzuriaga in great profusion climbing the tree-trunks, its glossy
green leaves, snow-white flowers, and bright orange berries pro-
ducing a most attractive effect. There were also some splendid
trees of Embothrium ; and I found two species of Solanum, one
forming a stout shrub.

January 14th.—I resume my narrative after a considerable
interval. We left Quehuy on the morning of the 23rd, and pur-
sued our way south. It was a splendid day, and the scenery of
the mainland was extremely fine, the Minchin Madira, Corcovado,
and Milimoya mountains attracting special attention by their
snowy-mantled and sharp peaks. In the evening we reached Port
Melinka, in the Guayteras group of islands ; and as we had a few
hours’ daylight, a party of us went in search of a small cave which,
we were told, was on one of the islands; and contained bones of
Chonos Indians, which I was naturally anxious to secure. After
a careful scrutiny of the coast of the said island, J am happy to
say that our endeavours were crowned with success; for we
found the cave, and in it I obtained crania and some other
bones. I collected a sample of the plants, nearly all of which I
had previously met with in Chiloé. I think the only novelty was
a very handsome species of Lathyrus, perhaps L. pubescens. This
was the southernmost locality in which I observed Sarmienta

PLANTS OF THE STRAIT OF MAGELLAN. 191

repens. Next morning we went on our way, and in the evening
arrived at Port Nevada, about a third of the way down the
Chonos group.

This day, which was tolerably fine, we had excellent oppor-
tunities of observing in what a very vague manner the archi-
pelago is laid down in the maps and charts hitherto published ;
for, instead of consisting of a few large islands, as commonly re-
presented, it is formed of myriads of small ones. We reached
Port Laguna about ten miles north of the Darwin Channel by
noon on the 25th, and there remained for the rest of the day,
which allowed me an opportunity of exploring the neighbour-
hood. Some others were seen, and we picked up some skulls of
the Coypou (Myopotamus).

Some specimens of the Chloéphaga poliocephala were shot. This
very beautiful goose we have met with in many localities in the
channels and western part of the Strait of Magellan, where
the Upland Goose (C. magellanica), so common in the eastern
part of the Strait and Falkland Islands, is very scarce. The
vegetation of Port Laguna was intermediate in its character be-
tween that of Chiloé and the Channels: Podocarpus nubigenus,
Metrosideros stipularis, Embothrium coccineum, Lomatia ferruginea,
Pernettya mucronata, Philesia buxifolia, Desfontainia spinosa, Te-
coma valdiviana, Berberis dulcis, and a low tree which I first met
with last year at Playa Parda, and which I have since found to
extend throughout the Channels, and as far north as Chiloë, and
which appears to be a species of Panar, were amongst the pre-
vailing plants. The Chusquca, so abundant in Chiloé, Escallonia
macrantha, and Berberis Darwinii were met with for the last
time. On the tree-trunks I obtained some beautiful flowering
specimens of Callixene polyphylla, as well as examples of the
Gesneraceous creeper I found last year at Port Otway, and
which, I suppose, is a species of Columnea. Mitraria coccinea
was in fine flower; but, as one of my last years' letters will have
informed you, this is by no means its southernmost habitat.

Next day we parted with our pilot, and passed through the
Darwin Channel into the open sea, a circumstance which did not
add to our comfort, as we encountered a very heavy swell, which
caused the ‘ Nassau’ to go through a series of the most wonder-

ful evolutions.
We entered the Messier Channel early on the afternoon of the

192 DR. CUNNINGHAM ON

27th, and found things in general looking very much as when
we left them, heavy rain falling, and the tops of the mountains
shrouded in mist. That evening we anchored in a small cove
which bears the name of one of the surveyors, and there we re-
mained all the next day, as it rained hard, with the addition of
furious squalls, which made us feel thankful that we were comfort-
ably at anchor. On the 29th we weighed in the morning and
passed southwards as far as Gray Harbour, a little to the north
of the English Narrows. There we remained for a day to com-
plete the survey of the harbour; and, as usual, I explored the
neighbourhood with my friend Dr. Campbell and some of the
other officers. We got beautiful specimens of Escallonia serrata
in flower, as well as excellent specimens of Pinguicula antarctica,
and that curious dwarf Conifer the Lepidothamnium, which I
first found at Eden Harbour last year, and which ranges through-
out the greater portion of the Channels without, so far as I have
yet seen, reaching the Strait of Magellan. We also obtained
numerous specimens of a species of Zymnea, which was living in
company with Balani in brackish water. The shells varied much
in form, the apices of some being much eroded.

From Gray Harbour we went to Port Grappler; and the
night we got there a beautiful fish, resembling a Callionymus in
its general form, was taken on a line by one of the ship's com-
pany, aud, as is usually the case with anything curious, pre-
sented to me. Next day a party of us went up to the head of
the harbour; and there I made what I hope is rather an im-
portant discovery. When walking over a patch of open marshy
ground, my attention was arrested by the small leaves of a creeping
plant which I had never seen before ; and it immediately occurred.
to me that this was probably King's Port-Famine plant, of which
you sent me a scrap about eighteen months ago. After a care-
ful search of the ground on my hands and knees, I found first last
year's fruit, then flower-buds, and then flowers in abundance. 1
have carefully compared my specimens with your fragment, and
feel little doubt that the two plants are the same. The leaves
of both agree in general arrangement and form, and are both mi-
nutely denticulated at the top. My plant grows with the habit
and exactly in the same situation where you thought it might be
found, t.e. creeping, like an Epilobium, on marshy ground. I
made careful sketches of the flower at the time, which I send you,
as well as a fragment of the plant, which I hope will supply the

PLANTS OF THE STRAIT OF MAGELLAN. 193

deficiencies of my drawings and descriptions *. Port Grappler
is the only locality where I have yet seen this plant, though I
have diligently searched for it in all the localities visited since
then. I spent some hours hunting for it in the marshes of Port
Famine, but without success. I hope it may be the plant you
wish for.

The next locality which I had an opportunity of examining was
Puerto Bueno, where we spent a week, experiencing very bad wea-
ther, which greatly hindered work. There is much open ground
here; and Astelia, Gaimardia, and Tetroncium were in full flower
in the marshes. Though I have now found Caltha appendiculata
and C. dioneefolia in many localities, I have never got either spe-
cies in flower. On the pools of water Rostkovia was very plen-
tiful, growing in curious rectangular lines. I met with the pretty
little Oxalis magellanica for the first time, and noticed Lomatia
Jerruginea for the last. Here it forms a miserable stunted shrub
not two feet high. The climate and vegetation of the channels
are thoroughly Fuegian ; and I was therefore greatly interested
by obtaining in this cold damp region three species of Batrachia
(two Toads and a Frog) You may perhaps remember that Mr.
Darwin comments on the total absence of Reptiles and Amphibia
from Fuegia ; so that the discovery of Lizards in the eastern part
of Fuegia and Amphibia in the southern part of the channels are
facts worth notice. We got several specimens of a handsome
beetle of the family Carabide, and by the dredge a species of Ga-
bathea (which I am informed by Mr. Spence Bate is probably
G. monodon, and which occurs throughout the strait). We left
Puerto Bueno on the 14th, and after spending a night at Columbine
Cove went on to Fortune Bay, where we remained for some days.
Here we were visited by a number of Canoe Indians, including
a party we met last season, who evidently recognized us as old
acquaintances. They inhabited three canoes and an old merchant-

* The calyx is 5-partite. The corolla contorted in sestivation, formed of
five distinct white petals, tinged with yellow at the base. The stamens 5;
anthers 2-lobed, extrorse, yellow. Ovary superior, in some flowers green, in
others dull purple. Cells, three, many-seeded. Placentation central. Fruit a
capsule, opening by three valves. Seeds brownish-black, shining, remaining
attached to the central seed-stalk after the valves of the capsules have fallen off.
Leaves spathulate, toothed at the apex, closely aggregated, so as frequently to
form a sort of rosette around the flower. The plant creeps along the mossy
ground, sometimes covering an extent of more than 2 feet in length, and emit-
ting rootlets ; the branches from 4 to 8 inches long.

194 DR. CUNNINGHAM ON

ship's boat. One forenoon we had between thirty and forty on
board. They brought shell and bone necklaces, bows and arrows,
with quivers of otter skin, spears, and slings to barter for tobacco,
ship-biscuit, and knives ; and it is worthy of remark that as yet
they do not appear to have acquired a taste for intoxicating
liquors. The arrow-heads were formed most ingeniously of green
bottle-glass. I should much like to see them manufactured; for I do
not understand how they are chipped into the required form. The
spears are of two forms. The handles of both kinds are formed
of tapering poles about eight feet long, and the heads are appa-
rently fashioned out of the bones of Cetacea. One is shaped thus

2) (
\ ; , and is apparently employed for harpooning porpoises. It is
V

attached by a thong to the spear-handle in such a manner that, when
the Cetacean is struck, it becomes detached and leaves the handle
floating on the water. The other spear-head is, on the other
hand, invariably fixed to the handle, and seems to be employed in

the capture of Otters. It is barbed in this manner ||. The

Indians were most indiscriminate in their desires for what they
saw, making signs for our caps, handkerchiefs, watch-chains, &c.
(One individual, doubtless of a literary turn of mind, wished to
possess himself of Darwin on Domesticated Animals and Plants,
which I happened to have in my hand!) They laughed and
talked a great deal, and favoured us with what we supposed to be
national melodies. A small mirror displayed to them excited
much astonishment and a certain amount of consternation. On
leaving the ship they established themselves on an old camping-
place, roofing in some old wigwams, and building a new one. At
Fortune Bay I procured several species of fish that were new to
me, and I found Senecio trifurcatus for the first time in flower. I
see you remark in the ‘ Flora Antarctica’ that the pale colour of
the flower seems to have deceived the older authors with regard
to the genus of the plant; but in the Plate, doubtless by inadver-
tence, the entire flower is coloured pale yellow. Now all the spe-
cimens I have yet met with (and I have found the plant in nume-
rous localities, growing on the mountain-sides in company with
Clarionea magellanica) have a yellow disk, but a snow-white ray.

PLANTS OF THE STRAIT OF MAGELLAN. 195

At Fortune Bay, as in many other localities, I got beautiful flower-
ing specimens of Lebetanthus americanus. Apparently this elegant
and delightfully fragrant plant flowers early in the season ; for last
year I did not meet with it in flower though it is so common.
Our next anchorage was the Otter Islands, where we spent a
couple of days, and I found Veronica elliptica in flower, for the
first time. From the muddy bottom of the harbour I obtained
some fine specimens of a bivalve mollusk of the genus Leda by
means of the dredge ; and the kelp yielded me a few Mollusca and
Crustacea that I had not got before. We reached Sholl Bay
on the evening of the 21st, and took advantage of the following
day, which was a fine one, to cross the strait to the Fuegian side.
As we approached the southern shore of the strait we all agreed
that it well merited Narborough’s name of Island of Desolation ;
for it was by far the wildest and dreariest-looking piece of country
we had yet seen—a barrier of bare grey crags and jagged moun-
tain-tops rising sheer out of the water. We hada fine view of
Cape Pillar ; and after scrutinizing Tuesday Bay, the Harbour of
Mercy, and Skyring Harbour, we anchored in Tuesday Bay, and
remained for three days, spending our Christmas there. I found
the vegetation exactly the same as that of the southern Channels—
Winter’s Bark, Libocedrus, Desfontainea, Berberis ilicifolia, Fagus
betuloides, Pernettya mucronata, and great bushes of Veronica de-
cussata in flower. Escallonia serrata was plentiful and in full
flower, the plants looking in the distance as if sprinkled with
snow. You will, I think, be interested to hear that Metrosideros
stipularis was common here and in several other places that I vi-
sited on the southern shore of the Strait, so that it has a much
wider range than was at one time supposed. It occurs throughout
the entire tract of the Channels and in the Strait as far east as
Playa Parda at all events. In Tuesday Bay I found the pretty
little Ourisia breviflora for the first time; but my specimens are
not nearly so finely coloured as those in the ‘ Flora Antarctica.’
On leaving Tuesday Bay we visited a considerable number of
places, both on the Patagonian and Fuegian sides of the Strait ;
and I got a few additions to my collection, though nothing of
much importance. I found Lagenophora Commersonii for the first
time in flower in a new harbour we found in Fuegia, and in an-
other Fuegian harbour excellent specimens of Acena pumila. We
spent the forenoon of the 6th of January at Port Famine, and I
collected specimens of a number of plants, though, as I have

196 ON PLANTS OF THE STRAIT OF MAGELLAN.

already said, I did not meet with the one of which I was chiefly
in search. I found specimens of a bright yellow orchid which I
had previously procured at Sandy Point; it is, I have little doubt,
your Asarca(?) Kingii. The petals are connivent. I also got beau-
tiful specimens of the lovely Codonorchis Lessonii. We arrived
at Sandy Point on the evening of the same day ; and we expect to
be here until after the 19th, as we are awaiting the arrival of a
steamer from Valparaiso, which we hope will bring our mails. I
have picked up one or two plants I had not before observed—one
the pretty little blue Gentiana, and another a low shrubby plant
with evergreen Jeaves and small obscure reddish-purple pentan-
drous flowers. This last I found in the weeds adjoining the coal-
mine some miles above the settlement. I shall enclose a frag-
ment, and shall feel much obliged if you will name it for me. The
settlement is extending under the vigorous management of the
Governor. It appears to be well adapted to the growth of po-
tatoes and other green crops which do not require much heat ; and
the harder kinds of grain, such as, for example, rye, might, I think,
have a good chance of ripening ; and there is also good pasturage
for cattle. One of the great difficulties that the colony will have
to contend with, as it appears to me, is the absence of exports,
without which it is difficult to see how it can be self-supporting.
However, gold has been recently found in some quantity in the
alluvial soil of the banks of a small river which runs through the
settlement; and should a gold-field be established, this would put
the place on a firmer footing. From the time we entered the
channels till we arrived at this place we had more or less rain
every day, and I suppose we shall experience a similar fate when we
return to the westward in a fortnight’s time. Our present ex-
pectation is to be occupied in the Channels till the beginning of
May, and then to move northward by stages to winter at Valpa-
raiso and Coquimbo before coming down for a final season. I
fear I am not likely to accomplish much more in the specimen
line, as I have already observed that the plants and animals of
these regions extend over very wide areas—but, of course, will
sedulously explore every place we are at. I earnestly hope that
we shall be at home in the course of the next eighteen months.
With kindest regards, in which Captain Mayne joins me,
Believe me, my dear Sir,
Ever yours most truly,
Roserr O. CUNNINGHAM.

MR. J. G. BAKER’S MONOGRAPH OF BRITISH ROSES. 197

A Monograph of the British Roses.
By J. G. Ba&zn, F.L.S. &c.

[Read March 13, 1869.]

For a considerable time I have made the British Roses a sub-
ject of special attention, Till lately I lived in a country district
exceedingly rich in forms, and gathered and distributed during
each of several consecutive years many hundreds of specimens.
In 1864 I contributed to a journal, circulating principally amongst
the working naturalists of the north of England, a review, more
particularly, of the North-of-England forms, and issued a set of
specimens in illustration of the written notes. This paper Mr.
Boswell Syme did me the honour of adopting as the basis of his
account of the genus in the third edition of ‘English Botany.’
At the time, and since, I have been repeatedly urged by corre-
spondents at home and abroad to undertake a more complete and
systematie monograph of the British species, embracing a full
enumeration and description of the forms which we possess, and
à recapitulation of their synonymy in continental books, and their
distribution beyond the limits of our own island. This it is my
purpose now to attempt, and to lay the result before the Linnean
Society, in whose Transactions, now more than half a century
ago, was published the Monograph by Woods, which has ever
since been the standard of reference on the subject.

I have had the opportunity of examining all the principal
publie collections in this country, including those of Linn:us,
Smith, and Woods at the Linnean Society, of Buddle, Plukenet,
and the general collection at the British Museum, of Turner,
Hooker, Borrer, and a set from Lindley and Besser at Kew, and of
Winch and Robertson at the Newcastle Museum—and, of private
collections, have been entrusted for leisurely examination with
those of Mr. Watson, Professor Babington, Dr. Moore, Mr. Bos-
well Syme, and Professor Oliver. For a liberal supply of speci-
mens from the distriets where they live I am indebted to Mr.
T. R. A. Briggs, of Plymouth, Rev. A. Bloxam, of Twycross,
Dr. St. Brody, of Gloucester, Mr. Webb, of Liverpool, Mr.
Bromwich, of Myton, in Warwickshire, and Mr. Jas. Ward, of
Richmond, in Yorkshire. With the three botanists upon the Con-
tinent who of late years have partieularly devoted themselves to
the genus, M. Alfred Déséglise in France, Dr. Rapin in Switz-
erland and Professor Crepin in Belgium, I have had the honour

198 MR. J. G. BAKER’S MONOGRAPH OF BRITISH ROSES.

of a correspondence of many years’ duration, and, especially from
the first of the three, whose enthusiasm in the cause of Rosa has
been attested by an elaborate monograph of the French species,
illustrated by a published fasciculus of specimens beautifully se-
lected and preserved, I have received a liberal supply of authen-
ticated Roses and a free communication of the notes suggested to
them by the study of the British forms which I have sent them.

In quoting continental synonyms, over and above the original
authority for a name, I have restricted myself almost entirely to
the most recent works in which the Roses of the adjacent coun-
tries of the Continent are described, of which the following are
the principal.

Déséglise, * Essai monographique sur cent cinq espèces de Rosiers
appartenant à la Flore de la France. Angers: 1861. ‘ Revision de
la Section Tomentosa du genre Rosa.’ Angers: 1866.

Reuter, ‘ Catalogue des Plantes vasculaires qui croissent natu-
rellement aux environs de Genéve.' 2nd edit. Geneva: 1861.

Grenier, ‘Flore de la Chaine Jurassique, part 1. Paris and
Besancon : 1865.

Dumortier, * Monographie des Roses de la Flore Belge, Gand:
1867.

I have also quoted regularly the set of specimens, 135 in num-
ber, deposited by Woods at the Linnean Society in authentication
of his paper, the published fasciculi of Déséglise, the Herbarium
Normale of Fries, and my own.

As this paper may reach collectors isolated in the country, I
wil venture to add a counsel upon the character of specimens
taken for drying. To illustrate a Rose so that a definite opinion
can be formed upon it, itis necessary, in addition to a flower-
ing branch, such as no one omits to gather, to have well-deve-
loped fruit; so much the better if taken both at the stage when it
is fully grown but still green, and also after it has partially ripened,
and to have also a portion of woody stem that will show clearly
the well-developed prickles; and it is also better to take, in the
same way as in Rubus, a portion of a shoot bearing leaves only,
because it is only upon these barren branches that the leaves
reach their full development.

In the diagnoses it will be seen that I have laid great stress
upon the character of the prickles. Here, as in Rubus, I believe
that we get some of our best contrasts of character by separating
the forms in which the prickles are scattered and uniform (as in

MR. J. G. BAKER'S MONOGRAPH OF BRITISH ROSES. 199

canina, arvensis, and villosa) from those in which the prickles are
more abundantly developed and run down into aciculi by gradual
stages of transition (as in Sabini, rubiginosa, and spinosissima).
In the well-developed prickle in Rosa we may trace three types
of form :—the comparatively slender and nearly straight type, as
in mollissima and spinosissima; the faleate type, which, besides
being decidedly hooked, is much more robust downwards than in
the last, and breaks off from the branch with a differently shaped
scar, as in canina and micrantha; and, thirdly, the parrot's-beak
type, whieh is deltoid, with a short slightly hooked point, as in
stylosa and arvensis.

The nature of the fruit furnishes characters which are very
useful for diagnostic purposes, only unfortunately they are to a
large extent lost in dried specimens. In the common Dog Rose
the sepals remain reflexed after the petals fall, and become dis-
articulated at the base before the hip becomes at all scarlet (this
is what is meant by deciduous sepals); in tomentosa, rubiginosa,
and hibernica the sepalsascend after the petals fall, and remain erect
upon the top of the hip till it changes colour, but become disarti-
culated before it fully ripens (this is what is meant by subpersis-
tent sepals); whilst in mollissima, involuta, and spinosissima the
sepals ascend in the same way and remain till the fruit is fully
ripe (this is what is meant by persistent sepals). And between
the character of the sepals and the extent to which the disk
which closes in the top of the fruit is developed, and hairiness
and cohesion of the styles, there is a close correlation. The forms
that have persistent sepals have the fruit-disk hardly at all, or
not at all, developed, and the styles very hairy and not at all ag-
glutinated. The forms with subpersistent sepals, on the contrary,
have the disk always prominently developed, and the styles are
consequently crowded closer together and are much less hairy ;
and the development of the disk culminates in stylosa and arvensis,
in which, in combination with deciduous sepals, we have the
styles quite glabrous and united together in a prominent column.

Clavis specierum*.
Styles free, scarcely, if at all protruded beyond the top of the
calyx-tube.

* Rare aberrant forms both here and in the diagnosis sometimes not
taken into account.

200 MR. J. G. BAKER’S MONOGRAPH OF BRITISH ROSES.

Group 1. SrrwosrssrM;e. Low erect compact bushes, with
crowded and very unequal prickles, the large ones slender and
nearly or quite straight. Leaves naked or hairy, never more
than slightly glandular beneath. Sepals persistent or subper-
sistent.

Fruit dark purple. Flowers always solitary. 1. spinosissima.
Fruit bright red. Flowers not essentially solitary.
Sepals truly persistent, always simple, thinly glandular on the
back. Leaves quite naked, with simple teeth.
2. rubella*.
Sepals truly persistent, more or less compound, densely glan-
dular on the back. Leaves more or less, often very hairy,
the teeth generally compound............... 3. involuta.
Sepals compound, naked on the back, not fully persistent.
Leaves naked or thinly pubescent beneath, simply toothed.
4. hibernica.

Group 2. Virtos#. Larger bushes, erect or lengthened out
and arching. Prickles uniform, scattered, slender, scarcely at all
hooked. Sepals persistent or subpersistent, always densely glan-
dular on the back. Leaves generally very hairy and inconspicu-
ously or not at all glandular beneath.

Sepals truly persistent. Fruit ripening early, with no disk.
Bush arching ; sepals copiously compound 5. pomifera.

Bush erect; sepals sparingly compound ... 6. mollissima. —
Sepals not truly persistent; fruit later in ripening, with a dis-
tinct disk like that of canina ............... 7. tomentosa.

Group 3. RusrGrNOsu. Smaller bushes than in the last and
next group, erect or arching; the prickles scattered, stouter
downwards, and decidedly hooked, sometimes with a few aciculi
mixed amongst them. Leaves thinly hairy or not at all hairy,
but always densely glandular over the under surface. Sepals sub-
persistent.

Very odorous ; bush erect and compact ...... 8. rubiginosa.
Arching bushes without decided Sweet-briar fragrance.
Prickles uniform; flowers and leaves small; styles naked ;
peduncle generally acieulate ............... 9. micrantha.

* This and pomifera, though introduced in the Clavis, have, as will be seen, no
fair claim to be regarded as British plants.

MR. J. G. BAKER’S MONOGRAPH OF BRITISH ROSES. 201

Prickles often with a few aciculi intermixed ; flowers and leaves

larger; styles hairy; peduncle rarely aciculate.
10. pulverulenta.

Group 4. Caxrw x. Larger bushes, always lengthened out and
arching. Prickles uniform, scattered, decidedly hooked, and
thiekened downwards. Sepals deciduous or subpersistent, usually
naked on the back. Peduncle generally naked, and leaves naked,
or but thinly hairy, and not at all glandular over the surface.

Bue on. Dec o. n creep ES 11. canina.

SvsrYnx. Styles united into a slender column which is pro-
truded beyond the disk. Arching or trailing bushes. Prickles
uniform, stout, hooked. Sepals deciduous. Fruit late in ripening.

A high arching bush like canina, with copiously compound
sepals ; the style-column shorter than the stamens.
12. stylosa.
A low trailing bush with short slightly compound sepals and a
style-column equalling the stamens ...... 13. arvensis.

Group 1. SPINOSISSIMUE.

1, R. sPINosissiMA, Linn. Frutex erectus, ramis brevibus compactis,
aculeis confertis subulatis subrectis ad aciculos copiosos sensim trans-
euntibus, foliolis parvis obtusis firmis simpliciter serratis utrinque
omnino glabris, floribus semper solitariis, sepalis ascendentibus dorso
nudis simplicibus persistentibus, fructibus erectis atro-purpureis nudis
depresso-globosis, disco nullo.

R. spinosissima, Linn. Sp. Plant. p. 705; Woods, Linn. Trans. xii.
p. 178, Herb. 7-15; Déséglise, Mon. p. 46, Exsic. 6; Gren. Fl. Jur.
p. 226, non Reich. Fl. Excurs. ii. p. 612.

R. PIMPINELLIFOLIA, Linn. Sp. Plant. p. 703 and Herb.!; Reich. FI.
Excurs. ii. p. 612; Reut. Cat. p. 63; Fries, Herb. Norm. x. no. 52;
Dumort. æ, B, y, p. 4l.

Stems usually quite erect, 1 to 3 feet high, with short, stiff,
compaet branches; the prickles very dense, with every stage of
transition between minute aciculi and the largest, the latter 3 to 4
or even 5 lines long, with a long needle-like point, and the lower
part but little thickened, spreading horizontally or slightly de-
flexed; the scars 3 lines deep. Branches often bright reddish
brown. Stipules quite naked on the back, faintly gland-ciliated.

Full-grown leaves 14 to2 inches long, with 7 to 9 oblong leaflets,
LINN. PROC.—BOTANY, VOL XI. P

202 MR. J. G. BAKER’S MONOGRAPH OF BRITISH ROSES.

the terminal one 6 to 8 lines long by three-quarters as broad, blunt,
the base generally rounded; the serratures quite simple, mode-
rately sharp and open; texture firm, with transparent venation ;
both sides quite glabrous and glandless. Petioles without hairs,
but often with a few glands. Peduncles invariably solitary and
bractless, generally 6 to 9 lines long, naked, more or less densely
beset with sete and aciculi. Calyx-tube globose, naked, or very
rarely slightly aciculate. Sepals invariably quite simple, 2 to 2
inch long, naked on the back; the point slightly leafy and gland-
ciliated. Corolla 12 to 18 lines across when expanded, white, with
a yellow throat, rarely variegated with red. Styles densely vil-
lose. Disk none. Fruit depresso-globose, dark purple, with a
dark purple juice; 5 to 6 lines broad, quite naked, crowned with
the erect persistent sepals; changing colour in September in the
low country in England.

In Britain, extending from the south of England to Caithness,
ascending in the north of England to 500 yards above the sea-level,
and in the Scotch Highlands to nearly 600 yards, and in Ireland
also reaching from the north to the south, with a preference for
the sands of the seashore, and, inland, for limestone. Though it is
the only Rose known in Iceland, yet in Scandinavia it is much
less boreal in its range than mollissima or canina, being restricted,
like tomentosa, to the south-west. It is universally distributed
through Central and Southern Europe, reaching the Barbary
States, Cashmere, and, through Siberia, to the north of China (Prof.
Bunge!). Though it varies much according to its place of growth
in luxuriance and the density of its prickles, we do not appear to
have in Britain any striking variety. With us the form with à
naked peduncle is much the most common, that with an aciculate
peduncle quite rare. Lindley's var. platycarpa (Monog. p. 51) 184
small Irish form with an aciculate peduncle, his var. turbinata (loc.
cit.) another small form with turbinate fruit, and his var. reversa
(R. reversa, Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 431, non Waldst. et Kit.) ano-
ther small form with slender deflexed prickles and ovate fruit.
The form with the flowers variegated with red, R. Ciphiana, Sib-
bald, Scot. ii. p. 46, t. 2, is the parent of many of the garden
Scotch Roses. A plant with red fruit was gathered by Mr. Borrer
in Sussex, and another with ovate-urceolate fruit by Mr. J ackson
in Scotland and Mr. Robertson in Durham. Var. pilosa, Lindl.,
evidently does not belong here, but to R. involuta. R. sanguisor-
bifolia, Donn, Hort. Cant. edit. 8, p. 169, is a mere form of this,

MR. J. G. BAKER’S MONOGRAPH OF BRITISH ROSES. 203

with 9 to 11 leaflets. The principal European varieties are :—R.
Ripartii, Déség. Mon. p. 47, Exsic. 7, Billot, Exsic. 3378 (R. spino-
sissima, Reich. Fl. Excurs. ii. p. 612), with doubly-toothed leaves,
more decidedly glandular petioles and stipules, and peduncles
usually but not always aciculate; R. consimilis, Déség. Mon.
p- 50, Exsic. 9, with glabrous styles, unarmed and glandular pe-
tioles, and simply toothed leaflets slightly hairy on the midrib
beneath; R. spreta, Déségl. Mon. p. 50, Exsic. 8, with less nu-
merous prickles, thinly hairy styles, and unarmed petioles; and
R. myriacantha, DC. Fl. Fr. iv. p. 439, Lindl. Mon. p. 55, t. 10,
a stunted, compact, erect plant with very long and very dense
prickles, doubly toothed leaflets densely glandular all over be-
neath, deep-red flowers, peduncle and usually the calyx-tube
densely aciculate and setose, and simple sepals densely glandular
on the back. Other varieties are the Siberian R. altaica, Willd.
Hort. Ber. p. 543 (R. grandiflora, Lindl. Mon. p. 53), and the
Himalayan R. unguicularis, Bert. Misc. No. 22, tab. 3, p. 15.

2. R. RUBELLA, Smith. Frutex erectus, ramis brevibus compactis, acu-
leis confertis subulatis gracilibus ad aciculos copiosos sensim trans-
euntibus, foliolis parvis obtusis firmis simpliciter vel paullulum dupli-
cato-serratis utrinque omnino glabris, floribus plerisque solitariis, se-
palis dorso tenuiter glandulosis simplicibus persistentibus, fructibus
rubris ovato-rotundatis vel ovato-urceolatis subnudis plerisque cernuis,
disco nullo.

R. RUBELLA, Smith, Eng. Bot. t. 2521, Eng. Flora, ii. p.374; Woods,
Linn. Trans. xii. p. 177, Herb. 2-4; Godet, Flore du Jura, p. 205 ;

Grenier, Fl. Jura, p. 227. :
R. GENTILES, Stern. Bot. Zeit. 1826, Beibl. 79; Koch, Syn. 2nd edit.

» 247.

a tot ER Rapin, Reut. Cat. Gen. p. 64.

A bush with just the general habit of spinosissima, but the
prickles more slender and fewer in proportion to the small seta-
ceous aciculi, the branches sometimes denuded. Stipules rather
broader, with lanceolate gland-ciliated auricles. Full-grown
leaves 14 to 2 inches long, with 7-9 leaflets, which are just like
those of spinosissima in texture, but more oblong and more sharply
toothed ; the terminal leaflets 8-9 lines long by three-quarters as
broad ; the serrations simple or slightly compound; both sides
quite free from pubescence, but the petiole glanduloso-setose, and
the glands extending more or less to the midrib beneath. Flowers

usually solitary, but occasionally in twos ; the peduncle ee lines
P

204 MR. J. 6. BAKER'S MONOGRAPH OF BRITISH ROSES.

long, always glanduloso-setose and aciculate ; the calyx-tube ovato-
urceolate, naked or slightly glanduloso-setose ; the sepals quite
simple, 5-8 lines long, slightly leafy at the point, thinly glandular
on the back. Corolla cream-coloured, or often variegated with
red, 12-18 lines across when expanded ; the styles densely villose.
Fruit bright red, changing colour in England early in September,
usual but not invariably drooping, roundish or short ovato-
urceolate, 6-8 lines long; the sepals fully persistent. Disk none.

This is a plant well-known in botanic gardens, and evidently
the same as the Jurassic plant which I have from Dr. Rapin, and
as the Istrian plant with which Koch identified it. It is very like
spinosissima in habit and prickles; but the fruit is different, the
peduncles are always aciculate, the sepals are glandular on the
back, and the flowers not always solitary. R. stricta of Muhlen-
berg (Lindl. Mon. p.42, t. 9—a plant attributed to Pennsylvania,
no doubt in error, as it has never been gathered in recent times),
and R. Candolleana, Thory, in Ros. Red. 4to, vol. i. t. 32, do not
appear to differ from it by any tangible characters; and the Hima-
layan R. Webbiana, Wall. Royle's Illust. i. p. 42, is very nearly, if
not absolutely, identical with it. There are specimens in several
herbaria labelled as having been collected by Winch on the sands
of the seashore south of Shields Law on the Durham side of the
Tyne; but Winch certainly did not know it clearly, for a plant
collected by Mr. Hogg near Hartlepool, which he called rubella, is
only ordinary spinosissima, and it is probable that some confusion
has arisen. I have not seen specimens complete enough to be
able to form a clear opinion as to what are the relations to this
of R. reversa, Waldst. and Kit. Pl. Rar. Hung. p. 264; but
the difference, if any, must be very slight. Dr. Thomson's exten-
sive suite of specimens from the Himalayas appear to run this by
gradual stages into spinosissima. My specimens from the Alps
are too few to show fairly what may be the case there; and, on
the other hand, as will be seen, it comes exceedingly near to some
of the varieties of the next.

3. R. INVOLUTA, Smith. Frutex erectus ramis plerisque brevibus, acu-
leis subulatis subrectis ad aciculos copiosos sensim transeuntibus,
foliolis mediocribus plerisque duplicato-serratis plus minus pubescent-
ibus infra sspe leviter glandulosis, floribus 1 vel paucis, pedunculis
dense aciculatis et glanduloso-setosis, sepalis ascendentibus persistent-
ibus dorso dense glandulosis, majoribus pinnatis vel raro subsimpli-
cibus, fructibus serotinis erectis subrotundatis, disco nullo.

MR. J. G. BAKER'S MONOGRAPH OF BRITISH ROSES. 205

Though involuta is the name which has the right of priority,
yet the variety afterwards called Sabini is much the most common,
and I therefore take it first.

Var. SABINI (Woods).

R. SABINI, Woods, Linn. Trans. xii. p. 188 (1816), Herb. 22-24 ; Smith,
Eng. Flora, ii, p. 380 ; Borrer, E. B. S. t. 2594; Baker, Review, P. 5,
Ersic. 1,2; Dumort. Belg. p. 42.

R. NIVALIS, Donn, Hort. Cant. edit. 8, p. 170.

R. coronata, Crepin, Notes, ii. p. 25; Wirtg. Ezsic. 1858, No. 270, and
1860, no. 270 bis; Reut. Gen. p. 67; Gren. Fl. Jura, p. 231.

R. saBAUDA B. conoNATA, Rapin, Vaud Guide, 2nd edit. p. 192.

In exposed places an erect shrub 2—4 feet high, with short
compact branches with dense prickles passing down by gra-
dual stages into aciculi; in shade or hedges sometimes drawn out
and arching. Full-grown prickles 3—4 lines long, scarcely at all
curved or thickened in the lower part; the scar } inch deep.
Stipules hairy on the back, and sometimes slightly glandular,
densely gland-ciliated. Well-developed leaves of the barren
shoots 21-3 inches long; the terminal leaflet ovate-oblong, 9-12
lines long by three-quarters as broad; the base broadly rounded,
or even cordate ; the teeth open and copiously compound.; the
upper surface thinly grey-pubescent, the lower more so, and often
slightly glandular. Petioles densely hairy, glanduloso-setose, and
aciculate. Flowers 1-3; the peduncle 6-12 lines long, densely
aciculate and setose; the calyx-tube subglobose, more or less
densely aciculate ; the sepals 2-2 inch long, densely glandular on
the back, lengthened out into a decidedly leafy point, and copi-
ously gland-ciliated, the main ones with one or two small narrow
pinnz on each side. Corolla varying from pure white to deep
pink, 13 or even 2 inches across when expanded. Styles densely
villose. Sepals ascending after the petals fall, quite persistent
upon the erect roundish red fruit, which measures 7-8 lines each
Way, and changes colour in the north of England late in September
or early in October, and is only produced very sparingly. Disk
none,

Sparsely distributed through Britain, from the Isle of Wight
(Herb. Watson!) and Sussex (Borrer!) northward to Caithness
(R. Dick !), ascending to 300 yards in Yorkshire, and probably to
a considerable height in Forfarshire, as Don localizes a specimen

206 MR. J. G. BAKER'S MONOGRAPH OF BRITISH ROSES.

“on a rock on one of the mountains at the head of Clora, near
the limits of perpetual snow " (hence his name nivalis). Accord-
ing to a note by Turner in the Kew herbarium, Dr. Walker's
Hebridean plant called involuta is this variety. It appears to
reach its maximum of frequency in the north of England. Seve-
ral stations are known in the north of Ireland. R. gracilis,
Woods, Linn. Trans. xii. p. 186, Herb. 21, Smith, Engl. Fl. ii.
p. 379, is not more than a robust condition of this variety with the
prickles, like the rest of the plant, abnormally stout anda little
curved. R. villosa, Engl. Bot. t. 583, is drawn from this, with
the exception of the fruit, which is that of R. pomifera; and it is
the latter that Smith had in view in his observations.

Var. Dontana (Woods).

R. Don1ana, Woods, Linn. Trans. xii. p. 185, Herb. 18-20; Smith,
Engl. Flora, ii. p. 378; Borrer, E. B. S. t. 2601.

R. Sasini B. Dontana, Lindl. Mon. p. 59; Borrer, Brit. Fl. edit. 3,
p. 232.

A form of dry exposed situations with leaflets more densely
hairy than in the last and consequently greyer green and softer ;
the calyx-tube and fruit densely prickly ; the flowers solitary and
sepals hardly, if at all, pinnate.

Var. GRACILESCENS, Baker.

A robust Irish form, gathered in co. Antrim by Dr. Moore,
with leaves 3-32 inches long, ovate leaflets, thinly hairy on both
sides, not at all glandular beneath, with copiously compound
toothing, the terminal one 15-16 lines long by nearly an inch
broad; petioles with few or no aciculi and glandular sete;
flowers 3-6 in a cluster, aciculate peduncles, and naked elliptical
calyx-tube.

Var. RoBERTSOoNI, Baker, Review, p. 8, Exsic. 3.

R. INVOLUTA, Winch, Geog. Distrib. p. 41, non Smith.

R. SABINI 8, Smith, Eng. Flora, ii. p. 380.

Intermediate between Sabini and the original involuta. Leaflets
with the teeth sharper and less compound than in Sabini, glabrous
(when mature) on the upper surface, hairy principally on the ribs
and inconspicuously glandular beneath; calyx-tube sometimes,
but not always, naked; sepals as compound as in Sabini.

I have gathered this lately in the original station near New-
castle and also in North Yorkshire, and received it from Derry
from Dr. Moore.

MR. J. G. BAKER’S MONOGRAPH OF BRITISH ROSEs. 207

Var. SMirnu, Baker.

R. INVOLUTA, Smith, Engl. Bot. t. 2068 (1809), and fruit, t. 2601;
Engl. Flora, ii. p. 377 ; Woods, Linn. Trans. xii. p. 183, Herb. 17;
Lindl. Mon. p. 56; Borrer, Brit. Flora, p. 232.

R. SABAUDA, Hapin, Bull. Soc. Hall. p. 175; Vaud Guide, edit. 9.
p. 191; Reut. Cat. p. 64; Gren. Fl. Jura, p. 229.

A stunted erect bush, with leaflets naked when mature on the
upper surface, hairy principally on the midrib beneath, and
scarcely at all glandular, the serrations closer and sharper than
in all the preceding forms and but slightly compound; the
flowers solitary, the peduncle and calyx-tube densely aciculate,
the sepals simple.

The only British specimens I have seen well representing this
variety were gathered in Arran by George Don and by Mr. James
Ward near Richmond in Yorkshire.

Var. LÆVIGATA, Baker.

Peduncle and calyx-tube quite naked, the latter depresso-
globose ; the leaves like those of Sabini in clothing and toothing,
the petioles villose and glanduloso-setose, but scarcely at all aci-
culate ; the sepals all quite simple and not glandular on the back.

Gathered by the late Mr. Hailstone near Broughton Spa, West
Yorkshire, and a similar plant by Dr. Moore in Antrim and
Derry.

Var. Moonzr, Baker.
Prickles stouter than in any of the other forms, the largest

5-6 lines long, slightly curved; the scar $ inch deep. Leaflets
nearly naked above, thinly hairy and densely glandular beneath,
the serration like that of var. Smithii; the petiole scarcely at
all hairy, but densely glanduloso-setose, and furnished with nu-
merous unequal aciculi, the larger ones decidedly faleate. Flowers
one or more; both peduncle and tube densely aciculate and
glanduloso-setose. Largest sepals 8-9 lines long, slightly pinnate.

Near the sea, Tamlaghbard, Derry, Dr. Moore! Recedes from
the type (by its prickles and leaves glandular beneath) towards
some of the Rubiginose, but yet evidently belongs here.

Var. occIDENTALIs, Baker. PE
R. sprnosissima, var. PILOSA, Lindl. Mon. p. 51; Borrer, Brit.

Flora, p. 929. j
Very near Wilsoni, but the leaves smaller, slightly hairy be-

neath, and the petiole glanduloso-setose and aciculate, the serra-

208 MR. J. G. BAKER’S MONOGRAPH OF BRITISH ROSES.

tion nearly, but not quite, simple ; the peduncle densely aciculate
and glanduloso-setose ; the calyx-tube globose, naked, the main
sepals not more than half an inch long, with one or two setaceous
pinne on each side.

Described by Lindley from an Irish specimen still in the Hook-
erian herbarium, the exact station not known.

Var. Wiusont (Borrer).

R. WiLsoNr, Borrer, Brit. Flora, edit. 3, p. 231; E. B. S. 2723.

An erect bush 2 or 3 feet high, with deep vinous purple branches
and leaves, and stipules often suffused with the same colour.
Prickles as in Sabini. Leaflets often cordate, the terminal
ones 12-15 lines long by 8-12 lines broad, naked (when mature)
above, thinly hairy on the ribs below, but scarcely at all glandu-
lose; the serrations moderately open, quite simple; the acieuli
of the petiole few and slender. Flowers 1—3, full pink ; the pe-
duncles moderately aciculate and setose; the tube naked, or very
nearly so; the sepals either all simple, or the largest with one or
two minute setaceous pinns; the fruit with more of a tendency
than in Sabini to an ovato-urceolate shape, when well developed
8-9 lines long by half an inch broad.

Banks of the Menai, near Bangor (Wilson!, Webb |, Blosam !),

and just the same plant gathered by Dr. Moore at Umbra rocks,
co. Derry.

It will be seen by the descriptions that the extreme forms
placed here run into one another by very gradual stages. Do-
niana is like reduced mollissima, with crowded unequal prickles,
whilst Wilsoni touches close upon rubella, and Moorei approaches
some of the Fubiginose. It is noteworthy that a plant so widely
spread in Britain, and with so many varieties, should be so rare
upon the Continent. It is known only in two widely separated
tracts—the provinces of Namur and Luxemburg, in Belgium,
and upon Mount Saleve, near Geneva. There is a variety in
Belgium (var. subnuda, Crepin, Notes, ii. p. 25; Dumort. Ros.
p. 42) not yet found in Britain, with smooth peduncles and
calyx-tube, copiously compound serratures, leaves naked on the
upper surface, densely glandular beneath, but only a little hairy
on the veins. The Sicilian R. Heckeliana, Tratt. Mem. ii. p. 85,
Guss. Syn. i. p. 562, is an almost precise counterpart of Doniana
in general habit ; but the prickles are uniform and curved, and
the major sepals copiously compound. ;

MR. J. G. BAKER'8 MONOGRAPH OF BRITISH ROSES. 209

4. R. uiBERNICA, Smith. Frutex erectus, ramis plerisque brevibus,
aculeis modice robustis leviter falcatis ad aciculos subulatos sensim
transeuntibus, foliolis mediocribus simpliciter serratis supra nudis
infra nudis vel leviter pubesceutibus, omnino eglandulosis, floribus
l] vel paucis, pedunculis plerisque nudis, sepalis ascendentibus sub-
persistentibus dorso nudis majoribus plene pinnatis, fructibus sero-
tinis erectis rotundatis nudis, discis mediocribus instructis.

R. HIBERNICA, Smith, Eng. Bot. t. 2196, Eng. Flora, iii. p. 393;
Woods, Linn. Trans. xii. p. 222, Herb. 107; Lindl. Mon. p. 82;
Baker, Review, p. 9.

In exposed places an erect shrub 3 or 4 feet high, but in
hedges drawn out and slightly arching. Prickles less crowded
than in involuta, but running gradually down into setaceous
acieuli in the same way. Main prickles stouter than in the
last, decidedly curved, the scar 5-6 lines deep. Leaves of the
barren shoot 3—4 inches long, the terminal leaflet broad-oblong or
ovate-oblong, 9-12 lines long by three-fourths as broad, the upper
surface a slightly glaucous green, naked or inconspicuously hairy
on the midrib, the lower surface thinly hairy on the veins, not at
all glandular ; the serration moderately sharp and open, the teeth
simple or casually gashed, the petiole pubescent, with three or
four slender hooked aciculi and an occasional gland. Stipules
scarcely at all hairy on the back, with deltoid gland-ciliated
auricles. Flowers generally 1 to 3, but sometimes up to a dozen,
the peduncle 4-6 lines long, quite naked, the globose or broad-
ovate calyx-tube the same, the segments 8-9 lines long, quite
naked on the back, the main ones copiously leaf-pointed and
pinnate. Corolla pale-pink, 15-18 lines across when expanded.
Styles densely hairy. Sepals ascending after the petals fall, but
not fully persistent. Fruit roundish, about half an inch long
and thick, crowned with a decided disk, not ripening till Oc-
tober. The form with hairy leaves occurs in Derry and Down
(Lempleton!, Dickie!, Moore!, &c.), and in England, in Cumber-
land (Borrer!) and Cheshire (Webb!). A form (var. glabra,
Baker, Review, p. 11, Ezsic. p. 4) with sharper teeth and leaves
quite naked has been gathered in Sutherlandshire (Healam
Ferry, near Loch Eriboll) and in Durham (near Witton-le-
Wear) by Prof. Oliver, in Cumberland by Mr. Borrer, in North
Yorkshire by Mr. Mudd and myself, in Cheshire by Mr. Webb
and others, and in Surrey by Mr. R. Castle; and Dr. Moore has
found another glabrous form with larger nearly round leaves and

210 MR. J. G. BAKER’S MONOGRAPH OF BRITISH ROSES.

blunter teeth than in the type on rocks at 1000 feet above the
sea-level on Ben Evanagh, co. Derry.

Var. coRDIFOLIA, Baker, Review, p. 20.

Prickles more slender and denser than in the type, the large
ones scarcely curved. Terminal leaflet 15-18 lines long by 1
inch broad, the base cordate. Leaves nearly naked below, the
teeth more open and blunter than in the type, the peduncle
aciculate and glanduloso-setose up to the base of the calyx-
tube.

Northumberland ; in Coquetdale, between Flotterton and Roth-
bury, Prof. Oliver!

No one who has once seen this growing is likely to confound it
with any other species. The fruit is different from that of invo-
luta; but to all the other distinguishing characters taken singly,
some of the forms furnish an exception.

In general habit, when in flower, the ordinary glabrous Eng-
lish form has just the same sort of resemblance to typical canina
that Doniana has to mollissima. Though so widely distributed in
Britain, hibernica is quite unknown upon the Continent. The
nearest plant to it is R. Schultzii, Ripart in Schultz’s Archives,
p.254; Déség. Mon. p. 65; but this has less crowded and less
unequal prickles, and ripens its fruit very early.

Group 2. VILLos2.

5. R. pomirera, Herm. Frutex maximus, ramis arcuatis, aculeis
sparsis equalibus rectis gracilibus, foliolis copiose duplicato-serratis
subduplo longioribus quam latis utrinque tenuiter griseo-pubescen-
tibus, infra inconspicue grandulosis, floribus 1 vel paucis, pedunculis
brevibus dense aciculatis, sepalis ascendentibus dorso dense glandu-
losis plene persistentibus majoribus copiose pinnatis, fructibus rotun-
datis przecocibus, disco nullo.

R. POMIFERA, Herm. Diss. p. 17 ; Koch, Syn. edit, 2, p. 253; Reut.
Cat. p. 67; Dumort. Ros. p. 48; Déségl. Mon. p. 129, Toment.
p. 44; Fries, Herb. Norm. ix. no. 47.

R. viLLosa, Linn. Sp. Plant. p. 704 (ex majore parte); Smith, Eng.
Fl. ii. p. 538; Woods, Herb. 37; Lindl. Mon. p. 74 (excl. syn. R.
gracilis).

R. viLLosa a, Huds. Fl. Angl. edit. 2, p. 219; Seringe in DC. Prodr. il.
p. 613.

R. SYLVESTRIS POMIFERA MAJOR NOSTRAS, Ray, edit. 1, p. 2215
Buddle, Herb. !

MR. J. G. BAKER'S MONOGRAPH OF BRITISH ROSES. 211

R. CILIATO-PETALA, Besser, Volh. p. 66; Reich. Fl. Excurs. ii.
p. 616, Exsic. 2567 ! non Koch.

R. RESINOSA, Sternb. in Reich. Fl. Excurs. ii. p. 616, Easic. 1271!,

non Déséglise.

A robust arching bush 4 to 6 feet high, with a trunk some-
times as thick as a man’s arm, with dull purplish glaucous
branches and scattered, uniform, slender prickles 4 to 6 lines
long. Well-developed leaves 5 to 7 inches long, the terminal
leaflet oblong or with a slight ovate tendency, 14-2} inches long,
generally only about half as broad, grey-green, but not softly
pubescent on both sides as in mollissima, the underside often
slightly glandular, the teeth open and copiously compound.
Flowers 1 to 3, the peduncle generally not more than 2 an inch
long, densely aciculate and setose, the calyx-tube round, glau-
cous, usually densely prickly, the sepals converging, fully per- |
sistent, densely glandular on the back, 9-12 lines long, the main
ones copiously pinnate, the fruit ripe in August, bright red,
globose or broadly turbinate, often, but not always, pendent,
densely covered with strong prickles.

A stronger-growing plant than mollissima, with arching branches,
larger and more openly toothed, narrower leaves, not so softly
pubescent, and larger flowers and fruit, and copiously compound
sepals. It is an old favourite in gardens, but seems to possess
no fair claim to be considered British. Ray clearly had this in
view when he wrote “ Fructus Pyri parvi forma et magnitudine
spinulis obsiti;" and he localizes it “in montosis septentriona-
libus Eboracensis et Westmorlandici agri copiose ;" but no doubt
he did not recognize mollissima and tomentosa as distinet from it.
The English specimens gathered of late years, which we have
seen, are from Staffordshire, Cotes Heath, Rev. R. C. Douglas;
and Gloucestershire, Coppice-wood, near Painswick, Dr. S.
Brody! It is a native of Scandinavia (“ vere alpina’’), Belgium,
North Germany, the Alps, and Jura, reaching the Pyrenees,
Apennines, and Tyrol, and, according to Nyman, Castille,
Tauria, and Mount Athos. The corolla is often beautifully
gland-ciliated, and in cultivated specimens we have seen it 3 in.
across.

6. R. woLLIssiMA, Willd. Frutex erectus, ramis brevibus erecto-
patentibus, aculeis sparsis zequalibus rectis gracilibus, foliolis copiose
duplicato-serratis, utrinque molliter griseo- pubescentibus, infra in-
terdum inconspicue glandulosis, floribus I vel paucis, pedunculis bre-

212 MR. J. G. BAKER'S MONOGRAPH OF BRITISH ROSES.

vibus dense aciculatis, sepalis ascendentibus dorso dense glandulosis:
plene persistentibus, majoribus paullulum pinnatis, fructibus rotun-
datis przecocibus aciculatis vel nudis, disco nullo.

R. mouursstma, Willd. Prodr. Fl. Berol. no. 1237 (1787); Gmel. Fl.
Bad. ii. p. 409; Borckh. Forst. ii. p. 1314 ; Fries, Novit. ii. p. 151,
Herb. Norm. vii. 42; Gren. Jura, p. 231; Reuter, edit. 2, p. 66;
Déség. Mon. p. 125, Toment. p. 36; Dumort. Mon. p. 49; Baker,
Review, p. 11, Ezsic. 5, 6.

R. viLLosa, Linn. Sp. Plant. p. 704, ex parte, Fl. Suec. 1293, Herb. !
Woods, Linn. Trans. xi. p. 189, Herb. 25, 99; Borrer, Brit. Fl.
3rd edit. p. 233.

R. moLLIS, Smith, Eng. Bot. t. 2459 (1812), Eng. Flora, ii. p. 281.
R. HETEROPHYLLA, Woods, Linn. Trans. xi. p. 195, Herb. pp. 34, 35.
R. c1LIATO-PETALA, Koch, Syn. edit. 2, p. 253, non Besser.

R. GRENIERII, Déség. Mon. p. 128, Toment. p. 43, Essic. 33 et bis ;
Billot, Exsic. 3602 et bis.

R. ngcoNDrTA, Puget, Déség. Toment. p. 46.

Bush erect, 3 or 4 feet high, never arching, with short ascend-
ing branches, bright reddish purple with a glaucous tinge in
exposure. Prickles scattered, uniform, those of the main stems
3-5 lines long, scarcely at all curved, very little thickened down-
wards, the scar of the largest not more than 4 inch deep. Fully
developed leaves 4-5 inches long, with 7 leaflets, the terminal
one ovate-oblong, 15-21 lines long by about three-fourths as
broad, the base broadly rounded, or slightly cordate, the serra-
tures open, subdeltoid and copiously compound, the colour
generally a paler, greyer green than in any other species, the
upper surface always more or less pubescent, the lower more 80,
and often with a few inconspicuous glands, the petiole densely
downy and finely glandular, with a few nearly straight slender
aciculi. Stipules copiously gland-ciliated, downy and slightly
glandular on both surfaces. Flowers usually 1-3, the pedun-
cles unusually short (3-6 lines), densely aciculated and glan-
duloso-setose. Calyx-tube round, glaucous, varying from densely
aciculate to quite naked. Corolla crimson in bud, deep rose
when expanded, rarely white, sometimes gland-ciliated, 15-18
lines across when fully open. Sepals 6-9 lines long, the point
leafy, the back densely glandular, only the main ones slightly
pinnate, ascending after the petals fall, and quite persistent upon
the pulpy globular bright red fruit, which is 4-2 inch broad and

MR. J. G. BAKER’S MONOGRAPH OF BRITISH ROSES. 218

deep, and ripens before that of any other species, changing
colour in the north of England early in August, or even some-
sometimes late in July, and sometimes, but not always, cernuous.
Styles densely villose. Disk none.

From the Humber northward through England and through
Seotland this species appears to be universally distributed, coming
next in order of frequency to canina and tomentosa, to which three
species at least 90 per cent. of the Roses of the northern half of
our island must belong. Zomentosa and mollissima often resemble
one another so closely that it is not safe to pronounce upon ordi-
nary herbarium specimens; but the fruit is very different both in
character and time of ripening, and the sepals generally furnish
a character, and, when growing, the habit of the bushes is dif-
ferent; and although both have forms with entirely naked
peduneles, and often with naked calyx-tubes, this never runs
down like the other into forms with stouter curved prickles, or
with the leaves nearly or quite naked on the upper surface.
Both the British and the Continental distribution of the two ap-
pear to be materially different. I have seen this from northward
as far as Orkney (Boswell Syme!) and Caithness (Dick !), but
cannot vouch for it from further south than Derbyshire (Pur-
chas!), Caernarvon (Wilson |, Bloxam !), and Merioneth (Borrer !,
Lees !), and now believe that the Isle-of-Wight plant I formerly
placed here is tomentosa, var. subglobosa. In the north of Eng-
land it ascends to 450 yards above the sea-level. In Ireland I have
seen it only from Antrim and Derry; one of Dr. Moore’s speci-
mens had a leaf 62 inches long, with a terminal leaflet 22 inches
long by 2 inches broad. Our plant thoroughly agrees with the
Scandinavian one of Fries, which, he says*, is distributed through
the length and breadth of Scandinavia, whilst tomentosa is re-
stricted to Denmark and Gothland. It is, perhaps, open to
doubt whether Willdenow understood the plant clearly ; and it
certainly has not been individualized definitely by Koch, Reichen-
bach, or Grenier and Godron; but Roth understood it clearly in

* “Specierum distributio hujus generis valde insignis et in diversis terris
Varia: in convallibus alpinis genus centrum suum habet, quamvis sub arcto
Lapponiam modo dux species intrant, R. cinnamomea et mollissima. Hee duse
Species usque ad Scaniam ubique vulgares, maximam in Scandinavia habent
extensionem, quamvis in Germania modo indicentur in convallibus alpinis
australibus. ŒE contrario in Scandinavia rarz, in oris occidentalibus potissi-

mum obviam veniunt A. pimpinellifolia et tomentosa, Sm." —FRIES, Summa,

p. 171.

214 MR. J. G. BAKER’S MONOGRAPH OF BRITISH ROSES.

1827, and it is evidently widely diffused through the north of
Germany. In the ‘ Jurassic Flora,’ Grenier describes it well, and
restricts it to his “région des sapins.” I have seen it from nu-
merous places in Savoy, Dauphiné, and Switzerland, but not from
any lowland French stations; and it reaches Carinthia and the
Tyrol Our average English form seems to me just Déséglise's
Grenierii, and his mollissima to be a softer, greyer form of our
plant, almost destitute of glands. I believe the English plant
(gathered by Hailstone in Clydesdale) which he calis recondita
is only, like the heterophylla of Woods, a luxuriant condition of
the species. The following are the most striking English va-
rieties :—

Var. CHRULEA, Woods.

R. VILLOSA, var. CHRULEA, Woods, Linn. Trans. xii. p. 189, Herb.
26-28.

R. MOLLISSIMA, var. CHRULEA, Baker, Exsic. 7; Déség. Toment.
p. 38.

Leaves softer and greyer than usual, with very few glands or
aciculi on the petiole ; the points of the sepals often very leafy ;
the calyx-tube and fruit broader than deep and perfectly smooth,
the fruit pendent; the peduncle with fewer and weaker glan-
dular sete and aciculi than usual, and in extreme cases quite
naked.

A common Northumbrian form, and T have seen it also from
Argyleshire ( Hailstone), Durham (Robertson), Cumberland ( Bor-
rer), and West Yorkshire (Woods).

Var. PSEUDO-RUBIGINOSA (Lejeune).

R. PSEUDO-RUBIGINOSA, Lejeune, Fl. Spa, i. p. 229.

R. sPINULIFOLIA, var. Foxrana, Thory, Ros. Redout. p. 5.

R. VILLOSA, var. SUBERECTA, Woods, Linn. Trans. loc. cit., Herb.

30.

R. ARDUENNENSIS, Crepin, Notes, ii. p. 30; Déség. Toment. p. 7.

R. MOLLISSIMA, var. ARDUENNENSIS, Dumort. Ros. Belg. p. 49.

Bracts and veins deep red ; upper surface of the leaves nearly
naked, and the lower only thinly hairy, but conspicuously glan-
dular; the petiole densely glanduloso-setose, and furnished with
numerous unequal aciculi; the stipules densely glandular on the
back ; the calyx-tube densely aciculate.

West Yorkshire, Settle (Woods!). The Thirsk plant referred

MR. J. G. BAKER’S MONOGRAPH OF BRITISH ROSES, 215

here by Déséglise is more pubescent and less conspicuously glan-
dular, but the corolla is beautifully gland-ciliated.

7. R. TOMENTOSA, Smith. Frutex altus, ramis elongatis arcuatis, aculeis
sparsis zqualibus rectis vel subrectis gracilibus, foliolis copiose du-
plieato-serratis, plerisque utrinque plus minus griseo-pubescentibus,
infra interdum inconspicue glandulosis, floribus 1 vel paucis, pedun-
culis mediocribus dense aciculatis, sepalis ascendentibus dorso dense
glandulosis subpersistentibus majoribus copiose pinnatis; fructibus
ovato-urceolatis vel rotundatis, aciculatis vel nudis, neque przco-
cibus nec serotinis, discis mediocribus instructis.

R. tomentosa, Smith, Fl. Brit. ii. p. 539 (1800); Woods, Linn.
Trans. xii. p. 197 (excl. var. paucis), Herb. 31-33, 38, 39, 44-48,
51-58; Fries, Herb. Norm. ix. 46; Déség. Mon. p. 98, Toment.
p. 28; Reut. Cat. edit. 2, p. 68; Gren. Jura, p. 234 ; Dumort. Belg.
p. 50; Baker, Review, p. 14, E«sic. 8, 9, 10.

R. SYLVESTRIS FRUCTU MAJORE HISPIDO, Ray, edit. 2, p. 296
(1696), teste Buddle, Herb. !

R. viLLosa 8, Huds. Fl. Angl. edit. 2, p. 219 (1778).

R. cuspipara, M. Bieb. Fl. Taur. Cauc. i. p. 396 (1808); Tratt.
Mon. i.p. 121; Reich. Fl. Excurs. ii. p. 616; Déség. Mon. p. 96,
Toment. p. 8.

R. ANDRZEIOUSKII, Steven in Besser, Enum. Volhy. p. 19; Tratt.
Mon. i. p. 120; Déség. Mon. p. 124, Toment. p. 35.

R. uispipa, Borckh. Forst. ii. p. 1332.

R. BoncknauskNirr, Tratt. Mon. p. 114.

R. PULCHELLA, Woods, Linn. Trans. xii. p. 196, Herb. 36.

R. TEREBINTHINACEA, Besser !, non Déséglise.

R. SEnINGEANA, Godr. Fl. Lorr. edit. 2, p. 255.

R. instp1osa, Gren. Fl. Jura, p. 233.

An arching shrub 6 or 8, or even 10 feet high, with elongated
branches duller than in the last and not so glaucous. Prickles
scattered, uniform, the largest 4—5 lines long, rather stouter down-
wards than in mollissima, and sometimes slightly eurved. Fully
developed leaves 4-5 inches long, the terminal leaflet elliptieal
or slightly ovate, more or less rounded at the base, 12-2 inches
long by about three quarters as broad, often more pointed than
in mollissima, the serratures copiously compound, but generally
sharper and not so open, the upper surface thinly grey-downy all
over in the typical form, the lower more so, with often, but not

216 MR. J. G. BAKER’S MONOGRAPH OF BRITISH ROSES.

always, a few inconspicuous glands scattered over the surface ;
the stipules copiously gland-ciliated, thinly hairy and glandular
on the back; the petiole densely downy and more glandular,
with a few scattered aciculi, which are sometimes decidedly
hooked. Flowers generally 1 to 3, the peduncle 6-12 lines long,
more or less densely aciculate and glanduloso-setose. Corolla
bright rose-pink, or not unfrequently pure white, 18-21 lines
across when expanded; the petals rarely gland-ciliated. Calyx-
tube in the ordinary form oblong, either prickly or naked.
Styles hairy. Sepals ascending after the petals fall, densely glan-
dular on the back, 3-1 inch long, the main ones copiously pin-
nate, lasting till after the fruit changes colour, but not truly
persistent. Fruit ovate-urceolate in the typical form, or some-
times turbinate, 9-12 lines long by 8-9 lines broad, never pen-
dent, ripening in the north of England through September,
furnished with a medium-sized disk, like that of canina.

This appears to be universally distributed through Britain.
I have seen it from Caithness (R. Dick) and Sutherland (Prof:
Oliver), down to Cornwall and Devonshire (7. R. A. Briggs)
and Sussex (Borrer, &c.), and gathered it myself in the Isle of
Wight, and up to 550 yards in the north of England. It is
spread over both the north and south of Ireland. M. Déséglise
refers the three specimens in my fasciculus to three of his
species—tomentosa, cuspidata, and Andrzeiouskii. To me they
seem to represent fairly what I can only consider a single variety.
Tomentosa of Déséglise, which is unusually softly grey-downy
and nearly destitute of glands, is rarely seen in Britain; cuspi-
data, which is harsher on both sides of the leaf and distinctly
glandular beneath, is very common; and Andrzeiouskii comes
between them. The distribution of the plant in Scandinavia we
have stated already. It is common all over Central Europe,
both amongst the hills and in the plains, and reaches Spain,
Algiers, Asia Minor, and the Caucasus. To this also I refer
R. resinosa, Déséglise, Herb. Ros. 75 (Billot, Exsic. 360!, non
Sternberg), and a Yorkshire plant which Déséglise calls by this
name, whieh is moderately downy and distinctly glandular be-
low. The plants called by Dr. Moore, in ‘Cybele Hibernica,’
p. 97, tomentosa and scabriuscula, he has cultivated side by side
in the Glasnevin Garden, and-found to come true from seed for
at least two generations; and yet his scabriuscula does not differ
from the type nearly as much as the plant just to be described

MR. J. G. BAKER’S MONOGRAPH OF BRITISH ROSES, 217

under that name, but is simply a form with white flowers tipped
with crimson, and leaves quite as hairy but rather more glan-
dular beneath than usual. The principal varieties in Britain are
the following :—

Var. SUBGLOBOSA (Smith).

R. suBGLoBosa, Smith, Eng. Fl. ii. p. 384; Boreau, Fl. Cent. edit. 3,
no. 882; Déség. Mon. p. 99, Exsic. 37; Reut. Cat. p. 67.

R. SugnanDr, Davies in E. Fl. iv. p. 269; Déség. Toment. p. 33.

R. svLvESTRIs, folio molliter hirsuto, fructu rotundo glabro, calyce
et pedunculo hispido, Dillen., Ray, Synop. edit. 3, p. 478 (1724).

R. TOMENTOSA e, Woods, Linn. Trans. xii. p. 201, Herb. 43.

Fruit quite globose; the leaves softly grey-downy on both
sides, scarcely at all glandular on the petiole or under surface,
the serratures often not so compound as in the type; the flowers
in some of the specimens 7-8 in a cluster, and the prickles
stouter and a little curved.

Sherard’s plant, on which it was founded, was gathered by the
Thames-side near Kingston ; and I have seen this variety also
from the Isle of Wight, Cambridgeshire, Devonshire, Anglesea,
Yorkshire, and Northumberland. R. cinerascens, Dumort. Mon.
P- 50 (R. velutina, Chabert) agrees with it in everything ex-
cept that the serratures of the leaves are quite simple.

Var. FARINOSA (Rau).
R. rartnosa, Rau, Enum. p. 147; Bechst. Forstb. p. 243; Tratt.
Mon. p. 103; Redouté, 4to edit. t. 52; Déség. Toment. p. 17.

A small weak variety, with leaves densely grey-downy when
young ; petioles slightly glandular ; serrations open and copiously
compound ; fruit obovoid, both it and the short peduncle quite
destitute of aciculi and glandular sete, and main sepals only
very slightly compound.

I have Déséglise's authority for referring to Rau's plant one
gathered by Mr. Hailstone in Perthshire, near Blair Athol; and
that from Redear, North Yorkshire, gathered by him, and called
by Smith, in the ‘English Flora, villosa, var. pulchella, is very
nearly the same. This variety and the last are the forms of to-
mentosa most likely to be confounded with mollissima.

Var. sCABRIUSCULA (Smith). :

R. SCABRIUSCULA, Smith, Eng. Bot. t. 1896; Winch, Geog. Dist.
edit. 2, p. 45 (ez parte) ; Déséglise, Toment. 32, non Woods.

LINN. PROC.— BOTANY, VOL. XI. g

218° MR. J. G. BAKER'S MONOGRAPII OF BRITISH ROSES.

R. TOMENTOSA fj, Woods, loc. cit., Herb. 40.
R. couuina, Fries, Herb. Norm. vi. 42, non Jacq.

The plant intended by Smith under this name differs from the
type by having the leaves less hairy, and, consequently, greener
and harsher. They are often very nearly naked on the upper
surface when mature, and are hairy principally on the ribs be-
neath, and scarcely at all glandular. The prickles are straight
and slender, and the fruit ovate and usually densely acicu-
late. This is a widely dispersed variety; but many of Winch’s
specimens, and the plant described by Woods, do not belong to
it. On this point I quite indorse Smith's remarks in the ‘ English
Flora, vol. ii. p. 8384. Lindley’s var. resinosa (Monog. p. 77) is
essentially the same, with deep-coloured flowers, very narrow
leaves, and very sharp compound teeth.

Var. SYLVESTRIS, Woods.

R. TOMENTOSA, var. SYLVESTRIS, Woods, loc. cit. Herb. 49, 50.
R. SYLVESTRIS, Lindl. Synops. p. 101, non Reich.

R. JuNDpziLLIANA, Baker, Review, p. 21, Exsic. 11, but scarcely of
Besser.

R. BRITANNICA, Déséglise, MSS.

Prickles stouter than in the type, and slightly curved. Leaves
naked above when mature, thinly hairy, and conspicuously glan-
dular beneath, with densely glanduloso-setose hairy petioles ;
stipules and bracts slightly hairy and glandular on the back ;
peduncles and ovate fruit densely aciculate and glanduloso-
setose.

I now believe my Jundzilliana to be essentially the same as
Lindley’s sylvestris, and not worth regarding as more than a
variety of tomentosa. Mr. Webb’s original Cheshire plant had
robust uncinate prickles, flowers often 6-10 in a cluster and
broad cordate leaflets, recalling the aspect of the Gallicane group ;
but the average of the variety, as represented in my fasciculus,

differs principally from scabriuscula by the leaves being consider-
ably glandular beneath.

Var. oBOvATA, Baker.

Prickles uncinate; leaflets obovate-oblong, with a subdeltoid
base and very deep and compound upper teeth, grey-green, 8002
quite naked on the upper surface, thinly hairy and glandular
beneath; the petiole densely downy, but not glanduloso-setose ;

MR. J. G. BAKER'S MONOGRAPH OF BRITISH ROSES. 219

the peduncles very short and quite hidden by the large sheath-
ing bracts, which are nearly naked on the back, but glandular
towards the edge ; both the peduncle and glaucous oblong calyx-
tube quite naked, and the sepals naked on the back.

Durham, by the side of the highroad a little out of Egle-
stone going towards Middleton in Teesdale. A connecting link
between tomentosa and pulverulenta.

Group. 3. Ruprernos.

8. R. RUBIGINOSA, Linn. Frutex mediocris, ramis brevibus ascenden-
tibus, aculeis subsparsis majoribus faleatis modice robustis aciculis
paucis subrectis inzequalibus intermixtis, foliolis mediocribus copiose
duplieato-serratis supra mox glabris, infra leviter pubescentibus et
copiose odorato-glandulosis, floribus 1 vel paucis, pedunculis dense
aciculatis, sepalis ascendentibus dorso dense glandulosis majoribus
copiose pinnatis subpersistentibus, stylis villosis, fructibus globosis
serotinis plerisque aciculatis, disco angusto.

R. RuBIGINOSA, Linn. Mant. ii. p. 564; Smith, Eng. Fl. ii. p. 385;
Lindl. Mon. p. 86, a et y; Borrer in Brit. Fl. edit. 3, p. 237 ; Fries,
Herb. Norm. vi. 41 ; Déséglise, Mon. p. 109.

R. EcLANTERIA, Woods, Linn. Trans. xii. p. 206, Herb. 61-66.

R. UMBELLATA, Leers, Herb. p. 117 ; Déség. Mon. p. 111; Reut. Cat.
p. 72; Billot, Ezsic. 3596 ; Wirtg. Exs. 470.

R. ECHINOCARPA, Ripart, Déség. Mon. p. 110; Wirtg. Ezs. 742.

R. comosa, Ripart, Schultz's Archiv. p. 254; Déség. Mon. p. 113,
Exsic. 35 ; Billot, Exsic. 3597.

A. bush 3 to 5 feet high, the main stem scarcely arching, and
the branches short and straight. Main prickles scattered, 3—4
lines long, faleate and much thickened downwards, often mixed
with a few straight slender unequal aciculi. Stipules densely
glandular, but nearly destitute of hairs on the back. — Well-deve-
loped leaves of the barren shoot 22-3 inches long, with seven
leaflets, the terminal one broad-oblong or obovate, 9-12 lines long
by three-quarters as broad; the serratures open and copiously
compound, the upper surface nearly naked or finally quite so, the
lower densely covered all over with fragrant glands, thinly hairy
on the ribs; the petiole densely glanduloso-setose and thinly
hairy, usually furnished with numerous unequal aciculi, the larger
ones strongly hooked. Bracts often } inch broad, nearly naked
on the back. Flowers usually 1-4; the peduncles generally

Q 2

220 MR. J. G. BAKER'S MONOGRAPH OF BRITISH ROSES.

under } inch long, densely clothed with glandular set» and
strong aciculi. Calyx-tube subglobose or broad ovate-urceolate,
usually aciculate. Corolla generally full rose, 12-15 lines across
when expanded. Styles densely villose. Sepals densely glandular
on the back, the larger ones 7-8 lines long, slightly leaf-pointed,
with 2-3 pairs of spreading linear pinne, not falling till after the
fruit changes colour, which is not till October or late in Septem-
ber. Ripe fruit subglobose, measuring about 3 inch each way.
This, the common Sweet-briar of gardens, is a plant of such
long-standing cultivation that it is very difficult to judge at the
present time which are its really wild stations. It is plainly in-
digenous amongst the chalk-hills of the south of England, but in
the north of England, though tolerably plentiful in hedges in
some distriets (as, for instance, round the foot of the Cheviots
near Wooller), I have never seen it amongst the cliffs or in the
aboriginal woods of the mountain-valleys,like canina, tomentosa,
„and mollissima. I have seen specimens from as far north as Perth
and Inverness. Messrs. Moore and More do not claim it with
any confidence as a native of Ireland. It is common as a truly
wild plant in Central Europe, extending to Teneriffe, Greece,
Tauria, and Persia. After the study of numerous authenticated
specimens, I cannot draw any line of distinction between the plants
quoted as synonyms.

Var. PERMIXTA (Déséglise).

R. PERMIXTA, Déség. Mon. p. 107, Ezsic. 72.

R. MICRANTHA, var. PERMIXTA, Gren. Fl. Jura, p. 252; Dumort. Ros.

Belg. p. 55.

Leaves in our plant quite without hairs, but as densely glan-
dular on the under surface and petiole as in the type; styles
quite glabrous ; fruit ovate-urceolate, balf as long again as broad,
and decidedly narrowed at the neck, densely prickly, the sepals
fallen before it reddens.

Surrey, bank of the valley in which Teucrium Botrys grows on
Box Hill (Borrer!). This recedes from the type towards micran-
tha by the naked styles and shape of the fruit, but in other respects
agrees with the type.

Var. SYLVICOLA (Déség. et Ripart).
R. svrvicoLA, Déség. et Ripart, MSS.!
Bush laxer and not so strongly scented as in the type, prickles

MR. J. G. BAKER’S MONOGRAPH OF BRITISH ROSES. 221

more slender, leaflets larger, thinly hairy beneath, the glands fewer
aud finer, the fruit broad ovate-urceolate, the styles hairy.

North Yorkshire, road-side near Low Row, Swaledale, James
Backhouse and J. G. Baker.

9. R. MICRANTHA, Smith. Frutex mediocris, ramis elongatis arcuatis,
aculeis sparsis conformibus faleatis deorsum robustis, foliolis medio-
cribus copiose duplicato-serratis, supra mox glabris, infra levite* pu-
bescentibus prorsus glandulosis, floribus 1 vel paucis, pedunculis
dense aciculatis, sepalis ascendentibus, subpersistentibus dorso glan-
dulosis majoribus apice foliaceis paullulum pinnatis, stylis glabris,
fructibus ovato-urceolatis serotinis plerisque subnudis discis medio-
cribus instructis.

R. MicRANTHA, Smith, Eng. Bot. 2490 (1812), Eng. Flora, ii. p. 387 ;
Woods, Linn. Trans. xii. p. 209, Herb. 67, 68 ; Borrer, Brit. Fl. edit. 3,
p. 236 ; Gren. Fl. Jura, p. 251; Reut. Cat. p. 71; Dumort. Ros. Belg.
p. 94, ex parte, non DC. Fl. Franç. v. p. 539, nec Déség. Mon.
p. 115.

R. nemorosa, Libert in Lej. Fl. Spa, ii. p. 80 (1813); Boreau, FI.
Cent. edit. 3, vol. ii. p. 229; Déség. Mon. 114; Billot, Ezsic. 3598.

R. FLORIBUNDA, Steven in Bess. Cat. Crem. Suppl. iv. p. 19 (1819) ;
Bieb. Fl. Taur. Cauc. iii. p. 343; DC. Prodr. ii. p. 621.

R. LinERTIANA, Tratt. Mon. ii. p. 80.

R. RUBIGINOSA, var. MICRANTHA, Lindl. Mon. p. 87.

A taller and laxer bush than the last, generally, but not always,
without any decided Sweet-briar fragrance. Prickles scattered
and quite uniform, those of the main stem 3-5 lines long, decidedly
faleate and thickened downwards; the scar 4-6 lines deep. Sti-
pules varying from naked to densely glandular on the back, co-
piously glanduloso-ciliated. Well-developed leaves 21-3 inches
long, with 7 leaflets, the terminal oblong or with an obovate ten-
dency, 12-15 lines long by 9-12 lines broad, more pointed than
in rubiginosa, the serrations rather sharper, copiously compound,
the upper surface nearly naked, when old quite so; the lower
surface scattered all over with fine but conspicuous glands; the
aciculi of the petiole usually 2—4 only and subequal. Bracts densely
gland-ciliated, but often nearly naked on the back. Peduncles
longer than in rubiginosa, densely aciculate and glanduloso-setose,
Calyx-tube narrowly ovate-urceolate, often naked. Petals pale
rose, the expanded corolla not much over an inch across. Styles
glabrous. Sepals densely glandular on the back, the mam ones
1-£ inch long, more leafy at the point than in rubiginosa, but with

222 MR. J. G. BAKER’S MONOGRAPH OF BRITISI ROSES.

only 1-2 pairs of minute pinne, spreading after the petals fall,
falling when the fruit has changed colour. Fruit bright scarlet,
ovate-ureeolate, 7-8 lines long by 5-6 lines broad, with a decided
disk like that of canina, changing colour late in September or early
in October.

This differs from rubiginosa by its laxer habit of growth, faint
odour, uniform prickles, glabrous styles, and in the character of
the fruit and sepals, and may be considered midway between ru- -
biginosa and canina. In some parts of the Isle of Wight it is as
plentiful as canina ; it is a plant of the Channel Islands (Rev. T.
Salwey!); Mr. Borrer gathered it in many places in Sussex, and
Mr. Briggs in Devon and Cornwall; and it extends northward to
Anglesea (Wilson !, Borrer!, Webb !), Cheshire (Webb!), Yorkshire
(Hailstone !, Baker ), and to Northumberland (Buston, near Aln-
wick, J. Chrisp!) In Ireland it appears to be restricted to the
neighbourhood of Cork, whence I have seen specimens gathered
by Mr. Isaac Carroll; but Dr. Mackay’s plant thus labelled was
rubiginosa. On the Continent it isnot known in Scandinavia, but
it begins in Belgium and is diffused through France to Geneva,
and eastward as far as Tauria, whence there is a specimen from
Steven in the Kew herbarium.

Var. BRIGGSII, Baker.

A luxuriant variety with leaflets 15-18 lines long, 10-12 lines
broad, naked above, less glandular than in the type beneath ; calyx-
tube and fruit shorter and stouter, and, like the peduncle, quite
naked; sepals more pinnate and scarcely glandular on the back.

Devonshire, quarry at Rumple, near Plymouth (Briggs !).

Var. HYSTRIX (Leman).

R. HYSTRIX, Leman, Bull. Phil. 1818, extr. p. 18; Boreau, Fl. Cent.
edit. 2, vol. ii. p. 182, non Lindl. Mon. p. 129, t. 17 (1820).

R. Lemax, Boreau, Fl. Cent. edit. 3, vol. ii. p. 230; Déség. Mon. 102,
Exzsic. 71.

R. MICRANTHA, var. LEMANI1, Dumort. Mon. p. 55.

A small variety with narrow sharply toothed leaves, densely
glandular beneath, but quite without hairs; terminal leaflet cu-
neate at the base ; peduncle densely acieulate ; calyx-tube naked.

Surrey, Boxhill ; and Oxfordshire, Caversham (Borrer !); Glou-
cestershire, St. Vincent’s rocks (Dr. St. Brody !)

In leaves and general habit very like R. sepium ; but the sepals
are glandular on the back, and the peduncle densely aciculate.

MR. J. G. BAKER'S MONOGRAPII OF BRITISH ROSES. 223

10. R. PuLvERULENTA, M. Bieb. Frutex mediocris, ramis elongatis
arcuatis, aculeis spe subinzqualibus, majoribus faleatis robustis,
foliolis obovatis copiose duplicato-serratis, supra cito glabris, infra
tenuiter pubescentibus prorsus glandulosis, floribus 1 vel paucis, pe-
duneulis nudis vel raro aciculatis, sepalis ascendentibus subpersisten-
tibus dorso nudis vel leviter glandulosis, majoribus copiose pinnatis,
stylis hirsutis, fructibus nudis serotinis ovato-urceolatis vel rotundatis
discis mediocribus instructis.

R. PULvERULENTA, M. Bieb. Fl. Taur.- Cauc. i. p. 399 (1808); Lindl.
Mon. p. 93; DC. Prodr. ii. p. 617.

R. tnopora, Fries, Novit. i. p. 9 (1814); Herb. Norm. x. 51, non Auct.
Angl.

R. rnopora y, Borrer, in Brit. Fl. 3rd edit. p. 235 (non « et 8).

R. Krokrr, Besser, Hort. Crem. 1816, p. 118; M. Bieb. Fl. Taur.-Cauc.
iii. p. 346; Tratt. Mon. ii. p. 70; Wim. et Grab. Fl. Sil. ii. p. 89 ;
Gren. Jura, p. 248; Déség. Mon. p. 100, Exsic. 29; Billot, Exs.
1665.

R. seprum 8. KLuxkn, Reut. Cat. Gen. p. 73.

R. GRANDIFLORA, Wallr. Ann. Bot. p. 66 ; Roth, Enum. p. 451.

R. BALSAMEA, Besser, Cat. Hort. Crem. 1815.

R. IBERICA, Steven, M. Bieb. Fl. Taur.-Cauc. iii. p. 345; DC. Prodr.
ii. p. 617.

A taller and stronger bush than micrantha, with a similar habit.
Prickles uniform, or with a few setaceous aciculi intermixed, the
larger ones 3-4 lines long, robust, faleate. Well-developed leaves
of the barren shoot 3-31 inches long, with 7 leaflets, the terminal
one obovate-oblong, 15-18 lines long by three-quarters as broad,
or rather less, thicker in texture than in micrantha, soon quite
naked above, slightly on the ribs only but with glands scattered
all over the surface beneath; the upper serratures sharp, deep,
and copiously compound; the petiole densely setose, slightly
hairy, with several unequal aciculi. Bracts 3-4 lines broad, naked
on the back, or nearly so. Flowers usually 1-3; the peduncle
4-6 lines long, usually naked; the calyx-tube oblong, naked.
Sepals 8-9 lines long, naked or slightly glandular on the back,
ascending after the petals fall, subpersistent, the main ones copi-
ously pinnate. Flowers pink, 15-18 lines across. Styles hairy.
Fruit ovate-urceolate, as large as that of canina, and with a similar
disk, not ripening till October or late in September. :

This is very near micrantha, but is a stronger plant, quite as
glandular, but larger in its leaves and flowers, with hairy styles,

224 MR. J. G. BAKER’S MONOGRAPH OF BRITISH ROSES.

more compound sepals, the peduncle typically naked, and the
sepals naked on the back. I have seen it only from four counties in
Britain :—Somersetshire, woods at Brean Down ( Woods!) ; York-
shire, Richmond (Jas. Ward!) ; Durham, Ravensworth woods (.Ao-
bertson!) ; and Northumberland, gathered by myself in two places
near Wooller. On the other hand, it closely resembles R. Borrert ;
but in that the leaves are only very faintly or not at all glandular
below, with the lower half broader, the peduncles aciculate, and
the sepals reflexed and deciduous. I have seen a specimen of the
Taurian plant from Steven, and of Lindley’s from Lyell, and can-
not trace any material difference between these and ours and the
Scandinavian, French, and Swiss examples labelled with the names I
have quoted. Koch, Ledebour, and Reuter agree in uniting it with
the common South-European F. sepium, Thuill., which is smaller
in all its parts, with the leaves entirely without hairs and narrowed
to both ends, glabrous styles, and slender ovate-urceolate fruit.

Var. BILLIETII (Puget).

R. BirLrETII, Puget in Billot, Exsic. 3594.

R. VAILLANTIANA, Boreau, MSS.!

R. sepium, Borrer, E. B. S.t. 2653. Brit. Fl. edit. 3, p. 238, non Thuil.

R. sepium 9, Rapin, Vaud Guide, edit. 2, p. 199.

Prickles of the main stem decidedly unequal, the main ones as
large and as strong as those of the type, but only slightly hooked.
Leaflets smaller; the terminal one 9—12 lines long by three-quar-
ters as broad, obovate, with a subdeltoid base; the upper surface
at first slightly hairy, the lower thinly hairy and finely glandular
all over. Peduncle naked; calyx-tube narrowly ovate-urceolate ;
the sepals, like those of micrantha, lengthened out at the point,
but only sparingly pinnate; the styles hairy; the fruit ovate-
urceolate, 7—8 lines deep.

In Britain I have seen this only from Allesley in Warwickshire,
where it was gathered by the Rev. W..T. Bree ; but I have authen-
ticated specimens, under the three names I have quoted, from
Savoy. From the true sepium *, which is very widely diffused
throughout the south of Europe, it differs by its leaves thinly

* I gathered in the summer of the present year, on the south slope of Hind
Head in Surrey, a plant differing only from the typical sepium by having the
leaves very slightly hairy on the petiole and midrib beneath. "This should now
therefore b» placed as the type of the species, and the other forms described as
its varieties.

MR. J. G. BAKER’S MONOGRAPH OF BRITISH ROSES. 225

hairy and not so densely glandular beneath, not narrowed in the
upper half, villose styles, and stouter fruit. It comes very near R.
lugdunensis, Déség. Mon. p. 101, which has leaves less hairy but
more glandular beneath, shorter peduncles aud round fruit.

Var. cRvPTOPODA, Baker.

R. crypropopa, Baker, Review, p.

Prickles rather unequal, the large ones uncinate and robust.
Leaflets ovate-oblong, the terminal one about an inch long by
three-quarters as broad; the upper surface glaucous green,
naked; the lower thinly glandular all over, hairy on the main
veins; the petiole hairy and glanduloso-setose, with 2—4 hooked
acieuli. Bracts and stipules glandular on the back, but scarcely
hairy. Peduncle very short, quite naked. Fruit subglobose,
7-8 lines each way. Sepals naked on the back; the main ones
8-9 lines long, copiously pinnate.

West Yorkshire, Luddenden, near Halifax, S. King!

Very near R. virgultorum, Ripart in Deseg]. Exsic. 32, which
has similar peduncles, fruit, and sepals, but leaves more decidedly
glandular beneath, but not at all hairy, and less hairy styles.

Group 4. CANINE.

ll. R. CANINA, Linn. Frutex altus, ramis elongatis arcuatis, aculeis
sparsis zqualibus robustis falcatis, foliolis simpliciter vel duplicato-
serratis utrinque glabris eglandulosis vel preecipue infra tenuiter pu-
bescentibus, floribus 1 vel paucis, pedunculis plerisque nudis, sepalis
dorso plerisque nudis reflexis deciduis, vel interdum ascendentibus
subpersistentibus, majoribus copiose pinnatis, stylis plus minus hir-
sutis, fructibus ovato-urceolatis vel rotundatis (plerisque serotinis)
discis conspicuis instructis.

Series 1. Ecristatz. Leaves not glandular beneath. Fruit very
hard when green, not ripening till October or the latter part of
September ; the sepals still remaining reflexed after the petals fall,
and becoming disarticulated before it changes colour.

* Peduncles not aciculate ; leaves glabrous on both sides.

Var. LUTETIANA (Leman). Revi
R. LUTETIANA, Leman, Bull. Phil. 1818, extr. p. 9; Baker, Renew,

p- 25, Ezsic. 12.
R. CANINA, Linn. Herb. ! Woods, Linn. Trans. ix. p. 233 (excl. var. 8),

226 MR. J. G. BAKER'S MONOGRAPH OF BRITISH ROSES.

Herb. 108-111, 115,116; Smith, Engl. Fl. ii. p. 394; Déség. Mon.
p. 61, Easic. 12; Reut. Gen. p. 69; Dum. Belg. p. 59.

R. NITENS et GLAUCESCENS, Desv. in Mérat, Fl. Paris, p. 192.

R. SWwARTZIANA et AFZELIANA, Fries, Fl. Hall. pp. 86, 87.

R. FALLAX, Puget in Déség. Exsic. 60.

An arching bush often 10 or 12 feet high, with elongated arch-
ing branches. Prickles scattered, uniform, falcate, very robust,
3—5 lines long, and the scar as deep. Stipules quite naked on
both sides, and only slightly gland-ciliated. Fully developed leaves
of the barren shoot 3—4 inches long, with 7 leaflets; the terminal
one obovate-oblong, 15-18 lines long by about three-quarters as
broad; both sides quite naked, green or glaucous; the serration
sharp and simple; the teeth often quite glandless; the petiole
with 2-4 hooked aciculi, but without hairs or glandular sete.
Flowers 1-4, on naked peduncles generally more than half an inch
long; the corolla pinkish, 18-24 lines broad. Styles moderately
hairy. Fruit ovate-urceolate, 7-9 lines long, not changing colour
till October in the north, or late in September in the south of
England. Sepals i-i inch long, naked on the back, but little
gland-ciliated, the main ones copiously pinnate.

In the broad sense of the term, as here defined, R. canina is
universally dispersed through Britain, including Ireland, and is
in most districts far more common than any other Rose, or than
all the others put together. In the north of England it reaches
an altitude of 450 yards. It extends everywhere through Europe
except Lapland and Finland, and reaches the Canaries, Barbary,
Persia, and Siberia. Of the varieties here described, lutetiana,
dumalis, and urbica, with intermediates between them, are the
most common in Britain, all the others being much less frequent.
Of this, the names glaucescens and Afzeliana refer especially to the
plant with glaucous leaves. R. Malmundariensis, Lej. Fl. Spa, i
p. 231, a modification of this variety with sepals glandular on the
back, has been gathered by Rev. W. H. Purchas in Derbyshire.

Var. SURCULOSA (Woods).

R. surcuLosa, Woods, Linn. Trans. xii. p. 228. Herb. 117-121.

A very robust form, like the last, but with flowers often 10-12
(I have seen 20-30) in a cluster, flat leaflets broadly rounded at the
base and with more open teeth; the young shoots and leaves
often suffused with red.

Apparently confined to the south of England.

MR. J. G. BAKER'S MONOGRAPH OF BRITISH ROSES. 297

Var. SPH @RICA (Gren.).
R. spuarica, Gren. in Billot, Archiv. p. 333, Exsic. 1479 ; Déség. Mon.
p. 64; Gren. Jura, p. 241; Reut. Cat. p. 70.

R. CANINA, var. SPHÆRICA, Dumort. Belg. p. 60.

Differs only from Jutetiana by its broader leaflets, more rounded
at the base, slightly pubescent petioles, globose fruit 7-8 lines
broad and deep, and more villose styles.

A plant gathered by Mr. Briggs at Modoney, in Devonshire,
quite agrees with what I have under this name from Besancon and
Geneva.

Var. SENTICOSA (Ach.).

R. senticosa, Ach. Vet. Acad. Handl. 1813, p. 91, t. 13.

R. AciPHYLLA, Rau, Enum. p. 69, cum icone; Tratt. Mon. ii. p. 22;

Déség. Mon. p. 66.

R. SPHÆRICA, var. ACIPHYLLA, Gren. Jura, p. 242.

Fruit perfectly globular, but much smaller than in the last;
the general habit of the plant very slender and flexuous, the fully
developed leaves not more than an inch long by 6-7 lines broad ;
the teeth very acute. “It has the aspect of R. sepium, but the
petioles and leaflets are glandless."— Déséglise.

Devonshire, hedge near Yeo, Briggs !

Var. DUMALIs (Bechst.).

R. puuaLirs, Bechst. Forst. p. 241 (1810); Tratt. Mon. ii. p. 24, Gren.
Jura, p. 214; Baker, Review, p. 25, Exsic. 13-15.

R. STIPULARIS, Mérat, Fl. Paris, p. 192; DC. Prodr. ii. p. 623.

R. sanMENTACEA, Swartz, MSS.; Woods, Linn. Trans. xii. p. 213,
Herb. 79-84; Smith, Engl. Flora, ii. p. 390; Borrer, E. B. S.
t. 2595.

R. venosa, Swartz, MSS.; Spreng. Syst. ii. p. 544; DC. Prodr. ii.

p. 623.

- GLAUCOPHYLLA, Winch, Geog. Distr. p. 45.

- GLAUCA, Lois. Not. p. 80.

- RAMULOSA, Godr. Fl. Lorr. edit. 2, vol. i. p. 231.

- CANINA, var. DUMALIS, Dumort. Belg. p. 60.

08 -- -e -e n

- CANINA, Var. SARMENTOSA, Reut. Cat. p. 70.

Stipules more densely gland-ciliated than in the type; teeth of
the leaves more or less compound, with the secondary serrations
gland-tipped ; the petiole more or less glanduloso-setose and often

228 MR. J. G. BAKER’S MONOGRAPH OF BRITISH ROSES.

alittle hairy ; the sepals also gland-ciliated, and the flowers some-
times deeper in colour.

A very common form, also either green or glaucous; the latter
venosa,Sw.,and glaucophylla, Winch. Specimens gathered in North-
umberland (Baker, Exsic. 15) and Leicestershire (Bloxam !) with
sepals glandular on the back; and a plant in Durham, near Dar-
lington (Jas Ward!), exactly accords with R. Malmundariensis,
Déség. Exsic. 48, with round fruit and numerous flowers in a
cluster.

Var. BISERRATA (Mérat).

R. BisERRATA, Mérat, Fl. Par. p. 190; Leman, Bull. Phil. 1818, extr.
p. 9; Tratt. Mon. ii. p. 33; D Mon. p. 72; Gren. Jura, p. 245;
Reut. Cat. p. 70.

R. CANINA, Var. BISERRATA, Dumort. p. 61.

R. viNACEA, Baker, Review, p. 32, Exsic. 28.

R. sEPIUM, var. NITENS, Desv. Journ. Bot. ii. p. 117.

Searcely different from the last, but the serratures open and
very compound, the petioles more glanduloso-setose, and the
glands extending alittleto the midrib beneath. Déséglise's plant
has globose fruit; my vinacea has oblong fruit, narrow sharp-
pointed leaves and bracts, branches and stipules suffused with vi-
nous red.

** Peduncles not aciculate ; leaves naked above, hairy only on

the ribs beneath.

Var. URBICA (Leman).

R. ursica, Leman, Bull. Phil. 1818, extr. p. 9; Déségl. Mon. p. 85

Exsic. 22; Baker, Review, p. 26, Ezsic. 16.

R. COLLINA, var. URBICA, Dumort. Belg. p. 58.

R. coLLINaA B et y, Woods, Linn. Trans. xi. p. 219, Herb. 96, 98-103.

R. FORSTERI, Smith, Eng. Flora, ii. p. 392 (1824); Borrer, E. B. S.

t. 2611.

R. RAMEALIS, Puget in Déség. Ezsic. 66.

General habit, leaves, and fruit of lufetiana ; but the grey or
green simply toothed leaves thinly hairy on the under surface;
the serration sharp and simple; the petiole densely pubescent,
but scarcely at all glanduloso-setose ; the fruit oblong or ovate-
urceolate, rarely subglobose.

A very common variety, from which R. platyphylla, Rau, num.
p- 82 (R. opaca, Gren. in Billot, Archiv. p. 332, Exsic. 1748), only

MR. J. @. BAKER’S MONOGRAPH OF BRITISH ROSES. 229

differs by its larger grey-green leaves more rounded at the base,
and large subglobose fruit.

Var. FRONDOSA (Steven).

R. FRONDOSA, Steven, MSS.! Spreng. Syst. Veg. ii. p. 544.

R. DUMETORUM, Woods, Herb. 93.

Differs from the last by its small flat ovate-oblong leaflets much
rounded at the base, and small subglobose fruit.

Yorkshire (Hailstone!), Sussex (Borrer!), Isle of Wight
(Baker). Very near obtusifolia, Desv. Journ. Bot. ii. p. 317 (R.
leucantha, Bast. Suppl. Fl. Maine-et-Loire, p. 32), but the leaflets
naked above and less hairy below.

Var. ARvATICA, Baker.

R. AnvaTICA, Baker, Review, p. 33, Exsic. 25-27, non Puget.

R. TRACHYPHYLLA, var. ARVATICA, Dumort. Belg. p. 59.

R. curars, Wils. MSS. (in herb. Borrer).

Bears much the same relation to urbica that dumalis does to
lutetiana. Leaflets obovate-oblong, naked above, hairy on the
ribs below; the serratures copiously compound; the accessory
teeth gland-tipped ; the petioles densely pubescent and glanduloso-
setose, and the glands often extending to the midrib beneath;
the bracts, stipules, and sepals copiously gland-ciliated. Fruit
ovate.

A common form in the north of England. It is the Warrington
Rose mentioned by Mr. Borrer in the ‘ British Flora,’ edit. 3,
p. 241. Mr. Robertson labels it “midway between canina and
tnodora.”” I have gathered it in North Yorkshire with sepals
glandular on the back.

*** Peduncles not aciculate. Leaflets more or less hairy `
on both sides.

Var. puMETORUM (Thuill.).

R. puMerorum, Thuill. Par. p. 250; Fries, Herb. Norm. viii. p. 43;
Déség. Mon. p.82; Baker, Review, p. 27, Exsic. 19.

R. DUMETORUM g, Gren. Jura, p. 247.

R. coLLINA, DC. Fl. Franç. iv. p. 441; Wahl. Suec. 563, non
Jacq.

R. sousTITIALIs, Besser, Prim. Fl. Gall. p. 324!

R. susMITIS, Gren. Schultz's Archives, p. 332; Billot, Ezsic. 1476.

230 MR. J. G. BAKER’S MONOGRAPH OF BRITISH ROSES.

Stipules and bracts hairy on the back, but little gland-ciliated.
Leaflets grey-green, softer in texture than in the foregoing forms,
and sooner destroyed by frost; the terminal one often 18-21 lines
long by an inch broad, broadly rounded (or even cordate) at the
base, softly hairy all over beneath, and thinly so above when old ;
the serratures simple and moderately open ; the petioles densely
grey-pubescent, scarcely at all glanduloso-setose, and sometimes
without prickles. Flowers often deeper in colour than the prece-
ding. Fruit large, generally ovate-urceolate, not so hard when
green, and ripening earlier than in the foregoing varieties, and
the sepals often not fully reflexed. Styles villose *.

Principally in the north of England. R. wacinella, Besser, is
a montane form with firmer leaves, less hairy above, and large
subglobose fruit.

Var. PRUINOSA, Baker.

R. pruinosa, Baker, Review, p. 27.

R. cas1A, Borrer, Brit. Flora, edit. 3, p. 242 (ex parte).

Like the last, but very glaucous, the serrations laxer and com-
pound, the secondary teeth gland-tipped, and petioles slightly
glandular.

Northumberland, Durham, and Yorkshire amongst the hills.
A form with sepals glandular on the back, by the Swale, near
Keld, and a similar plant gathered in Derry by Dr. Moore.

Var. INCANA, Woods.
R. TOMENTOSA, var. INCANA, Woods, Linn. Trans. xii. p. 203,
Herb. 59.

R. CÆS1A, var. INCANA, Borrer, in Brit. Flora, 3rd edit. p. 242.

Leaflets of average size, narrowly ovate-oblong, very glaucous,
and slightly downy above, densely downy and with a few incon-
spicuous scattered glands beneath; the serration copiously com-
pound, the secondary teeth gland-tipped; the petiole both pu-
bescent and setose; the peduncle slightly hairy ; the styles densely
villose ; the fruit large and oblong ; the sepals not falling so soon
as usual.

* “R. dumetorum inter R. caninam et coriifoliam exacte media est. Millena et
varia circa Upsaliam videre licet R. canine et dumetorum individua, facillime
vero semper ad suam speciem referenda, quare Ill. Wahlenberg, plantas ipsas
nec characteres modo respiciens, tam in Fl. Upsaliensi quam Suecica distinxit,
et quanto diutius ejus vestigia repetii, tanto magis ad hanc sententiam inclino."—
Fries, Summa, p. 172-173.

MR. J. G. BAKER’S MONOGRAPH OF BRITISH ROSES. 231

Gathered in Forfarshire by G. Don. R. canescens, Baker,
Review, 28, Exsic. 20, is a form with similar leaves, but with the
fruit and sepals of the type.

Var. TOMENTELLA, Leman.

R. TOMENTELLA, Leman, Bull. Phil. 1818, extr. p. 10: Déség. in Billot’s
Archiv. p. 334, Exsic. 1477 ; Déség. Monog. p. 92, Exsic. 70; Baker,
Review, p. 33, Exsic. 29; Dumort. Belg. p. 56; Reut. Cat. 71;
Gren. Jura, p. 247.

R. TOMENTOSA y. DUMETORUM, Gaud. Fl. Helv. iii. p. 352.

R. RuBIGINOSA, var. C, Rapin, Cat. Vaud. p. 101.

R. irNopona, Hook. Fl. Lond. n. s. t. 117?

Branches green and very flexuous; prickles very strongly
hooked; fully developed leaflets under an inch long, flat, ovate-
oblong, rounded at the base, green and thinly hairy above, hairy
all over and sometimes with a few inconspicuous glands beneath ;
the petioles hairy and glanduloso-setose, with 3-4 strongly hooked
acieuli; peduncles shorter than usual and often quite hidden by
the bracts; flowers smaller and very pale; styles densely hairy ;
fruit small (4-4 inch long), subglobose or broad ovate-urceolate,
very late in ripening.

I have gathered this in many parts of England, from the Isle of
Wight northward to Northumberland, and received it from nearly
all my correspondents; and yet it does not seem to have been
known to either Woods or Borrer. Déséglise, Grenier, and Reuter
all classify it with the Rubiginose ; but the glands beneath are so
few and faint as to be scarcely visible except with a lens. For
a full account of its modifications, see a paper by Crepin in the
Bulletin of the Royal Botanieal Society of Belgium, v. p. 26.

**** Peduncles more or less aciculate and glanduloso-setose.

Var. ANDEVAGENSIS (Bast.).

R. ANpEvaGENsis, Bast. Fl. Maine-et-Loire (1809), p. 189; DC.
Fl. Franç. v. p. 539; Déség. Mon. p. 75, Ezsic. 17, 18; Reut. Cat.
p. 70; Baker, Review, p. 31.

R. CANINA, var. ANDEVAGENSIS, Dumort. p. 60.

R. Raum, Tratt. Mon. ii. p. 35.

R. SEMPERVIRENS, Rau, Enum. p. 120, non L.

R. CANINA, var. GLANDULIFERA, Woods, Linn. Trans. xii. p. 223,
Herb. 112-114.

232 MR. J. G. BAKER’S MONOGRAPH OF BRITISH ROSES.

Differs from lutetiana only by its aciculate peduncles.

Not unfrequent, especially in the south of England. A form
with sepals glandular on the back, from the Pass of Lanrick,
Perthshire (Borrer!), Braemar (Watson !), and Caernarvonshire
(Bloxam!).

Var. VERTICILLACANTHA (Mérat).
R. VERTICILLACANTHA, Mérat, Fl. Par. p. 190; DC. Prodr. ii. p. 622;
Déség. Mon. p. 67 ; Baker, Review, p. 31.

R. DUMALIS, var. GLANDULOSA, Gren. Jura, p. 215.

Bears the same relation to dwmalis that the last does to lute-
tiana.

Not uncommon. Extreme specimens with the calyx-tube
prickly as well as the peduncle, and sepals glandulous on the
back, gathered in Somersetshire near Bridgewater (T. Clark!)
and Weston-super-mare (Woods !), and in Devonshire (Briggs !).
R. psilophylla, Rau, Enum. p. 101, only differs from this by its
hairy petioles.

Var. COLLINA, Jacq.
R. COLLINA, Jacq. Austr. t. 197 ; Tratt. Mon. ii. p. 2; Déség. Mon.
p. 89; Baker, Seem. Journ. iii. p. 82.

R. COLLINA « et 8, Dumort. Belg. p. 57.

R. CAMPESTRIS, Swartz, MSS.; Fries, Fl. Halland. p. 86.

R. KosiNciANA, Besser, Enum. Volh. p. 60; Tratt. Mon. ii. p. 48;

Déség. Mon. p. 76.

R. rorruosa, Wierzb. in Reich. Ezsic. 1751.

R. UMBELLATA, Libert, in Lej. Fl. Spa, ii. p. 313.

The representative of urbicain this group. As gathered by Mr.
Borrer in Surrey and Mr. Briggs near Plymouth this has nume-
rous flowers in a cluster, and flat leaves broadly rounded at the
base with moderately open serrations; but the commoner form is,
like ordinary urbica, less robust, with narrower more sharply
toothed leaves.

Var. cuestiA (Smith).
R. cugstA, Smith, Engl. Bot. t. 2637 ; Woods, Linn. Trans. xii. p. 212,
Herb. 78; Borrer, Brit. Flora, edit. 3, p- 242 (ex parte).

Very near the last, the leaves grey-green, softly hairy beneath
and slightly so on the upper surface, the teeth slightly compound.
Petiole slightly glanduloso-setose. Stipules and bracts pubes-
cent on the back. Sepals glandular on the back.

MR. J. G. BAKER’S MONOGRAPH OF BRITISH ROSES. 233

Drawn for ‘ English Botany’ from Taynuilt, Argyle (Borrer !).
Gathered also in Derbyshire by the Rev. W. M. Hind and Rev.
W. H. Purchas, in Leicestershire by the Rev. A. Bloxam, and by
myself in Northumberland near Wooller.

Var. coxNciNNA, Baker.

Prickles very much hooked. Leaflets very small, the terminal
one 8-9 lines long, flat, broad obovate, thinly downy above when
young, hairy all over beneath; the teeth simple, moderately open ;
the petioles pubescent, but scarcely at all setose ; the calyx-tube
small, broad ovate; the styles slightly protruded, thinly hairy.

Devonshire; near Stoke Bridge (Borrer!). The representative
of the Continental obtusifolia in this group.

Var. DECIPIENS (Dumort.).

R. TOMENTELLA, var. DECIPIENS, Dumort. Belg. p. 57.

Like tomentella, but the peduncle densely aciculate ; the midrib
beneath more glandular ; the petiole both pubescent and glandu-
loso-setose, with several unequal aciculi; the sepals not fully re-
flexed, and densely glandulous on the back.

Northumberland, Wooller (Baker), and plants like ordinary
tomentella, but with aciculate peduncles, gathered in Leicester-
shire by the Rev. A Bloxam, and in Cheshire by Mr. Wilson and
the Hon. J. L. Warren.

Series 2. Subcristatew. Leaves not glandular beneath. Fruit
softer when green, in the north of England ripening early in
September ; the sepals ascending after the petals fall, and not dis-
articulated till after it turns crimson. Disk narrower than in
the last section, and styles more densely villose.

This series of forms corresponds to the Canine, subsection 1,
of Grenier's * Flora of the Jura,’ and to the R. monticola of the
second edition of Rapin's ‘ Botanists’ Guide to the Canton
Vaud.’

Var. Reutert (Godet).
R. Reutert, Godet, Fl. Jura, p. 218; Reut. Cat. p. 68.
R. REUTERI æ, Gren. Jura, p- 239; Billot, Ezsic. 3581.
R. cLAvca, “ Vill. inedit. sec. Lois. Not. p. 80,” Rapin, Bull. Haller.
p. 180.
R. RUBRIFOLIA, var. PINNATIFIDA, Seringe in DC. Prodr. ii. p. 610.
LINN. PROC.—BOTANY, VOL. XI. E

234 MR. J. G. BAKER'S MONOGRAPH OF BRITISH ROSES.

R. cREPINIANA, Déség. MSS., Baker, Review, p. 28, Exsic. 21-22;
Dumort. Belg. p. 62.

R. nuna, Woods, Linn. Trans. xi. p. 205?

R. MONTICOLA a, Rapin, Cant. Vaud, edit. 2, p. 94.

Prickles more slender than in the plants of the last series ; the
habit, leaves, armature, and toothing like that of lutetiana, but
the peduncles shorter and almost or quite hidden by the large clasp-
ing bracts, the flowers often deeper in colour, and sepals and fruit
of the character just indicated. Leaves and calyx-tube glaucous.
Bracts, stipules, and branches in exposure suffused with red.
Fruit moderate or large-sized, ovate-oblong or subglobose. Sepals
often (but not always) glandular on the back.

This appears to be widely diffused through the hilly tracts of
the north of England. Iam indebted to Dr. Rapin for a supply
of Swiss specimens. Till lately the Swiss botanists always put it
with rubrifolia, with which it closely corresponds in general as-
pect, but which has the sepals always simple and falling sooner,
small round fruit, and longer peduncles.

Var. SUBCRISTATA, Baker.

R.suBcRisTATA, Baker, Review, p. 29, Exsic. 23.

R. TOMENTOSA y, Woods, Linn. Trans. xi. p. 197, Herb. 41.

R. CALEDONLE, Borrer, MSS.!

R. REUTERI, var. INTERMEDIA, Gren. Jura, p. 239.

R. COMPLICATA, Gren. MSS. olim.

R. sTEPHANOCARPA, Déség. et Ripart, MSS.!

Bears just the same relation to dwmalis that the last does to
lutetiana. It is not unfrequent through the hilly tracts of the
north of England; and Mr. Watson gathered it in Perthshire. A
plant like this, but with deep-red flowers and aciculate peduncles,
by the Swale-side, near Keld.

Var. HarLsTONI, Baker.

R. HarLsToNr, Baker, Report Lond. Ez. Club, 1867, p. 7.

Prickles moderately close and numerous, the large ones thick-
ened and falcate, but passing down rather abruptly into numerous
stout straight unequal aciculi. Leaves like those of the last form,
but the fruit not ripening so early, and the sepals becoming
sooner disarticulated, and styles not so densely villose.

North Yorkshire, near Sutton under Whitstoncliff (Baker):
and a similar form, amongst Mr. Hailstone’s Roses, without locali-

MR. J. G. BAKER’S MONOGRAPH OF BRITISH ROSES. 235

zation. In the irregularity of its prickles this approaches hiber-
nica, and still more closely the R. Schultzii, Ripart, already re-
ferred to; but the large ones are of the canina type, and the
general habit of the plant is just that of this group.

Var. IMPLEXA (Gren).
R. iMPLEXA, Gren. MSS. olim.
R. soLsTITIALIS, var. DENUDATA, Gren. Jura, p. 238.

Leaves and general habit of wrbica, with the fruit of this series.
Seen only from the neighbourhood of Richmond in Yorkshire ;
gathered by Mr. Jas. Ward.

Var. CoRIIFOLIA (Fries).

R. conrrroLra, Fries, Novit. edit. 1, p. 33 (1814), Herb. Norm. vi.
no. 43; DC. Prodr. ii p. 623; Déségl. Mon. p. 86, Easic. 23; Reut.
Cat. p. 69; Baker, Review, p. 30, Exsic. 24.

R. crassirouia, Walm. Liljebl. Sv. Fl. iii. p. 268.

R. sEPIUM et SEPINCOLA, Swartz, MSS.

R. rRuTETORUM, Besser, Hort. Crem. Suppl. iii. p. 20.

R. BRAcTEsCENS, Woods, Linn. Trans. xii. p. 216, Herb. 90 & 91; Smith,
Eng. Fl. ii. p. 391; Borrer, Brit. Fl. edit. 3, p. 242.

R. sousTrTIALIS, Gren. Jura, p. 237, non Besser!

R. TEREBINTHINACEA, Gren. in Billot, Exsic. 1480 ; non Besser !

R. MONTICOLA ô, Rapin, Vaud Guide, 2nd edit. p. 195.

Combines the general habit of dumetorum with the fruit and
sepals * of this series. Leaflets greyish-green, and thinly hairy
above, paler and softly hairy beneath; the terminal one ovate-
oblong, rounded at the base; the serrations simple, blunt, open ;
the petiole villose, but scarcely at all glanduloso-setose. Stipules
and bracts hairy on the back, but little gland-ciliated. Peduncles
short, hidden by the large clasping bracts. Styles densely villose.
Fruit large and generally round. ;

In Britain, apparently rare and confined to the hilly tracts of
the northern half of the island. I have seen it from Aberdeen-

* “Jam puer a ruricolis nostris hanc speciem distinguere didici et ultra
viginti annorum quotidiana fere in natura observatione et cultura nisus a priori
(canina) vere distinctam censeo. In agro Femsionensi, ob nisum suum species
ad typum suum reducendi insigni, tres modo adsunt rosarum forme ; heec R.
canina, opaca et R. mollissima, easque ibidem conjungere plane impossibile est.
Fruticis habitu, fructu globoso præcoci etc. ad R. mollissimam ibidem magis
accedit quam ad R, canina." — FniEs, Novit. edit. 2, p. 148.

R 2

20296 MR. J. G. BAKER’S MONOGRAPH OF BRITISH ROSES.

shire( Watson!), Perthshire (Hailstone!), Berwickshire (Johnstone!),
Northumberland (Robertson |), Lake, Lancashire (Woods !), and
have gathered it myself in North Yorkshire. As long ago as
1814 Swartz identified the English with the Scandinavian plant.
Dr. Moore has gathered in Derry a form with the peduncles acicu-
late, and Mr. Robertson the same in Upper Teesdale, on the
Durhain side of the river.

Var. Warsont, Baker.

. WATSONI, Baker, Review, p. 29.

. BRACTESCENS [2, Woods, Linn. Trans. xii. p. 216, Herb. 92.
. CORIIFOLIA, var. BISERRATA, Reut. Cat. p. 69.

. CINEREA, Rapin, MSS. olim.

AA aAAae

. MONTICOLA e, Rapin, Vaud Guide, 2nd edit. p. 195.

R. soLSTITIALIS, var. GLANDULOSA, Gren. Jura, p. 239.

Ditters from coriifolia by its doubly toothed leaves, often not
so hairy above; the secondary teeth gland-tipped ; the stipules
and bracts not so large, and densely gland-ciliated ; the petiole
glanduloso-setose as well as villose; stipules and bracts not so
large, and nearly or quite glabrous on the back.

Inverness ( Watson !), Perthshire ( Hailstone !), Northumberland
(Robertson |, Baker), Durham (Robertson !), Cumberland ( West-
combe!), Westmoreland (Woods!), and a form with peduncles
densely aciculate and glanduloso-setose and sepals densely glan-
dulous on the back, gathered by Mr. Hailstone at the entrance
of Glencoe from Loch Long.

Var. CELERATA, Baker, Review, p. 31.

Habit and leaves of tomentella, with the fruit and sepals of this
section.

Seen only in Holywell dene, Northumberland.

Borrer’s Glengoy plant, mentioned under inodora y in the
* British Flora,' is a form like this, with the fruit turbinate and
peduneles slightly setose.

Series 3. Subrubiginose. Leaves glandular on the midrib, and
slightly so on the principal veins, but not over the surface as 1n
the true Rubiginose.

Var. BonnEnt (Woods).
R. Borrert, Woods, Linn. Trans. xii. p. 210, Herb. 71-76; Smith,
Eng. Flora, i. y. 033; Baker, Review, p. 26.

MR. J. G. BAKER'S MONOGRAPH OF BRITISH ROSES. 237

R. DUMETORUM, Eng. Bot. t. 2579, non Thuill.

R. iNopona a, Borrer, Brit. Flora, 3rd edit. p. 235, non Fries.

Prickles robust and strongly hooked. Leaflets flat, the ter-
minal one 15-18 lines long, broadly rounded or even cordate at
the base, the serration copiously compound, the upper surface
naked, the lower hairy on the ribs, and petiole never more than
faintly, and sometimes very inconspicuously glandular on the main
veins and petiole, the aciculi strongly hooked. Stipules and
bracts naked, or very nearly so, on the back, densely gland-
ciliated. Flowers often numerous in a cluster; the peduncle
weakly aciculate ; the calyx-tube ovate-urceolate, generally naked.
Sepals copiously compound, naked ou the back, reflexed or spread-
ing after the petals fall, disarticulated by the time that it changes
colour. Styles thinly hairy.

This is a plant which has been more misunderstood than any
other British form, and which occupies just that intermediate
position between ordinary canina and three or four of the others,
that varieties of the former are liable to be assigned to it by those
who haye only book-deseriptions to guide them. The true plant
is clearly in its right place in the canina group, and is on the
whole nearer to tomentella than to any other variety. I have
seen it from Kent, Sussex, Surrey, Middlesex, Hertfordshire,
Shropshire, Worcestershire, and Yorkshire. R. inodora f) of the
‘British Flora’ I believe belongs to tomentosa. Hooker’s plant
in the ‘ Flora Londinensis’ is apparently tomentella.

Var. Bakert (Déséglise).
R. BAKERI, Déséglise, MSS. ; Syme, E.B. 3rd edit. t. 473; Baker,
Review, p. 34, Exsic. 30.

Prickles more slender and less hooked than in the last.
Leaflets obovate, full green, copiously doubly serrated, the base
cuneate, entire, the upper surface naked when mature, the lower
thinly hairy, plainly glandular on the midrib and main veins ;
the petioles pubescent and finely glanduloso-setose, with a few
very slender, slightly hooked aciculi. Stipules and braets thinly
hairy, and a little glandular on the back. Flowers never more
than 3-4 in a cluster. Peduncles very short, naked or weakly
aciculate. Fruit naked, oblong or turbinate, ripening early in
September. Sepals not so compound as in the last, densely
gland-ciliated, thinly glandular on the back, ascending after the

238 MR. J. G. BAKER’S MONOGRAPH OF BRITISH ROSES.

petals fall, and not disarticulated till it has turned red. Styles
villose.

North Yorkshire, hedges at Sowerby, near Thirsk.

The variety of canina that comes nearest to pulverulenta.

Var. MARGINATA (Wallr.).
R. MARGINATA, Wallr. Ann. Bot. p. 68; Tratt. Mon. ii. no. 144;
Roth, Enum. i. p. 455; Reut. Cat. p. 66.

R. TRACHYPHYLLA, Wirtg. Ezsic. 23, 23 bis, 233.

R. TRACHYPHYLLA, var. NUDA, Gren. Jura, p. 214.

R. BLoNpEANA, Ripart in Déség. Mon. p. 93; Baker, Review, p. 34;

Déség. Exsic. 52.

R. TRACHYPHYLLA, var. DLoNDEANA, Dumort. Belg. p. 59.

R. TOMENTOSA, var. b, Rapin, Vaud Guide, edit. 2, p. 192.

Prickles considerably more slender and less hooked than in
ordinary canina. Branches dark purple and glaucous in expo-
sure. Leaves oblong, glaucous-green above, very pale beneath,
and the veins unusually prominent; the serrations copiously
compound, both sides quite without hairs, the lower ones plainly
glandular on the principal veins; the petiole glanduloso-setose,
but not at all pubescent, with 3 or 4 slender, slightly curved
aciculi. Flowers not more than 3 or 4 together. Peduncles
faintly aciculate. Fruit obovate or subglobose, ripening early
in September. Sepals moderately compound, thinly glandular
on the back, ascending after the petals fall, becoming disarticu-
lated by the time it has turned red. Styles moderately hairy.

North Yorkshire, hedge at Kilvington, near Thirsk ; and simi-
lar plants, but with the petiole slightly hairy, gathered in Derry
by Dr. Moore, in the Isle of Arran by Prof. Babington, and in
Caernarvonshire by Mr. Lees and Prof. Babington, some of them
with the calyx-tube aciculate as well as the peduncle. I have
not seen original specimens from Wallroth; but our plant quite
agrees with what I have received from Dr. Rapin as his margi-
nata. The prickles are scarcely more hooked or more robust
than in ordinary tomentosa, with which it also agrees in its fruit
and sepals.

Group 5. SYSTYLÆ.

12. R. srvLosa, Desv. Frutex altus, ramis elongatis arcuatis, aculeis
plerisque zequalibus faleatis deorsum valde incrassatis, foliolis simpli-
citer serratis supra glabris infra leviter pubescentibus eglandulosis,

MR. J. G. BAKER’S MONOGRAPH OF BRITISH ROSES, 239

floribus plerisque 3-6, pedunculis modice elongatis leviter aciculatis,
sepalis reflexis deciduis dorso nudis vel tenuiter glandulosis, majori-
bus copiose pinnatis, fructibus late ovatis nudis serotinis discis valde
, incrassatis instructis, stylis laxe coalitis staminibus brevioribus.

Var. SYSTYLA ( Bast.).

R. svsrYLa, Bast. Suppl. Fl. Maine-et- Loire (1812), p. 31; Woods,
Linn. Trans. xii. p. 230, Herb. 122-127; Smith, Eng. Flora, ii.
p. 395; Lindl. Mon. p. 119; Borrer, Brit. Flora, edit. 3, p. 243;
Billot, Exsic. 1663; Déség. Mon. p. 24, Ezsic. 3.

R. coLLINA, Eng. Bot. t. 1895, non Jacq.

A bush 8 to 12 feet high, with elongated arching branches.
Prickles uniform, scattered, the base deltoid, with shorter and
less-hooked points than in canina, the main ones 8 inch long and
the scar as deep. Stipules naked, or nearly so, on the back,
finely gland-ciliated. Leaves of the barren shoot 31-4 inches
long, with 7 leaflets, the terminal one 15-18 lines long by two-
thirds as broad; oblong, pointed, roundqgifit the base, the upper
surface naked, the lower thinly hairy, pMucipally on the ribs, not
at all glandular; the serration quite’ simple, moderately acute ;
the petiole thinly hairy, not setose, with 2-3 slender uniform
curved aciculi. Flowers generally 3-6 in a cluster; the pedun-
cles often an inch or more long, thinly clothed with weak aciculi
and sete. Calyx-tube ovate-urceolate, naked or slightly setose
at the very base. Sepals 4-4 inch long, naked or a little glan-
dular on the back, the main ones lengthened out at the point
and copiously pinnate. Corolla pale pink or rarely white, 15-18
lines across when fully expanded. Fruit broad ovate-urceolate,
or subglobose, 4-8 inch long by 3— inch broad, not ripening till
October, the sepals falling before it changes colour. Column of
styles glabrous, generally protruded 1-14 line beyond the very
prominent disk.

This is easy to recognize from R. canina in the typical form,
but is quite connected with it by intermediate gradations. I
have seen a form in which the column of the styles was pro-
truded in the central flowers of a cluster, but not in the outer
Ones, and other specimens with the styles not at all protrudea,
for the rest quite doubtful between this and collina. Our ordi-
nary English plant, as just described, is exactly the systyla of
Déséglise ; but stylosa and leucochroa are mere varieties of the
same plant, and both names have a slight priority over systyla.
I have seen this variety from Kent, Sussex, the Isle of Wight,

240 MR. J. G. BAKER'S MONOGRAPH OF BRITISH ROSES.

Middlesex, Hertfordshire, Gloucestershire, Somersetshire, and
Devonshire. On the Continent I have seen specimens of the
species only from France and Switzerland; but it is said also to
inhabit Belgium and Styria.

Var. Desvauxul, Baker.

R. srvLosa, Desv. Journ. Bot. (1810), p. 316; Déség. Mon. p. 26,
Herb. Ros. 40; Billot, Exsic. 1483! Gren. Jura, p. 240; Dumort.
Belg. p. 64.

Column of styles protruded as in the last, from which it only
differs by its pure-white flowers, leaves thinly hairy all over be-
neath, and more hairy petioles.

A plant coinciding with the specimens in Déséglise's fasci-
culus gathered by Mr. Borrer at Hartwell, in Sussex.

Var. opaca, Baker.

Leaves dull grey-green above, and still more hairy beneath
than in the last, quitę, three-quarters as broad as long, and
rounded at the base. The peduncle shorter and quite naked,
the flower pure white, and not much over an inch across, scarcely
more than the head of stigmas protruded.

Kent, between Chilgrove and Brooms (Rev. G. E. Smith).

Differs mainly from specimens of R. fastigiata, Bast. Suppl.
Fl. Maine-et-Loire, p. 30, received from Déséglise, by its pure-
white flowers.

Var. GALLICOIDES, Baker.

General habit and leaves in shape like those of systyla, but the
prickles of the branches copiously intermixed with aciculi and
glandular sete; the leaves only very faintly hairy beneath and
on the petiole, but the latter copiously glanduloso-setose, and a few
glands extending to the midrib ; the central serratures with one or
two accessory gland-tipped teeth. The peduncles densely clothed
with fine subequal glandular setæ, which extend more or less to
the calyx-tube, sometimes covering it all over, the latter narrower
and longer than in the type. The sepals glandular on the back,
and densely gland-ciliated ; the column of styles equalling the
stamens; the corolla pure white ; the fruit obovoid, naked, 2 inch
long by 3 inch broad.

Warwickshire, Chesterton Wood, near Myton (H. Brom-
wich!) Avery remarkable variety ; and Ihave nothing from the
Continent resembling it. In armature it recalls the Gallicane,

MR. J. G. BAKER’S MONOGRAPH OF BRITISH ROSES. 241

only that it is more densely aciculate and setigerous than any
of the plants of that section I have seen.

Var. Monson1@, Lindl. Mon. p. 112; Smith, Eng. Fl. ii. p. 396.

R. coLLINA Monsoniana, Redouté, 4to edit. t. 58.

A low erect bush with short ascending branches, with a few
glandular sete and aciculi mixed amongst the prickles. Leaflets
in shape and serration just like those of the type, greyish-green,
naked above, thinly hairy beneath. Peduncles and sepals of the
type, but the petals of a “ beautiful glowing red” and larger
than in any British Rose; only the head of the stigmas protruded
beyond the disk ; the styles thinly hairy ; the fruit roundish and
orange-red, like that of gallica in size and shape.

A single bush found by Miss Monro in a hedge near Watford
in Hertfordshire, and transferred to the garden of Lady Monson,
from which it was spread in cultivation. Mr. Borrer suggests
that it is a hybrid with one of the Gallicane.

13. R. arvensis, Huds. Frutex humilis, ramis flagelliformibus elon-
gatis, aculeis equalibus faleatis deorsum valde incrassatis, foliolis
simpliciter serratis utrinque omnino nudis infra glaucescentibus,
floribus plerisque 1-6, pedunculis elongatis glandulosis, sepalis latis
brevibus deciduis dorso nudis majoribus paullulum pinnatis, fructibus
globosis vel late ovoideis parvis nudis serotinis discis valde incrassatis
instructis, stylis coalitis stamina zequantibus.

R. arvensis, Huds. Fl. Angl. edit. 1, p. 192 (1762) ; Linn. Mant. ii.
p. 245; Smith, Eng. Flora, ii. p. 397; Woods, Linn. Trans. xii.
p. 232, Herb. 128-132; Déség. Mon. p. 21; Dumort. Belg. p. 64;
Gren. Jura, p. 239; Reut. Cat. p. 73.

R. SYLVESTRIS ALTERA MINOR, FLORE ALBO, NOSTRAS, Ray, edit. 2,
p. 220 (1689) ; Buddle, Herb. !

R. REPENS, Scop. Fl. Carn. i. p. 355; Gmel. Bad. ii. p. 418; Reich.
Exsic. 1752; Déség. Mon. p. 22, Easic. 2.

Bush not more than 2 or 3 feet high when not supported, with
long trailing shoots, which are purple and glaucous in exposure.
Prickles scattered, uniform, strongly hooked, the lower part sub-
deltoid, about 4 lines long, and the scar quite as deep. Stipules
naked and only faintly gland-eiliated. Leaves of the barren
shoot 21-3 inches long, with 7 leaflets, the terminal one broad-
oblong or broad-obovate, 9-12 lines long by three-quarters as
broad; the base broadly rounded; the serratures quite simple,
blunter, and not so deep as those of ordinary canina ; both sides

242 MR. J. G. BAKER'S MONOGRAPH OF BRITISH ROSES.

quite naked, the upper deep green, the lower subglaucous; the
petiole not at all or only very faintly hairy and setose, with 3—4
slender uncinate aciculi. Flowers 4-6 if the branch is at all
robust ; the peduncles often an inch or more long, close together,
purple in exposure, more or less densely clothed with nearly or
quite sessile glands. Calyx-tube turbinate, purple and glaucous,
usually naked, rarely a little glandular. Corolla 15-18 lines
across when expanded, pure white, with a yellow throat. Sepals
naked on the back, broad-bladed, not more than 3 an inch long,
hardly at all leaf-pointed, and the main ones with only 1-2 pairs
of minute setaceous pinne low down, reflexed after the petals
fall, deciduous. Fruit subglobose, naked, measuring about half
an inch long and thick, not turning red till October, with a thick
prominent disk. Styles always firmly united in a glabrous co-
lumn which equals the stamens.

This is much more common in the southern than the northern
half of England; and though it reaches Kincardineshire, it is a
very rare plant north of the Tweed. On the Continent it does
not reach northward tó Scandinavia; but from Belgium and
France it is common eastward through Central Europe, extend-
ing to Sicily, Macedonia, and the Ural Mountains. Our or-
dinary plant is the repens of Déséglise ; his arvensis is a weak form,
with the peduncle naked and flowers usually solitary.

Var. BIBRACTEATA (Bastard).

R. piBRACTEATA, Bast. in DC. Fl. Franç. v. p. 537; Tratt. Mon. ii.
p. 96; Déség. Mon. p. 18.

R. ARVENSIS, var. BIBRACTEATA, Seringe in DC. Prodr. ii. p- 597 ;
Dumort. Belg. p. 65.

R. rusTicana, Déség. Billotia, p. 34, Herb. Ros. 1.

Shoots stronger and more assurgent than in the type; leaflets
15-18 lines long by two-thirds as broad, more pointed than in
the type, and more sharply toothed ; the calyx-tube and fruit ob-
ovoid; the sepals a little more compound ; the peduncles rather
more spreading than in the type, thinly glandular; the petals
often an inch deep; the fruit 2-2 inch long by 4 inch broad.

Seen from Sussex (Borrer!, Woods!), Devonshire (Briggs !),
Cambridgeshire (Babington!), Essex (Varenne !), and Northun-
berland (Jchardson!). Liable to be called systyla by those
who know ordinary arvensis and not the other species.

From the preceding list rubella and pomifera require to be

MR. C. KNIGHT ON THE STICTEI IN THE KEW MUSEUM. 243

dedueted as doubtful natives. In addition a few other species
have been gathered as strays from garden cultivation. R. cin-
namomea, L., found by Mr. Sabine long ago near Pontefract, is
frequent in gardens, and widely dispersed as a native plant in
continental Europe. J. lucida, Ehrh., found by Mr. Borrer near
Keswick (Phyt. ii. p. 437), and by Mr. Reeves near Tunbridge
Wells, is a common North-American rose, also frequent in gardens.
The same plant has been gathered in a subspontaneous state
in France and Germany, and is R. baltica, Roth (Enum. ii. p. 464 ;
Koch, Syn. p. 444). The subspontaneous Yorkshire and Sussex
Roses, mentioned by Mr. Borrer in the ‘ British Flora,’ 3rd edit.
p. 245, do not appear to be essentially different from R. provin-
cialis, Ait.; and the R. arvensis, var. Andersoni, mentioned by
Smith, ‘Eng. Flora,’ ii. p. 398, I believe to be R. austriaca,
Crantz. The two latter are both members of the Gallicane
group.

Notes on the Stictei y Kew Museum.
By CuanLEs Kxiónr, Esq., F.L.S.

[Read April 15, 1869.]

Dn. NYLANDER arranges the Stictei under three genera—-Stictina,
Sticta, Ricasolia. An examination of these lichens in the Kew
collections shows that this distinguished lichenologist, in his
‘Synopsis Methodica Lichenum,’ has not in every case arranged
the species in accordance with his own scheme of classification.

The essential distinctive characters which separate Stictina
from Sticta depend on differences in the colour and structure of
the gonidial cells. In the genus Sticta the gonidial layer con-
sists of free cells and hyaline filaments; and each cell contains
bright green protoplasm. In Stietina, on the other hand, we find
in the gonidial layer irregular-shaped cellular “nodules,” in the
cells of which are imbedded two or more bluish granules (granula
gonima). ;

Stictina faveolata (Nyl. Syn. p. 337).

The numerous specimens in the Kew Collections, whether
named by Babington or Nylander, belong to the genus Sticta,
with the exception of Lechler's plant no. 598 c. “ Sticta cervicornis
p. atrovirens, Flot.," and another from the Paris Museum ticketed
“ Sticta faveolata;" these two plants being identical, it would

241 MR. C. ENIGHT ON THE STICTEI

be convenient to retain the name Stictina cervicornis ; the others
will be referred to the genus Sticta under the name of Sticta fa-
veolata.

Stictina carpoloma (Nyl. Syn. p. 339).

The lichens arranged under this name in the Kew collections
must be referred to the genus Sticta, with the exception of two
specimens—one (Stictina gilva) collected by Lyall in the Falk-
land Islands, and the other (also Stictina gilva) collected by Dr.
Mueller in Victoria (no. 154). As far as one can determine from
the Kew collections, which are extremely rich in specimens,
S. gilva has been mistaken for S. carpoloma.

Dr. Nylander, in his ‘Synopsis,’ quotes as synonyms of S. carpo-
loma, Dél., the S. Desfontainii, Dél , and S. gyrosa, Flot. (Lechler's
Pl. Macleov. no. 66). The speeimens of S. Desfontanii in the
Kew Museum (no. 562, Lechl. Pl. Chilenses) are widely different
from S. carpoloma; and those of S. gyrosa from the Falkland
Islands bear no resemblance whatever to it.

Stictina granulata (Nyl. Syn. p. 340).
These, Dr. Nylander has since found, belong to the genus
Sticta.

Sticta retigera (Nyl. Syn. p. 351).
Belongs to the genus Stictina. There are numerous specimens
in the Kew Museum, chiefly arranged under Sticta pulmonacea.

Sticta linita (Nyl. Syn. p. 353).

Several specimens arranged under this name in the Kew Mu-
seum belong to Stictina. They differ from Stictina retigera and
S. scrobiculata in having white powdery pseudocyphelle, and from
Sticta pulmonacea and S. linita in having the gonidial layer made
up of bluish “ granula gonima” instead of true gonidia. I have
named them Stictina reticulata.

Sticta scrobiculata (Nyl. Syn. p. 353).
Dr. Nylander has lately correctly referred it to Stictina.

Sticta damecornis, var macrophylla, Dél. (Nyl. Syn. p. 356).

The plants collected in the Mauritius by Dr. Ayres, and the
specimen from Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, belong to Stictina. Sticta
macrophylla, Scher., will stand as a variety of S. damecornis.

Sticta obvoluta (Nyl. Syn. p. 362).
Belongs to the genus Sfictina.

IN THE KEW MUSEUM. 245

There seems to be some confusion in reference to the syno-
nyms in Nylander's * Synopsis,’ under S. gyalocarpa and S. Kunthii
(p. 342). I suspect it will be found that S. eyathicarpa, Dél., be-
longs to S. gyalocarpa, Ny).

Sticta Guillemini (Nyl. Syn. p. 362).

Is also a Stictina, There is, however, a pretty, fawn-coloured,
delieate lichen, referred by Babington to S. Guillemini, Mont. It
is a true Sticta, with large gonidia, the thallus above covered with
soft white hairs, pseudocyphelle citron-colour, apothecia pedicel-
lated, scattered, and the thalline receptacle hairy.

Sticta punctulata (Nyl. Syn. p. 864).

The specimen collected by Dr. Maxwell in Ceylon and named
by Dr. Nylander is a Stictina. There is another specimen, how-
ever, also collected in Ceylon, but a much more robust plant,
referable to the genus Sticta.

Sticta endochrysea (Nyl. Syn. p. 858).

This plant and the synonyms are correctly placed in Dr.
Nylander’s work. In all the specimens in the Kew Museum
the thallus is covered with a most minute tomentum, as well as
the thalline receptacle of the apothecia. But there is another
species, curiously like the S. endochrysea, belonging to the genus
Stictina, with the inner layer of the thallus yellow, the thallus
most minutely tuberculated, and the spores acicular. The plants
belonging to the latter are Lechler’s pl. 562, “Sticta Desfontainii,”
aud Gay's plant “S. d’Urvillei, Dél. (S. orygmea, Mont.)," from
the Paris Museum.

The following notes on the nomenclature of Sticte? in the Kew
Museum may be useful.

Stictina ciliaris, Mont. Idem valet S. tomentosa, Lechl. P1. Chil. 3124 bis.

Stictina fragillima, Bab. Idem valent :— S. variabilis, Ach. (Nyl.), nos.
135 & 152, Coll. Mueller, Victoria; S. filicina, Ach. (Bab.), nos.
170, 171, 173, & 196, Coll. Oldfield, Tasmania.

Ricasolia Schzreri, Mont. Idem valet S. sinuosa, Pers. (Nyl.), no.
2176, Coll. Cuming, Philip. Is.

Stictina reticulata, n. sp. Idem valet S. pulmonacea, Dr. Lyall, Oregon.

Stictina retigera, Ach. Idem valet S. pulmonacea, Herb. Ind. Or. Hook.
fil. et Thom. nos. 1964, 1968, 1969-1975, 1977-1983.

Sticta Urvillei, v. flavicans, Hook. Idem valet S. Desfontanii, Dél, W.
Lechl. Pl. Chil. no. 562 a, Valdivia.

Stictina marginifera, Mont. Idem valent S. Kunthii, Dél. (Flot.), W.

246 W. PH. SCHIMPERI SYNONYMIA

Lechl. Pl. Chil. no. 647, et S. sylvatica, Herb. Ind. Or. Hook. fil.
et Thom. no. 2004.

Stieta episticta, Nyl. Idem valet S. argyracea, Dél. (Bab.) Pl. N. Z.
[S. argyracea has not been found in New Zealand. }

Stictina obvoluta, Ach. Idem valent S. Guillemini, Mont. (Nyl.), W.
Lechler's pl. no. 852, et S. hirsuta, W. Lechler's pl. no. 357.

Ricasolia corrosa, Ach. Idem valet R. Kunthii, Dél. (Nyl.), Mus. Nat.
Hist. de Paris.

Ricasolia subdissecta, Nyl. Idem valet R. Kunthii, Dél. (Nyl.), Coll.
Galeotti, no. 6895. Mexico.

Sticta carpoloma. Idem valent S. physiospora, Nyl., et S. glauco-luride,
Nyl.

Synonymia Muscorum Herbarii Linnsani apud Societatem Lin-
neanam Londinensem asservati. Exposuit:-W. PH. SCHVMPER,
S.L.L.S. i

[Read April 15, 1869.]
Fase. I.

SPHAGNUM PALUSTRE, L.=Sph. acutifolium, Eh.

Sphaguum = Leucobryum glaucum ex India.

Sphagnum=Leucobryum glaucum, var. minus, Hpe.

Buxbaumia aphylla, et B. sessilis, Schmd. | Specimina numerosa adsunt.

Phascum acaule=Phascum cuspidatum, Schr., forma humilis.

Phascum subulatum= Pleuridium subulatum, Bruch et Schimp.

Phascum pedunculatum, * minime, nee Phascum. Habit. Anglia." =

Pleuridium axillare.

Phascum serratum. Habit. Angl. Ephemerum serratum.

Gymnostomum prorepens, ex Amer. Sept. (Hypnum clavellatum, Dill.)

ex manu Smith,—Drummondia clavellata.

Phascum, sp. n., Jamaica, = Filotrichella. (Leskez flexili, Hook., similis.)

Fontinalis autipyretica ; forma genuina.

Fontinalis Jacquini, L.=F. antipyretica, forma oe viridis.

Fontinalis minor, L., Upsal,=Font. antipyretica, forma minor.

Fontinalis squamosa, L.=F. Dalecarlica, Sch.

Fontinalis alpina, Dicks. Scotia, Smith scripsit !=Cinclidotus fontina-

loides.

Fontinalis pennata, E.— Neckera pennata.

Fontinalis disticha, L. = Neckera disticha, sec. Smith.

102. id. qui 89. = Amblystegium riparium, Sch.

Fontinalis. Hab. Jamaica. = Pterobryum angustifolium, C. M. ?

Fasc. lT.
Splachnum rubrum, L.
Splachnum luteum, L.
I. Splachnum gracile, IT. IH. IV.—Spl. luteum.

MUSCORUM HERBARII LINNZEANI. 247

Splachnum umbraculo ampullaceo globoso minimo, in paludibus cæspi-
tosis juxta Tockmock Lapponiz Lulensis, — Spl. gracile, seta longis-
sima.

Splachnum ex America Septentr.=Spl. gracile.

Splachnum ampullaceum, specim. numerosa.

Splachnum vasculosum.

Phascum caulescens, lectum in Lapponia, cit. Dillen. 550, T. 85, 15.
Smith adnotavit * vix Dillen.”

Specimina ad dextram et ad sinistram posita ad Splachnum angustatum
pertinent, medium ad Cynodontium Bruntoni.

No. 38, Zoega. Splachnum bryoides, Zoeg. Fl. Island.=Tetraplodon
mnioides.

Phascum pedunculatum, ** Dill. Musc. 344. t. iv. ; Huds. Angl. 391.”
Lectum in Lapponiz plpibus, O. S.— Tetrapl. mnioides manu Smithii
adscript. ; Splachnum fastigiatum, Sw., Dicks.

Splachnum..... North America, see. Smith. Splach. caulescens, Dicks.
=Tetraplodon angustatus, forma gracilescens.

Folio singulo specimina Splachn. gracilis, lutei, rubri, vasculati, angus-
tati, mnioidis adfixa sunt.

No. 9. Polytrichum magellanicum, e fretu Magellan.=Pogonatum ma-
gellanicum.

Polytrichum commune; in eadem pagina et sub nomine eodem Pol. gra-
cile, Menz.

Polytrichum commune, in folio secundo, a Smithio P. juniperinum no-
minatum, ad Pol. formosum pertinet.

Polytrichum urnigerum — Pogonatum urnigerum.

Mnium polytrichoides (Ehrh.)=Pogonatum subrotundum.

Polytrichum hercynicum, e Scotia, Dicks.—Oligotrichum hereynicum.

LI Polytrichum convolutum, L., ex insula Bourbon. Verum !

Polytrichum strictum, e Groenlandia.

Fasc. III.

Hemp pellucidum = Tetraphis pellucida.

4. Mnium androgynum = Aulacomnion androgynum.

Mnium fontanum — Philonotis fontana, Br.

. Mnium palustre= Phil. fontana, forma gracilis.

3. Mnium palustre— Aulacomnion palustre.

2. sine nomine; mixtum e Philon. fontana foliis subfaleatis et e plantis
maseul. Webere albicantis compositum.

Mnium hygrometricum — Funaria hygrometrica.

Mnium PUER — Ceratodon purpureus.

In folio 2. specimina 2 Amblystegii serpentis immixta sunt.

Bryum 7. setaceum = Trematodon ambiguus.

Bryum annotinum, specimen primum= Ceratodon purpureus, alterum

I

= Bryum cernuum.

248 W. PH. SCHIMPERI SYNONYMIA

Mnium hornum.

Bryum capillare.

In fol. 2. Br. capillare (?), specimen primum = Br. atropurpureum, secun-
dum= Bryum capillare g.

Mnium crudum= Webera cruda, forma minor ut in Sueciæ et Norvegiæ
alpibus provenit.

Mnium pyriforme = Webera pyriformis.

13. Bryum serpyllifolium=Mnium cuspidatum.

In fol. 2. Jungermannia (Plagioch.) asplenioides cum plantis sterilibus
Bryi rosei.

In fol. 3. Mnium cuspidatum.

Fol. 4. Br. serpyllifolium = Mn. cuspidatum ; in medio surculorum sterilium
planta sterilis Bryi rosei conspicitur.

12. (ex Amer. Sept.) 2 Bryum roseum g.

15. Bryum triquetrum — Meesia tristicha.

Mnium trichomanes = Jungermannia trichomanes.

Fasc. 1V.

Bryum apocarpum: specimen majus, superius Hedwigia ciliata; minus,
inferiuszz Grimmia apocarpa, var. alpicola.

Folium 2. Grimmia apocarpa; in medio specimina duo sterilia Raco-
mitrii fascicularis.

Folium 3. Grimmia apocarpa.

Bryum striatum: specim. superius —Orthotrichum speciosum ; specimina
3 media = Orth. Sturmii; specim. ultimum = Orth. cupulatum;
specim. primum inferius Orth. anomalum ; secundum = Orth. affine
cum Orth. specioso; tertium —Orth. Sturmii.

Weissia ulophyllum nostr., Bryum striatum, L., 6, Hannoverz, 1776,
=Ulota crispa.

Fol. 3. in schedula “ Weissia ithyphyllum nostr., Bryum striatum «, B,
Linn. Hannovere, 1779,” **Orthotrichum affine, Schrad. certe,"
Smith, — Orth. affine.

3. (Bryum) pomiforme- Bartramia CEderi.

Folium 2. pomiforme=Bartramia ithyphylla.

Fol. 3. sine nomine=Bartr. pomiformis.

Fol. 4. pomiforme “ cum calyptra " 2 Cynodontium polycarpum.

Fol. 5. Bryum montanum, Smith scripsit, = Bartramia pomiformis, var.
crispa, elata, pedicello breviore.

Fol. 6. (Bryum) pomiforme, L.— Bartramia ithyphylla.

Fol. 7. sine nomine Bartr. pomiformis, var. crispa.

Fol. 8. sine nomine = Bartramia Halleriana, sterilis.

l. Bryum pyriforme, Smith scripsit, — Webera pyriformis.

2. Idem.

Bryum extinctorium = Eucalypta vulgaris.

Bryum subulatum — Barbula subulata.

7. Bryum rurale = Barbula ruralis ; specimina numerosissima !

MUSCORUM HERBARJI LINNJEANI. 249

1. (Bryum) scoparium = Dicranum scoparium.

2. Idem.

3. heteromallum (?)= Dicr. scoparium.

Bryum undulatum, folia 2 impleta, — Atrichum undulatum.

Bryum glaucum, folia 2, = Leucobryum glaucum.

Bryum albidum = Octoblepharum albidum.

Bryum unguiculatum, “ Dicranum tenue est, at non differt a Dicrano pur-
pureo,” Smith != Ceratodon purpureus, caule longiore, fructu vix
supra ramos elato.

Bryum aciculare = Rhacomitrium aciculare.

Folium sine nomine = Dicranella heteromalla.

Bryum heteromallum = Distichium capillaceum.

Fase. V.

1265 (2). Bryum 18. truncatulum = Pottia truncata.

Fol. 2. sine nomine Linnzan., 9. fasciculare, et Bryum Ægypti, ab Has-
selquist, = Entosthodon niloticus.

Fol. 3. Bryum Ægypti, Smith, = Entosthodon fascicularis et ex parte
forsan ! Entosth. niloticus.

(Bryum) truncatulum, Smith adscripsit G. Heimii,=Pottia truncata
var. major.

Folium sine nomine = Physcomitrium (Entosthodon) fasciculare.

19. (Bryum) viridulum = Fissidens viridulus.

Fol. 2. sine nomine, manu Smithii Br. viridulum, — Fissidens exilis ( Bloz-
ami).

Fol. 3. sine nomine= Fissidens incurvus (?), capsula suberecta, operculo
magno crassirostro !

Fol. 4. B. viridulum — Pottia truncata, Dicranella varia.

Fol. 5. B. viridulum — Pottia truncata (eustoma).

Bryum murale. Specimen primum supra — Grimmia trichophylla (Muh-
lenbeckii!); spec. secundum=Grimmia pulvinata; spec. tertium =
Grimmia commutatata, Hüb. ; spec. quart. et quint. = Rhacomitrium
heterostichum ; spec. inferius magnum = Grimmia Muhlenbecku (Tri-
chophylla auctor. Suec.).

(Bryum) paludosum (nomine stylo cerussato adscriptum !) =Gymnosto-
mum (Hymenost.) microstomum.

21. (Bryum) hypnoides- Rhacomitrium lanuginosum ; fol. secundum —
Rhacom. microcarpum ; fol. tert. = Rhacom. lanuginosum.

Bryum Celsii, “ compared ad Oxford, Dicks." = Ceratodon purpureus.
Bryum Celsii, stylo cerussato adscriptum ; Musca uliginosa, Hedw. Schwgr.
Herb. Dill. 28? trichodes, Smith adscr. = Amblyodon dealbatus.

Bryum squarrosum — Paludella squarrosa.

Br. argenteum, fol. 2. et 3. :

Bryum pulvinatum, Ehrhardt scripsit ?— Grimmia trichophylla auctorum
Suec. nec Greville; fol.2. idem.

LINN. PROC.—BOTANY. VOL. XI. 8

250 W. P.H. SCHIMPERI SYNONYMIA

(Bryum) setaceum? Jacq., “ D. pellucidum, Wilk.?” Smith adnotavit, =
Webera elongata.
28. Bryum cespiticium= Br. pallescens.
Folium 2. sine nomine speciem eandem continet.
Fol. 3. sine nomine=Bryum bimum? foliis strictissimis, imbricatis,
costa ad apicem produeta.
Fol.4. sine nomine = Bryum cespiticium.
Fol. 5. Bryum cæspiticium = Webera nutans.
Fol. 6. Br. cæspiticium = Webera nutans.
Mnium carneum = Webera carnea.
* Simplex (nequaquam est Br.) ” stylo ceruss. scriptum — Dicranella he-
teromalla.
Bryum dendroides exoticum ! Z Sterobryum.
Bryum alpinum, L., recte! foliis obtusis subcochleariformibus.
1265 (3). Bryum—*“ an nova spec. ? " = Dicranum undulatum.
Bryum luteum, N. America, = Desmatodon latifolius (glacialis) capsula an-
gustiore cylindrica.
Bryum virens = Dicranum virens.
Mnium capillaceum, a Linneo ad Bryum acaulon heteromallum, setis
longis pallidis, Dill. Musc. 49. f. 57, allatum ! — Distichium capillaceum.
Bryum mucronatum, Nova Zeelandia, = Brachymenium.
Bryum . . . “ vix differt a Dicr. purp.” Smith, = Ceratodon purpureus.
Fol. sine nomine, in reverso “ No. 1. D. tortuosum,” = Weisia crispula.
Fol. sine nomine, in reverso ** Br. vel Mnium quale? ” = Bryum capillare.
Dicranum cerviculatum — Cynodontium polycarpum (strumiferum).
Fol. 2. id.
Bryum alpinum? Smith scripsit, 2 Bryum coronatum.
Meesia dealbata ? Smith scripsit, = Funaria hygrometrica, v. calvescens.
1266 (1. Hypnum.
Hypnum spiniforme, Jamaica, = Rhizogonium spiniforme.
Hypnum 2. taxifolium — Fissidens taxifolius.
Hypnum 7. complanatum — Hypn. (Plagiothec.) sylvaticum.
7. fol. 2. — Neckera pennata.
(Hypn.) denticulatum= Hyp. (Plagioth.) denticulatum.
6. adiantoides — Fissidens adiantoides.
Hypnum complanatum, Ehrhard scripsit? = Neckera complanata.
Hypnum lucens (Ehrhard?) = Pterygophyllum lucens.
Hypnum undulatum = Hypn. (Plagioth.) undulatum.
Hypnum lucens=Phyllogonium fulgens, Sw.
Hypnum undulatum = Phyllogon. fulgens.
Hypnum “nova” id., ex Jamaica.
10. undulatum — Neckera crispa.
crispum — Neckera crispa.
triquetrum ?= Hypnum (Hylocomium) triquetrum ; fol. 2. triquetrum =id.
rutabulum = Meteorii spec. ex Jamaica ?

MUSCORUM HERBABII LINN AANI. 251

(Hyp.) rusciforme, Hall. = Hypnum (Eurhynch.) striatum.

H. rusciforme, var. rutabuli,=Isothecium curvatum.

Hypnum rutabulum, exotic., = Leptohymenii spec.

Hypnum crassum, nob. “an gracilis varietas maj.? Hypnum 1745, Haller
ed. 2, indeterminatum ex Helvetia habui.’’=Isothecium curvatum,
var. incrassatum.

Hypnum proliferum — Hyp. (Hylocomium) splendens.

delicatulum (?) stylo ceruss. scriptum manu (?)= Thuidium delicatulum.

prælongum (?)= Hypn. (Amblysteg.) riparium.

19. crista= Hypnum crista-castrensis.

Hypnum crista, N. Amer., id.

erista-castr.— Hyp. molluscum; specimen fertile ad H. uncinatum, var.
plumulatum, pertinet.

crista-castrensis, recte !

20. (Hypn.) abietinum, recte !

Hypnun terrestre, erectis ramulis teretibus, foliis inter rotunda et acuta
medio modo se habentibus, R. S. 81 = Thuidium Blandovii. -

Fol. 3 & 4. Thuidium abietinum.

19. Hyp. aduncum = Hyp. uncinatum.

Fol. 2. sine nomine = H. uncinatum.

Fol. 3. aduncum=H. uncinatum.

Fol. 4 & 5. sine nomine. Specimen fructiferum stylo ceruss. inscriptum
H. uncinatum=Hypnum exannulatum ; specim. sterile fol. 5. adun-
cum (?) signatum—H. exannulatum.

1266 (2). Hypnum.

23. scorpioides, recte !

Hypnum reticulatum = Anomodon viticulosus.

17. parietinum=Hyp. Schreberi, cum Thuid. Blandovii, specimen fruc-
tiferum ad Aulacomnion palustre pertinet.

Hypnum aquaticum= Cinclidotus aquaticus.

squarrosum, stylo ceruss. inscript. = Hyp. (Hylocom.) squarrosum.

Hypnum dendroides=Climacium dendroides.

29. curtipendulum= Antitrichia curtipendula.

Hyp. . . . filifolium =forma tenuis Hyp. (Eurhynch.) prælongi.

Hypnum illecebrum, Flor. Lapp. 403=Aulacomnion turgidum, forma
humilis incrassata.

riparium, Smith scripsit? recte !

Hypnum 33. cuspidatum= Hyp. giganteum, Sch.

Fol. 2. sine nomine, Hyp. cuspidatum.

sericeum=Hyp. (Amblyst.) serpens.

37. velutinum = Pterigynandrum filiforme.

serpens differt ab H. serpente nostro genuino, capsula breviore, crassiore,
foliis tenuibus latioribus longe cuspidatis ; proxime ad Hypn. saxatile,
Sch., vel ad H. hygrophilum, Jurat, accedit.

ILypnum sciuroides=Leucodon sciuroides.

252 W. P. H. SCHIMPERI SYNONYMIA MUSCORUM LINNEANORUM.

H. gracile= Pterogonium gracile.

Hypn. myosuroides, sterile, — Isothecium curvatum.

Fol. 2. H. myosuroides, pars major speciminum, cum fructibus 2, ad Isoth.
myurum (curvatum) pertinet, altera pars, cum fruct. 3, ad Hyp.
(Eurhynch.) myosuroides.

(Hypnum) clavatum — Pylaisia polyantha.

Hypnum Halleri, recte !

Bayum 33. nitens = Hypnum giganteum.

fluitans, nomen manu Linn. obliteratum ! 2 Hypnum fluitans.

fluitans, FI. Suec. = Lepidopilum polytrichoides.

Fol. 2. sine nomine, id.

1266 (3). Hypnum.

Hyp. serpens— Hypn. (Eurhynch.) strigosum v. præcox, forma que in col-
libus siccis prope Upsaliam reperitur!

Fol. 2. id.

Hypnum, Yorkshire, a Smith H. pennatum inscriptum, = Neckera pumila.

11. Hypn. cupressiforme.

H. filicinum = Hyp. cupressiforme.

Hypnum cernuum, nobis, “anmyosuroidis var.? ex Helvetia indeterminatum
habui Dill. t. 61. f. 52,"— Hypnum (Rhynchost.) murale.

Hypnum reflexum= Hypnum protensum.

Hypnum aristatum, Dill. 41. f. 52=Hyp. (Rhynchost.) murale.

Hypnum trichodes, Hall. Hist. 1751, = Hyp. (Plagioth.) silesiacum.

Hypnum rubiginosum, Hall. Hist. 1753, Dill. p. 60. (In thallode rubigi-
noso Jungermannie pallescentis insidens !) Brachythecium salebrosum
esse videtur.

Hypnum purum, *anne purum et abietinum idem differentia quadrat," —
Hyp. Schreberi.

Hypnum pilosum, Hall. Hist. 17/8, = Dicranum virens.

Hypnum trichomanoides = Homalia trichomanoides.

35. velutinum= Hyp. (Brachyth.) salebrosum.

25. velutinum = Hypnum Halleri.

12. Hyp. sciuroides = Isothecium curvatum.

23. Hyp. sericeum= surculus prorepens Hyp. (Brach.) plumosi.

9. Hyp. serpens= Hypnum fastigiatum.

24. Bryum tortuosum = Barbula tortuosa.

16. Hypnum crispum, Hypn. (Amblyst.) radicale esse videtur.

S. Hypnum denticulatum = Hypn. (Rhynch.) rotundifolium.

Sine nomine = Hypn. (Brachyth.) rutabulum.

Bryum... = Hypn. (Brachyth.) velutinum (intricatum).

Hypnum = Leskea polycarpa, var. paludosa.

Specimen Eustichii norvegici, probabiliter ex Islandia proveniens sub No.
40. prostat.

Hypna exotica nonnullique alii musci pleurocarpi sine nomine et loci m-
dicatione adsunt.

M. CORREA DE MELLO ON SOME BRAZILIAN PLANTS, 253

Notes on some Brazilian Plants from the ighbourhood of
Campinas. By Joaquim Correa ve Metro. (Translated
and communicated by G. Bentnam, Esq.)

[Read November 4, 1869.]

Campinas, January 28, 1869.
Ir is now some time since I received your letter of the 8th of
December 1867, which I delayed replying to because I wished
first to make some experiments and observations. It shall be
my care to do all in my power towards satisfying your desires. I
have commenced making collections of plants of the different
Orders mentioned in your letter; but these collections are as
yet, for the most part, incomplete, my attention having been
hitherto directed in preference to the Order of Bignoniaces.

The Order of Leguminose is here a most extensive one, re-
presented by very many genera and innumerable species, from
small herbs to the tallest trees to be met with in the woods and
campos more or less in proximity to this town. I have com-
menced a collection of them for you; but as yet it is only com-
plete for a few species. Amongst the complete ones, some ap-
pear to me to be interesting, such as:—a Schizolobium, Vog.
(Cassia parahyba, Vell. Fl. Flum. 168. ic. iv. t. 71) ; a Dimor-
phandra, Schott (Cassia fluminensis, Vell. 7. c. 168, ic. iv. t. 72),
the pods of which are erect, not pendulous, as represented in the
plate quoted (I think that the fact of their being thus repre-
sented was owing to a liberty taken by the artist in order to get
the fruit within his plate); an Enterolobium (Mimosa contorti-
Siliqua, Vell. l. c. ic. xi. t. 25) ; of the Andira humilis, Mart.,
which is almost stemless, and is very common in the neighbour-
hood of this town and of that of Mogi-mirin, I have some fruits
preserved in spirit, &c.

Of the genus Arachis I have the A. hypogea, Linn., which is
cultivated here on a small scale for its seeds, which are eaten raw
or roasted, or for the oil, which is used for burning. In order to
observe whether this plant might not produce aerial as well as
subterranean pods, I last year sowed some seeds of it, as well as
of the Voandzeia subterranea, Thou., imported here from the African
coast, which is cultivated in some fazendas here by the negroes
for the seeds, which are eaten boiled; and J contrived to prevent

LINN. PROC.—BOTANY, VOL. XI. T

254 M. CORREA DE MELLO ON SOME BRAZILIAN PLANTS.

the ovaries of both from penetrating into the ground, either by the
interposition of a resisting body (a dry leaf or a slip of wood), or
by raising the branch of A. hypogea (when the flower was not pro-
duced too low down) so that the ovary could no longer reach
the ground. Under these circumstances, in the A. hypogea the
stipes proceeding from the torus, at the end of which the ovary
is formed, lengthened out even to 3 or 4 inches; but the ovary
never enlarged, and remained in the same state till the plant
- perished; and this I observed in many ovaries of many indivi-
duals. On this occasion I made the following observations on
the flower of this plant. The calyx-lobes are membranous, their
base is produced into a filiform somewhat fleshy tube, the alary
and carinal petals (wings and keel) are membranous and appear
articulate on the calyx, at least they readily separate without
laceration ; but the vexillum, which is somewhat fleshy, especially
at the base, is intimately consolidated at the base with the base
of the staminal tube, and both are continuous with the calycinal
tube—a circumstance which induces me to believe that the fili-
form part of the base of the calyx does not consist of that
alone, but also of the consolidated bases of the vexillum and
of the staminal tube. The Voandzeia subterranea, whose slender
and somewhat compressed stems spread along the ground, and
even penetrate under the surface when the soil is sufficiently
soft and porous, produces on the surface of the soil its small pale
yellow and slightly greenish flowers, the peduncle drying up
immediately if the ovary cannot penetrate the ground; and thus
I can affirm that neither the one nor the other of these Legu-
minos: produces aerial pods.

On this oecasion I may observe that, notwithstanding all the
care and attention I could bestow, I failed to discover those
female apetalous flowers mentioned by Sprengel (under Crypto-
lobus), by DeCandolle (‘ Prodromus’), by Lindley and Moore
(‘Treasury of Botany’), and by Bentham and Hooker (Gen.
Pl. i. 539) *. The flowers in twelve individuals examined in the
plantation I made were all uniform, and provided with petals
(papilionaceous). The peduncle is slender, of variable length,
terminated by a nodosity, on which are inserted one or two pedi-
cellate flowers, of which one constantly falls off, carrying the
ovary with it; the remaining one, after the petals have fallen,
turns downwards enclosed in the calyx, which persists for a con-

* « Flores apetali non satis noti," Benth. et Hook. l. c.

M. CORREA DE MELLO ON SOME BRAZILIAN PLANTS. 255

siderable time; the pedicel curves so as to present the nodosity
downwards—a disposition of which the object is to protect the
ovary, and indispensable to enable it to penetrate into the ground,
which would not otherwise take place, the peduncle being fili-
form and incapable of offering any resistance; thus, however,
it penetrates perpendieularly into the soil to the depth of 4 inches
or more, and there the pod finally ripens. The fact of my not having
seen these female apetalous flowers, mentioned by botanists of the
first authority, suggests the following queries :—Has the existence
of these apetalous flowers been verified ? and if so, are they con-
stant on all individuals? Has the transference of the plant
from Africa to Brazil had sufficient influence over it to cause
their disappearance? Has the ovary, after the fall of the petals,
but still enveloped at the base by the persistent calyx, been mis-
taken for a female apetalous flower? Or have these flowers really
escaped my observation? These are questions which I cannot
at present definitively solve; but I shall make a fresh planta-
tion and see whether I can discover any thing. In the mean
time it appears to me to be placed beyond all doubt that the
hermaphrodite petaliferous flowers do produce fruit.

The Order of Cucurbitacez is here represented by very few
genera; but they appear to me to be particularly interesting, not
only because the genera to which they belong are very insuff-
ciently known, but for the medicinal properties which some of
the species possess. The rapidity with which the flowers fade and
lose their shape, often resolving into a paste, has eaused me
Serious diffieulties; so that, to enable me to study them and
have them drawn, I have been obliged to plant many of them
in my garden: and even here the difficulties have not been com-
pletely overcome; for, in some species, I have only been able to
proeure one of thesexes. From the few observations which I have
hitherto made, I can say that Perianthopodus of Manso is gene-
rically the same as Trianosperma of Martius, there being only a
small difference of very little importance, which is, that the fruit
of the former contains usually one, sometimes two seeds, but little
compressed, with a callus at the base, whilst in a Z'rianosperma
very eommon in this neighbourhood, and which may well be
T. ficifolia, Mart., the fruits contain usually two, sometimes
three compressed seeds without any basal callus.

Of the genus Wilbrandia, Manso, there must be at least two

species ; the one is W. hibiscoides, Manso, the other the JP. drastica,
T 2

256 M. CORREA DE MELLO ON SOME BRAZILIAN PLANTS.

Mart., or W. Riedeli, Manso, Enum. 50, note e (Momordica verti-
cillata, Vell. Fl. Flum. ic. x. t. 96). The first is frequently to
be met with in the virgin forests and capoeiras near this town. The
flowers are monecious or diccious; that is to say, some indivi-
duals produce male flowers only, others female flowers only; in
others, again, when they commence flowering, the flowers are all
males; later, males and females are produced in the same axils,
and finally females only. In this species the male flowers are
crowded at the end of a peduncle, which lengthens as the flowers
are developed, which takes place from the base upwards. The
fruit, about an inch, more or less, in length, is ovoid or ovoid-
oblong, attenuate towards the end, and 10-ribbed and terminating
in a point or beak formed by the persistent calyx-tube (which is
produced above the ovary). I have never seen the second spe-
cies; but its fruits are, according to Manso, smooth (not ribbed),
and the spikes of the male flowers elongated, which agrees well
with the above-cited figure of Vellozo, in which the fruits are re-
presented as not ribbed, and the male flowers as somewhat dis-
tant from each other.

The genus Cayaponia of Manso is, without doubt, very near to
Trianospermum, Mart., from which it only differs in the number
of ovules in each cell of the ovary. The Cayaponia diffusa,
Manso (which I believe to be identical with the C. elliptica,
Manso, Enum. Subst. Bras. 32, where, by a clerical error, it is
named Dermophylla elliptica, and which I also suppose to be the
same as Bryonia pilosa, Vell. Fl. Flum. ic. x. t. 86), is common
in the woods in low moist situations (occurring also sometimes
in high and dry places) in the neighbourhood of this town. The
ovary in this species is 8-celled, with 12 ovules, the ovules erect,
superposed two and two, and separated from each other by a mem-
brane; each cell is divided along the centre longitudinally by @
spurious septum ; and each one of these partial cells (limited on
one side by a true septum, on the other by a spurious one) has
two superposed ovules, each one in a cellule of its own, there being
thus four ovules in each true cell (see fig. 1). On the other hand, in
Trianosperma, khe ovary contains only one or two ovules in each
cell. Of Cayaponia cabocla, Mart. Syst. Mat. Med. Bras. 81
(Bryonia cabocla, Vell. l.e, t. 88, or Cayaponia globosa, Mans.
Enum. Z. c. 82), [have seen a branch with ripe fruits. The fruits
of this species are 3-celled, and in each cell there are often four
seeds, from which I conclude that the ovary must be more or less

M. CORREA DE MELLO ON SOME BRAZILIAN PLANTS. 257

similar to that of C. diffusa, and that it must
belong to the genus Cayaponia of Manso.
To this same genus belong probably Der-
mophylla pendulina, Manso, l. c. 81, and
Bryonia ternata, Vellozo, l. c. t. 91. As to D
the position of the genus Cayaponia in the TOTTI
Order, although it cannot be included in the qum bens
tribe Abobrew, Naud. (Benth. et Hook. Gen. difusa, Made mains
PI. i. 819), in which the number of ovules is n Tuo ad pos
limited to two in each cell at the most, it can- oe dian dati m
not, nevertheless, cease to be placed next to eie Que Rane E Arn
Trianosperma, from which it does not essen- pp oe gee RFE
tially differ, except in the greater number of the outer ones appear
ovules in each cell of the ovary. I have said !née than the inner.
above that I suppose the C. diffusa of Manso to be identical
with the Bryonia pilosa of Vellozo. I have been led to this
conclusion from the excessive diversity of shapes represented
in the leaves of C. diffusa, sometimes scarcely angular, and very
similar to those of B. pilosa of t. 86, Fl. Flum., sometimes more
or less deeply 3-5- or 7-lobed, with broad or with almost linear
lobes; and I have seen leaves of all these different shapes on
one and the same individual; but when they are seen separate
on different specimens, one is led to suppose the existence of
three or more distinct species.

The Hypanthera of Manso is probably identical with Fevillea,
Linn. The H. Guepira, Manso, is the same as P. cordifolia,
Vell. Fl. Flum. ic. x. t. 1 & 2, which, according to Martius, is
the F. trilobata, Linn. The anthers of Fevillea are 2-celled, but
so organized that, after the emission of the pollen (which takes
place through a single slit in the anterior face of the anther),
they appear to be 1-celled; but if they are examined in the bud it
will be seen that the connective is produced into the polliniferous
cavity, so as to divide it longitudinally into two perfect cells, and
that after the emission of the pollen it withdraws itself, so as to give
the unilocular appearance, a structure identical with that which
has been so well observed by Dr. G. Dickie (Journ. Linn.
Soc. x. 54) in the anthers of Canna speciosa, and which occurs
also in the three species of Canna which inhabit this place.

With regard to Fevillea, the question arises whether the
ovary is really, as described, 3-celled, and the seeds in the fruit
inserted on a trigonous axis. The margins of the three carpels

258 M. CORREA DE MELLO ON SOME BRAZILIAN PLANTS.

which compose the ovary in this plant are very much intruded,
and meet in the centre of the ovary, but are not consolidated and
do not cohere with each other excepting close to the base of the
ovary. Each of these margins bears 8 pendulous and compressed
ovules (6 in each false-cell). The seeds, large, orbicular, flat,
and bordered by a narrow membrano-suberosé margin and im-
bricate one over the other, are pendulous, not from a trigo-
nous axis, but from the margins of the carpels, which have
become thick and fleshy, and with the ripening of the fruit have
withdrawn from each other, being contiguous and adherent only
close to their base.

The genus Anisosperma, Manso, whose typical and only species
is the A. passiflora, Manso (Fevillea passiflora, Vell. Fl. Flum. x.
t. 104), is an excellent genus ; the name, however, is bad ; for it is
founded on an anomaly in the fruit examined by Manso, which
contained in one of the cells nine seeds, and in each of the two
others one large seed, which filled the whole cell, whereas in
one of these fruits lately examined there were eight seeds in
each cell. As, however, the name does not clash with any other,
and as, moreover, it is possible that the above anomaly may be
frequent, I see no inconvenience resulting from the use of the
name, nor any need of substituting any other for it. The prin-
cipal characters of the plant are the following :—

Flores dioici, racemosi. Fl. d. Calyx 5-fidus, externe pallidissime
virens et sparsim. pubescens, basi hemisphzricus, lobi ovato-oblongi,
erecto-patentes, incurvi, leviter concavi, membranacei, obtusi, intus
concolores gaha Corolle petala 5, alba lævissime virentia, lineari-
lanceolata, per $ altitudinis suæ erecto-patentia, dein subito centrum
fioris versus incurva, basi latiora carnosula et cuneiformia, apice
acumine acuto terminata (3 in apicem gradatim attenuata, 2 sub apice
abrupte contracta), in parte superiore membranacea, in fundo calycis
inserta, et basi cum illo ita connata ut nonnisi laceratione separanda.
Stamina 5, libera, in fundo calycis inserta et cum petalis alternantia ;
filamenta albida, brevia, teretia, basi crassiuscula approximataque, apice
divergentia; antherz elliptico-oblongz, introrsum adnate, utrinque
obtusz, sulco unico longitudinali percursz, ibidemque dehiscentes
pollen ex utroque loculo emittentes; connectivum cum filamenti
parte superiore continuum, crassum, plano-convexum, loculos ante
dehiscentiam non excedentem et vix post pollen emissum eos su-
perans, intra antheram longitudinaliter penetrans et in loculos 2 di-
videns more antherarum Fevillee cordifolia, Vell., et generis Canne ;
pollinis granule oblongz. — Ovarii rudimentum et discus desunt.—

M. CORREA DE MELLO ON SOME BRAZILIAN PLANTS, 259

Flores 2. Calyx ovario adherens et supra illud in columnam par-
vam constrictus, limbus (supra constrictionem) subcampanulatus,
lobis corollaque iis floris d similibus. Staminum rudimenta nulla.
Ovarium oblongum, glabrum, imperfecte 3-loculare, carpellorum
nempe marginibus valde intromissis et inferne fere usque ad tertiam
partem in medio ovario connatis, superne tamen vix inter se contin-
gentibus nec coh:rentibus, et in parte superiore libera sola pla-
centiferis; ovula in quoque loculo 8 v. abortu pauciora, a mar-
ginibus carpellorum pendula, partem superiorem loculorum occu-
pantia (inferiore vacua), in series duas verticales (4 in quaque pla-
centa) disposita, septo parallele compressa subulataque, anatropa,
micropyle supera, raphe ad angulum internum loculi spectante.
Styli 3, erecti, in parte inferiore subcrassiores, superne dilatati in
laminam late obcordiformem erectam planam, longitudinaliter in-
trorsum curvatam, margine irregulariter eroso-crenatam, ad faciem
utramque stigmatosam. Fructus magnus (32-6 poll. diametro ma-
jore, 2-41 poll. diametro minore), ovoideo-oblongus v. ellipsoideo-
oblongus, subtrigonus, glaber v. sparse irregulariterque verrucosus,
carnoso-corticosus, indehiscens, basi a limbo calycis haud zonatus,
apieulo parvo conoideo terminatus. Semina magna (circa 10 lin.
diametro), orbiculata, compressa, ala membranaceo-suberosa l3-
2 lin. lata cincta, mutua pressione plus minus angulata, testa
crassa, crustacea, extus granuloso-punctulata, colore pallide fusca,
membrana tenui suberosa adherente obtecta, intus substantia sube-
roso-fungosa albida farcta, a marginibus placentarum in parte su-
periore loculi pendentia, deorsum imbricata, interdumque mediante
superficie testze inter se cohzrentia, 8 in quoque loculo in fructibus
perfecte evolutis, in fructibus minoribus pauciora; nec in pulpa nec
in substantia fibrosa involuta. Cotyledones seminis forma, acumine
brevi in parte superiore, crasso-carnosz, oleos, albz, sapore intense
amaro, radicula supera. Placente (septa) crasso-carnosz, in parte
superiore segregate, in inferiore inter se connatz.— Frutez scandens,
radicibus paucis, horizontalibus, nec tuberosis. Caulis teres, suc-
cosus, 1} poll. plus minusve diametro, superficie rugulosa, dense
lenticillata, colore cinerascenti-virescente ; supra arbores scandens et
in ramos longos tenuesque divisus ramulosque longissimos ferens,
qui si arbor sustentans separatim crescit, a fronde dependentes fere ad
terram attingunt iterumque surgentes mediantibus ramis propriis
serta formant densa ab arbore pendentia. Lignum molle, tubis
numerosis diametro magna percursum, et cuneatim a radiis medul-
laribus divisum. Rami teretes, 7-sulcati, novelli fulvo-purpurei vi-
rescentes tenuiterque pubescentes pilis argenteis adpressis, vetus-
tiores virides glabrique. Fo/ia petiolata, alterna, integerrima, oblonga
v. ovato-oblonga, novella lzvia carnosulaque, siccitate membranacea
et minute tuberculosa; lamina pendens, margine membranacea, basi

260 M. CORREA DE MELLO ON SOME BRAZILIAN PLANTS.

triplinervis, apice penninervis, biglandulosa, breviter acuminata, acu-
mine acuto v. subobtuso, basi rotundata v. angustata, usque ad
6 poll. longa et 4 poll. lata; nervi 7-8, in vivo costa media et
nervi 2 laterales ad basin vix prominentes, cæteri impressi reti venu-
lorum inconspicuo, in sicco nervi utrinque prominuli et rete venu-
lorum e maeulis latis compositum distinctius apparet. Folia novella
carnuloso-membranacea sparse pubescentia pilis iis caulis similibus,
viridi-purpurascentia et utrinque nitida, adulta obscure viridia sub-
carnosa supra lucidula v. glaucescentia, subtus pallidiora, petiolus
basi teres superne vix sulcatus, fere semper crassior quam ramus cui
insidet, in foliis majoribus 4-8 lineas longus; glandulz ovate, acutæ,
minute depresso-punctate, in foliis novellis patentes, in adultis ad
faciem dorsalem declinatz, ad utrumque latus ad marginem lamine
juxta petiolum sitze (nec supra basin laminz ut in icone Vellosiana
delineantur). Cirrhi filiformes, apice bifidi, lateraliter paulloque suprà
basin petioli inserti. Flores pendentes, pedicellati, parvi (corolla
fl. d 13-2 lin. diametro et fl. 9 vix major; ovarium 3-4 lin. dia-
metro majore, 2-21 lin. diametro minore; alabastrum ovoideo-glo-
bosum, paullo ante explicationem £ lin. diametro); pedunculus so-
litarius, uti cirrhi ad basin petioli lateralis, inter cirrhum et petiolum
insertus, brevissimus (1-6 lin. longus), tenuis; pedicelli compressi
usque ad 7 lin. longi, basi bractea instructi parva triangulari acuta,
uti pedunculus pedicellique pubescentes, pilis brevibus sparsis paten-
tibus albisque. Pedunculus florum d nunc indivisus floribus in
racemum longum simplicem dispositis, nunc 2-5-partitus paniculam
formans laxam : floribus in utroque casu seriatim nec minus evolutis,
pedicellis filiformibus medio v. infra medium articulatis; florum 9
indivisus, floribus paucis (2-4), pedunculo pedicellisque paullo cras-
sioribus quam in d, pediceliis cum calycis basi (v. ovario) arti-
eulatis.

The plant grows in virgin forests and elevated capoeiras, in
high and dry situations, and is rare in the vicinity of this town.
The males are in flower from September till April, the females
only from December to March; the fruit ripens in June. The
plant resembles much, in habit as well as in the shape of the fruit,
the Passiflora quadrangularis. I have already observed that the
anthers, at first bilocular, opening by a single slit, become uni-
locular after the emission of the pollen, by the withdrawal of the
dissepiment or intruded connective ; this gives rise to the ques-
tion, Are the anthers of the species comprised in the tribes
Gomphogynex, Gymnostemm:e, and Zanoniex, which are said
also to be bilocular, of the same structure as those of the above-
described Fevillea ?

As to the place of Anisosperma in the Order, some of its cha-

M. CORREA DE MELLO ON SOME BRAZILIAN PLANTS. 261

racters, such as the absence of any trigonous axis in the fruit,
the existence of a wing surrounding the seed, the apparently
l-celled anthers, the leaves entire, as in some species of Za-
nonia &c., harmonize well with those of the plants eomprised in
the tribe Zanoniez, Benth. et Hook., and in some measure in-
duces the including the genus in that tribe; but, considering
that the fruits of Zanoniee are dehiscent, with a trigonous
terminal aperture, and, on the other hand, that in the fruits of
Hypanthera Guapeva, Manso, which belongs undoubtedly to the
genus Fevillea, there is also no trigonous axis, the seeds being
inserted on the margins of the placentas, that its seeds are winged
and the anthers constructed as in Anisosperma, it appears to me
that the place of the latter genus must be in the tribe Fevillez,
Benth. et Hook. During the time that illness obliged me to
break off this letter, I received the fruits of this plant, which
have served me for the present description; and as, after ana-
lyzing several of them, I never found eight or nine seeds in one
cell and only a single one in the two others, it would appear that
Manso's name Anisosperma is founded on a character absolutely
false, and may have to be changed for some other name.

Besides the above-mentioned Curcubitacee we have a Me-
lancium, probably the only species of the genus, which is very
common in the campos about this town, the Sicana odorifera,
Naud. (Cucurbita odorifera, Vell.), which is cultivated on account
of the aroma of its fruits, &e.

The Order Menispermaces consists here of three species of
Cissampelos, and one other plant, which grows in moist places,
in ravines, beds of rivers, &c., of which I have some male speci-
mens, and which I believe to be Odontocarya, Miers, Benth. et
Hook. Gen. Pl. i. 960 & 31, 34, under Chondrodrendon. Enclosed
is a small Specimen.

Euphorbiacew are here represented by a large number of
genera, but for the greater part monecious: the diccious ones
are very few ; those that I have met with are :—one or two speeies
of Pera, Mut.; a Tetrorchidium, Popp. et Endl., probably the
T. rubrivenium, and trigynum, Müll. Arg.; an Alchornea, of
Which I have only seen the female flowers, but which is doubtless
A. latifolia, Sw.

The Myrtacee with baccate fruits occur in great numbers ;
of those with capsular fruits, I have only seen two or three
Species of Curatari, of which one, the C. legalis, Mart., known

262 M. CORREA DE MELLO ON SOME BRAZILIAN PLANTS.

commonly by the name of Jigwitibá, is remarkable for its gi-
gantie proportions.

The Scitaminez (Cannacex, Agardh, Zingiberaces, L. C. Rich.,
and Musaceæ, Agardh) have but few representatives. Of the
Cannaces, I know of three species of Canna, one with flowers of
a deep scarlet, which is cultivated in our gardens, and which
appears to me to be the C. Warszewiczii, Dietr., from Costarica.
The two others are the Muru and the Albará or Herva dos fe-
redos of Marcgrav and Piso, known also by the names of Im-
beri, Beri, and Bert, of which the first, according to Martius (Syst.
Mat. Med. Bras. 105), is the C. aurantiaca, Rose, and the other
C. glauca, Linn. Besides these, some species of the genera Phry-
nium and Maranta occur in our woods. In our gardens a Ma-
ranta, probably imported, whose flowers I have not yet seen, is
cultivated for the tuberiform rhizomes, from which is extracted
a flour, the arareite or arrowroot. Of Zingiberacez several im-
ported species are cultivated; among spontaneous ones there is
an Alpinia, probably A. aromatica, Jacq., which, according to
Martius, is identical with the A. racemosa, Vell. Fl. Flum. i.
t. 3, known commonly by the name of Pacová or Pacobd; the
root and the seeds are aromatic; and although their aroma is not
so agreeable as that of Elettaria cardamomum, Mart., they may
well be substituted for it in medicine. The Costus Pisonis, Lindl.
(C. arabicus, Vell. Fl. Flum. i. t. 5), commonly called Paco
caatinga, Canna do mato, Perina (Marcgr. and Piso), is now
better known under the names of Canna de Macaco and Canna do
brejo, and is common under the shades of the moist virgin forests
of the neighbourhood of this town. Of Musace: and the genus
Musa, besides the M. paradisiaca, Linn., M. sapientum, Linn.,
and M. sinensis, Sw., and their divers varieties, which are here
cultivated, I have seen a Musa growing in the woods near the
town of San Paolo. This Musa has considerable analogy to
the M. coccinea, Willd. (Walp. Ann. vi. 38), from which it differs
in the shape of the teeth of the anterior lip of the perianth,
of which the three anterior ones are smaller, rounded, and united
with each other higher up, the two lateral ones broader and
ovate-triangular, the posterior lip linear, of an equal breadth
through its whole length, suddenly attenuated at the top, and
the margins of both lips thinly membranous and entire, whilst in
M. coccinea the lobes of the posterior lip, as well as the anterior
lip, are differently shaped. The false stem of the San-Paolo species

M. CORREA DE MELLO ON MYROCARPUS FRONDOSUS. 263

acquires a height of 8 or 9 palmas and a diameter of 2 inches, the
leaves are ovate-lanceolate, abruptly acuminate, broad, and un-
equally rounded at the base. The bracts are of a deep scarlet
colour, the fertile flowers ( 9 ) usually solitary in the axils of the
lower bracts, the sterile ones ( d) two together in the axils of the
upper bracts, the spadix erect. Of the genus Heliconia I have
seen two species, one with the spathes but little conspicuous,
which occurs sometimes in the woods near this town ; the other,
whose characters agree well with the H. latispatha, Benth.
(Walp. Ann. i. 811), differs from the genus in that the fruit is a
berry (trigonous, pedicellate, of a blue slightly purplish colour,
l- to 3-seeded), and not a 3-valved capsule. It so far establishes
a passage from the genus Heliconia to that of Musa; and it will
be necessary either to make a new genus for it, or to reform the
character of Heliconia as to the fruits, so as to enable it to
comprehend this species. This Musacea is probably already
known ; for it is very common from the middle to the base of
the Cordillera called Serra de Santos, and occurs also in the
Litoral.

lridez, besides the numerous species cultivated for ornament in
our gardens, are represented here by very few species.

Of all these plants I shall send you specimens, accompanied
by descriptions and drawings, to the best of my ability.

JOAQUIM CORREA DE MELLO.

Campinas, June 3, 1869,

On Myrocarpus frondosus, Allem. By J. CORREA DE Malte, of
Campinas, in South Brazil. (Translated from the Portuguese,
with a Note, by G. Benruam, Esq.)

[Read February 3, 1870.]

Myrocarpvus rnoNposvs, Allem. Diss. 1847 et 1848, cum ic. Calyx
tubulosus, obconicus, rectus, breviter 5-dentatus, vix a latere compres-
sus, infra medium (ad disci marginem) leviter constrictus, parte di-
scifera carnosula, supra discum membranaceus, nervis 5 tenuibus in
apices dentium terminantibus percursus, extus tenuiter pubescens ;
dentibus inter se zqualibus, zstivatione varie imbricatis, ad marginem
disci haud divisis (sepalis ultra diseum coalitis). Discus in fundo ca-
lyeis, tenuis, viridis. Petala 5, inter se aequalia, obovato-linearia, apice
rotundata concavaque, membranacea, medio nervo tenuissimo virescente
percursa, ineunte anthesi alba patentiaque, mox leviter flavicantia, ad

264 M. CORREA DE MELLO ON MYROCARPUS FRONDOSUS.

marginem disci extra stamina inserta, in alabastro vix imbricata, summo
intimo, ceteris varie imbricatis. Stamina 10, libera; filamenta (in
alabastro haud incurva) subulata, alba, glabra, quorum 5 alterna citius
evoluta jam ad corolle explicationem exserta, dum altera 5 vix ad
marginem calycis attingens, hzc tamen sensim accreta demum priora
longitudine zquant; antherz flavz, staminum primum evolutorum
late ovate, caeterum late obovate ; pollinis granule oblongæ, utrin-
que obtusz, sulco longitudinali notatz. ^ Ovarium in fundo calycis
stipitatum.—Arbor folia tempore estatis dimittens, mense Augusto
ante foliorum evolutionem florens. Flores odore grato, racemosi;
pedicelli basi bractea parva late ovate-subtriangulari acuta, pri-
mum membranacea mox scariosa fulti; bracteole 0. Racemi cylin-
drici, recti, erecti, solitarii v. 2-3-ni (2-5-ni ex Allemáo), alterni, pe-
dunculo communi brevi inserti, paniculam parvam formantes, his ad
apicem ramulorum v. supra cicatrices foliorum delapsorum sitis,
sepe in ramorum parte superiore numerosis approximatis, paniculam
amplam simulantibus. Florum evolutio ssepe ab apice basin versus
racemi progreditur, sepeque gemmze rami cujusdam magni omnes flo-
riferz sunt nec folium ullum evolvitur.

From incisions made in the trunk of this tree issues a balsam, at
first transparent, of a yellow colour, and of an aroma not very
sweet and somewhat terebinthine; but by exposure to the air it
assumes a red colour and a fragrant aroma, and is indubitably the
balsam “ Caburé-iciea" mentioned by Piso, ‘De Medicina Brasili-
ensi, lib. 4, cap. v. p. 57, and by Martius, ‘Syst. Nat. Med.
Veget. Bras.’ 115.

This Myrocarpus, in its botanic properties and the odour of all
its parts, resembling those of the corresponding parts of Myroxylon
peruiferum, Linn., has great affinity with the genus Myroaylon.
Bentham and Hooker (Gen. Pl. i. 559), who could not ascertain
the estivation of the corolla from not having seen it in bud, ob-
serve the affinity of Myrocarpus on the one hand with Sweetia,
and on the other with Sclerolobium ; but, considering that the
structure of the calyx is rather that of the Sophoree than of the
Cesalpiniee, they place the genus in the suborder Papilionacee
and the tribe Sophoree. But as the upper petal is, as above
mentioned, always inside in estivation, it appears beyond doubt
that Myrocarpus must be removed to the suborder Cesalpiniee and
the tribe Sclerolobiee, which comprises species with imparipin-
nate leaves like those of Myrocarpus. In the tribe it would be
placed next to Peppigia, which contains species in which the
calyx-lobes are united above the disk.

J. ConREA DE MELLO.

MR. G. BENTHAM ON MYROCARPUS. 265

The observations of Sen. Correa de Mello would perhaps have
determined the removal of Myrocarpus to the Sclerolobiee, if the
istivation described by him were constant. With the above Notes
he remitted several racemes in bud, which have been carefully ex-
amined. In them we found the estivation of the petals still more
variable than is mentioned by Mello; for the upper, or posterior
petal, although occasionally inside, as he describes it, is more fre-
quently partially outside, overlapping one of the lateral petals on
one side, and being overlapped by another lateral petal on the
other side. In one flower, at least, the upper petal was entirely
outside ; and in another the estivation was contorted, each petal
overlapping an adjoining one on one side, the imbrication in all
cases slight, and only observable in the upper portion of the bud.
Myrocarpus, then, like one species of Sweetia where a similar di-
versity of estivation has been observed, must be regarded as one
of the few connecting links between the large suborders Papilio-
nacee and Cæsalpinieæ ; and as in other respects it is evidently
more closely allied to Myroxylon than to any Sclerolobiex, we
should prefer leaving it in the place assigned to it in our ‘ Genera
Plantarum,’ between Myroxylon and Sweetia.

The course of expansion of the flowers, from the apex to the
base of the raceme, pointed out by Correa de Mello is unusual in
Leguminose, but not quite exceptional, nor yet does it appear to
be of any systematic importance ; for it has been observed, for in-
stance, in two or three Australian species of Crotalaria, whilst the
development is normal in closely allied species.

Since writing the above, I have received M. Baillon's obser-
vations on Cæsalpinieæ, in the first vol. of his ‘Histoire des
Plantes, from which it appears that he has found in Cadia,
Forsk., and in Barklya, F. Muell, the same variable zstivation
as that observed, as above, in Myrocarpus. He therefore proposes
to remove those two genera to Cæsalpinieæ, although they have
both, in a very decided manner, the hooked radicle of Papilio-
naceæ. It still appears to me, however, a more natural arrange-
ment to maintain the Sophores as limited in our ‘ Genera Plan-
tarum, as a somewhat variable group, including a large pro-
portion of very distinct monotypic, or almost monotypic, genera
probably of great antiquity and constituting in various ways con-
necting links between' the two great suborders Papilionacee and
Cesalpiniee, but yet more nearly allied to the former than to the
latter.

G. BENTHAM.

266 MR. A. W. BENNETT ON THE GENUS HYDROLEA.

Review of the Genus Hydrolea, with descriptions of three New
Species. By Aurrep W. BzxNETT, M.A., B.Sc., F.L.8.

(Plate I.)
[Read November 18, 1869.]

THE position of the order Hydroleacee has undergone several
changes at the hands of botanists. By the older authorities,
particularly Jussieu, its genera were included among Convolvu-
lacee, from which order, however, they are distinguished in a
marked manner by their multiovular ovaries, straight embryo,
and several other characters of importance. Lindley, in his ‘ Ve-
getable Kingdom,’ united the order to Hydrophyllacex, to which
opinion Alph. DeCandolle appeared to incline, from a note ap-
pended to the ninth volume of the * Prodromus. Prof. Choisy,
in his monograph of the order, and in the synopsis which he con-
tributed to the tenth volume of the * Prodromus, clearly showed
that this theory is inadmissible, the unilocular few-seeded
ovary, parietal placentation, and leaves frequently deeply divided,
of the one order, distinguishing it most clearly from the bilo-
cular many-seeded ovary, axile placentation, and leaves invariably
simple, of the other order; and that, in accordance with the opi-
nion of Robert Brown and others, the Hydroleaces must be raised
to the rank of a separate order. The variation, however, in the
mode of dehiscence of the capsule compels its subdivision into
two suborders, septicidal in Hydrolew, loculicidal in Names.
The tendency which exists in several species of Hydrolea, to
substitute for the normal bilocular a trilocular ovary, would ap-
pear to indicate a closer affinity to Polemoniacee than has been
generally supposed. From Solanacee they differ by their two
styles and straight embryo; from Scrophulariacee by their re-
gular corolla, five equal stamens, and two styles.

As regards geographical distribution, the order is essentially
tropical and subtropical, and especially American. The genus
Hydrolea, which is nearly synonymous with the suborder Hy-
drole, ranges from Arkansas to Montevideo, with a few Asiatic
and African species, to which I am able to add two, hitherto un-
described, from Tropical Africa, contained in the Kew Herba-
rium. The suborder Names is exclusively American, the species
being mostly natives of Mexico and Peru. The Hydroleaces are
herbaceous or subfruticose plants, the leaves and branches some-

MR. A. W. BENNETT ON THE GENUS HYDROLEA. 267

times glabrous, more often clothed with a viscid glandular pu-
bescence, sometimes, in the genus Wigandia, with acrid stinging
glands; other species are armed with sharp spines. The branches
and leaves are alternate, the latter always simple, entire or
serrated, generally stalked, and exstipulate. The flowers are
hermaphrodite, sympetalous, regular, generally blue, sometimes
very handsome, often arranged in corymbs, or scorpioid cymes.
They are mostly inhabitants of dry places, some species, however,
of marshes and the margins of rivers, especially the Hydrolee ;
and, as Choisy remarks, this genus is the only one in the order
which is distributed over both hemispheres. The best descrip-
tions are to be found in Choisy’s ‘Synopsis’ in the tenth
volume of DeCandolle’s * Prodromus, and in his more extended
‘Description des Hydroléacées,’ from the Memoirs of the
Soe. Phys. et d’ Hist. Nat. of Geneva, contained in the * Annales
des Sciences Naturelles, 1st series, vol. xxx. and 2nd series,
vol. i.

The genus Hydrolea is distinguished from all the other genera
of the order, except Petit-Thouars’s very unsatisfactory Mada-
gascan Hydrolia, by the bilocular capsule dehiscing septicidally,
the single dissepiment bearing in the middle two fleshy fungus-
like placentz, and is therefore practically coextensive with the
suborder Hydrolem. The species are herbaceous or subfruticose,
glandular-pilose or glabrous; sometimes armed with axillary
spines; the leaves alternate and entire; the flowers blue, often
very conspicuous, axillary or corymbose, yielding a yellow fra-
grant oil.

Linneus knew only one species of Hydrolea (besides two
others described under other genera); Choisy, in his ‘De-
scription des Hydroléacées,’ makes eight, and in DeCandolle’s
'Prodromus' eleven. A careful examination of the specimens
preserved in the Herbaria at Kew and the British Museum, and
of the American species in those of Berlin, Munich, and Vienna,
induces me to increase this number to thirteen, by the suppres-
sion of two doubtful species, and the addition of one already
described by Grisebach, and of three new species, two of which are
from Tropical Africa, and one from Brazil.

The authorities for the genus are as follows:—viz. Hydrolea,
Linn. Gen. 318; Gartner, vol. i. p. 263, t. 55; Aubl. Guian.
t. 110; Cavanill. Ic. t. 529; Bot. Reg. t. 566; Kunth in Humb.
et Bonpl. Nov. Gen. et Sp. vol. iii. p. 125; Wight, Ind. Bot.

268 MR. A. W. BENNETT ON THE GENUS HYDROLEA.

t. 167; Chois. in Mém. Soc. Phys. et d’ Hist. Nat. Gen. vol. vi.
p. 107, t. 1, et Annal. Scien. Nat. 1* sér. vol. xxx. p. 236, t. 16. f. X3;
DC. Prodr. vol. x. p. 180; Endl. Gen. Plant. p. 661.—Namie
sp. Linn. Flor. Zeyl. t. 2.—Steris, Linn. Mant. 54; Burmani,
Flor. Ind. p. 73, t. 39. f. 8—Zycium(?), Linn. sp., 278.—Sa-
gonea, Aubl. Guian. vol. i. p. 285, t. 111.—Reichelia, Schreber,
Gen. p. 512.—Hydrolia(?), Thouars, Gen. Mad. no. 29; DC.
Prodr. vol. x. p. 182.— Wigandiæ sp., DC. Prodr. vol. x. p. 184.

Descr. Calyx 5-sepalus, fere usque ad basin partitus, circa
fructum persistens. Corolla sympetala, rotato-campanulata, apice
5-loba. Stamina 5, equalia, corolle tubo inserta, et ejusdem
lobis alterna; filamenta basi spathulato-dilatata ; anthere sagit-
tate, longitudinaliter dehiscentes. Ovariwm bi- vel interdum tri-
loculare, disco lato crateriformi cinctum. Ovu/a numerosa, parva,
in placentis duabus hemisphericis carnosis in medio dissepimenti
disposita. Styli duo, vel rarius tres, distincti, elongati, diver-
gentes. Stigmata capitata. Capsula globosa vel elliptica, bi- vel
rarius trilocularis, inter stylos septicida. Semina permulta, mi-
nuta; embryo in axi albuminis dense carnosi orthotropus.

The subdivision of the genus presents considerable difficulties ;
but I have thought it best, on the whole, to retain Choisy's (into
two sections, the spined and the unarmed), although it is not to
be depended on as constant.

A. SPINOS A.
a. Folia pubescentia.
Folia lanceolata, pilosissima ; semina striata. 1. H. spinosa.
Folia lanceolata, vix pubescentia ........ 2. H. ovata.
Folia utrinque attenuata; spine recurve. 3. H. paludosa.
b. Folia glabra.
Caulis hispidus, geniculatus ............ 4. H. quadrivalvis.
Folia lineari-lanceolata ; caulis glaber, erectus, subsimplex ; sepala
lineari-lanceolata, glabra; semina reticu-
lata oa Na eH RICE C QUE 5. H. elegans.
Caulis glaber, decumbens, ramosus ...... 6. H. nigricaulis.
B. IxERMES.

a. Folia pubescentia.

Flores parvuli; sepala glandulosa ....... 1. H. spinosa, var.
inermis.
Flores magni; sepala eglandulosa ...... 7. H. megapotamica.

b. Folia glabra, lanceolata vel latiora.
Sepala ovato-lanceolata, glabra; semina striata 8. H. glabra.
Sepala hispida; flores corymbosi ........ 9. H. corymbosa.
Sepala linearia, petalis longiora.......... 10. H. zeylanica.

MR. A. W. BENNETT ON THE GENUS HYDROLEA. 269

c. Folia glabra, linearia.
Caulis decumbens; flores parvi, conferti ; sepala glanduloso-vil-
co up rM UT CEP USE STI 11. H. multiflora.
Caulis ascendens; flores magni, corymbosi; sepala angusta.
12. H. graminifolia.
Caulis ascendens ; sepala triangularia, foliacea.
13. H. macrosepala.

l. H. sptnosa, Linn. (Tab. I. figs. 1, 2, 3, 4.)

Caulis ascendens, bi- vel tripedalis, ramosus, magis vel minus hirsutus,
plerumque spinosus; rami erecto-patentes, hirsuti; spine axillares,
€recto-patentes vel patule, 5—8-lineares, rectæ, pubescentes. Folia
elliptico-lanceolata, 2-3 poll. longa, 8 lin. lata, integra, subsinuata,
utrinque pubescentia, breviter petiolata. Flores in cymas terminales
scorpioideo dispositi, czerulei, pedunculati, fragrantes; pedicelli glan-
duloso-hirsuti; bractez foliacex, parvz, villosee. Sepala lanceolata,
3 lin. longa, basi vix coalita, pilis densis longis glandulosis extus
vestita, intus breviter hispida vel subglabra. Corolla calyce longior:
lobi brevissimi, late triangulari-ovati, per zestivationem imbricati, pilis
paucis sparsis przditi. Stamina corolla sub'ongiora, post anthesim
exserta. Ovarium ellipticum, bi- vel interdum triloculare. Styli duo
vel rarius tres, demum valde elongati, persistentes, divergentes, apice
convergentes, basi leviter glanduloso-hirsuti. Stigmata capitata.
Capsula orbicularis, bi- vel rarius trilocularis, sepalis persistentibus
subbrevior ; capsule apex et stylorum bases leviter glanduloso-hirsut:e.
Semina parva, numerosa, elliptica, longitudinaliter admodum rugoso-
striata.

Var. B. INERMIS, Spruce, MS. Caulis glanduloso-pubescens, inermis.

Hydrolea spinosa, Linn. Sp. 318; Aubl. Guian. vol. i. p. 281, t. 110;
R. et Pav. Fl. Per. ; Bot. Reg. 566; DC. Prodr. ; Chois. Deser. Hy-
drol.—YH ydrolea trigyna, Sw. Ind. Occ. vol. i. p. 558; Cav. lc.
vol. i. p. 19, t. 599. f. 1.

This species appears to be one of very general and abundant
distribution throughout Tropical and Subtropical America and
the adjacent islands, growing in ditches, the margins of woods,
and damp fields. It is described by Purdie as being “as highly
scented as any China rose." It varies considerably in the size of
the flowers, the degree of hairiness of the whole plant, and the
number of spines—the unarmed variety having been sent by
several collectors from Brazil and Guiana. The form with a tri-
locular ovary and three styles has been erected into a distinct
species, and even proposed by Aublet to form a separate genus,
under the name of Sagonea. 1 am, however, able to confirm
Prof. Choisy's statement, that the 2-styled and 3-styled flowers

LINN. PROC —BOTANY, VOL. XI. U

270 MR. A. W. BENNETT ON THE GENUS HYDROLEA.

may be found on the same plant, and that it therefore cannot
even be ranked as a variety. I cannot, however, agree with that

eminent botanist's observation, that where the styles and divi-

sions of the ovary are three in number, the stamens, lobes of the

corolla, and sepals, are each six, having myself found no variation

from the normal number of these organs.

2. H. ovata, Chois.

Caulis herbaceus, ascendens, puberulus ; spine axillares, patulz, 3-6-
lineares, tenues, rectz, puberule. Folia ovato-lanceolata, utrinque
attenuata, petiolata, 2 poll. longa, 6 lin. lata, integra, leviter pu-
bescentia vel subglabra, vend media subtus prominente puberula ;
folia superiora et bracteze molliter hirsuta. Flores czerulei, racemost,
pedunculati; racemi foliosi. Sepala lanceolata, acuta, intus glabra,
extus pilosa. Ovarium globosum, glanduloso-hirsutum, biloculare.
Styli duo, longi, curvati, basi glanduloso-hirsuti. Stigmata rotunda,
disciformia. Capsula globosa, bilocularis, calyce persistente brevior,
leviter hirsuta.

Hydrolea ovata, Nutt. MS.; Chois. Descr. Hydrol. t. 1; DC. Frodr.

This species, first described by Choisy, presents no very good
characters to distinguish it from H. spinosa, and may possibly
turn out to be simply a form of that plant with broader leaves,
the stem and leaves less hairy, the spines less numerous and
slenderer, and the flowers somewhat larger, unless the disk-like
form of the stigmas presents a better diagnosis. It was first
gathered by Nuttall in Arkansas and North Carolina; but spe-
cimens collected in Surinam (Hostmann, no. 450) and Brazil ,
( Gardner, 6067) are clearly referable to the same form.

3. H. pALUDOSA, nov. sp.

Caulis herbaceus, fistulosus, ascendens, subsimplex, hispidus, spinosus ;
spine axillares, patule vel plerumque recurve, apice curvate, 4-5-
lineares, pubescentes. Folia elliptico-lanceolata, acuminata, utrimque
attenuata, breviter petiolata, integra, mollissime pubescentia, 1-2 poll.
longa, 3-5 lin. lata, inferne decidua. Flores pauci, in foliis superior
bus fere occulti. Sepala lineari-lanceolata, glanduloso-hispida, pe
talis in alabastro breviora. Corolla cerulea. Stamina basi dilatata,
corolle tubo inserta. Ovarium ellipticum, glabrum, pilis pauci
glandulosis apice preditum. Styli duo, longi, subglabri, rectangu-
late curvati.

This species appears to me quite distinct from H. spinosa, and
is recognized at a glance by its different habit—its very weak, ap-
parently fistulose. and nearly simple stem clearly indicating 8"
aquatic habit. The spines pointing slightly downwards, the leaves
equally narrowed at both ends, often decurved, and always de-
ciduous from the lower part of the stem, are good characters.

MR. A. W. BENNETT ON THE GENUS HYDROLEA, ` 271

The inflorescence is simple, the flowers almost hidden in the leaves
or foliaceous bracts. I have only seen specimens from Brazil
(where it would appear to be rare), and refer to it those marked
“ Brazil, T?* do Pinhal,” Sello, no. 703, in the Berlin, and “ Ad
João d' El Rey, rarissime," Pohl, 351, and “in uliginosis prope
villam S. Salvador," Pohl, 5358, in the Vienna collection.

4. H. auaprivatvis, Walt.

Caulis herbaceus, ascendens, infra decumbens, tenuis, geniculatus, sub-
simplex, pilis longis paucis patulis albis vestitus, vel subglaber,
spinosus; spine axillares, 2-3-lineares, recta, glabre. Folia ob-
ovata, breviter petiolata, subcuneata, acuminata, 2-23 poll. longa,
6-8 lin. lata, glabra, in petiolum 2-3-linearem attenuata. Flores
in racemos densos, paucifloros (2—6-fl.) axillares aggregati; pedicelli
brevissimi, hirsuti. Sepala triangulari-lanceolata, extus hirsuta. Co-
rolla cerulea, calyce sublongior, profunde 5-partita; lobi ovato-
rotundi, obtusi. Ovarium biloculare. Styli duo vel rarius tres, fili-
ormes, persistentes. Stigmata capitata. Capsula bilocularis, glo-
bosa, glabra, calyce persistente brevior.

Var. B. inermis. Flores siepe trigyni; spine nulla.

Hydrolea quadrivalvis, Walt. Car. vol. i. p. 110; Elliot, Car. vol. i.
p. 356; Chois. Descr. Hydrol.; DC. Prod.—H. caroliniana. Miche.
Fl. Bor. Amer. vol. i. p- 177.

B. inermis. Hydrolea Bartramii, kerb. Brit. Mus. MS.—H. palus-
tris (?), Reusch.—Sagonea palustris, Aubl. Guian. vol. i. p. 285. t. 111.
—Reichelea palustris (?), Schreb. Gen. 512; Willd. Sp. vol. i. p. 1502.

This plant has received the misnomer from Walter, in his

‘Flora Caroliniana, from the idea that the capsule was quadri-
locular. Tt grows in wet boggy places and by ponds in South
Carolina, Georgia, and Florida. The variety inermis, which
has received a good number of synonyms,- is only known from a
single specimen in the Herbarium of the British Museum, from
the banks of a stream in Guiana; I am very doubtful whether it
is rightly included under this species.

5. H. ELEGANS, nobis. (Tab. I. figs. 5, 6.)

Caulis ascendens, erectus, ]}—2-pedalis, elegans, purpurascens, glaber,
spinis numerosis armatus; spine axillares, horizontales, 8-}0-li-
neares, teretes, glabræ. Folia lineari-lanceolata, 12-15 lin. longa,
4-5 lin. lata, integra, subsinuata, glaberrima, utrinque attenuata, bre-
viter petiolata, vena media subtus prominente. Flores in cymas densas
foliosas terminales et axillares dispositi, pedunculati : pedicelli et
bracteze glabro. Sepala lineari-lanceolata, circa 3 lin. longa, acuta,
glabra, basi vix coalita, nervo medio prominente. Corolla cierulea,

calycem duplo superans. Ovarium ovatum, bi- vel triloculare, gla-
v 2

272 MR. A. W. BENNETT ON THE GENUS HYDROLEA.

brum. Styli duo vel tres, elongati, divergentes et demum reflexi
staminibus multo longiores, decidui. Stigmata capitata. Capsula
orbicularis, nunc bi- nunc trilocularis, calycem persistentem zequans.
Semina minuta, reticulato-rugosa, alà membranaceá cincta.

Hydrolea spinosa, var. glabra, Mart. MS. in herb.—Hydrolea gla-
bra(?), herb. Brit. Mus. MS.; Chois. Descr. Hydrol.; DC. Prodr.
—Lycium capsulare (?), Linn. Sp., 278, ex Smith in Rees’s Cyclop.

. T have no hesitation in claiming for this plant (the H. spinosa,
var. glabra, of Martius, in the Munich Herbarium) the rank of a
distinct species. In turning over a number of specimens, there
is no difficulty in picking them out at once from the more gla-
brous forms of H. spinosa by the difference in habit, arising from
the simpler, slenderer, glabrous and purplish stem, which is found
to be aecompanied by narrower perfectly glabrous leaves, with
the mid vein very prominent beneath, and the glabrous sepals
always broadest at the base and gradually narrowing to the
apex ; the styles are also very seldom found attached to the ripe
capsules. A very marked, though minute, character is also fur-
nished by the seeds, which, instead of being deeply longitudinally
striated as in H. spinosa and glabra, are reticulated, and sur-
rounded by a membranous wing. I have given the species the
name of H. elegans, that of H. glabra having been already appro-
priated by Schumacher. Great confusion in nomenclature has
been occasioned by Choisy's having altered the name of Schu-
macher's plant to .H. guineensis, and then bestowed the name
H. glabra on a different species which I believe to be identical
with this. Although apparently generally distributed throughout
Tropical America, and represented in all the German collections
(but deficient in that at Kew), this precise form appears to have
been unknown to Choisy, who has described his H. glabra from
a single specimen in the Herbarium of the British Museum, from
Nova Hispania, which differs somewhat from the typical form in
the sepals being narrower and slightly pubescent, and which may
be a glabrous form of H. spinosa. Martius describes this spe
cies as growing “in depressis hieme inundatis, in prov. Minas
Geries.”’

6. H. NIiGRICAULIS, Griseb. (Tab. I. fig. 7.)

Caulis suffruticosus, decumbens, tortuosus, ramosus, glaberrimus, PUT
purascens, spinosus; spine rectz, teretes, graciles, 4-5-lineares,
glabre. Folia lanceolata, glabra, 6-10 lin. longa, 2-4 lin. lata, m-
tegra, sessilia. Flores parvi, in cymas paucifloras axillares conferte
glomerati, sessiles. Sepala lanceolata, glabra, 1-13 lin. longa. Co-

MR. A. W. BENNETT ON THE GENUS HYDROLEA. 273

rolia * alba," calycem æquans. Ovarium ellipticum, glabrum. Styli
duo. Capsula elliptica, minima, li-linearis, calycem persistentem
equans, glabra. Semina numerosa, minuta.

Hydrolea nigricauls, Wright, MS.; Grisebach, Catalogus Plantarum

Cubensium, p. 207.

This very distinct and pretty little Hydrolea was first described
by Grisebach in his ‘ Catalogus Plantarum Cubensium,’ and is
found in several English and continental Herbaria, numbered
3108 in Wright’s collection. It appears to be confined to Cuba,
growing in dried-up pools. Its very glabrous habit, slender, tor-
tuous, purple, and decumbent stem, long and slender spines, and
small flowers and capsules crowded in very short axillary racemes,
readily distinguish it at a glance; according to Grisebach, the
flowers are white.

7. H. MEGAPOTAMICA, Spreng.

. Caulis ascendens, ramosus, molliter pubescens, pilis longis albis cum
brevioribus iutermixtis vestitus, inermis. Folia lanceolata, acuminata,
cirea 2 poll. longa, 6-7 lin. lata, breviter petiolata, utrinque tenuiter
pubescentia, petiolorum venarumque pili longiores, haud glandulosi.
Flores magui, 7-8 lin. lati, in cymas corymbosas foliosas dispositi, ped-
unculati ; pedicelli floribus dimidio breviores, ut et rachis, pubescentes.
Sepala lineari-lanceolata, 4-5 lin. longa, 1 lin. lata, extus pilosa, intus
brevissime hirsuta, venosa. Corolla cerulea, calycem superans. Ova-
rium ellipticum, bi- vel triloculare. Styli duo vel tres, elongati. Stig-
mata capitata. Capsula elliptica, glabra, calyce persistente brevior.

Hydrolea megapotamica, Spreng. Syst. vol. iv. p. 114; Chois. Descr.

Hydrol. ; DC. Prodr.—Wigandia herbacea (?), Chois. Descr. Hydrol.;
DC. Prodr. vol. x. p. 184.

This handsome species is easily distinguished from all the
others belonging to Section B by its broad pubescent leaves and
generaly hairy habit. It is not, however, so easy to separate
it from the unarmed variety of H. spinosa, to which it approaches
very nearly, differing chiefly in its larger flowers, and, according
to my observation, the hairs of the calyx and pedicels not being
glandular, although so described by Choisy. It belongs to South-
ern Brazil, and is found in several collections. To this species I
refer the specimens marked * prov. de Rio-Grande-do-Sul, M.
Isabelle," and *in locis udis Porto-Segere," Tweedie, no. 162 in
the Kew collection, as well as * Montevideo, Sello," and, doubt-
fully, * Surinam, Hostmann, no. 450” in the Vienna Herbarium.

8. H. GLABRA, Schum. (non Chois., DC.). (Tab. I. fig. 8.)
Caulis erectus, subsimplex, circa sesquipedalis, elegans, purpurascens,

274 MR. A. W. BENNETT ON THE GENUS HYDROLEA.

glaber, inermis, vel rarissime spinis perpaucis glabris armatus. Folia
lineari-lanceolata, 15-20 lin. longa, 4—5 lin. lata, integra, utrinque at-
tenuata, breviter petiolata, glaberrima, vena media subtus prominente.
Flores pauci, parvi; cymz laxe, nude, vel foliis paucis preedite, pedun-
late ; pedicelli et bracteze glabra. Sepala ovato-lanceolata, circa 2
lin. longa, acuta, basi vix coalita, venosa, glabra, vel pilis paucis rigidis
predita. Petala 2-3-linearia, czrulea, calyce vix longiora. Ovarium
ovatum, glabrum, biloculare. Styli duo, divergentes, decidui. Stig-
mata capitata. Capsula orbicularis, glabra, bilocularis, calyce per-
sistente paulo longior. Semina parva, longitudinaliter rugoso-striata.

Hydrolea glabra, Sehum. Guin. p. 161.—H. guineensis, Chois. Ann. Sc.

Nat. 1834, p. 180; DC. Prodr.—H. multiflora 8. glabra, DC. Prodr.
—H. zeylanica 6. glaberrima, Chois. in Descr. Hydrol.

This species might at first sight be taken for an unarmed form
of H. elegans, but is readily distinguished by a certain difference
in habit, arising from the inflorescence being much less leafy and
the flowers decidedly smaller. This difference I find to be accom-
panied by a ealyx shorter but more completely surrounding the
ripe capsule, the sepals being of a decidedly different shape, ovate
instead of lanceolate. The difference in the seeds, already spoken
of, is also very marked. These characters serve to distinguish
the species in those rare instances where the plant is furnished
with a few scattered weak spines. Although, judging from the
number of specimens in the continental herbaria, this is the most
abundant species in Tropical America except H. spinosa, it appears
to have been but imperfectly known to Prof. Choisy, who describes
a specimen in Burchell's collection (“ Evolvulus, no. 1365 ”) clearly
referable to this species (and its only representative in the Kew
herbarium) in the first place, in his* Description des Hydroléa-
cées,' as a variety of H. zeylanica, and secondly, in De Candolle's
* Prodromus, as a variety of H. multiflora, a plant to which it bears
no resemblance. The species was first described by Schumacher
in his * Flora of Guinea' under the name of H. glabra, which
name Choisy changed, without assigning any reason, to H. guineen-
sis; hence arises considerable confusion in nomenclature. I have
aot, however, seen any African specimens. The Brazilian exam-
ples of it are marked :—“ prope Rio de Janeiro et Tejucco," P ohl,
in the Munich Herbarium ; Schott, 5357, “ Campo Vittorio," Sello,
nos. 250, 333, 411, 5290, in the Berlin collection; and Burchell,
1365, in that of Kew. Sello’s no. 938, from the Rio Negro, in
the Berlin Herbarium, is possibly a distinct species, closely re-
sembling H. glabra, but more hairy.

MR. A. W. BENNETT ON THE GENUS HYDROLEA. 275

9. H. corympBosa, Eliot.

Caulis ascendens, erectus, inermis, bipedalis, purpurascens, inferne sim-

plex, glaber, superne ramosus; ramuli pubescentes. Folia lanceolata,
sessilia, acuta, sæpe deflexa, glabra, vel brevissime pubescentia, 10-15
lin. longa, 3-4 lin. lata. Flores magni, terminales, eorymbose aggre-
gati; pedicelli brevissimi, hirsuti. Sepala lanceolata, acuta, hirsu-
tissima, corollá in alabastro breviora. Corolla insignis, czrulea, calyce
triplo longior, extus hirsuta.

Hydrolea corymbosa, Hil. Car. vol. i. p. 336; Chois. Descr. Hydrol. ;
DC. Prodr.

Found in marshy swamps in Carolina, Georgia, and Florida.
Very different in appearance from the preceding species, with large
handsome blue flowers, three times as long as the calyx, arranged
in corymbose heads, the leaves almost glabrous, sessile, lan-
ceolate.

10. H. ZEYLANICA, Vahl. (Tab. I. figs. 9, 10.)

Caulis herbaceus, ascendens vel decumbens, fistulosus, subsimplex, gla-
ber, striatus, nodis infimis radicans. Folia lanceolata, utrinque at-
tenuata, acuta, 1-2 poll. longa, 4-6 lin. lata, glabra. Flores parvi,
in racemos laxos foliosos axillares dispositi, pedunculati; pedicelli
graciles, nunc bi- vel trilineares, apice incrassati, subglabri, nunc multo
breviores, ut et apices ramulorum, glanduloso-pubescentes. Sepala
linearia, acuta, 2-3-lin. longa, aut glabra, margine et nervo medio bre-
vissime ciliata, aut glanduloso-pubescentia; in alabastro corollam
multo superantia. Corolla cerulea, calyce paulo longior, petalis post
anthesim reflexis. Styli duo, breves, recti, persistentes. Stigmata
capitata. Capsula parva, 1 1-2-linearis, ovata, glabra, sepalis persisten-
tibus 4 brevior. :

Hydrolea zeylanica, Vahl, Symb. vol. ii. p. 46; W. et Arn. in Hook.
vol. ii. p. 193, t. 26 ; Wight, Ind. Bot. t. 167 ; Chois. Descr Hydrol. ;
DC. Prodr.—H. javanica, Blum. Beitr. F!. Nederl. Ind. p. 125.—
Nama zeylanica, Linn. Sp. 327; Fl. Zeyl. 117, p. 49, t. 2.— Steris
javana, Linn. Mant. p. 54 et p. 264.—Steris aquatica, Burm. Ind.
73, t. 39. f. 3.—Anagallis zeylanica, Herm. Mus. Zeyl. 36; Burm. Zeyl.
19.— Attalerie, Poir. Enc. Suppl. i.p. 535 ; Pluk. Alm. 22, t. 130, f. 2.
—Hydrolea inermis (?), Lour. Coch. i. p. 214; Chois. Descr. Hydrol. ;
DC. Prodr.— Steris villosa (?), Pav. MS. in herb. Deless.

This species has been described under many synonyms, partly
from its structure not having been accurately known (Linnzus
having described it both as a Nama and a Steris), partly from the
variability of the pubescence on the calyx and flower-stalks. This,
however, does not appear to me sufficient ground fur making
even well-marked varieties, the specimens graduating from the
sepals and pedicels being absolutely glabrous with the exception

276 MR. A. W. BENNETT ON THE GENUS HYDROLEA.

of a minute ciliation of the former, to their being densely co-
vered with a viscid glandular pubescence. In addition to its evi-
dently aquatic habit, marked by the whorls of rootlets from the
lower joints of its fistulose stem, sometimes extending to the
whole length of its under surface, the species is distinguished by
its linear sepals extending one-third beyond the corolla in the bud,
and being much longer than the ripe capsules. The small flowers,
with the petals reflexed, give the dried specimens a very Solanum-
like appearance. There is a characteristic drawing in Wight’s
‘Indian Botany, t. 167. The plant is of very general distribution
throughout Tropical Asia and Africa, extending from the Phi-
lippine Islands, Java, Sumatra, Borneo, and Burmah, to Ceylon,
Tranquibar, Nepaul, and the Punjaub. In Africa it is recorded
from Congo, Senegal, the Niger, and Abeokuta. The glabrous
form appears especially characteristic of Ceylon ; and the African
specimens are marked by the peculiarity of the racemes being
much shorter, approaehing in habit an unarmed form of H. qua-
drivalvis. I am inclined to include under this species the plant
described by Loureiro in his ‘ Flora Cochinchinensis,’ from Can-
ton, as H. inermis, and which has been doubtfully retained as &
distinet speeies by Choisy in his * Description des Hydroléacées,’
and in the ‘ Prodromus,’ but appears to present no distinctive
features. H. zeylanica has hitherto been described as confined to
the Old World; but in the Kew Herbarium I find specimens
gathered by Purdie “ in moist places, Valle Durpar,” Jamaica, and
with white flowers from New Granada, and one from Guiana
gathered by Schomburgk which I cannot dissociate from this spe-
cies, although the flowers are somewhat smaller and the habit more
diffuse. If these specimens are correctly referred, this species 1$
the only one (with the doubtful exception of H. glabra) common
to the two hemispheres.

. M. H. MmuLTIFLORA, Chois. (Tab. I. fig. 11.)

Radix lignosa,fi brosa. Caulis suffruticosus, lignosus, decumbens vel pa-
tulus, vix pedem superans, tortuosus, ramosus, inermis, glaber vel mol-
lissime puberulus; ramuli numerosi, erecto-patuli, apice glanduloso-
villosi. Folia parva, linearia, 4-10 lin. longa, 1-2 lin. lata, glabra, petio-
lata, utrinque attenuata, integra. Flores parvi, conferti, in cymas nume-
rosas laterales foliosas dispositi, pedunculati ; pedicelli glanduloso-
villosi. Sepala linearia, 13-2 lin. longa, acuta, glanduloso-hirsuta, basi
vix coalita. Capsula bilocularis, minima, orbicularis, bilinearis, glabra,
membranacea. Semina permulta, minutissima, longitudinaliter striata.

MR. A. W. BENNETT ON THE GENUS HYDROLEA. 277

Hydrolea multiflora, Mart. MS.; Chois. Deser. Hydrol., DC. Prodr.—
H. zeylanica, var. y (?), Chois. Descr. Hydrol.—H. elatior (?), Schott
in Spreng. Syst. vol. v. p. 4, app. p. 404.—H. exaltata(?), id. ez Steudel.
—Steris villosa, Pav. MS. in herb. Deless.

This species was gathered in Brazil by Martius, and is repre-
sented in the English and continental herbaria by that botanist’s
no. 1248, from Rio and Cujaba. Its apparently decumbent or
spreading tortuous stem, linear leaves, small and erowded flowers,
the sepals covered with a dense glandular viscid pubescence, and
very small membranaceous capsules, distinguish it very clearly.
Martius appears to have met with it only after the period of flow-
ering, and I have seen no perfect flowers. It is remarkably
brittle in the herbarium, and apparently grows in dry sandy
places.

12. H. cRAMINIFOLIA, nov. sp. (Tab. I. fig. 12.)

Caulis ascendens, erectus, inferne radicans, glaber, teres, striatus, inferne
maculate-purpurascens et simplex, superne ramosus, plus minus 4-pe-
dalis. Folia linearia, graminiformia, glabra, 3 -4 poll. longa, 2 lin. lata.
Flores magni, ezrulei, insignes, in paniculas densas foliosas corymbose
dispositi, pedunculati. Sepala ovato-lanceolata, petalis in alabastro
breviora, 2-3 lin. longa, ut et pedicellile vissime glanduloso-pube-
scentes. Petala azurea, glabra, sepalis duplo longiora. Stamina
qualia, basi spathulato-dilatata ; filamenta elongata; antherz dor-
sifixee, sagittate, longitudinaliter dehiscentes. Ovarium orbiculare,
glabrum. Styli duo, elongati, glabri, persistentes. Stigmata parva,
capitata. Capsula parva, bilocularis, globosa, bilinearis, calyce per-
sistente subbrevior, stylos persistentes apice gerens.

For this and the following new species of Hydrolea, collected
by C. Barter, we are indebted to Baikie's Niger Expedition. It
is described as growing *in swamps near Jeba, Nupe; 4 feet;
lowers intense blue; one of the most beautiful of the swamp
plants," which one can well believe, from its large flowers still re-
taining their deep blue hue, crowded in dense corymbose heads,
its tall erect habit, and long, remarkably elegant grass-like leaves.
lam only acquainted with specimens in the Kew Herbarium
(no. 888). !

13. H. MACROSEPALA, nov. sp. (Tab. I. fig. 13.)

Caulis ascendens, erectus, inferne radicans, glaber, teres, striatus, inferne
simplex, superne ramosus ; ramuli graciles, patuli. Folia linearia,
glabra, 2 poll. longa, 3-4 lin.lata. Flores c:erulei, in paniculas laxas
dispositi, pedunculati ; pedicelli longi, 3-6-lineares, glabri. Sepala
magna, triangularia, subcordata, acuta, 3-4 lin. longa, 3 lin. lata, gla-

278 MR. A. W. BENNETT ON THE GENUS HYDROLEA.

berrima, reticulato-venosa. Corolla parva, glabra. Ovarium minu-
tum, glabrum. Styli duo, decidui. Capsula bilocularis, parva, glabra,
globosa, bilinearis, in calyce persistente inclusa, eoque dimidio brevior.
From swamps, Nupe. Though only represented by two speci-
mens in the Kew Herbarium, I have no hesitation in describing
this as a distinct species from the last. The very large, triangular,
conspicuously-veined sepals, completely enclosing the ripe cap-
sule, at once serve to distinguish it, combined with the inflores-
cence being much laxer, more diffuse, and not corymbose, the
flowers smaller on longer pedicels, and the leaves shorter and
somewhat broader. The deciduous styles may also possibly furnish
another character.

To complete this review of the genus Hydrolea, and to facilitate
a comparison with the descriptions of those who have worked at
it before, I append a list of excluded species and synonyms.

H. montevidensis, Chois., DC. Prodr. x. 181, ** Species dubia, ad Monte-
video, Sello. Reichelia montevidensis, Spreng. Syst. vol. i. p. 940."
The description is exceedingly imperfect; and the two charac-
ters of opposite leaves and solitary flowers would seem to remove
it altogether from this genus.

H. guineensis, Chois., DC. Prodr.; H. multiflora 8. glabra, DC. Prodr. ;
H. zeylanica ô. glaberrima, Chois. Descr. Hydrol. =H. glabra, Schum.

H. glabra, Chois., DC. Prodr., herb. Brit. Mus. MS.; H. spinosa, var.
glabra, Mart. MS. in herb.=H. elegans, nob.

I. trigyna, Sw. Cavan.—varietas H. spinosæ, Linn.

H. zeylanica y, Chois. Descr. Hydrol. ; H. elatior, Schott (?); H. exaltata,
Schott (?).— H. multiflora, Chois.

H. inermis, Lour., Chois., DC. Prodr. (?) ; H. javanica, Blum.=H. zey-
lanica, Vahl.

H. caroliniana, Michz. =H. quadrivalvis, Walt.

H. Bartramii, herb. Brit. Mus. MS. (?); H. palustris, Reusch (?).—H. qua-
drivalvis, 8. inermis, Walt.

H. diffusa, Reusch, capensis; H. verticillata, Raf. ex Steud., americana ;
species non satis note vel dubiz.

H. urens, R. et Pav. = Wigandia urens, Chois.

H. auriculata, Moc. ined. = Wigandia Kunthii, Chois:

H. congesta, Willd.; H. radians, Moc. ined.; H. rupincola, Moc. ined. =
Nama undulata, H., B. et K.

H. crispa, Pav.=Wigandia crispa, H., B. et K.

H. decurrens, Moc. ined. ; H. jamaicensis, Reusch. = Nama jamaicensis,
Linn. :

H. dichotoma, Pav.= Nama dichotoma, Chois.

MR. D. HANBURY ON A SPECIES OF IPOM(EA. 279

H. mollis, Willd. = Wigandia caracasana, H., B. et K.

H. scorpioides, Moc. ined. — Wigandia scorpioides, Chois.
H. tenella, Moc. ined. = Nama origanifolia, H., B. et K.
H. violacea, Moc. ined. = Nama longiflora. Chois.

EXPLICATIO TABULÆ I.
Fig. 1. Hydrolea spinosa (Linn.). Ovarium et styli.
. n » Sepala, capsula et styli (var. ¢rigyna).

*» > » Corolla et stamina.

4 » » Semen.

5. , elegans (nob.). Sepala, capsula, et styli.

6. » » Semen.

7 » nigricaulis, Griseb. Sepala et capsula.

8. . , glabra(Schum.). Sepala et capsula.

9. » zeylanica (Vahl). Sepala et alabastrum (forma glabrior).
10. » " Sepala, capsula et styli (forma glandulosior).
11. , multiflora (Chois.). Sepala et capsula.

12. + graminifolia (nob.). Sepala et alabastrum.
13. » macrosepala (nob.). Sepala circa fructum persistentia.

On a Species of Ipomæá, affording Tampico Jalap.
By Dayret HaxsUny, Esq., F.R.S., F.L.S.
(Plate II.)
[Read December 16, 1869.]

Two centuries and a half have elapsed since Jalap, the tubercule
of a convolvulaceous plant of Mexico, was introduced into the
Materia Medica of Europe. The botanical origin of the drug long
remained unsettled, evidence of which exists in the fact that two
plants, neither of which yields jalap, have in succession received,
and still retain, the specific name Jalapa. The veritable source of
jalap, however, was brought to light between the years 1827 and
1830, in which latter the plant was described by Wenderoth as
Convolvulus Purga. In 1883 it was figured by Hayne under the
name of Ipomea Purga; but in 1889 it was transferred, on account
of its tubular corolla and exsert stamens, to Choisy’s genus Eso-
gonium. As this genus has been recently united to Ipomæa by
Dr. Meisner, it appears best to return to the name proposed by
Hayne, and to call the true jalap-plant Zpomea Purga.

The unsettled condition of Mexico, and the fluctuations of com-
merce, have alternately depreciated or enhanced the value of jalap,
aud have led to the occasional importation of other roots possess-
ing more or less of the characters of the true drug. Of such kinds

280 MR. D. HANBURY ON A SPECIES OF IPOMŒA.

of jalap, one of the most remarkable is a tubercule imported a few
years ago for the first time from Tampico, and thence called Tam-
pico Jalap*. This drug has been extensively brought into the
market (that is to say, by hundreds of bales); and though it is less
rich in resin and less purgative than true jalap, yet, on account of
its lower price, it has found a ready sale, chiefly in continental
trade.

— As the botanical origin of this so-called Tampico Jalap, and even
its place of growth, were completely unknown, I addressed a letter,
in November 1867, to my friend Hugo Finck, Esq., Prussian Vice-
Consul at Cordova (Mexico), begging that he would, if possible,
procure for me some information on the subject. Mr. Finck at
first expressed strong doubts as to Tampico jalap being any thing
else than the root of Batatas Jalapa, Chois., known in Mexico as
Purga macho. Upon inquiry, however, he ascertained that such
could not be the case, but that it is a production of the State of
Guanajuato, where it grows along the Sierra Gorda, in the neigh-
bourhood of San Luis dela Paz. At this town and in the adjacent
villages, it is purchased of the Indians and carried by the muleteers
to Tampico, where it is known as Purga de Sierra Gorda.

All attempts to procure specimens of the plant were for some
time fruitless, chiefly owing to the difficulty of finding any one in
the district who could be induced to take the needful trouble.
The perseverance of Mr. Finck and his friend Mr. E. Benecke,
Consul General for Prussia in the city of Mexico, overcame at
length this obstacle, but only to meet with others hardly less em-
barrassing. The first lot of specimens dispatched from Guanajuato
was stolen from the mail; the second shared the same fate ; while
a third, which included live tubercules, was, by successive detentions
on the way, fully five months in reaching England. The box,
nowever, came to hand in June last; and amid a mass of damp
earth and decaying matter, I had the satisfaction of discovering
one solitary tubercule exhibiting signs of vitality. This, placed in
a greenhouse and carefully nursed, soon began to grow with
rapidity, and, on removal to an open border, produced a tall and
vigorous plant, which towards September showed signs of flower-
ing. It was then taken up and replaced in the greenhouse, where
it blossomed freely in October last, but did not mature any seeds.
Accompanying the tubercules, but of course in a separate box,

* I cannot, at least, trace this jalap to have been offered in commerce as à di-
stinct sort earlier than about five or six years ago.

MR. D. HANBURY ON A SPECIES OF IPOM(EA. 281

my correspondent sent some pressed and dried specimens from
Guanajuato, which corresponded perfectly with the growing plant.
Having ascertained, from the study of these materials, that the
plant belonged to the genus Zpomea, I endeavoured to identify it
with some species described in the ‘ Prodromus’ of De Candolle, or
in the subsequently published ‘ Annales’ of Walpers, but without
success. Neither was I able to find any corresponding specimen
in the herbaria of the British Museum or of the Royal Gardens of
Kew. Inthe Paris Museum there is a plant, collected by Galeotti
on the lofty Cordillera near Oaxaca, which, so far as a scanty
specimen enables me to judge, accords precisely with that received
from Mr. Finck. It bears a number which is not mentioned in
the enumeration, by Martens, of Galeotti’s Convolvulacee (con-
tained in the ‘ Bulletin de l’ Académie Royale de Bruxelles’ *); and I
therefore conclude that it is unnamed. ` Under these circum-
stances, I have drawn up the following diagnosis and description
of the plant, which I propose to call Ipomæa simulans. The spe-
cific name is chosen in allusion to the remarkable similarity which
the plant bears in foliage and habit to the true jalap (Ipomea
Purga, Hayne), not to mention the resemblance of its tubercules.
The funnel-shaped corolla and pendent flower-buds of the Tampico
jalap-plant are quite unlike the corresponding parts of T. Purga,
and furnish a ready means of distinguishing the two species :—

IpoM@a SIMULANS, sp. nov. Radice tuberosá, caule volubili herbaceo
glabro, foliis ovatis, acuminatis, cordatis v. sagittatis, indivisis, pedun-
culis unifloris solitariis, sepalis parvis.

Hab. in Andibus Mexicanis Sierra Gorda dictis, prov. Guanajuato (fide
cl. Finck); in regione frigidá ad ped. 8000 propé Oaxaca (H. Gale-
otti, no. 1369 !).

Radiz napiformis v. subglobosa v. elongata, carnosa, 2-3 poll. longa,
basi fibrillosa. Caules herbacei, graciles. Folia glaberrima, 2-4-pol-
licaria, 1-2 poll. lata, lobis baseos acutis v. rotundatis v. subtruncatis,
petiolo tenui, 11-21-pollicari. Pedunculi axillares, petiolum subæ-
quantes, penduli, uniflori v. in plantá vegetiore novelli alabrastra duo
ferentes, altero semper (ut videtur) abortivo. Pedicelli incrassati, basi
bracteis 2 minutis. Sepala ovata, obtusa, exteriora paullulum breviora.
Corolla infundibuliformis, 11-2 poll. longa, glabra, rosea, pallidé
striata. Stigma bilobum. Capsula calycem superans, conica, 2-locu-
laris, valvis 4 coriaceis. Semina glabra.

Tas. IT. fig. 1, Calyx and pistil; 2, Ovary ; 3, Mature capsule : all magnified,

* Tome xii. pt. 2 (1845), p. 257.

282 PROF. C. C. BABINGTON ON THE FLORA OF ICELAND.

A Revision of the Flora of Iceland. By CHARLES CARDALE
BasrxarON, M.A., F.R. & LSS., Professor of Botany in the
University of Cambridge.

[Read January 20, 1870.]

Tux following paper relates to the Phanerogamic flora of the
large island of Iceland, which is situated in the Northern Ocean, at
about 600 miles to the west of Norway, about as far to the north of
Seotland, and not more than 60 miles from the ice-bound coast of
Greenland. In size it is somewhat larger than Ireland, containing
about 40,000 square miles. One of its two northern capes extends
slightly to the north of the Arctic Circle; and the other very
nearly approaches that latitude. The extreme length from east
to west is about 180 miles, and breadth from north to south
somewhat more than 100 miles. It is wholly of volcanic struc-
ture; and the surface consists of beds of ancient and modern
lava, basaltic rock, very extensive morasses, numerous lakes, and
large tracts consisting of volcanic sand. Much also of the
country is occupied by mountains, many of which rise to the
height of 6000 feet, and are covered through fully their upper
half with perpetual ice and snow, from whence extensive glaciers
descend almost to the level of the sea. Notwithstanding its
northern situation, the climate of the country is rendered com-
paratively mild by the action of the Gulf Stream, which washes
the coast, and often, as I am informed by Prof. A. Newton,
deposits West-Indian productions on the western shore. The
presence of this warm current also causes the rain-fall to be
very great, and the summer sky to be often covered with clouds.
There is therefore a deficiency of that direct sunlight which is
required by many plants for their perfect development; and its
absence is probably the cause of no forests like those of Norway
existing now, or apparently at any previous date—also of the
climate being unfit for the growth of grain and of most of the
products of gardens, which are found even in Norway.

It seems probable that at an early period, even since the
island was settled by the Northmen in a.p. 874, there were
many more trees than are now to be found; but of this there
is no certainty, and it may be considered quite certain that
no forests of Pine-trees ever existed. What the inhabitants
call “ forests’? may now be found—the wood at Thingvellir for
instance; but they are only tracts covered with low bushes of

PROF. C. C. BABINGTON ON THE FLORA OF ICELAND. 283

Birch and Willow, about 10 or, possibly, 12 feet in height.
The remains of Birch-trees (B. glutinosa, Fr.), which are said to
have been 12 feet or more in height, and had trunks at least
2 feet in thickness, are to be found in several places. "They
formed woods extending for several miles along the valleys where
they grew. (See Betula glutinosa in the following Flora.)
My friend Mr. E. Magnüsson, a native of the eastern part
of Iceland, informs me that these valuable woods, which were
destroyed by the carelessness of the inhabitants, are likely to
be restored by natural growth now that attention is paid to
them.

The chief product of the country is hay, without which the
horses, cows, and sheep could not be kept alive in the winter ;
the extensive boggy meadows produce excellent hay, although
the still more extensive bogs are unproductive.

Arterial drainage would, I believe, have the effect of much ex-
tending the available pasture-land, and thus adding to the pros-
perity of the country, which depends so much upon the live
stock which can be kept through the winter.

Owing to the presence of an enormous mass of icy mountains
(Jokuls) near the south coast, the northern parts of Iceland are
the more productive portions of the island. I am informed that
there large crops of excellent potatos are raised, more hay is
made, and there is more garden-culture than exists in the neigh-
bourhood of Reykjavik and in other south-western districts.

The vegetation is essentially European; only 62 species are
found which do not form part of the British flora. Of these a list
is given, pointing out the other countries in which they grow.
Nearly all the species inhabit Scandinavia; and not more than
three are decidedly arctic, viz. Gentiana detonsa, Pleurogyne
rotata, and Epilobium latifolium. This want of truly Arctic spe-
cies may be partly caused by the Gulf Stream diverting the Arctic
current from the Icelandic shores.

It might perhaps be supposed that the flora of Iceland had
received so much attention during the last hundred years that
no further research was wanted, and no additional publication
concerning it desirable. But, my attention having been directed
to the subject by becoming possessed of a considerable number
of Icelandic plants, I have found that much doubt still exists as
to the presence in the island, or absence from it, of many species.
The most recently published lists of the flora are not more, even

284 PROF. C. C. BABINGTON ON THE FLORA OF ICELAND.

if quite as, satisfactory as the older ones. It therefore seems
desirable to draw up a revised list, derived from all the sources
of information now easily accessible. Fortunately I have been
able to examine nearly all the books (some of them very rare)
which treat of the flora of Iceland either expressly or inci-
dentally—a greater number, apparently, than was accessible to
any former compiler. Unfortunately, very few of the systematic
lists take any notice of the localities of the plants they enumerate.
This is the case with the only separate Flora of Iceland (Hjaltalin’s
‘Islenzk Grasafredi’). I have therefore collected together as
many localities as possible, and in every case marked (!) those of
them whence I have seen specimens, except where my own au-
thority is given.

The following is as complete an account of the authorities
upon which the Flora depends as I have been able to prepare. It
is true that Dr. Lauder Lindsay gives a longer list of writers,
with many of whose works he is unacquainted; but in a few
cases the titles of the books are repetitions, and in others the
works seem to be of little value or consequence. He also enu-
merates such books as Ida Pfeiffer’s ‘ Journal’ and Henderson's
* Journal, in which there are a few incidental notices of plants.
One book, Palson's * Grasafredi, written about 1800, may be
valuable, as is the opinion of Dr. Lindsay; but neither he nor I
have been able to find a copy of it in accessible libraries. The
“List of Icelandic Plants, with their Linnean names," by Olaf
Olafsen, contained in the ‘Transactions’ of the first Literary
Society of Iceland (Rit pesz Islenska Laerdéms, i. 1-10), is
simply a list of Linneean and Icelandic names of plants; in
vol. viii. (pp. 193-212) of the same series is ^ A Paper on the
Grasses and Grass-like Plants,” by the same author; the List
was published in 1781, the Paper in 1788.

Müller published the first Flora of Iceland in the * Nova Acta
Acad. C. L. C. Nat. Curiosorum’ (vol. iv. pp. 203-215), in the
year 1770. It is not the result of his own researches, but de-
rived from the manuscripts of J. G. Kénig, M.D., who collected
the plants enumerated in the years 1764 and 1765, but was pre-
vented from publishing the list by his departure for India, where
he settled as a medical practitioner at Tranquebar. It is entitled
* Enumeratio stirpium in Islandia sponte crescentium." It is
sometimes quoted as Müller's, but more correctly as Kénig’s
Flora. This is the foundation of the Flora of Iceland.

PROF. C. C. BABINGTON ON THE FLORA OF ICELAND, 285

The next list is founded upon that of Kénig. It is the “ Flora
Islandica ” of Johan Zoega, which first appeared in * Olafsen og
Povelsen Reise igienem Island” (Soroe, 1772), and in the Ger-
man translation entitled ‘Olaf. und Povel. Reise durch Island ’
(Copenhagen 1775), also, without the synonyms and the few de-
scriptions, in ‘Troil’s Bref om Island.’ It contains much. new
matter. The Danish original does not differ materially from the
German translation, except by being more carefully printed and
containing one species of plant (Angelica sylvestris) which was ac-
cidentally omitted in the latter. There is also a French transla-
lation of this work, or rather a book intended to convey the sub-
stance of the contents of the original: the part relating to the
reformation in religion is omitted; and it does not contain
Zoega's Flora. "There is also a very much abridged translation
into English in ‘A Collection of modern and contemporary Voyages
and Travels,’ vol. ii. (London, 1805), which I have not seen, and
concerning which I have no information.

In the same year (1772) Dr. Dan. Solander accompanied Sir
Joseph Banks to Iceland, where he collected plants. A consi-
derable number of these specimens are preserved in the British
Museum, perhaps all of them. He made a catalogue of the plants
observed in Iceland by the party, and in many cases noted their
localities. This catalogue is kept in the botanical department of
the British Museum, and is entitled ‘Flora Islandica;’ it seems
to contain the names of some plants not gathered during the jour-
ney of Sir J. Banks, but derived from the Floras of König and
Zoega. It is a very valuable list. The Journal of Sir J. Banks’s
travels has not been published, and is inaccessible.

N. Mohr's * Forsog til in Islandsk Naturhistorie’ (Copenhagen,
1786) contains a complete list of the plants known to grow there `
atthe time of its publication. It appears to be chiefly the re-
sult of his own researches.

Hooker's well-known * List," appended to Mackenzie's * Tra-
vels in Iceland’ and to his own * Tour in Iceland,’ was published
in 1811. It is chiefly derived from the old catalogues, but con-
tains a few interesting additions made by himself. Some of the
latter may admit of doubt, being recorded from memory alone;
for his collections were destroyed by fire.

Drs. Thienemann and Günther travelled through the north-
eastern part and along the east and south coasts in 1820-21.
They notice many of the plants observed on their route, and

LINN. PROC.— BOTANY, YOL. XI. x

286 PROF. C. C. BABINGTON ON THE FLORA OF ICELAND.

especially record that they saw the rose-bushes at Seljaland. The
book is entitled ‘ Reise im Norden Europas, vorzüglich in Island,’
and was published at Leipzig in 1827. It does not contain a re-
gular catalogue of the plants, but occasional notices ; neither is
there any index.

F. Gliemann's * Geographische Beschreibung von Island,’ pub-
lished at Altona in 1824, is the next book which contains a cata-
logue of the plants. It is the fullest list that we possess, if num-
ber of names is to be the criterion ; but the many repetitions and
mistakes in it show that it is not deserving of much confidence.
If drawn up by a botanist, it was very carelessly done, and with
the intention of swelling the list to the utmost. Mörck, who tra-
velled in Iceland in 1820, is constantly quoted as an authority for
plants by Gliemann. Prof. Joh. Lange has sent me the names
of a considerable number of specimens collected by Mörck, which
are preserved in the Herb. Hornemann at Copenhagen.

Hjaltalin's *Islenzk Grasafraedi,’ published at Copenhagen in
1830, next occurs, It is a very rare book; but a copy will be
found in the British Museum. It is written in the Icelandic
language, and contains a complete Flora of Iceland and an intro-
duction to botany. It gives short descriptions of the plants, re-
marks upon their uses, but apparently no exact localities. In it
the plants are arranged according to the Linnean system ; Ice-
landie names stand first, and after them the scientific names. The
Icelandic names are manifestly often only translations of the
Latin names, not vernacular terms; nevertheless many of the
true native names are also given. This book is a most admirable
contribution to our knowledge of the flora of the island, and
seems to be the result of much care and study.

Between the years 1835 and 1840 MM. Vahl and Robert drew up
and published an account of the plants obtained during the voyage
of the French ship ‘La Recherche. The list was made by Vahl,
and is entitled ‘Liste des plantes que l'on suppose exister en
sande.’ The author marks those plants which he knew to grow
there, and adds many others of doubtful nativity—many of them
very doubtful indeed, as it appears to me.

My short list of the plants actually gathered by myself in 1846
was publisked in the ‘ Annals of Natural History ’ for 1847 (ser. i.
vol. xx. p. 30) and Trans. of Bot. Soc. Edin. (vol. iii. p. 15).

In 1860 M. Benguerel observed a considerable number of plants
in Iceland, He has published a list of them in the ‘ Bull. de la

PROF. C. C. BABINGTON ON THE FLORA OF ICELAND. 287

Soc. des Se. Nat. de Neuchatel’ (vol. v. p. 449). He was chiefly
occupied with the study of ornithology, and I fear that but little
confidence can be placed in his list of plants.

In 1861 Dr. W. Lauder Lindsay drew up his “Flora of Ice-
land,” and published it in the‘ Edinb. New Philos. Journal’ of that
year. He did not gather many phanerogamous plants, on account
of his attention being chiefly devoted to the cryptogamic products
of the island, and has founded his list of the former upon the
works of his predecessors. Unfortunately he omitted to mark
the plants resting upon his own authority, but bas most kindly
presented all his specimens to my herbarium; and their localities
are recorded in my list.

At almost exactly the same time MM. Preyer and Zirkel
printed a list of plants in their ‘ Reise nach Island.’ They in-
clude a great many of Vahl’s “possible” plants, and do not
inform us of their authority for doing so, but seem, in some
cases, to have followed Lindsay’s list, of which they had a copy
at the time when their book was being printed. They also
give a catalogue of useful and ornamental plants noticed by
them in their rather extended tour from Reykjavik to the
Geysirs, the river Thjorsa near Hekla, Myvatn, and through
the northern districts to Hrutafjord, and back by Kalmannstunga
to Reykjavik.

In the summer of 1861, Mr. E. T. Holland made a very long
tour round the southern, eastern, and much of the northern
coasts. Of this an account will be found in the ‘ Peaks, Passes,
and Glaciers’ of the Alpine Club (ser. 2, ed. Kennedy). To that
` account I appended a catalogue of the plants gathered by him.
He does not profess to be a botanist, but made his valuable col-
lection at my request.

In the same summer of 1861, Mr. Isaac Carroll, a well-
known botanist, resident at Cork, visited part of the north coast
about Akreyri and also the Geysirs. He kindly submitted his
plants to my examination; and the result is incorporated in this
catalogue.

In August, 1862, Dr. A. Leared visited Iceland and obtained
Some plants. He is not a botanist, but picked up such speci-
mens as attracted his attention in the south-western part of the
country. He also allowed me to catalogue his plants, and to
incorporate the information derived from them with that which
I already possessed. He obtained a few specimens from two

x 2

288 PROF. C. C. BABINGTON ON THE FLORA OF ICELAND.

young Icelandic botanists, MM. Gisleason and Gudmundson
the names of which I have incorporated in the list. The only
plant added to the flora by Dr. Leared is Blechnum boreale.
Dr. Leared usually did not take note of the exact place where
his specimens were gathered; and I have therefore in this, as in
some other cases, been obliged to insert the plants as simply
from Iceland. As such they and some few other specimens
which I have seen, are proofs of the plants growing in Iceland,
and thus are of considerable value, although of less than they
might have been if a note of their localities had been made.

Mr. A. J. Symington gathered a few plants between Reyk-
javik and the Geysirs, and also obtained some from the north-
east coast, especially near Seythisfjord. Unfortunately he got
very few from the latter place, where no plants seem to have
been previously gathered.

The Rev. S. Baring-Gould made a long tour through the
northern parts of Iceland in 1862. Botany was not his object,
and he unfortunately lost most of the plants which he collected.
He appended to his book upon Iceland a list of phanerogamous
plants and ferns: with the exception of the names of the plants
gathered by himself, it is avowedly a compilation from preceding
authors, and includes all the errors introduced by them.

Recently my valued friend Prof. Joh. Lange, of Copen-
hagen, has extracted for me, from the herbaria preserved in that
city, the names of the Icelandic plants and the localities of all
those that are exactly localized in the island. They consist of
the plants of Mörck, now in Hornemann's herbarium, those of
the celebrated Prof. Steenstrup, collected in 1840 and 1841, and
those of Dr. Krabbe, gathered in 1863. I take this opportunity
of publicly thanking him for the very great trouble that he has
taken to assist me in making my catalogue as complete as
possible.

In the catalogue, the capital letter placed in the same line as
the scientific name of the plant is the initial of the author by
whom the species was first recorded as a native of Iceland. The
initial letter of the name of the authority for each locality is
appended to it, in order to save the space which would have been

oceupied by giving the name at full length. The following are
the contractions employed :—

PROF. C. C. BABINGTON ON THE FLORA OF ICELAND. 289

Alphabetical List of Authorities and the Contractions under which

they are quoted, and their Dates.

Babington, 1848. Ld. Leared, 1862.
Benguerel, 1860. M. Mohr, 1786,
Baring-Gould, 1863. Mk. Morck.

Carroll, 1861. P. & Z. Preyer and Zirkel, 1861.
Gliemann, 1824. S. Solander, 1772.

Hooker, 1811. St. Steenstrup, 1840-41.
Holland, 1862. Sy. Symington, 1863.
Hjaltalin, 1830. T. & G. Thienemann and Günther,
Konig and Müller, 1770. 1827.

Krabbe. V. Vahl, 1840.

Lindsay, 1861. Z. Zoega, 1772.

List of Icelandic Plants not natives of Britain.

Ranunculus glacialis. Alpine and Scandinavian.
R. nivalis. Scandinavian and Arctic.

E. lapponicus. Scandinavian and Arctic.
R. hyperboreus. Scandinavian and Arctic.
R. pygmeus. | Scandinavian and Arctic.
R. polyanthemos. European.

Papaver alpinum. Europæan.

Arabis alpina. Alpine and Scandinavian.
Cardamine bellidifolia. Scandinavian.
Erysimum alpinum. Scandinavian.
Draba muralis. Alpine and Scandinavian.
D. hirta. Scandinavian.

D. nivalis. Scandinavian.

Arenaria arctica. Arctic and Alpine.
Stellaria crassifolia. European.

S. borealis. Scandinavian.

Epilobium latifolium. | Arctic.

Sedum villosum. Europzan.

S. annuum. European.

Bulliardia aquatica, European.
Saxifraga Cotyledon. Alpine and Scandinavian.
S. Aizoon. Alpine and Scandinavian.

S. petrea. South-east of Europe.

Crepis premorsa. European.

Hieracium floribundum. European.

H. Auricula. European.

290 PROF. C. C. BABINGTON ON THE FLORA OF ICELAND.

Andromeda hypnoides. Scandinavian.
Rhododendron lapponicum. Arctic and Lapland.
Ledum palustre. European and Arctic.
Gentiana detonsa. Arctic.

G. involucrata. Arctic and Lapland.
G. tenella. Arctic and Lapland.
Pleurogyne rotata. Arctic.

Diapensia lapponica. Arctic and Lapland.
Myosotis stricta. Europæan.
Pedicularis Œderi. Scandinavian.
Primula stricta. Scandinavian.
Atriplex hortensis. Scandinavian.
Kenigia islandica. Arctic and Lapland.
Betula intermedia. European.

Salix myrtilloides. Arctic and Lapland.
S. ovata. European.

S. arctica. Arctic.

S. pyrenaica, var. Arctic.

Orchis cruenta. Arctic and Lapland.
Platanthera hyperborea. Arctic.
Nigritella nigra. European.

Juncus alpinus. European.

Luzula confusa. ?

Eriophorum Scheuchzeri. Scandinavian.
Carex capitata. European.

C. norvegica. Scandinavian.

C. cryptocarpa. Arctic and Lapland.

C. hyperborea. Arctic and Lapland.

C. anguillata. Arctic and Lapland.

C. pedata. Scandinavian.

C. fuliginosa. European.

Calamagrostis varia. —— ?
Agrostis rubra. Arctic and Lapland.
Aira atropurpurea. Scandinavian.
Trisetum subspicatum. European.
Lycopodium complanatum. European.

I trust that*excuse will be made for any mistake in the spelling
of the names of places mentioned in this Flora. It is caused by
the great difficulty that in many cases exists in discovering the
correct mode of spelling them,

PROF. C. C. BABINGTON ON THE FLORA OF ICELAND. 291

FLORA OF ICELAND.

1. THALICTRUM ALPINUM, Linn.—K.
Reykjavik, B. Hafnarfjord, S.! Vatusdalr, Skjalfanda, B.G. Oefjord, M.
Akreyri Hd. Seythisfjord, Sy. Kiebleviig, Z. Myvatn, T. & G.

2. RANUNCULUS AQUATILIS, Linn.—K.

Reykjavik, in a pool of fresh water at about a mile to the west of the
town, B. Vatusdalr, B. G. Seythisfjord, Sy. Esia, Mk.

I have not seen Baring-Gould's plant. Mine is very much
like R. confervoides (Fr.) ; but that plant has smaller flowers and
smoother and blunter carpels, which want the persistent base of
the style that is found on my plant. Prof. Lange refers the
specimens gathered by Mörck and Krabbe to the R. Drouetit
(Schultz), which differs from my plant by its greener leaves,
capsules inflated at the end, and much shorter uniformly thick
peduncles. My plant may be characterized as follows :—

R. folis omnibus submersis petiolatis repetite trichotomis, petalis ob-
ovato-oblongis 5-7-venosis calyce longioribus, staminibus ovariorum
capitula excedentibus, carpellis 3-obovatis apice obtuso compresso
sublateraliter apiculato. Folia eburneo-viridia. Stipula longe ad-
nata vix auriculata. Alabaster oblongus.

3. R. uEDERACEUS, Linn.—K.

Vithimyri, B. G.

4. R. craciALIS, Linn.—K.

Mountains above Akreyri, C.! Mountain between Stadarhraun and
Holbeinstadr, Sir J. Mackenzie, H. Zrekyllis Heidi and Reykjar-
fjord, G. Near Holmar by Reydarfjord, and at Lonsheidi near
Stafafell, T.§ G. Blaakulla and Thorgelshorne, M. Thorisengis-
mule, S. Hnausir in Hunavatn Syssel, K.

Robert found it near the top of Stafsheithi, near Holmar, in

beautiful flower on the 25th of July, when the temperature of
the air was below, but of the soil rather above, the freezing-point.

5. R. nEPTANS, Linn.—K.
Lagarfljot, G. In the tun at Thingvellir, B. G.! Reykjavik and
Seythisfjord, Sy. Reykholt, St.

Baring-Gould records R. Flammula; but his specimens and
written information showed that he really gathered R. reptans.
The authority which he followed considered them to be forms of
one species. Apparently that idea has arisen from small states
of R. Flammula being mistaken for the R. reptans. The plants
Seem to be abundantly distinct. Good figures of R. reptans

292 PROF. C; C. BABINGTON ON THE FLORA OF ICELAND.

will be found in the titlepage of Sibthorp’s ‘ Flora Scotica,’ in
Sturm's * Deutschlands Flora’ (82-84), and Syme’s ‘ English Bo-
tany’ (tab. 30).

6. R. NivALIS, Linn.—K.

Esia near Reykjavik, Mk.

Henderson quotes from Svend Paulsen's MS. that that bo-
tanist had found this species at the edge of the perpetual snow
on the ascent of Oraefa Jokul from Quisker [Kvisker] at the
eastern side of the mountain. As Paulsen was an excellent bo-
tanist, it is probable that he found the true plant. He adds that
itis very rarely to be met with on the southern Alps of Iceland.
Mohr states that it grows by the way from Trekyllisheidi to
Reykefjord.

7. R. LAPPONICUS, Linn.—K.
By Ness, Z. Between Haukadal church and Laugafjall, in the mo-
rass, abundantly, H.

Gliemann suspected that what Hooker found was the A.
pygmeus (Wahl.), but apparently without much reason. T.& G.
say that R. montanus grows at Eydar on the Lagarfljot. Did
they find R. lapponicus or R. nivalis ?

8. R. HyPERBOREUS, Rottb.—K.

Reykjavik (with R. aquatilis), B. Bessested, (Erebak, Hofsaa, Adner
See, Z. Hrutefjord, G. Hafnarfjord, S.! Myvatn, T. & G. Reyk-
holar, Hredavatn, Olafrdal, Hollafjordsheidi, S.

This is the R. Ammannii (Kön.) of Fl. Dan. t. 331.

9. R. pyemaus, Sol.—P. & Z.
On the mountains above Akreyri, at an elevation of about 3000 feet, C.
Holar, B.G. Skagafjord, Sy.

10. R. acris, Linn.—K.
R. sylvaticus, Fr. (not Thuill). R. Friesianus (Jord.).
Reykjavik, Reinevallahals, B. Geysirs, C.! Between Reyniveller

and Holker, Hd. Hafuarfjord, S.! Seidisfjord, Sy. ! Skagafjord, Sy.
Hredavatn, St.

ll. R. PoLyANTHEMOS, Linn.—G.
Eydar on the Lagarfljot, T. & G.

12. R. REPENS, Linn.—K.
Geysirs, B. Reykjavik, Mk. Eydar on the Lagarfljot, T. § G.

13. CALTHA PALUSTRIS, Linn.—K.
Reykjavik and Thingvellir, B.! Seidisfjord and Skagafjord, Sy.

PROF. C. C. BABINGTON ON THE FLORA OF ICELAND. 293

. This is apparently a common plant in Iceland, but has not
been found in Greenland or Spitzbergen.

[Berberis vulgaris, Linn., is recorded by G., but is not likely
to be a native.]

14. PAPAVER ALPINUM, Linn.—K.

Jokaldalr near Stafafell, and near Leera by Borgarfjord, Hd.! Ak-
reyri, C. ! Garpsdal, Thorisengismule, and Breidabolstad, St. Stranda
Syssel, G. Kollafjord, M. Hrutafjord, B.G. Near Holmar on
Reydarfjord, T. § G.

Preyer and Zirkel also record P. alpinum (Linn.), which is
probably not distinct from P. nudicaule. Mohr and also Glie-
mann give P. radiatum, which is another synonym of P. nudi-
caule. Solander mentions doubtfully P. dubium on the autho-
rity of Paulsen’s Herbarium.

[Nasturtium officinale (R. Br.) is in Lindsay’s ‘ Flora,’ but in
no other list. I much doubt its correctness. ]

15. Nasturtium PALUSTRE, DC.—K.

Sisymbrium islandicum, F}. Dan. 409.

S. terrestre, Hooker.

S. palustre, var. islandicum, Hj.

S. sylvestre, Mohr.

By hot springs and in wet places about Krafie and Myvatn, Z. and
also G. :

Dr. Lindsay places the NW. amphibium (R. Br.) as a synonym
of this species, and P.&Z. follow bim. There must be some
mistake or misprint. Hjaltalin has N. amphibium, var. terrestre,
which may be the W. amphibiwm, but is more probably the pre-
sent plant.

16. ARABIS ALPINA, Linn.—K.

Reinevallahals, B. Above Eyjafjord, C.! Sweinascaur, H. Siglu-
fjord, T. & G. Thingvellir and Esia, St. Oxnedalrheidi, Kr. Ska-
gafjord, Sy. !

Brassica alpina, which is not different from this plant, is also

recorded by Gliemann.

[Sinapis arvensis is considered a native by Gliemann.]

17. A. PETRÆA, Linn.—K.
Cardamine faeroensis (G.).
C. petrza (G.). -
Reykjavik, B. Eyjafjord, C.! Hafnarfjord, L.! Geysirs, Hd. Vi-
thivik in Skagafjord, B. G. Sletta, St. Seythisfjord, Sy.
B. hispida is occasionally found, Mk. :

294 PROF. C. C. BABINGTON ON THE FLORA OF ICELAND.

18. CARDAMINE BELLIDIFOLIA, Linn.—K.

There is a specimen from Iceland, but without any exact
locality, in the herbarium at Copenhagen, which was gathered
by Steenstrup.

The Erysimum alpinum of H., P. & Z., and L., is probably the
same plant.

19. C. HIRSUTA, Linn.—K.

Reykjavik, B.

This is the true C. hirsuta. I have not seen a specimen of
C. sylvatica from Iceland; but Dr. Lindsay includes it in his
* Flora.’

C. intermedia (Horn.) is C. hirsuta, which is probably the
plant intended by Vahl, although he also enumerates C. hirsuta
separately ; Gliemann does the same.

20. C. PRATENSIS, Linn.—K.
Reykjavik, B. Raud-nef-stadr and Volafell, Hd. Hafnarfjord, S. Sey-
thisfjord and Skagafjord, Sy. !
21. ERYSIMUM ALPINUM, Wahl.—St.

E. hieracifolium, var., Lange.
Stadarfell, St.

22. CocHLEARIA OFFICINALIS, Linn.—K.
Hafnarfjord, S. It was gathered in Iceland by Ld.!

23. C. ANGLICA, Linn.—G.

Videy, Breidabolstad, Reykjavik, Gronehlind, Gorpsdal, St. Grafaros,
near Skagafjord, Kr. Near Kinnestadir, and between that place and
Grimstadir, T. & G. Skagafjord, Sy. !

24. C. DANICA, Linn.—S.
There is a specimen in Solander's collection !

25. ERoPHILA VULGARIS, DC.—K.
Reykjavik, B. Akreyri, C.! Stadarfell, St.

26. DRABA MURALIS, Linn.—K.

I know of no exact locality for this. It is included in the
lists of K., Z., S., M., H., G., V. doubtfully, P. & Z., and L., but is,
omitted by Hjaltalin, and may therefore admit of doubt.

[D. aizoides (Linn.) is included in the list of P. & Z.]

27. D. incana, Linn.—K.

Reykjavik, B. Scalholt, H. Eyrarbakki, Ld.! Modrudalr, Hd. Ak-
reyri, C. Lava near Hafnarfjord, L.! Kalfstundr, B. G.! Sey-
thisfjord and Skagafjord, Sy.! Stiggesholm, Stadarfell, Thingvellir,
Bessestad, Briam’s-loek, Grapsdal, St. Arnes-Syssel, on roofs, Mk.

PROF. C. C. BABINGTON ON THE FLORA OF ICELAND. 295

There are two forms of this plant in Iceland, (1) D. contorta
(Ehrh.), and (2) D. confusa (Ehrh.) They seem to form one
species, although several distinguished botanists have separated
them. The latter, now considered the type of the Linnean spe-
cies, is, I presume, the var. stricta of Lindsay's ‘ Flora.’

28. D. RUPESTRIS, R. Br.—B.
Reinevallahals, B. Near Akreyri and Thingvellir, C. Staderstad, Mk.

This is certainly the D. rupestris of Fries, and apparently that
of R. Brown. It is the D. hirta and oblongata of Vahl, and D.
hirta (3. alpicola of Wahlenberg. The D. hirta of the Arctic flora
seems to be quite distinct from it.

29. D. HIRTA, Linn.—M.

Common, according to Mörck. Reykjavik, Alafsdal, &c., St.
It is not included in many of the lists; for Mohr, Gliemann,
Hjaltalin, and the manuscript lists of Mörck and Steenstrup alone
contain it.

30. D. nivauis, Liljebl.—G.

Gliemann, Preyer and Zirkel, and Lindsay record it, but give
no localities.

D. muricella (Wahl.) is the same plant.

Gliemann has D. alpina also; and it is included in Horne-
mann’s manuscripts, as I learn from Prof. Lange.

31. CAPSELLA Bunsa-PasTonrs, Linn.—K.
Reykjavik, B. Berufjord aud Modrudalr, Hd. Hafnarfjord, S.! Sey-
thisfjord and Skagafjord, Sy. Reykholar, St.

32. TEESDALIA NUDICAULIS, R. Br.—S.

There is a specimen of this plant, without any locality, amongst
Solander’s Icelandic plants preserved in the British Museum. He
called it Zberis nudicaulis. He saw it in Paulsen’s herbarium, and
very probably obtained the specimen from that botanist.

33. LEPIDIUM CAMPESTRE, R. Br.—K. :
This is found in Kénig’s and all the succeeding lists; but no
localities are recorded.

34. SUBULARIA AQUATICA, Linn.—M.
Vapnafjord, M. Arnardragur, St.

35. CAKILE MARITIMA, Linn.—K.
Reykjavik, B. Hafnarfiord, S. Reykjafjord, G. Effersoe near Reyk-
javik, Kr.! Seythisfjord, Sy.

296 PROF. C. C. BABINGTON ON THE FLORA OF ICELAND.

36. VionA PALUSTRIS, Linn.—K.
Reinevalla hals, B. Vatnsdal, B. G. Eyafjord, T. 4 G. Reykjavik,
Mk. Olafsdal, St.

37. V. CANINA, Linn., Fr.—K.

Reykjavik, B. Hafnarfjord, S.! Hafnarfjordheidi, L.! Ina coppice by
Tintron or Stelpahellir between Hrafnagja and Laugarvatn, S. Vi-
thidal, B. G. Stikkisholm, Robert. Seythisfjord and Shagafjord,
Sy. Blaakulle, Mk. Snaefellstrand, Olafsdal, St.

B. MONTANA.
Bredarshraun, Mk.

38. V. sYLVATICA, Fr.—St.
Krisuvik, St.

39. V. TRICOLOR, Linn.—K.
Akreyri, C.! and Hd.! Hof in Vatnsdal, B. G.! Stykkisholm, Sey-
thisfjord, and Skagafjord, Sy.! Stadarfell, Garpsdal, St. Oefjord, Kr.
The specimens which I have seen closely resemble the usual
garden plant, which is considered the type of the species.

40. PARNASSIA PALUSTRIS, Linn.—K.

Geysirs, B. Akreyri, C.! Between Reynivellir and Holtar, Hd. Havna-
fjord and Granfell, S. ! Reykjahlith, Arnarvatn, and Myvatn, B. G.!
Seythisfjord, Shagafjord, and Reykjavik, Sy.! Siglufjord and Eydar
by the Lagarfljot, T. & G.

41. DROSERA LONGIFOLIA, Linn.—K,

I have not seen a specimen. It is probably the D. anglica,
Huds.

42. D. ROTUNDIFOLIA, Linn.—K.
Hafnarfjord, S. Arnarvatn, B. G.!

43. SILENE MARITIMA, With.—K.

Reykjavik, B. By the river near Valpjofstadr, and near Torfa Jokull,
Hd. Hafnarfjord, Molar, and Granfell, S. Mithfjord, B. G.! Sta-
darfell, St.! CErebakka, Kr. Skagafjord, Sy. !

Dr. Lindsay, Preyer and Zirkel, Hjaltalin and Gliemann in-
clude S. inflata in their catalogues. I have not seen it from Ice-
land, and suspect that they have been misled by Zoega and Ko-
nig calling our present plant Cucubalus Behen. Benguerel enu-
merates both species.

44. S. AcaAULIS, Linn.—K.

Reykjavik and Reinevallahals, B.! In a wood by Bolar Fjord, H. Rand-
nefstadr, at foot of Orefa Jokull and near Myvatn, Hd! Hafnarfjord,
and Granfell,$.! — Seythisfjord and Skagafjord, Sy.! Siglufjord and
Eyafjord, Myvatn, and Kinnoestadr, T. & G. Krisuvik, St.

PROF. C. C. BABINGTON ON THE FLORA OF ICELAND. 297

[S. RUPESTRIS, Linn.—G.

This is found in Lapland ; but I have no evidence ofits presence
in Iceland, although Gliemann includes it in his list and quotes
Hornemann (vol. i. p. 490) as his authority. "Vahl is in doubt
concerning it.]

45. LYCHNIS ALPINA, Linn.—K.
Reykjavik, B. Surstheller and Arnarvatns-heidi, Hd.! Above the
Geysirs and at Akreyri, C.! Hafnarfjord, Granfell, and Hekla, S.!
Skalholt, Mk. Stadarfell, St. Seythisfjord and Skagafjord, Sy.

[L. VISCARIA, Linn.

Hjaltalin includes this species, but gives no locality for it.
Lindsay and Preyer and Zirkel follow him. Hooker does not
admit it into the Arctie flora. Fries excludes it from that of
Lapland.]

46. L. FLos-cvcuri, Linn.—K.
Thingvellir, B. G. Bruara, Sy.! Holte, Z.

47. SPERGULA ARVENSIS, Linn., Reichenb.—K.
Reykjavik, B. Geysirs, C. In the tun at Hnausir, B. G.

48. SAGINA PROCUMBENS, Linn.—K.
Reykjavik, B. Hafnarfjord and Laugarnes, S. Krisuvik and Reykir,
St.

49. S. SUBULATA, Wimm.—G.
I know nothing of this. Gliemann introduced it on the autho-
rity of Mörck. Vahl considers it a certain native.

50. S. saxaTiLis, Wimm.—M.
Armule, Reykir, and Olafsdal, St.

51. S. Noposa, Fenzl.— K.
Reykjavik, B.
52. HoNKENEJA PEPLOIDES, Ehrh.—K.
Reykjavik, B. (Elvesaa, Z. Laugarnes, S. Stafafell, Breithabolstadr
in Suthersveit, and Myvatn, T. G. Skagafjord, Sy.

53. ALsINE RUBELLA, Wahl.—S.

Reykjavik and Reinevallahals, B. North coast, C. Siglufjord, T. & G,

I include here the var. hirta of some authors; also the Arenaria
verna, A. rubella, and A. hirta of Lindsay’s ‘ Flora.’ Fries states
that the A. hirta of the ‘Flora Danica’ is the A. rubella of very
cold countries, where the flowers scarcely expand.

A. Giesekii, which is stated by Gliemann to have been found
by Mörck, is a variety of A. rubella.

298 PROF. C. C. BABINGTON ON THE FLORA OF ICELAND.

54. A. ARCTICA, Fenzl.— K.
On the mountains at Akreyri, at an elevation of about 3000 feet, C.!
Hafnarfjord and Thingvellir, S.

This corresponds tolerably well with the specimens of A. biflora
(Wahl.) in the ‘Herb. Normale’ of Fries (cent. v. no. 37), from
Norway, except in being much less luxuriant, and having much
shorter and frequently single-flowered shoots. It also closely re-
sembles the 4. arctica of Hooker's ‘ Fl. Bor.-Americana ’ (t. xxxiv.
B). Dr. Hooker combines them ; and if this is A. bifolia, I fully
agree with him.

55. A. HIRTA, Wahl.—Mk.
Is this the same as (53) A. rubella?
Leiraa, Mk. Reykjavik and Briamsllaek, St.

56. A. srRICTA, Wahl.
Stadarfell, St.

57. ARENARIA NORVEGICA, Gunn.—S. !
Reykjavik, B. Breid-dals-heidi, Hd. In the tun at Hnausir, B.G.
Seythisfjord, Sy.
This is the Alsine trifolia of Baring-Gould's List.

[Ar. CILIATA, Linn.—K.

Ness, Bessastad, and Grimansfiadle, Z.

Mohr refers these localities to A. serpyllifolia and A. ciliata ;
but they belong to the latter. Is it not probable that the plant
really intended by Zoega is the A. norvegica ? which is not included
by Vahl and the earlier authors, although it is very common at
Reykjavik.]

58. Ar. SERPYLLIFOLIA, Linn.—K.
Hafnarfjord, S.
59. STELLARIA MEDIA, With.— K.
Reykjavik, B. Hafnarfjord, S. Skalholt, Mk. In the hot spring at
Laugarnes, L.

[S. Enwanpsr, R. Br.—V.

Dr. Hooker considers this to be a form of S. longipes. Vahl
marks it as a plant certainly to be found in Iceland. Lindsay
only copies Vahl. I know nothing of it.]

60. S. GRAMINEA, Linn.
Akreyri, C. ! :
I have only a scrap of what seems to be the var. juncea of this
species, the S. juncea of Fries (Mant. iii. 191), which is a native of
Lapland.

PROF. C. €. BABINGTON ON THE FLORA OF ICELAND. 299

61. S. ULIGINOSA, Murr.
A common plant, Mk. Stadarfell and Reykholtsdal, St.

62. S. CRASSIFOLIA, ÉEhrh.—G.
Krisuvik, Reykhollar, Stadarfell, and Reykholtsdal, St.

63. S. BOREALIS, Big.
Stadarfell and Borgarfjord, St.

[S. nuMrFUSA, Rottb.—G.

Gliemann records this plant without note or remark. Vahl
considers it certainly a native. Itis rare in Spitzbergen, where
itis apparently confined to the north and west coasts. I very
much doubt its having been gathered in Iceland, and, if to be found
there, should expect its place to be in the little-known north-
western peninsula.]

64. CERASTIUM TRIVIALE, Link.—K.
Reykjavik, B. Hnausir, Bg. Reykir, CElverid, and Reykholar, St.
Skagafjord, Sy.
Vahl and Lindsay also record the C. triviale, var. holosteoides
(Fr.).
Lange sends me the following note by Krabbe: “3. alpinum,
Koch (?), robustum, petalis calyce longioribus. Arnaes Syssel.”

65. C. GLomERATUM, Thuil.—K.
Hafnarfjord, S. Hnausir, B. G. Arnaes Syssel, Kr.

66. C. ALPINUM, Linn.—K.

Reykjavik and Reinevalla-hals, B. Akreyri, Geysirs, Raud-nef-stadr,
Reykjahlind and Kulmanstunga, Hd.! Vithivik, B. G. ! Kieblivik
and Krisuvik, Z. Siglufjord, T. & G. Seythisfjord, Sy.

The varieties lanatum and glabratum are found.

67. C. LATIFOLIUM, Linn.—K.

Reykjavik, Nes, Bessested, and Œrebak, Z.

Zoega had doubts about this species; Hooker adds it as a new
discovery ; Vahl omits it; Krabbe says of it, ^ Islandia meridio-
nalis;" and there is a specimen gathered by him at Copenhagen.

63. C. rricynum, Vill.—K.
Reykjavik and Reinevallahals, B. Akreyri C. Rangarvalla, Mk. Olid,
Reykholt, Garpsdal, and Thingmannaheidi, St.
69 C. ARVENSE, Linn.
Fjallebaekkeveren, St.
I am in doubt concerning the true spelling of this name, which
I cannot find in the map.

300 PROF. C. C. BABINGTON ON THE FLORA OF ICELAND,

70. HYPERICUM PERFORATUM, Linn.—G. em
Gliemann inserts this plant on the authority of “Olavius, i.
36." [Islendsk Urtagardsbok ?].

71. GERANIUM PRATENSE, Linn.— K.
This is included in all the lists. I have seen a specimen ga-
thered by Solander.

72. G. svLvATICUM, Linn.—K.

Reykjavik, Ellithavatn, and Videy, B. Berufjord, and between Grim-
stadr and Myvatn, Hd. Hafnarfjord, S. Seythisfjord and Skaga-
fjord, Sy.! Thingvellir, Namarfjal, Vithidal, Northrardal, and Uthlid,
B.G. Laugarvatn, Sy. Kalmanstunga, and between CEfjord and
Myvatn, Kr.

This is probably the G. sylvestre recorded by O. and P. as grow-

ing about Steingrimsfjord.

Gliemann adds G. fastigiatum (Fr.) on the authority of Mörck.

I suppose that he means G. sylvaticum B. fastigiatum of the * Nov.
Fl. Suec.’ (ed. 2, 211).

73. G. PHÆUM, Linn.— L.

Lindsay gives no authority for introducing this plant into the
list. The old lists, beginning with König, have G. montanum ;
and P. and Z. add “ of Linnæus,” who has no such plant. G. mon-
tanum fuscum of earlier botanists is G. pheum. Retz (Fl. Scan.
Prodr. 161) names the plant of Zoega (Fl. Isl.) G. fuscum, which
is a synonym of G. pheum; and Gliemann agrees with him.
Hjaltalin called it G. fuscum s. montanum. I think that this evi-
dence is in favour of including G. pheum in the flora of Iceland.

Thienemann and Günther found what they call G. montanum
by the Eyjafjord. Benguerel also records G. montanum.

74. Linum CATHARTICUM, Linn.—K.

This is included in all the lists. Solander saw it in Paulsen's
herbarium.

[RADIOLA MILLEGRANA, Sm.

Solander enumerates this plant, but does not name any locality
for it. It is probably a mistake. |

75. PoLYyGALA VULGARIS, Linn.—K.
Seythisfjord! Sy.

[RHAMNUS CATHARTICUS, Linn.
Solander saw a specimen in Jonsen’s herbarium, but without à

PROF. C. C. BABINGTON ON THE FLORA OF ICELAND. 801

locality. No one else notices it. I suspect that there was some
mistake. ]

[MEDICAGO LUPULINA, Linn,
There is a specimen in Solander’s collection, I doubt its being

a native. |

76. TRIFOLIUM PRATENSE, Linn.—K.

This is included in all the lists; but I have seen no specimen,
and agree with Vahl in considering it to be a doubtful native ;
but Preyer and Zirkel mention that T. pratense fl. albo is found
in the parish of Reykholar in latitude 65° 41’,

77. T. ARVENSE, Linn.—K.

Akreyri, B. G.

I have not seen any specimens, and Vahl considers it to be a
doubtful native. It is included in all the lists.

/8. T. REPENS, Linn.— K.
Heinaberg, Hd.! Hafnarfjord, S.! Myvatn, M. Uxahver, B. G.!
Geysirs, Reykjavik, Seythisfjord, and Skagafjord, Sy.

79. Lorus conNICULATUS, Linn.—M.
Mohr appears to have added this to thelist. Vahl marks it as
doubtful. Hjaltalin includes it without any doubt.

80. ANTHYLLIS VULNERARIA, Linn.—K.
Hafnarfjord, S. Mosfell, M. Kopavogr near Reykjavik, and Seythis-
fjord, Sy.! Balandshofden, Mk.

81. Vicia cracca, Linn.—K.
Raud-nef-stad, Hd.! Hafnarfjord, S. Eydar on the Lagarfljot, T. & G.
Myvatn, M. Reykjavik, Seythisfjord, and Skagafjord, Sy. Oefjord-
Elvan, Kr.

82. V. sepium, Linn.
There is an Icelandic specimen in Steenstrup’s collection at
Copenhagen.

83. V. ANGUSTIFOLIA, Roth.
Bildadal, St.

84. LATHYRUS PRATENSIS, Linn.—K.

There is an Icelandic specimen in Steenstrup's collection at
Copenhagen. ;
85. L. Maritimus, Bigel.—K.

Selsundsfjall, Kangaa, and at the foot of Hekla, Z. ' Granfell, S. On
LINN. PROC.—BOTANY, VOL. XI. Y

302 PROF. C. C. BABINGTON ON THE FLORA OF ICELAND.

the islands in Alphtafjord, G. Skagafjord, Sy. Near Kinnaestadr,
T.& G. Shore of Thingvalla Vatn, C.
86. SPIRÆA ULMARIA, Linn.—K.

Geysirs, B. Between Reynivellir and Holtar, Hd. Hafnarfjord, S. In
Fnioskedal, G. Borgar in Hordr-syssel, Ar.

87. SANGUISORBA OFFICINALIS, Linn.—K.

Mossfells-heidi, Z., M., and G. Kaunesta Hraun, S.
88. ALCHEMILLA VULGARIS, Linn.— K.

Reykjavik and Thingvellir, B. Akreyri and Raud-nef-stadr, Hd. Hafnar-
fjord, S. ! Abundant near the north coast, C. Seythisfjord and Ska-
gafjord, Sy.

Olafsen and Povelsen say that “ Alchemilla (utrinque)? grow
about Steingrimsfjord, by which they doubtless mean A. vulgaris
and A. alpina.

The A. montana of Gliemann is probably only a variety of this
species. He records it on the authority of Mórck.

89. A. ALPINA, Linn.—K.

Reykjavik and Reynivallahals, B. Kieblevik, Z. Geysirs, and between
Reynivellir and Holtar, Hd. Hafnarfjord, S.! Abundant near the
north coast, C. Siglufjord, T. & G. Krisuvik, S. Oefjord, Kr. Sey-
thisfjord and Shagafjord, Sy. !

(A. ARVENSIS, Scop.

Lindsay and Preyer and Zirkel add this to the list. They give

no authority for it; and the plant is not noticed by any other
author. I have much doubt concerning it. The peculiarities

in their lists show that they derived information from a common
source. |

90. SIBBALDIA PROCUMBENS, Linn.—K.

Reynivallahals, B. Mountains at Akreyri, C.! Siglufjord, T. & G.

Stappen, Mk. Snaefells-nes Syssel, K.
91. POTENTILLA ANSERINA, Linn.—K.

Reykjavik, B. Hafnarfjord and Laugarnes, S.! Near the Geysirs, and

at Seythisfjord and Skagafjord, Sy. !
92. P. MACULATA, Pourr.—S.

Reykjavik,B. Geysirs, C.! Skagafjord and Seythisfjord, Sy.! Breid-
dals-heidi, Hd. Budnestad, Mk. Stadarfell, Krisuvik, and Breida-
bolstad, St. Almannagja, Kr.

P. verna and P. aurea are also included in most of the lists,
but they appear to be synonyms of P. maculata in these cases.
Gliemann records Hunavatns Syssel as the locality of the former.
Hjaltalin has P. verna and P. aurea, but not P. maculata. Baring-

PROF. C. C. BABINGTON ON THE FLORA OF ICELAND. 303

Gould records those two and also P. maculata, and gives localities
for P. aurea at Norbradal, Longvatn, and Midfjord. His speci-
mens are P. maculata.

[P. ARGENTEA, Lina.
Preyer and Zirkel include this, but give no authority.)

93. P. ToRMENTILLA, Sibth.—M.
Seythisfjord, Sy. !
94. P. Comarum, Nesl.—K.
Reykjavik, B. Selsund, Reykholt, and Akreyri, Hd.! Hafnarfjord, S. !
Seythisfjord and Skagafjord, Sy. !

95. Fracaria vesca, Linn.—K.

Reykjavik, B. Heckla, Z. Hafnarfjordarhraun, Seythisfjord, and Skaga-
fjord, Sy.! Laugarvatn, B. G. ! Thordarhofdi, Olafsen. Leiraa and
Skalholt, Mk. Stadarfell, St.

I am convinced that the plant which I gathered is F. vesca.
Vahl includes F. collina (Ehrh.); and Lindsay follows him. Is
it not probable that there is some mistake here? F. collina is
à very distinct species (see J. Gay in Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. viii.).
It is stated that F. vesca does not usually produce fruit in Iceland.

96. RuBUS saxatilis, Linn.—K.

Reykjavik and Geysirs, B. Hafnarfjord, S.! Thingvellir, Ljosvatn,
and Laugarvatn, B. G.! Stadarfell, St. Seythisfjord and Skagafjord,
Sy.! Common in the northern and eastern parts, G.

Horrebow, in his * Natural History of Iceland’ (Tilforladelige
Eftessetniger om Island), is in the English translation made
to state that Blackberry Bushes are common in the island;
in the French translation it is “quelques petits buissons tels
que de ronces.” Inthe original “som Brombær” is the term
used; and that is the name of the common Bramble in Gothland,
as stated by Wahlenberg, and in Norway, according to Gunner.
Tt is clear that Horrebow made a mistake ; for the only Rubus
known to exist in Iceland is R. saxatilis. The plant which he had
in view is the Empetrum nigrum, as I learn from my friend Eirikr

Magniisson.

97. Dryas OCTOPETALA, Linn.—K.
Reykjavik, B. Geysirs and at Akrevri, C. ! Hallormstadr-hals, Hd.
Krisuvik, Z. Hafnarfjord, S.! Hrafnagja and Seythisfjord, Sy.!

Siglufjord and Eyafjord, T. & G.

98. GEUM RIVALE, Linn.—K. Hen
Reykjavik, B. Sweinascaur, and by way to Krisuvik, H. Kalmanns-
: Y2

304 PROF. C. C. BABINGTON ON THE FLORA OF ICELAND.

tunga, Kr. Hvita and Skaptar-tunga, Hd. Seythisfjord, Skagafjord,
and Ellitharvatn, Sy. !
Dr. Lindsay also records what he calls var. intermedium.

99. ROSA SPINOSISSIMA, Linn.—H.

Discovered by Swein Paulsen, and sent by him to Hooker. He
wrote with the specimen, * crescit in rupe unica ad villam Selja-
land." Thienemann and Günther were directed to the spot by
Paulsen, and * were fortunate enough to find the rose growing on
a detached basaltic rock. There were altogether about twenty
bushes, about two feet high. It was in fruit on Aug. 27."
(Reise im Nord. Europ.p.332.) Seljaland is a farm between the
foot of Eyjafjalla Jokull and the Markarfljot, in lat. 63? 36’.

Lindley says that “its strong vigorous shoots led Mr. Hooker
into the error of considering it R. hibernica.”

Fries tells us (Nov., ed. 2, p. 157) * specimina Norvegica hujus
speciei [R. spinosissima] cum Islandieis [ R. hibernica, Hook. It.
Is.] a Mörck lectis et communicatis conveniunt."

There can be no doubt that this is the R. canina which Solander
saw in S. Paulsen's Herbarium.

Morck seems, from Gliemann’s remark, to have originally sup-
posed that his specimens belonged to the R. kamtschatica ; hence
the introduction of that name into the Icelandic list. Gliemann
apparently did not see the specimens, and so has both R. hi-
bernica and R. kamtschatica in his catalogue. Lindsay, for the
same reason, has two roses which he calls R. villosa, var. hibernica,
and R. pimpinellifolia. Paulsen’s specimens in the Kew Herba-
rium are certainly a state of R. spinosissima, of which R. pim-
pinellifolia is a synonym. There are similar specimens given by
Dawson Turner in the Herbarium at Neweastle-on-Tyne, as I
learn from Mr. J. G. Baker.

100. Pyrus Aucuparta, Gaert.—H.

Hafnarfjord, S. Husavik and Vapnafjord, G. Modrufelsjal, Robert.
Henderson saw stunted trees in Morardal, near Skaptafell, by the
Skeidara river. Budarhraun, Mk. Briamsloek, Kr.

Hooker records P. domestica on the authority of a specimen
obtained by Sir ŒG Mackenzie from atree eight feet high, which
was growing out of a cleft of lava at Budirstad in Snaefell
Syssel. Mackenzie also had it brought to him from Eyjasfjord,
where we are told by Mohr that P. Aucuparia grows near Modru-
fells Hospital. Robert says that the trees by the Hospital are
P. Aucuparia, and denies the existence of P. domestica in Iceland.

PROF. C. C. BABINGTON ON THE FLORA OF ICELAND. 805

In all probability Sir W. J. Hooker and Sir J. E. Smith were
wrong in their determination of the plant, about which we are
told that they found much difficulty.

101. EPILOBIUM LATIFOLIUM, Linn.—K.

Sandy river-bed to the south-east of Torfa Jokull, under Oroefa Jokul,
and at Skeidarar Sandr, Hd.! In aravine near Akreyri, C.! Hruta-
fjord and Kollfjord, M. Stafafell and Breithabolstad in Suthersveit,
and banks of Jokulsa near Kinnaestad, T. & G. Gronnafjord, Mk.
Hvita inMyrasyssel, Sy. !

102. E. ANGUsTIFOLIUM, Linn.—K.
Near Leera by Borgarfjord, H. Eyjafjord river, B. G. Breithabolstad
in Suthersveit, T. & G.

[E. FLEICHERI£, Hochst.

Hjaltalin has this species ; but all the rest have excluded it, until
recently Lindsay and Preyer and Zirkel have restored it to the flora.
I doubt its being a native plant. There is a specimen of E. angus-
tifolium which was named E. angustissimum ? (the name used by
P. and Z.) by Paulsen in the Herb. Hooker.]

103. E. Montanum, Linn.—K.

Reykjavik, B. Eyjafjord river, B. G.

Mr. Newbould has doubts concerning the correctness of the
name. He has examined my specimens aud also that placed by
me in the Herb. Hooker. Nevertheless I think that the plant is
E. montanum. It is recorded in all the lists.

[E. rTETRAGONUM, Linn.— K. : :
This is included in all the lists ; but Vahl doubts if it is a native.]

104. E. PALUSTRE, Linn.—K.
Reykjavik and Geysirs, B. Hafnarfjord and Granfell, S.! Head of
Eyjafjord, B. G. Skagafjord, Sy. !
This is E. virgatum of my list.
105. E. ALPINUM, Linn.— M.
Maria Haven* and Reykjavik, B. Hafuarfjord, S. Lonsheidi near
Stafafell, T. & G. Snaefells Jokull, Mk. Armule, St.
Gliemann records E. nutans on the authority of Mörck. It is
probably E. alpinum or E. palustre.

106. E. ALSINIFoLIUM, Vill.—H.
By a mountain-torrent above Akreyri, C.! Eyjafjord, B. Œ. Hafnar-

* This place was so named for me by a pilot from Reykjavik ; but as it seems to
be the bay called Laxarvogr on Olsen's map, I shall so name it in future.

.

. 806 PROF. C. C. BABINGTON ON THE FLORA OF ICELAND.

fjordrhaun and Seythisfjord, Sy.! Skalholt, Mk. Sandlangadal,
Stadarfell, and Garprdal, St.
It appears to have been first found by Paulsen in 1809.

107. MvnioPHYLLUM SPICATUM, Linn.—XK.

Reykjavik, B.

There is a specimen in the British Museum, collected by So-
lander.

108. M. ALTERNIFLORUM, DC.
Steenstrup has a specimen from Holt.

109. M. vERTICILLATUM, Linn.— X.
Hafnarfjord, S.

110. Hippuris vuLGaniS, Linn.—XK.
Reykjavik, B. Hafnarfjord, S. Seythisfjord and Skagafjord, Sy.

111. Monria roNTANA, Linn.—K. i
Reykjavik, B. In the hot spring at Laugarnes, L.! On the red soil

above the Geysir, B. Œ. Skalholt and Thingvellir, Mk. Breidabol-
stad, St.

112. SCLERANTHUS ANNUUS, Linn.—X.

This is included in all the lists; but Vahl considers it to be a
doubtfulnative. It does not oceur in Lapland, according to Fries ;
nor is it in Hooker's Arctie list.

113. SEDnvM Ruoptrora, DC.—K.
Reynivalla-hals, B. Alftafjord, Hd. Hraun near Reykjavik, H. Hafnar-
fjord and Granfell, S. Olid and Reykholt, St. Almannagja, Sey-

thisfjord, and Skagafjord, Sy. !

114. S. ANGLICUM, Huds.—G.

Gliemann introduced this into his list on the authority of Morck.
Baring-Gould states that he found it at Reykir. Vahl considers
it a doubtful native, and so do I.

115. S. ALBUM, Linn.—H}.

Hjaltalin ineludes this in his Flora; and Solander states that
he saw it in Paulsen's herbarium. It does not extend to Lap-
land, and is not in Hooker's Aretie list.

116. S. vinLLosuw, Linn.—K.
Reykjavik, B. Akreyri and Geysirs, C.! Breiddalsheidi and to the south
of Ok Jokul, Hd. Hafnarfjord and Thingvellir, S.! Krisuvik, Z.
At the entrance of Hordardal, B. G. Seythisfjord and Skagafjord, Sy.
Capella-hraun near Krisuvik, Mk. Stadarfeli, St. Oefjord, Kr.

PROF. C. C. BABINGTON ON THE FLORA OF ICELAND. 307

117. S. ACRE, Linn.—K.

Hafnarfjord, S. On rocks in the eastern districts, G. Sletta and Sta-
darfell, St. Near Skagastrand factory and Bulandsness, M. Skaga-
fjord, Sy. !

118. S. annuum, Linn.—K.

Stadarfell and Armule, Sf.

Hooker records S. saxatile. It is probably a synonym of S.
annuum in this case, as in many others: or can it have been the
true plant, the S. GEderi (Retz.) ? for Hooker gives S. annuum in
addition, and marks the S. sazatile as added to the flora by him;
also most of the lists include S. rupestre, meaning probably the
plant of the * Fl. Danica,’ which is apparently the same as S. an-
nuum; but Hjaltalin places them as S. annuum s. anglicum, and
S. saxatile s. rupestre. It appears therefore that he thought
that there are two species, but was doubtful concerning their
names.

119. BULLIARDIA aquatica, DC.—K.
By Laugarvatn, K. Steenstrup found it in Iceland.

120. Saxirraca CorTYvLEDON, Linn.—Z.

Hekla, Z. Brunnir, B. G. Heydalir in Breithdal, T. & G.
121. S. Arzoon, Jacq.—V.

Hafnarfell, St.

Hooker does not separate this from S. Cotyledon, and did not
know it as Icelandic. Vahl marks it, as well as S. Cotyledon,
as certainly a native. I am informed by Lange that nothing is
known at Copenhagen of S. Cotyledon (which rests mainly on the
authority of Zoega) or S. cuneifolia as natives of Iceland.

[S. CUNEIFOLIA, Linn.—G.

This is almost certainly a mistake. It is difficult to tell what
the S. punctata of K., Z., S., and H. may have been. It can scarcely
be the S. cuneifolia, to which Hj., G., and P. & Z. apparently refer
it, and is hardly likely to be the real S. punctata (Linn.), although
that plant is a native of Siberia and North-west America.]

122. S. OPPOSITIFOLIA, Linn.—K.
Reykjavik, B. Skoulafjeld, H. Oxeraa, Z. Granfell, S. Siglufjord,
M. Esia near Reykjavik, St. Knausir in Hunavatn Syssel, Kr.
Olafsen found it with white as well as blue flowers on the

upper part of Snaefels Yokul.

123. S. HYPNOIDES, Linn.—K. : s
Reynivalla-hals, B. Above Akreyri, C. On the side of Ok, B. G. (he

308 PROF. C. C. BABINGTON ON THE FLORA OF ICELAND.

names it S. cespitosa). Raudnestad, Hd. Olafsdal, Thingvellir, Kri-
suvik, Raudamel, Stikkesholm, and Breidalbolstad, St.

Icelandic specimens are figured in * Fl. Dan.’ t. 348.

Probably S. palmata of Hooker’s list should be placed here ;
but he arranged it between S. Hirculus and S. punctata. His S.
punctata is probably the form of S. nivalis which is so named by
Rottboll, the 8. tenuis of Wahlenberg. It does not seem likely
that the true S. punctata (Linn.) grows in Iceland.

124. S. caspirosa, Linn.—K.

Reykjavik, Reynivalla-hals, and Thingvellir, B. Breiddalsheidi and

Selsund, Hd. Wafnarfjord and Granfell, S. Hrafnajia and Seythisfjord,
Sy. Eyafjord, T. & G. Stappen, Mk. Krisuvik, Borgarfjord, and
Hredavatn, St. Mosfell near Reykjavik, Ar.

B. GRUENLANDICA.

Reykjavik and Olafsvik, Mk.

S. grenlandica (Linn.) is probably a form of this species, in-
cluding many of the more compact maritime states “ foliis conglo-
meratis corrugatis imbricatis." K., Z., M., and H. record it,
and Sir G, Mackenzie is stated to have gathered it. S. decipiens
of Gliemann’s list also belongs here. — S. tricuspidata (Retz.), of
which there is a figure in * Fl. Dan.’ (t. 976), does not seem ever
to have been gathered in Iceland. Hooker introduced the name.
He saw what he thought might be it abundantly at Reykjavik,
but found no flowers, and lost his specimens. I saw an abund.
ance of the compact form of S. cespitosa at that place, but could
not find S. tricuspidata; and others have been equally unsuccess-
ful. Baring-Gould records Thingvellir as a locality for it; but
his specimens are compact S. cespitosa. G., Hj., V., P. & Z., aud
L. include it in their lists, but record no localities. Vahl expresses
doubt concerning it.

125. S. PETRA, Linn. ? —K.

Oxeraa, Z. and M. Hafnarfjord, S.

Vahl does not know it to be a native, and Solander had doubts.
Perhaps P. & Z. intend this single plant by the two names of S.
petrea and S. geranioides. The true S. geranioides is a southern
plant, and so is S. petrea.

126. S. rRIDACTY LITES, Linn.—XK.
Oxeraa, Z. &y M. Granfell, $.! Thingvellir and Myvatn, B. G.!

127. S. cERNUA, Linn.—XK.
Mountains near Akreyri, C.! Almannagja, H. Granbakken, M.

PROF. C. C. BABINGTON ON THE FLORA OF ICELAND. 809

Hnausir in Hunavatn Syssel, K. Adner-See, Saudafjall, Hratntinna-
fjall, Krabla, Z.
Zoega also records S. bulbifera ; and Lindsay adds var. racemosa.
Theinemann and Günther mention S. bulbifera as growing at
Husavik and between Kinnoestadr and Grimstadr. Hornemann
also mentions it. Nothing is known of it at Copenhagen.

128. S. RIVULARIS, Linn.—K.
Reynivalla-hals, B. Akreyri, C.! Hekla, Z. Granfell, $. Olid,
Olafsdal, Gronahlid, Hredavatn, and Thorssengismule, St. Alman-
nagja, H. Near Holmar by Reydarfjord, and at Husavik, T. & G.

129. S. GRANULATA, Linn.—G.

Gliemann recorded this plant as a native on the authority of
Mörck, who says that it is frequent. Vahl marks it as being
really to be found.

130. S. NivaLrs, Linn.—K.
Reykjavik and Reinevalla-hals, B. Krisuvik, Z. Hafnarfjord and
Granfell, $.! Holmar, Reydarfjord, and Lonsheidi near Stafafel,
T. & G. Breidabolstad and Briamsloek, St. Seythisfjord, Sy.
Probably this is the plant intended by S. punctata in Hooker's
list.
Krabbe has a var. pumila also.

131. S. STELLARIS, Linn.—K.

Reykjavik, B. Sandy bed of a river on the south side of Torfa Jokul,
Hd.! Holmar on Reydarfjord and Lonsheidi near Stafafell, and Hu-
savik, T. & G. Stappen and Granbakken, Mk. Sletta, Krisuvik,
and Stadarfell, St. Oefjord, Skagafjord, Kr.

132. S. Hircuxvus, Linn.—M.

Reynevalla-hals, B. Jokuldal and Stafafell, Breiddalsheidi, Hvita, aud
Eldvatn, Hd.! To the east of Reykjavik, Æ. On the side of Ok
Jokul, B: G. Holmar by Reydarfjord, and Lonsheidi near Stafafel,
and between Kinnaestad and Grimstad, T. & G. Kollafjordrheidi
and Reykholt, St. Oefjord and Skagafjord, Kr. Seythisfjord and
Mans Sy.!

133. S. AIZOIDES, Linn.—K.

dL and Jokuldal near Stafafell, Hd.! Near Holmar on the
Reydarfjord, Lonsheidi near Stafafell, and between Kinnaestad and
Grimstad, T. § G.

This includes the S. autumnalis of several of the lists.

134. HYDROCOTYLE VULGARIS, Linn.—K.
Skalholt and Reykium, 5.

310 PROF. C. C. BABINGTON ON THE FLORA OF ICELAND.

135. ANGELICA SYLVESTRIS, Linn.—XK.
Hafnarfjord, S. Berufjord, Hd.! Little Arnarvatn, B.G. Borgarfjord
Syssel, Kr. Skagafjord, Sy.
This is not included in Zoega’s Flora as published in the
German edition of Olafsen and Povelsen’s work, but is found
in the original Danish edition.

136. A. ARCHANGELICA, Linn.—K.

Islands in Myvatn, B. G. Oefjord, Kr. Suthrey at the upper end of
Breithifjord, Robert.

Olafsen and Povelsen say that it inhabits the waste islands
in Breithifjord. It is said to be abundant in the northern parts
of the country. It is also much cultivated.

137. PEUcEDANUM OSTRUTHIUM, Koch.—K.

Recorded as a native plant by all except Vahl, who doubts
its claims. Olafsen and Povelsen state that it grows on the
waste islands in the upper part of Breithifjord.

138. Haroscias scorica, Fr.—K.
Near Leira by Borgarfjord, H. (i. 328). Slappen, Mk.

139. /EcoPoDtuM PODAGRARIA, Linn.—G.
In Skalmersdale coppice, G.

140. Carum Carul, Linn.—K.
Thingvellir (naturalized?), B.! Skagafjord and at Reykjavik, Sy.!
Videy near Reykjavik, Mk. Hlitharende in Rangarvalla (Olafsen), G. ;
but Mackenzie tells us that it was sown there.

Also much cultivated in Iceland; but it may very probably
be really a native plant.

141. Hepera HELIX, Linn.—G.
Borg in Vithidal, B. G.

Gliemann added it to the list on the authority of Mörck.
There is a specimen in Hornemann’s herbarium.

142. CORNUS SUECICA, Linn.—G.
Gronnefjord, M. Briamsloek, St.

143. GALIUM BOREALE, Linn.—K. :
Thingvellir, Geysirs, Laxavohr in Hval Fjord, B. Selsund, Hd. Siglu-
fjord, T. § G. Near Modrufels Hospital, M. Reykjavik and Seythis-
fjord, Sy. Olafrdal, St.

144. G. APARINE, Lian.—P. & Z. :
Preyer and Zirkel include this plant without doubt. Baring-

PROF. C. C. BABINGTON ON THE FLORA OF ICELAND. 311

Gould says that itis abundant. I may be allowed to have some
little doubt concerning it.
145. G. MorLvco, Linn.—K.
Hafnarfjord, S. In great abundance near Modrufels Hospital, G.
146. G. VERUM, Linn.—K.
Reykjavik, B. Jokulsdalr and near Stafafell, and Selsund, Hd.! Hafnar-
fjord, S. Myvatn, G. Seythisfjord and Skagafjord, Sy.
Gliemann has a var. pallidum of G. verum, which is probably
the cause of the addition of G. pallidum to the list by P. & Z.
The true G. pallidum (Pr.), which is considered the same as G.
cinereum (All.), is a very unlikely plant to be found in Iceland.

147. G. SsAXATILE, Linn.—G.
In the southern parts, according to Gudmunson ; Ld.
Vahl eonsiders it to be a true native.

148. G. SYLVESTRE, Poll.— G.

Reykjavik, and near the Geysirs, B. Grimestunga, in Vatnsdalr, B. G. !
Kalmanstunga and Raudnefstadr, Hd. Thingvellir, Seythisfjord,
and Skagafjord, Sy. !

This is the G. pusillum of my list. Apparently the plants
named G. saxatile, var. pusillum and var. sylvestre, by Lindsay,
are only the one form called usually G. sylvestre by modern
botanists.

Gliemann includes G. trifidum, and Vahl marks it as possibly
native. Hornemann also includes it.

G. pusillum (Lam.) is another plant unaccountably included.

149. G. uLnicinosum, Linn.—V.
Here and there in marshes, Mk.

150. G. PALUSTRE, Linn.—K. ; :
I have no locality to record ; but all the lists include it, and it
is likely to be a common plant.

151. VALERIANA SAMBUCIFOLIA, Mikan.—K.

Holte-Praestergaard, Z. Geysirs and Reykjavik, Mk.

Steenstrup, as well as all the older authors, records F. ofi-
cinalis; but Prof. Joh. Lange informs me that the specimens at
Copenhagen are V. sambucifolia.

152. SCABIOSA succisa, Linn.—K.
I have no locality to name; but all the lists include it.
Gliemann adds S. alpina on the authority of Hooker; but I
find no mention of it by him. P. & Z. also include it ; but it is
not a likely plant to occur.

312 PROF. C. C. BABINGTON ON THE FLORA OF ICELAND.

153. TusstuaGco Farrara, Linn.— V.

Near Eyafjord, T. § G. Common in low spots, B. G.
154. EniGERON ALPINUS, Linn.—K.

Reykjavik, Widoe, and Garde-hraun, B. Akreyri and Thingvellir, C. !
Husevik, Z. Geysirs and Breiddalsheidi, Hd. Hafnarfjord, S.!
Skagafjord, Sy.! Capellahraun, Ek. Armule, Stadarfell, Hreda-
vatn and Briamsloek, St. Oefjord, Kr.

This is probably the E. uniflorus of Z., S., and M.; but the
var. uniflorus is also found, according to V. and K. and G. Both
plants may have been found, but I do not possess any certain
information to that effect. T. & G. state that the var. unifforus
grows at Siglufjord and at Eydar by the Lagarfljot.

155. BELLIS PERENNIS, Linn.

Seythisfjord, Sy. !

These are the only specimens that I have either seen or heard
of from Iceland. They were sent by a collector of flowers, not
a botanist, to Mr. Symington, who gave a few to me.

156. ACHILLEA MILLEFOLIUM, Linn.—K.

Akreyri, C.! Hafnarfjord, S.! "Valthjof-stadr and Modrudalr, Hd.!
Oefjord, G. Seythisfjord, Skagafjord, Hafnarfjord, and Thingvellir,
Sy.!

Solander also saw A. Ptarmica in Paulsen’s herbarium, and

Hornemann likewise records it.

[ANTHEMIS Coruna, Linn.

P. & Z. record this plant. B. G. says that he found it at My-
vatn.]

157. PMATRICARIA INODORA, var. BOREALIS, Hartm.

Hafnarfjord, Mk. On walls and roofs at Reykjavik, Kr.

Is this the same as the following ?

158. M. MARITIMA, Linn.—K.

Reykjavik, B. Hafnarfjord, S.! Nikliboer, Hd.! Akreyri, C.! Gey-

sirs and Skagafjord, Sy.

My specimens have the * involuerum basi truncatum subumbi-
licatum " of the Tripleurospermum maritimum (C. H. Schultz),
not the “ involucrum basi initio turbinatum " of his Z. inodorum.
The only British specimen which I have seen, that appears to belong
to the T. maritimum, was gathered in Orkney. The plant that
grows at Cockbush, near Chichester, is not the T. maritimum, but
has the involucre of T. inodorum. It is the no. 7 of Ray, and
his no. 8 is possibly the Matr. maritima. All the oldest Ice-
landie lists include M. znodora, not M. maritima; those com-

PROF. C. C. BABINGTON ON THE FLORA OF ICELAND. 313

piled since that of Hooker enumerate both of them. Dr. See-
mann’s specimens from Arctic North-west America are like
mine from Iceland; and I consider them to be M. maritima.
Benguerel enumerates M. Chamomilla—in mistake, I presume,
for this form of M. maritima.

159. ARTEMISIA VULGARIS, Linn.
Solander saw specimens of this plant in Paulsen’s Herbarium.
No other author mentions it.

[TANACETUM VULGARE, Linn.—B. G. ;
Within the fence round the grassplot before the Governor’s house at
Reykjavik, B. G. Most probably introduced. }

160. GNAPHALIUM ULIGINOSUM, Linn.—K.
Geysirs, B. Akreyri, C.

161. G. NonvEGICUM, Gunn.—K.

Breiddalsheidi, Hd.! Leiraa, Mk. Skagafjord and Skardsheidi in
Myrasysla, Sy.! Rada and Skálürvik, S.! Between Thorskafjord
and Thingmans-heidi, Olafsen & Povelsen.

This is the G. fuscatum (Pers.), the G. sylvaticum of the Ice-
landie lists, and is figured from Icelandic specimens in ‘ Fl. Dan.’
t. 254. Dr. Lindsay names the G. sylvaticum (Linn.) as a native
plant, as do also P. & Z. Vahl did not know of it; and I have
great doubts concerning its existence in Iceland. The G. nor-
vegicum appears under this name in the older lists. Hooker
includes both, and thought that he had added the G. sylvaticum
to the flora. I am uncertain if he really meant to distinguish
the plants. Mohr calls it G. norvegicum sylvatico affine. Hijal-
talin has both G. sylvaticum and G. rectum.

162. G. supinum, Linn.—G.

Eyjafjord, C.! Skagafjord, Sy. !

G. alpinum ( fuscum, W.) of Gliemann is probably this plant,
although he has G. supinum. There is some confusion about the
names in his list, which is not very carefully printed.

163. ANTENNARIA ALPINA, Gert.—K.

Solander saw it in Paulsen's herbarium. Olafsen and Po-
velsen say that it grows between Thorskafjord and Thingmans-
heidi. It is the G. carpaticum of P. & Z.

164. A. DIOICA, Gert.--G.
There is a specimen in Solander's collection. Gliemann re-

314 PROF. C. C. BABINGTON ON THE FLORA OF ICELAND.

cords it without any remark. Olafsen and Povelsen found it
between Thorskafjord and Thingmans-heidi.

165. SENECIO VULGARIS, Linn.—K.
Solander saw this in Paulsen’s herbarium; and Baring-Gould

says that it is common on the Heithies. It is included in all the
lists.

[S. svn vATICUS, Linn.

Baring-Gould states that this grows on the Heithies; and
Lindsay and Preyer and Zirkel record it, but without any loca-
lity. I have not seen any specimen, and have much doubt con-
cerning it. |

166. S. Jacopaa, Linn.—S.
` Reikium, S. On the Heithies, B. G.

I have some doubt of its having really been found.

[CENTAUREA Cyanus, Linn.—S.

Solander saw this in Paulsen’s herbarium. I much doubt its
being a native. |

[CARDUUS ACANTHOIDES, Linn.—G.

Gliemann records this plant. Vahl has doubts, and so have I,
Hornemann gives Keenig as the authority. ]

[C. LANcEOLATUS, Linn.—K.

Vahl takes no notice of this plant, and I have great doubts

about it. It is included in Kónig's ‘ Flora,’ and copied into the
lists of all his successors. ]

167. C. arvensis, Curt.—K.

Solander saw this in Paulsens’s herbarium. It is the Serratula
arvensis of Kónig and others.

168. C. HETEROPHYLLUs, Linn.—M.

Gliemann says that, according to Olafsen (p. 679), it grows at
Oefjord.

169. APARGIA AUTUMNALIS, Willd.—K. :
Geysirs, B. Berufjord, Hd.! Hafnarfjord S.! Thingvellir and

Vatnskarth, B. G. — Wiglufjord, T. $ G. — Olafsdal and Snaefelsnes-
Syssel, St.

8. Taraxact, Hook.

Hedypnois Taraxaci, Hook.

Reykjavik, B. Blaakulle, in Skarshedi, M.

Krabbe says that it is common.

An intermediate form was found by Mr. Holland at Berufjord.

PROF. C. C. BABINGTON ON THE FLORA OF ICELAND. 315

Gliemann has Ap. Turaxaci and Hedypnois Taraxaci, both on
the authority of Hooker; but he is in error, for Hooker has
only the latter name.

170. Leonropon Taraxacum, Linn.—K.

Common nearly throughout the island, G. Reykjavik, B. Hafnar-

fjord, S.; Holar, B. G. Seythisfjord, Sy. !

Gliemann has also L. palustre on the authority of Mörck.

The plant which I gathered resembles the Tas. officinale
obliquum of Fries. Its phyllaries are all nearly similar in shape.
Those of the outer row are rather broader than the others ; they
are erect with flowers, but become patent and lax with fruit.
The leaves are broad, with two or three large runcinate teeth
towards the tip, and many smaller ones below. Is it the Z.
phymatocarpum of Vahl in * Fl. Dan.' (t. 2298)? Lange con-
siders the specimen from Iceland in Herb. Hornemann to be Z.
palustre.

171. CREPIS PRÆMORSA, Tausch.—K.

Solander states that he found it at Hafnarfjord. It is included
in all the lists from the time of Kénig; but no localities are
recorded. Vahl doubts its claims to be in them.

[Benguerel includes Hieracium (Crepis) sibiricum.]

172. HrkeRAcIUM PiLosELLa, Linn.—K.

Hafnarfjord, S. Briamsloek, S.

173. H. FLORIBUNDUM, Wimm., Fr.
Stadarfell, St. Snaefells-Syssel, Kr.

174. H. AunicuLA, Linn.—K.

Hafnarfjord, S. ! Myvatn, M.

H. aurantiacum (Linn.) is recorded by Gliemann on the au-
thority of Mörck. Vahl doubts its presence.

175. H. ALPINUM, Linn.—K.

Geysirs, B. Stappen, Mk. Stadarfell, St.

My solitary specimen seems to belong to the H. holosericeum
(Backh.), which I believe to be distinct from the true H. al-
pinum.

176. H. cæsium, Fr.—Hj.
This is the H. Lawsoni of my list, the H. murorum of most
of the other lists.
Reykjavik, Wiidoe, and Reynivalla-hals, B. Eyjafjord, C.! Seythis-
fjord, Sy.! Groenahlid and Briamsloek, St. Almannagja, Kr.
There seems no reason to doubt that we have all gathered the

316 PROF. C. C. BABINGTON ON THE FLORA OF ICELAND.

same plant in Iceland; for we have all apparently visited the
same districts. The specimens which I have seen all seem to be
H. cesium.

Hornemann records H. prenanthoides as probably found in
Iceland. It seems unlikely to occur there.

177. CAMPANULA ROTUNDIFOLIA, Linn.—G.
Berufjord, Hd.! Common in Mule Syssel, G. Seythisfjord and Ska-
gafjord, Sy.! (this is the plant with lanceolate stem-leaves).
Sletta and Groenahlid, St.

[C. PATULA, Linn.—G.

Gliemann says that this plant is very rare, and does not name
any locality for it. He gives as his authority “ Olavius (437)."
It is probable that Vahl is right in rejecting it. May not the
plant of Olavius have been a large state of C. rotundifolia?
Mohr says that Olavius found it between Vapnefjord and
Fljotsdal.]

178. ARCTOSTAPHYLOS ALPINA, Spr.—K.
Vahl doubts if this has been found; all the other authors
record it without question.

179. A. Uva-unsr, Spr.—K.
Thingvellir, B. Near Hekla, Ld. Surtshellir, Hd.! Hafnarfjord, S.
Fnioskedal, G. Myvatn, T. G. Uxahver, B. G. Seythisfjord and
Skagafjord, Sy.! Stappen, Mk. Kollafjorder-heidi, St.

180. ANDROMEDA HYPNOIDES, Linn.—K.

Reynivalla Hals, B. Mountains above Akreyri, C.! Lava near
Reykjavik, and a little beyond Hrafnagja on the way to the Gey-
sirs, H. Between Kinnestadir and Grimstadir, T. § G. Geysirs,
M. Reykum, Olid, Elverid, St. Abundant in the eastern part of the
Island, G.

181. CALLUNA VULGARIS, Salisb.—K.

Common.

182. Erica TETRALIx, Linn.—G.

Lava districts, B. G. (?).

Gliemann records it on the authority of Mérck. Vahl con-
siders it certainly a native.

[.E. cinerea, Linn., is included by Solander in a list of plants
seen at Granfell. Mörck states that it is to be found in various
places. |
183. AZALEA PROCUMBENS, Linn.—K.

In many places. Abundant in the south, but rarer in the west, Mk.

PROF. C. C. BABINGTON ON THE FLORA OF ICELAND. 317

l have seen it from Oskjuhlid near Reykjavik, and Seythis-
fjord, and Skagafjord, Sy.

184. RHODODENDRON LaAPPONICUM, Wg.—V.
Kalmanstunga, B. G.
Vahl records it as a certain native.

185. Lepum PALUsTRE, Linn.—V.

Steenstrup found this in Iceland, but I do not know the exact
locality.

[Vahl considers Ledum latifolium certainly a native. |

186. Vaccinium MynRTILLUs, Linn.—K.
Hafnarfjord, S. Thingvellir, Voxhuur, Gronnfjord, Mk. Siglufjord,
T.& G. Skagafjord, Sy.!

187. V. uura1NosuM, Linn.—K.
Reykjavik, Reinevalla-hals, Thingvellir, B. Granfell, S. Hekla, Ld.
Siglufjord and Eyafjord, T. § G. Hafnarfjord, L.! Skjalfanda,
B. G. Breid-dals-heidi, Hd. Seythisfjord, Skagafjord, Sy.! Okid,
Olverind, Thingvellir, Reykir, St.

8. PUBESCENS, Wormlsk.
Reykhollar, St.

188. V. Viris-1D £a, Linn.—G.
Bogs near Uxahver, B. G.!

189. V. Oxvcoccos, Linn.—K.
Bogs near Uxahver, B. G.

190. PvRorA Mepia, Sw.—K.

By Oxnahver, and in several places near Myvatn, by Spakonufel above
the factory at Skagastrand, M. Hafnarfjordrhaun, and Seythis-
fjord, Sy. !

B. G. found it, but has lost the note of the exact spot.

P. rotundifolia, * Fl. Dan.’ t. 110, is P. media, which is therefore
the plant of Mohr; for hequotes that plate as his P. rotundifolia.
Vahl records P. rotundifolia, but does not notice P. media. It
is probable that all the authors refer to the same plant, which,
under the name of P. rotundifolia, has had a place in the lists
from the time of König (1770), long before the description of
P. media by Swartz in 1804.

191. P. minor, Linn.—S., G.

Thingvellir, Reinevalla-hals, B. A little beyond Hrafnagja on the way
to the Geysirs, H. Rangarvalla, Gronnefjord, Ld. Hafnarfjord-
rhaun, Sy. !

LINN. PROC.— BOTANY, VOL. XI. Z

818 PROF. C. C. BABINGTON ON THE FLORA OF ICELAND.

192. P. SECUNDA, Linn.—K.
Briamsloek, St.

[MoNorRoPA Hypopritys, Linn.—S.
Solander states that he saw it in Paulsen’s herbarium. I fear
that there has been some mistake. ]

[GENTIANA VERNA, Linn.—M.

By Reykelaug, on the authority of Olafsen (p. 201), G.

A very unlikely plant to have been found. According to
Fries it is not known in Seandinavia. ]

193. G. nEToNsa, Fries.—K.
G.ciliata and G.bavarica of Zoega's Flora are probably this plant.
It is figured in * Fl. Dan.’ t. 317.
Bessested and Ness, Z. Near the snow-line on Snaefellsjokul, Mk.
Holar and Hvita, B. G. !

194. G. INVOLUCRATA, Fries.—Z.
G. aurea, Linn.?, G. quinquefolia, Zoega, * Fl. Dan.’ 844.
Orebakka, Bessested, Rangervalla, Hliderendi, S.! Hvalsa by Hruta-
fjord, M. Olafsvik, Mk. Sandlingsdal, Gronahlid, Thingmanna-
heidi, Latrum, Sletta, St.

195. G. NIivALIs, Linn.—K.

Geysirs, B. Krisuvik, Z. Steinhold, Leirknukr, Hd. Holar, B. G.
Near Holmar on Reydarfjord, near Kinnestadr, T. & G. Olafsdal,
St. Logbergat, Thingvellir, Blanda, K.

196. G. CAMPESTRIS, Linn.—K.

Reykjavik, B. Berufjord, Selsund, Hd.! Skagastrand, G. Hvita,
Hlitharfjall, B. G. Skagafjord, Melifell, Hjaltadal, Kr. Stadar-
fell, St. Seythisfjord, Sy.

197. G. AMARELLA, Linn.—K.

Selsund, Steinholt, Hraun, Hd.! Hafnarfjord, S.! Holar, B. G. Sr
glufjord, near Holmar on Reydarfjord, T. $ G. Sletta, Latrum,
Adelvik, St. Oefjord, Kr.

This is probably the G. autumnalis of P. & Z.

198. G. TENELLA, Fries.—K.

* Fl. Dan.’ t. 318. :

In dry meadows at Bessested and Hlidarende, Z. Leiraa, Mk. Bri-
amslok, Latrum, Adelvik, St. Myvatn, Kr. Siglufjord, T. & G.

It is in Solander's collection as G. @deri, an unpublished name

and without any locality. :

Hooker thought it might be the Cicendia filiformis, which

does not extend so far towards the north.
[G. Pneumonanthe ( Linn.) is enumerated by P. & Z.]

PROF. C. C. BABINGTON ON THE FLORA OF ICELAND. 319

199. PLEUROGYNE noTATA, Griseb.—K.

Swertia sulcata, Rottb.

S. rotata, Linn.

* Fl. Dan.’ t. 343.

Between Reykjavik and Thingvellir, Mk. Oefjord, Kr. Modrudal,
Arnarvatnsheidi, Hd.! By Odde, not far from Oerebakke, at Bol-
fjald near Hekla, Z. Hellam, Sellsund, Eigvindersmull, S.

200. MENYANTHES TRIFOLIATA, Linn.—K.

Common. Laxarvogr in Hvalfjord, B. Hafnarfjord, S.! Vithimyr,
B. G.! Reykjavik, $y.! Seythisfjord and Skagafjord, Sy.

[Benguerel records Villarsia nympheoides, but gives no loca-

lity for it, and he has probably made a mistake.]
201. DrAPENSIA LAPPONICA, Linn.—G. c

Stadarstad, Mk. In the ravine at about halfway from Reykjavik to
Thingvellir, Sy. (Faroe and Iceland, 74).

202. ECHIUM VULGARE, Linn.—M. i :

Solander saw a specimen in Paulsen’s herbarium. Hjaltalin

and Gliemann, as well as Mohr, recognize it as an Icelandic
plant.

203. MERTENSIA MARITIMA, Gray.—K. EE
Reykjavik, B. Oelvesoa, Z. Myvatn, T. & G. Voxhuus, : s$-
jostrand by Mogilsa, St. Oerebakka, Kr. Seythisfjord, Sy.

204. Myosorts PALUSTRIS, With.—K.
Hafnarfjord, Granfell, S. Hof in Vatnsdal, B. G.

205. M. arvensis, Lehm.—S., M.
M. intermedia, Link. Seide
Reykjavik, B. Akreyri, C. ! Raud nef stadr, Hd. Laugarvatn, Seides-
fjord, Skagafjord, Sy. !
206. M. vensicoLon, Rehb.—G.
Reykjavik, B. : :
Gliemann enumerated it on the authority of Mörck.
(M. couurna, Hoffm.—L. ES E
Lindsay and Preyer & Zirkel enumerate this without any »
cality. I recorded it in Holland's List by mistake. Holland's
plant was M. arvensis.)
207. M. srricta, Link.—St.
Stadarfell, Stikkesholm, St.
208. DIGITALIS PURPUREA, Linn.— Hornemann.
An Icelandic specimen is in the Horn. Herb. at Copenhagen

which was gathered by Brynjulfsson, Lange. z2

320 PROF. C. C. BABINGTON ON THE FLORA OF ICELAND.

209. LIMosELLA AQUATICA, Linn.—K.

Laugarvatn, Z. Fjallehaekkeveien, St. Berufjord, Thienemann in Herb.
Horn.

210. PEDICULARIS (peri, Vahl, Fries.—XK.
Krafle, Myvatn, Z. Not rare according to G. Geitarhlid, MA. Bri-
amsloek, Olid, Garpsdal, St. Grimstungaheidi, Kr. Above Akreyri,
C.!

It seems nearly certain that this is the true name of our plant.
It is the P. versicolor of Wahlenberg in his ‘ Fl. Suec., but not
in his * Fl. Helv.’; and is the P. flammea of * Fl. Dan.’ t. 30, and
the Icelandie Floras.

211. P. PALUSTRIS, Linn.—G.
Mikliboer, B. G.

212. P. svLvATICA, Linn.—K.
Hafnarfjord, Molar, S. Lagarfljot, G.
According to B. G. this is a common plant.

213. RHINANTHUS CRISTA-GALLI, Linn.—K.
R. minor, Ehrh.
Reykjavik, B. Raudnefstadr, Knappavellir, Hd. Geysirs, B. G. Sletta,
Kollafjordarstrand, St. Seythisfjord, Skagafjord, Sy. !
There is a specimen in Solander’s collection.
Preyer and Zirkel also record R. major, Ehrh.

214. BARTSIA ALPINA, Linn.—K.

Laxarvogr in Hvalfjord, B. Hafnarfjord, Granfell, S. Gestarlhid, nest
Krisuvik, Mk. Reykjavik, between Kalmanstunga and Thingvellir,
Kr. Husavik, Siglufjord, T. & G. Eyafjord, C.! Skjalfanda, B.G.
SeythisfJord, Skagafjord, Sy. !

215. EUPHRASIA OFFICINALIS, Linn.—K.
E. parviflora, Fr.
Olafsvik, Mk. Bessested, Kr. Breiddalsheidi, Utsalir, Hd. ! Hafnar-
fjord, S. Thingvellir, Sy.! Grimstunga, B. G.

Two plants are recorded by Gliemann under the names of E.
danica and E. hirsuta, on the authority of Hooker. No such
names appear in Hooker’s catalogues, nor have I any idea of what
plants are meant.

[VERONICA PEREGRINA, Linn.—K. :

If this plant of temperate North America was found by Konig
it must have been accidentally introduced. But probably there
was some mistake. No locality is recorded. All the authors,
except Vahl, follow Konig. ]

PROF. C. C. BABINGTON ON THE FLORA OF ICELAND. 321

LV. srrcara, Linn.—-P. & Z.
This is very unlikely to be a native.]

[V. ANAGALLIS, Linn.—K.

Vahl doubts if this plant has really been found. It is enu-
merated in all the lists without any doubt. I have not seen
any specimen, and do not know of any locality for it. It does not
occur in Lapland, nor in the arctic regions, and therefore I ven-
ture to propose its omission. ]

[ Benquerel records V. aquatica, of which I know nothing.]

216. V. SCUTELLATA, Linn.— K.
Hafnarfjord, S.

217. V. BEccABUNGA, Linn.—XK.
Abundant near Skagastrand, and other places in Hunavatos Syssel, M.
Frequent in the north, G. Thingvellir, Sy.! Reykum, St.

218. V. OFFICINALIS, Linn.—K.
* Fl. Dan.’ 570.
Hafnarfjord, S. Common in the west and south, Mk. Seythisfjord,
Hafuarfjordshraun, Sy.! Stadarfell, Olafsdal, Glamaheidi, St.

219. V. saxaTILIs, Linn.— K.

V. fruticosa, K., &c.

Oxeraa, Grimmans Fiadle, Reikium Fiadle, Torfa Jokul, Z. Thingvellir,
Sweinascaur, H. Reykjavik, B. Eyafjord, C. Myvatn and many
other places in Mule Syssel, M. Eydar on the Lagarfljot, T. § G.
Myvatn, G. Hredavatn, Olid, St. Ascends to the height of 2000 feet
in the west, Mk.

220. V. ALPINA, Linn.—K.

Reynivalla-hals, B. By a mountain-stream above Akreyri, C.! Hall-
ormstadrhals, Breiddalsheidi, Hd.! ^ Uxahver, Skjalfanda, B. G.
Skagafjord, Sy.! Myvatn, T. $ G. Bitrufjord, Reykjarfjord, M. Kri-
suvik, St. Oxnedalsheidi, Kr.

Gliemann says that it is common in the north, and Mórck that

it reaches the height of 2000 feet in tbe west.

221. V. seRPYLLIFOLIA, Linn.—K.

Reykjavik, B. Hafnarfjord, S$. Grenjatharstadr, Holar, B. G. Abun-
dant near Skagastrand, and at other places in Hunavatns Syssel, M.
Seythisfjord, Skagafjord, $y.! Common in Bogarfjord Syssel, rarer
in Snaefells Syssel, Mk. Gardir, Kr.

299. Tuymus SERPYLLUM, Linn., Fries.—K.

Reykjavik, B. Hafnarfjord, S. Middalr in Strande Syssel, Olafsen and
Povelsen. Keflavik, Mk. Geysir, Kr. Breiddalsheidi, Mikliboer,

322 PROF. C. C. BABINGTON ON THE FLORA OF ICELAND.

Hd. Lagarfljot, G. Oxnardalr, B. G.! Seythisfjord, Skagafjord,
Sy.!

223. PRUNELLA VULGARIS, Linn.—K. :
Laugarness near Reykjavik, B. Myvatn, M. Near the south coast, Ld.!
Kalmanstunga, Arnarvatn, B. G. Seythisfjord, Sy. !
224. LAMIUM AMPLEXICAULE, Linn.—V.
Iceland, St.
There is a specimen in the Herb. at Copenhagen.

225. L. PURPUREUM, Linn.—K.
Geysir, S. Hnausir, B. G.

226. L. ALBUM, Linn.—H]j.
Hnausir, B. G.

227. GaLeopsis LaDANuM, Linn.—K.

* Fl. Dan.’ t. 1757.

This is recorded in Kénig’s Flora, and all except Vahl have
followed him. I find no localities reeorded for it.

228. G. TETRAHIT, Linn.—K.
Geysirs, B. Skalholt, S$. Reykjavik, Sy.! Holar, B. G.
229. STACHYS SYLVATICA, Linn.—G.
Fnjorhadalr, B. G. ;
Gliemann enumerates this plant without remark; but none ot
the other lists include it.

230. PiNGUI1CULA VULGARIS, Linn.—K.
Reykjavik, Garde Hraun, B. Hafnarfjord, S. Myvatn, Arnarvatn,
T. & G.! Selsund, Steinholt, Raudnefstadr, Knappavellir, Hd.
231. P. ALPINA, Linn.—M.
Found at Borgarfjord by Petersen, M. :
Baring-Gould's P. alpina from Arnarvatn (!) is P. vulgaris
with the scape more glandular than is usual, and the plant small.

232. PRIMULA FARINOSA, Linn.—WM.
Crossnaes, G.

233. P. stricta, Horn.—G.
Eyjafjord, T. & G., who call it P. Hornemanni.

[LYSIMACHIA NvuMMULAnIA, Linn.—S.
Solander saw it in Paulsen’s herbarium. No other author
mentions it. |

[ANAGALLIS ARVENSIS. Linn.—S.
Solander saw it in Paulsen’s herbarium. No other author
mentions it. |

PROF. C. C. BABINGTON ON THE FLORA OF ICELAND. 323:

234. TRIENTALIS EUROPEA, Linn.—Hj.

Eydar on the Lagarfljot, T. & G. .

The late M. J. Gay informed me that there is a specimen from
Stykkisholmar by Breithifjord in the Paris Herb.

235. GLAUX MARITIMA, Linn.—M.

Eyjafjord, Mithfjord, B. G.

236. ARMERIA MARITIMA, Willd.— K.

A. pubigera 8. scotica, Bois.

Common from the coast to the dry sands of the interior and up
to the perpetual snow. My specimens from Reykjavik, and Sy-
mington’s from Skagafjord, are the above-named plant of Boissier ;
but probably other forms are to be found.

237. PLANTAGO MAJOR, Linn.—K.

Geysirs, B. Hafnarfjord, S.! Laugarnes, Seythisfjord, Sy. !

[P. MEDIA, Linn.—L.

Lindsay and Preyer & Zirkel enumerate this plant. I have
much doubt concerning it. ]

238. P. LANCEOLATA, Linn.—K.
Sandlaugsdal, St.
Gliemann says that it is very common.

239. P. ALPINA, Linn. (?)—H.

Thingvellir in plenty, H. (who has specimens). s

Robert gives Iceland as a locality for it in DC. Prod. (xiii.
i. 731). Gliemann thought the plant is probably P. maritima,
var. glauca. Specimens are in Hornemann's herbarium at Copen-
hagen ; and Lange considers that they are an undescribed species,
which he purposes to publish in * Fl. Dan.’ with the name of P.
borealis.

[P. Coronopus, Linn.—K.
König recorded this plant; and all, except Vahl, have fol-
lowed him without doubt. It certainly requires confirmation. ]

[LITTORELLA LACUSTRIS, Linn—$.

There is a specimen of this, but without any locality, amongst
Solander’s Icelandic plants in the British Museum. But that
is scarcely sufficient authority for adding it to the flora. |

240. CHENOPODIUM ALBUM, Linn.— G.
Brethedal, St.

[ATRIPLEX HoRTENSIS, Linn. —G.
Gliemann added this on the authority of Olafsen (p. 333).

324 PROF. C. C. BABINGTON ON THE FLORA OF ICELAND.

Fries considers it a real native of Lapland and Finland. Can it
have resulted from an attempt at cultivation ?]

241. A. RASTATA, Linn.—K.
A. patula, Sm.
Reykjavik, B.

242. A. ANGUSTIFOLIA, Sm.—S.

A. patula, Linn. (?), Koch, Fries.

Stadarfell, Bredehollir, St.

There is a specimen in Solander’s collection, which seems to have
grown on very rich soil.

243. A. BABINGTONII, Woods.—K.
A. rosea, Bab., not Linn. A. crassifolia, Fr., not Mey. A laciniata,
Zoega and most Icelandic botanists.
Rodefjord, G.
An Icelandic specimen from Hjaltalin is in Hornem. Herb. at
Copenhagen.

[RuwEx CONGLOMERATUS, Murr.—K.

R. acutus, K. óc.

This is a common plant, according to Gliemann. He also re-
cords R. domesticus, or I should have suspected that he, and all
the older Icelandic botanists, really intended the R. domesticus by
R. acutus, and that R. conglomeratus is not to be found in Iceland.
If really common, it is remarkable that no recent visitors have
noticed it. I have no recollection of seeing any plant at all like
R. conglomeratus. |

244. R. pomesticus, Hn. (?)—G.

Reykjavik, B. Budnestad, Mk. Reykhollar, St. Found especially at
Borgarfjord, according to Olafsen and Povelsen, who call it Patientia
or Lapathum.

lam unable to determine to which of the species into which

the R. aquaticus (Linn.) is now divided, my specimen ought to be
referred ; but it seems to be R. domesticus. The specimens ga-
thered by Mörck and by Steenstrup, now at Copenhagen, are so
named. Becquerel adds R. crispus, but probably means the same
plant. Preyer and Zirkel record R. crispus and R. Patientia; but
probably both names refer to the same plant. There is a probable
specimen of R. domesticus in Solander's collection, but it has no
leaves. Gliemann states, on the authority of Mórck, that E. do-
mesticus is the plant of Iceland ; and Vahladmits it as a native
species.

PROF. C. C. BABINGTON ON THE FLORA OF ICELAND. 325

245. R. Acrrosa, Linn.—K.

This is a common plant. I have seen it from Reykjavik, B. Breid-
dalsheidi, Hd. ^ Hafnarfjord, S. Steinstadr in Oxnadalr, B. G.
Seythisfjord, Sy.

246. R. AcETOSELLA, Linn.—K.
Common. I have seen it from Reykjavik, B., and Steinstadr, B. G.

247. OXYRIA RENIFORMIS, Hook.— K.
Reykjavik, B. Stappen, Mk. Besserstad, Kr. Siglufjord, T. & G.
Breiddalsheidi, Hd. ^ Grimstuuga, B. G. Saudarey (Suthrey) in
Breithjfjord, Robert. Olafsfjord, G. Skagafjord, Sy.!

248. POLYGONUM viviPARUM, Linn.—K.

Reykjavik, B. In great abundance at Thingvellir, H. Akreyri, Hal-
lorm-stadr-Hals, at the foot of Orcefa Jokull, near Myvatn, Hd.
Hafnarfjord, S.! Holar, B. G. Seythisfjord, Skagafjord, Sy.

I have received specimens of it named P. Bistorta.

[P. Bisrortra, Linn.—H.

A very doubtful native.]

249. P. AMPHIBIUM, Linn.—K. T
In all the lists. I have no knowledge of its localities.

250. P. Persicaria, Linn.—K. "e
In allthe lists. I have no knowledge of its localities.

251. P. LAPATHIFOLIUM, Linn.— St. ;
Steenstrup deposited an Icelandic specimen in the Herbarium
at Copenhagen.

252. P. HvpnoriPzn, Linn.—K.
In all the lists. I have no knowledge of its localities.
Vahl had doubts concerning this plant and the two preceding
being natives.

253. P. AviCULARE, Linn.
Common. I have seen it from Thingvellir and the Geysirs, R. Ak-
reyri, C.! Reykjavik, Skagafjord, and Seythisfjord, Sy. ! l
Lange says that forms angustifolium and latifolium are in the
Herbarium at Copenhagen.

[P. ConvoLvuLus, Linn.—G.
I know nothing of this, and it is not noticed by others. ]

254. KŒNIGIA ISLANDICA, Linn.— E.
Reykjavik, B. Geysirs and north foot of Laugerfell and Skalholt, H.
$ B. G. Bessested, Sir J. Banks in Brit. Mus. Herb. Rangar-
vellir, Mk. Skagafjord, M. Stadarfell, St. Oefjord, Kr. My-

326 PROF. C. C. BABINGTON ON THE FLORA OF ICELAND.

vatn, T. & G. Ness, Esia, Reikium, Nupterfjal, Oerebakka, Hide”
rendi, Holte, S.
Discovered in Iceland (on clayey ground at Ness, Z.) by J. G.
Konig in a.p. 1765 (Linn. Mantis. 35).

255. EMPETRUM NIGRUM, Linn.—K.
Reykjavik, B. Hafnarfjord, Granfell, S. Siglufjord, Eyafjord, T. & G.
Oreefa Jokull, near Myvatn, Hd.
“Used by Bishop Pil for making sacramental wine. Päls
Saga, cap. ix.” B. G.

[EvPHonBrA PEPLvus, Linn.—S.
Solander saw this in Paulsen's herbarium. A possible but
not probable native. ]

256. CERATOPHYLLUM DEMERSUM, Linn.—X.
In all the lists. I know of no localities.

257. URTICA URENS, Linn.—K.

Reykjavik, B. Eyjafjord, B. G. Skagafjord, Sy.!

It grows about the houses at Reykjavik, and was probably in-
troduced. Solander saw itin 1772; but Mohr took no notice of it
in 1786. Hooker observed it in 1811, and I saw it in 1848.

258. U. piorca, Linn.—K.
Kalfanes in Steingrimsfjord, Paulsen in M. Vatns-skarth, B. G.
Olafsen and Povelsen say that U. minor (* Brenn-nessel ") grew
on Flatey in Breidifjord. 1 believe that they meant U. dioica,
which seems to be the Brennu-netla of Iceland, and is the Bran-
natsla of Sweden.

259. CALLITRICHE VERNA, Linn.—K.
Hafnarfjord, S. Reykjavik. St.

260. C. sTAGNALIS, Scop.—St.
Reykholt, St.

261. C. AUTUMNALIS, Linn.—K.
Included in all the lists. I know of no localities.

262. BETULA NANA, Linn.—K.
Thingvellir, B. Kreisuvik, H. Eylifr, Vithidal, Myvatn, B. G. Eya-
fjord, T.§ G. Skagafjord, Sy. !

263. B. INTERMEDIA, Thom. (in Rchb. Fl, Excurs.).
B. alba 8. procumbens, Sol. MS. B. fruticosa, Vahi.
Abundant near Thingvellir, B. Stadarstad, M.

PROF. C. C. BABINGTON ON THE FLORA OF ICELAND. 327

This appears to be the B. alba of Zoega, which, he says, formed
a wood at Laugervatn. He states that the trees were mostly
decumbent, and had stems 4 ells long, and 4 inches thick.

l have failed in identifying my plant with those of other
authors. lt is often mistaken for B. alpestris (Fr.), or B. hu-
milis (Schr.); but the shape of its leaves and of the scales of its
catkins is different from what it is in those plants. B. alpestris
(Fr), B. humilis of his Herb. Norm. v. 60, has :—“ foliis sub-
rotundis obtuse serratis, amentis terminalibus erectis pedunculo
amentum subequante, squamis digitato-trifidis laciniis distantibus
porrectis subzqualibus." B. humilis (Schrank), Fries, Herb.
Norm. xiii. 72, has :—“ foliis subrotundo-ovatis (sepe basi sub-
cordatis) acute crenato-serratis, amentis terminalibus erectis bre-
viter pedunculatis pedunculo multo longioribus, squamis digitato-
trifidis laciniis divergentibus subequalibus.”

My plant may be described as follows :—

B. folis rhomboideo-ovatis irregulariter acute crenato-serratis basi
cuneatis integris, petiolis pubescentibus, amentis terminalibus erectis
pedunculatis pedunculo amentum sub:zequante, squamis trifidis la-
ciniis ciliatis latis apice rotundatis intermedio lateralibus paululum
incumbentibus, nucibus obovatis ala cinctis latitudinem nucis zequante
apicemque pilosam vix attingente.

264. B. GLUTINOSA, Fries.—G.

B. alba of all the lists.

Thingvellir, B. Granfell, S. Fnijoska-dalr, Northar-dalr, &c., B. G.
Skagafjord, Sy. ! j

As far as I can learn, there is only one kind of Birch-tree in
Iceland; for the preceding species are shrubs. It is usually
called B. alba, because the older botanists did not distinguish
B. glutinosa from the Linnean species. I saw one small tree
of B. glutinosa in the Almannagja, and obtained specimens of
the leaves from it; nor have I seen any other.

The Birch was formerly much more abundant than it is at
present. Horrebow states that the wood in Fnijoskadalr was
four miles long and half a mile wide at about the middle of the
eighteenth century. Gliemann states that in 1824 only stumps
and decaying stems remained there, and that some of these
stumps were of considerable thickness. This fine wood was de-
stroyed by the improvident conduct of the people. Henderson
states that he saw, in 1814, the remains of this forest on the east
side of the river, consisting of numerous stumps of Birch trees,

328 PROF. C. C. BABINGTON ON THE FLORA OF ICELAND. -

some of which exceeded 2 feet in diameter. My friend Mr.
E. Magniisson informs me that it has now renewed itself to
some extent, and with ordinary care may again become a valuable
forest.

Gliemann informs us that to the east of Reykjalid, at the
foot of Dalefjord, and by Ferjubakki, near the mouth of the river
Jokulsa of Axarfjord, there were high and thick Birch trees
remaining.

Sir G. S. Mackenzie passed in 1810 through a wood of Birch
trees, 6-10 feet high, by the Hvita of Bogarfjord. Hooker, in
1811, passed through a similar * forest" of these trees, some
11-12 feet high, near the south side of the entrance of Bogar-
fjord. And Henderson, 1814-15, saw “numerous forests of
birch," by the Lagarfljot.

205. SALIX PENTANDRA, Linn.—K.

Thingvellir, B. G.

S. ambigua, Ehrh. (S. versifolia of Gliemann) is probably a mis-
take.

266. S. PUnPUREA, Linn.—G.

Thingvellir, B. G.
267. S. LANATA, Linn.—K.

Thingvellir, B. Eyafjord, T. $ G. Granbakka, Stikkesholm, Bud-
nesstadt, Mk. Grimstungaheidi, Arnesvatn, Kr.

It is remarkable that this plant is omitted by P. & Z., and also
by B. G.

268. S. ovara, Ser.
Reykjavik, Kr.
269. S. LAPPONUM, Linn.—K.
Eysfjord, T. $ G.
270. S. ARENARIA, Linn.—K.
Vahl-fjord, B. Leiruvatn, B. G.
Gliemann states that it is not uncommon.

271. S. CAPRERA, Linn.— K.
On the east side of the head of Eyjafjord, M. Seljadal, B. G.
272. S. PHYLICIFOLLIA, Linn.—B.
Thingvellir, B. Voxhuus, Mk. Myvatn, Kr.
273. S. CINEREA, Linn.—P. & Z.
Ljosavatn, B. G.
I have some doubt of the correctness of the name, and have
not seen any specimen.

PROF. C. C. BABINGTON ON THE FLORA OF ICELAND. 329

[S. GLABRA, Scop., Ledeb., Koch.—Hj.

Hjaltalin includes this, but probably by mistake. It is said
to have been found at Kola in Lapland, but not in Scandi-
navia. ]

274. S. MYRTILLOIDES, Linn.—K.
Hafnarfjord, S.

275. S. REPENS, Linn.—K.
Eylifr, Ljosvatn, B. G.

276. S. cuauca, Linn., not of Sm.—K.
Reinevalla-hals, B. Torrent near Eyjafjord, and between Thingvellir
and the Geysirs, C.! Head of Leiravatn, B. G. Skagafjord, Sy. !
Apparently Lindsay combines this plant with the S. Lappo-
num of Linnæus; but it is the S. glauca of Smith, which be-
fongs to that species. This is the S. arenaria of the * Flora Da-
nica,’ and is probably the S. arctica (R. Br.).

277. S. ARCTICA, Pall.—Robert.
It grew on the old church at Thingvellir, and, according to
E. Robert (Voy. 340), had a stem 6 feet long.

2/8. S. MvnsiNrITES, Linn.—K.
Hafnarfjord, S

279. S. ARBUSCULA, Linn.—K.
Eyafjord, T. & G.

280. S. PYRENAICA, var. NonvEGICA, Fr.—B.
S. E irs, And. ?
Reinevalla-hals, B.
lt is possible that this plant is included under the name of 5.

Myrsinites in the lists.

281. S. RETICULATA, Linn.—K.
Olatsvik, Mk.
Gliemann states that this plant is moderately frequent.

282. S. HERBACEA, Linn.—K.
Thingvellir, Reykjavik, Reinevalla-hals, B. Skoulafjeld, H. Hafnar-
fjord, S.! Breiddalsheidi, Hd. Akreyri, C. Grimstungaheidi, Kr.
Skagafjord, Sy. !

283. JuNIPERUS NANA, Willd.— K.
Hafnarfjord, S.! Myvatn, G. To the west of Skjaldbreid, Hd. Ar-
narvatn, Grjot-hals, B. G. Skagafjord, Sy!
This plant is recorded by König and all succeeding authors
under the name of J. communis or J. nana. Some few late writers

330 PROF. C. C. BABINGTON ON THE FLORA OF ICELAND. :

include both names ; but Robert tells us that J. nana is the only
coniferous plant to be found in Iceland ; and Vahl confirms him.
Mörck considered J. communis to be a common plant; but I am
informed that there is no specimen of the species in the Museum
at Copenhagen.

[Pinus sylvestris and Abies Europea have been planted and
also sown, but they do not long survive the rigour of the climate.
Hooker was told that a single dwarf tree of P. sylvestris grew on
an island in a lake which he passed between the head of Borgar-
fjord and Reyholt (Hook. Tour, i. 306). ]

284. PARIS QUADRIFOLIA, Linn.—K.
Hafnarfjord, S.! & Sy.! Seythisfjord, Sy.! Skaptafells-Syssel, G.
285. Oncuis Moniro, Linn.—K.
Grimstunga, B. G.
286. O. MASCULA, Linn.—K.
Hafnarfjord, S. On the way to Krisuvig, H.
287. O. MACULATA, Linn.—K.
Hafnarfjord, S. Geysirs, B. Steinstadr, B. G.! Thingvellir, St. Sey-
thisfjord and Hafnarfjordhraun, Sy. !

288. O. LATIFOLIA, Linn.—K. mee
I have not seen any specimen. The O. latifolia of my list 15
apparently O. maculata.

289. O. cruENTA, Müll., Fries.—G.

Gliemann introduced this plant on the authority of Mórck, who
found it at Rangarvalla. It is figured on tab. 876 of the ‘Fl.
Danica.’ Fries considers it very closely allied to O. incarnata,
but distinguished by its * foliis excurvis subfalcatis.”

290. PLATANTHERA HYPERBOREA, Lindl.—K.

Geysirs, B. Oxeraa, S. Bessested, Ness, Reykjavik, Z. Skaga-
fjord, Sy.! Akreyri, C.! Holtar, Selsund, Buland, Prestbakki,
Steinholt, Hd. Knjoskadal, and near Myvatn, M.

Pl. Konigii is recorded as found by Mörck at Geitarhlid, and

by Krabbe in Hunavatn.Syssel; but it is scarcely a variety of
Pl. hyperborea.

291. HABENARIA viripIs, R. Br.—K.
Geysirs, B. Akreyri, C. At the opening of Horgasdal, B. G.'
Geitarlhid, Mk. Hredavatn, St.

292. H. ALBIDA, R. Br.—K.
Akreyri, C.! At the opening of Horgasdal, B. G. Myvatn, T. 5 G.
Stappen, Mk. Hredavatn, St.

PROF. C. C. BABINGTON ON THE FLORA OF ICELAND. 331

293. LisTERA ovaTa, R. Br.—H.

Found by Mr. Paulsen at Vik, according to Hooker, who has
à specimen.

Vahl also marks it as certainly a native plant.

294. L. CORDATA, R. Br.—St.
Steenstrup gathered this in Iceland, and there is a specimen
in the Museum at Copenhagen.

295. NEoTTIA Nipus-avis, Linn.—K.?

Hjaltalin and Gliemann record this plant. Hooker received
a specimen of “either this or a new species” from Sir G. Mac-
kenzie. Reichenbach, the younger, has seen one from “ Islandia
austr., fide Thienemann.” König records N. kamtschatea, and
Gliemann includes it in addition to JN. Nidus-avis. Zoega and
Solander insert W. kamtschatea doubtfully.

In all probability they all refer to the same species, N. Nidus-
avis.

296. NIGRITELLA NIGRA, Rchb.—K.
Recorded in all the lists.

297. CoRALLORRHIZA INNATA, R. Br.—G.
Fnjoskadal, M. Laugarvatn, B. G.! Skagafjord, Sg. !
Mohr thought that this was the plant intended by the P

kamtschatea of König.

[ANTHERICUM RAMOSUM, Linn.—B.
An unlikely plant; but Gliemann recorded it without remark,

and Hjaltalin retained it.]

298. MAIANTHEMUM BIFOLIUM, DC.—M.

It is in most of the lists, and not an unlikely plant. Mohr
and Gliemann called it Convallaria monophylla, and it is figured
under that name in the * Fl. Danica,’ t. 291.

299. Juncus EFFUSUS, Linn.—K.

Reykjavik and Eyjafjord, B. G. :

Lindsay adds J. conglomeratus; and Baring-Gould includes
both under the name of J. communis. Vahl has neither of them.
300. J. FILIFORMIS, Linn.— St.

Reykhollor, Armule, Briamsloek, St.
301. J. BALTICUS, Willd.—H. :

A careful examination of my specimens convinces me that the
plant is J. balticus. I have not seen any specimens of J. arcticus

332 PROF. C. C. BABINGTON ON THE FLORA OF ICELAND.

from Iceland, and think it probable that specimens of J. balticus
have received that name from former writers upon this flora,
e.g. Gliemann, Hjaltalin, Vahl, and Hooker. My specimens
have a decidedly branched, although very small, panicle, like that
of the Scottish plant, and therefore much resemble J. arcticus.
I possess one stem bearing the remains of the fruit of the pre-
ceding year, which, as far as I can judge, is that of J. balticus.

The localities known for either one or the other of these species
are :—Reykjavik, B. Laugarnes, S. Upsalir, Hd. Myvatn,
B. G. Sandlingrdal, Sz. Oefjord, Kr. Voxhuus, M.

302. J. TRIGLUMIS, Linn.—K.

Reykjavik, Geysirs, B. Akreyri, C. ! Hafnarfjord, Granfell, Heckla, S. !
303. J. sigLuMis, Linn.—K.

* Most abundant, forming a considerable part of the herbage near Reyk-
javik ;" Hooker (i. 24). Leiraa, Mk. Olafrdal, St.

The only specimen which I have seen was gathered by So-
lander. I did not observe it near Reykjavik, and suspect that
Hooker's remark, made from memory, was intended to apply to
J. triglumis.

304. J. CASTANEUS, Sm.
Armule, Granahlid, St.

305. J. TRIFIDUS, Linn.—K.
Geysirs, Reykjavik, B. Akreyri, C.! Hafnarfjord, Granfell, S.! Bud-
nastad, Stadarstad, Mk. Sandlaugrdal, Olafrdal, S7.

306. J. ALPINUS, Vill.
Olafrdal, Sletta, Snaefellstrand, St.

307. J. LAMPROCARPUS, Ehrh.—K.
J. articulatus of Z., K., H., S. J. alpestris, of G.
Laugarnes, S. Myvatn, B. G. Stikkesholm, Mk.

308. J. suPINUS, Monch.—M.
J. articulatus of L.
Geysirs, B. Reykholt, St.
The Icelandic specimens are very small.

309. J. sauarrosus, Linn.— M.
Arnarvatn, B. G.

310. J. GERARDI, Lois. —K.
J. bulbosus of Z., K., H., S. J. compressus of L.

Molar, Laugarnes, Geysirs, S.

PROF. C. C. BABINGTON ON THE FLORA OF ICELAND. 333

It remains to be determined what is the plant really found in
Iceland. Lindsay’s J. compressus is apparently the aggregate
species, including J. cenosus and J. Gerardi; that of Vahl is
only a supposed native, and therefore of no authority. It is
probable that the plant is J. Gerardi, as that is the name adopted
by P. & Z., who do not enumerate J. compressus. There are no
specimens of the plant found by Solander in the British Museum.

311. J. Burontus, Linn.—K.
Geysirs, B. Hafnarfjord, Laugarnes, S.! Reykholt, St. a
LJ. Jacquiaii is included in the flora by P. & Z., but it is a
very unlikely plant to grow in Iceland. }

312. Luzura pitosa, Willd.—K.
Eyafjord, T. & G.

313. L. camprstris, DC. coat
There is a specimen at Copenhagen, gathered by Krabbe.

314. L. muLTIFLORA, Lej.—K.
Reykjavik, Geysirs, Reinevallahals, B. Groenablid, Ovre Glamaheidi,
Krisuvik, St.
Probably this is the Z. campestris of most of the lists; for the
true L. campestris appears to be rare, and replaced, as in other
marshy countries, by the L. multiflora.

315. L. sercata, DC.—K.
Reykjavik, B. Hafnarfjord, Hekla, S. Akreyri, C. Sletta, Reyk-
holar, St.

316. L. ARcUATA, Hook. Ho vue
Mountains near Akreyri, C.! Adelvik, Thorisengismule, Okid, Kri-
suvik, Hredavatn, Sletta, Briamsloek, St.

317. “L. confusa, Lindb.,” Lange.—St.

L. hyperborea, Blytt.

Stromsnesheidi, Sletta, Ovre Glamaheidi, St.

* L. arctica (Blytt), L. hyperborea (Hartm. et Bot. Suec. nec
Blytt), non vidi ex Islandia," Lange.

318. TorrELDiA PALUSTRIS, Huds.
T. borealis, Wahl. :
Reykjavik, Laxarvogr, B. Myvatn, T. § G. Geysirs, C.! Akreyri,
Breiddalsheidi, Hd. Laugarnes, Skagafjord, Sy. ! Skjalfanda, B. 6. !
Ovre Glamabeidi, St. Arnes Syssel, Ar. Dod
This is the true Z. palustris of Hudson, which is a much
older name than 7' borealis, Wahl.
LINN. PROC.—BOTANY, VOL. XI. 2A

33-4 PROF. C. C. BABINGTON ON THE FLORA OF ICELAND.

(T. cCALYCULATA, Willd.

Baring-Gould informs me that he gathered two kinds of To-
fieldia at Grimestunga, and considers one of them to be this species.
I have not seen his specimens. K., & Z. include it in their lists
Solander has the name, but his specimen seems to be the T. pa-
lustris. I have seen other specimens named T. calyculata which
are //. palustris. I doubt if the true plant has ever been found
in Iceland.]

319. TrRIGLOCHIN PALUSTRE, Linn.—K.
Reykjavik, B. Hafnarfjord, S.! Akreyri, C.! Reykholt, Robert.

320. T. MARITIMUM, Linn.—K.

Reykjavik, Gronnefjord, Mk.

321. SPARGANIUM MINIMUM, Fr.—S.

My specimen, called S. natans, gathered near Reykjavik, ap-
pears to belong to this species; but Lange says that the plant
found near Reykjavik and at Rangarvalla is the S. angusti-
folium (Mx.), the S. hyperboreum (Lestad.).

322. S. NATANS, Linn.—K.
Myvatn, M.
lt is in Solander's collection.
323. POTAMOGETON NATANS, Linn.—K.

Laugarnes, S. Gronnefjord, Mk. Vithimyri, B. G.
324. P. RUFESCENS, Schrad.—G.

Vithimyri, B. G. Laugarnes, St.

325. P. NITENS, Web., v. HETEROPHYLLUS, Fr.

Reykjavik, Kr.

326. P. LANCEOLATUS, Sm.
P. nigrescens, Fries ?
A little to the west of Reykjavik, B. Above the hot springs at Laugar
near Reykjavik, B. G.!

I think that no reasonable doubt can exist of this being the
plant of Smith. I have not seen the fruit, nor the floating leaves.
It may be the P. lucens of Lindsay ; for I find that this species
is regarded as a form of P. lucens by Bentham, whose views
are generally adopted by Lindsay.

327. P. HETEROPHYLLUS, Schreb.
P. gramineus, Fries.
Arnardragur, Laugarnes near Reykjavik, St.

398. P. LUCENS, Linn.—K, -
P. lucidum, König.

PROF. C. C. BABINGTON ON THE FLORA OF ICELAND. 335

Hafnarfjord, S. i
Mörck says that this is a common plant. Vahl doubts its
presence in the country; but all the best lists include it.

329. P. PERFOLIATUS, Linn.—M.
Myvatn, G. Sandlaugrdal, St.

330. P. crispus, Linn.—K.
Myvatn, G.
All the best lists include it; but Vahl had doubts.

331. P. PUSILLUS, Linn.—K.
Reykholt, St.
Solander saw it in Paulsen’s collection.

332. P. PECTINATUS, Linn.—K.
Laugafjord, Mk. Vithimyri, B. G.

333. P. FILIFORMIS, Nolte.—K.

Laxarvogr, B. Arnardragur, Sandlangsdal, St. Hafnarfjord, S. !

K., Z., and S. have a P. maritimum ; M. and H. put P. marinum
in its place. They all record P. pectinatum in addition. Can
their P. maritimum be Zostera marina (a plant which does not
appear in K. or Z. or S., but is recorded by Hooker, and seems
to be abundant) ?

334. ZOSTERA MARINA, Linn.—S.
Z. angustifolia, Rchb.
Reykjavik, B. Hafnarfjord, S. Oefjord, in abundance, G. Hruta-
fjord, B. G. Stikkesholm, St.
The larger form is stated to have been found at Bugafjord by
Mörck.

335. BLYSMUS COMPRESSUS, Panz.—K.
Carex uliginosus, König.
Mule Syssel, G. Hop, B. G.

336. B. rurus, Link.—V.
Hop, B. G.

337. SCIRPUS MARITIMUS, Linn.
Esia near Reykjavik, Mk.

338. S. LACUSTRIS, Linn.—K.
Reykjavik, B. G. Esia, Mk.

339. S. PALUSTRIS, Linn.—K.
Hafnarfjord, S.! Holt, M. Reykholt, St.

[S. multicaulis, Sm., is recorded by Gliemann.]
242

336 PROF. C. C. BABINGTON ON THE FLORA OF ICELAND.

340. S. UNIGLUMIS, Link.—B.

Reykjavik, B.

It is probable that this plant was ineluded under the name
S. palustris by the older authors.

341. S. PAUCIFLORUS, Light.
Stadarfell, Reykholar, St. Mosfell near Reykjavik, Ar.

342. S. ces PrTOSUS, Linn.—K.
Fl. Dan. 167.
Laxarvogr, B. Akreyri, C. Arnarvatn-heidi, B. G.

343. S. ACICULARIS, Linn.— K.
There is a specimen, gathered by Steenstrup, at Copenhagen.

344. S. seraceus, Linn.—XK.
Heradsvatn, B. G. Hafnarfjord, S.

345. En10PHORUM ALPINUM, Linn.—K.
Reykjavik, H. Strande Syssel, M. Oxnardals-heidi, B. G.

346. E. vaciNATUM, Linn.—K.

Hafnafjord, S. Eyafjord, T. & G. Hangakvisl, B. G.
347. E. SCHEUCHZERI, Hoppe.—8.

E. capitatum of most of the lists.

Reykjavik, Thingvellir, B. Eyafjord, C.! Foot of Laugarfell, H.

Skagafjord, Sy.! Vidoe, Krisuvik, St. Oefjord, Kr.

I incline to the opinion that all the so-called Æ. capitatum of

Iceland are Æ. Scheuchzeri.

348. E. potysracnuion, Linn.—K.
Reykjavik, B. Hafnarfjord, Granfell, S. Geysirs, Seythisfjord, Skaga-
fjord, Sy.! Upsalir, Grimstadr, Hd. Eyafjord, T. & G. Krisuvik,
St. Oefjord, Kr.

Lindsay also enumerates the E. angustifolium (Roth). Other
authors mention it, but apparently mean the broad-leaved plant,
as they include only one form. I did so in Holland's list.

[E. triquetrum (E. gracile, Koch) is stated by T. & G, to grow
at Eyafjord. I may be permitted to doubt their correctness.]
349. E. LATIFOLIUM, Hoppe.—V.

Vahl, Lindsay, and Preyer and Zirkel record this as certainly
a native. I know of no recorded localities.

350. KoBRESIA SCIRPINA, Willd.—S.
Elyna spicata, Sckk.; Carex Bellardi, Hook.; Fl. Dan. 1529.
Geysirs, Thingvellir, Reykjavik, Laxarvogr, B. Near Akreyri, C.!
Hafnarfjord, Mk.

PROF. C. C. BABINGTON ON THE FLORA OF ICELAND. 337

351. CanEx* DIOICA, Linn.—K.
Reykjavik, B. Reykholt, Borgarfjord, St.

352. C. cariTATA, Linn.—K.

Hafnarfjord, Reykholt, St.

Gliemann adds in brackets “ Scirpus ovatus.” If he is cor-
rect, all the other authors are wrong. I am inclined to believe
that the error rests with him. There is a specimen of the true
plant in Solander's collection.

353. C. PULICARIS, Linn.—XK.
This is included in all the lists without doubt, except that of
Vahl.

354. C. RUPESTRIS, All.—G.
Near Stapi by Snaefell Jokul, Mk. Akreyri, C.'

355. C. MICROGLOCHIN, Wahlenb.—G.

Reykholt, Borgarfjord, St.

P. & Z. add C. pauciflora (Lightf.). Probably the only plant
found is C. microglochin ; but C. pauciflora is not an unlikely
species to occur.

356. C. cuonponnuiza, Ehrh.—B.

Laxarvogr, B. Kollafjordasheidi, St.

[C. stenophylla (Wahl) is stated by T. & G. to have been
found at Siglufjord on the north coast. It isa plant of Arctic
America and may really grow in the north of Iceland. |

357. C. ARENARIA, Linn.— K.
'This is enumerated in all the lists.

358. C. incurva, Lightf.— G.
Thingvellir, Laxarvogr, B.

359. C. vuLpina, Linn.—K.

All, except Vahl, include this in the list as a true native. 1t
does not occur in Lapland or the arctic regions, and is there-
fore a doubtful plant.

360. C. MURICATA, Linn.—K.
The same may be said of this as of C. vulpina.

361. C. LOLIACEA, Linn.—K.
Admitted into all the lists without doubt, except that of Vahl.

It is found in Lapland.
* My Icelandic Carices were named by the late Dr. Boott.

338 PROF. C. C. BABINGTON ON THE FLORA OF ICELAND.

362. C. ELONGATA, Linn.—K.
This also is admitted by all except Vahl. Fries marks it as
just entering Lapland.

363. C. STELLULATA, Gooden.
Olafrdal, Falknefjord, Stad under Snaefell, Sz.

364. C. CURTA, Gooden.

C. canescens of König and some others.

Laxarvogr, B. Stappen, Mk. Gaspsdal, Armule, St.

The plant of M. and St. is named C. canescens (Gooden.) by
Lange, but is probably this species.

365. C. LAcoPINA, Wahl.—G.
Stadarstadt, Mk. Stad under Snaefell, Groenahlid, Olafrdal, St.

366. C. NonvEG1CcA, Wahl.
Gronefjord, Mk.

367. C. ovaLis, Gooden.—K.

C. leporina, Linds.

All, except Vahl, give this as a true native; but it is rather an
unlikely plant.

368. C. CRYPTOCARPA, Meyer.—B.
C. filipendula, Drej. !
Laxavogr, B. Krisuvik, Reykholt, Breidabolstad, Garpsdal, Stad under
Snaefel, Groenahlid, St.
369. C. acuta, Linn.—K.
Gliemann considered it to be a common plant. Vahl doubts
its existence; therefore I suppose that the French party did not

find it. It is included without any doubt in all the other
lists.

370. C. RIGIDA, Gooden.—M.
C. saxatilis, Vahl. a
Reykjavik, Geysirs, Reinevalla-hals, B. Akreyri, C.! Breiddalsheidi,

Hd. Krisuvik, Thorisengismule, Grónahlid, Okid, Breidabolstad,
Reykholt, St.

B. pupica, Drej.
Kollafjordarheidi, St.

Hj. and G. include both C. saxatilis and C. rigida.
371. C. HYPERBOREA, Drej.—B.
Reykjavik, B.

372. C. vULGARIS, Fries.—S.
C. cespitosa, Drej.

PROF. C. C. BABINGTON ON THE FLORA OF ICELAND. 939

Reykjavik, Laxarvogr, B. Olafsdal, Armule, Krisuvik, Kollafjordar-
heidi, St.

3/3. C. ANGUILLATA, Drej.
Reykholt, St.
Fries places this as a variety of C. aquatilis.

374. C. Vani, Schk.—G.
On the mountains near Akreyri, C. Kollafjordarheidi, Briamsloek,
Groenahlid, St.

3/5. C. ATRATA, Linn.—K.
Thingvellir, B. Akreyri, C.! Rangavalla, Mk. Garpsdal, Latrum,
Ovre Glamabeidi, St.

3/6. C. PALLESCENS, Linn.-—K.
Gliemann states that this is common. All except Vahl admit
it without doubt.

377. C. pepata, Linn.—K.
All except Vahl admit this. It is a Lapland plant.

(C. onNiTHorPopa, Willd.
Gliemann added this to the list. None of the older authors
follow him. Vahl doubts its having been found, and so do I.]

378. C. RARIFLORA, Sm.— B.
Laxarvogr, B. Geysirs, Mk. Krisuvik, Reykholt, Stad under Snae-
fell, Okid, Olafsdal, Groenahlid, Hafnarfell, St.

379. C. LIMOSA, Linn.
Reykholt, St.
Morck says that it is common. ‘i

380. C. IRRIGUA, Wahl.
Here and there in Iceland, Mk.

381. C. vacinata, Tausch.—K.

Reykjavik, Laxarvogr, B. Leiraa, Mk. Stadarfell, Sletta, Hreda-

vatn, Reykholt, St.

Lindsay includes C. panicea (Linn.) also; and P. & Z. appear
to follow him, but exclude C. vaginata. Vahl has neither of
them. König has C. panicea, but probably meant what is now
called C. vaginata.

382. C. CAPILLARIS, Linn.—K.
Reykjavik, B. Akreyri, C.! Olafsdal, Suaefellstrand, Sletta, Latrum,
Groenahlid, Reykholt, St.

[C. PILULIFERA, Linn.—G.
C. globularis, König ?

340 PROF. C. C. BABINGTON ON THE FLORA OF ICELAND.

Gliemann records this under the name of C. montana. All
the other lists (except that of Vahl, which omits both) name C.
montana and omit C. pilulifera. According to Fries neither of
the plants so named extends to Lapland. We require specimens
to settle this point. ]

383. C. FULIGINOSA, Sternb.—G.

This rests on the authority of Kónig as quoted by Horne-
mann, Lange.

ltis probable that the C. nisandra (R. Br.) is the plant meant
by Vahl, which is that of Fries (H. N. v. 80), and of the * Flora
Danica,’ t. 2373.

Hj. & G. have also C. atrofusca, by which name this plant is
probably intended.

384. C. FLava, Linn.—K.
This is in all the lists. Vahl alone has any doubts concern-
ing it.

(€. DEPAUPERATA, Gooden.—G.
Gliemaun records this on the authority of Mörck. It is not a
likely plant to occur.]

(C. PSEUDO-CYPERUS, Linn,—K.
Konig records this, and nearly all follow him; but Gliemann
remarks that it is a doubtful native.]

[C. HIRTA, Linn.— K.

This also is included in all the lists except that of Vahl. It
seems rather an unlikely plant to be found. In Seandinavia it
scarcely extends to the northern part.]

385. C. PULLA, Gooden.—G.
Strómsneshlid, Latrum, Armule, Reykholt, St.

386. C. AMPULLACEA, Gooden.—H.

Gathered by Sir G. Mackenzie, H.

A specimen gathered in Iceland by Brynjulfsson is in the
Herb. Hornemann.

387. C. vEsICARIA, Linn.—K.
Included in all the lists.

388. ANTHOXANTHUM ODORATUM, Linn.—K.
Reykjavik, B. Hafnarfjord, S. ' Siglufjord, Eyafjord, Eydar on the
Lagarfljot, T. & Œ. Skagafjord, Sy. !

PROF. C. C. BABINGTON ON THE FLORA OF ICELAND. 841

389. HIEROCHLOE BOREALIS, R. & S.—K.
Reykjavik, Mk. Briamsloek, Okid, Reykholar, St. Hafnarfjord, Thur-
saholt, S. ,
I do not understand what G. means by H. glaucus, introduced
on the authority of Hooker. It is clear that he has made some
mistake.

390. PHLEUM PRATENSE, Linn.—XK.
Laugarvatn, S. Reykholar, Olafsdal, St.
The form called P. nodosum has also been found.

391. P. ALPINUM, Linn.
P. commutatum, Bab.
Reinevalla-hals, Geysirs, B. Akreyri, C. Skagafjord, Sy.! Stappen,
Mk. Moelefellsdalen in Skagafjord, Kr.
392. ALOPECURUS GENICULATUS, Linn.—K.
Reykjavik, B. Common at Rodefjrd, G. Molar, S. Reykholar,
Olafsdal, St.

[Solander records Alopecurus (Polypogon) monspeliensis. It
is an exceedingly unlikely plant to grow in Iceland. There is a
specimen of A. pratensis in Solander’s Icelandic collection, but
without any locality. It is a plant not noticed by any other
traveller in the island, and was probably a mistake. ]

393. SESLERIA CÆRULEA, Ard.—K.
Fl. Dan. t. 1506.
Lava between Hafnarfjord and Reykjavik, B.

394. NARDUS STRICTA, Linn.—K.
Hafnarfjord, Mk. Olafsdal, St.

395. MILIUM ErrusuM, Linn.—M.
Fl. Dan. t. 1144.
Near Kaldrananes, G.

396. PHRAGMITES COMMUNIS, Trin.—K.
In all the lists except that of Vahl, who doubts its being a
native.

397. PSAMMA ARENARIA, Beauv.—K.
Near Kinnzstadt, T. & G.

398. CALAMAGROSTIS STRICTA, Nutt.— G
Arundo Epigejos stricta, G.
Geysirs, Laxarvogr, B. Stad under Snaefell, Olafsdal, Gronahlid,
Stadarfell, St.
It is probable that this is the plant called Arundo Epigejos by
König and the older authors.

342 PROF. C. C. BABINGTON ON THE FLORA OF ICELAND.

399. C. varia. Vahl.—V.

Vahl records a plant under this name. It is doubtless the
Agrostis arundinacea of König, &c., which is usually considered
synonymous with C. montana (Host), to which the C. varia
of Wahlenberg is referred. Vahl does not inform us if he in-
tended to refer to C. varia of Host (C. Halleriana, DC.), or that
similarly named by Trinius (C. montana, Host).

400. AGROSTIS CANINA, Linn.— K.
Olafsdal, St.
B. mutica, Hartm.
Garpsdal, St.
401. A. VULGARIS, Linn.—K.
A. capillaris, Kónig.
Olafsdal, Hafnarfell, St.
Mohr records A. pumila, which is only a state of A. vulgaris.

402. A. ALBA, Linn.—K.

A. stolonifera, Auct.

Geysirs, B. Eydar on the Lagarfljot, T. § G. Briamsloek, Olafsdal,

Sandlangsdal, Reykholar, Groenahlid, St.

[A. ALPINA.

Gliemann records a plant by this name; and Vahl marks it as
anative. I cannot determine it. |
403. A. RUBRA, Linn.—XK.

Eydar on the Lagarfljot, T. $ G. Olafsdal, Reykholar, Orebakka, St.
404. HoLcus LANATUS, Linn.—M.

A little below the Geysirs, Sy. !

405. AIRA .CÆSPITOSA, Linn.—K.
Olafsdal, Garpsdal, St. Borgarfjord Syssel, Kr. Skagafjord, Sy. !
B. PALLIDA Koch.
Garpsdal, St.

406. A. ALPINA, Linn.—K.
Reykjavik, B. Ovre Glamaheidi, St.

407. A. FLEXUOSA, Linn.—K.

Eydar on the Lagarfijot, T. & G. Reykjavik, Mk. Stromsneshlid,

Okid, Sandlangsdal, Reykholt, Hafnarfell, St.

A. montana (Linn.), is a form noticed by König &c.
408. A. ATROPURPUREA, Wahl.—G.

A. alpina, Fl. Dan. t. 961.

Hornemann considered this plant a native; and Gliemann also
was certain concerning it.

PROF. C. C. BABINGTON ON THE FLORA OF ICELAND. 343

409. A. pracox, Linn.—M.
All since the time of Mohr record this plant.

410. TRISETUM suBsPICATUM, Beauv.—K.
Reykjavik, Geysirs, B. Hafnarfjord, Granfell, S.! Akreyri, C. Scal-
holt, Budnested, Mk. Armule, Snaefellstrand, Stad under Snaefell, St.

411. MoLiNIA C.ERULEA, Monch.—XK.
Havn Ledelos, M. Eydar on the Lagarfljot, T. $ G.

412. Poa annua, Linn.—XK.
Reykjavik, Geysirs, B. Hafnarfjord, S. Reykholar, St. Reykholtdal
(Borgarfjord Syssel), Kr.

413. Poa taxa, Henke.—V.
Steenstrup gathered this plant, and his specimen is at Copen-
hagen.

414. P. rLexvosa, Wahl.—G.
Vahl marks this as a true native.
415. P. ALPINA, Linn.—M.
Reykjavik, Geysirs, B. Near the houses at Akreyri, C.! Granfell, S.
Skagafjord, Sy.! Ovre Glamaheidi, Okid, Garfrsdal, Stromneslilid,
Reykholar, St.

416. P. cas1a, Sm.—S.
Reykjavik, Geysirs, B. Akreyri, C.! Thingvellir, Mk. Stromnes-
hlid, Briamslok, Grónahlid, Reykholar, Ovre Glamaheidi, St.

B. ASPERA.
Stadarfell, Fjallabek, St.
417. P. NEMORaLIS, Linn.—K.
P. angustifolia, Kónig, &c.
In all the lists.
B. FIRMULA.
Thingvellir, St.
418. P. BALFoURII, Parn.—B.
P. serotina, Mörck in Herb.
Reykjavik, B. Geysirs, Mk.
419. P. TRIVIALIS, Linn.—K.
Armule, Stromneshlid, Ovre Glamaheidi, Reykholar, Sandlangsdal, St.
Solander brought a specimen from Iceland !
420. P. PRATENSIS, Linn.- K.
Reykjavik, B. Laugarnes, L.! Olafsdal, Armule, Ovre Glamaheidi,
Sandlangsdal, Thingvellir, Reykholar, St.

421. P. COMPRESSA, Linn.—K.
This is in all the lists without doubt, except that of Vahl.

944. PROF. C. C. BABINGTON ON THE FLORA OF ICELAND.

422. GLYCERIA FLUITANS, R. Br.—K.
Festuca fluitans, Konig &c.
Steenstrup gathered this in Iceland.

493. SCLEROCHLOA MARITIMA, Lindl.— K.
In all the lists.

424. Sc. DISTANS, Bab.—G.
Glyceria distans, 8. arenaria, Wahl. ?
Sletta, Reykholar, St.

[Briza MEDIA, Linn.—P. $ Z.
A very doubtful native.]

425. CATABROSA AQUATICA, Beauv.— K.

Garpsdal, Sandlangsdal, St.
426. DACTYLIS GLOMERATA, Linn.

Skalholt, Reykjavik, Mk.
427. FESTUCA OVINA, Linn.—K.

Geysirs, B. Hafnarfjord, S.! Thingvellir, Sy.

It is usually viviparous.

F. duriuscula (of most of the lists) and F. heterophylla (of
P. & Z.), are probably forms of this species. Mörck gathered
the former at Voxhuus.

428. F. RUBRA, Linn.—K.
Armule, Stromsneshlid, Reykholar, Garpsdal, Thingvellir, St.
429. F. ARENARIA, Osb.
Olafsdal, Okid, Thingvellir, Reykholt, St. Reykjavik, B. Eydar on
the Lagarfijot, T. & G.
430. F. ARUNDINACEA, Schr.—K.
F. elatior, Kónig, &c.
In all the lists. Vahl alone has any doubts concerning it.
[Preyer and Zirkel add Bromus elisha but give no lo-
cality or authority for it.]
431. TRITICUM caninum, Huds.—XK.
Elymus caninus, Konig, &c.
In all the lists, without any doubt, except that of Vahl.
432. T. REPENS, Linn.—XK.
Oefjord, Kr.
Steenstrup also gathered it.
(T. CRISTATUM, Schreb.—K.
This is in several of the older lists. Gliemann says, “ very un-
certain.” Hooker omits it. Hjaltalin includes it.

PROF. C. C. BABINGTON ON THE FLORA OF ICELAND. 345

Retz considered that this was the plant intended by König,
who is the sole real authority for it.)

433. ELYMUS ARENARIUS, Linn.—K.
On sand-hills in the deserts near Hekla, between Hekla and Modru-
dalr, Grimstadr, Hd. Hafnarfjord, Skalholt, Granfell, S. Skagarnes,
Mk. Grónahlid, St. Myvatn, Husevig, Vapnefjord, M. Efferso, Sy. !
Suthrey in Breidjfjord, Robert.

Henderson saw the people cutting it on the Myrdalssandr. He
states that it is nowhere more plentiful than amongst the sand and
ashes which cover the ground along that part of the south coast.
Horrebow (* Nat. Hist. Iceland,’ Engl. ed. 1758, p. 41) says that
*in the district of Skaftafel grows a sort of wild corn, of which
the inhabitants make bread, and, though growing wild, it is in
every respect as good as the Danish. This grows in sand, and
the seed that drops off sows itself. The straw they use to
thatch their houses."

434. EQUISETUM ARVENSE, Linn.—XK.
This is probably a common plant. It is very large at Uthlid, B. 6.
Reykjavik, Krisuvik, St.

B. RIPARIUM.
Reykholt, St.

435. E. umsprosum, Willd.—B.
E. pratense, Linds.
Thingvellir, B. Reykjavik, Sy.! Skjald-breid, Hd.!

436. E. svLvaTICUM, Linn.—K.
Copse near Laugarvatn, B. G.
It is in all the lists.

437. E. pimosum, Linn.—K.

Vithimyri, Herathsvatn, B. G.! Reykjavik, Kr.

lt is probable that K. and Z., from whom H., perhaps, took the
name, meant by E. fluviatile the form of E. limosum which is
thus named by the northern botanists. It is doubtful what
Vahl meant by E. fluviatile, which he mentions as a doubtful
native. P. & Z. seem to copy from him, but, nevertheless, give
“ Tjarnaellting " as its Icelandic name. Zoega calls his E. flu-
viatile * Elting;" Solander does the same, and his specimen is
E. limosum (Fries). I refer all the Icelandic E. fluviatile to
E. limosum, notwithstanding both names being included in most
of the lists.

346 PROF. C. C. BABINGTON ON THE FLORA OF ICELAND.

438. E. PALUSTRE, Linn.—K.
Reykjavik, Laxarvogr, B. Akreyri, C.! By the baths (Laugarnes) near
Reykjavik, Mk. Briamsloek, St.

439. E. HYEMALE, Linn.—K.
Hafnarfjord, S. Briamsloek, St. It grows here and there by the sand-
way between Myvatn and Husavig, also to the east of the latter
place, M.

440. E. VARIEGATUM, Schleich.
In the northern and southern parts, C.!
There is a specimen in Hornemann's herbarium.

441. IsoETES ECHINOSPORA, Dur.

Laugarvatn, St. in herb. A. Braun.

I suppose that this is a lake by the road from Reykjavik to the
Geysirs. As I believe that that lake has a peaty bottom, it is
a very likely place for this plant.

Durieu has seen a specimen, and states that it is his Jsoetes
echinospora (Bull. Soc. Bot. de Fr. viii.).

442. I. LACUSTRIS, Linn.?—G.
Thingvellir-vatn, near the southern end of the Almannagja, sparingly, H.
(i. 208).

It has still to be determined if the plant found in that place is
the true I. lacustris. Judging from my recollection of the shore
of the Thingvellir-vatn I should expect to find the true plant
there. It wil be remembered that Hooker lost his whole col-
lection of plants, and that therefore there is no specimen by which
to determine this question.

443. LYCOPODIUM CLAVATUM, Linn.— K.
Solander saw this in the Herb. Paulsen. B. G. says that it is
common. All the lists record it.

444. L. ANNOTINUM, Linn.—K.
Hraun near Reykjavik, H.; Hafnarfjord, S.: these are doubtless the
same place. Briamsloek, St.
445. L. ALPINUM, Linn.—K.
Common up to the perpetual snow, Mk. Hredavatn, St. Skagafjord, Sy.!
446. L. coMPLANATUM, Linn.—G.
Gliemann, Hjaltalin, and Vahl record this as a true native.

4^ DUBIUM, Zoega.—Z.
This plant was added to the list by Zoega, not König. Its
not to be found in the ‘ Nova Acta,’ but in Olafsen and Povelsen's

PROF. C. C. BABINGTON ON THE FLORA OF ICELAND. 347

work. He expresses doubts concerning its really belonging to
this genus, having seen no fructification. He says, “ L. surculis
simplicissimis erectis compressis, foliis complicatis carinatis acutis
alternis distiche imbricatis. Confertim nascitur et densis cespi-
tibus obtegit rupes," &c. No locality is mentioned for it. No suc-
ceeding author seems to have identified it. It was probably a
state or variety of one of the known species. I am inclined to
think that it may have been Z. complanatum.]

447. L. SELAGO, Linn.—K.
Ascends to the perpetual snow, Mk. Breidabolstad, St. Stirts-
hellir, Hd.! Hafnarfjord, S. ! Husavik, T. & G.

448. SELAGINELLA SPINULOSA, A. Br.—K.

Lycopodium selaginoides, Linn.

Reykjavik, B. Hafnarfjord, S.! Oroefa Jokul, Hd.! Thingvellir, C.
Copse by Laugarvatn, B. G.! Seidesfjord, Sy.! Rangarvalla, Mk.
Briamsloek, St.

449. CRvPTOGRAMME CRISPA, R. Br.—V.

Vahl marks this as certainly found. He is the only ME

for it, except Lindsay.

450. POLYPODIUM VULGARE, Linn.
Hafnarfjord, S.! Almannagja, B. G. In a cave or grotto near Midalr,
to the left of the road to the Geysirs, Ld.!

451. P. PuEcorrznirs, Linn.—K.
Garde-hraun, Almannagja, B.

452. P. DRYOPTERIS, Linn.—K.
Garde-hraun, B. In a wood by Borgarfjord, H.

453. P. ALPESTRE, Hoppe.
Stad under Snaefell, St.

454. Woopsra Irvxwsirs, R. Br.—C.
Garde-hraun, B. Hafnarfjord, S. Selsund, Hd. Almannagja, C.!

455. W. HYPERBOREA, R. Br.—H.

Hooker records this as plentiful a “ few miles to the south ”
of Reykjavik ; also as growing in the Almannagja. Unfortunately
his specimens were lost. Krabbe gathered it in Iceland; and
there is a specimen from him at Copenhagen, but without any
exact locality.

456. LASTREA THELYPTERIS, Presl.—K.

All the lists include this fern; and Vahl alone expresses any

doubt about its really being a native. According to Fries, it

348 PROF. C. C. BABINGTON ON THE FLORA OF ICELAND.

does not extend to Lapland, nor does it appear to have been
found in Northern Russia.

457. L. Finix-mas, Presl.—K.
Almannagja, Mk.

458. Potysticuum Loncuiris, Roth.— M.

Capella-hraun, Mk. Snaefelstrand, Thorisengismule, St. Husavik,
T.ó G. Skagafjord, Sy.!

459. CvsToPTERIS FRAGILIS, Bernh.—K.

Reykjavik, B. Hafnarfjord, S.! Rustskeller, Reykjaliet, Mikli-
boer, Selsund, Surts-hellir, Hd.! North coast, C.! At Bosa-
vatn, half a Danish mile from Husavik, M. Skjalfanda, B. G.
Skagafjord, Sy.! Laxaa near Reykjavik, Mk. Seljeland, Thing-
vellir, St. Almannagja, Kr.

460. C. DENTATA, Sm.

Garde-hraun, near Reykjavik, B.

Hooker records it as a native of Iceland (Sp. Fil. i. 198).
He considers it a variety of C. fragilis. It is probably the fern
noticed in his list as undescribed.

461. ATHYRIUM Finix-ramina, Roth.—K.

Garde-hraun, B. Hafnarfjord, S. Seythisfjord, Sy.! Armule, St.
462. ASPLENIUM FONTANUM, Presl.—K.

Thingvellir, B. G.

I presume that this is the plant which B. G. calls Polypodium
Sontanum.

463. ASPL. SEFTENTRIONALE, Hull.—K.
* Laugardal, B. G.!

464. AsPL. TRICHOMANES, Linn.—V.
Budarhraun, Mk.

465. BLECHNUM BOREALE, Sw.

In a wood near the farm (Neofrholt ?) nearest to Hekla, Ld. !
Solander saw it in Paulsen's herbarium.

466. BOTRYCHIUM LUNARIA, Sw.—XK.
Reykjavik, Geysirs, B. Holar, Horgadal, B. G. Seythisfjord, Sy.!
Myvatn, G. Thingvellir, Mk.

467. OPHIOGLOSSUM vuLGATUM, Linn.—K.

This is in all the lists, and Vahl alone has any doubts concern-
ing it.

MR. J. G. BAKER ON LILIACES. 349

A Revision of the Genera and: Species of erbaceous Capsular
Gamophyllous Liliacew. By J. G. Baker, Esq., F.L.S. &c.

[Read February 3, 1870.]

I BELIEVE that I am quite safe in saying that there is now no
Order of flowering plants in which, at any rate in proportion to
the inherent and necessary complication of the subject, there is
more difficulty and loss of time incurred in determining the
name of an unknown plant, than in Liliacee. One principal
reason of this difficulty is that it is now twenty-seven years since
the last general handbook of the order, the fourth volume of the
* Enumeratio ' of Kunth, was written, and that, of course, during
those twenty-seven years a considerable number of new genera
and species have been published, the accounts of which are
scattered widely through local floras and periodicals, and have
never been gathered together and worked up upon a uniform
plan. And, for various reasons, the work just mentioned, which
is the only one that is at all available for use as a working hand-
book, is not well adapted for that purpose. It is the production
of a very experienced and excellent botanist; but, even for that
time, he does not seem to have had in this order an extensive
command of material to work upon, and, in consequence, has
often been obliged to compile his account of genera and species
from his predecessors, who have not described them upon a uni-
form plan, or used a uniform terminology. His descriptions of
genera are very careful and elaborate, occupying frequently the
greater part of a closely printed octavo page; but, as Dr. Lindley
complained when the work was published, they are scattered all
through the book, and no help is given to the student, either by
means of italies or an analytical key, towards choosing out from
the long array of characters those which are relied upon in each
particular case for furnishing the characteristic distinction of the
genus. When a number of closely allied genera are dealt with
in this way, I need scarcely point out that it requires a very
needless expenditure of time and trouble to settle in which an
unknown specimen must be placed ; and not only so, but there is
very great danger of an author who follows this plan making
for himself, or adopting froin others, genera which do not possess
any definite generic individuality. To illustrate this last propo-
sition, I need not go further than the work with which we are
LINN. PROC.— BOTANY, VOL. XI. 2B

350 MR. J. G. BAKER ON LILIACEA.

now dealing. As I have lately had occasion to show elsewhere,
between the extreme points of Scilla, as that genus is (as I
believe rightly) constituted in the * Enumeratio, four other ge-
nera which the author has adopted, must be placed, viz. Bar-
nardia, Ledebouria, Eratobotrys, and Drimia. About half the
species placed by Kunth in Scilla have two, and the other half
have several ovules in each of the three cells of the ovary.
Lindley separated, under the name of Barnardia, two Asiatic
species, which only differ structurally from the plants just re-
ferred to by having only a single ovule in each of the cells. This
character seems quite insufficient to found a genus upon, and he
either overlooked or did not know that a long-known species of
Scilla from Barbary (parviflora of Desfontaines) is also uniovulate.
Kunth, however, keeps up Barnardia, but retains the Barbary
plant in Scilla, and in consequence this latter has since been
made into a monotypic genus by Steinheil under the name of
Stellaris. The other three genera quite coincide with one another
in structure, and only differ geographically, Ledebouria being an
inhabitant of India, Eratobotrys of Nubia and Abyssinia, and Dri-
mia, as Kunth defines it, of the Cape of Good Hope. In the typical
species of Scilla the divisions of the perianth spread from the very
base when the flower is fully expanded; but in these plants, as in
the Common Wild Hyacinth of our English woods (the Scilla nu-
tans of Smith and Kunth), the divisions, though not properly con-
nate at the base, as they are in the cultivated Hyacinthus orien-
talis, yet cohere permanently in a cup, and spread only for the
upper half or two-thirds. The intermediate gradation between
these two shapes of flower may be easily studied in Scilla cam-
panulata, which is a South-European subspecies of nutans very
common in the gardens round London. But this is rather a di-
gression from the main question. I believe that no one who
has at all attended to the order will feel any doubt that a
thorough revision both of its genera and species is needed, di-
rected with a view to ascertain, from the consideration of all the
species which are now known, what are the best limitations and
diagnostic characters of the former, and to bring together the
species in one view, and define them more explicitly upon 4
uniform plan. This is what, in the present paper, I have at-
tempted to do for a section of the order as fully as the material
at my command would permit. Liliaceew is an order in which,
as a general rule, the distinction between allied species cannot

MR. J. G. BAKER ON LILIACE®. 351

be investigated satisfactorily with dried specimens. Unfortu-
nately for the object of this paper, these plants, after having
been once the fashion, have now gone out of fashion as general
objects of cultivation, and at the present time have given place to
Orchids and showy bedding-plants. In consequence of this state
of things I am afraid that a large proportion, especially of
smaller Cape species, which have been introduced into Euro-
pean gardens, have been entirely, and some, I fear, irrevocably
lost in a living state. On the other side of the account, we may
congratulate ourselves that good figures (though often without
dissections) of most of the species that have been cultivated are
preserved in the ‘ Botanical Magazine,’ the ‘ Botanical Register,
Sweet’s ‘Flower Garden,’ and the magnificent plates of Jacquin ;
and it is to be noted also that what has just been said about dried
Specimens, and the differences which characterize species, fortu-
nately does not apply, or applies much less forcibly, to those
structural differences which characterize genera and subgenera.
For living specimens I have used for this paper almost solely
the collection at Kew and that of Mr. Wilson Saunders. Of
the Liliacee contained in the latter, a selection of figures of
some of the most interesting is contained in the number of the
* Refugium Botanicum’ which is now ready to appear, which is
devoted entirely to the order, and contains plates and descrip-
tions of eighteen new species, several of which are of great hor-
ticultural interest; and, I believe, there are very few species now
in cultivation in the country which these two collections do not
contain. For dried specimens, I have relied mainly upon the
three sets now amalgamated at Kew—those of Sir W. Hooker,
Mr. Bentham, and M. Gay. The latter contains a very fine
series of specimens of the European genera, especially of Allium,
but little that is extra-European. I have consulted, when ne-
cessary, the herbaria of Linneus and Sir J. E. Smith ; but neither
of them contains much affecting that part of the order which is
here dealt with. There is a fine series of the older-known
Species (many of the specimens dried from Kew in the days of
Aiton and Solander) at the British Museum, including several I
have not elsewhere seen; and I wish to express my best thanks
to Dr. Perceval Wright and the Trustees of the Herbarium of
Trinity College, Dublin, for their courtesy in allowing me the
loan, for leisurely examination and comparison with the Kew

specimens, of the set of Cape Liliacez there gathered together
222

852 MR. J. G. BAKER ON LILIACE.

under the superintendence of Dr. Harvey, which contains many
unpublished species.

The section of the order dealt with in the present paper is one
that is circumscribed with tolerable definiteness. I have not
thought it needful to enter upon any points connected with the
general characterization and relationships of the order, because
I believe that these may be regarded as settled quite satisfac-
torily, and that any thing which I could say would only go to
confirm what botanists appear to be already fully agreed upon.
The great body of Endogens with a corolla-like perianth, with
divisions in sixes, and stamens in sixes or threes, falls into two
alliances, characterized, the one by a superior, and the other by
an inferior ovary and fruit, so as to leave very few of its genera
in a position at all doubtful or intermediate. In subdividing
the former alliance, we get characters, which are universally re-
garded as of ordinal value, in the extrorse anthers, separated styles,
and septicidally dehiscent capsules of Colchicacez. Deducting
also Pontederiaces, a small order of not more than thirty species,
in which the perianth is twisted in estivation, there remain con-
siderably over 1000 species, the great bulk of which agree
closely in all important points of structure. It seems to be
most natural to regard all these plants as constituting a single
order, and to arrange the great bulk of the species in two series,
in one of which the fruit is a berry, and in the other a capsule.
Tn these two series the great bulk of the order will readily rank,
and there will remain over only a few exceptional groups, each
containing a few species only, such as Roxburghia, Lapageria,
and Philesia, in which the ovary is 1-celled, with parietal pla-
centation, Conanthere, which approximate to Amaryllidaceæ by
their partially adherent ovaries, Uvulariew, which approximate
to Colchicacee by their extrorse anthers, Parideæ, which approxi-
mate to Colchicacew by their disunited styles, and a few others.
Taking the capsular series of genera, the most natural and cov-
venient method is, I think, to dispose them in two subseries, one
characterized by having the segments of the perianth free from
one another down to the very base, and the other by having
them joined together for at least the lower third or quarter. If
we follow this method there is no difficulty in deciding clearly in
which of the two subseries each genus will fall; and if we use for
tribal characters the general arrangement of the inflorescence and
the nature of the root-stock, the tribes of the two ‘subseries will,

MR. J. G. BAKER ON LILIACE.E. 353

to a large extent, run parallel with one another—Hyacinthe, bulbs
of the gamophyllous subseries with racemose inflorescence, an-
swering to Scillee, in which the segments of the perianth are
free, Hemerocallidee in the same way to Anthericese, Millez to
Alliew, and the other tribes in each of the two subseries less
closely. This is a general outline of what I believe to be the
most natural classification of the order; and in this paper all the
known genera and species of the gamophyllous capsular series
are reviewed, with the exception of the tribe Aloinez, which has
formed the subject of a beautifully illustrated monograph by
Prince Salm-Dyck.

Of the genera, I believe I have had an opportunity of exa-
mining a more or less perfect specimen of every one that has
been proposed. I have kept up all for which I thought I was
able to find any clearly definable structural individuality ; but
even as compared with the * Enumeratio, I have felt bound to
erase a good many of the small ones from the list, finding, as I
proceeded, that it was quite impossible to do otherwise and at
the same time characterize genera with reasonable clearness. I
must not pass this point without acknowledging my obligations
to the fragment of Salisbury's * Genera Plantarum ' which Dr.
J. E. Gray has lately so liberally printed and circulated. This
order seems to have been a partieular favourite with that author ;
and his researches upon it were made at a time when the cultiva-
tion of these plants was at its highest point of popularity. His
planning-out and definition of the genera show great care and
acuteness ; but in circumscribing them he went upon a track the
direct opposite of that which I have followed. It will be seen
that, although I have only adopted one of his genera as a genus,
I have used many of his names and groups for subordinate divi-
sions. Indeed I may say that I have felt it only due to the
sterling merits of the work, and of a botanist who left behind
him no adequate memorial of his ability and industry, to incor-
porate as many of his groups and names as I could possibly
include. The total number of genera which I have defined is
26, and of species about 220, being an average of about eight
Species to a genus. In this portion of the capsular series, a
condition of things quite different from what we see in other
parts of the order, both large genera and good monotypic genera
are comparatively few in number, the rule being genera of small
or moderate size, in most of the tribes clearly bounded, with

354 MR. J. G. BAKER ON LILIACE.

species often very near to one another. Of the 220 species, about
40 are here described for the first time ; and I have placed as va-
rieties a good many forms which may often deserve a higher rank,
but which, if so, want their characters elucidated more fully
from study in a living state. Half the 220 species belong exclu-
sively to the Cape of Good Hope; one tribe, containing upwards
of 80 species, belongs entirely to America; and the other 80 species
are scattered over the Old World, very few of them extending
beyond the bounds of the Temperate Zone.

CLAVIS TRIBUUM ET GENERUM. |

Ordo Littacez. Monocotyledones florideæ perianthio corollino
regulari vel subregulari zstivatione recto, ovario supero tri-
loculari, loculis ex angulo centrali ovuliferis, stylis connatis
(raro nullis vel disjunctis vel rarissime ovario uniloculari placen-
tis parietalibus), antheris introrsis, fructibus capsularibus vel
baceatis, embryone in albumine immerso.

Subordo 1. LrnrAcEx verx. Fructus capsularis, trilocularis.
Styli connati.

Series 1. Perianthium segmentis basi distincte connatis.

Tribus 1. HEwzmocaLLIDEx. Herb: radicibus crasse fibrosis,
floribus racemosis vel paniculatis pedunculis paullulum foliatis.

* Inflorescentia paniculata.

]l. PHormium. Perianthium tubulosum. Folia rigida. Flores Co-
piose thyrsoideo-panieulati. Nova-Zelandia et Insula Norfolk.

2. HEwERocALLIs. Perianthium late infundibuliforme. Folia grami-
noidea. Flores sparse corymboso-paniculati. Regiones boreali-tem-
perate veteris orbis.

** Inflorescentia racemosa.

3. KNiPHOrFIA. Perianthium tubulosum, limbo perbrevi. Folia an-
gusta, dura. Cap. B. Spei et Africa trop. orientalis.

4. BLANDFORDIA. Perianthium infundibuliforme segmentis tubo 5-
6-plo brevioribus, staminibus supra medium insertis. Capsula longe
stipitata, septicide trivalvis. Folia angusta dura. Australia.

5. FuNK1A. Perianthium infundibuliforme, segmentis tubo gequanti-
bus. Stamina hypogyna. Capsula sessilis, loculicide trivalvis. Folia
lata. Japonia, China borealis, Siberia orientalis.

MR. J. G. BAKER ON LILIACE.E. 355

A e ad x " A
Tribus 2. AGApANTHER. Herb: radicibus crasse fibrosis, floribus
umbellatis pedunculis nudis. Capenses.

6. AGAPANTHUS. Perianthium infundibuliforme. Filamenta folii-
formia, declinata. Capsula septicide trivalvis.

7. TuLBAGHIA. Perianthium rotatum. Filamenta nulla. Capsula
loculicide trivalvis.

Tribus 3. MirnEx. Herbe bulbose pedunculis nudis, floribus
umbellatis vel raro solitariis. Americane.

* Coronate.

8. ANDROSTEPHIUM. Tubus infundibuliformis, segmentis aquans.
Filamenta prorsus in coronam concreta. Capsula loculicide trivalvis.
Texas.

9. BEssERA. Tubus campanulatus, segmentis 4—6-plo brevior. Fila-
menta dimidio superiore libera. Capsula septicide trivalvis. Mexico.

** FEcoronate.

10. Leucocoryne. Perianthium infundibuliforme vel subrotatum
segmentis tubo zquantibus vel brevioribus. Antherx 3, in tubo
subsessiles. Staminodia 3, caleariformia, ad faucem inserta. Chili,
Peruvia.

ll. Bropiaa. Perianthium infundibuliforme (vel in specie unica late
tubulosum) segmentis tubo longioribus vel brevioribus. Antherz 3,
ad faucem sessiles. Staminodia 3, petaloidea, cum antheris uni-
seriata. Amer. borealis occidentalis.

12. MinLa. Perianthium infundibuliforme, tubo cylindrico vel cam-
panulato, segmentis tubo szquantibus vel 2-4-plo brevioribus. Sta-
mina 6, perigyna, uniseriata vel biseriata. Amer. borealis et australis
precipue occidentalis.

Tribus 4. Massonrez. Herbs bulbose pedunculis nudis bre-
vibus vel subnullis, floribus congestis corymbosis raro solitariis.
Capenses.

13. Massowia. Perianthium tubuloso-gamophyllum segmentis zequa-
libus linearibus vellanceolatis. Folia 2.

14. BRAcHvscvPHa. Perianthium campanulato-gamophyllum, seg-
mentis ligulatis interioribus paulo longioribus. Folia plurima.

l5. DAauBENYA. Perianthium tubuloso-gamophyllum limbo subbila-
hiato segmentis valde inzqualibus. Folia 2.

356 MR. J. G. BAKER ON LILIACE X.

Tribus 5. HxaciwruEx. Herbe bulbos: pedunculis nudis, flori-
bus racemosis raro spicatis vel solitariis.

* Segmenta limbi distincte difformia.

16. Dipcapi. Perianthium viride vel flavo-virescens, tubuloso-ga-
mophyllum. Filamenta brevia recta. Semina discoidea. Regiones
precipue temperate veteris orbis.

17. LACcHENALIA. Perianthium albidum vel fulgens, campanulato-
gamophyllum. Filamenta elongata, declinata. Semina parva, la-
genzformüa. Capenses.

** Segmenta limbi conformia deltoidea.

18. VELTHEIMIA. Perianthium rubrum, longe tubulosum, filamentis
filiformibus ad medium tubi uniseriatim insertis. Capenses.

19. Muscari. Perianthium ceruleum, oblougo- vel obovoideo-urceo-
latum, filamentis brevibus prope medium tubi biseriatim insertis.
Eur. merid. Barbaria, Oriens.

20. LrrANTHUS. Perianthium viridescens, perparvum, solitarium, tu-
bulosum, staminibus ad faucem sessilibus uniseriatis. Capenses.

*** Segmenta limbi conformia, ligulato-lanceolata.

21. Drimra. Perianthium campanulato-gamophyllum, segmentis li-
gulatis cucullatis. Semina discoidea. Filamenta elongata, leviter
declinata. Cap. B. Spei, Afr. trop.

22. HvacINTHUS. Perianthium infundibuliforme, segmentis planis
ascendentibus vel falcatis. Filamenta recta. Antheræ versatiles.
Semina parva, ediscoidea. Eur. merid., Oriens, Africa bor. et

merid.
23. RHADAMANTHUS. Perianthium campanulatum, segmentis erectis.
Filamenta recta. Antherz adnatz. Semina discoidea. Capenses.

24. PuscHKINIA. Perianthium rotatum, turbinato-gamophyllum, fauce
tubo profunde 6-dentato coronatum. Antheree versatiles, filamentis
brevibus intra coronam insertis. Semina parva, ediscoidea. Oriens.

25. CHroNoDoxa. Perianthium rotatum, turbinato-gamophyllum.
Corona nulla. Anthere versatiles, filamentis brevibus petaloideis.
Semina parva, ediscoidea. Oriens.

Tribus 6. ODONTOSTEMONE®. Herba bulbosa floribus racemoso-
paniculatis pedunculo sparse foliato,

26. OpowTosTrEMUM. Genus solum. California.

MR. J. G. BAKER ON LILIACE. 357

1. PoHormtium, Forst.

Forst. Gen. No. 24; Endl. Gen. No. 1101; Kunth, Enum. iv. 274 ;
Hook. fil. Flo. Nov. Zel. 286 ; Salisb. Gen. 81.— Chlamy dia,
Banks § Sol. in Gertn. Fruct. t. 18, p. 71.

Perianthium tubuloso-infundibuliforme, marcescens, leviter cur-
vatum, basi obconiea solum gamophyllum, segmentis exteriori-
bus firmioribus, lanceolatis, acutis, interioribus longioribus
apice subpatulis. Stamina 6, ad basin segmentorum inserta,
Jilamentis filiformibus squalibus exsertis leviter curvatis, an-
theris lineari-oblongis versatilibus. Ovarium sessile, oblongo-
triquetrum, ovulis copiose biseriatis ; stylus filiformis, stamini-
bus equans, subdeclinatus; stigma capitatum. Capsula cornea,
cylindraceo-triquetra, loculicide trivalvis, seminibus oblongis
complanatis alatis, testa nitida, nigra. Herbe elate radicibus
crasse fibrosis, foliis rigidis equitantibus distichis, floribus copiose
thyrsoideo-paniculatis, pedicellis apice articulatis. De impre-
gnatione ovuli cfr. Schacht, Ann. Sc. Nat. ser. 4, viii. 275, t. 4.

Folia 2-3 poll. lata, apice fissa ........ .. l. tenax.
Folia 9-18 lin. lata, apice vix fissa ...... 2. Cookianum.

l. P. TENAX, Linn. Suppl. 204 ; Cook, It. ii. 96, cum icone; Red. Lil.
t. 448-449 ; Bot. Mag.t. 3199 ; Kunth, Enum. iv. 2/4; Hook. fil. Nov.
Zel. 986. Folia utrinque scapum 4-6, 4 pedes vel ultra longa, 2-3 poll.
lata, supra subglauca, extrorsum intense glauca, margine et carina cite
rubro-brunnea, apice fissa. Scapus cum panicula 5-7-pedalis. Perian-
thium 18-21 lin. longum, flavo-coccineum. Capsula 3-6 poll. longa,
5-6 lin. crassa. Nova Zelandia, Insula Norfolk. Embryo sspe ante

lapsum seminis germinans.

2. P. CookraNuM, Lejolis, Bull. Soc. Hort. Cherb. p. 71; Walp. Ann.
iii. 630— P. Colensoi, Hook. fil. in Raoul, Choix, p. 41; Flo. Nov. Zel.
p- 287.— P. Forsterianum, Hook. Journ. Bot. 1844, p. 8, 1851, p. 220.
Minor ; scapus cum panicula 5-6-pedalis ; folia 2-3 pedes longa, 9-18
lin. lata, magis acuminata, apice vix fissa. Perianthium 12-15 lin.
longum, magis flavum vel segmentis exterioribus virescentibus. Ca-
psula gracilior, spe longior. Nova Zelandia.

2. HEMEROCALLIS, Linn.
Linn. Gen. No. 433 (ex parte); Endl. Gen. No, 1143; Kunth,
Enum. iv. 587 ; Salisb. Gen. p. 81.

Perianthium late infundibuliforme, segmentis. oblongo-spathu-
latis equilongis flore expanso recurvatis, interioribus paullulum

358 MR. J. G. BAKER ON LILIACEJ.

latioribus, tubo multo longioribus. Stamina 6, ad faucem
tubi inserta, filamentis filiformibus segmentis brevioribus decli-
natis, antheris lineari-oblongis versatilibus. Ovariwm subsessile,
oblongum, obtuse trigonum, ovulis copiose biseriatis; stylus
filiformis, declinatus, staminibus longior; stigma capitatum.
Capsula carnoso-coriacea, obtuse trigona, rugosa, basi angustata,
loculicide trivalvis, seminibus in loculo 6-12, biseriatis, sub-
compressis exalatis; ¢esta nitida, nigra. Herbe radicibus car-
noso-fibrosis, foliis linearibus textura graminoideis, floribus speci-
osis, magnis, sparse corymboso-paniculatis.

Flores odori, vitellini.
Segmenta interiora firma venis haud conjunctis.
1. flava.
Segmenta interiora margine membranacea, venis paucis con-
junctis.
Folia 2-3 lin. lata ; pedicelli et tubi elongati.
2. minor.
Folia 6-8 lin. lata; perianthium tubo brevissimo, segmentis
interioribus 5-6 lin. latis.......... 3. Dumortieri.
Folia 8-12 lin. lata; pedicelli subnulli ; perianthium tubo
5-6 lin. longo, segmentis interioribus 9-12 lin. latis.
4. Middendorfü.
Flores inodori, fulvi, segmentis interioribus margine membrana-
ceo-undulatis venis multis conjunctis .... 5. fulva.

l. H. FLAVA, Linn. Sp. 462; Jacq. Hort. Vind. t. 139; Bot. Mag.
t. 19; Red. Lil. t. 15; Kunth, Enum.iv. 588; Reich. Ic. t. 1112.
Folia 18-24 poll. longa, 6-8 lin. lata, viridia. Scapus foliis excedens.
Corymbus sæpe 6-9-florus, pedicellis 12-24 lin. longis, bracteis parvis
lanceolatis. Flores odori, vitellini, 3-4 poll. longi, tubo cylindrico 6-15
lin. longo, segmentis omnibus firmis venulis haud anastomosantibus,
exterioribus 6-8 lin. latis, interioribus paullulum latioribus apice
minus angustatis. E Gallia per Europam meridionalem ad Siberiam
occidentalem ; Japonia (an indigena ?).

2. H. minor, Mill. Dict. No. 2.—H. graminea, Andr. Bot. Rep. t. 244;
Kunth, Enum. v. 588 ; Miquel, Ann. Mus. Lug. Bat. ii. 152.—H. gra-
minifolia, Schlecht. Abh. zu Halle, neue Folge, Bd. i. quart. iv. p. 15.
H. pumila, Salisb. Gen. p. 81. Folia 15-18 poll. longa, vix ultra 3
lin. lata, saturate viridia. Scapus foliis subzquans. Corymbus
3-6-florus, pedicellis 3-24 lin. longis, bracteis parvis lanceolatis.
Flores odori, vitellini, 23-4 poll. longi, tubo cylindrico 6-12 lin. longo,
segmentis exterioribus firmis 4-5 lin. latis, interioribus latioribus ob-

~

MR. J. G. BAKER ON LILIACER, 359

tusioribus, margine membranaceis, venulis paucis conjunctis. Siberia
orientalis, China borealis, et Japonia.

3. H. Dumortieri, Morren, Hort. Belg. ii. p. 195, t. 43; Miquel,
Ann. ii. 152; Baker in Saund. Ref. Bot. t. 213.—H. graminea B. hu-
milior, Mazim. Prim. 285.—H. Sieboldii et rutilans, Hort.—H. grami-
nea, Schlecht. loc. cit. Folia 12-15 poll. longa, 6-8 lin. lata, viridia.
Seapus folis vix zequans. Corymbus 2-3-florus, pedicellis 3-6 lin.
longis, bracteis late lanceolatis pedicellis subzquantibus. Flores
odori, vitellini, 2-23 poll. longi, tubo perbrevi (2-3 lin. longo) vel
subnullo, segmentis exterioribus firmis 4-5 lin. latis, interioribus 6
lin. latis obtusioribus margine membranaceis venulis paucis conjunctis.
Siberia orientalis et Japonia.

4. H. Mippenporril, Traut. et Mey. Fl. Ochot. 94; Mazim. Amur.
283; Regel, Gart. t. 522. Folia 15-18 poll. longa, 8-12 lin. lata,
viridia. Scapus folis subzquans. Corymbus 2-4-florus, pedicellis
brevissimis, bracteis magnis deltoideis interdum 1 poll. longis sufful-

Flores odori, vitellini, 3-4 poll. longi, tubo cylindrico 5-6 lin.
ongo, segmentis exterioribus subacutis 6-9 lin. latis, interioribus 9-12
lin. latis obtusis, margine membranaceis venulis paucis conjunctis.
Amurland, Maximowicz !

9. H. ruLva, Linn. Sp. 462; Bot. Mag. t. 64; Red. Lil.t. 16 ; Kunth,
Enum. iv. 588; Reich. Ic. t. 1113.—H. disticha, Don in Sweet, Fl.
Gard. t. 28; Kunth, loc. cit. —H. crocea, Lam. Gall. iii. 267. Fo-

a 13-2 pedes vel ultra longa, 9-15 lin. lata, infra primum glauca.
Scapus 2-3-pedalis. Corymbus 6-12-florus, pedicellis brevibus, bra-
cteis parvis lanceolatis. Flores inodori, extus flavi, intus fulvo-rubri,
3-4 poll. longi, tubo 9-12 lin. longo, segmentis exterioribus firmis
planis 6-9 lin. latis subacutis, interioribus sepe l poll. latis margine
membranaceo-undulatis venis multis conjunctis. E Gallia per Euro-
pam meridionalem ad Japoniam. | Lahul, Jaeschke! Khasia, Griffith !
—H. Kwanso, Hort. (Regel, Gart. t. 500) est forma magna hortensis
flore pleno.

Var. 8. ANGUSTIFOLIA, Baker.—H. longituba, Miquel, Ann. Mus. Lug.
Bat. iii. 152. Multo minor; scapus subpedalis; folia 12-18 poll.
longa, 2-4 lin. lata; segmenta perianthii angustiora, acutiora. Ja-
ponia, teste Miquel, Khasia, regio temperata, Hook. fil.! Guriel et Kara-
bagh, Fischer !

2*. HESPEROCALLIS, A. Gray.

4. Gray, Proc. Amer. Acad. 1867, p. 390.
Perianthium infundibuliforme, segmentis erectis subequalibus ob-

360 MR. J. G. BAKER ON LILIACEJE.

longo-spathulatis medio 5-7-nervatis flore expanso leviter im-
bricatis, tubo eylindrico duplo longioribus. Stamina 6, ad
faucem tubi inserta, filamentis filiformibus equalibus subrectis
segmentis brevioribus antheris lineari-oblongis versatilibus.
Ovarium subsessile, globosum, ovulis copiose biseriatis; stylus
filiformis, staminibus longior, extrorsum leviter curvatus ; stigma
capitatum. Capsula substipitata, subglobosa, loculicide trivalvis,
seminibus in loculo 16-20 compressis exalatis; testa nigra,
nitida. Herba caule foliato e * bulbo eduli"" (an cormo ?) oriente,
foliis linearibus textura graminoideis, floribus speciosis laxe race:
mosis pedicellis apice articulatis. Vix ab Hemerocallide generice
separanda ?

1. H. UNDULATA, A. Gray, loc. cit. Caulis bipedalis; folia linearia,
margine membranacea, valde undulata; pedicelli 2-3 lin. longi;
bractez coriacez, lanceolate, pedicellis 2-3-plo longiores ; perianthium
24-27 lin. longum, pallide flavum, segmentis circiter 4 lin. latis centro
solum verticaliter nervatis. California (Fort Mohave), Dr. Cooper!
Mexico Nova, Prof. Newberry.

3. KwiPnHorrias, Wench.

Mench, Meth. 631; Endl. Gen. 1114; Kunth, Enum. iv. 590;
Harv. Gen. 2nd edit. 399.—Tritoma, Ker, Bot. Mag. t. 744.—
Tritomanthe, Link, Enum. i. 333.—Triclissa, Salisb. Gen. 75.—
Rudolphoremeria, Steud. in Schimp. Pl. Abyss. No. 752.

Perianthium longe tubuloso-gamophyllum, leviter eurvatum, seg-
mentis perparvis deltoideis subequalibus. Stamina 6, hypo-
gyna, filamentis filiformibus inclusis vel exsertis, 3 paulo lon-
gioribus, antheris parvis oblongis versatilibus. Ovarium sessile,
oblongum, ovulis copiose biseriatis ; stylus filiformis, filamentis
excedens; stigma trisulcatum. Capsula firma, oblonga, sessilis,
loculicide trivalvis, seminibus copiose biseriatis subcompressis,
arillo parvo pallido preditis. Testa atro-castanea, punctata.
Herbe radicibus carnoso-fibrosis, foliis multis firmis angustis
subtriquetris persistentibus, floribus flavo-coccineis dense race-
mosis.

Perianthium 3-4 lin. longum, subzqualiter tubulosum, staminibus

omnibus demum exsertis.
Bracte® floribus triplo breviores .......... 1. parviflora.
Bracteæ floribus sesqui vel duplo breviores.. 2. breviflora.

MR. J. G. BAKER ON LILIACER. 361

Perianthium 6-7 lin. longum, tubo pergracili vix ultra 4 lin,
[pu I tr M UE 3. gracilis.
Perianthium 8-10 lin. longum, supra ovarium vix constrictum,

exsiccatum 1-14 lin. crassum.

Stamina inclusa; folia 1 lin. lata.......... 4. triangularis.
Stamina longiora demum exserta.
Folia 2-3 lin. lata, venis 2-3-jugis ...... 5. abyssinica.
Folia 4—6 lin. lata, venis 6-8-jugis ...... 6. sarmentosa.
Perianthium 15-18 lin. longum, exsiecatum 3-4 lin. crassum,
supra ovarium valde constrietum ........ 7. isoetifolia.

Perianthium 6-8 lin. longum, exsiecatum 21-3 lin. latum, supra
ovarium valde constrictum.

Bractez ovato-laneeolatz, 12-2 lin. longe .. 8. Quartiniana.
Bracte: lineares, 4-6 lin. longe.
Stamina VIE exserta o S e e 9. Grantii.
Stamina omnia demum exserta .......... 10. pumila.

Perianthium 15-18 lin. longum, supra ovarium leviter constrictum,
exsiccatum 2-24 lin. latum.
Folia viridia; stamina longiora vix exserta.
Bractex oblongo-lanceolatz, pedicellis vix longiores.
11. Burchellü.
Bractex lanceolate, pedicellis 2-3- plo longiores.
Folia 1 poll. lata, venis utrinque costz 12-15.
12. precox.
Folia 15-18 lin. lata, venis utrinque cost circiter 20.
18. Rooperi.
Folia glauea ; stamina longiora demum exserta.
14. aloides.

l. K. parvirLora, Kunth, Enum.iv. 553. Folia 2 lin. lata, margine lzevia.
Racemus 3 poll. longus, pedicellis brevissimis, bracteis ovatis vix ultra
llin.longis. Perianthium vix 4 lin. longum, tubulosum, staminibus
exsertis. Loculi 4-5-ovulati. Cap. B. Spei, Drége, 4528 (non vidi).

2. K. previrtora, Harv. MSS. Folia 9-12 poll. longa, deorsum 1
lin. lata, levia, venis utrinque coste 2. Scapus foliis subzequans.
Racemus 12-18 lin. longus, expansus | poll. latus. Bractez ovato-
lanceolatze, 2-2} lin. longæ. Pedicelli infimi vix 3 lin. longi Perian-
thium flavum, in floribus superioribus 2 lin., in inferioribus 3-33 lin.
longum, exsiccatum 1 lin. latum, supra ovarium vix constrictum, sta-
minibus omnibus demum exsertis. Loculi 4—5-ovulati. Cap. B. Spei
(Draachensberg, Orange Free State), Cooper, 1029!

362

3.

MR. J. G. BAKER ON LILIACE®.

K. GRAcILIs, Harv. MSS. Folia bipedalia, deorsum 2 lin. lata,
margine levia, venis utrinque costz 5-6. Scapus folis subequans.
Racemus 21-3 poll. longus, expansus 12-15 lin. latus. Bractez
ovate, naviculares, obtusz, 11-2 lin. longs. Pedicelli vix ultra 3 lin.
longi. Perianthium albidum, 6-7 lin. longum, tubo pergracili (haud
ultra } lin. crasso) ore dilatato, laciniis ligulato-spathulatis ] lin.
longis, staminibus longioribus et stylo demum exsertis. Natal (Zulu),
Gerrard et M‘Ken, 2140!

. K. TRIANGULARIS, Kunth, Enum. iv. 551. Folia subpedalia, lzvia,

vix ultra 1 lin. lata, vena solitaria utrinque cost, supra omnino
triquetra. Scapus foliis subequans. Racemus 13-2 poll. longus,
expansus l5-16 lin. latus. Bractez lineari-lanceolatz, 3—4 lin. longe,
pedicellis multoties longiores. Perianthium 8-9 lin. longum, exsic-
catum 1 lin. latum, staminibus inclusis. Loculi 8-9-ovulati. Cap.
B. Spei, Drège, 3524!

K. ABYSSINICA, Schwein. Beit, 249.—Veltheimia abyssinica, Red.
Lil. t. 186. Folia 9-12 poll. longa, 2-3 lin. lata, levia, venis utrin-
que coste 2-3. Scapus folis subzquans. Racemus 1 poll. vel in
planta culta 2 poll. longus. Bractez lanceolate, 2-3 lin. longze, pe-
dicellis 2-3-plo longiores. Perianthium 9-10 lin. longum, exsicca-
tum | lin. latum, staminibus demum exsertis. Abyssinia, Dr. Roth!

K. SARMENTOSA, Kunth, Enum. iv. 552.—Aletris, Andr. Bot. Rep.
t. 54.— Veltheimia, Willd. Enum. 380.—Tritoma media, Gawl. Bot.
Mag. t. 744; Red. Lil.t. 161. Folia glauca, lzevia, 12-18 poll. longa,
4-6 lin. leta, venis utrinque coste 6-8. Scapus foliis subzequans
vel excedens. Racemus 2-4 poll. longus, densiflorus, expansus 2
poll. latus. Bractez lanceolate, 3-5 lin. longæ. Pedicelli 14-2 lin.
longi. Perianthium 9-10 lin. longum, supra ovarium vix constrictum,
exsiccatum 13-2 lin latum, stylo et staminibus longioribus demum ex-
sertis. Loculi 10-12-ovulati. Cap. B. Spei; Natal, Sanderson,
416!

7. K. isoETIFOLIA, A. Rich. Fl. Abyss. ii. 324; Schwein. Beit. 294.

—Rudolphorcemeria isoetifolia, Steud. in Schimp. Pl. Abyss. no. 721.
Folia 6-8, magis herbacea quam in speciebus reliquis, 6-9 poll. longa,
deorsum 2 lin. lata, dorso et margine scabra, venis utrinque cost
3-4. Seapus foliis distincte excedens, 12-15 poll. longus. Racemus
13-2 poll. longus, expansus 23-3 poll. latus. Bractez lanceolate, in-
feriores 5-6 lin. longz, pedicellis multoties longiores. Perianthium
15-18 lin. longum, supra ovarium valde constrictum, exsiccatum 3—4
lin. latum, stylo et interdum staminibus longioribus demum exsertis,
Loculi 6-8-ovulati. Abyssinia, Schimper, 511! 752!

. K. QuanTINIANA, A. Rich. Fl. Abyss. ii. 324. Folia 12-18 poll.

longa, deorsum 8-9 lin. lata, margine scabra, venis utrinque costs

MR. J. G. BAKER ON LILIACES. 368

12-15. Scapus foliis excedens. Racemus 5-6 poll. longus, densi-
florus, expansus 15-18 lin. latus. Bractez ovato-lanceolatz, 14-2
lin. longze, ad apicem acutum cite angustate. Pedicelli 13 lin. longi.
Perianthium 7-8 lin. longum, ore exsiccatum 23 lin. latum. Styli et
stamina omnia demum exserta, longiora l poll. attingentia. Abyssi-

nia, Quartin-Dillon et Petit !

9. K. GRANTI, Baker. Folia 7-8, 12-15 poll. longa, 5-6 lin. lata, ad
apicem sensim angustata, margine lzvia, venis utrinque costz 10-15.
Seapus foliis subeequans. Racemus densiflorus, 2-23 poll. longus.
Bractez lineares, inferiores 4—6 lin. longz. Pedicelli vix 1 lin. longi.
Perianthium 9-10 lin. longum, supra ovarium valde constrictum, ore
exsiccatum 23-3 lin.latum, stylo exserto, staminibusinclusis. Africa
tropicalis, lat. 6° S., long. 33° E., alt. 4400 pedes anglicane, Speke
et Grant !

10. K. PuMILA. Kunth, Enum. iv. 552 (excl. syn. Red.).— Aletris. Ait.
Kew. i. 464.— Tritoma, Bot. Mag. t. 764.—Veltheimia, Willd. Sp. Plant.
ii. 182. Folia 12-18 poll. longa, 6-8 lin. lata, venis utrinque costae
10-12, glauca, margine scabra. Scapus foliis excedens. Racemus
3-5 poll. longus, densiflorus, expansus 16-18 lin. latus. Bractez
lineares, acuminatz, 4-6 lin. longe. Pedicelli vix 1 lin. longi. Pe-
rianthium 6-8 lin. longum, supra ovarium valde constrictum, ore ex-
siccatum 21-3 lin. latum. Styli et stamina omnia demum exserta,
longiora perianthio sesqui excedentia. Cap. B. Spei.

ll. K. BuncHELLII, Kunth, Enum. iv. 552.—Tritoma, Herbert, Lindl.
Bot. Reg. t. 1745.—K. laxiflora, Kunth, loc. cit. Folia 2-3 pedes
longa, 6-9 lin. lata, viridia, margine et carina nunquam scabra, venis
utrinque coste 15-20. Scapus foliis subzquans. Racemus 3-4
poll. longus densiflorus, expansus 23-3 poll. latus. Bracteze oblongo-
lanceolatæ, acutæ vel obtuse, 2-3 lin. longæ. Pedicelli 2-23 lin.
longi. Perianthium 15-18 lin. longum, supra ovarium leviter con-
strictum, exsiecatum 14-2 lin. latum. Stylus demum exsertus.
Stamina longiora vix exserta. Loculi 10-12-ovulati. Cap. B. Spei,
Thunberg ! Burchell! &c. Floret in Septembri in hortis nostris.

12. K. pracox, Baker in Saund. Ref. Bot. t. 168. Folia 2-2} pedes
longa, deorsum 1 poll. lata, margine scabra, carina lævia, pallide viri-
dia, haud glauca, venis utrinque costæ 12-15. Seapus 15-18 poll.
longus. Racemus 3-4 poll. longus, densissimus, 3 poll. latus.
Bractez lanceolate, acutz, 4-6 lin. longz. Pedicelli 13-2 lin. longi.
Perianthium 16-18 lin. longum, supra ovarium leviter constrictum,
exsiccatum 2-21 lin. latum. Stamina longiora fauce attingentia.
Stylus leviter exsertus. Cap. B. Spei, Cooper (v. v. in Hort. Saun-
ders). Floret in Maio in hortis nostris.

13. K. Roorrni, Lemaire, Jard. Fleur. t. 362.—Tritoma Rooperi,

364

MR. J. G. BAKER ON LILIACE.X.

Moore, Gard. Comp. i. 113, cum icone. Folia 2 pedes longa, deorsum
15-18 lin. lata, pallide viridia, margine scabra, venis utrinque costz
circiter 20, sursum sensim angustata. Scapus subpedalis. Racemus
densus, 3-4 poll. longus, expansus 3 poll. latus. Bractez lanceolate,
3-4 lin. longe, pedicellis multoties excedentes. Perianthium 16-18
lin. longum, supra ovarium leviter constrictum, exsiccatum 2-2j lin.
latum, staminibus haud exsertis. Kaffraria, Capt. Rooper (v. v. cult.).

14. K. ALorDES, Mench, Meth. 631; Kunth, Enum. iv. 551; Flore

V

des Serres, t. 1393.—K. Uvaria, Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 4816.—Aloe
Uvaria, Linn. Sp. Plant, 460.—Aletris Uvaria, Linn. Mant. 308.—
Tritoma Uvaria, Gawl. Bot. Mag. t. 758; Red. Lil. t. 291. Folia
2-3 pedes longa, 8-12 lin. lata, glauca, margine et carina scabra vel
sæpe omnino lzvia, venis utrinque coste 12-15. Scapus foliis paul-
lulum excedens. Racemus densissimus, in hortis szpe 5-6 poll. lon-
gus, 23-3 poll. latus. Bracteæ lanceolate, 3-4 lin. longze, pedicellis
2-3-plo longiores. Perianthium 16-18 lin. longum, supra ovarium
leviter constrictum, exsiccatum 2-23 lin. latum. Styli et staxama
longiora demum exserta. Loculi 12-15-ovulati. Cap. B. Spei,
Drége! Zeyher 113! &c. Floret in Septembri in hortis nostris.

ar. 8. MINOR, Baker.— Minor, foliis vix ultra 3 lin. latis, margine levi-
bus vel scabris, pedicellis brevioribus, perianthio graciliore pallide au-
rantiaco, 10-12 lin. longo, staminibus inclusis. Zulu, Gerrard et M‘Ken
2141! (bractee ovate subobtuse), Mrs. Barber, 524 ! (bractee lanceo-
late). Ab typoad K. sarmentosam vergens.

4. BLANDFORDIA, Smith.

Smith, Exot. Bot. 54, t. 4; R. Br. Prodr. 295; Endl. Gen.
No. 1104; Kunth, Enum. iv. 589; Hook. fil. Fl. Tasm. ii. 49;
Salisb. Gen. 80.

Perianthium rectum, infundibuliforme, marcescens, segmentis
equalibus oblongo-deltoideis tubo'5—6-plo brevioribus. Stamina
6, ad vel supra medium tubi inserta ; filamentis filiformibus
eequalibus haud exsertis, antheris lineari-oblongis versatilibus.
Ovarium longe stipitatum, cylindrico-trigonum, ovulis copiose
biseriatis, in stylum brevem rectum sensim attenuatum ; stigma
trisuleatum. Capsula firma, longe stipitata, exserta, clavato-
triquetra, septicide-trivalvis, seminibus parvis lineari-oblongis
compressis copiose biseriatis; testa grisea, dense pubescens.
Herbe radicibus crasse fibrosis, foliis numerosis duris persisten-
tibus anguste linearibus venis exsculptis, floribus numerosis spe-
ciosis breviter racemosis, pedicellis apice haud articulatis, flori-
feris nutantibus, fructiferis erectis.

MR. J. G. BAKER ON LILIACES. 365

Filamenta supra medium tubi inserta, 3 lin. longa. Bractew
Gnearikacuminatæa =- Seo 1. grandiflora.
Filamenta ad medium tubi inserta, 6-10 lin. longa. Bracteæ
lanceolatæ, pedicellis distincte breviores.
Folia margine nullo modo serrulata ...... 2. Cunninghamt.
Folia margine serrulato-scabra.
Perianthium anguste infundibuliforme, 3—4-plo longius quam

latum. e oe eG DIR o e 3. nobilis.
Perianthium late infundibuliforme, vix 2-plo longius quam
latum.
Pedicelli infimi floribus equantes .... 4. aurea.

Pedicelli infimi floribus multo breviores 5. flammea.

l. B. GRANDIFLORA *, R. Br. Prodr. 296; Bot. Reg. 924; Kunth,
Enum. iv. 590; Paat. Fl. Gard. vii. 219; Hook. fil. Fl. Tasm. ii.
249.—B. grandiflora, marginata et Backhousii, Lindl. Bot. Reg.
31, sub t. 18.—Aletris punicea, Lab. Nov. Holl. i. 85, t. 111. Folia
12-18 poll. longa, 3-41 lin. lata, margine serrulato-scabra, venis
utrinque coste 6-8. Flores 10-30, pedicellis infimis floriferis 18-
24 lin. longis. Bractez inferiores lineares, longe acuminate, 12-18
lin. longs. Perianthium flavo-coccineum, 16-21 lin. longum, ore
exsiccatum 5-6 lin. latum, segmentis tubo sensim ampliato 5~6-plo
brevioribus. Filamenta supra medium tubi inserta, 3 lin. longa.
Tasmania, Gunn, 241 ! Archer, &c.

Var. 8. INTERMEDIA, Baker.—B. intermedia, Herbert, Bot. Reg. 31,
Suppl. 64. Folia angustiora (2 lin. lata); bractez breviores; flores
minores (12-18 lin. long); filamenta ad medium tubi inserta. Tas-
mania, Gunn! Verisimiliter species vera, inter grandifloram et no-
bilem medium tenens.

2. B. CUNNINGHAMI, Lindl. Bot. Reg. 31, sub t. 18; Hook. Bot.
Mag. t. 5734. Folia 18-24 lin. longa, 3-4 lin. lata, margine haud
serrulata, venis utrinque coste 5-6. Flores 10-15, pedicellis in-
fimis floriferis 9-12 lin. longis. Bractez lanceolate, infimæ 6-9 lin.
longs. Perianthium flavo-coccineum, 21-24 lin. longum, ore ex-
siceatum | poll. latum, segmentis tubo spathulatim ampliato 5-6-
plo brevioribus. Filamenta ad medium tubi inserta, 9-10 lin. longa.
Cambria Nova Australis (Blue Mountains), A. Cunningham!

3. B. NoBrL1s, Smith, Exot. Bot. 5, t. 4; R. Br. Prod. 296;° Bot.
Mag. t. 2003; Bot. Reg. t. 286; Reich. Exot. t. 91; Kunth, Enum.
iv. 590; Lindl. Bot. Reg. 31, sub t. 18. Folia 12-18 poll. longa,
saturate viridia, durissima, triquetra, į- lin. lata, margine leviter

* Nomen nunc decipiens; flores sunt minores quam in 2, 4, 5.
LINN. PROC.—BOTANY, VOL. XI. 20

366 MR. J. G. BAKER ON LILIACEJ.

serrulato-scabra, venis utrinque coste 2-3. Flores 4-9, pedicellis
infimis floriferis 9-15 lin. longis. Bractez lanceolate, inferiores
3-6 lin. longz. Perianthium flavo-coccineum, 12-18 lin. longum,
ore exsiecatum 4-5 lin. latum, segmentis tubo spathulatim ampliato
5-6-plo brevioribus. Filamenta ad medium tubi inserta, 6-8 lin.
longa. Cambria Nova Australis, Sieber, 195! Backhouse ! &e.

4. B. aurea, Hook. fil. Bot. Mag. t. 5809. Folia 8-12 poll. longa.
3-2 lin. lata, margine serrulato-scabra, venis utrinque costz 3-4.
Flores 3-6, pedicellis infimis 18-24 lin. longis. Bractez lanceolate,
pedicellis multo breviores. Perianthium aureum, 18 lin. longum,
ore exsiccatum 15 lin. latum, segmentis valde imbricatis tubo ob-
conico 3-4-plo brevioribus. Filamenta ad medium tubi inserta,
8-9 lin. longa. Australia (N. S. Wales), (v. v. in Hort. Veitch).

5. B. FLAMMEA, Lindl. Paxt. Mag. xvi. t. 354; Hook. fil. Bot. Mag.
t. 4819; Journ. Hort. ii. t. 1; Flore des Serres, vi. t. 585. Folia
12-18 poll. longa, 2-23 lin. lata, margine serrulato-scabra, venis
utrinque costz 4-6. Flores 4-12, pedicellis infimis floriferis 9-15
lin. longis. Bractez lanceolate, acuminate, 3-4 lin. longe. Pe-
rianthium flavum plus minus coccineo suffusum, 18-21 lin. longum,
ore exsiccatum 1 poll. latum, segmentis valde imbricatis tubo spathu-
latim ampliato quadruplo brevioribus. Filamenta ad medium tubi
inserta, 8-9 lin. longa. Australia orientalis (lat. 25°-39° S.), Back-
house ! Lady Parry ! C. Moore ! &c.

5. FUNKIA, Spreng.

Spreng. Syst. ii. 41; Endl. Gen. No. 1100; Kunth, Enum. iv. 590.
—Hosta, Tratt. Obs. ii. 56; Aschers, Bot. Zeit. 1863, 52, non
Jacg.—Niobe et Bryocles, Salisb. Hort. Trans. i. 335, Gen.
81, 82.—Libertia, Dumort. Com. 9, non Spreng.—Hemero-
eallidis sp., Thunb., Sc.

Perianthium infundibuliforme, segmentis oblongo-spathulatis eree-
tis tubo cylindrico subequantibus. Stamina 6, hypogyna, fila-
mentis filiformibus subzqualibus leviter incurvatis perianthio
sub:zquantibus, antheris lineari-oblongis versatilibus. Ova-
rium sessile, oblongum, ovulis copiose biseriatis; stylus fili-
formis, leviter exsertus, extrorsum incurvatus; stigma capi-
tatum. Capsula coriacea, lineari-oblonga, trigona, loculicide
trivalvis, seminibus complanatis, testa nigra nitida. Herbe
radicibus crasse fibrosis, foliis latis textura herbaceis, distincte
nervatis, floribus magnis albis vel cæruleis in racemis laxis sub-
secundis dispositis, pedunculis elongatis sparse foliatis.

MR. J. G. BAKER ON LILIACEA. 367

§ Nromz (Salisb.). Bractee geminate ; tubus centro 2 lin. crassus,

sursum sensim ampliatus.
Species sola e. Vine el ee a 1. subcordata.

§ Bnvocrzs (Salisb.). Bractee solitarie ; tubus centro vix 1 lin.
crassus, sursum cite ampliatus.

Folia glauca, magna, venis utrinque cost» 19-13. 2. Sieboldiana.

Folia viridia, basi plerumque late rotundata vel subcordata, venis

utrinque costæ 0 a. e a ia Sets 3. ovata.
Folia viridia, lanceolata, basi angustata, venis utrinque costs
Lex cd e E MEL Uu COE 4. lancifolia.

1. F. suscorpata, Spreng. Syst. ii. 41; Kunth, iv. 591; Miquel,
Ann. Mus. Bat. ii. 153; Baker, Gard. Chron. 1868, 1015.—Heme-
rocallis japonica, Thunb. Linn. Trans. ii. 335; Red. Lil. t.3; Bot.
Mag. t. 1433.—H. alba. Andr. Bot. Rep. t. 194.—H. plantaginca,
Lam.—H. cordata, Cav.—F. grandiflora, Sieb. Fl. des Serres, t. 158,
159 (forma hortensis elatior).—Hosta japonica, Tratt. t. 52. Folia
pallide viridia, cordato-ovata, 6-9 poll. longa, 3-5 poll. lata, petiolis
6-8 poll. longis, venis utrinque coste 6-8 deorsum 6-7 lin. inter
sese distantibus. Scapus 13-2-pedalis. Racemus 9-15-florus. Bractez
lanceolate, geminatz, erecto-patentes, majores 1-2 poll. longz. Pe-
dicelli inferiores patentes 6-12 lin. longi. Perianthium album, 4-43
poll. longum, tubo sursum sensim ampliato, segmentis 6-9 lin. latis.
Capsula 2 poll. longa. 4 lin. crassa, utrinque sensim angustata. Ja-
ponia, Thunberg ! &c. ; China borealis, Sir G. Staunton !

2. F. SIEBOLDIANA, Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 3663 (mala); Kunth, Enum.
iv. 592; Miquel, Ann. Mus. Lug. Bat. iii. 153; Baker, Gard. Chron.
1868, 1015.—Hemerocallis, Loddige, Bot. Cab. t. 1869.—F. Sie-
boldii, Lindl. Bot. Reg. 1839, t. 50 (bona). Folia utrinque glauca,
late cordato-ovata, majora 10-12 poll. longa, 7-8 poll. lata, petiolis
8-12 poll. longis, venis utrinque coste 12-13, deorsum inter sese
5-6 lin. distantibus. Racemus 10-15-florus cum scapo vix folia cum
petiolo superans. Bracteæ solitarize, inferiores 13-3 poll. longs,
demum subpatentes. Pedicelli 5-6 lin. longi, inferiores cernui. Pe-
rianthium pallide lilacinum, 2-23 poll. longum, tubo pergracili sursum
cite ampliato, segmentis 3-4 lin. latis. Capsule pendule, 15-18
lin. longe. Japonia.

3. F. ovata, Spreng. Syst. ii. 240; Baker, Gard. Chron. 1868, 1015.—
F. ovata a, Kunth, Enum. iv. 591; Miquel, Ann. Mus. Lug. Bat. iii.
153.—Hemerocallis cerulea, Andrews, Bot. Rep. t. 6; Bot. Mag.
t. 894; Vent. Hort. Malm. t. 18; Red. Lil. t. 106.—Hosta cerulea,

Tratt. Tab. t. 189; Thes. t. 51. Folia viridia, late, sepe subcordato-
2c2

368

MR. J. G. BAKER ON LILIACEFE.

ovata, majora 5-9 poll. longa, 3-5 poll. lata, petiolis 4-12 poll.
longis, venis utrinque costz 6-8, deorsum 4-6 lin. inter sese di-
stantibus. Scapus 1-14-pedalis. Racemus laxus, 10-15-florus, eum
scapum foliis cum petiolo longe superans. Bractez solitarize, infimze
raro ultra l poll. longz. Pedicelli 3-4 lin. longi, inferiores cernut.
Perianthium pallide vel szepe saturate lilacino-ceruleum, 13-2 poll.
longum, tubo pergracili sursum cite ampliato, segmentis 4-6 lin.
latis. Capsule pendulz, 12-18 lin. long. Japonia; China borealis ;
Siberia orientalis.

Var. 8. INTERMEDIA, Baker. /Equaliter magna ac a, sed foliis duplo

longioribus quam latis ovatis basi sensim subspathulatim angustatis,
venis utrinque costze 6, deorsum 3-4 lin. inter sese distantibus. Ja-
ponia, Wilford! Hodgson !—F. marginata, Siebold, est forma hujus
varietatis foliis margine albo-cinctis.

Var. y. MINOR, Baker. Multo minor, foliis ovatis 23-3 poll. longis

basi late rotundatis venis utrinque coste 5-6 deorsum 2-91 lin.
inter sese distantibus, scapo foliis 5-6-plo longiore. Insule Koreane,
Oldham, 865 !

. F. LANCIFOLIA, Spreng. Syst. ii. 4l; Baker, Gard. Chron. 1868,

1015.—Hemerocallis, Thunb. Linn. Trans. ii. 335.—F. ovata B,
Kunth, Enum. iv. 592; Miquel, Ann. Mus. Lug. Bat. ii. 153.
Folia viridia, lanceolata, majora 4-5 poll. longa, 13-2 poll. lata,

petiolis 6-9 poll. longis, venis utrinque costz 4-5, deorsum 3 lin.

inter sese distantibus. Scapus subpedali. Racemus laxus, 6-10-
florus. — Bractez solitarim. ^ Pedicelli 2-3 poll. longi, inferiores
cernui. Perianthium pallide lilacinum, 1 -l4 poll. longum, tubo
pergracili apice cite ampliato. Capsulæ pendulæ. Japonia. —F. albo-
marginata (Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 3663; Kunth, Enum. iv. 592) est
forma magna hortensis hujus speciei foliis paullulum albo-cinctis.
F. undulata (Otto et Dietr. Gartenzeit. 1833, p. 120, Kunth, loc. cit.)
est forma altera hortensis foliis undulatis valde albo-variegatis pe-
tiolis reductis undulato-alatis.

6. Acapantuus, L’ Hérit.

D Hérit. Kert. Angl. t. 18; Endl. Gen. 1102: Kunth, Enum.
iv. 478; Salisb. Gen. 82: Harv. Cap. Gen. 2nd edit. 898.—
Abumon, Adans. Fam. ii. 54.— Crini sp., Linn.—Mauhlie Sp.,
Thunb.

Perianthium infundibuliforme, tubo cylindrico sursum ampliato,
segmentis oblongo-spathulatis zquilongis tubo subduplo lon-
gioribus, inferioribus demum laxis. Stamina 6, ad tubi faucem
inserta, filamentis filiformibus subzqualibus segmentis paulo
brevioribus extrorsum leviter declinatis, antheris lineari-ob-

MR. J. G. BAKER ON LILIACEA. 369

longis versatilibus. Ovarium sessile, oblongo-triquetrum, ovulis
copiosis; stylus filiformis, filamentis subequans et cum eis
incurvatus; stigma trisulcatum. Capsula subsessilis, clavato-
triquetra, septicide trivalvis, seminibus in loculis copiosis, di-
Scoideis, uniseriatis, superne anguste alatis. esta nigra, ni-
tida. Herbe radicibus carnoso-fibrosis, foliis anguste loratis
numerosis carnoso-herbaceis, floribus speciosis numerosis umbel-
latis, pedicellis apice articulatis.

l. A. UMBELLATUS, L’Heérit. Sert. Angl. 18; Ait. Kew. i. 414; Bot.
Mag. t. 500; Redouté, Lil. t. 4; Kunth, Enum. iv. 479.—Crinum
africanum, Linn.—Mauhlia linearis, Thunb. Folia 6-8, 8-12 poll.
longa, 6-8 lin. lata. Scapi foliis duplo longiores vel ultra. . Um-
bellæ 12-30-floræ, pedicellis 9-15 lin. longis. Perianthium saturate
cæruleum, 15-21 lin. longum, segmentis oblongo-spathulatis 3-33 lin.
latis, 2-3-plo longioribus. Cap. B. Spei, Masson! Sieber, 238 !
Zeyher, 4267 ! &e. In hortis sæpissime culta, foliis 10-20 sesqui-
vel bipedalibus 18-24 lin. latis, scapo 2-3-pedali (var. maximus,
Bot. Reg. xxix. t. 7.—A. multiflorus, Willd. Enum. 353; Kunth,
Enum. iv. 480).

2. A. PRÆCOX, Willd. Enum. 353; Kunth, Enum. iv. 480.—A. um-
bellatus, var. minimus, Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 699. Folia 6-8, pedalia,
in planta sylvestri 5-6 lin. lata. Scapus bipedalis vel ultra. Umbellæ
30-40-floræ, pedicellis elongatis (2-23 poll. longis). Perianthium
pallide cæruleum, 12-14 lin. longum, tubo et segmentis angustio-
ribus quam in precedente. Natal (ad altit. 0-1000 pedum angl.),
Dr. Sutherland ! Kaffraria, Bowker! In hortis folia 12-20, 12-14
lin. lata; perianthium 2 poll. longum segmentis 4—44 lin. latis, et
floratio paullulum præcocior (ad finem Junii) quam in aliis.

3. A. minor, Lodd. Bot. Cab. t. 42 (pessima).—A. umbellatus, var.
minor, Redouté, Lil. 403; Kunth, Enum. iv. 479. Folia 6-8, 4-6
poll. longa, 3-4 lin. lata. Scapi 12-18 poll. longi. Umbelle 12-
30-florz, pedicellis 3-9 lin. longis. Perianthium pallide czruleum.
6-9 lin. longum, segmentis oblongo-spathulatis tubo 3-4-plo lon-
gioribus. Cap. B. Spei, Masson, Milne ! Dr. Hooker! Burchell,
/138! &e. In hortis folia 10-12, pedalia, 3 lin. lata, perianthium
15-18 lin. longum, segmentis 3-4 lin. latis. Species 2. et 3. vix ultra
varietates.

7. TULBAGHIA, Linn.

Linn. Gen. 1300; Endl. Gen. 1159; Kunth, Enum. iv. 480;
Salish. Gen. 87; Harv. Cap. Gen. 2nd edit. 398.—Omentaria,
Salisb. Gen. 87.

Perianthium infundibuliforme vel rotatum, tubo urceolato vel

370 MR. J. G. BAKER ON LILIACEEX.

cylindrieo, segmentis biseriatis subsequalibus lanceolatis vel
linearibus erecto-patentibus, vel patentibus tubo subzqualibus
vel brevioribus. Anthere biseriatze, subsessiles, oblonge, in
tubo vel corona inserts. Staminodia faucem tubi coronantia, 3,
discreta, integra vel emarginata, vel in coronam concreta.
Ovarium sessile, oblongum, ovulis in loculis paucis (ssepe 5-8) ;
stylus brevis, rectus; stigma capitatum, trisuleatum. Capsula
sessilis, membranacea, obovoidea, loculicide trivalvis, semini-
bus in loculis paucis (2-6) oblanceolatis, parvis, exalatis, vix
compressis. Testa nigra. Herbe radicibus crasse fibrosis, foliis
numerosis anguste ligulatis, floribus parvis umbellatis, odore
Sorti alliaceo.

§ EurunBAGHIA. Stamina carnosa, in coronam concreta, raro sub-
libera.
Staminodia profunde emarginata, libera vel basi solum connata.
1. capensis.
Staminodia in coronam integram vel crenatam concreta.
Corona 1-14 lin. alta.
Folia carnoso-herbacea, 2-3 lin. lata vel ultra.
2. alliacea.
Folia firma, filiformia, 4-1 lin. lata...... 3. acutiloba.
Corona 4 lin. alta.
Segmenta obtusa, coronam vix excedentia. 4. Dregeana.
Segmenta linearia, corona 4-6-plolongiora. 5. hypowidea.

8 OxENTARIA (Salisb.). Staminodia parva, ligulata, inter sese

omnino libera,
Folia 3-1 lin. lata. Perianthium 5-6 lin. longum.
6. cepacea.
Folia 2-8 lin. lata. Perianthium 8-9 lin. longum.
7. violacea.

l. T. capensis. Jacg. Hort. Vind. ii. t. 115! Linn. Mant. 223.—
T. alliacea, Bot. Mag. t. 806; Kunth, Enum. iv. 481. Folia 10-12,
carnoso-herbacea, pedalia vel ultra, 4-6 lin. lata. Scapi 14-2 pedes
alti. Valve spathe lanceolate, 6-9 lin. longe. Umbelle 6-8-flore,
pedicellis 9-12 lin. longis. Perianthium viridi-purpureum, segmentis
lanceolatis basi 1 lin. latis, tubo 14 lin. crasso duplo brevioribus.
Staminodia obscure purpurea, segmentis subzequalia, profunde emar-
ginata, basi concreta vel interdum inter se libera. Cap. B. Spei,
Drége! &e. (v. s. cult. in herb. Linn. & Banks. a Jaquinio missum).

Var. B. GRACILIS, Baker. Minor, foliis 3-4 poll. longis, 2-3 lin. latis,

bo

MR. J. G. BAKER ON LILIACE®. 371

scapo subpedali, tubo graciliore, segmentis limbi linearibus, tubo duplo
brevioribus. Cap. B. Spei, Zeyher, 4268 !

- T. ALLIACEA, Thunb. Prodr. 60; Fl. Cap. 306; Linn. Suppl. 193,

non Kunth.—T. brachystemma, Kunth, Enum. iv. 483. Folia 5-6,
carnoso-herbacea, 6-9 poll. longa, 2-3 lin. lata. Scapi 9-18 poll.
longi. Valve spathe late lanceolate, 6-9 lin. longe. Umbell
4-12-florz, pedicellis flexuosis 6-15 lin. longis. Perianthium viridi-
purpureum, 5-6 lin. longum, segmentis viridibus oblongis obtusis
1 lin. latis 12-2 lin. longis, tubo 13-2 lin. crasso. Corona carnosa,
integra vel crenata, obscure rubra, 1-13 lin. longa. Stamina ad basin
coronz biseriata. Cap. B. Spei, Drége! Macowan, 913! Bowker,
249! &e.; Natal, Fannin, 43! Namaqua-land, Rev. H. Whitehead !
(segmenta breviora).

Var. B. AFFINIS, Baker.—T. affinis, Link, Enum. i. 310; Kunth,

Enum. iv. 480. Robustior, foliis pedalibus vel ultra, 3-6 lin. latis,
perianthio 5-6 lin. longo, segmentis tubo duplo brevioribus, angus-
tioribus, acutioribus. Kaffraria Britannica, Mrs. Hutton! Natal,
Sanderson, 429!

Var. y. LupwiGiANa, Baker.—T. Ludwigiana, Harv. Bot. Mag.

t. 3547 ; Kunth, Enum. iv.482. Folia lorata 6-8 poll. longa, 8-9 lin.
lata. Scapi 13-2 pedales. Perianthium et éoronz typi. Kaffraria

Britannica, Mrs. Hutton !

. T. AcuTILOBAa, Harv. Thes. Cap. t. 180. Folia 4-6, 2-3 poll.

longa, firma, 2-1 lin. lata. Scapi graciles, 6-12 poll. longi. Umbella
4-6-florz, pedicellis 4-8 lin. longis. Valvæ spathe lineares, 5-6 lin.
longs. Perianthium 4-5 lin. longum, viridi-purpureum, segmentis
linearibus acutis 13-2 lin. longis, patentibus vel subreflexis tubo cy-
lindrico 2-1 lin. crasso sesquibrevioribus vel subzquantibus. Co-
rona atro-purpurea, l-l} lin. longa, crenata. Stamina ad faucem
tubi, biseriata. Cap. B. Spei, Zeyher, 262! Pappe! Harvey ! Cooper,
463! &c.

Var. 8. CURTA, Baker. Segmenta haud ultra 1 lin. longa, tubo triplo

breviora. Cap. B. Spei, Drége, 2658, ex parte! 1516!

Var. y. MAsor, Baker (Harv. t. 180 quoad flores). Elatior, pedalis

vel sesquipedalis, foliis 6-9 poll. longis, 13-2 lin. latis, perianthio
5-6 lin. longo, tubo 13 lin. crasso, segmentis linearibus 1j-2 lin.
longis. ‘Cap. B. Spei, Zeyher, Burchell, 1829, 4465! Natal, San-
derson, 271! Fannin, 60! Inter typum et T. alliaceam medium
tenens.

. T. DREGEANA, Kunth, Enum. iv. 483. Folia 4-5, 4-6 poll. longa,

l lin. lata. Scapi 6-12 poll. longi. Valve spathz lanceolate, 3-4
lin. longe. Umbella 4-8-florze, pedicellis 4-8 lin. longis. Perianthium
3-4 lin. longum, viridi-purpureum, tubo eylindrico j lin. crasso,
segmentis oblongo-deltoideis obtusis 4 lin. longis. Corona crenata,

872 MR. J. G. BAKER ON LILIACES.

laciniis vix brevior. Stamina ad faucem tubi biseriata. Cap. B.
Spei, Drége, 2658, ex parte! Zeyher, 645!

5. T. nvroxipEA, Smith in Rees’s Cylop.; Kunth, Enum. iv. 482.
Folia subpedalia, 2-3 lin. lata. Scapi foliis subzequantes. Umbellze
6-8-florz, pedicellis 8-12 lin. longis. Perianthium 6 lin. longum,
segmentis linearibus acuminatis tubo subequantibus. Corona sub-
integra, segmentis 4-6-plo brevior. Cap. B. Spei (v. s. cult. in
herb. Smithii).

6. T. cgPACEA, Thunb. Prodr. 60; Linn. Suppl. 194; Willd. Sp. ii.
34; Kunth, Enum. iv. 484 (excl. B).—Omentaria cepacea, Salisb.
Gen. 87. Folia 4-5, 4-6 poll. longa, 3-1 lin. lata. Scapi 6-12 poll.
longi. Valve spathe lanceolate, 4-6 lin. longee. Umbellæ 6-12-
flore, pedicellis 3-6 lin. longis. Perianthium purpureum, 5-6 lin.
longum, segmentis lanceolatis vel oblongis acutis vel subobtusis tubo:
cylindrico à lin. crasso duplo brevioribus. Staminodia 3, l lin.
longa, ligulato-lanceolata, integra vel emarginata. Stamina ad me-
dium et faucem tubi inserta. Cap. B. Spei, Thunberg! Masson!
Drége ! Burchell, 4741! Ecklon et Zeyher ! &c.

7. T. vioLAcEA, Harv. in Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 3555 ; Kunth, Enum.
iv. 485. Folia 6-10, carnoso-herbacea, viridia, 8-12 poll. longa,
2-3 lin. lata. Scapi 1-2 pedes longi. Valvæ spathz lanceolate,
6-9 lin. longe. Umbelle 8-20-flore, pedicellis 3-18 lin. longis.
Perianthium saturate purpureo-violaceum, 8-9 lin. longum, segmentis
lanceolatis tubo cylindrico 1 lin. crasso duplo brevioribus. Stami-
nodia ligulata, 1-14 lin. longa, emarginata. Stamina ad faucem et
medium tubi inserta. Cap. B. Spei, Harvey! Macowan, 914!
Bowker! Bunbury ! &c. Kaffraria Britannica, Cooper, 544 ! ad ripas
fluv. Orange, Burke!

Var. 8. MINOR, Baker. Multo minor, scapi 3-4 poll. longi; umbellz
5-6-flore, pedicellis 2-3 lin. longis: perianthium 5-6 lin. longum,
segmentis lanceolatis acutis. Kaffraria, ad montes, Mrs. Barber, 41!

Var. y. oBTUSA, Baker.—T. cepacea, var. robustior, Kunth, Enum. iv.
484. Statura et folia planta typice ; perianthium 7-8 lin. longum,
tubo crassiore, segmentis oblongis obtusis, staminodiis longioribus.
Cap. B. Spei, Drége !

8. ANDROSTEPHIUM, Torrey.

Torrey, Bot. Mex. Bound. 218.— Mille sp. Scheele, Linnea, xxv.
260; Walp. Ann. vi. 219.

Perianthium infundibuliforme, segmentis lanceolato-spathulatis
flore expanso subpatentibus tubo infundibuliformi sequantibus.
Stamina 6, filamentis in coronam ad faucem tubi insertam seg-
mentis breviorem prorsus concretis, antheris lineari-oblongis

MR. J. G. BAKER ON LILIACER. 373

versatilibus. Ovarium sessile, oblongo-triquetrum, loculis 12-
l4-ovulatis; stylus rectus filiformis ; stigma capitatum, trisul-
catum. Capsula membranacea, sessilis, obovoidea, triquetra, lo-
culicide trivalvis, seminibus in loculis pluribus, subcompressis ;
testa nigra, nitida. Herba bulbosa habitu omnino Mille.

l. A. VIOLACEUM, Torrey, loc. cit.—Milla cerulea, Scheele, Linnea,
loc. cit. Bulbus globosus, tunicatus, 8-9 lin. crassus, membranis
externis seorsum productis. Folia 4—6, synanthia, 6-8 poll. longa,
vix ultra 3 lin. lata. Scapi 2-4 poll. longi. Valve spathze 3-4, lan-
ceolatz, membranacez. Umbellz 3-4-florze, pedicellis 6-12 lin. longis.
Perianthium violaceum, 10-12 lin. longum. Corona 3 lin. longa.
Stylus 5-6 lin. longus, ultra coronam haud exsertus. Segmenta limbi
2-23 lin. lata. Texas, Lindheimer 544! C. Wright, &c.

9. BessERa, Schult. fil.

Schult. fil. Linnea, iv. 121 ; Syst. vii. 58 et 996 ; Endl. Gen. 1112;
Kunth, Enum. iv. 477 et 699; Benth. Pl. Hartw. 26.—Pharium,
Herbert, Bot. Reg. t. 1546.

Perianthium late infundibuliforme, segmentis oblongo-lanceolatis
erecto-patentibus tubo campanulato 4-6-plo longioribus. Sta-
mina 6, filamentis exsertis extrorsum leviter incurvatis pro di-
midio superiore filiformibus liberis, pro dimidio inferiore in co-
ronam ad faucem tubi insertam concretis, antheris lineari-ob-
longis versatilibus. Ovarium sessile, oblongo-trigonum, loculis
15-25-ovulatis; stylus filiformis, staminibus æquans et cum eis
paullulum incurvatus ; stigma capitatum, trisuleatum. Capsula
sessilis, membranacea, oblonga, obtuse trigona, septicide trival-
vis, seminibus in loculis pluribus complanatis. Testa nigra,
membranacea. Herba bulbosa foliis paucis carnoso-herbaceis
subteretibus post scapum maturis, floribus speciosis umbellatis
pedicellis apice haud articulatis.

l. B. ELEGANS, Schult. fil. loc. cit.; Lindl. Bot. Reg. 1839, t. 34;
Kunth, loc. cit.—Pharium fistulosum, Herbert, Bot. Reg. t. 1546.
Bulbus globosus, 1 poll. crassus, tunicatus, membranis externis seor-
sum circa basin scapi et foliorum productis. Folia 2-3, demum 10-
12 poll. vel ultra longa. Scapus 1-2-pedalis, fistulosus, fragilis.
Valve spathz 3-4, membranacez, lanceolate, 3—4 lin. longe. Um-
bells 4—10-florz, pedicellis gracilibus 12-18 lin. longis. Perianthium
9-10 lin. longum, saturate rubrum, segmentis viridi carinatis 3-4 lin.
latis. Corona 4 lin. longa, glabra vel scabra, filamentis deorsum an-

374 MR. J. G. BAKER ON LILIACE.

guste alatis. Stylus demum 9-10 lin. longus. Mewico, Hartweg,
232! Bates! Karwinsky ! §c.—P. fistulosum, Herbert, loc, cit., est
forma filamentis scabris, corona inter basin filamentorum margine
dentata.—B. multiflora, Mart. et Gal. Enum. 14; Kunth, Enum. iv.
699, est verisimiliter forma robustior multiflora.

10. LEUCOCORYNE, Lindl.

Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1293; Endl. Gen. 1105; Kunth, Enum. iv.
472.—Brodixe sp., Hook. §ce.—Anthoceras, Bertero, MSS.
Perianthium infundibuliforme vel subrotatum, segmentis æqua-
libus lanceolatis vel linearibus tubo cylindrico subequantibus
vel brevioribus. Stamina 3, ad medium tubi inserta, filamentis
brevissimis, antheris lineari-oblongis dorsifixis. Staminodia 3,
ad faucem tubi inserta, calcarata, erecta, segmentis equantia
vel breviora, rarissime antherifera. Ovarium subsessile, oblon-
gum, obtuse trigonum, loculis multiovulatis; stylus brevis,
rectus; stigma capitatum. Capsula subsessilis, membranacea,
oblonga, obtuse trigona, loculicide trivalvis, seminibus in loculis
pluribus (5-6) parvis triquetris. Testa nigra, membranacea.
Herbe bulbose foliis pluribus synanthiis anguste linearibus,
floribus umbellatis, spathis bivalvatis, pedicellis haud articulatis.

Staminodia segmentis lanceolato-spathulatis 3—4-plo breviora.
1. ixioides.
Staminodia segmentis linearibus acuminatis subequantia.
Segmenta tubo paullulum longiora.

Perianthium 8-9 lin.longum .......... 2. alliacea.
Perianthium 5-6 lin. longum .......... 3. angustipetala.
Segmenta tubo duplo breviora............ 4. Gayi.

l. L. ixtorpEs, Lindl. Bot. Reg. sub t. 1293; Kunth, Enum. iv. 473;
C. Gay, Fl. Chil. vi. 121.— Brodisa ixioides, Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 2382.
— L. odorata, Lind.Bot. Reg.t.1293 ; Kunth et C.Gay, loc. cit.—Autho-
ceras odorata, Bertero, MSS.—L. narcissiflora, Phil. Flor. Atacam. 52.
Bulbus 6-9 lin. crassus, brunneo-tunicatus, membranis externis basin
scapi et foliorum arcte cingentibus. Folia plurima, viridia, carnoso-her-
bacea, 8-12 poll. longa, 1 lin. lata, evanescentia. Scapi erecti, fragiles,
fistulosi, 12-18 lin. longi. Valvæ spathz lineari-acuminate, 12-15
lin. longe. Umbellæ 3-12-flore, pedicellis 9-18 lin. longis. Peri-
anthium 9-15 lin. longum, pallide lilacinum, segmentis lanceolato-
spathulatis 23-3-lin. latis. Staminodia segmentis 3—4-plo breviora.
Chili, copiose prope urbem Valparaiso, &c. Cuming 557 ! Bertero 806!
Menzies 290! Bridges 75! C. Gay ! Philippi, &c. Guilli incolis dictum,

MR. J. G. BAKER ON LILIACER. 375

Andes Peruviane, Bollaert! L. odorata est mera forma pedicellis
brevioribus.

Var. 8. PURPUREA, Baker.—L. purpurea, C. Gay, Fl. Chil. vi. 122;
Atlas, t. 68. Elatior, perianthio 15-18 lin. longo tubo saturate pur-
pureo segmentis obtusioribus 3-4 lin. latis. Chili, C. Gay!

2. L. ALLIACEA, Lindl. Bot. Reg. sub t. 1293; Hook. et Arn. Bot.
Beech. 48; Kunth, Enum. iv. 474; C. Gay, Fl. Chil. vi. 123.—Bro-
dizea alliacea, Miers, MSS.—Anthoceras ornithogaloides, Bertero,
MSS. Bulbus ovoideus, 9-12 lin. crassus, brunneo-truncatus, mem-
branis externis basin scapi et foliorum arcte longe cingentibus. Folia
plurima, firmiora, viridia, 6-8 poll. longa, vix 1 lin. lata. Scapi 6-12
poll. longi. Valvze spathe lineari-acuminatze, 1 poll. vel ultra longe.
Umbellz 2-4-florz,, pedicellis 3-24 lin. longis. Perianthium 8-9 lin.
longum, pallide lilacinum, segmentis linearibus acutis tubo longiori-
bus. Staminodia segmentis paullulum breviora (3-4 lin. longa).
Chili, Bertero ! Macrae! Philippi 654! Germain ! $c.

3. L. ANGUsTIPETALA, C. Gay, Fl. Chil. vi. 124. Bulbus 8-9 lin.
crassus, brunneo-tunieatus, membranis externis seorsum productis.
Folia plurima, firmiora, 3-4 poll. longa, vix l lin. lata. Scapi 3-4
poll. longi. Valvæ spathe 8-9 lin. long. Umbellze 3—4-flore, pe-
dicellis 3-6 lin. longis. Perianthium 5-6 lin. longum, pallide pur-
pureum, segmentis linearibus acutis tubum paullulo excedentibus.
Staminodia segmentis æquantia. Chili, Philippi!

4. L. Gavr, Baker.—Tristagma dimorphopetala, C. Gay, Fl. Chil. vi.
126; Atlas, t. 69 bis. Bulbum non vidi, membranis externis longe
circa basin scapum cingentibus. Folia 6-9 poll.longa,carnoso-herbacea,
li lin. lata. Scapi fragiles, fistulosi, 8-12 poll. longi. Valve spathæ
lanceolatz, seorsum attenuate, 12-15 lin. longæ. Umbelle 6-8-flore,
pedicellis 1-3 poll. longis. Perianthium 5-6 lin. longum, segmentis
anguste linearibus tubo duplo brevioribus. Staminodia segmentis
subeequantia. Chili, C. Gay! Petala difformia suspicata sunt sta-
minodia generis.

11. Broprza, Smith.

Smith, Linn. Trans. x. 2, t.l; Endl. Gen. 1106 ; Hooker, Fl. Bor.
Amer. ii. 186 ; Kunth, Enum. iv. 470.—Hookera, Salisb. Parad.
Lond. t. 98.—Dichelostemma, Kunth, Enum. iv. 469.—Stropho-
lirion, Torrey, Bot. Pac. Rail. iv. 149.—Brevoortia, Wood, Proc.
Phil. Acad. 1867, 173.

Perianthium infundibuliforme vel late tubulosum, segmentis ple-
risque tubo longioribus vel subequantibus, raro brevioribus.
Anthere 3, lineares, ad faucem tubi sessiles vel subsessiles, ex-

376 MR. J. G. BAKER ON LILIACER.

alate vel alate. Staminodia 3, complanata, membranacea, cum
staminibus uniseriata. Ovarium sessile vel stipitatum, loculis
4—6-ovulatis ; stylus rectus, filiformis ; stigma capitatum. Cap-
sula membranacea, oblongo-trigona, sessilis vel stipitata, locu-
licide trivalvis, seminibus in loculis 2-4 parvistriquetris. Testa
nigra, membranacea. erbe bulbose floribus speciosis umbel-
latis spathis multivalvatis pedicellis apice articulatis, scapo in
specie una longe volubili.

$ EunRoDrXa. Seapierecti. Perianthium infundibuliforme, seg-
mentis tubo equantibus vel excedentibus. Anthere exalate.
Umbelle lax, pedicellis elongatis. Ovarium stipitatum.

1. grandiflora.
Umbelle dense, pedicellis brevibus vel subnullis. Ovarium
sessile.
Staminodia quadrata, bifida................ 2. congesta.

Staminodia lanceolata, integra ............ 3. multiflora.

$ STROPHOLIRION (Torrey). Sċapi longe volubiles. | Perianthium
infundibuliforme, segmentis tubo subequantibus. Anthere alate.
Species Sola cM e QM E Di Neq iE 4. volubilis.

$ Brevoortia (Wood) Scapi erecti. Perianthium late tubu-
losum, basi 6-saccatum, segmentis tubo quadruplo brevioribus.
Anthere exalate.

Species A goa e n E MET 5. coccinea.

l. B. GRANDIFLORA, Smith, Linn. Trans. x. 2; Lindl. Bot. Reg.
t. 1183; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 2877; Kunth, Enum. iv. 471; Wood,
Proc. Acad. Phil. 1867, 172, non Nuttall nec Pursh. — Hookera coro-
naria, Salisb. Par. t.98. Bulbus globosus, 8-9 lin. crassus, brunneo-
tunieatus, membranis externis seorsum productis. Folia 4-6, ante
scapum matura, 6-12 poll. longa, 13 lin. lata, subteretia, facie con-
cava, saturate viridia, subglauca, evanescentia. Scapus erectus, fis-
tulosus, fragilis, 6-18 poll. altus. Valve spathæ plurime, lineares,
4-6 lin. longz. Umbelle 2-8-flore, pedicellis inzequalibus 3-18 lin.
longis. Perianthium 9-15 lin. longum, violaceum, segmentis oblongo-
lanceolatis tubum ore 13-2 lin. crassum excedentibus. Antherz 3 lin.
longz, filamentis filiformibus triplo brevioribus ad faucem tubi insertis.
Staminodia ligulata, flavida, subintegra, antheris zequantia. Ovarium
breviter stipitatum, stylo filiformi 3-4 lin. longo. Semina in loculo
3-4. Insule Vancouver et St. Juan, Lyall! Wood! Oregon et Co-
lumbia Britannica, Menzies! Gairdner! Lyall! California, Douglas !
Coulter 742 ! Hartweg 2002!

MR. J. G. BAKER ON LILIACE®, 377

Var. B. MACROPODA, Torrey, Bot. Whipple, 93.—B. Torreyi, Wood,
Proc. Phil. Acad. 1867, 172. Scapus brevissimus vel subnullus.
Pedicelli elongati, 3-6 poll. longi. California, in locis paludosis, Bige-
low ! Wood.

Var. y. MAJorR, Benth. MSS.—B. californica, Lindl. Trans. Hort. Soc.
iv. 84, cum icone. Elatior, robustior, perianthio 18-21 lin. longo,
tubo ore 3-4 lin. erasso segmentis 12-15 lin. longis, pedicellis 6-24
lin. longis. California, Hartweg 1999! Fremont! Jeffray 1124!

2. B. coNGEsTA, Smith, Linn. Trans. x.3, t. 1; Hook. Fl. Bor. Am.
ii. 186.—Dichelostemma congestum, Kunth, Enum. iv. 470; Wood,
Proc. Phil. 1867, 173.—Hookera pulchella, Salisb. Par. t. 117?
Bulbus globosus, brunneo-tunicatus, 8-9 lin. erassus. Folia 3-4,
ante scapum matura, carnoso-herbacea, evanescentia, pedalia vel ultra,
13-2 lin. lata, subteretia, facie valde concava, glauca. Scapus fragilis,
fistulosus, 1-2-pedalis. Valvæ spathze 3-4, lanceolate, 6-9 lin. longze.
Umbelle 6-12-florze, congestze, pedicellis subnullis vel 1-3 lin. longis.
Perianthium .8-9 lin. longum, saturate violaceo-ezruleum, segmentis
oblongo-lanceolatis tubo 3 ore lin. erasso subzquantibus. Stamina
3, sessilia, 23 lin. lata, apice profunde emarginata. Staminodia 3,
cucullata, profunde emarginata. Ovarium sessile, stylo filiformi 2
lin. longo. Semina in loculo 5-6. E Columbia Britannica ad Cali-
forniam borealem, Menzies! Douglas! &c.

3. B. MULTIFLORA, Benth. Pl. Hartweg. 339.—B. parviflora, Torrey
et Gray Bot. Pac. Rail. p. 125; Wood, Proc. Phil. Acad. 1867, 172.
Bulbus fibroso-tunicatus, 1 poll. vel ultra crassus. Folia carnoso-
herbacea, firmiora, 12-18 poll. longa, 13-2 lin. lata. Scapus fragilis, 1-2
pedes longus. Valvze spathe plurime, late lanceolata, 4-6 lin. long.
Umbellz congestz, 6-20-florz, pedicellis subnullis vel 3-6 lin. longis.
Perianthium 8-10 lin. longum, ceruleum, segmentis oblongo-lanceo-
latis tubo ventricoso subsequantibns. Stamina sessilia 2 lin. longa.
Staminodia lanceolata, integra, 13 lin. longa. Ovarium sessile, stylo
23 lin. longo. Semina in loculo 4-6. California, Hartweg 2001 !
Jeffray 1125! Lobb 237 ! Bridges 276 ! Utah, Fremont !

4. B. voLuniLIs, Baker.—Stropholirion californicum, Torrey, Bot.
Pac. Rail. iv. 149; Bot. Whipple, t. 23.—Rupalleya volubilis, Mo-
riére, Bull. Soc. Linn. Norm. viii. cum icone ez Bull. Soc. Bot. France,
xi. Bibl. 25.—Dichelostemma Californica, Wood, Proc. Phil. 1867,
173. Folia synanthia, carnoso-herbacea, 12-18 poll. longa, 3-4 lin.
lata. Scapi volubiles, 4-12-pedales. Valvze spathze 4-5, lanceolate.
Umbellz 15-20-florz, pedicellis 3-9 lin. longis. Perianthium roseo-
purpureum, 5-6 lin, longum, segmentis oblongo-lanceolatis tubum ven-
tricosum paullulo excedentibus. Staminodia ligulata, emarginata.
Antherze sessiles, emarginato-alatze, 13 lin. longe. Ovarium breviter

378 MR. J. G. BAKER ON LILIACER.

stipitatum, loculis 3-4-ovulatis, stylo filiformi 14 lin. longo. Semina
in loculo szepe solitaria. California, Hartweg 1992! Bigelow ! Bridges

271 ! &c.

5. B. cocctNEA, A. Gray, Proc. Amer. Acad. 1867, 389.—Brevoortia
Ida-Maia, Wood, Proc. Phil. Acad. 1867, 173. Folia carnoso-herbacea,
pedalia vel ultra, 2-3 lin. lata, ante scapum evanescentia, glauca.
Scapi fragiles, erecti, 2-3 pedes longi. Valve spathz 4-6, membra-
nacez, lanceolatz vel lineares, saturate rubra, 6-12 lin. longe.
Umbellz 4-12-florz, pedicellis 8-12 lin. longis. Perianthium 12-16
lin. longum, tubulosum, basi 6-saccato, tubo 3-4 lin. crasso saturate
coccineo, segmentis lanceolato-oblongis, flavidis, 25-3 lin. longis flore
expanso patentibus. Ovarium oblongum, distincte stipitatum, loculis
4-6-ovulatis; stylus filiformis, 8-9 lin. longus, interdum subexser-
tus. Antherz lineares, basi emarginate, segmentis subzquantes,
Staminodia flavida, latissima, quadrata, dentata, antheris duplo breviora.
California, W. Lobb! Bolander! v. v. ez hort. Thompson.

12. Mizra, Cav.

Cav. Icon. ii. 76, t. 196; Endl. Gen. 1109; Kunth, Enum. iv.
278.—Triteleia, Dougl. in Lindl. Bot. Reg. sub t. 1293; Endl.
Gen. 1107 ; Kunth, Enum. iv. 465.—Seubertia, Kunth, Enum.
iv. 475.—Hesperoscordium, Lindl. Bot. Reg. sub t. 1293;
Endl. Gen. 1110; Kunth, Enum. iv. 464,—Calliprora, Lindl.
Bot. Reg. t. 1590; Endl. Gen. 1111; Kunth, Enum. iv. 476.
—Themis, Salisb. Gen. 85.

Perianthium late vel anguste infundibuliforme vel subrotatum,
segmentis tubo infundibuliformi vel campanulato subequanti-
bus, vel 2-4-plo longioribus, vel raro brevioribus. Stamina 6,
semper distincte perigyna, uniseriata vel plus minus distincte
biseriata, filamentis plerisque elongatis raro subnullis, antheris
lineari-oblongis versatilibus. Ovarium obovoideum, sessile vel
plus minus distincte stipitatum ; stylus rectus, filiformis ; stigma

- capitatum, trisuleatum. Capsula membranacea, sessilis vel
stipitata, loculicide trivalvis, seminibus in loculis 2-12 parvis
triquetris laxis vel biseriatis. Zesta nitida, nigra. Herbe
bulbose foliis angustis synanthiis floribus wnbellatis.

§ Bnoprxorsis, Baker. Tubus late infundibuliformis, segmenta
superans. Stamina e basi et medio segmentorum biseriata.
Species sola M TUA UU NE 1. grandiflora.

MR. J. G. BAKER ON LILIACEA. 379

§ Eumrnia. Tubus infundibuliformis, segmentis 11-9-plo bre-
vior. Stamina e fauce tubi uniseriata.
Stamina sessilia vel subsessilia.
Flores 1—4 pedicellis elongatis. Stamina exalata.

2. biflora.
Flores 5-9 pedicellis subnullis vel perbrevibus. Stamina al-
terna emarginato-alata................ 3. capitata.
Filamenta 2-3 lin. longa.
Ovarium sessile, loculis 6-8-ovulatis ...... 4. andicola.

Ovarium stipitatum, loculis 10-12-ovulatis. 5. macrostemon.

$ TarrgnEgrA (Dougl.). Tubus infundibuliformis, segmentis equans
vel 13-2-plo brevior, vel raro excedens. Stamina distincte bi-
seriata, in tubo iud
Pedicelli apice inartieulati. Ovarium sessile (Amer. merid.).
Scapi uniflori.
Segmenta linearia tubo duplo breviora .. 6. sessiliflora.
Segmenta tubo subequantia. Perianthium pallide lilacinum.
Folia filiformia ; segmenta linearia .... 7. patagonica.
Folia plana ; segmenta lanceolata vel oblonga.
8. uniflora.
Segmenta tubum duplo superantia. Perianthium flavum.
9. Sellowiana.
Seapi bi- vel multiflori.
Segmenta linearia, tubo cylindrico duplo breviora.
10. nivalis.
Segmenta oblonga, tubo infundibuliformi subequantia.
11. Poppigiana.
Pedicelli apice articulati. Umbelle multiflore. Ovarium longe
stipitatum (Amer. bor.).
Filamenta elongata, basi utrinque alata (Calliprora, Lindl.).
12. ixioides.
Filamenta brevissima, exalata vel nulla (Seubertia, Kunth).
Perianthium ceruleum, 15-18 lin. longum. 13. laza.
Perianthium ceruleum, 8-9 lin. longum.. 14. peduncularis.
Perianthium flavum, 9 lin. longum .... .. 15. crocea.

§ Hesrrrocorpium (Lindl) Tubus campanulatus, segmentis
3—4-plo brevior. Stamina in tubo plus minusve distincte bi-
seriatim inserta.

Pedicelli apice articulati. Ovarium longe stipitatum (Amer.
bor) EG Oe i OX PAL EFE 16, hyacinthina.

380

MR. J. G. BAKER ON LILIACEEX.

Pedicelli apice haud articulati. Ovarium sessile (Amer. merid.).
Scapi semper uniflori. Folia setacea.

Perianthium album scapo glabro........ 17. setacea.
Perianthium flavum scapo hirtello ...... 18. hirtella.
Scapi 1-2-flori. Folia 3 lin. lata ........ 19. subbiflora.

Seapi 2-6-flori.

l.

Perianthium album. Folia 1-2 lin. lata.
Pedicelli vix 1 lin. longi... oss 20. brevipes.
Pedicelli 6-12 lin. longi.
Perianthium 6-7 lin. longum, segmentis oblongis.
21. bivalvis.
Perianthium 9-10 lin. longum, segmentis lanceolatis
iT qup ET P pu M Ee 22. porrifolia.
Perianthium flavum. Folia 4 lin. lata .. 23. aurea.

M. GRANDIFLORA, Baker.—Triteleia grandiflora, Lindl. Bot. Reg.
sub t. 1293 & 1685; Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. ii. 186, t. 198 B; Wood,
Proc. Acad. Phil. 1867, 171. Bulbus globosus, 1 poll. crassus,
fibroso-tunicatus, edulis. Folia synanthia, carnoso-herbacea, pedalia
vel ultra, 3-4 lin. lata. Scapi 12-2 pedes alti. Valve spathæ
plurime, lanceolate, 6-8 lin. longe. Umbelle 6-20-florze, pedicellis
apice articulatis 6-18 lin. longis. Perianthium saturate czruleum,
8-10 lin. longum, segmentis oblongo-spathulatis obtusis erectis tubo
late infundibuliformi ore 3-4 lin. crasso paullulum brevioribus. An-
therz l lin. longze biseriatz, inferiores ad faucem tubi sessiles, su-
periores ad medium segmentorum insertz, filamentis filiformibus
brevibus. Ovarium distincte stipitatum, loculis 6-8-ovulatis, stylo
filiformi 11-2 lin. longo. Columbia Britannica, Oregon et Missouri,
Douglas ! Burke ! Geyer, 289 ! Lyall! &c.

2. M. BirLORA, Cav. Ic. ii. 76, t. 196; Willd. Sp. Plant. ii. 62;

Lindl. Bot. Reg. 78, t. 1555; Kunth, Enum. iv. 478; Flore des
Serres, t. 1459. Bulbus globosus, brunneo-tunicatus, 6-9 lin. crassus,
membranis externis seorsum productis. Folia 4-6, filiformia, 6-12
poll. longa. Seapus fragilis, 6-18 poll. longus. Flores 1-4, pedi-
cellis strictis 2-6 poll. longis apice incrassatis. Valve spathæ plu-
rime, lineares, 3-6 lin. longs. Perianthium albidum, 15-18 lin.
longum, segmentis oblongo-lanceolatis, carina viridi firmiore, tubo
infundibuliformi ore 13 lin. crasso subduplo longioribus, interioribus
angustioribus. Stamina ad faucem uniseriata, 2-23 lin. longa, sub-
sessilia, exalata. Ovarium oblongum, stipite brevi obconico, stylo
filiformi 5-6 lin. longo. Semina in loculo 5-9. Mexico, Pavon !
Schaffner! Hartweg, 233! Galeotti, 5508 ! Graham, 359! Coulter,
1545! &c.; Nova Mezico, C. Wright, 1913!

MR. J. G. BAKER ON LILIACEA. 381

3. M. CAPITATA, Baker.—Brodisa capitata, Benth. Pl. Hartw. 339.—
Dichelostemma capitata, Wood, Proc. Acad. Phil. 1868, 173. Bulbus
edulis, proliferus, globosus, 6-9 lin. crassus, brunneo-tunicatus, mem-
branis externis paullulum productis. Folia carnoso-herbacea, pedalia
vel ultra, glauca, 2 lin. lata, evanescentia. Scapi fragiles, 1-2 pedes
alti. Valvze spathe plurime, lanceolate, violacez, 5-6 lin. longe.
Umbelle congestze, 5-9-flore, pedicellis subnullis vel 1-3 lin. longis.
Perianthium 7-8 lin. longum, saturate lilacino-czruleum, segmentis
oblongo-lanceolatis erectis, tubum 2-21 lin. crassum paullulo exceden-
tibus. Stamina 13 lin. longa ad faucem sessilia, alterna emarginato-
alata. Ovarium basi angustatum, stylo 2 lin. longo. Semina in
loculo 8-9. California, Hartweg, 2600! Bigelow! Jeffray, 1026!
Douglas ! Coulter, 743!

Var. B. PAUCIFLORA, Torrey, Bot. Mex. Bound. 218. Umbelle 2-4-
flore, pedicellis spathz valvis subduplo longioribus. Novo-Mezico,
Bigelow ; Sonora, Capt. E. K. Smith! ad ripas fluv. Gila, Parry.

Habitu Brodieam congestam et multifloram arcte simulat: differt in-
dole staminum.

4. M. ANDICOLA, Baker.—Nothoscordum andicola, Kunth, Enum. iv.
463. Bulbus 1 poll. crassus, brunneo-tunicatus, membranis externis
circa basin scapi et foliorum longe productis. Folia 5-6, carnoso-
herbacea, modice diuturna, scapos superantia, À lin. lata. Scapi
firmi, 3-6 poll. longi. Valvee spathz 2, opposite, lanceolate, basi
connate, 6-8 lin. longae. Umbelle 6-10-florz, pedicellis 3-6 lin.
longis apice haud articulatis. Perianthium 5-6 lin. longum, pallide
lilacinum, segmentis lanceolato-spathulatis erecto-patentibus tubo ore
1-1} lin. erasso duplo longioribus. Stamina e fauce uniseriata,
filamentis 2 lin. longis deorsum applanatis. Ovarium sessile, loculis
6-8-ovulatis, stylo 2 lin. longo. Andes Peruvie et Bolivie ad ripas
lacus Titicaca, Meyen, Pentland !

5. M. MacnosTEMON, Baker.—Nothoscordum macrostemon, Kunth,
Enum. iv. 463.—Sowerbza americana, Spreng. MSS. Bulbum non
vidi. Folia carnoso-herbacea, subpedalia, 2-21 lin. lata. Scapi 13-2
pedes longi, basi interdum 3 lin. crassi. Valve spathe 2-3, lanceo-
late, 6-10 lin. longe. Umbelle 12-20-flore, pedicellis 6-30 lin.
longis. Perianthium 7-9 lin. longum, pallide lilacinum, segmentis
lanceolato-spathulatis flore expanso erecto-patentibus tubo infundi-
buliformi ore 13 lin. crasso duplo longioribus. Stamina e fauce
uniseriata, filamentis 21—3 lin. longis, preecipue dimidio superiore ap-
planatis, antheris oblongis vix ultra 3 lin. longis. Ovarium hasi in
stipitem brevem sensim angustatum, loculis 10-12-ovulatis, stylo
lin. longo. Montevideo, teste Kunth; Brasilia meridionalis ; St. Jago
del Esterra, Tweedie, 1393 ! 1394 !

Var. 8. cnAciLIS, Baker. Gracilior, pedicellis €-10 lin. longis, pe-
LINN. PROC.—BOTANY, VOL. XI. 2D

382

7.

MR. J. G. BAKER ON LILIACEJE.

rianthio 6 lin. longo, tubo angustiore, ovario stipite gracili demum
13 lin. longo. Montevideo, Capt. King! Verisimiliter species vera
sed bulbum et folia non vidi.

. M. SESSILIFLORA, Baker.—Triteleia sessilis, Philippi, MSS. Bul-

bus ovoideus, 3-4 lin. crassus, membranaceo-tunicatus, membranis
externis longe productis. Folia 4-5, synanthia, carnoso-herbacea,
filiformia, florem superantia. Seapus 12-15 lin. longus. Valve spathze
2, lineares, deorsum longe connate. Flores solitarii, in spathis ses-
siles, albidi, 9-10 lin. longi, segmentis ascendentibus lanceolatis tubo
pergracili 2-3-plo brevioribus. Stamina supra medium tubi bi-
seriatim inserta, filamentis filiformibus antheras oblongas 3-4-plo ex-
cedentibus. Ovarium sessile, stylo 5-6 lin. longo. Chili, Philippi!
Germain !

M. rATAGONICA, Baker. Bulbum non vidi. Folia 4-5, synanthia,
filiformia, modice firma, 6-9 poll. longa. Scapi uniflori, 4-6 poll.
longi. Valve spathe 2, lanceolatæ, erectz, 8-9 lin. longs, basi
connate. Pedicelli 6-9 lin. longi. Perianthium 10-12 lin. longum,
pallide lilacinum, segmentis lanceolatis acuminatis erectis carina su-
turatiore tubo anguste infundibuliformi duplo longioribus. Stamina
in tubo biseriata, filamentis filiformibus 3-4 lin. longis. Ovarium
sessile, stylo 3 lin. longo. Patagonia, Capt. Middleton!

Habitu M. uniflore; differt folis filiformibus, segmentis lanceolatis

8.

V.

acuminatis.

M. un1FLoRA, Graham, Edin. Phil. Journ. Dec. 1832; Hook. Bot.
Mag. t. 3327.—Triteleia uniflora, Lindl. Bot. Reg. 1293, t. 1921;
Kunth, Enum. iv. 466; Flore Jard. ii. 177.— Milla bonariensis,
Gillies, MSS. Bulbus ovoideus, proliferus, membranaceo-tunicatus,
6-9 lin. crassus, fibris carnosis, membranis externis sursum longe
productis. Folia 6-9, synanthia, carnoso-herbacea, 6-12 poll. longa,
13-3 lin. lata, glauca. Scapi uni- vel in hortis rarissime biflori.
Valve spathe 2, lanceolate, 9-15 lin. longe, deorsum connate.
Pedicelli 1-2 poll. longi. Perianthium 9-18 lin. longum, pallide
lilacinum, segmentis lanceolato-spathulatis flore expanso subpaten-
tibus carina saturatiore tubo infundibuliformi ore 2-23 lin. crasso
paullulum longioribus. Stamina in tubo biseriata, filamentis fili-
formibus antheris paulo longioribus, superiora ad faucem attingentia.
Ovarium sessile, stylo filiformi 3-4 lin. longo. Bonaria, Gillies !
Tweedie !

ar. 8. coNsPICUA, Baker.—Triteleia conspicua, Baker, in Saund.
Ref. Bot. t. 43. Segmenta oblongo-spathulata, sursum minus an-
gustata, flore expanso late imbricata. Pedicelli spe longiores.
Montevideo, Tweedie, 1389 ! Gibert, 507 !

Var. y. TwEEDIEANA, Baker. Multo minor; folia vix ultra 4 lin. lata ;

MR. J. G. BAKER ON LILIACER. 883

scapus 2-3 poll. longus; pedieelli 3 lin. longi, e spatho haud ex-
serti; perianthium 5-6 lin. longum, segmentis oblongo-spathulatis
tubo zequantibus ; stamina omnia e tubo distincte exserta, Bonaria,
Tweedie! Verisimiliter species vera.

9. M. SELLowrANa, Baker.—Triteleia Sellowiana, Kunth, Enum.iv.
466. Bulbus globosus vel ovoideus, membranaceo-tunicatus, 4-6 lin.
crassus, membranis externis breviter sursum productis. Folia 6-12,
synanthia, firma, modice durantia, 2-4 poll. longa, 3-1 lin. lata.
Scapi 1-3, 1-4 poll. longi. Flores semper solitarii, pedicellis 2-3
lin. longis. Valvæ spathe 2, lanceolatz, 4-6 lin. longs, basi con-
nate. Perianthium 9-10 lin. longum, flavum, segmentis oblongo-
spathulatis purpureo-carinatis 3—4 lin. latis tubo late infundibuli-
formi duplo longioribus. Stamina leviter biseriata, prope faucem
tubi inserta, filamentis filiformibus deorsum applanatis 2-23 lin.
longis. Ovarium sessile, stylo 3 lin. longo. Brasilia meridionalis
et Montevideo, Sello, 3664 ! Gibert, 512!

10. M. nivauis, Baker.—Tristagma nivalis, Póppig, Nov. Gen. ii.
28, t. 140; C. Gay, Fl. Chil. vi. 125. Bulbus ovoideus, mem-
branaceo-tunicatus, membranis externis longe sursum productis. Folia
5-6, viridia, carnoso-herbacea, synanthia, 6-9 poll. longa, 13 lin.
lata. Scapi foliis subzequantes. Valve spathze 2, lanceolate, 1 poll.
longs, basi connate. Umbelle 2-3-florz, pedicellis 3-15 lin. longis.
Perianthium infundibuliforme, 9-10 lin. longum, segmentis linearibus
viridibus carnosis acutis flore expanso patentibus tubo cylindrico ore
vix ultra 1 lin. lato duplo brevioribus. Antherzm in tubo distincte
biseriatz, sessiles. Ovarium sessile, lanceolatum, stylo filiformi 13
lin. longo. Chili, Germain !

ll. M. PöPPIGIANA, Baker.—Triteleia Póppigiana, C. Gay, FI. Chil.
vi. 117.— T. uniflora, Flore des Serres, ix. t. 283? Bulbum non vidi.
Folia 6-8, synanthia, carnoso-herbacea, subplana, 8-12 poll. longa,

3-3 lin. lata. Scapi 2-3, flaccidi, foliis subszquantes. Valve
spathz 2 (raro 3-4) lanceolate, 1 poll. longze, basi connate. Um-
belle 4-8-floræ, pedicellis apice haud articulatis 12-15 lin. longis.
Perianthium infundibuliforme, pallide lilacinum, 9-10 lin. longum,
segmentis oblongo-spathulatis tubo infundibuliformi ore 2 lin. crasso
paullulum longioribus. Stamina in tubo biseriata, filamentis fili-
formibus 2 lin. longis, superiora ad faucem attingentia. Ovarium
sessile, stylo filiformi 2 lin. longo. Chili, C. Gay!

12. M. iXIOIDES, Baker.—Ornithogalum ixioides, Ait. Hort. Kew.
edit. alt. ii. 257.— Themis ixioides, Salisb. Gen. 85.—Calliprora
lutea, Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1590; Hook. et Arn. Bot. Beech. 400;
Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 3588. Bulbus globosus, fibroso-tunicatus, 6-8
lin. crassus. Folia 2-3, synanthia, carnoso-herbacea, basin scapi

202

384

MR. J. G. BAKER ON LILIACEX.

cingentia, 6-12 poll. longa, 2-6 lin. lata. Scapi erecti, fistulosi,
6-18 lin. longi. Valve spathz 3-4, lineares, 4-6 lin. longe. Um-
bella 10-20-florz, pedicellis apice articulatis 1-2 poll. longis. Pe-
rianthium infundibuliforme, flavum, 7-12 lin. longum, segmentis
lanceolato-spathulatis distincte viridi vittatis subacutis tubo turbinato
duplo longioribus. Stamina e fauce tubi leviter biseriata, filamentis
complanatis apice tricuspidatis 2-2} lin. longis. Ovarium longe
stipitatum, stylo filiformi 14 lin. longo. Semina in loculo 5-6.

California, Douglas! Hartweg, 1996! Jeffray, 1124! Coulter, 741!
Bridges, 294! &c.

13. M. taxa, Baker.—Triteleia laxa, Benth. Trans. Hort. Soc. i. 413,

t. 15. fig. 2; Lindi. Bot. Reg. t. 1685; Hook. et Arn. Bot. Beech.
401.—Seubertia laxa, Kunth, Enum. iv. 475; Wood, Proc. Phil.
Acad, 1868, 172. Bulbus globosus, 6-9 lin. crassus, fibroso-tuni-
catus. Folia synanthia, carnoso-herbacea, subplana, 12-18 poll.
longa, 2-4 lin. lata. Scapi fragiles, erecti, 12-18 poll. longi. Valve
spathæ multz, lanceolate et lineares, 6-9 lin. longe. Umbella
8-20-florz, pedicellis apice articulatis 1-3 poll. longis. Perianthium
infundibuliforme, saturate ceruleum, 15-18 lin. longum, segmentis
lanceolatis acutis erecto-patentibus tubo infundibuliformi ore 3—4 lin.
crasso distincte brevioribus. Stamina in dimidio superiore tubi bi-
seriatim inserta, antheris linearibus filamenta excedentibus. Ova-
rium stipite 6-9 lin. longo, loculis 12-15-ovulatis, stylo filiformi

li lin. longo. California, Douglas! Hartweg, 1998! Bigelow!
Bridges, 273! &c.

14. M. PEDUNCULARIS, Baker.—Triteleia peduncularis, Lindl. Bot.

Reg. 1865; Hook. et Arn. Bot. Beech. 401; Kunth, Enum. iv. 469.
Bulbum non vidi. Folia synanthia, carnoso-herbacea, 12-18 poll.
longa, 3-4lin.lata. Scapi 14-2 pedes longi, erecti, fragiles. Valve
spathze multze, lineares, 6-8 lin. longe, basi liberæ. Umbella 12-20-
flore, pedicellis apice articulatis 2-3 poll. longis. Perianthium in-
fundibuliforme, czruleum, 8-9 lin. longum, segmentis erecto-patenti-
bus lanceolato-spathulatis acutis carina saturatiore tubo infundibuli-
formi ore 2 lin. crasso paullulum longioribus. Anthere sessiles, 12
lin. longz, in dimidio superiore tubi biseriatim inserte. Ovarium
longe stipitatum, stipite 2-23 lin. longo, stylo filiformi 14 lin. longo.
Semina in loculo 3-4. California, Douglas! Fremont!

15. M. crocea, Baker.—Seubertia crocea, Wood, Proc. Acad. Phil.

1868, 172.— Folia linearia, scapo pedali breviora. Valve spathe 4,
acuminate, pedicellis breviores. Umbelle 5-6-flore. Perianthium
infundibuliforme, croceum, 9 lin. longum, segmentis obtusis. An-
there oblongæ, biseriate. Ovarium longe stipitatum. Semina in
loculo 5. California, Prof. Wood (non vidi).

MR. J. G. BAKER ON LILIACES. 385

16. M. HYACINTHINA, Baker.—Hesperoscordium hyacinthinum, Lindl.
Bot. Reg. sub t. 1293; Kunth, Enum. iv. 464.—H. Lewisii, Hook. Flo.
Bor. Am. ii. 185.—Brodiwa grandiflora, Nuttall, non Smith. Bulbus
globosus, 6-12 lin. crassus, fibroso-tunicatus. Folia 2-3, synanthia,
carnoso-herbacea, 12-18 poll. longa, 3-6 lin. lata. Scapi firmi,
erecti, 1-2 pedes longi. Valve spathe multe, lineares, 5-6 lin.
longe. Umbelle 10-30-flore, pedicellis 6-12 lin. longis apice arti-
culatis. Perianthium infundibuliforme, album, 6-7 lin. longum, seg-
mentis lanceolato-spathulatis viridi-vittatis erecto-patentibus tubo

Stamina e fauce subuniseriata, fila-

campanulato triplo longioribus.
Ovarium distincte

mentis deltoideis petaloideis vix 1 lin. longis.
stipitatum, stylo 1 lin. longo. Semina in loculo 2-3. Insule Van-
cower et St. Juan, Lyall! Columbia britannica, Douglas! Hinds ! &c.

Oregon, Nuttall! California, Bridges!

Var. 8. LAcTEUM, Baker.—H. lacteum, Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1639;
Kunth, Enum. iv, 464; Wood, Proc. Acad. Phil. 1868, 171. Graci-
lior, floribus paucioribus, pedicellis elongatis (1-3 poll. longis). Cali-
fornia, Douglas ! Hartweg 1994!

17. M. seracea, Baker. Bulbus ovoideus, 3-4 lin. crassus, membra-
naceo-tunicatus, membranis externis sursum longe productis. Folia
5-6, synanthia, 3-4 poll. longa, setacea, modice firma. Scapus fili-
formis, glaber, 2-3 poll. longus, semper uniflorus. Valve spathe 2,
lineares, 3-4 lin. longe, basi connate. Pedicelli 13-2 lin. longi.
Perianthium infundibuliforme, albidum, 43-5 lin. longum, tenerum,
segmentis oblongo-spathulatis subacutis carina pallide brunnea tubum
campanulatum 3-4-plo excedentibus. Stamina ad faucem tubi inserta,
leviter biseriata, filamentis filiformibus 1}-2 lin. longis. Ovarium
sessile, stylo filiformi 2 lin. longo. Tucuman, Tweedie!

18. M. HIRTELLA, Baker.—Triteleia hirtella, Kunth, Enum. iv. 465.
Bulbus subgloboso-ovoideus. Folia 4-6, synanthia, 3 poll. longa,
filiformia, vix } lin. lata. Scapus 3-33 poll. longus, hirtellus, uni-
rus. Valvz spathe pedicellum brevem longe superantes. Perianthium
luteum, parum minor quam in M. Sellowiana, segmentis ellipticis
acutis tubo campanulato triplo longioribus. Stamina prope faucem
tubi inserta, filamentis late subulatis. Ovarium sessile, stylo filiformi
ovario longiore. Montevideo, Gaudichaud (non vidi).

19. M. suBBIFLORa, Baker.—Allium subbiflorum, Colla, Act. Taur.
39, p. 13, t. 52.— Triteleia Berteri, Kunth, Enum. iv. 467; C. Gay,
Fl. Chil. vi. 116. Bulbus ovoideus, 4-6 lin. crassus, membranaceo-
tunicatus, membranis externis productis. Folia 4-6, modice firma,
synanthia, 3-5 poll. longa, 4 lin. lata. Scapi 133 poll. longi, uni- vel
sæpe biflori. Valve spath 2, lanceolata, 4-5 lin. longe, basi con-

386

MR. J. G. BAKER ON LILIACEJE.

nate. Pedicelli 1-2 lin. longi. Perianthium infundibuliforme, albi-
dum, 5-6 lin. longum, segmentis oblongo-spathulatis subacutis di-
stincte brunneo-carinatis tubum companulatum 3-4-plo excedentibus.
Stamina e fauce tubi leviter biseriata, filamentis filiformibus 1j lin.
longis. Ovarium sessile, stylo 1 lin. longo. Chili, Bertero! Bridges
3421

20. M. nnEviPES, Baker.—Triteleia brevipes, Kunze, Linnea, xx. 9.

Folia 4-8, 3 poll. longa, 1} lin. lata. Scapus foliis paullulum brevior.
Valvæ spathz 2, basi connatz, parte libera 6 lin. longa. Umbellæ
3-floree, pedicellis vix 1 lin. longis. Perianthium album, 5-6 lin.
longum, segmentis lanceolatis brunneo-earinatis tubo quadruplo longi-
oribus. Stamina biseriata, filamentis filiformibus deorsum complana-
tis. Ovarium sessile. Chili (non vidi).

21. M. nivaLvis, Baker.—Triteleia bivalvis, Lindl. Bot. Reg. sub

t. 1293; Kunth, Enum. iv. 468; C. Gay, Fl. Chil. vi. 117.—T. Gau-
dichaudiana et violacea, Kunth, loc. cit. Bulbus ovoideus, 6-9 lin.
crassus, membranaceo-tunicatus. Folia 4-6, synanthia, carnoso-her-
bacea, 6-9 poll. longa, 1-2 lin. lata. Scapus tener, folis subæ-
quans. Valvz spathz 2, lineari-lanceolatz, basi connate, 6-9 lin.
longs. Umbelle 2-4-flore, pedicellis flaccidis 6-12 lin. longis.
Perianthium infundibuliforme, album vel albido-violaceum, 6-7 lin.
longum, segmentis oblongo-spathulatis distincte brunneo-carinatis
tubum campanulatum quadruplo excedentibus. Stamina e tubo biser-
iata, filamentis deorsum complanatis 13 lin. longis. Ovarium sessile,
stylo filiformi 1-13 lin. longo. Semina in loculo 5-6. Chili,
Beechey ! Cuming, 651! Bridges! óc.

22. M. PoRRIFOLIA, Baker.--Triteleia porrifolia, Pópp. Fragm. 10;

Kunth, Enum. iv. 468; Pópp. et Endl. Nov. Gen. t. 139; C. Gay,
Fi. Chil. vi. 118. Bulbus ovoideus, 8-12 lin. crassus, membranaceo-
tunicatus. Folia 4-5, synanthia, carnoso-herbacea, 6-8 poll. longa,
l-21in.lata, Seapus foliis subequans. Valve spathze 2, lanceolate
vel lineares, basi connate, 8-12 lin. longe. Umbelle 4-6-florz,
pedicellis 6-9 lin. longis. Perianthium infundibuliforme, albido-
violaceum, 9-10 lin. longum, segmentis lanceolato-spathulatis tubo
subtriplo longioribus. Stamina e tubo biseriata, filamentis 23-3 lin.
longis. Ovarium sessile, stylo filiformi 4 lin. longo. Chili, Phi-
lippi! Germain! Beechey !

23. M. AUREA, Baker.—Triteleia aurea, Lindl. Bot. Reg. 1841, p. 78;

Kunth, Enum. iv. 469; Baker in Saund. Ref. Bot. t. 42. Bulbus
globosus, 4-6 lin. crassus, membranis albidis tunicatus. Folia 6-8,
carnoso-herbacea, synanthia, filiformia, 3-4 poll. longa, 3 lin. lata.
Scapi 1-3, erecti, 2-4 poll. longi. Valve spathe 2, lanceolate,
basi connate, 4-6 lin. longa. Umbelle 2-6-florex, pedicellis 6-18

MR. J. G. BAKER ON LILIACEA. 387

lin. longis. Perianthium croceum, 5-6 lin. longum, segmentis ob-
longo-spathulatis subobtusis viridi-vittatis flore expanso subpaten-
tibus tubo previ 3-4-plo longioribus, Stamina e fauce tubi leviter
biseriata, filamentis filiformibus 13-2 lin. longis. Ovarium sessile,
stylo 13 lin. longo. Semina in loculo 5-6. Bonaria, Gillies !
Montevideo, Gibert ! Isabelle ! Entre Rios, Tweedie !

13. Massonra, Linn.

Linn. Gen. 1881; Endl. Gen. 1126; Kunth, Enum. iv. 295;
Salisb. Gen. 17; Harv. Cap. Gen. 2nd edit. 395.—Polyxena,
Kunth, Enum. iv. 294; Harv. loc. cit.—Podocallis, Salisb. Gen.
17.—Mauhlia, Thunb. Nov. Gen. iii. Prodr. 60, t. 1 (ex parte) ;
Salisb. Gen. 17 (sphalmate Manlilia).

Perianthium tubuloso-gamophyllum, segmentis linearibus vel lan-
ceolatis æqualibus plerisque reflexis tubo :quantibus vel bre-
vioribus. Stamina 6, ad faucem tubi uniseriatim inserta vel
raro plus minus distincte biseriata e tubo, filamentis filiformibus
basi sepe in eupulum melliferum connatis; antheris oblongis
versatilibus. Ovarium sessile, oblongo-triquetrum, ovulis in
loculis pluribus; s£ylus rectus, filiformis; stigma capitatum.
Capsula membranacea, pro planta magna, sessilis, obovata, lo-
culicide trivalvis, profunde trisulcata, acute angulata, semini-
bus globosis parvis plerisque pluribus raro paucis vel solitariis.
Testa nitida nigra. Herbe bulbose habitu proprio singulari,
Jloribus corymbosis rarissime solitariis pedunculis nullis vel
brevibus, foliis semper 2 synanthiis plus minus carnosis hu-
mistratis.

§ Eumassonta. Corymbi sessiles vel breviter pedunculati, bracteis

exterioribus magnis involucrati. Stamina e fauce uniseriata.

Folia facie setosa.

Segmenta tubo paulo breviora.
Folia carnosa, dense setosa.
Folia rotundata, 13-2 poll. longa .... 1. hirsuta.
Folia ovata, 3-5 poll. longa .......... 2. echinata.
Folia lanceolata, firma, sparse setulosa .. 3. setulosa.
Segmenta tubo duplo breviora.

Filamenta 4 lin.longa ..............-- 4. tenella.
Filamenta 5-6 lin. longa ............-. 5. muricata.
Folia facie pustulata.
Folia lanceolato-elliptica. ........... ee 6. pauciflora.

Folia rotundato-ovata. |... eere 7. pustulata.

888 MR. J. G. BAKER ON LILIACEÆ.

Folia levia.
Filamenta 1 lin. longa.
Tubus 4 lin. crassus. Pedicelli 2-3 lin. longi.
8. jasminiflora.
Tubus 1 lin. crassus. Pedicelli nulli.... 9. Bowker.
Filamenta 3 lin. longa ........ «ess 10. Huttoni.
Filamenta 6-9 lia. longa.
Segmenta tubo subzsquantia.
Filamenta saturate rubra.
Folia subrotundata. Scapus subnullus.
11. latifolia.
Folia anguste obovata. Scapus 13-2 poll. longus.
12. lanceafolia.

Filamenta viridi-flavescentia ........ 13. obovata.
Segmenta tubo duplo breviora.
Folia oblongo-oblanceolata .......... 14. longifolia.
Folia subrotundata.
Filamenta saturate rnbra.......... 15. sanguinea.
Filamenta flavescenti-rubra........ 16. cordata.
Pilamenta RIDE. ee 17. candida.

8 AsrEMMA (Endlich.). Corymbus breviter pedunculatus exinvo-
lucratus. Stamina e fauce tubi uniseriata.
Stamina segmentis limbi subzquantia.
Tubus cylindricus, 5-6 lin. longus ........ 18. angustifolia.
Tubus filiformis, 15-18 lin. longus........ 19. comata.
Stamina segmentis limbi duplo longiora.
Segmenta patentia
Segmenta erecta.
Bractez minute, deltoidee ............ 21. Zeyheri.
Bractex lanceolate, 3-4 lin. longe...... 22. Burchellit.

§ Porxxrwa (Kunth). Corymbus vel flos solitarius breviter ped-
unculatus, exinvolucratus. Stamina plus minus distincte bi
seriata.

Folia graminoidea. Scapus uniflorus ...... 23. uniflora.

Folia lata, subearnosa. Flores corymbosi.

Bractex elongate. Segmenta tubo paulo breviora.

24. pygmea.
Bractee minute. Segmenta tubo 4-6-plo breviora.

25. ensifolia.
1. M. HIRSUTA, Link et Otto, Abbild. t. 1; Roem. et Schult. vii. 987 ;

ee ee TARTE 20. marginata.

MR. J. G. BAKER ON LILIACER. 389

Kunth, Enum. iv. 296.—M. pusilla, Masson, MSS., Salisb. Gen, 17.
Folia carnosa, rotundata, 14-2 poll. longa et lata, obtusa, basi cor-
data, utrinque setis albidis dense vestita. Scapi nulli. Bractez
pubescentes, ciliate, exteriores oblongo-spathulate, 5-6 lin. longe.
Corymbi dense 20—30-flori. Pedicelli 2-3 lin. longi. Perianthium
albidum, 5-6 lin. longum, segmentis linearibus demum reflexis, tubo
ore 5 lin. crasso paulo brevioribus. Filamenta filiformia, segmentis
wquantia. Cap. B. Spei, Masson! Zeyher, 130 ! 4273!

2. M. ECHINATA, Linn. Suppl. 193; Thunb. Prodr. 60, Fl. Cap. 308;
Kunth, Enum. iv.296. Folia tenuiter carnosa, ovata, 3-5 poll. longa,
3-2 poll. lata, utrinque setis albidis nitidis 2-23 lin. longis dense ve-
stita. Scapi subnulli. Bractex exteriores lineares 8-9 lin. longz.
Corymbi dense 20-30-flori. Pedicelli exteriores 6-9 lin. longi. Peri-
anthium albidum, 7-8 lin. longum, segmentis linearibus reflexis
tubo ore 3 lin. crasso paulo brevioribus. Stamina filiformia, 4-5 lin.
longa. Capsula sessilis, oblonga, 4i lin. longa. Cap. B. Spei,
Masson ! Zeyher, 1717! &c.

3. M. sETULOosA, Baker. Folia coriaceo-carnosa, lanceolata, acuta,
ascendentia, 12-15 lin. longa, 43-5 lin. lata, basi sensim angustata,
supra setis albidis brevibus sparse vestita. Scapi nulli. Bractesm
exteriores oblongo-rotundatz, acute, 5-6 lin. longe. Corymbi
10-12-flori. Pedicelli exteriores 2-3 lin. longi. Perianthium albi-
dum, 5-6 lin. longum, segmentis lanceolatis reflexis tubo gracili
paulo brevioribus. Filamenta albida, 3-4 lin. longa. Cap. B.
Spei, Ecklon et Zeyher !

4. M. TENELLA, Soland. MSS. in Herb. Mus. Brit. Folia crasse
carnoso-coriacea, lanceolata, acuta, 1 poll. longa, utrinque angustata,
petiolata, petiolis scapum arcte cingentibus, supra setis robustis al-
bidis dense vestita. Scapi 12-15lin. longi. Bractez exteriores oblongo-
spathulatz, 5-6 lin. longæ. Corymbi pauciflori. Perianthium 4-43
lin. longum, segmentis lineari-lanceolatis erectis tubo gracili duplo
brevioribus. Filamenta lanceolata, vix ultra 3 lin. longa. Cap. B.
Spei, Masson ! Drége, 3509 !

5. M. MURICATA, Gawl. Bot. Mag. t. 559; Ait. Hort. Kew. edit. 2,
ii. 210; Kunth, Enum. iv. 296. Folia carnoso-herbacea, rotundato-
cordata, 3-4 poll. longa et lata, extrorsum supra dense setosa. Scapi
subnulli. Bractez exteriores oblongo-lanceolatz, | poll. longe. Pe-
dicelli exteriores 5-6 lin. longi. Perianthium albidum, 1 poll. lon-
gum, segmentis lanceolatis reflexis tubo subduplo brevioribus. Fi-
lamenta albida, tubo subzequantia, basi connata. Cap. B. Spei.

6. M. PAUCIFLORA, Dryand. in Ait. Hort. Kew. edit. 2, ii. 210;
Roem. et Schult. vii. 987; Kunth, Enum. iv. 296. Folia lanceolata

390

"

MR. J. G. BAKER ON LILIACEE.

vel elliptica, tuberculata, tuberculis nudis. Segmenta limbi ovata.
Cap. B. Spei (non vidi).

M. PUSTULATA, Jacq. Coll. iv. 177; Hort. Schoen. t. 454; Re-
douté, Lil. t. 183; Bot. Mag. t. 642; Kunth, Enum. iv. 296. Folia
carnoso-herbacea, rotundato-ovata, 5-6 poll. longa, 3-4 poll. lata,
subacuta, basi angustata, facie pustulata. Scapi semiunciales. Bracteæ
exteriores ovato-lanceolatz, 1 poll. longe. Pedicelli exteriores 3-4
lin. longe. Corymbi 10-20-flori. Perianthium 1 poll. longum,
segmentis lineari-lanceolatis reflexis tubo duplo brevioribus. Fila-
menta alba, 6—7 lin. longa, basi connata. Cap. B. Spei.

. M. JASMINIFLORA, Burchell, MSS.— Podocallis nivea, Salisb. Gen.

17?. Folia oblongo-rotundata, carnoso-herbacea, levia, subacuta,
2 poll. longa, 12-16 lin. lata, basi spathulatim angustata. Scapi
nulli. Bractez exteriores ovate, acute, 3-4 lin. longe. Pedicelli
exteriores 2-3 lin. longi. Corymbus 10-12-florus. Perianthium al-
bidum, 6 lin. longum, segmentis lanceolatis reflexis tubo 3 lin. crasso
duplo brevioribus. Filamenta 1 lin. longa, basi distincte connata.
Cap. B. Spei, Burchell ! (v. s. cult.).

M. Bowxert, Baker. Folia carnoso-herbacea, oblongo-rotundata,
levia, obtusa, 12-15 lin. longa, 9-12 lin. lata. Scapi nulli.
Bractez exteriores lanceolate, acuminate, 6-7 lin. longe. Corymbus
15-20-florus. Pedicelli subnulli. Perianthium albidum, 6 lin. lon-
gum, segmentis lanceolatis erectis tubo cylindrico 1 lin. crasso duplo
brevioribus. Filamenta 1 lin. longa, carnosa, complanata, basi di-
stincte connata. Cap. B. Spei (Orange River Free State), Bowker !

10. M. Hurront, Baker. Folia carnoso-herbacea, lzvia, ovato-rotun-

data, 21-24 lin. longa, 15-16 lin. lata, subobtusa, basi in petiolum
brevem cite angustata. Scapi 6-9 lin. longi. Corymbi 15-20-flori.
Bractez exteriores rotundati, acutz, 7-8 lin. longs, 6-7 lin. late.
Pedicelli exteriores 2-3 lin. longi. Perianthium albidum, 6-7 lin.
longum, segmentis linearibus reflexis 3 lin. longis. Filamenta fili-
formia, 3 lin. longa, basilibera. Cap. B. Spei (Albany) Hutton !

1]. M. LATIFOLIA, Linn. Suppl. 195; Thunb. Fl. Cap. 307; Jacq.

Schoen. iv. 28, t. 455; Kunth, Enum. iv. 296. Folia carnoso-her-
bacea, levia, ovato-subrotundata, demum 8-10 poll. longa, 6-8 poll.
lata, lineata, interdum purpureo-maculata. Scapus nullus vel bre-
vissimus. Bractez ovato-lanceolate, exteriores 12-18 lin. longe.
Corymbi dense 20-30-flori. Pedicelli exteriores 5-6 lin. longi. Pe-
rianthium album, segmentis lineari-lanceolatis reflexis tubo sub-
squantibus. Filamenta saturate rubra, basi connata, 8-9 lin. longa.
Capsula obovoidea, 1. poll. longa. Cap. B. Spei, Masson! Bur-
chell! Drége, 2683 c! Ecklon et Zeyher !

MR. J. G. BAKER ON LILIACES. 891

12. M. LANCE FOLIA, Jacq. Hort. Schoen. iv. 29, t. 436; Roem. et
Schult. vii. 991; Kunth, Enum. iv. 297. Folia carnoso-herbacea,
lævia, anguste obovata, 8-10 poll. longa, 4—5 poll. lata, lineata, basi
sensim angustata, scapum cingentia. Scapus 13-2 poll. longus.
Bractez exteriores ovato-lanceolate, 12-15 lin. longs. Corymbi
15-20-flori. Pedicelli exteriores 5-6 lin. longi. Perianthium album,
segmentis lineari-lanceolatis reflexis tubo subzequantibus. Filamenta
saturate rubra, /-8 lin. longa, basi connata. Cap. B. Spei.

13. M. oBovaTa, Jacq. Hort. Schoen. iv. 29, t. 458; Roem. et Schult.
Syst. vii. 991; Kunth, Enum. iv. 297.—M. grandiflora, Lindl. Bot.
Reg. t. 958. Folia carnoso-herbacea, lzvia, obovata, subacuta, 6-7
poll. longa, 3-4 lin. lata, sublineata. Scapus brevis. Bractez ex-
teriores lanceolate, 1 poll. longe. Pedicelli exteriores 5-6 lin. longi.
Perianthium album, 1 poll. longum, segmentis lineari-lanceolatis
reflexis tubo subzquantibus. Corymbi 10-12-flori. Filamenta vi-
ridi-flavescentia, 6 lin. longa, basi connata. Cup. B. Spei.

13*. M. Nervosa, Hornem. Hafn. Suppl. 39; Kunth, Enum. iv. 298.
Folia ovato-lanceolata, acuta, 15-nervata, levia. Tubus pallide vio-
laceus. Segmenta pallide straminea, tubo æquantia, erecta. Sta-
mina straminea, segmentis duplo longiora. Cap. B. Spei (non
vidi).

14. M. LONGIFOLIA, Jacq. Hort. Schoen. iv. 29, t. 457 ; Roem. et Schuit.
Syst. vii. 990 ; Kunth, Enum. iv. 297. Folia carnoso-herbacea, ob-
longo-oblanceolata, 10-12 poll. longa, 4 poll. lata, subacuta, levia,
basi angustata, scapum cingentia. Scapus uncialis. Bractee ex-
teriores ovato-lanceolatz, 1 poll. longz. Pedicelli exteriores 9-12
lin. longi. Corymbi 20-30-flori. Perianthium album, 1 poll. lon-
gum, segmentis lineari-lanceolatis tubo 3 lin. crasso subduplo bre-
vioribus. Filamenta albida, 8-9 lin. longa, basi connata. Cap.
B. Spei.

15. M. SANGUINEA, Jacq. Hort. Schoen. iv. 31, t. 461; Roem. et
Schult. vii. 989; Kunth, Enum. iv. 297.—M. latifolia, Bot. Mag.
t. 848, non L. Folia carnoso-herbacea, subrotundato-cordata acuta,
4-6 poll. longa, 3-4 poll. lata, lineata. Scapus brevis. Bractez
exteriores ovato-lanceolatz, circiter 1 poll. longe. Pedicelli exte-
riores 5-6 lin. longi. Corymbi 15-20-flori. Perianthium album,
9-10 lin. longum, segmentis lineari-lanceolatis tubo ore 3 lin. crasso
duplo brevioribus. Filamenta saturate rubra, 6 lin. longa, basi con-
nata. Cap. B. Spei.

Var. B. CORONATA, Baker.—M. coronata, Jacq. Schoen. iv. 30, t. 460;
Kunth, Enum. iv. 297. Folia paulo minora, obtusiora, minus li-
neato-nervosa. Flores pauciores. Cap. B. Spei.

16. M. CORDATA, Jacq. Hort. Schoen. iv. 36, t. 459; Roem. et Schult.

392

MR. J. G. BAKER ON LILIACEF.

Syst. 989; Kunth, Enum. iv. 297. Folia carnosa-herbacea, levia,
sublineata, subrotundata, acuta, 6-7 poll. longa, 43-5 poll. lata.
Scapus subnullus. Corymbi dense 20-30-flori. Bractez exteriores
lanceolate, circiter 1 poll. longz. Pedicelli exteriores 5-6 lin. longi.
Perianthium album, 9-10 lin. longum, laciniis linearibus tubo ore 2-23
lin. crasso duplo brevioribus. Filamenta flavescenti-rubra, 6 lin.
longa, basi connata. Cap. B. Spei.

17. M. CANDIDA, Burchell in Bot. Reg. t. 694. Folia carnoso-her-

bacea, rotundata, levia, obtusa, lineata, 3-5 poll. longa et lata, basi
cordata vel late rotundata. Scapi nulli. DBractez exteriores ovato-
lanceolate, 1 poll. longz. Pedicelli exteriores 5-6 lin. longi. Co-
rymbi 20-30-flori. Perianthium album, 9-10 lin. longum, segmentis
lineari-lanceolatis reflexis tubo duplo brevioribus. Filamenta albida,
5-6 lin. longa. Cap. B. Spei, Burchell !

18. M. ANGUSTIFOLIA, Linn. Suppl. 193; Ait. Kew. i. 105, t. 4;

Bot. Mag. t. 736; Kunth, Enum. iv. 298.—M. lanceolata, Thunb.
Fl. Cap. 308. Folia lanceolata, ascendentia, acuta, 3-4 poll. longa,
circiter ] poll. lata. Corymbus breviter pedunculatus, 6-20-florus.
Bractez lineari-lanceolate, 6-7 lin. longz. Pedicelli inferiores 4-6
lin. longe. Perianthium albidum, 8-9 lin. longum, segmentis linea-
ribus reflexis tubo duplo brevioribus. Stamina filiformia, segmentis
squantia, rubra, e fauce uniseriata, basi connata. Cap. B. Spei (v. s.
cult. in Herb. Mus. Brit.).

19. M. comarta, Burchell, MSS. Folia carnoso-herbacea, lorato-

lanceolata, in exemplis originalibus 3—4 poll. in cultis 9-12 poll.
longa, 12-15 lin. lata, haud petiolata, basi scapum arcte cingentia.
Scapus 3-1 poll. longus, foliis omnino occultus. Corymbus 20-30-
florus. Pedicelli brevissimi. Bractez lineares, 6-9 lin. longe. Peri-
anthium album, 15-21 lin. longum, tubo filiformi interdum 18
lin. longo, segmentis linearibus reflexis 3 lin. longis. Filamenta e
fauce uniseriata, libera, segmentis subzquantia. Cap. B. Spei, Bur-
chell, 2751!

20, M. MARGINATA, Willd. Herb. ; Kunth, Enum. iv. 299. Folia ob-

longa, carnoso-coriacea, margine undulata, glabra, scapo vix longiora.
Scapus brevis. Bractez lanceolatz, tubo breviores. Perianthium al-
bidum, segmentis lanceolatis acutis patentibus tubo paulo brevioribus.
Filamenta rosea, segmentis duplo longiora, libera. Cap. B. Spei
(non vidi).—M. rugulosa, Lichst.; Kunth, loc. cit., e descriptione
non potui distinguere.

21. M. ZEYHERI, Kunth, Enum. iv. 298.—M. angustifolia, Redouté,

Lil. t. 392? Folia carnoso-herbacea, lanceolata, 3—4 poll. longa,
1 poll. lata, basi in petiolum scapum cingentia sensim angustata.
Scapus 2 poll. longus. Corymbus 12-20-florus. Bractez parve,

MR. J. G. BAKER ON LILIACE®. 393

deltoidez. Pedicelli inferiores 3-4 lin. longi. Perianthium album,
l poll. longum, segmentis linearibus erectis tubo duplo brevioribus.
Filamenta filiformia, 8-9 lin. longa, purpurea, basi connata. Cap. B.
Spei, Zeyher !

22. M. BvncuELLri:r Baker. Folia carnoso-herbacea, levia, lanceo-
lata, 5-6 poll. longa, 14-2 poll. lata, lzvia, basi in petiolum brevem
sensim angustata. Scapus subpollicaris. Corymbus dense 10-12-
florus. Pedicelli brevissimi. Bractez lanceolate, 3-4 longz. Perian-
thium albidum, 10-12 lin. longum, segmentis lineari-ligulatis obtusis
erectis tubo gracili duplo brevioribus. Stamina saturate rubra, 8-9
lin. longa, basi connata. Cap. B. Spei, Burchell!

23. M. vxwirLoRa, Soland. MSS.; Bot. Reg. sub t. 694 (nomen
solum). Folia graminoidea, erecta, 31—4 poll. longa, vix 1 lin. lata,
Scapus pollicaris, uniflorus. Perianthium pallide lilacinum, tubo
pergracili 15 lin. longo, segmentis lanceolatis reflexis tubo quadruplo
brevioribus. Stamina filiformia, valde biseriata, inferiora ad me-
dium, superiora ad faucem tubi inserta, filamentis segmentis sub-
duplo brevioribus. Cap. B. Spei (v. s. in Herb. Mus. Brit.).

24. M. PvGM.Ea, Schlecht. MSS.; Kunth, Enum. iv. 298. Folia
coriaceo-carnosa, glabra, elliptica, obtusiuscula, basi angustata, co-
rymbum paulo superantia. Scapus brevis. Bractez lineares, apice
spathulato-dilatate, floribus zequantes. Pedicelli floribus subaquantes.
Perianthium tubo elongato gracili segmentis linearibus tubo paulo
brevioribus. Stamina inzqualia, superiora segmenta paulo supe-
rantia. Cap. B. Spei (Mundt et Maire).

25. M. ENsIroLIA, Gawl. Bot. Mag. t. 554; Ait. Kew. edit. 2, ii. 211.—
Mauhlia ensifolia, Thunb. Fl. Cap. 308.—Polyanthes pygmea, Jacq.
Ic. ii. 15, t. 380.— Polyxena pygmea, Kunth, Enum. iv. 294.—Mas-
sonia violacea, Andr. Bot. Rep.t.46; Red. Lil. t. 386. Folia car-
noso-herbacea, lanceolata, 2—4 poll. longa, 12-18 lin. lata, basi sca-
pum arcte cingentia. Scapus 3-1 poll. longus, occultus. Corymbus
3-12-florus. Pedicelli inferiores 6-9 lin. longi. Bractez minute.
deltoidez. Perianthium lilacinum, 9-12 lin. longum, segmentis li-
neari-ligulatis patentibus tubo gracili 4-6-plo brevioribus. Stamina
leviter biseriata, segmentis subequantia. Cap. B. Spei, Drége!
Zeyher, 757 ! &c.

14. BRACHYSCYPHA, Baker.

Massonis sp., Zhunb.— Lachenalia, sp. Jacg.

Perianthium campanulato-gamophyllum, segmentis ligulatis ere-
etis tubo multoties longioribus, 3 exterioribus paulo brevioribus
apice galeatis. Stamina 6, ad faucem tubi uniseriatim inserta,

894 MR. J. G. BAKER ON LILIACEX.

filamentis filiformibus exsertis, antheris oblongis versatilibus.
Ovarium sessile, oblongo-triquetrum, ovulis in loculis 6-8;
stylus rectus, filiformis; stigma capitatum. Capsula membra-
nacea, sessilis, obovato-triquetra, loculicide trivalvis, seminibus
in loculis paucis. Semina matura non vidi. Herba bulbosa
foliis pluribus lanceolatis coriaceis, floribus corymbosis pedun-
culis brevibus. Inter Massoniam et Lachenaliam kabitu medium
tenens.

1. B. UNDULATA, Baker.—Massonia undulata, Thunb. Prodr. 60; Fl.
Cap. 308; Willd. Sp. Plant. ii. 28; Kunth, Enum. iv. 300.—Lache-
nalia pusilla, Jacq. Ic. t. 385; Kunth, Enum. iv. 292. Folia 4-5,
lanceolata, 12-18 lin. longa, glabra, undulata, basi in petiolos scapum
cingentia sensim angustata. Scapus 6-18 lin. longus. Corymbus
6-12-florus. Bracteæ et pedicelli infimi 13 lin. longi. Perianthium

-lilacinum, membranaceum, 31-4 lin. longum. Cap. B. Spei, Jacquin,
cult. ! Drége, 2687! Ecklon et Zeyher, Asphod. 25!

15. Daupenya, Lindl.

Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1818; Endl. Gen. 1127; Kunth, Enum. iv.
300 ; Harv. Cape Genera, 2nd edit. 395.

Perianthium tubuloso-gamophyllum, limbo in floribus omnibus
vel precipue exterioribus bilabiato, segmentis labii superioris
linearibus multo minoribus, labii inferioris majoribus oblongo-
spathulatis. Stamina 6, ad basin segmentorum inserta, uni-
seriata vel biseriata, filamentis filiformibus antheris oblongis
versatilibus. Ovarium sessile, oblongo-triquetrum, ovulis in
loculis pluribus; stylus rectus, filiformis; stigma capitatum.
Capsulam non vidi. Herbe bulbose foliis et habitu Massonix
sed floribus irregularibus speciosioribus.

Flores aurei, exteriores 15 lin. longi ............ l. aurea.
Flores rubri, exteriores 2-3 poll. longi
Scapus perspicuus ; segmenta majora 142-2 lin. lata.
2, fulva.
Seapus nullus; segmenta majora 5-6 lin. lata .. 3. coccinea.

l. D. AUREA, Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1813; Kunth, Enum. iv. 301.
Folia carnoso-herbacea, oblongo-lanceolata, 4 poll. longa. Scapus
brevissimus. Corymbus dense multiflorus, floribus flavis subses-
silibus. Flores exteriores ultra 1 poll. longi, segmentis labii infe-
rioris oblongo-spathulatis tubum excedentibus, filamentis 3-4 lin.
longis. Flores centrales segmentis erectis linearibus irregularibus

MR. J. G. BAKER ON LILIACEAS. 895

tubo multo brevioribus, filamentis basi leviter connatis. Cap. B.
Spei.

2. D. ruLva, Lindl. Bot. Reg. 1839, t. 53; Kunth, Enum. iv. 300.
Folia carnoso-herbacea, lanceolata, 3-1 poll. longa, basi in petiolos
scapum cingentia angustata. Scapus 2-4 poll. longus. Corymbus
20—30-forus, floribus saturate rubris subsessilibus. Bracteæ exte-
riores oblongo-spathulatz, 8-9 lin. longs. Flores exteriores 2-23
poll. longi, segmentis labii inferioris ligulato-spathulatis 6-9 lin.
longis, 13-2 lin. latis, labii superioris minutis linearibus uniseriatis
vel biseriatis, filamentis 1-3 lin. longis. Flores centrales segmentis
irregulariter superpositis, suberectis linearibus 12-2 lin. longis. Cap.
B. Spei ? (v. s. cult. in Herb. Saunders).

3. D. coccinea, Harv. MSS. Folia earnoso-coriacea, oblongo-spa-
thulata, 4-5 poll. longa, 18-21 lin. lata, valde lineata, margine undu-
lata, haud petiolata. Corymbus subsessilis, dense multiflorus, flori-
bus coccineis subsessilibus. Bractez exteriores obovate, 1 poll. longe.
Flores exteriores 3 poll. longi, segmentis labii inferioris oblongo-
spathulatis 15-18 lin. longis 5-6 lin. latis, labii superioris linearibus
minutis, filamentis l-14 lin. longis. Flores centrales segmentis li-
nearibus minutis suberectis inzequalibus. Cap. B. Spei, Harvey!

16. Drrcanr, Medic.

Medic. Act. Palat. vi. 431; Ust. Ann. ii. 18 ; Monch, Meth. 633 ;
Webb, Phyt. ii. 840; Parl. Fl. Ital. ii. 491.— Uropetalum,
Burch. MSS.; Ker, Bot. Reg. t. 156; Endl. Gen. 1122;
Kunth, Enum. iv. 877; Harv. Cap. Gen. 2nd edit. 398.—Zuc-
cagnia, Thunb. non Cav.—Polemannia, Berg. non Ecklon.—
Tricharis, Salisb. Gen. 24.— Hyacinthi sp., Linn. &c.

Perianthium tubulosum, viride vel albido- vel flavo-virescens, tubo
cylindrico, segmentis difformibus, interioribus valvatis alte ap-
proximatis apice patulis, exterioribus faleatis dorso sub apice
gibbosis sepe longioribus caudatis. Stamina ad faucem vel
medium tubi uniseriata, zqualia, filamentis nullis vel brevibus
filiformibus, antheris linearibus versatilibus. Ovarium oblon-
gum, sessile vel stipitatum, ovulis in loculis pluribus; stylus
brevis, rectus ; stigma trilobatum. Capsula membranacea, ro-
tundata vel late obovata, profunde trisulcata, sessilis vel stipi-
tata, loculicide trivalvis, seminibus in loculis 6-20, complanatis
alatis discoideis uniseriatis. Testa nigra, nitida. Herbe bul-
bose floribus secundo racemosis, foliis sepissime carnoso-herbaceis
anguste linearibus.

396 MR. J. G. BAKER ON LILIACER.

§ Trtcuarts (Salisb.). Segmenta limbi equilonga.
Ovarium sessile vel subsessile.
Folia glabra anguste linearia, deorsum 2-3 lin. lata.
Bractez pedicellis longiores.
Folia 6-12 poll. longa.

Perianthium 5-6 lin. longum ...... l. serotinum.
Perianthium 7-8 lin. longum ...... 2. unicolor.
Folia 13-2-pedalia vel ultra........... 3. longifolium.
Bracteæ pedicellis subduplo breviores .. 4. Aydsuricum.
Folia glabra, semiteretia, 1-1 lin. crassa .. 5. hyacinthoides.

Folia deorsum rigide nels
Folia recta: anthers ad faucem tubi sessiles.

6. setosum.
Folia circinata; stamina infra medium tubi inserta fila-
mentis brevibus 1... v EL. 7. ciliare.

Ovarium distincte stipitatum.
Perianthium 7-8 lin. longa, segmentis tubo subequantibus.
8. montanum.
Perianthium 12-18 lin. longum, segmentis tubo 2-3.plo bre-
vionbus S ul ssl ee 9. concanense.
$ Urorgtatum (Burchell, Salisb.). Segmenta exteriora interior-
ibus longiora, caudata.

Foka teretia filiformia ...-...... ee 10. minimum.
Folia anguste linearia, deorsum 3-6 lin. lata.
Folia firma, striato-nervosa .............. 11. rigidifolium.
Folia earnoso-herbacea, crispata .......... 12. crispum.

Folia carnoso-herbacea, nullo modo crispata.
Bracteæ 1-2 lin. longæ.
Folium solitarium ; perianthium 44-5 lin. longum.
13. unifolium.
Folia 2; perianthium 9-10 lin. longum. 14. Welwitschii.
Bracteæ lanceolato-acuminatæ 5-6 lin. longæ.
Capsula breviter stipitata
Capsula sessilis.
Segmenta exteriora 3-1 lin. Bade
Perianthium 43-5 lin. longum.... 16. taccazeanum.
Perianthium 7-8 lin. longum .... 17. erythreum.
Segmenta exteriora 4—6 lin. longiora. 18. viride.
Folia lorata, 4-5 poll. lata

WEN E 15. wnbonatum.

S. E TUR 19. glaucum.

MR. J. G. BAKER ON LILIACEX. 397

l. D. segorINUM, Medic. et Mench. loc. cit.—Hyacinthus serotinus,
Linn. Sp. Plant. 453; Cav. Ic. t. 30; Red. Lil. t. 202.— Scilla sero-
tina, Bot. Mag. t. 859.—Uropetalum serotinum, Gawl. Bot. Reg.
sub t. 156; Reich. Ic. x. t. 459; Kunth, Enum. iv. 378.—Tricharis
serotina, Salisb. Gen. 24. Folia 5-6, carnoso-herbacea, glabra, an-
guste linearia, facie canaliculata, 6-12 poll. longa, 2-3 lin. lata. Sca-
pus 4-l2-pollicaris. Racemus laxe 4-12-florus. Pedicelli infimi
3-4 lin. longi. Bractez lanceolate, 4-6 lin. longe. Perianthium
brunneo-viride, 5-6 lin. longum, segmentis zequilongis tubo 1-13
lin. crasso longioribus, exterioribus angustioribus margine convo-
lutis flore expanso faleatis. Filamenta ad faucem inserta, an-
theris breviora. Capsula 5-6 lin. longa et lata, basi angustata, se-
minibus in loculo 8-12. Insule Fortunate ; Lusitania ; Hispania ;
Barbaria ; Gallia meridionalis ; Liguria.

D. ruLvuu, Webb, Phyt. Can. ii. 140 (Hyacinthus fulvus, Cav.
Ann. ii. 47; Bot. Mag. t. 1185), est forma robusta floribus fla-
vescentibus.

2. D. UNICOLOR, Baker.—Uropetalum unicolor, Stocks, Hook. Journ.
iv. 180; Walp. Ann. vi. 119. Folia 5-6, carnoso-herbacea, glabra,
anguste linearia, facie canaliculata, 6-8 poll. longa, 2-3 lin. lata.
Seapus 4-8-pollicaris. Racemus laxe 4-6-florus. Pedicelli infimi
2-21 lin. longi. Bractez deltoideo-acuminate, 3-4 lin. longe. Pe-
rianthium 7-8 lin. longum, gramineo-viride, segmentis zquilongis
tubo l lin. crasso zquantibus, exterioribus ligulatis margine con-
volutis flore expanso paullulum faleatis. Capsula 6-7 lin. longa et
lata, basi angustata. India orientalis ; Scinde et Beloochistan,
Stocks, 634! Ad preecedentem arcte affinis.

3. D. LONGIFOLIUM, Baker.—Uropetalum longifolium, Lindl. Bot.
Reg. t. 194; Kunth, Enum. iv. 378. Folia 5-6, carnoso-herbacea,
glabra, anguste linearia, 18-24 poll. longa vel ultra, deorsum 3-4 lin.
lata. Scapus l-2-pedalis. Racemus laxe 4-8-florus. Pedicelli 2-3
lin. longi. Bractez lineari-acuminatze, 3-6 lin. longz. Perianthium
viride, 6-8 lin. longum, segmentis aquilongis tubo 1 lin. crasso sub-
zquantibus, exterioribus margine convolutis flore expanso falcatis.
Anthere ad faucem subsessiles. Capsula subsessilis. Africa tro-
picalis ; Mozambique, Forbes! Zambesi-land, Dr. Kirk! Guinea,
in ditione nigritana, Barter, 3441 !

4. D. nvpsunicuM, Baker.—Uropetalum hydsurieum, Edgew. Linn.
Trans. xx. 88. Folia 5-6, carnoso-herbacea, glabra, anguste li-
nearia, canaliculata, 6-9 poll. longa, 2-3 lin. lata. Racemus laxe
5-8-florus. Pedicelli infimi 3-4 lin. longi. Bracteæ deltoideo-
acuminate, 2-23 lin. longe. Perianthium 6 lin. longum, flavo-vire-
scens, segmentis æquilongis tubum paulo excedentibus, exterioribus
anguste ligulatis. Filamenta ad faucem inserta, antheris breviora.

LINN. PROC.—BOTANY, VOL. XI. 2r

398

MR. J. G. BAKER ON LILIACES.

Capsula basi angustata, seminibus in loculo 8-9. India orientalis ;
Punjaub, prope Loodiana, Edgeworth!

D. HYACINTHOIDEs, Baker.—Uropetalum hyacinthoides, Spreng.
Cur. Post. 135; Kunth, Enum. iv. 378.—Polemannia hyacinthoides,
Berg. Linnea, 1826, 250.—Lachenalia graminifolia, Soland. MSS.
Folia 2-3, carnoso-herbacea, semiteretia, 4-9 poll. longa, 3-1 lin.
crassa, glabra. Scapus 6-12-pollicaris. Racemus laxe 4—9-florus.
Pedicelli infimi 2-3 lin. longi. Bractez lanceolato-acuminate, 34
lin. longæ. Perianthium viride vel viridi-flavescens, 6-7 lin. longum,
segmentis zquilongis tubo | lin. crasso subzquantibus, exterioribus
angustioribus margine convolutis flore expanso falcatis. Antheræ
ad faucem tubi sessiles. Capsula sessilis. Cap. B. Spei, Masson!
Burchell! Drege, 1571! Zeyher, 1700! Natal, Mrs. Fannin!

D. serosum, Baker. Folia 4-5, firma, linearia, deorsum 2-3 lin.
lata, pracipue ad dorsum setis flavidis firmis instructa. Scapus 4-6-
pollicaris. — Racemus laxe 5-8-florus. Pedicelli infimi 4-43 lin.
longi. Bractez deltoideo-acuminatw, 2-3 lin. longs. Perianthium
8-9 lin. longum, viridi-flavescens, segmentis zequilongis tubo 13 lin.
crasso subzquantibus, exterioribus lineari-ligulatis. Anthere ad
faucem tubi sessiles. Capsula sessilis. Cap. B. Spei, Modder-
fontyn, Namaqua-land, Rev. H. Whitehead!

Var. 8. Reaput, Baker. Gracilior; folia similiter setosa, vix ultra

1 lin. lata, 3-4 poll. longa ; pedicelli 12-2 lin. longi, bracteis lanceo-
latis breviores; perianthium 10 lin. longum, segmentis exterioribus
magis convolutis, flore expanso falcatis. Cap. B. Spei, Fuller’s
Farm, R. W. Reade, 94! Verisimiliter species vera.

- D. cIıLIARE, Baker.—Uropetalum ciliare, Ecklon et Zeyher, MSS.;

Harv. Thes. Cap. ii. t. 170. Folia 6-8, carnoso-herbacea, 4-6 poll.
longa, deorsum 2-3 lin. lata, valde circinato-convoluta, basin scapi
arcte cingentia, precipue deorsum ad marginem et dorsum setis
firmis albidis vestita. Scapus 4-8-pollicaris. Racemus 4-S-florus.
Pedicelli floriferi 13-2 lin. longi. Bracteze lanceolate, 2-3 lin. longze.
Perianthium viride, 7-8 lin. longum, segmentis zequilongis anguste
ligulatis tubo 1 lin. crasso subzquantibus, exterioribus lineari-su-
bulatis. Filamenta infra medium tubi inserta, antheris breviora.
Capsula sessilis, oblonga, seminibus in loculo 3-4. Cap. B. Spei,
Zeyher, 48! Cooper, 474, 493! Bowker! ad ripas fluv. Aapages,
Burke!

D. MONTANUM, Baker.—Uropetalum montanum, Daizell, Kew Journ.
ii. 152. Folia 5-6, carnoso-herbacea, glabra, lineari-subulata, sub-
teretia, 4-6 poll. longa, basi vix ultra 1 lin. crassa. Scapus 6-9-
pollicaris. Racemus laxe 6-12-florus. Pedicelli infimi 4-6 lin.
longi. Bractez lanceolato-acuminatz, 3-4 lin. longe. Perianthium
albido-virescens, 7-8 lin. longum, segmentis zauilongis tubo 1 lin.

MR. J. G. BAKER ON LILIACER. 399

crasso subsequantibus, exterioribus ligulatis. Stamina ad {aucem
tubi inserta, filamentis antheris brevioribus. Capsula distincte stipi-
tata, seminibus in loculo 5-6. India orientalis; Bombay, Dalzell !
Delhi, Vicary !

9. D. coxcaxExsE, Baker.—Uropetalum concanense, Dalzell, Kew
Journ.ii. 142. Folia 3-4, carnoso-herbacea, glabra, lineari-subulata,
subteretia, 6-9 poll. longa, vix ultra 1 lin. crassa. Scapus 6-12-pol-
licaris. Racemus 2-6-florus. Pedicelli floriferi 3-6 lin. longi. Bractez
deltoideo-acuminatz, 1i-2 lin. longs. Perianthium albidum, 12-18
lin. longum, segmentis zequilongis tubo 1-2 lin. crasso 2-3-plo bre-
vioribus, exterioribus ligulatis ecaudatis. Filamenta ad faucem in-
serta 1} lin. longa. Capsula distincte stipitata, seminibus in loculo
6-8. India orientalis ; Concan, Dalzell!

10. D. MINIMUM, Webb, Phyt. Can. iii. 341.—Uropetalum minimum,
Steud. in Schimp. Pl. Abyss. 1168. Folia 2-3, filiformia, carnoso-
herbacea, glabra, 2-3 poll. longa, } lin. crassa. Scapus 12-18 lin.
longus. Racemus 2-4-florus. Pedicelli 1-13 lin. longi. Bracteæ
lanceolato-acuminatz, 2-3 lin. longe. Perianthium viride, 5-6 lin.
longum, segmentis exterioribus 1 lin. longioribus tubum 2-3-plo ex-
cedentibus. Antherz ad faucem tubi subsessiles. Ovarium sessile.
Abyssinia, Schimper, 1168 !

11. D. RIGIDIFOLIUM, Baker.—Folia 4-5, coriacea, linearia, glabra, 6-8
poll. longa, deorsum 5-6 lin. lata, basin scapi arcte cingentia, crebre
lineato-nervosa. Scapus 6-9-pollicaris. Racemus 5-6-florus. Pe-
dicelli 13-3 lin. longi. Bractez lanceolato-acuminate, 5-6 lin.
longe. Perianthium viride, 7-8 lin. longum, segmentis interioribus
tubo 1 lin. crasso brevioribus, exterioribus 1 lin. longioribus caudatis
faleatis. Stamina ad faucem inserta filamentis brevibus. Ovarium
sessile. Cap. B. Spei, ad ripas fluv. Aapages, Burke!

12. D. cnisPUM, Baker.—Uropetalum crispum, Burch. Gawl. Bot.
Reg. sub t. 156 (nomen solum). Folia 5-6, carnoso-herbacea, li-
nearia, glabra, 5-6 poll. longa, deorsum 5-6 lin. lata, marginibus
valde crispato-undulatis, in exemplis cultis pedalia vel ultra multo
minus crispata. Scapus 6-9-pollicaris. Racemus laxe 6-12-florus.
Pedicelli 3-6 lin. longi. Bractez lanceolate, 2-3 lin. longe. Pe-
rianthium viride, 8-9 lin. longum, segmentis interioribus tubo | lin.
crasso subsquantibus, exterioribus 1-14 lin. longioribus caudatis
falcatis. Anthere ad faucem subsessiles. Ovarium sessile. Cap.
B. Spei, Burchell, 2682!

13. D. UNIFOLIUM, Baker.—Uropetalum taccazeanum, var. angusti-
folium, Schweinf. Ezsic. 23. Folium solitarium, basin scapi arcte
cingens, carnoso-herbaceum, glabrum, anguste lineare, 6-7 poll.
longum, 2-23 lin. latum. Scapus 4—5-pollicaris. Racemus laxe 4-6-

2r2

400

MR. J. G. BAKER ON LILIACE.F.

florus. Pedicelli 1-2 lin. longi. Bractex pedicellis subzequantes.
Perianthium viride, 43-5 lin. longum, segmentis interioribus tubo
li lin. crasso eequantibus, exterioribus caudatis l lin. longioribus.
Antherz ad faucem subsessiles. Ovarium sessile. Callabat, Schwein-
furth, 23!

14. D. WeLwiTscnürit, Baker.—Uropetalum Welwitschii, Baker in Saund.

Ref. Bot. t. 16. Bulbus globosus, | poll. crassus. Folia 2, carnoso-
herbacea, glabra, anguste linearia, 2 lin. lata. Scapus 6-8-pollicaris.
Racemus laxe 4-6-florus. Pedicelli 12-3 lin. longi. Bractez lan-
ceolatz, 13-2 lin. longæ. Perianthium viride, 9-10 lin. longum, seg-
mentis interioribus tubo l} lin. crasso subæquantibus, exterioribus
3 lin. longioribus caudatis falcatis. Stamina ad faucem inserta, fila-
mentis antheris subæquantibus. Ovarium oblongum sessile. An-
gola, Welwitsch! v. v. in Hort. Saund.—Cfr. U. fesoghlense, H. G.
Solms in Schwein. Beit. Fl. Æthiop. 204 ; Nubia, Cienkowsky.

15. D. umBonatum, Baker. — Uropetalum umbonatum, Baker in

Saund. Ref. Bot. t. 17. Bulbus parvus, ovoideus. Folia 2-3, car-
noso-herbacea, glabra, pedalia vel ultra, deorsum 3 lin. lata. Scapus
1-2-pedalis. Racemuslaxe6-12-florus. Pedicelli 2-3 lin. longi. Bra-
cteæ lanceolato-acuminatæ, 4-6 lin. longæ. Perianthium viride vel vi-
ridi-flavescens, 7-8 lin. longum, segmentis interioribus tubo 1-13 lin.
crasso wquantibus, exterioribus 13-2 lin. longioribus caudatis fal-
eatis. Stamina ad faucem inserta, filamentis brevissimis. Capsula
breviter stipitata, seminibus inloculo 12-15. Natal, Hutton, Krauss,
437 ! Saunderson, 509 !

16. D. TAccAzEANUM, Baker.— Uropetalum taccazeanum, Hochst. in

Schimp. Pl. Abyss. no. 1696; A. Rich. Fl. Abyss. à 325. Folia
2-3, carnoso-herbacea, anguste linearia, 3-4 poll. longa, 3-35 lin.
lata, glabra. Scapus 6-9-pollicaris. Racemus laxe 6-12-florus. Pe-
dicelli 13-2 lin. longi. Bractez lanceolato-acuminatze, 3-5 lin. longz.
Perianthium viride, 43-5 lin. longum, segmentis interioribus tubo
subequantibus, exterioribus 1 lin. longioribus, breviter caudatis, de-
orsum complanatis. Antheræ ad faucem tubi sessiles. Capsula
sessilis, obtuse angulata. Abyssinia, Schimper, 1696 !—U.? de-
pressum, A. Rich. loc. cit., planta altera Abyssinica, ob perianthium
ignotum est omnino dubium ; Ab D. taccazeano differt foliis 4-5 la-
tioribus longioribus et capsula angulis acutioribus.

17. D. egvTHR UM, Webb, Phyt. Can. ii. 341. Folia 3-4, carnoso-

herbacea, glabra, 9-18 poll. longa, anguste linearia, deorsum 2-3 lin.
lata. Scapus 4-9-pollicaris. Racemus 6-12-florus. Pedicelli infimi
2-3 lin. longi. Bracteæ lanceolato-acuminate, 5-6 lin. longs. Pe-
rianthium viridi-flavescens, 7-8 lin. longum, segmentis interioribus
tubo brevioribus, exterioribus 4-1 lin. longioribus caudatis falcatis.

MR. J. G. BAKER ON LILIACEA. 401

Antherz ad faucem sessiles. Capsula sessilis, 6 lin. longa et lata,
seminibus in loculo 12-15. Arabia, Schimper, 405! Lieut.-Col.
Pelly ! ZEgyptus, Wiest, 659 !

18. D. vrripe, Mench. Meth. Suppl. 267.—Hyacinthus viridis, Linn.
Sp. 454; Jacq. Ic. t. 66; Red. Lil. t. 203.—Lachenalia viridis,
Thunb. Prodr. 64.— Zuccagnia viridis, Thunb. FI. Cap. 328.—D. fila-
mentorum, Medic. Ust. Ann. ii. 13.—Uropetalum viride, Gawl. Bot.
Reg. sub t. 156; Kunth, Enum. iv. 379. Folia 5-6, carnoso-her-
bacea, anguste linearia, glabra, sepe pedalia, deorsum 13-3 lin. lata.
Scapus 1-2-pedalis. Racemus laxe 6-15-florus. Pedicelli infimi
2-3 lin. longi. Bracteze lineari-acuminate, 4-6 lin. longs. Pe-
rianthium viride, 12-15 lin. longum, tubo 3—4 lin. longo 1 lin. crasso,
segmentis interioribus tubo equantibus, exterioribus 8-10 lin. longis
filiformibus pergracilibus. Stamina ad faucem inserta, filamentis
antheris brevioribus. Capsula sessilis, 6-7 lin. longa et lata, semini-
bus in loculo 15-18. Cap. B. Spei, Zeyher, 49! Burke! Harvey!
Cooper, 1781 ! &c.

Var. 8. NATALENSE, Baker. Robustior; folia firmiora, breviora, deor-
sum 5-6 lin. lata; perianthium 9-]0 lin. longum, segmentis inte-
rioribus magis flavescentibus, tubo lj lin. crasso, segmentis exte-
rioribus crassioribus 6-7 lin. longis. Natal, Saunderson, 430! Mrs.
Fannin, 20! Ab typo ad D. umbonatum accedens.

19. D. cn AvcuM, Baker.—Uropetalum glaucum, Burchell, Bot. Reg.
t. 156; Roem. et Schult. Syst. vii. 619; Kunth, Enum. iv. 3/9.
Folia 5-6, carnoso-herbacea, lorata, glauca, pedalia vel ultra, 23-3
poll. lata. Seapus 2-3-pedalis. Racemus 30-40-florus, 15-18 poll.
longus, 4-5 poll. latus. Pedicelli stricte horizontales vel paullulum
deflexi, 18-24 lin. longi. Bractez lineares, membranaceze, evane-
scentes, 3 lin. longæ. Perianthium viridi-flavescens, 12-14 lin. lon-
gum, segmentis interioribus tubo subzquantibus, exterioribus 3 lin.
longioribus caudatis falcatis. Stamina prope faucem tubi inserta,
filamentis brevibus. Capsula breviter stipitata, 9 lin. longa et lata,
seminibus in loculo 15-20. Cap. B. Spei, Namaqua-land, Burchell,
2066! Ab speciebus reliquis omnibus habitu et magnitudine valde
differt.

17. LACHENALIA, Jacg.

Jacq. Ic. t. 383 ; Endl. Gen. 1124; Kunth, Enum. iv. 283 ; Harv.
Cap. Gen. 2nd edit. 394.—Colanthus, Willd. MSS., Kunth,
Enum. iv. 282.—Himas, Platyestes, Monoestes, Chloriza, Or-
chiops e Lachenalia, Salisb. Gen. 21.

Perianthium campanulatum vel tubulosum, tubo campanulato,
segmentis inequalibus tubo multoties longioribus, 3 exteriori-

402 MR. J. G. BAKER ON LILIACE/E.

bus ligulatis valvatis dorso sub apice gibbosis, 3 interioribus
plerumque longioribus imbricatis ligulato-spathulatis ore plus
minus distincte patulis. Stamina ad faucem tubi subunise-
riatim inserta, filamentis filiformibus declinatis sepe exsertis,
antheris oblongis versatilibus. Ovariwm sessile, oblongum,
trisulcatum, ovulis in loculis pluribus; stylus filiformis, cum
filamentis declinatus ; stigma capitatum. Capsula membranacea,
obovata, trisuleata, loculicide trivalvis, seminibus in loculis
6-12 lagensformibus parvis haud compressis. Testa nitida,
nigra. Herbe bulbose bulbis membranaceo-tunicatis, foliis syn-
anthiüs plerumque 2 oppositis carnoso-herbaceis, rarius 1 vel
multis, floribus racemosis sepe speciosis, superioribus racemorum
sæpe parvis abortivis.

$ EULACHENALIA. Perianthium equaliter tubulosum, quadruplo
longius quam crassum, basi rotundatum.
Segmenta exteriorainterioribus subequantia. 1. pendula.
Segmenta exteriora interioribus distincte breviora.
2. rubida.
Segmenta exteriora interioribus subduplo breviora.
3. tricolor.

$ Carayruus (Willd.). Perianthium ventricoso-tubulosum, 3-
4-plo longius quam crassum, basi valde obliquum.
Species sola oao an DoD. 4. reflexa.

$ Orcmrors (Salisb). Perianthium tubulosum, 2-3-plo longius
quam crassum.
Flores subspicati.

Folia plurima, subteretia.............. 5. orthopetala.
Folia 2, raro 3, lanceolata.
Perianthium 4-5 lin. longum .. ...... 6. orchioides.
Perianthium 6-7 lin. longum ........ 7. glaucina.
Perianthium 7-10 lin. longum ...... 8. pallida.

Flores racemosi.
Folium semper solitarium, lineare, basi dilatatum.

9. unifolia.
Folia 2, lanceolata.
Segmenta omnia subequalia ........ 10. isopetala.
Segmenta interiora distincte longiora.
Folia facie loris 21. solu «v 11. patula.

Folia facie dense pustulata ........ ` 12. liliiflora.

MR. J. G. BAKER ON LILIACEEX. 403

§ Cutortza (Salisb. extens.). Perianthium tubuloso-campanu-
latum vel campanulatum, 0—2-plo longius quam crassum.
Flores subspicati.

Folia plurima, subteretia .............- 18. contaminata.
Folia 2, lanceolata.
Bracte: minute, deltoidee .......... 14. pustulata.
Bractez lineari-subulatz, 3-4 lin. longe.
15. carnosa.

Flores racemosi.
Folium solitarium.
Folium lineari-subulatum, semiteres .. 16. Zeyheri.
Folium lineare, deorsum 3-6 lin. latum.
Folium glabrum ; perianthium campanulatum.
17. convallarioides.
Folium setosum ; perianthium tubuloso-campanulatum.
18. hirta.
Folium lanceolatum, deorsum 1 poll. latum.
19. anguinea.
Folia 2 vel raro 3.
Stamina inclusa.
Folia facie levia.

Folia lorata, subpedalia .......- 20. mediana.

Folia lanceolata, semipedalia .... 21. lucida.
Folia facie pustulata.

Segmenta subeequilonga .......- 22. racemosa.

Segmenta exteriora distincte breviora.

23. Cooperi.
Stamina perianthio sesqui vel demum subduplo longiora.

Folia lineari-subulata, semiteretia .. 24. juncifolia.

Folia lanceolata.
Perianthium campanulatum, segmentis interioribus fal-

cato-patulis ...... stee 25. purpureo-ceru-
lea.

Perianthium tubuloso-campanulatum, segmentis inte-
rioribus leviter patulis.

Pedicelli 14-2 lin. longi ...... 26. versicolor.
Pedicelli 4-5 lin. longi......-- 27. violacea.
Folia ovato-oblonga, subduplo longiora quam lata.
Folia lineato-nervosà ...-.--+--- 28. nervosa.

Venez foliorum inconspicue.. .--- 29. Bowieana.

l. L. penpuna, Ait. Kew. i. 461; Thunb. Fl. Cap. 328; Jacq. Ic.

404.

2.

V

MR. J. G. BAKER ON LILIACEZ.

t. 400; Red. Lil. t. 52; Bot. Mag. t. 490; Andr. Bot. Rep. t. 62;
Kunth, Enum. iv. 291; Salisb. Gen. 2. Folia 22, carnoso-herbacea,
lorato-lanceolata, 6-9 poll. longa, deorsum 13-2 poll. lata, interdum
leviter maculata. Scapus 4-9 poll. longus. Racemus 2-4 poll.
longus, 2-23 poll. latus, 6-15-florus. Bractez deltoidez. Pedicelli
2-3 lin. longi. Perianthium 12-15 lin. longum, 3-33 lin. crassum,
equaliter tubulosum, saturate flavo-coccineo-purpureum, segmentis
exterioribus ligulatis 8-9 lin. longis 23-3 lin. latis obtusis, interio-
ribus ligulato-spathulatis 9-10 lin. longis. Stamina segmentis sub-
equantia. Cap. B. Spei, Burchell, 8573 ! Zeyher! Harvey, 111 ! Dr.
Prior, &c. Species maxima et speciosissima omnium.

L. RUBIDA, Jacq. Ic. t. 398; Tratt. Tab. t. 145 ; Bot. Mag. t. 993 ;
Kunth, Enum. iv. 291; Salisb. Gen. 22. Folia 2, carnoso-herbacea,
lanceolata, 5-6 longa, 1 poll. lata, acuta, basi angustata, plus minus
distincte maculata. Seapus 6-8 poll. longus, maculatus. Racemus
2-3 poll. longus, 2 poll. latus, 6-15-florus. Bractez deltoidez. Pe-
dicelli 3-1 lin. longi. Perianthium 12-13 lin. longum, 3 lin. cras-
sum, zqualiter tubulosum, rubidum, segmentis exterioribus 7-8 lin.,
interioribus 9-10 lin. longis. Stamina segmentis longioribus sub-
wquantia. Cap. B. Spei, Drége! Zeyher! Namaqua-land, Rev. H.
Whitehead !
ar. B. TIGRINA, Gawl. Bot. Mag. sub t. 993.—L. tigrina, Jacq. Ie.
t. 399; Kunth, Enum. iv. 291. Sepala exteriora pallida, lineis
dorsalibus et punctis densissimis rubris maculata. Cap. B. Spei.

Var. y. PUNCTATA, Gawl. loc. cit.—L. punctata, Jacq. Ic. t. 397 ;

3.

4.

Kunth, loc. cit. Sepala exteriora incarnata, maculis densis san-
guineis notata. Cap. B. Spei, Zeyher, 1697 !

L. TRICOLOR, Thunb. Prodr. 64. Fl. Cap. 327; Bot. Mag. t. 82;
Red. Lil. t. 2; Kunth, Enum. iv. 290.—Phormium alooides, Linn.
Suppl. 205. Folia 2, carnoso-herbacea, lorato-lanceolata, 6-9 poll.
longa, 6-18 lin. lata, sursum sensim angustata, interdum maculata.
Scapus 3-12 poll. longus. Racemus 2-4 poll. longus, 21-24 lin.
latus, 6-18-florus. Bractez deltoidez. Pedicelli inferiores 2-3 lin.
longi. Perianthium 9-12 lin. longum, 21-3 lin. crassum, squaliter
tubulosum, saturate flavo-coccineo-viride, segmentis exterioribus lan-
ceolatis 4-43 lin. longis, 2 lin. latis, interioribus ligulato-spathulatis
7-9 lin. longis, 3 lin. latis. Stamina segmentis longioribus sub-
eequantia. Cap. B. Spei, Masson! Zeyher, 1696! Burchell! Drége,
8624 I—L. quadricolor, Jacg. Ic. t. 396; Andr. Bot. Reg. t. 148;
vix differt nisi perianthio magis varie colorato.—L. luteola, Jacq.
Ie. t. 395; Red. Lil. t. 297 (L. quadricolor, var. lutea, Bot. Mag.
t. 1704) ; est forma perianthio omnino luteo.

L. REFLEXA, Thunb. Prodr. 64, Fl. Cap. 327; Roem. et Schult.

MR. J. G. BAKER ON LILIAQEX. 405

Syst. vii. 612, non Andrews.— Coelanthus complicatus, Willd. Herb.
Roem. et Schult. Syst. vii. xlvi, in adnot. ; Kunth, Enum. iv. 282. Folia
2, carnoso-herbacea, lanceolata, 3-4 poll. longa, faleata, scapi basin
arcte cingentia. Scapus 1-3 poll. longus. Flores 3-6, subsessiles,
vel breviter pedicellati ascendentes. Bractez lanceolate, 13-2 lin.
longe. Perianthium flavidum, 9-12 lin. longum, medio 3 lin. cras-
sum, ventricoso-tubulosum, basi valde obliquum, segmentis exteriori-
bus lanceolatis, 23-3 lin. latis, interioribus paulo brevioribus. Stamina
inclusa. Cap. B. Spei, Drége ! Harvey, 112! Zeyher, 4292! &c.

5. L. oRTHOPETALA, Jacq. Ic. t. 3856; Tratt. Tab. t. 164; Kunth,
Enum. iv. 286. Folia 4-5, carnoso-herbacea, lineari-subulata, sub-
teretia, 3-6 poll. longa, basi 3-4 lin. lata. Scapus 4-6-pollicaris.
Flores 20-30 dense subspicati, erecto-patentes. Pedicelli brevissimi
vel subnulli. Bractez minute, deltoidez. ^ Perianthium tubulosum,
4i lin. longum, 13 lin. crassum, albidum, segmentis exterioribus
l lin. latis, dorso rubro tinctis, interioribus subrectis paulo breviori-
bus. Stamina petalis interioribus subiequantia. Cap. B. Spei, Drége!

6. L. oncuiorpEs, Ait. Kew. i. 460; Jacq. Ic. t. 390; Bot. Mag.
t. 854, 1269; Kunth, Enum. iv. 284; Baker, in Saund. Ref. Bot.
t. 171.—L. pulchella, Kunth, Enum. loc. cit.—L. mutabilis, Sweet,
Flow. Gard. ser. ii. t. 129; Lodd. Bot. Cab. t. 1076. Folia 2, raro
3, carnoso-herbacea, lanceolata, 3-8 poll. longa, deorsum 12-18 lin.
lata, sepe maculata, margine cartilaginea. Scapus 3-9-pollicaris,
sepe maculatus. Flores 12-50, subspicati. Spica 2-6 poll. longa,
expansa 9-12 lin. lata. Perianthium albidum vel flavidum vel plus
minus rubro vel ezruleo tinctum, breviter tubulosum, 4-5 lin. lon-
gum, 2 lin. crassum, segmentis exterioribus brevioribus. Stamina in-
clusa vel demum leviter exserta. Cap. B. Spei, Masson ! Drége, 8628!
Burchell, 1534! 7478! Zeyher, 4286! 4289! &e. ; Namaqua-land,
Rev. H. Whitehead !

7. L. GLAUCINA, Jacq. Ic. t. 391; Willd. Sp. Plant. ii. 171; Hook. in
Bot. Mag. t. 3552 ; Kunth, Enum. iv. 234.—L. sessilifolia, Andr. Bot.
Rep. t. 460. Folia 2, raro 3, carnoso-herbacea, lanceolata, 3-6 poll.
longa, 9-12 lin. lata, margine cartilaginea, sepe maculata. Scapus
3-6-pollicaris. Flores 6-20, subspicati. Spica 13-3 poll. longa, ex-
pansa 12-15 lin. lata. Perianthium albidum vel plus minus flavo
vel rubro tinctum, tubulosum, 6-7 lin. longum, 2-23 lin. crassum,
segmentis exterioribus distincte brevioribus. Stamina inclusa vel
demum leviter exserta Cap. B. Spei, Masson! Niven! Drége,
1492 b! Zeyher, 4287-8! &c. Ad praecedentem arcte affinis.

8. L. PALLIDA, Ait. Kew. i. 640; Thunb. Fl. Cap. 327; Willd. Sp.
ii. 172; Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1350 et 1945; Kunth, Enum. iv. 284 ;
Baker in Saund. Ref. Bot. t. 170, non Bot. Reg. t. 287, uec Red.

406

MR. J. G. BAKER ON LILIACEX.

Lil. t. 22. Folia 2, carnoso-herbacea, lanceolata, 6-12 poll. longa,
margine cartilaginea. Scapus 6-9-pollicaris. Flores 6-20, subspi-
cati. Spica 13-3 poll. longa, expansa 15-18 lin. lata. Perian-
thium albidum vel plus minus rubro tinctum, tubulosum, 8-10 lin.
longum, 2-23 lin. crassum, segmentis exterioribus 4—41, interiori-
bus 6 lin. longis. Stamina inclusa. Cap. B. Spei, Drége, 11924!
Villette! Vix aliud quam varietas major przecedentis.

L. UNIFOLIA, Jacq. Schenbr. i. 43, t. 83; Bot. Mag. t. 766; Willd.
Sp. Plant. ii. 178; Kunth, Enum. iv. 289.—Monoestes unifolia,
Salisb. Gen. 21. Folium semper solitarium, carnoso-herbaceum, li-
neare, 6-12 poll. longum, deorsum dilatatum, sanguineo-saturatum
vel maculatum, basin scapi arcte amplectens. Seapus 4-15 poll.
longus. Racemus 2-5 poll. longus, 15-18 lin. latus, 12-20-florus.
Pedicelli 2-3 lin. longi. Bractez lanceolato-deltoidez, 1 lin. longe.
Perianthium tubulosum, 6-7 lin. longum, 2 lin. crassum, albidum,
segmentis exterioribus 2 lin. latis, interioribus paulo brevioribus.
Stamina segmentis interioribus subzquantia. Stylus demum ex-
sertus. Cap. B. Spei, Masson! Niven ! Drége, 477 ! Zeyher! &c.

10. L. rsoPETALA, Jacq. Ic. t. 401; Willd. Sp. Plant. ii. 179; Kunth,

Enum. iv. 286.—L. rosea, Andr. Rep. t. 996; Kunth, loc. cit.—
L. bifolia, Gawl. Bot. Mag. t. 1611; Kunth, l.c. Folia 2, carnoso-
herbacea, lorato-lanceolata, acuta, 6-9 poll. longa, deorsum 6-9 lin.
lata, immaculata. Scapus 4-8-pollicaris. Racemus 2-5 poll. longus,
12-30-florus. Bracteæ deltoideæ. Pedicelli inferiores 1-13 lin. longi.
Perianthium campanulato-tubulosum, albidum vel plus minus rubro
tinctum, 4—44 lin. longum, 2 lin. crassum, segmentis omnibus sub-
æquilongis. Stamina inclusa. Stylus demum exsertus. Cap. B.
Spei, Zeyher! Thom! Harvey ! Burchell, 6188! &c.

ll. L. PATULA, Jacq. Ic. t. 384; Willd. Sp. Plant. ii. 175; Tratt.

Tab. t. 156; Kunth, Enum. iv. 288. Folia 2, carnoso-herbacea, an-
guste lanceolata, 4-6 poll. longa, immaculata. Scapus foliis ex-
cedens, Racemus sublaxe 15-20-florus, 2-3 poll. longus, expansus
circiter 2 poll.latus. Pedicelli erecto-patentes, infimi 3-4 lin. longi.
Perianthium 8-10 lin. longum, 23 lin. crassum, albido-rubrum, seg-
mentis exterioribus distincte brevioribus. Stamina inclusa. Cap.B.Spei.

12. L. LILIIFLORA, Jacq. Ic. t, 387; Tratt. Tab. t. 137; Willd. Sp.

ii. 126; Kunth, Enum. iv. 286. Folia 2, carnoso-herbacea, lanceolata,
4-6 poll. longa, 9-12 lin. lata, facie dense pustulata. Scapus foliis
subæquans. Racemus 12-20-florus, 3—4 poll. longus, 18-21 lin. latus.
Pedicelli 1-14 lin. longi. Perianthium albidum, tubulosum, 8-9 lin.
longum, 2-23 lin. crassum, segmentis exterioribus distincte breviori-
bus. Stamina segmentis interioribus subæquantia. Cap. B. Spei.

13. L. CONTAMINATA, Ait. Kew. i. 460; Thunb. Prodr. 64; Bot.

Mag. t. 1401.—L. hyacinthoides, Jacq. Ic. t. 382; Willd. Sp. ii.

MR. J. G. BAKER ON LILIACES. 407

173; Kunth, Enum. iv. 285.—L. angustifolia, Jacq. Ic. t. 381; Bot.
Mag. t. 735; Red. Lil. t. 162.—L. albida, Tratt. Tab. t. 162.—
Himas angustifolia et hyacinthoides, Salisb. Gen. 21. Folia 6-10,
semiteretia, 3-8 poll. longa, basi 14-2 lin. crassa, facie canaliculata,
sepe maculata. Scapus 2-6-pollicaris. Flores 20-40 dense sub-
spicati. Spica 1-3 poll. longa, expansa 6-7 lin. crassa. Peri-
anthium campanulatum, albidum, szpe plus minus rubro tinctum,
23-3 lin. longum, 13 lin. crassum, segmentis exterioribus vix bre-
vioribus. Stamina segmentis exterioribus subzquantia. Cap. B.
Spei, Burchell ! Zeyher, 4296 ! Cooper ! Admiral Sir F. Grey! &c.

14. L. PusTULATA, Jacq. Ic. t. 386; Bot. Mag. t. 817; Willd. Sp.
ii. 176; Andr. Bot. Rep. t. 350; Kunth, Enum. iv. 287.—L. decli-
nata, Dietr. Lez. iv. 292.—Chloriza pustulata, Salisb. Gen. 21.
Folia 2, carnoso-herbacea, lanceolata, 6-9 poll. longa, 8-12 lin.
lata, facie pustulata. Scapus foliis subequans. Flores 12-20 sub-
spicati. Spica densa, li-2 poll. longa, 7-8 lin. crassa. Bractex
minute, deltoidez. Perianthium albidum, 3 lin. longum, 1j lin.
crassum, segmentis omnibus subzquilongis. Stamina haud vel vix
exserta. Cap. B. Spei, Burchell!

15. L. canNosa, Baker. Folia 2, carnoso-coriacea, ovato-oblonga,
margine cartilaginea, 3-4 poll. longa, 12-15 lin. lata, obtusa, lzvia,
scapum arcte cingentia. Scapus pollicaris. Flores 30-40, dense
subspicati. Spica 2-23 poll. longa, 1 poll. crassa. Bracteæ lineari-
subulate, membranacez, rosez, 3-4 lin. long, ante anthesin ala-
bastro longiores. Perianthium tubuloso-campanulatum, 35-4 lin.
longum, 2 lin. crassum, segmentis exterioribus paulo brevioribus.
Stamina inclusa. Cap. B. Spei, Drége, 2689a!

16. L. ZEYHERI, Baker. Folium semper solitarium, firmum, semiteres,
6-9 poll. longum, 1 lin. crassum. Scapus 6-9-pollicaris. Racemus
12-20-florus, 12-18 lin. longus, expansus 7-8 lin. latus. Bractex
perminute, deltoidez. ^ Pedicelli 1 lin. longi. Perianthium cam-
panulatum, albidum, rubro-tinctum, 2 lin. longum et crassum, seg- -
mentis omnibus subzquilongis. Stamina distincte inclusa. Cap.
B. Spei, Zeyher, 1694 ! :

17. L. coNvALLARIOIDES, Baker. Folium semper solitarium, car-
noso-herbaceum, anguste lineare, 3-4 poll. longum, 2-23 lin. latum,
deorsum scapum arcte cingens. Scapus 4-5-pollicaris. Racemus
6-12-florus, 9-12 lin. longus, expansus 8-9 lin. latus. Bractez per-
minute, deltoidex. Pedicelli 2 lin. longi. Perianthium campanula-
tum, albidum, plus minus rubro tinctum, 2 lin. longum, 143 lin. cras-
sum, segmentis omnibus subzequalibus. Staminainclusa. Kaffraria,
Bowker, 444!

Var. 8. RoBusTA, Baker. Robustior, foliis 4-7 poll. longis, deorsum
5-6 lin. latis, raro geminatis, floribus 20-30 cum bracteis paulo ma-
joribus. Albany, Williamson !

408

MR. J. G. BAKER ON LILIACEE.

18. L. HIRTA, Thunb. Prodr. 64; Fl. Cap. 327; Willd. Sp. Plant. ii.

178; Kunth, Enum. iv. 289. Folium semper solitarium, lineare, 7-8
poll. longum, deorsum dilatatum et basin scapl arcte cingens, facie
setis firmis brunneis dense vestitum. Scapus 8-10-pollicaris macu-
latus. Racemus 12-20-florus, 2-3 poll. longus, 1 poll. latus. Bra-
cteæ minute, deltoidez. Pedicelli infimi 3-4 lin. longi, Perianthium
tubuloso-campanulatum, albidum, rubro tinctum, 4 lin. longum, 23
lin. latum, segmentis exterioribus distincte brevioribus. Stamina in-
clusa. Cap. B. Spei, Masson !

19. L. ANGUINEA, Sweet, Hort. Brit. 420; Flow. Gard. ii. t. 179;

Kunth, Enum.iv. 289. Folium semper solitarium, lanceolatum, car-
noso-herbaceum, 6-7 poll. longum, 1 poll. latum, maculatum, basin
scapi arcte cingens. Scapus 5-6-pollicaris, maculatus. Racemus
circiter 20-florus, 23-3 poll. longus, 2 poll. latus. Pedicelli infimi
5-6 lin. longi. Perianthium tubuloso-campanulatum, albidum, 4-43
lin. longum, 22—3 lin. crassum, segmentis subzquilongis viridi api-
culatis. Stamina et stylus perianthio sesqui longiora. Cap. B.
Spei.

20. L. MEDIANA, Jacq. Jc. t. 399; Roem. et Schult. Syst. vii. 604;

Kunth, Enum. iv. 287.— Chloriza mediana, Salisb. Gen. 21. Folia 2,
carnoso-herbacea, subpedalia, lorato-lanceolata, 1 poll. lata, facie
lucida. Scapus gracilis, foliis subzquans. Racemus 20-30-florus,
2-3 poll. longus. Pedicelli infimi 1-13 lin. longi. Bractez del-
toidew, 1 lin. longe. Perianthium albidum, plus minus viridi
tinctum, 4 lin. longum, 2 lin. crassum, segmentis interioribus paulo
longioribus. Stamina perianthio eequantia. Cap. B. Spei (v. s. in
Herb. Mus. Brit. ez Hort. Kew. anno 1784).

21. L. LUCIDA, Gawl. Bot. Mag. t. 1372; Roem. et Schult. Syst. vii.

605 ; Kunth, Enum. iv. 287.—L. pallida, Redouté, Lil. t. 22; Bot.
Reg. t. 287.—L. fragrans, Andr. Rep. t. 302, non Jacq.—L. latifolia,
Tratt. Tab. t. 142.—Chloriza lucida, Salisb. Gen. 21. Folia 2, car-
noso-herbacea, lanceolata, 5-6 poll. longa, l poll. lata, facie lzvia.
Scapus 4-6-pollicaris. Racemus 10-15-florus, 14-2 poll. longus,
9-10 lin. latus. Bractez minute, deltoidez. Pedicelli infimi 13-2
lin. longi. Perianthium albidum, flavo vel rubro tinctum, 4 lin.
longum, 2 lin. crassum, segmentis exterioribus paulo brevioribus.
Stamina segmentis interioribus zquantia. Cap. B. Spei, Drége, 8628!

22. L. RacEMosa, Gawl. Bot. Mag. t. 1517 ; Roem. et Schult. Syst.

vii. 608; Kunth, Enum. iv. 287.—Platyestes racemosa, Salisb. Gen.
21. Folia 2, raro 3, carnoso-herbacea, lanceolata, 5—6 lin. longa, 10-12
lin. lata, facie dense pustulata. Scapus 3-4-pollicaris, vix maculatus.
Racemus 12-20-florus, 2-3 poll. longus, ] poll. latus. Bractez del-
toidez, 1 lin. longe. Pedicelli infimi 21-3 lin. longi. Perianthium
albidum, vix rubro tinctum, 3-33 lin. longum, 2 lin. crassum,

MR. J. G. BAKER ON LILIACE®. 409

segmentis interioribus vix longioribus. Stamina demum distincte
exserta. Cap. B. Spei (v. v. cult. in Hort. Saundersii).

23. L. CooPERI, Baker. Folia 2, carnoso-herbacea, lanceolata, 5-6
poll. longa, 9-10 lin. lata, faciei triente exteriore pustulato. Scapus
3-4-polliearis. Racemus 20—30-florus, 3-4 poll. longus, 15 lin. latus.
Bracteze minutz, deltoideæ. Pedicelli infimi 3-4 lin. longi. Perian-
thium albido-rubrum, 4 lin. longum, 2-24 lin. crassum, segmentis
exterioribus distinete brevioribus. Stamina segmentis exterioribus
zquantia. Cap. B. Spei (v. v. cult. in hort. Saundersii).

24, L. JUNCIFOLIA, Baker. Folia 2, semiteretia, carnoso-herbacea,
levia, 4-8 poll. longa, deorsum 13-2 lin. crassa. Scapus 3-4-pol-
licaris. Racemus 6-12-florus, 9-18 lin. longus, 9-10 lin. crassus.
Bracteze minutz, deltoidex. Pedicelli 13-2 lin. longi. Perianthium
albidum, rubro tinetum, tubuloso-campanulatum, 23 lin. longum, 13
lin. crassum, segmentis zquilongis. Stamina perianthio sesqui lon-
giora. Cap. B. Spei, Ecklon et Zeyher, Asphod. 51 !

95. L. PURPUREO-CJERULEA, Jacq. Ic. t. 388; Bot. Mag. t. 745 ;
Andr. Bot. Rep. t. 951; Kunth, Enum. iv. 288.—L. botryoides, Tratt.
Tab. t. 140.— Platyestes purpureo-cerulea, Salisb. Gen. 21. Folia 2,
raro 3, carnoso-herbacea, lanceolata, pustulata, 6-8 poll. longa, 8-9
lin. lata. Scapus 6-9-pollicaris. Racemus 30-40-florus, 4-5 poll.
longus, 12-15 lin. crassus. Bractez minutz, deltoidez. Pedicelli

1-2 lin. longi. Perianthium campanulatum, purpureo-ceruleum,

1-4 lin. longum, segmentis interioribus faleato-patulis paulo longi-
oribus. Stamina perianthio sesqui longiora, divergentia. Cap. B.
Spei.

26. L. VERSICOLOR, Baker.

a. UNICOLOR, Baker.—L. unicolor, Jacq. Ic. t. 389; Roem.et Schult.
Syst. vii. 607 ;. Kunth, Enum. iv. 288. Folia 2, carnoso-herbacea, lan-
ceolata, 3-5 poll. longa, 12-24 liv. lata, lævia vel raro paulo pustu-
lata. Scapus 4-8-pollicaris. Racemus 2-4 poll. longus, 12-15 lin.
latus, 30-60-florus. Bractez minute, deltoideze. Pedicelli 13-2 lin.
longi. Perianthium tubuloso-campanulatum, 3-3i lin. longum, 2
lin. erassum, saturate rubrum, segmentis interioribus leviter patulis
paulo longioribus. Stamina subrecta, perianthio demum sesqui lon-
giora. Cap. B. Spei, Mundt! Burchell, 6346 ! Thom ! Ecklon et Zey-
ther, Lach. 43! &c.

B. PURPUREA, Baker.—L. purpurea, Jacq. t. 393; Willd. Sp. ii. 177 ;
Kunth, Enum. iv. 289. Segmenta exteriora albida ; interiora purpurea.
Cap. B. Spei.

y. FRAGRANS, Baker.—L. fragrans, Jacq. Schen. t. 82; Willd. Sp. ii.
176; Kunth, Enum. iv. 287. Gracilior, perianthio albido, leviter
rubro tincto. Cap. B. Spei.

410 MR J. G. BAKER ON LILIACEA.

27. L. vioLACEA, Jacq. Ic. t. 394; Willd. Sp. ii. 177 ; Kunth, Enum.
iv. 289.—L. bicolor, Lodd. Bot. Cab. t. 1129; Kunth, loc. cit. Folia
2, carnoso-herbacea, lorata, 8-9 poll. longa, 18-21 lin. lata, levia,
maculata. Scapus ultrapedalis. Racemus 4-5 poll. longus, 18-21
lin. latus, 30-50-florus. Bracteze minute, deltoidez. Pedicelli in-
fimi 4-5 lin. longi. Perianthium tubuloso-campanulatum, 4-44 lin.
longum, 2-23 lin. crassum, albidum violaceo et viridi tinctum, seg-
mentis exterioribus paulo brevioribus. Stamina subrecta, perianthio
sesqui longiora. Cap. B. Spei.

28. L. Nervosa, Gawl. Bot. Mag. 1497 ; Roem. et Schult. Syst. vii.
607; Kunth, Enum. iv. 288.—Platyestes nervosa, Salisb. Gen. 91.
Folia 2, carnosa-herbacea, ovato-oblonga patula, immerse nervosa,
obtusiuscula, 3-4 poll. longa, 2-23 poll. lata, lzevia vel rarius paulo
pustulata. Scapus 3-6-pollicaris. Racemus 30-50-florus, 4-6 poll.
longus, 15-18 lin. latus. Bractex minutz, deltoidez. Pedicelli 1-13
lin. longi. Perianthium tubuloso-campanulatum, albidum, viridi et
rubro tinctum, 31-4 lin. longum, 2 lin. crassum, segmentis exterio-
ribus paulo brevioribus. Stamina perianthio sesqui vel demum sub-
duplo longiora. Cap. B. Spei (v. tab. ex exemplo in Hort. Kew. cult.
a Bowie lecto).

29. L. BowtrEANa, Baker.—Folia 2, carnoso-herbacea, ovato-oblonga,
patula, vix lineata, 2-23 poll. longa, 12-15 lin. lata, lzvia, rubro
maculata. Scapus 5-6-pollicaris. Racemus 20-30-florus, 3-4 poll.
longus, 15-18 lin. latus. Bracte minute, deltoideæ. Pedicelli
li lin. longi. Perianthium tubuloso-campanulatum, rubro tinctum,
3i-4 lin. longum, 2 lin. crassum, segmentis exterioribus paulo bre-
vioribus. Stamina perianthio sesqui longiora. Cap. B. Spei (v. tab.
ex ezemplo in Hort. Kew. cult. a Bowie lecto).

18. VErrHEIMIA, Gleditsch.

Gleditsch, Act. Berol. 1769, p. 66; Endl. Gen. 1121; Kunth,
Enum. iv. 281 ; Salisb. Gen. 22; Harv. Cape Gen. 2nd edit. 394.
—Aletris, sp., Linn. &c.

Perianthium longe tubuloso-gamophyllum, segmentis perparvis
deltoideis squalibus erectis. Stamina ad medium tubi, uni-
seriata, filamentis filiformibus, antheris parvis oblongis inclusis
versatilibus. Ovarium oblongo-cylindricum, sessile, ovulis in
loculis 2-3; stylus elongatus, filiformis; stigma trisulcatum.
Capsula sessilis, magna, membranacea, obovoidea, acute tri-
suleata, loculicide trivalvis, seminibus solitariis turbinatis haud
compressis. Testa nigra. Herbe bulbose, foliis pluribus lo-
ratis carnoso-herbaceis synanthiis, floribus speciosis dense race-
mosis,

MR. J. G. BAKER ON LILIACEX. ~ 411

Bracteæ floribus equantes ........... esee 1. bracteata.
Bractex floribus 2-3-plo breviores.
Folia viridia. Perianthium 15-18 lin. longum. 2. viridifolia.
Folia glauca. Perianthium 9-12 lin. longum. 8. glauca.

l. V. BRACTEATA, Harv. MSS. Folia non vidi. Racemus primum
conicus, demum 2 poll. latus. Pedicelli subnulli. Perianthium
flavescens, 10-13 lin. longum, exsiccatum 23-3 lin. crassum. Bracteæ
lineares, longe acuminate, 9-12 lin. longe. Kaffraria, Cooper,
320 !

2. V. viniDIFOLIA, Jacq. Schoen. t. 78; Willd. Sp. ii. 181; Lodd.
Bot. Cab. t. 1245.—V. capensis, Red. Lil. t. 193.—4Aletris capensis,
Linn. Sp. 456; Bot. Mag. t. 501. Folia 10-12, lorata, 8-12 poll.
longa, 21—3 poll. lata, viridia, margine undulata. Scapus 12-18 poll.
longus. Racemus 3-4 poll. longus, 3 poll. crassus, 40—60-florus.
Perianthium rubidum vel flavescens, maculatum, 15-18 lin. longum,
exsiccatum 3-3} lin. crassum. Pedicelli 2-3 lin. longi. Bractezx
lanceolatz, 4-6 lin. longe. Cap. B. Spei.

3. V. GLAUCA, Jacq. Schoen. t. 77 ; Willd. Sp. Plant. ii. 182; Bot.
Mag. t. 1091 et 3456; Red. Lil. t. 440; Kunth, Enum. iv. 282.
Folia angustiora, glauca, valde undulata. Scapus pedalis vel ultra.
Racemus 2-6 poll longus, 18-24 lin. latus. Pedicelli vix ultra
l lin. longi. Bractez lineares, 3-4 lin. longe. Perianthium 9-12
lin. longum, rubro maculatum, vel flavescens, exsiccatum 13 lin. cras-
sum. Cap."B. Spei, Pappe! Zeyher, 1719! Harvey! &c. ; Namaqua-
land, Rev. H. Whitehead !

19. Muscari, Tourn.

Tourn. Inst. 847, t. 180; Mill. Dict. ; Endl. Gen. 1118 ; Kunth,
Enum. iv. 313.—Botryanthus, Kunth, Enum. iv. 310.— Leo-
poldia, Parlatore, Fl. Palerm. i. 438; Webb. Phyt. Can. iii.
341. — Moscharia et Botryophile, Salisb. Gen. 25.— Hya-
cinthus, Linn. ex parte.

Perianthium urceolato-tubulosum, sub ore distincte constrictum,
dentibus parvis deltoideis plerumque reflexis. Stamina in tubo
biseriata, filamentis filiformibus vel deorsum complanatis, vix
antheris parvis versatilibus oblongo-rotundatis longioribus.
Ovarium sessile, globoso-trigonum, ovulis in loculis 2 super-
positis; stylus filiformis; stigma capitatum. Capsula sessilis,
globosa, acute trigona, seminibus in loculo 1-2, parvis haud

412 MR. J. G. BAKER ON LILIACEE.

compressis. Testa nigra, nitida. Herbe bulbose, bulbis mem-
branaceo-tunicatis, foliis semper synanthiis, floribus racemosis
parvis saturate ceruleis vel albis vel viridescenti-ceruleis, su-
premis sepissime abortivis.

$ MoscnHanra (Salisb.). Perianthium tubuloso-wreeolatum, seg-
mentis rotundatis crassis brevissimis stellatim patentibus.

Eolia gubpedalia nee oan elu 1. moschatum.

Bone 2-8-pollicaria 2 24 2 3 su 2. alpinum.

§ Leorotp1a (Parlatore). Perianthium obovoideo-urceolatum,
sursum sulcatum, 3-4 lin. longum, segmentis deltoideis re-
levis. Racemus laxus elongatus. Coma florum sterilium con-
spicua.

Pedicelli infimi brevissimi ................ 3. Cupanianum.

Pedicelli infimi demum 2-4 lin. longi.

Racemus expansus 2-4 poll. longus.
Perianthium 3 lin. longum ............ 4. caucasicum.
Perianthium 4—44 lin. longum ........ 5. bootanense.
Racemus expansus 6-12 poll. longus.
Coma corymbosa, pedicellis infimis florum sterilium 6-12

lin: longis 6. c soi coc 6. comosum.
Coma racemosa, pedicellis infimis florum sterilium 1-2 lin.
longis o e ei debo ioo 7. Pinardi.

Pedicelli infimi demum 2 poll. longi ........ 8. longipes.

$ Borryantuus (Kunth). Perianthium globoso- vel obovoideo-
tubuloso-urceolatum, sursum teres vel sulcatum, 1-2 vel raro
3 lin. longum, segmentis deltoideis plerumque reflexis. Ra-
cemus l-2 poll. longus. Coma florum sterilium inconspicua
vel subnulla.

Perianthium obovoideo-tubuloso-urceolatum, sursum sulcatum,
duplo longius quam latum.

Flores laxe subspicati. Folia filiformia subteretia.

9. Gussonii.
Flores distinete racemosi.
Folium loratum, solitarium .............. 10. latifolium.
Folia plura.
Racemus laxus; folia planiuscula, 2—4 lin. lata.
Flores abortivi subnulli .... ....... 11, Bourgei.
Flores abortivi pauci laxi .......... 12. maritimum.

MR. J. G. BAKER ON LILIACEE. 413

Racemus densus; folia lineari-filiformia, profunde canalicu-
lata vel subteretia.
Odori, segmentis limbi deltoideis reflexis.
Folia 5—6 poll. longa, 1-14 lin. crassa. 13. racemosum.
Folia 9-12 poll. longa, 12-2 lin.crassa. 14. neglectum.
Inodorum, segmentis limbi brevissimis haud reflexis.
15. commutatum.
Perianthium globoso- vel obovoideo-urceolatum vix sulcatum,
haud duplo longius quam latum.
Folia lineari-lorata, plura, planiuscula, 3—6 lin. lata.
Folia 15-18 poll. longa, 5-6 lin. lata ~... 16. grandifolium.
Folia 6-12 poll. longa, 3-5 lin. lata .... 17. botryoides.
Folia 2, lineari-lingulata, 2-3 poll. longa .. 18. Aucheri.
Folia plura, lineari-filiformia, semiteretia. :
Perianthium vix urceolatum .......... 19. pallens.
Perianthium distincte urceolatum.
Racemus laxus; perianthium 12-2 lin. longum.
20. parviflorum.
Racemus densus; perianthium 23-3 lin. longum.
21. Heldreichit.

l. M. woscnuaTuM, Willd. Enum. 378; Bot. Mag. t. 734; Kunth,
Enum. iv. 313.—Hyacinthus Muscari, Linn. Sp. 454.—M. ambrosia-
cum, Mench, Meth. 633; Red. Lil.t. 132. Folia 5-6, carnoso-her-
bacea, planiuscula, subglauca, lineari-lorata, subpedalia, 6-9 lin. lata.
Scapus 4-8-pollicaris. Racemus subdense 20-50-florus, expansus 1-3
poll. longus, 9-10 lin. crassus, floribus omnibus subsessilibus vel infimis
brevissime pedicellatis. Perianthium fertile tubuloso-urceolatum, 33-4
lin. longum, 13 lin. crassum, flavescenti-viride, segmentis brevissimis
carnosis stellatim patentibus. Flores steriles graciliores, cerulei,
sessiles vel breviter pedicellati. Capsula 8-9 lin. longa et lata. Asia
minor, Forbes! Caucasus, Ledebour, Kurdistan, Olgum !—Botryan-
thus Saulii, Jaub. et Spach, Ill. Pt. Orient. t. 329, est forma minor
floribus pedicellatis.

Var. 8, rLAvuM, Lam. Ency. iii. 193; Bot. Mag. t. 1565.—M. macro-
carpum, Sweet, Flow. Gard. t. 210; Parl. FI. Ital. ii. 508. Racemus
laxior, 2-3 poll. longus, 1 poll. vel ultra crassus, perianthum fertile
flavescens, 5-6 lin. longum, magis oblongum, dentibus purpureis.
Sicilia (an spontanea ?), Oriens.

2. M. ALPINUM, Gay, MS. Folia 4-5, carnoso-herbacea, linearia, 2-3
poll. longa, 2-3 lin. lata. Scapus 1i-2-pollicaris. Racemus sublaxe
12-20-florus, 12-18 lin. longus, 5-6 lin. crassus, floribus infimis bre-

LINN. PROC.— BOTANY, VOL. XI. 2r

414 MR. J. Œ. BAKER ON LILIACER.

vissime petiolatis. Perianthium fertile viridescens, tubuloso-urceola-
tum, 23 lin. longum. Flores abortivi czrulei, pedicellis 2-3 lin.
longis. Cilicia; Taurus, in regione alpina, Balansa, 151.

3. M. Cupantanum, Gerb. et Tarant. Cat. 18; Guss. Fl. Sic. ii. 814;
—Leopoldia, Parl. Fl. Ital. ii. 497. Folia late linearia, flaccida, cana-
liculata, scapo longiora. Racemus elongatus, densiusculus, floribus
fertilibus laxiusculis, subsessilibus, superioribus abortivis sessilibus,
omnibus erectis, subadpressis. Sicilia (non vidi).

4. M. caucasicum, Baker.—Bellevallia caucasica, Griseb. Fl. Rumel.
ii. 387.—M. pallens, Hohen. Ezsic. non Besser. — M. tubiflorum, Stev.
Taur. 336? Folia 2-4, carnoso-herbacea, lineari-lorata, 6-9 poll.
longa, 4-6 lin. lata, falcata. Seapus 6-8-pollicaris. Racemus laxe
20—40-florus, floriferus expansus 3-4 poll. longus, 1 poll.latus. Pe-
dicelli floriferi infimi subpatentes, 13-3 lin. longi. Perianthium fer-
tile obovoideo-urceolatum, livido-ezruleum, 3 lin. longum. Flores
abortivi multi, parvi, conferti, breviter pedicellati. Georgia caucasica
in montosis aridis ditionis Elisabethpol, Hohenacker !

5. M. BooTANENSE, Griff. Ic. t. 980. Folia 5-6, carnoso-herbacea,
linearia, dorso valde convexa, 5-6 poll. longa, 3-4 lin. lata. Scapus
5-6-pollicaris. Racemus 12-20-florus, expansus 2-23 poll. longus,
12-15 lin.latus. Pedicelli fructiferi patentes, 3-4 lin. longi. Peri-
anthium oblongo-urceolatum, 4—43 lin. longum, 2 lin. crassum. Flores
steriles pauci, breviter petiolati, decidui. Bootan, Griffith.

6. M. comosum, Mill. Dict. No. 2; Red. Lil. t. 231; Koch, Synops.
834; Gren. Fl. Franc. iii. 219; Ledeb. Fl. Ross. iv. 153.— Bellevallia
comosa, Kunth, Enum. iv. 306.—Hyacinthus comosus, Linn. Sp. 455;
Red. Iil. t. 231; Bot. Mag. t. 133.—Leopoldia comosa, Parlat. Fl.
Palerm. i. 438. Folia 3-4, carnoso-herbacea, pallide viridia, lineari-
lorata, 12-18 poll. longa, 6-12 lin. lata, e medio utrmque sensim an-
gustata. Scapus pedalis vel ultra, fusco-maculatus. Racemus laxe
40-100-florus, floriferus expansus 6-12 poll. longus, 15-18 lin. latus.
Pedicelli infimi herizontales, demum 3-5 lin. longi. Perianthium fer-
tile obovoideo-urceolatum, olivaceo-amethystinum, 3-4 lin. longum,
sursum 13-2 lin. latum. Flores steriles cerulei, 20-30, corymbosi,
pedicellis elongatis arcuatis coloratis, infimis 6-12 lin. longis. Cap-
sula 3-4 lin. longa et lata, haud emarginata. Ez insulis Fortunatis,
Bourgeau 1004! Mann! et Algeria per Europam meridionalem ad
Tauriam, Pallas ! et Euphratem, Chesney 162 !— Hyacinthus monstro-
sus, Linn. Sp. 454 (H. paniculatus, Lam. Encyc. iii. 193.—Muscari
monstrosum, Mill. Dict. No. 4) est monstrositas ssepe in hortis culta
racemo ramosissimo floribus lilacinis exiguis omnibus abortivis pro-
funde partitis.—M. Courtilleri, Boreau, Fl. Centre, edit. 3, ii. 621, est

MR. J. G. BAKER ON LILIACE. 415

varietas gracilis foliis magis serotinis primum cylindricis floribus bre-
vioribus sterilibus laxioribus.—Leopoldia Calandriniana, Parl. FJ.
Ital. ii. 496, est varietas gracilis floribus densioribus abortivis magis
approximatis.—M. tenuiflorum, Tausch, Flora, 1841, p. 234 (M. co-
mosum, Jacq. Austr. t. 126) est forma foliis angustioribus floribus
abortivis angustioribus pedicellis brevioribus.—M. Clusianum,C. Koch,
Linnea, xxi. 253 (Led. Ross. iv. 154; Bellevallia, Griseb. Spic.
Rumel. ii. 387) est verisimiliter varietas floribus abortivis paucioribus

confertioribus.

. M. Prnarpt, Boiss. Diagn. vii. 110.—Bellevallia Pinnardi, Boiss.
Diagn. v. 62.—Leopoldia Pinardi, Parl. Fl. Palerm.i.440. Folia 4-6,
carnoso-herbacea, linearia, 6-9 poll. longa, 3-4 lin. lata. Scapus 6-8-
pollicaris. Racemus laxe 50-80-florus, floriferus expansus 4-8 poll.
longus, ] poll. latus. Pedicelli infimi fructiferi horizontales, 2 lin.
longi. Perianthium fertile cylindraceo-urceolatum, 31-4 lin. longum,
sursum vix lilin. crassum. Flores steriles 12-20, haud corymbosi,
pedicellis inferiorum 1-2 lin. longis. Capsula globosa. Caria, Pi-
nard ! Cappadocia, Balansa 1114!

8. M. LoxcrPEs, Boiss. Diagn. xii.; Walpers, Ann. vi. 113. Folia
lineari-lorata, 4-11 lin. lata, scabrido-denticulata, scapo breviora.
Perianthium saturate cxruleum, 33-4 lin. longum. Flores steriles
pauci, brevissime petiolati. Racemus fructiferus pyramidalis, pe-
dicellis infimis szepe 2 poll. longis. Capsula oblonga. Philistia,
Boissier (non vidi). Habitu ad Hyacin. ciliatum accedit, sed floribus
generis.

9. M. Gussoni, Baker.—Leopoldia Gussonii, Parlatore, Fl. Ital. ii.
498.— Muscari maritimum, Guss. Fl. Sic. 426, non Desf. Folia 3-4,
lineari-filiformia, subteretia, 5-6 poll. longa. Scapus 3-4-pollicaris.
Racemus sublaxe 20-30-florus, demum 2-23 poll. longus, 6 lin. latus.
Pedicelli nulli vel brevissimi. Perianthium obovoideo-urceolatum, 2
lin. longum. Flores abortivi pauci, sessiles, decidui. Sicilia, E.&

A. Huet du Pavillon 263!

10. M. LATIFOLIUM, Kirk, Edin. New Phil. Journ. April 1858.—Bel-
levallia monophylla, Gay in Balansa, Pl. Orient. Easic. 1857.— B.
muscarioides, Masters, Linn. Journ. iii. 113.—Folium semper sol-
tarium, lorátum, carnoso-herbaceum, 9-12 poll. longum, 9-12 lin.
latum, cite acutum, infra medium ad basin angustam sensim angus-
tatum. Scapus gracilis, pedalis vel ultra. Racemus modice densus,
20-30-florus, floriferus expansus 13-2 poll. longus,
Pedicelli infimi fructiferi 2-23 lin. longi, horizontales vel lev
flexi. Perianthium fertile obovoideo-urceolatum, 25 lin. longum, ore

Flores abortivi 6-10 multo pallidiores, sublaxi,

Capsula globosa, 4

2r2

“I

9-10 lin. latus.
iter de-

1 lin. erassum.
superiores sessiles, infimi breviter petiolati.

416 MR. J. G. BAKER ON LILIACES.

lin. longa, apice emarginata. Phrygia, ad montem Mourad-Dagh, in
pinetis, Balansa! Mysia, Mt. Ida, Dr. Armitage !

1l. M. Bovna xt, Baker. Folia 3-4, carnoso-herbacea, falcata, lineari-
lingulata, 2-3 poll. longa, 2-3 lin. lata, dimidio inferiore sensim an-
gustata. Scapus 1j-2-pollicaris. Racemus sublaxe 6-10-florus, ex-
pansus 6-9 lin. longus, 6-7 lin. latus. Pedicelli infimi 1 lin. longi,
patentes vel leviter ascendentes. Perianthium saturate ceruleum,
oblongo-tubuloso-urceolatum, 2 lin. longum, dentibus brevissimis.
Flores abortivi subnulli. Lycia, ad nives deliquescentes montis Ak-
dagh, Bourgeau 262!

12. M. MARITIMUM, Desf. Atl. i. 308, non Guss.—Bellevallia maritima,
Kunth, Enum. iv. 307, ex parte.—Leopoldia maritima, Parl. Fl. Ital.
ii. 498. Folia 3-4, carnoso-herbacea, linearia, 6-9 poll. longa, 3-4
lin. lata. Scapus 3-6-pollicaris. Racemus laxe 12-20-florus, demum
2-25 poll. longus, 7-8 lin. latus. Pedicelli infimi 1 lin. longi, plus
minus ascendentes. Perianthium obovoideo-urceolatum, 21 lin. lon-
gum. Flores superiores steriles pauci, distincte pedicellati. Algeria,
Bove! Balansa 167 ! Creta, in arenosis maritimis, Von Heldreich !

13. M. nAcEMOsUM, Mill. Dict. No. 3; Red. Lil. t. 232; DC. Fl.
Franc. iii. 208; Boreau, Fl. Cent. 3rd edit. ii. 620; Eng. Bot. edit. iil.
t. 1529.— Hyacinthns racemosus, Linn. Sp. 455; Jacq. Austr. t. 187;
Bot. Mag. t. 122.—H. juncifolius, Lam. Encyc. iii. 194.— Botryan-
thus odorus, Kunth, Enum. iv. 311; Parl. Ital. ii. Folia 5-6, junci-
formia, viridia, semiteretia, 5-6 poll. longa, 1-12 lin. crassa. Seapus
4-6-pollicaris. Racemus dense 12-30-florus, expansus vix ultra 1
poll. longus, 8-9 lin. latus. Pedicelli 1-12 lin. longi, inferiores
cernui. Flores odori. Perianthium saturate ceruleum, oblongo-tu-
buloso-urceolatum, 2-21 lin. longum, superne leviter sulcatum, den-
tibus albidis deltoideis reflexis. Flores abortivi pauci, pallidiores:
breviter petiolati. Capsula 3-31 lin. longa, apice haud emarginata.
Ex Anglia et Lusitania per Europam meridionalem et centralem ad
Afghanistan, Griffith 357 ! 441! Kurdistan, Olgum ! Persiam, Stocks!
—M. pulehellum, Held. et Sart. in Boiss. Diagn. ser. 2, iv. 109 ;
Regel. Gartenfl. t. 377, e Parnasso, dicitur differre foliis minus junci-
formibus, perianthii dentibus majoribus magis revolutis, M. Strang-
waysii, Ten. Ind. Sem. Hort. Petr. 1837, p. 9 (Botryanthus, Kunth,
Enum. iv. 679).— Byzantium, racemo laxo paucifloro et foliis erectis.
M. atlanticum, Boiss. et Reut. Pug. 114, Willk. et Lange, Fl. Hisp. i.
206, Hispania et Algeria, ex exemplis authentieatis exsiccatis non
potui distinguere.

14. M. NEGLECTUM, Gussone, Fl. Sic. i. 411; Gren. Fl. France, iii. 218 ;
Boreau, Fl. Cent. 3rd edit. ii. 621.—Botryanthus neglectus, Kunth,
Enum. iv. 679; Parl. Fl. Ital. ii. 502. Folia plura, carnoso-herbacea,

MR. J. G. BAKER ON LILIACES, 417

9-12 poll. longa, lineari-filiformia, profunde canaliculata, 13-2 lin.
crassa. Scapus 6-9-pollicaris. Racemus dense 30—40-florus, expansus
14-2 poll. longus, 9-10 lin. latus. Pedicelli 1-13 lin. longi, inferiores
cernui. Flores odori. Perianthium saturate caruleum, 23-3 lin.
longum, obovoideo-tubuloso-urceolatum, leviter suleatum, dentibus
albidis deltoideis reflexis. Flores abortivi pauci, breviter petiolati.
Capsula 4 lin. longa et paulo latior. Gallia, Germania, Italia. Vix
aliud quam var. major preecedentis.

15. M. commutatum, Guss. Prodr. Fl. Sie. i. 426; Sweet, Flow.
Gard. ser. ii. t. 369.—Hyacinthus commutatus, Ten. Syll. 176.—
Botryanthus commutatus, Kunth, Enum. iv. 311; Parl. Fl. Ital. ii.
503. Folia 5-6, carnoso-herbacea, anguste linearia, canaliculata,
flaccida, viridia, 5-6 poll. longa, 13-2 lin. lata. Scapus 4-6-pollicaris.
Racemus dense 12-20-florus, expansus 9-12 lin. longus, 6-7 lin. latus.
Pedicelli infimi 1 lin. longi, deflexi. Flores subinodori. Perianthium
saturate ceruleum, 23 lin. longum, tubuloso-turbinato-urceolatum,
sursum distincte sulcatum, dentibus brevissimis vix recurvatis. Flores
abortivi subnulli. Hispania, Lange! Italia, Tenore ! Sicilia, Jan!
Parlatore ! Tineo ! Grecia, Zuccarini ! Von Heldreich ! Palestina, Roth!
Armenia, Huet du Pavillon ! (albiflora ut “ M. Aucheri ”), In monti-
bus KassanOghlu, Kotschy,‘ Iter Cilicico-Kurdicum,’ 73! (** M.Strang-
waisii ").—M. Lafarinæ, Tineo in Huet. du Pavillon, Pl. Sicil. Ezsic.,
vix differt.—Botryanthus albo-virens, Todaro, Ann. Sc. Nat. ser. iv.
xx. 304, est verisimiliter forma albiflora.

16. M. GRANDIFOLIUM, Baker in Saund. Ref. Bot. t. 173. Folia 5-6,
carnoso-herbacea, glaucescentia, 15-18 poll. longa, 5-6 lin. lata, line-
ari-lorata, flaccida. Scapus 5-6-pollicaris. Racemus dense 15-20-
florus, expansus 15-18 lin. longus, 7-8 lin. latus. Pedicelli infimi
cernui, 1-13 lin. longi. Perianthium oblongo-urceolatum, livide cæ-
ruleum, haud sulcatum, 3 lin. longum, 2 lin. crassum, segmentis del-
toideis albidis reflexis. Flores superiores pauci, subsessiles, abortivi.
Capsula 4 lin. longa. Patria ignota: v. v. in Hort. Kew.

17. M. sorryorpEs, Mill. Dict. No. 1; Red. Lil. t. 361; Sweet, Flow.
Gard. t. 15.—Hyacinthus botryoides, Linn. Sp. 455; Bot. Mag.
t. 157.— Botryanthus vulgaris, Kunth, Enum. iv. 311; Parl. Fl. Ital.
ii. 499.—M. transilvanicum, Schur, Transyl. 676. Folia 3-4, carnoso-
herbacea, lineari-lorata, flaccida, subglauca, 6-12 poll. longa, 3-4 lin.
lata, planiuscula, deorsum angustata. Scapus 6-9-pollicaris. Race-
mus dense 12-20-florus, expansus 12-18 lin. longus, 6 lin. latus.
Pedicelli infimi deflexi, l lin. longi, foribus cernuis. Perianthium
globoso- vel oblongo-urceolatum, 1-14 lin. longum, pallide caeruleum,
haud suleatum, inodorum. Flores abortivi 6-9, sessiles vel breviter
pedicellati. Capsula globosa, 34 lin. longa. A Lusitania et Sicilia
ad Bosniam et Germaniam et Galliam septentrionalem.

418 MR. J. G. BAKER ON LILIACEJ.

Var. B. LELIEVRII, Raker.—M. Lelievrii, Boreau, Flor. Cent. edit. 3, ii.
621; Gren. Fl. France, iii. 219. Racemus densior, expansus 7-8 lin.
latus. Perianthium crassior, 14-2 lin. longum. Pedicelli inferiores
minus deflexi. Floratio przcocior (ad finem Februarii in loco natali).
Gallia occidentalis, Boreau !

18. M. Avcnuznr, Baker.— Botryanthus Aucheri, Boiss. Diagn. v. 63.
Folia 2, carnoso-herbacea, lineari-lingulata, 2-3 poll. longa, sursum
2-3 lin. lata, dimidio inferiore sensim angustata. Scapus gracilis,
2-4-polliearis. Flores 6-10, dense subspicati, inferiores brevissime
pedicellati. Perianthium turbinato-urceolatum, vix 1 lin. longum.
Asia Minor, Nikisar, Aucher Eloy, 5399 !

19. M. PALLENS, Fisch. Cat. Gorenk. 1819, 9; Sweet, Flow. Gard.
t. 259; Steven, Taur. 337, non Besser.— Hyacinthus pallens, M. Bieb.
Fl. Taur. Cauc.i. 283. Folia plura, filiformia, semiteretia, 6-8 poll.
longa, 1 lin. lata, facie glauca, dorso rotundata, viridia. Seapus 3-5-
pollicaris. Racemus dense 12-20-florus, expansus 8-10 lin. longus,
6-7 lin. latus. Pedicelli infimi vix 1 lin. longi. Perianthium oblon-
gum, minus urceolatum quam in speciebus reliquis, album, 2 lin. lon-
gum, 13 lin. latum, dentibus lanceolato-deltoideis recurvatis. Flores
abortivi 3-4, subsessiles. Caucasus et Iberia (v. v. in Hort. Kew.).

20. M. PAnvirFLORUM, Desf. Atl. i. 309; Guss. Prodr. i. 497 ; Bert.
FI. Ital. iv. 167.— Hyacinthus parviflorus, Pers. Syn. i. 375.—Botry-
anthus parviflorus, Kunth, Enum. iv. 319. Parl. Fl. Ital. ii. 505.—
Muscari filifolium, Wahl. Isis, xxi. fasc. x. 971. Folia 6-8, lineari-
filiformia, flaccida, subteretia, 4—5 poll. longa, 1 lin. lata, basi angus-
tata. Seapus filiformis, flexuosus, 4-8-pollicaris. Racemus laxe
6-12-florus, demum 9-15 lin. longus, 8-9 lin. latus. Pedicelli in-
fimi fruetiferi, patentes, 13-2 lin. longi. Perianthium pallide cæru-
leum, oblongo- vel ovoideo-urceolatum, 1 2 lin. longum. Flores
abortivi pauci, congesti, sessiles, decidui. Ex Hispania, Rambur!
Algeria et Sicilia, Gussone! Tineo! Parlatore! ad 4Egyptum, teste
Schweinfurth, et Syriam, C. Martens! Hooker et Hanbury !

21. M. HELDREICHI, Boiss. Diagn. ser. 2, iv. 109; Baker in Saund.
Ref. Bot. t. 172.—M. hymenophorum, Held. Herb. Norm. Grec.
662. Folia 5-6, junciformia, erecto-falcata, viridia, semiteretia, 8-12
poll. longa, 14 lin. crassa. Scapus flexuosus, 4-6-pollicaris. Race-
mus subdense 8-12-florus, expansus 12-15 lin. longus, 10-12 lin.
latus. Pedicelli infimi patentes, 1 lin. longi. Perianthium obovoideo-
urceolatum, amethystinum, ore leviter constrictum, 23-3 lin. longum,
dentibus albis recurvatis. ^ Flores abortivi, pauci, subsessiles.
Grecia, Parnassus, Von Heldreich ! (v. v. in Hort. Kew.).

MR. J. G. BAKER ON LILIACE.E. 419

20. Lirantuus, Harv.
Harv. Hook. Journ. 1844, p. 815, t. 9; Cape Gen. 2 edit. 399.

Perianthium minutum, tubulosum, segmentis ovato-deltoideis
æqualibus erectis tubo cylindrico fundo demum ventricoso 6-8-
plo brevioribus. Stamina ad faucem tubi uniseriata, filamentis
brevissimis filiformibus, antheris sagittatis versatilibus. Ova-
rium ovoideum, sessile, leviter trisuleatum, ovulis in loculis plu-
ribus; stylus rectus, filiformis, ad faucem attingens; stigma
irisuleatum. Capsula ignota. Herba bulbosa, perpusilla, foliis
filiformibus synanthiis, scapo unifloro bracteis duabus oppositis
medio affixis.

l. L. rusrLLus, Harv. loc. cit. Bulbus membranaceo-tunicatus, 2-3
lin. crassus. Folia 2-3, setacea, 6-12 lin. longa. Scapus filiformis,
9-18 lin. longus. Perianthium albo-viride, membranaceum, 2 lin.
longum, 4 lin. crassum. Cap. B. Spei, Drége, 8514a! Zeyher; Kaf-
fraria britannica in graminosis inundatis, H. Bowker and Mrs.
Barber, 767 !

21. Deri, Jacq.

Jacq. Ic. t. 373-877 ; Endl. Gen. 1125; Salisb. Gen. 37; Baker
in Saund. Ref. Bot. iti. App. 2, non Kunth nec Harvey.—
Idothea, Kunth, Enum. iv. 841; Harv. Cap. Gen. 2nd edit.
397.

Perianthium companulato-gamophyllum, segmentis ligulatis cu-
eullatis squalibus mox irregulariter reflexis tubo 2-3-plo ex-
cedentibus. Stamina ex fauce tubi subuniseriata, filamentis
elongatis, deorsum complanatis, segmentis subequantibus, in-
terdum leviter declinatis, antheris oblongis versatilibus. Ova-
rium sessile, ovoideum, ovulis in loculis pluribus (6-20) ; stylus
filiformis, interdum leviter declinatus ; stigma capitatum. Cap-
sula sessilis, ovoidea, membranacea, profunde trisuleata, locu-
licide trivalvis, seminibus in loculis paucis vel pluribus dis-
coideis uniseriatis. Mesta nigra. Herbe bulbose, floribus nu-
merosis racemosis, foliis synanthiis vel hysteranthiis.

Species capenses, foliis synanthiis.
Folia dura, angustissima.
Bracteze 1-13 lin. longe ............-- 1. media.
Bractee 3-4 lin. longe ............-- 2. rigidifolia.
Folia lorata carnoso-herbacea.

Racemus 9-12 lin. latus; pedicelli 2-3 lin. longi.
8. Burchellii.

420 MR. J. G. BAKER ON LILIACER.

Racemus 23 poll. latus; pedicelli 6-8 lin. longi.
4. robusta.
Racemus 3 poll. latus ; pedicelli 9-12 lin. longi.
5. altissima.
Species capenses, foliis hysteranthiis.

Folia dura angustissima ................ 6. purpurascens.
Folia linearia ciliata, 3—4 lin. lata.
Pedicelli subpatentes, 3—4 lin. longi .... 7. ciliaris.
Pedicelli erecto-patentes, 1-12 lin.longi.. 8. pusilla.
Folia lorato-lanceolata, 6-9 lin. lata.
Folia undique villosa ............. .. 9. villosa.
Folia glabra.
Racemus 2 poll latus 2 2. 10. elata.
Hacemus 3 poll. tatus |... V... 11. concolor.

Species tropicales, foliis ignotis, verisimiliter hysteranthiis.
Perianthium 4-44 lin. longum, segmentis margine convolutis.
12. laxiflora.
Perianthium 2 lin. longum, segmentis lanceolato-spathulatis,
complanatis oS ed osos. 13. Barteri.

l. D. mepia, Jacq. Ic. t. 375; Willd. Sp. ii. 166; Roem. et Schult.
Syst. vii. 596.— Hyacinthus, Poir. Encyc. Suppl. iii. 120.—Idothea,
Kunth, Enum. iv. 312. Bulbus ovoideus, membranaceo-tunicatus,
18-24 lin. crassus. Folia plura, synanthia, dura, nervosa, pedalia
vel ultra, subtriquetra, 1-13 hn. lata, margine scabrida. Scapus gra-
cilis, fragilis, 13-2-pedalis. Racemus 20-60-florus, 2-5 poll. longus,
expansus 16-18 lin. latus. Pedicelli erecto-patentes vel subpatentes,
3-5 lin. longi. Bractew lanceolate, pedicellis 3-4-plo breviores.
Perianthium 6 lin. longum, segmentis tubum 3-4-plo excedentibus.
Cap. B. Spei, Drége, 1496! Burchell, 4593! 8322! Zeyher, 4250!
Harvey ! &c.

2. D. RIGIDIFOLIA, Baker. Folia plura, synanthia, dura, nervosa,
sesquipedalia, subtriquetra, deorsum 12-2 lin. lata. Seapus ultra-
pedalis, Racemus 4-6 poll. longus, modice densus, 30—40. florus,
expansus 2 poll. latus. Pedicelli stricti, patentes, 5-6 lin. longi.
Bractez lineari-acuminate, 3—4 lin. longz. Perianthium 7-73 lin.
longum, segmentis tubo 3-4-plo excedentibus. Cap. B. Spei, Harvey
ex hort. Baronis Ludwigii ! Somerset, Bowker, 225! Ad przceden-
tem affinis.

3. D. BurcHELLi1, Baker in Saund. Ref. Bot. i. App.2. Folia 3-4,
synanthia, carnoso-herbacea, lorato-lanceolata, in exemplis nostris
7-8 poll. longa, deorsum 12-14 lin. lata, acuta. Scapus 3-4 lin.
crassus, pedalis vel ultra. Racemus 8-9 poll. longus, 9-12 lin.

`~

MR. J. G. BAKER ON LILIACES. 421

latus, modice densus. Pedicelli erecto-patentes, 2-3 lin. longi,
bracteis subeequantes. Perianthium 5-6 lin. longum, segmentis tubo
3-4-plo excedentibus. Capsula 4j lin. longa, seminibus in loculo
circiter 3. Cap. B. Spei, Burchell, 4769! Zeyher, 954!

. D. ROBUSTA, Baker in Saund. Ref. Bot. t. 190. Bulbus ovoideus,

3-4 poll. crassus. Folia 6-8, synanthia, carnoso-herbacea, viridia,
lorata, 2 pedes longa, 2 poll. lata. Scapus firmus, tripedalis, de-
orsum 8-9 lin. crassus. Racemus modice densus, 8-12 poll. longus,
expansus 22 poll. latus. Pedicelli 6-8 lin. longi, subpatentes, pedi-
cellis linearibus subzquantes. Perianthium 7-8 lin. longum, seg-
mentis tubum 3-4-pio superantibus. Stamina distincte declinata,
segmentis paulo breviora. Cap. B. Spei, v. v. in Hort. Saundersü.

D. AvTIssIMA, Hook. Bot. Mag. 5522, non Gawl. Bot. Mag. 1074,
que est Urginez species. Bulbus ovoideus, 3-4 poll. crassus, triente
superiore emerso squamoso. Folia 8-10, synanthia, carnoso-her-
bacea, lorata, 12-18 poll. longa, 18-24 lin. lata, acuta, subglauca.
Scapus firmus, 3-4-pedalis. Racemus modice densus, 8-12 poll.
longus, expansus 3 poll. latus. Pedicelli 9-12 lin. longi, subpatentes
vel leviter deflexi. Bracteæ lineares, pedicellis subiequantes. Pe-
rianthium 9-10 lin. longum, laciniis tubum quadruplo superantibus.
Stamina distincte declinata, 4-43 lin. longa. Cap. B. Spei, v. s. ex
hort. Saundersii.

. D. purpurascens, Jacq. fil. Eclog. t. 30; Roem. et Schult. Syst.

vii. 598.—Idothea purpurascens, Kunth, Enum. iv. 349. Bulbus
tunicatus. Folia 9-10, hysteranthia (post racemum producta)
anguste linearia, semipedalia, 2 lin. lata, glaucescentia, subscariosa.
Scapus subpedalis. Racemus circiter 30-florus. Pedicelli patentes,
perianthiis zequantes, bracteis lineari-lanceolatis duplo lungiores. Cap.
B. Spei (non vidi).

7. D. ciLramrs, Jacq. Ic. t. 377; Willd. Sp. ii. 165; Bot. Mag.

t. 1444.— Hyacinthus, Poir. Encyc. Suppl. iii. 120,—Idothea, Kunth,
Enum. iv. 343. Bulbus globosus, 2-3 poll. crassus, dimidio superiore
emerso squamoso. Folia post scapum, 4-5, linearia, ciliata, 6-8 poll.
longa, 3-4 lin. lata, pruinata. Scapus sesquipedalis. Racemus laxe
20-25-florus, 8-10 poll. longus, expansus 2 poll. latus. Pedicelli
subpatentes, 3-4 lin. longi. Bractez minutz, lanceolate. Peri-
anthium 8-9 lin. longum, segmentis tubo triplo longioribus. Cap.
B. Spei.

. D. PusiLLA, Jacq. Ic. t. 374; Willd. Sp. ii. 165; Roem. et Schult.

Syst. vii. 598.—Hyacinthus, Poir. Encyc. Suppl. iii. 120.—Idothea,
Kunth, Enum. iv. 344.—I. humilis, Kunth, loc. cit.? Bulbus sub-
globosus, sursum squamosus. Folia post scapum, 4-6, linearia, 3-4
poll. longa, 3-4 lin. lata, glauca, ciliata. Scapus 2-3-pollicaris.

422 MR. J. G. BAKER ON LILIACE.E.

Racemus 1-1} poll. longus, expansus l poll. latus, 10-20-florus.
Pedicelli erecto-patentes, 1-13 lin. longi. Bractez deltoidez, 1 lin.
longe. Perianthium 6-7 lin. longum, segmentis tubum triplo exce-
dentibus. Stamina segmentis paulo breviora. Cap. B. Spei, Sir J.
Banks !

Var. 8. serosa, Baker. Perianthium 4-4j lin. longum. Scapus setis
albidis dense vestitus. Folia non vidi. Cap. B. Spei, Ecklon et
Zeyher, Asphod. 28!

9. D. virLosa, Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1346.—Idothea villosa, Kunth,
Enum. iv. 343. Folia hysteranthia, post scapum, lorata, 6-8 poll.
longa, 8-9 lin. lata, acuta, glauca, valde undulata, undique villosa.
Racemus modice densus, 4-5 poll. longus, expansus 2 poll. latus.
Pedicelli floriferi patentes, 6-7 lin. longi. Bractez lineari-lanceo-
latz, 2-3 lin. longe. Perianthium 7-8 lin. longum, segmentis tubo
3-4-plo longioribus. Stamina distincte declinata. Cap. B. Spei
(non vidi).

10. D. ELATA, Jacq. Ic. t. 373; Willd. Sp. ii. 165; Red. Lil. t. 430;
Bot. Mag. t. 822.—Hyacinthus, Poir. Encyc. Suppl. iii. 120.—Ido-
thea elata, Kunth, Enum. iv. 343. Bulbus subrotundus, magnitu-
dine pugni, squamosus. Folia hysteranthia (post scapum) lineari-
lanceolata, glabra, pedalia vel ultra, 6-9 lin. lata. Seapus 14-2-
pedalis. Racemus modice densus, 30-100-florus, 6-12 poll. longus,
2 poll. latus. Pedicelli ascendentes, 5-6 lin. longi. Bracteæ li-
neares 3-4 lin. longi. Perianthium /-8 lin. longum, segmentis tubo
J-4-plo longioribus. Stamina leviter declinata. Cap. B. Spei, Sir
J. Banks! Zeyher, 1713! Burke! Natal, Sanderson, 464 !

Var. B, Cooprri, Baker. Folia ignota. Scapus tripedalis. Flores
racemi multo pauciores et laxiores, pedicellis erecto-patentibus in-
ferioribus 19-15 lin. longis. Perianthium 6 lin. longum. Kaffraria
britannica, Cooper, 387 ! Verisimiliter species distincta.

li. D. CONCOLOR, Baker. Bulbus 3 poll. crassus, sursum squamosus.
Folia post scapum, anguste lanceolata, glabra, acuta (in statu juniore
solum vidi). Seapus 25-pedalis. Racemus modice densus, 18 poll.
longus, expansus 3 poll. crassus. Pedicelli floriferi subpatentes, 4—6
lin. longi, bracteis linearibus subzquantes. Perianthium viride, 8-9
lin. longum, segmentis tubo 2-3-plo longioribus. Stamina decli-

nata. Cap. B. Spei (e tab, ex exemplo in Hort. Kew. anno 1823 culto
depicta descripta). ;

12. D. LAXIFLORA, Baker. Folia non vidi. Scapus 15-]8-pollicaris,
gracilis. Racemus 6-8 poll. longus, 15-18 lin. latus (deorsum laxis-
sime), 10-15-florus. Pedicelli ascendentes, infimi 5-6 lin. longi.
Bractez minute, lineares. Perianthium 4-43 lin. longum, segmentis

MR. J. G. BAKER ON LILIACEE. 423

tubum 2-3-plo excedentibus. Filamenta 2} lin. longa, cum stylo
leviter declinata. Zambesi-land prope Quillimane, Dr. Kirk !

13. D. BARTERI, Baker. Folia non vidi. Scapus 15-18-pollicaris, gra-
cilis. Racemus laxus, ultra 2 pedes longus, 18-21 lin. latus. Pedi-
celli stricti, horizontales, 6-8 lin. longi. Bractez perminute, del-
toidez. Perianthium tubuloso-campanulatum, segmentis erectis lan-
ceolato-spathulatis tubum duplo excedentibus. Filamenta complanata,
segmentis subduplo breviora. Capsula 5 lin. lata, 3 lin. longa, se-
minibus in loculo 8-9. Guinea; in ditione nigritana prope Nupe,
Barter, 1183! Ab speciebus reliquis recedit floribus multo mi-
noribus, segmentis complanatis, staminibus segmentis duplo bre-
vioribus.

22. Hyacrytuvs, Linn.

Linn. Gen. 1427, ex parte; Endl. Gen. 1120; Kunth, Enum. iv.
303.—Bellevallia, Lapeyr. Journ. Phys. 67, 425, t. 1; Endl.
Gen. 1119; Kunth, Enum. iv. 306.—Peribeea, Kunth, Enum.
iv. 293; Harv. Cap. Gen. 2nd edit. 394.—Strangweia, Bertol.
Mem. Soc. Ital. t. xxi.—Foxia, Parlat. Nuov. Gen, 18.—Busbe-
quia, Salisb. Gen. 25.—Hyacinthella, Schur, Oest. bot. Wochenbl.
1856, 227.

Perianthium tubuloso-gamophyllum, ore nullo modo constrictum,
segmentis lanceolatis complanatis faleatis vel subrectis tubo
wquantibus vel brevioribus. Stamina uniseriata vel plus minus
distincte biseriata, in tubo vel ad faucem inserta, filamentis
plerisque filiformibus raro cuneatis, antheris oblongis vel li-
nearibus versatilibus. Ovarium sessile, ovoideum, ovulis in
loculis paucis vel pluribus ; stylus erectus, filiformis; stigma
capitatum. Capsula membranacea, loculicide trivalvis, sessilis,
oblonga vel rotundata, obtuse vel acute trigona, seminibus
rotundatis vel triquetris numerosis vel paucis. Testa nigra.
Herbe bulbose, bulbis semper membranaceo-tunicatis, foliis sem-
per synanthiis, floribus racemosis vel subspicatis, bracteis. sepis-
sime minutis.

§ EuuvaorNTHUs. Segmenta tubo subequantia, vel excedentia,
lore expanso falcata vel suberecta. Capsula magna, obtuse tri-
gona, seminibus in loculo 6-30. Stamina insertione varia.

Elatze, foliis loratis bipedalibus.

Segmenta erecto-patentia, tubo duplo longiora, filamentis lon-
piora o esse sil oe 1. candicans.
Segmenta patula, tubo subzequantia, filamentis breviora.
2. princeps.

424 MR. J. G. BAKER ON LILIACE.E.

Mediocris, foliis 8-12 poll. longis, 4-6 lin. latis, segmentis limbi

patentibus ot areas, 3. orientalis.
Parvz, foliis 2-4 poll. longis, 1 lin. latis, segmentis limbi erecto-
patentibus.

Racemus confertus, pedicellis erecto-patentibus.
4. corymbosus.
Racemus laxus, pedicellis cernuis ...... 5. brevifolius.

§ HyAcINTHELLA (Schur., extens.). Segmenta tubo 2-8-plo bre-
viora, flore expanso suberecta. Loculi ovarii 9—4-ovulati.
Capsula parva, obtuse trigona. Stamina in tubo inserta.

Stamina subsessilia.

Bracteæ 4-6 lin. longæ. Perianthium 4-5 lin. longum, səg-

mentis ovans 45. a a 6. amethystinus.
Bracteæ minutissimæ. Perianthium 2-23 lin. longum, seg-
mentis lanceolatis cucullatis ........ 7. ledebourioides.
Filamenta distincte obvia.
Stamina prope basin tubi inserta ...... 8. azureus.
Stamina prope medium tubi biseriata.... 9. pseudo-muscart.

Stamina supra medium tubi subuniseriata.
Folia coriacea, 14-2 lin. lata, lineato-nervosa.
10. leucopheus.
Folia coriaceo-herbacea, 2-3 lin. lata, vix lineato-nervosa.
11. dalmaticus.

§ SrraNGWEIA (Parlat.). Segmenta tubum paulo excedentia, flore
expanso falcata. Stamina ex fauce tubi, uniseriata, filamentis
brevibus cuneatis bifidis, basi breviter connatis. Semina in
loculo 5-6.

apsces sola e M T 12. spicatus.

$ Betievartta (Lapeyr.). Segmenta tubo sepissime 2-3-plo
breviora, raro subequantia, flore expanso suberecta, filamentis
brevibus ex fauce uniseriatis. Loculi 2—4-ovulati. Capsula
parva, globosa, obtuse trigona, vel major acute trigona. Ñe-
mina in loculo 1-2.

Folia rigide coriacea, venis primariis distincte exsculptis.
Flonapum o. o o o 18. sessiliflorus.
Flores racemosi.

Folia margine primum minute ciliata .. 14. lineatus.

Folia margine diutine distincte ciliata. 15. hispidus.
Folia carnoso-herbacea, filiformia, subteretia. 16. Sastigiatus.
Folia carnoso-herbacea, planiuscula, linearia vel lorata.

MR. J. G. BAKER ON LILIACEX. 425

Pedicelli infimi capsulis subzequantes vel breviores.
Minores; perianthium 1-24 lin. longum.

Flores dense spicati .......-.......- 17. micranthus.

Flores dense subspicati ............ 18. nivalis.

Flores laxe racemosi......... e... 19. pycnanthus.
Majores; perianthium 4-7 lin. longum.

Segmenta tubo subæquantia ........ 20. romanus.

Segmenta tubo 2—4-plo breviora.
Perianthium 6-7 lin. longum.
Racemus laxus; segmenta tubo 3—4-plo breviora.
21. trifoliatus.
Racemus densus; segmenta tubo duplo breviora.
22. Aucheri.
Perianthium 33-5 lin. longum.
Folia 2-8 lin. lata; racemus expansus densus.
23. densiflorus.
Folia 3-6 lin. lata; racemus expansus laxus.
Folia margine ciliata; perianthium viridescens.
24. paradoxus.
Folia margine glabra ; perianthium livide cæruleum.
25. dubius.
Pedicelli infimi stricti, capsulis 3-8-plo excedentes..

Pedicelli infimi demum 3-4 poll. longi; folia margine ciliata.
Perianthium 44-5 lin. longum. . ...... 26. ciliatus.
Perianthium 21-3 lin. longum. . ...... 27. Pallasianus.

Pedicelli infimi demum 9-18 lin. longi; folia margine haud

ciliata.
Folia glauca ; pedicelli demum 15-18 lin. longi.
28. glaucus.
Folia viridia; pedicelli demum 9lin. longi. 29. macrobotrys.

l. H. canpicans, Baker in Saund. Ref. Bot. t. 174. Folia 4-5,
lorata, carnoso-herbacea, planiuscula, glaucescentia, 2-23 pedes longa,
18-21 lin. lata. Scapus firmus, 3-3}-pedalis. Racemus subpedalis,
12-20-florus, deorsum 5-6 poll. latus. Pedicelli cernui, infimi 15-
18 lin. longi. Bracteæ lanceolate, 12-18 lin. longe. Perianthium
album, 18 lin. longum, segmentis oblongo-spathulatis flore expanso
erecto-patentibus tubo duplo longioribus. Stamina prope faucem
tubi subuniseriata, filamentis 5-6 lin. longis. Capsula oblonga,
sessilis, obtuse angulata, seminibus confertis triquetris. Cap. B.
Spei, Drége, 3529 ! Natalia, ad fontem fluv. Fugela, In ditione Zulu,
Gerrard et M°Ken, 2146! v. v. in hort. Saundersonii.

426 MR. J. G. BAKER ON LILIACEJE.

2. H. PRINCEPS, Baker in Saund. Ref. Bot. t. 175. Folia 4-6, lo-
rata, carnoso-herbacea, planiuscula, viridia, 2 pedes longa, 15-18 lin.
lata. Racemus 12-18-florus, 6-8 poll. longus, 5-6 poll. latus. Pe-
dicelli erecto-patentes, infimi 11-2 poll. longi. Bractez lanceolate,
12-15 lin. longe. Perianthium album, fundo extrorsum viride, 14-
15 lin. longum, segmentis oblongo-spathulatis, flore expanso sub-
patulis tubo subzquantibus, interioribus brevioribus, latioribus, ob-
tusioribus. Stamina prope basin tubi leviter biseriata, filamentis
8-9 lin. longis, basi euneatis. Capsula oblonga, substipitata, obtuse
angulata. Kaffraria, in locis inundatis, Mrs. Barber, 884!

3. H. ORIENTALIS, L. Sp. 454; Willd. Sp. ii. 167 ; Bot. Mag. t. 937;

- Bot. Reg. t. 995; Red. Lil. t. 465; Kunth, Enum. iv. 303. Folia
4—6, carnoso-herbacea, viridia, 8-12 poll. longa, 4-6 lin. lata. Scapus
5-8-pollicaris. Racemus 6-12-florus, 3-4 poll. longus, expansus 2
poll. latus. Pedicelli floriferi cernui, 1-3 lin. longi. Bractez mi-
nutz, deltoidez. Perianthium 10-12 lin. longum, segmentis ob-
longo-spathulatis 2 lin. latis, flore expanso subpatentibus tubo in-
fundibuliformi demum ventricoso paulo brevioribus. Stamina infra
medium tubi, uniseriata, filamentis vix 1 lin. longis. Capsula de-
presso-globosa, obtuse trigona, seminibus in loculo 8-12. Oriens;
Syria, Libanus, Gaillardot ! Miss Osborne! Asia Minor, Kotschy, &c.
Grecia, Barbaria, Dalmatia.

Var. 8. PRoviNCIALIS, Baker.—H. provincialis, Jord. Pug. 39; Icones,
t. 219.—H. orientalis, Reich. Ic. t. 1005, et auct. multi. Gracilior,
folis viridioribus magis canaliculatis, floribus laxioribus paucioribus
paulo minoribus, tubo demum ventricoso, segmentis ligulatis 13 lin.
latis. Gallia meridionalis, Helvetia, Italia.

Var. y. ALBULUs, Baker.—H. albulus, Jord. Pug. 140 ; Icones, t. 217 ;
Gren. Fl. France, iii. 216. Gracilior, foliis erectioribus, floribus
paucioribus albidis, tubo cylindrico haud ventricoso, segmentis ob-
longis. Gallia meridionalis, Jordan.—H. precox, Jord. Pug. 141 ;
Icones, t. 216, H. modestus, Jord. et Four. Icones, t. 218, et H. ri-
gidulus, Jord. et Four. Icones, t. 220, sunt etiam varietates hujus
speciei in sensu latiore.

4. H. corymposus, Linn. Mant. 993; Thunb. Fl. Cap. 325; Jacq.
Coll. ii. 230, t. 19. fig. 2; Andr. Rep. t. 345.—Scilla corymbosa,
Bot. Mag. t. 1885.— Massonia corymbosa, Bot. Mag. t. 991.— Pe-
riboea corymbosa, Kunth, Enum. iv. 293. Folia 5-6, carnoso-her-
bacea, semiteretia, 2-4 poll. longa, 1 lin. lata, pallide viridia. Scapus
2-3-pollicaris. Racemus confertus, 4-9-florus, pedicellis erecto-pa-
tentibus, infimis 2-6 lin. longis. Bractez perminutz, deltoidee.
Perianthium lilacino-roseum, 6-7 lin. longum, segmentis erecto-
patentibus ligulatis tubo subzquantibus. Stamina distincte bise-
riata, superiora e fauce, inferiora e medio tubi, filamentis filiformibus

MR. J. G. BAKER ON LILIACER. ‘427

li lin. longis. Ovarium sessile, obtuse trigonum, loculis 6-8 ovu-
latis. Cap. B. Spei, Masson! Nelson! Drége! Ecklon, 111! Zeyher,
1715! &c.

. H. BnEviIFOLIUS, Thunb. Prodr. 63; Flor. Cap. 325.—Scilla bre-

vifolia et brachyphylla, Roem. et Schult. Syst. vii. 574.—S. brevi-
folia, Gawl. Bot. Mag. t. 1468.—Peribcea Gawleri et brevifolia, Kunth,
Enum. iv. 293-94. Folia 4-5, carnoso-herbacea, semiteretia, 2-3
poll. longa, 1 lin. lata. Scapus folia superans. Racemus laxus,
subsecundus, 6-8-tlorus, 13-2 poll. longus. Pedicelli cernui, infimi
5-6 lin. longi. Bractez perminute. Perianthium 6-7 lin. longum,
segmentis ligulatis erecto-patentibus tubum paulo superantibus. Sta-
mina prope faucem tubi leviter biseriata, filamentis filiformibus an-
theras 4-6-plo excedentibus. Cap. B. Spei (non vidi).

. H. ameruystinus, L. Sp. 454; Willd. Sp. ii. 167; Red. Lil.

t. 14; Sweet, Flow. Gard. t. 135; Bot. Reg. t. 398; Bot. Mag.
t. 2425; Kunth, Enum. iv. 304.—Brimeura amethystina, Salisb.
Gen. 26.—H. hispanicus, Lam. Encyc. iii. 191. Folia 6-8, erecta,
carnoso-herbacea, viridia, anguste linearia, 4-8 poll. longa, 2-3 lin.
lata. Scapus 4-12-pollicaris. Racemus laxe 4-12-florus, expansus,
1-3 poll. longus, 12-15 lin. latus. Pedicelli floriferi erecto-pa-
tentes, apice cernui, infimi 3-6 lin. longi. Bractez lineares, violacez,
4-6 lin. longi. Perianthium saturate azureum, 43-5 lin. longum,
segmentis ovatis suberectis tubo ore 1-13 lin. crasso triplo bre-
vioribus. Antherz prope medium tubi biseriatim subsessiles. Ova-
rium sessile, loculis 3-4-ovulatis. Capsula globosa, sessilis, 3—4 lin.
longa et lata. Hispania, Gallia meridionalis, Croatia, Bosnia.

$5 HE LEDEBOURIOIDES, Baker. Folia 3-4, carnoso-herbacea, lamina

lineari-lanceolata 3-6 lin. lata, 12-18 lin. longa, in petiolum sub-
equilongum angustata. Scapus gracillimus, 2-3 poll. longus. Ra-
cemus laxus, 12-20-florus, 12-18 lin. longus, 6-8 lin. latus. Pedi-
celli 1 lin. longi, floriferi ascendentes. Bractez minutissimz, del-
toidez. Perianthium 2-23 lin. longum, albidum, membranaceum,
segmentis lanceolatis cucullatis erecto-patentibus tubo anguste in-
fundibuliformi subduplo brevioribus. Stamina supra medium tubi,
distincte biseriata, subsessilia. Capsula sessilis, depresso-globosa,
profunde obtuse trisuleata, vix 1 lin. longa, seminibus in loculo
solitariis. Africa austro-tropicalis orientalis, in ditione fluv. Zam-
besi, Dr. Meller! Dr. Kirk! Ab speciebus reliquis recedit segmentis
limbi, more Drimie, cucullatis.

-H AZUREUS, Baker.—Muscari azureum, Fenzl, Delect. Sem. Vind.

1858, Tchih. As. Minor, Bot. ii. 539. Folia 2-5, carnoso-herbacea,
incurvo-patula, late linearia, navicularia, triente superiore sensim ob-
longo-dilatata, apice obtusissima, callose subfornicata. Scapus digi-

428

MR. J. G. BAKER ON LILIACE®.

talis vel subpalmaris. Racemus densus, 4-12 lin. longus. Pedicelli
sub anthesi cernui, fructiferi erecti. Perianthium campanulatum,
azureum, fauce ampliatum, segmentis late ovatis porrectis concolori-
bus tubo dimidio brevioribus. Stamina prope basin perianthii in- .
serta, dimidio tubi vix longiora. Cilicia, Kotschy.— Leucopheo af-
finis, teste Tchih. loc. cit.

9. H. PSEUDO-MUSCARI, Baker.—Bellevallia pseudo-muscari, Bois.

Diag. ser. ii. iv. 110. Folia linearia, canaliculata, scapo longiora.
Racemus densus, ovatus. Pedicelli cernui, floribus dimidio breviores.
Perianthium ceruleum, campanulatum, apice haud constrictum, seg-
mentis ovato-oblongis tubo subtriplo brevioribus. Stamina prope
medium tubi biseriatim inserta, filamentis antheris subzquantibus.
Capsula globosa, apice retusa. Habitu et magnitudine florum ad
Muscari neglectum accedit. Persia, Buhse, feste Boissier (non vidi).

10. H. LEvcoPHuxus, Steven in Led. Ross. iv. 156; Reich. Ic. Crit.

iv. p. 27, t. 511.—Muscari leucophzeum, C. Koch, Linnea, xxii.
254; Steven, Taur. 337.—Hyacinthella leucophza, Schur, Oest.
bot. Wochenbl. 1856, p. 227.— Botryanthus stereophyllus, Herbich,
Oest. bot. Wochenbl. 1855, p. 152; Walp. Ann. vi. 113.—Muscari
pallens, Besser, non aliorum. Folia 2, anguste linearia, basin scapi
cingentia, 4-6 poll. longa, 12-2 lin. lata, striato-nervosa, in dimidio
inferiore angustata. Scapus gracilis, 4-6-pollicaris. Racemus sub-
dense 20-30-forus, 9-24 lin. longus, 6-8 lin. latus. Pedicelli
erecto-patentes, infimi ]-13 lin. longi. Bractez deltoide:e, perparvze.
Perianthium 1 lin. latum, 2 lin. longum, album vel pallide cæruleum,
segmentis erectis tubo duplo brevioribus. Stamina supra medium
tubi, subuniseriata, filamentis filiformibus antheris zquilongis. Cap-
sula depresso-globosa, 1 lin. longa, profunde obtuse trisuleata. Se-
mina in loculo 2. Rossia meridionalis (Odessa, Podolia, Volhynia),
Besser, &c! Georgia, Pallas ! Transylvania, teste Schur.

11. H. nALMarIcCus, Baker.—H. pallens, Vis. Fl. Dalm. i. 150, non

M. Bieb. Folia 2, carnoso-coriacea, glabra, lineari-lanceolata, vix
lineato-nervosa, 2--3 poll. longa, 2-3 lin. lata, faleata. Scapus erec-
tus, gracilis, 2-3-pollicaris. Racemus subdense 12-18-florus, ex-
pansus | poll. longus, 6-7 lin. latus. Pedicelli erecto-patentes, in-
fimi 3-1 lin. longi. Bractez subobsolete. Perianthium pallide
ceruleum, 23 lin. longum, segmentis ovato-deltoideis erectis tubo
demum ventricoso lj lin. erasso triplo brevioribus. Stamina supra
medium tubi, subuniseriata, filamentis filiformibus antheris zequilongis.
Capsula immatura globosa, 1 lin. longa, loculis biovulatis. Dal-
matia in subalpinis, Petter, Exsic. 338! sub nomine Scille bifolie.
Ad precedentem arcte affinis.

12. H. spicarus, Smith, Prodr. Fl. Grec. 237; Lindl. Bot. Reg.

MR. J. G. BAKER ON LILIACEÆ. 429

t. 1869.—Bellevallia spicata, Boiss. Diagn. vii. 110.—Foxia spicata,
Parl. Nuov. Gen. 18.—Strangeveia hyacinthoides, Bertol. Mem. Soc.
Ital. t. 21.—Puschkinia? dubia, Kunth, Enum. iv. 338.—Folia 6-8,
linearia, carnoso-herbacea, 3-6 poll. longa, 2-3 lin. lata, basi angu-
stata, subtiliter ciliata. Scapi 1-3-pollicares. Flores 6-12, dense
subspicati. Bracteæ medio affixz, lanceolate vel deltoidex, 1-13
lin. longe. Perianthium obscure ceruleum, 3-4 lin. longum, seg-
mentis oblongis subacutis flore expanso faleatis tubum excedentibus.
Stamina ex fauce, uniseriata, filamentis deltoideis petaloideis bifidis
basi breviter connatis antheris sequantibus haud 3 lin. longis. Ca-
psula globosa, parva. Semina in loculo 5-6. Grecia, Creta, Insule
lonice.

13. H. SESSILIFLORUS, Viv. Fl. Libyc. 21, t. 7. fig. 5.—Bellevallia
sessiliflora, Kunth, Enum. iv. 311.—Muscari sessiliflorum, Spreng.
Syst. ii. 66.—H. nervosus, Bert. Mise. i. p. 2.— B. aleppica, Boiss.
Diagn. ser. 2, iv. ll. Folia 2, basin scapi cingentia, coriacea, lanceo-
lata, acuta, lineari-nervosa, 2-4 poll. longa, 3-5 lin. lata, margine mi-
nute ciliata. Scapus flexuosus, 2-6-pollicaris. Flores 6-20, dense
spicati. Spica 6-21 lin. longa, expansa 6-8 lin. lata. Bractez minu-
tissimz. Perianthium pallide czruleum, 23-3 lin. longum. segmentis
erecto-patentibus lanceolatis tubo ore 1 lin. crasso triplo brevioribus.
Stamina ex fauce, uniseriata, filamentis complanatis, ut antheris, vix
ultra 4 lin. longis. Loculi biovulati.— Libya, Viviani ; Egyptus, Oli-
vier, teste Kunth ; Aleppo, Kotschy, Pl. Alep. Kurd. 15 (sub nom. Mus-
cari ciliati) ! ad ripas fluv. Euphrate, prope Port W illiam, Chesney !

14. H. riNEATUS, Steud. in Roem. et Schult. Syst. vii. 584. —Belle-
vallia lineata, Kunth. Enum. iv. 309.—B. Heldreichii, Boiss. Diagn.
ser. 2, iv. 111. Folia 2, raro 3, basin scapi cingentia, coriacea, lanceo-
lata, acuta, faleata, lineato-nervosa, 3-4 poll. longa, 3-6 lin. lata, pri-
mum minute ciliata. Scapi 2-4-pollicares. Racemus 6-12-florus,
expansus | poll. longus, 6-8 lin. latus. Pedicelli infimi erecto-pa-
tentes, 1-14 lin. longi. Bractes minutissime. Perianthium saturate
violaceum, 13-2 lin. longum, segmentis deltoideis erectis tubo 1 lin.
crasso demum ventricoso 3-4-plo brevioribus. Stamina ex fauce, *
uniseriata, filamentis complanatis antheris subeequantibus. Loculi 2-
ovulati.—Smyrna, Fleischer ( Unio Itin. 1827, sub nomine falso H. ci-
liati)! 4dalia, Heldreich ! Cappadocia, Montbret! Taurus, Aucher
Eloy, 2116!

15. H. nisprpus, Baker.— Bellevallia hispida, J. Gay, Bull. Soc. Bot.
France, iii. 240, ex parte. Folia 2 vel 3, basin scapi 2-3 poll. arcte
cingentia, parte libera lanceolata, 2-3 poll. longa, 3-7 lin. lata, coria-
cea, acuta, lineato-nervosa, margine conspicue ciliata, facie utrinque
glabra, deorsum dorso subtiliter purpureo maculata. Scapi firmi,

LINN. PROC.—BOTANT, VOL. XI. 268

430 MR. J. G. BAKER ON LILIACEA.

erecti, 6-12 poll. longi, interdum geminati. Perianthium pallide cæ-
ruleum, 1- 13 lin. longum, segmentis tubo triplo brevioribus. Race-
mus 10-20-florus, fructiferus 1-2 poll. longus, deorsum 1 poll. latus
pedicellis erecto-patentibus, infimis 3-4 lin. longis. Capsula globosa,
l lin. longa, obtuse trigona. Semina in loculo 1-2. Phrygia, prope
Ouchak, Balansa!

Var. 8. PLATYPHYLLUS, Gay, Herb. Pars libera foliorum ovata, 2 poll.
longa, medio 9-12 lin. lata, venis distincte exsculptis utrinque costam
circiter 10. Phrygia, ad montem Mourad-Dagh, Balansa! Planta
Cilicica Balansana sub No.815 in Exsic.ejus, sub nomine Gayano Scille
hispide divulgata, est species alia, in statu fructifero tantum nota, ex
vestigiis perianthii obviis verisimiliter ad Scillam referenda.

16. H. FASTIGIATUS, Bert. Ann. Stor. Nat. iv. 62; Fl. Ital. iv. 157;
Gren. et Godr. Fl. Franc. iii. 217.—H. Pouzolzii, Gay in Lois. Not.
15; Parl. Fl. Ital. ii. 484.—Scilla fastigiata, Viv. App. Cors. 1.
Folia 2-3, carnoso-herbacea, filiformia, subteretia, 3—4 poll. longa, !
lin. lata, sæpe inferne bulbifera. Scapus flaccidus, 1-2-pollicaris.
Racemus dense subcorymbosus, 3-6-florus. Pedicelli erecto-patentes,
infimi 3-6 lin. longi. Bractez ovate, cuspidate, 2-3 lin. longe.
Perianthium lilaeinum, 31-4 lin. longum, segmentis oblongo-lanceo-
latis barbulatis tubo turbinato subzquantibus. Stamina e fauce, uni-
seriata, filamentis deorsum complanatis antheris eequilongis. Loculi
2-3-ovulati. Corsica, Pouzols! Kralik 802! Requien ! Soleirol! &c.
Habitu ad Scillam vernam arcte accedit.

17. H. micrantuus, Baker.— Bellevallia micrantha, Boiss. Diagn. v. 63.
Folia 2, basin scapi longe cingentia, carnoso-herbacea, glabra, falcata,
linearia, 2-23 poll. longa, 1-13 lin. lata, obtusa. Scapus gracilis,
2-3 poll.longus. Flores 6-12, dense spicati. Spica 3-6 lin. longa,
2-3 lin. lata. Perianthium pallidum, 1 lin. longum, late infundibuli-
forme, segmentis deltoideis erectis tubo 4-plo brevioribus. Antherz
e fauce tubi, uniseriatz, subsessiles. Asia Minor, Aucher Eloy, 2115!

18. H. nivauis, Baker.—Bellevallia nivalis, Boiss. et Kotschy, Diag.
ser. 2, iv. 110. Folia 3-4, carnoso-coriacea, anguste linearia, 3-4
poll. longa, 2-3 lin. lata, margine glabra. Scapus 13-2-pollicaris.
Racemus subdense 8-12-florus, expansus vix l poll. longus. Pedicelli
brevissimi, infimi vix ultra 4 lin. longi. Bractez minutissime. Pe-
rianthium pallide exruleum, 2} lin. longum, segmentis lanceolatis
tubo triplo brevioribus. Stamina ex fauce, uniseriata, filamentis
brevibus complanatis. Capsula globosa, 1 lin. longa, obtuse trigona.

Syria prope Damascum, Kotschy, Iter Syriacum, 1855, No. 58! Cyprus,
Kotschy, 411.

19. H. pycnantuvs, Baker.—Muscari pyenanthum, C. Koch, Linnea,

MR. J. G. BAKER ON LILIACE.E. 431

xxii. 253; Led. Fl. Ross. iv. 154. Folia 2-3, carnoso-herbacea, line-
aria, 4-6 poll. longa, 4-6 lin. lata, utrinque angustata, margine glabra.
Scapus gracilis, 4-6-polliearis. Racemus 8-12-florus, expansus 1 poll.
longus, 6-8 lin. latus. Pedicelli cerulei, infimi 13 lin. longi, patentes
vel cernui. Bracteze minute, lanceolate. Perianthium saturate.
diutine ceruleum, 2 lin. longum, segmentis deltoideis erectis tubo
3-4-plo brevioribus. Stamina ex fauce, uniseriata, filamentis antheris
zquilongis. Caucasus, C. Koch. Armenia, Calvert 1366 !

20. H. romanus, Linn. Mant. 224; Wilid. Sp. ii. 169; Red. Lil.
t. 334; Sibth. et Sm. Fl. Grec. 340.—Bellevallia romana, Reich. Fl.
Germ. 105 ; Ic. t. 1002; Parl. Ital. ii. 486; Kunth, Enum. iv. 307.—
Scilla romana, Gawl. Bot. Mag. t. 939.—Bellevallia appendiculata et
operculata, Lap. Folia 4-5, erecto-patentia, viridia, glabra, carnoso-
herbacea, 12-18 poll. longa, 4-6 lin. lata, e medio utrinque sensim
angustata. Seapus 6-12-polliearis. Racemus 20-30-florus, expan-
sus 2-3 poll. longus, 1-2 poll.latus. Pedicelli floriferi erecto-patentes,
infimi 3-6 lin. longi. Bractez parvæ, deltoidee. Perianthium album
vel pallide cæruleum, 4-44 lin. longum, segmentis lanceolatis subacutis
tubo æquilongis. Stamina ex fauce, uniseriata, filamentis cọmplana-
tis 1 lin. longis. Capsula globosa, 6 lin. longa et lata, obtuse trigona.
Semina in loculo 1-2. E Barbaria et Gallia meridionali ad Cyprum,

Greciam, et "Egyptum.

21. H. TRIFOLIATUS, Ten. Neap. iii. 376, t. 136.—Bellevallia trifoliata,
Kunth, Enum. iv. 308; Gren. et Godr. Fl. France, iii. 217; Parl. Fl.
Ital. ii. 499. —H. abortivus, Cavalier, Notes, 14, t. 1. fig. A. Folia 3,
lorata, carnoso-herbacea, basin scapi cingentia, 13-2 pedes longa, 6-9
lin. lata, margine minutissime ciliata. Scapus pedalis vel ultra. Ra-
cemus 10-30-florus, expansus 2-3 poll. longus, 16-18 lin. latus.
Pedicelli floriferi infimi patentes vel cernui, 2-3 lin. longi. Bractex
parve, deltoidez. Perianthium 6-7 lin. longum, tubo infundibuli-
formi violaceo ore 13-2 lin. crasso, segmentis oblongis obtusis viri-
dibus tubo 3-4-plo brevioribus. Stamina ex fauce, uniseriata, fila-
mentis complanatis l lin. longis. Capsula late elliptica, utrinque sub-
truncata. Semina in loculo 1-2. Gallia meridionalis, Italia, Rhodus,
Algeria, Grecia, Cyprus.

22. H. AvcnEnr, Baker. Folia 3, basin scapi cingentia, carnoso-co-
riacea, linearia, 6-8 poll. longa, 4-6 lin. lata, margine glabra. Scapus
firmus, 3- 4-pollicaris. Racemus dense 20-25-florus, expansus 1i poll.
longus, 14-15 lin. latus. Pedicelli infimi floriferi cernui, 23-3 lin.
longi. Perianthium 6 lin. longum, segmentis ovato-lanceolatis sub-
erectis tubo ore 2 lin. crasso duplo brevioribus. DBractez minute,
deltoideæ. Stamina ex fauce, uniseriata, filamentis basi cuneatis an-
theras paulo excedentibus. Persia, prope Ispahan, Aucher Eloy,
5396!

2602

432 MR. J. G. BAKER ON LILIACEE.

23. II. DENSIFLORUS, Baker.—Bellevallia densiflora, Boiss. Diagn. vii.
109. Folia 2-3, linearia, carnoso-herbacea, glabra, 5-6 poll. longa,
2-3 lin. lata. Scapus 3-4-pollicaris. Racemus dense 20-30-florus,
expansus 15-18 lin. longus, 1 poll. latus. Pedicelli infimi floriferi
3-4 lin. longi. Bracteæ minute, deltoideze. Perianthium pallidum,

3-5 Jin. longum, segmentis lanceolatis tubo ore 1 lin. crasso triplo

brevioribus. Stamina ex fauce, uniseriata, filamentis complanatis vix

ultra 3 lin. longus. Syria orientalis, Aucher Eloy, 2121!

24. H. PARADOXUS, Fisch. et Meyer, Ind. Sem. i. 30 (ex descriptione
brevi).—Muscari paradoxum et montanum, C. Koch, Linnea, xxii.
253; Led. Fl. Ross. iv. 153.— Bellevallia flexuosa, Boiss. Diagn. xiii.
36! Folia 3-4, basin scapi cingentia, carnoso-herbacea, lorata, 6-12
poll. longa, 3-6 lin. lata, margine primum minute ciliata. Scapus
firmus, 3-12-polliearis. Racemus sublaxe 6-20-florus, expansus 1-3
poll. longus, 12-18 lin. latus. Pedicelli infimi patentes vel ascendentes
3-4 lin. longi. Bractez minute, deltoidez. Perianthium 4-44 lin.
longum, obscure coloratum, segmentis ovato-lanceolatis erectis tubo
ore 13 lin. crasso 2-3-plo brevioribus. Stamina ex fauce, uniseriata,
filamentis antheris subzquilongis. Capsula subglobosa, 4-41 lin.
longa, acute angulata. Semina in loculo solitaria in exemplis nostris.
Syria, Blanche 94! Magdala, Lowne! Hierosolyma, Dr. Roth! Miss
Osborne 178! Caucasus, C. Koch (an eadem? non vidi).

Var. 8. conrertus, Baker, Scapi 2-3 poll: longi. Racemi densiores,
floribus superioribus sessilibus, inferioribus pedicellis erecto-patentibus

vix ultra 2 lin. longis instructis. In Palestina, prope Jericho,
Lowne!

25. H. pusius, Guss. Cat. 1821, p. 32; Prodr. 424.—Bellevallia dubia,
Reich. Eacurs. i. 105 ; Kunth, Enum. iv. 308 ; Parl. FI. Ital. ii. 488.
B. Gussoneana, Griseb. Fl. Rumel. ii. 387.—B. Webbiana, Parl. Nuov.
Gen. 19; Fl. Ital. ii. 489. Folia 3-5, anguste lorata, glaucescentia,
carnoso-herbacea, glabra, 9-15 poll. longa, 3-6 lin. lata, e medio
utrinque angustata. Scapus 9-15-pollicaris. Racemus laxe 12-30-
florus, expansus 2-3 poll. longus, ] poll. latus. Pedicelli infimi flo-
riferi patentes, 2-3 lin. longi, fructiferi erecto-patentes, 3-5 lin. longi.
Bractez minute, deltoideæ. Perianthium ceruleum, 31-4 lin. longum,
segmentis ovato-deltoideis tubo ore 13 lin. crasso triplo brevioribus.
Stamina ex fauce, uniseriata, filamentis deorsum complanatis antheris
zquantibus. Capsula obovoidea, 4 lin. longa, acute trigona, semini-
bus in loculo 1-2. Italia, Webb! Sicilia, Parlatore! Huet de Pavil-
lon ! Gussone! &e. Creta, Zuccarini ! Dalmatia.

26. H. ciLrATUS, Cyrill. Neap. ii. 22, t. 10; M. Bieb. Fl. Taur. Cauc.
i. 284; Ten. Neap. iii. 376, t. 135.— Bellevallia ciliata, Nees, Gen. iv.
t. 8. fig. 4, 5, 22; Kunth, Enum. iv. 308; Parl. Fl. Ital. ii. 491.—

MR. J. G. BAKER ON LILIACEJE. 433
Muscari ciliatum, Gawl. Bot. Reg. t. 394; Ledeb. Fl. Ross. iv. 153.
—H. sarmanticus, Pallas, Nov. Act. Petr. x. 309. Folia 4-6, lorata,
carnoso-herbacea, 8-15 poll. longa, 6-12 lin. lata, margine primum
distincte ciliata. Seapus firmus, 6-12-pollicaris vel ultra. Racemus
laxe 30-60-florus, floriferus 4-8 poll. longus. . Pedicelli floriferi flex-
uosi, infimi 1-3 poll. longi, fructiferi stricti, horizontaliter patentes,
infimi 3-4 poll. longi. Bractez minute, deltoidex. Perianthium
lividum, 43-5 lin. longum, segmentis erectis ovato-lanceolatis tubo
ore 13 lin. crasso triplo brevioribus. Stamina ex fauce, uniseriata, fi-
lamentis basi euneatis 1 lin. longis. Capsula obovato-oblonga, 6 lin.
longa. Semina in loculo 1-2. Ex Algeria, Bové ! et Italia ad Tau
riam, Iberiam, Kurdistan, Chesney, 88 ! 106! Brant! et Beloochistan,
Stocks !

27. H. PALLASIANUS, Stev. Taur. 337.—H. amethystinus, Pallas, Iter,
iii. 589, non Linneus.—H. patentissimus, Pallas, MSS. Folia 4-5,
carnoso-herbacea, lorata, 6-9 poll. longa, 6-8 lin. lata, margine pri-
mum ciliata. Scapus 6—9-pollicaris. Racemus laxe 20—40-florus,
floriferus 2-4 poll. longus. Pedicelli floriferi flexuosi, infimi 6-24
lin. longi, fructiferi stricti, subpatentes, infimi 3-4 poll.longi. Peri-
anthium 21-3 lin. longum, purpureo-lividum, segmentis deltoideis
tubo ore 1 lin. erasso subduplo brevioribus. Stamina ex fauce, unise-
riata, filamentis antheris subzequilongis. Capsula oblonga, 43-5 lin.
longa, acute trigona. Semina in loculo 1-2. Odessa et Caucasus,
Pallas !

28. H. aLAvucus, Baker.—Muscari glaucum, Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1085;
Roem. et Schult. Syst. vii. 1709.— Bellevallia glauca, Kunth, Enum. iv.
309.—M. Wilhelmsii, Stev. Taur. 336? Folia 5-6, carnoso-herbacea,
glauca, lineari-lorata, 6-12 poll. longa, 4-8 lin. lata, margine haud
ciliata. Scapus firmus, 6-12-polliearis. Racemus laxe 30 -50-florus,
floriferus 3-4 poll. longus. Pedicelli floriferi flexuosi, infimi 6-18
lin. longi, fructiferi strieti, subpatentes, infimi 15-18 lin. longi.
Bracteze minute, deltoidez. Perianthium 4 lin. longum, purpureo-
viride, segmentis erectis ovato-lanceolatis tubo ore 13 lin. crasso 2-3-
plo brevioribus. Stamina ex fauce, uniseriata, filamentis basi cuneatis
antheris subzquilongis. Capsula ovoidea, 5-6 lin. longa, acute tri-
gona. Semina in loculo 1-2. Persia australis, Kotschy 23! Af-
ghanistan, Griffith, 5798 ! Beloochistan, Stocks !

29. H. MAcRonornRvs, Baker.—Bellevallia macrobotrys, Boiss. Diagn.
xiii. 35. Folia lorata, viridia, scapo elato subzquilonga, margine pri-
mum minute serrulata. Racemus laxus fructiferus pedalis vel ultra.

Pedicelli floriferi floribus equilongi, fructiferi eis triplo longiores, tunc
Perianthium 3 lin. longum, cæruleum, demum
brevioribus. Filamenta basi dila-
Palestina, Boissier (non vidi).

arcuato-patentes.
lividum, segmentis tubo subtriplo
tata, antheris rubello-ferrugineis.

434. Mm. J. G. BAKER ON LILIACE2.

23. RuApAMANTHUS, Salisb.

Salisb. Gen. 37.—Hyacinthi, sp., Zinn.

Perianthium. campanulatum, segmentis ovatis obtusis «qualibus
erectis tubo subequantibus. Stamina ad medium tubi, subuni-
seriata, inclusa, filamentis brevibus erectis deorsum complanatis,
antheris lineari-oblongis adnatis superne foramine obcuneato
dehiscentibus. Ovarium ovoideum, sessile, leviter trisuleatum,
ovulis in loculis 9-10; stylus brevis, rectus ; stigma capitatum.
Capsula membranacea, sessilis, ovoidea, loculicide trivalvis, se-
minibus discoideis uniseriatis alatis 6-8 in loculo. Testa nigra.
Herba bulbosa, floribus laxe racemosis, foliis subteretibus hyste-
ranthiis carnoso-herbaceis.

1. R. coNvALLARIOIDES, Salisb. Gen. 37.—Hyacinthus convallarioides,
Linn. Suppl. 204 ; Thunb. Fl. Cap. 326 ; Jacq. Schoen. t. 81 ; Kunth,
Enum.iv. 305. Folia 9-10, 21-3 poll. longa, lineari-subulata, facie
canaliculata. Scapus ante folia productus, 3-6 poll.longus. Raeemus
6-20-florus. Pedicelli 3-4 lin. longi. Bractez minutze, deltoidez.
Perianthium 3-31 lin. longum, albidum, viridi-purpureo vittatum.
Cap. B. Spei, Masson !

24. PUSCHKINIA, Adams.

Adams, Nov. Act. Petr. xiv. 164, t. B; Endl. Gen. 1185; Kunth,
Enum. iv. 837; Salisb. Gen. 27.—Adamsia, Willd. Berl. Mag.
it. 16.

Perianthium rotatum, campanulato- vel infundibuliformi-gamo-
phyllum, segmentis ligulatis tqualibus flore expanso horizon-

taliter patentibus tubo longioribus. Corona membranacea, ad

faucem tubi imposita, profunde 6-fida, dentibus emarginatis vel
integris. Stamina intra prope basin coron: imposita, filamentis
brevibus, antheris lineari-oblongis versatilibus. Ovariwm ses-
sile, oblongum, obtuse trigonum, ovulis in loculo 5-6; stylus
filiformis, brevis ; stigma capitatum. Capsula sessilis, membra-
nacea, loculicide trivalvis, seminibus in loculo paucis, parvis,
haud compressis. Testa nigra. Herbe parve bulbose foliis
planiusculis geminatis synanthiis, Jloribus paucis laxe racemosis
raro solitariis.

Tubus eampaqulatus, segmentis 2-3-plo brevior.

l. scilloides.

Tubus infundibuliformis, segmentis paulo brevior.

2. hyacinthoides.

MR. J. G. BAKER ON LILIACEZ. 435

l. P. sciLLoipEs, Adams, Nov. Acta Petrop. xix. 164; Bieb. Pl. Ross.
ii. t.91; Bot. Mag. t. 2244. Kunth, Enum. iv. 338.—Adamsia scil-
loides, Willd. Enum. Suppl. 16.—P. libanotica, Zucc. Kunth, Enum.
iv. 680. Folia 2, carnoso-herbacea, lineari-lorata, basin scapi longe
cingentia, scapo subzquantia, viridia, 3-6 lin. lata. Scapus gracilis,
6—9-pollicaris. Racemus 1-6-florus. Pedicelli erecto-patentes, infimi
3-4 lin. longi. Perianthium 5-6 lin. longum, albido-czruleum, seg-
mentis obtusis 13 lin. latis, tubum campanulatum 2-3-plo excedenti-
bus. Corona segmentis 3-4-plo brevior, dentibus integris vel emargi-
natis. Caucasus, Klustine! Hohenacker ! Karabagh, Fischer! Szovitz!
Armenia, Aucher Eloy, 5392! Kurdistan, Capt. Garden ! Libanus, Erdl!

. P. BYACINTHOIDES, Baker. Folia 2, carnoso-herbacea, lineari-
lorata, basin scapi longe cingentia, scapum excedentia, 3-4 lin. lata.
Scapus gracilis, 3-4-pollicaris. Racemi conferti, secundi, 4—6-flori,
pedicellis infimis 1-13 lin. longis. Perianthium album, 4 lin. longum,
segmentis 1 lin. latis tubum infundibuliformem paulo excedentibus.
Corona 1 lin. longa, dentibus truncatis emarginatis. Kurdistan, Oroo-
mah, Capt. Garden !

to

25. CHIONODOXA, Boiss.

Boiss. Diagn. v. 61; Jaub. et Spach, Ill. t. 443.—Hyacinthi sp.
Auct.

Perianthium rotatum, campanulato- vel infundibuliformi-gamo-
phyllum, segmentis ligulatis equalibus flore expanso patentibus
tubum 2—3-plo excedentibus. Stamina ad faucem tubi, unise-
riata, filamentis cuneatis petaloideis, antheris linearibus bifidis
versatilibus. Ovarium globosum, obtuse trigonum, ovulis in
loculo pluribus ; stylus subnullus; stigma capitatum. Capsula
sessilis, membranacea, loculicide trivalvis, seminibus in loculo
paucis, parvis, haud compressis. Testa nigra. Herbe parve
bulbose foliis planiusculis geminatis, floribus paucis lave racemosis
vel sepe solitariis.

Scapi uni- vel raro biflori.

Filamenta equalia.
Perianthium 5-6 lin. longum, segmentis tubum 2-3-plo exce-

m du MEN QC RM ae l. nana.
Perianthium 7-8 lin. longum, segmentis tubum paulo exce-
nO c DC MATE Qu e ee ee ene 2. cretica.
Filamenta alterna longiora et angustiora ...... 3. Lucilie.
Beapi efor: oe. ios cee o REN INIM

1. C. nana, Boiss. et Held. in Boiss. Diagn. xiii. 24.—Hyacinthus
nanus, Roem. et Schult. Syst. vii. 581; Kunth, Enum. iv. 304.—
Puschkinia scilloides, Sieber, Crete, ii. 319, t. 7, non Adams. Folia
3-4 poll. longa, 1-1} lin. lata. Scapus filiformis, foliis subaquans,

436 MR. J. G. BAKER ON LILIACER.

uniflorus. Perianthium 5-6 lin. longum, segmentis 1 lin. latis tubum
2-3.plo excedentibus. Filimenta ? lin. longa, deorsum + lin. lata.

Creta, in regione subalpina, Von Heldreich !

2. C. cnETICA, Boiss. et Held. in Boiss. Diagn. xii. 24; Jaub. et
Spach, Ill. t. 433. Folia 6-9 vel demum 12 poll. longa, 3-6 lin.
lata. Scapus gracilis, 6-10-pollicaris, uni- vel raro biflorus. Pe-
rianthium 7-8 lin. longum, segmentis ligulato-spathulatis 13-2 lin.
latis tubo infundibuliformi vix ultra 1 lin. crasso paulo longioribus.
Filamenta | lin. longa, 3-} lin. lata. Creta in regione subalpina,
Von Heldreich !

3. C. LuciLrs, Boiss. Diagn. v. 61. Folia 3-4 poll. longa, 13-2 lin.
lata. Scapus gracilis, foliis subzequans, uni- vel raro biflorus. Pe-
rianthium 7-8 lin. longum, segmentis ligulato-spathulatis, 12-2 lin.
latis, tubo 2-3-plo longioribus. Filamenta inzequalia, alterna 14 lin.
longa et 3 lin. lata, et 1 lin. longa et 3 lin. lata. Asia Minor;
Tmolus ad nives deliquescentes, Boissier !

4. C. Fonnazsit, Baker. Folia 6-8 poll. longa, 2-3 lin. lata. Scapus
gracilis, foliis subzquans uni- vel sepe laxe 2-4-flori. Pedicelli
erecto-patentes, infimi 9-21 lin. longi. Perianthium 6 lin. longum,
saturate czruleum, segmentis 11-12 lin. latis tubum turbinatum pal-
lidum triplo excedentibus. Filamenta zqualia, oblongo-ligulata, 1
lin. longa. Lycia, Prof. E. Forbes 695 !

Var. 8. inaa, Baker. Perianthium albidum, vix ultra 4-5 lin. lon-
gum. Pedicelli breviores, infimi 6-9 lin. longi. Creta, ad verticem
montis Ide, Lieut. Spratt!

26. Opontostemum, Torrey.
Torrey, Bot. Whipple, 94, t. 24.

Perianthium tubuloso-gamophyllum, segmentis sequalibus lanceo-
latis demum reflexis tubo subequantibus. Stamina fertilia 6,
ex fauce tubi, uniseriata, filamentis brevibus basi connatis cum
staminodiis 6 linearibus alternantibus, antheris oblongis ver-
satilibus. Ovarium sessile, globosum, obtuse trigonum, ovulis
in loculo geminatis, collateralibus ; stylus elongatus, filiformis ;
stigma stipitatum. Capsula sessilis, globosa, loculicide trivalvis,
seminibus in loculo 1-2. Herba bulbosa, caule divaricatim
ramoso deorsum foliato, foliis graminoideis, ramis Jloriferis ra-
cemosis.

1. O. Harrweeu, Torrey, loc. cit. ; Wood, Proe. Acad. Phil. 1867,
p. 174. Folia anguste linearia, 6-9 poll. longa, 3-5 lin. lata, sub-
coriacea, acuta, persistentia. Caulis 1i-2-pedalis. Racemi laxe
10-30-flori, 3-6 poll. longi, 10-12 lin. lati. Bractez lineares, in-
feriores 2-3 lin. longz. Pedicelli stricti, erecto-patentes, 3-6 lin.
longi. Perianthium albidum, 5-6 lin. longum. Stamina segmentis
6-8-plo breviora. California, Hartweg, 2008! Lobb 165! Whipple !

MR. DALZELL ON ALTHJEA LUDWIGII AND CYSTANCHE TUBULOSA. 437

Note on Althea Ludwigii and/Cystanche tubulosa.
By N. A. DarZÉrrL, Esq.

[Read November 4, 1869.]

Haviye had occasion to spend a month or so in the district of
Mahine, on the Konkun coast, which is between the 19th and 20th
degrees of latitude, I there discovered two plants which, as
far as I am aware, have not been seen by any botanist, either in
this Presidency or in any other part of the peninsula of India.
These plants are the Althea Ludwigii and the Cystanche tubulosa
of R. Wight. Both plants were well known to me as natives of
the banks of the Indus, where I gathered them in 1859. This
discovery led me to conjecture as to the manner in which these
plants had reached this tract of country. This tract, for thirty or
forty miles north and south, is a tolerably level plain raised a few
feet above the highest tides. It is covered by a layer of the finest
silt, variable in depth, and resting immediately on trap-rock. In
this silt not a stone or pebble is to be seen, and in the rainy season
it has the consistency of soft soap.

I did not observe the Althea growing on the natural surface of
the ground, but only where the surface soil had been removed,
while the Cystanche was found growing in soft mud within a few
yards of the salt water, and, if I recollect right, the plant on which
it grew parasitically was the Calotropis. The seeds of these two
plants are minute, and might easily be carried along by currents
to long distances; and reviewing all the circumstances, I could
come to no other oh lacs than that the soil of this district, as
well as the seeds, had been brought down by the flooded waters of
the Indus, and deposited on the spot where they are now found.
This conjecture is borne out by independent evidence of the rising
of the coast, there being raised beaches of sand and shingle in
many parts of this coast; and in one place the coast-road passes
through a cutting in this shingle. In fact, there is evidence of
a rising of the coast from the Gulf of Cambay down to Rutnaghery,
canoes having been found twelve miles inland on the Kattyawar
coast, and marine shells in the mud when cleaning out inland
fresh-water ponds.

A reference to a map of India will show that the flooded waters
of the Indus would pass along the smooth coast of Kattyaw ar, and, J
keeping the direction thus given to them, would impinge on the
very spot where the plants mentioned have been found.

438 MR. C. B. CLARKE ON

Some persons will perhaps not easily accept this explanation,
and they will not unnaturally express a doubt as to seeds so ex-
posed to salt water, and lying for it is impossible to say how long
in the mud, retaining any vitality ; but I see no other way in
which to account for the appearance of these plants on the Konkun
coast.

On the Commelynacew of Bengal. By C. B. Cani: M.A., F.L.S.,
Officiating Superintendent of the Botanie Garden, Caleutta.
Communicated by Dr. Anerson, F.L.S.

[Read February 17, 1870.]

Tuz present paper is intended to describe all the species of the
Order Commelynacem which grow within the politieal area ad-
ministered by the Lieut.-Governor of Bengal. With the ex-
ception of three species, all are known to me growing wild. I
have had three dried collections to work with, viz. my own, the
Caleutta Herbarium collection, and the private collection of Mr.
Kurz, the Curator of the Herbarium, which contains many Java
specimens authoritatively named by Dr. Hasskarl. I am also in-
debted to Mr. Kurz for selecting ready to my hand the modern
literature bearing on the subject.

The books which I have been able to consult are :—

l. Roxburgh's * Flora Indica, Carey's edition.

2. Roxburgh's original figures preserved in the Calcutta Her-

barium.

3. Wight’s * Icones Plantarum,’ vol. vi.

4. Kunth's * Enumeratio Plantarum,’ vol. iv.

5. Hasskarl in * Plant; J unghuhniane,’ published 1852.

6. Miquel’s ‘ Flora Batavis, vol. iii.

7. Hasskarl on Forrestia, ‘ Regensburg Flora,’ no. 40, 1864.

8. Hasskarl, “ Genera Commelynacearum," ‘ Regensburg Flora,’

no. 14, 1866.
9. Dalzell in Hooker’s ‘ Journal of Botany,’ vol. iii.
10. Thwaites’s ‘Enumeratio Plantarum Zeylaniz.’
11. Bentham’s ‘ Flora of Hongkong.’

The main object kept in view in this paper is, not the creation
of the largest possible number of new and imperfectly known
species, but to clear up the synonymy of, and give definite cha-
racters for, the commou Bengal species. I have been very careful
not to overload the specific descriptions ; and I have taken my dis-
tinctions from the number of cells and manner of dehiscence of the

THE COMMELYNACEX OF BENGAL. 439

capsules, and from the number, form, and sculpture of the seeds.
I do not assume that these characters are absolute; but I am
satisfied that they are far more trustworthy than those usually
depended upon by authors; and, moreover, they can readily be
worked on dried specimens, unless, as is too often the case, the
fruiting specimens have, in order to make the leaves prettily flat,
been dried under such pressure as to crush the capsules and
scatter all the ripe seeds.

As I enumerate only twenty-five species in all, I have not
attempted to rearrange the genera of the order or to discuss
questions of nomenclature, but I have reduced my materials on
Kunth's *Enumeratio' as a standard. This work is still the
most useful catalogue of the order; and I hope that by adopting
the genera and names in it I shall facilitate reference.

The allegations in the following paper are stated absolutely,
for brevity only; and with each must be supplied the limitation,
“in my opinion," and “ so far as I have at present seen.”

Genera and Species described.

CoMMELYNA. C. communis, C. salicifolia, C. Bengalensis, C. Kurzii
(n. sp.), C. Rajmahlensis (n. sp.), C. obliqua, C. Simsoni (n. sp.), C.
rugulosa (n. sp.).

ANILEMA. A. scapiflorum, A. herbaceum, A. nanum, A. nudiflorum,
A. ensifolium, A. vaginatum, A protensum.

- Portia. P. indica, P. subumbellata (n. sp.).

Dirnyrocarpus. D. paniculatus.

CvawoTis. C. axillaris, C. cristata, C. barbata, C. nodiflora.

SrREPTOLIRION. S. volubile.

Forrestia. F. Hookeri, F. glabrata.

Comme tyna, Kunth, Enum.
Heterocarpus, Wight, incl.

Stamina 3 perfecta (quorum unum dissimile), 3 vel 2 sterilia dif-
formia. Ovula 5 vel 3,2. Pedunculi 2 (quorum unus haud
raro rudimentarius vel obsoletus) ex spatha complicata aut
cucullata orti eaque subinclusi. Capsula 5-1-sperma.

Sect. I. Capsulz loculi 3, quorum unus clausus.

a. Ovula 5. Semina (nisi casu) 5; in C. salicifolia 8, semen abortu
unicum.

b. Ovula 3. Semina (nisi casu) 3; in Heterocarpo semen abortu
unicum.

Sect. II. Capsula loculi 3 aut 2, omnes dehiscentes. Ovula et semina
tot quot loculi.

440 MR. C. B. CLARKE ON

On both the peduncles the innermost flower expands first;
and the tendency of each successively expanding flower to be-
come male is greater than in its predecessor. Also the ten-
dency to become male is far greater in the first-expanding long-
peduncled lower raceme than in the upper one. The innermost
flower on the upper raceme is always perfect, and generally the
next to it, sometimes more. But on the lower raceme the inner-
most flower even is generally male; and this lower raceme is
often rudimentary, sometimes obsolete; and these three cases
all occur in one species. Moreover, when the long peduncle
exists carrying (as nearly always) male flowers only, it falls off at
its articulation before the other peduncle comes well into flower ;
and thus has been increased the discrepancy in the description
of plants so well known and well marked as C. bengalensis. In
the stamens a great change (as in most orders) takes place at the
moment of expansion: the anthers are often all yellow and sub-
similar till that moment; but then the two outside stamens’
anthers turn blue, and the middle stamens’ anthers enlarge, be-
come divaricate, and twisted at the base.

I have united (vide C. obliqua below) the most viscid hairy
plant of the genus with a particularly glabrous form.

Having thus discarded several marks relied on for specific
distinctions in this genus, I have taken up characters derived
from the fruit. It has been objected to me, by the highest
authority, that in the Commelyna communis bundle of the Kew
Herbarium the capsules are as often 4—3-seeded as 5-seeded. I
have examined such a very large number of individuals of this spe-
cies here, that I confidently state that no such amount of variation
in the fruit will be found in C. communis as it grows in Bengal ;
and from the state in which the genus Commelyna usually exists
in herbaria, I am not disposed to attach much weight to this
objection.

Systematic books usually attribute to the order Commelynacex
an embryo opposite the hilum. The seeds in this order are gene-
rally so essentially unsymmetrical that it is hard to say where
the axis of the seed is; but in the seeds of C. obliqua and other
species where the axis is definite, I find the embryo not directly
opposite the hilum, but placed very obliquely.

The sections I have taken for the Bengal Commelyne repre-
sent the three arragements of the capsule.

In Sect. I. a, the capsule is essentially unsymmetrical. Two

THE COMMELYNACEX OF BENGAL. 441

of its cells contain each two superimposed seeds and dehisce ;
the third cell contains one much larger and differently shaped
seed, and is strictly indehiscent ; it finally withers on the seed so
firmly that it can hardly be removed with a knife; it remains
a long time on the peduncle; and I much suspect some of the
species described as 1-seeded. The 1-seeded cell is placed lower
down the axis than the other two.

The two seeds in one of the dehiscent cells fit very closely one
upon the other, and form together a shape mimicking that of
the solitary seed. I think it not improbable that some of those
who have found but three seeds in C. communis have had not
well-ripe specimens, and have counted the two superimposed
seeds as one, instead of satisfying themselves as to the number of
the embryos.

Pictures of this type of capsule will be found in Webb and
Berthelot’s ‘Canary Isles, plates 238, 239, and in Wight's
* Icones," t. 2065. figs. 7, 8.

In Sect. I. b, the capsule is slightly unsymmetrical; two of
the cells containing each one seed dehisce; the third cell is
placed slightly lower, is somewhat gibbous, and is strictly inde-
hiscent, withering firmly on the seed and remaining a long time
on the peduncle. The three seeds are nearly equal and similar,
and like the solitary seed in Sect. I. a. The capsule and seeds,
at first sight, appear exactly as in Sect. I. a, the two super-
imposed seeds sticking a little closer together than usual.

In Sect. II. the capsule is symmetrical in all respects, contains
one seed in each cell; and all the cells dehisce. The seeds are in
shape like the large solitary seed in Sect. I. a.

Fig. 1. Fig. 2. Fig. 3.

442 MR. C. B. CLARKE ON

DESCRIPTION OF THE WOODCUTS.

Fig. 1. Horizontal section of capsule of C. obliqua.
2. a C. rugulosa.
3. » 5 C. communis.
4. Two small seeds from one of the dehiscent cells of C. salicifolia.
5. Large seed from the indehiscent cell of C. salicifolia.
6. Horizontal section of a seed of C. obliqua perpendicular to its axis and
through the embryo. H the hilum.

Sect. I. a.
l. CoMMELYNA COMMUNIS, Kunth, l.c. p. 36.—C. esespitosa, Roxb.
Flor. Ind. i. p. 174.

Folia subglabra, oblonga, acuminata. Spathe complicate, cordatis,

acutze, sparse. Semina 5, reticulata.

Hab. in Bengalia ubique.

Lower pedicel with one or sometimes two flowers, occasionally
bearing no flower. Upper pedicel with from two to four flowers.
The innermost flower on the upper pedicel has an ovary, all the
others being generally male; and hence there is generally but
one capsule to each spathe. The lower pedicel nearly always
carries male flowers only; but rarely I have seen a capsule on
the lower pedicel, and once two capsules.

The C. communis of Roxb. is certainly (vide infra) the modern
C. obliqua ; and I judge, from his figure (t. 1307, in the Caleutta
Herbarium) of C. cespitosa, that Roxb. so named our C. communis,
though it is strange that he should give Chittagong as the only
locality for it. Bth., in‘ Hongkong Flora,’ p. 376, reduces C. cespi-
tosa, Roxb., to C. salicifolia, witha query. It is not C. salicifolia;
and it would be very remarkable if Roxburgh overlooked alto-
gether so common a plant as C. communis.

2. CoMMELYNA SsALICIFOLIA, Kunth, l. c. p. 39; Roxb. Flor. Ind. i.
p. 172; Roxb. t. 1020, in Calc. Herb.

Folia subglabra, anguste oblonga. Spathz complicate, basi cordate,
longe acuminate, precipue subterminales. Semina 5, levia.

Hab. in Bengalia ubique.

Lower pedicel with one or two male flowers. Upper pedicel
with from 3 to 5 flowers; of the inner, two usually are perfect;
hence generally there are two capsules in each spathe.

This species has much larger flowers than C. communis ; when
it gets among grass or bushes it becomes subscandent, and
throws out little branched succulent stems, running 6 feet or
more. Bth., in ‘Hongkong Flora,’ p. 376, and Thwaites, in

THE COMMELYNACEE OF BENGAL. 443

‘Ceylon Enumeration,’ p. 321, lay stress on the shape of the odd
petal in this species in separating it from C. communis ; I believe
the seeds are infallible.

Dr. Hasskarl, in ‘ Plante Junghuhniane,’ p. 136, reduces this
species to C. agraria. Apart from the decisive differences in the
seeds, the whole aspect and habit of C. salicifolia is so remote from
that of C. agraria that I do not think Dr. Hasskarl can ever have
seen C. salicifolia. At the same place Dr. Hasskarl has done his
best to involve C. communis also in inextricable confusion : he says,
‘C. communis differt folis elongato-acuminatis, supra scabrius-
culis, pedunculo altero 2-3- (nee 3—4-) altero subuni- (nec 2-)
floro, floribus omnibus hermaphroditis;" a description that does
not apply to 1 per cent of the Bengal C. communis, and in which
he appears to me to have almost perversely fixed on the most
variable characters in the order, while omitting all reference to
the capsule and seeds.

*2. COMMELYNA SALICIFOLIA 8. MONOSPERMA. Semen unicum.

Hab. in sylvis Mudhopoor prope Daccam.

The seed perfected is one of the upper ovules in one of the
2-ovuled cells. In the ripe fruit the three cells and four aborted
ovules are easily seen. The capsule is necessarily quite altered
in shape from the ordinary C. salicifolia capsule ; and, moreover,
in my specimens the innermost flower on the lower peduncle had
an ovary which I have never seen in C. salicifolia, though it is
very likely to occur. The flowers in my specimens were white,
and the spathes had at the lower end on the inside long white
hairs. I only found it, on one occasion, in a remote place, and ar-
range it as a variety of C. salicifolia. It is an interesting variety
as helping us to a due appreciation of the genus Heterocarpus of
Wight.

3. COMMELYNA BENGALENSIS, Kunth, l. c. p. 50; Roxb. Flor. Ind. i.
p. 171; Rozb.t. 1019, in Calc. Herb.; Wight, Icones, t. 2065.

Folia pilosa, ovato-elliptica. Spathz cucullatz, turbinate, sparse. Se-

mina 5 rugoso-punctata.

Hab. in Bengalia ubique.

Lower peduncle usually with one male flower; often the pe-
duncle is rudimentary, sometimes entirely wanting. Upper pe-
duncle very constantly with two perfect flowers, producing two
capsules on each spathe.

Out of eight (and three more dubious) species of Commelyna
given by Miquel in ‘ Flora Batavie,’ iii. p. 531, only in this

414 MR. C. B. CLARKE ON

species does he describe the capsule or seeds; and he states
of C. bengalensis, * Capsula 3-locularis, loculo uno minore, omni-
bus dispermis." I should very much like to see a specimen of
C. bengalensis (or of any other species of Commelyna) which ex-
' hibits a 6-seeded capsule.

C. celestis, cultivated at Darjeeling, has spread much from
gardens at an altitude of from 7000 to 8000 feet, and looks as
if it could maintain itself.

Sect. I.b.

4. COMMELYNA KURZII, D. sp.

Folia anguste lanceolata, cum spathis villosa-hirsuta. Spathz com-
plicatæ (at breves subcucullatz), subterminales aggregate. Semina
3, leevia.

Hab. in collibus Rajmahl ad 500 ped. alt.

Several eapsules are commonly perfect on each spathe.

5. COMMELYNA RAJMAHLENSIS, n. sp.

Subglabra. Folia oblonga. Spatliz complicate, sparse. Semina 3,

leevia.

Hab. in collibus Rajmahl ad 500 ped. alt.

One capsule is commonly perfected on each spathe.

This species, with the preceding, was discovered by Mr. Kurz
in the Rajmahl Hills, and, from the character of the section
viz. “ 8-seeded 3-celled capsules with one closed cell," can hardly
be mistaken for any thing else. It is, however, quite possible
that the present plant (C. Rajmahlensis) is what Dr. Wight has
figured (Icones, t. 2067) as Heterocarpus glaber. It is not un-
likely that two out of three ovules are sometimes aborted (as in
my C. salicifolia B. monosperma), or that Dr. Wight may not
have had perfect specimens.

Sect. II.

6. CoMMELYNA OBLIQUA, Don.—C. polyspatha, Wight, Icones,
t. 2066.—C. paleata, Hasskarl in Plante Junghuhniane, p. 139.—
C. communis, Roxb. Flor. Ind. i. p. 171 ; Roxb. t. 1018, in Calc. Herb.

Folia elliptico-lanceolata. Spathz cucullate turbinatze (at plus minus
secundz et uno latere producto-acutz), subterminales aggregate.
Semina 3 aut 2 levia.

Var. æ. GENUINA. Semina 3. Spathz cum foliis subglabre.

Var. B. visciDa. Semina 3. Spathe rubro-viscido-pilose. Imo
tota planta viscosissima manibus hærens.

THE COMMELYNACEX OF BENGAL. 445

Var. y. PALUDOSA, Hassk. Semina 2. Spathe cum foliis subglabre.

Hab. æ in Bengalia ubique; £ in collibus Khasiyze ad 3000-5000 ped.elev.,

in jugo Himalayensi ad 4000-8000 ped. elev. ; y in Delta gangetica.

Lower peduncle often suppressed. Upper peduncle with from
3 to 5 flowers, of which the two inner at least are fertile. Plant
generally large, with leaves 4-6 inches long ; but I have met with
very small specimens in the Himalaya at 5000 feet elevation.

As to the synonymy, the figure of Wight shows the capsules
and seeds, which he also describes, and there can be no doubt
that his C. polyspatha is the a. genuina form of the old C. obliqua.

Dr. Hasskarl's laboured description of his paleata is much of
it wholly vain; but it contains a description of the capsule and
seeds, which makes me feel sure of the plant, though the whiten-
ing of the edges of the seeds does not, as might be inferred from
Dr. Hasskarl's language, take place at the hilum. Moreover
it appears from the ‘ Regensburg Flora, no. 14, 1866, that Dr.
Hasskarl has since discovered the identity of his C. paleata with C.
polyspatha of Wight, though he does not appear to have heard of
the old C. obliqua.

Finally, as to the synonymy. C. communis of Roxburgh :—one
glance at his figure, t. 1018, in the Cale. Herbarium is sufficient ;
the figure is characteristic and unmistakable ; and he gives sepa-
rate detailed drawings of the capsules and seeds. He says (Flor.
Ind. i. p. 171) that his C. communis has the leaves with “ delicate
parallel veins running lengthways on the underside," also that
"the spathes are terminal or subfascicled semicordate;" also
that the next species, C. bengalensis, is “ much smaller" than his
C. communis, can be no other than our C. obliqua. C. obliqua is
an abundant weed in this Botanie Garden, and is known to this day
among the native gardeners by the traditional name of C. communis.

Next as to the varieties :—

B. viscida. The common typical Khasiya form of this is exceed-
ingly unlike my a. genuina; but I find from the specimens issued
from Kew that it has been reduced as a variety of C. obliqua.
From the Himalaya a completely graduated series of specimens
varying in hairiness can be obtained ; and I believe that the hand
which reduced it at Kew was an able and judicious one.

y. paludosa. Vide Hassk., in * Plante Junghuhnianse, p. 137,
Who says that the flowers are exactly those of C. paleata, that the
ripe fruit is wanting, but that the immature fruit is 3-celled. I
have authorized Java specimens in which the fruits (very nearly
ripe) are all 2-celled. Dr. Hasskarl says that his C. paleata

LINN. PROC.— BOTANY, VOL. XI. 2n

416 MR. C. B. CLARKE ON

has the fruits 3-celled, but sometimes by abortion 2-celled.
Thwaites in * Ceylon Enumeration, p. 322, has already given
paludosa as a synonym of C. obliqua.

I have in my own collection a specimen (and I have met with
many other examples) on which nearly all the capsules are 2-
celled, but a few are 3-celled.

The question is very difficult ; and Dr. Hasskarl may be right
in thinking that C. obliqua is always 3-ovulate; but that would be
very difficult to prove.

Finally, C. paludosa appears to me identical with C. obliqua,
except in the number of the seeds: there are intermediate speci-
mens varying in the number of seeds; and whether species or
variety it grows pretty frequently in the southern portion of the
Gangetie delta.

7. COMMELYNA SIMSONI, n. sp.

Folia subglabra, lanceolata. Spathz cucullatæ, turbinatz, subtermi-

nales, adgregate. Semina 2, lacunoso-punctata.

Hab. in sylvis Mudhopoor prope Daccam.

Lower pedicel quite rudimentary in all my numerous speci-
mens; upper with from 3 to 8 (and even 16) flowers, of which
several are perfect, and produce capsules.

A large plant, exceedingly like C. obliqua y. paludosa ; it has
white flowers, and all the expanded perfect stamens have yeliow
anthers; but the only mark of value lies in the large shallow
pits on the seeds.

[Name given in honour of the present Commissioner of Dacea,
an excellent naturalist. ]

8. COMMELYNA RUGULOSA, n. sp.

Folia subglabra, lanceolata. Spathe complicate, cordate, breves, acute,

sparse. Semina 2, grosse punctata, quasi rugosa.

Hab. in sylvis Terai dictis prope basin Himalayze ad 1000 ped. alt.

Lower pedicel obsolete. Spathes small, usually containing one
large capsule. Peduncles with several long lanceolate bracts.

This species has been collected also in Pegu by Mr. Kurz.

ANILEMA, Kunth, Enum.

Stamina 6, vel 5,4; quorum 8 aut 2 perfecta similia, cetera
sterilia difformia. Pedunculi ramosi, ad dichotomas bracteati.
Capsula regulariter trilocularis.

Sect. I. Ovula 9 vel plura. Semina (nisi casu) 9 vel plura.

Sect. II. Ovula 6. Semina (nisi casu) 6.

Sect. III. Ovula 3. Semina (nisi casu) 3.

This genus is generally easily distinguished from Commelyna
by the inflorescence being subpaniculate, and the pedicels being

THE COMMELYNACEE OF BENGAL. 447

entirely exserted from the bracts at the branching of the pa-
nicle. But Mr. Kurz has lately collected in Birma a remark-
able Anilema with two perfect stamens (and moniliform hairs on
the filaments), in which the bracts are subcucullate and the pe-
dicels subincluded therein. Perhaps the only absolute distinc-
tion remaining between the two genera is that in Anilema the
stamens are either two or, if three, then the middle one has not
larger anthers than the others. However, the only Commelyna
(known to me) that has a regular trilocular capsule, viz. Comm.
obliqua, differs widely in its bracts and inflorescence from all the
3-seeded Anileme.

In the 3-stamened species of Anilema there are often only
three, sometimes only two, sterile difformed stamens ; but in larger
Specimens of the same species sometimes four sterile stamens are
seen. So in the 3-stamened species the sterile stamens are often
two or three on the same panicle. The pains often taken in
describing these sterile stamens seems to me ill-bestowed.

The number of perfect stamens in each species is tolerably
constant. Thus 4. herbaceum has generally three perfect sta-
mens; but occasionally it has the middle one of these three
smaller than the other two, and sometimes this middle stamen is
altogether absent. So, in 4. protensum, the fertile stamens are
normally three, but not infrequently two only.

In specific distinction, stress is laid on “ filamenta barbata " as
opposed to “ filamenta imberbia." These moniliform hairs often
are very difficult to find in the bud, being developed greatly at
the time of expansion of the flower. But, further, though they
are generally characteristic of 4. herbaceum, I have found fully
opened flowers of A. herbaceum without a trace of these hairs.
So R. Brown assigns to A. vaginatum bearded filaments (as 1
have always seen them), whereas Wight found them beardless,
though it is clear from his figure that he had got the true plant.

On the whole, I find that (as in Commelyna) the ovules and
seeds supply the most constant characters.

Sect. I.

l. ANILEMA SCAPIFLORUM, Wight, Icones, t. 2073.—Commelyna sca-
piflora, Rozb. Flor. Ind. i. p. 175, & t. 1521, Calc. Herb.—Auilema
tuberosum, Hamilt. in Wall. Cat. n. 5207.—Murdannia scapitlora,
Royle, Illust. t. 95.

Folia ensiformia, subglabra, omnia radicalia. Scapa radicalis ; panicula

. robusta. Stamina 3 perfecta. Semina 15-21, angulata, dorso livia.

Hab. in sylvis Mudhopoor ad Daccam.

The root is more or less bulbous, whence Hamilton's name.

22

448 MR. C. B. CLARKE ON

The scape is 12-18 inches high, and, as Roxb. states, “ leafless,
invested at each of the remote joints with a small solitary sheath."
The leaves Roxburgh states to appear after the flowering is
completed; but they are often simultaneous at Daeea. The seeds
are peculiarly columnar, and unlike those of all the other
Bengal Anilemas by the absence of punctulation or reticu-
lation.

A. Lourerii, Hance, in Seeman’s ‘ Journal of Botany,’ 1868,
p. 250, is different, not merely by the stamens, but by the seeds.

The plant distributed from Kew as A. scapiflorum is referred,
in this paper, to A. herbaceum; it is, at all events, quite unlike
the true A. scapiflorum ; and the Ceylon plant in Thwaites’s * Enu-
meration,' p. 322, is therefore not A. scapiflorum, Wight.

2. ANILEMA HERBACEUM, Kunth, l. c. p. 66.—Commelyna herbacea,
Roxb. Flor. Ind. i. p. 175, & t. 1770 in Calc. Herb.— Anilema lineo-
latum, Hasskarl in Plant. Junghuhn. p. 146.— A. elatum, Dalzell in
Hook. Journ. Botany, iii. p. 137.—A. latifolium, Wight, Icones,
t. 2072.

Suberectum, robustum. Panicula subterminalis. Stamina 3 (rarissime
2) perfecta. Semina 9-15 (ad 21 ex Rxb.), punctata, subrugosa.

a. GENUINA. Folia subglabra, fere semper utrinque angustata, sspe
albo-marginata. Panicula elongata, ramis robustis. Capsule magne,
margaritaceo-chartaceze. (Huc synon. citata referunt.)

B. DIVERGENS (scAPIFLORUM, Hk. & Th.). Folia lineari-lanceolata,
basi vix angustata, plus minus pubescentia. Panicula quam in
a multo tenuior, szepe depressa subcorymbosa. Capsule minores, vix
margaritacez.

y. viscipa. Folia lanceolata, utrinque angustata, pubescentia. Ochrez
vix ulle. Panicula viscida, pedicellis ceraceo-albis.

Hab. in montibus commune, Himalaya ad 500-8000 ped. alt. ; Khasiya
ad 500-5000 ped. alt.; 8 in collibus Khasiya ad 5000-6000 ped. alt. ;
y ad radices collium Khasiya.

The typical plant, a. genuina, has the stems somewhat thickened
at the joinings; it is a well-marked plant, and I feel pretty sure
of the synonym adduced of Dalzell from his description only .
Of A. lineolatum, Hasskarl, I have seen authorized Java speci"
mens, and there can be no mistake. :

p. divergens is the plant distributed by Hook. & Th. for A. scapi-

florum, Wight, to which it bears no resemblance; but I think it 18

very probably a good species. I have placed it as a variety, from
my inability to seize on tangible distinctions. The leaves in a
are not always definitely narrowed at the base. The bracteolæ
at the base of the pedicels in f are often linear; but they vary,
and are sometimes as short ovate as in a.

THE COMMELYNACE OF BENGAL. 449

y. viscida I only met with once, in a shady ravine; but Dr.
Hooker tells me he has met with exactly the same plant in the
Khasiya Hills. I suspect it is but a variety due to local in-
fluences.

3. ANILEMA NANUM, Kunth, l.c. p. 65; Wight, Icones, t. 2077.—
Commelyna nana, Rozb. Flor. Ind. i. p. 173, & t. 1107 in Calc. Herb.

Repens, ramosum. Folia oblonga, basi haud angustata, subglabra. Pa-
nicule terminales. Stamina 3 perfecta. Semina 9-18, punctata.

Hab. in Bengalia ubique.

A. paniculata, Wight, * Icones, t. 2075, is a good picture of a
very common form of A. nanum ; and his A. pauciflorum, * Icones,
t. 2077, though specially stated to be very distinct, would be
named nanum by me.

A. canaliculatum, Dalzell, in Hook. ‘ Journal Botany,’ iii. t. 137,
appears to me a very accurate description of 4. nanum.

Sect. II.

4. ANILEMA NUDIFLORUM, Kunth, l.c. p. 66.— Commelyna nudiflora,
Rozb. Flor. Ind. i. p. 173, & t. 1108 in Calc. Herb.

Repens, ramis erectis. Folia lineari-lanceolata, subglabra. Paniculz
terminales. Capsule chartacee, brunnez, approximate. Stamina
2 perfecta. Semina 6, punctata.

Hab. in Bengalia ubique.

This common species varies from 3 to 18 inches in height,
some of the hill large specimens being very near 4. ensifolium.
Nevertheless several species have been intercalated between the
two by Hasskarl and others. In the whole of the laboured de-
scriptions of A. foliosum, A. radicans, and A. diversifolium, by
Hasskarlin ‘Plante Junghuhn. pp. 142, 144, there is nothing
to show that they are other than the forms classed here as va-
rieties of A. nudiflorum.

A. terminale, Wight, * Icones,' t. 2076, is another plant which
I should refer to A. nudiflorum (assuming the picture 5, giving a
horizontal section of the capsule, to be wrong).

5. ANILEMA ENsIFOLIUM, Wight, Icones, t. 2074.—A. loriforme,

Hasskarl in Plante Junghuhn. p. 143, ex descript.

Erectum, robustum. Folia linearia, subglabra. Panicule terminales.
Capsule plumbeo-lucidz, remote. Stamina 2 perfecta. Semina 6,
punetata.

Hab. in collibus Khasiya ad 3000-5000 ped. alt.

The capsules and seeds are larger those of .4. nudiflorum.

The lower flowers on the branches of the panicle are usually
barren; in fruit the branches are thickened, recurved, clothed

450 MR. C. B. CLARKE ON

below with the imbricated empty bracts of the barren flowers,
and terminated each by one or two capsules.

Nevertheless the hill varieties (mihi) of A. nudiflorum are so
very close that I can only separate them by the capsule, which,
in this species, becomes finally of a slaty lustrous appearance.

A. secundum, Wight, * Icones, t. 2075, is one of the forms which
come in between this species and the large A. nudiflorum; Wight
does not mention the lustre of the capsules ; but from the figure
I guess it to belong to A. ensifolium. So Thwaites considers it,
‘Ceylon Enumeratio,’ p. 322.

Sect. III.

6. ANILEMA VAGINATUM, Kunth, l. c. p. 67 ; Wight, Icones, t. 2076.
—A pauciflorum, Dalzell in Hook. Journ. Bot. iii. p. 136.

Suberectum, filiforme. Folia linearia, subglabra. Panicule terminales
lateralesque depauperatz, 1-5-florz, basi vagina subcylindrica invo-
lucrate. Stamina 2 perfecta. Semina 3, rugulosa, punctata.

Hab. in oryzetis Bengaliz orientalis.

Sometimes 18 inches high, more commonly 6 to 9 inches, and

the panicle reduced to a solitary capsule.

Dalzell states that his A. pauciflorum only differs from vaginatum k

in having three seeds. But A. vaginatum always has three seeds.+

7. ANILEMA PROTENSUM, Wall. Cat. n. 5218.—Dietyospermum pro-
M - Jv
tensum, Wight, Icones, t. 2071.

Suberectum, ramosum, viscosum. Folial anceolata, subglabra. Paniculie

terminales, subumbellate. Capsule viscoso-pilosz. Stamina 3 per-
fecta. Semina 3, rugosa, punctata.

Hab. in montibus commune; Himalaya, ad 3000-8000 ped. alt. ;
Khasiya, ad 3000-5000 ped. alt.

Porra, Kunth.
Aclisia et Lamprocarpus, incl.

Semina 6, quorum 8-6 fertilia. Capsula plumbeo-cerulescens,
trilocularis, vix dehiscens, irregulariter rumpens. Semina 6-10
in quoque loculo, subbiseriata. Panicula terminalis.

The fruit, when fresh, is a brilliant blue, and at a distance ap-
pears a berry; on closer examination it is found that there is no
pulp, but that the texture is chartaceous; the capsule is ovate-
globose, and is marked longitudinally with the three lines along
which it imperfectly dehisces. The genus Lampocarpus, Bl., is
therefore bad; and, indeed, the*single species on which it is
founded, L. thyrsiflorus, seems to me very doubtful, it is exactly
like the common Pollia indica, but has the panicle closer; the
denseness, however, of the panicle in Pollia seems very variable.

THE COMMELYNACEJE OF BENGAL. 451

The genus Aclisia has already been reduced to Pollia by Bth.,
in ‘Flora Hongkong,’ p. 877; and the single species on which it
was founded is, I believe, a mere variety of the common Pollia
indica. The genus is reestablished by Hasskarl, in * Regensburg
Flora,’ no. 14, 1866, though he gives no fresh characters to sepa-
rate it; that residing in the number of the fertile stamens has
been considered unsatisfactory by Bentham, and has been already
discarded by Dr. Hasskarl in ‘ Plante Junghuhn.’ p. 148.

l. PoLLIA INDICA, Thwaites, Ceylon Enum. p. 323.—P. japonica,

Kunth, Enum. i. p. 75.—P. sorrogonensis, Bth. Flor. Hongkong,
p. 377.—P. aclisia, Hasskarl in Plant. Junghuhn. p. 148.—Aclisia
indica, Wight, Icones, t. 2068.—A. sorogonensis, Kunth, l. c. p. 74
(verisimiliter P. elegans, Hasskarl inPlant. Junghuhn. p. 149; Lam-

procarpus thyrsiflorus, Kunth, l. c. p. 76).
Folia lanceolata basi, in ochream angustata. Panicula exserta, pilosa,

elongata, ramis rigidis rectis.
a. Aclisia, sp. no. l. Stamina 3 perfecta.

B. Aclisia, sp. no. 2. Stamina 4-6 perfecta.
Hab. a & 8 in montibus communis ; Himalaya, ad 500-4000 ped. alt. ;

Khasiya, ad 500-4000 ped. alt.

The number of stamens in fj varies from 4 to 6 in the same
panicle; but it is very remarkable that, in the large number of
3-stamened specimens which I have examined, I have never found
the perfect stamens variable. Except in this particular, even
Hasskarl admits a & () to be identical.

I have no authorized specimen of Pollia (Anilema) didyma,
said to grow in the Khasiya hills; but if it only differs from P.
indica in the particulars mentioned by Benth. ‘ Flor. Hongkong,’
p. 878, it is not likely that I shall ever discover it. The degree
to which the leaves of P. indica are narrowed at the base, is suf-
ficiently variable.

2. PoLLIA SUBUMBELLATA, n. sp. Aclisia, sp. no. 3.

Folia obovata, lanceolata. Panicula subglabra, haud exserta, depressa,

subumbellata, ramis cernuis.

Hab. in convallibus montium frequens; Himalaya,

Khasiya, ad 1500 ped. alt.

ad 1000 ped. alt. ;

DITHYROCARPUS, Kunth, Enum.

Stamina 6 perfecta. Panicula terminalis. Capsula bilocularis.

Semina 2.
l. DITHYROCARPUS PANICULATUS, Kunth, l. c. p. 79.— Floscopa pa-
niculata, Bth. in Flora Hongkong, p. 377, cum syn. Indicis.

Folia lanceolata, plus minus pilosa. Panieula plus minus rufescens,

452 MR. C, B. CLARKE ON

,
pilosa. Semina “ incano-cerulea, altero latere circa hilum radiatim
sulcata, altero latere longitudinaliter plicato-sulcata "" (Hassk. bene).

Hab. in montibus ad 500-7000 ped. alt., etiàmque planitie Bengaliz
orientalis.

Cranotis, Kunth, Enum.

Stamina 6 perfecta. Flores in axillis foliorum congesti aut in
scorpioideis racemulis intra bracteas geminatas nidulantes. Co-
rolla monopetala. Capsula trilocularis. Semina 6.

l. CYANOTIS AXILLARIS, Kunth, l. c. p. 105; Bth. in Flora Hong-
kong, p. 378.—Tradescantia axillaris, Roxb. Flor. Ind. ii. p. 118, and
Coromandel Plants, t. 107. :

Folia linearia. Flores in axillis foliorum, 1—6, subsessiles, czrulei, albi
aut purpurei. Semina rugoso-punctata.

Hab. iu Bengalia ubique.

2. CYANOTIS CRISTATA, Kunth, l. c. p. 102; Wight, Icones, t. 2082.
—Tradescantia imbricata, Roxb. Flor. Ind. ii. p. 120, and t. 1130 in
Calc. Herb.

Folia ovato-lanceolata. Racemuli scorpioidei, distantes, parum pilosi.
Semina longitudinaliter striatula, in facie interiore quatuor magnis
punctis notata.

Hab. in Bengalia ubique.

This species is well separated from all the neighbouring ones

by the peculiar markings of the seeds.

3. CYANOTIS BARBATA, Kunth, l. c. p. 104. :

Folia lineari-lanceolata. Racemuli scorpioidei, distantes, plus minus
lanato-villosi. Semina rugoso-punctata.

Hab. in montibus communis; Himalaya, ad 500-8000 ped. alt.; Kha-
siya, ad 500-6000 ped. alt.

There are several described plants very near this species, to
which I have given the name found in the Calc. Herb., and which
is also the name issued from Kew. But I question whether
a large reduction of species ought not to be made here.

C. barbata only differs from C. fasciculata (Bth., * Flora Hong-
kong, p. 378) in that it has less woolly hairs on the involucral
bracts. Hence, according to Thwaites, Enumeration of Ceylon
Plants, p. 323, C. barbata ought to be a synonym of C. lanceolata,
Wight, Icones, t. 2085. But, on turning to this figure, I find
that C. lanceolata, Wight, is a species with axillary inflorescence,
and so also prove the specimens of C. lanceolata in this herbarium
(Bot. Gard. Caleutta).

I suspect that C. barbata and C. fasciculata should be made
varieties of one plant, and that then a long string of Wight’s
species should be reduced— probably C. Lawiana and C. rosea,

THE COMMELYNACEJE OF BENGAL. 408

Wight, t. 2086, C. sarmentosa and C. dichrotricha, Wight, t. 2087,
and C. decumbens, Wight, t. 2088. The colour of the flowers
in Cyanotis varies from blue to purple on the same plant, and the
colour of the hairs on the filaments is eminently variable.

4. CYANOTIS NODIFLORA, Kunth, l. c. p. 136.

Folia lineari-lanceolata. Racemuli scorpioidei, ad nodos dense congesti.

Semina rugoso-punctata.

Hab. in Assam; in collibus Khasiya, ad 500-4000 ped. alt.

This plant has been issued from Kew as Cyanotis, sp. 17, and
is no. 58 ex Herb. Hook. f. & Th. It has also frequently been
collected in Assam. It agrees closely with a specimen of C. no-
diflora from South Africa. It varies -considerably in hairiness.
Finally, I still doubt whether it should not be made, with C.
barbata, a variety of C. fasciculata.

STREPTOLIRION, Édgew.

Volubile. Stamina 6 perfecta. Panicule quasi terminales, ad
basin cordato-ovatis bracteis suffulte. Capsula trilocularis.
Semina 6.

l. STREPTOLIRION VOLUBILE, Edgew. ; Wight, Icones, t. 2081.

Folia longe petiolata, cordato-ovata, acuminata. Bractez ad basin pe-

dicellorum corolloideo-albidz. Petala lineari-oblonga.

Hab. in jugo Himalayensi, ad 4000-9000 ped. alt.

Forrestia, Kunth, emend.

Stamina 6 perfecta. Capsula trilocularis, trivalvis, subirregularis.
Semina 2-6. Panicula dense conferta, vaginam suam integram
perforans. :

Cf. Hasskarl in ‘Regensburg Flora,’ no. 40, 1864.

From a suggestive remark made to me in a letter by Dr.
Hooker, I took an opportunity of carefully examining about 200
capsules and seeds of Forrestia Hookeri, when I lighted on it
growing in quantity. I found nearly 75 per cent. of these cap-
sules to contain five seeds; and they were constructed and ar-
ranged in all respects exactly as in the Sect. I. a of Commelyna,
in this paper, almost the only difference being that the capsule,
though irregular, was 3-valved. About 4 per cent. of the cap-
sules were 6-seeded ; and the remainder were 4-seeded and 3-
seeded. But there was hardly a case of an aborted ovule in the
whole 200 capsules. When the number of seeds was four, there
were two loculi with one large seed in each, and one loculus with
two superimposed small seeds in it, the small seeds differing from
the large in shape and in the position of the embryo, exactly as

454 LETTER FROM DR. H. F. HANCE.

in sect. I. a of Commelyna. The genus Forrestia, instead of being
regarded as an outlying or questionable member of the order,
thus comes exceedingly close to Commelyna itself.

l. FonRESTIA HOOKERI, Hassk. l. c.

Folia subtus glabrata, margine villoso-ciliata. Capsula trigona acutis-

sima, ad apicem glabra, quam sepala demum multo longior.

Hab. in convallibus montium frequens ad 500-3000 ped. alt.; Khasiya ;

Sikkim ; Assam.

2. FoRRESTIA GLABRATA, Hassk. l. c.

Folia subtus glabrata. Capsula ovoidea, ad apicem pilosa, quam sepala

2d apicem hirta demum multo brevior.

Hab. in convallibus montium frequens ad 500-3000 ped. alt. ; Khasiya;

Sikkim; Assam.

| Flagellaria is plentiful in East Bengal. F. indica and F. an-
gustifolia are, I believe, one plant.]

Species recognoscende. — There are in the Cale. Herb. Wal-
liehian specimens of a plant (the number unfortunately lost)
which will form a new genus near Anilema equinoctiale, Willd.
The habit and panicle are those of Anilema herbaceum; but the
capsules are 2-celled, with three seeds in each cell, flattened,
elongate, and broader upwards, ending in two prominent angles.

Tradescantia tuberosa, Roxb. (Flor. Ind. iii. p. 119, & t. 108 in
Coromandel Plants), is a species of Cyanotis, near C. barbata, Don,
unknown to me. I have never visited the Mahanuddee country,
whence it is probable Roxburgh obtained it.

Extract of a Letter from H. F. HACK Ph.D., to Dr. HOOKER,
V.EALS.

[Read February 17, 1870.]
* Whampoa, October 14, 1869.

“Last week I spent a day on the White Cloud (Pakwan)
Hills, outside Canton ; and, besides getting a lot of duplicates for
distribution, found two good novelties—a very distinct new
Archangelica or Angelica (I have not yet had time to make a
very careful examination, but am almost sure the former), and
a splendid new Pygeum, 70 feet high, with very glossy leaves
and acute fruit. Islept at the Upper Monastery, and had a good
scramble after plants. Simplocus lancifolia, S. & Z., was in
flower ; Castanopsis chinensis in young fruit ; and I found, for the
first time on my way out, Carpesium abrotanoides, a plant I had
for years hunted for in vain. Here, as in Japan, it is ruderal.
Eriocaulon heteranthum, E. truncatum, E.Wallichianum, E. australe,
and Æ. echinulatum were all plentiful in flower, with Jsolobus radi-

LETTER FROM DR. H. F. HANCE. 455

cans, and many Graminee. I have also got good fruiting speci-
mens of my Rhamnus. oreigenes, confirming my surmise that it
belongs to the section Frangula. How wonderfully little has
been done for the investigation of this flora (or, rather, had
been, up to the appearance of the ‘Flora Hongkongensis’), is
convincingly shown by the fact that the hills here, on Dane’s
Island, where I now write, are quite covered, towards the summit,
with Apocopis Wightii, Munro, Aristida chinensis, Munro, and
Eriachne chinensis, mihi,—all three grasses only described within
the last few years. The latter is the “ Aira seminibus hirsutis,
aristis terminalibus flore longioribus " of Osbeck’s Travels, who
gathered it here; and I find, from a note of Munro's in the
‘Linnean Journal,’ that he had named it in MS. E. Hookeri,
you having found the same species in Chittagong. Yet, not.
withstanding, this place has been for more than a century
the anchorage of ships trading to Canton; and, in the E. I. Co.'s
time, their vessels carried surgeons, some of whom must surely
have had a predilection for botany. Again, the temple where I
slept is only six miles outside the walls of Canton, and is often
visited by pie-nie parties; and yet, though the small wood sur-
rounding it has plenty of Quercus fissa, Champ., some Casta-
nopsis chinensis, mihi, and two trees of Liquidamber formosana,
mihi, about 80 feet high, none of these species were known a few
years ago; and the Pygeum I spoke of at the commencement,
together with my P. pheostictum, are to this day undescribed.
Botanists, indeed, have every reason to be grateful to the founders
of these monasteries; for it is around them alone that are found
the remnants of the arboreous and frutescent vegetation of
China, and of such portions of the herbaceous flora as demand
shade and shelter as necessary conditions of existence. Meyen,
in his * Pflanzengeographie, expressed his opinion that the
hills here were originally thickly clothed to their bases with
Pinus; and I suspect the real state of the case to be, that this
tree occurred thickly towards the bases and along the lower
slopes, scattered and isolated on the exposed flanks, whilst the
inner converging slopes, running down ravines and sheltered
from the violence of the winds, were occupied by mized dense
woods. At present the search for wood is so active, and every
little shrub is so cut up, that the denuded hillsides give no juster
idea of the original flora of China than a burnt moor would of
our home vegetation. But I speak only of South China (which
alone I know), and from direct personal observation.

456 DR. G. DICKIE ON SOME ALGX FOUND IN

Notes on some Algæ found in the North-Atlantie Ocean.
By G. Dicxié, M.D., F.L.S.
[Read April 7, 1870.]
(With a Woodcut).
I am indebted to Captain Thomas Mitchell, commander of an
Australian trader belonging to Aberdeen, for the materials which
form the subject of this communication.

The specimens were preserved in weak spirit; and along with
them I received the following notes, which deserve to be re-
corded.

* The contents of the bottle were collected in the North At-
lantic on the 24th of November, 1867. At 11 a.m. on that day
and till 3 P.M., over a distance of fourteen miles, the ocean was
closely studded with the green substance. I never saw weed of
any description in this part of the world before, although I have
passed through nearly the same place more than thirty times.
The position of the ship at noon was lat. 12° 0’ N., long. 21? 40' W.,
the true bearings and distances of the following points of nearest
land were:—Porto Prayo, Island of St. Jago, Cape-Verds, N.W.
by N. 3 N., 112 miles; Cape Verd, Africa, N.E. by E., 288
miles; mouth of River Gambia, E. by N. 4 N., 290 miles ; mouth
of the River Jeba, inside the Bijouga Islands, 340 miles.

* I watched carefully during the time we were passing through
this strange substance, and found that the breadth from N. to 8.
was more than twelve miles; it extended from E. to W. as far as
the eye could distinguish. There were strong tide rips, during
the time, from S.E. to N.W., following each other at the distance
of half a mile.

^ Considering our position, I concluded that the substance
must have come from some part of the American continent or
the West Indies within the influence of the Gulf-stream. It had
probably been washed from some river or estuary by a flood, and
subsequently carried by the southern branch of the Gulf-stream
south of the Canary Islands, and then further southward by the
African current to the place where it was found, probably passing
between the Cape-Verds and the mainland. I came to this con-
clusion from the fact that currents along the west coast of
Africa continually sweep round in the direction of the coast-line ;
at 300 miles from the mouth of any river on that coast, even in
the event of a flood, the drifts could not have been so far seaward "*.

* It may be worthy of notice, in reference to this, that the destructive hurri-
cané in the West Indies occurred about the end of October.

THE NORTH ATLANTIC OCEAN. 457

The substance thus picked up by Captain Mitchell was in ex-
cellent condition, and, besides three Algæ, contained :—numerous
fragments, more or less decayed, of wood both exogenous and en-
dogenous ; seedling plants several inches long, all with a pair of
cotyledons, roots, and terminal bud, quite fresh ; small fruits par-
tially decayed, evidently 1-seeded legumes; intermixed were vari-
ous microscopical Crustacea, and a common oceanic insect, one
of the Hydrodromidx, genus Halobates; on some of the pieces of
drift wood were numerous elliptical ova of a deep orange-colour,
mixed with which was growing the smallest of the three Alge
now to be described.

The largest and most abundant of the Algæ might be compared
to pale green fleece; it evidently belongs to the family Ulvaceæ,
different from any one known to me or described in any work
to which I have access. It is a near ally to the plant described
and figured in the ‘ Phycologia Britannica’ under the name
Enteromorpha Ralfsii, authentic specimens of which I possess.

The tubular frond is the main character of the genus Entero-
morpha, hence the name; neverthess there are in the British list
two usually included in that genus, although they are not tubular,
viz. E. percursa and E. Ralfsii, the former having a flat frond,
the latter being cylindrical.

Areschoug, in his * Phycew Scandinavicw Marine,’ 1850, placed
E. percursa in a new genus, Tetranema, characterized by a qua-
drangular frond, composed of four series of cells—a character,
however, chiefly in the young plant, there being more than four
in maturer age; this same plant has been placed by Kutzing
in Schizogonium.

For the reason stated above, I consider that E. Ralfsii ought
to be separated from Enteromorpha, and placed along with the
new species in a genus which I propose to call Kallonema.

Genus KALLONEMA.

Character.—Fronds filamentous, simple or branched, solid and

round, of four series of cells.

1. K. Rarrsir, Harv. “Frond capillary, simple, or having few short
spine-like ramuli ”? (Phycologia Britannica, pl. 282).

Loc. Sea-shore, Bangor, North Wales, Mr. Ralfs. Found also at Cher-
bourg by M. Le Jolis.

2. K. PELLUCIDUM, n. sp. Frond simple, subclavate upwards, root-
ing below.

458 - DR. G. DICKIE ON SOME ALGZ FOUND IN

Loc. Floating in masses, Atlantic Ocean, lat. 12? N., long. 21? 40' W.,
Captain Thomas Mitchell.

The general colour is pale green; under the microscope the
filaments are remarkably hyaline, the endochrome consisting of a
few spherical granules grouped together in the centre of each cell ;
diameter of filaments about ‘001 (a thousandth) of an English inch.
The specimens were for the most part so matted and entangled,
that in only a few instances could their form and length be seen ;
four short truncated rootlets, each of one row of cells, were ob-
served at the base, the other extremity dilated and obtuse ; length
1 to 3 inches.

Fig. | shows the general form of the entire plant; fig. 2, general ap-
pearance under the microscope; fig. 3, transverse section, to show
the number of cells.

With respect to the true original habitat, I agree with Capt.
Mitchell in the belief that the plant came in masses from some
estuary, and the locality where it was found was merely accidental.

The other two plants associated with it belong, one to the
genus Spermosira, family Nostochines, the other to Schizo-
siphon, family Rivulariacee. The former was free and mixed
with the Kallonema; the latter was found in small quantity ad-
hering to fragments of drift wood.

SPERMOSIRA ATLANTICA, n. sp. Spores subquadrate, single; vege-
tative cells mostly in pairs, plano-convex ; persistent cells single,
elliptical.

Loc. With Kallonema.

Usually eight pairs of vegetative cells and a solitary persistent
cell intervene between each spore. The sheath is very trans-
lucent, but always sufficiently obvious under the microscope.
The filaments have a diameter of ‘0004 of an English inch, and
therefore less than half that of Kallonema.

In the most recent authority known to me, viz. Rabenhorst’s
‘Flora Europea Algarum,’ which usually contains notes on extra-
European species, there are four, described under two sections:
the first includes those which have several spores in a series and
usually no sheath, viz. S. turicensis, S. Vriesiana, and S. litorea;
one form of the latter, however, has a sheath ; under the second
section, where the spores are single or rarely binary, there is one
species, viz. S. spwmigera, the spores of which are globose ; the
species now described is an addition to the second section, and
distinguished by the form of the spores.

THE NORTH ATLANTIC OCEAN. 459

Fig. 4 shows part of a filament, highly magnified; two spores and the
intervening cells above mentioned are represented.

SCHIZOSIPHON OBSCURUM, n. sp. Filaments straight, shorter than
the sheath, gradually attenuate upwards from the large subspherical
basal cell, usually torulose throughout; sheath distinct, obscurely '
lameliose.

Forming a thin stratum on drift wood; filaments generally about
‘004 of an English inch in length, but variable in that respect (Fig. 5).

en aon

VDRO omen

Cal

B
EJ

i
| i

p

460 DR. LINDBERG’S CONTRIBUTIONS TO BRITISH BRYOLOGY.

Contributions to British Bryology. By 8. O. Linpaére, M.D.,
Professor of Botany at the University of Helsingfors, Fin-
land. Communicated by J. D. Hooxzn, M.D., V.P.L.S.

[Read January 20, 1870.]

I. On some Andreee.

I have received for determination from Mr. G. E. Hunt some
Andreææ with uerved leaves, which were only numbered; all
these belonged to three species, viz. :—

l. ANDREA FALCATA, Schimp., forma minor.
Hab. Ben Voirlich, by Loch Lomond, in Scotland, July 1865 (G. E.
Hunt, No. 4).

This species is easily distinguished from the following by its
very falcate leaves, from a broad, nearly round and concave base,
very abruptly narrowed into a distinctly repand subula, but re-
sembles it in the not at all glossy black colour of the whole plant,
and in the rather ill-defined nerve, occupying only the middle
third of the subula. By these characters they are both well
distinguished from the probably more common A. crassinervia,
Bruch.

2. ANDREXA Rornir, JW. & M. (A. rupestris, Roth, Neue Beitr. i.
pp. 232-36, excl. synon. 1802).

Hab. North Wales, Capel Curig, July 1863 (Whalley, No. 6); Dewer-
stone rocks, Devon, May 1867 (Holmes, no. 8); Mazebeck Scars,
Yorkshire, June 1856 (J. G. Baker, no. 10); Snowdon, Crib-y-Discl,
June 1865 (W. P. Schimper, no. 14).

Var. GRIMSULANA, C. Muell. (A. grimsulana, Bruch, MS.).

Hab. Brandsby Falls, Yorkshire, May 1858 (J. G. Baker, no. 7).

3. ANDREJEA CRASSINERVIA, Bruch (in Denksch. Akad. Münch.
1828, p. 279. no. 1, tab. 10).

Hab. Lancashire, Staley Brushes, April 1864 ( Whitehead, no. 1);
Entwistle, December 1865 (Whitehead, no. 2); Snowdon, North
Wales, May 1853 (Nowell, no. 5), August 1860 (Whitehead, no. 3)
Hebden Bridge, Yorkshire, July 1865 (Hunt, no. 9) ; Soccoth Hill,
Arrochar, June 1865 (M‘Kinlay, no. 11); Loch Kandor, Aber-
deenshire, July 1868 (Hunt, no. 12); Beddgelaert, North Wales,
August 1860 (Hunt, no. 13).

Is easily distinguished from the foregoing by its being a more
robust plant, somewhat glossy, and with the nerve much better
defined, thicker and more prominent on the back, and also form-
ing by itself the whole upper part of the subula. When it

DR. LINDBERG’S CONTRIBUTIONS TO BRITISH BRYOLOGY. 461

is desirable to get a clear view of the structure of the leaves of
mosses and Jungermannia, especially about the nerve, the object
should be placed in a drop of a strong solution of caustic soda,
and, after a minute, washed in distilled water. By this means we
obtain a perfectly transparent object, with a sharp contour, so
necessary when we examine the Andrece nervate, Pleuridia, Di-
tricha (Leptotricha), Seligerie, &c., whose leaves are often badly
described in books.

II. Pottia intermedia.

This moss has been regarded by all recent authors as a
variety of P. truncatula, but has some important characters,
from which it must be considered a distinct species (P. inter-
media (Turner), Fuernr.), intermediate between P. truncatula
(L.), Lindb., and P. lanceolata (Hed.), C. Mül.

These characters are the size, the margin of the leaf more or
less revolute up to the middle, the long, often cylindrieal cap-
sule, which is, when dry, indistinctly constricted below the nar-
rower orifice, the rudimentary peristome, and the compound
annulus closely adhering to the margin of the capsule.

P. truncatula is, compared with this, a smaller plant, with the
leaves quite plane, and a short nearly globular capsule with
wide mouth, which, in the dry state, is much constricted below the
orifice, wanting also a peristome and annulus. P. lanceolata has
a narrower mouth to the fruit, and a well-developed peristome.
By the above characters P. intermedia bears to the other two spe-
cies (Desmatodontes, Lindb.), the same relation that Physcomitrium
eurystomum (a species probably occurring also in Britain) does
to Ph. sphericum and Ph. pyriforme,—differing from the former
in its more robust habit, in the broadly lanceolate acuminate
leaves, which are serrate, not concave, but canaliculate, with cells
twice as long as broad, and by the obtusely conie lid; from the
latter by its hemispherical capsule with very wide mouth, simple
annulus, short lid, &c. As the synonyms of Ph. sphericum and
eurystomum are still very much confused, I add references which
may aid in their extrication.

l. Payscomirrium SPHÆRICUM (Lud.), Brid.
Gymnostomum sphæricum, Ludw. MS.; Schkuhr, Deutschl. Moos.
p- 26. no. 15 (1810); Schwgn. in Schrad. Jour. Bot. ser. 2, iv.
p. 15 (1810), et Supp. i. pt. i. p. 21. no. 6 (1811); N. H. S. Bry.
LINN. PROC.—- BOTANY, VOL. XI. 21

462 DR. LINDBERG’S CONTRIBUTIONS TO BRITISH BRYOLOGY.

Ger. i. p. 124. no. 3 (1823); Hiibn. Musc. Ger. p. 43. no. 9
(1833).

G. (Physcomitrium) sphericum, Brid. Bry. Un. i. p. 97. no. 42 (1826).

Ph. sphæricum, Brid. op. cit. ii. p. 817 (1827); Fürnr. in Reg. Bot.
Zeit. xii. pt. ii. Ergünz. p. 9 (1829); Hampe in eod. diar. xx. pt. i.
p. 285. no. 1 (1837); B. S. Bry. Eur. fasc. ii. Monog. p. 10. n. 2
(1841); C. Mil. Syn. i. p. 115. no. 2 (excl. var. 8?), 1848;
Raben. Deutsch. Krypt. Fl. ii. pt. iii. p. 87. no. 6140 (exel. var. 8?),
1848; Wils. Bry. Brit. p. 2/5. no. 4 (1855); Schpr. Syn. p. 314.
no. l, pp. (1860); Berk. Handb. Brit. Moss. p. 174. no. 1 (1863);
Milde, Bry. Siles. p. 192. n. 1 (1869).

Ancctangium sphzricum, Spreng. in L. Sys. Veg. ed. 4, xvi. pt. i.
p. 146. no. 2 (1827).

Delin.—B. S. Bry. Eur. fasc. ii. Monog. t. 1; Eng. Bot. Sup. iii.
t. 2830; N. H. S. Bry. Ger. i. t. 9. fig. 3; Schkuhr, Deutschl.
Moos. t. 118; Schrad. Jour. Bot. ser. 2, iv. t. 2. fig. B.; Schwgn.
Sup. t. 8; Sturm, Deutschl. Fl. fasc. ii. 15; Wils. Bry. Brit. t. 52.

2. PHyscoMITRIUM EURYSTOMUM (N. Es.), Sendt.

Gymnostomum eurystomum, N. Es. MS.

Phys. eurystomum, Sendtner in Denks. bot. Ges. Regen. iii. p. 142,
no. 2 (1841); Milde, Bry. Siles. p. 193. no. 270 (1869).

Ph. sphzricum, B. S. Bry. Eur. fasc. ii. Monogr. p. 10. no. 2, p. p-
(1841).—Schp. Syn. p. 314. no. 1, p- p. (1860).—Var. 8. caulescens,
C. Mil. Syn. Mus. i. p. 115 (1848) ?— Rab. Deutsch. kr. Fl. ii.
pt. iii. p. 87 (1848)?— Var. cuspidatum, D. M. in Prod. Fl. Cat. ii.
pt. i. p. 70 (1851).—Var. 8. Hübeneri, Rab. Kr. Fl. Sachs. i. p. 368
(1863).

Ph. acuminatum, var. folis distincte sed obtuse denticulis, C. Mül.

op. cit. i. p. 115, inter syn.—Var. B. denticulatum, Rab. Deut. kr.
Fl. loc. cit.

Ph. Neesii, Sendtner, MS.
Delin.— Prodr. Fl. Cat. ii. pt. i. tab. 2.
Exsie.—Rab. Bryoth. Eur. fasc. ii. no. 94, et fasc. x. no. 452.

II. Tortula squarrosa.

This species was first described under the name of Barbula
squarrosa by Bridel in his ‘ Bry. Univ. i. Sup. p. 833. no. 55?
(1827); but as he had seen only sterile specimens, he was un-
certain about the genus. Owing to the kindness of Prof. Al.
Braun, of Berlin, I have been enabled to examine the original
specimens of B. squarrosa in the collection of Bridel, bearing
the inscription “B. squarrosa. Patria ignota, Herb. Cand. 1825.”
I can therefore positively confirm the judgment of Dr. C. Müller
that it is the same species as Tortula squarrosa, De N.

DR. LINDBERG'S CONTRIBUTIONS TO BRITISH BRYOLOGY. 463

The Zortula in question is highly interesting from its truly
axillary fruit-stalk, not “lateral by the quick and continued
growth of innovations,’ because the perichetia are, from the
beginning, developed in the axils of the leaves, and not at the
top of the stems; the bracts are also, as in pleurocarpous mosses,
accrescent in size towards the middle of the perichetium. It
must therefore be separated from the true acrocarpous Tortule,
as a proper genus, Pleurochete, Lindb. (fv. V. Ak. Fórh. xxi.
p. 253. no. 9 (1864), possibly including also some other Tortule
with serrated leaves, as T. serrulata, H. G., robusta, H. G., and
densifolia, H. f. & W., which I have not yet seen. This genus
thus bears to Tortula, Hed., the same relation as Mielichhoferia,
Leptochlena, amd Goniobryum, Lindb. in op. cit. xxi. p. 606.
no. 9, 1864 (Photinophyllum, Mitt. in Jour. L. Soc. x. p. 175,
1868), do to Bryum—Anectangium to Zygodon— Ehizogonium
and Mesochete* to Mnium—Hymenodon to Georgia—and Rhaco-
carpus, Lindb. in op. cit. xix. p. 607. no. 8 (Harrisonia, Schpr.
1860, but not R. Br. 1825), to Braunia, &c.

IV. Trichostomum diffractum, Mitt.

I have received from Mr. G. E. Hunt an English moss, called
by Mr. Mitten Zrichostomum diffractum, n. sp., and had previ-
ously the same form (gathered by Mr. Nowell) from R. Spruce,
Esq., who has most generously favoured me with the half of his
collection of European mosses. This specimen was thus labelled :
—“ Gathered with Mr. Wilson, who called it at first Didymodon
brachydontius ? *

The moss in question is, at first sight, easily recognized by the
following charaeters:— The tufts are short, very dense, and
nearly hemispherical, of black-green colour; the stems united
below by masses of dark brown tomentum; the leaves closely

* MzsocnzrE, n. gen., Lindb. Perichætium axillare, bracteis accrescentibus.
Capsula horizontalis, obliqua, pachydermis, jugata. Peristomium duplex,
ciliis interni teneri maxime appendiculatis. Calyptra? Andreecium gem-
miforme, axillare.—Planta robustissima, elata, erecta, simplex, compressa ;
foliis quadrifariis, conformibus, obliquis, catilagineo-limbatis, cellulis mi-
nutis, rotuntis, lævissimis.

1. M. UNDULATA, n. sp., Lindb. Dioica, foliis undulatis.

Hab. in New England, inter 30-32? lat. aust., Australie medio-orientalis
(New South Wales): hane stirpem parce fructicantem misit cl. F. von
Mueller.

212

464 DR. LINDBERG’S CONTRIBUTIONS TO BRITISH BRYOLOGY.

crowded and fragile; in a dry state irregularly incurved, with a
strong, whitish, very shining nerve, very prominent at the back,
the large hyaline cells of the leaf-base not well defined in the
centre from the upper small indistinct ones, but gradually be-
coming fewer as they ascend obliquely to end in the margin,
precisely as we find the areolation in all the Zortule tortuose ;
and, indeed, it is no doubt most related to Tortula inclinata,
Hed. f., but very distinct from it and all other species of the
same group.

It appears not to be rare (on limestone?) in the west and
south of Europe, and North Africa, as the localities cited will
prove, but has not yet been found in a fertile state.

TorTuLA NITIDA, Lindb. Dioica, dense pulvinata; caule humili, ri-
gido, ramoso, densifolio; foliis crassiusculis, fragililibus, erecto-pa-
tentibus, siccis arcuato-curvatis, plus minusve elongate oblongis,
obtusis, canaliculatis, integerrimis, margine planis, paullo undulatis ;
nervo tereti valde crasso et dorso folii prominente, ut apiculo bre-
vissimo excedente, sicco pallente, dorsoque nitidissimo ; areolatione
laxa basilari cuneiformiter in marginibus sensim desinente, cellulis
ceteris indistinctis, minutissimis, verrucosis ; bracteis perich:etii foliis
simillimis ; pistillidiis et paraphysibus sequilongis, sat paucis.

Tortula nitida, Lindb. Eur. Trichost. p. 45. no. 46 (1864), et in Gf.
V. Ak. Fórh. xxi. p. 252. no. 46 (1864); Rab. Hedwigia, iv. p. 40
(1865).

Barbula Alexandrina, Lor. in Abhan. Ak. Wis. Berl. 1867, pp- 32-35.
no. 13.

Trichostomum Barbula (haud Schwg.), M. T. Lange in Bot. Tids. ii.
p. 235 (1868).

Barbula nitida, Jur. MS. 1867.

Trichostomum diffractum, Mitten in Seem. Jour. Bot. vol. vi. p- 97
(1868).

Delin.—Seem. Jour. Bot. vol. vi. tab. 77 ; Abh. Ak. Wis. Berl. 1867,
tab. 6. figg. 1-6, et tab. 7. figg. 7-20.

Hab. Devonshire, Plymouth, &c., 1867, Holmes, hb. Hunt; Shoreham
Beach, Nowell, hb. Spruce ; Gibraltar, 9, 1839, Dr. A. F. Regnell,
July 1865, M. Brenner; Genoa, February 1867, Dr. P. T. Cleve;
Pisa, S. Paulo, January (no. 29); Toscana, Ripafratta, February
(no. 30), 9; Prato, April 1862 (no. 31), M. T. Lange; Neapoli,
March 1867, P. T. Cleve; Dalmatia, Porto Rosaria in the peninsula
Sabioncello, December 1866, 2, Dr. E. Weiss. (hb. Juratzka) 5 Capo
Greco, in Cyprus, April 1862, Prof. F. Unger (hb. Jur.); Egypt
near Alexandria, April 1823, Prof. E. G. Ehrenberg (hb. Akad.
Sc. Berlin).

DR. LINDBERG’S CONTRIBUTIONS TO BRITISH BRYOLOGY. 465

V. Orthotrichum leiocarpum.

In describing this species (Bry. Eur, fase. 2 & 3, Monog.
p. 28. no. 31, 1837) Messrs. Bruch and Schimper have written in a
note (p. 29), “comme c'est la seule espèce du genre Orthotrichum
qui ait la capsule dépourvue de raies, nous l'appelons O. leio-
carpwm (à fruit lisse) en rejetant la dénomination ‘striatum?’
qu'on avait conservée jusqu'ici."

This alteration of the specific name would be justified, if only
the older authors, as Linné, &c., had really taken the deno-
mination from the capsule ; but this they have not done, giving the
species its name from the striated veil. In all his works the great
Linné says positively “calyptris striatis "—2a character, indeed,
rather common in the genus, but not to be altered when we retain
e. g. Carex paludosa, Good., although nearly all sedges grow in
bogs. We must therefore retain Orthotrichum striatum (L.)
Smith, Fl. Brit. iii. p. 1262. no. 1 (1804).

VI. Leucobryum glaucum.

In ‘Tr. Bot. Soc. Edin.’ iii. p. 194. t. 12 (1849), the very
acute observer, R. Spruce, first pointed out that there exist in the
connate walls of the cells in the nerve of the leaf of Leucobryum
glaucum large circular perforations; but he added that he was
unable to find any holes on the surface of the leaf. And, indeed,
the transparent margin of the base is constructed of only a single
layer of cells, with so very thin a membrane, that without arti-
ficial help the pores in their outer walls are quite imperceptible.
If we place the leaf for some minutes in a strong solution of
caustic soda, then clean it scrupulously in distilled water, and
lay it in a solution of superiodate of zinc+iodide of potassium (or
of nitrate of silver ; in which case the leaf must be dried in a dark
place, and afterwards placed in full sunshine), we shall have an
object with contour sharp enough to be observed under the mi-
croscope. We then find that the thin cells in the margin of
the leaf-base have very large pores, sometimes two in the same
wall, and occasionally divided by a very narrow bridge, formed
by the membrane itself, into two holes. Their form depends
upon the form of the cell itself, and is of course very variable,
being round, oblong, lanceolate, reniform, &c. Very often the pores
on the upperside of the leaf coincide with others on its underside,
but never perfectly so—the one being larger than the other,

466 DR. LINDBERG’S CONTRIBUTIONS TO BRITISH BRYOLOGY.

and hence more easy to be seen. The pores observed not only
on this beautiful moss, but also on other forms belonging to the
same group, Leucobryacee, as also on different Hucalypte, Syr-
rhopodontes, Calymperes, &c., are not very like those on SpAagna,
being of very irregular form, without any trace of a thickened
circumscribing border, and are not found in every cell.

If we put the object between glasses in the same iodine solu-
tion, it will remain unaltered for several years. These observa-
tions have already been published in my essay on the Bog-Mosses
(1862).

VII. The British Dicranum strictum.

I have received from Mr. Wilson a specimen of * Dicranum
strictum — D. thraustum, Schpr.?” gathered on old oak rails,
Staffordshire, 1864, by Mr. Bloxam. This specimen belongs to a
moss already named, in 1850, D. thraustophyllum (Musc. Pyren.
No. 257, “ wood between Pau and Gan "") by the acute Mr. Spruce,
and later, by Sullivant and Lesquereux, Campylopus viridis. It
is exceedingly rare in fruit, this having been found only in Bavaria
by Mr. Arnold (only one capsule), and in Finland by Dr. Norrlin
(about twenty capsules). Its synonymy is'as follows :—

DicRANUM VIRIDE (S. L.) Lindb.
D. thraustophyllum, Spruce, MS. 1850, et Musc. Pyren. hb. no. 257.
Campylopus viridis, $. L., Musc. Bor. Amer. ed. 1, no. 72 (1856), et

ed. 2, no. 91 (1865); Sull. Moss. U. S. p. 103. no. 4 (1856), et Ic.
Musc. p. 30 (1864).

D. viride, Lindb. in. Rab. Hedwigia, ii. p. 70 (1863), et ejus Bryoth. Eur.
xxii. no. 1061 (1869); Schpr. Musc. Eur. Novi, fasc. 3 & 4. p. isl
(1866) ; Mild. Bry. Siles. p. 65. no. 37 (1869).

D. fulvum* D. viride, Lindb. in Hart. Sk. Fl. ed. 9, ii. p. 68. no. 13*.
(1864).

D. thraustum, Schpr. MS. 1862.

Delin.—Schpr. Muse. Eur. Nov. fasc. 3 & 4. tab. 1; Sull. Icon. Muse.
tab. 18 p.

VIII. A British Seligeria.

Since the publication in 1860 of * Synops. Muse. Eur.’ by Prof.
Schimper, in which important work four species of Seligeria are
described, the genus has been enriched by no less than four new
forms, all from the north of Europe—viz. S. paucifolia (Dicks.)
Carruth., S. diversifolia, S. crassinervis, and S. acutifolia, Lindb.,—

DR. LINDBERG’S CONTRIBUTIONS TO BRITISH BRYOLOGY. 467

the first from England, the others from Scandinavia. To these
may be added a form of S. trifaria (Brid.), called by me var. p.
patula in my essay on the Scandinavian Seligerie ; Mr. Sullivant
has given the same in his beautiful Muse. Alleg. ii. no. 142
(with a few individuals of S. Donii in a bad state), under the
name of Weissia calcarea. It seems to be distinct from S. trifaria
by its short stem with shorter setze, and the leaves not trifarious,
longer, recurved, thick, entire, and not pellucid, and by the large
and thick nerve occupying nearly the whole subula. It may be
à good species (S. patula, Lindb. MS.) intermediate between S.
trifaria and S. calcarea, but has not yet been sufficiently exa-
mined.

Mr. Wilson gathered, May 14, 1831, near Buxton, in Derby-
shire, and sent to me, a variety (f. longiseta), of my S. acutifolia,
which may now be described.

SELIGERIA ACUTIFOLIA, Lindb. Autoica, perpauca ; foliis viridissimis,
supremis ut et bracteis perichetii e basi plus minusve vaginante ab-
rupte angustatis in subulam subteretem, setiformem, acutissimam et
pungentem, fragilem, crenulatam, nervo totam fere subulam formante ;
seta gracillima, brevissima, 1 mm. alta; capsula parva, apices bractea-
rum orificio vix superante, leptodermi, pallida et pellucida, breviter
pyriformi, collo brevi ; dentibus peristomii brevibus, fere obtusiusculis ;
rostro operculi brevissimo, capsula quadruplo breviore, vix obliquo.

S. ACUTIFOLIA, Lindb. in Hartm. Sk. Fl. ed. 9, ii. p. 75. no. 4 (1864),
et in Not. Süllsk. F. Fl. Fenn. Forh. ix. p. 261. no. 4 (1868).

Delin.—FI. Dan. (nondum edita).

Var. 8. longiseta (Lindb.). Planta major, seta 2-3 mm. alta, capsula
alte emergente, rostro operculi longiore et magis obliquo.

S. pusilla, var. foliis perichetialibus longioribus setaceis, Wils. MS.

S. acutifolia, var. 8. longiseta, Lindb. in Not. Sállsk. F. Fl. Fenn. Fürh.
l c.

This species has the leaves and bracts of S. paucifolia (Dicks.)

Carruth. (S. calycina, Mitt., S. subcernua, Schpr.), but the fruit of
S. pusilla (Ehrh.) B. S.

IX. Neckera complanata.

In his excellent Bry. Brit. p. 412, Mr. Wilson has noticed a
var. B. obtusa (Brid.), Wils., distinguished from the typical form
by its “stems shorter, irregularly branched, branches obtuse at
the summit." It was found on the ground near Howth by Mr.
Scott, and first commemorated by Mr. Turner in his Muse. Hib.
Spic. p. 145, in a note, and afterwards called Leskea (Omalia)

468 DR. LINDBERG'S CONTRIBUTIONS TO BRITISH BRYOLOGY.

complanata, var. B. obtusa, by Bridel in his Bry. Un. ii. p. 329
(1827). We have not seen the moss in question; so we can only
put forth the conjecture that it may perhaps be Neckera Besseri
(Lob.), Jur., not yet noticed as English.
Neckera BESSERI (Lob.) Jur.
Omalia Besseri, Lob. in Haiding. Naturw. Abh, i. p. 48, no. 1
(1847).
N. leiophylla, Gümb. MS.; C. Mil. Syn. ii. p. 44. no. 6 (1851).
N. Sendtneri, B. S. Bry. Eur. fasc. 44 & 45, Monog. p. 10. no. 6
(1850).
N. Besseri, Jur. in Verh. Zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, 1860, p. 368 (ubi fructus
descriptus).
Homalia Sendtneri, Schpr. Synop. p. 473. no. 3 (1860).
Delin.—B. S. Bry. Eur. l. c,
Var. B. rotundifolia (Hart.), Lindb.
N. rotundifolia, Hart. Sk. Fl. ed. 5, p. 338. no. 5 (1849).
Homalia rotundifolia, Schpr. Syn. p. 474. no. 4.
Is easily recognized from JN. complanata by its rounded obtuse
leaves, wholly composed of rhombic cells.

X. Sphagnum curvifolium, Wils.

Of this I possess only the male plant, collected by the author
near Holyhead (March 1856 and October 1857) and at Vale
Royal, Cheshire (September and October 1865), growing with S.
subsecundum.

It is the same as S. neglectum, Angstr. in (fv. V. Ak. Fórh.
xxi. p. 201 (1864), as Mr. Sullivant first pointed out to me, a
species found previously in North America and Scandinavia. It
is a collateral species to S. subsecundum, but distinct by its cortex
(rather cork, analogous to the velamen radicum on the aerial roots
of epiphytical Orchidew, as I have already pointed out in my
essay on Bog-Mosses) formed of two or three layers of cells, as
also by its perichztial bracts. It is also a rather polymorphous
species.

SPHAGNUM NEGLECTUM, Angstr. in (Efv. V. Ak. Fürh. xxi. p. 201

(1864).
S. subsecundum (haud N. Es. C. Mül. Synops. p. 234. no. 14
(1851).

S. eontortum (haud Schultz), Sull. Moss. U. S. p. ll. no. 3 (1856).

S. eurvifolium, Wils. MS.

Delin.—Sull. Icon. Muse. Sup. (nondum publicatum).

Helsingfors, 30 Dec. 1869.

MRS. BARBER ON DUVERNOIA ADHATODOTDES. 469

a

On the Fertilization and Dissemination of Duvernoia adhato-
doides. By Mrs. Barber. (Communicated by Dr. Hooxer,

V.P.L.S.)
[Read April 15, 1869.]

D. adhatodoides (E. Mey. in Drég. Comm.). Of this handsome
species of Acanthacem, I received dried specimens and young
plants from J. H. Bowker, Esq., of the Frontier Armed and
Mounted Police. They were obtained from the forests near
Fort Bowker, on the Bashee River, more than 200 miles beyond
the colonial. boundary, where this fine plant was not uncom-
mon, adding another charm to the many which adorn those
lonely but most interesting woods, and forming, with its innumer-
able snowy blossoms and broad dark-green leaves, a beautiful and
conspicuous object amidst the surrounding scenery.

The species is a fine evergreen shrub or small tree, attaining
the height of from 8 to 10 feet, with numerous somewhat
quadrangular jointed branches, and pink-striped white flowers.

The season of its bloom, which commences rather late in
autumn, extends in duration over nearly three months, until
near midwinter.

The simple erect flowering branches or spikes of this plant
contain several rows of buds; these are arranged in threes, and
placed alternately opposite on the inflorescence, the buds of these
triflorate groups blossoming in succession; hence the protracted
period of its flowering-season.

The blossoms of D. adhatodoides are mainly, if not entirely,
dependent upon insect agency for their fertilization; and this
work is, as far as I have been able to ascertain, performed solely
by the large black and yellow Carpenter Bee (a species of the
genus Xylocopa): this bee, upon all bright and sunny days, is
an assiduous labourer amongst the flowers of this plant, creeping
into each in succession, and with its powerful wedge-shaped
proboscis or beak (see fig. 4) forcing open the constricted
tubes, which is done by inserting this wedge-shaped proboscis
into the fold which envelops the style (fig. 5): to accomplish
this, the bee seizes hold of the lobed projections of the lower
divisions of the corolla, and, drawing its body up, forces its head
and thorax into the flower; this movement brings the hairy
thorax of the bee into the upper lip of the ringent corolla (fig. 3),
beneath which are placed the style and stamens (fig. 3). The

LINN; JOURN.—BOTANY, VOL. XI. 2K

470 MRS. BARBER ON DUVERNOIA ADHATODOIDES.

insect when retiring from the flower brushes out and carries
away upon its thorax great quantities of the pollen; and in enter-
ing another blossom, in the same manner as described above,
the thorax of the bee, laden with pollen-masses, is forced into
another ringent blossom; and then coming into contact with the

No. 1. A flower of Duvernoia adhatodoides, natural size.
2. The same, with the bee entering.
3. Flower after fertilization has taken place. The lower divisions of the co-
rolla are removed.
4. The head of the bee.
5. Front view of corolla with the lower divisions removed.

stigma (which projects somewhat beyond the stamens), secures its
fertilization, and also obtains from the adjacent stamens a fresh
supply of pollen to be carried on in like manner to the next
blossom.

No lepidopterous insect, small bee, or fly could possibly
effect the fertilization of D. adhatodoides ; neither could they ob-
tain nectar from its constricted tubes; for the cunning manner in
which they are closed would defy their utmost efforts; and
herein lies the mystery of this plant, its wonderful evidence of a
divine guardianship, a protecting Power, which cares and pro-

MRS. BARBER ON DUVERNOIA ADHATODOIDES. 471

vides for all. It is solely to this bee that this plant is indebted
for its fertilization, and it is to this bee alone that she yields
her honeyed stores. The bee, again, is rewarded with an abundant
supply of nectar; in fact,he is paid for his work ; “ and the labourer
is worthy of his hire."

lt is interesting to watch these insects busily employing them-
selves amongst the blossoms of this plant, whilst all other insects
pass it by as utterly unworthy of their attentions ; surely the
one was made for the other, the flowers for the bee, and the bee
for the flowers.

I tied a piece of muslin over a flowering branch of the Dwvernoia,
which prevented the bees from entering its blossoms, and this
branch produced no seed. I may likewise remark that the spikes
which blossom late in the season, after the large bees have re-
tired to winter quarters and have become dormant, also produce
no seed. However, I think it not improbable that occasionally
a flower or two may be fertilized by the wind blowing one branch
against another.

D. adhatodoides is not only remarkable for the manner in
which its fertilization takes place, but likewise for the method of
its dissemination; for the way in which the seeds of this plant
are scattered abroad, isnot more curious than clever—although
in this respect it is not singular; for many of the species of the
order Acanthacee possess, to a certain degree, the same pecu-
liarities.

The erect wedge-shaped capsules of the plant in question
usually contain four seeds ; these, by abortion, are often reduced to
two; they are placed near the apex, above the long elastie
portions of the capsule; each seed is subtended by a rigid,
subulate, grooved process, which proceeds from the placenta
(apparently a continuation of it), and is prolonged half-way
round the seed, which is held in its upright position by this
curved groove. When the seeds are matured and perfectly ripe,
and the capsule has become hard and dry, a contraction takes
place along the opposite sides of the long spring-shaped portions
of the valves, causing each to bend diametrically against the
other, until at length it explodes or bursts with great force, pro-
ducing a sound like that caused by the explosion of a small per-
cussion pistol-cap, and at the same time throwing the two valves
of the seed-vessel to some distance away from the plant, often,
if there are no intervening branches of trees to obstruct their

2x2

472 M. FRITZ MULLER ON THE MODIFICATION OF

passage, six or seven yards, and, with a favouring wind, often
much further. The seeds in their flight through the air, though
dry and ripe, do not fall to the ground; they are held in their
upright position by the grooved process until the apex of the cap-
sule, overbalanced by its weight, turns in falling, giving the seeds,
which are thus cleverly carried to their destination, a free pas-
sage to fall to the earth, at some distance away from their parent
plant, where, without incommoding it, there may be sufficient
room for the future generations of D. adhatodoides to spring up
and fulfil their destiny. x

Highlands, Graham's Town, S. Africa.
Nov. 12, 1867.

On the Modification of the Stamens in a Species of Begonia.
By Fnrrz Mérrzm (in a Letter to Mr. DAnwIN).

(Read June3, 1869.]

Itajanez, S. Catharina, Brazil.

March 14, 1869.
My DEAR Sra,

In your book on * Variation under Domestication’ you mention
a remarkable plant of Begonia frigida producing hermaphrodite
flowers with inferior perianth. I have lately found an analogous
wild plant of another Begonia, which is here a common weed. In
this plant all the male flowers show a strong tendency to become
hermaphrodite—one, two, or three of the central stamens being
transformed more or less completely into pistils. No two of
these male flowers appear to be exactly alike; and almost every
day affords a new and surprising modification. Here are some
cases :—

THE STAMENS IN A SPECIES OF BEGONIA. 473

Fig. 4. Fig. 5.

Fig. 1. A single stamen modified; connectivum much dilated; on either
margin a short anther with good pollen; at the end, well-developed stigmatic
papilla.

Fig. 2. A single stamen modified; a well-developed stigma; neither anthers
nor ovules.

Fig. 8. Three modified stamens, united at the base. a, well-developed stigma ;
no pollen; numerous ovules, differing in nothing from those of the normal 9
flowers. , club-shaped, without pollen, ovules, and stigmatic papilla. c, pollen
on both margins of the connectivum ; ovules on the convex margin; apex of the
connectivum smooth, without stigmatic papille, but one of the ovules trans-

formed into a stigma.
Fig. 4. Three stamens united. a, not modified ; b, connectivum much dilated,

pollen on either margin, neither ovules nor stigmatic papilla; c, well-developed
stigmatic papille, pollen (a small quantity) on one margin alone of the much-
dilated connectivum, a few ovules.

Fig. 5. Three stamens, modified and united: a and b without pollen, with
large stigmas and numerous ovules; ¢ nearly normal, only the tip of the con-
nectivum being somewhat enlarged and provided with small stigmatic papillz.

Once I saw (fig. 3, s), in the midst of the white ovules, a dark
yellow body of a club-shaped form, having nearly the size of an
ovule, covered by club-shaped papilla exactly resembling in
shape and colour those of the stigma; so that in this case an
ovule appeared to have been transformed into a stigma!

Since I found this plant, I have been looking out for others ;
and yesterday I at length met with a second specimen (grow-
ing within 2 yards distance from the first), which promises to
offer still more curious modifications. Some of the male flowers
of this second plant have been transformed completely into
female ones with superior perianth, but distinguished from the
normal 9 flowers by the perianth having (as in the male flowers)
two large broad outer and two small narrow inner segments
(whilst the female flowers have five segments, one being smaller),
and by their having from four to five stigmas and as many ale

474 MR. J. E. HOWARD ON HYBRIDISM AMONG CINCHON X.

on the ovarium (the female flowers have three). In one of these
abnormal female flowers there were some naked ovules between
the stigmas beside those included in the ovarium. In the first
plant all the ovules of the male flowers are naked. There are
some unripe pods on the second plant, all of which are produced
by normal 9 flowers; as soon as they are ripe I shall send you
seeds of this second plant also.
Fritz MÜLLER.

Introductory Remarks to Mr. Broventon’s Paper on Hybridism
among Cinchone. By J. E. Howat, F.L.S.

[Read March 3, 1870.]

Ar the particular request of Mr. Broughton I engaged to
read the accompanying paper. The author also wished that I
should adduce any arguments that might occur to me against any
point that he has mentioned. This his desire, I conclude, arose
from my having frequently urged the study of the different kinds
eultivated in India, in order to the selection of the sort most adapted
for the production of Quinine, as a necessary point to be attended
to by those who would cultivate with profit. Ihave also expressed
my belief in the general permanence of the forms, even of the
subspecies or varieties of the plant.

Ihave nothing to urge, however, against the views expressed by
Mr. Broughton as to the occurrence of hybrids, but, on the contrary,
living specimens which have occurred in my own limited sphere of
observation which seem to me to confirm their truth. Iam more
doubtful about the occurrence of Lybridism in the native places
of growth of the Cinchonz, as I do not think there can be in ge-
neral the same favourable conditions for the interference of the
pollen of different species that occur in their cultivated state. I
have not, therefore, so much expectation of light being thrown on

the botanical arrangement of the genus as is expressed by my
correspondent.

MR. J. BROUGHTON ON HYBRIDISM AMONG CINCHONE. 475

Note on Hybridism among Cinchone. By J. Bu eae B.Se.,
F.C.S., Chemist to the Cinchona Plantations of the Madras
Government.

Tue Cinchons have long been known as plants whose flowers

show in each individual that singular difference in the respective

prominence of the stamens and pistil which has since received the
name of dimorphism. The special forms have been named by the

Spaniards respectively macho and hembra, according as the male or

female organs are prominent in the blossoms of any single tree.

The researches of Mr. Darwin have shown the consequences of

this peculiarity as it affects the fertilization of the seed in the

parallel cases of Primula, Oxalis, &c.*

On the Cinchona plantations of the Madras Government are
now growing, blossoming, and fruiting nearly all the valuable
febrifuge-yielding species. Individuals of the various species are,
in very numerous instances, planted in close proximity. The
seeds are produced in great abundance, and have been used for
the purpose of obtaining seedling plants for the extension of the
plantations: under these circumstances, it might have been pre-
dicted beforehand that hybrids would appear,

These considerations did not, however, occur to me as a che-
mist. But as it is my duty to make a chemical examination of
the bark of all varieties occurring on the plantations, some cir-
cumstances occurred which brought the above prominently under
my notice. Among some young trees raised from Neilgherry
seed was a plant of great beauty, quite distinct in appearance
from any of the elder or originally introduced kinds. It had the
general aspect, pyramidal habit, and luxuriance of C. succirubra,
but at the same time the lovely purple tints and velvety appear-
ance which characterize the leaves of the * Grey Barks" when
young. Its bark resembled that of C. succirubra, but was lighter
in colour. But on analysis it yielded 1:45 per cent. of nearly
pure cinchonine, instead of about 3°00 per cent. of alkaloid mainly
consisting of quinine and cinchonidine, as was the general yield
of its neighbours of C. succirubra of the same age. So unusual a
result led me so repeat the analysis and to make full inquiries
into the origin of the plant. I then learned from the Assistant
Superintendent in charge of the plantation that the plant had

* After numerous trials I have not succeeded in detecting any clear difference
between the amounts of alkaloid contained in the bark of the macho and hembra
forms.

476 MR. J. BROUGHTON ON HYBRIDISM AMONG CINCHON®.

been picked up under a tree of C. micrantha as a natural seedling,
its parent growing in proximity to trees of C. succirubra, which
blossom at the same period.

This circumstance set me examining young seedling planta-
tions in order to find, if possible, other instances. I found among
them forms which are not to be met with among the parent trees,
and which are new to the plantations. One of these is a variety
which combines resemblances to the very dissimilar species of ofi-
cinalis and succirubra, having the large leaves and habit of the
latter with the ovate-lanceolate leaves also of the texture character-
istic of the former. Some of the leaves also possessed scrobicules.
The bark of one individual yielded 2:8 per cent. of alkaloid consist-
ing of Cinchonidine and Cinchonine, while that of another gave
me 2:8 per cent. of alkaloid consisting of 1:3 of quinine and the
remainder of cinchonidine and einchonine. Inthe latter case the
quinine crystallized as sulphate with the ease which marks this
alkaloid when obtained from C. officinalis. Y cannot but consider
the chemical character of the bark an independent corroboration
of the hybrid character of the plant.

Other varieties are appearing among seedling trees, which,
though their origin can be less clearly made out than in the
former instances, can scarcely be explained without assuming that
they are natural hybrids.

Among the hundreds of thousands of trees of C. officinalis
growing on the Neilgherries, very various and numerous differ-
ences are to be found. If each of the characteristic forms were
to be distinguished by name, more than twenty new varieties
might be constituted possessing, in certain specimens, as distinct
an identity as that attributed to the vars. Bonplandiana, Uritu-
singa, &c., which are now recognized by botanists. These nume-
rous varieties merge into one another by insensible gradations;
and as it would be impossible to keep seedling plants of each se-
parated, they are all mixed in the plantations. Isubmit that this
natural confusion of varieties and subvarieties is a consequence
of the interbreeding of the various kinds. As many of the kinds
were introduced by seed into India, it appears to me to be highly
probable that certain of these are not the pure descendants of
plants possessing in all respects the recognized botanical charac-
ters of the respective kinds. As a matter of practical experience,
I find that the yield of alkaloids is tolerably constant in very Va-
rious varieties of the same species, even when the difference 1m
habit, foliage, &c. is marked.

DR. CUNNINGHAM ON THE PERIANTH IN PHILESIA. 477

The variations are also clearly apparent in the species succirubra
and calisaya.

The object of this note is to call the attention of competent
botanists to these facts as being well worthy of consideration in
carrying out any future classification. I cannot forbear express-
ing a hope that they may lead to a simplification in the botanical
arrangement of the genus, which at present is so confused as to
be in some cases almost a hindrance to the correct appreciation of
the actual living realities.

On the Occurrence of Finci of the Perianth in Philesia.
By R. O. CunntNeuam, M.D., F.L.S.

[Read April 7, 1870.]

Tue recent perusal of Dr. Masters's valuable work on ‘ Vegetable
Teratology’ has induced me to bring before the notice of the
Members of the Linnean Society a form of monstrosity of which
I have met with several examples in the flower of Philesia, a
genus of Smilaceous endogens, in which no instances of double
flowers appear to have been as yet recorded. This genus, it is
hardly necessary to remark, consists of but one species, the beau-
tiful P. buzifolia, which occurs plentifully in the damp wooded
region of Fuegia and the western parts of the Strait of Magel-
haens, extending up the west coast of South America, at least as
far as Valdivia, to the north of which it is replaced by its still
handsome ally Lapageria rosea, which possesses a much more
limited range, not extending far to the north of Concepcion.

The ordinary form of the flower of Philesia consists, as is well
known, of a hexaphyllous perianth, furnished at the base with
two or more small bracts. Of the six lacinie, the three outer, which
vary very much in size in individual specimens, are both shorter
and narrower than the inner, each of which is provided internally
at the base with a greenish-yellow glandular pit secreting a
sweet honey-like fluid. The stamens, six in number, and in-
serted at the base of the perianth, have their filaments united
into a tube for some distance upwards ; their anthers are of a linear
form and of a yellow colour; and the contained pollen-grains are
spherical, and under a moderate magnifying-power exhibit a
hispid surface. Through the stamen-tube passes the elongated

478 DR. CUNNINGHAM ON THE PERIANTH IN PHILESIA.

style, which bears at its extremity the obscurely three-lobed glu-
tinous stigma.

Of the abnormal form of the flower, I found at least three spe-
cimens in the western part of the Strait of Magellan and the
Channels on the west coast of Patagonia; and asthey do not ma-
terially differ from one another in arrangement of parts, a very
brief description of one of them, gathered in the month of March,
1868, at Playa Parda Cove, on the south-west of the Cordova
Peninsula, may suffice. In that specimen, which was associated
with two other flowers of the natural form, instead of six divi-

Fig. 1. Double flower of PAilesia.

Fig. 2. Section of ditto, exhibiting stamens of ordinary form adhering by
filament to a petaloid stamen and pistil with two-cleft stigma: a, stigma ;
b, ordinary stamen ; c, section of petaloid stamen ; d, its anther.

Fig. 3. Ordinary flower of PAilesia, from a dried specimen.

sions of the perianth being present, there were eighteen; and
these all possessed the same general form, which, as a reference
to the sketch will show, differed considerably from that ordi-
nari exhibited. The colour was the same as usual, save that
the tips of the greater number of the lacini: were provided with a
light green mucro, and that a few of the most external were tinged
with green at the base. On making a section of the flower, I
found that there were only three perfect stamens, one of which
was partially coherent with a fourth, which had become petaloid
inits nature, though still retaining an anther-lobe. The pistil
presented, instead of a three-lobed, a distinctly two-cleft stigma.
It is a fact worthy of mention, as regards the growth of Philesia,

DR. KIRK ON COPAL. 479

that while in general it forms a low suberect under-shrub, yet, like
some other Magellanic plants, such as Prionotes, it frequently as-
sumes a scandent habit, attaining a height of from 12 to 14 feet
when supported by the trunk of a tree ; and in illustration of this,
I may mention that on more than one occasion I have climbed a
tree in order to reach its fine rose-coloured flowers.

On Copal. By Dr. KIRK. (Extract from a Letter to Dr.
HookER dated Zanzibar, November 13, 1869.)°

[Read May 5, 1870.]

Havre had a few days again at the coast, where I had to
go in order to meet the Sultan, I had occasion to make a few
observations that may interest you, and to collect plants, many of
which I know are new, not only to me, but to the Kew Mu-
seum; these I shall send through the F. O. by the first op-
portunity.

I must first premise that my excursions were limited to three
miles from the coast, and that the Uzaramo country beyond is
still, to all intents, a terra incognita to the botanist, rich in
plants ; and I know of no more promising field for a three months’
excursion, if I only had the time, than the hill of Usawbara,
4000 feet high, and the Uraramo plains, both opposite the island
of Zanzibar.

Having already made some observations on the formation of
copal (or Animi) and the tree which yields it now, I paid con-
siderable attention to the subject this time. In the dense forest
I was struck with the immense number and size of these trees,
far exceeding any thing that I had before imagined. In no in-
stance did I see the soft juice flowing: where found on the tree
it was invariably hard. I send a fine specimen removed from the
living tree; it will show you that now large masses, equalling in
size the fossils, are still produced, and full of insects, as were
those of the ancient forests. In the dense jungles, where these
trees are found the largest, there is no under-grass to catch fire
and to destroy the fallen trunks; when a tree dies it rots until,
eaten by white ants, it falls piece by piece on the ground; any
resinous masses would thus be preserved. Struck by the num-
ber of these trees, I commenced turning up the sandy soil to the

480 DR. KIRK ON COPAL.

depth of 10 inches, when I soon found small pieces of Animi, but
not of the modern sort. There was no Copal-tree in the place
where 1 dug; and the resin had lain there, it may be, for centuries.
This led me to examine minutely the outer skin ; and I found, as
you will see from the pieces when they arrive, that copal when
dug up has no trace of the goose-skin upon it. I am now satis-
fied that this is due to a change in the surface of the mass after
exposure, when, to a certain depth, an oxidation takes place,
or it may be a molelecular change, rendering the skin more
brittle than the inner mass. When treated with a solution of
caustic soda, this brittle crust softens, and, on drying, cracks to
the full depth to which the change has taken place. After dry-
ing in the sun, the friable crust may be removed with a hair
brush, and then for the first time we see the goose-skin, cha-
racteristic of good or fossil Animi.

When cleaning copal, it may be that each merchant throws
away as much as thirty pounds daily of this dusty resin brushed
off the copal, and this they call sand; but I send you a speci-
men to show you that it is genuine resin and, I suspect, of
value, atleast worth more than being cast into the sea, as is here
done.

On my return home one evening I came upon an old Baobab
tree that had been cut down in clearing the ground; the tree
was, on the average, 6 feet in diameter ; it had been cut about two
years, aud had lived for at least one year after being completely
severed from the ground ; now it seemed to have been dead for a
year, and was fast rotting. On tearing off the layers that gaped
open and parted from one another far more easily than the bark
of other trees from the wood, I found that the last vital act had
been to give out a stiff lace-like network of rootlets between
each annual layer ; so coarse were these at places as to resemble
a fishing-net. These woody plates, separated by layers of matted
roots, varied in thickness from 3-3 an inch; and this exactly
corresponds with observations made by me on the growth of living
trees of the same sort, which long ago convinced me that the
huge Baobabs of Africa do not possess the great age usually
ascribed to them; a tree of 6 feet may be 100 years old. In
this instance the last-formed circumferential layers were fully as
thick as the central. That the central layers are indications of
annual growth, I think proved by my observations on young
trees, of which I have examined many.

BEV. J. M. CROMBIE ON NEW BRITISH LICHENS. 481

In the herbarium you will find my new plants, some, I think,
new even to the Kew collections, and highly interesting.

There is one which I should place not far from Cardiospermum,
a moderate-sized tree ; this I can refer to no genus; it may, how-
ever, be ex-African, and I have no time to dip into the genera
just at present; but if this should prove new, please call it Ma-
jidea, after our late Sultan, Seyd Majid *.

Since collecting, I have had no time to examine my plants; but
the little I did on the spot showed that this small collection is of
considerable interest, and I have collected in each case a num-

ber of specimens.
J. KIRE.

New Lichens recently discovered in Great Britain.
By the Rev. James M. Cromer, M.A., F.L.S. and F.G.S.

(Read June 2, 1870.)

Amonast many rare and previously undetected British lichens,
met with in the course of my botanical rambles, chiefly during
the last five, and more especially the last three years, the follow-
ing new species, which, with two exceptions, have been named by
Dr. Wm. Nylander, of Paris, have rewarded my researches in
several parts of the country far distant from each other. Asa
considerable proportion of them are from well-known localities,
such as Ben Lawers and the New Forest, which have been re-
peatedly searched by some of our most zealous lichenologists, it
is evident that Great Britain is still far from being exhausted,
and that many hitherto undescribed species will be detected on
further investigation. And, indeed, this is confirmed by my
discovery of a new species last month near Hendon, in Middle-
sex, a county the poorest in its list of lichens of any in Britain—
though even here another new species was some years ago dis-
covered by Mr. Currey, and duly reported in my recent ‘ Enu-
meratio. The lichenology of large tracts of country both in Great
Britain and Ireland is still but little known; while more espe-
cially the western portions of the counties of Inverness, Ross,
and Sutherland, in Scotland, are still almost a ferra incognita
with respect both to our phenogamics and cryptogamics. There
is every reason to believe that an examination of these tracts

* Described as Majidea zanguebarica in * Icones Plantarum,' tab. 1097.

482 REV. J. M. CROMBIE ON NEW BRITISH LICHENS.

would bring to light many additions and novelties to our Lichen-
flora.

1. SPILONEMA scoricuM, Nyl. in Flora, 1869, p. 82. Thallus black,
forming small, compact, convex, pulvinate patches: apothecia black,
very minute, the epithecium impressed or convex ; spores 8 in thecz,
colourless, oviform-oblong, l-septate, 010—014 millim. long, about
"0045 millim. thick : paraphyses discrete, slender : epithecium vaguely
obscure, hypothecium colourless : hymeneal gelatine blue with iodine.

On damp mieaceous rocks of Ben Lawers above Loch-na-Cat,

August 1867. Rare, and but very sparingly fertile, though,
from the small size of the apothecia, almost invisible to the naked
eye, these are very apt to be overlooked. It is allied to S. re-
vertens, Nyl., from which, however, it is sufficiently distinguished
by the size of the apothecia and the character of the spores.

2. PvnENoPsIs HoM«oPsis, Nyl. in Flora, 1868, p. 342. Thallus
brown, thin, effuse, subgranulose: apothecia concolorous, lecanorine,
small, epithecium colourless, paraphyses slender: spores '011—018
millim. long, ‘007-010 millim. thick: hymeneal gelatine reddish
wine-coloured, or yellowish wine-coloured with iodine.

On micaceous boulders on the summit of Ben Lawers, August,
1867. Apparently very rare, and seen only in small quantity,
growing along with Lecanora frustulosa, Deks. It is most nearly
allied to P. grumulifera, a Scandinavian species, but differs from
this, amongst other characters, in its larger spores and gonima.

3. LECANORA HYPOPHÆA, Nyl. in Flora, 1870, p. 34. Thallus inde-
terminate, greyish or greyish-green, thin, granulate, unequal; apo-
thecia reddish black, lecidean, at first plane, margined, the proper
margin black, subcrenulate or undulated, then somewhat convex,
with excluded margin: spores innumerable, oblong, ‘005—006 millim.
long, 0015 millim. thick: paraphyses of about medium thickness,
articulated : hypothecium colourless, beneath slightly dark brownish :
hymeneal gelatine wine- or tawny-red with iodine.

On granitic stones of a wall near old Machar Cathedral, Aber-
deen, August 1869. Not unfrequent in one or two spots in
that locality, and often athalline, though, from the nature of the
stone, only a single good specimen was obtained. It is allied to
L. privigena, Ach., from which it is separated by the above
characters.

4. LECIDEA LITHOPHILIZA, Nyl. in Flora, 1868, p. 473. Thallus
greyish white, firm, unequally deplanate, areolate-diffractate or areo-
late-rimose, thin: apothecia brownish black, brown when moist,

REV. J. M. CROMBIE ON NEW BRITISH LICHENS. 483

somewhat plane or convex, immarginate, white within: spores 8 in
theez, colourless, oblong, simple, ‘009-017 millim. long, :0035-
0045 millim. thick : paraphyses of medium thickness, lurid brown `
at apex: hypothecium chalky-white in the middle, and black in the
lower stratum : hymeneal gelatine distinctly blue with iodine.

On micaceous stones of a wall near Portlethen, Kincardine-
shire, south of Aberdeen, August 1868. Apparently rare, and
gathered but sparingly, notwithstanding a somewhat protracted
search. Its specific name seems to indicate its propinquity to
L. lithophila, Ach., a species not uncommon on the Welsh and
Grampian mountains ; but Nylander observes that it ought rather
to occupy a place amongst the Biatore of Fries, near to L.
pheops, Nyl., a plant of Ben Lawers and Cader Idris.

5. LEcIDEA McSTULA, Nyl. in Flora, 1868, p. 344. Thallus greyish,
thin, subgranulate or evanescent ; apothecia black, minute or small,
plane or convex, numerous and crowded, usually immarginate, colour-
less within; spores eight in thecz, colourless, elliptical, simple, :007-
‘008 millim. long, 0025-0035 millim. thick : paraphyses not discrete,
epithecium colourless or obscure; hypothecium obscurely brown
throughout: spermatia oblong, with short sterigmata: hymeneal
gelatine wine-red with iodine.

On old rails near Lyndhurst, in the New Forest, Hants, Sep-
tember 1866. Abundant in the spot where gathered, and likely
to occur elsewhere in that neighbourhood, as also no doubt in
similar tracts at least in the south of England. Its systematic
place is near L. turgidula, Frs. ; and itis nearly allied to L. myrio-
carpoides, Nyl., a species not yet detected in Britain.

6. LECIDEA TENERA, Nyl. in Flora, 1869, p. 83. Thallus greyish
green, thin, somewhat subgranulate, indeterminate, everywhere rimu-
lose: apothecia pale, minute, plane, with paler margin : spores eight
in thecz, colourless, oblong or subbacillar, simple or obsoletely l-
septate, 008—010 millim. long, -0015—0025 millim. thick: para-
physes of medium thickness, with clavate apex : epithecium and hy-
pothecium colourless: spermogones with oblong spermatia : hyme-
neal gelatine blue with iodine.

On the smooth face of a granitic rock on the coast of Kincar-
dineshire, south of the bay of Nigg, August 1868. Though occur-
ring plentifully in one spot in a shady situation, it was seen by
me nowhere else in the neighbourhood, at least in a fertile state.
It is allied to Z. globulosa, Flk., from which it is distinguished by

the above characters.

484 REV. J. M. CROMBIE ON NEW BRITISH LICHENS.

7. LEciDEA spopopss, Nyl. in litt.; Crombie in Seem. Jour. Bot.
1869, p. 233. Thallus greenish yellow, thin, granulose, somewhat
evanescent: apothecia cinereous or sordid pale, small, convex, im-
marginate : spores simple, oblong, 010—014 millim. long, ‘0025-0040
millim. thick (with hydrate of potass slightly or spuriously 3-septate):
hymeneal gelatine blue, and then wine-red, with iodine.

On old pales near Lyndhurst, in the New Forest, April 1869.
Apparently rare and local. It is closely allied to L. denigrata,
Frs., of which probably it is to be regarded as a subspecies, though
externally in colour of thallus and apothecia it is readily distin-
guished from this.

8. LECIDEA PARISSIMA, Nyl. in litt. Thallus sordid, greyish green
when moist, granulose, indeterminate; apothecia blackish, reddish
brown when moist, small, more or less crowded: spores oblong or
fusiform-oblong, simple, ‘007-"011 millim. long, °0025—-0035 millim.
thick (with hydrate of potass showing an obsolete septum), the epi-
thecium also being obsoletely violet tinged with the same: spermatia
oblong-cylindrical : hymeneal gelatine wine-yellow with iodine.

On an old pale at Golder’s Green, Hendon, Middlesex, May
1870, Plentiful in one spot, and may be expected to occur else-
where in similar situations near stagnant water. Like the pre-
ceding, it is closely allied to L. denigrata, Frs., from which it dif-
fers chiefly in the reaction with iodine as above.

9. LECIDEA SUBTURGIDULA, Nyl. in Flora, 1868, p. 343. Thallus
greenish white, very thin, effuse: apothecia pale, more or less livid,
opaque, convex, small, immarginate, hypothecium brownish: spores
eight in thecæ, colourless, oblong, simple or slightly 1-3-septate,
008-014 millim. long, ‘003--004 millim. thick: paraphyses not dis-
crete, epithecium yellowish white: hymeneal gelatine blue and then
yellowish with iodine.

On the decaying wood of old decorticated hollies in the New
Forest, near Lyndhurst railway-junction, May 1868. Very rare
and found sparingly only on two trees, notwithstanding a some-
what extended search in different parts of the forest. Its sys-
tematic place amongst British species is near to L. melena, Nyl.

10. Lecrpza pEDUCTA, Nyl. in litt.; Cromb. in Seem. Jour. Bot.
1869, p. 233. Thallus obscurely subgelatinous, but scarcely proper
(traces of a greenish effuse thallus being here and there visible): apo-
thecia blackish, small, usually margined : spores 8 in thecze, colourless
or faintly blackish, elliptical or oblong, 3-septate, 010—013 millim.
long, ‘0035-0045 millim. thick : paraphyses not discrete, thin layer

REV. J. M. CROMBIE ON NEW BRITISH LICHENS. 485
of epithecium reddish (hypothecium more obscure in the middle) :
hymeneal gelatine blue, then wine-red, with iodine.
_ On decaying felled stumps of holly in the New Forest, near to

Brockenhurst, April 1869. Very rare, and met with but in one
spot. From the preceding, to which it is otherwise closely allied,
and of which it may be but a subspecies, it differs chiefly by the
apothecia being black and margined.

ll. LECIDEA LEPTOSTIGMA, Nyl. in Flora, 1868, p. 344. Thallus (if
proper) greyish white, rimulose: apothecia brownish black, innate,
small, gregarious: spores eight in thecæ, globose or ellipsoid, *005-
*009 millim. in diameter, uniseriate in the cylindrical thecz : para-
physes of medium thickness, sordid yellow towards the apex ; hypo-
thecium scarcely yellowish: hymeneal gelatine not coloured with
iodine.

On a micaceous weathered boulder near Loch-na-Cat, on Ben
Lawers, August 1867. Apparently extremely rare, and gathered
only very sparingly. It is allied to L. resine, Frs., and, as Ny-
lander observes, may perhaps be only a small fungus, though I
suspect fungologists would reject it from their list.

12. LEcIDEA INTERLUDENS, Nyl. in Flora, 1870, p. 35. "Thallus
white or greyish white, thin, rimulose-areolate, limited by black lines :
apothecia black, superficial, convex, immarginate, or often with a
white epithalline margin, colourless within; spores eight in thee, co-
lourless, ellipsoid, 010—012 millim. long, ‘006--008 millim. thick :
paraphyses of medium thickness, with clavate brownish apex : sper-
matia short: hymeneal gelatine blue with iodine, and the thecæ
themselves wine- or violet-red.

On calcareous boulders of Morrone, Braemar, August 1869.
Rare, and but very sparingly gathered. It is allied to LZ. mollis,
Whinb., a species not yet detected in Britain, from which it is
distinguished by its larger elli ptical spores and the other charac-
ters now mentioned.

13. LECIDEA mesorropa, Nyl. in Flora, 1867, p. 328. Thallus
greyish, verrucose-areolate, indeterminate, of medium thickness : apo-
thecia brownish black or black, opaque, somewhat plane, adnate, the
margin obtuse or evanescent, white within : spores eight in thecze, ellip-
soid, ‘009--013 millim. long, ‘005-006 millim. thick : paraphyses
slender, usually not discrete: epithecium brownish: hypothecium
colourless : hymeneal gelatine blue with iodine.

On a gneissic boulder on the descent from Ben Lomond to

Loch Ard, August 1865. This at first was regarded by Nylander

LINN. JOURN.—BOTANY, VOL. XI. 2L

486 REV. J. M. CROMBIE ON NEW BRITISH LICHENS.

as a distinct species belonging to the group of L. contigua, Frs.
On further examination, however, and having regard to the thal-
line reaction, he says, in a letter recently received, that it ought
rather to be referred to L. tessellata, Flk., as a variety, if not
merely an unusual state of this species.

14. LECIDEA sarcoGyniza, Nyl. in Flora, 1868, p. 475. "Thallus
obscurely greyish green or subolivaceous, opaque, thin, indetermi-
nate: apothecia black, plane, margined, the margin usually flexuose,
obscure within : spores eight in theez, colourless, oblong, ‘007-'011
millim. long, about ‘003 millim. thick: thalamium colourless, para-
physes of medium thickness, club-shaped and blackish at apex: hy-
pothecium under the hymenium distinctly brown: perithecium
blackish or black : hymeneal gelatine intensely blue with iodine.

On granitic stones of wall by railway, a little beyond the Bay
of Nigg, in Kincardineshire, August 1868. Apparently very rare
in that locality, though I gathered it more plentifully, but
athalline, in the subsequent autumn, on quartzose boulders of
Morrone, Braemar. It follows the depressions and chinks in the
stone, and is apt to be overlooked as a mere state of L. lithophila,
Ach., to which it is closely allied.

15. LEcrpEA CROMBIEI, Jones in litt.; Nyl. in Flora, 1868, p. 245.
Thallus greenish sulphur-coloured, of medium thickness, uneven,
rimose diffractate or subareolate, limited by the black hypothallus,
which is everywhere visible between the areole: apothecia black,
of medium size, innate, somewhat convex, immarginate, obscurely
greyish within: spores eight in thecze, colourless, elliptieal, 010—012
millim. long, ‘006-007 millim. thick : thalamium blue, epithecium
bluish black, hypothecium colourless or faintly reddish : paraphyses
not well discrete: hymeneal gelatine blue with iodine (the thecæ more
intensely coloured at apex). *

On serpentine rocks of the Khoil, in Braemar, July 1865. This
species was first distinguished as such by the late Admiral Jones,
and has subsequently been sparingly gathered by Mr. Carroll on
Mangerton in Kerry, by Dr. Holl on Ben Lawers, and by myself
in Glen Callater. Specimens from the last of these localities
show its near affinity to L. aglea, Smmrf., of which, in my own
opinion, it is to be considered only a variety.

16. LECIDEA APHANOIDES, Nyl. in Flora, 1868, p. 470. Thallus
obscurely olive-grey, thin, subverrucose, or subgranulose, unequal,
indeterminate, or subevanescent : apothecia black, small, convex, im-
marginate, naked, white within: spores eight in thecz, colourless,

REV. J. M. CROMBIE ON NEW BRITISH LICHENS. 487

elliptical, simple, 009—013 millim. long, *0045--0055 millim. thick :
paraphyses not discrete: thalamium with the epithecium bluish,
hypothecium colourless or vaguely reddish below : hymeneal gelatine
blue, and then violet-red with iodine. s
On calcareous rocks of Craig Guie, near Crathie church, in
Braemar, August 1868. Apparently rare, and gathered only very
sparingly beside the limestone quarry. It is allied to L. aphana,
Nyl., a species found in Ireland by Mr. Carroll, both, with the
following, belonging to the group of L. furvella, Nyl.

17. LECIDEA MELAPHANA, Nyl. in Flora, 1869, p. 83. Thallus black,
thin, opaque, unequal, somewhat diffractate : apothecia black, small,
convex, immarginate, obscure within: spores eight in thece, colour-
less, oblong, simple, '011—019 millim. long, *0045-:0055 millim.
thiek: paraphyses not discrete, epithecium with upper portion of
thalamium blue, hypothecium slightly brownish below: hymeneal ge-
latine blue with iodine, and then partly of a violet colour.

On schistose boulders of Craig Guie, in Braemar, August 1868.
Like the preceding, to which it is closely allied, this species oc-
curred, but in very small quantity, amongst the boulders which lie
thickly scattered on the lower slope of the hill, westward from the
quarry.

18. LecipEA INSERENA, Nyl. in Flora, 1869, p. 84. "Thallus ob-
scurely greyish, rimose-areolate ; the hypothallus black, visible, or
denudate: apothecia somewhat tumid, black within, paraphyses not
discrete, epithecium bluish brown, hypothecium with white opaque
stratum beneath: spores eight in thecz, ellipsoid-oblong, *014—017
millim. long. 006—008 millim. thick: hymeneal gelatine blue with
iodine. ;

On calcareous rocks of Craig Guie in Braemar, August 1868.
Very rare. This species, which belongs to the group of L. tene-
brosa, Flot., occurs also very sparingly on Morrone, according to
a small scrap in my herbarium, which was gathered there in 1861,

but not then correctly named.

19. Lecip&A postuma, Nyl. in Flora, 1868, p. 345. Thallus greyish,
thin, scattered, evanescent : apothecia black, minute, plane, margined,
concolorous within: spores 6-8 in thecæ, colourless or brownish,
elliptical oblong, 3-septate (often with the addition of oblique or lon-
gitudinal septules), ‘015-016 millim. long, 006-007 millim. thick :
epithecium brownish : hymeneal gelatine deep blue with iodine.

On caleareous stones in gravelly places, near the summit of

Morrone, in Braemar, July 1865. Probably not very rare, though
212

488 REY. J. M. CROMBIE ON NEW BRITISH LICHENS.

but a single specimen was then gathered, and I have not since
succeeded in finding others. It approaches very closely to L. pe-
trea, Flot., but seems sutticiently distinct from all the states of
that variable species.

20. LEcIDEA PR&CAVENDA, Nyl. inlitt.; Cromb. in Seem. Jour. Bot.
1869, p. 232. "Thallus obscure, thin, scarcely visible, but apparently
blackish green: apothecia black, plane, or somewhat concave, mar-
gined, small: spores 8 in thecz, faintly blackish, ellipsoid, 1-septate,
014—017 millim. long, °006--008 millim. thick : paraphyses slender :
epithecium obscurely amber-brown, above more intense in colour:
hymeneal gelatine blue, and then wine-red with iodine.

On the decaying wood of an old holly near Lyndhurst in the
New Forest, April 1869. Very rare and local, having been found
only very sparingly on a single tree. Nylander observed that it
is distinguished from L. myriocarpa, DC.,by the form of the pa-
raphyses and the reaction with iodine, and from LZ. adpressa,

Hepp, by the paraphyses, and the colour of the spores and hypo-
thecium.

21. LECIDEA coMMACULANS, Nyl. in Flora, 1868, p. 476. Thallus
greyish or brownish black, thin, subareolate, depressed, usually scat-
tered, indeterminate, often wanting : apothecia black, small, convex,
scarcely margined, concolorous within: spores eight in thecæ, colour-
less, oblong, 008—011 millim. long, 003—004 millim. broad: para-
physes not discrete, epithecium blackish, hypothecium thick, reddish
brown : hymeneal gelatine blue with iodine.

On hard felspathie boulders, near the summit of Morrone, in
Braemar, August 1868. Apparently rare towards the north-west
brow of the mountain; and from thé nature of the rock, speci-
mens were with difficulty obtained. It belongs to the group of
L. geographica, Lin.

22. LECIDEA SYMPHORELLA, Nyl. in Flora, 1870, p. 35. Thallus ob-
scure, or but slightly visible: apothecia innate, black, minute, convex,
immarginate, aggregated in heaps (each of which is composed of seve-
ral apothecia), concolorous within , spores eight in thecz, colourless,
oblong, simple, 010—018 millim long, ‘004-007 millim. thick : pee
physes of medium thickness, or not always discrete: epithecium sordid
blue or brownish: hypothecium dark brown: hymeneal gelatine and
the thecz wine-red, or wine-violet, with iodine.

On loose calcareous stones amongst detritus on the summit of

Morrone, Braemar, August 1869. Apparently rare, and gathered
sparingly in only a single spot not far from the Cairn. It is

REV. J. M. CROMBIE ON NEW BRITISH LICHENS. 489

somewhat doubtful, as Nylander observes, to what genus this spe-
cies belongs. There is present a white, thin, areolate, diffractate,
evanescent, lecidean thallus; but this seems scarcely proper ; and
also another obscure thallus nearly obsolete, adnate, or under the
apothecia, with green elliptical gonidia (almost gonima), thickly
involute, which would appear to be the real thallus, inasmuch as
this is constantly present, while the other is frequently absent.

23. RIMULARIA LIMBORINA, Nyl. in Flora, 1868, pp. 346, 476.
Thallus greyish, thin, rimulose or subareolate: apothecia black or
brownish black, rugulose, somewhat depresso-convex, small, roundish,
subradiately fissured, greyish within : spores eight in thecz, colourless,
at length brownish, elliptical, simple, "018—025 millim. long, *011—016
millim. thick; paraphyses slender, irregular, and often branched:
perithecium black above, brownish black below: hymeneal gelatine
tawny red with iodine.

On weathered calcareous stones on Craig Guie, Braemar,
August 1865. This new genus and species was described by
Nylander in the Flora from a specimen gathered about the same
time as my own, by Ripart, in Haute Vienne. It is allied to the
genus Mycoporwm, and along with it may be regarded as consti-
tuting a separate tribe, which Nylander has called Peridiei, inter-
mediate between the Graphidei and Pyrenocarpei.

24. ENDOCARPON CromBikl, Mudd, Brit. Clad. p. 36. Parasitic on
thallus of Thamnolia vermicularis: apothecia verruceform, lateral,
minute, at length emersed, confluent, each verruca containing many
nuclei: ostiola very minute, punctiform, depressed, pale reddish
brown : nucleus subgelatinous in yellowish brown subceraceous tunic :
paraphyses slender, discrete ; spores 8 in thecze, very minute, elliptical,
unilocular, occasionally obscurely bilocular, hyaline.

Apparently not very rare on the higher Grampians of Scotland,
as Ben Lawers, Morrone, Ben-na-boord, on which last mountain
it was first discovered by me in August 1862. Though regarded
by Mudd, Z. c., as a true lichen, Nylander considers it a fun-
gillus ; and indeed it seems to be one of those anomalous things
of which the systematie place is at present rather doubtful.

In addition to these, I have also met with the following new
forms of other lichens, which I may here briefly notice, viz. :—

l. Parmelia lanata, var. subciliata, Nyl., with thallus depressed,
suborbicular, the lacini and apothecia ciliated at the margins.
Rare, on limestone-rocks of Morrone, in Braemar. 2. Lecanora
umbrina,* prosechoides, Nyl., with small black or brown apothecia,

490 MR. J. T. MOGGRIDGE ON PETALODY

ellipsoid simple spores 008—012 millim. long, °0045-"0055 millim.
thick, and paraphyses usually somewhat thickish, clavate. Com-
mon on maritime rocks on the coast of Kincardineshire, including
L. lainea, Frs., and L. helicopis, f. dilutior, Nyl. 3. Lecanora varia,
var. symmicta, f. livescens, Nyl. Distinguished chiefly by its small
livid apothecia. Sparingly on trunks of old trees at High-beech,
Epping Forest. 4. Lecanora ventosa, var. subfestiva, Nyl. with
thallus greyish yellow, verrucose, granulate, thick, and apothecia
rusty red, margined. Rare, on a schistose boulder at base of Mor-
rone, Braemar, the apothecia having a close external resemblance
to those of f. festiva, Ach., of Lecanora ferruginea. 5. Lecidea
lapicida, * lithophiloides, Nyl., with evanescent thallus, apothecia
white within ; spores oblong, '011—015 millim. long, *0035—0045
millim. thick, and black epithecium. On rocks on the Kincar-
dineshire coast and on Ben-nahoord, Braemar. 6. Lecidea ocel-
lata, * preponens, Nyl., with thallus yellow, areolate or granulate-
verruculose ; apothecia subinnate, rugulose, immarginate ; spores
‘015-017 millim. long, "008—010 millim. thick. On stones of
the railway-wall between Nigg and Cove on the coast of Kincar-
dineshire. 7. Verrucaria cinerella, var. megaspora, Nyl., with
spores -023—036 long, 009—013 millim. thick. On bark of hol-
lies, not unfrequent in several parts of the New Forest.

Petalody * of the Sepals in Serapias.
By J. T. MoseenriDaz, Esq., F.L.S.

(Puate III.)
( Read June 16, 1870.]

Ir was in April, 1867,at Mentone, in the Département des Alpes
Maritimes, that I first observed a plant of Serapias lingua, L.,
presenting the abnormal development which I am about to de-
scribe. In this individual there were five expanded flowers, in
all of which the lateral sepals were modified so as to become
semilabelliform—that is to say, presenting all the characters of
one half of the labellum along one side, and this the side ad-
jacent to the true labellum, while the opposite or posterior side

* I borrow here the term used by Dr. Masters in his ‘ Vegetable Teratology,’
which conveys the assumption of the petal structure by the sepals, stamens, OF
carpels, It will be remembered that the labellum is itself a modified petal.

OF THE SEPALS IN SERAPIAS. 491

of the lateral sepals remained of the ordinary sepal structure. One
of these flowers is represented of the natural size at fig. 1, and its
parts magnified below; and in this one the column was perfect,
while in the other four flowers it was reduced to a mere rudi-
mentary process above the callus or guiding-plates, neither anther
nor stigmatic surface being traceable. In all the ovary was less
than half its proper length; but otherwise the remaining parts
of each flower were normal, though rather small, except that the
sepals and petals were free, not forming a hood.

During the past spring (April 20-23, 1870) I have again
come across this curious form of monstrosity at Mentone, but
this time in Serapias cordigera, L. I examined no less than six
specimens of S. cordigera, L., all of which faithfully reproduced
the kind of modification described and figured above in S. lingua, L.,
the column being perfect in all; while in one other specimen,
having six expanded flowers, one flower corresponded with that
figured in its abnormal details, one was perfectly formed, and
the four remaining flowers exhibited different stages of the par-
tial conversion of the lateral petals. It is instructive to note
that in all the complete specimens it was the same part that was
affected, and that both the kind and amount of change was the
same in all: thus, both in S. lingua, L., and S. cordigera, L., it
was always the anterior* half of the lateral sepals that became
labelliform ; and so exactly was the line of demarcation observed
between the changed and unchanged halves of these sepals, that
in every case only one half of the callus or guiding-plate was deve-
loped (figs. 15 and 1c, Plate III.). Inall these abnormal flowers,
also, the ovary was reduced to less than one half its ordinary
length; and in four out of the five flowers on the spike of S.
lingua, L., the column was rudimentary.

The exact reproduction of these semilabelliform sepals in eight
distinet plants belonging to two species of Serapias surely indi-
cates that this is no mere passing change brought upon the
plant by the action of some temporary condition, but rather a
deep-seated tendency forming a part of the constitution of these
species, or perhaps of the genus, a tendency which may be
always present in each individual, though usually in a latent
condition.

In order to realize the extent and the detailed nature of this

* "Throughout I refer to the position of the parts of the flower as found in
expanded blooms.

492 MRK, J. T. MOGGRIDGE ON PETALODY

modification (which can in no sense be called a malformation), it
is important to compare the structure in the normal and ab-
normal flower. In the normal lateral sepal (fig. 2 a) the limb is
free from the base of the labellum, in a lower plane, and not
more or less confluent with it, as in the case of the abnormal
sepals (fig. 14); the central nerve has on either side of it two
bi- trifurcated nerves, the central and the lateral nerves springing
from tie bundle of vessels which supply the adjacent side of the
labelium, and form part of the group described by Mr. Darwin
as the antero-lateral ; but the central and posterior nerves join
this bundle at a common point close to its immersion in the
ovary, while the anterior nerve unites with the same bundle of
vessels at a point nearer to the base of the labellum ; this ante-
rior nerve, in the abnorinal flower, undergoes a complete change,
and, in place of being only once or twice branched, assumes in
every respect the character of the adjacent lateral nerve of the la-
bellum, sending out a qnantity of branched veins through the
newly developed lateral lobe and along its whole course on the
side away from the central nerve. Thus we have the following
important changes in either lateral sepal of these abnormal
flowers:—(1) the limb is confluent at one or more points with
thelabellum; (2) the anterior nerve takes on the character of
the much-branched adjacent nerve of the labellum ; (3) one of
the guiding-plates is developed; (4) a lateral lobe and (5) a
hairy-surfaced structure, precisely similar to the corresponding
part of the labellum, replace the whole anterior longitudinal
half.

Mr. Darwin's hypothesis of Pangenesis enables us to form a
coneeption of the mode in which tendencies of any kind may be
transmitted through a lapse of time inecaleulably long either in
a dormant or active state. I have lately, during my attempts to
arrange and draw deductions from a series of observations on
minute variation in wild plants, become more and more impressed
with the belief that each individual includes within itself a great
variety of latent tendencies, the development of which is occa-
sionally facilitated by the disturbing action of changed surround-
ing conditions. Thus in Arbutus Unedo, L., the fruits, when
suffering from the attacks of white scale, do not usually become
mere shapeless masses, but assume types well recognized as cha-
racterizing entire trees, and often present two or three forms on
the same branch, becoming ovate-acute, globose-depressed, sub-

OF THE SEPALS IN SERAPIAS. 493

pentagonal, or the like. Here, since we find that both in normal
and abnormal variation the fruits tend to assume similar types,
it is hard to resist the conclusion that the production of these
forms is due to tendencies which make a part of the constitution of
the plant; for the disease which, in the case of the abnormal va-
riation, might be taken for the cause of the modification, is ab-
sent in the case of the normal variation.

It would appear, from Dr. Masters’s * Vegetable Teratology,’
that petalody of the sepals is of rare occurrence, and that in-
stances of the assumption of the characters of the inner by the
outer perianth-segments of Orchidacee have not hitherto been
recorded. It would seem more intelligible if the two upper
petals had taken on the labelliform condition, as the labellum
is itself a modified petal; and it is, at first sight, hard to form
even a conjecture why the lateral sepals of Serapias should so
systematically undergo this change.

If, however, we turn to Mr. Darwin’s ‘Fertilization of Or-
chids’ (p. 294 &c.), we learn something of the homologies of the
labellum, which may perhaps supply us with a clue. Mr.
Darwin, from a study of the course of the spiral vessels through
the tissues of the flowers of Orchids, arrived at the conclusion
that the two missing stamens of the outer whorl are combined
with the labellum on either side of its central nerve, the evi-
dence of which is found in the bundles of spiral vessels which
I have called the lateral nerves. Now it is exactly these parts
that are brought into contact with the modified portions of the
lateral sepals ; and it does not seem a very improbable conjecture
that the change observed in these latter may be due to the
partial diversion or bifurcation of the spiral vessels belonging to
the two missing stamens. It is very tempting to make one
more suggestion, founded upon the preceding hypothesis, and to
speculate whether (if it be true that the introduction of spiral
vessels belonging to either stamen into the two lateral sepals
suffices for the production in either of half a labellum, in place
of the ordinary sepal-structure) the combination of the two
stamens with the anterior petal may not readily account for its
change into a labellum.

I have twice seen forms of Ophrys insectifera, L., in each of
which one of the flowers was entirely destitute of a labellum,
and the lateral sepals were united along their anterior margins,
so that they assumed the position of the missing labellum. In

491 THE REV. M. J. BERKELEY AND MR. C. E. BROOME

one of these plants, which belonged to the subspecies Berto-
lonii, Mor., at the base of the column of the monstrous flower,
which was prolonged below the stigmatic cavity, three distinct
spots served to mark the position of the three nerves or bundles
of spiral vessels, of which the two lateral ones belong to the
missing stamens, and the central one to the mid nerve of the
labellum. At fig. 3 I have given a sketch of this flower, which
was the lowest on its spike, but not placed in the axil of its bract.
Dr. Masters * mentions several instances of similar modifications,
which appear to be not uncommon in Orchidaces ; but I do not
find any allusion to the presence of three spots at the base of the
column which serve to illustrate the position of the spiral vessels
traced by Mr. Darwin in thelabellum. These spots were entirely
superficial.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PLATE.

Fig. 1, abnormal flower of Serapias lingua, L., of the natural size; fig. 1a,
upper sepal ; 1 4 and 1c, semilabelliform lateral sepals; 1d, labellum; le and
lf, petals; 1g, the column; 1 h, basal portions of the lateral sepals and of the
labellum, the column having been removed so as to show the course of the three
groups of spiral vessels which enter the labellum, and of their branches which
supply the lateral sepals: figs. 1 a to 1 A, all magnified.

Fig. 2, normal flower of S. lingua, L., of the natural size; 2 a, lateral sepal of
the same, slightly magnified.

Fig. 3, abnormal flower of subsp. Ophrys Bertolonii, Mor., of the natural
size.

The Fungi of Ceylon. By the Rev. M. J. Bznxsrzx, M.A., F.L.S.,
and C. E. Broome, Esq., F.L.S. (Hymenomycetes, from Aga-
ricus to Cantharellus.)

[Read June 16, 1870.]

The materials in our possession, beside others to which; we
have access, are very considerable. We possess almost a com-
plete set of those which were collected by the late Dr. Gardner;
those transmitted by Mr. Thwaites comprise more than twelve
hundred numbers, above three hundred of which have been beau-
tifully figured; while those of Dr. Kónig, preserved in the British
Museum, have already been described by one of us in the ‘ Annals
of Natural History.’ Any general observations on the Fungi of
Ceylon had better be reserved till we have had the whole collec-

* ‘Teratology, p. 398 (Meiophylly of the Corolla).

ON THE FUNGI OF CEYLON. 495
tion under review; but meanwhile, as far as regards the species
described in this first notice, it will at once be remarked how
closely the Agarics, which comprise 302 species, resemble those
of our own country. Though many species do not seem to be
identical, still we have frequently had great difficulty in accu-
rately estimating the difference. It is singular that every one of
the subgenera of Fries is represented, though the number of spe-
cies in one or two is greatly predominant. Lepiota and Psalliota
alone comprise one-third of the species, while Pholiota, which one
might expect to be well represented, offers only a single obscure
species. It has frequently been a matter of doubt whether par-
ticular species should be refered to Lepiota or Psalliota, since the
colour of the spores sometimes changes in drying with the rest of
the plant. We have therefore been obliged to be guided by what
we know of European species, having merely drawings and dried
specimens to help us. If, therefore, we have in this case com-
mitted any errors, they must be left to the reconsideration of
Ceylon botanists with fresh specimens before them. As the
drawings will hereafter be returned to Ceylon, careful copies being
reserved for this country, there will be no want of materials for
the purpose. The figures have been made, under the superin-
tendence of our indefatigable friend Mr. Thwaites, by a native
artist (Mr. De Alwis), and are admirable, both as to execution and
details. Indeed it would be difficult to point out any which so
completely satisfy the most stringent requirements, with the
single exception of microscopical matters, which, in most cases, we
have been able to supply. Exception, perhaps, may be taken to so
many of the specific names being derived from the Greek ; but in
such an enormous genus the great point was to avoid the danger
of using terms which are already appropriated, a matter of ex-
treme difficulty even with the help of the best published lists. It
will be well, indeed, if we have not sometimes suffered wreck on a
rock nearer home. Specimens of a few of the more striking
drawings have already been laid before the Society; and it is a
matter of regret that it is simply impossible to publish the whole
series. The copies, however, will ultimately be deposited in the
library at Kew.

496 THE REV. M. J. BERKELEY AND MR. C. E. BROOME

1. AGARICUS (AMANITA) HEMIBAPHUS, B. & Br. in Linn. Tr.
xxvii. p. 149, tab. 33a. (No. 700.)

On the ground. Peradeniya. Sept. 1868. Spores *0003'—0004' long
by :0002' wide *.

2. A. (AMANITA) VAGINATUS, Bull. (No. 777 mixed with some Vol-
varia, cum icone.)

On the ground. Peradeniya. Aug. Sept. 1868.

No. 719 is a slate-coloured variety.

3. A. (AMANITA) ANOMOLOGUs, B. & Br. Pileo convexo umbonato
glabro stipiteque e fareto cavo glutine hyalino (volva universali) ob-
sitis; lamellis angustis adnexis (no. 1236, cum icone).

On the ground. Jan. 30, 1869.

Pileus 13 inch across, cinerous, strongly and obtusely umbonate, clothed,
as is the straight stuffed stem, witii transparent mucilage; stem 3
inches high, 13-2 lines thick, slightly attenuated upwards ; gills 1 line
broad, white, arched, free, or only slightly adnexed.

Apparently a debased Amanita analogous to one of those in the

last section of Fries, approaching Lepiota.

4. A. (LEPIOTA) PROCERUS, Scop. Carn. 418; Gardner, no. 99.
On the ground in shady places. Peradeniya. Sept. 1844.

5. A. (LEPIOTA), DoLICHAULOS, B, § Br. in Linn. Tr. xxvii. p. 150.
(No. 706, 694, cum icone.)
Amongst grass. Peradeniya. July 1868, Jan. 1869.

6. A. (LEPIoTA) cowTINUUs, B. in Lond. Journ. Bot. vi. p. 480;
Gardner, no. 29,

On the ground in shady places. Peradeniya. June 1844. Spores
*0005' long.

7. A. (LEPIOTA) oNcoPus, B. & Br. Albus; pileo e digitaliformi
convexo subcarnoso verrucis minutis exasperato, margine crenato ;
stipite podagroso verrucoso farcto; lamellis ventricosis postice at-
tenuatis remotis (no. 792, cum icone).

On the ground. Peradeniya. Nov. 1868.

White; pileus 5 inches across, at first digitaliform, obtuse, then ex-
panded, broadly umbonate, clothed with minute warts; flesh rather
thick, except toward the crenate margin; stem 5 inches or more
high, gouty below, clothed, especially above, with little superficial
warts, stuffed ; ring ample, torn; gills nearly 3 an inch wide, ventri-
cose, attenuated behind; spores very pale yellow, oblong, ‘00045’
long; mycelium delicate, white. :

A. continuus may possibly prove to be a wartless form of this

species.

* The decimals in this paper are all parts of an English inch.

ON THE FUNGI OF CEYLON. 497

8. A. (LEPIOTA) ZEYLANICUS, B. Lond. Journ. Bot. vi. p. 480;
Gardner, no. 15; Thwaites (uo. 37).—A. theloides, B. § Br. in Tr.
Linn. Soc. xxvii. p. 150. (No. 688, cum icone.)

In shady places on the ground. Peradeniya. June 1844. Gardner,
July, Sept. 1868; Thwaites. Spores subglobose, 0003 —0005' long.

9. A. (LEPIOTA) SUBCLYPEOLARIUS, B. & C. in Journ. Linn. Soc. x.
p.283. (No.37 in part.)
On the ground. Peradeniya, Nov. 1867, July 1868. Spores *0003'

long.

10. A. (LEPIOTA) RUBRICATUS, B. & Br. Pileoe campanulato plano-
convexo obtuso vel umbonato, margine suleato parce squamuloso ; sti-
pite subzequali, lamellis distantibus postice attenuatis approximatis
(no. 37, cum icone).

On the ground. Peradeniya, Sept. Nov. 1868.

Pileus 2 inches or more across, campanulate, pale, but (like the whole
plant and especially the gills) turning red in drying ; margin sulcate ;
gills attenuated behind, varying in breadth, approximate, lemon-co-
loured ; spores *0004/—0005' long ; stem 3 inches or more high, +
thick, nearly equal, stuffed with cottony threads.

ll. A. (LEPIOTA) 1NEBRIATUS, B. & Br. Pileo campanulato fortiter
umbonato subcarnoso in squamulas parvas superficiales sericeas rupto,
margine striato ; stipite sursum attenuato glabro; annulo mobili ;
lamellis ventricosis subremotis postice attenuatis (nos. 701, 780, cum
icone).

On the ground. July, Aug. 1868.

Pileus 2 inches or more across, at first campanulate, then expanded,
strongly but obtusely umbonate, pale yellowish, broken up into flat
silky scales; umbo smooth, darker, margin striate; stem 3 inches
high, slightly attenuated upwards, stuffed, then hollow, whitish,
smooth, sometimes rooting ; ring entire, moveable; gills white, ven-
tricose, two lines wide, attenuated behind ; spores oblong, *0003'—
*00035' long.

Vinous when cut or in drying, but not so strongly as in some

other species. No. 819 is a small variety.

12. A. (LEPIOTA) HoLosPrLoTus, B. & Br. Pileo plano subcarnoso
striato pallide carneo fibrilloso squamulis atropurpureis notato; sti-
pite clavato flexuoso ubique punctato ; annulo atro-purpureo angusto
submobili; lamellis pallide stramineis ventricosis postice attenuatis
approximatis (no. 1171, cum icone).

On the ground. July 1869.
Pileus nearly 13 inch across, plane, rather fleshy, pale pinkish, striate,

fibrillose, with scattered brown-purple scales; stem 2 inches high, 13
line thick in the centre, clavate, sprinkled both above and below the

498 THE REV. M. J. BERKELEY AND MR. C. E. BROOME

ring with dark specks; ring more or less moveable, brown-purple ;
gills pale, straw-coloured, 1 line wide, ventricose, attenuated behind,
approximate; spores ovate, ‘0003’ long.

Whole plant dark when dry. Allied to A. biornatus.

13. A. (LepioTa) cARPHOPHYLLUS, B. & Br. Pileo convexo obtuso
subearnoso subfulvo, centro pulveraceo, margine fibrilloso ; stipite
recto concolori e fareto cavo; annulo descendente mobili candido ;
lamellis stramineis ventricosis postice attenuatis approximatis (no.
1165, cum icone).

On the ground. July 1869.

Pileus 2 inches across, dull tawny, convex, dabei in the centre,
fibrillose towards the margin ; stem 12 inch high, 1 thick, of the same
colour, even; ring descending, moveable; gills 12-2 lines wide, ven-
tricose, straw-coloured, attenuated behind, approximate; spores
broadly ovate, *00025' long.

Differs at once from all the forms of A. erythrogrammus in the

different nature of the ring.

14. A. (LEPIOTA) LEPIDoPHonvus, D. $ Br. Pileo e campanulato
papillato-umbonato plano subcarnoso obtuso squamulis minutis ob-
sito; stipite sursum attenuato farcto ; annulo mobili; lamellis ventri-
cosis approximatis citrinis (no. 36, cum icone) (no. 882).

On the ground. Peradeniya, Nov. 1869.

Pileus an inch or more across, campanulate, umbonate, then plane ob-
tuse and slightly umbonate, white, clothed with minute reddish
scales, striate when dry; stem 12 inch high, 14 line thick in the cen-
tre, stuffed, pinkish ; ring entire, cup-shaped, moveable ; gills 1 line
broad, ventricose, lnoi dolowred, rounded behind, approximate ; ;
spores *0005/ long. Whole plant acquiring a yellowish tinge in dry-
ing, and staining the paper bright yelllow.

b. No. 883. “ Gills soon turning green when drying. Stem very pale
ferruginous.”

15. A. (LEPIOTA) ERYTHROGRAMMUS, B. & Br. Pileo plano umbo-
nato vinoso lituris fibrosis concoloribus notato ; stipite e basi clavi-
formi sursum attenuato candido glabro albo-farcto ; annulo submo-
bili, lamellis ventricosis approximatis (no. 1202, cum icone).

On the ground. July 1869.

Pileus 12 inch across, plane, umbonate, vinous, marked with radiating
fibrillose lines ; stem 2 inches high, nearly } inch thick in the centre,
smooth, stuffed ; gills 2 lines broad, white, ventricose, approximate ;
spores ‘00025’ long, much broader than in A. alborusseus.

b (no. 1187, cum icone) is a very pretty variety, of a bright brick-red, as
is the edge of the erect ring.

c (no. 1159, cum icone) is a large variety, in which the fibres are more

ON THE FUNGI OF CEYLON. 499

inclined to be disposed in scales, the pileus more campanulate,
with little or no umbo, coloured as in 5, the ring somewhat move-
able, with its edge clothed like the pileus.

16. A. (LEPIOTA) anopus, B. & Br. Pileo late campanulato papil-
lato-umbonato membranaceo sulcato squamulis paucis superficialibus
albis obsito ; stipite clavato extus intusque rubro, annulo medio per-
sistente ; lamellis latissimis ventricosis ascendentibus postice attenu-
atis approximatis (no. 688* cum icone).

On dead wood. Peradeniya, Nov. 1868.

Pileus 2} inches across at the base, 14 inch high, white, campanulate
sulcate, with a few scattered nearly white superficial scales; the ex-
treme nipple-like umbo red; stem 3 inches high, 13 line thick in the
centre, clavate, solid, red within and without, smooth; ring central,
white; gills } inch wide, white, ventricose, strongly attenuated be-
hind, approximate; spores *0003'—0004' long.

17. A. (LEPIOTA) AponEUS, B. & Br. Niveus; pileo campanulato
subcarnoso latissime papillato-umbonato, umbone centro depresso,
striato particulis furfuraceis obsito; stipite clavato grumoso-farcto,
annulo angusto; lamellis arcuatis utrinque attenuatis remotis (no.
688 cum icone).

On the ground. Nov. 1868.

Pileus 1 inch broad and high; stem 3 inches high, flexuous, 13 line
thick in the centre; gills nearly 2 lines wide.

18. A. (LEPIOTA) LEONTODERES, B. & Br. Pileo convexo umbonato
fulvo verrucis paucis pallidis insperso ; stipite e basi truncata sursum
attenuato maculato sursum liturato e farcto cavo, annulo descendente
lacerato fugaci lamellisque latis postice rotundatis approximatis paili-
dioribus (no. 1200 cum icone ).

On the ground. Peradeniya, July 1869.

Pileus 2} inches across, convex, umbonate, tawny, minutely tomentose,
with a few scattered warts ; stem 3 inches high, } inch thick in the
middle, truncate at the base, where there are a few transverse tawny
scales, marked above with tawny streaks, stuffed, then hollow; gills
i inch wide, ventricose, rounded, or sometimes slightly attenuated
behind, very pale tawny ; spores ‘0003’ long. The flesh is so tender
that the warts seem sunk into the substance when dry, as in an allied
Cuban species A. hemisclerus, B. & C.

19. A. (LEP10TA) CEPÆSTIPES, Sow. (No. 1154 cumicone.) Gardner,

no. 47.
Amongst decayed herbs. Nov. 1867, July 1869.
“Densely clustered, of a beautiful yellow, base of stipes tinged with

orange.”

500 THE REV. M. J. BERKELEY AND MR. C. E. BROOME

The plant of Nov. 1867 is a variety with an equal stem, such as
occurs occasionally in our hothouses.

20. A. (LEPIOTA) LicmopHorus, B. & Br. Pileo plano depresso
membranaceo citrino plicato-suleato, margine crenato; stipite gracili
sursum attenuato fistuloso citrino; lamellis arcuatis distantibus can-
didis remotis (no. 758 cum icone).

On theground. Peradeniya, Sept. 1868.

Pileus 1 inch across, lemon-coloured, membranaceous, deeply plicato-
sulcate up to the central disk, margin crenate ; stem 33 inches high,
attenuated upwards, lemon-coloured, 1 line thick in the centre, fistu-
lose, truncate at the base; ring about halfway up; gills distant,
slightly arched, remote, interstices veined; spores lemon-shaped,
*0005' long.

This species, like the former, oecurs occasionally in our hot-
houses. It is probable that they were originally introduced with
exotie plants, as they never occur in the open air. The species
approaches very closely to Fries’s genus Hiatula.

21. A. (LEPIOTA) PsELLIOPHORUS, P. é Br. Pileo plano depresso
carnoso fusco diffracto-maculato, margine arcuato, stipite crassiusculo
armillato solido; annulo descendente amplo striato ; lamellis ventri-
cosis pallidis postice rotundatis approximatis (no. 798 cum icone).

On the ground. Peradeniya, Nov. 1868.

Pileus 1$ inch across, plane, depressed, brown-spotted from the breaking
up here and there of the cuticle, margin repand ; flesh thick, white ;
stem 13 inch high, 3 inch thick, solid, clothed with transverse rings
of scales; ring white, broad, descending, striate from the impression
of the gills ; gills white, 1 inch wide, ventricose, rounded behind, ap-
proximate ; mycelium white.

22. A. (LEPIOTA) THROMBOPHORUS, B. & Br. Pileo conico albo
squamis grumosis brunneis obsito, margine fisso; stipite subzequali
furfuraceo, annulo amplo descendente ; lamellis angustis utrinque at-
tenuatis candidis (no. 903 cum icone).

On the ground. Jan. 9, 1869.

Pileus Ẹ inch wide, beset with dark brown grumous scales; stem l inch
high, 1 line thick, smooth, reddish ; ring descending, ample; gills
scarcely $ line broad, attenuated at either end, white, approximate ;
spores *0005' long.

No. 923 appears to be a variety with more pilose scales and

broader ventricose gills. The spores agree exactly. Allied to
A. albo-russeus.

23. A. (LEPIOTA) RHYPAROPHORUS, B. $ Br. Pusillus ; pileo con-

ON THE FUNGI OF CEYLON. 501

vexo subumbonato sulcato-striato albo maculis fuscis obsito; stipite
clavato, annulo descendente; lamellis angustis postice attenuatis
approximatis (ni* 1199, 887 cum iconibus).

On the ground. Jan. July 1869.

Pileus convex, slightly umbonate, 3 inch across, white, sulcate, spotted
with dark brown patches; stem 3-1 inch high, reddish, smooth, cla-
vate, stuffed; ring narrow, descending; mycelium thread-like; gills .
3 line wide, attenuated behind, white, distant, approximate; spores
oblong, :0002' long.

No. 885 (cum icone), Peradeniya, Sept. Nov. 1869, is a plane
form with the stem 11 inch high and nearly equal; gills 1 line,
wide, pinkish ; spores :0002' long.

No. 953 is a still taller form with a well-developed ring ; spores
same length.

In some respects resembles the last species, but the spores are

very different.

24. A. (LEPIOTA) PHLYCTANODES, B. & Br. Convexo obtuso car-
noso verrucoso, margine squamoso ; stipite æquali fibrilloso-farcto,
annulo amplo descendente ; lamellis ventricosis approximatis (no. 820,
1173 cum iconibus).

On the ground or decaying vegetable matter.

June 1869.
Pileus 1-2 inches across, plano-convex, broadly umbonate or obtuse,

clothed above with reddish-brown erect warts, and towards the mar-
gin with fibrillose scales, flesh white with a slight pinkish tinge;
stem 2 inches high, 2 lines thick, stuffed with white fibres, reddish
within and without, slightly fibrillose; ring descending, ample; gills
ventricose, 1 line wide, rounded behind, approximate; spores ob-
liquely ovate, *0003' long. Mycelium fibrous.

No. 1173* has the margin striate, and is cylindrical when young ;

stem slightly scaly toward the base. Gills not rounded behind.

We consider this a variety.

Peradeniya, Nov. 1868,

25. A. (LEPIOTA) PSEUDO-GRANULOSUS, B. § Br. Pileo subeampa-
nulato estriato verrucis erectis et pulvere obsito ; stipite claveeformi e
farcto cavo, annulo amplo descendente; lamellis candidis angustis
utrinque attenuatis (no. 823 cum icone).

On the ground. Peradeniya, Nov. 1868. i
Pileus 1l inch across, white, clothed in the centre with upright mealy

warts, pulverulent towards the margin; stem 1j inch high, 1 line
thick in the centre, clavate, stuffed, then hollow, white, pulverulent ;
ring ample, white, deseending ; gills narrow, subremote; spores
0002’ long.

LINN, JOURN.— BOTANY, VOL. XI. 2M

502 THE REV. M. J. BERKELEY AND MR. C. E. BROOME

No. 823* is a fawn-coloured form, with a narrower ring ; stem
fawn-coloured, villous, with deflexed hairs.

26. A. (LEPIOTA) MuTICOLOR, B. § Br. Pileo subcampanulato ob-
tuso candido squamis fibrillosis rufis hie illie picto ! stipite clavato
albo, deorsum rufulo albo-farcto, annulo amplo descendente ; lamellis
utrinque attenuatis approximatis (no. 714 cum icone).

Onthe ground. Peradeniya, Dec. 1868.

Pileus 1 inch across, subeampanulate, obtuse, white, clothed, especially
in the centre, with minute fibrillose rufous scales; stem 2% inches
high, nearly 2 lines thick, clavate, white with a slight rufous tint
below ; ring descending; gills 14 line wide, attenuated at either ex-
tremity, slightly tinged with red; spores '0002' long.

Allied to A. metabolus.

27. A. (LEPIOTA) BroRNATUS, B. ó Br. Pileo convexo carnoso
sericeo squamulis punetiformibus rubris insperso estriato; stipite
maeulato e farcto cavo maculato, radicante, annulo descendente; la-
mellis ventricosis albis approximatis (no. 1168 cum icone).

On the ground. Peradeniya, July 1869.

Cwspitose ; pileus 2 inches across, broadly campanulate, white, silky,
with scattered minute dark-red scales, fleshy; flesh white or slightly
tinged with yellow; stem oblique, 4 inches high, 3 inch thick, attenu-
ated at the base, rooting, spotted with red, reddish within, stuffed,
then hollow; ring descending, spotted at the edge like the pileus ;
gills 2 lines broad, white, ventricose, approximate ; spores *0004
long by :0003'.

Like A. rubricatus, the whole plant becomes dark in drying.

28. A. (LEPIOTA) paranus, B. $ Br. Pileo convexo albido piloso-
squamoso ; stipite clavato fibrilloso fareto, annulo descendente fugaci ;
lamellis arcuatis (no. 788).

On the ground. Nov. 1868.

Pileus 2-23 inches across, convex, dirty white, the surface broken up
into pilose scales; stems 2 inches high, 2 lines thick in the centre,
ring descending, fugacious; gills arcuate, attenuated behind ; spores
0002 long. Whole plant, but especially the gills, when dry, becoming
of a deep vinous red. ;

No. 914. A white or reddish grey form, with brown speckles.

No. 876. Whole plant reddish grey with minute scales. Dee.

1868.

99. A. (LEprora) MAcRoco.us, B. $ B. Eximie czspitosus; pileo
e campanulato late umbonato convexo carnoso squamulis pilosis ex-

ON THE FUNGI OF CEYLON. 503

asperato; stipite longissimo farcto glabro, annulo erecto lacerato ;
lamellis utrinque attenuatis approximatis (no. 843 eum icone).

On the ground. Peradeniya, Dec. 1868.

Densely gregarious ; pileus 1-13 inch across, at first campanulate, with
a large nipple-shaped umbo, white, epidermis straw-coloured, broken
up into pilose scales, fleshy; flesh red when cut; stem 6 inches or
more high, 2 lines thick, smooth ; ring ragged, erect; gills arcuate,
attenuated at either end, approximate, pale straw-coloured; spores
0002’ long. Whole plant red when dry.

30. A. (LEPIOTA) COLUMBICOLOR, B. $ Br. Pileo convexo umbo-
nato sericeo-notato ; stipite subbulboso sursum attenuato albo-farcto,
annulo erecto angusto; lamellis arcuatis angustis postice attenuatis
carneis (no. 1208 cum icone).

On the ground. June 1869.
Dove-coloured ; pileus Ẹ inch across, convex, umbonate, marked with

little silky specks ; flesh grey; stem 13 inch high, 1 line thick in the

centre, slightly bulbous, grey within, stuffed with white; ring narrow,

erect, ascending; gills 2 line broad, pink, attenuated behind, approxi-

mate; spores oblong, *00025' long.

his species, with some others, approaches Psalliota. The
whole plant becomes dark in drying; and the slight vinous tint
of the spores arises probably from the same circumstance.

31. A. (LEPIOTA) vrnIDI-TINCTUS, B. $ Br. Olidus; pileo convexo
umbonato albo squamulis rufis obsito; stipite claviformi e farcto cavo
glabro albo basi rufescente; lamellis ventricosis postice attenuatis
approximatis (no. 1153 cum icone).

On the ground. June 1869.
Smell foxy ; pileus 1 inch across, convex, umbonate, white, clothed with

dense, rufous, pilose scales; stem 2 inches high, 1 line thick in the
centre, clavate, stuffed, then hollow, smooth ; ring erect ; edge rufous ;
gills white, ventricose, attenuated behind, 1 line wide ; spores *0002"
long.

Turns of a greenish blue when cut.

39. A. (LEPIOTA) APALOcHROUS, B. $ Br. Pileoe convexo depresso
tenui, centro fusco-notato, margine suleato ; stipite subzequali glabro
radicante candido, annulo medio erecto; lamellis arcuatis postice
rotundatis remotis candidis (no. 1213 cum icone).

On the ground. Peradeniya, June 1369.

Pileus more than l inch across, thin, white, with a few brown dots at
the apex; margin deeply sulcate; stem 1j inch high, 13-2 lines thick,
smooth, white, stuffed, rooting ; ring erect; gills white, arched, 1j
line wide, rounded bebind, remote; spores oblong, 00025’ long.

A very delicate species.
2M 2

504 THE REY. M. J. BERKELEY AND MR. C. E. BROOME

33. A. (LEPIOTA) ALBO-RUssEUS, B. $ Br. Pileo campanulato late
umbonato rubro-fusco in lituras fibrillosas rupto, carne alba ; stipite
e basi clavata attenuato albo-farcto, annulo erecto; lamellis ven-
tricosis crenatis (no. 1183 cum icone).

On the ground. Peradeniya, June 1869.

Pileus 13 inch across, campanulate, with an obtuse umbo, then ex-
panded, subcarnose, of a rich red-brown, broken up into radiating
fibrillose lines; stem 23-3 inches high, white, slightly furfuraceous

below, stuffed; ring ereet; gills white, ventricose; spores clavate,
00025’ long.

34. A. (LEPIOTA) PYROCEPHALUS, B. & Br. Pileo convexo aurantio-
rubro squamulis punctiformibus obsito; stipite gracili elongato, an-
nulo erecto medio ; lamellis angustis postice attenuatis (no. 772).

On the ground. Peradeniya, Sept. 1868.

Pileus 1 inch across, convex, orange-red, darker in the centre, beset
with minute scales; stem 2 inches high, 1 line thick, stuffed, rim
white, thin, erect, fugitive; gills narrow, very slightly ventricose,
attenuated behind ; spores elongated, ‘00035’ long, white.

35. A. (LEPIOTA) FLAvIDO-RUFUS, B. & Br. Gregarius, decolorans ;
pileo conico papillato-umbonato, epidermide diffracta; stipite gracili,
annulo erecto demum lacero (no. 724).

On grass. Peradeniya, July 1868.

“Dull reddish yellow;" pileus 3-1 inch across, convex, with a large

papilleform umbo, the surface broken up into little areola ; stem
23 inches high, nearly equal, ring at first erect; spores pallid,

‘C0025’. Whole plant, when dry, dull umber.

36. A. (LEPIOTA) EPICHARIs, B. 4 Br. Pileo conico obtuso albo
estriato squamulis punctiformibus rubris fibrillosis notato; stipite
flexuoso clavato, deorsum czrulescente, farcto, annulo erecto; la-
mellis ventricosis stramineis approximatis (no. 1161 cum icone).

On the ground. July 1869.

Pileus 1 inch across, white, estriate, conical, obtuse, marked with little
red scales, flesh thickish in the centre; stem 2 inches high, I line
thick, slightly clavate, white, tinged below with blue; ring erect,
distant; gills straw-coloured, ventricose, slightly attenuated behind,
approximate. Spores ovate, ‘00025’ long. Whole plant becoming
tawny when dry, and the pileus grooved.

Allied to A. carphophyllus ; but the ring is different, in addition
to other characters.

o7. A. (LEPIOTA) SPODOLEPIs, R. & Br. Pileo e conico depresso
albo, epidermide brunnea in squamulas fibrillosas rupta; stipite cla-
vato deorsum rufescente farcto, annulo erecto; lamellis ventricosis
distantibus approximatis (no. 886 cum icone) (no. 884).

ON THE FUNGI OF CEYLON. 505

On the ground. Peradeniya, Oct. Dec. 1868.
Pileus ? inch across, conical, then depressed, white, epidermis dark
brown, broken up into minute fibrillose scales; stem 1 inch high,
1 line thick, clavate, smooth, white, becoming rufous towards the
base, stuffed, ring erect, edge brown; gills 1 line wide, distant,
white, ventricose, approximate. Spores ‘00025’ long.
Undoubtedly closely allied to A. erythrogrammus ; but the gills
are far more distant ; no. 886* is a small form resembling 4. rhy-
parophorus, and decidedly umbonate.

38. A. (LEPIOTA) MICROPHOLIS, B. & Br. Pileo conico albo squa-
mulis minimis cinereis ornato striato; stipite flexuoso albo subzequali,
annulo erecto; lamellis candidis ventricosis confertis approximatis,
(no. 906 cum icone).

On the ground. Jan. 1869.

Pileus not 2 inch across, conical, white, covered in the centre with very
minute cinereous scales, margin striate; stem 1 inch high, about
1 line thick, nearly equal, white; ring erect; gills 3 line wide,
crowded, slightly ventricose. Spores :0002' long.

No. 779 is a dull white or reddish-grey form, with the stem

very pale ferruginous ; nos. 908, 909 appear to give two varieties

of the same species.

39. A. (LEPIOTA) EAROCHROUS, B. & Br. Pileo convexo roseo pul-
verulento-granuloso ; stipite gracili deorsum rufescente, annulo erecto ;
lamellis pallide carneis postice rotundatis approximatis (no. 893
cum icone).

On the ground. Dec. 1868, Jan. 1869.

Pileus 1-2 inch across, at first subconical, then convex, rose-coloured,
minutely granulated; stem 1 inch high, 3 line thick, stuffed, white,
changing below to rufous, red within, nearly equal; ring erect,
edge coloured; gills ventricose, rounded behind, pink. Spores ob-
long, ‘00025’ long.

A very pretty little species, resembling, when fresh, some forms

of A. granulatus, becoming very dark in drying.

40. A. (LEPIOTA) ANTHOoMYcES, B. & Br. Pileo convexo candido
membranaceo pulverulento usque ad discum striato; stipite gracili
candido hic illie rubro-maculato e strato pulverulento oriundo, an-
nulo erecto; lamellis angustis ventricosis postice rotundatis (no. 888
cum icone).

On decayed vegetable matter. Peradeniya, Dec. 1868, Jan. 1869.

Pileus 2 inch across, white, convex, striated up to the disk, which is
tinged with red, pulverulent; stem l4 inch high, $ line thick, flexu-
ous, white, here and there stained with red, stuffed, springing from

506 THE REV. M. J. BERKELEY AND MR. C. E. BROOME

a white powdery stratum; ring erect; gills slightly ventricose,
rounded behind, $ line broad. Spores slightly oblong, :0002' long.
A very pretty and distinct species.

41. A. (LEPIOTA) oPsHJgMATUS, B. & Br. Pileo plano acute um-
bonato usque ad umbonem striato pallide carneo; stipite zequali, an-
nulo erecto; lamellis carneis falciformibus postice rotundatis ap-
proximatis (no. 891 cum icone).

On the ground. Dec. 1868.

Pileus 2 inch across, plane, acutely umbonate, striate up to the red-
brown umbo; stem 2 inch high, 3 line thick ; ring erect; gills falei-
form, rounded behind, flesh-coloured. Spores ovate, ‘0002! long.

The whole plaut becomes of a deep vinous-red when dry.

49. A. (LEPIOTA) sPoNGoDEÉs, B. & Br. Pileo convexo subcarnoso
sericeo-squamoso ; stipite flexuoso lanato farcto, annulo suberecto ;
lamellis arcuatis postice rotundatis remotis (no. 86 cum icone).

On the ground. Peradeniya, Nov. 1867.

Pileus 2 inches across, convex or somewhat conical, at length depressed,
vinous-red, clothed with silky scales; flesh white, thin towards the
margin; stem 2} inches high, 2 lines thick, slightly attenuated up-
wards, vinous; gills 2-23 lines wide, arched, white, with a pinkish
tinge, leaving a circular space round the top of the stem, which
does not penetrate the flesh ; mycelium fibrous; spores '00025' long.

This description is taken from the specimen from which the

drawing was made. There is, however, a specimen marked with
the same number, which may possibly be distinct, though the
spores are similar. The pileus is still more spongy, the stem
shorter and dilated at the base; and, when dry, the coating of the
pileus assumes the colour of sponge.

43. A. (LEPIOTA) DASYPEPLUS, B. Lond. Journ. of Bot. vol. vi. p. 482;
Gard. no. 63.

On old wood. Hautane, Ceylon.

44. A. (LEPIOTA) ALBUMINOSUS, B. l. c. tab. xx. fig. 3; Gard. no. 51.
On the ground. Peradeniya, June 1844.

45. A. (LEPIOTA) LIGNYODES, B. § Br. Pileo hemispheerico carnoso
stipiteque curto albo-farcto fuligine rubro fuscescente aspersis ; aN-
nulo lacero appendiculato ; lamellis ventricosis approximatis (no. 745
cum icone).

On the ground. Peradeniya, Sept. 1868.

Pileus 13 inch across, convex, clothed, as is the stem, with mulberry-
red powder, which assumes a sooty tint in drying; flesh thick,
white; stem 2 inch high, 2 lines thick, at first stuffed with white,
furfuraceous (or nearly smooth, no. /45* cum icone), then hollow,

ON THE FUNGI OF CEYLON. 507

gills ventricose, attenuated behind, approximate, or in the variety
much broader and rounded behind ; spores subglobose, ‘0003’ long.
In no. 745* the edge is not appendiculate.

46. A. (LEPIOTA) MANICATUS, B. & Br. in Linn. Trans. xxvi.
p. 150, tab. 335 (no. 691 cum icone).
On the ground. Peradeniya, July 1868.

47. A. (Lepiora) myxopicryon, B. & Br. Pileo hemisphzrico
umbrino muco concolori reticulato carnoso; stipite æquali solido
albo deorsum fibrilloso; cortina spongiosa; lamellis faleiformibus
approximatis albidis (no. 793 cum icone).

On the ground. Nov. 1868.

Pileus 23 inches across, convex, broadly and very obtusely umbonate,
dark umber, clothed with a network of similarly coloured mucus ;
flesh thick, reddish beneath the cuticle ; stem 23 inches high, 5 lines
across, solid, nearly white, clothed above with a spongy ring,
fibrillose below; gills i inch broad, sickle-shaped, approximate,
slightly tinged like the flesh with red.

Allied to A. gliodermus, Fr.

48. A. (LEPIOTA) EUvcowNiATUS, B. & Br. Pileo convexo carnoso
albo pulvere vinoso obsito estriato ; stipite sursum attenuato albo
pulverulento farcto; lamellis ventricosis postice rotundatis remotis
(no. 818 eum icone).

On rotten wood. Peradeniya, Nov. 1868.

Pileus 3 inches or more across, convex, covered with little patches of vi-
nous dust; stem 4 inches high, 4 inch thick, attenuated upwards, pul-
verulent like the pileus, stuffed, sometimes rooting ; ring not distinct
from the meal of the stem; gills slightly ventricose, $ inch wide ;
spores oblong, :00015'—0002' long.

Flesh thick, except towards the margin, white ; the white inner

substance of the stem continued into the obtuse apex. Spores

White; but there is a close affinity with .4. cretaceus. Some-

times part of the stem is naked, sometimes the whole is mealy

and less distinctly stuffed:

49. A. (LEPIOTA) GRANULOSUS, Batsch. (No. 1149 cum icone.)

On earth, in flower-pots. June 1869.

A minute form clothed with red granules. Spores ‘0002’ long.

No. 901 (cum icone) Jan. 1869, is a larger form, with stem and
pileus more or less clothed with brownish granules, the gills
Sharply rounded behind, and one of an intermediate size, with
the granules darker and conspicuous at the base of the stem as

well as pileus.
No. 902 (cum icone) comprises two varieties, one with cine-

508 THE REV. M. J. BERKELEY AND MR. C. E. BROOME

reous patehes on the pileus and base of the stem, and the other
with a smooth skin. The spores are similar in all.

50. A. (LEPIOTA) CERAMOGENES, B. & Br. Pusillus, stramineus ;
pileo e campanulato convexo umbonato glabro vel parce granuloso
margine appendiculato; stipite brevi, annulo fugaci; lamellis ven-
tricosis candidis approximatis (no. 1191 cum icone).

On the soil of flower-pots. June 1869.

Pileus 2-3 lines across, campanulate, then plane and umbonate, straw-
coloured, smooth, or slightly granulated, margin appendiculate, even ;
stem 3 inch high, 3 line thick, having a few fragments of the ring
above; gills white, ventricose, 3 line wide; spores oblong, ‘00025
long. The gills turn red in drying.

This is a very distinct species from A. floralis, B. & C., which

has totally different spores.

51. A. (LEPIOTA) PYRRHAES, B. & Br. Pileo convexo obtuso verruculis
lateritiis obsito; stipite sublateritio farcto deorsum plus minus gra-
nulato ; lamellis latis carneis postice rotundatis approximatis (no. 1163
cum icone).

On the ground. June 1869.

Pileus 3 inch across, obtuse or broadly umbonate, clothed with brick-
red granules; stem 2 inch high, 1 line thick, stuffed, equal, mostly
paler than the pileus, more or less scaly, smooth above, more rarely
quite smooth, red within; gills l line wide, ventricose, rounded be-
hind, flesh-coloured ; spores ovate oblong, -0003 long.

There is a form (no. 1163* cum icone) strongly umbonate, the

stem more scaly, the gills narrower, paler, and not so ventricose
or rounded behind.

52. A. (LEPIOTA) ERYTHROSTICTUS, B. § Br. Pileo ex ovato he-
mispherico lilacino cuticula in particulas concolores rupta; stipite
lilacino e farcto cavo deorsum furfuraceo; lamellis leviter ventricosis
approximatis; sporis elongatis (no. /55 cum icone).

On the ground. Peradeniya, Sept. Dec. 1868.

Pileus 1 inch across, at first ovate, lilac, with the cuticle, which is at
first continuous, broken up into little darker specks; flesh tinged
with pink; stem 1-13 inch high, springing from radiating threads,
furfuraceous below the fugitive ring, or striate reddish, stuffed, the
fibres at last forming a slender cord; gills ventricose, 14 line broad,
white, rounded behind, approximate; spores oblong, narrow, “0003
long, without any nucleus, or 00025’ with a nucleus.

53. A. (LEPtoTA) russoceps, B. & Br. Pileo e campanulato plano-
convexo fulvo pulverulento-maculato estriato, stipite subsequali pal-
lidiore farcto; lamellis pallidis ventricosis approximatis (no. 1151
cum icone).

On the ground. June 1860.

ON THE FUNGI OF CEYLON. 509

Pileus $ inch across, at first subcampanulate, then plano-convex, um-
bonate, tawny, rough, with little pulverulent specks: stem flexuous,
nearly equal, 13 inch high, nearly 1 line thick, tawny, stuffed with
white; gills more than a line broad, ventricose, slightly tinged with
tawny; spores oblong, 0003’ long.

Allied to the last, but, judging from the dried specimens, ap-

parently distinct.

54. A. (LEPIOTA) POLYGLOMUS, B. & Br. Pileo subhemisphserico
verrucis erectis pallidis obsito; stipite recto rufo furfuraceo albo-
farcto ; lamellis latis postice truncatis rufulis (no. 907 cum icone).

On the ground. Jan. 1869.

Pileus l inch across, subhemispherical, pale, clothed, especially in the
centre, with erect pyramidal warts; stem l-lł inch high, 1 line
thick, nearly equal, reddish, stuffed, furfuraceous; gills nearly 2 lines
broad, truncate and sinuated behind, dark-rufous when dry; spores
*0002" long.

Allied to A. granulosus.

55. A. (LEPIOTA) cITROPHYLLUS, B. & Br. Pileo obtuso vel late
umbonato demum depresso citrino squamulis variis rufis obsito ; sti-
pite citrino e farcto cavo squamuloso; lamellis ventricosis postice
rotundatis vel attenuatis approximatis citrinis (no. 821 cum icone).

On the ground. Peradeniya, Nov. 1868, Jan. 1869.

Several forms of this species occur :—

a. Campanulate, with transverse scales on the pileus, and a squamulose
stem attenuated and slightly rooting at the base, or abrupt, with the
scales less decidedly transverse, and the gills attenuated behind.

. Pileus plane, then depressed, the margin striate, slightly squamu-
lose in the centre or dotted ; stem reddish without and within, gills
rather remote, rounded behind, broad (no. 824 cum icone).

c. Pileus hemispherical, minutely squamulose; stem smooth, even,
rather sunk into the pileus; gills rounded behind, here and there
tinged with green (no. 1174 cum icone). This looks more distinct
than the others.

d. Pileus convex, strongly umbonate; stem fibrillose, dilated at the
base; gills rounded behind. In all the spores are obliquely ovate,
0003' long (no. 1188 cum icone).

e. Pileus campanulate, broadly umbonate, floccose; gills attenuated
behind, yellow. No. 882estaius even the gum with which it is
fastened bright yellow.

No. 881. Peradeniya, Oct. 1868.

** Yellowish, clouded with ferruginous; gills yellow," seems to differ

from the rest in more oblong spores, ‘00025’ long.

Nearly allied to A. lepidophorus, but the general appearance of

ex

510 THE REY. M. J. BERKELEY AND MR. C. E. BROOME

the dried plant is very different. All stain the paper in which
they are dried with a yellow tint.

56. A. (LEPIOTA) PLUMBICOLOR, B. & Br. Pileo plano late um-
bonato plumbeo verrucis erectis ornato; stipite flexuoso deorsum
maculato albo-farcto ; lamellis ventricosis postice subsinuatis pal-
lide carneis (no. 864 cum icone).

On the ground. Peradeniya, Dec. 1868.

Pileus 1 inch across, plane, broadly umbonate, lead-coloured, clothed
with dark warts, which pass into scales on the margin; stem 13 inch
high, 1 line thick, flexuous, lead-coloured, spotted at the base ; ring
white, consisting of a little down; gills 1 line broad, pale flesh-
coloured ; spores obliquely ovate, *0003' long.

57. A. ALOPOCHROUS, B. § Br. Pileo e subcampanulato convexo
fulvo villoso squamuloso; stipite gracili fibrilloso tomentoso con-
colori; lamellis latis ventricosis approximatis; spores oblongis
(no. 924).

On the ground amongst fallen vegetable remains. Peradeniya, Dec.
1868.

Pileus $ inch across, at first subeampanulate, obtuse, then convex,
tawny, clothed with minute villous scales ; stems 13 inch high, 5 line
thick, fibrillose and tomentose, of the same colour; gills lj line
broad, ventricose ; spores oblong, ‘00025’ long.

58. A. (LEPIOTA) REVELATUS, B. $ Br. Pileo convexo umbonato
subter cuticulam brunneam laceratam striato; stipite subaequali e
farcto cavo deorsum squamoso-punctato, sursum glabro; lamellis
latiusculis ventricosis candidis (no. 922 cum icone, no. 910).

On the ground. Peradeniya, Jan. 1869.

Pileus 14 inch across, convex, umbonate, white, striate beneath the
brown even torn cuticule; stem 14 inch high, li line thick, ob-
lique, nearly equal, stuffed, then hollow ; spotted below, white above;
gills 2 lines wide ; spores oblong, *00025' long.

59. A. (LEPIOTA) PARDALOTUS, B. & Br. in Linn. Tr. xxvii. p. 150
(no. 693 cum icone).

On the ground. Peradeniya, July 1868.

60. A. (LEPIOTA) RHACODERMA, B. & Br. Pileo depresso striato;
epidermide brunnea mox lacerata; stipite solido albo; lamellis latis
carneis (no. 867 cum icone).

On the ground. Peradeniya, Dec. 1868.

Pileus 1} inch across, depressed, thin, striate beneath the brown cu-
ticle, which is soon broken up iuto various-sized patches; stem
l inch high, nearly equal, solid, white ; gills nearly two lines broad,
ventricose, approximate, flesh-coloured ; spores *0003' long. :

The solid not obviously stuffed stem seems characteristic of

ON THE FUNGI OF CEYLON. 511

this little species. This and A. rhyparophorus and A. revelatus
resemble each other externally as regards the pileus; but the
spores are different.

61. A. (LEPIOTA) ALPHITOCHROUS, B. j Br. Pileo e campanulato
plano subumbilicato subter epidermidem levem separabilem parti-
culis farinosis candidis obsito ; stipite eequali farcto farinoso ; lamellis
ex albo sordide carueis postice rotundatis (no. 771 cum icone). .

On the ground. Peradeniya, Sept. Nov. 1868.

Pileus 2 inches across, campanulate, then expanded, plane, slightly
umbilicate, at first clothed with a smooth brownish cuticle, which
peels off, except at the apex, where it forms a little cup with free
edges, leaving a pale flesh-coloured stratum scattered with white mealy
specks and striz towards the margin; stem 13 inch high, 23 lines
thick, white, mealy like the pileus; ring appendiculate ; gills 13 line
wide, rounded behind, at first white, than dull red; spores *0002'-
*00025' long.

Whole plant red when dry.

No. 849 appears to be a very pale form: stem 54 inches high,

* dull ochraceous gilvous, with pileus and base of the stem pale
ferruginous."

62. A. (LEPIOTA) FLAGELLATUS, B.$ Br. Pileo e subcampanulato
umbonato plano, squamulis liturisve rubris notato ; stipite sursum
dilatato glabro farcto; lamellis latis faleiformibus pallide stramineis
(no. 837 cum icone).

On the ground. Peradeniya, Nov. 1868.

Pileus 1-13 inch across, subcampanulate, umbonate, then plane, white,
marked with little red scales or streaks, bearing the powdery remains
of the veil on the margin; stem 13 inch high, 2 lines thick in the
middle, obversely conical, white, at length stained below with brown,
reddish within; gills broad, 2-25 lines wide, falciform, pale straw-
coloured, approximate; spores persistently white, 0002" long.

Whole plant dark when dry, but not of so vinous a tint as in

allied species, nor do the spores change colour.

63. A. (LEPIOTA) HEMICHLORUS, B. § Br. Gregarius; pileo semi-
ovato stramineo squamulis minutis insperso subcarnoso ; carne rubro
tincta; stipite gracili rufulo albo-farcto ; lamellis arcuatis postice
attenuatis rufulis (no. 1160 cum icone).

On the ground. July 1869. *
Pileus half-ovate, 2 inch high, straw-coloured, clothed with minute

scales; stem 2 inches high, l line thick, pale rufous without and
within ; ring subpersistent towards the apex ; gills 1 line wide, arched,
attenuated behind, approximate, pale rufous; spores ovate, *0002" long.

Whole plant dark red in drying.

512 THE REV. M. J. BERKELEY AND MR. C. E. BROOME

64. A. (LEPIOTA) METABOLUS, B. & Br. Pileo plano citrino fibrillis
brunneis picto; stipite basi truncato sursum attenuato rubro-lineato
candido ; lamellis ventricosis candidis remotis (no. 1186 cum icone).

On the ground. June 1869.

Whole plant tinged with red when bruised. Pileus nearly 13 inch
across, plane, lemon-coloured, marked with brown fibrille, which
sometimes are disposed in scales; stem 13 inch high, thickened and
truncate at the base, where it is marked with red streaks, attenuated
and white upwards; gills 2 lines broad, white, ventricose, remote ;
spores :00025' long.

65. A. (LEPIOTA) @NocEPHALUS, B. $ Br. Pileo subhemispherico
vinoso centro obscuriore rimoso-areolato; stipite flexuoso pallidiore
lineato basi brunneo farcto, intus carneque luteis; lamellis postice
rotundatis subcarneis (no. 796 cum icone).

On the ground. Peradeniya, Nov. 1868.

Pileus | inch across, hemispherical, obtuse, vinous, very dark in the
centre, where it is areolate, flesh yellow; stem 13 inch high, more
than a line thick, marked with little vinous streaks, and yellow-
brown at the base, stuffed, yellowish within ; gills 13 line broad,
ventricose, rounded behind, approximate, white shaded with pink,
stained when bruised ; spores :00015'—0002' long.

Whole plant dark when dry, the gills acquiring a deep red

tint. Approaching, like some others, very closely to Psalliota.

66. A. (LEPIOTA) PUNGENS, B. $ Br. Pileo convexo carnoso fusco-
ferrugineo appendiculato ; stipite zequali farcto concolori; lamellis
livide ceruleo-purpureis (no. 781).

On the ground. Nov. 1868.

Pileus ] inch across, sometimes umbonate, fleshy; stem 1 inch high,
li line thick, stuffed; spores pale, :0002' long. Odour very pun-
gent in drying. Dark when dry.

Other specimens are marked whitish, tinged with dark blue

purple, Sept. 1868. Pileus pale dull purplish, Dec. 1868.

67. A. (LEPIOTA) METULÆSPORUS, B. $ Br. Pileo campanulato
obtuso suleato squamulis pallidis ornato, margine appendiculato ;
stipite subzequali pallido intus citrino; lamellis ventricosis albis;
sporis metulzformibus (no. 1180 cum icone).

On the ground. July 1869.

Pileus 1 inch across, campanulate, rather fleshy, white, grooved,
adorned with small pallid scales; margin appendiculate; stem 23
inch high, 1 line thick, nearly equal or slightly clavate, pallid, lemon-
coloured, stuffed; gills nearly 2 lines broad, white, ventricose, ap-
proximate ; spores ninepin-shaped, when seen from the back, ob-
liquely clavate from the side, ‘0006’ long. Mycelium thread-like.

ON THE FUNGI OF CEYLON. 513

This agrees, as to to the spores, with no. 6447 from Alabama,
which is apparently a form of the same species, which occurs also
in England.

No. 802, Peradeniya, Oct. 1865, described by Mr. Thwaites as
fragrant, is the same species.

68. A. (Leriora) LEPRICUS, B. $ Br. Pileo convexo centro ver-
rucis pyramidatis margine depressis aspero ; stipite claveeformi fur-
furaceo; lamellis ventricosis postice attenuatis (no. 820 in part).

On the ground. Peradeniya, Nov. 1868.

Pileus 2 inch across, convex, clothed in the centre with pyramidal
warts, those towards the margin depressed and transverse; stem
1-1$ inch high, clavate; gills ventricose, attenuated behind; spores
ninepin-shaped, ‘0005’ long.

Specimens mixed with A. phlyctanodes. Allied evidently to

the last.

69. A. (LEPIOTA) ERIPH.EUS, B. & Br. Pileo convexo obtuso car-
noso glabro; stipite elongato glabro farcto; annulo fugaci; lamellis
ventricosis postice attenuatis approximatis (no. 836).

On the ground. Peradeniya, Oct. Nov. 1868.

Pileus 13 inch across, white or very pale, ochraceous, convex, fleshy ;
stem 2-23 inches high, 2 lines thick, smooth, white; gills white,
densely crowded ; spores *0002' long.

70. A. (LEPIOTA) AULACERGATES, B. & Br. Pallide testaceus ;
pileo campanulato umbonato delicato sulcato; stipite gracili; la-
mellis latis ventricosis interstitiis venosis (no. 720).

Pale testaceous; pileus 1i inch across, campanulate, with an obtuse
papilleform umbo deeply sulcato-plicate, up to the umbo minutely
pulverulent; stem 13 inch high, 1 line thick, equal: gills broad,
ventricose, approximate ; interstices venous ; spores subglobose, white,
*0003' long.

There is also a small form half the size, Dec. 1868.

71. A. (LEPIOTA) MELICHROUS, B. & Br. Pileo hemispherico um-
bonato pulverulento estriato; stipite gracili flexuoso pulverulento,
annulo obsoleto; lamellis candidis (no. 743 cum icone).

On the ground. Peradeniya, Sept. 1868.

Gregarious: pileus not $ an inch across, honey-coloured, pulverulent,
as is the flexuous stem 3 inch high, j line thick; gills white, dark
when dry; spores oblong, ‘0002’ long.

72. A. (ARMILLARIA) ASPRATUS, B. Lond. Journ. Bot. vi. p. 481;
Gardner, no. 50; Thwaites (no. 832 cum icone).

On the ground in shady places. Hautane range, June 1844.

Clarence River (Mueller, Carol Inf. no. 1478). Peradeniya (on

514 THE REV. M. J. BERKELEY AND MR. C. E. BROOME

wood), Oct., Nov., Jan. Neilgherries, Sept. 1864, Aug. 1869 (E. S.
Berkeley). Spores :00035'—0004' long.

73. A. (ARMILLARIA) oMPNERUS, B. $ Br. Candidus; pileo con-
vexo carnoso fortiter umbonato pulverulento estriato; stipite zequali
albo-farcto ; annulo fugacissimo ; lamellis angustis confertis approxi-
matis (no. 1211 cum icone).

On the ground. June 1869.

Pileus 3 inches across, convex, fleshy, with a strong umbo, which is
slightly tinged with umber, pulverulento-squamulose, becoming
smooth; margin even; stem 21 inches high, } inch thick, smooth,
white, umber at the base; ring very fugitive; gills white, 1 line
broad, rounded behind, free, crowded, approximate.

The specimens are more delicate than those figured, which

resemble in habit A. zylophilus (Weinm.). Spores :00015'—
*0002' long.

74. A. (ARMILLARIA) RHODOMALUS, B. § Br. Pileo convexo sub-
carnoso pallide citrino verrucis punctiformibus frequentibus roseis
obsito; stipite crasso subzquali farcto roseo-lineato ; annulo supe-
riore amplo lacerato citrino; lamellis angustis arcuatis postice at-
tenuatis adnatis (no. 1212 cum icone).

On the ground. Peradeniya.

Pileus convex, l inch across, fleshy, pale lemon-coloured, sprinkled
with minute rose-coloured warts; flesh nearly white; stem 1 inch
high, ł thick, stuffed, obtuse, marked with rose-coloured lines, of the
same colour within, except towards the centre ; ring broad, descend-
ing, lemon-coloured, jagged ; gills 2 line broad, arched, attenuated
behind, slightly adnate.

The colours are just those of A. rutilans.

75. A. (ARMILLARIA) EURHIZUS, B. in Hook. Journ. Bot. vi. p. 483;
Gard. no. 43.

Peradeniya, June 1844, on the ground. Eaten by tbe Cingalese.

76. A. (TRICHOLOMA) RHACOPHORUs, B. & Br. Pileo convexo
demum depresso carnoso innato-diffracto-fibrilloso estriato; stipite
deorsum incrassato solido pallidiore squamis angustis fibrillosis ru-
goso; lamellis pallide stramineis postice rotundatis attingentibus
(no. 1166 cum icone).

On the ground. July 1869.

Pileus nearly 3 inches across, convex, at length depressed, fleshy, dark-
brown, rough with innate fibres or minutely cracked ; flesh white ;
margin even ; stem 23 inches high, 1 thick, slightly thickened below,
paler than the pileus, rough, with brown shred-like scales; gills
pale straw-colour, 23 lines broad, rounded behind and adnexed.

Allied to A. impolitus.

ON THE FUNGI OF CEYLON. 515

77. A. (TRICHOLOMA) crassus, B. in Lond. Journ. Bot. vi. p. 483;
Gardner, no. 53.
On the ground in shady places. Peradeniya, June 1844.

78. A. (TRICHOLOMA) PAcHYMERES, B. & Br. Czspitosus; pileo
compacto convexo guttato ochraceo margine incurvo, carne crassa
candida; stipite crasso squamoso tumido solido ; lamellis subliberis
arcuatis stramineis (no. 797 cum icone).

On the ground. Ambegamowa, Central Provinces, Nov. 1868.

Caspitose; pileus 4 inches or more across, hemispherical, g.ttate ;
margin involute; flesh white, l inch thick : stem 4 inches high, at-
tenuated upwards, swollen in the centre, where it is nearly 13 inch
thick, solid, clothed with small reflexed scales; gills arched, ł inch
broad, rather attenuated behind and nearly free.

Allied to A. gambosus, and probably esculent. It differs from

A. crassus in the even not sinuato-plicate margin, the scaly stem,
and other characters. Grows, like that, to a large size.

79. A. (TRICHOLOMA) rHEIOCHROUS, B. & Br. Sulfureus; pileo
convexo umbonato carnoso: stipite subzquali farcto; lamellis an-
gustis liberis vel breviter adnatis (no. 874 cum icone).

On the ground. Peradeniya, Dec. 1868.

Pileus 3-3 inch across, convex, umbonate, sulphur-coloured, inclining
to umber towards the umbo ; flesh reddish; stem 1 inch high, | line
thick, curved, nearly equal; gills narrow, rounded behind and free,
or attenuated and slightly adnate ; spores pale yellow, ‘0002’ long.

There is a large form with no umbo when full-grown, and the

gills slightly rounded behind and adnate. Allied to A. chry-

senterus.

80. A. (TRICHOLOMA) RUBRO-CYANEUS, B. $ Br. Pileo e conico
plano depresso lilacino subtiliter virgato carnoso; carne alba; sti-
pite obconico farcto fibrilloso albido; lamellis angustis candidis
(no. 747 cum icone).

On the ground. Peradeniya, Sept. 1868.

Pileus 11-2 inches across, conical, obtuse, then convex, plane, or de-
pressed, lilac, delicately virgate, fleshy; flesh white; edge at first
involute: stem 13 inch high, obconical, 2 lines thick in the centre,
fibrillose, dirty white, stuffed; gills arched, narrow, shortly adnate,
white.

Allied to A. onychinus.

81. A. (TRICHOLOMA) CHARISTERUS, B. & Br. Pileo plano umbo-
nato earnoso lilacino, carne alba; stipite substricto basi attenuato
e fibris radiantibus oriundo farcto; lamellis angustis leviter adnatis
candidis (no. 847 cum icone).

Amongst dead leaves &c, Peradeniya, Dec. 1868.

516 THE REV. M. J. BERKELEY AND MR. C. E. BROOME

About À an inch across, strongly umbonate, of a delicate lilac, slightly
clouded ; stem 1 inch high, 14 line thick, stuffed, at length slightly
hollow, attenuated at the base, where it springs from white radiatmg
fibres ; gills very narrow, white, slightly adnate.

Allied to A. carneus.

82. A.(TricHoLoMA) NUDUS, Bull. t. 439 ; Gardner, no. 31 ; Thwaites,
no. 203.

In damp shady places on the ground. June 1844, July 1868.

The specimens in general umbonate.

83. A. (CLITOCYBE) roPEPLUS, B. & Br. Totus violaceus ; pileo e
convexo umbonato depresso striato; stipite sub:zequali striato; la-
mellis confertis angustis longe decurrentibus (no. 203).

On the ground. Peradeniya, Sept. 1868.

Pileus 2-3 inches across, at first convex, with a strong umbo, then
depressed or almost cyathiform, margin striate; stem nearly equal or
slightly thickened below, fibrillose, 21-3 inches high, } inch thick,
solid; gills narrow, crowded, very decurrent.

Allied to A. tyrianthinus. Mycelium not red as in that species.

It is, moreover, not nearly so robust.

84. A. (CLITOCYBE) CROCOBAPHUS, B. & Br. Flavus; pileo e con-
vexo umbonato plano fulvo-virgato levi; stipite subaquali e farcto
cavo striato; lamellis angustis demum decurrentibus (no. 1176 cum
icone).

On the ground. July 1869.

Pileus 3 inches across, at first convex, with a strong umbo adorned
with tawny streaks, then nearly self-coloured and plane, margin
even ; stem 23 inches high, } thick, stuffed, giving way in the centre,
and at length hollow; gill 1} line broad, arched, at first slightly
rounded behind, then very decurrent.

Allied to 4. illudens. Stems sometimes connate. Mycelium

fibrous.

85. A. (CLITOCYBE) Anisus, B. & Br. Pileo e convexo subuni-
laterali depresso infundibuliformique leviter floccoso ; stipite elongato
fistuloso ; lamellis crassiusculis latis ventricosis decurrentibus (no. 381
cum icone).

On the ground. Peradeniya, Nov. 1868.

Czspitose, straw-coloured; pileus 1 inch across, slightly floccose, st
first convex, unequal, subunilateral, then umbilicate or infundibuli-
form; stem 2 inches high, 1 line thick, fistulose, very slightly
thickened at the base, paler than the pileus; gills nearly 2 lines
broad in the centre, ventricose, attenuated at either end, decurrent.

Allied to the following species. Spores ‘0005! long.

ON THE FUNGI OF CEYLON. 517

86. A. (CLITOCYBE) DIMORPHUS, B. & Br, Pileo convexo acute um-
bonato, dein umbilicato striato; stipite sursum dilatato solido v.
fistuloso ; lamellis candidis decurrentibus (no. 830, cum icone).

On the ground. Peradeniya, Nov., Dec. 1868.

Pileus i-l inch across, at first convex, with an acute umbo, lemon-
coloured, streaked with darker lines, membranaceous, then unibilicate,
retaining the umbo; stem # inch high, strongly dilated upwards,
solid, then fistulose, lemon-coloured; gills arched, decurrent, white
or yellowish.
There appear to be two forms, a smaller, which is acutely um-

bonate and the stem solid, and a larger, with a decidedly fistulose

stem and yellower gills. Spores '0002—0003'.

87. A. (CLITOCYBE) METRIUS, B. $ Br. Gilvus; pileo subcyathi-
formi angusto glabro; stipite elongato farcto ; lamellis arcuatis bre-
viter decurrentibus (no. 926).

On the ground. Peradeniya, Jan. 1869.

Pileus } inch across, cup-shaped, with the margin arched, smooth ;
stem 2-1 inch high, stuffed ; gills narrow, arched, moderately distant,
shortly decurrent ; mycelium white, fibrous. —

88. A. (CLITOCYBE) HvaLopEs, B. § Br. Hyalinus, fragilis, albus ;
pileo cyathiformi glabro estriato tenui; stipite deorsum attenuato fis-
tuloso ; lamellis angustissimis postice attenuatis (no. 805, cum icone).

On decaying vegetables, binding the soil with down. Peradeniya,
Nov. 1868.

Hyaline, extremely brittle; pileus 23 inches across, cup- shaped, smooth,
very thin; stem 33 inches high, 4 thick, flexuous, irregular, fistulose,
attenuated at the base; gills not a line broad, attenuated behind, but
not running down further than the top of the stem, where the hollow
commences, above which the flesh is not thicker than above the

gills ; very dark when dry.

89. A (CLrrocvBE) canpicans, P. (No. 725, cum icone.)
On the ground. Peradeniya, Nov. 1868, Jan. 1869. Spores 00025" long.

90. A. (CLitocyBe) EPIUS, B. & Br. Albus; pileo tenui e plano
depresso stipiteque gracili glabris; lamellis angustissimis leviter
decurrentibus (no. 947).

On the ground. Jan. 1869.

Pileus about 1 inch across, plano-convex, then more or less depressed,
smooth, thin; stem l-l} inch high, | line thick, smooth; gills
arched, slightly decurrent, 3 line broad. Whole plant ochraceous
when dry.

91. A. (CLITOCYBE) coNsPURCATUS, B. & Br. Sordide albus, sub-
tiliter tomentosus ; pileo depresso tenui carnoso toto particulis lineis-

LINN, JOURN.—BOTANY, VOL. XI. 2N

LI

5

18 THE REV. M. J. BERKELEY AND MR. C. E. BROOME

que sordidis rugoso; stipite subzequali striato; lamellis angustis
decurrentibus (no. 1205).

On the ground.

Pileus 23 inches across, depressed, thin but fleshy, obtusely umbonate—
when dry, looking as if sprinkled with the dark excrement of some
insect; stem 2 inches high, i thick ; gills not a line broad, decurrent.

A very singular species, of very uncertain affinity.

92. A. (CLITOCYBE) PvRAcES, B. & Br. Pileo plano-depresso rufo,
margine levi inflexo ; stipite deorsum attenuato ochraceo striato ;
lamellis distantibus crassis subconcoloribus (no. 722).

On the ground. Peradeniya, July 1868.

Pileus 1 inch across, plano-depressed, smooth, rufous, margin inflexed ;
stem 13 inch high, striate, nearly 3 an inch thick, smooth, ochra-
ceous; gills distant, pallid, shortly decurrent.

Somewhat resembling A. irrufatus.

93. A. (CLITOCYBE) Mvocunous, B. $ Br. Pileo convexo obtuso
pulverulento-tomentoso estriato; stipite tenaci insititio pallidiore
apice candido intus deorsum cinerascente; lamellis albidis adnato-
decurrentibus, interstitiis reticulatis (no. 1178, cum icone).

On dead sticks. July 1869.

Pileus 2 inch across, convex, subeampanulate, mouse-coloured, clothed
with pulverulent down, margin even; flesh white; stem 1 inch high,
scarcely a line thick, solid, minutely velvety white above, cinereous
within below; gills nearly horizontal, adnato-decurrent, nearly white,
about 2 lines broad.

This species belongs to Fries’s section Versiformes.

94. A. (CLITOCYBE) sPoporHonus, B. 4 Br. Rufulus; pileo sub-
hemispherico umbilicato flocculis nigris obsito membranaceo ; stipite
sursum dilatato solido floceulento ; lamellis adnatis denticulo decur-
rente acie nigra serrulata (no. 1215, cum icone).

On the ground. Sept. 1869.

Pileus } inch across, subhemispherical, slightly umbilicate, beset with
black flocculent specks, membranaceous; stem dilated upwards,
solid, covered, especially above, with delicate black flocci; gills few,
adnate, with a decurrent tooth; edge serrulate, marked with inter-
rupted black specks. General colour dull flesh-colour.

Allied to A. laccatus.

95. A. (CLITOCYBE) LAcCATUS, Scop. (no. 846). (No. 949, cum icone.)

On the ground in the higher forests of the Central Provinces. Oct.
1868.

* Deep sanguineous ; gills reddish yellow, sometimes red."

No. 949 is a large form deeply and broadly sulcate ; gills very broad,

ON THE FUNGI OF CEYLON. 519

powdered with the echinulate globose spores ‘00035 inch in diam. ;
stem striate, red-brown, dilated upwards.

Var. AMETHYSTEUS (no. 203 in part).

96. A. (CLITOCYBE) suBLACCATUS, B. § Br. Pileo convexo laccato ;
stipite sursum attenuato farcto lamellisque adnatis planis concoloribus
(no. 894, cum icone).

On the ground. Peradeniya, Jan. 1869.

Pileus 3 inch across, convex, smooth, striate; stem 1 inch high, paler,
dilated upwards, springing from a downy stratum which runs a little
way up, stuffed; gills plane; spores subglobose, *0002' in diameter.

No. 894* is rather larger, with a stouter stem and even pileus.

97. A. (CLITOCYBE) PorPHYRODES, B. § Br. Pileo depresso squa-
muloso purpureo suleato; stipite subsequali fusco ; lamellis latis ad-
natis crassis distantibus interstitiis levibus (no. 840).

On the ground. Peradeniya, Nov. 1868.

* Apparently very rare."

Pileus 14 inch across, depressed or umbilicate, dark purple, sulcate,
clothed with minute fibrillose scales; stem 1} inch high, 2 lines
thick, brown ; gills broad, adnate ; spores subglobose, nucleate, -0002-
“00025! in diameter.

98. A. (CLITOCYBE) vinoso-Fuscus, B. & Br. Pileo convexo de-
presso suleato fuligine consperso ; stipite brevi glabro ; lamellis latis
adnato-decurrentibus distantibus crassis, interstitiis reticulatis (no. 96.)

On dead wood. Peradeniya, Nov. 1867.

Pileus 1 inch or more across; stem l-l; inch high, 2 lines thick ; spores
as in the last, to which it is closely allied.

99. A.(CoLLYBIA) ENDOCHORDA, B. $ Br. Pileo plano-depresso
umbonato brunneo centro decolorante; stipite basi incrassato radi-
cante sordide lilacino, medulla discreta ; lamellis undulatis ventricosis
adnato-decurrentibus (no. 703, cum icone).

On wood. Peradeniya, Aug. 1868.

Pileus 3 inches across, plane, depressed, broadly umbonate, brown, be-
coming paler in the centre, fleshy, flesh white; stem 6 inches or more
high, 3 thick in the centre, thickened at the base, rooting, dull lilac,
transversely spotted above, white at the apex, stuffed with a separable
white substance ; gills 5 lines broad, ventricose, undulated, adnate,

decurrent; spores ‘0008 long.
Habit of A. radicatus.

100. A. (CoLLYBIA) MULTIJUGUS, B. & Br. Cæspitosus, lentus;
pileo e companulato depresso sulcato-rugoso tenui; stipite subzequali

fistuloso ; lamellis latis adnatis postice rotundatis, interstitiis reticu-

latis (no. 692, eum icone).
282

520 THE REV. M. J. BERKELEY AND MR. C. E. BROOME

On dead wood. Peradeniya, Nov. 1868.

Czespitose, sometimes forked ; pileus 11-25 inches across, at first cam-
panulate, umbonate, vinous red, gradually becoming depressed or um-
bilicate, at length dirty white, strongly sulcate, and rugose ; stem very
variable in thickness, fistulose, smooth, much paler than the pileus
or white; gills 4—4 an inch wide, waved, reddish or white; mycelium
filamentous.

A very singular Agaric, apparently allied to A. schizoxylon, an

undescribed species, of which we have a figure from the Swedish
Museum.

101. A. (COLLYBIA) apaLosarcus, D. & Br. Totus tener; pileo
plano-convexo usque ad centrum striato; stipite brevi solido sub-
æquali; lamellis ventricosis latis postice rotundato-adnexis margine
crenatis (no. 699, cum icone).

On dead wood. Peradeniya, July, Aug., Nov. 1868.

** Very tender," dirty white; pileus 13 inch across, striate from the
margin to the obtuse centre; flesh moderately thick, cinereous; stem
l inch high, 13 line thick, solid, smooth, distinct from the flesh of
the pileus, truncate at the base; gills } inch broad, rounded behind,
ventricose, nearly free, pallid ; spores globose, :0008'—0006' in dia-
meter.

Undoubtedly allied to 4. magisterium; but the drawing shows

that it is a very different species. In some specimens the spores
vary from ‘0003’ to ‘0009’ in diameter.

102. A. (COLLYBIA) MAGISTERIUM, B. & Br. Totus albidus; pileo
late expanso carnoso molli obtusissimo margine crenato plicato; sti-
pite apice basique dilatato discreto ; lamellis latis serrulatis ventrico-
sis crassis rotundato-adnatis (no. 768, cum icone).

On dead bark. Peradeniya, Sept. 1868, :

* Soft and tender ; " pileus 4-5 inches across, very obtuse, fleshy, mar-
gin crenate and striate ; stem 13 inch high, } inch thick in the centre,
solid, fibrous within, quite distinct from the pileus, dilated above and
below, truncate at the base; gills 3 inch broad, thick, ventricose,
rounded behind, and broadly adnate serrulate; spores globose, :0006-
'0008' in'diameter. The pileus densely pulverulent from the spores,
which look like a magisterium. When dry, ochraceous or fuliginous.

103. A. (COLLYBIA) EUPHYLLUs, B.& Br. Ochraceo-albidus; pileo
convexo obtusissimo subcarnoso estriato leviter maculato pulveru-
lento; stipite brevi e farcto cavo basi dilatato truncato ; lamellis latis-
simis undulatis dente adnatis (no. 1201, cum icone) no. 731.

On dead wood. August 1865, July 1869.

Pileus 13 inch across, hemispherical, plane above, pulverulent, minutely

ON THE FUNGI OF CEYLON. 521

spotted ; flesh distinct from the stem, the substance of which, how-
ever, spreads above the gills; stem 3 inch high, 1 line thick in the
centre, at length hollow; gills 4 inch broad, undulated, ventricose,
adnate, with a little tooth. Spores ‘0006-0008’ in diameter.
A miniature form of A. magisteriwm, with several distinctive
characters.

104. A. (COLLYBIA) CHRYSOROPHUS, B. $ Br. Pileo convexo tenui
croceo lineato; stipite zequali pallidiore e fareto cavo; lamellis pal-
lidis distantibus dente adnatis (no. 858, cum icone).

On dead wood. Peradeniya, Dec. 1868.

Pileus about 1 inch across, convex, with occasionally a minute central
papilla, orange with darker streaks; flesh white, thin; stem nearly
equal, 1 inch high, stuffed, then hollow, truncate at the base ; gills
few, distant, very pale straw-colour, adnate, with a small decurrent
tooth.

Evidently allied to 4. velutipes, but with a smooth stem.

105. A. (ConLvBiA) NEPHELODES, B. $ Br. Pileo hemispherico
centro leviter depresso subfulvo nebuloso estriato ; stipite recto glabro
fistuloso; lamellis latis albidis truncatis leviter adnatis (no. 1172,
eum icone).

On the ground. June 30, 1869.

Pileus 12 inch across, hemispherical, slightly depressed in the centre,
sienna-brown, paler towards the margin, fleshy; flesh sienna-brown
beneath the cuticle; stem 3 inches high, } thick, nearly white, fis-
tulose; gills 4 inch broad. truncate behind, shortly adnate, pale
straw-coloured.

Allied to 4. maculatus. The pileus is curiously clouded. Spores

oblong, ‘0005’ by ‘00025’.

106. A. (COLLYBIA) CUBISTES, B. § Br. Pileo plano umbonato pul-
verulento estriato subcarnoso ; stipite obliquo æquali albo-farcto ;
lamellis angustis postice rotundatis adnexis stramineis (no. 1158,
cum icone).

Probably on dead wood. July 1869.

Pileus 12 inch across, plane, with the edge slightly turned up, ob-
tusely and broadly umbonate, pulverulent, subcarnose, margin even,
dirty white; stem 2 inches high, 2 lines thick, flexuous, slightly
tinged without and within with rufous ; gills crowded, 1 line broad,
straw-coloured ; mycelium rooting.

Allied to A. magisterium and A. euphyllus.

107. A. (CoLLYBIA) DIMINUTUS, B. $ Br. Pileo e subeampanulato
expanso subcarnoso albido pulverulento; stipite brevi farcto; la-
mellis angustis adnatis (no. 1147, cum icone).

522 THE REY. M. J. BERKELEY AND MR. C. E. BROOME

On dead wood. June 1869.

Dirty white; pileus 1 inch across, at first campanulate, then expanded,
pulverulent, margin even; stem } inch high, 4 line thick, stuffed ;
gills crowded, narrow, 3 a line broad.

Allied to A. cubistes.

108. A. (COLLYBIA) vERTICOLOR, B. $ Br. Pusillus, albidus; pileo
convexo subcarnoso estriato; stipite æquali solido e basi floccosa
oriundo ; lamellis adnatis (no. 834, eum icone).

On dead bark. Peradeniya, Nov. 1868.

Gregarious; pileus 3 inch across, convex, slightly fleshy, dirty white ;
extreme margin fulvous, as is the whole plant when dry, pulverulent ;
stem # inch high, 1 line thick, solid, springing from an orbicular floc-
cose base; gills moderately broad, adnate or slightly adnato-de-
current. ;

Allied, though distantly, to A. velutipes. Apparently, as in

that species, the cuticle is of a gelatinous consistence.

108 bis. A. (COLLYBIA) cLARUS, B. & Br. Pileo convexo fulvo cuti-
cula gelatinosa margine inflexo; stipite subzquali glabro; lamellis
tenuibus ventricosis postice attenuatis flavis.

On dead wood. Peradeniya, Nov. 1867.

Pileus 123 inch across : stem 12 inch high.

Allied closely to A. velutipes.

No. 108, Garduer, is apparently the same species; but the speci-

mens are in bad condition.

109. A. (ConrvBtA) scoropEs, B. § Br. Pileo convexo umbonato
subcinereo subtiliter tomentoso ; stipite deorsum attenuato cavo albo
fibrilloso ; lamellis ventricosis subliberis candidis (no. 205, cum icone).

On the ground. Peradeniya, Oct. 1868, Jan. 1869.

Pileus 13 inch across, convex, very obtusely umbonate, cinereous, paler
towards the margin, not striate; stem 1 inch high, } thick in the
centre, at length hollow, the cavity extending nearly to the top of the
umbo, fibrillose, white; gills 2 lines wide, white, ventricose, nearly
free; spores *000125' long.

There is a form with the pileus chestnut-coloured (4. contra-
rius, B. & Br., MSS.), the stem of the same colour and rooting,
and the gills ochraceous sinuated behind. Nov. 1867. Pileus 2
inches across; stem 2 inches high, } thick.

110. A. (COLLYBIA) SPARSIBARBIS, B. § Br. in Linn. Tr. xxvii.
p. 151. (No. 697, cum icone.)

On the ground. Peradeniya, July, August 1868.

Eaten by the Cingalese. Allied to A. eurhizus.

ON THE FUNGI OF CEYLON. : 528

11]. A. (CoLLYBIA) nuriPICTUS, B. & Cr. Pileo e campanulato
plano striato umbrino subvirgato; stipite solido radicante intus um-
brino ; lamellis angustis liberis (no. 707, cum icone).

On the ground. Peradeniya, Nov. 1868.

Pileus nearly 2 inches across, at first campanulate, then plane, umber
streaked with darker lines, margin striate ; flesh white except beneath
the cuticle; stem 2 inches high, 13 line thick, solid, umber within ;
gills crowded, 1 line broad, arched, rounded behind, free, pale umber.

Without a sight of fresh specimens it may be doubtful whether

this should not be referred to Marasmius.

112. A. (CoLLYBIA) DRYOPHILUS, Bull. (No. 702*, cum icone.)
Amongst dead vegetable remains. Peradeniya, Sep. 1868.

113. A. (COLLYBIA) LEUCOPHÆUS, B. § Br. Tener, pileo plano de-
presso tenuissimo subrugoso fusco, stipite fistuloso stricto subconco-
lori glabro pilis brevibus cireumdato ; lamellis angustissimis arcuato-
adnexis confertis (no. 204, cum icone).

On the ground.

Pileus l inch across, dark brown, plane, depressed, very thin, slightly
rugose; stem 1} inch high, 7 line thick, fistulose; gills very narrow,
crowded, nearly white, arcuate, adnexed.

Allied to A. ocellatus. Contracts very much and loses its

colour in drying.

114. A. (COLLYBIA) oMoTRICHUS, B. in Hook. Lond. Journ. vol. iii.

p. 410; Gardn. no. 10.
On the roots of plants. Peradeniya, May 1844. Uitenhage.

115. A. (COLLYBIA) STUPPARIUS, B. $ C. Linn. S. I. x. p. 285.

(No. 101 in part. Cuba, no. 75.)
On dead vegetables. Peradeniya, Nov. 1867.

116. A. (Mycena) MYODERMA, B. 5 Br. Pileo campanulato tenero
subcinereo piloso; stipite concolori fibrilloso fistuloso; lamellis un-
cinatis adnatis pallido-carneis (855 bis, cum icone).

On the ground. Peradeniya, Dec. 1868.
Pileus 2 inch across, cinereous, clothed with short hairs; stem 13 inch

high, fistulose, streaked; gills 1 line broad, ascending, uncinato-
adnate.

Allied to 4. coherens.

117. A. (Mycena) MELANATOMUS, B. § Br. Pileo campanulato-
striato stipiteque solido particulis fuscis inspersis; lamellis antice lati-
oribus, postice arcuato-adnexis (no. 855***, cum icone).

On the ground. Dec. 1868.

Pileus 3 an inch aeross, campanulate, grey, sprinkled with brown parti-

524 THE REV. M. J. BERKELEY AND MR. C. E. BROOME

cles, as is the stem, 13 inch high, 3 a line thick; gills cinerous, ven-
tricose, arched behind, and adnexed.

118. A. (Mycena) Æærrrıs, Fr. (No. 1194, cum icone.)

On dead wood. July 1869.

119. A. (MvcENA) PALLIDO-RUBENS, B. $ Br. Rubidus: pileo
campanulato membranaceo sulcato-striato, carne disci alba; stipite
brevi truncato fistuloso; lamellis ventricosis postice sinuato-affixis
(no. 1179).

On dead wood. July 1869.

Whole plant, with the exception of the flesh of the disk, dull reddish ;
pileus 1 inch across, campanulate, sulcate ; stem } inch high, $ line
thick, truly fistulose, truncate at the base, where it is slightly thick-
ened ; gills ventricose, shortly adnate, 1 line wide.

No. 937 is possibly the same species. Spores -0003' by 00025’,

echinulato.

120. A. (Mycena) SruENus, B. $ Br. Pusillus, pileo campanulato
striato rubro carnoso ; stipite brevi fistuloso pallidiore ; lamellis ven-
tricosis breviter adnatis (no. 1162, cum icone).

On dead wood. July 1869.

Pileus £ inch across, campanulate, striate, dark vinous red, fleshy, with
a minute papilleform umbo; flesh white; stem 4 inch high, $ line
thick, paler than the pileus, fistulose ; gills ventricose, slightly ad-

` mate, deep red. Whole plant, when dry, with the exception of the
flesh, deep red.

121. A. (MvcENA) nEMATERUS, B. $ Br. Sanguineus; pileo cam-
panulato umbone papilleformi; stipite curvo farcto; lamellis ventri-
cosis dente adnexis (no. 854, cum icone).

On dead wood. Dec. 1868.

Ciespitose, dark blood-red ; pileus scarcely } inch across, campanulate,
with a large nipple-shaped umbo, smooth, even ; stem $ inch high, 4
line thick, witha slender cavity; gills narrow, ventricose, attenuated
behind, adnexed, sometimes slightly decurrent.

122. A. (Mycena) riLoPzes, Bull. (No. 938.)
On the ground. Peradeniya, Jan. 1869.

123. A, (Mycena) acicuna, Scheff. (No. 816 dis, cum icone.)
On rotten sticks. Nov. 1868, Jan. 1869.

124. A. (Mycena) CITRINELLUS, P. (No. 929, cum icone.)
On dead wood. Peradeniya, Dec. 1868.
125. A. (MycENA) STYLOBATES, P.

On dead wood. Peradeniya, Jan. 1869.
The specimens are darker than usual, but have exactly the same

radiated disk.

ON THE FUNGI OF CEYLON. 525

126. A. (MvcENA) cLAvULIFER, B. & Br. Tenerrimus, albus ; pileo
hemisphzrico setis clavuliformibus obsito ; stipite e disco orbiculari
oriundo ; lamellis ventricosis (no. 803).

On decayed vegetable matter. Peradeniya, Nov. 1868.

Extremely delicate, white; pileus about a line across, convex, beset
with clavate stiff hairs; stem } inch high, filiform, springing from an
orbicular radiately striate base ; gills ventricose ; spores ovate, *0003'
long.

127. A. (Mycena) TENERRIMUS, B. Outl. p. 129. (No. 861.)
On dead wood. Peradeniya, Dec. 1868.
Spores *00025' long.

127*. A. (MvcENA) CORTICOLA, Schum. (No. 1217, cum icone).
On bark. Aug. 1869.
A white variety with pale-brown flesh.

128. A. (Mycena) uLiscus, B. & Br. Pileo hemisphzrico suleato
plumbeo stipiteque capillari albo pruinosis ; lamellis paucis crassis ad-
natis (no. 944, cum icone).

On dead twigs. Jan. 1869.

Gregarious; pileus 1 line across, hemispherical, lead-coloured, deeply
sulcate, pruinose; stem l inch high, white, thread-shaped, pruinose
like the pileus ; gills few, thick, white, adnate.

129. A. (Mycena) PxDiscULUS, B. & Br. Candidus, minimus, pileo
subgloboso sulcato; stipite capillari, lamellis adnatis (no. 828).

On dead wood. Peradeniya, Oct. 1868.

Pileus 3 line across; stem 1 line high.

130. A. (MvcENA) PERONE, B. $ Br. Pusillus, gregarius; pileo con-
vexo umbonato pallido; stipite recto albo; lamellis ventricosis ad-
natis (no. 898, cum icone).

On the ground. Peradeniya, Jan. 1869.

Densely gregarious; pileus scarcely 2 lines across, convex, umbonate,
dirty white; stem straight, 3 inch high, not j line thick, white; gills
ventricose, slightly adnate; spores '00018' long. ;

131. A. (OMPHALIA) HOLOCHLORUS, B. $ Br. Pileo membranaceo e
convexo subinfundibuliformi flocculoso striato luteo; stipite dilatato
fistuloso ; lamellis decurrentibus citrinis (no. 1146, cum icone).

On dead wood. June 1869.

Pileus 1 inch across, at first convex, umbilicate, then subinfundibuliform,
membranaceous, flocculose, striate, brownish yellow; stem 2 inch
high, dilated above, fistulose, yellow, like the distant arched decurrent
gills.

Certainly allied to 4. chrysophyllus; but the pileus is a dark

526 THE REV. M. J. BERKELEY AND MR. C. F. BROOME

red-brown when dry, and the gills lemon-coloured rather than
yelk-of-egg colour; the gills, moreover, are not so decurrent.
Whole plant rufous when dry.

132. A. (OMPHALIA) VIRIDI-CARNEUS, B. $ Br. Pileo tenui crenato
suleato carneo-virescente ; stipite curvo cartilagineo fistuloso fulvo;
lamellis albo-carneis adnato-decurrentibus distantibus (no. 862, cum
icone).

On dead wood, Oct. 1865.

Pileus 2-1 inch across, thin, umbilicate, crenate, sulcate, either entirely
flesh-coloured or greenish with the margin pink ; stem curved, tawny,
or pallid; gills 1 line broad, waved, adnato-decurrent.

133. A. (OmpHALIA) LycHNopEs, B. & Br. Pileo umbilicato, dein
cyathiformi cinereo suleato ; stipite porrecto glabro fistuloso candido ;
lamellis distantibus ventricosis adnato-decurrentibus (no. 1181 cum
icone).

On dead wood. July 1869.

Pileus 13 inch across, at first umbilicate, then cyathiform, ash-coloured,
suleato-striate ; stem 13 inch high, 13 line thick, subhorizontal or as-
cending, smooth, white, fistulose; gills white, 13 line broad, slightly
ventricose, attenuated behind, distant, subdecurrent.

134. A. (OMPHALIA) CIRRHOCEPHALUS, B. & Br. Pileo ex umbili-
cato depresso nitide gilvo; stipite undulato solido pallidiore ; lamellis
pallidis decurrentibus (no. 959, cum icone).

On dead wood. Peradeniya, Jan. 1869.

Pileus scarcely $ inch across, bright yellow-red, smooth; stem ł inch
high, 1 line thick, undulated, smooth, paler than the pileus within
and without; gills 1 line wide, pallid, decurrent, distant, interstices
venose in front.

A very pretty little species, closely allied to the following.

135. A. (Ou PHALIA) SALMONICOLOR, B. § Br. Pileo depresso mar-
gine suleato arcuato pallide salmonicolori glabro; stipite brevi ipsi-
titio fareto glabro ; lamellis angustis postice attenuatis breviter decur-
rentibus (no. 782*, cum icone).

On dead wood. Peradeniya, Jan. 1869.

Pileus 1 inch across, depressed, with the margin arched, sulcate, smooth,
pale salmon-coloured; stem 3-3 inch high, 3-1 line thick, equal, at-
tached by a little disk, truncate, paler than the pileus, smooth, stuffed ;
gills very narrow, ofthe same colour as the pileus, attenuated behind,
slightly decurrent, distant, interstices venous towards the margin.

136. A. (OMPHALIA) UMBELLIFERUS, L.
Var. pileo nigro non hygrophano, stipite lamellisque candidis vel pallido-
earneis (no. 951, cum icone). Jan. 1869.

ON THE FUNGI OF CEYLON. 527

A larger form is Gardn. no. 37 and (monstrosus) no. 35, stem
confluent. :

137. A. (OMpHALIA) ANTHIDEPAS, B. § B. Pileo depresso cyathi-
formique suleato subtiliter fibrilloso; stipite sursum dilatato e fareto
cavo; lamellis distantibus longe decurrentibus latis distantibus
(no. 751, cum icone).

On dead wood. Peradeniya, Dec. 1868, Jan. 1869.

Pileus 13-2 inches across, dirty white, suleate, marked with livid
fibrils; stems 24 inches high, 1 line thick in the centre, smooth ;
gills 2 lines broad, arcuate, distant, decurrent.

Allied to A. lychnodes, but differing in the fibrillose pileus,

and the border not being so strongly involute. Spores ‘00025’
long.

138. A. (OmpHaLiIA) Peri, B. & Br. Niveus; pileo membranaceo
ex umbilieato infundibuliformi pulverulento estriato immutabili ; sti-
pite deorsum attenuato filiformi; lamellis confertis angustissimis
adnato-decurrentibus (no. 1192, cum icone).

On the ground. July 1869.

Gregarious, snow-white; pileus 2 inch across, membranaceous, pulve-
rulent, even at first umbilieate, then infundibuliform, slightly undu-
lated ; stem 3 inch high, not 3 a line thick, solid; gills scarcely à a
line broad, erowded, adnato-decurrent.

Closely allied to A. scyphoides ; but the pileus does not change

colour in drying, the gills are much narrower, the stems more
slender, and it is a more graceful species. There is sometimes

a little down at the base of the stem.

139. A. (OMPHALIA) MICROMELES, B. & Br. Pusillus; pileo sub-
infundibuliformi hyalino ; stipite brevissimo ; lamellis paucis angustis
decurrentibus (no. 1177, cum icone).

On dead wood. July 1869.

White, with sometimes a tinge of yellow ; pileus scarcely 2 lines across,
much depressed, striate; stem l line high, with a narrow central
tube; gills few, very narrow, decurrent.

Closely allied to A. microscopicus.

140. A. (OmpHALIA) DELICIA, B. & Br. Pileo campanulato umbi-
licato, umbonato, striato, tomentoso; stipite brevi gracili basi in-
crassato, e filis radiantibus oriundo sursum pulverulento; lamellis
decurrentibus (no. 398).

On dead sticks. July 1869.

Pileus 2-3 lines across.

140*. A. (PLEuRoTUS) pryinus, P. Gard. (No. 88, cum icone.)
On dead wood.

528 THE REV. M. J. BERKELEY AND MR. C. E. BROOME

141. A. (PLEuRoTUS) ANGUsTATUS, B. ó Br. Czspitosus; pileo
excentrico flabelliformi glabro cinereo; stipite elongato cylindrico
albo, deorsum incrassato reticulato; lamellis albis decurrentibus
(no. 202).

On dead wood. Nov. 1867.

Czespitose; pileus 13 inch across, excentric, subflabelliform, smooth,
cinereous ; stem l4 inch high, } thick, cylindrical, white, reticulate,
often connate at the base ; gills white, thin, decurrent ; spores oblong,
slightly curved, -0003' long.

142. A. (PLEUROTUS) RIGESCENS, B. $ Br. Pileo e suborbiculari
flabellato lobato glabro rufo zonato, sicco rugoso; stipite distincto
subzquali deorsum nigricante; lamellis angustissimis omnibus una
decurrentibus (no. 695, cum icone; no. 97, 88, in part).

On dead wood. Peradeniya, Nov. 1867, July 1868.

Pileus at first suborbicular, then flabelliform and lobed, smooth,
wrinkled and rigid when dry, rufous-zoned; stem short, distant,
cylindrical, dark at the base ; gills very narrow, all ending abruptly. .

143. A. (PLEUROTUS) POLYCHROMUS, B. § Br. Pileo suborbiculari
excentrico glabro variicolori, carne alba ; stipite brevi cylindrico albo
farinaceo lamellisque angustis confertis postice attenuatis candidis
(no. 960, cum icone).

On dead wood. Peradeniya, Jan. 1869.

Pileus 2-1 inch across, excentric, sometimes quite lateral, convex, pale
towards the margin, the disk, which is sometimes swollen, variously
tinted with rufous and lilac ; stem 1-2 lines high, white, farinaceous 5
gills white, very narrow and crowded, attenuated behind.

144. A. (PLEUROTUS) GALEÆFORMIS, B. & Br. Pileo obliquo tenui
striato galezeformi, postice rufo; stipite cylindrico, deorsum polito,
fusco e basi orbiculari oriundo ; lamellis latis, interstitiis venosis
(no. 1207, cum icone).

On dead wood. Peradeniya, June 1869.

Pileus 2 inch across, and as much high, helmet-shaped, thin, striate,
pale in front, rufous behind; stem 2 lines high, cylindrical, po-
lished, not a line thick; gills pale ochraceous, rather broad, inter-
stices venous.

145. A. (PLEUROTUS) FLABELLATUS, B. Br. Pileo flabelliformi
tenui eandido vel rubescente tomentoso glabrescente postice "m
tenuato ; stipite brevissimo tomentoso ; lamellis angustis decurrenti-
bus (no. 88, no. 92 in part).

On dead wood. Peradeniya, Aug., Nov. 1867, Aug. 1868.

Pileus 1-13 inch across, flabelliform, white, sometimes tinged slightly
with red, attenuated behind, and ending in a very short tomentose

ON THE FUNGI OF CEYLON. 529

stem; gills white, narrow, decurrent; spores oblong, with a little
point at the base, ‘0004’ long.
Adhering to the wood by a spongy base. It occurs also in
Venezuela.

146. A. (PLEUROTUS) scvTocEPHALUS, B. & Br. Candidus; pileo
orbiculari galezformi glabro, margine involuto ; stipite brevi deorsum
attenuato glabro; lamellis angustis decurrentibus (no. 20).

On dead wood. Nov. 1867.

Pileus 21-2 inch across, suborbicular, cuculliform, smooth; margin in-
volute; stem about 1 line high and thick, smooth, distinet, incras-
sated upwards ; gills narrow, decurrent; spores oblong, 00025' long.

Distinguished at once from the last by the smaller spores. — *

147. A. (PLEUROTUS) LEPTOGRAMME, B. & Br. Pileo flabelliformi
tomentoso lineis tenuibus versus marginem notato ; stipite obsoleto ;
lamellis ventricosis candidis.

On dead wood. Nov. 1867.

Pileus 3 inches across, flabelliform, attenuated behind, tomentose,
marked with little close-pressed fibrils in front; stem very short,
almost obsolete, white, tomentose; gills ventricose, attenuated be-
hind, white; spores -0002'—0003' long.

Allied to A. serotinus. Margin involute.

148. A. (PLEUROTUS) VERSIFORMIS, B. in Hook. Lond. Journ, vi.
p. 484.
In forests, on mossy branches. Talagalla, Feb. 1846 (Gardner).

149. A. (PLEUROTUS) TESTUDO, B. l.c. p. 485; Gard. no. 41.—
A. barbatus, B. & C. (no. 88) in part.

On dead wood. Hautane. June 1844, Gardner. Peradeniya. Cuba,
no. 44.

150. A. (PLEUROTUS) SUBBARBATUS, B. & C. in Linn. S.J. x. p. 288.
Cuba, no. 808 (no. 89).
On dead wood. Peradeniya, Aug., Dec.
No. 391 is a tender variety, which comes very close to 4.
striatulus. This at length collapses and clings close to the ma-
trix as in a siate of A. applicatus, forwarded by Prof. Fries.

151. A. (PLEUROTUS) SEMISUPINUS, B. & Br. Pileo primum Pe-
zizeeformi villoso demum semisupino ; lamellis ventricosis circa diseum
tomentosum sitis (no. 181).

On dead twigs and leaves. Peradeniya, Sept., Dec.

Pileus 2 lines across, at first appearing under the form of a snow-white
pezizeeform body, which gradually opens and exposes the gills, which
are arranged round a central villous disk, at length half reflexed.
The gills in age acquire a reddish tinge. Spores subglobose, *0004'-
*0005' long. :

580 THE REV. M. J. BERKELEY AND MR. C. E. BROOME

152. A. (VOLVARIA) TERASTIUS, B. & Br. in Linn. Tr. xxvii. p. 151,
tab. 34. (No. 689*, cum icone.)
On the ground. Peradeniya, July-Nov. 1868.
Specimens with perfect spores have lately been received, which
show that it is not an Amanita as originally supposed. Spores
*00025'—:0002' long.

153. A. (VOLVARIA) GËASTER, B. & Br. Pileo campanulato sericeo-
striato fusco; volva levi lobata intus candida extus umbrina lobis
reflexis (no. 822, cum icone).

On the ground. Peradeniya, Nov. 1868.

The only speeimen is unfortunately in a young state, and the
gills immature. It so closely resembles a Geaster that Mr.
Thwaites thought that it was one till he divided it. Margin
pale, closely striate.

154. A. (VoLvaniaA) voLvAcEUS, Bull. (No. 790.)
On the ground. Peradeniya, Nov. 1868.
There is a pale variety with very broad gills.

155. A. (VOLVARIA) PsEUDO-VOLVACEUS, B. & Br. Pileo conico-
convexo fibrilloso ; stipite sursum incrassato e volva bifida fuliginosa
oriundo; lamellis ventricosis liberis; sporis minoribus (no. 709, 777,
790 in part).

On the ground. Peradeniya, Nov.-Dec. 1868, Jan. 1869.

Differs from the last in the smaller size of the spores, which

are '00015'—0002' long.

156. A. (VOLVARIA) piPLAsIUS, B. & Br. in Linn. Tr. xxvii. p. 151,
tab. 33 c. (No. 689, cum icone.)

On the ground, springing from rotten wood. Peradeniya, July 1868.

Spores *00028'—:0003' long.

157. A. (VoLvARIA) APALOTRICHUS, B. § Br. Pileo convexo sub-
carnoso subtiliter piloso virgatove cinereo, carne alba; stipite gracili
e volva parva libera oriundo solido; lamellis ventricosis (no. /09,
eum icone).

On the ground. Peradeniya, Nov. 1868.

Pileus 1-1} inch across, delicately pilose or virgate subcarnose ; flesh
white; stem 2 inches high, 1 line thick in the middle, smooth, solid,
springing from a small bilobed free volva; gills slightly ventricose;
spores ‘0002’ long.

158. A. (VoLvanRiA) conEATUS, B. & Br. Pileo convexo subcarnoso,
subtiliter piloso, cinereo; stipite subzequali e volva vaginata oriundo
solido ; lamellis angustis (no. 709*, cum icone).

On the ground. Peradeniya, July, Aug. 1868. :

Pileus 13 inch across, convex, obtuse, clothed with delicate hairs, Cl-

ON THE FUNGI OF CEYLON. 531

nereous: stem là inch high, 14 line thick, rather contracted in the
centre, undulated, with corresponding darker portions within, spring-
ing from a close sheath-like volva; gills about a line broad, not ven-
tricose, free; spores *00025' long.
Closely alled to the last, but differing in several important
particulars.

159. A. (VOLVARIA) Microcatius, B. § Br. Pileo e campanulato
plano fibrillis sparsis obsito; stipite gracili; lamellis angustis ventri-
cosis; sporis globosis (with no. 709).

On the ground. Peradeniya, Nov. 1868.

Pileus 3 inch across, livid, clothed with scattered hairs; stem 1 inch
high, 4 line thick; volva dark; gills narrow; spores globose, ‘00025'
in diameter.

160. A. (VoLVARIA) GLANDIFoRMIS, B. Dr. Pileo ovato obtuso
'estriato glabro; stipite sursum attenuato e volva cupulzformi multi-
partita intus pubescente oriundo; lamellis tarde carneis (no. 946,
cum icone).

On dead wood. Peradeniya, Dec. 1868.

Pileus 2 inch across, snow-white, smooth, ovate obtuse; flesh white;
stem 3 inch high, 3 line thick, white, springing from a multifid cup-
shaped volva, which is tomentose within; gills very pale flesh-colour ;
spores ovate, ‘00025’ long.

161. A. (PLUTEUS) CERVINUS, Scheff.; Gardn. (nos. 22-98); Thwaites
(no. 760***, cum icone).

On dead wood and on the ground. Hautane (Gardner), Sept. 1844.
Peradeniya, Sept. 1868.

Spores subglobose, ‘00025’ long.

162. A. (PLUTEUS) sUBCERVINUS, B.& Dr. Pileo convexo fibrilloso-
picto cervino ; stipite subzequali albo fibrilloso solido ; lamellis ventri-
cosis postice rotundatis; sporis ovatis (no. 917).

On dead wood. Peradeniya, Jan. 1869.

Pileus livid-brown, 14 inch across; stem 1 inch high, about a line
thick ; spores ovate, ‘0002 long.

Smaller than the last, and with different spores.

163. A. (PLuTEUS) JEoLus, B. $ Br. Pileo convexo areolato parti-
culis nigris obsito; stipite basi dilatato; lamellis falciformibus
(no. 925).

On dead wood. Peradeniya, Dec. 1868.

Pileus 2 inches across, convex, covered with sooty particles, which are so
disposed as to leave paler spots; stem 3 inches high, 2 lines thick,
solid, dilated at the base; gills falciform ; spores globose. 00025 in
diameter.

Allied to A. cervinus.

532 TIE REV. M. J. BERKELEY AND MR. C. E. BROOME

164. A. (PLUTEUS) PsrcHIoPHORUS, B. § Br. Pileo e campanulato
plano fortiter umbonato lurido miculato ; stipite tenui basi incras-
sato ; lamellis latis (no. 915).

On dead wood. Peradeniya, Jan. 1869.

Pileus 1 inch across, at first campanulate, then convex, expanded or
slightly depressed, strongly umbonate, brown, clothed with scattered
little scales or patches; stem 1 inch or more high, thickened at the
base; gills broad, ventricose ; spores globose, *00025' in diameter.

165. A. (PLUTEUS) sPILOPUS, B.§ Dr. Pileo convexo, carnoso, ob-
tusissimo, atro-fusco, floccoso-virgato, carne medio crassa candida ;
stipite basi incrassato particulis nigris insperso solido; lamellis
ventricosis latis postice attenuatis remotis carneis (no. 1167, cum
icone).

On sandy soil. July 1869.

Pileus 2 inches across, convex, very obtuse, dark brown with paler
streaks ; flesh white, thick in the centre; stem 12 inch high, 3 thick
in the centre, solid, white within, sprinkled with black specks,
thicker below ; gills 3 lines or more broad, ventricose in front, at-
tenuated behind, and having a broad space round the top of the
stem ; spores subglobose, with a large nucleus, *0003' in diameter.

Remarkable amongst its allies for the gills being strongly at-

tenuated behind.

166. A. (PLUTEUS) ALBO-LINEATUS, B. § Dr. Pileo campanulato
umbonato atro-cinereo albo-lineato ; stipite flexuoso sursum attenuato
solido in umbonem immerso; lamellis undulatis ventricosis postice
rotundatis liberis remotis (no. 757, cum icone).

On dead wood.

Pileus 13 inch across, umbonate, livid-brown variegated with white
lines; flesh brown under the cuticle; stem flexuous, 2 inches high,
2 lines thick in the centre, attenuated from the base upwards, sunk
into the umbo ; gills pale pink, undulated, slightly ventricose, rounded
behind, remote, nearly 2 lines broad; spores snbglobose, :00025'
long.

167. A. (PLUTEUS) NANUS, P. (No. 760**.)

On dead wood.

Spores globose, :00025' in diameter.

168. A. (PLUTEUS) GLYPHIDATUS, D. §& Br. Pileo e campanulato
plano l. depresso pallido particulis parvis pulverulento, margine striato ;
stipite citrino solido ; lamellis remotis liberis crenulatis (no. /07, cum
icone).

On dead wood. Peradeniya, Aug.-Dec. 1868.

Pileus 1} inch across, campanulate, obtuse, or with an obtuse umbo,
then plane or depressed, lemon-coloured, or tinged with cinereous,
thin ; flesh white, dark beneath the cuticle ; stem 13 inch high, 2 lines

ON THE FUNGI OF CEYLON. 533

thick, generally attenuated upwards, solid, lemon-coloured, some-
times slightly twisted; gills segmentiform, rounded behind, remote,
at first white, slightly tinged with yellow, then rose-coloured ; spores
globose, *00025' in diameter.

Undoubtedly nearly allied to thelast; but, asappears from the
numerous drawings, the campanulate pileus and crenate gills
are distinctive.

No. 860 is a variety, “ dull, transparent, white or pale gilvous."
Pileus ? inch across.

169. A. (PLUTEUS) sTIGMATOPHORUS, B. $ Br. Pileo convexo um-
bonato demum depresso fuliginoso stipiteque basi incrassato pallido
particulis concoloribus obsitis ; lamellis ventricosis (no. 918, cum
icone).

On dead wood. Peradeniya, Jan. 1869,

Pileus 2 inches across, convex, then depressed, fuliginous, clothed with
minute sooty particles; stem 13-2 inches high, dilated at the base,
truncate, clothed like the pileus with dingy scattered particles ; gills
broad, ventricose; spores globose, "00025' in diameter.

170. A. (PLUTEUS) EscHARITES, B.S Br. Pileo convexo umbili-
cato squamulis minutissimis obsito, margine striato ; stipite sursum
incrassato griseo-glauco basi truncato ; lamellis fuligineis falciformi-
bus postice attenuatis (no. 868, cum icone).

On dead wood. Jan. 1869.

Pileus 2 inch across, convex, umbilicate, brown, covered with minute
dot-like scales; margin striate; stem 1} inch high, dilated upwards,
curved and truncate at the base, fibrillose, stuffed ; gills falciform ;
spores globose, ‘00022’ in diameter.

171. A. (PLUTEUS) BRUNNEO-PICTUS, B. & Br. Pileo convexo for-
titer umbonato lineis fibrillosis picto brunneo ; stipite candido; la-
mellis ventricosis postice rotundatis (no. 916, cum icone).

On dead wood, Peradeniya, Dec.-Jan.

Pileus 2 inch across, convex, with a strongly developed papillaform
umbo streaked with brown fibrillz ; stem nearly equal, white, stuffed ;
gills pale, ventricose, rounded behind ; spores ovate, '00025' long.

Differs from A. psichiophorus in the marking of the pileus,

and in the ovate not globose spores.

172. A. (PLUTEUS) coNIZATUS, B. $ Br. Pileo plano tenui umbo-
nato in particulas pulveraceas hic illic fracto, margine striato ; sti-
pite sursum attenuato ; lamellis ventricosis postice rotundatis remotis ;
sporis globosis (no. 757**, cum icone).

On dead wood. Peradeniya, Oet., Nov. 1868.

LINN. JOURN.—BOTANY, VOL. XI. 20

534 THE REV. M. J. BERKELEY AND MR. 0. E. BROOME

Pileus 3 inches across, plane, umbonate, pale gilvous, striate, the sur-
face broken up into minute powdery patches, at length leaving the
substratum exposed in parts; stem 3 inches high, 3 thick in the
centre, attenuated from the base upwards, lemon-coloured, solid ;

- gills 3 inch broad, ventricose, rounded behind, free, remote ; spores
globose, ‘00028’ in diameter. ‘‘ Tough and elastie."'

173. A. (PLUTEUS) MARMORATUS, B. & Dr. Pileo convexo fortiter
umbonato marmorato ; stipite recto truncato torto striato solido;
lamellis segmentiformibus postice rotundatis approximatis (no. 754*,
cum icone).

On rotten wood. Dec. 1868.

Pileus 1$ inch across, pale gilvous, marbled with darker lines ; stem
13 inch high, } thick, truncate at the base, twisted, striate, the stri
following the twisting of the stem; gills nearly 4 inch across.

174. A. (PLuTEUS) PULVINUS, B. § Br. Pileo convexo fortiter um-
bonato striato particulis pulveraceis consperso; stipite subzquali
solido; lamellis latis ventricosis approximatis (no. 757***, cum
icone).

On dead wood. Peradeniya, Nov. 1868.

Spores *00025' long.

The cuticle does not chip off as in A. conizatus ; gills nearly 4

inch broad.

175. A. (PLUTEUS) AGLÆOTHELES, B. & Br. Mollis, tener; pileo
convexo expanso obtuso albido glabro; margine tenui estriato ; sti-
pite horizontali subequali albo solido; lamellis rotundato-liberis
(no. 1189, eum icone).

On dead wood. July 1869.

Subczspitose, soft, tender; pileus 3 inches or more across, convex,
expanded, very obtuse, smooth, dirty white, slightly wrinkled at the
apex; flesh thick in the centre, white; stem horizontal, 3 inches
long, } thick, smooth, white, solid, nearly equal, a little thicker at
the base ; gills 4 lines broad, ventricose, rounded behind, free ; spores
‘00025’ long, cystidia urn-shaped.

Allied to A. roseo-albus.

176. A. (PLuTEUS) rFusco-NiGRICANS, B. & Br. Pileo tenui con-
vexo fortiter umbonato atomato-pruinato striato; stipite obliquo
albido fistuloso ; lamellis latis ventricosis postice rotundatis liberis
(no. 1150, cum icone).

On dead wood. June 1869.

Pileus 1 inch across, dark brown, convex, strongly umbonate, striate,
clothed with powdery particles; stem 1 inch high, scarcely 1 line
thick, dirty white, fistulose; gills 2 lines broad, ventricose, rounded
behind, free ; spores ovate, *00025' long.

ON THE FUNGI OF CEYLON. 535

Differs from A. nanus in the umbonate pileus, fistulose stem,
and ovate spores.

177. A. (PLUTEUS) GRANDINEUS, B. & Br. Pileo e convexo de-
presso verruculis minutis pulveraceis obsito ; stipite subzquali; la-
mellis latis ventricosis liberis (no. 919).

On dead wood. Peradeniya, Dec. 1868.

Piieus 1 inch across, fawn-coloured, convex, then depressed, beset
with minute pulverulent granules; stem 13 inch high, downy at the
base; gills 2 lines or more broad; spores ovate, *0003! long.

178. A. (PLUTEUS) PHLEBOPHORUS, Dittm. Gardner, no. 46.
On dead wood. Hautane, 1844.

179. A. (PLuTEUS) kuGRAPTUS, B. & Dr. Pileo plano leviter um-
bonato umbrino lineis obscurioribus radiato; stipite curvo sursum
pallido basi umbrino farcto; lamellis leviter ventricosis umbrino-
carneis (no. 1148, cum icone).

On dead wood. June 1869.

Pileus 2 inch across, plane, slightly umbonate, membranaceous, smooth,
umber marked with radiating darker stris ; stem 2 inch high, not a
line thick, pale above, umber below, stuffed; gills pinkish, slightly
ventricose, about a line wide in the middle; spores subglobose or
broadly elliptic, *00025' long.

Allied to A. wmbrinellus.

180. A, (PLUTEUS) PELINUS, B. § Br. Pileo convexo argillaceo,
carne alba; stipite subæquali concolore; lamellis latis ventricosis
carneo-subconcoloribus (no. 920, eum icone).

On dead wood. Peradeniya, Dec. 1868.

Pileus 1 inch across, convex, dirty yellow-brown, mottled, obscurely
pulverulent ; stem 1 inch high, 1 line thick, of the same coloar
within and without, stuffed, nearly equal; gills nearly 2 lines broad,
tinged with pink; spores ovate, ‘0003’ long.

181. A. (PLUTEUS) BALANATUS, B. & Br. Pileo glandiformi glabro ;
stipite striato sursum attenuate farcto; lamellis ventricosis liberis
(no. 943, eum icone). ;

On dead wood. Peradeniya, Dee. 1868.

Pileus acorn-shaped, 3 inch across in the middle, smooth, white. mot-
tled with pink specks; stem 1 inch high, 1 line thick, white, stuffed ;
gills 1 line broad, pale-pink; flesh white, except just above the
gills, where it is red.

181*. A. (ENTOLOMA) ARDOSIACUS, Bull.
Var. AGAvvs, B. & Br. Pileo pulveraceo amethystino, margine sul-
cato; stipite czeruleo (no. 799, cum icone).

On the ground. Peradeniya, Nov. 1868.
202

536 THE REY. M. J. BERKELEY AND MR. C. E. BROOME

A very beautiful Agaric, approaching very near to a form of
A. ardosiacus, of which we have a drawing from the Swedish Mu-
seum, which Fries supposes may possibly be distinct.

182. A. (ENTOLOMA) curysaeis, B. § Br. Pileo convexo demum
centro depresso tenui aureo striato; stipite basi dilatato striato S0-
lido; lamellis postice truncato-sinuatis adnexis (no. 811, cum icone).

On decaying wood. Peradeniya, Nov. 1868. Rare. `

Pileus 2 inches across, of a brilliant golden-yellow, slightly wrinkled at
the depressed apex, striate ; flesh thin, white ; stem 2-22 inches high,
about two lines thick in the centre, thickened at the base, striate,
solid, white; gills arched, not ventricose, 1 inch broad, pale-pink,
truncate and sinuated behind, almost free ; spores subglobose, with
a large nucleus, *00025 in diameter.

In many points resembling A. leoninus, but is not campanu-
late, nor are the gills ventricose or rounded behind; they ap-
proach rather to the type of Entoloma, to which it is accordingly
referred.

183. A. (ENTOLOMA) GRISEO-CYANEUS, Fr.

Var. coloribus saturatioribus (no. 799, eum icone).

On the ground. Jan. 1869.

Pileus and stem blue; flesh and interior of fistulose stem pale blue.

184. A. (ENTOLOMA) RETROFLEXUS, B. $ Br. Pileo convexo um-
bilicato alutaceo glabro; stipite gracili subtiliter fistuloso concolori ;
lamellis crassiusculis ventricosis postice rotundato-sinuatis adnexis,
antice excedentibus (no. 948, cum icone).

On wood. Peradeniya, Dec. 1868.

Pileus not 3 au inch across, convex, umbilicate, clay-coloured, darker
in the centre, smooth; stem 12 incb high, 3 line thick, paler ; gills
ventricose, sinuated behind, adnexed, buff, extending beyond the
margin, so as to give the pileus the appearance of having its margin
turned back ; spores angular.

185. A. (ENTOLOMA) RHODOPOLIUS, Fr. (No. 760, cum icone.)
On the ground. Peradeniya, Sept. 1868.
Spores ‘0005’ long.

186. A. (ENTOLOMA) ropwEPHES, B. & Br. Pileo e campanulato
subacuto cyathiformi violaceo pulverulento; stipite compresso con-
colori cavo; lamellis falciformibus carneis (no. 749, cum icone).

On the ground. Peradeniya, Sept. 1868.

Pileus 3-2 inch across, campanulate, rather acute, then cup-shaped,
bright violet, pulverulent; stem 1-1} inch high, slender or rather
stout, in the latter case compressed, hollow, paler than the pileus,

ON THE FUNGI OF CEYLON. 537

rather rooting; gills falciform, adnexed ; mycelium white, fibrous ;
spores angular, *0003'—0004" by -0002’-0003’.

L]

187. A. (ENToLoMA) sERICEUS, Bull.
Var. stipite fibrilloso-farcto (no. 869, cum icone).
On the ground. Peradeniya, Dec. 1868.

188. A. (ENTOLOMA) MAZOPHORUS, B. & Br. Pileo convexo eximie
umbonato subcarnoso glabro; stipite subzquali e farcto cavo; la-
mellis areuatis adnexis (no. 1185, cum icone).

On the ground. June 1869.

Pileus nearly an inch across, convex, slightly fleshy, with a well-developed

. obtuse umbo, smooth, pallid; flesh with a slight pinkish tint; stem
l inch high, 13 line thick, smooth, stuffed, then hollow ; gills rather
more than a line broad, arched, rounded behind, and slightly ad-
nexed, pink ; spores angular, ‘00025’ across.

Allied to A. elodes.

189. A. (ENTOLOMA) MicRocaAnPUS, B. & Br. Cespitosus, edulis,
albidus; pileo convexo fisso acutissime umbonato; stipite farcto
glabro; lamellis arcuatis pallide carneis liberis (no. 748, cum icone ;
Gardn. uo. 71, cum icone).

In large patches, on the flower-borders and on grass. Peradeniya,
Sept. 1868.

Eaten by the natives.

Czspitose; pileus 3-1 inch across, diy whi, darker towards the
prominent umbo, soon split at the margin, even; stem 13-2 inches
high, 3-1 thick, somewhat rooting, nearly equal, smooth, stuffed, at
length partially hollow ; gills about a line broad, rounded behind,
free, or nearly so; spores obliquely oblong, :0002'—00025' long;
mycelium forming little granular masses.

. 190. A. (ENTOLOMA) iwTERMIXTUS, B. & Br. Pileo e convexo
umbonato plano fibroso-striato ; stipite elongato «quali radicante ;
lamellis adnexis (no. 784 in parte).

On the ground. Peradeniya, Jan. 1869.

Pileus 1 inch across, convex, sharply umbonate, streaked with dark
fibres; stem 13-3 inches high, 1 line thick, more or less rooting ;
gills slightly ventricose, adnexed ; spores *0003'—:0005' long, often
adhering to each other.

. 191. A. (ENTOLOMA) styLopHorus, B. & Br. Pileo conico sericeo-
nitente, umbone elongato; stipite farcto subzequali; lamellis angustis
ventricosis (no. /48*, cum icone).

On the ground. - Peradeniya, Sept. 1868.

` Pileus $ inch across, conical, white tinged with pink, shining, umbo

-538 THE REY. M. J. BERKELEY AND MR. C. E. BROOME

elongated cylindrical acute or truncate; stem l inch high, equal,
stuffed; gills not a line wide ; spores angular.
Differs obviously from A. microcarpus in the angular spores.

192. A. (ENTOLOMA) PALLIDO-GILVUS, B. & Br. Pileo convexo
umbonato ; stipite brevi æquali e farcto cavo ; lamellis planis postice
sinuatis (no. 863).

On the ground. Peradeniya, Dec. 1868.

Pileus 2 inch across, convex, umbonate, smooth; stem $ inch high,
1 line thick; gills plane, arcuate, sinuated behind, 1 line broad;
spores angular.

The whole plant becomes umber in drying.

193. A. (ENTOLOMA) ARGILOPHYLLUS, B.& Br. Pileo convexo
cinereo pruinoso; stipite curvo particulis fuscis insperso ; lamellis
tenuibus latissimis (no. 873).

Pileus 1 inch high, dark grey, pulverulent; stem 1 inch high, l line
thick, curved, beset with little dark particles; gills 2 lines wide,
thin, pallid, argillaceous ; cystidia large.

There may possibly be some doubt as to the proper position of

this species, as we have not seen the spores.

194. A. (CLiroPILUS) TEPHRAS, B. & Br. Pileo e convexo plano
subdepresso cinereo-glauco tenui pulverulento l. virgato; stipite sur-
sum incrassato subconcolori cavo; lamellis arcuatis leviter decur-
rentibus carneis (no. 747*, cum icone).

Amongst decayed vegetable matter. Peradeniya, Dec. 1868.

Pileus } inch across, convex, then plane or depressed, bluish ash-
colour, pee or minutely virgate; stem 3 inch high, dilated

upwards, 3 line thick in the centre, hollow, nearly of the same
colour as the pileus; gills narrow, flesh-coloured, decurrent 5 ae
dingy, *0002’ inch long.

195. A. (CrLrroPiLus) suBGiLvus, B. § Br. Pileo plano-depresso
subzonato membranaceo pallide gilvo estriato; stipite sursum dila-
tato pallido fistuloso radicante; lamellis adnato-decurrentibus pileo
concoloribus (no. 1184, cum icone).

On the ground. June 1869.

Pileus about 1 inch across, plane, depressed, slightly zoned, pale reddish,
membranaceous; stem } inch high, 1 line thick in the centre, di-
lated upwards, truly fistulose, much paler; gills 1 line broad, adnato-
decurrent, of the same colour as the pileus.

Allied to A. canerinus. Stem rooting, with a thread-like

mycelium.

196. A. (LErroNIA) GNAPHALODEs, D. $ Br. Pileo tenui umbili-
cato ; margine arcuato substriato flocculento ; stipite sursum attenuato

ON THE FUNGI OF CEYLON. 539

pallido; lamellis latis dente adnatis secedentibus (no. 921, cum
icone).
On the ground. Peradeniya, Jan. 1869.
Pileus 1 inch across, umbilicate; border arched, faintly striate, pinkish-
grey; stem $ inch high, minutely hollow, white within, externally
pallid; gills 2 lines wide, adnate, with a small tooth at length
seceding ; spores angular.

*

197. A. (LEPTONIA) GNoPHopEs, B. & Br. Pileo convexo profunde
umbilicato caliginoso ; stipite sursum dilatato solido, intus extusque
brunneolo ; lamellis latis adnatis (no. 841, cum icone).

On the ground. Peradeniya, Nov.-Dec. 1868.

Pileus $ inch across, convex, deeply and acutely umbilicate, dingy ; stem
1i inch high, slender, dilated upwards, brown without and within, ex-
cept at the apex ; gills 2 lines broad, arched, horizontal, adnate, edge
entire.

Mixed with A. serrulatus.

198. A. (LEPTONIA) SERRULATUS, P. (No. 841*, cum icone.)
On the ground. Peradeniya, Nov.-Dec. 1868.
No. 841**, cum icone, is a variety with a solid stem.

199. A. (LEPTONIA) INCANUS, Fr., var, POLYCHROUS.

Pileo nitide zruginoso, lamellis e lilacino virescentibus (no. 801, cum
icone).

On the ground. Peradeniya, Nov. 1868.

Spores *00025'— 0004" long.

200. A. (NoLANEA) FULVO-LANATUS, B. & Br. Pileo tenui convexo
pilis fulvis strigoso ; stipite tubuloso deorsum fulvo-lanato ; lamellis
carneis subliberis (no. 855, eum icone).

On the ground. Dec. 1865.
Pileus 3 inch across, convex, obtuse, yellowish or tawny, thin, clothed

with fascicles of tawny hairs; stem 1} inch high, $ line thick, smooth
above, clothed with tawny down below, equal or attenuated down-
wards, tubular; gills ventricose, about a line wide, nearly free.

Undoubtedly allied to A. Babingtonii, Blox. The stem is clothed
as in Æ. campanulatus.

201. A. (NoLANEA) LAsIUs, D. $ Br. Pileo e campanulato umbili-
cato griseo squamulis pilosis obsito; stipite sursum dilatato concolori
hispidulo e farcto eximie fistuloso ; lamellis sinuato-affixis denticulatis
(no. 855*, cum icone).

On the ground. Jan. 1869.
Pileus 3 inch across, at first campanulate, then convex, umbilicate, grey,

clothed with little erect pilose scales; stem $ inch high, 1 line thick,
dilated upwards, beset with little hispid specks, downy at the base,

540 THE REY. M. J. BERKELEY AND MR. C. E. BROOME

stuffed, then fistulose; gills rather broad, pink, serrated, sinuated be-
hind; spores ‘0005’ long. :

202. A. (NOLANEA) ELAPHINES, B. & Br. Pileo campanulato cer-
vino breviter lanato; stipite gracili concolori glabro; lamellis ventri-
cosis postice attenuatis sinuatis breviter affixis e cervino carneis
(no. 941).

On the ground. Peradeniya, Dec. 1862.

Pileus 4 inch across, campanulate, pale fawn-coloured, clothed with short
down; gills ventricose, fawn-coloured, sinuated ànd attenuated be-
hind, distant, at length sprinkled with the rosy angular spores.

203. A. (EcciLIA) HvALODEPAS, B. § Dr. Pileo ex umbilicato cya-
thiformi pallido striato ; stipite flexuoso e farcto subtiliter fistuloso,
lamellis ex albo carneis decurrentibus (no. 871, cum icone).

On the ground. Peradeniya, Dec. 1868.

Pileus l inch across, deeply cup-shaped, striated ; margin waved, striate,
white, shaded with pink; stem 1 inch high, stuffed, running through
the flesh of the pileus to the bottom of the cavity, with a slender
channel in the centre ; gills white, thin, narrow, slightly ventricose,
decurrent, pink ; spores angular or subglobose, *0004'—0005' in dia-
meter.

204. A. (PHOLIOTA) MICROMERES, B. & Br. in Linn. Tr. vol. xxvii.
p. 152 (no. 690, cum icone).
On dead wood. Peradeniya, July 1868.

205. A. (HEBELOMA) MICROPYRAMIS,' B. & Br. Pileo campanulato
umbone prominente papillzeformi, verrucis pulvereque ferrugineis ob-
sito; stipite gracili flexuoso ; lamellis latiusculis postice rotundatis
adnexis olivaceo-fuscis acie albidis.

On the ground. Peradeniya, Nov. 1869. Sent without any number.

Pileus 1 inch across, stem 2 inches high ; spores ovate, ‘00025’ long.

Allied to Fries’s first section of Hebeloma.

206. A. (FLAMMULA) RUFIPUNCTATUS, B. & Br. Pileo depresso
tenui punctato estriato; stipite subzquali liturato solido, lamellis
ventricosis e pallido ferrugineis decurrentibus (nn. 207, 704, cum
icone).

On dead wood. Peradeniya, July-Aug. 1868.

Pileus 15-2 inches across, soon depressed, pale rufous, with darker dots ;
stem 1} inch high, lj line thick, pale, with short rufous streaks,
nearly equal, solid ; mycelium white, thread-like ; gills 14 line broad,
ventricose, decurrent, ferruginous ; spores ‘00025! long.

. There is a form less distinctly dotted. Sometimes the stem 18
dilated above. Allied, but not very closely, to A. fusus.

ON THE FUNGI OF CEYLON. 541

207. A. (FLAMMULA) Janus, B. § Br. Czspitosus, sulfureus; pileo
convexo obtuso umbonatove subearnoso; stipite subzquali fistuloso
glabro; lamellis angustis e subfusco ferrugineis (no. 759, cum icone).

On dead wood. Dec. 1868.

Crespitose, sulphur-coloured ; pileus 2-1 inch across, convex, obtuse, or
umbonate, slightly fleshy, flesh lemon-coloured; stem about an inch
high, 1 line thick, curved, smooth, fistulose; gills very narrow,
arched, slightly adnate; spores :00025/—0003' long by :00015'-
*0002'.

Allied to 4. conissans.

208. A. (FLAMMULA) Goniosporus, B. $ Dr. Albidus; pileo con-
vexo subcarnoso obtuso; stipite flexuoso cavo e basi suborbiculari
tomentoso oriundo; lamellis subventricosis late adnatis; sporis angu-
latis (no. 835, cum icone).

On dead wood. Peradeniya, Nov. 1868.

Gregarious ; pileus scarcely } inch across, dirty white, with occasionally
a darker zone which remains in drying, slightly fleshy, flesh white ;
stem 1 inch high, flexuous, hollow, springing from a white suborbicu-
lar base ; gills 1 line broad, slightly ventricose, broadly adnate ; spores
‘0002 across, angular.

The spores are nearly square or spade-shaped, and different

from any thing we have seen in this subgenus.

209. A. (FLAMMULA) ALUTIPHYLLUS, B. § Br. Pileo convexo au-
rantiaco subtiliter tomentoso postice fuliginoso, stipite compresso pal
lido; lamellis adnexis nitide alutaceis margine albo no. 405).

On dead wood. ;

There are unfortunately no spores in the specimens. It ap-
pears to bea very beautiful species. The black matter looks, at
first sight,like some mould; but the microscope shows it to be
a part of the pileus.

210. A. (FLAMMULA) sAPINEUS, Fr. (No. 401, cum icone.)

On dead wood, evidently of some Conifer. Possibly from imported

deal. Peradeniya, Sep.-Nov. 1868.
Far paler in colour than European specimens. Spores *00025'-:0003'

long.
211. A. (FLAMMULA) HoLocROocINUS, B. in Lond. Journ. vol. vi.

p. 485. ;
On dead wood. Ambegamoa, Feb. 1846.

Gills narrow.

212. A. (FLAMMuLA) oxvLEPis, B. § Br. Pileo plano depresso squa-
mulis erectis acutis hispido, stipite gracili; annulo flocculoso e sporis
fulvo ; lamellis arcuatis (no. 909*).

42 THE REV. M. J. BERKELEY AND MR. C. E. BROOME

C

On dead wood. Peradeniya, Jan. 1869.

Pileus 3 an inch across, convex, then plane, tawny, clothed with erect
acute scales; stem l inch high, 1 line thick; ring floccose, situated
near the top, deflexed, tawny from the spores ; gills 1 line broad, ad-
nate, arched, tawny ; spores obliquely ovate, *00025' long.

. Belongs to the same section as the two foregoing species.

213. A. (FLAMMULA) DILEPIS, B. $ Br. Pileo e convexo umbonato
depresso luteo squamulis obsito; stipite curvo glabro pallido farcto ;
lamellis ventricosis postice sinuatis adnato-decurrentibus flavis (no.
878, cum icone).

On dead wood. Peradeniya, Jan. 1869.

Pileus 2-1 inch across, convex, umbonate, then depressed, sulphur-co-
loured, clothed with minute brown scales in the centre, and tawny to-
wards the margin; flesh nearly white; stem 1j inch high, l line
thick, pallid without and within, smooth, slightly swollen at the base ;
gills 1 line broad, ventricose, sinuated behind, adnato-decurrent, yel-
low; spores *00025' long.

Resembles, in some respects, 4. heliocaes, B. & Br.

214. A. (FLAMMULA) cRocias, B. $ Br. Czspitosus; pileo convexo
squamulis pilosis erectis obsito ; stipite squamuloso ; lamellis adnatis
latiusculis croceis (no. 1126). 7

On dead wood. Central Provinces, Feb. 1869,

We have no figure of this species, which appears to be very
beautiful. Spores -00025' long. Stem sometimes attenuated be-
low, sometimes above.

215. A. (NAvCORIA) PHÆDROPIS, B. § Br. Pileo e campanulato
plano sulcato-striato fulvo; stipite clavato albido fistuloso ; lamellis
postice rotundatis liberis fulvis (no. 890, cum icone).

On the ground. Peradeniya, Dec. 1868, Jan. 1869.

Pileus $ inch across, at first campanulate, then plane, bright tawny;
margin suleato-striate, crenate ; stem 13 inch high, 1 line thick, pal-
lid, fistulose; gills ventricose or falciform, rounded behind, free,

bright tawny; spores obliquely ovate, *0003--0006' long by :0002'-
'0003'. Turns to a vinous red in drying.

It belongs to Fries's first section, and is a very pretty bright-

looking species.

216. A. (NAUCORIA) MicROPHUES, B. & Br. Pileo plano albicante
usque ad centrum striato; stipite filiformi albo basi substrigoso, la-
mellis distantibus liberis (no. 1203, cum icone).

On sandy soil. Peradeniya, July 1869.

Pileus t inch across, plane, at length white, striate up to the centre ;
margin erenate; stem $ inch high, } line thick, filiform; gills seg-
mentiform, free, or nearly free; spores pure, *0003' long.

Allied to A. centunculus.

ON THE FUNGI OF CEYLON. 543

217. A. (NAUCORIA) ABJECTUS, B. & Br. Pileo e campanulato de-
presso tenui striato livido griseove ; stipite gracili subtiliter fistuloso ;
lamellis ventricosis luteis (no. 897, cum icone).

On the ground. Peradeniya, Jan. 1869.

Pileus i-i inch across, campanulate, then plane or slightly depressed,
brownish livid, deeply striate; stem 2-1 inch high, not half a line
thick, of the same colour, fistulose ; gills about half a line broad, clay-
coloured, ventricose, adnexed ; spores ‘0003’ long.

There is a variety (no. 897*, cum icone) with a grey pileus and

rather broader gills and a more slender stem, which is dark at the

base.

218. A. (NAuconrA) PYGMJEUS, Bull. (No. 945.)
On rotten wood. Peradeniya, Jan. 1869.
Pileus 2-8 lines across; stem springing from a floccose disk.

219. A. (NAvcon1A) PELIDNUS, B. & Br. Pileo conico livido, margine
plicato crenato ; stipite concolori sursum dilatato roseo-farcto ; lamellis
ventricosis ascendentibus rubro-rufis (no 854*, cum icone).

On the ground. Peradeniya, Dec. 1868, Jan. 1869.

Pileus 4 inch across, conical, smooth, pinkish, shaded with livid blue ;
margin plicate; stem $ inch high, of the same colour, stuffed with
pink matter; gills ventricose, ascending, adnexed, reddish ; spores
‘0003’ long.

Somewhat resembling a small form of A. cucumis.

290. A. (NAUCORIA) CERODES, Fr.; Gardner. (No. 713, cum icone.)
On the ground. Peradeniya, May 1844.

221. A. (NAUCORIA) PEDIADES, Fr., var. MAJOR. (No. 713, cum

icone.)
On the ground. Peradeniya, Gardner, Thwaites, Aug.-Sep. 1868.

Pileus 13-23 inches across, even, pitted, umbonate. It has a strong
scent of meal. Spores ‘0005’ by ‘0004’.

222. A. (NAUCORIA) SEMIORBICULARIS, Bull. (No. 839, 930, cum
iconibus.)

On the ground amongst micaceous soil. Peradeniya, Dec. 1868.

Spores ‘0004’ long.

223. A. (NAUCORIA) CROBULUS, Fr. (No. 857, cum icone.)

On dead wood. Peradeniya, Dec. 1868.

Spores :00035'—0004' long.

224. A. (NAUCORIA) FURFURACEUS, P. (No. 1182, cum icone; no. 93.)

On dead wood. June 1869.

Spores :00028' long.

We consider this a form of the common species.

544 THE REV. M. J. BERKELEY AND MR. C. E. BROOME

225. A. (NAUCORIA) LoNcHoPHORUS, B. $ Br. Pileo hemisphzerico
acute umbonato furfuraceo ; stipite subzequali farcto parce furfuraceo ;
lamellis arcuatis cinnamomeis (no. 835, cum icone).

On dead wood. Dec. 1868.

Pileus 2-3 lines across, convex, tawny, with a very acute elongated
umbo ; stem 3 an inch or more high, $ a line thick, of the same co-
lour, dilated upwards, stuffed, then hollow ; gills arched, narrow, cin-
namon ; spores ‘00025’ long.

No. 835*** is a variety with a broader, paler pileus and stem,

and broader gills.

226. A. (NavcoRiA) soBRius, Fr. (No. 854.)
On the ground. Dec. 1868, Jan. 1869.

227. A. (Naucoria) GNAPHOLOPUS, B. $ Br. Pusillus; pileo con-
vexo tabacino tomentoso quandoque particulis flavis obsito; stipite
conico albido-velutino ; lamellis ventricosis tabacinis flavo-marginatis
(no. 957, also with no. 814).

On very decayed wood. Peradeniya, Jan. 1869.

Pileus 3 lines across; stem very short, conical; spores ovate, -0003'
long.

228. A. (NAUCORIA) FULVO-ALBUS, B. & Br. Pileo campanulato ob-
tuso fulvo papillis pulverulentis obsito; stipite gracili subtiliter fistuloso
candido ; lamellis ventricosis fulvis (no. 889, cum icone).

On the ground. Peradeniya, Jan. 1869.

Pileus 4 inch across, campanulate, sometimes contracted in the centre,
tawny, darker above, clothed with minute pulverulent papillae; stem
$ inch high, 3 line thick, white, pulverulent ; gills tawny, ventricose,
1 line broad; spores clay-coloured, *0002' long.

Allied to 4. conspersus.

229. A. (Naucoria) ocHRus, B. § Br. Ocbraceus; pileo plano
verrucis pulveraceis obsito; stipite e farcto cavo furfuraceo ; lamellis
ventrieosis adnexis (no. 1175, cum icone).

On the ground. June 1869.

Pale ochre; pileus $ inch across, rough, with little pulveraceous warts ;
flesh brownish ; stem 13 inch high, nearly a line thick, stuffed, then
hollow, pulverulent ; gills a line broad, ventricose, rounded behind,
slightly adnexed ; spores :0001'-:0002' long by :00015'.

Allied to A. conspersus, escharoides, and limbatus.

230. A. (NAucorIA) HELIOCAES, B. § Br. Pileo convexo tarde de-
presso subcarnoso punctato ochracéo ; stipite subzquali farcto glabro
albido ; lamellis adnatis pallide — (no. 859, cum icone).

On the ground. Peradeniya, Dec. 1868.

ON THE FUNGI OF CEYLON. 545

Pileus 1-13 inch across, convex, sometimes at length depressed, ochra-
ceous, freckled, flesh white except immediately under the cuticle ;
stem flexuous, 13-2 inches high, 1-2 lines thick, stuffed, but not me-
dullate, nearly white, smooth; gills 1-2 lines wide, distant, ochra-
ceous, segmentiform, adnate, sometimes slightly ventricose ; spores
0002’—-00025' long ; mycelium fibrous, white.

231. A. (NAUCORIA) SIENNOPHYLLUuS, B. & Br. Pileo plano um-
brino pulverulento, margine crenato ; stipite gracili fistuloso ; lamellis
adnatis nitide cinnamomeis (no. 833).

On the ground. Peradeniya, Jan. 1869.

Pileus å inch across; stem 1i inch high, not a line thick; gills 1 line
wide; spores oblong, 00038! long.

239. A. (GALERA) GLAUCOPURPUREUS, B. 4 Br. Pileo plano depresso
mucoso luride ezruleo-purpureo striato; stipite subzequali candido ;
lamellis pallide fuscis, sporis elongatis metulaformibus (no. 952).

On very decayed wood. Dec. 1868.

Pileus 1 inch across, plane, at length slightly depressed, striate, mucous,
dull blue-purple; stem 1 inch high, scarcely a line thick, white,
stuffed; gills narrow, pale brown, free; spores *0006' long, clear

` yellow-brown, obliquely lanceolate.

- 933. A. (GALERA) LATERITIUS, Fr. (No. 711, cum icone.)

‘On the ground. Peradeniya, Sep. 1868.

A large form, approaching, in general appearance, A. apalus,
but with tawny pileus and stem ; gills narrow, spores 0005’ long.

234. A. (GALERA) SILIGINEUS, Fr. ; Gardn. (No. 40, cum icone.)
On fallen flowers of Caryota urens. Peradeniya, June 1844,

235. A. (CREPIDOTUS) HEPATIZON, B. in Lond. Journ. vi. p. 416;

Gardn. (No. 52, cum icone.)
On decayed wood. Hautane Range, June 1844.

236. A. (CREPIDOTUS) PHHOPHYLLUS, B. l.c. ; Gardn. (no. 36, cum
icone) ; Thwaites (no. 87).

On decayed wood. Hautane range, June 1844; Peradeniya, July,
Dec. J868.

Spores :00025'—0003' long.

937. A. (CREPIDOTUS) EPICROCINUS, B. 4 Br. Pileo e resupinato
reflexo, supra nitide croceo tomentoso suborbiculari floccis albis affixo, .
margine undulato-crenato ; stipite nullo; lamellis pallide ferrugineis
(no. 954, cum icone).

On dead wood. Peradeniya, Dec. 1868.

Pileus 2-1 inch across, suborbicular or reniform, at first resupinate, then

. reflexed, bright orange-chrome-yellow, tomentose, at first fixed by a

546 THE REV. M. J. BERKELEY AND MR. C. E. BROOME

few white flocci, sometimes slightly lobed, suleate when dry; gills
pale ferruginous; spores subglobose, ‘0004’ in diameter.
A very beautiful species.
There is a variety with a dull ferruginous pileus and broader
gills. The spores are of the same size (no. 954 b).

238. A. (CREPIDOTUS) FLAVO-MARGINATUS, B. & Br. Pileo subor-
biculari aurantiaco ; stipite brevissimo; lamellis latis distantibus pos-
tice subtruncatis e sporis rufo-ferruginatis, margine floccoso flavo
(no. 392). :

On dead wood. Peradeniya, Dec. 1868.

Pileus 3 an inch across, nearly orbicular, orange-yellow ; stem very
short or obsolete ; gills distant, broad, densely clothed with the bright
ferruginous spores; margin like that of the pileus, yellow, floccose ;
spores subglobose, :0004' long ; when seen laterally, as in many other
Agarics, meniscoid.

239. A. (CREPIDOTUS) GRUMOsO-PILOSUS, B. 4 Br. Pileo suborbi-
culari e resupinato reflexo albido pilis grumosis fasciculatis ferrugi-
neis conspurcato, margine striato; stipite {brevissimo l. obsoleto; la-
mellis latis ventricosis ferrugineis (no. 954 a, cum icone).

On dead wood. Jan. 1869.

Pileus 1-1$ inch broad, suborbicular or reniform, rarely flabelliform, at
first resupinate, then reflexed, white, striate, at first marked with ra-
diating matted hairs which gradually acquire a more or less ferrugi-
nous tint and form scattered spots; stem very short or quite obso-
lete; gills 2 lines or more broad, ventricose, pale ferruginous ; spores
ovate or subglobose, *00028'—0004' long by :0002'—-00025' broad.

240. A. (PSALLIOTA) CROCOPEPLUS, B. § Br. Pileo conico carnoso
squamulis erectis croceis obsito ; stipite subzequali dense fulvo-lanato ;
annulo superiore; lamellis atro-rubentibus liberis, no, 696, 716 (no.
1210, cum icone).

On the ground. July, Aug. 1868, May 1869.

Pileus2 inches across, conical, fleshy, tawny, covered with erect scales of
the same colour, which extend beyond the margin; stem 2 inches
high, 2 lines thick, nearly equal, hollow, densely clothed, especially in
the centre, with tawny down; ring ample, superior; gills 1j line
broad, brown-purple, free; spores *0003' by *0002' obliouely ovate,
curved.

A magnificent species.

241. A. (PSALLIOTA) CAMPESTRIS, L.; Gardn. (No. 19.)

On the ground in open places. Peradeniya, June 1844.

Var. pileo nitide piloso-squamoso, annulo amplissimo descendente, sti-
pite albo-farcto ; lamellis postice rotundatis (no. 763, cum icone).

ON THE FUNGI OF CEYLON. 547
Var. pileo squamis basi fibrilloso-radiantibus; stipite farcto demum
cavo deorsum brunneo fibrilloso (no. 1155, cum icone). July 1869.

242. A. (PsALLIOTA) DIDACTYLUS, B. $ Br. Pileo convexo carnoso
piloso-squamoso squamis superioribus erectis ; stipite bulboso deor-
sum floccoso-maculato candido penetrante annulo amplo descendente
duplici; lamellis utrinque attenuatis (no. /06, cum icone).

On the ground. Peradeniya, July 1868.

Pileus 4 inches across, convex, fleshy, clothed with pilose scales, of
which those in the centre are erect, brownish; stem 5 inches high, à
inch thick, bulbous, attenuated upwards, stuffed, sunk above into the
flesh of the pileus, clothed with transverse patches of white flocci ;
ring large, superior, reaching halfway down, double; gills mode-
rately broad, attenuated at either end, brown.

Resembling A. arvensis in the double ring, A. cretaceus in the

penetrating stem.

243. A. (PSALLIOTA) SPILOCEPHALUS, B. & Br. in Linn. Tr. xxvii.
p. 152. (No. 698, cum icone.)

On the ground.

Inside of the stem consisting of loose intricate threads; spores ‘0002!

long.

244. A. (PSALLIOTA) TRACHODES, B. in Lond. Journ. vi. p. 487;
Gardn. (no. 64, cum icone); Thwaites (no. 911, cum icone).
On the ground in shady places. Peradeniya, July 1844, Jan. 1869.

245. A. (PSALLIOTA) LASIOPHRYS, B. $ Br. Pileo conico lateritio
squamulis floccosis ubique obsito, stipite concolori subzequali annulo-
que fibrillosis ; lamellis pallidis ventricosis postice rotundatis (no. 913,
cum icone).

On the ground. Peradeniya, Jan. 1869.

Pileus 33 inches across, broadly conical, fleshy, thin towards the mar-
gin, clothed with little, brick-red, pilose scales; stem 3 inches high, 4
thick in the middle, truncate at the base, stuffed, clothed with red
fibrillæ, ring fibrillose ; gills 33 lines broad, pale purple-brown, ven-
tricose, rounded behind ; spores 0002’ long. Whole plant dark red
when dry.

246. A. (PSALLIOTA) HEMILASIUS, B. & Br. Pileo carnoso convexo
dilatato squamulis pilosis sublateritiis toto obsito ; stipite irregulari
deorsum tumido glabro ; annulo ascendente amplo lacerato ; lamellis
utrinque attenuatis remotis cinereis (no. 912, cum icone).

On the ground. Peradeniya, Jan. 1869.

Pileus 4 inches across, convex, fleshy ; flesh white, slightly stained ;
stem 5 inches high, nearly 1 inch thick in the middle, swollen and

548 THE REV. M. J BERKELEY AND MR. C. E. BROOME

undulated below, white, slightly tinged or striated with umber, stuffed ;
gills 2 lines wide, attenuated at either end, leaving a free space round
the top of the stem ; spores ‘00015’ long.

Compared with A. simulans, the ring is different, the spores
more minute, nor does it become tawny in drying. A. spiloce-
phalus has broad gills, a descending ring, and is stuffed with loose
intricate threads.

247. A. (PSALLIOTA) ENDOXANTHUS, B. $ Br. Pileo e companulato
plano-depresso. Epidermide brunnea in squamas squamulasve rupta ;
stipite sursum attenuato fibroso-farcto, carne basis nitide flava ; annulo
amplissimo, lamellis postice rotundatis atro-purpureis (no. 787, cum
icone).

On the ground. Peradeniya, Nov. 1868.

Pileus 3 inches across, at first campanulate, then plano-depressed,
pinkish, the brown cuticle broken up into broad or minute scales;
flesh moderately thick, white, stained with brown; stem 2-3 inches
high, 3-3 inch thick, rather dingy, attenuated upwards, truncate at
the base, stuffed with white threads, bright yellow within towards the
base ; ring large, deflexed, persistent ; gills moderately broad, ventri-
cose, purple-brown ; spores ‘0002.

Nos. 761, 762 agree in all points except that the stem is not

yellow within. The spores vary from :0002' to :0008' long.
Sep. 1868.

248. A. (PsaLLioTa) AcTINORACHIS, B. & Br. Pileo convexo car-
noso, epidermide in fragmenta radiantia punctata rupta ; stipite
valido radicante glabro farcto ; annulo magno descendente; lamellis
arcuatis postice attenuatis (no. 875, cum icone).

On the ground. Jan. 1869.

Pileus 3 inches across, convex, slightly depressed, fleshy, cuticle brown-
ish, broken up into radiating minutely squamulose patches, interstices
and flesh white; stem 5 inches high, nearly equal, 7 lines thick,
smooth, rooting, not truncate, white, pinkish within, stuffed; ring
large, white, descending; gills arched, nearly 3 lines broad, attenu-
ated behind, pinkish ; spores ‘00025'—-0003' long.

Resembles in many respects the last; but the rooting base and

gills are different.

249. A. (PSALLIOTA) simuLans, B. Lond. Journ. vi. p. 487 ; Gardn.
(no. 79); Thwaites (no. 764, 698, cum icone).

On the ground. Peradeniya, Aug. 1844, Sep. 1868.

Whole plant tawny when dry. Spores -0003’ long.

250. A. (PSALLIOTA) TORNOCEPHALUS, B.& Br. Pileo campanulato
nitido demum plano glabro margine incurvo ; stipite sursum atte-

ON THE FUNGI OF CEYLON. 549

nuato furfuraceo, annulo descendente amplissimo ; lamellis angustis
utrinque attenuatis fuscis (no. 789, cum icone).

On the ground. Jan. 1869.

Pileus 3-4 inches across, campanulate, regular, very pale lemon-colour,
quite smooth, at length plane with the edge incurved; stem 5 inches
high, 4 thick in the middle, rather swollen at the base, white, densely
floccoso-furfuraceous ; ring large, white, descending; mycelium
fibrous, white; gills narrow, 13 line wide, attenuated at either end ;
spores ‘0002! long.

Turns tawny in drying, but differs from the last in the gills and

ring.

251. A. (PSALLIoTA) NvMPHIDIUS, B. & Br. Pileo convexo umbo-
nato candido subtiliter squamuloso ; stipite flexuoso granulato farcto,
annulo descendente amplissimo ; lamellis falciformibus postice rotun-
datis pallide atro-purpureis (no. 872, cum icone).

On the ground. Peradeniya, Dec. 1868.
White. Pileus 14 inch across, convex, umbonate, fleshy, clothed with

very delicate scales; stem flexuous, equal, den sely stuffed, almost solid,
becoming pinkish at the base; ring very broad, descending; mycelium
ample, fibrillose, white; gills 14 line broad, rounded behind, pale
brown-purple.

252. A. (PSALLIOTA) ARVENSIS, Scheff. ; Gardn. (no. 27, cum icone).

On the ground in woods. Hautane, June 1844.

A small form.

253. A. (PsaLLIoTA) siLvATICUS, Scheff.; Gardn. (no. 28, eum
icone).

On the ground. Peradeniya, June 1844.

254. A. (PsaLLIoTA) BoLoRHIZUS, B. & Br. Pileo e convexo plano
umbonato squamuloso; stipite elongato albo-farcto basi marginato-
bulboso; lamellis angustis brunneis (no. 753, cum icone).

On the ground.

Pileus 23-3 inches across, convex, then plane or depressed, broadly um-
bonate, dirty pinkish-white, with little brown floccose scales; stem 3
inches high, 23 lines thick, pinkish, floccose, stuffed, nearly equal,
with a subglobose base, which gives out white fibrils ; gills not a line
broad, brownish ; spores *00025' long.

The substance of the stem, which is brownish, penetrates that

of the pileus, from which it is distinguished by its different tint.

There is a form with a nearly smooth pileus.

255. A. (PsALLIoTA) pyspines, B. § Br. Pileo convexo striato
albido maculis punctisve brunneis sordido; stipite clavato, annulo
erecto ; lamellis carneo-lividis postice rotundatis liberis (no. 717, cum
icone).

LINN. JOURN.—BOTANY, VOT.. XI. 2D

550 THE REV. M. J. BERKELEY AND MR. C. E. BROOME

On the ground. Peradeniya, Jan. 1869.

Pileus 1} inch broad, French-grey, striate, thin, stained with dark specks
or blotches, especially in the centre, which is slightly umbonate, but
dimpled ; stem 23 inches high, l line thick, stuffed; ring narrow,
white, erect, pinkish grey; gills ventricose, pink, inclining to cine-
reous, 13 line broad; mycelium filamentous; spores ‘00025’ long.

There are two forms, one of which is less squamulose and even

with narrower paler gills.

256. A. (PSALLIOTA) LITURATUS, B. & Br. Pileo plano tenui late
umbonato liturato; stipite clavato albo-farcto albo fulvo-tincto ; la-
mellis angustis utrinque attenuatis cinereis (no. 717*, cum icone).

On the ground. Dec. 1868.

Pileus 1i inch across, French-grey, marked with little brown fibrillz,
darker in the centre ; stem 23 inches high, 1 line thick in the centre,
white, stained with tawny; ring descending ; gills narrow, attenuated
at either end, cinereous ; spores ‘0002’ long.

Closely allied to the last, but apparently distinct.

257. A.(PSALLIOTA) cELIDOTUS, B. $ Br. Pileo convexo umbonato
piloso-squamuloso brunneo ; stipite clavato radicante fulvo-tincto albo-
farcto penetrante; lamellis faleiformibus postice attenuatis brunneis
(no. 717**, cum icone).

On the ground. Peradeniya, Sep. 1868.

Pileus l} inch across, convex, umbonate brown, with darker pilose
squamules; flesh pallid, except above the head ofthe stem, where
it is dark umber ; stem 3 inches high, about 2 lines thick in the centre,
clavate, rooting, stained with tawny spots, stuffed with white; ring
small, descending; gills broad in front, attenuated behind.

There is a dwarf variety, with the pileus whitish, shaded into

dark greyish purple, stem white.

258. A. (PSALLIOTA) cHRYSOCYCLUS, B. & Br. Pileo convexo pa-
pillato-umbonato squamuloso, margine floccis aureis picto appendicula-
toque; stipite gracili subzequali nitide aurantiaco-flavo flocculoso e
fareto cavo, annulo angusto ; lamellis ventricosis approximatis (no. 708,
cum icone).

On the ground. Peradeniya, Aug. 1868.

Pileus l} inch across, convex, with a prominent papilleform umbo,
white, marked with little seales, which become orange-yellow towards
the appendiculate margin; stem 2 inches high, 1 line thick, flexuous,
stuffed, then hollow, thickly clothed with orange-yellow flocci, root-
ing; gills 13 line broad, French-grey, approximate, at length nearly
black.

The yellow margin reminds one of Hygrophorus chrysodon. In

some respects it resembles A. crocopeplus.

ON THE FUNGI OF CEYLON 551

259. A. (PSALLIOTA) LEPIOTOIDES, B. & Br. Pileo campanulato
tenui squamis minutis sursum nigris deorsum dilutioribus vestito ;
stipite curvo basi bulbilloso, annulo erecto; lamellis ventricosis po-
stice attenuatis liberis (no. 1196, cum icone).

On the ground. July 1869.

Pileus 1 inch or more across, campanulate, thin, clothed with small
scales, which are black at the apex and brownish towards the margin ;
stem lj inch high, 1j line thick, equal, with the exception of the
bulb-like base, nearly white, reddish within, hollow ; gills 1 line or
more wide, brown, slightly ventricose, attenuated behind, free; spores
*00025' long.

It has somewhat the habit of a Coprinus.

260. A. (PsALLIoTA) RHODocHROUS, B. $ Br. Pileo primum ovato
dein conico-campanulato umbonato subearnoso carneo; stipite glabro
albo-farcto intus extusque rubro ; lamellis liberis sanguineis (no. 744,
cum icone).

On the ground. Peradeniya, Sep. 1868.
Pileus 11-13 inch across, at first ovate, then conico-campanulate, um-

bonate, fleshy, of a beautiful flesh-colour; stem 2 inches high, 1 line
or more thick, red within and without, stuffed with white ; ring ample,
descending; gills blood-red, more or less ventricose, attenuated be-
hind in the more conical form, truncate in a form in which the pileus
is more expanded, the stem equal, and the ring far more fugitive ;
spores ‘0002 long, brown-purple.

261. A. (PSALLIOTA) ARGINEUS, B. & Br. Pusillus; pileo campa-
nulato umbonato glabro substriato albido; stipite flexuoso filiformi
concolor ; lamellis ventricosis carneis (no. 900, cum icone).

On the ground. Jan. 1869.

Pileus 5 lines across, campanulate, umbonate, dirty white, smooth,
slightly striate; stem 1} inch high, not } line thick, flexuous, fistu-
lose; gills narrow, ventricose, flesh- iun nearly free; ring fuga-
ceous, situated in the middle of the stem ; spores *0002 long. Turns

red in drying.
Habit that of a Mycena.
No. 723 appears to be a var., gregarius pileo candido subfloc-

coso, lamellis pallide umbrinis. Peradeniya, Aug. 1868.

262. A. (PsALLIoTA) MicROCOSMUS, B. § Br. Pusillus, gregarius ;
pileo campanulato late umbonato glabro; stipite curvo cavo, annulo
descendente; lamellis ventricosis pallide rubris (no. 1156, cum
icone).

Onthe ground. July 1869.
Gregarious; pileus 2 lines high, white, campanulate, strongly umbo-

nate, umbo reddish brown; flesh thick in the centre, very thin to-
2 P2

552 THE REV. M. J. BERKELEY AND MR. C. E. BROOME

wards the even margin; stem $ inch high, j line thick, at length
hollow, smooth, white or tinged with red; ring proportionally large,
descending; gills ventricose, } line wide, reddish ; spores ‘0002’ long.
The gills are very dark when dry.

263. A. (PSALLIOTA) PLUMARIUS, B. $ Br. Pusillus; pileo e cam-
panulato convexo papillato-umbonato floccoso-squamuloso; stipite
gracili flexuoso subtiliter fistuloso, annulo erecto; lamellis ventricosis
umbrino-carneis (no. 19], cum icone).

On banks. Peradeniya, July-Aug. 1868.

Gregarious ; pileus 1—1 inch across, at first campanulate, then convex
with a little umbo, greyish white, minutely floccoso-squamulose, even ;
stem l inch high, 4 line thick, white above, slightly umber below,
flexuous, minutely fistulose; ring white, erect; gills piukish umber ;
spores ‘0002 long. Whole plant dark when dry.

- Closely allied to the last. This is just one of the cases in

which the spores may have changed colour in drying.

264. A. (PsALLIOTA) CALLIPEPLUS, B. $ Br. Pusillus; pileo con-
vexo obtusissimo fuligine violaceo obsito; stipite gracili albo; lamel-
lis carneis ventricosis (no. 853, cum icone).

On the ground. Peradeniya, Dec. 1868.

Gregarious; pileus } inch across, convex, very obtuse, clothed with
violet meal; stem å an inch high, 1 line thick, white, curved, with a
narrow cavity springing from radiating white threads; gills 7 line
broad, pinkish, ventricose ; spores 0002 long.

Allied to A. fumoso-purpureus ; gills much paler. Dark when

dry.

265. A. (PSALLIOTA) CHLOROCONIUS, B. & Br. Pusillus; pileo con-
vexo umbonato pulvere viridi farinaceo; stipite gracili subtiliter fistu-
loso pulverulento ; lamellis ventricosis carneis liberis (no. 892, cum
icone).

On the ground. Peradeniya, Jan. 1869.

Pileus j-$ inch across, at first subeampanulate, then convex, with a
papilleform umbo, clothed with green meal; stem 3-13 inch, equal,
or slightly dilated below, pale, clothed here and there with a little
green meal; gills ventricose, 1 line broad, rounded behind, free;
spores ‘00025 long.

There are two forms, one taller with a very slender stem and

campanulate pileus, the other with the pileus more expanded and
a short, stouter, paler stem.

266. A. (PsALLIoTA) 1LLoTUs, B. $ Br.$ Pileo convexo umbonato
carneo-fuligineo carne alba; stipite tenui rubro albo-farcto ; lamellis
rubris postice rotundatis (no. 896, cum icone).

ON THE FUNGI OF CEYLON. 553

On the ground. Peradeniya, Jan. 1869.

Pileus 2 inch across, convex, subconical, umbonate, red, clothed more
or less partially with fuliginous particles; stem 1} inch high, 1 line
thick, red, stuffed with white; gills 1 line across, red, rounded be-
hind, slightly ventricose; spores ‘00015 long.

As in the last case, there is a form with a shorter stem and the

margin of the pileus fimbriated.

Var. THYSANOPHORUS. Pileo convexo rubro fimbriato-appendiculato ;
stipite extus intusque concolori albo-farcto; lamellis angustis.
Pileus 4 inch across; stem 4 inch high; gills scarcely 3 a line across.

267. A. (PSALLIOTA) SUBCITRINUS, B. & Br. Pusillus, gregarius ;
pileo convexo minute umbonato citrino particulis nigris consperso ;
stipite filiformi citrino particulis citrinis obsito; lamellis ventricosis
rubris (no. 852, cum icone).

On decayed vegetable matter. Dec. 1868.

Gregarious; pileus 4 inch across, convex, minutely umbonate, yellow-
ish, sprinkled with minute black specks ; stem i inch high, 4 line
thick, curved, yellow, dusted with yellow particles ; gills ventricose,
red; spores ‘0002 long, brown-purple. Plant red when dry; ring

very fugacious.

268. A. (PSALLIOTA) MYRIOSTICTUS, B. & Br. Gregarius; pileo
hemisphzrico obtuso stramineo verrucis minutis pulveraceis obsito ;
stipite elongato concolori furfuraceo cavo ; annulo minute furfuraceo ;
lamellis stramineis postice rotundatis (no. 833, cum icone).

On the ground. Nov. 1868.

Pileus scarcely ł inch across, convex, obtuse, straw-coloured, covered
with minute pulveraceous brown warts ; stem 2-21 inches high, 3 line
thick, of the same colour, but paler, with brown specks; gills straw-
coloured, rounded behind, free ; spores 0002 long.

269. A. (PsanLiorA) EPIPASTUS, B. § Br. Pileo convexo tenui
squamuloso flavo-olivaceo pulvere olivaceo insperso ; stipite concolori
stricto pulverulento fistuloso lamellis brunneolis (no. 756, cum
icone).

On the ground. Peradeniya, Sept. 1868.

Gregarious; pileus ł inch across, convex, thin (except in the centre),
yellow-olive, sprinkled, as is the straight fistulose stem (13 inch high,
3 Jine thick), with olivaceous powder ; ring narrow ; gills slightly ven-
tricose, | line broad, free; spores :0002 long.

270. A. (PSALLIOTA) ERYTHROSPILA, B. & Br. Pileo convexo ob-
tuso albido punctis rubris pulveraceo ; stipite stricto candido ; annulo
erecto ; lamellis liberis brunneolis (no. 850, cum icone).

On the ground. Peradeniya, Sept., Dec. 1868.

554 THE REV. M. J. BERKELEY AND MR. C. E. BROOME

Pileus } inch across, convex, subconical, powdered with red particles;
stem l inch high, $ line thick, hollow, white; ring narrow, erect;
gills slightly ventricose, brown, free; spores ‘0002 long, brown.
Dark when dry.

271. A. (PSALLIOTA) RUFO-ALBUS, B. in Journ. of Bot. vi. p. 488;
Gardn. (no. 23, cum icone).
Onthe ground. Peradeniya, June 1844.

272. A. (PSALLIOTA) suB;ERUGINOSUS, B. ó Br. Pileo convexo
umbonato viscidulo demum depresso carnoso ex zrugineo flavo-fusco,
carne rubescente; stipite glabro candido, annulo angusto; lamellis e
subcarneo fuscis adnexis (no. 756, cum icone).

On the ground. Dec. 1868.

Czespitose ; pileus 12 inch across, convex, obtusely umbonate, at length
depressed, greenish at first, then yellow-brown, minutely scaly; flesh
reddish ; stem 13 inch high, 4 thick, equal or attenuated below, white,
smooth, reddish within, stuffed with white; ring narrow; gills
rounded behind, adnexed, brownish.

We have no specimens of this species; but the two drawings

show very clearly that it is distinct from A. eruginosus.

273. A. (HyPHOLOMA) sUBLATERITIUS, Fr.; Gardn. (no. 89, cum
icone).
On old wood. Hautane Range, Aug. 1844.

2/4. A. (HYPHOLOMA) FASCICULARIS, Huds. (no. 746, 759 cum iconi-
bus); Gardn. (no. 45, cum icone).
On dead wood and chips. Peradeniya, June 1844.

2/5. A. (PsrLocvBE) cernuus, Müll.; Gardn. (no. 26, cum icone).
On the ground and attached to twigs. Peradeniya, June 1844.

276. A. (PsILOcYBE) CANO-RUBER, B. & Br. Pileo plano depresso
pellicula atro-rubra e margine striato sericeo pallido deglubato; stipite
e farcto cavo ; lamellis pallidis horizontalibus postice rotundato-ad-
natis (no. 842, cum icone).

On the ground. Dec. 1868.

Pileus 2-1 inch across, plane, slightly depressed, at first clothed with a
smooth brown-red skin, which separates from the pale striate silky
margin, forming a patch in the centre; stem about l inch high, $ a
line thick, brownish or reddish, within reddish, stuffed with white ;
gills 13 line wide, horizontal, rounded behind, slightly adnate ; spores
00025 long.

Allied to A. cano-brunneus, Fr. Whole plant dark red when

dry.

ON THE FUNGI OF CEYLON. 555

277. A. (PsiLocvBE) BULLACEUS, Bull. (No. 838, cum icone.)

On dung. Peradeniya, Dec. 1868.

A widely distributed species. We have it from Secunderabad
and the United States. The Ceylon specimens have a perfect
ring, but the spores are the same as in the ringless specimens.
The species evidently varies in this respect as regards European
specimens.

278. A. (PSATHYRA) SPADICEO-GRISEUS, Scheff. (Nn. 712***, 754,
eum iconibus.)

On dead wood. Peradeniya, Aug.-Sep. 1868.

Spores :00028" long.

279. A. (PsarHyRa) oBTUsATUS, Fr. (Nn. 711 *, 712, 829, cum
iconibus.)
On dead wood.
Two forms are figured—one with broader ventricose gills and
more conical pileus, the other more campanulate. Spores :0003-
‘0004 by *0002—:0008.

280. A. (PSATHYRA) AMAURUS, B. § Br. Pileocampanulato brunneo
tenui glabro profunde striato-suleato ; stipite brevi albido glabro e
farcto fistuloso; lamellis ventricosis adnatis purpureo-fuscis (no. 829,
cum icone).

On dead wood. Peradeniya, Jan. 1869.

Pileus 1-2 inch across, campanulate, smooth, thin, deeply sulcato-
striate; stem 2 inch high, 1 line thick, smooth, fistulose, nearly
white; gills ventricose, adnate, 13 line broad, brown-purple; spores

*0003 lon g.

281. A. (PsaTHYRA) ocHREATUS, B. § Br. Pileo conico-subeampa-
nulato umbonato e griseo candicante hygrophano subcarnoso:; stipite
subseyuali e farcto cavo cinereo ; lamellis angustis adnexis atro-pur-
pureis (no. 835****, cum icone).

On dead wood. Peradeniya.

Pileus inch high, conico-subeampanulate, then expanded, umbonate,
grey-brown, turning white above, so as to leave a broad zone near the
somewhat lobed margin, smooth, not striate; stem 1 inch high, 1
line thick, cinereous, nearly equal, or slightly dilated above, smooth ;
gills 3 line broad, brown-purple ; spores “00025 long.

282. A. (Psa THYRA) EFFLORESCENS, B. $ Br. Gregarius ; pileo he-
misphzrico materie saccharina obsito; stipite curvo tenui e strato
tomentoso candido oriuudo ; lamellis adnatis.

On dead mossy trunks. Peradeniya, Nov. 1867.

556 THE REV. M. J. BERKELEY AND MR. C. E. BROOME

Pileus j inch across; spores brown-purple, :0003 long.
Habit of A. corticolor.

283. A. (PsaTHyRA) AscEUUS, B. & Br. Pileo ex hemisphzrico plano
l. depresso sulcato carneo-griseo ; stipite curvo gracili subtiliter fistu-
loso albo; lamellis latis postice rotundatis adnatis (no. 8/0, cum
leone).
On dead wood. Peradeniya, Dec. 1868.
Pileus 1 inch across, of a dull pinkish grey, sulcate; stem 1 inch high,
3 line thick, curved, white; gills 11 line wide, pinkish ; spores brown-
purple, ‘00025 long.
Allied to A. obtusatus, veilless. No. 718 appears to be the
same species with a brownish pileus and whitish stem. Aug.
_1868. j

284. A. (PSATHYRA) LucirETUS, B. $ Br. Pileo subhemispherico
pallide carneo estriato: stipite curvo glabro fistuloso ; lamellis an-
gustis ventricosis postice rotundatis adnatis (no. 895, cum icone).

On dead sticks. Peradeniya, Jan. 1869.

Gregarious ; pileus 3 inch across, nearly hemispherical, white, tinged
with pae darker in the centre, margin slightly crenate; stem 1 inch
high, 3 line thick, curved, of the same colour as the pileus, smooth,
fistulose ; gills narrow, ventricose, rounded behind, adnate; spores
ovate, 0003-0004 long.

There appears to be no trace of a ring; and, like the last, it

allied to A. obtusatus.

285. A. (PSATHYRA) PORPHYRELLUS, B. $ Br. Pileo subcampanulato
membranaceo atro-purpureo estriato ; stipite gracili tubuloso pallido
e basi floccosa oriundo; lamellis ventricosis adnatis (no 1152, cum
icone).

On the ground. June 1869.

Pileus j inch across, subeampanulate, purplish, thin; stem 1} inch high,
not j a line thick, pallid, with a central cavity ; gills ventricose, l
line broad, adnate, purplish ; spores "0002 long.

Allied to A. strictus, Lasch.

286. A. (PSATHYRA) rvTHvs, B. & Br. Pileo convexo atro-purpureo
atomato; stipite flexuoso pallido tubuloso; lamellis ventricosis di-
stantibus adnexis carneis (no. 1169, cum icone).

On the ground. July 1869.

Pileus å inch across, convex, obtuse, at length inverted; flesh rose-co-
loured ; stem $ inch high, 3 a line thick, pallid, yellowish within, with
a narrow central channel; gills few, ventricose, nearly free, pinkish ;
spores 00025 long.

This appears, at first sight, to be a dwarf form of the last ;

ON THE FUNGI OF CEYLON. 557
but the spores are larger. It might perhaps be doubted whether
this is not one of those Lepiote whose spores turn to a dark
purple in drying; but there is not a trace of a ring, either in
the drawing or in the specimens.

287. A. (PANZEOLUS) PAPILIONACEUS, Bull. (No. 746*.)
On dung. Peradeniya, Dec. 1868.
Spores vary from :0007 to ‘0001 long.

288. A. (PAN4EOLUS) CAMPANULATUS, L.; Gardn. (no. 2, cum
icone).
On the ground. Peradeniya, June 1864.

989. A. (PAN.EOLUS) CYANESCENS, B. & Br. Albidus cyanescens ;
pileo hemisphzerico glabro subcarnoso ; stipite recto radicante umbrino
farcto; lamellis ascendentibus ventricosis leviter adnatis cyaneo-nigris
(no. 746**, cum icone).

Onrich manured soil. Peradeniya, Sept., Nov. 1868.

Pileus 1} inch across, hemispherical, smooth, dirty white, tinged with
yellow-blue, slightly fleshy; flesh turning partially blue; stem 4
incbes high, 1} line thick, straight, rooting, whitish, deeply tinged
below with blue, with a few reddish dots at the apex, stuffed with
reddish brown, the outer coat turning blue; gills ventricose, ascend-
ing, rounded behind, shortly adnate ; spores lemon-shaped, :0004—
“0005 long.

290. A. (PANJEOLUS) CALIGINOSUS, Jungh. (No. 746***, cum icone.)

On dung. Sept. 1868. With 4. papilionaceus.

Pileus semiovate to hemispherical, membranaceous, livid ; stem straight,
livid; gills ventricose, ascending; spores lemon-shaped, ‘00035 long.

291. A. (PSATHYRELLA) TIARELLA, B. $ Br. Pileo conico pal-
lido membranaceo estriato ; stipite flexuoso fistuloso pallido; lamellis
ascendentibus angustis purpurascentibus (no. 1193, cum icone).

On decayed vegetable matter. July 1869.

Pileus 4 inch across, l inch high, dirty white, with the disk umber-co-
loured, membranaceous ; flesh of disk umber; stem 13 inch high, j
line thick, pale umber, flexuous, fistulose ; gills ascending, adnexed,
about 1 line broad, purplish, at length nearly black; spores elongated,
00057 long.

Allied to A. disseminatus.

292. A. (PSATHYRELLA) ACHNOUS, B. & Br. Gregarius ; pileo co-
nico-campanulato albo striato glabro umbone papilleformi umbrino
aucto; stipite curvo fistuloso glabro; lamellis angustis ex albo nigris
postice attenuatis (no. 774, cum icone).

On dead wood. Jan. 1869.

id

558 THE REV. M. J. BERKELEY AND MR. C. E. BROOME

Densely gregarious; pileus } inch across, white, campanulate, with a
papillacform umbo, of a pale umber, deeply striate; stem 1 inch high,
curved, fistulose, smooth, with a few reddish hairs at the base ; gills at
first white, narrow, attenuated behind.

Habit that of A. disseminatus.

293. A. (PSATHYRELLA) HIASCENS, Fr.; Gard. (no. 25, cum icone).
On the ground. Peradeniya, June 1844.

294. A. (PSATHYRELLA) LEPTOSCELES, B. § Br. Pileo hemispherico
acute umbonato subtiliter tomentoso usque ad umbonem striato;
stipite gracili (no. 770).

On the ground. Peradeniya, Sept. 1868.

Pileus 1 inch across, striated up to the acute or elongated and truncate
umbo; stem 23-3 inches high, 4 line thick ; gills ventricose, shortly
adnate; spores egg-shaped, ‘0003 long.

Allied to A. hydrophorus.

295. A. (PSATHYRELLA) AvcTUs, B. $ Br. Pileo campanulato hi-
spidulo subcinereo umbone papilleformi albo aucto; stipite piloso
flexuoso fistuloso ; lamellis angustis adnatis (no. 774, cum icone).

On dead wood. Peradeniya. Sept. 1868.

Pileus 3 inch across, campanulate, very pale cinereous, clothed with a
few short hairs; umbo white, prominent, papilleform ; margin in-
clined to split; stem 11 inch high, not a line thick, fistulose, flexuous,
white, pilose; gills narrow, ascending, slightly ventricose, adnate;
spores elongated, ‘0005 long.

Allied to A. disseminatus. There is a smooth, more gregarious

form, deeply striate, with the umbo pale umber. Jan. 1869.

296. A. (PSATHYRELLA) cTENODES, B. 4 Br. Pileo campanulato
usque ad umbonem plicato-striato ; stipite curvo e basi strigosa
oriundo subtiliter piloso fistuloso ; lamellis carneis adnatis (no. 942**,
cum icone).

On dead wood. Jan. 1869.

Pileus 3 inch across, campanulate, of a delicate grey, plicato-sulcate
up the small smooth umbo; delicately pilose, as is the fistulose
curved stem, which is strigose at the base; stem l inch high, $ line
thick; gills slightly ventricose, ascending, shortly adnate; cystidia
large, cylindrical; spores ovate, ‘00025-00035 long. Dark when
dry.

297. A. (PSATHYRELLA) DissEMINATUS, P. (no. 776; no. 942, cum
icone) ; Gard. (no. 61, cum icone).

On dead wood. Peradeniya, July 1844, Sept. 1868, Jan. 1869,

Spores *0005 by :0003.

ON THE FUNGI OF CEYLON. 559

298. A. (PSATHYRELLA) LEPTOMERES, B. 4 Br. Pileo late campa-
nulato usque ad centrum striato; stipite elongato glabro solido ;
lamellis angustis adnexis (no. 775).

On dead wood. Peradeniya, Sept. 1868.

Pileus 2-1 inch across, broadly campanulate, then expanded, striate
almost to the apex ; stem 13 inch high, smooth, solid; gills narrow,
adnexed ; spores narrow, *0003-:0004 long by :00015—0002.

Allied to A. subtilis, but the gills are not adnate.

299. A. (PSATHYRELLA) FURFURELLUS, B. & Br. Gregarius, mi-
nimus; pileo hemisphzrico furfurello ; stipite capillari tomentoso ;
lamellis adnatis e pallido nigris (no. 944).

On dead wood. Peradeniya, Jan. 1869.

Pileus not a line across, hemispherical, clothed with delicate fur-
furaceous particles, as is the thread-like stem 7 inch high. Spores
*0002 long.

300. HraTULA FLOoscuLUs, B. § Br. Candida; pileo plano usque
ad centrum plicato, fibrillis hic illie obsito; stipite brevi e basi
orbiculari oriundo ; lamellis niveis (no. 905, cum icone).

On dead wood. Peradeniya, Jan. 1869.

White ; pileus 2-5 lines across, plicato-sulcate, clothed with a few scat-
tered fibrils; stem 1-2 lines high, springing from an orbicular base ;
spores ovate, :0003 long.

RHACOPHYLLUS, n. g.

Pileus tenuissimus, tenerrimus; lamelle in fragmenta oblongo-
obtusa flexuosa divise.

301. R. LILACINUS, B. & Br. (No. 825, cum icone.)

On dead wood, twigs, &c. Peradeniya, Dec. 1868, Jan. 1869.

Pileus cylindrical or digitaliform, lilac, striate, or even split more or
less at the margin; stem dilated at the base, attenuated upwards ;
gills replaced by numberless oblong, irregular, waved, obtuse lobes,
of the same colour as the pileus.

It is possible that there may be two species ; but the number
of specimens gathered at present is very small. Pterophyllum,
Mont., agrees somewhat in character; but it is closely allied to
Panus, while this is more closely to Coprinus.

302. CopRINUS FUSCESCENS, Fr. (No. 1001, cum icone.)

On manured soil.
No specimens were preserved of this deliquescent fungus; but

the drawing agrees with C. fuscescens, Fr., except that the flesh is
very thin at the apex of the stem. The gills, as in that, are
strongly attenuated to the margin of the pileus.

560 THE REV. M. J. BERKELEY AND MR. C. E. BROOME

303. C. FIBRILLOSUS, B. 8 Dr. Pileo semiovato squamis innatis
fibrillosis obsito; stipite curvo subfloccoso ; lamellis ascendentibus
arcuatis fuscis adnexis (no. 940).

On the ground. Peradeniya, Jan. 1869. ;

Pileus 3 inch across; stem 13 inch high; gills narrow; spores ‘0002
long.

304. C. microsporus, B. & Br. Pileo campanulato obtuso squa-
mulis innatis fibrosis vestito; stipite incurvo fistuloso; lamellis seg-
mentiformibus pallidis tarde nigricantibus; sporis minimis (no. 1197,
cum icone).

On soil. July 1869.

Pileus about 3 an inch across, dirty-white, campanulate, obtuse, clothed
with scattered, innate, fibrous, pale-umber scales ; stem 13 inch high,
about a line thick, flexuous, smooth, fistulose; gills 1 line broad,
ascending, at first white, with a tinge of red, free; spores subelliptic,
pale, ‘00016 long.

305. C. kxriNcTORUs, Fr. (No. 844 in part; no. 848, cum icone.)

On fragments of decaying vegetables. Peradeniya, Dec. 1868.

This appears to be a small form of the European species. At
least we can find no distinctive characters. The gills are at
length of a deep red-brown; spores narrow, :0004 long; stem
obtuse at the base.

306. C. romENvosus, Fr. (No. 844 in part, no. 773.)
On the ground. Peradeniya, Dec. 1868.

307. C. macropus, B. & Dr. Pileo campanulato striato brunneo
floccis albis secedentibus primum obsito; stipite candido fistuloso
subradicante glabro ; lamellis angustis segmentiformibus adnexis brun-
neis (no. 783, cum icone).

On the ground.

Deliquescent; pileus nearly 3 inches across, at length turned up at the
edge; stem 6 inches high, $ inch thick ; gills 2 lines broad.

308. C. RUBECULA, B. & Br. Pileo juniore ovato squamulis acutis
castaneis ornato, seniore campanulato vix striato; lamellis ventricosis
liberis ; stipite fistuloso (no. 1216, cum icone).

On decaying vegetable matter. Aug. 1869.

Pileus at first broadly egg-shaped, covered with chestnut-coloured acute
scales, and resembling a robin's egg, then campanulate, 3 an inch
high, and nearly as much across ; margin scarcely striate, white, with a
cinereous tinge, squamulose above; stem l inch high, 1 line thick,
white, smooth, fistulose; gills ventricose, free, tinged with red below.

309. C. PALLIDUS, B. $ Br. Pileo inaquali subcylindrico pallido,

ON THE FUNGI OF CEYLON. 561

disco levi umbrino; stipite flexuoso fistuloso paliido; lamellis sub-
liberis fuscis (no. 1157, cum icone).

On dead wood. July 1869.

Pileus 3 lines across, 5 high, pale umber, disk even, much dark, its
edges reflected; stem flexuous, 13 inch high, 1 line thick, fistulose,
equal, smooth, pale umber, truncate at the base; gills 1 line wide,
umber, then dark brown, slightly ventricose, nearly free; spores
‘0003 long.

310. C. seruLosus, B. & Dr. Pileo cylindrico campanulato obtuso
usque ad discum striato setis fulvis undique obsito ; stipite fistuloso
candido sursum attenuato; lamellis angustissimis adnexis (no. 845,
cum icone; no. 936).

On dead vegetable matter. Peradeniya, Dec. 1868, Jan. 1869.

Pileus 5 lines high, 2 broad at the base, cylindrico-campanulate, obtuse,
striate up to the pale broad disk, beset everywhere with short tawny
bristles ; stem 1 inch high, 3 line thick in the middle, white, fistu-
lose; gills ascending, very narrow, not perfectly developed in the
specimens, where they are white and without spores.

311. C. CASTANEUS, B. & Br. Pileo digitaliformi pallide castaneo
glabro ; stipite sursum attenuato basi truncato glabro eximie fistuloso ;
lamellis angustis ascendentibus adnatis (no. 935, cum icone).

On the ground. Peradeniya, Jan. 1869.

Pileus 4 inch across, 3 high, pale chestnut, smooth, slightly fleshy ;
flesh of the same colour; stem 3 inches high, 2 lines thick in the
centre, incrassated and truncate at the base, smooth, fistulose, white
without and within; gills scarcely 1 line broad, pallid.

As in the last, the spores are not developed. The pileus be-

comes of a bright chestnut when dry.

312. C. FIMBRIATUS, B. & Br. Pileo campanulato tomentoso, mar-
gine albo-fimbriato ; stipite zequali fistuloso ; lamellis adnatis (nos. 705,
808).

On dung. Peradeniya, Aug. 1868.

Pileus 3 an inch or more across, campanulate, tomentose, splitting
along the back of the gills, fringed with white hairs; stem 2 inches
high, white, equal, fistulose ; gills moderately broad, adnate; edge
white; spores ‘0003 long.

Allied to C. stercoreus.

313. C. PACHYTERUS, B. § Br. Pileo persistenter campanulato pli-
cato-sulcato ; stipite firmiore; lamellis arcuatis adnexis (no. 806).

On the ground. Peradeniya, Oct. 1868.

Pileus 2 inches across, smooth, plicato-sulcate; stem 23-3 inches high,
stouter than in C. plicatilis ; gills arcuate, adnexed; spores -0006
long, darker, larger, and longer than in that species.

562 THE REV. M. J. BERKELEY AND MR. C. E. BROOME

There are two different species sent under the same number,
with spores ‘0003; but we are unable to characterize them
without figures.

314. C. PLIcATILIS, Fr. (No. 715, cum icone.)
On the ground. Peradeniya, Aug.-Sept. 1868.
Spores :0003-:00045 by :0002—:00035.

315. DonBrTIUs rissus, B. $ Br. Pileo e campanulato umbonato
plano pallido striato margine fisso; stipite fistuloso sursum at-
tenuato l. subzequali candido; lamellis ventricosis argillaceis (no. 931,
cum icone).

On dung. Peradeniya, Jan. 1869.

Pileus 13-1] across, very pale gilvous, at first campanulate, papil-
lato-umbonate, then plane; margin striate, splitting ; flesh very thin,
except in the centre; stem 13-23 inches high, incrassated at the
base, nearly equal, fistulose, white; gills clay-coloured, ventricose,
rounded behind, nearly free ; spores ovate. 0003 long.

It has not the slightest gamboge-yellow tint.

316. HvGRoPHORUS CINERASCENS, B. & Br. Pileo irregulari flexuoso
depresso glabro levi subcinereo; stipite sursum dilatato compresso
e farcto cavo albo; lamellis ventricosis decurrentibus albidis (no. 1198,
cum icone).

On the ground. July 1869.

Subewspitose; pileus {-1} inch across, undulated, irregular, even,
smooth, pale cinereous; flesh brownish, especially towards the mar-
gin; stem $ inch high, 1 thick at the apex, li line at the base,
stuffed, then hollow, compressed, white, smooth ; gills white, or dirty
white, slightly ventricose, truly decurrent, ‘0003 by :00015.

317. H. MULTICOLOR, B. & Br. Pileo convexo umbonato glabro,
margine tenui estriato livido, carne czrulescente; stipite subzequali
flexuoso anguste cavo; lamellis ventricosis lividis adnato decurrenti-
bus (no. 899, cum icone).

On the ground. Jan. 1869.

Pileus $ inch across, greenish, shaded with pink, umbonate; flesh
blue; stem 1$ inch high, | line thick, with a narrow cavity, flexu-
ous, somewhat attenuated at the base, greenish above, straw-coloured
below ; gills ventricose, greenish, adnate, decurrent.

Analogous to H. psiftacinus. This is perhaps another repre-

sentative of Fries's second section, and, indeed, makes a near ap-

proach to Hygrocybe.
318. H. patus, Fr. (No. 1209, cum icone.)

On the ground. July 1869.
Spores 00035-0004 long by *00025—0003 wide.

ON THE FUNGI OF CEYLON. 563

319. H. ALLICIENS, B. & Br. Pileo convexo centro depresso carneo-
striato subcarnoso; stipite glabro equali farcto demum cavo; la-
mellis carneis decurrentibus (no. 815, cum icone).

On the ground. Peradeniya, Nov. 1868.

Pileus 3-1 inch across, pink, with darker striz, convex, depressed in
the centre, fleshy; flesh white; stem li inch high, 1 line thick,
smooth, red above, yellowish below, stuffed, then hollow; scarlet
within above, gills arched, shortly decurrent, rose-coloured.

A very beautiful species, near H. cantharellus and sciophanus.

320. H. PRAsINUS, D. & Dr. Exstus intusque viridis; pileo depresso
subearnoso striato; stipite recto glabro cavo; lamellis ventricosis
decurrentibus (no. 866, cum icone).

On the ground. Peradeniya, Dec. 1868.

Pileus inch across, depressed, striate; stem 1-1} inch high, l line
thick, nearly equal, hollow; gills 1 line wide, slightly ventricose,
decurrent.

321. H. nivosus, B. § Br. Niveus; pileo e convexo plano tenui
subumbonato striato; stipite flexuoso farcto ; lamellis angustis utrinque
attenuatis subdecurrentibus (no. 904, cum icone).

On the ground. Peradeniya, Jan. 1869.

Snow-white; pileus 3-1 inch across, at first campanulate, then plane,
subumbonate, thin, smooth, shortly striate, not the least umbilicate ;
stem 1 inch high, ł line thick, stuffed ; gills 3 line broad, attenuated
at either end, scarcely decurrent.

No. 877 is apparently a large form of the same species, “ dull

transparent white." Rather allied to H. letus and H. vir-

gineus.
322. H. ALvTACEUS, B. & Pr. Pileo umbilicato glabro; margine
arcuato striato; stipite obconico ; lamellis arcuatis longe decurrenti-
bus alutaceis (no. 800*).
On the ground. Peradeniya, Jan. 1869.
Pileus 1 inch across; stem 2 inches high, attenuated at the base, di-
lated upwards, stuffed ; gills arched, truly decurrent, tan-coloured.

323. H. rirmus, B. $ Br. Flavus; pileo depresso subtiliter tomen-
toso; stipite sursum dilatato cavo ; lamellis segmentiformibus decur-

rentibus (no. 880).

On the ground. Peradeniya, Jan. 1869.

Yellow, minutely tomentose; pileus 1 inch or more across, umbilicate,
margin arched; stem 14 inch high, obconical; gills strongly de-
current.

Under the same number is another species, or variety, with the

pileus less decidedly yellow, the gills arched, very decurrent,

and pale buff.

564 THE REY. M. J. BERKELEY AND MR. C. E. BROOME

324. H. cERACEUS, Fr.

Var. moschatus, B. & Br. (No. 812).

On the ground. Peradeniya, Nov. 1868.

The only point in which this differs from the European species
is the strong musky scent; “ but this may possibly be due to a
musk-rat having passed over the plat."

325. H. evaw.Eus, B. & Br. Pusillus; pileo coecineo glabro viscoso ;
stipite subequali lamellisque paucis arcuatis decurrentibus palli-
dioribus (no. 928, cum icone).

On very rotten wood. Peradeniya, Jan. 1869.

Pileus 1-4 lines across, convex, bright scarlet, viscid ; stem 13-3 lines
high, 3 a line thick, a little incrassated at the base, smooth, pale, as
are the distant, arched, decurrent gills.

326. H. miniatus, Fr. (No. 816, cum icone.)

On the ground. Peradeniya, Dec. 1868.

A small form resembling Agaricus coccinellus, Ehrb.
Spores *0003 long.

327. H. RosEo-sTRIATUS, B. $ Br. Pileo hemisphzrico subcarnoso
tenui toto roseo-striato; stipite compresso fistuloso levi; lamellis
paucis adnatis planis (no. 812, cum icone).

On the ground. Dec. 1868.

Pileus hemispherical, 1 inch across, yellowish, pink marked with salmon-
coloured streaks; stem 2 inches high, } thick, nearly equal, slightly
flexuous, yellowish, with a red tinge; gills of the same colour as
the stem, nearly plane, adnate, few in number.

The habit is nearly that of H. chlorophanus.

328. H. oprusseus, Fr.; Gardn. (no. 70).
On the ground in woods. July 1844.

399. H. conicus, Fr. (No. 813, eum icone.)

On the ground. Peradeniya, Nov. 1868.

Var. pileo campanulato carnoso obtuso luteo nigro-virgato, carne sub
cuticula cinerascente; stipite zquali concolori solido; lamellis at-
tenuato-liberis citrinis.

330. H. cinereus, B. $ Br. Pileo conico obtuso cinereo glabro;
carve alba; stipite deorsum attenuato farcto glabro candido; la-
mellis attenuato-adnexis (no. 1195, cum icone ; no. 205).

On the ground. Jan. 1869.

Pileus $ inch across, conical, obtuse, smooth, cinereous; flesh in the
centre thick, white; stem 1} inch high, 1 thick in the centre, stuffed,
white; gills pallid, shghtly ventricose, even, attenuated behind, ad-
nexed.

ON THE FUNGI OF CEYLON. 565

Not closely allied to any described species. No. 235 is paler
than no. 1195.

331. H. BICOLOR, B. & Br. Pileo e conico-campanulato coccineo,
margine lobato, carne alba; stipite zequali e farcto cavo glabro; la-
mellis pallidis undulatis attenuato-adnexis (no. 702, cum icone).

On the ground. Peradeniya, July, Aug. 1868.

Pileus 1 inch or more across, conico-campanulate, obtusely umbonate,
then expanded, scarlet, becoming paler above; flesh thin, white;
stem 23 inches high, about 2 lines thick, smooth, striate, equal,
stuffed, then hollow, white within; gills pallid, undulated, narrow,
attenuated behind, adnexed.

Allied to H. calyptreformis.

Spores ‘0002 by :0001.

332. H. ELEGANTISSIMUS, B. & Br. Roseus; pileo conico-campanu-
lato, umbone acuto, margine extremo undulato rufescente; stipite
fistuloso ; lamellis undulatis attenuato-adnexis (no. 865, cum icone).

On the ground. Jan. 1869.

Rose-coloured ; pileus 1 inch or more across, conico-campanulate,
streaked, umbo acute; extreme margin rich sienna-brown, slightly
undulated; stem 3 inches high, 23 lines thick, smooth, fistulose,
attenuated below, smooth; gills ventricose, undulated, uneven, at-

tenuated behind, adnexed.

Allied to the last.

333. H. APALUS, B. $ Br.
umbonato tenui; stipite zequali solido candido

cosis adnexis niveis (no. 1204, cum icone).

On the ground. July 1869.
Pileus 1-1} inch across, conical, rather acutely umbonate, smooth,

even, fleshy, thin towards the margin, of a delicate clear lemon-

colour, darker at the umbo ; stem 13 inch high, 2 lines thick, even,

smooth, white, solid; gills broadly ventricose, slightly undulated,
adnexed, white; flesh very pale lemon-coloured.

A. very delicate species, differing from any with which it might

be confounded in its strictly solid stem, which is distinct in

colour from the flesh of the pileus.

Spores :0005 by :0003.

334. H. Arwisir B. & Br.
bido, margine crenato; stipite sulcato glabro æquali solido; lamellis
attenuato-adnexis antice ventricosis candidis (no. 814, cum icone).

On the ground. Peradeniya, Nov. 1868.

Pileus 2 inches across, conical, white, here and there tinged with yellow-

brown, especially at the obtuse fleshy umbo ; stem nearly 3 inches
9
4R

Pileo conico estriato carnoso subacute
lamellis late ventri-

Pileo conico carnoso tenui virgato al-

LINN. JOURN.—BOTANY, VOL, XI.

566 THE REV. M. J. BERKELEY AND MR. C. E. BROOME

high, } thick, twisted, sulcate, smooth, white, solid; gills white,
broad in front, attenuated behind, adnexed.

Habit like that of H. conicus. The specific name refers to

Mr. W. De Alwis, who has drawn the fleshy fungi of Ceylon

80 exquisitely.

335. H. casius, B. $ Br. Pileo campanulato obtuso demum apice
rupto livido striato, carne cæsia ; stipite glabro eximie fistuloso basi
dilatato ; lamellis undulatis adnexis cæsiis (no. 856, cum icone).

On the ground. Peradeniya, Dec. 1868.

Pileus campanulate, 1 inch across, livid, smooth, striate, splitting at
the apex; margin lobed; flesh thin, glaucous; stem 14 inch high,
4 thick, dilated and truncate at the base, fistulose, sometimes pervi-
ous above from the rupture of the flesh of the pileus, smooth, even,
white, with a livid glaucous tinge; gills undulated, blue, distant,
adnexed.

336. H. TRICOLOR, D. & Dr. Pileo primum digitaliformi demum ex-
panso umbonato glabro; stipite candido subeavo glabro; lamellis
versicoloribus truncato-adnexis (no. 794, cum icone).

On the ground. Peradeniya, Nov. 1868.

Pileus 13-14 inch across, at first obtusely conical, yellow in the centre,
scarlet towards the lobed margin, then expanded, umbonate, slightly
striate, smooth; flesh reddish beneath the cuticle; stem 2 inches
high, 1-3 thick, nearly equal, white, smooth, stuffed ; gills ventricose,
truncate behind, adnexed, variously shaded with yellow and red.

Allied to H. puniceus, but a much smaller species.

Spores *00035—0004 long, broadly elliptic.

337. H. cHLonoPHawvs, Fr. (No. 812.)
On the ground.

338. H. GLANDULÆFORMIS, B. & Br. Cespitosus ; pileo campanu-
lato obtuso estriato glabro demum centro depresso aurantiaco ; sti-
pite fistuloso basi attenuato glabro citrino; lamellis postice rotun-
datis citrinis (no. 879, cum icone).

On the ground. Jan. 1869.

Pileus 1 inch across, at first acorn-shaped, then depressed in the
centre, bright orange, smooth, not striate ; flesh thin, lemon-coloured ;
stem 2 inches high, 3 or more thick, fistulose, attenuated and obtuse
at the base, with a little rooting down; walls rough, with little
sbreds ; gills rounded behind, free, lemon-coloured.

This seems to be a distinct type.

339. RUSSULA rERIGLYPTA, D. $ Br. Candidus; pileo hemisphærico
viscido umbilicato sulcato ; stipite deorsum angustato solido: la-
mellis arcuatis postice acutis attingentibus (no. 800, cum icone).

ON THE FUNGI OF CEYLON. 067

On the ground. Peradeniya, Nov. 1868.

Pileus 23 inches across, hemispherical, viscid, margin regularly and
strongly sulcate; stem nearly 3 inches high, $ thick in the middle,
attenuated at the base, somewhat swollen in the centre, solid; gills
regular, arched, 1 inch wide, acute behind, reaching to the top of
stem ; interstices reticulate.

Very regular in form.

Spores globose, echinulate, ‘00025 in diameter t.

340. R. EMETICA, Fr. ; Gardn. (no. 87, cum icone).
On the ground. Hautane, Aug. 1844.

341. CANTHARELLUS STOLONIFER, D. & Br. Pileo convexo umbili-
cato cinereo tomento adpresso insperso; stipite recto candido cavo;
plicis angustis candidis decurrentibus, interstitiis parce reticulatis ;
mycelio crasso filiformi (no. 751*, cum icone).

Peradeniya, Dec. 1868.
Pileus 1 inch across, convex, umbilicate, dark, cinereous, rough, with

adpressed matted fascicles of down, thin, at length pallid; stem
li inch high, 2 lines thick, smooth, white, compressed, hollow,
throwing out at the base stringy threads, which occasionally bear
reproductive knots ; folds narrow, decurrent, white ; interstices slightly
reticulated or nearly even.

T The decimals in this paper are all parts of an English inch.

IN DEX.

Page

Agaricus (Naucoria) siennophyllus 545
540

—-—- (Nolanea) elaphines .

Page

Agapanthus, species of . 369

Agaricus . Pes 496-559
(Amanita) anomologus . . 416 | ——( ) fulvo-lanatus . 539
—— (Armillaria) ompnerus . . 514 | —— (——)lasius . . . . 589
——— (Clitocybe) iopeplus 516 | —— (Omphalia) anthidepas co BOT
——— (——) vinoso-fuscus pid | == ) cirrhocephalus 526
—— (Clitopilus) subgilvus 538 | —— (——) delicia . 527
ce )tephras : . 938 | — — (——) holochlorus 525
—— (Collybia) endochroa 519 | —— (——) lynchnodes 526
—— (——) leucophlæus . 523 | —— (——) micromeles 527
—— (Crepidotus) epierocinus . 545 | — — (———) Peri : 527
—— (——) flavo-marginatus 5046 | ——( ) salmonicolor . 526
eee ) grumoso-pilosus 546 | — ( ) viridi-carneus 526
—— (Eecilia) hyalodepas. . . 540 | --— (Paneolus) cyanescens . . 557
— — (Entoloma) mi ium . 538 | —— (Pleurotus) angustatus . . 528
—— (——) chrysægis . . 586 | —— (——) flabellatus . 528
—— (—) intermixtus $37 | —— (——) galesformis 528
Seat ) iodnephes 536 | —— ( ) leptogramme . 529
—— (——) mazophorus . 537 | —— (——) polychromus . 528
TE em. microcarpus . 537 | ——(——)rigescens . . 528
VES pallido-gilvus $38 | ——( ) seytocephalus 529
some du TEES RE Ric 541 | —— (——) semisupinus . 529
TM ) erocias . 542 , —— (Pluteus) Æolus . 531
—— — (——) dilepis . 542 | —— ) agleeothelus 534
——— (——) goniosporus . 541 | —— (—~-) albo-lineatus 532
—— (——) Janus . 541 | —-— (——) balanatus . . 535
—— (——) oxylepis 541 | —.— (——) brunneo-pictus . . 533
——— ( ) rufipunctatus 540 | —— (——) conizatus . 533
— (Galera) glaucopurpureus . 545 | —— ( ) escharites . 533
——— (Hebeloma) micropyramis. 540 | —— ( ) eugraptus 535
—— — (Lepiota) oncopus 496 | ——( ) fusco-nigricans 534
XT ) mellichrous 513 | ——— (——) glyphidatus 532
—— (Leptonia) gnaphalodes 538 | — — (———) grandineus 535
——— (——) gnophodes 539 | — — (——) marmoratus . 534
—— (Mycena) clavulifer . 525 | — —— (——-) pelinus . 535
—— (——) hematerus 524 | — — (——-) psichiophorus . 532
—— (——) heliscus 525 | — — (——) pulvinus . 534
—:— (—-—) melanotomus 523 | ——( ) spilopus . . 532
—— (——) myoderma 528 | ——( )stigmatophorus . . 533
—— (——) pedisculus 525 | ——— (Psalliota) crocopeplus . . 546
—— (——) pallido-rubens 524 | —— ) subsruginosus 554
—— (——) perone 525 | — — (Psathyra) amaurus . 555
—— (———) Silenus 524 | —— )tythus . . 556
—— (Naucoria) abjectus . 548 | — — (Psathyrella) furfurellus 559
—— (——) fulvo-albus 544 | ——( ) tiarella : 557
—— (——) gnapholopus . 544 | ——— (Psilocybe) cano-ruber . 554
—— (——) heliocaes 944 | — — (Tricholoma) rhachophorus 514
—— (——) lonchophorus 544 , ——- (Volvaria) apalotrichus 530
—— (——) microphues 5042 —— ( ) eoleatus : 530
—-— (——) ochrus . . 544 | —— (———) geaster 530
—— (——) pelidnus . 543 | — — (——) glandiformis . 531

570

Page |
Agaricus (Volvaria) mierocolius 531 |

INDEX.

ae
Caryota urens 7

— )pseudo-volvaceus . 530 | Cascarilla, remarks on n thename . 185
Algæ, North- Atlantic . 456 Castanopsis chinensis . 454
Althea Ludwigi . . . .437 | Chemical reaction as a specifi
Amazon n Palm- oy of character in Lichens .
the Chionodoxa Forbesii . c. 486
Andree. : . 460 | Cinchone, peers ds an, ;
Androstephium violaceum . 973 | Cladonia
Angelica, n. sp. of . 454 | Cocos orinocensis . . . . E
Anilema 446-450 | Commelyna 439-446
Anisosperma, characters of . 258 Kurzii . 444.
Archangelica, n. sp. of . . 454 | —-— Simsoni . 446
Areca gracilis. . . . . . . 5 | Commelynaces of Bengal . . 438
Astrocaryum acaule. . 159 | Copal n. 1, 479
—— Munbaca . 159 | Coprinus : 559-562
Attalea Humboldtiana . . 163 | Cultivated palms . SR ORO
racemosa : . . 166 | Cyanotis 462, 453
Bactris balanophora 146, 153 axillaris . . 492
bicuspidata 146, 152 | —— barbata . 452
—— bidentula 146,151 | —— cristata . 452
—— bifida 146, 150 | —— nodiflora 453
brevifolia 144, 147 | Cystanche tubulosa . 437
Carolensis . 145, 149 | Daubenya coccinea . 395
—— concinna 147, 154 | Desmoncus macracanthus . 156
— — floccosa . 146, 151 riparius . . 156
— — hylophila 146, 152 | Dicranum strictum, t the British . 466
—— microcarpa . 146,153 | Dipeadi. . : 395-401
—— Negrensis 145, 147 rigidifolium . 399
simplicifrons 145, 148 setosum . EAE . 398
—— tenuis 145, 149 | Dithyrocarpus paniculatus . 541
turbinata 146, 152 | Drimia . . . 419-423
—— Uaupensis . 145, 150 Barteri . . 423
Begonia, stamens of . 472 concolor . 422
Bessera elegans . . 978 laxiflora . . 422
Betula intermedia 326, 327 rigidifolia . . . .420
Blandfordia aurea . 966 | Duvernoia adhatodoides, fertiliza-
—— Cunninghami . . 965 tion and dissemination of . . 469
—— flammea . 866 | Endocarpon Crombiei . . 489
—— grandiflora . . 869 | Eophylon Lobbii . 23
—— nobilis : . 865 | —— tenellum : 23
Bolbitius fissus : . 562 | Equatorial- American Palms . 65
Brachyscypha undulata . 394 | Eriocaulon . . o. 454
Brazilian plants, notes on . . 263 | Euterpe catinga . . io 137
Brodiæa coccinea - 878 | Forretia . . . . . . 463, 454
— — congesta . 377 | Fungiof Ceylon . . 0. 494
—— grandiflora . . 876 | Funkia lancifolia . 368
—— multiflora = SU nde . 367
volubilis . . 377 | —— Sieboldiana 367
Bryology, British . 460 subcordata . 367
Calamus flagellum . . . . . 8 | Geonoma 98
inermis . : 1l | — embigus —. . . . . . HI
——— Jenkinsianus 11 | ——aspidiifolia. . . . 112,119
——leptospadix . . . . . 8 | ——Appunians. . . . . .112
macranthus 10 | —— baculifera 105, 113
—— montanus . . . . . . 9 | —— chelidonura 111, 117
—— schizospathus. . . . . 7 | —— congesta . 112
Cantharellus stolonifer . . 567 | —— cuneata . . 104
Carludovica, sp. . 182 densa. vs ME
Carpesium abrotanoides . 454 | —— densiflora 112, 118

Geonoma discolor
—— edulis

elegans . .
— — ferruginea
——— flaccida .

—— Fendleriana
-—— gracilis
hexasticha .
—— Hoffmanniana .
— — Lindeniana .
longevaginata .
—-— macrospatha
—— — Martiana
membranacea .
Mexicana
microspatha
—— microspadix
Negrensis
obovata . .
paniculigera
Paraensis
pauciflora
personata
Porteana
procumbens
—— pumila

—— — Purdieana . .
Saga . :
=== Schomburgkiana :
Schottiana .
——— tuberculata .
-—— undata
versiformis .

flava. . :
fuys . se
—— Middendorfii .
—— minor .
Hesperocallis undulata .
Hiatula flosculus .
Hüshiarpur flora .
Hyacinthus

—— Aucheri .
ledebourioides .
Hydrolea corymbosa
elegans

glabra

——— graminifolia
macrosepala
——— megapotamica .
—— multiflora

nigricaulis .
ovata .
—— paludosa
—— quadrivalvis
—— spinosa .
—— zeylanica

Hygrophorus .
Iceland, flora of .

Hemerocallis Dumortieri .

INDEX 571

Page , Page

110,117 | Ipomea simulans . 281

. 106 | Iriartea setigera . . 135

104 | —— ventricosa : . 133

110 | Kallonema pellucidum . . 457

108 | Kniphofia abyssinica . 962

108 aloides XU . 864

. . 105 | —— breviflora . 961

110, 116 | —— Burchellii . 963

: 106 gracilis B su oOo

106 | — — Granüt < . . . . $ 868

2:109 isoetifola . . | . 962

105 | —— parviflora ». . 961

. 109 preecox . 963

. 106 | —— pumila . 363

. . 109 | —— Quartiniana . 362

108, 116 Rooperi . . 363

. 110 | —— sarmentosa . . 962

113, 120 triangularis . 362

. . 104 | Lachenalia . 401-410

108, 114 Bowieana . 410

112, 120 | —-— carnosa . . . 407

110,116 | —— Cooperi . . 409

112, 118 | —— juncifolia . 409

2 2-00 Zeyheri . SU ADT

105 | Lancaster Sound, plants do

110 | Lecanora Se MEA

109 hypophea . . 482

109 | Lecidea, species of 482-488

111 | Leopoldinia major . 125

>- -108 Piassaba . 127

112,119 | Leucobryum glaucum . . . 465

. . 107 | Leucocoryne, species of. . 374, 375

109 | Lichens, chemical reaction in. . 36

359 ,new British . 481

358 | Licuala. . 13
359 Liliaces, revision of herbaceous

2 s 509 capsular gamophyllous . 349

358 , tribes and genera of. 354

360 Liquidamber formosana 455

. . 559 | Litanthus pusillus 419

2; 17 | Invistona - . 13

423-433 | Magellan, plants of the Strait of. 187

. 431 | Massonia . . AE AC T nd

. 427 | Mauritia aculeata . 169

275 armata 168

271 Carana . . 1714

273 Casiquiarensis . 173

274 | flexuosa . 168

277 | gracilis . 169

273 | —— Guainiensis . 174

£76 | —— pumila . ; 168

272 | —— quadripartita . 172

270 | subinermis . rae ya!

270 | tenuis . 169

- 271 | —— vinifera . . 168

269 | Maximiliana Inajai . . 163

. 275 | Mesocheete undulata . 463

562- 566 | Milla andicola . 381

. 282 | aurea . 986

572 INDEX.
Page Page
Milla biflora . 980 Pygcum)nssp.oR = = - -464
bivalvis . . 386 | Pyrenopsis homeopsis . 482
brevipes . . 386 | Ranunculus aquatilis 291
capitata . . 381 Rhacophyllus lilacinus . 559
crocea . 384 | Rhadamanthus convallar ioides . 434
grandiflora . . 380 | Rimularia limboina . 489
hirtella . . 885 | Roccella : 47
hyacinthina . 385 Rosa arvensis . 241
ixioides . . 883 ——— canina 225
laxa . : . 884 | ——— hibernica 209
——— macrostemon . . 981 involuta . 204
= nivalis . . © . 383 — micrantha 221
patagonica . . 982 mollissima . 211
peduncalaris . 384 pomifera . 210
Poppigiana . 883 | —— pulverulenta 223
porrifolia . 886 | —— rubella 203
Sellowiana . . 883 rubiginosa . 219
——— sessiliflora . . 882 spinosissima 201
setacea . 985 stylosa 203
—— subbiflora . 885 tomentosa . 215
uniflora . . 982 | Russula periglypta . 566
Morenia Poppigiana . 123 | Saxifragee, stamens of 31
Mosses, synonyms of . . 240 | Scaly-fruited palms . 76
Muscari. Se 411-418 | Schizosiphon obscurum 459
Bourgeei . . 416 | Seligeria acutifolia . 467
grandifolium . 417 | Serapias, petalody of ‘sepals i in . 490
Myriocarpus frondosus . . 263 | Sikkim palms . 4
Neckera complanata . 467 Simplocus lancifolia . 454
Nunnezharia fragrans . 121 | Southern-Indian palms 14
geonomoides . 122 | Spermosira atlantica . 458
Odontostemum . 436 | Sphagnum curvifolium . . 468
CGEnocarpus minor . 141 Spilonema scoticum . . 482
multicaulis . . 142 | Stamens of Saxifrage : zT
Orthotrichum leiocarpum . . . 465 | Stictei in the Kew Museum 243
Palms 4, 14, 65, 76 | Streptolirion . 453
alternation of function i in. 95 | Tortula nitida. . 464
; classification of 84 | squarrosa . 462
i ; scaly-fruited ‘ 76 | Trachylobium mosambicense. . 1
Parmelia Mi s 50 | Trichostomum diffractum . 463
Parnassia palustris . . 24 | Tulbaghia acutiloba . 371
Philesia, pleiotaxy of perianth i in. 477 | alliacea 371
Phoenix rupicola . oo Im capensis . 370
Phormium Cookianum . . 457 | cepacea 372
tenax. : 5 dod Dregeana 371
Physcomitrium 461,362 , — — hypoxidea 372
Phytelephas æquatorialis <- 180 | violacea 372
macrocarpa . . 178 + Umbilicaria | 52
microcarpa . . 178 Veltheimia . : 410, 411
Plectocomia himalayana STE Wallichia disticha PG
Pollia Indica . : . 491 | —— qblongifolia. 6
——— subumbellata . . 491 | Wettinia augusta 130
Pottia intermedia . 461 | Maynensis . 130
Puschkinia hyacinthoides . . 435 | Zanzibar copal 1

END OF THE ELEVENTH VOLUME.

Linn. Soc. Journ. Bot. Vol. XI.tab.1.

JN Fitchimp.

.AW Bennett del. Fitch hth.

Jamn. Soc. Journ. Bot. Vol XL tab. 2

J.N Bitch tmp.

WH Fitch, dz. ct hth.

Linn. Soc. Journ Bot WLX tab3

Germen se.

J'TMoggridge del.