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Le ASCA 
WINTER 1966 
Leaves Vol. XVI, No. 


Lasca Leaves 


Quarterly publication of the California Arboretum Foundation, Inc. 


VoL. XVI WINTER, 1966 No. 1 
ORCHIDS 
Fy A RN eg Niel a fos Sys i's x Soest CN 1 
The Enigmatic Broughtonias of Jamaica......... J.A.Fowlie 3 
Miniatute Cattleyag a. 0 Ernest Hetherington 9 
The Development of Semi-Albas . Leo Holguin 14 
There’s Magic in Miniatures... ....... Emma D. Menninger 18 
List of Orchids m Arboretum Collection....... 70 3 ay 24 


EDITORIAL COMMITTEE 


Mrs. Ross K. BOORE F. HAROLD ROACH 
RALPH D. CORNELL WILLIAM S. STEWART 
ERNEST HETHERINGTON RoBeERT E, ATKINSON, Editor 


MILDRED MATHIAS 


Orchids 


ON THE COVER 


The cover of our “orchid” edition, which commemorates the Fifth World 
Orchid Congress at Long Beach, illustrates all of the known species of the 
genus Broughtonia. This is the first time these little-known natives of Jamaica 
have been shown in a single color plate. Broughtonias deserve to be grown 
more commonly, as they are of easy culture, thriving in full sun and a warm, 


humid environment. Cover Photograph by Dr. J. A. Fowlie. 


=" 


. Broughtonia 
negrilensis 


~ 


Broughtonia 
.domingensis 


ag 


Broughtonia ~ 
sanguinea 


- 


ughtonia 
sanguinea var. flava “Carmen Gauntlett” 


an 


. Broughtonia 
sanguinea var. alba 


. B.sanguinea x B.negrilensis 


. B.negrilensis x B.sanguinea 


OM 
Css 


2 LASCA LEAVES 


IN THIS ISSUE. 


This single subject issue, devOted entirely to orchids, reviews the recent advances 
made by collectors and hybridists in Southern California and contains an up-to-date 
listing of all of the species in the Arboretum collection. 


DR. J. A. FOWLIE, who writes of his experiences collecting Broughtonias, is 
a graduate of Wayne University. He has published over 100 papers on orchids and 
is on the Editorial Board of Orchid Digest. 

ERNEST HETHERINGTON, general manager and vice president of Stewarts’ 
Orchids, served his apprenticeship under B. O. Bracey at Armacost and Royston. 
After service in the South Pacific with the Air Force in World War II he has 
developed the breeding program at Stewarts in Cymbidiums and Cattleyas and 
recently the miniatures which are sold throughout the world to amateur and 
commercial growers. 


LEO HOLGUIN is the present manager of the orchid department at Armacost 
and Royston. He came to Los Angeles thirty years ago from Silver City, New 
Mexico, to study electronics and became side-tracked. After a stint in the Air 
Force in World War II, he returned to Armacost where he went up the ladder to his 
present position. 


EMMA D. MENNIGER, who with her husband, Elmore, has the commer- 
cial establishment Greenoaks in Arcadia, is well-known for hybridizing early 
flowering and miniature cymbidiums. Their hobby is book-collecting and their 
large horticultural library contains a complete set of Curtis Botanical Magazine 
and other priceless books. She has published articles in the American Orchid 
Society Bulletin, the Cymbidiym News and the Orchid Review (England). 


The orchid conference and show April 14-19, 1966, is sponsored by the American 
Orchid Society and its 170 affiliated units and the Royal Horticultural Society of 
England. Local host is the Orchid Society of Southern California, Headquarters of 
this international event is the Lafayette Hotel and the show, which runs April 14 
to 17, is at the Long Beach Arena, 


The Editor 


Che Enigmatic Broughtonias of jamaica 


By J. A. FOWLIE 


by Cuba, Haiti (Santo Domingo) and Puerto Rico. How long this land bridge lay 
above the sea is difficult to ascertain, but the recurrent instances of orchids with 
their closest relationships with Central American genera, now wholly endemic to 
Jamaica, are numerous. The last connection might have been during the glaciations 
of the Pleistocene which covered much of Northern United States and storing up 
considerable quantities of water in solid form lowered sea level several hundred 
feet, The primitive reptile species of the islands suggest the region has long been 
an island securing for them a foothold free from the increased competitive pressures 
of the mainland. 


carrying on their topmost branches and trunks these beautiful compliments to the 
jungle verdure of their adjacent surroundings. They are protected somewhat from 
Molestation bv natives since the dead, rotting trunks are rather hazardous and 
awkward to climb, vet the simplest of the country people guide you to these trees 
and point upwards with some nationalist pride at the beauty before you. 


4 LASCA LEAVES 


Time, however, moves against them and what seems an eternal mass of beauty 
is victimized by its weakest link — the tree on which it grows, for as the rot of the 


the seedlings produced during the short span of such extreme floriferousness which 
one day will grow to great masses and repeat the cycle. 


@MonT EGO ocho Rios 
BAY 
JAMAICA LEAN 
oO  rehian ds ig Bive Meunteing 
Ne i i BS stony 


AA 


KX HYBRID SWARMS 


BROUGHTONIAS IN JAMAICA 5 


found in the interior of the island. 
Broughtonia negrilensis occurs only on the extreme WSW tip of the island on 
O ft. 


a 10-mile long ridge known as Negril Hill which rises to a mere 50 at its 
summit. There appear to be no Broughtonia sanguinea plants except east and north 
of this ridge where hybridization occurs freely and numerous wild hybrids of the 
two are encountered (see map, page 


case, however, since there is a floral ecotype which occurs u the dryer valleys 
of the south coast to some 6 miles inland which has very tubular flowers. This may 
be an adaptation to preserve the pollen of such flowers from the dessication of 
these regions of lower humidity and higher evaporation rates, since the flowers 0 
the coastal or more humid areas are usually flat (opened fully). The tubular flowers 


6 LASCA LEAVES 


obviously are the more pristine condition. Removed from such environs, subsequent 
flowerings in the same greenhouse continue to maintain the flat and the tubular 


or flat ecotypes and on germinating favoring the appropriate ecotype in the ap- 
pr m. 


hand, appears to have only a tubular 
flowered ecotype, enhancing its sur- 
vival in the drier ridges of Negril where 
it is endemic. It lives very similarly to 
B. sanguinea with the same ovoid- 
ellipsoidal pseudobulbs but vegetatively 
has one striking difference from the 
latter species; namely, the leaves are 
covered with a thin coat of resiny 
powder which insures their reflection 
of excess light and decreases evapora- 
tion loss of vital moisture from the 
plant. This powdery coat and the lighter 
green foliage are so characteristic of 
the species it may be recognized even 
out of flower from B. sanguinea with 
which it otherwise is very similar. 
Natural hybrids between the two are 
intermediate both in amount of powder 
and color of leaves and pseudobulbs. 

At this point it should be mentioned 


ort-Pix 
Dr. F. Levy, inside the public orchid house, 
is a prominent collector of orchids in 


Western Jamaica 


soidal pseudobulbs and differently colored flowers which lack a nectary. The 


BROUGHTONIAS IN JAMAICA 7 


characteristic of the latter species of Haiti. Finally, natural populations of 
B. negrilensis frequently have cleistogamous forms (self fertilizing) which are not 

resent in natural hybrids but the sole effect of degeneration in an archaic 
population long deprived or deficient of its specific pollinator! 

In November of 1959 I had an opportunity to visit the gardens of Noel 
Gauntlett in Kingston, whose uncle around the turn of the century had discovered 
the alba color form of B. negrilensis. Led to the habitat of this form in the labyrinth 
of gullies which characterize the Negril Region, Mr. Gauntlett’s uncle was helped 
by a small negro native girl who knew the location. Years later he returned to find 
more plants since his own had perished only to find the little girl had shortly 
thereafter taken mysteriously ill and died and the superstitious natives would have 
nothing to do with helping him refind the locale. The experiences of the younger 
Gauntlett were no less fantastic, however, when one day while riding a bus on the 
Northcoast road he caught a glimpse of a dead Guanga tree out in the middle of a 
sugar cane field near Coleraine, Annotto Bay. Almost asleep his eye fell on delight- 
ful, yellow flowers waving atop two-foot spikes in the breeze, far across the field. 
Just at that moment the sight disappeared from view as the bus rounded a corner, 
and after a frantic few moments getting to civilization he was able to alight, obtain 
a car, and drive back to the spot. There, atop the tree, his eyes fell on the only 
six plants in existence of Broughtonia sanguinea var. flava ‘Carmen Gauntlett 
He was kind enough to furnish me with plants of this unique find for the Arboretum 
collections. 


The story of Eric Tomlinson was no 
less exciting. A year or two later while 
collecting along the south coast of the 
island in the vicinity of Portland Ridge 
he noted the Broughtonia sanguinea 
species of the region had progressively 
faded out to a very light pink. Whether 
by hunch or by insight a return to the 


known from a mere six plants. There, 
nestled in a shallow gully, the alba form 
had developed. 


e now know that all these color 


would experience if they lived with the 
overwhelming normal masses. Thus, 

ollination of necessity is effected by 
pollen grains from a very limited number of individuals so that effective self-crossing, 
back-crossing and out-crossing is carried on for centuries. One of the first things lost 


Hort-Pix 
Miniature orchid in the Arboretum 
collection. 


8 LASCA LEAVES 


by the resultant prominence of the mutant genes of such phenotypes is the higher color 
pigments, anthocyanin and anthoxanthin, resulting in yellow or flavistic color 
varieties. This is probably due to elimination of the delicate oxidation-reduction 
mechanisms (genetically) so important for flower color or the pigment precursor’s 
manufacture (genetically). Other similar localities of alba and flava forms are 
reported but have not been substantiated to my knowledge 

With Dr. Pengelley and his charming wife I had an opportunity io investigate 
and collect the ridges of the Negril district and the swamps northwest of the 
Savannah La Mar just to the NE of Negril. Prevailing tradewinds from the 
Northeast bring insects bearing pollen on their backs from the B. sanguinea districts 
and waft them into the midst of the B. negrilensis populations on the northeastern 
slopes of Negril Hill. Here, insects visiting flowers, accidentally place pollen on 
mother plants of B. negrilensis. The plants are quite abundant in certain pockets 
and it is possible to visit areas where vegetatively and florally the colonies are 
perhaps 90% almost pure B. negrilensis and 10% natural hybrids. The hybrids 
from such regions, since segregation has apparently not yet occurred in the F, 
generation have a fairly uniform appearance no matter which pocket is entered, 
so long as the predominant plant is B. negrilensis. Conversely, north and eastwardly 
one finds areas where there are backcrosses, outcrosses, and occasionally pure 
B. sanguinea plants. East of this zone are one or two pockets of about 90% 
B. sanguinea and 10% hybrids which again reach some constancy in appearance. 
These surely are natural hybrids whose maternal parent was B. sanguinea just as 
those of the converse location on Negril hill represented natural hybrids whose 
maternal parent was B. negrilensis. As one approaches the top of Negril Ridge the 
hybrids disappear and one gets into pure stands of B. negrilensis. It is difficult to 
fathom what force prevents the overrunning completely of the B. negrilensis pop- 
ulations of the ridge from pollen from the B. sanguinea and hybrid populations 
below to the Northeast! 


millenia, long after the two had evolved into separate species, has created a shallow 
swamp, where once a shallow strait existed and allowed migration of colonies of 
B. sanguinea southwestwardly onto the Negril Ridge, driven behind the pressure of 
prevailing northeasterly trade winds. Presently, there is some form of “balance” 
in existence between the two populations since the Negril populations have not yet 
been over-run. Thus we can conjecture the sequence of events which have occurred 
in these peculiar enigmatic Broughtonia species! 


Miniature Cattleyas 


By ERNEST HETHERINGTON 


Since cattleyas were introduced to the greenhouses of England and Europe over 
a century ago, they have been the favorites of orchid growers almost everywhere. 
In fact, their popularity lead is increasing because of their almost unbelievable 
variety—both in colors and types. The astronomical number of possible combina- 
tions from a deck of playing cards is literally small compared to the vast number 
of combinations which can be made in the cattleya hybrid group. 


is a comprehensive name 
given to all hybrids of the cattleya 
intergenic hybrid complex. Fortunately, 
there are many related genera of great 
diversity in color and type which can 
be intercrossed and the possibilities are 
limited only by the resourcefulness and 
imagination of those who work with this 
section of the orchid family. While 
many breeders work for a full range of 
types, some of the most knowledgeable 
hybridizing is in studying certain types 
and specific influences. 


Categorizing the major sections in 
the cattleya complex, we find first the 


Stewart’s Orchids limelight with the beautiful whites 
A dwarf orange and red primary hybrid, S.L. which come in great variety and types. 
Psyche is derived from Sophroitis grandiflora The companions of the white cattleyas 
are the semi-albas—the whites with purple lips. Currently among the most popular 
of all cattleyas are the yellows and allied shades, and the so-called reds. This type 
stems primarily from the dwarf Brazilian species Sophronitis grandiflora. Other types 
of cattleyas for which the public has minor interest are the blues, greens, bronzes and 
other novelties. 

A type which has been little explored but which has increased greatly in 
popularity in recent years, is the miniature cattleya. Here there is a whole realm 
of jewel-like, diminutive hybrids of infinite variety still to be created. The possibili- 
ties are limitless because a great many of the species of cattleyas, laelias, brassavolas 
and allied genera are what might be called of miniature growth and flower habit. 
Let us not concern ourselves so much with tiny flowers as with restrained growth 
that has the floriferousness and colorful blooms of good size on a small plant. 


10 LASCA LEAVES 


The reasons for raising miniature cattleyas are the same as for raising miniatures 
in non-orchidaceous plants: lack of growing space and a natural liking for smaller 
plants. Because orchid growing has increased tremendously in popularity in the 
past two decades, there are many people who wish to grow orchids but do not have 
the space. Their only facilities may be a window sill, a small glass Wardian case, a 
bay window, solarium or other similar small area. Miniature orchids fit right into 
this scheme. 

The goals of the hybridizer of miniatures are: 

1. Growth habit be scaled down to approximately a hand span in height, and 

compact. 

2. Plants should be easy to grow and flower. 

3. Flowers should be colorful and well-carried in heads or in sprays. 


In other words, miniature cattleyas must have a number of desirable qualities 
rather than just be small. The basic principle in breeding this type is to use species 
which have a dwarf or miniature growth habit and which exert this influence, both 
in the primary hybrids and beyond. 

Let us now explore a few of the major species and see how they have been 
used. In the genus cattleya, one of the most valuable species is C. luteola which 
has a compact growth habit with a total plant height of from six to eight inches 
and which bears 6 to 10 heads of one- to one and a half-inch, light yellow flowers. 


Two other important Cattleya species are aclandiae with its unusual green and 
purple spotted flowers; and the green or mustard yellow-flowered forbesii. 

One of the most important Laelias is the bright yellow L. flava. We must place 
the orange to red L. milleri next to L. flava, for it appears to be identical in most 
respects except for the coloring. This is a new species just being used for breeding, 
with outstanding promise. The orange L. harpophylla and L. cinnabarina must be 
included here, too. 

As with any of the species I shall mention, the progeny can go either direction 
in size, according to how the dwarf parents are used. Although best known as the 
progenitor of many of our magnificent round purple cattleyas, L. pumila, with its 
many varietal forms, is extremely dwarf in its own habit. Sophronitis grandiflora, 
no higher than a cigarette, is a major influence in miniature breeding. Other dwarf 
species are the broughtonias, dwarf epidendrums, several of the brassavolas, such 
as B. nodosa, B. glauca, and that ubiquitous species of that genus, B. dighyana. 

Over 23,000 orchid hybrids have been registered since the first hybrid was 
made by Dominy in the last century. The vast majority of these were created, 
raised, and then passed into oblivion. In fact, there was little, if any, reason for 
their existence. One of the rules of orchid nomenclature is that all seedlings from 
a given seed pod, and in a combination which has not been made before. are given 
a new name. For instance, A X B == C, AX C = D, ad infinitum. All of these 
hybrids are registered in that invaluable series of orchid books, Sander’s List of 
Orchid Hybrids. In doing research on hybridizing of any sort, it is necessary to 
tefer to this excellent guide. No mystery story enthusiast can follow a more 
interesting trail than the orchidist in picking up blood lines of a particular line 


Se 


MINIATURE CATTLEYAS 


Stewart’s Orchids 


A miniature cattleya. Lowiara Trinket derived from SC. Psyche x Brassavola digbyana. 


12 LASCA LEAVES 


Stewart’s Orchids 


Ainiature species. Cattleya quinquecolor. 


MINIATURE CATTLEYAS 13 


miniature bree 

One of the most interesting of these is oes seit and ihc ke very dwarf 
orange to tomato red primary hybrid from Sophronit s grandiflora x Laelia 
cinnabarina, cross has thin bulbs and leaves, with an over rall height of 5”. 8”. When 
crossed with Brassavola digbyana, the charming Lowiara Trinket was created. 
Trinkets are basically replicas of conventional Brassos, but about %4 size. These 
come in yellow, orange, salmon, and coral. Trinket crossed with the orange 
C. aurantiaca makes the very new, brightly colored miniature Potinara Cherub 
which is notable for its richness of colorin ng in oranges and yellows. Psyche by 
Henrietta Japhet makes Sic. Mischief; by Brassavola nodosa makes Lowiara Lila; 
by Sic. Sunburst makes S/c. Diablito. 

One of the most charming of the miniature hybrids is Sophrolaelia Marriottiana 
(Sophronitis grandiflora < Laelia flava). Most of these crosses have bright yellow 
or orange flowers with very distinctive miniature growth habit. Their season of 
bloom is throughout the winter months. Some of the es r hybrids from this species 
are Lz: Set Star, Le. Questava, Le. Flirtie, and Lc. 

successful, any orchid plant or hybrid must be of easy culture. An 
ihtrodaciGl which r requires special care loses most fo its value, for the average 
grower is not going to give each plant special treatment. Most miniature cattleyas 
require the same culture as conventionals. Practically all Hii hybrids, regardless 
of type, require what is known as intermediate conditions. These are a minimum 
night temperature of about 60° with the temperature rising in the daytime according 
to the time of day and year to the 70’s and 80’s. The most satisfactory and most 
universally used potting medium is the standard fir bark-redwood bark mix of about 
2/3 fir bark and about 1/3 ground redwood bark. Feeding with most any well 
balanced orchid plant food, such as Stewart’s Ideal at the rate of 1 teaspoon to a 
gallon of water for ten days or two weeks, will give good res" !ts. One of the most 
important rules of Cattleya culture is to make sure that vour plants are he Spi 
out before w atering. Upon watering, soak them thorovghlv. Because a number of 
the hybrids are primaries, thorough drying out between waterings is of special Beatie 

While some enthusiasts may go all out for miniatures, miniatures find their 
widest acceptance with the average orchid grower who may be looking for plants 

which have colorful blooms but which have more restrained growth habits, or he 
coe simply like them because they are tinv. Whether the plant be diminutive Epicat 
Lollipop with its puffs of tiny pink flowers, or the jewel-like orange and yellow 
Potinara Cherub, or the lovely yellow Bc. Daffodil, sig have much to 
commend them. You do not have to be an orchid grower to try a few orchids. 
If you do wish to raise some orchids, why not start in a small way? Get a few 
miniatures. The only danger is that you might become addicted to orchids and 
spend the rest of your life having a love affair with this captivating family of plants. 


of iho Foe through seven and eight generations. So it is in studying our 
Ing. 


Che Development of Semi-albas 
(White Colored Lip) 
By Leo HoLGuIn 


While there have been many improvements in our present-day cattleya hybrids, 
little has been done to improve the semi-albas until just recently. 1t may be that the 
cut flower trade has had little demand for this type of flower, consequently com- 
mercial growers have had less incentive to improve its quality. Basic, of course, 
has been a shortage of good parent stock with which to work. 

In this article, no attempt will be made to trace the development of semi-albas 
strains from the species beginning to the present, but will mention some of the 
better hybrids that have appeared. You will note much line breeding has been 

ne in an effort to develop future breeders. 

The species on which the foundation was laid are: 

Cattleya mossiae (Reineckiana) 
Cattleya dowiana aurea 
L. purpurata alba 
C. warscewiczii (Gigas) “Fran Melanie Beyrodt” 
C labiata alba 
__ C. trianae alba 

Of these, L. purpurata alba gives a good, solid lavender lip, but a poor form. 
C. mossiae “Reineckiana” imparts the mossiae type lip with fairly good form. From 
the Gigas comes a solid lavender lip, along with good form and substance; however, 
the keeping qualities tend to be 

. dowiana aurea, one of the much-used species in almost all lines of cattleya 
hybridizing, imparts a good lip color. To the semi-albas, it imparts poor form an 
light cream sepals and petals. However, form seems to be easier to breed out than 
in L.. purpurata alba. C. labiata alba has not been used much, possibly because of 
poor lip color. C. trianae seems to have been used very little, even though most 
offspring have good form. Possibly the lip may be weak. 

In recent years, some hybridizers have attempted to improve the semi-albas 
with good results. This has been done by finding some good, worthwhile tetraploids 
and diploids. There are appearing on the market today some very good semi-albas, 
and I believe we will continue to see improvements along this line. 

One of the crosses most repeated is C. enid alba (C. mossiae “Reineckiana” X 
C. gigas). Here the mossiae type lip dominated and form was excellent. There were 
a few strains with a little darker lip but not solid color. Out of some of these 
C. enid alba strains some tetraploids appeared which proved very valuable for 
future breeding. One other worthwhile cross which was consistently good, but 
difficult to obtain seed from, was LC. Snowdrift (C. Cynthia * C. Annetto). 

C. Cynthia “Model” was used with very good results. 

Another good cross was LC. Jay Markel (LC. Cynthia < C. May Markel). 

Other crosses were (C. enid  C. gigas), C. loranore (Elenor  C. lorna), 


of LC. aconcagua produced good hybrids. There are, of course, a number of others 
with fair form. With the exception of a few, the crosses were not consistently good, 
however. 


ao 


SEMI-ALBAS 15 


It is interesting to note that most semi-albas with solid lavender lips have 
C. dowiana aurea, L. purpurata alba and LC. schroderae in the background. The 
dark, solid-colored lip of L. purpurata has come through in each generation, while 
the Laelia form has been a drawback. In some cases, selective pagar ss has im- 
provide shape in each successive generation. 

Alberts and Merkel Bros. are having good results in their semi- on program. 
We should see some ia good hybrids in the near future. They have some fine 
hybrids of (C. Loran < LC. Bembridge alba), LC. endridge (LC. Bembridge 
x C. enid alba), oe C. aha ve (C. Eleanor *« C. Lorna). In 1960, Beville 
registered a cross of LC. mem. Maggie Hood (LC. aconcagua  C. enid wider 
I believe Alberts and Merkel repeated this cross using LC. aconcagua F.C. 
tetraploid C. enid alba. This has been very outstanding. For example, LC. mem. 
Maggie Hood, Saige A.M. A.O.S.; LC. mem. Maggie Hood, Brilliant, A.M. 
A.OS.; Maggie Hood, Boynton, A.M. A.O.S.; and a number of other 
good Maggie Howds have been produced. Best of all, I understand they are all 
tetraploids and are being used for future semi-albas. Most all of the L.C. mem. 
Maggie Hoods I have seen have brilliant lavender lips—truly a beautiful oar 

John Lines of Oliver Lirfes Orchids is also having success in semi-albas. One 
of his favorite breeders is a Peggi Mayne Lines (L.C. Eugene & C. May Markel). 
Some of his semi-albas are LC. Winter Snow (LC. Peggi Mayne < LC. Snow- 
drift), LC. Josephine Robinson (LC. Cvnthia * LC. Peggi Mayne Lines), LC. 
Stephen Oliver Fouraker, Lines A.M. A.O.S. (one of his best), and LC. Stephen 
Oliver Fouraker Beauty (LC. Peggi Mayne Lines  C. enid alba). 1 understand 
this is an outstanding cross 

Many more awarded and award quality flowers are C. Bess Truman (C. clotho 
alba « C. ardmore alba), LC. Helen Powell (LC. schroderae « LC. Peggi Mayne 
Lines). This has a very brilliant lavender lip — in fact, all these crosses have out- 
standing lip color. 


At Armacost and Royston, we have 
had some luck in finding some good 
breeders. One lucky find was C. Kitty- 
wake, Brilliance, A.M. O.D.C. (C. 
brussels “~ C. luegeae.) Some Kitty- 
wakes have solid lip color but most 
have semi-solid, but not as mottled as 
the usual mossiae type. The clone 
called Brilliance hs a solid purple lip 
with a thin white edge. Form is good 
and all desirable qualities appear to be 
passed on to the progeny. Lip color 
seems to be dominant, as well as the 
orm. C. Nevada (LC. peter the great Armacost and Royston 
<< C. enid alba) which has poor form, C. Kittywake “Brilliance” 


16 LASCA LEAVES 


Miniature Orchids in the Arboretum Collection. 


SEMI-ALBAS 17 


somewhat like L. Algae: te a bright lavender lip, was used with C. Kittywake, 
Brilliance, to produce C. Nevawake—good forms and solid, bright lavender lips. 
OF Kittywake cardial to C. Brussels produced C. Lindo Mar. These also have 
good form and solid lip color. C. Kittywake crossed onto C. Huron produced 
C. Margaret Link, which is probably the best of these crosses. All are uniformly 
good with brilliant lips. This cross was remade to prove a point, using C. Kitty- 
wake, Brunette. This does not have a solid lavender lip but is similar to a good 
C. enid alba. Some of this progeny is flowering now and few have solid lip color, 
and the form is fair. C. Jean Haddon is another C. Kittywake, Brunette, cross. 
Good form from C. alwynii but few solid lips. 

You can see from this that it will not be long before you will see the Bow Bells 
type of flowers in the semi-albas. Some are that way now. It is just a matter of time. 

This article has been written about the crosses with which I am most familiar 
and it has not been my intention to slight anyone, or any cross. I know there must 
be other crosses equally as good, or better, and other hybridizers having asad 
results in other parts of the country. [ would appreciate hearing about them for 
future articles or lectures, and credit will be given to the proper parties. 


Hort-Pix 


Miniature Orchids in the Arboretum Collection. 


Chere’s Magic in Miniatures 


By Emma D. MENNINGER 


flower over a longer period, some flowering from late 
summer through late spring. Indeed, at times, we have had miniature Fairy Wands 
in flower in every month of the year. Miniature hybrids, also, sometimes have a 
succession of flower racemes that may keep them in flower for months, The wealth 
of bloom, however, is in the early fall until spring. 


Greenoaks 


Mimi “Sandalwood” 


MINIATURE CYMBIDIUMS 19 


DWARF SPECIES 


order to understand how miniature Cymbidi ums came about, a few dwarf 
ae that have been crossed with larger-flowered Cymbidiums can be mentioned: 


The species that has contributed to the ane? of miniature hybrids is the 
Chinese dwarf Cymbidium pumilum. The plant has a neat habit of growth with 
leaves less than 12 inches in length and with many-flowered racemes. The blooms 
of pumilum are only about one inch across, the commonest variety having reddish- 
brown flowers with white lips heavily dotted with red. Another variety of pumilum 
more recently hybridized is the so-called album variety with light green flowers thar 
are used with large-flowered greens to give green-flowered miniatures. Varieties of 
Cymbidium pumilum have been prized and selected by Japanese growers for 
hundreds of years, among which varieties are different clones with variegated leaves. 
The brown varieties when hybridized with larger flowers have produced brown, 
rose, pink, green, yellow and even white flowers, all much smaller than might be 
expected. 

A delightful fragrant dwarf species, the green or yellow ensifolium, flowers in 
late summer. When crossed with larger Cymbidiums, usually greens, the progeny 
tend to inherit the upright raceme and fragrance of the dwarf parent and its summer 
and fall season of flowering. 


The dark flowered species devoni- 
anum usually contributes its darker 
colors of green and brown and its 
pendant raceme to its progeny. The 
unusual leaves of devonianum are 
about 1% inches wide with a petiole, 
both scarce in the Cymbidium genus. 
Other species of Cymbidiums that | 
have produced miniature hybrids 
are madidum, a fairly large plant 
with small apple-green flowers on 
pendulous racemes and hoosai with 


tall spikes of starry flowers. : j Greenoaks 
Cymbidium pumilum 


Many other species, including the coriaceous-leaved types and other rarer ones, 
offer possibilities for unusual miniature hybrids. 


ORCHID NAMES 


It should be mentioned here that the naming of orchid Aa is phen different 
from that of most other plants. All hybrids derived from the same cross are given 
e€ same collective name, so there may be hundreds of fibrids in a variety of 
colors with the same collective name. However, each may be distinguished by a 


20 LASCA LEAVES 


varietal or cultivar name or epithet. For example the collective name of Fairy Wand 


‘Mignon’, is Fairy Wand and the cultivar epithet is ‘Mignon’. There are other 
cultivars of Fairy Wand with different varietal names. 


PRIMARY HYBRIDS 


The trend began when a lovely miniature 
7 hybrid Minuet with dusky rose flowers won 
an Award of Merit from the Royal Horticul- 
tural Society in England in 1942. This was a 
pumilum cross with the Cymbidium species 
insigne. Minuet immediately caught the fancy 
s of orchid growers because of its delightful 
small flowers, otherwise almost replicas of 
the larger types. Thereafter, a few other 
pumilum miniatures were registered in Eng- 
land, but soon the scene shifted to Southern 
California, famous for its fine standard Cym- 
bidiums. A number of Southern California 
pioneers started hybridizing for miniatures 
with the dwarf pumilum, crossing it with the 


_- S hese were from Mr. Arno Bowers 
oa gE psoas who registered Sweetheart (pumilum 
eenoa a 5 = 

Miniature Cymbidium Fairy Wand Alexanderi) and Polka (pumilum x Ma : 
“Katy B” leine) both charming hybrids in a variely 


of colors. Then came two hybrids from Fred A. Stewart Orchids, Flirtation 
(Zebra < pumilum) and Bo-Peep (pumilum  Purpureum) these also in a 
variety of colors. Greenoaks followed with the pink and rose to wine Fairy Wand 
(pumilum % Princesse Maria) and Dos Pueblos with the green Peter Pan 
(ensifolium  Miretta). 

Besides the above-mentioned pumilum hybrids of which there are many more 
than can be mentioned here, there are others, such as the ensifolium, madidum and 
hoosai hybrids. 


parent except for smaller brown flowers on a pendent raceme. A few hoosai crosses 
which usually produce dark star-like flowers on tall racemes have been registered. 


MINIATURE CYMBIDIUMS 21 


SECONDARY HYBRIDS 


The late Arno Bowers made a number of 
ee Sie selected clones of Sweetheart. 
om these crosses Paul and Marion Miller, 


flowers of good form with the gy raceme 
derived from the Sweetheart parent. The 
fertility of these second generation hybrids, 
especially Showgirl (Sweetheart Alexan- 
deri) id all to be taint low, probably be- 
cause some were the progeny of the tetraploid 
Alexanderi Westonbirt’ ag so thought to be 
sterile triploids. Some of the Showgirls were 
the progeny of the diploid Alexander Ham- 
ilton-Smith and thus could be fert 

The small flowered p sine hybrid 


ea areenoaks 
there is a sterility barrier to much further Miniature Cymbidium Minuet 
breeding in the pumilum hybrids not present in the more advanced devonianum 
hybrids. However, a number of clones of pumilum crosses have given fertile seed such 
as some Fairy Wands, Flirtations, Pathfinders, Mimi ‘Sandalwood,’ a clone of Show- 
girl and the aforementioned Sweetheart 


POLY MINS 


The hybrids hitherto mentioned have been derived presumably from _ 
crosses, except where the tetraploid Alexanderi ‘Westonbirt’ was used. In the early 
960’s Dr 


1 . Lee Lenz registered two crosses of which the fapecflowered parents 
si tg debe namely Babylon ‘Castle Hill’ and Balkis. These were Oriental 
end (pumilum > Babylon ‘Castle Hill’) and Evening Star (pumilum < Balkis). 


ia oe cases at tetraploid parents gave somewhat larger plants with beautiful 
flowers. The Oriental Legends in rose and cinnamon tones received no less than 
Six ateards at one meeting of the Cymbidium Society. I have called these crosses of 
a dwarf species with a large-flowered tetraploid parent, polymins. Later Mrs. Lillian 
Reed offered her flowering pumilum plant for my use since 1 wished to make the 
polymin cross with the tetraploid Pauwellsi “Comte de Hemptinne’. A few of these 
have flowered. e€ cross was given the name of Pinafore, of which one cai 
‘Comet’ shown at last spring’s San Diego show, had two spikes about five feet tall 
with a total of 75 reddish-brown miniature flowers. 


par LASCA LEAVES 


JUDGING MINIATURES 


The Cymbidium Society has two special judging forms for miniature Cymbidium 
plants. One is for plants that “must be miniature in all categories; size of leaves, 
bulbs and flowers. Cut spikes not judged.” The other form is for Novelty Cym- 
bidium plants. These are usually larger than those judged by the first form and 
the “Plant must have dwarf flowered species in the background, cut spikes not 
judged.” The flowers should not be over 22 inches across. The awards consist of 
Bronze Certificates and Silver and Gold Medals. The book “Cymbidium Hybrids 
and Awards”, published recently by the Cymbidium Society, stars all the miniatures 
and lists their awards through part of 1965 


RECENT AWARDS—1965 
A few of the Cymbidium Society awards with the exhibitor’s name are: 


King Arthur ‘Magic Wand’, Fred A. Stewart Orchids 

Mary Pinchess ‘Copper Glow’, P. L. Porter 

Mimi ‘Sandalwood’, Menninger—Greenoaks 

Nella ‘Limelight’ Dos Pueblos Orchid Co. 

Pelleas ‘Devonshire’, Paul and Marion Miller 

Showgirl ‘Glamour Jane’, Santa Barbara Orchid Estate 

The Dave McLean Award of Distinction to Pinafore 
‘Comet’, Frank Fordyce Orchids. 


This just about brings us up-to-date on the miniature hybrids for not all of 
them can be mentioned here. There are more crosses to flower, some derived from 
pumilum, others from various other species—other second generation hybrids and 
polymins. There are some 150 registered miniatures with the Registration Authority 
for Orchids, the Royal Horticultural Society of London. 


CULTURE 


Miniature Cymbidiums are not demanding in their requirements which include 
a few basic needs. Happy in a cool greenhouse or out-of-doors in Southern Cali- 
fornia, they require good light and drainage. Pot culture suits them well in a mix 
of various combinations of leaf mold, peat moss, redwood wool or chips that drains 


and regions of high night temperatures. They also tolerate much cold, even frost. 
However, it would be desirable to bring them under cover, should we have a severe 
cold spell such as we had in 1949 


MINIATURE CYMBIDIUMS 23 


I do not recommend that the novice grow miniatures as house plants except 
to enjoy them when in flower, for they like plenty of light down to their pseudobulbs 
with an abundance of fresh air-movement and humidity. Do not try to compensate 
for lack of humidity by over watering or the roots will rot. On the other hand, do 
not allow them to dry out completely, but water when the mix is just damp. The 
idea that Cymbidiums are shade plants must be discarded since they will tolerate, 
even enjoy morning and afternoon sunlight for they require good light in order to 
flower. The plants should be repotted every two or three years depending on the 
condition of the old mix. The same pests that are harmful to larger Cymbidiums 
may also attack miniatures. These may be controlled by the newer insecticides. 


USE OF MINIATURE CYMBIDIUMS 


house decoration when they are in flower. The small flowers lend themselves to 
lovely flower arrangements. Single flowers can be worn as boutonnieres and they 
can be worked into attractive corsages. For those who have small greenhouses they 
offer bright spots of color that do not require the space of larger Cymbidiums. Minia- 
ture Cymbidiums are available from most orchid growers in Southern California. 


Arboretum Orchid Collection 


California garden clubs have sponsored three collecting expeditions to Central and 
South America that have resulted in valuable additions to the collection, including 
Species not available in most collections and several that had been lost to cultiva- 
tion for a hundred years. They are now acclimated to the conditions in the 
Arboretum greenhouses, under the capable direction of the orchid specialist in 
charge, Mr. Joe Lerchenmuller. 

Dr. J. A. Fowlie, Mr. Glenn Hiatt and Dr. George C. Kennedy compiled the 
list, starting on p. 24 of this issue of Lasca Leaves. 


24 


ORCHID SPECIES AND NATURAL HYBRIDS COLLECTION AT THE 
LOS ANGELES STATE AND COUNTY ARBORETUM, JANUARY, 1966. 


ACACALLIS cyanea. 

ACINETA chrysantha (syn. A. densa), gymnostele, superba. 

ACROPERA (see also GONGORA) armeniaca, cassidea (syn. A. batemannii), 
cornuta, galeata (A.q. var. flava), horichiana. 

AERANGIS kotschyi, thompso. 

AERIDES affine, fieldingii, Bpeilcian: japanicum, lawrenceae, odoratum, racemet- 
formis, radicosum, vandarum. 

AGANISIA pulchella. 

AMITOSTIGMA kaiskei 

ANOECTOCHILUS hemesleyana, sikkimensis 

ANGRAECUM comoroensis, eburneum, Sati sesquipedale. 

ANGULOA clowesii, eburnea, uniflor ra. 

ANSELLIA africana, gigantea, nilotic 

ARACHNANTHE moschifera (ARACHNIS flos-aeris). 

ARPOPHYLLUM giganteum, spicatum. 

ASPASIA epidendroides, (pl enaioides var. principissa) , Siege variegata 

BARKERIA chinense, chinense var. naevosum, elega lindleyana, skinneri, 
spectabilis, stenopetalum (not a Barkeria), is ponen: 

BATEMANNIA colleyi. 

BIFRENARIA harrisoniana, longicornis, tetragona, trianthina. 

BLETIA alta. 

BOLLEA hemixantha, lalindei 

BRASSA sa (see also RHYNCHOLAELIA) acaulis, cordata, cucullata, 

igbyana, flagelaris, glauca, nodosa, perrinii. 

BRASSIA allenii bidens, caudata, chlorops, gireoudiana, glumacea, coo = 
ongissima, maculata, maculata var. major, robertsonii, verruc 

coat ee aaa domingensis (syn. B. lilacina, Laeliopsis Diiheenst): ‘negrilen- 

sanguinea, sanguinea vat. ie Eee atlas var.flava (‘Carmen Gauntlett’). 

BULBOPHYLLUM breviscarpum, lilac 

CATASETUM atratum, bicolor, salted: cristata, dilectum, discolor, fimbriatum, 
gnomus, hookeriana, integerrimum, laminatum, macrocarpum, ochraceum, 
oerstedii, pendulum, pileatum, plan niceps, roseum, russelianum, saccatum, 
soderoi, tenebrosum, thylaciochilum, trulla, uncium, vLBRavud: 
uncium, viridiflavum 

CATTLEYA amethystoglossa (syn. C. guttata var. Prinzii), aurantiaca, aurantiaca 
var. la Providencia Hort., aclandiae, bicolor, bicolor var. alba, bicolor vat. 


gia rl 
i gs var. ogra inane citrina, deckeri (syn. C. skinneri, autum- 
nalis), dolosa, dowiana, dowiana var. aurea, dowiana var. Aurea ‘Young’s’, 
eldorado, elongata, Paes sr sere orc granulosa, granulosa var. russelliana, 
granulosa var. schoefieldiana, guttata, intermedia, intermedia var. alba, 
intermedia var. amethystina, intermedia var. Aquinii, jehnmanii, labiata, 
lawrenceana, leopoldii, leopoldii var. alba (Syn. C. guttata ha. ” leopoldi 


ARBORETUM ORCHIDS 25 


var. immaculata, loddigesii, loddigesii var. Stanley’s, leuddemanniana, 
- maxima, mendelii. m mossiae, mossiae var. Reineckiana, mossiae var. R 
¥; 


na 
trianae var. C apaaralediesn trianae var. Clement Moore, trianae vat. 
ixon, trianae var. Warren Hook, trianae var. the Premier, trianae var. the 

President, velutina, violacea, walkeriana, Warscewiczii “Frau Melani 
Beyrodt” sina agg var. sanderae. 

CAT TLEYOPSIS linden 

CHONDRORHYNCHA. wane also KEFERSTEINIA, WARSCEWICZELLA, 
COCHLEANTHES), albicans, go (syn. C. Endresii), Chestertoni, 
fimbriata, lendyana, reichenbachia 

CHYSIS aurea, bractescens, Pb phi lemminghei, costaricensis, laevis, 
maculata, tricos 

COCHLEANTHES ponent flabelliformis, heteroclita (syn. Z. rhombilabium) 

COELIA tripte 

COELIOPSIS (eet alee 

COELOGYNE barbata, < burfordiense, corymbosa, cristata, sees flaccida, 
fuscescens, grandiflora, massangeana, eter pandurata, specio 

COMPARRETTIA falcata, macroplectrum, ro 

CORY ANTHES leucocorys, maculata, oe er eb var. vitrina, speciosa. 

CYCNOCHES chlorochilon, egertonianum, egertonianum var. aureum eger- 
nies var. dianae, lehmanii, lldieeias. rentaldicie ventricosum, 


c YMBIDIUM pitied nity bicolor (syn. C. sinensis) canaliculatum var. sparksii, 
..devonianum, eburneum ensifolium var. Unge Kwannon, insigne var. San- 
derae, insigne var. Westonbirt, lancifoFum, longifolium, lowianum vat. 
Fir Grange AM RHS, lowianum var. “St. Albans’, mastersii, pendulum, 
pumilum, pumilum var. Jitsugetsu, pumilum var. Yashima, sinense, suavis- 

um AM RHS, tracyanum FCC RHS, tracyanum var. superbum, virescens. 

CYPRIPEDIUM (see PAPHIOPEDILUM, correct name for tropical Asiatic 
slipper orchids 

CYRTOPODIUM broadwayii, palmifolium, punctatum 

DENDROBIUM ageregatum, _chrysant thum, chrysotoxum, cruminatum, densi- 
florum, farmeri, fimbriatum var. oculatum, formosum, formosum vat. 
giganteum, j2nksii, fae monile, parishii, phalaenopsis, phalaenopsis vat. 
schroederae alba, phalaenovsis var. Leura Sladden, pierdii var. lantinifolium, 

inale. 


purea var. randii, atropurpureum roseum, 
oncidioides, prismatocarpum 
ENDRESIBI I 4 zahlbruckneriana 


26 


EPIDENDRUM (see also ENCY CLIA, BARKERIA) alatum, anceps, arbusculae, 


ERIA convolaroides, javonica, merrillii, stellata 

ERIOPSIS biloba, wercklei 

ERYTHRODES spcs. 

EULOPHIDIUM maculatum, sandersianu 

EULOPHIA angolensis, caffra, eestclli,. livingstonii, orthoplectora, parvilabus, 
petersii, zeyberi 

GALEOTTIA Oomdihora: sp. nov. 

GOMEZA incurva 

GONGORA (see also ACROPERA) atropurpurea, maculata, maculata vat. 
concolor, maculata var. tricolor, quinquenervis, portentosa, scaphephorus, 
truncata, unicolor. 

GRAMMANGIS ellisii. 

GRAMMATOPHYLLUM measuresianum, papuanum, scriptum. 

GROBYA ambherstiae. 
HEX!SEA bidentata. 
HOEHNEELLA trinit 


HOULLETIA brocehurstiana juruensis, lowiana, tigrina, wallisii. 
AHUNTLEYA burtii, klugi 


KEF ESTEINIA deflexipetala, graminea, helleri, lactea, microcharis, sanguinolenta, 
subauadrata, wercklei. 


KEGELIELLA = sauna a species (?). 


LAELIA (see also SCHOMBURGKIA, RHYNCHOLAELIA) albida, anceps, 
anceps var. alba, anceps var. ‘Cha lai 


oehne Faunier, pumila, purpurata, rubescens, rubescens 


var. alba , rubescens var. flava, rupestris, speciosa, xanthina. 
LEOCHILUS oncidioides. 
LEPTOTES s 


LOCKHARTIA acuta, amoena triagulabia, micrantha, oerstedii, pallida, teres. 


27 


LYCASTE aromatica, barringtoniae, brevispatha, campbelli, ciliata, cinnabarina 
(see denningiana), consobrina, consobrina subs. bradeorum, costa 
crinita, cruenta, cruenta virginalis, x denningiana (ciliata * longipetala), 
deppei, dowiana, dowiana macrophylla, dyeriana, fulvescens, gigantea 
(see L. longipetala), lanipes, eee leucantha, locusta, longipetala, 
longiscapa, macrobulbon, macrophylla subs. desboisiana, macrophylla 
subs. filomenoi, macrophylla subs. macrophylla, macrophylla ona ese 
suresiana, macrophylla subs. panamanensis, macrophylla subs. are- 
nasensis, macrophylla subs. XOndEa hal mesochlaena, ene schilleri- 
ana, s chaiig —— var. alba, var. armeniaca, var. bicolor, var. delica- 


pur, rea ‘ sales iop ora 

MASDEVALLIA calura, caudata, chontalensis, ecauda ta, elephanticeps, erythro- 
chaete, harryana, horrida, ignea, laucheana, platyglossum, reichenbachiana, 
rolfeana, schlimii, schroederiana, tovarensis, triastele, vellifera 

MAXILLARIA camaridii, carullota, crassifolia, densa, erythrochaete, houtteana, 
luteo-alba, nagelii, nigrescens, ochroleuca, praestans, princeps, rufescens, 
tenuifolia, variabilis, wercklei 

MEIRACYLLIUM trinasutum, wendlandii. 

MENADENIUM rostratum. 

MILTONIA bluntii, clowesii, cuneata, endresii, flavescens, Goats pci 

iczii 


n u - 
punctatum, rolfeanum, roseum, skinneri, stenoglossum, variabile, ver- 
xeum, ae as wendlandii. 

NAGELIELLA purpur 


=. 


rorata. 

NEOBENTHAMIA gracilis. 

NOTYLIA bicolor. 

ODONTOGLOSSUM bictoniense, cariniferum, cervantesil, chiriquensis, conval- 
laroides, egertonii, grande, insleavi, krameri, krameri var. alba ma aculatum, 
y oblagge pendulum, pulchellum, schlieperianum, sciiperianum var. flavi- 

stenoglossum, triumphans, uro-skinneri, williamsianum. 

ONCIDIL UM ampliatum altissimum, _ ansiferum, abortivum, asparagoides, baueri, 
bicallosum, cabagre, cebolle 
silos crista galli, confusum, gauntlettii, phiesbrehtianu, globuliferum, 
guttatum, haemat ochilum, hastatum, heller , hete ranthum, hyphmaticum, 


m, 


att £7b 


cca jamaica, k pat ; Cc "jor 

lanceanum, Renpsmonmer leiboldii, leuchochilum, liebmannii, longifolium, 
luridum, maculatum, microchilum, obryxanthum, ochmatochilum, ornithor- 
hynchum, orthostates, panamanense, papilio, pittieri, pulchellum, sanderae, 
sarcodes, sphacelatum, splendidum, stenotis, stipitatum, stramineum, tetra- 
Misia tigrinum, titania, triquetrum, tuerc heimii, varicosum var. Rogersii, 
variegotum, warscewiczii, wentworthianum. 

ORNITHIDIUM fulge 

ORNITHOCEPHALUS bicornis, cochleariformis, inflexus, iridifolius. 


28 


OTOSTYLIS brachystalix. 

PAPHINIA cristata, cristata var. “modiglianiana”’, grandiflor 5 

PAPHIOPEDILUM amabile, appletonianum, argus, beabutiins bellatulum, ve 
sng aewes callosum, charlesworthii, ciliolare, concolor, curtisii, cur 


anum, spicerianum, stoneii, sublaeve, sukhakulii, superbiens, Metin 
venustum, villosum, villosum var. Boxallii, victoria mariae, violascens, 
virens, volonteanum, wardii, wolterianum. 
PERISTERIA elata, guttata, pendula. 
PESCATOREA es dayan i she vin var. candidula, dayana var. rhodacra, 
lehmanni, klabochorum, sper 
PHAIUS grandifolius, maculatus wi s§ var. mino Ida 
PHALAENOPSIS amabilis, aphrodite, equestris var. Sie esmeralda, eet 
var. violacea, esmeralda var. purpurea, formosum, intermedia var. Portel, 


seal an maculata, mannii, schilleriana, stuartiana, violacea. 
PHOLIDOT. vy pabcines 
lager shag UM pe) caricinum, caudatum, klotzschianum, long- 
ifoli schlimii, x sedenii var. candidulum 
PLEUROTHALLIS ghiesbrechtiana, glomerata, immersa. 
POLYCYCNIS barbata, gratiosa, sp. nov., muscifera. 
POLYSTACHYA lut ae 
RENANTHERA mon 


RHYNCHOLAELIA Ons dighyana var. fimbripetala, glauca, glauca vat. 


alba. 

RHYNCHOSTYLIS violacea. 

RODRIGUEZIA —— secunda, Teuscheri. 

RUDOLFIELLA aurantiaca. 

SACCOLABIUM Biaybbowe 

SCAPHYGLOTTIS lindenii. 

SCHLIMMIA iosminodora, trifida 

SCHOMBURGKIA _brysiana (syn. $ . tibicinis grandiflora), crispa, humboldtit, 
humboldtii var. alba, permet tana lyonsi, lyonsia var. alba, sawyeri, 
superbiens, tibicinis, ae maso thomasoniana (white and esitple) ? 
-sunbiorsciieans na Var. atropurpurea Gclloe and purple), undulata, weber- 

eriona, — ndii. 

SCUTICARIA stee 

SIEVEKINGIA ake suavis. 

SOBRALIA leucoxantha, oo macrantha. 

SOPHRONITELLA violac 

SOPHRONITIS cernua, coccinea, grandiflora, pterocarpa. 

SPATHIGLOTTIS ihiceochdlinds plicata. 


STANHOPEA anfracta, bucephalus, candida, cirrhata, connata, costaricensis, 


ulata 

is), grandi HBK ex Rchb. F) Rolfe, graveolens, guttulata, oculata, 
Patera for Madouxiana), pulla, saccata, shuttleworthii, tricornis, 
tigrina, wardii. 

STA UROPSIS fasciata, lissochiloides. 

STELIS atro-rubens, endresii, guatemalensis, ophioglossoides. 

STENIA chasmatochila sp. nov., pallida 

STENOGLOTTIS longifolia. 

STENORRHYNCHUS speciosus. 

TAINIA hookeriana. 

TEUSCHERIA Sp. Nov 

ne bce semanii. 

THUNIA a Aas 

g i RICHOCENT RUM ote tigrinum var. splendens, macula 

TRICHOCERAS parviflor ef 

TRICHOGLOTTIS Spachiaia var. philippinensis. 

TRICHOPILIA coccinea, fragrans, maculata, marginata, sanguinolenta, sp. nov., 
suavis, subulata, orice turrialbae. 

TRIGONIDIUM egertonianu “ : 

VANDA coerulea, roeblingiana, sanderiana, sanderiana var. “Country Acres” 
suavis, tricolor. 

VANILLA barbalata, dillonianum. 

WARREA costaricensis. INIA, 
WARSCEWICZELLA (see also CHONDRORHYNCHA, ooibigeeh asl Bi 
COCHLEANTHES ; amazonica, caloglossa, discolor, gibeziae, lip 

marginata, wailesian Imifolium, sulphurinum. 
XYLOBIUM elon atum, Naveieal: palmifoliu KEF- 
ZYGOPETALUM (see ‘ also COCHLEANTHES, CHONDRORH fe? re EY A), 
ERSTEINIA, WARSCEWICZELLA, PESCATO 
brachypetalum, crinitum, intermedium, mackayi, triste. 


CALIFORNIA ARBORETUM FOUNDATION, INC. 


BOARD OF TRUSTEES 


PURINE ot ee Sat ws VE ee RS F, HAROLD ROACH 
LEV POU CDRS SG eee Dr. ARIE J. HAAGEN-SMIT 
DED IOTVEHAONE ain hs oe EE oc ire a eS HowarRbD BODGER 
eee Lhe oe EE OT Ee eee ger Howarp A. MILLER 
Ete 2 ENG gets ass aed Pa pare and ene 0 oar GEoRGE H. SPALDING 
SAMUEL AYRES, JR. Mrs, T. R. KNUDSEN 
Dr. ELMER BELT Mauricr A. MACHRIS 
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THADDEUS LipBy UP DE GRAFF 


HONORARY TRUSTEES 
PRESIDENT, MEN’S GARDEN CLUB OF LOs ANGELES 
PRESIDENT, CALIFORNIA GARDEN CLUBS, INC. 
PRESIDENT, SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA HORTICULTURAL INSTITUTE 
WILLIAM HERTRICH 
JOHN C. MACFARLAND 


Foundation Office—Telephone 447-8207 


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Box 688—Arcadia—California 


Iceplant used as groundcover 


Succulent Groundcovers 


SPRING 1966 
LEAVES Vol. XVI, No.2 


Missour! Boranicat 2 
“AUG 2- 1966 


GARDEN Li@RARY 


Lasca Leaves 


Quarterly publication of the California Arboretum Foundation, Inc. 


VoL. XVI SPRING, 1966 No. 2 


SUCCULENT GROUNDCOVERS 


PORTS ae ee a oh ee 30 
Groundcover Succulents for California... .. . Myron Kimnach 31 
FORDIAIIG AS CSIOUCCVEE = ee. Carl Zangger 49 


EDITORIAL COMMITTEE 


Mrs. Ross K. BoorE F. HAROLD pone 
RALPH D. CORNELL WILLIAM S. STEWA 
ERNEST HETHERINGTON RoBERT E. rewind Editor 


MILDRED MATHIAS 


ON THE COVER: 

Iceplants in full bloom turn this lawn into a sea of vivid colors. This is an 
illustration of succulents at their best, used as low-maintenance groundcovers 
in a pleasing design, utilizing companion plants as specimens. 

PHOTO BY HORT-PIX, 


a RE, So are 6. ee Stee, Hinge" 


Succulent Groundcovers 


IN THIS ISSUE: 


e use of succulents as groundcovers is particularly timely, for these fleshy- 
leaved, drought-resistant plants are the first ones suggested whenever the subject 
arises relative to lawns that need little care. They appeal to the increasing number 
of people who can give little attention to the lawn and garden in summer, to those 


who take extended vacations welcome a grovndcover that can be left in the care 
of the not-too-attentive teenager next door or the haphazard (especially when you're 
away) gardener. 
Southern California, because of its suitable climate, has pioneered in this novel 
use of succulents. We have taken succulents out of the rock gardens where they were 
merely snecimens and assigned them to important landscape uses for 
lawn substitutes io erosion control. Admittedlv a wide exnanse of the same nlant 
becomes monotonous but judicious use of rocks. colored gravel or plants with a 
similar culture has pcre our lawns and enriched our gardens. Plants that adiust 
ines, 


same care. These include gazania, verbena, statice (Limonium), ivy geranium, bush 
morning glorv, sea thrift. mondo grass, periwinkle and thyme. 

Among the most artistic landscanes are ag get various combinations of 
species and varieties of succulents. Thev come } wide arrav of leaf colors for 
good year ’round — and they offer an Swi of both vivid and pastel 
shades in flower 

Of course ees nts have been used for formal beds from time immemorial. 
Rich scrolls. intricate clocks and fancy gates have been created with the rosette 
forms. but these are becoming rare. along with the scarcity and high cost of trained 

v serve as a reminder, however, of the great diversity and beautiful colors 
available in these plants. 

Contributions from Myron Kimnach and Carl Zangger compose this issue. 
A native of Los Angeles, Myron serves as assistant manager of the University of 
California Botanical Garden at Berkeley from 1951 until 1962 when he accepted 
the position of Curator of the Huntington Botanical Gardens. He is the author of 
numerous publications in the Cactus and Succulent Jonrnal and has made five 
expeditions to Mexico and one to Honduras in search of new plants. 

Carl Zangger was born in Iowa and came to California at a very e arlv age. 
He was educated in the Pasadena schools and at the age of 15 started working § in 
the Tuttle Bros. Nursery of Altadena. Except for brief stint as . of 
Sweeney, Krist and ose after Tuttle Bros. closed its doors, he has been associated 
with Jim Perrv and is presertlv vice nresident of Perry’s Plants. Inc. He is also 
currently the vice sepuident of the California Association of Nurserymen. 


The Editor 


31 LASCA LEAVES 


Groundcover Succulents for California 


By Myron KIMNACH 
urator 
Huntington Botanical Gardens 


INTRODUCTION 


One of the sights that impress visitors to California is the profusion of succu- 
lents that grow freely in the open, rather than in glasshouses or on windowsills. 
Native Californians, or those long resident here, take these plants very much for 
granted and often use them extensively in their gardens, either for mass-planting 
a separate section or as groundcovers on a slope. 

This use of succulents is hardly mentioned in the vast succulent literature, 
nearly all of which was written by enthusiasts in colder climes, where such plants 
are grown indoors in pots. Growers in California and other areas of similar climate, 
such as the Mediterranean coast, Australia, South Africa and the drier tropics, 
have to find out by trial and error what succulents will do best under their condi- 
tions. This article is an attempt to summarize the knowledge so far gained in this 
field. It will discuss the use and care of these plants, and describe those kinds best 
suited for mass-planting; a concluding table will contain data about these and 


other species. . 
DEFINITIONS 
What is a succulent? 
Let us first define our terms. Everyone has seen a succulent, but few caf 
g 


roundcover” is also a most inexact term, but, in the sense it is used in this 
article, a groundcover succulent is one which grows compactly and attains 2 
height of less than eighteen inches (or rarely up to six feet); it must also be 
suitable for mass planting in an outdoor garden. 


USING SUCCULENTS 

For erosion control. 

reeway travelers are familiar with embankments covered with the rank 
creeper, Carpobrotus edulis (Hottentot Fig), a difficult-to-kill succulent that 
survives exhaust fumes and drought. Although not a particularly attractive species, 
it quickly forms a sea of green, dotted with numerous, large, white to pinkish 
flowers, and it is certainly preferable to bare soil or concrete. Erosion would, © 
course, be a great problem on these steep banks if some groundcover were not 


GROUNDCOVER SUCCULENTS 32 


used, and watering would also be difficult if such a drought-resistant species were 
not chosen 
home gardener is not likely to use this coarse grower unless he has great 
expanses to cover. With cut-and-fill lots common in our hilly area there is often 
at least one steep bank to be covered, and a number of excellent species can be 
used for this purpose. Among the best are various members of the mesembryan- 
themum family (to which Carpobrotus belongs): Drosanthemum hispidum, an 
earth-hugging, extremely dense mat with purple flowers, blinding in their intensity 
and profusion — a fault in some person’s eyes and one reason it is not used for 
highway planting; and some species of Malephora and Lampranthus, providing 
that they creep and on not simply form a small bush — in the latter case the 


soil-binding succulents from other families are: Senecio mandraliscae, 


Portulacaria ae ‘Variegat 3 OO Ping sai Sedum rubrotinctum 
(incorrectly called S. Bde pent <. ig nse, S. dendroideum subsp. praeal- 
tum (though tt may reach three feet in height), S. album, Echeveria elegans, 


< set-oliver and E. gilva (all echeverias must be planted closely, for they do 
not creep). 


One of the commonest ‘aisculentic Siok fi tokleuhn subsp. cag 
has bright yellow flowers that provide much color in early spri 


33 LASCA LEAVES 


For dry areas. 

Sometimes succulents are utilized, not for their appearance, but because they 
- will need little water. There’s no denying that succulents do need less water than 
any other type of plant. However, those who have grown succulents know they 
need plenty of water if they are to thrive and not just exist. In the Huntington 
Botanical Gardens the succulents are watered once every week or two in summer, 
otherwise they soon become unsightly. 

e most drought-resistant succulents are cacti, which are eioaeer es a this 
seine because they are more suitable as specimens than as groundco If you 
withhold much water from the other succulents they will tend to lose their leaves. 
Much of the success of a aig -area planting will depend on the heat and light it will 
be subjected to in sum 
Those that thrive on ‘ttle water are few, though agaves oi aloes would 
robably be the last to die, due to their large, succulent leav ome of the 
echeverias and the larger senecios, such as S. ‘mandraliscae and s haworthii, are 
very resistant — but, again, they will not be ornamental under such treatment. 
ood locations for these more tolerant species would be at the ends of beds 
or parkways where water-sprinklers do not reach, window-boxes or planters 
which are difficult to water, the dry top of a slope, and in soil too porous to 
retain water sufficiently. 
For ornamental landscaping. 

This is by far the most important use for succulents. The major value of these 
plants, after all, is not their drought-resistance, but the color, compactness and 
texture of their foliage. 

The best introduction to this subject is to see an example of how these plants 
may be used. Along the western edge of the Desert Garden at the Huntington 
Botanical Gardens is a demonstration bed nearly a quarter of a mile long, con- 
taining many dozens of excellent succulent groundcovers. The planting arrange- 
ment shows the qualities of each species by emphasizing contrasts, for each is 
oO ut i 


In wadeiieae en sade ‘height i is the first thing to be considered. The 
lower oan ing kinds should be placed nearest paths oe of the tin iest <a 
forming mats only an inch or two high, are S. ore , S. spurium, S. mo 
nense,, S. spathulifolium, and S. album. Slightly biger pale oe of other genera o 
Crassula corallina, Kalanchoe pumila, and the smaller echeverias. 

At the other extreme, in the background and for occasional contrast clevte 
such taller species as the shrubbery aeoniums and senecios sed. The 
tall, bushy Echeveria coccinea and E. spectabilis are excellent and have pers 
fine flowers as well. The rather rank, but still attractive Sedum dendroideum 


and therefore form more permanent Seabee c If many small plants of Crassula 
portulacea (incorrectly known as C. argentea) are planted closely together they 
form an exceedingly dense Backeronnd = planting. This is a most useful species, 


GROUNDCOVER SUCCULENTS 34 


both for its soe attractively colored foliage and its white or pink winter flowers; 
although rather tender to frost, it quickly recovers in spring. The “nici = ar- 
echaieaies is similar but rarely flowers and has whitish, red-rimmed leaves. The 
tetragona is valued for its fresh green color and its icteccaty ‘four- 

sie leaves; it quickly attains a height of two or three feet 
After dealing with the extremes, we turn to the medium- shige species, which 
omprise the vast majority useful for mass planting. Those that are both excellent 
ae reasonably obtainable are mentioned in the concluding table; the best of these 

will n 


ba 
which form dense mats and also have brilliant pests They do tend to crowd 
a must be kept 


covering an entire front yard. However, such a blinding mass of color is offensive 
to many. A gorgeous orange is Lam pranthus aurantiacus (incorrectly identified | 2 
the trade as L. aureus) and its equally fine, yellow-flowered cultivar, ‘Glaucu 
Spotted here and there in the garden, these can be most eta esis een 
speciosum has a stunning flower, burnt orange, with a green center; as the plants 
do not creep and root, they must be planted eiely together. Cephalophyllum 
alstonii remains smaller and its dark, glowing red flower is one of the m 
beautiful among the succulents. 


others do not survive t um- 
mers of Southern pe eee Sedu 
rubrotinctum i is one the most color- 


leaves, the red being increased by s 
and little water. Of this there is Hae a 


variegated cultivar, ‘Aurora’, which 

has distinctive pink foliage. ne pachy- . 

Phyllum is similar, with rosy leaf-tips. Sedum dasyphyllum is here cleverly used as 
Some of our better native species, such . crepes for a paving stone, though it 


uld not bear up under heavy foot-traffic. 


Some sedums have special uses: S. morganianum, usually grown as a basket plant, 
ater 


GS LASCA LEAVES 


the brilliant flowers. C. radicans is notable for its summer leaf-color, bright red 
in sun and with little water; in winter, though, it becomes an ordinary green and 
loses much of its appeal. 

A relative of Sedum, Graptopetalum paraguayense, is one of the ert color- 
ful of the medium-sized groundcovers. Of a tieige pinkish grey color (pre- 
sumably the reason for its popular name, “Ghost Plant”), its Ss quick 

rm a dense cover, which is ics ie acti ona nig 


A nicely textured Sieusiag of two of the best er eS 
Graptopetalum paraguayense (above) and a hybrid of Aeonium simsii (below). 


Being rather frost-tender, the kalanchoes are most useful near the coast. In 
general they are — in growth than the more extreme succulen nts, but often 
this contrast may be needed. Some forms or hybrids of K. blossfeldiana os eae 
ular house plants, grown entirely for their orange to red flowers; a ered 
strain with reddish leaves is one of the best for outdoor mass- planting. The best 


GROUNDCOVER SUCCULENTS 36 


of the taller kalanchoes are: K. grandiflora, K. longiflora ‘Coccinea’ (a beautiful 
thing, with its flame-red leaves, but particularly liable to cold damage), K. 
marmorata, with its handsome spotted leaves, and the tender but very fine 
K. tomentosa, with felty brown-edged leaves. One of the best of recent introduc- 
tions is K. pumila, a true jewel of the succulent world. It hails from the higher 


Echeverias (popularly known as “Hen-and-chickens”) are not creepers, but 
they make fine g 


canary-yellow flowers. The much larger E. pallida is now frequently seen in 


black E. affinis, the densely hairy F. setosa. 
BEST FLOWERING KINDS 


“ice-plants”, which, it is true, are often on the garish side. Be sure to plant them 
where they get mid-day sun, for, with few exceptions, the flowers open widely 


behind 
LEAF COLOR 


Though each species’ leaf color is given in the concluding table, some general 
comments can be made here. Surprisingly, few pure colors are found in succulent 
leaves, most being blends and pastels. The following show the clearest coloring: 

White: Senecio haworthii (Kleinia tomentosa), Crassula corallina, Kalanchoe 
pumila (purplish in sun), Echeveria elegans. 

Yellow: Sedum nussbaumerianum. 

Brown: Sedum stahiii. 

Red: Kalanchoe longiflora ‘Coccinea’, Crassula radicans, Sedum rubrotinctum 
(only in full sun), Echeveria pulvinata, Sedum craigti (purplish). 

Blue: Senecio mandraliscae, S. serpens (Kleinia repens). 

Green: Portulacaria afra, Sedum dendroideum subsp. praealtum, Echeveria 

coccinea, E. linguaefolia. ce 

Black: Aeonium arboreum “Zwartkop’. 


37 LASCA LEAVES 


PLANTING: THE SECRET OF CONTRAST 


It takes the same technique and viewpoint to blend the colors and textures 
of succulents as it does to use a palette of paints. In a sense, then, you will be 
“painting with plants” as you landscape. If one really desires an attractive planting, 
not just an interesting collection of plants, it is necessary to proceed with a plan 
in mind and to maintain the design afterwards. 


the distinct character of each. On the other hand, to avoid the “spotty” effect 
resulting from too rigid a use of contrast, it is well at times to connect extreme 
types with intergrading ones. 

To avoid the effect of an unbroken sea of plants, rock can be of great im- 
portance — the results of its use can also be pretty awful if care is not taken. One 
must avoid the “plum-pudding effect”, referred to in all works on rock-gardening; 
don’t just scatter the rocks here and there on the soil surface — they should be - 
burried at least half-way, and fitted together so they appear to form protruding — 
ridges or strata. It is important, if a natural appearance is desired, to use the same 
rocks in the same part of the garden; white rock is best avoided altogether. 


Often it will help if a more tender 
of, a taller, hardier species. 


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39 LASCA LEAVES 


Light exposure 

Light is another factor to consider if a number of kinds are grown together. 
In the genuine deserts of Southern California you will find that many non-native 
succulents will not withstand full sun even if watered sufficiently — probably all 
should have at least a little afternoon shade. Nearer the coast nearly all will prefer 
sun, though there are a few that look best with a little shade, at least in Southern 
California: Sedum morganianum, Crassula lycopodioides, Echeveria pallida, E. 
coccinea, E. harmsii, haworthias. 
Watering 


ess, but one must never put watering on a regular schedule; frequency can be 
determined only by the appearance of 
Alkaline water, so common in our area, has not proven a serious problem with 
succulents grown in the ground. If your water is unusually alkaline, a prolonged 
oaking once or twice during summer will leach out much of the salts. 
Occasionally, during heavy winter rains, some plants may rot off at the ground- 
level. The growing tips, with all rotting parts removed, can be rooted easily in 
flats so that when spring arrives a new planting can be made quickly. 
Proper soils 
This is really not an important subject where outdoor succulents are concerned. 
Succulents will exist in almost anything if watering and feeding are modified ac- 
cordingly. However, they definitely do not thrive in pure sand, or even half-sand 
or in hard adobe or clay, though on a steep slope many will grow fairly well in the 


with correct watering, your plants do not seem healthy, try light fertilizing at the 
beginning of the £rowing season. Do not fertilize late in the summer, and not even 


rotting, the lowest leaves of a cutting should 


GROUNDCOVER SUCCULENTS 40 


It is well-known that many succulents (particularly of the crassula family) are 
easily propagated from leaves; if these are broken off carefully and laid on their 
sides in a pot or flat out of direct sunlight they will send out roots and usually a 
shoot as well. Leaf propagation is slow and need not be resorted to when cuttings 
are easy to root — however, it is pleasant to watch the little plants emerging from 
the leaves and their gradual growth to maturity. 

Insect pests 

es, insects are a problem with succulents too. Some familiar ones, such as 
whiteflies and caterpillars, cause little trouble because they apparently do not like 
the fleshy, waxy leaves. Aphids attack flower stalks, mainly, and can soon make 
members of the crassula family unattractive; a weak dose of Malathion quickly 
solves the problem. Mealybugs can be serious where potted, indoor succulents are 
concerned, but are a minor pest outdoors. Probably the succulents’ most trouble- 
some affliction is nematodes, tiny worms that burrow into the roots and gradually 
weaken the plant. The Crassulaceae, again, seem most susceptible. About the only 
thing to do is root tip-cuttings, sterilize the soil with fumigant or nematicide. 
and then replant. Often nematodes do not greatly harm succulents, especially if 
they are more heavily watered or fertilized, but the psychological effect on the 
grower is depressing, to say the least, when he sees the ugly knobs on the roots of 
his plants. Try to obtain clean plants to begin with; examine the roots before 
planting, and when in doubt root the tip and destroy the older portion. Hopefully, 


science will soon develop a practical systemic soil-drench suitable for succulents. 
OBTAINING PLANTS 

Larger, general plant nurseries carry many of the species mentioned here, 
either in their ground-cover or succulent sections. The great majority of species 
can be obtained from the larger cactus-and-other-succulent nurseries, with whic 
Southern California is unusually well-endowed. You will find it expensive to buy 
large numbers of plants from such sources, but, if you are patient, in a year or two 
you can easily propagate a surprising number of plants from Just one specimen. 
Rarer sorts may be obtained from nurseries, collectors or societies listed in the 
Cactus and Succulent Journal (see below, under Recommended Books). 


RECOMMENDED SUCCULENTS 
Below are listed some of the species we can recommend for groundcovers OF 
mass-planting. Many others are omitted because of excessive rarity or as being 
unsuitable for our climate. Besides the scientific names, some popular names are 
given, though few succulents have acquired one. Also given are some widespread 
but incorrect names often used in the trade; mesembs, especially, are often badly 
misidentified. a 
In the column listing geographic origin, “Hort.” signifies that such plants are 
apparently of horticultural origin and are not known from the wild state. 
Cold-hardiness is judged by ability to survive in one of four ranges: 
1: less than 20°F. 
2 2 2 
J ee SO 
4: not below 33° 
Availability is rated in three grades: 
1: obtainable from large, general nurseries 
2: obtainable from succulent nurseries 
3: difficult to obtain 


LASCA LEAVES 


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GROUNDCOVER SUCCULENTS 48 


RECOMMENDED BOOKS 


You will derive more pleasure from your plants if you read something of their 
way of life, their native habitats, and their cultural requirements. The following 
works (with approximate prices) are best for this purpose, but remember that all 
emphasize pot culture for indoor collections, rather than groundcovers for out- 
door use. They do, however, give good descriptions and photos of some or all of 
the species we have mentioned. 


Bertrand, A. Succulent Plants Other Than Cacti. Crosby Lockwood & Son, Ltd., 
London 9 


A small but well-illustrated guide. 
Brown, J. R. Succulents for the Amateur. Abbey Garden Press, Pasadena, 1939 


Still one of the best, with profuse photos and informative text. It omits cacti. 


Chidamian, Claude. The Book of Cacti and Other Succulents. Doubleday & Co., 
New York, 1958 ($4.50). 

An excellent introduction to the subject, with a good account of outdoor 
planting. 

Haage, Walther. Cacti and Succulents. E. P. Dutton & Co., New York, 1963 ($10). 
The best introductory book on cacti and other succulents, though it deals 
only with indoor cultivation. 

Higgins, Vera. Crassulas in Cultivation. Blandford Press, London, 1964 ($3). 

charming little book with fine drawings and color plates. 


Higgins, Vera. Succulents in Cultivation. Blandford Press, London, 1960 ($3). 
A beginner’s book, dealing with cacti, and with good color plates. 


Jacobsen, Hermann. A Handbook of Succulent Plants. Blandford Press, London, 
1960 ($45 


A large, three-volume work, the modern classic on the subject, with all 
succulents (other than cacti) described and many pictured. 


Van Laren, A. J. Succulents Other Than Cacti. Abbey San Encino Press, Los 
Angeles, 1934 (out of print). 
A classic work, with many small color plates (reprinted_in a seagg 
reduced size in Brown’s “Succulents for the Amateur”). engine ts 5 ; hh 
English-language edition, it can often be obtained reasonably in the Dute 
edition, containing the same illustrations. 
- Cactus and Succulent Journal. Box 167, Reseda, Calif., 
1929: SS. ., biemonthly ($5. yearly). . 
Contains articles on new or interesting succulents, accounts . gs RR 
trips to foreign countries, nursery advertisements. ost : 
mentioned above may also be obtained through the Journal. 


49 LASCA LEAVES 


Jceplants as Groundcover 


CARL ZANGGER 


Probably iceplants are the most widely used groundcovers in Southern Cali- 
fornia. The wide selection of types, flower color and climatic adaptability makes 
them particularly well suited to planting in this region as well as other regions 
of similar climate. Upon examining the varieties available, the average person 
contemplating planting iceplants will find that they fall into three basic types: 
bush, trailing and climbing. Each type fills a particular need. Following are the 
three types, with the varieties available in the nursery trade, along with planting 
and cultural recommendations: 


BUSHY ICEPLANTS — 


The varieties falling into this general category are mainly of upright growth 
habit, though some are somewhat sprawling in their nature. Most will grow 
approximately 10 to 15 inches in height, with a very few attaining a height of 
4 feet after a few seasons’ growth. Nearly all the varieties in this category are 
benefitted by a light pruning back after the completion of their blooming cycle. 

Pruning accomplishes two things: it eliminates the rather unsightly fruit which 
follow the blooms, and it encourages the plants to break forth with new growth 
which enhances their appearance through the rest of the year. 

Most of this type are confined to planting in the coastal valleys of Southern 
California and in sheltered locations in the inland valleys. Most will tolerate 
conditions as far inland as San Bernardino and Riverside. Occasionally one will 
see a few hardy plants surviving in the Lancaster and Victorville areas, but they 
will be marginal in these regions even under the best conditions. 

Lampranthus auranticus and its cultivars, ‘Sunman’ and ‘Glaucus’, grow 
approximately 10 to 15 inches in height and width. The blooming period is from 
late February into May with occasional flowers through summer. Planting should 
be about 12 to 18 inches apart. These varieties are best used for borders, low 
banks and for mass bedding, but are not recommended for steep banks. Colors 
range from bright orange to yellow. They will tolerate a few degrees of frost, but 
are generally not hardy in the upper desert valleys. 


SPREADING ICEPLANTS — 


Cephalophyllum ‘Red Spike’, an unidentified species in general distribution 
throughout the Southland, is low and spreads by the addition of offshoots forming 
on the outer perimeter of the plants. Normally a single plant will slowly increase 


NOTES ON CULTURE 50 


to form a low clump 15 to 18 inches wide and 3 to 5 inches high. Spectacular 
flowers of brilliant cerise red are in great profusion during January, February and 

arch with occasional bloom the rest of the year. This variety is popular for the 
effect of its bronzy red, finger-like foliage, as well as for its colorful bloom. 
Plantings will look better if taken up, divided and replanted every three to four 
years. Plant 6 to 12 inches apart. One of the hardier varieties of iceplant, it has 
been known to tolerate frosts down to 10 degrees and to survive in good condi- 
tion. It will perform reasonably well in the upper desert valleys. 


TRAILING ICEPLANTS — 


This category takes in the largest number of varieties of iceplants. They all 
benefit by a light pruning back after blooming, although this is not required, and 
frequently is not even possible or practical where large areas are planted on steep 
banks. Where pruning is not possible, feeding with a good general purpose plant 
food after blooming will encourage new growth that will quickly hide the old 
flower heads and seed pods. This treatment is also recommended for plantings 
that have been back. 


Delosperma ‘Alba’ (white trailing iceplant) is a species of uncertain identity, 
excellent for planting on slopes. Plants or cuttings are normally set about 1 foot 
apart and grow quickly, forming an excellent cover. The small leaves srow very 
densely along the stems, resulting in an attractive green appearance at all seasons 
of the vear. Attractive, but not spectacular, flowers are white and rather small, 
one-half inch in diameter. It grows well in most soil conditions and is recom- 
mended for planting in all coastal regions and inland to San Bernardino and 
Riverside. It is not hardy in upper desert regions. 

Drosanthemum hispidum (Rosea iceplant) is one of the best kinds for nvlanting 
On steep slopes. It persists and grows well even under the poorest of soil condi- 
tions. In fact, it has been observed draping itself down the sides of cement walls 
and channels. Planting is normally 12 to 18 inches apart. It snreads rapidly and 
Toots along the stems as it spreads, making an excellent plant for vreventing soil 
erosion. The mat-like foliage grows under 6 inches in height and is attractive at 
all seasons of the year. Flowers are spectacular in late spring and earlv summer, 
when thev completely cover the foliage. making a spectacular blanket of lavender 
pink. It does well in coastal and foothill areas, but is not hardy in upper desert 
regions. 

Malephora luteola (Yellow trailing iceplant) is a fine species for bedding and 
for planting on gentle slopes. The light green foliage is pleasing at all seasons. It 


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NOTES ON CULTURE 52 


blooms later than most varieties of iceplant, presenting its best show in May and 
June, with some bloom throughout summer and fall. Plant 12 inches apart. It 
will take a few degrees of frost but is not trephine in colder regions. While 
this variety is classed as a trailing type it is really only semi-trailing or sprawling, 
and for this reason it is not recommended for:planting on steep banks or slopes 

for erosion-control. 


alephora crocea var. purpureo-crocea (Crocea ee is age the 
hardiest of the iceplants and does well from the seashore 
caster and Victorville. Fine for erosion control, it is frequently planted cane the 


coppery-red or coppery-yellow flowers bloom most of the year, making their best 
showing in the springtime. It is hardy down to 10 degrees and will take short 
periods of even colder temperatures. 


Lampranthus furnishes some of the most colorful iceplants. Their brilliant 
flowers open only in full sunlight. 


Lampranthus filic ‘aulis (Redondo creeper) has fine textured stems and foliage. 
It is rather slow in growth and creeps along the ground to form a thick sing na 
wiry stems generally not over 3 inches in height. It is used mainly in oy hr 
it can be appreciated close-up and is useful on mounds and low banks. Its Ho oo 
blooming in early spring, are small and silvery pink. Not gen nerally ween & 
for interior regions, it is excellent in coastal and intermediate valleys. Plant 
12 inches apart. 


mf LASCA LEAVES 


Lampranthus spectabilis (trailing iceplant) is so outstanding in bloom that 
you are literally dazzled by the tremendous display of color in spring. Normally it 
will start to bloom in mid-March and will continue well into May, with occasional 
sporadic bloom in summer and fall. Although it is most often planted for its 
beautiful display of flowers, it does make an excellent groundcover as well. 
Foliage is small and plants spread rapidly to make a thick carpet of grey-green 
foliage, generally under 12 inches in height. Plant 12 to 18 inches apart. Plantings 
benefit by a light pruning after blooming to encourage new growth and to get rid 
of the old seed pods. It is best in coastal and intermediate valleys as far inland 
as San Bernardino but will not be hardy in upper-desert regions. 


GENERAL CULTURE. 
Watering: 


ost without ae iceplants are benefitted with some summer water- 
ing. Since they are succulent and capable of withstanding periods of drought, it 
is often thought ey are abs to survive without supplemental water. In many 
instances this may be true, but the appearance of iceplant is greatly improved 
if they are ‘aie at least once a month during the dry summer months. Species 
of Lampranthus and Malephora luteola should receive summer watering, but in 


In their native evans they normally are dormant during the winter, which is our 
summer perio y have retained this characteristic in this area, making their 
nse growth rence our summer months, another reason why watering should 

ne but sparingly. Iceplants are capable of absorbing large amounts of water 
eeonh their foliage, so it is not necessary to have great amounts of soil mois- 
ture present. 


Diseases: 


Very few pests or diseases bother the iceplants. Soil-borne diseases or root 
rots, such as water mold (Phytopthora) and Rhizoctonia are the most common 
problems. These diseases are controlled by use of some of the newer fungicides 
especially formulated for their control. However, good management is important. 
Keep the plants on the dry side during the summer months — July, August and 
September. As mentioned previously, they do look best if they receive supple- 
mental watering, but don’t overdo it. Soil-borne fungus diseases are more vicious 
and spread more rapidly under wet, humid conditions; keeping the plants on the 
dry side slows them down 
Fertilization: 


Feeding with a good, complete-tyne plant food immediately after the bloom- 
ue oe nee ng, and again in Fall about the time of our first rains, will be 
neficia 


CALIFORNIA ARBORETUM FOUNDATION, INC. 


BOARD OF TRUSTEES 


yd ene oe ee cae, or oe F. HAROLD ROACH 
First Fe Baa SLE Lae eee ARIE J. HAAGEN-SMIT, PH.D. 
cain Vire-Président 0 ees ee HowWARD BoDGER 
Seeley ee a a GEORGE H. SPALDING 
bios iene el eve iam g ra: Mit ee Howarp A. MILLER 
AMUEL AyrRES, JR., M.D. Maurice A. MACHRIS 
ELMER BELT, M.D. Mrs. JOHN R. MAGE 
RALPH D. CORNELL Mrs. GEORGE MARSHALL 
Mrs. RICHARD Y. DAKIN MILDRED MarTuias, PH.D. 
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Mrs. JOHN GREGG Mrs. RUDOLPH J. RICHARDS 
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s. ARCHIBALD B. YOUNG 
Ex Officio: WILLIAM S. STEWART, PH.D. 
HONORARY TRUSTEES 
ARTHUR FREED, PRESIDEN 
MEN’s GARDEN CLUB OF on ‘Avot 
rs. V. T. GILCHR 
PRESIDENT, CALIFORNIA GaRDeN Cane. INC. 
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PRESIDENT, SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ce sanireinige INSTITUTE 
JoHN C. MACFARLAND 
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LASCA LEAVES 


The official publication of the California Arboretum Foundation, Inc. 
Sponsors of 
LOS ANGELES STATE AND COUNTY ARBORETUM 
301 NORTH BALDWIN AVENUE — ARCADIA, CALIFORNIA 
Operated by 
LOS ANGELES COUNTY DEPARTMENT 
of 
ARBORETA AND BOTANIC GARDENS 
Box 688 
Arcadia, California 
Arboretum Office — 446-8251 


STAFF 
Wtinee GS STEWART, St. 22 ee a ee Director 
PRANES 1.4 ee he ee ce. Chief Horticulturist 
Pen Caine (PA0L) Cuko; PRD nce «..--- Plant Pathologist 
LEONE ENAM POss oo Oe ee. Plant Taxonomist 
MOBERT L.. GONDERBMAN, FH.D:.. = 7. ek... Plant Physiologist 
Ararat Garr th es ee ee: (Herbarium) Curator 
ASEM TA PAT es a ens 8 cs Assistant Director 
Louts Bo MARIN, FHI St Chief, Education Division 


RRA a ee ee Plant Recorder 


LypIA BOWEN Librarian 


Harry G. WALKER, Pu.D. . . e ae ee Entomologist 
Ceeae Vo PATTON oo ee ere ee Graphic Artist 
Gronge HO SPALDING ©. oes Arboretum Superintendent 
Epwarp HunTSsMAN-TRouT ... Landscape Architect Consultant 
bab fic WAREMAN 3 Oe Executive Assistant 


H. HAMILTON WILLIAMS, PH.D. ......... Plant Physiologist 


GERTRUDE M. Woops... - Arboretum Education Specialist 


ASCA 
LEAVES 


MissouR! BOTANICAL 


SUMMER 1966 
NOV 28 1966 Vol. XVI, No. 3_ 


GarRDEN LIBRARY 


Lasca Leaves 


Quarterly publication of the California Arboretum Foundation, Inc. 


VoL. XVI SUMMER, 1966 No. 3 


IN THIS ISSUE 


Ecology, Research —and You ....... Dr. William S. Stewart 56 
Be ean S Mark Anthony 58 


ma Pome ire hr i ee we Edward Pugh 61 


Descanso Gets a Tea House 


Comments on Fire-resistant Plants ..Dr. RobertL.Gonderman 64 
we Bi Or ee Patrice Manahan 68 
What's in an Arboretum Library............ Lydia S. Bowen 70 
Growitg NOME | 3. es George H. Spalding 74 
Dr. Martin Takes New Post 


In Memoriam 78 


EDITORIAL COMMITTEE 


Mrs. Ross K. BooreE MILDRED MATHIAS 
RALPH D. CoRNELL F. HAROLD ROACH 
ERNEST HETHERINGTON WILLIAM S. STEWART 


Davis DuTTON, Editor 


THE COVER 


Our cover photograph features one of the loveliest of the flowering trees to be 
found at the Los Angeles State and County Arboretum — the Erythrina mono- 
sperma. For an interesting flowering tree idea, see page 73 

(PHOTOGRAPH BY CHUCK KASSLER) 


cx ME a 


LASCA LEAVES 


FROM THE PUBLISHER 


As we bid goodbye to our retiring editor, Dr. Robert Atkinson, 
we reach another turning point in the history of LASCA LEAVES. 
We offer him our sincere thanks for two years of faithful and 
capable editorship. 


Under Dr. Atkinson, topics such as orchids, the relationship 
between smog and plants, dichondra lawns and succulent ground- 
covers have been amply explored in the pages of LASCA LEAVES. 
For this, we say “thanks for the work accomplished.” 

We take this opportunity to welcome as our new editor Mr. 
Davis Dutton, a member of the staff of the Los Angeles State 
and County Arboretum. Mr. Dutton’s past editorial experience, 


great anticipation to the first issue under his leadership. 


F. Harold Roach 
President 


California Arboretum Foundation, Inc. 


ABOUT THE CONTRIBUTORS 


Dr. William S. Stewart is Director of the Los Angeles County 
Department of Arboreta and Botanic Gardens ... Mark An- 
thony is Superintendent of Descanso Gardens . . . for the past 
fifteen years Edward Pugh has been a member of the Arboretum 
staff . . . Plant Physiologist at the Arboretum, Dr. Robert Gonder- 
man is a leading figure in fire-resistant plant research . . . Patrice 
Manahan is the Editor of WEsTways and an active supporter of 
the conservation and beautification movement . . . Lydia S. Bowen 
holds the post of Librarian at the Arboretum . .. George H. Spald- 
ing is Superintendent of the Arboretum and a long-time contri- 
butor to LAscA LEAVES. 


56 LASCA LEAVES 


Ecology, Research--and You 


Dr. WILLIAM S. STEWART 


(Summary of an address before the California Garden Clubs, 
National Council of State Garden Clubs, Landscape Design 
Conference, on March 15, 1966, at the Los Angeles State and 
County Arboretum.) 


What does the word conservation mean to you? Can you define conservation? 

Pondering answers to these questions leads to a review of the many aspects 
of life that impinge on man and his survival, his competitors, his future, his children 
and his children’s children. In the past, the layman probably has thought of con- 
servation in terms of tangible, natural resources — forests, flora and fauna, soil 
and water. More recently, the additional intangible factor of “beauty” has come 
to the layman’s attention as another important factor to be cherished and conserved. 

In his Conservation Message to Congress in 1962, the late President John 
F. Kennedy spoke as follows: “Conservation . . . can be defined as the wise use of 
our natural environment: it is, in the final analysis, the highest form of national 
thrift — the prevention of waste and despoilment while preserving, improving 
and reviewing the quality and usefulness of all our resources.” 

It seems to me these considerations lead to the term ecology — a word much 
less well-known, but a term which is absolutely inseparable from conservation. 
Ecology — which refers to the sum total of all the actions, reactions, and intet- 
actions between an organism (in our case, man) and his environment—enters the 
definition of conservation under the terms “wise use” and “national thrift.” 

Ecology is recognized as a science, and as such requires systematized knowl- 
edge and measurement. It also involves research, for no branch of science possesses 
all of the knowledge necessary for its complete and final understanding. Ecology 
is no exception to this rule and, if anything, is in greater need of knowledge de- 
veloped by research than many of the other biological sciences. Man is taking 
positive steps to obtain this ecological information, but it seems to come with 
agonizing slowness owing to the vast number of variables that impinge on the life 
of an organism, whether it be a nematode in the garden, a bird in the forest, or 4 
man in the city. 

Until significant ecological data is available, man must make the best judg- 
ments possible from information already developed by research, and from past 
and present experiences. With advances in electronic computers and other fields 
of knowledge, the possibilities of reaching valid conclusions in ecology are now more 
likely than they were several decades ago. 

To my mind, the philosophy of conservation was admirably presented by 
Associate Professor of Forestry Emanuel Fritz, University of California, Berkeley, 


LASCA LEAVES 57 


in an address titled “Just What is Conservation?” and printed in the Journal of 
Forestry. As a preface to this article the editor commented as follows: “The author 
argues that conservation, to be meaningful, must be looked upon as wise use, 
frugality, and use without waste, and that it starts with the individual's wise use of 
his own resources—time, effort, and money. He believes that conservation is too 
frequently preached by those who are not guided by its basic principles in their 
own affairs and in the handling of public monies. He pleads for conservation teach- 
ing at its roots—frugality—to develop a race of citizens to whom all waste is 
abhorrent, and from whom a more frugal corps of public servants can be enlisted.” 
Note, again, the term “wise use” in a definition of conservation. 

Fire is an excellent illustration of the necessity of considering all of the en- 
vironment in relation to man’s ecology. In some localities of California, fire is used 
as a tool to burn the brush and chaparral and to increase the livestock carrying 
Capacity of range land. In other places, particularly southern California, fire is 
disastrous for man and results in severe losses of homes, watersheds, and wildlife 
refuge areas. Man is seeking to practice conservation in the latter case by following 
the “Greenbelt Plan” —that is, by growing fire-resistant plants as protective barriers 
around homes. In the former case man practices conservation by “controlled burns.” 
Each conservation practice has its place according to the total ecology 

In addition to fire control, man is grappling with the equally difficult problems 
of controlling pollution of air and water, which are as much our natural resources 
as forests and soil. One aspect of research being conducted here at the Arboretum 
to obtain the knowledge leading toward “wise use” of our environment is discussed 
in the article elsewhere in this issue by Dr. Robert Gonderman on “Fire Resist- 
ant Plants.” 

All of these problems result from man’s existence in increasing numbers, and 
again emphasize our need for adequate basic knowledge to guide us toward satis- 
factory solutions—solutions which must be found if we are to live and thrive within 
our environment. 


Statistics and statements are abundant that show man’s waste of natural 
resources and that they portend severe consequences if continued into the 
future. Excellent reading along this line is found 
Baker, Richard St. Barbe, nee Glory, The Forests of the World. A. A. 
Wyss, Inc., N.Y. 1949. 253 p 


Dasmann, Raymond F., The Destruction of California. Macmillan, 1965. 
233 pp 


Douglas, William O., A Wilderness Bill of Rights. Little, Brown and Co., 
1965. 181 p 

Stefferud, Alfred (editor), “A Place to Live.” The Yearbook of Agriculture, 
1963. United States Department of Agriculture. 584 pp. 

Udall, els L., The Quiet Crisis. Holt Rinehart, and Winston, 1963. 
197 p 


58 LASCA LEAVES 


Descanso Gets a Tea House 
MARK ANTHONY 


After years of planning and months of toil, something new—an Oriental Tea 
House and Japanese Garden—has been added at Descanso Gardens. On June 3, 
1966, dedication ceremonies were held in which Mrs. Judge Smith, President of the 
Descanso Gardens Guild, presented the new Tea House and Garden to the County 
of Los Angeles. The dedication ceremony marked the fruition of a long and continu- 
ing effort by the Guild to finance and build this major addition to Descanso Gardens. 

Design of the Tea House was by Whitney Smith, FAIA, of the firm of Smith 
& Williams of South Pasadena. The Tea House consists of a main building, roofed 
with bright-blue ceramic tile imported from Japan. Radiating from the main build- 
ing are three satellite areas in which tea and cookies are served by hostesses dressed 
in native Japanese costume. Burnt ash tables and chairs are located throughout the 
satellite areas. The main structure and satellite areas will together accommodate 
about one hundred visitors. 

Members of the Japanese-American community of Los Angeles County were 
enlisted in landscaping the surrounding area. Eijiro Nunokawa, Landscape Design! 
from Japan, was commissioned to design and execute the landscaping. With large 
native California oak trees overshadowing the area, and with a backdrop of Ca- 


Main structure of the 
Tea House, seen from 


encircling pool were 
carefully chosen from 
neighboring mountains 


LASCA LEAVES 59 


In the foreground, part of the garden and outdoor seating area; behind is the Tea House 


60 LASCA LEAVES 


A bridge spans the largest of the garden pools, leading visitors to the main seating area 


mellia japonica on all sides, the garden landscaping was given a head start. 

A rushing stream with large pools encircling the buildings was first constructed 
through the center of the garden. More than two hundred tons of specially selected 
stones from the mountains of southern California were artistically placed by Mr. 
Nunokawa and his crew around the stream and pools. Oak logs, simulating timber 
bamboo, were placed on end to outline many of the pool edges. A natural bridge 
was constructed to span the largest pool leading to the entrance of the Tea House. 
The colorful carp playing in the water were donated by friends of the Gardens. 
On the west side of the Tea House Mr. Nunokawa, with the help of his son and 
Ken Dyo of Pasadena, built a replica of a garden in Tokyo, Japan. 

In selecting plants to adorn the surroundings, species native to Japan were 
used wherever possible. Azaleas of all kinds were planted in giant drifts. Sago palms 
were planted close to the building and giant bamboo, donated by the Los Angeles 
State and County Arboretum, was placed in the background. Cherry trees from 
Japan will provide a colorful spectacle in the spring. 

Nandina domestica, Japanese black pine, Aralia japonica, red cut leaf maple, 
Magnolia solangiana, raphis palms, Australian and New Zealand tree ferns and 
sasanqua camellias round out the plantings. For ground cover, ajuga and monda 
grass have been employed. Eight stone lanterns and one pagoda are spaced through- 
out the garden to enhance the design. 

The new Tea House and Japanese Garden has already become a focal point fot 
visitors to Descanso Gardens; and the project stands as a triumph and a tribute to 
the dedicated efforts of the Descanso Gardens Guild, who made it possible. 


LASCA LEAVES 61 


A Pomegranate in History 


EDWARD PUGH 


Visitors to the Historical Preserve at the Los Angeles State and County 
Arboretum in Arcadia can visually turn the leaves of time. 

Seventy years before Disneyland became a mecca for modern day tourists, 
a star attraction in southern California was “Lucky” Baldwin’s Rancho Santa Anita, 
much of which is preserved today at the Arboretum. Few tourists during the period 
1875 to 1900 would have missed an opportunity to stop at this California showplace, 
ballyhooed as “the largest, most productive and valuable ranch in the world!” 

Visitors who came to the ranch entered what one nineteenth-century writer 
described as a “Dreamland,” an enchanted landscape of trees, sparkling water and 
story-book buildings framed by glistening fruit orchards and golden wheat fields 
laced with mustard. Against this composition loomed the San Gabriel Mountains 
to the north and Santiago Peak of the Santa Anas to the southeast. 

To Baldwin, “By God, this was paradise.” 

A devoted team of interested persons, including the Arboretum Historical Com- 
mittee of the California Arboretum Foundation, Inc., have pushed time back. 
Today the mall garden at the Arboretum looks much as it did when Baldwin and 
friends played croquet near the adobe built by Hugo Reid, Baldwin’s predecessor 
at Rancho Santa Anita. Once again the Queen Anne Cottage, the Coach Barn and 
the Hugo Reid adobe breathe the animated life of the nineteenth century. There 
have been changes, true. The network of canals is gone, the hoop-like Japanese 
bridges are no more, and the waterfalls are missing. 

It is the trees, many of them the first of their kind planted in California, that 
remain to hold us to the romantic California past. If we study and ponder these 
plant antiques, we slide easily back into that comfortable period of poco tiempo, 
early California. 

Through the years each of the ten owners of Rancho Santa Anita made tree 
contributions; many of these trees exist today, as if in living remembrance of the men 
who planted them. Trees range from 40 to 130 years old. 

One of these trees is the gnarled pomegranate hugging the wall, southwest 
of the restored adobe recalls Hugo Reid (1810-1852) — first to privately own the 
Rancho Santa Anita, chronicler of Mexican California, and one of the molders of 
American California. The tree was set out as one of forty Granadas (pomegranates) 
in the original Reid fruit orchard. 

There are other trees, too, that provide a link with the past. A date palm 
leaning out over the lake points towards a towering 180-foot blue-gum eucalyptus. 
Both blue-gum and date palm plantings are attributed to former mountain man 
William Wolfskill, owner of Rancho Santa Anita during the 1860s. : 

Other eucalypti, plus black walnuts, the English oak, Eastern persimmons, 


62 


LASCA LEAVES 


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nN . Nera L 


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ae: See J an ut a 
¥ + , hs ee ae 
vif (PEN UMN ag 
; vt ay) ) aN Ez Z ES = 
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LASCA LEAVES 63 


elms and box elders are plantings made by “Lucky” Baldwin. The fine Ginkgo 
trees ringing the carriage house are also Baldwin introductions as are the horse 
chestnut trees near the cottage. 

But the pomegranate is the proper beginning for our journey through the 
leaves of time. This shrub is pure beauty. Glossy green leaves — delicate pink 
buds and blazing scarlet flowers in spring—followed by splitting fruit—pregnant 
with seed in autumn. A plant to symbolize bountiful early California living. 

The pomegranate came to California from Spain by way of Mexico. After 
Cortez conquered Mexico in 1521, the Jesuit padres soon began missionary work 
among the Indians. The padres brought the fruits of France and Spain, among which 
was the pomegranate. As missions in Mexico were established, fruits were carried 
north and planted in new mission gardens in California. 

It is difficult to set an exact date for the arrival of the pomegranate in Cali- 
fornia. In the diaries and journals of many early explorers, travelers and mission- 
aries to California we find mention of the pomegranate. Vancouver, in 1792, found 
an orchard at Mission San Buena Ventura in which pomegranates were growing 
along with apples, pears, plums, figs, oranges, grapes and peaches. 

Father Palou in his Life of Serra (translated by Geiger) states that pome- 
granates were growing at Mission San Juan Capistrano in 1785. After carefully 
weighing the evidence at hand, Rev. Maynard Geiger, O.M., historian at Mission 
Santa Barbara, places the date the pomegranates came to California at 1776 or 1777. 

The Spanish settlers in southern California had a fondness for the pomegranate. 
They made a dessert of fresh pomegranate seeds scooped from the rind and served 
with sugar. They also stored pomegranates for drying, and in winter broke a hole 
in the hard, withered rind of the fruit and sucked out the still-juicy seeds. In addition, 
pomegranates used as hedges and grown as shrubs or small trees were often a 
conspicuous planting in the Spanish-California patio. 

Hugo Reid was the kind of man who would have been intrigued by the exotic 
pomegranate, wanting to include it among the many fruits set out in his orchard in 
the 1840s. It is probable that while he was exchanging seeds, cuttings, trees and 
vines with the padres from Mission San Gabriel that the pomegranate first made 
its way to Rancho Santa Anita. We know that forty pomegranates (out of 430 
varieties of fruit trees) were included in an orchard inventory made in 1844 when 
Reid was considering the sale of his rancho. 

Today, the history of the pomegranate in California is symbolized a few feet 
southwest of the Hugo Reid adobe at the Arboretum. Latest varieties, including 
the dwarf Nana, border the road. In sharp contrast, twenty-five strides away, persists 
a pomegranate that is well over one hundred years old; its: trunk, knotted and 
twisted, argues its great age: this survivor of Don Hugo Reid’s orchard remains a 
living bridge to our formative past. 


64 LASCA LEAVES 


Comments on Fire-resistant Plants 
By Dr. Ropert L. GONDERMAN 


As residential sites in level areas become increasingly scarce, new construction 
moves to the chaparral-covered slopes and hillsides. These sites embody an increase 
in fire risk, especially from adjacent flammable vegetation. 

In 1965 fire covered a staggering 2.5 million acres in the United States, and no 
small percentage of these fires took place in southern California where nearly a 
million persons live in the hillside areas. 

When the risk of fire in these areas can be significantly reduced, everyone 
benefits. Residents enjoy greater contentment and security, as well as reduced 
insurance rates; the entire community is saved the enormous costs which must be 
borne in times of fire, erosion and flood. 

Removal of highly flammable hillside vegetation is the method most readily 
employed by individual homeowners and housing groups, but this is only a parti 
solution to the problem of fire prevention. 

Applied research at the Los Angeles State and County Arboretum has helped 
to guide the way to fire and erosion control by study of plants with less flammable 
characteristics—plants which may be substituted for existing vegetation. These 
can be employed in landscape planting to retard or suppress fires. 

Under wildfire conditions, any known plant may be incinerated by the heat 
of flames if it stands alone. Groups of a given plant species generally exert a mass 
effect pertinent to their particular burning character. Low, sparse vegetation provides 
less fuel, producing smaller flames and less heat. Watered plants generally have a 
tendency to burn less rapidly than do plants that grow under drought conditions. 
Plants that resist burning do not carry flames and thereby, as a fire barrier or green 
belt protection strip, keep the fires at a distance. 

though most organic substances, including green plants, will burn if they 
are subjected to temperatures high enough for a sustained period of time, a variation 
in burning characteristics is often noticeable. Some plants burn more slowly than 
others. A few of these are relatively non-flammable when compared with native 
southern California chaparral as typified by chamise-sage associations. 

The concept of fire-resistance in plants arose when the former director of 
the Arboretum, Dr. Russell Seibert, and a forestry contingent were inspecting exper 
mental erosion- and bank-control plantings along mountain roads. Some plants 
remained green and succulent amid the dry, brown, native chaparral. At that tumé, 
it was conjectured that green plants might burn more slowly and allow fire fighters 
more time in which to control incipient fires. 

has been reported that cellulose, one of the chief components of plant 
materials, burns by two competing processes: flaming and glowing combustion. 


LASCA LEAVES 65 


(Variation in the content and concentration of various cyclic and sean 
development substances within the plant structure may have an influen 
processes.) Fire resistant plants tend to glow, char or ash, instead a bursa 
into flames 

For testing purposes, plant materials of wide scope are obtained, primarily 
from world-wide botanical garden seed lists and from the specimens on the grounds 
of the Los Angeles State and County Arboretum. In addition, plants are brought 
in from mountains and coastal areas, and from nearby pa gardens such as 
Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Gardens and the Huntington Garden 

Since visual appearance seems to bear little or no ‘clidonship to delayed 
combustibility, random sampling techniques are employed to find fire-resistant 
plant families. More intense testing is then concentrated within resistant families. 

In the testing program, four types of screening tests are used: (1) Wooden 
matches, (2) Kiln-type electric-muffle furnace, (3) Dispersion head Bunsen burner 
or butane torch, and (4) Field trials with open flames from burning chaparral. 


Fire officials look on as a plant-flammability test is conducted at Los Angeles State and County 
Arboretum 


66 LASCA LEAVES 


e Dee ee Z 


Open-flame tests are performed by “pushing” flames 


from burning chaparral into blocks of 
growing plants. The “push” is given by a 36-inch fan 


Matches give only very gross preliminary clues. 

The muffle furnace has given results in terms of replicated controlled conditions 
ranging from 600° to 900° C., which lead to quantitative data at a higher temper- 
ature plane than with matches. 

Furnace measurements are recorded as (1) seconds to reaction, (2) inten- 
sity of reaction, and (3) reaction under ambient conditions when withdrawn from 
the furnace. 

The intensity of reaction has been arbitrarily subdivided into five classifi- 
cations: (1) will char or ash only, (2) will flame under heat, but not carry fire, 
(3) burns, (4) burns rapidly, (S) explodes into flames. 


LASCA LEAVES 67 


are recorded and evaluated. 

Open-flame tests lend themselves to an important class of data. In this test, 
9’ x 9’ blocks of growing plants in the field are employed in an attempt to burn 
them. Chaparral is piled high against the blocks, treated with 3 ounces of kerosene 
and ignited, while a 36-inch fan generates a 30-MPH wind pusing the flame into 
the block of plants. The penetration of charred or ashed leaves within the block is 
measured as the criterion. These tests are conducted during the height of the fire 
season in the presence of interested officials and organizations. 

Data on certain representative plants, reported as averages, are as follows: 


Species Furnace Open Flame 
Test Penetration 
Atriplex halimus 32-1-1 rf 
Atriplex canescens 7-2-1 4’ 
Atriplex semibaccata 17-1-1 a 
Achillea tomentosa 27-1-1 1%’ 
Baccharis pilularis ‘Dwarf’ 17-1-1 
Cistus ladaniferus 12-3-1 (G) af 
Cistus hybridus 10-3-1 (G) 22" 
Eriodictyon trichocalyx 14-3-1 ar 
Isomeris arborea var. ovata 5-3-1 (G) 3144’ 
Psoralea bituminosa 18-2-1 4’ 
Santolina virens 27-1-1 144’ 


(G) designates flames from confined heated gases. 


Final testing is projected as an actual involvement in a major fire under wild- 
fire conditions. 

All test plants are grown from seeds or cuttings, and their relative health and 
vigor is observed. These are then planted in a variety of field conditions for further 
ecological observations. To obtain results of these tests may require several years. 
Plants which are already established in the horticultural trade are given a minimum 
of ecological testing, and possibly none if commonly grown in this area. Plants which 
could possibly replace firebreaks have a high priority, but those suitable for resi- 
dential landscape purposes are also being tested. 

Around structures, fire-resistant plants can be used to replace hazardous chaparral 
for both erosion control and fire prevention. Placement of these plant materials in 
drifts or broad bands can act as a barrier to encroaching or spreading fires, much as 
we may use a firebreak of bare ground, so that adjacent forests, homes or other 
combustible structures and materials may be protected. 


68 LASCA LEAVES 


A Stand for Beauty 


PATRICE MANAHAN 


We Americans must be the champion landscape despoilers in the world, and 
Californians probably head the list. While there is no excuse for this state of affairs, 
there are reasons which may explain it. 


time to pick up the pieces or to plan ahe 

Litter cleanup costs U.S. taxpayers $500 million annually—in cities, along 
highways, in recreation areas everywhere. Engaged in the war against litter is the 
national organization known as Keep America Beautiful, Inc., which is supported by 
various groups with a total membership of more than 70 million. Obviously, these 
people are not creating the problem. But more highways, more leisure time, more 
recreation areas and more money all provide more opportunities for the litterbug. 

While litter is an important aspect of the uglification process now going on, It Is 
by no means the only one. What has happened to the quiet hills that border the Ven- 
tura Freeway beween Woodland Hills and Conejo Pass has also happened to the 
Hollywood Hills and hundreds of other southern California pastoral scenes. The 
chaparral covered slopes have been sliced, the hollows filled to “create” land to be 
covered with houses all cut from the same pattern. 

To take our minds off the major surgery that has been performed on the land 
there are signs, enormous signs, calling the attention of the passing motorist to the 
glorious facilities for gracious living that may be purchased in Shady Acres Haven of 
Casas Sobre las Olas for $35,000 and up with low down payments. 

Though we sometimes become discouraged when battles are lost in the wat 
against ugliness, there are heartening prospects. One of the most valiant of our war 
riors is a brave and energetic group known as Los Angeles Beautiful and captained 
by the legendary Valley Knudsen. For a good many years now L.A. Beautiful has 
been fighting courageously and persistently on at least a dozen fronts to preserve 
beauty, to create beauty where none exists and to eliminate the all-too-many eyesores: 

At present Mrs. Knudsen and her cohorts are in the midst of a five-year plan 
to make California a carpet of living color to celebrate the 200th anniversary of the 
founding of the state, which will occur in 1969. First came the Year of the Tree, 1 
1965. To encourage Californians to do their individual part, Los Angeles Beautiful, 
in cooperation with the California Arboretum Foundation, Inc., and the Southern 
California Horticultural Institute published a handsome booklet, Flowering Trees for 
Year-Round Color in Southern California. It is illustrated in full color and presents 
a delightful list of flowering trees suitable for planting in this area. Now the sank, 
organizations have collaborated again on Flowering Shrubs for Year-Round Color in 
Southern California, to promote the Year of the Shrub, which is 1966. 


LASCA LEAVES 69 


Both publications may be purchased from the California Arboretum Founda- 
tion, Inc., 301 N. Baldwin Avenue, Arcadia and from Descanso Gardens, 1418 Des- 
canso Drive, La Cafiada, for $1.25 each including postage and tax 


flowering trees and shrubs, many of which have been imported from Australia, South 
e 


as Ornamentals in our gardens. And many, until now, have been comparatively rare, 
though wholesale nurseries are now stocking them and they can be found at the 
majority of retail establishments. 

These little booklets contain not only beautiful photographs of the various trees 
and shrubs, they tell when they bloom, how tall they grow, where they should be 
planted, where they can be seen and what tempeatures they will withstand. And they 
will settle many an argument over proper names, because each tree or shrub is given 
its full botanical title. 

Next year will be the Year of the Vine and 1968 will be the Year of the Ground 
Cover. If you missed out on observing the Year of the Tree, it’s not too late to catch 
up, and there’s still plenty of time to do your part on the other plantings. 

When Portola and Serra trudged through the valley and over the hills from San 
Diego to Monterey in that long ago year of 1769, they found the Rose of Castile 
blooming along the way and wildflowers making patterns on the green hills. There 
isn’t much left of their California, but with a little bit of luck, a good deal of self- 
control and some well-directed effort, we can make our land bloom again. For an 
astonishingly low price we can hide the ugly scars of our times under a carpet of 
living a 

Valley Knudsen told us that a delegation from Japan had visited her not ane 
ago to get help in starting a similar program in Japan. They translated the Soom t cs 
Los Angeles Beauitful uses into Japanese, but they had one problem. There is n 
word in Japanese for litter, so they had to use the American term. 


(Reprinted from WEsSTWAYs, September 1966; © Automobile Club of So. California) 


70 LASCA LEAVES 


What’s in an Arboretum Library 
By Lypia S. BOWEN 


One of the nine objectives put forth in 1948 by the California Arboretum 
Foundation Board, administrator for the newly founded Los Angeles State and 
County Arboretum, was library service. 

A reference library for staff members only was the original intent in planning 
for a library, but since Arboretum objectives included both research and public 
information, it was soon apparent that the library must eventually become both a 
staff and a public resource. 

The Arboretum library collection was started by gifts and purchases of the 
California Arboretum Foundation, Inc., together with contributions from individuals 
and societies. The temporary administration building of 1949 was the library’s 
first home. Mrs. Janet Wright—herbalist, lecturer, and former assistant to the late 
William Hertrich, curator of the Huntington Botanical Gardens—undertook organ- 
ization of the library for the Foundation. She ably adapted the Massachusetts 
Horticultural Society classification system as the basis for a card catalog which was 
put in use in 1952. 

When the County of Los Angeles became administrator of the Arboretum in 
1953, certain library needs were placed on the County budget, although the library 
continued to receive Foundation support. The following year Mrs. Russella C. 
McGah, former teacher and aide to husband, J. Thomas McGah, plant recorder, 
acted as part-time librarian. With the help of volunteers, Mrs. McGah pioneered 
expansion of the library, becoming full-time librarian in 1955. 

In 1957, when the Arboretum library moved into temporary quarters in the 


new administration building and acquired a library assistant, patrons had begun to 
come from a wi 


side the herbarium. The reading room was pleasantly fixtured in blond ash, and 
installed with effective fluorescent lighting. Many gifts — individual and organiza 
tional — continued to enhance the collection. 

In 1960 provision was made for a part-time typist, and library service was 
extended to six days per week for public use. A 1963 gain was a thermofax reader- 
printer; a loss, indeed, was the retirement of Mrs. McGah. 

Lydia Bowen became librarian in 1964. That same year nine cartons of 
duplicate items were sent to Balwant-Rajput College in India, location of Dr. 
William S. Stewart’s Fulbright lectureship. The library still has a considerable 
collection of duplicates for disposition. This year, a library brochure—telling the 
aims, purposes and services of the library—was distributed to local librarians, 
educators and nurserymen. 


LASCA LEAVES 71 


The LASCA Library, although administered by Los Angeles County Public 
Library, is not a circulating branch, but a special self-ordering reference library, 
supported in part by the California Arboretum Foundation, Inc. It serves Descanso 
Gardens and South Coast Botanic Garden as well as LASCA. The public may 
consult the library at the Arboretum from 8 a.m. to 5 p.m., Mondays through 
Saturdays. Stacks are closed, but materials are readily available from the librarian 
in charge. Phone and letter inquiries are answered and bibliographies may be 
provided. 

The library’s present classification system is: 


> 


HORTICULTURE 

CULTURE OF INDIVIDUAL ORNAMENTALS 
FOOD PLANTS — Culture 
AGRICULTURE (limited) 
FORESTRY (limited) 
LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE 
BOTANY — General, Economic 
BOTANY — Geographical 
AUXILIARY SCIENCES 
GENERAL SCIENCES 

SOCIAL SCIENCES 
LITERATURE 

FINE ARTS 

BIOGRAPHY 

TRAVEL 

GENERAL REFERENCE 

Z PERIODICALS 


The card catalog is supplemented by many subject bibliographies, and by the 
Gray Herbarium Card Index. 

A standing book committee consisting of the chief of the Arboretum’s Edu- 
cation Division, the herbarium curator, the librarian and other staff members func- 
tions in reference selection, aided by a large collection of book catalogs—new, used, 
domestic and foreign. Changing book displays in the reading room and the rotunda 
bring current holdings to public view. Membership in the Special Libraries age 
ation acquaints the LASCA library, through journals and professional meetings, wit 
Special libraries’ activities of our district. sat 

The library participated in the Arcadia Public Library’s annual meeting for 


“ma aoreae 2 £ Os m ©. a & 


de LASCA LEAVES 


National Library Week planning, and in the Southern California Council on Cali- 
forniana and Local History collaboration sponsored by the Pomona Public Library. 
The staff of the library currently consists of Lydia S$. Bowen, librarian; Hazel B. 
Rodgers, library assistant; and Ruth Taylor, typist clerk. 

Current holdings of approximately 15,500 cataloged items and 13,000 un- 
cataloged items stem both from demands of professional and amateur users, and 
from gifts of donors. In the past year, about 800 cataloged items were added. The 
variety in our “botanical and horticultural” library is wide. Local history includes 
the Indian, Hugo Reid and Baldwin tradition; and natural history includes a good 


many ornithological texts (for Arboretu 


m bird watchers). Lavishly illustrated an- 
tiquarian volumes, such as Dodoens 1578 Niewe herball, are also in the collection. 
Staff research demands strong holdings in scholarly periodicals, both domestic 
and foreign. Over a third of our shelves are occupied by serials ranging from schol- 
arly to popular and representing twelve languages. Currently, 340 periodicals 
are received. Pamphlets are also an important component of the collection. 
Current Arboretum projects in fire-resistant plants, camellia breeding and 
smog effects on plants require special source materials. Instructors of the adult 
and youth horticultural classes need texts; tour guides seek lore and information 
covering their guided public tours. 


LASCA LEAVES 7S 


Public patrons, amateur and professional, break ground with the “big five” 
along the reading room wall — Bailey’s Cyclopedia, Sunset’s Western Garden 
Book, Standardized Plant Names, Exotica, and the Munz volumes on California 
native plants. 

Gardeners want to know — where can I buy this newly publicized plant? 
How can I learn more about the culture of my hedge? Where can I join a rose 
society? Organizations ask — what street tree is suitable for our windy, high-desert 
town? What inspirational books on garden themes are available? 

Teachers and professors from elementary level through university graduate 
schools look for classroom and report materials. Classes often visit the library for 
short orientation talks. Students may ask — what effects has radiation on plants? 
What is Argentina’s national flower, and where may it be seen? Parents inquire 
about summer camp conservation programs and poisonous plants. 

Institutional researchers and amateur hybridizers supplement their literature 
here. Writers seeking authentic natural history backgrounds study world-wide 
floras; collectors planning foreign trips consult plant exploration books. TV and 
movie producers request floral art details. The library has good and growin 
materials on native California plants. Clippings, pictures and scrapbooks supple- 
ment other holdings 

Loan collections housed in LASCA Library include materials from the Cali- 
fornia Institute of Technology, UCLA, California Garden Clubs, the Cactus and 
Succulent Society, the Begonia Society and the International Geranium Society. 

Widening use of the library can be anticipated in years to come. Staff and public 
interest will continue to be served through up-dating and balancing the collection, 
and by augmenting bibliographies. Generous administrators, friends and donors 
(Donations are needed and welcomed) have made us happily aware that libraries, 
like Kipling’s gardens, “are not made by saying ‘oh, how beautiful’ and sitting 
in the shade.” 


A Suggestion for Holiday Giving 
Flowering Trees and Flowering Shrubs for Year-Round Color in Southern 
California are ideal for attractive and unusual Christmas cards or gifts. 


Quantity discounts are available now by calling or writing the Cali- 
fornia Arboretum Foundation office, 301 North Baldwin Avenue, Arcadia 
(phone: 447-8207). 


Imprinting is available on orders placed before November 15, 1966. 


74 LASCA LEAVES 


Growing Notes 


GEORGE H. SPALDING 


This is the beginning of the second series of Growing Notes. There are two major 
reasons for this. The first is that, with this issue, Lasca Leaves once again becomes the 
‘house organ’ for the Arboretum and California Arboretum Foundation. The second, 
and perhaps most important reason, is that the author has reached that age where 
the phrase “when I get the time” must be changed to “I’ll take the time” if one is 
to enjoy even a few of the more pleasurable things in life, and writing Growing Notes 
is pure pleasure. 

Developing the material for these Notes naturally included a review of the first 
series, which provided a perfect take-off point. So many years have passed that many 
of the early Growing Notes should be brought up-to-date. As we go through them it 
will be interesting to note where original evaluations have been justified, and where 
early enthusiasm furnished rose colored glasses for viewing the plants. 

In Vol. I No. 2 mention was made of the fine specimen of Acacia elata at the 
northeast corner of Lombardy Road and Allen Avenue in Pasadena. Old age has set 
in and this tree will be only a memory in the next few years. At the present time it no 
longer resembles the tree of even five or six years ago. 

Dodonaea viscosa purpurea was given a fine send off in Vol. III, No. 1. The 
enthusiasm of thirteen years ago, however, has now been tempered by many years 
of experience. While we still consider it a fine plant, some limitations have appeared 


Acacia vestita, now fifteen years old, is still a vigorous plant although the Arbor- 
etum’s original specimen is now badly crowded by other plants. As with most Acacias; 
plans should call for replacement every fifteen to twenty years. Acacia vestita may 
prove to be longer lived than most; the specimen here is still vigorous and attractive. 
A new planting has been made in the Arboretum’s Australian section, and this will be 
watched with great interest. 

Acacia steedmani (Vol. III, No. 2) has passed out of the picture and been re 
placed. It is still one of our favorites as it blooms the second year from seed and a 
quick-growing, colorful filler plant which continues to give color for at least 8 to 
years. It has the additional virtue of purple-tinted new growth which is most a 

Verbena peruviana (Vol. IV, No. 1) has become one of the most widely pas 
ground-covers in southern California. The original bright red form is not as popu 
as the softer pink and lavender forms now being sold by nurseries. 


LASCA LEAVES 75 


It is very probable that it all started from three plants which were grown from 
seed at the Arboretum in 1951. Some propagations were given to the Evans & Reeves 
Nursery (now gone) who propagated and introduced it. Color forms began to show 
up within a very few years, and there is the possibility that it has hybridized with other 
species as well. These new forms appear to be somewhat more tolerant of water than 
the species, and so more adaptable to home grounds where we all water too much. 
However, for that hard-to-water corner or low maintenance areas, Verbena peru- 
viana is still the best. 


Acacia cardiophylla Dodonaea viscosa purpurea 


Acacia cardiophylla (Vol. IV, No. 2) is still at the top of the list of low-mainten- 
ance, drought-resistant shrubs. Our original plants have reached maturity, and some 
will shortly have to be removed. Nevertheless, they have given fifteen years of fine 
Service as an evergreen hedge with a minimum of care. At maturity Se 
to seven feet tall, of rounded form with a spread of six to eight feet. A three-year old 
planting along the Arboretum’s fence line at Hugo Reid Drive and Baldwin Avenue 
has required watering only every six weeks or so during the summer, (after the first 
year). New plantings of seed are made periodically so that we will always have plants 
to use. Acacia cardiophylla is another still highly recommended. : 

So much for past Notes for this time. We hope every issue of the sath de will 
contain at least a brief note on something new. For this issue our “Something new 
will be Tabebuias. ere not 

For many years it was generally believed that Tabebuias as a group wer 
reliably hidedy it-southein California. Hobbyists had tried them with varying degrees 
of success but they were definitely not what could be called a general nursery item. 


76 LASCA LEAVES 


Some years ago in a discussion with Dr. Russell J. Seibert, (Director of the 
Arboretum from 1950 to 1955), he mentioned that it might be useful to obtain some 
of the Tabebuia species native to South America. Reliable seed sources in that part of 
the world are few, but we finally had success when Dr. and Mrs. Samuel Ayres, Jr. 
went into the area on a vacation trip. Dr. Ayres obtained seed of several species of 
Tabebuia which are now being grown at the Arboretum. 

We now know that there are two groups of Tabebuias, one native to the Car- 
ribean and Central America, the other native to southern Brazil, Paraguay, and 
Argentina. It appears that the Carribean group are all too tender for southern Cali- 
fornia but that the South American group may well provide exceptionally beautiful 
additions to our list of small flowering trees. One Tabebuia chrysotricha has been 
introduced by the Arboretum and is available in nurseries. 


Payne Foundation Schedules Native Plant Lectures 


The Theodore Payne Foundation has announced its 1966-67 series of six 
Native Plant Lectures. The lectures, free of charge and open to the public, will 
be held at the Arboretum, 301 North Baldwin Avenue, Arcadia; and at Descanso 
Gardens, 1418 Descanso Drive, La Canada. 

Lectures to take place at the Arboretum include “Native California Flora 
and Its Conservation” by Dr. Mildred Mathias, October 21, 1966; “Your Forests’ 
by William T. Dresser, January 27, 1967; and “California Wild Flowers” by Dr. 
Philip A. Munz, March 24, 1967. Descanso programs include “California Wild 
Flowers for Your Gardens” by Mildred Finch Brown, November 16, 1966; 
“Identification of California Native Plants” by Dr. Robert F. Thorne, February 
15, 1967; and an illustrated wild flower lecture by Mr. and Mrs. Roy H. Raymond, 
April 12, 1967. Each of the lectures begins at 8 p.m. 


An Invitation to Foundation Members 


An official hostess group is being organized for the Arboretum Historical 
Area. If you would like to devote some time studying and working in this project, 
which begins in January, you are invited to apply for membership. 


NAME 
ADDRESS 
PHONE 


Send to: California Arboretum Foundation, Inc. 


301 North Baldwin Avenue, Arcadia, California 91006 


LASCA LEAVES 77 


Dr. Martin Takes New Post 


Dr. Louis B. Martin, Chief of the Education Division at the Los Angeles 
State and County Arboretum and former editor of Lasca Leaves, has resigned 
his post to accept the position of Director of the Denver Botanic Gardens, Denver, 
Colorado. 

Dr. Martin came to the Arboretum in 1953 as Plant Pathologist. In 1961 
he was given the post of Chief of the Education Division. In this capacity, Dr. 
Martin was responsible for the numerous educational and informational services 
at the Los Angeles State and County Arboretum in Arcadia, Descanso Gardens 
in La Canada and the South Coast Botanic Garden in the Palo Verdes Peninsula. 

A resident of California since 1946, Dr. Martin was born in Chicago, Illinois, 
and did his high school and junior college work in that state. During 1940 and 1941 
he was associated with the Morton Arboretum, Lisle, Illinois. He served with the 
U.S. Army Signal Corps from 1942 to 1946. 

Following World War II, Dr. Martin did undergraduate and graduate work 
in botany at the University of California, Los Angeles, receiving his B.S. in 1948 
and his Ph.D. in 1954. While serving at the Arboretum, he made his home in 
Arcadia with his wife, Betty, and two children. 

Dr. Martin is chairman of the educational committees of the American 
Association of Botanical Gardens and Arboretums and the American Horticul- 
tural Society. It was largely through his efforts that a proposal was prepared for 
a National Regional Gardener School. This proposal is currently under consider- 
ation by the United States Department of Labor. 

For six years, from 1956 to 1963, Dr. Martin was editor of Lasca LEAVES. 
He wrote and produced a series of radio shows on horticulture and gardening, 
and is the author of numerous articles on turfgrass culture, fire-resistant plants 
and horticultural education. It was under his direction that the Arboretum 's 
Professional Gardener School was founded. 

In his new capacity, Dr. Martin will have charge of the only botanical garden 
in the Great Plains-Rock Mountain area of the United States. The Denver Botanic 
Gardens consist of two sites, both within the city limits of Denver. ; 

The larger, 100-acre site includes a collection of conifers, a large planting of 
cultivated forms of junipers, an iris garden containing more than 1,000 plants 
and a rose garden consisting of 3,500 bushes. : nt 

The smaller portion of the Denver Botanic Gardens contain the adminis- 
tration buildings, library, herbarium, children’s garden, herb garden and a pies 
conservatory. Within this conservatory, dedicated only last January, more than 
one-quarter acre of land is devoted to tropical and sub-tropical plantings. : 

The members of the California Arboretum Foundation, Inc., together with 
the staff and friends of the Arboretum, send Dr. Lou Martin their best wishes. 


[a LASCA LEAVES ~~ Ee 


In Memoriam 

The Board of Trustees and members of the Foundation regret deeply the loss 
of four outstanding members who have passed away in recent months. 

William Hertrich, nationally known horticulturist, was one of the group of civic- 
minded citizen who helped to organize and establish the Arboretum and the Cali- 
fornia Arboretum Foundation. Mr. Hertrich served on the Board of Trustees from 
its inception, and for the past few years had been an Honorary Trustee when his 
health would not permit him to participate as actively as he had for so many yeats. 
He was instrumental in developing the famous botanical gardens at the Huntington 
Library and was Curator Emeritus there. During his lifetime he received national 
and international honors for his achievements in many areas of horticultural en- 
deavor. His kindly manner will be long remembered; his beliefs and principles have 
become an integral part of our Arboretum as it exists today. 

John C. Macfarland will long be remembered for his work in the early develop- 
ment of the historical section of the Arboretum. He served on the Historical Com- 
mittee of the California Arboretum Foundation and worked diligently and faithfully 
with this Committee to restore and preserve the Queen Anne Cottage, the Hugo 
Reid Adobe and Coach Barn. In formulation of policy and other difficult matters, 
the Foundation received the benefit of his invaluable legal knowledge and advice. 
He gave generously of his time, and was unsparing in his efforts during the many 
years he was a member of the Board of Trustees. 

Maurice Block directed restoration of the Queen Anne Cottage at the Arbo- 
retum and later was consultant for the Historical Center. The beauty and authen- 
ticity of our historical section is due in large measure to Mr. Block’s guiding hand. 
Although for the past few years Mr. Block had found it difficult to visit the Arbo- 
retum, he continued to retain his interest and support whenever called upon for 
advice and counsel. 

The fourth irreplaceable member of our Historical Committee to pass away 
recently is Lindley Bynum who served as Co-Secretary, with W. W. Robinson, 
during the pioneer, planning years. He contributed in many ways to the develop- 
ment of the Arboretum’s Historical Center. Most entertaining was his minute- 
keeping during our meetings, mostly out-of-doors and chorused by ducks am 
geese, near the Hugo Reid Adobe. 

Lindley Bynum was born in Los Angeles in 1895. He died in Berkeley of 
September 20, 1965. During his thirteen years with the Huntington Library, 
and many more as roving Special Assistant to Dr. Sproul, President of the Unr 
versity of California, he garnered an untold number of literary treasures from 
generous Californians for these world-renowned institutions. ‘ 

Quoting a sorrowing, Stanford classmate: “Not every respected scholar 1S 
a sought-after speaker and lecturer. ‘Pinky’ Bynum was. The results of his searches 

were presented to happy audiences charmed by the quiet voice, the casual mannet, 
the quizzical eyebrows, the dry wit.” 


CALIFORNIA ARBORETUM FOUNDATION, INC. 


BOARD OF TRUSTEES 


POEMOOE 22. a, ee ee F. HAROLD ROACH 
First “ity ee er ARIE J. HAAGEN-SMIT, PH.D. 
a, oe ee re ee ee HOWARD BODGER 
pea ee GEORGE H. SPALDING 
enters ar eee ttre ets re Howarp A, MILLER 
SAMUEL Ayres, Jr., M.D. Maurice A. MACHRIS 
ELMER BELT _M. 1), Mrs. JOHN R. MAGE 
RALPH D. reeneenags Mrs. GEORGE MARSHALL 
Mrs. RICHARD Y. DakIN MILDRED MATHIAS, PH.D. 
ARTHUR FREED Mrs. MANFRED MEYBERG 
Mrs. JOHN GREGG Mrs. RuDOLPH J. RICHARDS 
CHARLES S. JONES Mrs. GorRDON K. SMITH 
ALEXANDER KING Mrs. Forrest Q. STANTON 
Mrs. MIRIAM KIRK LOVELL SWISHER 
Mrs. T. R. KNUDSEN THADDEUs LIBBY UP DE GRAFF 


RS. ARCHIBALD B. YOUNG 
Ex Officio: WILLIAM S. STEWART, PH.D. 
HONORARY TRUSTEES 
ARTHUR FREED, PRESIDENT, 
MEN’S eee CLUB OF a a 
s. V. T. GILCHR 
PRESIDENT, Caines CaRDeN cl me 
ELMER LOREN 
PRESIDENT, SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA Powricokienl INSTITUTE 
WILLIAM LANE, JR. 


Foundation Office—Telephone 447-8207 


MEMBERSHIPS 
Aangel Membershin 2. os. i es 8 _ 10.00 
Annual Contributing Membership ......-- 25.00 
Annual Business Membership ........--------- + °° 100.00 
Annual Sustaining oo Cee eae _ 100.00 
Annual Sponsor Me selhan se ie ee _.. 250.00 
Life jnarpeilaag ee 2 a. soa DOR.00 
atc nic Mt atte ea a Me re $1,000 or more 
henefactors oe ee ae 5,000 or more 


Club memberships are availcble at any rs from $10 a year or more 
All contributions deductible under Federal Income Tax Law. 


Box Seb badin—-Colifotaia 


LASCA LEAVES 


The official publication of the California Arboretum Foundation, Inc, 
Sponsors of 
LOS ANGELES STATE AND COUNTY ARBORETUM 
301 NORTH BALDWIN AVENUE — ARCADIA, CALIFORNIA 
Operated by 
LOS ANGELES COUNTY DEPARTMENT 
of 
ARBORETA AND BOTANIC GARDENS 
Box 688 
Arcadia, California 
Arboretum Office — 446-8251 


STAFF 
WEUATAME SS WART, PAD: Oo . . e822 TS Se Director 
RSC Pel CN a se. ees nh Assistant Director 
Wee TC eo het Chief Horticulturist 
PEN CHING (PAUL) CHEO, PH.D. .. Chief, Plant Research Division 
SoM MONAN REE oes oe kee sc Bas Plant Taxonomist 
ROBERT L. GONDERMAN, PH.D. ............. Plant Physiologist 
SAUNT) WAIRER PRE eS, Entomologist 
PT GRIT PS. ok (Herbarium) Curator 
EEWARD'E. HARTNAGEL 2. 6. Senior Nurseryman 
OAM POARTRES ss ee ma. Plant Recorder 
RIA ON 3 ee ee Librarian 
ave Ce a: Head, Arboretum Information 
nes Vc VATION 8 a Graphic Artist 
“seomGe HH. SFALDING ............. Arboretum Superintendent 
Epwarp HUNTSMAN-TRouT ... Landscape Architect Consultant 
ce TE; WARE i ss Executive Assistant 
H. HAMILTON WILLIAMS, PH.D... Plant Physiologist 


GERTRUDE M. Woops ........... Arboretum Education Specialist 


LASCA 
LEAVES 


GEAKY V-PATIEN 


ge AUTUMN 1966 
MAR 6 1967 Vol. XVI, No. 4 


RE ate ZAAwSoEN LIBRARY elec arp iereeoce el oe 


Lasca Leaves 


Quarterly publication of the California Arboretum Foundation, Inc. 


VoL. XVI AUTUMN, 1966 No. 4 


IN THIS ISSUE 


In Memoriam: Susanna Bryant Dakin .................. 79 
Maurice Block 
ee ei. ee ee as el Ol ee 83 


A Report on the Effect of Shade Trees on ‘Smog’ ws 

: W. S. Stewart and D.H. Wilken 84 
Pistoric Sime Ee haart). Edward Pugh 86 
Aa ee ee oe ee 
Smaller Plants for Smaller Spaces .........Philip Chandler 91 
Sing SS Ge George H. Spalding 94 


SURE GTS a0 a AE ee ce aa Center Insert 


EDITORIAL COMMITTEE 


Mrs. Ross K. Boorge MILDRED MATHIAS 
RALPH D. CorNELL F. HARoLp ROACH 
ERNEST HETHERINGTON WILLIAM S. STEWART 


Davis DuTToNn, Editor 


THE COVER 


ne cover painting for this issue is the work of Gerry V. Patten, an ee 
plished draughtsman and watercolorist who very recently retired as St 


d. 
(Correction note: the tree which appeared on the cover of the Summer 1966 
issue should have been identified as Erythrina crista-galli.) 


LASCA LEAVES 79 


IN MEMORIAM: SUSANNA BRYANT DAKIN 


To those of us who knew her, and even to those for whom she was only a 
name in the world of good works, the news of the sudden death of Mrs. Susanna 
Dakin of San Francisco came as a most tragic blow. For the Arboretum and the 
California Arboretum Foundation, her passing leaves a void which can never 
be restored. 


Susanna Bryant Dakin was one of the prime movers in the drive to preserve 
the historic Lucky Baldwin estate and to develop it as an Arboretum. She was @ 
founding member of the Foundation’s Historical Committee nearly twenty years 
ago, and her interest in the rehabilitation and maintenance of the Historical Area 
never waned, as demonstrated by her recent gift of an 1885 drawing of the Rancho 
to the Arboretum Library. 

While her interests and concerns were wide, extending into many fields, one 
felt as though the Arboretum was ever in her thoughts. We have lost a great 
patron of the arts, a respected historian, and a great humanitarian. 

In a future issue of LascA LEAVES we will publish a lengthier tribute to 
this dedicated and remarkable woman who did so much for the Arboretum. In 
the meantime, the following article — Mrs. Dakin’s fine memoir of the late Maurice 
Block, penned only a few weeks before her death—stands as a tribute to her 
generosity of spirit. 

F. HarRoLD ROACH 
President 


California Arboretum Foundation, Inc. 


Maurice Block 
By SUSANNA BRYANT DAKIN 


In 1951, Maurice Block forecast the present appearance of the so-called 
“Queen Anne Cottage” and the Baldwin “Coach Barn” at the Los Angeles State 
and County Arboretum. These buildings were then in a deteriorated condition — 
empty, vandalized, in need of paint and riddled by termites, the “cottage” tower 
about to collapse. In Block’s own words, recorded by W. W. Robinson, as Secretary 
of the now-disbanded planning and fund-raising Historical Committee: 

“The restoration of the ‘Lucky’ Baldwin Casino seems to me to consist mainly 
of repairs and replacements, from top to bottom, of structural and ornamental 
details indicated by the original plan and by the nature of the place —no new 
building. The approach to the cottage and its immediate surroundings of garden 
or lawn should be designed in harmony as an aid in giving the place character 
and atmosphere. 

“Intended exclusively for entertainment, the cottage would have been rather 
elaborately and colorfully furnished. I think the Victorian tendency towards 
heaviness should not be emphasized, that the project should be carried through 
with a touch of fantasy, more like a stage set than a house to be lived in. In other 
words, the medium for painting the picture should be water color rather than oil. 
There should be a certain gaiety about it, although not to the extent of cheapening 
it or making it a caricature. It should have an atmosphere of expectancy — as if 
living creatures might appear in it at any moment. 

“In the stable, besides structural restoration, the effort should be largely 
re-creation of the original setting with such indications as can be given of the 
bustle of life that once went on there, like arrested pageantry.” 

Maurice Block succeeded, even beyond expectation, in completing the 
complex and necessarily expensive work of architectural and landscape restoration, 
planning and choosing the Victorian furnishings by Mark Twain’s edict — "= € 
best is none too good for Baldwin” (a remark made by the humorist while observing 
“Lucky” buy a wonderful Swiss clock at the 1876 Centennial Exposition in Phila- 
delphia). A nationally known museum director, visiting the restored “cottage ? 
few years later, said of his confrere-— ‘He has captured the very perfume 
of the Past.” 


Since the original furnishings had long since vanished, only a few Baldwin 


LASCA LEAVES 


Photo by Huntington Li 


Maurice Block 


library 


82 LASCA LEAVES 


Possessions could be acquired by gift or purchase. Many heirlooms from other 
families, found and arranged by the Supervisor of Restorations, contribute to an 
atmosphere that is the essence of Victorianism. The original detail and colors 
were established by consulting many sources, none more reliable than an old 
German carpenter named Frank Moors who had worked at Rancho Santa Anita 
in 1880-81, under the supervision of Mr. Baldwin’s architect, A. A. Bennett. 
Moors, then in his nineties, remembered the day when carpeting came from San 
Francisco and the long, gilt mirrors were installed. 

A large oil landscape, painted by H. H. Cross in 18839, testifies to the authenti- 
city of the restoration. In the foreground stands a bearded “Lucky” in fashionable 
attire, even to grey kid gloves, surrounded by mastiffs, in company with a young 
girl wearing a short, black-bustled dress. This is his daughter Anita, whose mother 
was Jennie Dexter Baldwin. Across the lake, left background, is the fanciful red 
and white “Queen Anne Cottage” looking spruce as it does today, thanks to the 
efforts of Maurice Block. 

A stern sense of excellence, a soaring imagination, and unremitting attention 
to detail — this rare combination of qualities characterized Maurice Block both 
in his professional and private life. 

Maurice Block was born in 1887 in Galion, Ohio, where his grandfather had 
been the architect responsible for many mansard-roofed buildings still standing. 
A sister, Mrs. A. W. Bradfield, lives in Galion today; and it was the childhood 
home of his dearly-loved niece, now Mrs. Theodore Dixon of Simsbury, Connecti- 
cut, who came to Pasadena last summer to settle his affairs and distribute the 
thoughtful bequests that Maurice made to his friends. He died on July first, 1966 
— unbelievably, almost eighty years old. In appearance, he changed very little 
during the years that we knew him here at the Arboretum. 

In the earlier years of a distinguished, ““Who’s Who” career, Maurice Block 
was for seven years assistant curator of decorative arts at the Art Institute of 
Chicago, and for four years on its teaching staff. He did postgraduate work in Ev- 
rope and New York, and for six years was director of the Omaha Art Institute. ; 

In 1928 Mr. Block because first curator of the art collections at the Henry F: 
Huntington Library and Art Gallery in San Marino. His activities in almost a 7 
ter century there included authorship of definitive works on Francois Boucher am 
the Beauvais Tapestries, besides the preparation of handbooks of the art collections 
and illuminating notes on exhibitions through the years. His name is associated ee 
two major developments in the Huntington Art Gallery — the planning, er 
and final arrangement of the large gallery where the “Blue Boy”, “Pinkie al 
other famous pictures hang; and installation of the Georgian Room, including sU 
and beautiful indirect lighting of his own design. vil 

His own home, at 625 Westgate Street in Pasadena, was an intimate eo re 
— the setting for a carefully chosen collection of art objects from all Osho F 
world. After “retirement” from the Huntington Mr. Block went to work for 
years in the LASCA Historical Center. rchases 

In appreciation, a memorial fund is being established — for future pu 


LASCA LEAVES 83 


and unanticipated services to insure (against evaporation) that the “very perfume 
of the Past” continues to emanate from the Arboretum’s Victorian buildings. Checks 
may be made out to the California Arboretum Foundation, Inc. Such memorial 
gifts, of course, are tax-exempt. They will be dispersed as carefully as if our Super- 
visor of Restorations were still with us. His stern sense of excellence remains an 
inspiration to all who were privileged to work with him, on the historic and beauti- 
ful Rancho Santa Anita. 


Book Review 


The Concise Handbook of Roses, by Eigil Kiaer and others, with illustrations 
by Verner Hancke; 111 pp.; E. P. Dutton & Co., New York, N.Y.; $5.95. 

This useful and readable volume, edited and primarily written by Eigil Kiaer, 
a Danish landscape architect, combines practical horticultural information with 
a fascinating discussion of the venerable history of the rose—the place this univer- 
sally admired flower has assumed in the religion, art, literature and folklore of man. 
As an added dividend The Concise Handbook of Roses also contains 64 pages of 
full-color illustrations, beautifully rendered by Verner Hancke. 

The grower of roses, particularly the novice grower, should find the section 
on ‘Rose Cultivation’ especially helpful. Soils, tools, foods, diseases and pests, 
pruning and planting are among the many topics covered. 

Equally interesting are the chapters dealing with the rose’s 5,000-year history. 
Each of the color plates is identified and described in some detail, including year 
and area of origin, together with cultural history. The commendable English 
translation is by Dr. Gwynne Vevers. 


A Report on the Effect of 
Shade Trees On ‘Smog’ 


W. S. STEWART and D. H. WILKEN 


It is generally recognized that in the Los Angeles basin area the air pollutant 
known as ‘smog’ results from an involved series of photo-chemical reactions be- 
tween ozone, peroxides, nitrogen oxides, and oxidized hydrocarbons from various 
sources including auto exhaust, catalysed by sunlight. An end product is a group of 
compounds known as peroxyacetyl nitrates (abbreviated ‘PANS’). These are con- 
sidered to be major contributors to eye-irritation and have been shown to cause 
considerable damage to vegetation. Since no information was available, however, 
showing the influence of plants on smog itself, gross measurements were undertaken 
at the Los Angeles State and County Arboretum to determine this effect. 

Using recognized methods for ‘smog’ analysis, air samples were taken simul- 
taneous from two feet above, and below, the leaf canopy of the shade tree Albizzia 
julibrissen. Likewise, samples were taken six inches above and below the foliage 
canopy of the vine Bougainvillea ‘Orange King’. 

The smog analyses showed that the air sample from below the foliage canopy 
in the shade contained significantly less oxidant (smog) than did the air sample 
from the sunlight above the canopy. According to the degree of air movement, the 
reduction of smog in the shade varied from nearly complete elimination to 1° 
difference whatsoever when there was a strong breeze. These findings suggested 
that the observed smog reduction due to shade trees and vines was due to the 
shade from their leaves. ' 

To answer this question trials were made using shade from opaque objects 
such as cardboard and aluminum foil. The resulting data showed clearly that the ” 
served reduction in smog under shade trees could be accounted for as 4 result 0 
the exclusion of direct sunlight. 

From these findings it is suggested that some of the undesirable effects of smop 


LASCA LEAVES 85 


in a localized area such as a garden, or in landscaping around homes and buildings, 
may be reduced by: 


(1) The planting of shade trees, vines and shrubs, and by encouraging a 
denser growth of vegetation; or by 


(2) The production of shade by planting and building shaded patios, trellises, 
pergolas and similar structures. 


The concept of shading by plants to reduce indirectly the smog level might 
also be applied to parking lots, street trees, parks, recreation areas, and other civic 
plantings. In addition, these plantings would result in beautification and provide 
a more aesthetically pleasing environment, while at the same time creating a local 
situation in which the smog concentration would be somewhat abated. 


(This investigation was supported by Public Health Service Research Grant 
No. AP 00132-08 from the Division of Air Pollution, U.S. Department of 
Health, Education, and Welfare. Technical details will be published else- 
where.) 


86 


Historic Eucalyptus 


EDWARD PUGH 


One of the first eucalyptus trees planted in southern California grows beside 
the Queen Anne Cottage on the grounds of the Los Angeles State and County 
Arboretum. A magnificent twin-trunk giant, this eucalyptus represents the tallest 
tree on the Arboretum grounds — a soaring 180 feet high with a trunk diameter 
of nearly 10 feet. The age of this eucalyptus — this “mother blue gum” — is, 
according to the best estimate, 103 years. 

The eucalyptus probably first came to California in the 1850's. It is not 
definitely known who introduced the first trees, but not long after the Gold Rush 
a Californian by the name of Dr. H. H. Behr had begun to talk about the im- 
portation of eucalyptus trees from Australia. It is even possible that Dr. Behr 
may have sent seed to California. 

By 1853, at any rate, fourteen species of eucalyptus were recorded growing 
in the garden and nursery of Mr. W. C. Walker of San Francisco, and in 1856 
the pioneer Shellmound Nursery of Oakland was selling eucalyptus seedlings for 
five dollars apiece. 

The eucalyptus — the blue gum — arrived in northern California in 1863. 
A Californian, Bishop William H. Taylor of the Methodist church in Australia 
sent a quantity of blue gum seeds to his wife’s home in Alameda. She planted them 
in her own greenhouse in San Francisco and Alameda, where they prospered. She 
and a friend, James T. Stratton, gave away and sold much seed and thousands of 
plants. The Federal Government took notice and imported more seed, sending it f 
southern California where it was distributed to ranchos such as those owned by the 
Verdugo and the Workman families. : 

It is believed that William Wolfskill, early owner of Rancho Santa Amita, 
acquired some of the seedlings from the Taylors in either 1863 or 1865. Wolfs 
is credited with the planting of about a dozen trees. Harris Newmark (next ownel 
of Rancho Santa Anita) left records that there were five blue gums growing fa: 
the rancho’s Hugo Reid adobe in 1872-73 and that they had been planted 
William Wolfskill. He further speculated that the other trees had no doubt beet 
cut down or had died by that date. Further substantiating evidence is a photogra 


taken in the 1880’s showing the Wolfskill tree in its present location of a size which | 


would indicate its having been planted in the mid-1860’s. 


Indeed, the century-old Wolfskill eucalyptus could well be called a parca | 
the hundreds of blue gum eucalyptus trees planted by E. J. “Lucky ee - 
the Rancho Santa Anita, and to the thousands subsequently planted throu : 


southern California. It is appropriate that today at the Arboretum we disp!a 
of the largest eucalyptus collections outside Australia. 


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88 


Is That a Dirty Tree? 


By SAMUEL Ayres, Jr., M.D. 


“You will love Hawaii,” said John Nicholls to his table companions on the 
Lurline. “The thing that impressed me most when we were there twenty years ago 
was the riot of color in the flowering trees.” 

“Of course, we can’t grow anything like that in Chicago,” added his wife, Lois. 
“We live in an apartment, but John has a window box garden on our balcony. We 
have a dwarf oleander tree, but we have to bring it inside during the winter.” 

“The royal poincianas and the shower trees were out of this world,” continued 
John. “I was particularly impressed with the Golden Shower trees.” 

“Ts it a dirty tree?” inquired Edna Wilson, sitting across from him. 

“J don’t remember anything about that,” replied John. “I only remember 
thinking that it was the most beautiful sight I had ever seen. I hope they are 
still there.” 

“You’d think twice about it if you had to rake up all the dead blossoms and 
leaves,” said Fred Wilson. “When we moved to our present home in West 10s 
Angeles, there was a jacaranda tree in the front yard, and I don’t think I ever saw 
such a messy tree in my life, purple blossoms all over the lawn! We took tt out 
after the second year and put in an olive tree.” 

“Yes, and now you're always tracking olive stains into the house,” said ae 
“I think an Indian laurel would have been a much cleaner tree. What do they ca: 
it—ficus? They have planted them as street trees in downtown Los Angeles. 

“Ficus retusa and Ficus nitida,” put in Bob Eller. “It is true that it 1s @ vel 
neat tree, but it has two serious drawbacks. In the first place, it can get too aa 
up to 50 or 60 feet tall with a spread of 25 or 30 feet. In the second place, ting 
these trees in Southern California are infested with Cuban laurel ee +i 
flying insect that attacks new foliage—causing the ends of entire branches eal 

ac e dead leaves curl, making it practically impossible for sprays to ujte 2 
them. They have to be sprayed at least four times a year, which can be ee 
bother, as well as an expense. In Hawaii, where these thrips also infest - ‘ 
they have become quite a nuisance, and there are several instances W € 
have attacked people, causing hive-like eruptions.” * 

“Well, that brings us back to Shower trees,” said John Nicholls. “I would 


LASCA LEAVES 89 


certainly grow one in Chicago if we had the space and the climate. Can’t you grow 
shower trees in Southern California?” 

“Not the same kinds you saw in Hawaii,” replied Bob Eller, “because our 
climate is different. It.is true that we have a mild climate, but ours is a winter- 
rainfall Mediterranean climate, while that of Hawaii is truly tropical. When you 
return to the mainland, if you will visit the Los Angeles State and County Arbore- 
tum in Arcadia, you will find four or five species of shower trees or tree cassias 
which are every bit as beautiful as those growing in Hawaii but which can tolerate 
an occasional temperature as low as 27°, and even some of our rare snow flurries.” 

“But they would still be messy,” persisted Edna Wilson. 

“Even people would be messy and dirty,” put in Lois Nicholls, “if they didn’t 
bathe, shave or visit the barber or hairdresser occasionally and have their clothes 
laundered and pressed. Anything that is worth while requires some maintenance.” 

“I suppose that explains the ‘beatnicks’,” added Virginia Eller. “Whiskers, 
long hair and shabby clothes allow more time for doing nothing.” 

“T still don’t like dirty trees,” said Edna Wilson. “Those dead blossoms under 
our jacaranda were a perfect mess.” 

“It all depends upon the point of view,” said Bob Eller. “I always regarded 
the blue-violet blossoms on the grass reflecting the color in the tree as an added 
bonus. Besides, anything which lives, whether plant or animal, accumulates waste 
products which must be eliminated. The fallen blossoms and leaves are the trees 
waste products. The only way to avoid that is to plant an umbrella.” 

“Speaking of jacarandas,” said Fred Wilson, “I don’t see why they allow them 
to be planted along the sidewalks in some parts of Los Angeles. Someone is liable 
to slip on the dead blossoms and break a leg.” 

“And sue the city,” added Edna. 

“As a matter of fact, it is not easy to slip on the blossoms or on the fallen 
leaves either, for that matter,” said Bob Eller. “About a year ago the Executive 
Director of Los Angeles Beautiful sent a questionnaire to a number of cities, both 
in this country and abroad, which were known to have planted jacarandas he 
business areas, inquiring into this very problem. Replies were completely 2 pe 
negative—no record of any accidents and no suits. Incidentally, Pretoria, pis 
Africa, has adopted the jacaranda, a native of Brazil, as its official city ee an : _ 
planted more than 60,000 of them all over the city. During the spring cy ve 
a week-long ‘Jacaranda Festival,’ which attracts visitors from all over the hei : 
The merchants are happy with the financial returns of this event, and everybod) 
has a good time.” : 1 4 

“In other words, they have found that beauty is good Seapees,. commen 
John Nicholls. ee ce : 

“Strange that you should have said that,” remarked Virginia Eller. “That is 
the slogan of Los Pic Beautiful, a non-profit corporation which began poeyg 
of years ago as a committee of the Los Angeles Chamber of Commerce, 


90 LASCA LEAVES 


trying to awaken civic pride and an appreciation of beauty, not only in the citizens 
of Los Angeles but in the entire Southern California area.” 

“T have heard of that organization,” said Edna Wilson. “My brother, who is 
in the real estate business, goes to their meetings regularly, and he keeps telling 
me about a ‘Celebrate with Color’ program. I don’t know what it’s all about, but 
he says color increases property values. He owned some property on San Vicente 
Boulevard between West Los Angeles and the ocean in Santa Monica which he 
sold at a handsome profit after the coral trees were planted in the center strip. They 
certainly do make a show with their brilliant red flowers, but I am afraid they 
would be dirty.” 

“There are many species of coral trees, or erythrinas, which are hardy in 
Southern California,” said Bob Eller. “Some of them rival the beauty of the royal 
poinciana, which is too tender for us.” 

“You mean we won’t have to go to Hawaii to see beautiful flowering trees 
any more,” asked John Nicholls, “that we can see them much closer to home, in 
southern California?” 

“That is exactly the idea,” replied Bob Eller. “You will still probably want t 
go to Hawaii once in a while because they can offer things in their tropical climate 
which we can’t match, and besides, it is a very pleasant trip. But as far as flowering 
trees and shrubs and vines and other beautiful plants are concerned, you will be 
able to get the same impact of color from plants that are equally attractive but 
more suitable to our climate. 

“The ‘Celebrate with Color’ program which Mrs. Wilson mentioned begat 
with an article by Ed Ainsworth in the Los Angeles Times about two years ag0- 
The thought was to concentrate on planting colorful trees, shrubs and other plants 
over a 5-year period, culminating in 1969, when California celebrates Its 200th 
Anniversary. Mrs. Valley Knudsen, president of Los Angeles Beautiful, seized upon — 
the ideas as exemplifying exactly what Los Angeles Beautiful was striving for. we : 
Virginia Baldwin is carrying on a very successful campaign as chairman of 
‘Celebrate with Color’ program. : . 

“In furtherance of this program, two booklets, beautifully illustrated in a 
have been published jointly by Los Angeles Beautiful, Southern California a 4 
cultural Institute and California Arboretum Foundation, entitled, ‘Flowering van | 
for Year-Round Color in Southern California,’ and ‘Flowering Shrubs for 7 <a 
Round Color in Southern California,’ both of which can be obtained at the § ion 
house of the Arboretum in Arcadia or Descanso Gardens in La Canada if re q 
not happen to be available at your favorite bookstore. It is planned to add com , 
panion booklets on flowering vines and on low-growing plants.” 

“That does it!” exclaimed John Nicholls. “I was planning on retiring in 
three years, but we hadn’t quite decided where we wanted to live. Now I kn 


another — 
ow!” 


: ENS 
Reprinted with kind permission of GOLDEN GaARDE™ | 


91 


Smaller Plants for Smaller Spaces 


PHILIP CHANDLER 


Limited growing areas in restricted gardens require relatively small orna- 
mentals that can add interest and color throughout the year. Smaller rooms and 
indoor display spaces call for flowers and foliage which harmonize with their 
surroundings — either as growing plants or as cut flowers and foliage. Certain trees 
or tree-like shrubs and non-rampant vines produce conveniently small-scale 
branches, leaves and blossoms versatile for the home and for the garden. Many 
shrubs with these qualities, as well as controllable small-flowered perennials are 
available, too. From a long list of such plants we have selected an assortment — 
some to be grown as small trees or large shrubs; several which serve as medium to 
small shrubs; together with one useful vine. 

Arbutus unedo, the strawberry tree, is a good small tree for almost any rea- 
sonably sunny and well-ventilated location, in almost any soil from coast to desert. 
Its generous clusters of small, white, urn-shaped blossoms are accompanied by a 
profusion of yellow-to-red fruits, usually most numerous in fall and winter; its 
dark-green, serrated leaves shine through manzanita-like branches throughout the 
year. Most effective as a multiple-trunked specimen, this shrub-like tree, usually 
reaching fifteen to twenty feet, matures with elegance and has many uses out- 
doors and in. ‘ 

Clethra arborea thrives only in cool, moist gardens usually coastal, with 
considerable shade and slightly acid soil. Usually slender and growing to twenty 
feet, the tree produces fragrant white blossoms (resembling lilies-of-the-valley — 
hence its popular name) which open abundantly in midsummer and are superb 
for cutting, or may be left to form delightful light brown seed pods, also useful 
indoors. This quick-growing tree, with its copper-tipped new growth and red stems, 
is improved structurally by frequent thinning. Nipping out the leader when very 
young will produce a rounder, more spreading head. - 

Escallonia organensis is an old stand-by of wide adaptability, usually ee 
countered as an unidentifiable thicket, and too often sheared and not thinne 
selectively. When carefully grown in almost any soil or sunny site as an oe 
billowing shrub, or as a several-trunked tree, it often attains fifteen to Se 
Its copious pink-and-white flower clusters, its red-tipped new growth, and its 
freedom from insects and diseases all add to its popularity as a superior orna= 
mental. It may flower any month of the year. 

Melaleuca armillaris is perhaps the most delicate of the common gs 
trees of small stature with blossoms and branchlets suitable for cutting. Light 
green, softly needle-leaved, low-branching and rather open by nature, it may be 


a2 LASCA LEAVES 


sheared as a hedge or pruned lightly as a wind screen, but becomes a real conver 
sation piece when employed as a mature, multiple-trunked tree. Its soft, cream- 
white brush flowers are delicately ringed with a hint of red during spring or fall in 
recurrent waves; these are followed by button-like seed pods. 

Murraya paniculata is one of our best-groomed great shrubs, probably most 
effective as a drastically thinned fifteen-foot tree. White canes gleaming vertically 
through. shining fern-like dark leaves on slender branches. The shrub will grace 
garden or living room in or out of blooming season which occurs in warmest 
weather. Abundant flowers are small, soft, very white with the scent of orange 
blossoms. Not for really cold areas, windy exposures, nor poorly drained soil. 

A tree capable of reaching forty feet, Podocarpus gracilior is adaptable to 
any intelligent pruning which may train this ever-popular ornamental to vine, wall 
shrub, informal espalier, tub plant or lush cascade over retaining walls. Linear- 
leaved, gray-green to deep-green, the species varies greatly in habit and density 
but always adorns in sun or shade. Every cut frond is valuable indoors or out. 

Another little tree or medium shrub of many uses and locations is Tern- 
stroemia gymnanthera. Outstanding for cut decoration are its red-bronze new 
growths of winter and spring, its creamy, drooping little flowers (usually in sum- 
mer), and the intricate orange-centered seedy fruits in the fall. Appreciative of 
reasonably fast drainage and moisture in all seasons, it does best in partial shade, 
especially far south, but full shade can eliminate the plant’s distinctive colors and 
attractive bloom and fruit. 

What are more effective and long-lasting cut flowers than the evergreen 
azaleas? Judicious pruning may produce a small bouquet of lush and exquisite 
blossoms from even a young plant, delightful alone or with other flowers. “Alaska 
is possibly the most nearly ever-flowering white, but among other color choices 
“Seraphim” is a startling warm pink fall through spring, “Rose Queen” a strong 
pink which may flower any time, “Rosebud” an outstanding rose for late spring. 
“Gumpo” white or pink — a miniature shrub to only two feet — and “Firelight, 
a large shrub, is small-flowered cherry red of intermittent profusion. 

Convolvulus cneorum, the silver morning glory bush, is one of the aristocrats 
of dry, rocky, windswept sites, its narrow silken leaves of shining pearl ei 
covering a mound-shaped shrub intermittently aglow with wide-funnelled whit 
flowers, shell-pink in bud. The blossoms partially close at night or on a dark day: 
Foliage lasts especially well indoors and every morning new buds open. New 
plant in a wet location. t 

Euphorbia biglandulosa is a striking, two-foot succulent shrub of ae 
landscape value and of real potential to florists and home decorators who ee 
dramatic, long-lasting materials. Long grown in southern California, easy we 
tough in sunny, slightly dry locations, it is still of limited availability in many # oa 
Leaves are linear, rigid, silver and stemless along light green twisting brane 
which arrange themselves into a free-form mound covered for six weeks eac “a 
winter with terminal circles of chartreuse flowers which last two weeks when 


LASCA LEAVES 93 


In slightly raised beds or when highlighting a bank planting, this Euphorbia - 
becomes a dramatic complement to bird-of-paradise, gazania groundcover and 
rocky out-croppings. Indoors, one cluster of the blossoms fills a small bowl or 
combines well with more delicate flowers. Cut the flowering stems to the ground 
when flowers fade to seed pods; new branches will then renew the shrub’s shape in 
two or three weeks. Seeds profusely but difficult to propagate from cuttings. 

Strictly a foliage shrub, five to six feet uncontrolled, Myrsine africana, the 
so-called African box, is another of the southwest’s most adaptable plants. Clipped 
formally it makes a far more uniform hedge than most boxwood. Loosely informal 
as a glossy, dark-green background for flowers, or elegant alone, it adapts to all 
soils, almost all sites in moderate climate zones. Indoors, cuttings can answer many 
needs. It may even be trained to tumble loosely from retaining walls or boxes, 
and is prunable in any season. 

Of the many pink-flowered India hawthorns, Raphiolepis delacouri is one of 
the most rewarding, and certainly one of the best for cuttings. Upright spikes of 
modest, pink single flowers (November to May) are surrounded by small, ser- 
rated red-bronze new leaves. This plant thrives with little care in most soils and 
localities and grows more handsome with age, reaching five to six feet (ten feet 
uncontrolled). Completely amenable to pruning in all seasons, it remains almost 
insect free in sun or light shade. 

Gelsemium sempervirens is a true vine of many virtues— lightweight, easily 
controlled, evergreen with many polished surfaces which catch the light and 
shadow, and curtains of small, golden funnel-form flowers that tumble fragrantly 
and in profusion for many months, in Los Angeles as early as November, as late 
as May, usually climaxing in March. Up fences, down walls, from boxes and from 
vases gelsemium flows with grace either in sun or considerable shade. No insects. 


Growing Notes 


GEORGE H. SPALDING 


An appropriate subject in up-dating “Growing Notes” is Kennedya rubicunda, 
a plant that continues to thrive at the Arboretum even though frozen back rather 
severely several times. I would recommend it for use as a groundcover rather than 
as a vine. It is a rampant grower and does not reach over one foot in height except 
where it can climb upon shrubs or other forms of support. However the original 
assessment placing it in the category of “chiefly of botanical interest” still holds. 

Anigozanthos flavida was mentioned in “Growing Notes” Vol. V, No. 4. It 
has continued to be a fine plant and is again highly recommended for those who 
enjoy the beautiful and unusual. Another Anigozanthos, A. manglesii, also men- 
tioned earlier, has now bloomed and produced an even more spectacular flower. 
Experience at the Arboretum has indicated that it should be considered as a rather 
short-lived perennial, or possibly biennial, since it blooms the second year from 
seed (occasionally the first year), and then tends to die out. 

This may be the result of inadequate knowledge of its growing requirements 
— or improper culture — as it seldom gets the complete rest that it receives 
its hot, dry native habitat. It is a completely herbaceous plant, so we can hardly 
expect the best results when it is grown among other plants which require and 
receive summer watering. A. manglesii is easily grown from seed, and we will be 
conducting a number of experiments here at the Arboretum in an effort to deter- 
mine the best method of culture for southern California. It is a real conversation 
piece with its ruby red and kelly green flowers, which are also excellent for cul’ 

Another species, A. rufa, is being grown by at least one specialist in this - 
and we hope to have plants at the Arboretum soon. This is one of the finest of the 
Anizoganthos with red flowers held erect on 18-inch to 24-inch stalks. It 1s ri 
in cultivation in Australian gardens and gives every indication of garden adapts 
bility here. on 

Kunzea sericea was first mentioned in Vol. VI, No. 1. Over the bes mt 
enthusiasm for this graceful shrub has increased. Now about eight feet @> 
retains the same graceful, vase-like form it had in 1956. It has grown with vist 
care in the matter of watering and feeding. Unfortunately it does not set 
seed so that we will have to obtain additional supplies from Australia. pei is 
attempts to propagate it vegetatively have also failed although some pie : 
being made in getting cuttings to callous. It continues to bloom prolific heads 
the long pendulous branches are covered with the typical myrtaceous howe @ id 
so closely resembling Eucalyptus ficifolia. Kunzea sericea remains high on 
of potential plant introductions. 


LASCA LEAVES 95 


Those readers who remember the Note of Vol. VI, No. 2 on seedling Jaca- 
randas, will be interested to know that all the seedlings bloomed violet blue. This 
was a disappointment, but one of the results that must be accepted when growing 
seedlings of selections. 

It is a pleasure to report that Gamolepis chrysanthemoides, mentioned in early 
“Growing Notes,” is now well established in the nursery trade here. 

A few random notes on plants previously mentioned: Loropetalum chinense 
can again be found in nurseries. Not easily but plants are available occasionally. 
The Cassia noted in Vol. XIII, No. 4 as Cassia glauca has now been determined 
to be Cassia surattensis var. suffruticosa. 

It is always gratifying to have one of the Arboretum introductions become 
popular with both the nurserymen and the public. The trailing African Daisy (Oste- 
ospermum fruticosum) is one such plant. It is now being grown in large quantities 
and is widely used as a groundcover throughout much of southern California. 

The “something new” for this issue is Agapanthus ‘Queen Anne.’ This is a 
medium height Agapanthus reaching about 18 inches to 2 feet. The flowers are 
a very rich, deep blue borne in heads approximately 3 to 4 inches in diameter. 
It is one of the completely deciduous varieties and it is easy to damage the plant 
if extreme care is not taken when cultivating the planting area when it Is dormant. 
The size of the flower heads makes it useful for cutting and the plant as a whole 
is just right for the smaller garden. ne 

In future “Growing Notes” I hope to provide an additional list of germination 
times for some of the lesser known plants, as well as notes on many of the new 
plants being tested at the Arboretum. Some brief items on seed sowing oe 
together with information on special treatments for difficult-to-germinate seed : 
be among other topics discussed. Finally if any readers have plants on which ; a 
would like to see Notes, drop a line to the author, in care of Lasca Leaves, ‘an 
he will try to help. 


96 LASCA LEAVES 
1967 Coming Events 

February 25, 26: Camellia Show 
March 3, 4, 5: Southland Orchid Show 

April 1, 2: April Society International Show 
April 8, 9: Operation Green Carpet, Lawn Clinic 
April 14, 15, 16: Spring Flower Show and Art Festival 
April 22, 23: Amaryllis Show 
April 29, 30: Tris Show 
May 7: Epiphyllum Show 
May 13, 14: Geranium Show 


May 26, 27, 28: Bonsai Exhibit 


June 24, 25: Gladiolus Show 


June 30, July 1, 2, 3, 4: Cactus and Succulent Show 


Exact dates to be announced: 


July: Begonia Show 


October: Fall Flower Show 


NOTE: For information covering exact times of events, entry regulations for exhib- 


itors, sponsoring groups, etc., consult the Arboretum, 301 North Baldwin 
Avenue, Arcadia: telephone 446-8251. 


CALIFORNIA ARBORETUM FOUNDATION, INC. 


BOARD OF TRUSTEES 
Presiden 


al 2 Ce teu es laa lie ae F. HAROLD ROACH 
First Vine Piecsione Spe ARIE J. HAAGEN-SMIT, PH.D. 
econd Vice-President: 20. 3.497 2 Howa ODGER 
OMCPOIGEY 6 i ee GEORGE H. SPALDING 
Tregee.. oeee Howarp A. MILLER 
SAMUEL Ayres, JR., M.D. MAuRICE A. MACHRIS 
ELMER BELT, M.D. Mrs. JOHN R. MAGE 
RALPH D. CORNELL Mrs. GEORGE MARSHALL 
Mrs. RICHARD Y. DAKIN MILDRED MATHIAS, PH.D. 
ARTHUR FREED Mrs. MANFRED MEYBERG 
Mrs. JOHN GREGG Mrs. RUDOLPH J. RICHARDS 
CHARLES S. JONES Mrs. GorpDon K. SMITH 
ALEXANDER KING Mrs. ForREST Q. STANTON 
Mrs. MIRIAM KIRK LOVELL SWISHER 
Mrs. T. R. KNUDSEN THADDEUS LIBBY UP DE GRAFF 


Mrs. ARCHIBALD B. YOUNG 

Ex Officio: WILLIAM S. STEWART, PH.D. 
HONORARY TRUSTEES 

ARTHUR FREED, PRESIDENT, 
MEN’s GARDEN CLUB OF sn ee 
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LASCA LEAVES 


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STAFF 
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PEN CHING (PAUL) CHEO, PH.D. .. Chief, Plant Research Division 
LEONUY ENARL Pie ee ere. Plant Taxonomist 
ROBERT L. GONDERMAN, PH.D. ............. Plant Physiologist 
Hapay.G, WA eee Pu eo Entomologist 
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ee iy a ei Librarian 
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LASCA LEAVES 


The official publication of the California Arboretum Foundation, Inc. 


Index VoI.XVI, 1966 


' 
LASCA LEAVES INDEX VOL. XVI, 1966 


Volume I, No. 1 appeared Oct. 1, 1950, comprised of 5 issues, through Oct. 1951. 
Subsequent volumes, 4 issues each, commence with the calendar year, publication 
dates on the Ist of Jan., April, July, Oct. designated respectively as Winter, Spring, 
Summer and Autumn issues. Pagination is consecutive through each separate volume. 


A Conservation, 56-57 
Agaves, 33 Conservation, bibliography, 57 
Ainsworth, Ed, 90 Coral trees, 
Ajuga, 60 Cross, A. A; 82 
Aloes, 33 Cymbidium orchids, miniatures, 18-23 


Arboretum Orchid Collection, D 
‘clos mag Dakin, Susanna Bryant, 83 


Date palm, 61 
Anthony, Mark, 58 ican: Mi Mrs. Theodore, 82 
Ayres, Samuel, Jr., M.D., 88 Denver Botanic Gardens, 77 
Chandler, P hilip, 91 Descanso Gardens, 58-61 
Bowen, Lydia S., 70 Dyo, Ken, 60 
Dakin, Susanna Bryant, 80 : 
Fowlie, J. A., 3 E 
Gon derman, Dr. Robert L., 64 Echeverias, 33 
Hetherington, Ernest, 9 Re — ace 56-57 
Holguin, Leo, 14 Elm 
Kimnach, Myron, 31 English Oak, 61 
Manahan, Patrice, 68 Evergreen azaleas, 92 
Menninger, Emma D., 19 F 
Pugh, Edward, 61, 86 
‘ Ferns, 60 
Spalding, George H., 74, 94 ey 
Stewart, Dr. William o:, 56, 84 ia lias wre REG) 
Wilken, D. H., 84 riz, Eamenvel, 
Zangger, Carl, 49 G 
Azaleas, 60 


B GENERA AND SPECIES 
Baldwin, E. J. “Lucky”, 61, 80, 82, 86 gage cardiophylla, 75 


Baldwin, Jennie Dexter, 82 ey ooo - 74 
Baldwin, Mrs. Virginia, 90 s See, 
Bamboo, 60 A. vestita, 74 ‘3 
Beautification, 68-69 gy er opp ae 
Behr, Dr. H. H., 86 oy rele a 
Bennet A.A. 2 Hehe 
Black Walnut mG | ‘ 36 
Block, Maa 78, 80-83 re: on ee ee Zwartkop’, 3 
Blue gum eucalyptus, 61, 86 
‘ Albizia julibrissin, 84 
Bougainvillea ‘Orange King’, 84 
Bowen, Lydia, 70 eed Leia 94 
Box Elders, a fa, oe. 
Bradfield, Sites A. W., 82 Aralis wpenien 60 
Bynum, Lindley, 78 


Arbutus unedo, 9 


Cc Baccharis pilularis ‘Dwarf’, 67 
Cacti, 31 Brassavola digbyana, 10, 11, 13 
Cattleyas, 9-13 B. glauca, 10 


erry trees, 60 B. nodosa, 10 


Broughtonia domingensis, 1 


Camellia japonica, 59-60 
Carpobrotus edulis, 31-32, Siea0 
Cassia glauca, 95 
C. surattensis var. suffruticosa, 95 
Cistus ladaniferus, 

j 6 


ridus, 

Clethra arborea, 91 
Convolvulus cneorum, 92 
Crassula arborescens, 33 


C. pumilum, 19, 20, 21, 22 
Deleccens “Alba’ 

Dodonaea viscosa ‘purpurea, 74-75 
se ithe hispidum, 32, 34, 50 


linguaefolia, 36 
lutea, 36,39 
microcalyx, 36 
pallida, 36, 39 
pilosa, 36 


pis tabilis, 33 
Eriodictyon trichocalyx, 67 
Escallonia organensis; 9 
Eucalyptus ficifolia, 05 
Euphorbia biglandulosa, 92 
Ficus nitida, 88 

F. retusa, 88 


srieives tes Se ee 95 
Gelsem mper 

Cnnloaeiien agbetlcansi 32; 35 
Isomeris arborea var. ovata, 67 
Kalanchoe iin prcars 35 
K. grandiflora, 

K. longiflora Coctacal 36 


Kunzea sericea, 94, 95 


cinnabarina, 10, 13 
flava 

horpophylla, 10 
milleri, 

pumila, 10 

purpurata alba, 14, 17 
Lampranthus, 32 

L. aurantiacus, 34, 49 


Se 5 
® 


L. spectabilis, 53 

Loropetalum chinense, 95 

Lowiara Trinket, 11, 13 

YR ES fe 

Magnolia ee 60 
Malephora 

M. crocea var. purpureo-crocea, 52 
M. luteola, 50, 53 

Melaleuca armillaris, 9] 


Nandina domestica, 60 
Osteospermum fruticosum, 95 
Potinara Cherub,./5 
Portulacoria afra, 36 


Psoralea bituminosa, 67 
Raphiolepis delacouri, 93 
Santolina virens, 

Sedum album, 32, 3. 


S. craigii, 3 

S. dasyphyllum, 34 

S. dendroideum subsp praealtum 
32, 33,30 

S. guatemalense, 32 

S. moranense, 32, 33 

S. morganianum, 34, 39 

S. nussbaumerianum, 36 

S. oreganum, 33, 34 


S. pachyphyllum, 34 
S. rubrotinctum, 32, 34, 36 
Ss. spathulifolium, Es ae 


Senecio haworthii, 33, 36 

S. madraliscae, 32, 33, 36 

S. serpens, 36 

2d oleae marriottiana, 13 

S. Psyche, 

Sopieontts grandiflora, O519, 13 


Geiger, Rev. Maynard, O.M., 63 
Gingko trees, 63 

Golden shower trees, 88 
Gonderman, Dr. Robert L., 57 


H 
Hertrich, William, 70, 78 
Horse chestnut, 63 
Hottentot fig, 3 
Huntington Botanical Garden, 
succulents at, 33 
I 
Iceplants as groundcovers, 49-53 
Iceplants, diseases, 53 
J 
Jacaranda, 88, 89, 95 
amaica, Broughtonias of, 3 
Japanese garden at Descanso 
Gardens, 58-6 
Japanese black pine, 60 
K 
Kennedy, John F., 56 
Knudsen, Mrs. Valley, 68, 69, 90 
L 
Library, Arboretum, 70-73 
Los Angeles Beautiful, 68-69, 89-90 
M 
McGah, Mrs. Russella C., 70 
McGah, J. Thomas, 70 
Macfarland, John C., 78 
aple, 60 
pa Dr. Louis B., 77 
mbryanthemum. family, 32, 34 
isdion San Buena Ventura, 63 
Mission San Juan Capistrano, 63 


Moors, Frank, 82 
Mondo grass, 60 


Newmark, Harris, 86 
Nunokawa, Eijoro, pa 


O 
Orchids at the Arboretum, 
listing, 23-29 
P 
Patten, Gerry V., 79 
Persimmons, 
Pomegranate, 61 


Q 
Queen Anne Cottage, 80-82, 86 


R 4 
Rancho Santa Anita, 61-63, 82-83, 86 


Royal poinciana tree, 88, 90 
S 


Sago palms, 60 

Sasanqua camellias, 60 

Seibert, Dr. Russell, 64, 76 
Senecios, 33 

Shade trees, effect on smog, 84-85 
Shellmound Nursery, 86 

Smith, Mrs. Ju a 58 

Smith, Whitney, 5 5 
Smog, effect of ee trees on, 84-8 
Stratton, James T., 86 

Succulent oundcovers, 30-53 
Succulents, bibliography, 

Su 


cculents, insect pests Jy control, 40 | 


Succulents, recommended for 
Southern California, 40-47 
4 i 
Tabebuias, 75-76 
Taylor, Bishop W. H., 86 
Taylor, Ruth, 
Tea House at Descanso Gardens, 
Twain, Mark, 80 


58-60 


Walker, Mr. W. C., 86 
Wolfskill, William, ‘ee 86 
Wright, Janet, 70 


LASCA 
LEAVES 


: — JANUARY 1967 
wu 12 1967 Vol. XVII, No.! 


peel ones ern } iBRARY 


Lasca Leaves 


Quarterly publication of the California Arboretum Foundation, Inc. 


VoL. XVII JANUARY, 1967 No. 1 


IN THIS ISSUE 
Poisonous Plants in California... . Mrs. Harrie Bonner and 
Dr. A. J. Haagen-Smit 1 


Se eeees, Dr. Robert L. Gonderman and 
Frederick Boutin 7 


Fire Resistant Plants 


The Vanishing Natives. .........__ Dr. Mildred E. Mathias 10 
OOO oa Re Lydia S. Bowen 13 
ne Bn Pa _.Edward Pugh 14 
Confessions of a Volunteer... _. Nancy Zabriskie 16 
Growing Notes... . Si George H. Spalding 20 
Recent Arboretum Library TE a aes 23 
RN re i a ee 24 


EDITORIAL COMMITTEE 


Mrs. Ross K. BoorE MILDRED MATHIAS 
RALPH D. CorNELL F. HAROLD ROACH 
ERNEST HETHERINGTON WILLIAM S. STEWART 


Davis Dutton, Editor 


THE COVER 
Our cover photograph features an Arboretum introduction, the Acacia cardio- 
phylla A. Cunn. With its golden yellow flowers which appear in February, the 
lovely A. cardiophylla can be grown as either a small tree or large shrub. The 
specimen shown on the cover is located in the Arboretum’s Australian section. 


Poisonous Plants in California 


Mrs. HARRIET BONNER and Dr. A. J. HAAGEN-SMIT 


The study of the poisonous plants is of vital interest to many groups of the popu- 
lation, to the farmer as well as the Sunday hiker, to the medical profession as well as 
to industry. A thorough knowledge of this subject can prevent the costly loss of cattle, 
the spoiling of a vacation trip, and it may add to our knowledge of drugs beneficial 
in medical treatment. 

With the exception of dermatitis-causing plants and those which produce toxic 
berries like Daphne and Liguster, we find the victims among the domestic animals. 

The importance of this subject may be realized when we look at the annual losses 
of livestock due to plant poisoning. They are estimated to exceed several million 


or the pasture is overgrazed so that the animals are forced to eat anything which looks 
green. In such cases we cannot rely on some instinctive reaction of the animal for 
protection. 

The plants which contain poisonous substances belong to a large number of 
different families and the chemical study of these plants has shown that most of the 
poisons produced in the plant are typical for the genus or species. We find among 
them: alkaloids, saponin-cyanogenetic and mustard oil glucosides, resinoids, phyto- 
toxins, phenols, acids, selenium and a number of compounds which are chemically 
still unknown. Although the pharmacological reactions differ from compound to 
compound, we can for convenience and lack of better classification discuss the poi- 
sonous plants partly on the basis of the production of similar physiological action, 
partly on the basis of the chemical nature of the toxic principle. 

PLANTS CAUSING DERMATITIS 

The largest number of cases of poisoning in men is caused by contact poisoning. 
The resulting skin disease or dermatitis may be a slight irritation of the skin or a 
painful inflammation with vesicles or blisters lasting from a few days to several weeks. 
Cases are recorded which ended with death. By far the most common cause of plant 


2 LASCA LEAVES 


dermatitis is Poison Oak. Not everyone, however, is sensitive to these plants. Bi 
statistical experiments carried out to determine the toxicity of poison oak, it bie 0 a 
that only 60% of the people who came in contact with this plant develope a 
irritation (Primula obconica 6% ). In most other cases this proportion 1s muc a 
favorable and dermatitis is developed only in individuals who are especially ae ss 
or allergic to a certain plant. The effect of these contact poisons on ee > : er 
to be negligible. In the case of poison ivy, the toxic principle has been oe . re 
it was found that a chemical compound related to the phenols was responsib e . i 
skin irritation. A similar phenol is known to be present in other Perea of ie 
rhus family, in the oil of the chinese lacquer tree and in the oil of the seed hu a 
cashew nut, Anacardium occidentale. These poisonings are of a similar a 7 
dermatitis sometimes caused by phenolic developers. On the basis of the p “a 
properties of the active component (urushiol), the most successful reat pi 
based on oxydation (5% ferric chloride in 50% alcohol, potassium eho ; 
and peroxides) and the solubility in alkali (thorough washing with soap aa of 
shower, not a tub bath). The treatment with injections is based on a mince ai 
the nature of the active principle and is not without danger. Oils and fats dis 
the toxic principle and spread the irritation so they should be avoided. 
Well known dermatitis-causing plants found in California are: 

Ailanthus altissima sw. (Cultivated ) 

Borago officinalis L., Borage (Cultivated) 

Cypripedium spp. Ladyslippers 

Encelia california Nutt. 

Euphorbiaecae spp. spurges 

Ginkgo biloba L. (Cultivated) 

Melia Azedarach L. (Cultivated) 

Pastinaca sativa L., parsnip 

Phaelia spp. 

Primula obconica, Hance, primrose (Cultivated ) 

Rhus diversilobia T. and G., Poison oak 

Smodingium argutum (Cultivated) 


PHOTODYNAMIC PLANTS 


me plants cause a remarkable disease in animals with white or unpigmented 
skin. A photosensitization is produced and the resulting symptoms are derm e 
blistering of the skin, loss of hair, etc. It has been found that the activating light 
a wave length between 5800 angstroms and the red end of the spectrum. 
In California representatives of this group are: 

Agave lecheguilla Torr. 

Fagopyrum esculentum, Moench (Buckwheat, seeds ) 

Hypericum perforatum L. (St. Johns wort) 

Tribulus terrestris L. (Puncture vine ) 


neonate 


LASCA LEAVES 3 


PLANTS CAUSING HYDROCYANIC ACID POISONING 
Many plants contain one of the most serious and fast-acting poisons which we 

know: hydrocyanic acid. This acid is in most cases not free in the plants but in glyco- 
sidal linkage and is set free by enzymes. One of the glycosides is amygdalin which 
gives on hydrolysis hydrocyanic acid, glucose and benzaldehyde. It is rather fortunate 
that hydrocyanic acid is a gas at ordinary temperatures and that it is a weak acid. 
The salts are therefore completely decomposed by a long exposure to the air and 
the danger of poisoning by dried forage containing cyanogenetic plants is therefore 
small. Definitely known to be poisonous on account of a high hydrocyanic acid con- 
tent are the following plants in California: 

Holcus lanatus L. (Velvet grass) 

Photinia arbutifolia (Christmas berry ) 

Prunus demissa Walp (Western choke berry ) 

Sorghum vulgare Pers. (Sorghum, imported ) 

Triglochin maritima L. (Arrow grass ) 


PLANTS PRODUCING UNDESIRABLE FLAVOR IN MILK 
AND MILK PRODUCTS 
We also find listed among the poisonous plants those which cause a disagreeable 
taste in milk and which, in this indirect way, may cause important losses to the farmer. 
Often troublesome are members of the family of the crucifereae since they contain 
mustard oils and their glycosides which give on hydrolysis bad smelling products like 
mercaptans. Well known for this behavior are several allium species (garlic and 
onions) and brassica species (mustards, turnips, Brassica arvensis, wild mustard). 
PLANTS CAUSING MECHANICAL INJURY 
Some plants are indirectly the cause for loss of cattle because they possess hard 

sharp awns, spines or thorns. The wounds inflicted by such plants may seriously hurt 
the animals through secondary infection or obstruction in the digestive tract. In 
California we find the following plants of this type: 

Aristida oligantha Michx. ( Wiri grass) 

Avena fatua (Wild oats) 

Cacti spp. 

Platanus occidentalis (Sycamore ) 

Stipa comata Trin & Rupr. (Needle and thread grass) 

Tribulus terrestris L. (Puncture vine ) 

Xanthium spp. (Cockleburs) 

SAPONIN CONTAINING PLANTS 


- LASCA LEAVES 


sapogenins, substances related to sterols, bile acids and resin acids. In California 
we find Saponaria officinalis L., Bouncing bet, which causes a good deal of trouble 
to sheep raisers. Symptoms are loss of appetite, cessation of rumination, indications 
of abdominal pain, frothing at the mouth and a green discharge from the nose. 
OTHER TOXIC GLYCOSIDAL PLANTS 
Glycosides, as we have already seen, are substances which on hydrolysis yield 
a sugar and a non-carbohydrate fragment the aglycone. These kind of substances are 


widely distributed among the plants and some of them are highly toxic. The chemical 
nature is not known in most cases. 


Aesculus californica Nutt (Buckeye) 
Apocynum cannabinum L. (Indian hemp) 
Daphne cneorum L. (Berries dangerous to children) 
Digitalis purpurea L. (Foxglove) 
Hedera helix L. (English Ivy, berries dangerous to children) 
Helenium hoopesii A. (Gray sneeze weed) 
Nerium oleander L. (Oleander, leaves highly toxic) 
Xanthium orientale L. (Cockleburs, seeds and early stages of the plant) 
OXALIC ACID-CONTAINING PLANTS 
Well known for their oxalic acid content are species of Rymex. Other plants 
California containing this poison are: 
Rheum rhaponticum L. (Rhubarb) 
Sarcobatus vermiculatus Hook (Greasewood ) 
Chenopodium ambrosiodes L, (Wormseed ) 


ALKALOID-CONTAINING PLANTS 

All plants contain basic nitrogenous substances. A number of these substances 
have drawn the attention because of their strong action on the nervous system. Thes¢ 
so-called alkaloids are mostly complex ring systems containing nitrogen. Charactel 
istic for their alkaloid content are families such as the legumes, Ranunculacedé, 
Solanaceae, Papaveraceae, Liliaceae and Amaryllidaceae. Important alkaloidal 
plants in California are: 
Aconitum columbianium Nutt (Western monkshood) 
Argemone mexicana L. (Mexican poppy) 
Conium maculatum (Poison hemlock) 
Corydalis caseana Gray (Fitweed) 
Datura stramonium L, (Jimson weed) 
Delphinium californicum T. and G. (Coast larkspur and other spp-) 
Dicentra formosa Andr. (Western bleeding heart) 
Dicentra uniflora Kell (Steershead ) 
Dicentra chrysantha Walp (Golden eardrops) 


LASCA LEAVES 5 


Dicentra ochroleuca Engem. 

Erythrina spp. 

Eragrostis cilianensis Link (Stink grass) 

Equisetum arvense L. (Scouring brush) 

Gelsemium sempervirens Ait. 

Lolium temulentum L. (Darnel) 

Lupinus spp. (Lupins) 

Nicotiana attenuata Torr. (Wild tobacco) 

Nicotiana trigonophyllae Dunal (Desert tobacco) 

Nicotiana glauca R. Grah. (Tree tobacco) 

Ranunculus repens L. (Creeping buttercup) 

Senecio vulgaris L. (Groundsel) 

Solanum Dulcamara L. (Bittersweet) 

Solanum Nigrum L. (Black nightshade ) 

Solanum tuberosum L. (Trish potato) 

Solanum pseudocapsicum L. (Jerusalem berry) 

Veratrum californicus Dur. (Hellebore) 

Zygadenus spp. (Death camas) 

PLANTS WITH UNKNOWN TOXIC PRINCIPLES OR NOT BELONGING 

TO THE GROUPS MENTIONED 

Actaea spicata or arguta L. (Misteltoe, berries) 

Anagallis avensis L. (Scarlet pimpernel) 

Arisoema triphyllum L. (Jack in the pulpit, root) 

Asclepias eriocarpa Benth. (Milkweed) 

Baileya multiradiata Harv and Gray 

Buxus sempervirens L. (Boxtree cult.) 

Astragalus spp. (Locoweeds, suspect, might indicate selenium 

containing soil) 

Cannabis sativa L. (Hemp) 

Cicuta spp. (Hemlock) 

Eremocarpus setigerus Benth. (Turkey mullein) 

Euphorbiaceae (Spurges) 

Iva xanthifolia Nutt (Marsh elder) 

Kalmia polifolia Wang (Swamp laurel) 

Ledum glandulosum Nutt (Labrador tea) 

Leucocrinim montanum Nutt (Mountain lily) 

Leucothoe davisiae Torr. (Black laurel) 

Melilotus alba Desr. (Sweet clover, suspect) 

Oxytenia acerosa Nutt. 

Phoradendron flavescens Nutt. (Mistletoe, berries) 


6 LASCA LEAVES 


Pteridium aquilinum, Kuhn vat. lanuginosum (Fern bracken) 
Quercus spp. (Oaks) 

Rhododendron occidentalis Gray (Western azalea) 
Rhododendron californicum Hook 

Ricinus communalis L. (Castor bean) 

Tetradymia glabrata Gray (Spring rabbit brush) 

Tetradymia canenscens DC (Spinless horse brush) 


BIBLIOGRAPHY 
Poisonous Plants in the United States 
Couch, J. F. The Chemistry of Stock Poisoning Plants. Journal of Chemical Education, Vol. 
14, 1937. 


Muenscher, Walter C. Poisonous Plants of the United States. Macmillan, 1941. 
Jepson, W. L. Manual of the Flowering Plants of California. 

Munz, P.A. A Manual of Southern California Botany. 

Bailey, L. H. Manual of Cultivated Plants. 


Dr. Samuel Ayres, Jr., M.D. and Diplomate of the American Board of Derma- 
tology comments as follows on the foregoing article: 

“The authors of this article have done a good deal of research on the problem 
and I would like to add several additional plants which are capable of causing contact 
dermatitis, notably Philodendron cordatum,* the common house plant. This is “a 
commonly recognized as a potent source of irritation and yet many people are expost 
to it. Another plant, the shrub Weigandea caracasana was responsible for one severe 
case of contact dermatitis in my experience. Grevillea banksii and Grevillea robusta 
have also been reported as sources of contact dermatitis. Dermatitis from La 
English Ivy and Algerian Ivy have also been reported. Iris tubers may cause trouble 
by direct contact with the tubers or as a result of contact with orris root which 1s 
derived from this source and may be incorporated in face powder or powder for 
surgeons’ rubber gloves. I have seen one instance of dermatitis from the latter ma 
surgeon. There is one type of lime which is capable of causing photo sensitivity: In 
other words, a dermatitis from contact plus exposure to the sun. : 

“With reference to the treatment of plant dermatitis, the measures mentioned in 
the article would be considered highly inadequate under present day cond 
Severe dermatitis from poison oak or any of the several plants mentioned can 
easily and promptly controlled by a combination of steroids (cortisone derivatives) 
both externally in the form of a cream and internally in the form of a pill. The oF 
medication is usually started with a dose of five a day for two days, gradually ee 
reduced over a ten-day period. Relief is almost instantaneous and the patient !s able 
to continue with his former activities without the discomfort and unsightly appearance 
that otherwise might last two to four weeks.” 


Samuel Ayres, Jr., M.D. 


*Ayres Jr., Samuel and Samuel Ayres IIL, 1958. “Philodendron as a cause of contact derm* 
titis.” A.M.A. Arch. of Dermatology. 78:330-333 


Fire Resistant Plants 


Dr. RoBERT L. GONDERMAN AND FREDERICK BOUTIN 


In early November, 1966 a fire erupted in the San Gabriel Mountains north 
of the Sylmar-Pacoima area of Los Angeles County. A portion of this fire en- 
croached into a section of the fire-resistant plant test plot surrounding the chaparral 
approaches to the Olive View Sanitarium in Sylmar. This test plot was established 
in 1962 following a fire which destroyed the main hospital at Olive View and 
resulted in damage in excess of one million dollars. 

The test plot of fire-resistant plants at Olive View consists of a planted band, 
100 to 300 feet deep and about 400 feet long, separating a portion of the de- 
veloped hospital grounds from the unmaintained hills. These hills sustain a cover 
of extremely combustible native brush and scattered eucalyptus trees. 

The fire-resistant plants were set out approximately in five-by-five-foot grid 
patterns, depending upon the terrain. Following completion of the planting, irri- 
gation was performed only when drought conditions became acute, and no further 
maintenance work was done. 

Fire-resistant plants employed for this area consisted chiefly of Atriplex 
halimus and Cistus ladaniferus. These were among the first plants recommended 
through applied research at the Los Angeles State and County Arboretum through 
the efforts of Dr. L. B. Martin, Mr. F. C. Ching, and the Arboretum’s Director, 
Dr. W. S. Stewart. 

The recent fire burned into the eastern end of the test plot. The fire also 
burned into bank control plantings along the road atop the Los Pinetos Ridge 
above Loop Canyon. Reports of post-fire results at both of these sites are based 
largely upon visual observations and accounts obtained from individuals who 
witnessed the conflagration. 

One observation was that the fire-resistant plants had reached neither the 
size nor the density to stand as a major barrier to the progress of the fire. Fire- 
resistant plants were still relatively small in stature and had not attained adequate 
coverage within the planting areas. Estimated coverage for Cistus ladaniferus was 
about 25 percent, while ground coverage for the A‘riplex halimus was closer to 
50 percent. hd ; 

Natural brush and grasses were found in varying densities, being sparse on 
ridges and tall and heavy in canyon bottoms and more protected sites. In om 
places the brush was extremely thick, providing a fuel volume approximately four 
times that of the Cistus. In sites where the Cistus plantings were closer together, 
a relatively small amount of native vegetation had grown, so that little fuel ber 
present. Here the fire had burned into the edge of the planting, then trave Me 
around it through the heavy brush along the canyon bottoms. The fire also burne 
between the Cistus in places where the plantings were widely spaced. 


8 LASCA LEAVES 


Arrow points to stand of Cistus ladaniferus which remained unburned during the 
fire. Dark areas were completely burned over. 


Atriplex halimus was generally planted in drifts on ridges. Here little ry 
vegetation had grown, and the fire had been sto ped. Again it was noticed o 
tes had burned laterally into bushy areas and traveled around the Atrip 
plantings, indicating the effectiveness of the Atriplex as a barrier. . 

Roger Welch, Superintendent of Grounds at Olive View has requested aoa 
fire-resistant plants to fill in between the existing plants in order to prov! 
greater degree of protection. 


50 to 70 kn 
had leaped to 50 to 70 feet into the air. 
Plants had been 
control bank 
to ten years a 


eS ac (a r to 
placed here in two adjacent rows, primarily in OTe 
slippage on new road fills. This was done approximately 

go. 


‘matic 
In this intervening period of time, because of harsh mediterranean i 
conditions with precipitation largely limited to the winter months (and then rally 
averaging 14.7 inches), several plantings had died, and seedlings had gene 
not maintained the density of the stand. 


LASCA LEAVES 9 


Observers reported that the flames had engulfed and had jumped over the 
bands of Cistus ladaniferus before the plants themselves burned. Most of these 
plants were incinerated. In a few instances, however, the upper side — away from 
the fire — had remained green. 

Melted bottles attested to a ground temperature in the area of 1800 to 
1900°F, which is considered to be very hot even for a fire of this magnitude. 

The Sylmar-Pacoima disaster indicated that narrow bands of fire-resistant 
plants cannot contain fires of this size and intensity. More extensive plantings, 
together with control of flammable vegetation would bring greater effectiveness. 

The portion of the fire near the Olive View facility was reportedly started from 
a fire ball coming from the direction of the Veteran’s Hospital. These fire balls 
can be carried over comparatively wide expanses and start new fires ahead of the 
main fire front. Fire balls can be propelled over even wide bands of fire-resistant 
plants, just as they can travel over fire-breaks. 

The results of the post fire survey indicate the need for more dense and 
continuous covering of fire-resistant plants to provide an effective barrier against 
the spread of fire. Close initial planting appears to be the means to establish a 
rapid cover. A pre-emergent herbicide, applied at the time of transplanting, might 
be effective in reducing competition from combustible regrowth. And broad 
bands, which flames are not likely to jump over, can act as physical barriers to 
encroaching or spreading fires — a benefit which erodable bare soil cannot provide. 


The Vanishing Natives 


Dr. MILDRED E. MATHIAS 


Seventy-five million years ago the state of California was one cha 
piece of land, no people, no deserts, no Sierra Nevada; a land where t ‘ e B pe 
were much higher than now, and more uniform, and the rainfall as much as ton 
spread more or less uniformly throughout the year; the vegetation was a aa : 
forest something like that which exists today from southern Mexico to ; 
forest of fig trees, avocado, cinnamomum, palms and cycads. he On 

During the 75 million years since, there have been major chang a ciel 
is no longer flat and we now have coast ranges, transverse ranges an aan 
Nevada. These have produced rain shadow effects to give us deserts; ee ‘sl 
are less uniform and generally lower; summer rains have been eliminate oe re 
annual rainfall is much lower in most of the state; and we have people in abun “ 

at has happened to the vegetation? As the temperature became a 
the rainfall less and seasonal, the subtropical forest flora was restricted ee an 
and eventually eliminated from the state to be replaced by plants adapted ¥ t aa 
rigorous climatic conditions. Many of these plants came from a temperate oh chal 
had been developed in Canada and Alaska and which moved southward ye he 
ing conditions to occupy the rising mountain slopes and the cooler areas 0 pe a 
and to become the forests of the North Coast ranges and Sierra Nevada of to mee 
well as to occupy a few mountain areas in southern California. But this eae a 
vegetation still needed more moisture than that available in much of the sout : sade 
interior areas and there a special vegetation developed, derived in part from t a by 
temperate flora of the north and the subtropical flora, a vegetation character 
woody, drought-deciduous, small-leaved plants. ds of 

What we have today in California is a vegetation tapestry woven of a 
many ages and many origins: one native palm, two genera of the tropical rue hae 
One representative of the tropical acanthus family, and a few other plants whic 
be secondary derivatives of the old tropical flora; firs, maples, alders, 40 d live 
sequoia, pine, spruce, and deciduous oaks from the north temperate forests; a ‘cll 
oaks, pinyon pine, cypress, mountain mahogany, mesquite, and creosote bus 
the derivative intermediate drought-resistant flora 


; it has 
is, of course, changing constantly just as i 
slow change is now becoming a rapid one wit rav- 
on the scene. The threads of the tapestry are being cut, the edges are becoming on 
elled, and large holes are appearing in it, One wonders how long we will keep S° 


LASCA LEAVES 11 


of our rare plants, or even some of our common plants. 

We have large areas of vegetation protected in national parks and forests, in 
state parks, in country preserves but much still needs protection. The endemic plants 
are of particular interest. Some of these are wide-ranging within the state — plants 
such as Eriogonum parvifolium, common on bluffs and dunes along the coast from 
Monterey County to San Diego County; Penstemon grinnellii, on gravelly slopes from 
4500 to 9500 feet, from the San Gabriel Mountains to the Santa Rosa Range; and 
Torreya californica, the nutmeg tree, in cool shaded canyons in the coast ranges from 
Santa Cruz to Mendocino counties and in the Sierra Nevada foothills from Tulare to 
Tehama counties. 

Others are very local; in a quick check through the 1959 flora of Munz and Keck 
380 species were noted which are known from one locality only; sometimes this local- 
ity may be comparatively large such as that for Eriophyllum mohavense, known only 
from within 30 miles of Barstow; Phacelia orogenes, from meadows near Mineral 
King; or restricted such as Brodiaea versicolor, rare in the closed-cone pine forest at 
Point Lobos State Park; Cirsium rhothopilum, dunes at Surf, Santa Barbara County; 
Cirsium fontinale, in wet spots in clay overlying serpentine, near Crystal Springs Lake, 
San Mateo County; Arctostaphylos nissenana, near Placerville; A. edmundsii, ocean 
bluffs, mouth of Little Sur River, Monterey County; A. pumila and A. hookeri, both 
from the closed-cone pine forest at Monterey Bay; A. densiflora, banks along roadside 
Vine Hill Schoolhouse, about ten miles west of Santa Rosa, Sonoma County: A. acuti- 
folia, Log Springs Ridge, southwest Tehama County; A. glutinosa, west of Bonnie 
Doon Ridge, Santa Cruz Mountains, growing in chaparral on Monterey shale from 
a smal! area on the ridge between Scott and Mill creeks, southwest of Eagle Rock; 
A pajaroensis, sandy hills, near Prunedale, northern Monterey County; Navarretia 
pauciflora, vernal pools in volcanic rubble, five miles north of Lower Lake, Lake 
County; N. plieantha, peaty margin of Bogg’s Lake, Mount Hannah, Lake County; 
Penstemon personatus, known from three colonies in Butte County; P. tracyi, rock 
crevices at 7000 feet, Devil’s Canyon Mountains, Trinity County; Cheilanthes parishit, 

rom Andreas Canyon near Palm Springs; C. fibrillosa, known only from a single 
collection in chaparral, San Jacinto Mountains; Asplenium viride, known only from 
crevices in north-facing cliff, South Butte, north of Sierra City; Agrostis aristighumis, 
diatomaceous shale, west of Mount Vision, Point Reyes; Haplopappus ophitidis, 
serpentine soil, 5000 feet, known only from the summit of Mount Tedoc, northwest 
Tehama County; Githopsis latifolia, known only from a collection at Big Meadows, 
Plumas County; Erigeron calvus, foot of Inyo Mountains, about four miles north of 
Keeler; Clarkia lingulata, known from two places on the Merced River, Mariposa 
County. 

One wonders how long some other species will survive in their present ranges, OF 
if they are still with us, as for example; Astragalus trichopodus in three restricted 
areas of southern California: the immediate coastline of southern Santa Barbara and 
northern Ventura counties, the south end of Catalina Island, and inland on the Puente 
and Chino hills; Grindelia humilis, coastal salt marshes, San Francisco, San Pablo, 
and Suisun Bays, Cordylanthus mollis, coastal salt marsh, north shore of San 
Francisco Bay; Monardella pringlei, sandy places near Colton; Pogogyne abramsii, 


12 LASCA LEAVES 


beds of dried pools on the mesas from San Diego to Miramar, Githopsis filicaulis, 
Mission Canyon, San Diego. And we know some are gone from California: Potentilla 
multijuga, near Ballona, Los Angeles County; and A gave shawit, from near the Mexi- 
can boundary, but fortunately still surviving below the border. 

Why should we conserve a flora so diverse? Why can’t we do without a species 
or two, particularly some of the very local endemics? True, we probably would never 
miss them and we may lose some of them through natural changes. But the very 
characters which make it possible for the elephant tree to survive as far north as the 
California desert may be important in some future breeding program involving 
elephant trees; the characters which enabled the northern conifer flora to reach the 
southern California mountains may be important in breeding for forest trees for some 
other dry area of the world. Each of these plants has what we call a “gene pool,” a 
capacity to live in its present environment and possibly a reserve which will enable It 
to move into a new environment, a capacity which may be unique for that population. 
We know that plants of the same species have very different tolerances to the factors 
of climate, different resistance to diseases, different potentials for production of 
chemical compounds. Because a plant has no known use does not mean that it 1s 
“worthless.” For example, the meadow foam, Limnanthes, a little California native 
genus until now used only as an ornamental in English gardens, has recently been 
found to have seed containing a unique oil that promises to be of great value in pro- 
duction of commercial waxes, special-purpose detergents, and lubricating oils. Some 
native plants have been found to contain medicinal qualities. We can add to these the 
compelling arguments for plant conservation because of erosion control, amelioration 
of climate by providing shade and shelter, and the esthetic values plants provide. 
oS We know that we cannot stop progress, the age of the bulldozer is here; urbat- 
ization cannot be stopped. Conservation is faced with several prospects. We can sav 
representatives of our flora in cultivation — in botanical gardens like those at Santa 
Barbara, Rancho Santa Ana, and Tilden Park in Berkeley; in home gardens throug 
the activities of such groups as the Theodore Payne Foundation. We can educalé 
people to our conservation needs through organizations like the California Conserv 
tion Council and California Tomorrow. We can indirectly save the native flora while 
also preserving the animals by supporting such organizations as the Audubon Society 
and the Committee for the Preservation of the Tule Elk. We can support research 
by promoting the University of California program of native preserves, 4 program 
which will preserve for study and research over fifty areas, representing every major 
habitat within the state, and one which has a good start with the Boyd Deep Canyol 
site of over 2800 acres. We can fight the battle of conservation on many fronts through 
the Wilderness Society, the Desert Protective Council, and the Sierra Club. We cat 
confine our interests to plants alone with the Save the Redwoods League or the Cal: 
fornia Native Plant Society. 

We can help in the purchase of land through the Nature Conservancy, 4 national 
organization in the real estate business of conservation. Here in California, the Ce 
servancy Owns or is purchasing the Blanche Hamilton Wildlife Sanctuary, with its 
juniper-pinyon-yucca, near Devil’s Punch Bowl; Spindrift Point, Marin County, bee 
its bluff vegetation; the Williams Wildlife Sanctuary near Glennville with digget eas 


LASCA LEAVES 13 


and blue oak; the Edmund C. Jaeger Nature Sanctuary of desert shrubs near Desert 
Center; Buena Vista Lagoon, a fresh water lake at Oceanside; Ernest W. C leary Re- 
serve in Napa County, a mosaic of chaparral, grassland, and forest; Alice Ewing 
Preserve of coastal scrub near Rancho Santa Fe; Molera Tract in Monterey County, 
at the mouth of Big Sur River; Sand Ridge Wildflower Preserve near Bakersfield; 
Tulare Vernal Pools Reserve near Pixley; Kent Island, Bolinas Lagoon; Northern 
California Coast Range Preserve of Douglas fir in Mendocino County. The Con- 
servancy has cooperated with the Board of Supervisors of Los Angeles County in 
getting five wildlife sanctuaries dedicated in the Mojave Desert; has acted as an inter- 
mediary with the state parks system in the acquisition of state preserves, the Forest 
of Nisine Marks in the Santa Cruz Mountans, and Rancho Montana de Oro in San 
Luis Obispo County. 

Each of you has a responsibility as a citizen to see that our conservation efforts 
increase. When a species is destroyed it cannot be replaced; what we lose today is 
gone forever. 


Book Review 


_ _ Fantastic Trees, by Edwin A. Menninger. 304 pp. Illustrated. Bibliography and 
index. Viking Press, 624 Madison Avenue, New York 10022. 1967. $8.95. 

Unique in coverage, citation and human interest is this gathering of unusual tree 
lore. Edwin A. Menninger, an authority on ornamental trees for warm climates, car- 
ties his readers over the world in colorful style to a wealth of arboreal acquaintances. 

We meet plants with strange parts, like the tree of the scarlet hands, and the 
South African Welwitschia which produces only two leaves during its lifetime of man 
centuries. There are strange specimens like the efficiently versatile park tree, the 
South American ombu. There are trees of odd behavior such as the noise-making 
African oil bean and the corkscrew-stemmed Indian sandan. And “rugged” indi- 
Vidualists” like the precision-blooming simpho of Malaya which produces flowers 
every day. 

Nearly one-fourth of the book is devoted to well reproduced black and white 
photographs, from a variety of sources, that abundantly complement the text. , 

The author draws many analogies between human and arboreal eccentricities, 
With their common denominator of environmental wrestlings. Fact is clearly distin- 
guished from fancy; statements are carefully referenced. One of the values of the book 
relates to superstitions about trees. 

The note section at the end of the book, particularly the scientific names, might 
better have been included in the text; reference is a bit cumbersome. The notes and 
bibliography, however, constitute an important feature, both as source materials 
and as enticement to further explorations among “fantastic trees.” 


— LypiA S. BOWEN 


An Emigrant Palm 
EDWARD PUGH 


On the north side of the Hugo Reid Adobe, at the bank of the Arboretum 
lagoon, there grows a landmark as familiar, perhaps, to Arboretum visitors as the 
old adobe itself. This of course, is the sturdy date palm (Phoenix dactylifera) Jean- 
ing out over the lagoon. 


We can be fairly certain that this palm has been here at least since the “ 
for a photograph taken at that time shows a young palm tree in the right place, 
at just about the right size. 


Who planted this historic and well-known tree? The available informa ' 
would seem to point to one man. 


date 
According to Roy W. Nixon (LASCA LEAVEs, January 1952), ue wil - 
palms in California were grown from seeds planted by the early mission 1a 
many of the California missions along the coast. 


Some years later, in 1857, to be exact, J. R. and William Wolfskill = 
several plantings of this South African tree in the foothills west of Des nr ‘ 
upper Sacramento Valley. Several years after that, William Wolfskill ee 
southern California, and purchased the Rancho Santa Anita. It seems reason 
therefore, to assume that he may have brought the date palm with him. 

The late Susanna Bryant Dakin substantiates this (LASCA Leavy me 
1956) by stating that Wolfskill planted both eucalypti and date palms m the 
during his ownership of the Rancho. 


daté 
Thus, like so many other fine old emigrant trees at the Arborei the 
palm by the adobe probably owes its existence to William Wolfskill. 


LASCA LEAVES 


fom 


Confessions of a Volunteer 


NANCY ZABRISKIE 


“So you are a volunteer at the Arboretum! But what, exactly do you do?” 

When my friends ask this question they usually want only a short answer which 
will confirm their suspicions that I’m merely trying to dodge the committee they 
think is more important. They must have a strange variety of ideas of what | do, 
because each time the question is asked, the answer may be different. It would 
help if they understood the function of the Arboretum itself, and the Youth Section 
in particular. 

Under the direction of Mrs. Gertrude Woods, Education Specialist, the Youth 
Section at the Arboretum attempts to meet some of the needs of children who, 
already in love with “nachur,” fill the after-school and Saturday classes to look, 
feel, smell, taste, listen, and ask questions; to pinch and pull, plant and pluck, i 
their eagerness to satisfy their curiosity. There are special classes during school 
hours for handicapped children, or gifted ones; there are classes for leaders of youth 
groups; there are special interest field trips; there are school bus tours, summer 
workshops, Christmas celebrations and Arbor Day programs! 

Now this is a pretty big order to fill. There were 540 children registered # 
students in classes at the Arboretum alone last year. Extra hands are neede ye 
volunteers are welcomed. In order to encourage more help and to give an idea 0 
some of the possibilities, I’d like to outline here the variety of really “fun” thing 


are other volunteers aside from me, but not enough. Please excuse me for talking 


only about what J have done — it is a way of being specific, to help you se where 
you might help. 


At first I took phone calls and handled registration which is done by ne 
Then I added cleaning out the mouse cages, whose tenants were increasing ; 
order to satisfy the summer appetites of the snakes. (It only took about filtee 
minutes to sift through the bottom of the trash can to find the five tiny naked mitt 
I dumped out by mistake!) Hummingbird feeders had to be kept filled with sm 
and the large bird-feeder covered with seed. One day when Mrs. Woods was away) 
the ladies from the herb society found a dead but beautiful little barn owl 08 4s 
grounds. When it was brought in I had to decide what to do with it — which © 
to wrap it up and put it in the refrigerator with the hummingbird syrup, and on 
lunch, to wait for someone to take it to the McCurdy Nature Center at ~ 
Canyon where there is a taxidermist. (Amateur taxidermists please 0l y 


> 


- 


LASCA LEAVES 17 


services could be used, for other birds are found similarly and could be permanently 

placed in our own Children’s Museum instead of being given away.) 
Gradually I was provided with a wider range of activities including: 

(a) Cleaning and rearranging the seed cabinet — a large glass showcase whose 
shelves are filled with various engaging items made of seeds and pods by chil- 
dren in the “Art in Nature” classes; 

(b) Cutting paper for name tags, Christmas decorations, mounting pictures — a 
perpetual job — reams of odd sizes of colored paper are needed; 

{c) Mounting pictures, covering them with plastic so they will be durable enough 
to use over and over in the classes to show fruits and vegetables, flowers, trees, 
insects, birds, whatever may be appropriate to the topic under discussion; 

(d) Typing and filing student record cards; addressing envelopes and post cards; 
envelopes; mailing; 

{e) Spray painting plant labels: spray painting milk cartons to be used as planters; 

(f) Gathering acorns; collecting different kinds of eucalyptus caps; collecting 
seeds; 

{g) Bringing pine cones and bits of wood from the mountains; 

(h) Collecting more than 100 one-gallon glass jars from school cafeterias and 
helping to use an electric-wire glass-cutter to remove the tops so they can be 
converted to terrariums; 

(i) Pressing leaves; sorting leaves and organizing the plant presses; 

(j) Using dry pressed tree leaves to make a large tree-shaped sampler-poster to 
hang on the museum wall: 

(k) Using “Contac” (a clear plastic self-sticking material) to cover leaves on 
windows; : 

(1) Helping to cut boughs of cypress into smaller pieces for the children to use 
for making wreathes; 

(m) Organizing the accumulation of notes on the water birds of Lasca Lagoon 

and making a chronological outline which included information on the fish oe 

uation — (the carp had become so big and numerous they were eating t e 

ducklings, so a fish-kill was ordered and the lagoons restocked with mosquito 

fish and red-eared sunfish.) sag “Fife in 

Emptying, cleaning and refilling the aquarium (a tank demonstrating “1 th : 

a balanced pond community” which really balances pretty well except t es 

after 6 or 8 months the algae on the glass walls becomes so thick we can 

sce the crayfish, mosquito fish, snails, and water plants inside!) _ eer 

(0) Watering the green house; cleaning up in the greenhouse, removing dead fo j 
age from stock plants (sources of much of the material used in classes) an 
pulling weeds from under the benches. . 

t ty not obvious to me that I was working up to teaching my own classes. 

I'd already told Mrs. Woods I couldn’t do that. No experience . - . too much re- 

sponsibility... I'd help, though. We collected succulent tip cuttings in the ey 

Section and once I set up the materials for her class when she had to be sie ae 

time to begin. This meant preparing twelve cuttings of each of six different in ; 

of succulents, arranging them around the big outdoor work table with planting so 


-_ 
=] 
~— 


18 LASCA LEAVES 


heaped along the middle, with the flats, planting sticks, labels, etc., handy so the 
children could get right to work. Since this was preceded by a classroom demon- 
stration of propagation methods and was followed by a field trip, all of which had 
to fit into an hour and forty-five minutes, they had no time to waste. 

Every Wednesday morning Mrs. Cummings brought her EMR class (Educable 
Mentally Retarded children) from San Gabriel on the bus to take gardening from 
Mrs. Woods. It was fun for me to help with this group of about fifteen boys and 
girls. We planted, tended and harvested radishes, lettuce, cabbage, and other vegt- 
tables; set out annuals in the flower bed; planted bulbs; experimented with watt! 
sprinklers; learned how to prune roses from one of the regular Arboretum gardet- 
ers; pricked out seedlings; made divisions of Sansevieria for planters; learned lots 
of useful things. 

During the spring semester two teachers brought their combined classes of 
emotionally handicapped children. I helped this group, too, because they simply 
needed another pair of hands. 

After assisting and observing Mrs. Woods through one six-week session of 
Indoor Gardens Class for 6 and 7 year olds, I discovered that I could do it mysel 
after all! Six times through I’ve taught this series of classes in which the children 
learn, by actually doing it themselves, that there are many different ways to prope 
gate plants. They plant a carton of succulents for a sun garden to take home, and 
a terrarium for shade plants. They gather and plant seeds which grow during the 
six weeks into trees to take home. They may have a chance to see the huge nest 
of the Black Australian swan and the tiny nest of the hummingbird, all in the = 
trip. Later, if they are lucky, they see the goslings and baby hummers. They may 
even learn about courtship from the peacocks. 

We have “Friends and Enemies Day” when some children find out that 
snail is an enemy of the garden even though it won’t bite us; that spiders a 
salamanders are good, and snakes, too! Some children may never have toue ‘ 
a snake before, while others have had them as pets. But there are new apn 
for everyone, and surprises for the teacher, too. We top off the last day WI ‘ 
half hour trip through the Arboretum’s jungle. Do you know what makes 
jungle different? oe 

Summer classes begin on June 19th. I’m going to teach “Pot Garden 
to 8 and 9 year olds! Later I may even have a go at “Plot Gardening’ ¥! 
older children! ; 

Vm hooked! Have been ever since the day Mrs. Woods passed ou th 
speckled butter beans she’d soaked overnight, told the children to remove 
thin seed coat, separate the cotyledons, and tell what they saw inside. oo 
Grey's clear, precise and surprised voice declared, “Why, there’s a UY ' 
plant in mine!” 

Kids d and 


_ Kids deserve the chance to learn all they can about the natural world. 
this world 


desperately needs kids who care enough to learn about it. 


! 
Hurrah for the Youth Section of the Arboretum! We'd like you to come, 


LASCA LEAVES 19 


Another Invitation to Foundation Members: 


Increasing numbers of Foundation members are finding, as Mrs. Zabriskie 
has, a wide variety of stimulating opportunities for service at the Arboretum. 


The recently organized official hostess group for the historical area, with a 
limited membership of twenty-five has already completed its training period. Each 
of its three divisions is now actively involved in the leading of tours, beautification 
of the historical landmarks, and assisting Mrs. Abigail Wyman with accessioning 
and cataloguing. 

Now we’re ready to launch a Children’s Education Advisory Committee whose 
work will cover much that is described above, and vary from the purely advisory 
role right through to the teaching of children’s classes with training provided on 
the spot. If you would like to devote some time to studying and working on this 
project, you are invited to apply for membership. 


Name Phone. 


Address 


Send to: California Arboretum Foundation, Inc. 


301 North Baldwin Avenue, Arcadia, California 91006. 


; | 


Growing Notes 
by GEorGE H. SPALDING 


A recent phone call prompted this column. A lady’s voice said, “I know se 
not the best time to visit the Arboretum, but there will be something in bloom, W 
there?” I assured her there was always something in bloom and then aie 
make a tour of the grounds to see just what was in flower. Time was limit al 
the tour only covered the Australian section and a part of the South African sec 
In the South African section, the Aloes were giving a fine account ke na 
selves, as they had been for the last two or three months. There is at = ; 
species, and usually several, for any size space in the garden. Many pe Fe 
minimum of care and reward with a beautiful show of color, especially during 
winter months. - tof 
The variety of bloom in the Australian section was surprising. mee alyphit | 
Acacias were in their prime and others just at the end of blooming. ee wif 
orpettii was just beginning to show full color. This fine small pane vbr . 
coming into its own in the nurseries. Seedlings vary, of course, since i“! 2 Oa 
but practically all are good. Eucalyptus caesia is believed to be one 0 the P | 
and many of the plants have the beautiful bark so typical of E. caesia. a 
An old friend, Grevillea Thelemanniana. was on the verge of apt 4 lacy 
full bloom although there was still plenty of color. This beautiful, light aa ; 
appearing shrub has been in southern California for many years. It eae tis 
appears in the nurseries. There are two likely reasons for this, the first po grovel 
not an easy plant to hold over very long after the retailer obtains it from th, Whet 
the second is that it will suddenly die in the garden after years of fine aa ring 
it dies, it is often practically overnight. The greatest problem for nurserics _ nel 
G. Thelemanniana requires perfect drainage in containers, and must rae reached 
watered. The Arboretum planting, which consists of several plants, ne plots 
maturity. The clump is about four feet high and eight to ten feet through. 
freely and is a very worthwhile sight each year. the othe! 
Two shrubby Cassias drew attention. One for the foliage and form, hrub a 
for the bright yellow flowers. Cassia phyllodinea is an attractive little s i 
proximately 18 inches tall and 24 inches across. The phyllodia are grey, 4 arandt 
to three inches long and 14 inch wide. The bush has a neat, rounded i 
The second Cassia, C. Sturtii is six feet tall and at least as broad. It has a ° wers a 
somewhat lax habit, the branches actually lying on the ground. The "0 
rich golden yellow and the shrub was just coming into bloom. - soutlt 
Dodonea viscosa and its variety atropurpurea are both widely plant’ 4 adv 
ern California. Dodonea microzyga is equally attractive and has the addce | a 


tage of very showy seed pods. The Arboretum planting contains a dozen spec 
all grown from seed. 


There is variation in denseness of branching and excellent forms can be 


LASCA LEAVES 21 


All were in heavy seed, and provided a beautiful show from some distance off. 
The foliage is a dark green which sets off the deep ruby fruits to perfection. The 
oldest plants of at least 12 years were beginning to show some dead wood, indicating 
that this shrub may not be too long-lived. However, all were in good health at this 
time. At this age the plants have reached maturity. There were all approximately 
four to five feet tall and as much as ten feet wide. 


Eucaliptus orpettii Grevillea Thelemanniana 


Clianthus formusus (C. dampieri), the Sturt Pea is again putting on quite 
a show at the Arboretum. This is the second time field plantings have grown ont 
and produced what can be considered fully developed plants, with good Ores 

The Sturt Pea (Clianthus formosus) is undoubtedly one of the most highly 
publicized of all Australian wildflowers, and justly so. It is spectacular in Di 
and well worth the effort required to grow it well. It is native to a large area of 
Australia from the northeast coast of western Australia to the hates wou 
New South Wales. In the wild it appears after there have been rains. There may ot 
some question as to whether it is an annual or perennial even though it is generally 
listed as a perennial in botanical records. The plants at the Arboretum ee 
annual, and that is probably the best way to treat it here. Seed is available com- 
mercially from Australia. . 

There appears to be no great difficulty in germinating Clianthus if een: 
are scarified before planting. The boiling water method is also good. apm . 
be planted in a sandy mixture to assure good drainage a 


22 LASCA LEAVES 


damp-off. This is the major problem in getting seedlings to survive. 

Once the seedlings are off and growing get them out into the ground as soot 
as they are large enough to survive under field conditions. Clianthus will grow it 
a variety of soils from sandy through heavy. Keep in mind that root rots ate thf 
most prevalent problems in the field and watering should be done very carefully 
in heavy soils. 


: 
Once out in the field do not be surprised if the original upright shoot or shoo’ 
die back as lateral shoots form. The strong laterals will grow quite rapidly © si 
or eight feet in length and lie flat on the ground. The leaves are silvery grey and the { 
brilliant scarlet, pea-shaped flowers are borne in clusters on stems rising to a height 
of six to eight inches. Each flower has a jet-black spot in the center. Plants growl 
from commercially produced seed may show variations, such as having matov , 
centers instead of black. Other variations in color of flower have been report 
Australia. Once this beautiful plant is grown in quantity, it is very likely that mat) 
forms will be developed, as has been done with the California Poppy. 


LASCA LEAVES 23 


RECENT ARBORETUM LIBRARY ACQUISITIONS 


Dumke, Glenn S. The boom of the 80’s in Southern California. 313 pp. 1944. Hunt- 
ington Library, San Marino, California. 
Reprint of a classic southern California history covering the earlier part of 
the Lucky Baldwin era. 


Gerhold, H. D. (editor) Breeding pest-resistant trees. 505 pp. 1966. Pergammon 
Press, N. Y 
A group of papers presented at the NATO and NSF Advanced Study Institute 
on forest tree relationships to insects and disease, held at Pennsylvania State 
University in 1964. 


Kavaler, Lucy. Mushrooms, molds and miracles. 318 pp. 1965. John Day, N. ¥: 
Most readable and scientifically sound, this book for students and laymen, 
covers a botanical area of unexpected vastness and importance to mankind. 
The final chapter on “the search for life” is especially timely. 


Kingdon-Ward, F. Berried treasure. 192 pp. 1954. Ward, Lock & Co. London. 
A roundup, by families, of bright-berried plants, engagingly described by the 
explorer-author, with a view to culture and landscaping. 


Knock, Florence. Passifloras for your garden. 100 pp. 1965. Diversity Books, bait 
All about passion flowers, “the living legend,” grown indoors and out, written 
by a minister’s wife. 


Reynolds, Gilbert Westacott. The aloes of tropical Africa and Madagascar. 537 pp. 
1966. Aloes Book Fund, Swaziland. 
Companion book to The Aloes of South Africa, this abundantly illustrated 
and descriptive work also includes some cultural notes. 


Taylor, Geoffrey. The Victorian flower garden. 212 pp. 1952. Skeffington, London. 
A popular history of the age in which the flower garden first gained pre- 
eminence; when the village, the chief social unit, blossomed with roses, holly- 
hocks, pansies and pinks. 


24 LASCA LEAVES 


1967 Coming Events 


April 22, 23: Amaryllis Show — 

April 29, 30: Iris Show 

May 7: Epiphyllum Show 

May 13, 14: r 


Geranium Show 


May 26, 27, 28: Bonsai Exhibit 
June 24, 25: Gladiolus Show 
June 30, July 1, 2, 3, 4: Cactus and Succulent Show 
July 22, 23: Begonia Show 


October 28, 29: Fall Flower Show 


NoTE: For information covering exact times of events, entry regulations for exhib: 


itors, sponsoring groups, etc., consult the Arboretum, 301 North 
Avenue, Arcadia; telephone 446-8251. 


CALIFORNIA ARBORETUM FOUNDATION, INC. 
BOARD OF TRUSTEES 


CURIA, a ee eee ROLD ROACH 
Kirst a an ee EE Nay RCE gt ARIE J. Sica sane, Pu. 
eoond F ice-Presided. 2,2. Pig ce ow HowarR p BODGER 
POPES ok er ck ie iad ee GEORGE H. Arc 
TUNER ho oe ake eae dc oa ee Howarp A, MILLER 
SAMUEL Ayres, JrR., M.D. Mrs. JOHN R. MAGE 
ELMER BELT, M.D. Mrs. GEORGE MARSHALL 
RALPH D. CoRNELL MILDRED MaArTHIAs, PH.D. 
ARTHUR FREED Mrs. MANFRED MEYBERG 
Mrs. JOHN GREGG Mrs. RupoLPH J. RICHARDS 
CHARLES S. JONES Mrs. GorDON K. SMITH 
ALEXANDER KING Mrs. Forrest Q. STANTON 
se MIRIAM KIRK LOVELL SWISHER 
et ee gone THADDEUS LiBByY UP DE GRAFF 
epee A. MACH Mrs. ARCHIBALD B. YOUNG 


x Officio: Wits S. STEWART, Pu.D. 


HONORARY TRUSTEES 
THUR FREED, PRESIDEN 
MEN’S pica CLUB OF = ‘Axortrs 
Mrs. V. T. GILCH 
PRESIDENT, CALIFORNIA GaxDEN ens INc. 
ELMER LORE 
PRESIDENT, SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA eae. INSTITUTE 

WILLIAM LANE, JR. 


Foundation Office—Telephone 447-8207 


MEMBERSHIPS 
mrgme Meaihershin > <5 2) ko 2. eS ae 10.00 
Annual Contributing Membership es 25.00 
Annual Business Membership... 100.00 
Annual Sustaining Membership 100.00 
Annual Sponsor Membership 250.00 
Life panier hi hip 500.00 
Founder : ee $1,000 or more 
Nasties 5,000 or more 
Club memberships are available at any amount, from $10 a year or more 


All contributions deductible under Federal Income Tax Law. 


Box Bae Raed, —Californin 


LASCA LEAVES 


The official publication of the California Arboretum Foundation, Inc. 
Sponsors of 
LOS ANGELES STATE AND COUNTY ARBORETUM 
301 NORTH BALDWIN AVENUE — ARCADIA, CALIFORNIA 
Operated by 
LOS ANGELES COUNTY DEPARTMENT 
of 
ARBORETA AND BOTANIC GARDENS 
Box 688 
Arcadia, California 
Arboretum Office — 446-8251 


STAFF 
Withee WAR, PP, os Director 
WU ee A ee ee Assistant Director 
PAN PRG his ee ee Chief Horticulturist 
PEN CHING (PAUL) CHEO, PH.D. .. Chief, Plant Research Division 


ROD PARE PE ee ee a Plant Taxonomist 


RoBERT L. GONDERMAN, PH.D. «sd dsiw‘ié‘aiw‘i#éa#t. Plant Physiologist 
TRARY Go WAL ee Pd 8 ts Entomologist 
AUSTIN GRIFFITHS Je. 3 (Herbarium) Curator 
MTLLIAM TIAWRINGOM ee hey os Senior Nurseryman 
SPAM A ee ee Plant Recorder 
s blciigheccnis gt Gs ee ae ee Librarian 


iy oe et anne Head, Arboretum Information 
Louts AYALA Graphic Artist 


Se iy ig Arboretum Superintendent 
EDWarD HUNTSMAN-TROUT ___ 
LEE H. WAKEMAN 


_ Landscape Architect Consultant 
Be Oe Executive Assistant 
H. HAMILTON WILLIAMS, PH.D. ...._—_ Plant Physiologist 


GERTRUDE M. Woops Arboretum Education Specialist 


LASCA 
LEAVES 


Wresoue? BoTANIC aL APRIL 1967 
OCT 23 1967 Vol. XVII, No.2 


Lasca Leaves 


Quarterly publication of the California Arboretum Foundation, Inc. 


VoL. XVII APRIL, 1967 No. 2 


IN THIS ISSUE 


The Arboretum Viburnums, Part One ....... Ross Goodrich 25 
“emia i. aa ine ene Edward Pugh 36 
Those Beneficial Insects ........_..... Dr. Harry G. Walker 38 
OE ce. ee. George H. Spalding 41 
Arboretum’s Peacock Pavilion Dedicated ..............---: 43 
iene ee 44 
a RT ee 45 
Recent Acquisitions of LASCA Library ..__. Lydia Bowen 47 
In Memoriam — W.DaN QUATTLEBAUM ..............--- 48 


EDITORIAL COMMITTEE 
Mrs. Ross K. BooreE 
RALPH D. CornNELL 
ERNEST HETHERINGTON 
Mrs. DoLoreEs HUBBELL 


MILDRED MATHIAS 

F. HaRoLp ROACH 

WILLIAM S. STEWART 

Davis Dutton, Editor 
Se 
THE COVER 


te 
€ new Peacock Pavilion at the Los Angeles 
or more about the Peacock Pavilion see page +”: 


Our cover photograph shows th 
and County Arboretum. F 
Photo by Charles Kassler, 


The Arboretum Viburnums 


Ross GoopRICH 


Part I 


These remarks are meant to serve as an introduction to the viburnums at the 
Los Angeles State and County Arboretum in Arcadia, California. 

The collection includes specimens of viburnums that are commonly grown in 
the southern California area and many almost unknown here. There are somewhat 
more than fifty species and varieties that range from the entirely evergreen to the 
deciduous and from the attractively flowering to the almost non-blooming; from 
plants twenty-five feet high to those which get to only four or five feet in ten years. 
Some produce good berries after flowering while the greatest attraction of a few 
is in their fall color. 

The plants discussed will be those seen as the best performers and since this 
is necessarily a personal observation it may overlook some very promising plants. 
However, it is a considered judgment to date. The viburnums will be grouped for 
comment into the large evergreen, the small evergreen, and the deciduous. 

The locations of the plants in the Arboretum will be given in a general way, 
hopefully to guide those who would like to look them up. For the most part these 
plants are in the Park or Historical Area and the Asian Section. The greatest num- 
ber will be found in the Asian Section, naturally enough, since more than half of 
the world’s known 225 viburnums are from this part of the world. This area of 
the Arboretum contains several acres extending north from Tallac Knoll along 
Golden West Avenue, and then eastward around the Upper Lagoon to the Chil- 
dren’s Education Building. Viburnums are most numerous in the center of this 
section. When the locations of specific viburnums are omitted from the text, that 
is where they will be found. In this section also are the North American viburnum 
Species, 


26 LASCA LEAVES 


LARGE EVERGREEN VIBURNUMS 


Viburnum tinus / 

Viburnum tinus is seen here in several forms: V. tinus, V. tinus hirtulum, ¥. i 
tinus purpureum, and V. tinus lucidum variegatum. With the obvious exception 
of the latter, all are pretty much alike in general appearance but there have ee 
slight differences in the rate of growth, size and texture of leaves, and fruiting 
habits. All look good the year around. The pinkish cast of the bud clusters and fist ) 
blossoms gives way to white as the flower heads open. The blue metallic bead-like 
fruit of one year often stays on the plant through the blooming period of the next 
One exception here is V. tinus lucidum variegatum which has not bloomed. Wher 
some of V. tinus has had to be trimmed back for practical reasons, and a few - 
quite severely, they have generally fought back, bloomed anyway and also pr : 
fruit. Several plants have been consistently attacked by mildew. Moving a comm 
_ of them to more open spaces where there was better circulation of ait has a 
helped; this could be an innate susceptibility of some of the variations of A 
species, as none of the other viburnums at the Arboretum have been partly 
affected by mildew. The plants of this group have been generally attractive ro 
sturdy. These are all located in the middle of the Asian section, which, © ™ 
casual visitor means just off the paved road beyond the Pampas grass- 


Viburnum rigidum 


: V. rigidum is located near the V. tinus group and it resembles them in eu 
appearance but overshadows any One of them in both size of plant = pe it 

€ fifteen feet in height, a little more stiff and UP! ; 
growth habit and more leathery in i . : ‘oo. 
Ossoms are very attractive. They are pure anne 
mild fragrance. The flower heads are rOU’™ 
_ Several inches across, very compact and have a fuzzy look. The blossoms ope 
cover the entire plant at one time, with the blooming period being 2 OM - 


LASCA LEAVES 27 


affair compared to V. tinus; it lasts for only about a month. The fruits have been 
fewer than V. tinus, individually, and in the number of heads themselves, but of 
the same beautiful metallic blue. The leaves of the plant are slightly more convex 
than V. tinus and a bit more grayish, possibly because they are more hairy and 
therefore catch more dust. Its rate of growth seems to be faster than V. tinus, but 
it has developed no sloppy or spindling branches and it has not been attractive to 
aphis or mildew. It is a magnificent plant. 


Viburnum rigidum Viburnum odoratissimum Awabukii 


Viburnum odoratissimum 


This viburnum is commonly known as V. japonicum, but V. japonicum is 
quite distinct. It is represented here in the Asian Section by two groups of plants, 
each nearly fifteen years old. They are about twenty-five feet in height and would 

about the same in breadth except for the closeness of their planting and the fact 
that they have been trimmed to allow for the passage of vehicles and foot traffic. 
For all this they still keep their generally rounded shape. Their height surprises 


28 LASCA LEAVES 


visitors accustomed to seeing them trimmed as hedges or as isolated bushes pruned 
small. These big plants have bloomed moderately and the flowers are reasonably 
ittractive, but they come on generally at the height of the aphis season. The red 
berries that follow the bloom are not displayed in any great numbers and seldom 
have stayed on long enough to make much of a show. When pruned too severely 
they bloom little and have few berries, but they remain outstanding plants the 
year around. 

At the edge of the road just north of the Arboretum Jungle there are thre 
of these plants that also show what a mature shrub of this species can look like 
Here, though in some shade from other shrubs and trees, they were still able © 


grow more than fifteen feet tall and twenty feet broad and keep their good shape 
and appearance. 


Viburnum odoratissimum (upright growing variety) 
f 
Commonly known as Sweet Viburnum, it is represented here by a group 
_ five handsome plants, fifteen years old and about twelve feet tall. They ate 
rightly branched and have a formal egg-on-end shape. They have grown s0 -?_ 
and evenly that they have never been pruned. The leaves are dark green and 
and though reportedly evergreen, a good many leaves drop off in our chilly —_ 
winters. This leaves the plants quite thinly foliaged for a time, though eo 
bare. They have bloomed sparingly and not enough to justify the name oan 
Viburnum, if this is what they were named for. These plants have a real 
dignity — their fresh looking shiny leaves and even shape make them “ 
handsome plant. we 
Another group of these plants is along the old road north of the _ 
House in the Park Area and are easily seen here though they have to con 
attention with some large camellias and hollies. The tallest here is ie 
— and it blooms well, which has not been at all characteristic of this particulat 
- tion of V, odoratissimum; the others in this group are fifteen to sixteen i 


a Viburnum odoratissimum Awabukii 


be This viburnum has made an attempt to outdo the other Viburnum oo | 
__ mums. It has grown faster and the leaves are a more brilliant, waxy, lightet d 
ingens ted berries in late summer. All of which adds up to a beautiful Pi 
. there is a price to pay for all this. It is more sensitive to heat and cold, | 


3 


: 


LASCA LEAVES 29 


sooner in the hot spells and getting nipped earlier in the frosty season. It attracts 
more aphis and needs a little more attention as to pruning but through all of this 
it has still been rugged enough to maintain is beauty. Nearing ten years of age, 
these plants are about twenty feet tall. They are located between the groups of 
V. odoratissum. 


Viburnum macrocephalum 


The Chinese Snowball, V. macrocephalum, is an outstanding plant by almost 
any standard. Its globe-shaped flower heads are the size of hydrangeas, measuring 
eight inches across for the largest and five to six inches on the average. It is almost 
evergreen, has good color, is neat looking and as is apparently true with most 
viburnums, it is not demanding as to culture. The spectacular show of bloom 
comes on in early spring as the large white blossoms expand from apple green balls 
and almost cover the plant. It also produces quite a few “outlaw” blossoms off 
and on throughout the year, often as many as two dozen at a time. These are a 
bonus that never seems to interfere with the next year’s bloom. This closely planted 
group of three in the Asian section is about twelve feet in height and fifteen feet 
broad and looks as if it is one bush. This height was reached in five or six years 
and now at ten years of age this appears to be the height at which they choose 
to stay. 

The stems of this plant come up fairly straight as with most snowball vibur- 
nums, only taking on a slight curve under the weight of the blossoms. Though 
generally considered just semi-evergreen none of these plants has ever gone bare 
or even nearly so. The leaves become fairly dark green as summer comes on but 
rarely as dark as the V. tinus, and there is always a certain amount of new growth 
to keep the plant almost a spring-like, light green color. : 

The parent from which these plants were grown as cuttings is in the Park just 
east of the gravelled road between the Queen Anne Cottage and the Hugo Reid 
Adobe. This shaded location has not reduced the quantity nor quality of the blooms 
of the plant. Neither has it hurt its vitality, because the plant is very old. Mr. E. J. 
“Jack” Fawcett, grandnephew of Mr. E. J. “Lucky” Baldwin, says It was brought 
from the east by Baldwin in the 1880s. This would make it between seventy-five 
and eighty-five years of age, and until a few years ago this bush sported a cut-off 
center stump of more than four inches in diameter—a trunk that would have 
been large enough to support a considerable tree. This stump has since rotted away, 
and one wonders what the plant would have looked like when the stump was an 
active part of it; but after all these years it still has the shape and size of its offspring. 
It also has the same outstanding blooming habits. 


30 LASCA LEAVES 


Viburnum mac Trocep} 


talum 


LASCA LEAVES 31 


Viburnum glomeratum 


This is an attractive, almost evergreen viburnum of some six or seven feet 
in height with the graceful growth habit of the spiraeas. Its leaves are small, 
shiny, dark-green pointed ovals that stay on the plant until the new growth starts 
in the spring. At that time, when most of the old leaves drop, the foliage is a 
little sparse but not objectionably so. The almost white flower heads open in spring 
in a slow but steady progression, giving it a very long blooming period. It is a 
good sturdy plant, seeming to need little in the way of babying, and nothing in the 
way of pruning except to watch for the occasional layering of branch tips which 
might spoil the shape of the plant if left to grow. Occasionally a number of maturing 
leaves in the fall have turned a brilliant yellow, giving it another attractive period 
in its growth cycle. 


Viburnum suspensum 


In the Park or Historical Section cf the Arboretum one of the prominent 
viburnums is an old favorite in southern California, Viburnum suspensum, the 
Sandankwa Viburnum. Several fine plants about twelve feet tall are located some 
little distance north of the Carriage House. They are on both sides of the road 
leading to the Queen Anne Cottage. They are quite old among local plantings 
of this species, and they give a good picture of what the species looks like at 
maturity. They are dependably attractive throughout the year, though not at their 
best during the blooming period when they are struggling through the annual 
aphis infestation. 

Two groups of V. suspensum are also in the Asian Section. The planting in 
the northwest corner of the section has had to be pruned severely at times and 
these plants show what they will take in this respect. The planting just west of the 
Children’s Education Building is an attractive example of what they look like when, 
for the most part, they have been able to develop their own shape. 


Viburnum buddleifolium 


This is a comfortable looking shrub of some seven to eight feet in height, 
round-shaped and gracefully branched. Its longish grey-green leaves are similar 
in shape to V. rhytidophyllum but are velvety looking and without deep creases. 
The flowers have an attractive pinkish cast, with the heads opening slowly. The 
blooming period is quite long and the blossoms are mildly fragrant. This particular 


32 LASCA LEAVES | 
plant has been slow growing. It is ten years old and its present height is just under ) 
the maximum expected for this species. Slow growth can be an advantage m 
reducing the amount of pruning needed for a plant, but it is mice to havea shrub : 
reach its expected size reasonably soon. This plant is in a type of soil that made it 
difficult to water sufficiently; this could account for its slow growth. 


Viburnum buddleifolium 


Viburnum rhytidophyllum 


: : s< abou! 
Just east of the Jungle area is a large V. rhytidophyllum. This plant's 2 
twelve feet tall and as broad—a little larger than this species 1s expected to 8° 


is handsome and surely fits the common name of Leatherleaf Viburnu 


, i 
lanceolate, but vary to being slightly broader, and quite convex. The o 
upright, thick and sturdy. The flower heads are held stiffly, the individual pee 
that measure several inches across are not quite white and have @ dullish, 


LASCA LEAVES 33 


look, not out of character with the foliage. This specimen is in an area where 
the soil and drainage are not the best, but it has quite a bit of protection from the 
extremes of heat and wind and this may compensate for the poor soil factor. 

For an example of this plant at an earlier stage of growth ome can see a 
good medium-sized specimen just south of the Queen Anne Cottage; this plant is 
six feet tall. There is also a remarkably attractive planting in the Demonstration 
Garden just outside the Administration Building. This group is in very good soil 
and though in quite deep shade the plants bloom freely and retain the general 
characteristics of the species. 


Viburnum macrocephalum Viburnum buddleifolium 


34 LASCA LEAVES 


SMALLER EVERGREEN VIBURNUMS 


| 
) 
| 
| 


Viburnum japonicum 


This is the true V. japonicum, not to be confused with the V. oa ) 
commonly known as V. japonicum. This is a charming, fresh-looking ea ie 
of some six feet in height, with crinkly, light to medium green leaves. It a . 
upright habit for all its small size, with only the lower branches being ein 4 
Its more or less triangular leaves vary from three inches long when they a ite 
their most creased stage, to a length of six inches when they usually become ost of : 
smoother. In all their various sizes the leaves are moderately toothed on _ a 
the upper half. As they mature they darken in color quite a bit. This saa wel | 
very fragrant blossoms, neither heady nor nauseating as with some overly nie 
scents, but pleasantly suggesting lilacs or orange blossoms. It has been are 
evergreen, to the delight of observers, and also to hordes of aphis that find a malt. | 
beneath the leaves and on the flowers. They come in such numbers as to 
one wonder if they cause the wrinkles in the leaves, attacking mainly the new & : 
However, the aphis are easily controlled and for the most part disappeat ae two : 
comes on and give little trouble through the warmer months. There are ' 
these plants in the area, the mature one in the center of the section and a y 
plant at the edge of the road by the drinking fountain. 


Viburnum cinnamomifolium 


Almost hidden away in the northwest corner of the Asian Section en i 
shade of a Quercus robur is a V. cinnamomifolium. It is a beautiful little Pe 
_ round in shape, with dark green, broad but pointed three-veined leaves have 
viburnum reportedly needs some protection from the sun and here It eats. . 
had too much protection; it has reached a height of only four feet in twelve Y a 
It is eventually supposed to become a small tree of some twenty en 
height, and its present rate of growth would suggest that it will reach this Sie 
the turn of the century. ’. cinnamomifolium blooms attractively althou at its 
specimen has yet to bloom. It is a very handsome shrub and if it did bloom 
_ present size it would be a a prize item for tub growing. 


LASCA LEAVES 35 


Viburnum atrocyaneum 


Viburnum atrocyaneum is one of the most interesting of the smaller vibur- 
nums. The growth habit is graceful and the plant is attractive the year around, being 
completely evergreen and shedding no great amount of leaves at any one time. 
The smallish, sharply serrate leaves taper to a point from an oval shape and the 
foliage is a little stiff and dry looking to a very few critical observers. The leaves 
are usually a medium green and only in winter have sometimes been a little reddish. 
This plant is almost ten years old and yet only five feet in height. It is so slow 
growing that the pruning problem would have been nonexistent except for the fact 
that it sits between two larger shrubs that have forced it a bit out of shape at times. 
Its performance here suggests use as small individual shrub plantings, hedges, or 
for container growing. It has yet to bloom. 


Viburnum propinquum 


This is a beautiful, small viburnum. It has grown to only three and a half feet 
in almost ten years. Its three-veined, ovate-lanceolate leaves have three stages of 
color. The new growth is a bronzy red; next it turns to a light green; and then to 
a darker green which it stays for most of the year. The general effect is a medium 
green. Its slow growth would suggest a formal shape for the plant; it is not stiff 
looking at all, but informal and attractively so. It appears that this plant would do 
well in containers or small individual shrub plantings. It has bloomed year after 
year but this has been no particular blessing. The inflorescence is somewhat like 
Queen Anne’s lace, small in size, greenish in color and attractive to many aphis. 
This stage passes quite soon, however, leaving no berries or fruit, and the plant 
returns again to its neat, pleasant appearance. 


(Part II of this article will appear in the January, 1968 issue of Lasca Leaves) 


36 


whl 
<-> 


an 


a iD 
ake 


Tn a sai : 
Lin an 2 ¢ Su ate = 


tame! 
ms —_ 

+, S 

eee 


SR 


LASCA LEAVES 37 


A Landmark Palm | 


by EDWARD PUGH 


What may be the tallest living palm in the continental United States grows 
beside the Queen Anne Cottage at the Los Angeles State and County Arboretum. 
This princely tree is a Washingtonia robusta, the Mexican Fan Palm, which has 
reached a height of approximately 120 feet. 

One of a large number of Mexican Fan Palms introduced by E. J. Baldwin 
to his Rancho Santa Anita during the 1880s and 1890s, this specimen takes its 
place among the older trees on the Arboretum grounds. 

The first Mexican Fan Palm may have been brought to southern California 
as early as the eighteenth century by the mission fathers. The palm is indigenous 
to Lower California and Sonora, Mexico, and has done extremely well in southern 
California — where it has been extensively- planted. 

Although there may be some question as to whether the Arboretum’s 
Washingtonia robusta is the tallest living palm in the United States — both Florida 
and Texas have made such claims — it is nevertheless a magnificent tree and one 
Which has become an outstanding landmark at the Los Angeles State and 
County Arboretum. 


38 LASCA LEAVES 


Those Beneficial Insects 


Dr. Harry G. WALKER 


When the word insect is mentioned, most of us immediately think of a Bee 
quito, a house fly or of some other pest, or of the tremendous losses that are Fo ot 
annually by the injurious species. There are other insects, however, that are a © 
value to man, producing large quantities of valuable products such as silk, ca 
and beeswax, shellac, dyes and medicines. They serve as food for man himse 

: 


for many animals, especially birds and fishes. Further, they are of great Me 

pollinizers of many of our delicious fruits and vegetables. 
| _ In this article brief consideration will be given to their great value as pre 
a (insects that kill and eat other insects) and, as parasites (live on or in other ® will 
_ for a period of time when they may or may not kill them). No consideration 
be given to those insects which attack man and other warm-blooded animals I 

Metcalf, Flint and Metcalf in their book entitled Destructive and Useful 
sects, make the following statement: “there can be no doubt that the greatest $ d is 
factor in keeping plant-feeding insects from overwhelming the rest of the be 
___ that they are fed upon by other insects.” 


Le ; : . ‘ F red of | 
Be are small hemispherical beetles ranging in color from light tan or yellow, ae: i dats 
_ Bott 
said “sees and the larvae (which are often overlooked or thought to be inj oo 
are beneficial. I remember that one of my first tasks as an entomologist Maks 


LASCA LEAVES 39 


examine a field of tomatoes which the farmer reported was heavily infested with 
what appeared to him as small alligators. Close examination of the field revealed 
that the plants were covered with aphids, which the farmer had not seen, and that 
the small alligators were lady beetle larvae feeding on the aphids. It was necessary 
to show the farmer by the use of a hand lens how the lady beetle larvae were ac- 
tually catching and killing the aphids before he would believe what was happening. 

Another very common and beneficial group of insects in California are the lace 
wing flies (order: Neuroptera; family: Chrysopidae) or the aphid lions as the larvae 
are called. The active, spindle-shaped larvae are characterized by long sharp pointed 
jaws or mandibles that catch and hold their prey while they suck out the body fluids 
of their unwary victims. The larvae are sometimes confused with and taken for lady 
beetle larvae, even though they are normally more active and more slender than 
the lady beetle larvae. They feed especially on aphids and a wide variety of other 
small, soft-bodied insects and their eggs. The adults are soft-bodied, lacy winged 
insects often green in color. Many requests have been received at the Arboretum for 
information about their eggs which are deposited on the ends of tiny white threads, 
standing erect from leaves, twigs or other parts of plants on which they are de- 
posited. It has been suggested that this habit protects the eggs from being eaten or 
destroyed by other insect predators. 

_ Another common group of beneficial predators are the syrphid flies (order: 
Diptera; family: Syrphidae) whose maggot-like larvae feed on aphids. 
often resemble bees except that they have only one pair of wings. The adults feed 
on nectar and pollen of many plants and may have real value as pollenizing agents. 

There are many other predacious insects which may have great value in pre- 
venting or controlling outbreaks of injurious insects, such as the ground beetles 
(order: Coleoptera; family: Carabidae) both the adults and larvae of which often 
feed on cutworms, army worms, and other injurious pests; the dragon flies (order: 
Odonata) which feed on mosquitoes and other flying insects over or near water, 
while the larvae feed on various aquatic insects, small fish; the praying mantis 
( order: Orthoptera; sub-order: Manteoidea) which feed on a variety of insects 
Still other groups of beneficial insects and related species are the robber flies (order: 
Diptera; family: Asilidae), spiders and predaceous mites. In fact, a colony of pesti- 
cide-resistant spider mites which was causing severe damage to experimental plants 
i one of the Arboretum greenhouses now-seems to have been brought under control 

Y predaceous mites. 

The parasites range all the way from tiny wasps (Hymenoptera) that parasitize 
the eggs of caterpillars and other hosts to many large wasps and flies. One of these 
that is very abundant and has attracted a great deal of attention in the Arcadia 
area Is a large black tachinid fly (order: Diptera; family: T achinidae) that is para- 
sitic On cutworms in the lawns. These large flies are about the size of the large green 
or blue-bottle flies and may be differentiated from them by the duller color and the 
arge number of hairs on their abdomens. The flies may feed on nectar or pollen 


i wa sometimes mistaken for honey bees as they hover over flowers searching 
Or food. 


40 LASCA LEAVES 


However, they are most frequently noted as they flit about or hover low over 
lawns searching for cutworms to parasitize. A number of home owners have re- 
ported that their lawns were almost black with flies and not knowing of their bene- 
ficial nature have been attempting to kill them. In reality, these flies should be pro- 
tected and welcomed, for they should be of real value in helping to rid lawns of 
destructive cutworms. 

Other parasites that often attract attention are the tiny Hymenopterous wasps 

that parasitize aphids. These tiny wasps lay their eggs within the bodies of the 
aphids. The eggs hatch and the young wasps develop within the bodies of the aphids. 

_ As the wasps grow the bodies of the aphids swell up and become rounded and then 

_ usually turn brown. The wasps pupate within the body of the aphids. Upon reaching 

the adult stage the young wasps cut small circular holes through the abdomens of 

_ the aphids and emerge ready to mate and start a new life cycle. | 

wy Other types of wasp parasites that are frequently noticed are those that attack 

_ caterpillars. The wasps deposit their eggs in the bodies of the caterpillars, and mally 

_ wasp larvae may develop in a single caterpillar. Upon becoming full grown the 

__ larvae cut a small hole through the body wall of the caterpillar and spin small whitt 

~ cocoons on the outside of the body in which they pupate. For example, tomal 

_ horn worms have been noted with more than fifty white parasite cocoons attached 
to their bodies. These parasitic cocoons are often mistaken or thought to be eg 


of another insect. After a short rest period they change to adults and emerge e 
Start a new life cycle. 


LASCA LEAVES 41 
Growing Notes 


GEORGE H. SPALDING 


One of the major objectives of the Arboretum is the importing and testing of 


a4 


new plants, and the introduction of those found useful into the nursery trade. This — 


is 
i 


sounds very simple but is sometimes anything but that. 
During the past several years the Arboretum has offered a number of new 


plants to the trade. The results have been most disappointing. Under the state — 


law authorizing the Arboretum to sell plants to nurseries it specifically states that. 


the plants sold shall not now be generally available in the trade. We have not only — 
followed this precept to the letter but have made it a practice to offer only 


enough plants per individual nursery to provide propagating stock, thereby enabling 
nurseries to develop an adequate quantity for sale within a reasonable time. 


These appear to be two main reasons why this program has not produced — 


the desired results. The first is that unfortunately too many of the nurseries ob- 
taining stock just resell it without propagating new stock. The second is that 
because the plants are new and relatively untried, many nurseries have difficulty 


in selling them. In addition, they do not have the means to publicize these new — 


items. It is rather like the chicken and the egg. The public doesn’t know the 
plants (and in too many instances the nurseryman does not learn enough about the 
plant to be able to sell it) and is reluctant to buy; moreover, the nurseries—under- 
standably—won’t grow what they can’t sell. 
Part of the problem may be solved in the future now that Sunset magazine 


has indicated they will be pleased to cooperate in publicizing new plant introduc- Ss 
tions as they become available. They too have a problem in that the ries: : 


becomes very discouraged when they read of a new plant in Sunset and t 
can’t find it. 


plants and continue to hope that the nursery trade will accept and promote them. 


A new plant closely related to Eucalyptus which will soon be introduced — 
by the Arboretum is Angophora subvelutina. The Australian common name 1s — 


Rusty Gum, indicating its close affinity to Eucalyptus. The trees in the Arboretum — 


Plantings are approximately 25 feet tall, rather columnar in form and literally a 
covered with clusters of white flowers when in bloom. The foliage ts evergreen, — 


eart-shaped at the base and resembles Eucalyptus in many ways. It is a neat tree, 
tolerant of a variety of soils and should be suitable for the smaller property. Use it 
at some distance so that the form of the tree, texture of the bark, and flowers can 
be seen to best advantage. Its only drawback, if it can be called such, is the relative 
short period of bloom—a week to ten days. ee 
Eucalyptus torquata, the Coral Gum, is available in many nurseries but is 


a 


At any rate, the Arboretum will continue to introduce new and worthwhile — 


42 LASCA LEAVES 


Evergreen and cov- 


tive tree suitable 
for the smaller 
property. 


est 

flowering Eucalytus is one of the “i 
for small gardens. It blooms for as long as two months or more am are alt 
colorful. It seldom reaches more than 15 feet in height, requires little : ae 
is attractive in or out of flower. Color will vary in seedlings but neatly 


{ parviflora, the Wilga of Australia, is one of the mo ip 
new introductions of recent years. I am pleased to report that it 1S ce 


LASCA LEAVES 43 


Arboretum’s Peacock Pavilion 


Dedicated 


The new Peacock Pavilion at the Los Angeles State and County Arboretum 
(pictured on this month’s cover) is a happy example of what can be achieved 
by dedicated citizens working for the benefit of a public facility which operates on 
a limited budget. 

The campaign to raise funds for the Peacock Pavilion was begun several 
years ago by the California Arboretum Foundation, Inc., the non-profit organiza- 
tion dedicated to aiding the development of the Arboretum through its publications, 
fund-raising, services, gifts and grants. 

Enlisting the help of its more than 600 members and many other civic- 
and horticultural-minded citizens, the Foundation raised an initial $30,000, a sum 
sufficient to start the project. Another $10,000 was raised later to provide the 
furnishings, which include enough tables and chairs, decorated in peacock motif, 
to accommodate eighty-eight persons. A $45,000 grant from the County of Los 
Angeles completed the project, which was dedicated May 18, 1967. 

Pavilion is a circular, glass-walled building, situated on a slight rise, 
Providing visitors with a panoramic view of the grounds and the nearby San 
Gabriel Mountains. For the present, vending machines will supply a variety of 
Sandwiches, coffee, soft drinks, and desserts. Future plans call for hamburgers 
and other hot foods prepared to order. ; 

The Pavilion provides the long-needed eating place where visitors can enjoy 
a light lunch and a rest between walking tours of the Arboretum’s 127 acres. 
In addition, it provides a shop where visitors may obtain horticultural publications 
and gifts, as well as much-needed office space for the non-profit Foundation. 

The new facility represents the culmination of the efforts of the California 
Arboretum Foundation, Inc., together with numerous individuals motivated by a 
deep interest in the Arboretum and a desire to improve it in every way- 


44 LASCA LEAVES 


Due to a number of requests for cultural information on the Acacia cardiophylla 
which appeared on the cover of the January, 1967 issue of LASCA LEAVES, we are 
including that information below. We regret the omission of this information in 
the January issue. 


Acacia cardiophylla 
Arboretum Introduction — 1961 


Evergreen, leaves compound, bipinnate, with 7 to 15 oa 

pinnae, to 14 inch wide, petioled, stipulate, with 2 sma ke 

brownish stipules. Leaflets very numerous, ovate, enlife, : 

1/32 inch wide, glabrous or slightly pubescent oa 

cent beneath. 

Moderate to two feet per year. 

: Tolerant of a wide range of soils. 
Full sun. “Hly will 
25°F. to 110°F. experienced at Arboretum, can possibly : 
stand greater extremes. é 
Once per month soaking during warm or hot periods. chub. 
To remove deadwood and for shaping to grow wig ae val 
Seed will germinate in 13 days without any special ne form a | 
If grown naturally with minimal pruning, this pins tee ards. 
excellent hedge with lacy branches arching grace y specime! 
With judicious pruning, plant makes an excellent 2 Plast 
where branch structure can be shown off advantageous orm # 
can_also be trained to a single or multiple leaders 10 2 
small tree. and adds 
This is one of the very first acacias to flower each year 
a great deal of needed color to the grounds. 


Generic Name Acacia cardiophylla A. Cunn. 
Family: Leguminosae. 
Origin: New South Wales, Australia. 
\ Form: A small tree to 12 feet or a large shrub to 8 feet. 
_ Flower-heads: Golden-yellow, globular, to 3/16 inch in diameter, eo : 
illary racemes, about 20-flowered, borne in great profus! 
: February. 
Foliage: 


Growth Rate: 


LASCA LEAVES 45 


Book Reviews 


Sunset Western Garden Book (New Edition), by the Editors of Sunset Maga- 
zine and Sunset Books; 448 pp.; Lane Magazine and Book Company, Menlo 
Park, California; $5.95. 


Those who visit their nursery or bookstore in search of the “revised” edition 
of Sunset’s well-known Garden Book are due for a pleasant surprise. 


The new Sunset Western Garden Book is really new—a brand new format 
with up-to-date information; many more illustrations, charts, maps and diagrams; 
and about 40% more material. It is, for all practical purposes, a brand-new book, 
and should soon become as widely known and used as its famous predecessor. 


A glance at the table of contents will reveal the breadth and scope of this 
new volume: more than 60 pages are devoted to a section entitled “How to Grow 
Plants.” Herein is included much useful information—subjects such as soils, 
watering, fertilizers, pests and diseases, pruning, tools, propagation and lawns. 
The novice gardener or first-time homeowner should find this section invaluable; 


the experienced gardener can undoubtedly benefit from techniques and methods | 


that will save him time, energy and money. 


The “Plant Selection Guide,” consisting of more than 160 pages and printed 
on green paper for quick reference, is crammed with information on what to plant 
and where. Whether your problem is how to disguise an ugly wall, bring fall color 
into your landscaping, create an erosion barrier, or provide plants that will attract 
birds to your yard, you are certain to find the solution here. In fact, the editors 
have anticipated and solved literally hundreds of common and uncommon Western 
garden ploblems faced by all of us at one time or another. 


In the “Western Plant Encyclopedia” nearly 300 pages are devoted to 
describing more than 5,000 Western plants, all of which are designated with both 
botanical and common names, and many of which are illustrated with handsome 
line drawings. This section also contains a wealth of practical information on — 
when and where to plant, and how to maintain specific plants for best gr 
and appearance. : 

In addition to the main reference sections are 24 detailed maps showing 
western climate zones, and a Gardener’s Glossary of gardening terms frequently 
encountered. 

For the Westerner who wants a complete, one-volume gardening reference 


book, the new Sunset Western Garden Book is highly recommended. . 


46 LASCA LEAVES 


New Decorations with Pods, Cones and Leaves, by Eleanor Van Rensselaer. 199 pp. 
Illustrated. Bibliography and Index. D. Van Nostrand Company, Inc., Princeton, 
_ New Jersey. 1966. $6.95 
‘More and merrier are the topics in this sequel to Mrs. Van Rensselaer 8 
Decorating with Pods and Cones. A Christmas chapter extends from miniature 
trees and Della Robbia wreaths to a variety of holiday projects, some even lighted. 
But holiday items comprise only a fraction of the suggestions offered. The use 
_ of recently available resin and plastic products makes possible many other construc- 
tions suitable for indoors or outdoors. House decorations include wall ornaments, 
lamp shades, bookends and a lovely daisy wall clock. Resin castings become beat 
tiful flowers and leaves. Miniature compositions and centerpieces take new fore 
' Many outdoor decorations such as screens and wall panels are described. 
Seashore materials are introduced in vases and in mobiles with their suspended 
_ glitter bits. Gift possibilities are unlimited. Both 
| Step-by-step instructions in this handy-sized volume are easy to follow. Z 
adults and children will find appropriate projects. Doug Morris’ clear pie 
Some in color, illustrate each design. An enlarged list of sources and supp ee f 
a bibliography are included (collecting and preserving methods, and descripti 
_ plant materials have been largely confined to the earlier volume). rf 
7 The author stresses the sheer joy of handling nature materials, as well 7s ‘ 
creative pleasure in using them. She says “nature is ever our inspiration ~~ 
___ be copied, but to stimulate.” This is a stimulating volume. 


— LypiA S. BOWEN 


Arboretum, 301 N +008; 
entry regulations for exhibitors, sponsoring groups, etc., consult the Arbor 
telephone 446-8251. Plan now to attend! 


LASCA LEAVES 47 


RECENT ACQUISITIONS OF LASCA LIBRARY 


Advances in Virus Research, Volume 12. 1967. Academic Press, N.Y. 
A review for 1966 featuring virus serology, tissue culture, small bacterio- 
phages, and other important topics. 


Bainbridge, Richard (editor). Light as an Ecological Factor. London, 452 pp. 1966. 
A symposium of the British Ecological Society of spring 1965 covering such 
varied subjects as forest light climates, radiation meterology, and submarine 
zonation. 


Berrall, Julia S. The Garden, an Illustrated History. 
388 pp. 1966. Viking Press, N.Y. 
Lavishly illustrated and large, this history of the gardens of the world in- 
corporates a concise and many-faceted text. 


Bardi, P. M. The Tropical Gardens of Burle Marx. 160 pp. 1964. Reinhold, N.Y. 
The drama of the tropics is caught by a landscape artist who blends science 
and art in his public and private gardens. The man as well as his work is 
studied. 


Dakin, Susanna Bryant. The Lives of William Hartnell. ee 
308 pp. 1949. Stanford University Press. 
Another colorful Californian of eary times is brought to the present by the 
author of The Scotch Paisano. 


Ellacombe, Henry N. The Plant-lore and Garden-craft of Shakespeare. 
303 pp. 1878. William Pollard, Exeter, England. 
A complete collection of Shakespeare’s floral quotations augmented Dy @ 
remarkable assemblage of plant facts, gathered by a botanist clergyman. 


Scagel, Robert F. and associates. An evolutionary survey of the plant kingdom. 

658 pp. 1965. Blackie & Son, London. 

An excellently illustrated college text planned as a second year guide to fur- 
ther botanical exploration, from the University of British Columbia. 


Voorhoeve, A. G. Liberian High Forest Trees. 416 pp. 1965. Centre vy 
Agricultural Publications and Documentation, Wageningen, The orange: ds. 
A scholarly, well-illustrated, descriptive work incorporating @ detailed foliar 
key, forest ecology, and a record of economic uses. 
— LypIA BOWEN 


48 LASCA LEAVES 


IN MEMORIAM — W. DAN QUATTLEBAUM 


The late Dan Quattlebaum was one of those rare individuals; happy and 
willing to do the 


things that are so important in life without a great deal of show— 
and often, witho 


ut a great deal of deserved credit. His recent death leaves us al 
with a deep sense of loss. 


I shall never forget the surprise of my first meeting with him when z pe 
quietly asked if he could help by trying to eradicate the thistles which pene 
a major problem on the Arboretum grounds. The answer, of course, was 7 ting 
_ Dan proceeded to do just that over a period of several years. Upon ee pe 
this task he set about removing the poison oak on the north slope of T a wyaitt 
_ And while finishing that project he had already begun to clear the lagoon 
hyacinths which had become a menace there. 


ished at his 
His interest in birds was well known and he compiled and Pan 
_ Own expense the first list of birds seen on the Arboretum grounds. of them 
_ Spring and fall bird walks were inaugurated by him and he led many 
_ for years. 
Less well known was hi 


ble 
‘ S interest in antique glass. He was most knowledges 
in the field and had acquire 


d a very respectable collection. 
: When he no longer felt able to 

One day a week and cleaned 
_ continued until shortly before 


work on the grounds, Dan came eee 
seed at the Arboretum’s plant records office. 
his passing. cvict 
Few organizations are privileged to be the recipients of such an ae 
_ for so long a time. Those of us at the Arboretum who knew Dan Wi 

_ Temember him with gratitude and affection. 


—GEORGE H. SPALDING 


CALIFORNIA ARBORETUM FOUNDATION, INC. 
BOARD OF TRUSTEES 


NNER oo cg er Sa ee es ArlgE J. HAAGEN-SMIT, PH.D. 
First Vice-President. 2 os THADDEUS L. Up DE GRAFF 
Second ‘Hola sonitseap heck ip da ete Mrs. Forrest Q. STANTON 
RN as i a rk cee: ote ees te ace ead Howarp A. MILLER 
SI es cit orl ieee ge ee Ernest E. HETHERINGTON 
Paeeunve SECTENEY: oo oes Mrs. DoLores K. HUBBELL 

Mrs. Harry J. BAUER Maurice A. MACHRIS 

RALPH D. CoRNELL Mrs. GEORGE ae L 

Mrs. JEROME K. DOOLAN Lowry McCasi 

MorGAN Evans Mrs. RUDOLPH 7 "cee 

Mrs. JoHN N, FEHRER F. HAROLD ROACH 

ARTHUR FREED Mrs. GoRDON K. SMITH 

Mrs. JOHN GREGG JosePH A. SPRANKLE, JR. 

ALEXANDER KING LovELL SWISHER, JR 

Mrs. Mir1AM KirK Mrs. ARCHIBALD B. YOUNG 


FRANK KUWAHAR 
Ex Officio: WILLIAM S. STEWART, PH.D. 


HONORARY TRUSTEES 
ARTHUR FREED 
PRESIDENT, MEN’s GARDEN CLUB OF Los ANGELES 
Mrs. V. T. GILCHRIST 
PRESIDENT, CALIFORNIA GARDEN CLUBS, INC. 
ELMER LORENZ 
PRESIDENT, SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA HORTICULTURAL INSTITUTE 


SAMUEL Ayres, Jr. M.D. WILLIAM LANE, JR. 

ELMER BELT, MD. Mrs. JoHN R. MAGE 

HowarbD BoDGER MILDRED E. MATHIAS, Px.D. 

CHARLES S, JONES Mrs. MANFRED MEYBERG 

Mrs. VALLEY KNUDSEN GEORGE H. SPALDING 

Foundation Office—Telephone 447-8207 
MEMBERSHIPS 

eae PRCRURURI ek ee tel 

nnual Contributing Membership eee ees ; 
Annual Business Memovership: 2...) see 100.00 
rpsaie Sustaining Membership mee See Laas 

nnual Sponsor Membershi : 
Life Mem oe agers 500.00 
Poets ee cere $i, 000 or more 
Benefactors 5,000 or more 


Club memberships are av vail able at any amount, , from $10 a year or more 
All contributions Gegocnble under Federal Income Tax Law. 


Box fe a cate 1006 


LASCA LEAVES 


The official publication of the California Arboretum Foundation, Inc. 
Sponsors of 
LOS ANGELES STATE AND COUNTY ARBORETUM 
301 NORTH BALDWIN AVENUE—ARCADIA, CALIFORNIA 91006 
Operated by 
LOS ANGELES COUNTY DEPARTMENT 
of 
ARBORETA AND BOTANIC GARDENS 
Box 688 
Arcadia, California 91006 
Arboretum Office — 446-8251 


STAFF 
WILLIAM §. We OO a ee Director 
ee Assistant Director 
i en Graphic Artist 
aya SE TS ea Librarian 


ol ee is he ee ena Superintendent, Arboretum 
ee _... Chief, Plant Research Division 
Duane QO. CRUMMETT, dogs ge Chief, Education Division 
DonNALDS.Dimonp. Public Information Assistant 
LEONID ENARI, PH.D, Senior Biologist (Plant Taxonomy) 
RoBeERT L, GONDERMAN, PH.D... Biologist (Plant Physiology) 
OO ARtHG ds Biologist (Herbarium) 
Liviu Senior Nurseryman 
On ee Plant Recorder 
-...,... Botanical Information Consultant 
OS oe ee Executive Assistant 
aoe Biologist ( Entomology) 

LLIAMS, PH.D. ~ Biologist (Turf) 


GERTR ‘ali. 
UDEM. Woops .._- .... Arboretum Education Specialist 


INDEX 
LASCA LEAVES 


VOLUMES I- XV 
1950 - 1965 


JUN 17 1968 
GARDEN Lae 


VoL. XVII Juy, 1967 
Sittin eens ee 


ng Fey te 
Be tS 


Lasca Leaves 


Quarterly publication of the California Arboretum Foundation, Inc. 


2 ONE Ses ee 
VoL. XVII JuLy, 1967 No. 3 
ae ey 


CONTENTS — LASCA LEAVES INDEX 
VOLS. I-XV, 1950-1965 


ji an 

Subjects ey ie ate ec es YA tel goutle, hig igre 
a 

ee ee eee 
a 

Peet Scientific 
97 

Books and Publications erred. lee ee 


EDITORIAL COMMITTEE 
Mrs. Ross K. Boorg 
RALPH D. CORNELL 
ERNEST HETHERINGTON 
Mrs. Dotores HUBBELL 


MILDRED MATHIAS 
F. Harotp RoacH 
WILLIAM S. STEWART 
Davis Dutton, Editor 


OUR FIRST FIFTEEN-YEAR INDEX 


This index to the first fifteen years of LascA Leaves which you now hold 
in your hands is the direct result of the inspiration and dedication of Mrs. Ross 
K. Boore, a member of the California Arboretum Foundation Editorial Com- 
mittee and formerly Pasadena City Reference Librarian. Mrs. Boore has been 
ably assisted by Miss Lydia Bowen, Arboretum Staff Librarian and Dr. Leonid 
Enari, Arboretum Taxonomist. 


Now, when you wish to know on what page Mr. Dan Quattlebaum is men- 
tioned, or where there is information on flowering trees, or peacocks, or horticulture, 
or history; you can readily find it here. , 

We are fortunate in having a wide diversity of interests and talents among 
Foundation members who give so unstintingly of their time, as is the case in this 
instance with Mrs. Boore. To her, and to the others, we express our appreciation. 


William S. Stewart 


SUBJECTS 


Abraham, Charles, II.4 

Adams, Charles Gibts, 1.10,29,33; 
IV.45; V1.71, 

Aerosols, XV. Ae 

Aesthetics and Recreational Values in 
ne oem X11.12,41,69,80; 


Fase ee Elephants and Hippo 
Pools! VII.5- 


African Daisy, XIV.No.4 Cover, Insert 
82-83 

Air Layering, I1V.57-61 ; VII.8-10; 
VIII.19-20 


Air Pollution and Plants, 


Algae, 1X.33- 7. Biblio 

Alvarado, Ce Tess Bautista, 
1.3: VL. 5 

American Horticultural Society Con- 
gress, 1960, X.70 


Animal I Kingdom Chart, XII.No.4 
Antelope Valley Test Station, XIII. 88; 


Arbor Day, Ill 4- “ore ;1V.92; V. 48; 
V144; VIII 29; XIV. 28, 32. 33 

Arboreta, 1.11-14; ‘Iv. 30-35 (history) - 
V.63; VI ee 36- AILS-7 ae 44 63- 68 
See alee Arnold Ashiones 


andy Experimental Fa arm 
Arboret 


Los a Sag and County 
Arbore 

Morton aa 

est Arboretum 

Strybin oom 

Arcadia, Califo, 
Golden Fubilec Celebration, ITI.79 
Lucky Baldwin F a, VI.70 


ee 


Arnold Arboretum, 1V.84,85; V.63; 
V1I.34,40; XII.42- 44,47; XV. 14 


, 


Ash 
Flowering, II1.77 
Mountain, V.80 

Asiatic-Pacific Plants, I.2-3,22; IV.45, 
84; V.68 ; VI.21,78 ; VII.29,45,58-61; 
VIII.30-31,33,65-66,82-84 ; [X.6463; 
X.16,No. 4Cover 86-87,88; XII. a 
20,26,53-54,55-62, 74-75: XL 
No.2Cover, 45, 83; XIV. 15, 79-82; 


Riltneon, Robert E. XIV. o 73 
Australian brass tutions. VI.86 
Australian Grass Tree, V.79 Ba 
Australian Plants, I.6- 5, 15-16; ey 
29-30; IV.44- 45, 70,86-87 ; Bp 
94-95 ; VI.21-22,43,78; VI e ; 
VIII. 47- 48; X. 26-33; XU. 83 
XITI.64,66- 72 Biblio; XV.No. 


alias Tea Tree, II.No. 2c 
Avocado, I11.39-40; V.62, yay : 
Ayres, seriers Me 1. 17; V.19; 
13 

Se ae. -eyes, I11.42-44; V.39 
Bailey Hortorium, V.47, v.37 
Bailey, Liberty Hyde, III.5; V.37; 

88-92 


Baileya, III.38 14; 
Baldwin, Anita, 1.26; V1.70; VU 


XI. a 

Baldwin, Elias Jackson ( Lucky) oy 
4.18,26,27-28,32; VIL63-6% 0g 
lus, 72 Biblio; VIIL4; | 
19- 


pene , see Queen Anne ne 20 
Poach House, 1.4,28,32 a 

Heirs to Estate, V1.69- xi Nod 
Tally-Ho, 1.32; X1.20; At® 


Cover, 
Baldwin, George, V1.70 


Baldwin, Jennie Dexter, ts 70; X1.19 
Balfour, cas Bayley, 
r, III.74, 7 
Bamboo, V3, ‘15, 16; VII. seer X.18 
Banana, Abyssinian, Vv. 65,68-69 
Bancroft, H. H., 1.27; Ul a V1.63- 
64,69 


Bauman, hace V1.29 


Beard-tongue, V.40 
Beech, v. 58. 
Bees, X1.86-87 


Begonia, i Sesh V.26-29,56-60 
Bellona, Chelsea, 1X.68 
Benchlev, Mrs. Belle 1V.42 
Bent, Harry Sims, I.28,29-32,33,37-38 
Betts, Mrs. F. E. VI. _ 
Bibl'cal Botany, Museum, 1V.46 
sac ‘ral Pala Guede, TIL. 31; 
46 


oa fs 83; V.30 
Los Angeles State and County Arbo- 
retum, I.6,23 ; II1.36,73; 1V. 22,45; 
V.15,45,60; VII2 .21,No.3Cover, 57; ; 
VIII.13,71; XIV. shy Syigeieade 
Poems, III. 36, 44,73; 
Bird Notes (W. Dan Gioia. 
111.3,73; 1V.22,45, 83; V.15,45,60; 
VII.21; VI11.13,71 
Bird of Paradise, Ill. 37; 1V.92; 
XII1.48; XIV.No. SCnwet 
Black bean, Australia, VI.78 
Black- Haw, XIII.24 
Blandy Experimental Farm Arboretum 
.70 


Bloodtrumpet, II.No.2 (chart) 

Blue-flowered Native Plants, V.38 

Blastophaga wasp, III. 

Bo, Bodhi Tree, XV.93-94 

Bodger, Lego Sey 8 Vics 

Bonsai, VIII.39-41 

Book Nous mena E. Mathias), 
IV.72 


—— ae 1.9; IV.30-35 (his- 
ry); V.63; XII.5-7,12-18,41-48 
Biblio, 69-72, 80-83 ; XIII.19-24 
Biblio 
See also Botanic Garden of the Uni- 
versity of Uppsala, Sweden 
(Linnaean) 


Botanical Garden, Brisbane 
Botanical Garden, 
Brooklyn Botanic Gabe 
Brubaker Garden 
California Botanic Garden 
California. University. Los Ange- 
les. Botanical Garden 
Medical Center Gardens 
Descanso Gardens 
Elysian Park Botanic Garden 
Fairchild Park Botanic Garden 
Fairchild Tropical Garden 
Forest Research Institute Garden, 


ehru es 
Goka Gar 
Grrnment Horticultural Garden, 
Sahara 


Pyathesia Garden 

Harvard Botanic Station for 
Tropical Researce 

Huntington Botanical Gardens 

Indian Botanic Garden, Calcutta 

rai Gardens 


Kingwood Cen 

iach inet Cistaen: Bangalore 

gre Botanic Garden, Darjeeling 

gwood Garden 

Main 7 Baticic Garden of the 
USSR Academy of Sciences 

Missouri Botanical Garden 

National Botanic Garden, 
Lucknow 


New York Botanical Garden 


“ase Sweden (Linnaean), “VI1.34; 
VII.15-17 


Botanical Garden, Brisbane, [V.86 

Botanical Garden, Taipei, VIII.83 

Botanical Illustration, VII.12-14; 
», « 


See also Pugh, Edward (Ted) 
Scratchboard Plant Sketches 
Bottlebrush, I. oe II.No.2 (chart) ; 
111.64, 77; IV.70 
Bowman Hill i Wild Flower 


cna? Eee 


Preserve, X1I.83 
Braunton, Ernest, 1.4; VI.77 
riggs, Mrs. Sey VI. a 
Bromeliad, IV.8- Il; V.No.2(cover), 
31-34; VI. 43; XIII. No.4(cover) 
Brooklyn Botanic Garden, XII.70, 83 
Broom, Spanish, II.No. 2 (chart) 
Broughton, Charles, I.No. 2(cover), 11, 
40 ; 11.19, 20; 11 1.50 
Brabaker Carden XV.67-72 
Bryant, Mrs. Ernest A., Jr., [V.64 
Brydges, -- Nursery, IV.76; V1.76 
Bulb Society. ITT.28,53 ; IV.22 
Bullbay, II.No. 2(chart) 
Burning Test on Cistus Chaparral in 
Sicily, X1.67 
Bushman’s Poison, II.No. 2(chart) ; 
111.37 


Butte Valley Wildflower Sanctuary, 
X.71 


Butterfield, H. M AStAL4: TV: 3,7 

Buwalda, ohn, VI OZ 

Cactus and Succulent Society of 
America, Inc., ITI. 53, 54, 79 

Cactus and Succulents, IV. 19, 86-87; 

¥. aye on: 86-87, 95; VI.14- 15, 

82; 

See ies ae Bromeliad 


Cajeput Tree, IL. x Bee) 
in, VII. 


Calendar of Head ao Events, 
IIT.28, 38, 53- 5 TV 22, 47, 0. 71,95 
V.13,23,45,95. 3 V1.17,45 ; 1X.45; 
X.18.23-24,47,70; XII.41 

XIII.50, 74; a 25 

i m Foundation, Inc., 

1.2,26; 11.24: V2, i au; A. 43. 44, 

54; XIII.49 73 XIV. 26 

nual i fecal oe and 
eae 1.8.3 Gas, 17-24; 
IIT.64-69: VIT fesse 
eo get ee XIII.49,No.4 
83 


(cov 
Adie erg Posada: VII.5: ;sXIII.73 
Film: T he Arboretum, IT] 65-66 


oe. Bhs ¢ Arboretum Story, 

Coe face 1.40; TI. N 

Gifts Received: 1.8. 41-4 ; 113-4 
17,18,20-22. IIT. 50 o 66 ie), 


Vis 3i A Me Vi ; 
X.85; 


Fa a 23 54-55; 

XI11.75-76, 80- at XU e 65 
Gifts to LASCA. XIV.48 
Historical Commie 1.29,32,33- 

36,39; ee 111.79; IV.64; 

VI.70 7 
Jeep Tran v 22,No.3 (cover), 53} 

VIII.55; X.44,54 


Lecture Seen XIII. i) 
IV.2,13 
Membership, 1.40,43-44; 11.19, 


: XII L.opp.49; XIV.2, 


35. 36, 49 
Bale Ltems, VIII.54; XI.60; Xl. 
No.4,83, Insert; XIV. 2; 35 -36 
Seed and Plant Distribution, 18 
California ee Association, 
Palo Alto, 1V.8 
California Association of Nurserymen, 
Catilnsnia Botanic Garden, VI.37-0 
orest of Fame, VI.39 j 
California Division of Beaches an 
Parks, 1.17,33; VIII.4 . 
California Fuchsia Society, IV. be 
California Garden Clubs, ime a 
California Historical Society, 
LIE55 
California International Flowe e — 
I11.12-15,17,62; 1V.23,41,4 
42,66; V1.20 
tC shinenia Museum of Sci ine 
Industry csaes Ha 
62-63 


California National Fuchsia Society; 
IV.71 


V.85 ; VIL45 ; VIL693 Xi 
11.42-44, 


ee 8 
51-54,82; X1.2- 4, XII.35-3 
See also Detravien ‘Gardens, Re 

Santa Ana Botanic Gar ee 
Santa Barbara Botanic Garden 


California, State, 1.26,28; VI.64, 70; @ 
VIII.4 


a 


California State penn Soe 
oorhis Uni 
California University pan tid 
Botanical Garden, IV.8-9; V.61; 
X. 50. 51; X1.83 
Botany Department, X.No.3 
(cover ),50-51,62 
Court of the Sciences, 1V.26 
Hottes bequest, VI.23 
eer er: Center Gardens, XIII. 


47-4 
Camellia, M1iNod (cover) 5,55-62 
Descanso Gardens, VI.17; VII.86 
(Festival) 
Yellow-Flowering, XI1.59-60; 
XV.82-84 Biblio. 
Camellia Review, V.72 
Campbell -Johnstone, Austin, V1.76,77 
anary Cowseye, IV.21 
Canterbury Bell, Wild; I11.42-43 
Cape Chestnut, [11.37 ; V1.76-78 
Cape Honeysuckle, II. No. 2 (chart) 
Capulin Cherry, IV.4 
Carnegie Institute of Technol 
Hunt Botanical Library, XII. 20- 22 
Carrillo, Jose Antonio, V1.57 
ain Annetta, IV.3 
er, Nathaniel, V1.68-69 
be major, Robert, X.39-40 Illus. 
Catalina Cherry, II.No.2(chart),10 
Catalina Ironwood, VI.76 
Cauliflory, VII.84 
Cavalcade of Health and Medical 
oe ocnitage 1956, V1.23,36 


Cigar box, VI.78 
Incense, Il. No.2(chart) 
Central American Plants, XIV.4-7, 
37-45,76- 
Century Plan He 
Ceramic bpetaie XITI.2-10 
amber of “aid Los Angeles, 


Chamisso, Adelbert von, VI.31 
Chandler, Harry, I 26. 28; V1.64,70; 


Chandler, Philip Edward, V.71 
‘apman, Alfred, 1.27; V1.67 

Chapman, Katherine, 1.27 

Cherimoya, III 39-40 


Chilean flame tree, [11.77 
Chinaberry, umbrella, I1.No. ae 
Chinese Fringe F lower, XI 

Chinnini, V.82,83 

Christmas Rose, V11.10-11; [X.68-69 
Cirio, V.87 

Cistus and Its Response to Fire, 1V.65 
Citrangequat, VII. 

Citron, VII.35 

sar TIL. 39; VII.No.2 (cover) ,29-44 


Biblio 
City at Night, KTLA (Los Angeles) 
program, III. 
Classification, er V.88-92; VITI.66- 
68; XIII.12-1 
Clausen, Jens, sy 26 
Cliff Rose, II1.60-61 
Climbing Dahlia, IV.6 
Climbing rig, II. No.2 (chart) 
Clusius, Carolus (Charles de l’Escluse), 
X111.35,37-39 Illus. 
CMU, VI.83-87 
Cockatoo, XIII.No.3 (cover), 51-57, 
iblio. 
Cold resistance of plants, II.No.2 
(chart) Biblio. ; [V.16-17 
Colonial Dames of America, 1.33; 
XI.1 


Colonial Gardens, Williamsburg, Va., 
IV.34 
Color, Flowers, I1.No.2(chart) ; 
VI.1 


Blue-Flowered California Plant 
Natives, 


38-42 
eke wel cline Calendar, XI.14-45, 


50-5: 
White-Flowered California Plants 
Natives, ITI.58-61 
Yellow-flowering Camellia, I1I.59- 
60; XV.82-84 Biblio 
Coming to the Parson ( sculpture), 
X11.89,90, Tus. 
Conifers, Alpes Maritimes, V.80 
Conner, Palmer, 1.28 
Conservatory, Just the Beginning, 


VIII.2 
Containers, V1.18-20; XIII.2-10 
Cooper, Ellwood, XIII.67-68 
Coral Bells, VIII.17-18 Biblio. 
Coral Tree, [11.77 ; VII.19-21 


ae 


Corbitt, ae 1.26,27 ; V1.59,60,61, 

65; VIII.3 

Cornell, Ralph D., 1V.76; V.54-55; 
VI1.23,44 Illus; XIIL 49 Illus. 

Coyo, V.83 

Crespi, Juan, V1.51-53 ,72 Biblio. 

Cudweed, III.69: VI.86 

Cultigen, V.91 

Cultivars, registration of new, X.88 

Cunningham, Mrs. Howard, IV.64 

Cutak, Ladislaue ITI.54 

Cymbidium, Vil 23; X.40; XIII.72, 

87; XIV.1 


press 
really Il. ve > ihe IV.76 
Guadalupe, V 
Monterey, ~ = 
Cypripedium, VI.No. } ya gs 31,40-42; 
su bl, 22-23, 6 


Dalton, Henry, 1.26 6,27; Ul. 16; 

VI 64-65 ,67,68,71; VIII. aK 
Darrow, Mrs. M.B., VI.75 
Darwin, Charles, 4 13-15 
Daughters of the American Revolution, 
Santa Anita Chapter, IV.64 
Davis, Mildred, V.96 
Davies, Viewer ron V.48 
Davis, Willian Heath, 1.3-4,27 ; II1.47- 

48; V1I.56-57 58-59.72: 9.4% 13- 19 
Dawes Arboretum, XIL6 63-65 ,68 
Dawn Redwood, ae 78 ; 1V.69,84-86 - : 

VI.87; VIII.4 
Daylily, Il. No. Fei: HIT. st 

est ae at LASCA, | 

1V.68- 
Dehra Ane XV.79 
den Boer, A. F., VI.34 

Descanso Gardens, IV.47,95 ; VITI.38- 
39, No. 4 (cover), Self 88; X.23 -24; 
XIIL7 : ALY, opp.4 48 
A abet ial VI. $7331.21; 

X.23-24- X Voy 
Daffodil Shoo es 24; XIV.3 
Bete of Garden Lighting, X.10- 


Hoiuke o Education, VIII.38- 


oe. 


39, 84-85 ; 1X.48; X.61,67, 
83-86; XI. 22; X11.24 

Native Plant Carnie x 20-22,82 
(Nature Trail Sign 

New Philosophy, VIIL38 

Roses, VIII. ae XI.32-37,No.3 
foover ), 50-5 

Descanso pag Gan Inc., gifts, 
IV.4 


Dew A fase at the Arboretum, V.43 

Dibblee, aes: . 26,27 ; V1.59,61-63, 
64,65; VIII 

Dibblee, pies Jr., VI.63,72 

Dibblee, Thomas, VI. 50- 61 

Dichondra, XIV.No.3 (entire issue), 
Biblio 


See also Gras Cus ee | 
Digger Garden Clu | 
Piarases plant, [X. 70- 72; XII1.26-30 
Dutch tee X.23 
srass, 1X 
phage Root, 1X.71,83; XIII. 28-31 
Douglas, John Francis, Ill. 8,79 
Downing, Ferne, IV.45 
Drury, Newton, 1.33; V.54 
Dumbauld, Marguerite, VI.75 
Dunn, David, 1V.47 34 ; 
Duvdevani, S., dew gauge, Il. | 
49-51; V.43-45 “at | 
omegranate, I. 
Bera Plant Research Labora 
California Institute of bis tae 
ing Plant Research La 


Eaton, C. F. 1V.3 
Edmunds, L. L., X.2-5; X12 
Education, Horticultural: see 

Horticultural Educatio 
vrae Opportunities 10 7 

ens and Arboretums, | 

E] B rk Beetle, X.23 618 
Biydan Park Botanic gs VI. 
Empress Tree of — 
An Entomologist Abroa 
Erosion Control, VI. 26-29 ; 1X.7 
Erlanson, Carl O., [V.69 
Ritectoley, Johann Friederich, ¥ 
Etter, Albert F., V.3 


seer ptus, 1.15,No.3(cover), 18-20; 
I.No. 2(chart), 10; II1.64, 65; IV. 

oe hp V.78-80; V1.13, 16-17, 23-24, 
44; VII.6-7, 66-75; VIII.19-20, 
Biblio, 43-45 ; X 11.26, 83-87; 
XIIL.66- 72; Biblio. See also 
Plant Names—Scientific section. 

European Horticulture, VIII.56- 

Evans, Boyson and Saint Nursery, V1.76 

Evans, Hugh, 1.16,22-23 ; I11.24-28; 
V.76; VI.76,82; XI. 65- 66 

piety and Reeves Nursery, 111.26; 


V1.76 

Evans, Morgan, I11.25,26,27 

bas are Park, Los Angeles, garden of 
California natives, 1V.7 

Fairchild, David, I1V.4; V.62 

Fairchild Tropical Garden, X11.45-47 

False Dragonhead, III.75 

ger ae E. J., 1.32, 1V.64; V.45; 


Fenzi, loaiceges dui see 
eschi, Fran 
Ds TL. 10-11; V 85: OVI. 8; VIII.26- 
29, Biblio, 60-65: IX. 8-14, 61-67, Bib- 
lio, 74-75; X. 26-33, 86-87; XI.8-14; 
XII.8-12, Biblio; XIII. 88- 89 
Bracken, XII. 88-89 
mM VIIL. No.2 (cover ) ,26-29, 


1.8,9 
Epiphytic, VIII. 60-63 ; 1X.10-11 
Flowering, [X.11,13, 14 

Gold and Silver, VIII.63-65 
Hacksaw, LX way as 4 
Hart’s-tongue, I 

Holly, IX.No. Pye = 61-64 
Japanese Claw, 1X.64-6 

i Climbing, X.No.4(cover), 


Japanese Felt, [X.10-11,12,14 
Royal, I[X.11 

Silver, V.85 

Tree, V. 85; V1.8; X.26-33; 


Fern Pod. s, II.No.2(chart) 
Fertilization of Carden Plants, XV.44 


Fertilizer, see 
Plant Nutrients, Soil and Soil 
Conditioning 
Fertilizers, Coated, XI1.38 
Festival of Garden Lighting, X.10 
Feverfew, [11.75 
Fig, I1.No.2(chart) ; I11.40-41; IV.17; 
V.93 (Los Angeles Downtown 
planting) ; VII.81-86 
ee also Ficus (in scientific names). 
Fire Resistant Plants, IV. 7 
66-67 ; LX.75-80, Biblio; X1.38, 
67- es Lot XI1.77- 79, Biblio. 
Test pone 1X.77-78 
F Gua TL. No.2(char 
Fives 


pot, III.44 
Flaxleaf Paperbark, XV.No.1 (cover), 
13-14 


Flixweed, V1.86 
Floriade, International Horticultural 
Exhibition, LX. sik X.42 
Floss Silk Foes 
horisia (in scientific Oe, 
Flower Shows, 1.40; 11.19; V.95; 
V1I.23; X.24; pete 


Fuduis eid Shade Plant, IV.71; 
V.85; V1.45; VII.69; X.45; 
XI. 4 

Geranium Society, 1X.45 

phe sia pring Flower and 
Garden, IV.47 

San Gabriel Esc VIIL81 

Schools, 

The Song ish the Exhibitor—poem, 


III.30 : 
See also California International 
Pvt =, feared Descanso Gardens, 


Wie wT II1.76-78 
See also names of pares trees, 
Trees-in-Color Calendar 
Ford, John Anson, 1.33 ; IV.64; VI.44; 
VIL3; 1 
Forest of Fame e, V1.39 
Forest Research Institute Garden, 
Dehra Dun, XV.79 
Franceschi, Francesco, 11.4; IV.2-8, 


Freesia, 11.8; I1I.37 


ie 


Freeway Planting, see 
ighway Planting 

Street and Parkway Planting 
Frost Resistance, see 

Cold Resistance of Plants 
Fuchs, Leonhard, IV.39-40 Illus. 
Fuchsia, IV.36-39 
Furnishings of the Hugo Reid Adobe 

X1.27 


? 


Gable, Sueaee V1.35 
Gar 
Otic VII.5-8 
IV.33 


Indian XV. 78-82, 85- ye Biblio. 
I. 83-84 


Japanese, IV. 33; Vi 
» Angeles ‘Aces: XV. 49.59, 
Ps 
Mediaeval, IV.32- 33 
1V.3 32 


Persian 
Roman 
Victorian, IV.34 


Garden Club of America 
Medal of Honor to William 


enaissance, IV.33,34 
IV.32 


Hertrich, V.30 92 Illus. 
Garden Lickiee X.10-12 


_ Garden of the Prophets, IV.46 


84-85 ; XIT 27-33 
Gardening j in India, XV. 80 
t, Ross H., 


» Koss XIV.73 
Geranium, IIT.38 


75 
se Flower San 1X.45 
~ Germina a 
: i a germination 


re Teport, LASCA, 1.24. 


a Gites Acid, VIT rhb Bibli 
| hls VINL.21-22, Biblio. ; 1.77” 


ardener School, Professional, X.62,83, 
3; XIII.30 


“Gi Vepartment of rei d 
___ Botanic Gard one 
Gila ee ae 


sale Hazon : VE. 3 
< Git Scouts, VI.44,45 


Goat Nut, VI.78 

Goka Garden, XV.64-66 
Golden Locust ‘Sunburst’, VIIL88 
Golden Trumpet Tree, see 


Graft of Chorisia Specias Successful, 
1X.54 


Grapes  - 
Thompson seedless and gibberelin, 
VII.80 


Wine, XI1.22 
Grass, IIL. 70- 73; V.14-15,48; VILS- 
48 ; X.66-67 ; XIII. 75-81; XV.36 
Bermuda TT 70; V.i4 
Blue, III.72-73; v9 
Joint, IV.172 7. 
Manila’ see Zoysia 
Meadow Rice, V.14 
1 


68 
Turfgrass Plots, X.66-67; 
XIII.75-81 | 
Zoysia, III. 70-72: V.14; VILAS 


48; 1X.72 
See also ‘Bamboo, Dichond . 
geles State and County hee : 
Turfgrass Denna eft 
Greer, Pat Jame 
Briers ewegen, oe Meee coy am 
Ground ay III.No. ited | 


V.No. 4( re 
Ponies ie 1X.72 
e also individual species 
Gr dsel, VI.86 y 
rounds Notes: Los Angle = : 


XIII. 83, xiv ; : ) 
Guava, III. 40; et 
Guiberson Garden, XV.51-99, PP 


Deakin scented, I1.No. 2(a 
Red River, IT. .No. vite 


2 (at | 


Gum Guiac, XIV.74 


1.22-23 
Hareubeni, Ephraim: Seamer 
1V.46- 
Hareubeni, Hannah, il 46 


Harrison, R. S., X.9 

Hartnell, Willism, ve ee 72 
arvard Botanic Station for Tropical 
Research, =~ See: 47 

Harvey, J. C., VI.76, 77 

Haselton, Ady E., v. 71,95 

Hawaiian Plants, v. 5,11,35,67; VL8; 
X1IV9-12,90-91 

Heart of Flame, IV.9 

Heavenly Bamboo, 1V.16 

Heisey, William, VI .26 

Heliotrope, Wild, III.43 

Hellebores, VII,10; IX.68 

Herb, [V.39 

Herb Garden, LASCA, VI1.74; [X.32 

Herb Society of America, IV. 69, 95; 
V.23, 71-72; VI1.13, No. 4lcover), 74- 
75, 78; IX. 32- 33 


V.78 
Hertrich, Wilian. V.30,92 ; V1.30,43 
Hiatt, Glenn H I a 

Hibiscus Proj ect, Report XIV.90 
Highway Phehting: VII.74-79 ; X.79-83 

1.74-83 
Historical Landmark No. 367. Califor- 
-No.3 


Holden Arboretum, X1I1.63, 65-68 
ag Joseph Dalton, X.28; X.34-35; 


Sr Tse Hooker Oak, X.34-35, 
pees: II.No.2(chart) ; X.60 
Hormon 


, see 
Gibberellic Acid 
Horticultural rie st VITI.50-53, 
69; XII.5-7, 81-83 
See also California State Polytechnic 
Descanso Ga 


tum tton Arboretum, Profes- 
sional aS School 


Hortus Clusianus, Leyden, 1V.34 
Hortus Linnaeanus, Uppsala, [1V.34 
Hottes, Alfred C., V.36-37 Illus ; V1.23 
See also Scratchboard Plant Sketches 
How Doth the Busy Bee, X1.86 
Hugo Reid Adobe, 1.3,27-32; I11.46, 
47-48; IV.No. eriatpia 43; VI.57-58, 
60-61,64; VIII.No.1 (cover), 2-13, 
74-81; IX. 14-23, 28-32,55-60; XI. 
No.1 (cover), ie 19, 21, No.2 (cover), 
26-31 ,39- -65 
See also Rea. 'Huee 
Humus, 26 
Hunt Botanical Library, see 
arnegie Institute of Technology 
Huntington Botanical Gardens, III.17- 
23; 1V.8, 11-13, pire V.31, 34, 
86- ‘87; XV.62-6 
Huntsman- Trout, edward, V.75;VL71, 


74, 

Hurst, J., V. 

Husk-toniato , V.89 

Illustration, Botanical, VIL.12-14; 
XIV.4, 


See also Pugh Edward (Ted) 
cratchboard Plant Sketches 
Index, ope Leaves 
Vols , V.No.4, center insert 
Vols ¥E XV, each vol, No. 4, 
er insert 
India, botanist in, XV.No.4, entire issue 


Indialsurel Ficus, I].No.2 (chart) 

Indian Botanic Garden, Calcutta, XII. 
41-42; XV.78 

Indian Oak. XII.19 

Indians of Rancho Santa Anita, 1.26; 

VI.50-54; VIII.74-81 ; X1.15 

Indoor Foliage Plants Treated with 

MH 


, [X.38-40 
Insect Pests, XI1.22-24; XIII.58-63 ; 
V.67-72,83-89 
Dichondra, XIV.67-72 
Elm Bark ee X.23 


5 
International Camellia Society, X11.40 
International Code of 2 gama for 
Cultivated Plants, I 
International Horticultural Congress, 
IV.20,79 


ow» 57 


International Union of Biological 
ciences, 


Biohistorical Commission, Botanical 
I11.78 


ectio on, 
Introduction, See Plant introduction 
pé Amarelo, IV.77 
Iris, redwood, V.40 


Irrigation, XIV.33-34, 46-47 - 
Rancho Santa Anita, Mean 46-47 
ou Plots, XIII.78,79,81 

of Tensiometer, AIV.33-34 

Israeli Plants I IIT.31 

Comparison with Flora of South- 

ern California, I1I.52-53 

Parasitic Plants, IV.46-47 

6 


Ironbark, Pink- flowered, II.No. * ae 
V.46 


Ivy, Algerian, EV172 x; 
Ixia, II.7 


Jajoba. VI.78 

ae VITI.82-84 

Japanese F lowering Cherry, XIII.No.2 
45 


@ cover 
Japanese Gardens, see 


rdens, Tarshisene 
Jasmine,  HL-10 


0.2 (chart) 

Juhren, Gustav, UL 31;1V.65, 67; 

VI.29 
Kafir Plum, III mi 
aessag Par V.94-95 ; VII.64-65 

VI 84 

Riise Rieck, Pomona, IV.89 
Kellogg-Voorhis Unit 

See California State Politechnic 


bi 


; Kon wt Gardens, TI.38: IV.87 ; XI1.17- 
: Kina F. A. » i 


r, X11.63,65,66 66,68 
Xx. No. 4 (cover), 85 


Koigh bl tag J. estate, IV.76 


rae 


Klug Clarence, I 


Koopmans, Atje Bee bi 
Krauss, Helen K., 11.20; I11.50; 
V1.13 


Krilium, 11.18; 111.31,34-36,65 
Krug, Helmut Panto IV. 95; V.53 


Labels, plant, Ill. 4-5; X1.84-85 
Labillardiere, Jae ‘Julien Houte de, 
VIII.44-4 


Lalbagh Ge: Garden, Bangalore, 


mb, Er O., IV.3 
Lamb, Emily 
Tandecane Architectn IV.14-15, he 
17,26-29,30-35 ; V.75-77; VII3 
1X.2- 7; X.63- 
Public Areas, ay 26-29 
Lands Design, se 
fi :s eine landseage Architecture, 
Crisaiente Planting 
Lanjouw, J., [11.54,78 
LASCA, See 
Los a State and County 
Arboretu ' 
Lasca Leaves, 141; 11.19; a 
15,41,62,65 :; V.53, 7k: eee a 
21; X.24; XIII.opp. 49; 


Lace pene Cover Picture D 


29,72,88; 1X.23,28,60,85; X.6,38, 


54,88; 
88: XI.21,48,59,85; XII. se 


XIII.10,45 ,Opp. AS opn.733 
1, opp.25. opp.49, opp- 
83 OXY, opp.1,14, opp. 25,38, OPP: 
60, OPP. Tai Ge: 
4 [X.72 a 
Di 
gsr and fertile an XV. 
rass, 
geles State and County Arbo 
Turfgrass Demonstration 
Soil and Soil Conditioning: 
Lemon, Meyer, 7.36 
Ponderosa, VII.36 
Goch igi VII.42 
Libra . 
See Tos Angeles State and Coun 
Arboretum, Library 


Insert r 


Ligno-tuber, V.79 
Lilac, VIII.41-43,58-59 
Li 


me 
Finger, VII.38 
Rangpur, V11.36 
Limeberry, V11.40 
Limequats, VII.35 
Linden Tree, XI1I.74-75 
Linnaean Botanic Garden, see 
Botanic aoe oak of the University 
of Upp 
Linnaeus, Cal, IL. 38; VII.15-18; 
VIII.33,34 
Lippincott, ae 1V55 
Little Garden Club of Pasadena, [11.54 
Lloyd Botanic Garden, Darjeeling, 
XV.77,79 


Longwood Foundation, Inc., V.70; 
Vil. 28; VIII.22 
gwood Gardens, V.70; VIII.22; 
XL 83; yi 1.71 
Loquat, IV.1 
Lord and dle Nursery, VI. 
Lord’s Candle (Yucca ca, IV.16 
Lorenz, C., IV.80 
Los Angeles Beautiful, [1V.92-93; V.93; 
VII.63 


ae City, Ornamental Planting, 
3 


Los Angeles City Park Department 
history, [V.52-55 
Angeles Civic Center Area Parking 
Lot Plantings, II.No.2(chart) 
eP: oe County, 1.17-18, 6, 28,38- 


ie, Angeles County Air Pollution 
Control District, V1.3-4; XV.22 
See also Air Polfutind 
geles County Board of Super- 
visors, 1.17, 38-39; ITI.79; 1V.52,64 
geles County ‘Department of 
Arboreta and Botanic Gardens, III. 
79; VIII.38 84-87 ; X. 62; X1.21-22; 


y 
m 11-14(Master Plan), 
17- 18.23.26, Bo 37-42; 1I.17-22; 
111.10-11; V.No.1 leave); 127-13, 15, 
a Oe. VIL. 70-71; VII1.4; XI. 


Administration Building, VI.2-3; 
VIIL.No es cover),2-5,21; X. 
No.1 (cover),6 

fg nC VIII.22-23 

Cooperative Research Agencies, 

Dedication Program, VII.2 

Exhibits, 1.40; 11.19 

Gatehouse, V1.3,7,42; VII a 5 

Herb Garden, v. 72: VLN 
pia 74-75,78; IX. 32. 33 

me Demonstration Gardens, 


Vit 2-3; VIII.55-56,72,81 ; 
X.6 
ne eve ch a Education, V1.36,45, 


(cover), 5 54 ; XII. 18,30,60,80- 
9-33 
Jen Sue ¥ 22 No.3 (cover) ; 
111.55; X.54 


plow VI. No.3(cover), Me ra 
Nol.(cove be “at XIV.N 
(cover) ,op 
Lath Hasse: aL No. asetir 3 
Lectures by Dewey Nelson and 
. Benson, IIT. 
Library, 11.18,21; I11.1-2,50,65; 
94; V1.13; VII.86-88; 
VIII. 55; X1.31-32 
Mexican Tiles, X.9-10,40 
Movie and TV Location, I.41; II. 
Q; vu? 
Policy, V.12 
Radio and TV Publicity, 1.41; 
11.20; III.79 
Temperatures, 1.20 
Turfgrass Demonstration Center, 
Vil pas * XIIL. 73,75-81 
Youth Education, VII1.23,69; 
X1.22; XIV. zi 
Lugo estate, Los Angeles, 1.4 
Lux Arboretum penis “IL 3-4,17-18; 
111.64-65; IV.65 
Lux, George re I. - = a 17,20; I11.65 


V.7 
Lvon, William S., VL L76, 77; XII1.69 
McClaughry, Anita ( Baldwin), see 
Baldwin, Anita 


= 


MeClaughry, Hull, VI.70 
McClintock, Elizabeth, V.71; X.27 
oe J. Thomas, plant recorder, 


onal Russella K., V.94 
McKee, Dorothy Pyar. HizZs 
McKinley, James, V1.58-59 
Mage, Georgina Hicks, 1.33 ; IV.64 

Maidenhair Tree, 1.2; II. No. 2(chart) 
Maleic Hydrazide Treatment of Indoor 

oliage Plants, 1X.38-40 

Ba 


11.37 
Manks, Dorothy S., II1.1; V.72, 94; 
VI.13 


Mann, Johnn alle (1828), 
es (cov er),2 
Te baidia, cae Sur, 4.2-5 
Maria, Pablo, VI.55; X1.18,27 
Marine Plants, agricultural challenge, 
1X..33-37, B 
Martin, ald HS —o 71,96; VII.4 
Massact usetts Hosticalitra Society 
Library Classification, V.94 
Medal to William Hertrich, V.30 
Medal to E. O. Orpet, VI.81 
Mathias, Mildred ome Meaty 71; X.69 
Matilija Poppy, ITI. 59-6 


iel, V.95 
Vlerrill, Elmer D., IV.84; V.30; 
VI.39-40 


Sata sali 77a cag 


Mexican Plants, 11.48; IV.4, 11-13,17, 
80,82-83 ; V. -69, 82-84 8 95; 

- VEi1.17-18, Biblio. ; rete XI. 5-6 

e Meyberg, Manfred, I. 16: ELL, i=. V.66; 

ef oh -/9-80; X.12-13 

idsummer Shade Plant Sh 
7 age ant Show, VI.45 

Miner: aM of Plants, XV. 


“Missouri Botanical 
Riga. Garden, XII.70 
_ Mobile Desert Laboratory, see 
i California Institute of 
Mockel, Henry R. , XIII.49 
(cover), 83: XIV. No. tame 


See 


Technotogy 
0.4 


60 


Mockorange, II.2(chart) 
Modjeska, Madame Helena Ranch, 
IV.7 


Monkey-hand Tree, me he 

Monroe, William, V 

Monsanto Chemical Ve 11,18; 
111.31 ,34-36,65 

Montarioso Nursery, [V.4,7,8 

Monterey Style Architecture, 1.30 

Moreton Bay Chestnut, V1.78 

Moreton Bay Fig, IV.17 

Morgan, Mrs. E. J., VI.75 

Morton Arboretum, VI.9-12; XII 

Motion Bases for Garden Club 
Programs, 

Mughal Seah XV.85-90 

Mulch, XV.46 

aad William, 1.18 

ro, J. Alex, XIV. a a 
rray, Mrs. Alfred, 

Murs Notes and News, II.31, 54,79; 
IV.23,46,69,95 ; V.23, '47,71,96; 
V1.23,44,87 ; VIL. 21; VIL; 
1X:45; X. 43 ae 

Natal Plum, II 

National Botanic Garden, Lucknow, 


XV. 
National Horticultural Magazine, 


Vi71,72 
National Shade Tree Conferenct 
28 : V.23,48,54-55; VI.9-1 


X.18 
Native Plants, see 


i Zealand Palm Lily, Va 95; 
New Zealand Plants, 1V-163 4 
V1.78; X.26-33, 60; XI.13 
Newmark, . 1.26, 27-2 


8: VIII. ye 
Noble, Wilted ML, XIV. ie 


Tllu 
Noten: Gladys C., Vi.87 
Nomenclature, see 
lant Nomenclature 


Norman-Wilcox, Gregor, X1.17,48 
Noyes, Alice (Payne), 1V.76 
Oo 


a 
California Native Care, 1X.83-85 
Coast Live, IV.15; TX. nN ,83-85 ; 
X.34; XITI.28- 31 
Daimio, “XML. 32-34 
Indian, XIJ.19-20 
Sir Joseph Hooker, X.34-35 
Valley, X.34-38 
Oleander, I1.No.2 (chart) 
Olmstead, Frederick Law, 12.43 
Ombu Tree, [V.17; XIII.11 
O'Melveny, Henry, IV. 
Orange, pe baat Sess 34-43 
Orange Jessamine, V 
Orchid, VI.80-81 ; ‘VII, 2. 23; X.14- 
15,40; XIV. 


See also Cymbidium: Cypripedium 
Orchid for the First Lady, XV.95-96 
Orcutt, Charles Russell, V1.77 
Orcutt, Mary Logan (Mrs. William 

Fahl! XI1.75-76; XIII.31 

Organ Escallonia, II. No. Z aah 
Oriental Magnolias, X1V.7 
Ornamental Planting, [V.1 ee V.93; 

VI.16-20; VII.29-44,74-79 ; VIII. 30- 

33,36-38° 


See also Highway Planting, Land- 
scape Architecture, Parking Lot 
Plantings, Street and Parkway 
Planting, Sainte Planting, 
Tropical Plantin 

Orpet, Edwin Omen VIL. 80-83 Illus. ; 

VI1.22 


Ownley, Gerald B., 1V.47 
Oxidants ne 4 
one, . 10-12 

Pacific Rose te 111.28,5 

Palm, 1.4-6; II. 1-2,10; IV. 16; V.90; 
VI.No. i (cover), 7, 18-20, 43 :VIL. No.4 
(cover), 79; VIII.45-46; XII.62; 
XII1.90-91 ; XIV.No. 1 (cover) 

Canary Island, IV.7 


Royal, V11.79 
Windmill, II.No. ea 
Palm Society, 1.4 
Pam, Albert, V.48 
Papaya, III. 4; VIII.21 
Pampas soa ‘IV. 17 
PAN, XV. 
Paperbark, eee II.No.2 (chart) 
Parking Lot Planting, Issue I1,No.2 
(chart) 
Parks, Los Angeles, 1V.52-55 
Pasadena Garden Club, 1.33, VIII.55 
Gift of Fountain, XIIL.65 
Patents, Plant, IV. 62-64 
Beswryin S 
iseases, plant 
Pal fi VIIL.13; LX.No.2 
(cover) ,28 
Payne, Phe tore: IV.74-77 Illus. ; X.71, 
82; XITI.84-85 Illus. 
Pharack: XI1.72; X1V.16-24; XV.No.4 


Penn, anima IV.29 
Pepper Tree, I.No.2(cover),10-11 
Perennials, nT 74-75; V.35, 40 
Perez, Eulalia, V1.55, 56; XI.16 
Perfumes, Yesterday and Today, [X.81 
alse ITI.39,4 
Petunia, V.16-19, RY. 7,20 
Philippines, VIII, 82- 84 
Phlox, III.75 
Photography, Three Dimensional 
Radiation, see Radiography 
Pincushion flower, ITI.75 
Pine 
African Fern, 111.37 
Italian Stone, VITI.18 
Kauri, V.80; V1.7 
Hit s nut, VI.78 
Sugar, V.80 
Umbrils, VIIL18 
Pineapple Research Institute, Hawaii, 
Le 


8 
Plant Lor epere V.88-92 ; VITI.66- 
2-1 


Central and South America, 
XIV.4-7,37-45,76-78 


bo See 


South Africa, IJI.37-38 
Plant Introduction, I.1-2,3,6-7,22-23 ; 
IT.3,4-5, 6-8, 17-18; IIJ.17-23; 26-28 ; 
37> 38, 76-77: IV. 4-7 Biblio, 21,76, 84- 
86; V.5,11 26-29, 35 ,56-60,62- 63, 67, 
7] $3- 84. V1.32-36,82 ; VII.45; 
VIII. 33- 36, Biblio; X. 38; ul 3 65- 66; 
matt .35- 39, 583; XIV. No. A isan’. 
76-78, Tasert beewecn 82-83; XV.No. 
I (cover), 13-14, Ma Fleower). 37-38; 
XV.No. 3 (cover), 60-61 
Plant Labels I11.4-5; X1.84-85 
Plant Nomenclature, III. 38; IV.20; 
VIII.66-68; X. 57- 59,88 ; XIU. 12-13 
Plant Nutrients and Moanideré. X.45-47, 
55-57; X11.38-40 
See also Gibberellic Acid, Soil and 
Conditioning 
Plant aa IV.62-64 
Plant Siete Society, III.38 
Planter 
Flan: Container 
Plants easily perpetuated, X1.6-8 
Plants Have Diseases Ta XII1.26 
Plastic Film for Air Layering, IV.57-58 
Plastic Labels, see 
Plant Diss: Labels 
pees, Beerrendiena ( Groenewegen), 


_ Poinciana, royal, IV.10 
Poinsettia, IIT 76 
Points of Eng and Their Civic Value, 
IV.27 


Pollination, V.16- 


19 
: Sub-tropical Fruit Trees, I1I.39-41 
Pollution, air 


See air pollution 
Polyethylene film, IV.58 
-omegranate, I. No. 4(cover),25 
Pomona Valley Camellia: Sicey. IV.90 
ITT.44 


Population Explosion in Plants, X1.6-8 
Preservation of Foliage for Arvanve. 

ments, XII.50-51 
ie Sots ore II1.59 

Frinciples of Landsca i 
to Gardens, Sr Anis roth 

Pring, G.H., 

Pring, Hees ee V.70 
nl Gardener School 
See Gardener School, Professional 


re 1 be 


Pugh, ‘pate (Te), IV.19; V.65, 
94; VI.22 (all Illus.) 

Pumice i in Propagation, X.15-16 

Queen Anne Cottage, 1.4,19,29,31; 
IV.No.3 (cover),64; V.22; VLU; 
X1.19-20; XIV. (cover, 27 


Quibell, Charles VI.47 

Radiography, [X.85 
ancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden, Ill. 
54;1V.76; V.4-5,38; His.. 28; ee 
42; 53-54; XI.2-4; Administra 
Building, X X.No. 2 (cover), 38,41 ; Home 
Demonstration Garden, a 
Registration of New Cultivate X 

Rancho Santa Anita, I.3-4,26-29,31; 
II1.16,47-48 ; V1.49-72, Biblio; Py 
15-23, Biblio; XI.15-21; XIV. 
(water resources 

Randall, Ruth B., VI.75 

ies 1V.84-85 
ifornia, 

Pea : IIT. 78- 1V.69, 84-86; 


See ‘Dee ate Reid ‘Adobe Th 
Reid, Victoria, 1.3,30; I11.16, 47-48; 


ADVE 5 

Richfield Oil pameaes* V : 

Riedel, Peter, II.4, 1V.3,4 4; V.20- 
Ill 


us. 
Roach, F. Harold, xTD Illus. 
Roadside Planting, s 
Highway Pine Street and 
Parkway Planting 15 
Robinson, Alfred, 1.275 iL. 47; V. | 


54, 
Robinson, W. oe 1.333 VI1.72 
Rock, John 
Rodman, william A., ee 15 
Roewekamp, Fred W., 
Tees John, XII.89-92 


Romero, V.41 

Rose, VIL. 86-87 ; X1.32-37,No.3 
(cover) ,50-59 

Rock, I1.No.2(chart) ; X1I.77-79 

noe td rege d, 1.27,28; V1.65- 66; 


pis. VIII.88; X.48 
gah Vira A. 1k 26, 27 ; V1.62,64,65 ; 


RS dnd Lester, LV. 

Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh, 
XI1.16-17 

Royal Botanic Sy ahaa Kew, England, 
See Kew 

Rudbeck, Olaf, VIL. 16,17 

Ssharanpur, Government Horticultural 
Garden, XV.78-7 

Salt Affected Soils, an 51 

San Diego Zoo, [V.42 

San Gabriel Mission, 1.26,27 ; 11.16; 
VI.53-54; [X.15; XI.15 

Sanchez, Juan José, 3 

Santa Barbara Botanic Garden: ITI.59- 
61: 1V.76- %.7-8 

Pennine tration Home Garden of 
Native Plants, VII.56-57 

Santa Barbara Daisy, III.75; XI.7 

Santa Cruz Island, Venaod II1.61 

Sapote, 1V.4,76 

Saratoga Te ticiinval Foundation, 
IV.85; VIII.30,32-33 

Saunders, Charles Francis, I11.50; 


Saunders’ place, Los Angeles (1888), I.4 
S -51,8 


Scotch ae pee VIII.2 
See also Reid, Hugo 

Scratchboard Plant Rech (Alfred 
Hottes), I11.48,69; AE 21,37-38,88 ; 
XIII.No.1 (cover), 10 

Seaweed, an Agricultural Challenge, 
IX. 33-37, Biblio. 

Secrest Arboretum, xu .63-64,67-68 

rer John, V.2 

ee 


4 
ge 1. 28° cee IV.65,95; 
; V1.26; IX. $8; mee. Ei 
Selfridges Mildred (Orpet), VI.82 
Sensitive Plant, VII.3 


Sessions, Kate O., VI. oh 
Shade plants, V1.45; 
Shasta Daisy, LI. No. fe hus 


Shrubs 
Antelope Valley Test Station, VIII.88 
pap arin es Cold Resistance, 11.12 


“Perfect shrub”, V1.16 
Plantin  XV.46 

Silent, Charles, IV.55 

The Silent River, X1.5-6 

Silver berry, I1.No.2(chart) 

Silver Clumping Grass, 1V.16 

Silver Crassula, II.No.2 (chart) 

Silver Mallee, II.No. oy ea 

Silver Tree, 111.37; VII.8 

Sissoo, VI.78 

Skekwasha, VII.38 

Slauson, Jonathan, V1.69 

Slow Burning Plant Research, LX.75; 
X1.38 


Smog and Plants 
See Air Polut 
Soil and Soil Candicioine: I11.31,34- 
6; VI.83-87 ; XI1.33-34; 
8 


25-4 
Acidity and Alkalinity, XV.29 
Analysis, X11.33-34 

Coated Fertilizers, X11.38-40 
CMU, VI.83-87 

Humus 


, XV.26-27 
Minerals, XV.33-36,39-41 
48 


oO V.29-32 
Salt-affected, XII.51-53 
Soil Structure, XV.27-29 
Topsoil, XV.42-43 
Western Garden a eases 
entire 


o. 
Sons and. Daughters of eth Golden 
: 


West, 1.33 
South African Plants, 11.6-8; III. 17-23, 
No.3 (cover) ,36,37-38 Biblio, 76-78; 
VI.No.1 (cover),7,43,76-77,78, 82; 
VIIL.8; XIV.No. 4 (cover), Insert 
§2-83 
Comparison with Flora of Southern 
California, I11.76-77 
South American Plants, I.10-11, T1.15- 


=< 6o< 


16; 111.77; 1V.17,18,77; ¥ 3,19. 
No. 2(caver), 26-29,31 -34, 35, 50-53, 
66,69 ; VII.19-20,62:1X.54; a $2 
No. dlcover). XIV.76; XV.No 
(cover) ,37-38,No. S (cover), 60- of 

South Coast Retanic oa XITITI.49, 
73; XIV.2,26,28 opp.48 

South Coast Botanic Caran Founda- 
tion, Inc. gifts, XIV.49 

Southern California Acclimatizing 
Association, IV.4,7; V.21 

Southern California Camellia Society, 


T11-28,53 ; FV:22,47,71 p7a3 VAS, 
45,72 

Resuthern California Historical Society, 
1.33 


Southern California Horticultural Insti- 
tute, 1.16; II1.8,10-11 62-63 ; VII.62; 
X.12-13; XI 1.23-24 

Southern Calitorite Turf Conference, 
IV.23 


Spear Lily, IV.17,86-87 
Stanton, Mrs. Forrest Q., 1V.64 
Stapelia, II II1.37 
Stearns, Abel. 1.25,29; 111.47: 
VI. 57,71 72 
Stewart, William S., V.81 Illus; VII. 3; 
tab 26; XV: 74-75 82-84, Tus. 
ib 
Stone, hatin jt Se 
Stout, A.B., IV 69 
arte 


eet and Parkway Planting, V.19,93; 
_ VI.81-82; VII. 74-79; VIII.30- 33 
See also Highway Planting, Land- 
scape Architecture, Parking Lot 
antings 


S 
Tropicals, 1V.16-17 
hie i TI1.75 


uaset. Mi VIII.55-56- 
Sutter, Sn 13 155-56; XIII.45 


aaa? aa 


Sydney Botanic Garden, X.74-82 

Tagore, Rabindranath, [11.78 

Taj Mahal, XV.73,86-87 

Tall Stately Palm Tre (poem), 
62 


oe eae, XIII.12-18 

Taylor, 8 

spade She Rech see 

Weather aes 

Tensiometer, XIV.33 

Tevis, Lloyd, Jr., V11.51-52,55 i 

Theophrastus, 1.25; 111.38; IV.1 
VII.81 | 

A hunberg, Carl Peter, 111.38; VILI 


se ‘ree, VI. 
Title Insurance Cane 1.4 
Top Soil, XV.4 

rees 


Cold resistance, 11.13(table) 


Planting, Street and Parkway _ 
Planting, Trees-in 
CAT sce es cae trees. 
Tree Fern, see Xai : 
Trees-in- Color Calendal | 
50-53 | 
Tree of Heaven, II. ne 2(chart) 
Tree Tomato, 
Trinidad Flame rts er | 
Tropical Planting, IV.6, 
VIII.82-8 


See also Bamboo, Banana, — 

Bromeliad, Cactus and Su : 

ern, sats gt ee 
Tropicals for the Sun, a 

eties vine, violet, II.No.2 (cha 


icrce 3 


eles 
toe Grass, Los Ang! : 


State and County Arboretum 
his nan Demonstration Cen- 
er, Soil and Soil Conditioning 
Turk’s Cae IV.17 
Turner, Lee Wray, V.30; X.43-44 
Illus 
U CLA, see 
Califo ornia. University. Los Angeles 
Umbrella Chinaberry, II. No. 2(chart) 
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Plant 
Introduction Section, Beltsville, Md., 
1.39; 11.1,3; V.62 
U.S. Forest Gervice: 11,3, 
Flood Control, [V.65 
USSR Academy we Sciences, Main 
Botanic Garde 1.70-71 
Van Rensselaer, erat IV.3; V.48 
Veitch, J eee nd Son, Nursery, 


Veitch, tobi i. Vizi. ¥3500 

Velasco, Father, V.3 

Verdoorn, Frans. 1.28; 111.78; IV.30 

Victorian Gardens, 1V.3 34 

Victorian restorations, 1.32 

Vignes, Jean Louis, 1.27 ; I11.47; 
V1.67,71 

Vines, IV.70: 1X.No.2 (cover), 26-28 

son nae ale Cold Resistance, I1.11 


(ta 
Vine F chats ven Me 
Voorhis 


00 
Wallflower, te no 
Walnut, Peruvian Black, II.No.3 
(cover),15-16 
Walther, Eric, I1.4- 
Wampee, VII.No. (cover, 40-41 
Wane II.No. 2(chart) 
Weather records 
Angeles State and County Ar- 
boretum, 1949-19 


VIL. 70; 1958, 1X.87; 1959, X. 
72; 1960, a 88; 1961, XII.88; 
1962, XIII.92 
Angeles vicinity, I1.9-14 
Mediterranean, XII.77 
Southern California, XII. 77 


University of California, Los An- 


geles, 1952, III.51; 1953, IV.56; 


1954, V.64; 1955, VI.88; 1956, 
Vil. 72; (1957, vil bei er 
IX.87; A723 ‘ 
88 ; ei. iL 88; Bop ae 
Weeds, Dichondra, id te 
Went, Fritz W., 1.2 37; Il 
V1.7,87; VII. z 6. it 54 flies. 71 
Westcott, Wied L1 16 
White Flowering Native California 
Plants, ITI.59 
White Potato Vine, II.No.2 (chart) 
Whitewood, pink-flowered, I1.No.2 
(chart) 
Wilcox, Mrs. Harold, VI.75 
Wilcox, Roy F., 1.16; ne he 15; V.66 
Wild Flower Conservat 
Bowman Hill — ‘Wild Flower 
Preserve, XII. 
Butte Valley Wildflower 
Sanctuary, X.71 
Theodore Payne Foundation for 
Wildflowers and Native Plants, 


See also Rancho Santa Ana Botanic 
Garden, Santa Barbara Botanic 


arden 
Wilkes, Mrs. Maria, V1.75 
Wilson, Benjamin Davis, V1.54,55,72 


.2(chart) 
Wislizenus, Frederick Adolph, VIII.17 
Wolfskill, J. R., 11.1 
Wolfskill, Louis, 1.27; V1.67,68; 


VIIIL3 
Wolfskill, William, 1.4, 26,27 ; 11.1; 
111.47 ; V1.64,66-67, "1; . VIL. 3 
Wongavine, II.No. 2(chart) 
Woody Plants, 1V.14-15 
Wooly Blue Curls, V.41 
The World We Live In, X.63-65 
Wright, Janet, IT1.65; VI.13,23,30 
Youth Education, VIII 23,69; XI1.22; 
XIV. aa 


Zineb, V.1 oe 
pai IV. B33 : V.19 
ry, M., IIT. 53; V1.26 
ns see 
Grass 


AUTHORS 


Adams, Charles Gibbs 
Eucalyptus globus, 1.18-20 
The Pomegranate, 1.25 

Ames, Ralph W 


Diseases of Sadia, and Lawns, 
1X.70-72 


Anderson, R. H. 
The Sydney Botanic Garden, X.74-82 
Anthony, Mark 
California Native Plant Garden, X.82 
Armstrong, William H. 
aintenance of Freeway Plantings, 
XI1.79-83 


Asper, J. Howard 
Book Reviews: Hollies, Hume, IV.24 
History of the Rose, Shepherd, 
IV.70-71 


Atkinson, Robert FE. 
1 About Dichondra, XTV.49-50 
Book Review : Seed Propagation of 
Native California Plants, Emery, 
XIV.92 


How to Grow Dichondra, XIV .65-66 
Japanese Gardens in the Los Angeles 
Area, Issue XV.No. 
Oriental Magnolias, XIV.79-87 
Problems of Western Garden Soils, 
Issue XV.No.2 
Atwood, Howland 
Coral Bells, VIII.17-18 
Ayres, Samuel, Jr. 
Charles Gibbs Adams, IV.45 
Chorisia Trees in Southern Cali- 
fornia, V.51-53 
Reflections on a Recent Horticultural 
Visit to South Africa, III.76-78 
Robert Casamaijor, X.39-40 
Southern California: “The Paradise 
of America,” TII.10-11 
Balls, Edward K. 
The Native Plants of California: 
i 51-5 


Barooah, Pramila Pandit 
An Orchid for the First Lady, 
XV.95-96 


Barrows, Walter J. 
Thirty-first National Shade Tree 
Conference, V.54-55 
Bear, Marjorie Warvelle 


Perfumes 


, Yesterday and Today, 


1X.81-82 


Beardsley, 


Dale 


The Tall Stately Palm Trees—poem, — 


XITI.62 
Beebe, Elizabeth 
Cover Picture, XI1I.5 
Beeks, Richard M. oe 
‘The History and Parentage of Zintit 


Benson, 


Cultivars, [V.79-83 
H 


The Bamboo Story, VILS8O1 
November Promise — poem, III 
Bent, Harry Sims 
The Hugo Reid Adobe, 1839-40, 
1.29.32 


Planing Phi losophy and the 
Arboretum, I.11-24 
Berglund, Sherri 2 
Water Resources and Irrigation 01 ® | 

Old Rancho, XIV.46-47 


Betts, Kay 
Hellebore 
IV.68 


in Our Changing Tims 


68-69 
Leonard Fuchs, M.D. 1V.39-40 


Bitters, W. 
Citrus for 


. 


Ornamental Planting i 


California, VII.29-44 
Block, Maurice : 
The Baldwin Casino and Care 
House (Letter concerning), ™ 
Bodger, Howard 


A Seedsman Looks at Pollinizatto, | 
6-19 


a 
Bourne, Francis 


H. s 
Lilacs on the Desert, VIIL4+ | 


Bowers, H. D 


. Dana - ona 
e en. : 
Freeway Planting and Maintena®™ | 


in California, X1.74-79 


Boyle, Maid 


Coming to 


= BG os 


the Parson, X11.89-92 7 i 


Nat, 


Brandt, Cora R. 
Hugh Evans: Plantsman, II1.25-28 
Brown, Arthur 
Maleic Hydrazide Treatment of In- 
door cana Plants, [X.38-40 
Brown, Howard S. 
Cal-Poly: Paliteat Contributions to 
Horticulture, 89-91 
Buck, W. Quinn 
Croke tiie’ for the Arboretum, 


VI.40- 
Daylily Test Garden at Lasca, 1.20 
A Polyploid Form of Felicia amel- 
oides: Developed with Colchicine, 


Hl.: 

Progress of the Daylily Test Garden 
at the Los Angeles State and 
County Arboretum, IV.68-69 

Butterfield, H. M. 
The California iy a Tree, [.10-11 
Buttner, Marguerite E. 
Too Many Ca bick XITI.51-57 
Casamajor, Robert 
ook Review: Growing Cymbidium 


Orchids and Other Pande Boyle, 
111.32 


Story of the Mexican Tiles, X.9-10 
Case, Joa Lehn 
ses “Vil 
Paractak Hal V11.62-63 
Chandler, Phillip E. 
oral Penne in P hestinen California, 
VII.19-21 
A Different Look at European Horti- 
culture, VIII.56-59 
ardy Tropicals for the Sun, 
V.16-17 


Koelreuteria formosana, X.16 

Plant Sp ie for 1954, V.5,11, 
35,67,77,8 

Southern ae Horticultural 
Institute, 1961 Program, X1.23-24 

Trees in-Color Calendar, 1X.41-45, 


Charles, Claire 
eacock Lore from Rancho Days, 
XIV.1 16-24 
Ching, Francis T. 
Effects of Gibberellic Acid Sprays on 
Thompson Seedless Grapes, VII.80 


Experiments in Air Layering, 
VII.8-10 


Horticultural Effects of Gibberellic 
Acid, VIII.21-22 
Horticultural Research Notes on 
Gibberellic Acid, V11.26-28 
Slow Burning Plant Research Pro- 
gram, X1.3 
Slow Burning Plant Research Proj- 
ect, 1X.75-80 
Soil Analysis, X11.33-34 
e Use of Tensiometers, X1V.33-34 
Voces Propagation of Eucalyp- 
I1.19-2 


tus, 
Collier, Frank E. 
T of Note—Italian Stone Pines, 
Vit. 18 
Condit, Ira 
Characters Useful i in the Identifica- 
tion of Species of Ficus, VII.81-86 
The Ficus retusa-nitida complex, 
VIII.14-17 
Cornell, Ralph D. 
Points of Entry and Their Civic 
Value, IV.27-29 
The Principles of Landscape Design 
pplied to Gardens, 1X.2-7 
Tree ie Shrub Planting for To- 
morrow’s Highways, VI1.74-79 
Dakin, Susanna Bryant 
ain of Horticulture, 1.2 
The Historical Buildings at ae 
Santa Anita, 1.3-4 
e Homesite on Rancho Santa 
111.16, 47-48 
Rancho Santa Anita, VI.49-72 
The Restorations a Rancho Santa 
Anita, XI.1 
Darley, E. G., Shank "hs thor 
Air Pollution fet iies to ‘pics 
Crops, V.7-11 
Darrow, Mary B. 
Herb Gardening: 1X.32-33 
Southern California Herb Garden, 
74-75 


Davies, V. C. 
Dodonaea viscosa purpurea, X.60 
Davis, eee: 
Choosing a Tree for the Average 
fants VITI.36-38 


== ¢7 = 


Hellebores in Southern California, 
VI1.10-11 


Perennials Will Grow in California, 
111.74-75 

Population Explosion in Plants, 
X1.6- 

Shade Ground Covers of Distinction, 

Vas for Specific Situations, 
1X.26-2 


Day, Boysie E. 
Selective Weed Control in Dichondra 
Turf with CMU, VI.83-87 
Deal, A. S., Joint Author 
Biirhaniirs Pests in Southern Cali- 
fornia, XIV.67-72 
Desautels, Roger J., Joint Author 
he Hing of the Scotch Paisano, 
3 


Eberhard, Dion ald 
Salt Affected | Soils, XIT.51-53 
Edmiston, Beula 
Theodore Payne, XIII.84-85 
Edwards, Andrew M. , Joint Author 
Vegetative Propagation of Eucalyptus 
19-20 


bd 


Enari, Leonid 

erodes of a Taxonomist, XIII. 

-18 
Book Review: Woody Flora of 
Taiwan, Li, XIIL8 

Evans, Hu h 

I Recall . » 122623 

To These We Are Indebted, I1.4-5 
Everett, Percy C. 

Blue-F lowered Native Plants of Cali- 
fornia, V.38-42 

ages griseus ‘Santa Ana’, 


Fremontia ‘California Glory’, 
XII.2-4 

The Native Plants of California, 
X.2-5, 34-38 

yer Santa Ana Botanic Garden, 


| Shade of New Cultivars, X.88 
 Flanner, Hildegarde 
eview: Period Flower Ar- 
angement, thee ays ITT.80 
ered, John Anso: 


ue Make Our Land More Beautiful, 
17-18 : 


eae J. A. 
A Preliminary Clarification of Lycaste 
macrophylla, X1V.37-45 
Search for Orchids, XIV.4-7 
Gast, Ross H. 
Better Hybrid Hibiscus for Southern 
California, XIV.9-12 
Hibiscus, VIII.33-36 
Report on Hibiscus Project, 
XIV.90-91 
Gause, Gerald W 
The Climatic Occurance of Two 
free sii: eee XII.83-87 
Gerard, Dor 
Book Riviere 
Alice Eastwouls Wonderland, 
Wilson, VII.23 


The Amaryllis Manual, Traub, 


1X.46 | 
Art of Growing Miniature Tres, 
Plants, and Landscapes, Ishi- 
moto, VII.22 
Bonsai Miniature Trees, Chida- 
mian, VII. a - 
Cacti, Kupper, : 
Cinquefoil: Herbs to Quicken the 
Five Senses, Leyel, X.6 68-69 
Edible Wild Plants of mre T 
North America, Fernald 
Enjoying America’s Gardens, 
Dutton, [X.86- f 
Exotic Plants Illustrated, Gra 
VII.24 


Flowers and Their Histories, : 
Coats, VIII.48 | 
Gardening Indoors Under Lights 

Kranz, [X.47-48 a 
Ground Cover Plants, WY" a 
VII.2 


A Guide List to the Plants in | 
Strybing Arboretum, Walther . 
Hawaiian Flowers and rie : 
s, Ku _ [X.85-86 _ 
Home, Malkin, VII. in af 
Illustrated Reference 08 cai 


Other Succulents, Lamb, ie 
Native Australian Plants, Bl 


bery, VII.23 
Old Shrub Roses, Thomas, VII.69 
Orchids, Kupper, XI1.92 
Plant Buyer’s Guide, Mattoon, 
bE 


es of Horticulture, Deni- 
1X.4 


The cine de la Rue, VIII.72 


Wild Flower Gardening, Taylor, 


V11.44 
Wild Flowers of the Santa Bar- 
bara Region, Muller, [X.47 
Garden Tour of the Medical Center 
at UCLA, XIII.47-48 
Glenn, Rewa 
An eminent scientist, Charles ales 
and his experiments, X.13-1 
Godshalk, C. E. 
Morton Arboretum More Than a 
Collection of Woody Plants, 
VI.9-12 


Goodrich, Ross 
The Oita? Oak, es a #2 
Ghost Gun, XII.26 
Indian Oak of renal XII.19-20 
Paulownia tomentosa, XI1.53-54 
Silver Linden, X11.74-75 
Viburnum ratialabatis XII1.24 
Graham, Alva 
Book Ree Geraniums for Home 
and Garden, ya 24 
Hallberg, Charles 
The Palms of per Howe Island, 
XIII. 


Halsey, D. D. Joint Author 


Effects of Gibberellic Acid Sprays on 
80 


Thompson Seedless Grapes, VII. 
Halsey, H. R. 
The Zoysia — Grasses, VI1.45-48 
Halvorsen, Fra 
Penny Bool’s 1 Phonetic Phantasy, 
XII.72 


Hanger, F. E. W. 


Air Layering ipacdasity at Wisley, 
IV.57-61 
eee Hewes 


Hache Ss E. 


hg aig in Botanical Illustrations, 
VIL.1 
Hastings, rs eT. 
Animal Kinotans Chart, XII.No.4 
cover), 88 
Hemstreet, Chester L., Joint Author 
Selective Weed Control in Dichondra 
Turf with CMU, V1.83-87 
Hertrich, William 
Aloes, I11.17-23 
Australian Counterpart of the Amer- 
ican Agave and Furcraea, 1V.86-87 
Book Review: Asiatic Magnolias in 
Cultivation, Johnstone, V.96 
Genus Pereskia of the Family Cacta- 
ceae, V1.14-15 
Idria columnaris, V.87 
Two Interesting Yuccas from Mex- 
ico, [V.11- 
Washingtonia hilifera, 1.4-6 
Hetherington, Ernest 
Growing Cymbidiums in a Shade 
Garden, XIII.72; XIII.86-87 ; 
XIV.14 


Hiatt, Glenn H. 
Book Reviews: 
African Violets, Gloxinias, and 
Their Relatives, Moore, VIII.48 
The SL eleanegt a Scientific Survey, 
Withne 
A Pacis Vek the Beginning, 


Cypripedium Orchid Culture, VIII. 
Pasadena Garden Club Fountain, 
XIII.65 


Plant Collecting Expedition to 
Central and South America, 
XIV.76-78 

San Gabriel Valley Flower Show, 
VILI81 


Holderness, Ted 
pone Bears and Eucalyptus, 


Hole, S fos olds 
The Song ie the Exhibitor, [11.30 
Hottes, Alfre 
Commonly Cainuted Species of 
Fuchsias, [V.36-39 
Stratchboard Plant Sketches: 


—69— 


Fuchsias, 1V.37-38 
Helichrysum petiolatum, III.69 
Kigelia pinnata, 
Leucophyllum texanum, II1.48 
Odontospermum sericeum, IV.21 
Huntsman-Trout, Edward 
Landscape Architect in a Tree 
Garden, V 
The World We Live In, X.63-65 
Jacks, H. 
Plant Nutrients and Manures, 
X.45-47,55-57 
Jefferson, 
Dichondra Pesta in Southern Cali- 
fornia, XIV.67-72 
Jepson, Willis Linn 
Johann a periie Eschscholtz, V1.31 
Joe, Barb 
The ea Fern, XIII.88-89 
Ferns Cultivated in California, VIII. 
60-65 ; 1X.8-14,61-67, 74-75; X.86- 
: XI 1.8-14 
Pteris Species Cultivated in Cali- 
fornia, VIII.26-29 
pecies of Microlepia Cultivated in 
California, XII.8-12 
; Oevel B. 
Hugo Reid Adobe, 1X.28-32 
Jones, Charles S. 
Manfred 2 hee VI.79-80 
Juhren, Gustaf 


e Use of Cistus in Erosion Control, 
VI.26-29 


Juhren, eee Joint Author 
Cistus ts: Resparise to Fire, 
IV. 65.6 67 
Kendrick, J. B. Jr., Joint Author 
Air Pollution Damage to Agricultural 
rops, V.7-11 
Kiner, Nolan W. 
Select Small Palms for Patio and 
Container, VI.18-20 
King, Alexander 
California’s cece Crop, X1.22-23 
Knapp, Riidige 
Rock ont XII.77-79 
Knudsen, Valley M. 
‘Angcles Beautiful IV.92-93 
Kofranek, A M., Joint Author 
Coated Fertilincrs xT 38-40 


er Occ 


Kritzman, George, Joint Author 
The House of the Scotch Paisano, 
VIIL.2-13 
Lanz, Arthur 
Studies on Chemicals to Protect 
Plants from Smog Damage, 
XITII.46-47 
Laure, Guido 
A Burning Test on Cistus Chaparral 
in Sicily, X1.67-72 
Lenz, Lee W. 
A New Hybrid Strawberry Ground 


Cover for Southern California, 


i 
Levitt, Charles 
The California International Flower 
Show, fae IV.41 
Lewis, Geor Fe 
Graft of Chorisia speciosa Success 
1X.54 


Littlejohn, Vick 
The Fi chal and Aesthetic Aspects 
of etna Planters, XIIL.2-10 
Logue, Alber 
The Pe rile Shade Plant Show, 
1.45 


Lorenz, Elmer J. 
The California Botanic Garden, 
V1.37-40 


Veitch’s Nursery: Pioneer Hye . 
izers of Tuberous Begonias, ¥- 
29,56- 


ae Via aul State and County Arbore- 


m Staff 
ene Suitable for Parking ne Oe 
Plantings in Los Ang ele 
Center Area, IJ. issue 4 
Lunt, 
Caared Fertilizers, XI1I1.38-40 
McCaskill, B She 
Book Review: 
"The Art of Ye lower and Foliage 
Arrangement, Rutt 


The Garden Flowers : 


X.19 | 
i econgg in Flower se ; 


Fer X.24 
McClintock, fae 
A Visit to Linnaeus’ Botanical 


Garden, VII.15-18 


46 
¢ China, Li, 


1 


¢ 


McGah, J. Thomas 
Plant Display Labels, X1.84-85 
Weather Records: Los Angeles State 


and County Arboretum, 11.15; IIT. 


51; IV.56; V.64; VI.88 ; VII.72; 
Vi11.70; 1X.87; X.72; X1.88; 


1.88 
sctia Russella 
Arboretum 1 hicery: X1.31-32 
Lasca Library, VI.13 


Mrs. Wright Begins New Work 
V1.30 


Some Library Acquisitions . 
86-88 
Maheshwari, P. 

Development of Botany in India, 


Martel, Dan 
iors Records: Los Angeles State 
County Arboretum, XIII.92 
Masti, James P., Jr. 
nts Have Diseases Too, XIII. 


763 
Martin, Louis B. 
Children’s Education, X1.22 
Cistus and Its Response to Fire, 
1V.65-67 
Dew Research at the Arboretum, 
43-45 


Grasses for Our Home Lawns, 
I11.70-73 

Horticultural Education Program, 
X1.21-22 


Professional en School, 
11.27-3 


Safari to we X11.63-68 
Soil Conditioning with Krilium, 
11.34- 


A pa Grass from “Down Under,” 
4-15 


Martinez, Harold P 
Care of Our Native Oaks, 1X.83-85 
Elm Trees Threatened by Bark 
3 


Beetle, X.2 
Mathias, Mildred E. 
Book Notes, IV.72 
Book Reviews: 
Check Lists of the Ornamental 


Plants of Subtropical Regions, 
Hoyt, IT1.56 


preys § Fe 


The Encyclopedia of Plant Por- 
traits, Hellyer r, V1.47 

Flowers in Colour, Hellyer, V1.47 

Maples Cultivated in the U.S. and 
Canada, Mulligan, 1X.46-47 

Le Monde des Plantes, Seguin, 
X.44 


Native Plants for California 
Gardens, Lenz, V11.28 
Crisinectal Trees, Maino, V1.47 
Shrubs and Trees for Australian 
Gardens, Lord, I11.55-56 
Shrubs for the Milder Counties, 
Arnold-Forster, I11.55-56 
A Summary of the Culture of 
California Plants at the Rancho 
anta Ana Botanic Garden, 
Everett, VIII.24 
Forecast for the Future, I. “ 10 
rge Groenewegen, 
International Code o Noose 
clature for Cultivated Plants, 
1V.20 


Notable Trees in Southern Cali- 
fornia: The Sausage Tree, IV.51 
Notes for the Horticulturist, 
IV.18- 


South Africa in your Garden, 
111.37-38 


Matthews, J. 
Pumice Enters Horticultural Field, 


X. 
Menzies, Arthur L. 
Notes from the Strybing Arboretum, 


Middleton, John T. 
Air Pollution Damage to Acvicultunie 
Crops. V.7-11 
Millay, Edna St. Vincent 
Autumn Chant alg 111.61 
Morel, Elizabeth 
Aesthetic and ‘ce 
Values in Botanic Gardens, XII. 
12-18, 41-48, 69-72, 80-83; XIII. 
19-24. 
Morgan, Wayne C. 
Controlling ‘Weel i in Dichondra, 
sora 64-65 
Mukerjee, N. M. 
Gaskae' in India, XV.80-82 


is 
oO 
: 

i k 
4 
ast 
is a 
‘ 
on 
piles 
ae 
- 


Sie 


Muller, Katherine K. 
- Book Reviews: 
Camellias in the Huntington 
Gardens, Hertrich, Vol. 1, V.24; 
ae, 


Oo 
The Macwillai Wild Flower Book, 
ylander, IV.96 
Svenska Vaxter. IV.96 
Wild Flowers ai America, Rickett, 
IV.96 


Demonstration Home Garden of 
ative Plants at the Santa Barbara 
Botanic Garden, VII.56-57 
Santa Barbara Pecia- Garden, X.7-8 
White Flowering Native California 
Plants for Garden Use, I11.59-61 
Munro, Caroline, S. G. 
ut Arboretum Peacocks, 
XV.91-92 
Munro, J. Alex 
An Entomologist Abroad, X11.22-24 
How Doth the Busy Bee, X1.86-87 
Insects and Plant Protection, 
XITI.58-63 ; XIV.83-89 
Munz, Philip A. 
Rook Recieies: 
e Daffodil and Tulip Year Book 
for 1954, Royal Horticultural 
Soc. IV. 48 


The Fruit Year Book for 1954, 
Royal Horticultural Soc., IV.4 
ee Bio and Wild Pot-Herbs, 

tr, V.96 


Lily Vou Book ty 1964, Royal 
IV. 48 


The Perennial Adventu 
A Tribute to Alice Bead 
‘ Dakin, V.48 
lant Hoe; in Ma King- 
don-Ward, IV. mo ad 
The Contributions of L.H.B 
to the Classificati f Cul 
Plane re — o Cal ae 
tty Hyde Baile , V.47 
Some Catbeas Pha aelies 
Pak 1.43-44 
a8 ore Payne, IV.75- 
Mt Michael u 
Marine Plants—An A 1 
as Challenge, 1X3 33 A cok 
_ Nixon, Roy W. 


Date Palms in California, I1.1-2 
Noble, Wilfred M. 
Air Pollution Research, VI.3-6 
he Reduction of Oxidants by Gum 
igen XIV.74-75 
g, XV. issue 1 
Re Gladys We 
Book Reviews; 
South African Flowers for the 
Garden, Eliovson, VI.47-48 
What’s New: in Gardening 
Pirone, VI.4 
Norman- Wilcox, Cn 
The Furnishing of i a ‘tas Reid 
Adobe, X1.27-31 : 
Oertli, J. J., Joint Author 
Coated ae Be 
Oieni, S., Joint A 
A Burning Test on torr Chaparral 
in Sicily, XI.67-72 
Oppenheimer, H. 
Dr. Ephraim Hareubeni 1V.46-47 
Orcutt, Mary Loga 
Information - Artikacte XIII.31 
Orpet, Mildre 
The Red Jacaranda XIT.68 
Overland, Lillia 
Science on Wheels, V1I.50-56 
Padilla, Victoria 
Book Review: Bromeliads — 


A Cultural Handbook, Foster, 
IV.24 


Bromeliads for the Southern Cali- 


cultural Institute, X.12-13 
Paulsohn, 
The ‘Anaual ¥ Fuchsia and Shade Plant 
Show, ee if 
Payne, Thesdo 
A New “peak Ditotieute XIV 
Rare Trees in Elysian Park, V 
Pugh, Edward 1 
When is a Tree Not a Tree, XII. 
Pyeatt, Lyle 
Botany at U.C.L.A., X.50- Be 
Mandevilla splendens, X18 oe ali 
Weather Record: University ot 
fornia, Los Angeles, V1.88; 


— 72 — 


725 VILI.70; 1X. of pay Pee. OF 
88; XII.88; XII 1.92 
Cugttlebaumn, Ww. Dan 
Bird Notes, 1.6, 23; I11.36,73 ; IV.22, 
§3.V.15,45; VIL. Zi: VIII. 71 
Ravland, Reg 
Camellias of Today and of To- 
morrow, XII.55-62 
Ravenscroft, A., Joint Author 
Air Layering ‘Experiments at Wisley, 
IV.57-61 


Repton, J. E. 
Horticultural Technical Training 
toward the Future, VIII.50-53 
Roberts, Alfred W. 
Tree Ferns in Southern California, 
V.85; VI.8 
Robertson, gf ae Os 
Book Review: Zulu Journal, Cowles, 
X.65-66 


Robinson, W. W. 
Chain of Title for Rancho Santa 


ita, 1.2 
Roewekamp, Fred W. 
California International Flo 
Show, 1953, III.12-15; 1958, V.42 
Expanding our Horticultural 

Horizons, 

Ficus Planting in Downtown Los 

Angeles, 

Cadi Calitariia Horticultural 

Institute, 1952-1953, I11.62 

Saunders, Mira Culin 
Book Reviews: 

Flowering Trees for Year-Round 
Color in Southern California, 
Ayres, XIV.92 

Plants, Man, and Life, Anderson, 
Iii, 3 


The Years in my Herb Garden, 
si 


Fox 
Rehasedey Tsey 
Bromelia aaa Mez, V.31-34 
Schroede i WN. 
ersea cata in California, V.83-84 
Pollination of Some Gahtropical Fruit 
Trees, I11.39-41 


Seibert, Russell J. 
Arboretum oe Vi2Z 
Book Rey 


Beautifying India, Randhawa, 


Flowering Trees and Shrubs in 
India, Cowen, IV. 
400 Plants of South Florida, 
ere I 
De Gardeyne Boke, Haines, V.48 
The arden Dew-Gauge, I11.49- 
50 


First of the Permanent Arboretum 
Buildings, II1.3 

Ginkgo, I.2-3 

Grasses for Our Home Lawns, 

I11.70-73 

The Hole Problem, I1.5-6 

Lasca Temperature, 1.20-21 

Los Angeles State and County 
Arboretum 

Los Angeles State aol Coun 
Arboretum Policy aati Public 
Use of Arborétum Grounds, 
V.12-13 

Lux Arboretum Annex, I1.3-4 

More Tabebuias at the Arboretum, 


V.66,6 
Peruvian Black Walnut, I1.15-16 
Plant Introductions—Their Value to 


Us, V.62-6. 
Plants Suitable for Parking Lot 
lantings in Los ee Civic 
Center Area, II. i 
Something Difcreat i in me Labels, 


I 
Tabebura umbellata, IV.77 
Shearer, Fran 
Early Days in the Los Angeles Park 
Department, IV.52-55 
Smith, Alexander 
Tree Planting — quotation, VI. 8 
Spalding, saint 
Book Review 
Let’s aw Lilies, North American 
Lily Society, XIV.9 
The Origin and Cultivation of 
ee oe Ornamental Trees, 


1.6-7,15-16,24; IT. 


7 


: XIII.83; XIV.15 
_ Spaulding, S. E. Joint Author 
Dichondra in California, XIV.51-53 
Stafleu, F. A. 
The Tulip and the Netherlands, 
| XIII.35-45 
_ Stephenson, J. W. 

Book Review: A Checklist of 
Ornamental Woody Plants of 
California, Mathias, XIII.64 

Stewart, William S. 

Arboretum Administration Building, 

VI1.2-3 


Achieebite Dedication Program, 
VII.2-5 


Book Reviews: 


‘ rial, VI. 
: Plant Regulators in Agriculture, 
% Tukey, VI.46-47 


The U.C. System for Producing 
Healthy Container-Grown 
Plants, Baker, VIII.23-24 

A Botanist in India, XV.74-75 
Dr. F. W. Went, VI. 
Effects of Gibberellic Acid Sprays on 


A New Philosophy for Fisisinic 
Gardens, VIII.38-39 
-he Peepul, Bo, or Bodhi Tree, 
XV.93-94 
Some Highlights of Our Hunt For a 
ellow-flowering Camellia, 
XV.82-84 
- — > Chemicals to Protect 
nts from Smog Dama 
Rises 


ovr 7 Vernon T. 
red Carl Hottes — A Ty} 
V 36.37 Tribute, 


Book Review : South 1 Californi 
Gardens, Padilla, XL87 noi 


Cold Resistance of Subtropical Orna- 
mentals, I1.9- 


Gardening with Woody Plants, 
1V.14-15 


Horticultural Nomenclature, 
X.57-59 
Sullivan, Peggy 
Africa, Plants, Elephants and Hippo 
Pools! VIII.5-8 
Rice, Bamboo, Kyoto, VIII.82-8+ 
The Silent River, X1.5-6 
Threlkeld, John L. . ; 
Book Review: Landscaping with 
Vines, Howard, A. 
Descanso Gardens and Its Role in 
the Department of Arboreta and 
Botanic Gardens, VIII.84-87 ‘ 
Festival of Garden Lighting, x 
Roses in Descanso Gardens, X1.32-37, 
50-59 


Townsend, Ronald B 
Southern California Horticultura 
Institute Report, 111.62-63 

Troller, Howard E., Joint Author 
Points of Entry and Their Civic 
Value, merci ‘ 
Tryon, Alice, Joint Author 
Observations on Cultivated Ferns, 
X.26-33 
Tryon, Rolla 
Observations on Cultivated Ferns, 
X.26-33 
Tucker, John M. 
Francesco Franceschi, [V.3-8 
Turner, Lee Wray : 
California Arboretum Foundation, 
Inc., VIII.54- 
Valdez, John 
Japanese Flowering Cherry, 
Van Rensselaer, Maunsell _ 
Cultivation of Metasequola, 
Selection and Propagation 0 
Functional Shade and Street 
Trees, VIII.30-33 
Vargas, Bobby i 
Preservation of Foliage Materials fo 
Permanent Arrangements, 
XII.50-51 
Verdoorn, Frans of 
Botanical Gardens and Arboretum 
the Past and Their Reconstruction 


XIIL.45 
1V.84-86 


oo 


1V.30-35 
eshte John 


i 
Southern California Horticultural 


The Palm an VIII.45-46 
Wallace, Edith Taylor, Joint Author 
Archaeological Excavations in the 
“patio” of the Hugo Reid Adobe, 

1X.55-60 


Historic Objects from the Hugo Reid 
Adobe, X1.39-48,61-65 

Indian Artifacts from the Hugo Reid 
Adobe, 1.74-81 

Wallace, William J. 

Archaeological Excavations in the 
“patio” of the Hugo Reid Adobe, 
1X.55-60 


Historic Objects from the Hugo Reid 
Adobe, X1.39-48,61-65 
Historical h Seoabe Pertaining to the 


Original Hugo Reid Adobe House, 


TA ee 3 
The House of the Scotch Paisano, 
VHI2-13 
Indian Artifacts shes the Hugo Reid 
Adobe, VIII.74- 
Warren, Vids Loc ane 
The Pucalyptus Crate XITI.66-72 
Watson, Donald P 
Educational Oosoitanines for Botan- 
ical Gardens and Arboretums, 
Went, Catherina 
What’s the Common Name? 
VIII.66-68 
Went, Frits W. 
Anigozanthos manglesii, VII.64-65 
Comparison Between the Flora of 
Israel and Southern California, 


II1.52-53 
The Eucalyptus in Australia, V.78-80 
Message of President, Annual \lem- 
bien Meeting California Arbore- 
um sh sepa nas HA © 
Wheeler, Louis Cut 
Plant Patents Explained 1V.62-64 
Williams, H. Ham 
A New Turfetans Gis for South- 
ern California, XIII.75-81 
Physiology and Morphology of Di- 
chondra as Related to Cultural 
Practices, XIV.54-63 
Wister, John 
he Introduction of New Plants, 
36 


1.32- 
Woods, M. Gertrude 

Arboretum Youth Education, VIII.69 

Book Review: Gardening, a New 
World for Children, Wright, 
VIII.23 

A Report on Bird Introductions, 
XIV.8 


Youth yp osonaie in Botanic Gardens, 
XI 


Woolley, ae Id P 
Antelope Valley Test Station, 


Book Review: Pruning Made Easy, 
Steffek, 1X.23 

George Groenewegen, V-.61 

In Answer to Your Question, 
VI. 


Wright, Jane 
hes ss ia, III.1-2 


Vi 
Dichendss :n California, XIV.51-53 
Zinke, P., Joint Author 
A Burning Test on Cistus Chaparral 
in Sicily, VI.67-72 


pally eae 


PLANT NAMES — 


A belia floribunda, I1.5 
grandiflora prostrata, V1.16 
schumanni, 111.26; X1.65 


4 pabroma angustum, 1V.93 


meri 

reginellii, IV. 93 
vitifolium, 11.12; 1V.93 
‘Golden Fleece’, 1V.93 
- Acacia, 111.64; 1V.44 


V.93 
Nlivias 1.15; II.No. 2(chart) ; 
IV.41 


bonariensis, IV. 
brachystachya, iV. 93 
brownii, 1.15,2 


buxifolia, I. 15,24 
V.93 


_ calamifolia, 1V.9 

_ cardiophylla, 1.24. 1V.44,45 
cavenia, 1V 93 

_ eultriformis, 1V.93 


elata, 1.15; 1V.93 


— 76 — 


SCIENTIFIC 


elongata, 1.24 
ephedroides, 1V.93 
9 


1V.93 


gracillifolia, Iv. 93 
heteroclita, 1V.9 
homalophylla, 1V.93 
howittii, 1V.93 
iteaphylla, 1V.93 
jonesii, 1V.93 
kempeana, 1V.93 
koa, hs 

latifolia, 1V.93 
linearis, I. ee ae 5 
longifolia, 
melanoxylon, 2 93; V.79 
myrtifolia, 1V.9 
nervosa 


oe, ie 
obligna, 1.24; al 111.77; IV5 


penninervis, 1V.93 ; 

podalyriaefolia, 11.4,No.2(chart), 10 
IV.5,93; 1X.41 

pravissima, 44, 93 

prominens, 1.2 

pruinosa, II.No. sicher 1X.43,44 

pulchella, 1V.93 

pycnantha, 1.24; II.No. 2 (chart) 5 

X.41,42 


raddiana, 1V.93 

frst V.78 

rigens, 1V.93 

ruhide Be Bye 7. 

saligna, I1.No. Bert), ; TIL.75 
1V.45,93 


scorpioides, IV.93 


spectabilis, 1.24 
spinescens, 1V.93 


spirocarpa, 1V.93 
Dedlocani: pit. ed IV.18,45,93 
stenophylla 


V9 
subulata, 1. 24; 1V.44,94 
trineura, III. Ee IV.94 
triptera, 1V.94 
undulifolia, 1.24 
vestita, 1.24; II.No.2(chart) ; III.8; 
IV.45 45 VIII 36 
Acalypha wilkesiana, V.67 
Acanthostachys tirbbileee, IV.94; VI.43 
cer, 1V.57 
davidii, 1V.94 
macrophyllum ‘Seattle 
Sentinel’, VIII.32 


palmatum, VII1.40 
platanoides var. columnare, VII1.32 
paxii, VII1.32 

Achillea sulphurea, 111.75 

A cidanthera murielae 


, 1V.9 
A oes spectabilis, II. ons 2(chart), 
I 


2 fe 
venenata, II.No.2(chart) ; III.37 
Aconitum, V.89 

Mirachinien roseum, I 


V.94 
A ctinostrobus saeco VIII.88 ; X.48 
; VII.67 


fasciculatum, IX. Jitmbde 
Adiantum altadena, 11.10 


grandiceps, 11.10 
A donidia merrillii, 1V.94 
Aechmea bracteata, IV.9 
calyculata, 1V.10 
calyculata x miniata, 1V.8 
caudata variegata, V9 
coelestis, 10 


fulgens POPES IV.10 


nudicaulis, 1V.10 
Aeonium arhoreain, II.No.2(chart) 
pseudotabulaeforme, V.6 


V. 
orientalis, 1V.94; XIII.48 
pendulus, 
umbellatus var. mooreanus, 1V.94 
weillighii, 1V. 
apatred australis, V.80 ; V1.78 
usta, 
pp irndilins, 1IV.94 
Agave, 
americana glauca, 1V.17 


attenuata, XI11.48 


stri .94 
victoriae, 1V.94 
A ger XI.7 


Aglaia odorata, 1V.5 
Aglaomorpha coronans, VIII.62 


Agrostis palustris, XIII. 
Ailanthus altissima, II. No. 2(chart) 
Alangium chinense, 1V. 
Alaria fistulosa, 1X.34 
Alberta magna, I1V.9 
Albizia elects var. rosea, 1V.94; 
111.88; 1X.50; X48 
ae IV.94 
lophantha, VIII.36 
stipulata, 1V.94 
Alectryon subcinereum, 1V.94 


a locasia, XI. 


a as 


rubrolutea, 1V.94 
rupestris, 1V.94 


salm-dyckiana, I1I.19,23 


sessiliflora, 111.22; IV.94 
82 


Speciosa, 


~ Aloe, 11.7; 111.17-23 


ee 


afr ieana, Ill 20, ae 

andringitrensis, 1V 

arborescens, MI. ty; os »22,23 ;1V.16,94 
artistata, 111.2 

bainesii, pia 7; “a 23 

barbertoniae, III. 

candelabrum, III. 23; IV.94; VI.82 
castanea, V. 94 

chabaudii, 111.22 

ciliaris, 111.19,21 

claviflora, 111.20 

cryptopoda, 1V.94 

davyana, 11.7; a 34; 1V.94 
dichotoma, II.7; aes 

171 


94 
yr iia 111.21 
se 1 


longibracteata, 1V.94 

longistyla, III. 

marlothii, 111.20,23 ; IV. 94; VI.82 
at 


microstigma, III 
mitriformis, 111.21 
mundenensis, 111.21; IV.94 
arvibracte III 
peglerae, IIT 
perryi, 111.22 
petricola, 111.22; IV.94 
plicatilis, 111.1922 
pluridens, 111.23 
pratensis, 111.21 
oo 11.22; IV.94 
prui: 94 
recu ey IV.94 
reitzii, 1V.94 


spinosissima, 111.19,23 
striata, 111.22 


Hedin. III. 19,22 


tenuior, I11.19,22 
var. ape ee Titze 
thrashii, 111.2 
transvaalensis, ee fe. 
oerere 11.21 
, II1.18 


virens, III.21 
wickensii, 111.22; 1V.94 
zebrina, 11.21 
Alonsoa warscewiczii, 1V.94 
pees nutans, I a a 
hila armata, 
sees 11.10,11; V.85; X.28,30 
colensoi, X.28, si 30, 31; 32, 33 
cooperi, X.28,3 
excelsa, X. 6: V.85 is 
Alstonia scholaris (of trade) II. 
Alstroemeria violacea, I 
Althaea armeniaca, IV. 94 
cannabina, 1V.94 
hohenackeri, 1V.94 
hkragujevacensis, 1V.94 


a, IV. 
taurinensis, 1V.94 


< 
-3 
a 
3 
3 
~~ 
~s 
$ 
& 
— 
< 
a 


issima, I 6: 
Aralia chinensis, 1V.17 
elegantissima, V.67 ; 1X.39 


eT 


foliosa, 
Araujia Den 1X.26 
Arbutus canariensis, V11.32 
unedo, 1X.52,53; XII1.78 
Archontophoenix, V1.20 
alexandrae, VII1.46 
Arctostaphylos, X.88 ; X1.67; XI1.78 
edmundsii, X.2-4 
pechoensis, X.2-3 
pumila, X.3 
tomentosa Vv. hebeclada, X.4 
te 
ots See (Hybrids), II.No.2 
(chart 
Arecastrum, V1.20 
romansoffianum, 11.10; 1V.16 
Arixted capitata, 82 AY ps) 
ecklonii, 
Armillaria ellen: XIII.27-30 
Arrhenatherum bulbosum, IV. 16 
Artemisia tridenta, 1X.8 
vulgaris, 1X.82 
Arthropodium cirrhatum, 1.24 
Arundinaria gigantea, V11.58 
tecta, VII.58 
Arundo donax, X1.5 
Aspalathus sarcodes, 1.24 
Asparagus oe XII.78 
decumbens, 1V.5 
D potcah ue 1.83 
scandens var. gee IV.5 
Asperula odorat 
Asplenium hater. 11.10; 1X.65 
Aster filifolius, 111.37 
fruticosus, 111.26,37 ; X1.65 
Athanasia parviflora, IL. 12; II1.26 
Atriplex halimus, 1X.75,76,79 
Azara microphylla, V.84 
Baccharis pilularis var. ty pica, 1X.79 
aeckia virgata, 111.26 
aileya multiradiata, I1.No.2 (Chart) 
Bambusa multiplex ‘Alphonse Karr’, 
I ; VII.60 


multiplex ‘Chinese goddess’, [1V.16 
ventricosa, XV.59 
Banksia burdettii, 1.24 
ericifolia, 1.24; X.78 
menziesii, 1.24 
prionotes, 1.24 
Barosma scoparia, 111.26 


Barya, V.28 
Bauhinia carronii, 1.24 


corniculata, 1X.43-44 


forficata, IX. 43- 44 
galpinii, 111.37; X1.66 
grandiflora, Il. 4; IV.5; [X.51 


Beaucarnea power v. 


Beaufortia sparsa, 1.24 


Beaumontia grandiflora, 1.11 
Begonia, V.27- 


boliviensis, V. 27- 29, 59- 60 
cheimantha, 

aadtads V. 27,29,59-60 
clarkei, V.29, 


davisii, V.27- 28, 56,59 
gei, V.58-59 


ay ee 


e, V.29,57,59-60 
pase al V-56,59-60 
Adonis, V.58 
Agatha, V.58 
Agatha compacta, V.58-59 
Autumn Rose 
chelsonii, V 29,59-60 
a V.59 
Ensign, V- 

i te V.29,56,59-60 
Gloire de Lorraine, V.58,5 


ulius, V.58 sat 
Kalli ef V2 
Nei Conauuiee Veitch, V.56,59 
Model, V.26,29,99- 60 
Monarch, V- 29, 56, 59,60 


Moonlight, V.58 

Mrs. Arthur Potts, V.56-59 
Mrs. Charles Cea V.56,59,60 
Mrs. Heal, V.58 60 

Myra, V.58 

“a of the Whites, V.29,59,60 


roseo-superba, V.56 59 


Vesuvius, V.29,59 6 

Wiecontess Doneraile. V.56,57,59 
Vinter Cheer, V. me 

Winter Gem, V. 58,6 


illbergia amoena, 1V.9 
Elvenia slossom, IV.9 


Blechnay, auriculatum, X1.10 
brasiliense, V1.8 :XI 8,10 


‘asiliense cv. crispum, Me 10 
5 Slag? Var. crispum, XI.10 
1.10 


r um, X1.] 
‘Spicant, X1.8,10,13 


~ 


unilaterale, X1.10,13 
Bocconia frutescens, IL-4; IV.5 
Bolusanthus speciosus, IIL, 37 
Bomarea caldasii, 11.4; 1X.27 
Bougainvillea practoriensis, ITT.26 
spectabilis, II. 1.76 
Hybrids Barbars: Karst, I11.26; X1.66 
Orange King, III.27 
Panama Ou 111.26 
Rose Queen, III.27 
San Diego Red, I1.2No.2(chart) 
Temple Fire, IIL. 27 
exas Dawn, III.27 
Bouvardia Albatross, [1.12 
Bowkeria gerrardiana, 111.26 
Brachychiton sa ioe 1.24; IL.13; 
I 


discolor, er 

lucida, 1.24 

populneum, 11.13 

rupestre, X.79 
Brachylaena elliptica, I11.26 
Brachysema lanceolata, V.35 
tab d nine 30 
Brodia 

california V.40 

40 


V.¢ 
Bromeli balansae, 1V.9;V.No. 2(cover) 
-34; XIII.No. 4(cover) 
ee rubens, V1.8 
Broussonetia papyrifera, VIIL8 
Brunfelsia nitida, 111.27 
calycina floribunda, U1.12 
Buddleia davidi, V1.32 
lutea, 3 
madagascariensis, IV.5 


8; X.48 


Butia, V1.20 
Buxus sempervirens, V11.38 
Caesalpinia spinosa, VIII.36 
Calliandra californica, 1V.15 
guildingii, III. : 
inaequilatera, 11.12 ; 111.26,775 
1.4 


, 


tweedii, 11.12 
Callistemon, I11.77 


acuminata, 1.24 


idscoslates, 1.24; II.No.2(chart) ; 
VIIL.88 ; 


1.88; 1X.41 ,42,43,44,50,52,53 ; 


X.48 
lilacinus, 1.24 


salignus, I, 16; rut 88 ; X.48 
speciosus, II. No. (chart) 
teretifolius, 1.2 
viminalis, 1.16 a VIII.36; 1X.42, 
4,51,52,53 
violacea, 1.24 
Callitris quadrivalvis, V11.30 
Calluna vulgaris, X11. 
Calodendrum capense, 11.13,14; III. 37, 
76; V1.76,77 ; 1X.44 
& drain Seluatice. he; a 
Calycanthus floridus, V1. 
Calycotome spinosa, XI. oo *xIL 78 
villosa, 1X.79 
Camassia leichtlinti, X1.7 
C pobre flav V.82 
é 


82 
co ane ‘Bill Wylam’, XII.No.1 


A 


japonica, V1.46; VIII.86; XII.56; 
XV.59,82,84 
‘Alba Plea: MELLO? 


kominato, XII. 
3 Be 


61 
ady Hume’ s Blush’, X11.57 


reticulata, II. is V1.46; XII.56; 
XV.59 


aig XI1.56 
sas a, X11.56; XV.59 
his es 
Campanula eemcule. ¥TL.75 
Gamptotheca acuminata, VII1.32 
apsella Bursa-pastoris, V1.86 
Capsicum, V.91 
aragana frutescens, V1I.17 
Carex, V.47,88,8 
Carica papaya, VI11.21; XV.81 
papaya var. solo, VII 27 


quercifolia, I 
Carissa cea de I11.37,40 
Carpenteria californica, 111.60,77 


Carpinus betulus var. columnaris, 


II1.32 
caroliniana, V111.32 
Casimiroa edulis, 1V.4 


Cassia, 
carnaval, 1X.52 
glauca, X111.30 


ee IX.51 
splendida, 11.12; 111.26; 1X.52 
Castanospermum gustrale, 11.13; V1.78; 
I 


Caariie glauca, X.76 


Cattleya skinneri, X1V.78 
Ceanothus, [11.77 ; V.40; XI.2; X11.78 
] . X.48 


Coe odorata, VI.78 

Centaurea, Il. 

pestis siligua, VIII-32 

Ceratostigma willmottianum, I. Zot 
I 


Ceratozamia mexicana, X1.6 
Cercidium torreyanum, VIII,88 ; X. 48 
Cercis canadensis, 
occidentalis, 1X.42, ‘43 
siliquastrum, I1.No.2( chart) ; 
IX.42, 


Ceropegia, TI. 38 

Cestrum elegans, 11.12 
recuse IT.12 

Chaenostoma grandiflorum, 1S 

oa aie. VII.40 

Chamaedorea elegans, V1.18, 43 
graminifolia, VL.1 


Chamaelaucium tthe 111.26; X1.66 


C Lamenthe. III.3 


pe ge 


Cheiranthus, 111.75 

Chenopodium album, V1.86 

Chilopsis linearis, VII1.88 ; X.48 

Chiranthodendron platanoides, 1V.16; 
I 


0, 

Sivania baccifera, 111.26 
ixifera, 111.2 

Chlorogalum ac eee VI.50 

Choisya ternata, X111.14 

Chorisia, V.19,50-53 ; X1.6 
insignis, 2-53 


speciosa, 111.77; V.19; VI.78: 
IX. 


51-54; X.17; XV. No. 3icover), 


 Chorizema dicksonii, 1.24 
9 varium, 11.12 
Chrysanthemum maximum ‘Marconi’, 


nz 8 

__schiedei, II. 10,11; V1.8 
Cienfuegosia hakeaefolia. 111.27 

Cineraria, 11.8 

Jinnamomum camphora, IV.7,No.2 
(cover) 43 

glanduliferum, VI11.32 
i Cissus capensis, 11.4; 111.37 


canescens, IV.65 ; VI.27 
clusii, X11.78 


Goes, tL. eet t); 1V.64, 
“Vior art) ; 65; 


: leurs JIV.6465 ; V1.27,28: 
XII.78 


"Ses ape IV.64,65 ; VI.27; 
X1.67,68,70; XI1I.78 
purpureus, Il 5; TV .64,65 ; V1.27, 


1X.79; X1.72 
saleifolius, IV.64,65 ; VI.28; X1.67; 


Pee ee 26,27,28 
Citrus aurantium var. myrtifolia, V11.34 
lybica 0 
Sa ie VII.35 
medica var. sarcodactylis, V11.29 
mitis, V11.37 
pectinifera, V11.38 
Clarkia, V.89 
Clausena lansium, VII.No.2 (cover) 
-41, 
Clematis, 1X.27 
armandi, IX. ee 
am 
ase VIII.88; X.48 
Clerodendrum myricoides, Il. 12; 
111.26; VII. 513-1 
Clethra arborea, 11.5, 
Clianthus speciosus, VI. 43; VII. t 88; 


y oma callistegioides, 11.No.2 
Clytostom it ge, 
Cobaea, 1V.76 
scandens, 1X.26 
Cocculus saitalnin IL 79 
Cocos nucifera, VII.No. 4 (cover), 
plumosa, 11.10; VIII 46 


C sinbositad: 

Convolvulus ae IV.5 

Coprosma baueri, 11.12 i 

Cordyline atropurpured, IV.1 
australis, 1V.16 

Coreopsis gigantea, V.41 
maritima, V.3 

Coriaria myrtifolia, X11.78 

Cornus glabrata, V11.24 


pulchella, III. 26 
speciosa, 11.12; I11.26 


ventricosa III. 6 


Cotoneaster lactea, V1.3 


ie. 


serotina, VIII.88; X.48 

Cotula australis, V1.86 

Cotyledon orbiculata, 111.38 

Coulteria tinctoria, VI11.36 

Cowania stansburiana, 111.60,61 

Crassula, 111.37 

arborescens, I1.No.2(chart) 

argentea, I1.No.2(chart) ; V.35 

Crepis, XI1.70 

Crinodendron dependens, 11.13 

patagua, 11.5 

siete see 11.12; VII.7 

capensis, I 

ustiten: miersit, VIII.32 

rubra, VIII.32 

Cryptocereus anthonyanus, V.No.4 

(cover) ,95 

Ctenitis decomposita, X1.14 

pentangularis, X1.13,14 

Cucurbita, V.91 

Cupania anacardioides, V111.37 

Cupressocy paris leylandii, VII1.32 

Cupressus arizonica, I1.No.2 (chart) ; 
XIII.9 


forbesti, 1V.76 
guadalupensis, V1.78 
stricta, VIII.88 ; X.48 
Cuscuta monogyna, 1V.47 
Cyathea australis, X.30 


oma! 

cunninghamii, X.28, ne 32 
dealbata, V.85 ; X.28,32 
ne X.28 af! 32, 33 
fulva, X.28,33 
iedalices: 11.10; V.85 ; X.28,29,33 
mexicana, X.28,29,; ge 
Cyclophorus lingua, 1X.1 
Cynodon dactylon, III. i: Xt 71,19 
Cyphomandra batacea, Ill. 61 
Cypripedium, VII1.65 

1 


ca, V1.4 
Black Thorp, VI.42 
Bodnant, VI.41 


callosum, V1.40 

var. sanderae, V1.40 
Cameo, V1.42 
Cardinal Mercier, VI.42 
Cardinal Wings, VI.42 
C.F.C. Puddle, V1.40 
charlesworthii, V1.40 
Charm, IV.- 
Chastity, V1.41 
Clair de Lune, VI.40 


VI41 
Diana Broughton, VI.41 
Edgar van Bells, VI.40 
40 


exul, VI. 
FCC... Via 
Forfarshire, if 41 


Golden Light, VI.41 
Goliath, V1.40 
Grace Darling, V1.41 


atuth. Frank - A 4 
e De 

sornssiie VI.No. sabes 31,42 

Minster gies VI4l 

niveum, V1.40,41 

philip pinense, ST. 40 

Pinkie, VI.41 


Selena, VI. 41 
spicerianum, VI.40 
St, Albans, VI. 5 
superbum, 

Surprise, VI. a 
The Grange, VI.41 
rossetti, V1.40 


Ole oa 


Westonbirt, V1.40,41 
Wyld Court, VI.42 
Cyrtomium caryotideum, 1X.6 
falcatum, 11.10; IX. Ray. eae 
cv. ‘Butterfield’ 1X.62 
cv.‘May 
cv. Rochionieniua’ 1X.62,64 
fortunei, 1X.61-63 
juglandifolium, 1X.62 
Cystophyllum fusiforme, 1X.34 
Dais cotinifolia, 111.26,37 ; 1X.44 
Dalbergia sissoo, V1.78 
Daphne gnidium, X11.78 


Stramonium, 

Daubentonia tripetti, 1X.44,50 

Davallia canariensis, 11.10 
fejeensis, 11.10 

Dadviesia latifolia, 111.26 
elastoma rosea 


Delonix regia, I. 16; VII.67 


occidentalis, XIV.50 1 
repens, V1.83; XIII. 79; XIV.50, 
51,54,64 


a Dicksonia antarctica, 11.10,11 ; X.26, 

° 27,30 

fibrosa, Il. 10,11; V.85 ; X.26,27,30 
X.2 27,3 


Squarrosa, V. 85; 


Dodonaea viscosa, U.No.2 (chart) 
purpurea, I1.No.2(chart) ; I1.6; 
‘ 


; X.60 
aropardhes VI1.16,17 
Feet dregeana, 111.6; 1V.18 

natalensis, 11.4; IV.5 

punctata, 1V.5 

wallichii, 111.6 
Doodia aspera, 11.10; 1X.10,13 

caudata, 1X.10 

lunulata, 1X.11 

media, 1X.8,10,11,13 

var. brackeavidars 1X.10,14 

Doryanthes palmeri, 1V.17,86, 87 
Dorycnium suffruiticosum, XI1.78 
Doxantha unguis-cati, 11.11 
Dracaena aurea, V.3 

indivisa, 1V.16 

mar gt aie 5 
Drimys winteri, 111.26 
Drosera, ioe 
Dryandra formosana, 
Saat dete 11.11; VUI. 62 
Dryopteris, X1.13 

decomposita, X1.14 

dentata, 11.10 

hirtipes, 11.11 
Duchesnea indica, V.4 
Dudleya brittoni, V.35 
Duranta stenostachya, 11.12 
Dyckia altissima, V11.62 

brevifolta 8 


remotiflora, 1V.8 
Eastwoodia gikdas, VII.23 
Echeveria metallica, V.11,77 
Ehretia hottentotica, 111.7 
Elaeagnus er VIII.37 

pungens, II.No.2(chart 

umbellata, VIII.88 ; X.48 
Embothrium coccineum, U1.7 
Encelia californica, V.4 
Entelea arborescens, 1.24 
E pimedium alpinum, V11.17 
Equisetum hiemale, 1V.17 
Eranthemum atropurpureum, 


7; VIII-56 


VII.26,27 


scoparia, X11.78 
umbellata, X11.78 


verticillata, X11.78 


Ericaceae, 11.7 
Erigeron karvinskianus, 111.75; X1.7 
Eriobotrya japonica, 1V.17 
Eriodictyon, 1X.77; X1.67 
trichocalyx, 1X.75,79,80 
Erodium cicutarium, V1.86 
Erythea armata, V1.20 
brandegeei, V1.20 


edulis, 11.No.2(chart) ; 1V.16; 
1.20,81 
Erythrina, 111.27,37,76,77 
41,4 


americana, 4 


bidwilli, VII. a 20 


caffra, IIT. 77; V11.8,19,21 ; [X.41,42 


crista-galli, V11.19- 20; 1X.44,51-52 
embryana, 19 

falcata, VIL. 19; 1X.43,44,53 
herbacea, VII. 20 

humeana, V11.20; 1X.51-52 

indica, 111.27 


lysistemon, VII.19,21; 1X.41,43,54 
ae ; 


a: 
Escallonia oreanensis, II.No.2(chart),5; 


Eschscholzia caespitosa var. kernensis, 
VITI.22 


Eucalyptus angulosa, 111.26 

botryoides, X.76 

a tinge 1.24 

caesia, 1.24; I11.26,77; V1.17; 
1X.41 44, 50,52 53 

callophylta rosea, I 24 

camaldulensis, 1.15; I1.N har 
XII.83 aa 


ciner rea 


ag & oe 
pee. lL. es 24; II.No.2(chart), 
cladacalyx, 11.10; VIII.36 
.24 


42 
corynocalyx, 1.15; 
crucis, 1.24; I], No. ha): IT1.26 
desmondensis, IIT.26 


eremophila, 1.24; I11.26,27 


erythrocorys, 1.24; I11.26,77; VI.17; 
X.41,43,44,51,52,53 
erytirenens, I 24; I11.77; VIII.88; 
I 


fifa : 15; 11.10,14; I11.76; 
16; VIL. 75; VIII.19; IX. 43, 

‘e 50, 51 152 

forrestiana, 1.15,24; I11.26 

gigantea, 

globulus, 1. No. 3(cover),15,18; 
1X.23,76; V.78,79; VI1.6,66 
VIII.43, 83; XIII. 69 

8 


gunnii, 1.24; VI.44 
lehmannii, 1.24; 11.10,14; [V.42 
as rosea, 1. 15,24 : 
No.2 (chart) 

macrandra, I1.No. 2(chart) ; ; I11.26 
macrocarpa, 1.15,24; I11.26,28,77 
megacornuta, 1.24; 1X. 41,42,43,44. 

51, 


melliodora, IV. 42 


1.2 
ke e No. 2 (chart) 
preissiana, 1.15,2 111.26; VI.17 
pulverulenta, iD Ne 2 (chart) : IV.70 


punctata, 


IV.4 
ie i 111.26; V1.17; 


ans, V.78,80 
regnant, V 1.24; II1.77; VIII.88; 


robusta, ie 76 


ro. 


searet ls a we II.No.2(chart) ; IV- 42 
; X.48 


rugosa, VIII. 


1.26 
sideroxylon ‘pallens, 1.15; II.No.2 
(chart) 
oka sores, 1.15; 14.41,42, 
43,52,53 


spathulata, 111.26 
steedmanit, 111.26 


24 

teraptera, I11.26,77 
tereticornis, 1.24; X.76,81 
torquata, 111.26; X1.41,42,43,44, 

0,52 
transcontinentalis, X11.83 
viminalis, IV.42; V.78,79; XIII.48 
ugenia edulis, IV. 5 
paniculata australis, 11.13,14 
smithii, 1X.41,42,53 


tirucalli, 11.14 


26 

Fallugia ‘Sapisiloced. II1.58,60 
Fatsia japonica, 
Feijoa sellowiana, IL. 4; 111.40; 1V.5,6; 

IT1.37; 1X.44, 50 
Felicia amelloides, 111.3 
Festuca elatior, XI11.79 

IV.6 


Ficus (continu 


ed) 
altissima, IV. 5; VII.82,85 


er ine. VIL 84 


rics 

henvaleniis. VII.82-8 

benjamina, V11.82 aha, VIII.14; 
XIII.3 var. comosa, VIL 85 

capensis, VII.85 

carica, V1I.81,83 

5 seach VIL. 85 

decora, 

Se cs VII.81 

doliaria, V1. 

elastica, V.77,84; VII.81,82,84; 
XIII.48 


erecta, VII 81, 
eriobotryoides, vit 83 
eximia gle VII.82 


fulva, VII. 
hillii, vVirgs 


hispida, V11.82 

infectoria, 1V.5; ae 
jacquinaefolia, V 

macrophylla, 1V.6; V1.84; VIII.16 
megacarpa, VII. 


mysorensis, VII 
itidé. II.No. 2(har 13 14; IV.6; 
117: ve 14,17 

nota, VII 

case iar VII.84 

ovata ‘ 

pedicreita, VIL. 82,83 

petiolaris, V11.83, 85 

pseudopalma, VII 

pumila, I1.No. brs 11; 
VI1I.81,85 


pumila var. minima, VI1I.81,83 
quercifolia, vie 


_VII.85 
religiosa, VI11.82,83; VII.82; xv.9 
e 6; VIL.81,83,84; 

VIII.14,17,38 
var. nitida, VIL.83; VIII.14-17 
toes 85, 84,85 
pies “VIL 8 
sublines: VII.82,83,84; VIII. 16 
8 


Firmiana simplex, V1 


11.32 96: 
Fontanesia de VIII. 


Fortunelta nae 39 
dsii, VI | 
oles chiloensis, I11.No. 4(cover)s 
59,79; V.2-5 


Sirini a, V.4 
Fraxinus ke VIII.32 
ornus, 111.77 ; VIII.32 
i? 


Fremontia, X.8 
Cai ocnica, AL 77; XII.2-4 
California Glory, XII.2-4 
mexicana, 1V.76; X11.2-4 
Fuchsia, 1V.36-39 
alpestris, 111.26 


5 


arborescens, 1V.39 
baccillaris, 1V.38,39 
boliviana, 1V.36,37 
cinnabarina, 11.5 
coccinea, 1V.36,37 
corymbiflora, 1V.36,37 
fulgens, 1V.36,37 
lyciodes, 1V.38,39 
macrostemma, 1V.36 
magellanica, 1V.36,37 
ot eometg 1V.38,39 


d’, III.75 

Gamolepis chrysanthemoides, V1.43 
Gardenia ‘Mystery’, 11.12 

thunbergia, 111.37; VI1.8 
Garrya, X.88 
Gaura lindheimeri, X1.7 
Gazania, II.No. os os II1.37 
Geijera parviflora, V 
Gelidium ibe te re: 


34 
Gelsemium sempervirens, 11.12; LX.27 


Genista, VII1.88 ; X.48; XI 72 


Gerbera, 11.8 ; 111.37 

Gilia achilleaefolia, V.38 
capitata, V.38 
chamissonis, V11.28; VIII. . 
nuttalii var. Picbenda Ill. 


ie cg I.No.1 (cover), gs 3; 


I 
‘Autumn gold’, VIII.31 
Canopy’, VIII.31 
fastigiata, 1.4 
laciniata, 14; Sb dacs 31 
macrophylla, 1 
pendula, LZ. VIII. 31 
Sentry’, VII 1.31 
G ladiolus tristis, X1.7 


Glori ro 

iosa Sothschildiana. VIL? 

Gnaphalium lanatum, 111.69 
Spathulatum, V1.86 

Goodia lotifolia, III.7 


Gossypium sturtii, 111.26 
Grevillea, 11.45; 1V.76 
banksii, 11.12 
iencopieris, 111.26 
obtusifolia, 111.26 
ornithopoda, I11.26 
paniculata, 111.26, 
— 
smariniformis, 111.26 
cileant > TII.2 
Grewia catiea, 11.12; 111.37; VI1.8 
Greyia sutherlandii, Ill. 
Haemanthus coccineus, 111.38 
multiflorus, 


Hakea cyclocarpa, 1.24 


ruscifolia, 1.24 
Hardenbergia comptoniana, 11.11; 
1X2 


Herpephe es pets 11.4,13,14; 
111.37; VIII.38 


Har pullia peti th i+ 
Hebe menziesi, V.84 
Hedera canariensis, 11.11 
Helianthemum mutabile, 79 
Helichrysum petiolatum, 11.8; I11.69; 


Heliotropium, 111.43 
Helleborus corsicus, VII.11; 1X.69 
foetidus, VII.10, 11 
niger, VII.10,11; 1X.68,69 
odorus, 1X.69 
Sicatale VIL.11 ; 1X.68,69 
Helxine soleirolit, VI. 


1 
Hemerocallis, 1.20; I. No.2 (chart) ; 
111.75 


aurantiaca, 1V.69 
citrina, 1V.69 
dumortieri, 1V-69 
flava, 1V.68 
forresti, 1V.69 
fulva, IV. 
middendor ffi 1V.69 

inor, 9 

multiflora 2 69 oe; 
Hemi raphis colorata, V- 
H ete smithii, V.85; tenes 


Heuchera sanguinea, VIIL.17 


a7 


Hevea brasiliensis, X11.80 
Hibbertia volubilis, 11.11; 111.26 
Hibiscus, X1V.9,10 


heterophyllus, 1V.6 

hookerii, VIII.34 

kokio, VIII.34 

lamberti, V111.34 

mutabilis, VIII.34 

rosa-sinensis, 11.12; 111.76; VIII.33; 
‘50.51.52 


rosa-sinensis var. lutea, VIII.34 


waimeae, VIII 1.34 
Hidalgoa wercklei, 1V.6 
Floheria populnea var. osbornii, 11.5 
_ Holmskioldia sanguinea, 11.12 
rg HT omeria, X1.7 
owea belmoreana, V1.18; XII1.64 
fosteriana, V1.18,19; XIII 64 
IX ee 


H ydrocotyle rune XIV.50 
_ Hymenocallis, 

“oan dig croceus, V1.82 
luteolus, V1.82 


Sg 


leucoptychodes, III 37 


Hypocalyptus soli eides II1.77 
Fypolepis punctata, 1X.74 
275 


es roseus, 1.24 
I xi :, 
Teds III.76; XI1.68 
acutifolia, 1. 13, 14; VI.43; 1X.44,50 
Jacquemontia easier: Il. 2% 
pentantha, .26 
Jasminum gen XIII.14 
officinale 14 
sambac, ‘IL 10 
simplicifolium, 1V.6 
Jubaea spectabilis, a 10 
Juglans major, 11.1 
neotropica, II.No. ° ce 15-16 
nigra, 11.16 
Juniperus horizontalis glauca, V1.16 
oxycedrus, X11.78 
Dae ita XII.78 
Kennedya be ie IV.70 
prostra 
hecbde t V.70 
Kigelia pinnata, a. 50,51,88 
Kniphofia, 111.38, 
Koelreuteria hisinnels: 11.13,14; 
VIII.32 


formosana, 1X.52; X.16 
paniculata, VIII.32; [X.44 
Kunzea sericea, 11.12 - VI. 98: 
Lagerstroemia indica, TH. 76; VIL. 
1X.50,51 
Lagunaria patersonii, U.13 
Laminaria angustata, 1X.34 


Lantana camara 
sellowiana, II. si eye 
Larix laricina, X11.66 
Larrea tridentata, V11.53 
Lavandula stoechas, X11.78 
Lawsonia inermis, X 118 
Leguminosae (South African), 
Leptospermum citratum, VIII.38 
keatleyi, V111.38 2 
laevigatum, II. No.2 (chart);1 
scoparium, II. ae 
Lescheneultia kilbo, 
Leucadendron argenteum, Il.7; 111.37, 
Leucophyllum texanum, 111.48 
Leucospermum, 7 


catharinae, 111.77 


28, 


muirit, 111.77 


Libocedrus pCR RR II.No.2, (chart) 
Var. compacta, VIII.3 
Ligustrum ibolium, VI1I.88; X.48 
lucidum, ae 
Lilium martagon, V11.17 
Limonium perezii, I1.No. rap came 
Linaria canadensis, V1.8 
Cannon J. Went, ir ms VI.8 
maroccana, X1.7 
Linum flavum, 111.75 
Lippia repens, 114; 1V,6 
arsed formasana; MILLSZ 


orientalis, VIII.32,88 ; 1X.44.50,51, 
Dor £48 


Ser dciiiud. VITI.32: 1X.52,53 
styraciflua ‘Palo Alto’, VIII.32 

Liriodendron chinense, VII E32 
tulipifera, VII1.32 

Lithraea gilliesii, 1V.6 

Livistonia australis, 


00 C li 
shelis 4 pee ia, 1X. 11, 13,14 


Lorchetalun, chinense, X1V.15 
otus strigosus, V1.8 
deh eah XIII.77 
uculia gratissima, I. 22; V1.82 
Lupinus arboreu s, V.41 
benthamii, V3 


9 
ores. microphyllus, V1.86 
brittonii, V.41 


longifolius, vat 4] 


Ygodium circinatum, 


87 
japonicum, II. 10; oe 67: X.No.4 


Cover, 86-88 


Vidcthadnid. IV.76 


Ber riss var. asplenifolius, 11.61; 
V.46 


Pie nummularia, X.6 

Macadamia ternifolia, V1.78 

Maclura pomifera, VIII. 88; X.48 

Macrocystis, 1X.36 

Magnolia Preset 11.5; V.48; 
1X.42; XIV.82 


daw soniana, 1X.42 


grandiflora, I1.No. Arabs WV. 7,17, 
94: VIII.30; 1X-44,50,51; XII.51 


ar: 
exoniensis, V1. ag. VIII.31; 1X.44 
goliath, VII1.32 
lanceolata, VIII. ge 
‘Margarita’, VIII.: 
‘Saint Mary’, Vill. oA: 1X.44 
‘Stalwart’, VIII.3 
kobus, VIII.83 
liliflora, X1V.80 
Var. nigra, [X.42-43 
macrophylla, 1V.No.4 cover, 94 
soulangeana, 1X.52,53; XIV.82 
Var. lennei, X1V.82 
Var. brozzonii, X1V.82 
stellata, X1V.79 
veitchii, 1X.42 
Mahonia, 1V.57 
Mahonia aquifolium, X.52 
bealei, VUI.11; XII1.17 


dicyota, X.5 
lomariifolia, V11.11 
piperiana, X. 


Malus arnoldiana, V1.3 


peli arnoldiana, wx. 43 
, 1X.43 


ae 1X.44 
sylvestris eleyt, 1X.43 
Malvaviscus mollis, V.17 . 
Mandevilla X “Alice du Pont’, XI1.88 
splendens, X1.No. 4 Cover, 83,85; 


XII.88 . 
Markhamia hildebrandtii, 11.13 


Martynia annua, X1.6 
Matricaria, 111.75 
Maytenus boaria, 1V.15; VIII.88; X.48 
Meconopsis sheldonii, VII1.56 
Medicago arborea, 11.1: 
Melaleuca, 111.77; VII1.19 
cordata 70 
Prasitolia, 1.24 
densa, 1.24 
elliptica, 1.24 
erubescens, 1.24 
leucadendra, I1.No.2(chart),14 
linariifolia, XV.No.1,cover,13-14 


longicoma 


styphelicides, 1.24; II].No.2(chart) 
wilsoni, 1.24; IV. 70 
Melia axedarach umbraculiformis, 
) 


I.No. 

Melianthus, iL. S71 1VA17 

_ Mertensia ditivoadin. V1II.23 

_ Mesembryanthemum, 11.7 ; 111.37, sy g 
VII.66; X1.67 

Metasequoia gly ptostroboides, 111.78; 
V.69,84; VI.87; VIII.41 
: aoe tomentosa, I1.4,13; IV.6; 


Michelia fuscata, AAS 82 


Microcitrus, 


Microlaena ee V.14, :, 48 
XII.9 


_Microlepia, 1X.75; 

[. krma, 11.10 
marginata, X11, 
Mateakyle TLV}: X3ER 
strigosa, 1.8, 10 


Strigosa forma M acFaddeniae, 
0 


Misumeria chamissonis, X.6 
Mimosa igen Vrs 
—Mimul 77 


-Mormodes, XIV. 4-7 

Muchlenbeckia complexa, I1.11 

M urraya exotica, 11.12; VI1.40 
Roenigii, V11.40 


siete 11,12; VIL.40 


— 


Musa ensete, V.65,68,69 
Myoporum acuminatum, 114, IV.6 
- VII.66 


Myosotis athettvie ms f 
Myrsine africana, Il. 
Myrtus communis, ae 78 
Nandina domestica, IV.16 
Narcissus cyclamineus, V1.80 


Neanthe bella, V1.18 


Nemaphila: I11.42,44 
maculata, V3 
Neoregelia sygetoegnn IV.10 
spectabilis, 
Nephrodiam pase IT.11 
molle, Il. 
Nerium oleander, I1,No. 2(chart) ; 
1X.44,45, 
cultivars, VII.66 
Nicotiana affinis, X17 
glauca, 
aay Baeua, IX. 14 
Nolin 
Waiketacus, 
Nothopanax laetum, U. 5 
Nuxia recone ILS 
Ochna, II1.3 
multiflora, 11.12; 111.26, a3 X1.65 
Ocotea, V.84 
Odontospermum sericeum, 111.26; 
IV.2 


Ocnothera caespitosa, 111.59 
decorticans, II 
deltoides, 111.59 
Olea chrysophylla, VIII.32 
Olivia, 111.37 65 
11; 1X.64, 
Onychium japonicum, Il. 
Opuntia (spineless), I1.No. 2(chart) 
Osmunda regalis, 1X, 11 XIV.No4 
io saab fruticosum, 
, center insert ff. 7 
ay Ielibetie 11.4,11; IX. 
Oxylobium, er a 
lanceolatum, 9 
Pandorea eee mE II.11 es nb 
pandorana, I1.No 2 (chart); 1 
P Caisacdilie: VI.42 


maudiae ‘Magnificum’, VI. 


Parkinsonia aculeata, 11.No.2,(chart), 
III.88; X.48 


Parrotia, V.57 
Paspalum notatum, XII1.79 
Passiflora mollissima, 1X.26 
racemosa, 1X.27 
Paulownia lilacina, VI11.88 ; X.48 
tomentosa, X11.53; XII. 54 
j E37 


Pellaea ainleiies ( ied ee oe 
Penicillium vermoeseni, X 

entas carnea, I11.26 

longiflora, ILI. mee 
Pentstemon azureus, 


heterophyllus, 111. lies 


Pereskia gigantea, VI.14 

Persea americana, 1V.7; V.83 
borbonia, V.83 
donnell-smithii, V.84 
floccosa, V.84 


Phaedranthus buccinatorins, IT.No.2 
x (chart),11; 1X.26 
hellodendron amurense, VITL33 
. chinense, VIIT.33 
hiladelphus, Viit 88; XII.63 
1; IX. 6 


mexicanus, IT. 


Phillyrea angustifolia, XII.78 


variabilis, X11.78 
masa fosterianum, V.67 


wericd Vl 
wendimbe, V.67 
wendlandi, V.67 
Phoenix, 1V.16 
canariensis, 1V.17 
dactylifera, I1. ae cover, 1.2; 
II.No.2 (char 
reclinata, 11.10; ‘TH: 37; IV.15; 
VI.No. I (cover) 7, 20; VIL.5; % < 50 
roebeleni, VI.19; X.50 
rupicola, 11.10; VI 1.20 
Phorminum tenax, 11.No.2(chart) ; 


me | 
Phyllitis ealopendrium. ThLit; 
IX 


cv ‘crispa’,  tcristata’, ‘fimbriata’, 
‘muricata’, ‘sagittata’, ‘variegata’, 


Phyllostachys bambusoides, X.18 
ee 18 

Physalis, V.89 

Phy aden. IIL73 

Phytolacca dioica, 1V.17; XII1.77 

Picea canadensis, 
pungens, XI1.66 

Pinus, X111.30 
cembroides var. parryana, V1.78 
contorta latifolia, X11.66 
hale pensis, V 111.88 ; X. 48 ; XII.77 
pinaster, 


ah 
ies VII.77; VIII.18,88 ; X- 48; 
RiLs/ 


ponderosa scopulorum, X11.66 
thunbergi, V1.22; VIII.83 
Pirus, X1,72 
Pistacia atlantica, VU11. 88; X.48 
chinensis, V111.30; 1X. 53 
lentiscus, X11.78 
Pithecoctenium clemantideum, 1V.6 
uricatum, IV. 
Pittosporum heterophyllum, 11.4; 1V.6 
rhombifolium, 11.4,13; IV.6; 1X.50, 
Si, 


jebwra: Il. No.2(chart) 
undulatum, U.No.2 a 13,14 
viridiflorum, I, I 
Pityrogramma calomelanos, VIII.65 
calomelanos var. aureo-flava, VIII.64 © 


— 91 — 


Poterium spinosum, XIL78 
rimul: 


chrysophylla, V.111.63,64 
hybrida, V111.63,64 


friangularis, V111.63,64 


Platanus racemosa, 1V. No.1,cover,23 


orientalis, XV.8 


Platycerium alcicorne, 11.10 
11.10 


grande, 


Platycodon grandiflora, 111.75 
Plectranthus ecklonii, 111.37 
Plumbago, 111,75 


¥ 


capensis, 11.12 


* Plumeria acutifolia, V11.67 
Poa annua, 


V1.86; XV.19,21 
pratensis, XI11.77,79 


o; 3 Podalyria calyptrata, TIL. 37,77 
_ Podocarpus elongata, Il. No. 2(chart) ; 
4 111.37 


gracilior, 11.13; III. 


H be é , a 
ee Polygala diieiasiaas E42 


virgata, 111.37 

oly podium aureum, 11.10 

coronans, 11.11; VIII.62 
glauco-pruinatum, II.11 

knightiae, 1.10 


yra lacinata, 1X. 2 
vulgaris, 1X.34 


— 
~I 


veéa Var. induta, II] 


1.78 
Protea, 11.6-7 ; 111.37 164,77 


compacta, Il 77 
susannae, 
Proteaceae, IL. 67: ; 111.45,77 


Prunus, 1V.57 
campanulata, 1X.41,42 
capuli, 
cerasifera blireiana, 1X.42 
cerasifera posing 1X.42 
lusitanica, VIII 
lyonii, I1.No. 2{char) VI.76 
mume, ah Hy oe 
ersica, I 
iy ‘Helen Borchers’, 1X.42 
persica ‘Late White’, IX. 43 
pumila, VII1.88; X.48 
sieboldi, VIII.88; X.48 
subhirtella, 1X.43 
yedoensis, XIII.No. Lewes ne 
Pseudodrynaria coronans, VIIL6 
Pseudopanax crassifolium, V. A 
lessonii, II. 
Pseudosasa japonica, 1V.16 
Psidium lucidum, 1V.6 
Pteridium aquilinum, XIII. 88 
Pteris, V111.26, 11.11 


cv Childsii, VII1.27 z 
VII1.27 


cv. 
dentata, en 
siformis, 
aed Victoriae, VIII.No.2 covets 


27,2 
flabellata, VIII.27 


ee parkeri TE.11; vill.27 
quadriaurita argyraea, 11.1 
VIII. 


semipinnata, VII1.29 
serrulata, VI 


tremula, I1.11; VIII.26, 29 
29 


tripartita, VIII. 


umbrosa, V1I1.29 

vittata, VI11.26,29 
Pterostylis banksii, X.15 
Ptychosperma elegans, VI11.46 
Punica granatum, 1.No.4, cover, 25 
Puya alpestris, ie 8; a 82 

berteroniana, | 


Pyracantha, I1.No. ty VIII.88 
X.48 


walderi, V.46 
Pyrethrum, 111.75 
Pyrostegia ignea, 11.11 
Pyrrosia lingua, 1X.10, 12,14 
Pyrus baccata, VI1.1 
Quercus acutissima, VIII.88 ; X.48 
: X.34 


I, 
dentata, XI11.32,33,34 
engelmannii, IX. 83 
ilex var. fordii, VII1.33 
incana, 
lobata, IX. 83: X.34,36,37,38 
— VIII. 33 
ro 36 
are tis VITI.33 

variabilis, VII1.83 ; X.48 
Quillaja saponaria, VII1.32 
Raphiolepis indica var. rosea, XI11.No.1 

(cover), 
umbellata var. ovata, X111.No.1 
cover), 

Rauwolfia, 11.13 
Rehmannia, 111.75 

eineckia carnea, V.67 
Rhamnus alaternus, X11.7 
Rhapis excelsa, V1.20; XV. es 

, VI.20 


humilis 


hus integrifoia, X1.67 
lancea, IIT 

laurina, II ph 

ovata, X1.67 
Succedanea, VIII.33 
viminalis, 111.37 


Rhynchosia minima, V1.6 


Robinia idahoensis ‘Monument’, [X.43 
pseudoacacia var. umbraculifera, 
II 


tc & 
Robinsonella cordata, 1X.42 
Romneya, X.88 
coulteri, I11.59,77 
Rondeletia cordata, 11.12 
Rosa acicularis oe XI1.32 
XI1.3 


bracteata var. “Sacesinid! X1.37 
cantabrigiensis, 
centifolia, X1.3 


cristata, X1.36,37 


eglanteria, X1.33 

foetida bicolor, X1.35,37 
persiana, X1.35,37 

forrestiana, X1.3 

gallica officinalis, X1. a5 

eng X33 

hugon 

eee XI. 33,36 

longicus pis, ee 33 

macouni, XI. 8 e 

macrophylla, 

ie doncosteri, Xl. 33,37,59 

‘Mermaid’, I1.No.2(chart) 


oenensis, X1.34 
—— pyrenaica, X1.34 
34 


ey. 


1.34 

ne 

rol, om 34,37 
u X1.50 

sericea ee X1.34 

dersova 1.34,37 

suffulta, 


sweginzowl, XL 34 


tryphylla, X1.32 
villosa pomifera, X1.34 


wichuraiana 


34 
Rosmarinus ehilinalic: V1.74; XII.78 


lockwoodi, V1.74 
prostratus, V1.74; 1X.79 
Royena lucida, 11.14 
Roystonea regia, V11.79 
Rubia peregrina, X11.78 
spinosa, X11.78 
Rubus, V.47,88,90 
ulmifolius, X11.78 


Salisburia adiantifolia, 1.2 
2 


leucophylla, 1X.82 

mellifera, 1X.82 
Sambucus caerulea, X111.14 
Sapium sebiferum, V111.32 


_ Scabiosa caucasica, 111.75 
columbaria, 111.75 


17.13; XIV. 
Serehinthifohius. a 4,13; 


Securidaca gtr Ill 26 
Sedum album 1.48 
platyphyllum, ie 35 

5 


eal. II.No.2 (chart) 
confusus, 111.26 


Sievekingia fimbriata, XIV.5 
Simmondsia californica, V1.78 


Schinus molle, 1 oh 2(cover),10-11; 


1V.6 
Schotia latifolia, 11.4; 1V. ‘. V1.78 
Scolopendrium wel gare. ae ‘1: 1X.8,11 


Sinocalamus oldhami, V11.61 
Sisymbrium irio, V1.86 
phia, V1. 
Sisyrinchium bellum, X.82 
Smilax aspera, XII. 
Solandra guttata, 11.11; XU1.48 
Solanum guatemalense, 1V.6 
gia pescs I1.No.2 (chart), 11; 
IX 2(cover),27,28 


Pepin II1.3 


wallacei, V.40 
Sollya heterophylla, 1.11; [X.27 
Sonchus oleraceus, V1.86 
Sophora davidi, V111.88; X.48 
japonica, 1X.50,51 


Sorbus cuspidata, hes 33 


37 
Spartium junceum, Ul. No.2 (chart) ; 
V1I.26; .78 


Spathodea campanulata, II.14 
Spatholobus pale ge 80 
Stachys bullata, 
Siakice perezii, LI.No. 2ichaty Bees 1D 
Stenocarpus sinuatus, XI. 13; Il 
1V.17; 1X.42,44,45, 51, 53 
Stenochlaena palustris, IX. 67 
tenuifolia, 1X.65.66, 67 
Sterculia discolor, 1V.6 
Stigmaphyllon ciliatum, Il. 
littorale, a ‘. IV.6 
Stokesia, 1 
Strelitzia nicolai, 111.37; VII. ag 
reginae, 11.12; 11.13, 37; VI 
XII1.48 ; 


11; 1X27 


Streptosolen scl 00 II.1 


11.12; TL 26 


pinetorum, VIII. 83 
Syzygium cuminii, XV. 81 
Tabebuia, aed 69 

argented, 

ttanedas var. pon = 

chrysotricha, V.6 XV.N 

7-38 


heptaphylla, V.66 

umbellata, 1V.77; V.66 
Tagetes, X1.7 
Talauma hodgsonii, U1. 2731 Iv.17 


aie 


Tamarix Lagetage VII.76 
Taxodiu 85 

dain, AL 4: 1V.6; XI1.5 
Taxus, X11.63 
Tecoma, IV.77 

garrocha, 1V.6 
Tecomaria capensis, 11.No.2(chart),11; 

11.37 


I 
Tectaria, X1.14 
Telopea oreades, Ne 24 
24 


j x 59 
Tetraplasandra meiandra, V .67 
Thalictrum, 111.74 
Thea, XV.59 


esa XII.60 

Thelypieris, XI1.14 

Thenardia floribunda, 111.26 
heobroma cacao, X11.80 

Thevelia nereifolia, 111.77 
peruviana, I1.12 
thevetiodes, 111.27 ; [X.45,50,51 

Thuja occidentalis, XII.4 

doneites gibsonii, 11.11; V1.82; 


ran Ge 
batdioce II.11; XIII.48 
gregori, 
hymus ‘areca, 4555 
Tibouchina laxa, 111.26 
semidecandra, 11.12; 
var. grandiflora, V1. 
Splendens var. yrandiflora, III.26 
Tilia platy phyllos var. pyramidalis, 
VIII.33 


tomentosa, X11.74-75 
Tillandsia dassivifoie IV.10 

excerta, [V.1 

exerta, IV. a 


fasciculata, IV.11 


a, 1V.6 
Baek 11.4,13; VI. 78 ; [X.45,50,51 
ithonia, XT 6 


Speciosa, 1V.76 
ara menziesii, X.6 
acs eeae jasminoides, 11.11; 


Trachycarpus fortune, II.No.2 (chart) ; 
6; IV.20 


Trichosporum grandiflorum, U11.27 
Trichostema lanatum, 
Tricuspidaria dependens, 1V.6 
Triphasia trifolia, V11.40 


Tristania conferta, 11.14 


laurina, 11.5; VII1.32 
Tritelia, x 
Tritoma, I11.75 


Tritonia, 111.37 
Tropacolum majus, X11.70 
Tulipa eichleri, X111.44 


60 
Ulmus parvifolia sempervirens, VIII.32 
Ulva lactuca, 1X.34 
Undaria pinnatifida, 1X.34 
Verbena peruviana, IV.18; V.35; 

Vi 


Veronica filiformis, X.6 


‘Autumn Glory’, 11.5 


V vi mae uctlvidnd, 1.24 


plumosa, 1.24 
Viburnum opulus sterile, VIII.88; X.48 


u 

rufidulum, XII. 24 
Viminaria denudata, 1.24 
Vinca minor, VII. 17 


Viola adunca, VI11.24 
6 


sroboides, UL13! 
Vitex ae eC EY VIII.88; X.48 
lucens, 11.13.14 
Vitis c apensis, 1V.6 
voinieriana, 111.27 
vomerensis, 111.27 


hingtonia lifera, 1.4-63 IV.No.2 
oo pee]; VIILS: 
X.48; 


saint 190 
43,76; VII.7; VIII.88; X-48; 


XII1.90 
robusta, I1.No. 2(chart) ; VI.20 
Watsonia, 11.8; 111.37 


| ‘ Westringia rosmariniformis, 111.26 
_ Wigandia caracasana, 
W oodwardia areolata, VILL. 60 


_ radicans, VIIT.60-61 


3 x ylosma ieatieain II.No.2(chart),12; 
oe VIII. 


Yucca, 11.No.2 (chart) 
_aloifolia, 1V.16 
australis, IV.11-13 
brevifolia, 


| IV.16 
Blebhantives, II.No.2 (chart) 


filamentosa, IV.16 


whipplei, 1V.16 
Zauschneria eastwoodae, V11.23 
Zinnia sit Reta: (aba hybrids), 


IV. 
elegans poe hybrids), 1V.78, 79-82 


r. Meyer Zoysia, VII. 45,48 
masta, I11.65,71-73; V.14; 
V1II.45-48 ; XIII.79 
be teiifnlia, VIL.45- 46, 48 


sl Maia a eri 


BOOKS REVIEWED 


Allinger, Gustav 

Der deutsche Garten, 1V.19 
American Horticultural Society 

Handbook, IV.72 
American Rose Society 
Modern Roses, [V.72 

Anderson. Edgar A. 

Plants, Man sae Life, I11.32 
Anderson, Ri. 

The From of New South Wales, II1.80 
Andrews, F. W. 

The Plowering Gos of the Anglo- 

Egyptian Sudan 18 
Arnberger, Le 


slie = 
sare of the Southwest Mountains, 


Arnold-Forster, W. 
Shrubs for ae Milder Counties, III.55 
Audas, James W. 
The Aint aline Bushland, III.80 
‘: Native Trees of Australia, IV.72 
é ig Samuel, Jr. & Philip E. Chandler 
lo owering Trees for Year-round 
Color in Southern California, XIV.92 
Baker, Kenneth F. 
The Oo a8 “ee for Producing 


Healthy C 
vill oY pagans Grown Plants, 


Flowers Their Creative Designs, 


Berg, Johann and Gerd Krussmann 
reiland- alan a IV.72 
Blackburn, Benjam 
rees and Sh “eis 
amr mi in Eastern North 
bery, A. 


The i of ae Illustration, 
Boutard, C. 
Plants Indoors, IV.72 
; &. A. 


Bowles 
A Handbook 
Chien ; . a and 


ne Bi Louis M. 
jrowing Cymbidium Orchids and 
32 


Cape Provincial Administration, Cape 


own 

Protected Wild Flowers of the Cape 

Province, 
Chapple, Fred J. 

The Heather ae IV.18 
Chidamian, Clau 

Bonsai see Trees, VII.22 
Coats, Alice M. 

Flowers and Their Histories, VIII.48 
Collingwood, George 

Knowing Your Trees, Iv. 1s 
Corner, E. 

Wayside "Troct, III.80 
Cowan, D. 

Flowering Trees and Shrubs in 

India, 
Cowles Raymond B 

Zulu Journal X. 65-66 

Cross, John 

The Book of the Geranium, IV.18 
Crow, Julia 

Your tude Plants from Aspidistra 

2 


The Perennial ‘Ade en 
A Tribute to Alice acd. V.48 
Davis, Ray J. 
Flora of Idaho, IV.72 
de la Rue, Edgar Aubert 
The Tropics, VIII.72 
Denison, Erwin L. 
Principles of Horticulture, 1X.45 
Directory of American Horticulture 
for 1958, VIII.68-69 
Dodge, Nat t N. 
Flowers = the Southwest Deserts, 
IV.72 
Dutton, Joan P 
Enjoying pee, s Gardens, IX.86-87 


Be 


Eckgo, Garr 
ai a Living, V.72 
Eliovson, Sima 
South African Flowers for the 
Garden, V1I.47-48 
Emerson, Arthur I. and Clarence 
M. Weed 


4 Trees—How to Know Them, 
V.18 
he Dar 


Seed FP srastion of Native 
_ California Plants, X1V.92 


A Summary of the Culture of 
California Plants at the Rancho Santa 
= Ana Botanic Garden, 1927-1950, 

a VIII.24 

_ Fenley, John M. and James W. Orchard 
: Plants for Southern Nevada, IV.72 
Fernald, Merritt L. and A. C. Kinsey 
: Edible Wild Plants of Eastern North 


Seholaen: in i Plower Arrangement, 
1X.24 


Foster, Mulford 
aaa Sa ae Handbook, 
1V.24 


Fox, Helen M. 
ot in My Herb Garden, 


Francis, W. D. 
‘Australian Rain-Forest Trees, I1I.80 
Graf, Alfred Byrd 
Exotic ey VII.24 
Graves, Arthur H. 
Ilustrated Guide to Trees and Shrubs 


~ Haines, Jennie Day 
rdeyne Boke: A Collection of 
Quotations Instructive and 
timental . 

Hall, N. and R. D. Johnston 

A Card Sorting Key for a Identi- 
fication of ne V1.23-24 
Hellyer, A. G 


oe f Pl 
VL47 a of Plant Portraits, 


Flowers i Co 
He ge lour, VI.47 


wc 


Camellias in the Huntington 

Gardens, V.24; VI.46 
Howard, Frances 

Landscaping with Vines, X.19 
Hoyt, Roland S. 

Check Lists of the Ornamental Plants 

of sree be Regions, III.56 
Hume, H. Haro 

Hollies, 1V.24 
Hylander, Clarence J. 

The Macmillan Willa Flower Book, 

1V.96 


' 
i 


Ishimoto, Tatsu 
Art of Growing Miniature Ei 
Plants & Landscapes, VII.22 
Jacobsen, H., O. H. Volk and H. Herre 
M esembryanthemaceae, IV. 
Johnstone, G. H., O.B.E., V.M.H. ‘ 
Asiatic Magnolias i in Cultivation, V- 


a ee 


rnal of South African Botany 
oy “he Woody Plants of the Bechuana- 
land Protectorate, IV.7 
Kingdon-Ward, F. ; 
Plant Hunter ‘ Manipur, IV.48 
Kraemer, J. Hug : 
T it of the Wiaices Pacific Region 


IE rd tart YS ASS Se 


IV.72 
Kranz, Frederick H. and Jacnnt 
Gardening Indoors Under Lights, 
1X.47-48 a 
Krauss, Helen | 
Geraniums for Home and Garden, | 


V1.24 | 
Kuck, Loraine E. and Richard C. bee onge 
Hawaiian Flowers and Flower 


Trees, 1X.85-86 


amb, Edga 4 
Slssvated Sishreden on an 


Other oe V 
Lees, Carlto 
Budget pe X.88 


Lenz, Lee jes 
Native Plants for California Garoe 


VII.28 ae 
Leyel, Hilda : 
Cinquefoil : racks to Quicken the 


sp nes 


eee =, 


Five Senses, X.68-68 
Li, Hui-Lin 
The Garden Flowers of China, X.19 
The Origin and Cultivation of Shade 
and Ornamental Trees, XIV.8 
Woody Flora of Taiwan, XIII.82 
Longstreth, T. Morris 
Understanding the Weather, I11.56 
Lord, Ernest E. 
Sh rube nat Trees for Australian 
Gardens, I11.55-56 


Los Angeles State and County aie as : 


Lasca Miscellanea I, 1V.4 
asca Miscellanea 7 V. a 
McClintock, Elizabeth, 
California’ s Atboretuios and Botanical 
Gardens, III.56 
Macself, A. 
Ferns for Garten and Greenhouse, 
IV.18 


Maino, Evelyn and Frances Howard 
Perernital Trees 


Malkin, Robert S. 


How to Landscape Your Own Home, 


VII.67-68 

Manks, Dorothy S 
Motion Pictures for Garden Club |. 
Programs, 2 

Mansfield, T. C 


Carnations 3 in Suge and Cultivation, 


Marcus, Margaret Fairbanks 
Period Flower Arrangement, III.80 
Marggraf, M. and G. Hartmann 
ne Chrysantheniuit IV. 
Matos Mildred E. and Elizabeth 
McClin ntoc 
Checklist of Ornamental Woody 
Plants of re aay XIII.64 
Mattoon, H. Gleas 
Plant Buyer’s Guide, VII.68 
Menninger, ,Edwi 
owering Thpical Trees—1953 
catalogue, III.80 
at Flowering Tree is That?, 
24 


Moore, Harold E., his 

- rican Mnarign Gloxinias, VIII.48 
orton, Julia F. . Bruce Ledin 

- Plants of South Florida, IV.24 
uenscher, Walter C. and Myron A. 


Rice 
Garden Spice and Wild Pot-Herbs, 
V.96 


Muller, Katherine K. 
Wild Flowers of the Santa Barbara 
Region, [X.47 
Mulligan, Brian O. 
Maples Cuteheued § in the U.S. and 
Canada, [X.46-47 
Neal, Marie 
In Gardens at Hawaii, I11.32 
North American Lily Society 
Let’s Grow Lilies!, XIV.93 
Padilla, Victoria 
Southern California Gardens, An 
Illustrated shew X1.24,87 
Patraw, Paulin 
Flowers of xd Southwest Mesas, 


IV.72 

Pertchik, Bernard and Harrie 
Flowering Trees of the Caribbeal, 
111.80 


Pirone, Dr. P. 
What’s New in Gardening, VI.48 
Quattlebaum, W. Dan and Edith B. 
Adventures with Pasadena Screech 
Owls, [V.19 
Randhawa, M. S. 
Bescdicng India, IV.48 
Reusch, Glad and Mary Noble 


Richards, P.X M. 

The Tropical Rain Forest, IV.19 
Rickett, H. 
Wild ower of America, IV.96 


for 1954, IV.48 

The Fruit Year Book for 1954, IV.48 

The Lily Red Lae for 1954, IV.48 
Rutt, Anna 

The Art of Flower and Foliage 

Arrangement, I 
Seguin, Fernand and Auray Blain 

Le Mo <i des Plantes, X.44 
Sennels, N. J. 
The idee ‘ated Species of Freesia, 
IV.72 


ee 


Shepherd, Roy E. 

History of the “op 1V.48,70-71 
Smith, Clifto 

A Flora of ae Barbara, 1V.72 
Southern California Edison Company 

tees, TV.72 
Steffek, Edwin F. 

Pruning Made Easy, 1X.23 
Sunset Western Garden Book, IV.72 
Svenska, haat 96 
Taylor, Norma 

Wild Flower Gardening, VII.44 
Thomas, Graham Stuar 

Old Shrub Roses, VI 69 
Tourje, E. 

Camelia Culture, 1X.37 
Traub, Hamilton 

The Amaryllis ae 1X.46 
Tukey, H. B. 

Plant Regulators in Agriculture, 

V1.46-47 


U.S.D.A. Farmers’ Bulletin 
No. 2015, 1950, Ceanat Woody 
Vines for the Saithoun Great 
Plains, IV.72 
No. 2025, 1951, Ornamental Shrubs 
for the Sessile: Great Plains, 
IV.72 


No. 2055, 1953, Ornamental Hedges 
for the Séu thers Great Plains, 
a iz 
U.S.D.A. Yearboo | 
1952, Lait oh 80 
1953, Plant Distases , LVede 
Walther, Eric and Elizabeth McClintock 
A ide List to the Plants in Strybing 
AAs. VillLiz 
Webber, John M. 
Yuccas ng the Satelite IV.72 
Wilson, Carol Gre 
Alice Pee S Wondetinat VIL.23 
Withner, Carl 
The Orchids, 4 Scientific Survey, 
[X.86 


Woessner, Dietric 


uc 
Woman’s Club of Havana 
Flowering Plants from Cuban 
alae - on, 
Wright, Joh 
Cymbidium etal and awards, V./2 
Wright, Sally 
Gard ening, A New World for 
Children, ey: Za 
Wyman, Donald 
Ground fet Plants, VII.24 


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H. HAMILTON Wituiams, PH.D... sit! Biologist (Turf) 
GERTRUDE M. Siig ee Arboretum Education Specialist 


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OCTOBER 1967 
Vol. XVII, No.4 


Lasca Leaves 


Quarterly publication of the California Arboretum Foundation, Inc. 


VoL. XVII OcTOBER, 1967 No. 4 


IN THIS SPECIAL ISSUE 


RANCHO SANTA ANITA 
“Place of Many Waters” 


By SUSANNA BRYANT DAKIN 


EDITORIAL COMMITTEE 
Mrs. Ross K. BoorE 
RALPH D. CorNELL 
ERNEST HETHERINGTON 
Mrs. DoLtores HUBBELL 


MILDRED MATHIAS 
F. HAROLD ROACH 
WILLIAM S. STEWART 
Davis DuTTOoN, Editor 


ABOUT THIS ISSUE 
Rancho Santa Anita “Place of Many Waters’ is a reissue (in slightly 
“ee and expanded form) of the article by the late Susanna Bryant 
Dakin which appeared as Vol. VI, No.3 Lasca Leaves (Summer 1956). 


THE COVER 


re striking photograph of the Queen Anne Cottage at the Los Angeles State 
and County Arboretum was made by Mr. Glenn H. Hiatt. 


RANCHO SANTA ANITA 


“Place of Many Waters” 


SUSANNA BRYANT DAKIN 


Thousands of people have come from all over the world to live and 
work within the original boundaries of Rancho Santa Anita (called “Place 
of Many Waters” by the aborigines). They include scientists at the Los 
Angeles State and County Arboretum, scholars at the Huntington Library 
and Art Gallery, promising pupils at the Hugo Reid public school 
in Arcadia. 

Such people may reside on tiny fragments of the Spanish land grant, 
but no boundaries of the mind are imposed upon them. To the history 
makers and recorders of this region, I dedicate my study of their land. 


S. B.D: 
Arcadia, California 
July 15, 1956 


102 


LASCA LEAVES 


Susanna Bryant Dakin 


103 


Susanna Bryant Dakin 


Susanna Bryant Dakin (1905-1966) was widely and affectionately admired 
as one who did great good in a quiet way. Her talents were many and her writings 
on early California, including this article for LAscA LEAVES, reflect a fascination and 
a depth of perception which will long keep her memory alive. 

Susanna Dakin brought an exceptional aura of California background to 
writings such as the Scotch Paisano and to the many works she accomplished in the 
Historical Preserve of the Los Angeles State and County Arboretum. Her father 
was a prominent Los Angeles surgeon who founded the Good Hope Clinic of the 
Hospital of the Good Samaritan. He was the hospital’s chief of staff at one time. 
Her mother, Susanna Bixby Byant, the daughter of early rancher John W. Bixby, 
was the founder of the Arboretum’s sister institution, the Rancho Santa Ana Botanic 
Garden for native plants in Claremont, California, of which Susanna was one of 
the directors. 

Mrs. Dakin was one of the original group of dedicated workers who founded 
and guided the California Arboretum Foundation; and she served as chairman of 
both its Publications Committee and, with Mrs. John R. Mage, its Historical 
Committee. At the time of her death she was active as chairman of the Historical 
Study Committee of the Arboretum Foundation Board of Trustees. Another major 
interest was the Bancroft Library of the University of California. 

In her collaboration with the late Maurice Block on the restoration of the 
Queen Anne Cottage, she enthusiastically shared his “stern sense of excellence.” 
She mentioned that when they first saw this “Lucky” Baldwin Casino it was 
completely deteriorated — empty, vandalized, in need of paint, riddled by termites, 
with the tower about to collapse. The thoughtful, imaginative interpretation which 
resulted from the cooperation of these two gifted artists will yield continuing 
delight for all who come this way. Her untiring efforts were also directed toward 
the remarkably authentic restoration of the Hugo Reid Adobe and the Baldwin 

arriage House. 

_This charmed life came to a tragic end when the plane in which she and her 
family were traveling to Baja California to spend the Christmas holidays crashed 
On a lonely shore of the Sea of Cortez on December 20, 1966. Susanna Dakin’s 
wish that her children might “Gain impetus from the past to pioneer the future,” as 
expressed in the dedication of one of her books, is relevant to all who share her 
intense interest in California history. 


MarIA STEWART 


on LASCA LEAVES 


ParT ONE 


THE PLACE 


SINCE REMOTE TIME, visitors have marveled at a homesite blooming perce 
arid, southern California country. First to come upon this wonder were e nal 
of Shoshonean stock and tradition, who roamed the region for ee 
Spanish occupation. They gaily decked their nakedness with flowers ai io tie 
spring-fed lake. A settlement grew alongside, which they named Aleup- 
“Place of Many Waters.” ches and 
The Indian homes were low round huts (jacales) built of bent oak Mae oe 
woven tule reeds from the water’s edge. Through the years, discon nel orn 
heads, pestles, pots and baskets, cold-weather and ceremonial mar athe 
ments and shell money, human and animal bones—all these have aided in 
re-creation of a vanished, carefree way of life. -_ abounded 
The limited Indian population had a plentiful supply of food. Fish a i snakes 
the lake, and birds in the reeds and bushes. The Indians also ate a oo as feared 
and animals—excluding only the rattler and the bear (whose black DONT ae 
to contain a wizard’s soul). Grasshopper roasted on a stick was consider e ae 
Everything grew wild and needed no tending. Besides the reeds an < ie 
_ used for weaving, local trees and plants provided edible acorns, no berries 
chia (a blue-flowered sage from which nutritious mush was made), 100 idianu . 
and fruit.Soap came from a star-flowered marsh plant (Chlorogalum pomer! m 
Certain plants were thought to have healing properties. A local no df 
would have prescribed wild tobacco pills to cure fever, whipping with br aralysis 
_ hettle and drinking the juice of Datura meteloides (Jimson weed) for bs net 
Rheumatism received a heat cure through the application of pressed ated 0 
fuzz, set on fire—like spunk. Lime pounded up with wild tobacco was ded lyit$ 
_ Clean out the stomach and bladder. “Purification” after child-birth inclu 
_ on hot rocks in a sweat house. 


_ important part in the history of Rancho Santa Anita, concluded that 4 and } 
mit the diseases then prevalent, inasmuch as syphilis was unknown, bran ee 
_ associates unused, and high living at low ebb, their nosology was Very Tag 
_ Due to diet (everything was unrefined and eaten cold) “they carried the 
_ perfect to the grave.” indi 
oe The Scot, informed by his Indian wife, was first to reveal facets of dirt 
: - life completely unknown to the conqueror race. Far from being st ste 
“diggers” fitted only for servitude, these Shoshones once had an advanced S!°°— 


o 
ay 
Pa 


. . la ; 
Hugo Reid, a pioneer anthropologist and a Scotsman who was " a 


E 
; 


i 


LASCA LEAVES 105 


of government, an imaginative mythology and belief in a Deity so sacred that His 
name never was mentioned aloud, a spoken language with nuances—though no 
literature. The so-called “court” language and traditions came down through the 
generations by word of mouth. Elders were venerated for their memories and store 
of knowledge. Hugo Reid mastered the language and talked to many of the “old 
ones”, recording conversations over a twenty-year period (from his first visit 


to California in 1832 to the year of his death, 1852). 
In the old days, trade was carried on with neighboring tribes, and warfare 
seemed almost unknown. But they all possessed weapons, for hunting, and it is 
difficult to see why these aborigines—living the unpressured life of natural man in 
a productive land—should have yielded without a struggle to Spanish conquest. 
ey far out-numbered the first white men to reach California. Perhaps the ap- 
pealing piety and intrepid character of the “founding fathers” convinced them of 
the need to change their ways. Hugo Reid, a sceptic, wrote an account of the 
Indian “conversion” that the Church banned for many years (16).! 
_More than two hundred years after discovery by Spanish explorers, Alta Cali- 
fornia was colonized for the King of Spain by members of the Franciscan order 
traveling afoot and unarmed through hundreds of wilderness miles along the coast. 
‘Numbers in parenthesi ilable in California libraries are books, 
gublished. articles Gace cane ee oe oe individual owners of Rancho 
California hi “ happened to be an extraordinary man, sym g ICCESSIV 


106 LASCA LEAVES 


The intent of these gray-robed, sandalled priests—carrying no more than meager 
provisions, some seeds and tools—was two-fold: to save the Indians’ souls and with 
their labor to start the string of twenty-one coastal missions that would stretch, 
eventually, from San Diego in the south to San Rafael, above San Francisco Bay. 
Spanish soldiery and other colonists arrived by land and sea to aid the padres, 
whose planning contained elements that were military, political and economic, a 
well as religious. Presidios and pueblos sprang up in mission neighborhoods, like 
el Pueblo de la Reina de los Angeles not far from la Misién de San Gabriel. 
Following the establishment of San Gabriel (to become “Queen of the Mis 
sions”) in 1771, a vast acreage was claimed by the Church to sustain the many 
converts. The fertile “Place of Many Waters” came under ecclesiastical jurisdiction 
as the mission rancho called Santa Anita. Persuaded by priests, prodded by soldiers, 
the Indians burned their own homes at Aleup-kig-na and elsewhere in the region. 
They exchanged their freedom for the complete care of body and soul offered under 
the Franciscan system. Great numbers came to live in dormitories (called monjorios) 
within the mission walls. With unending labor, they carried out the great design. 


JUAN CRESPI — SPLENDID WAYFARER 
iz ather Juan Crespi belonged to that small company of “splendid wayfarers’ — 
missionary explorers who penetrated the world’s wilderness in attempts to 7 . 
the Christian faith beyond safe, established boundaries. Through the centuris 
they recorded what they saw and did; and of all the diaries in church archives, 
none are better written nor more informative than Crespi’s (4). 

The missionary fervor of this gentle, kindly padre spirited him from a comfort 
able home in Mallorca across the ocean to Mexico, in company with Junipero Serta 
across the North American Continent and up the entire length of the Californias— 
often afoot and alone, always unarmed. Crespi was asked by Serra, el padre pres 
dente, to record the historic Portola expedition, seeking mission sites for the 
Franciscan order in Alta California — 1769-70. 


gee San Gabriel Valley he saw with dawn-struck eyes on Sunday, on 30, 
ied rom a camp site in the Puente hills his party entered “A valley of very yi 
ve oaks and sycamores.” He recorded, “We then descended to a broad ; 
ens plain of fine black earth, with much grass, although we found it pa 
oe travelling for an hour through the valley we came to an arroyO of wale’ 

= wows among many green marshes, their banks covered with willow 2% 
Srapes, blackberries and innumerable Castilian rosebushes loaded with sist 
“The wild roses of California reminded Father Crespi of Spanish natives. He was the “ 


LASCA LEAVES 107 


In the midst cf the verdure runs a good channel of water which when measured 
was found to have a volume of three quarters of a square yard. It runs along the 
foot of the mountains, and can easily be used to irrigate the large area of good land 
that the valley has. The valley has a length from north to south of about three 
leagues, and is surrounded by ranges of hills. The one to the north is very high 
and dark and has many corrugations, and seems to run farther to the west. The 
others are not so high and they run from east to west. The plain must be about 
six leagues long. We camped near the arroyo of running water, whose banks were 
covered with watercress of which we ate.” 


ogg Sie SS, 
The Indians of Aleup-kig-na may have used canoes fashioned from tules as in this early 
Photograph. 
M When Father Crespi came, a few miles further on, to the Indians’ “Place of 
Pee ee he showed a concept of geology in explaining the water that he 
from a — at the base of the Sierra Madre mountain range, twenty miles away 
form an acific Ocean. Through friction, eons ago, earth stirrings commenced to 
from underground basin in crystalline rock, of great depth and extent. There, water 
ms ee oe and melting snow is retained indefinitely and comes to the surface at 

Spots, like Aleup-kig-na, the ancient homesite of Rancho Santa Anita. 


108 LASCA LEAVES 


The local Indians believed that subterranean activities, whose significance they 
dimly comprehended, were caused by the stirrings — in sleep or anger — of seven 
giants who held the world upon their shoulders. The even more thrilling geological 
story of the region has been revealed by scientists at California Institute of 
Technology.* 

Because of terrifying, frequent earthquakes the name Temblores was given to 
the arroyo of running water mentioned in Crespi’s diary, and to the mission first 
established on its bank. Later both river and mission were dedicated to San Gabriel. 
But the so-called “Old Mission” actually fell down in an earthquake, and had 
to be rebuilt at a distance — in the present townsite of San Gabriel. 

Of the aborigines, who met the first Spaniards with gifts — baskets of food and 
strings of shells — Crespi wrote: “All this land is populated with a large number 
of Indians who are very gentle, generous and well-formed.” He described theit 
appearance as he first saw them — before they had been reduced, as mission 
neophytes, to servile anonymity in straight, coarse xergas: 

“The women were modestly covered, wearing in front an apron of threads 
woven together which came to the knees, and a deerskin behind. To covet the 
breasts they wear little capes made of hare and rabbit skins of which they make 
strips and twist them like rope. They sew these strips together, to protect 
them from cold as well as for covering for modesty’s sake. Most of the women 
go clothed in the same manner, but all of the men go as naked as Adam in Paradisé 
before he sinned, and they did not feel tht least shame in presenting themselves 
before us, nor did they make any movement to cover themselves, just as though 
the clothing given them by nature were some fine garment.” 


QUEEN OF THE MISSIONS 


Tremendous tasks lay before the Franciscans who would build a missiol 
community in an earthquake-ridden wilderness, the natural haunt of a pagad 
But by 1829, when Alfred Robinson spent a few days in the San Gabriel, the 
place buzzed like a giant hive with a myriad of activities conceived by the priests 
and carried out by their converts. 

Robinson was a Bostonian, rather stiff in bearing and formal in attire, wh? 
traveled for Several years up and down Alta California as resident agent for os 
Boston trading firm, Bryant and Sturgis. His recollections of those years became 
celebrated Life in California, reprinted many times in several languages (17). 
He the visit to San Gabriel and to Santa Anita, the mission rancho: ae 

“It was Saturday evening and as we approached the buildings of the Missi 
the chapel bells tolled the hour for prayer. Hiureds of Indians ws kneelin oe 
the ground, and as the tolling ceased, they slowly rose to retire, and a merry P* 
announced the coming of the Sabbath. . 

“The director of San Gabriel was Father José Sanchez, who for many J 


_ 8The study was initiated by the late Dr. John Buwalda. 


LASCA LEAVES 109 


had controlled the establishment which, through his management, had advanced 
to its present flourishing condition. Possessing a kind, generous and lively dis- 
position, he had acquired, in consequence, a multitude of friends, who constantly 
flocked around him; whilst through his liberality the needy wanderer, of whatever 
nation or creed, found a home and protection in the Mission. 

“In the morning, at six o’clock, we went to the church where the priest had 
already commenced the service of the mass. The imposing ceremony, glittering 
ornaments and illuminated walls, were well adapted to captivate the simple mind of 
the Indian, and I could not but admire the apparent devotion of the multitude, 
who seemed absorbed, heart and soul, in the scene before them. The solemn music 
of the mass was well selected, and the Indian voices accorded harmoniously with 
the flutes and violins that accompanied them. . . 

“There are several extensive gardens attached to this Mission, where may be 
found oranges, citrons, limes, apples, pears, peaches, pomegranates, figs and 
grapes in abundance. From the latter they make yearly from four to six hundred 
barrels of wine, and two hundred of brandy; the sale of which produces an income 
of more than twelve thousand dollars. The storehouse and granaries are kept well 
supplied, and the corridor in the square is usually heaped up with piles of hides 
and tallow. Besides the resources of the vineyard, the Mission derives considerable 
revenue from the sale of grain; and the weekly slaughter of cattle produces a suffi- 
cient sum for clothing and supporting the Indians. 

“The two ‘ranchos’ of St. Bernardino and Sta. Anita are included in the 

Possessions of the Mission; the former of these has been assigned by the padres 
for the sole purpose of domesticating cattle, and is located some leagues distant, 
in a secluded valley among the mountains; the latter is for cultivation, and is one 
of the fairy spots to be met with so often in California. On the declivity of a hill is — 
erected a molino, or gristmill, surrounded with fruit trees and flowers. A beau 
lake lies calm and unruffled in front, and all around fresh streams are gushing from 
the earth, and scattering their waters in every direction. It would be a magnificent 
spot for a summer retreat, and much reminded me of many of the beautiful locations 
to be met with in the vicinity of Boston. 
___ “The Mission of St. Gabriel was founded in the year 1771, and its population, 
Including the two ranchos before mentioned, now numbered from twelve to fifteen 
hundred. It was thought at one time to possess from eighty to over a hundred 
thousand head of cattle, besides horses, mules, and sheep, in countless numbers 
Which run at large. No advantage is derived from them beyond the value of their 
hides and tallow, and thus thousands of dollars are yearly left to perish on 
the field . . , 

“Speaking of the rich character of the valley of San Gabriel, the 
Say that years subsequently [after the Secularization Act was pas 

; all temporal control from the mission padres] 
tO petition the government for the possession of the Santa Anita Rancho, located 
in the very heart of this valley, which he could easily have obtained gratis, had he 

it expedient to do so, as it only required the consent of the presiding 


author would 
sed, in 1833, 


110 LASCA LEAVES 


missionary, with that of the territorial governor, to have obtained it. The author, 
having no idea of remaining in the country, had no desire for it. The same 
property now would be worth millions of dollars to him.” 


DONA VICTORIA REID 


It was a triumph for the Franciscans when the Comicrabits, family of chieftains, 
came to live within the mission walls at San Gabriel. According to custom each 
Indian convert received a Christian name, and the small girl among them became 
Bartoloméa to the padres. Twenty years later, upon marrying a British subject, she 
took the name of Victoria, the young girl then being crowned Queen of the British 
Empire. Ever after, Hugo Reid’s wife was known as “Doma Victoria” to the 
vecinos who revered her for aristocratic grace, medical skill and unbounded 
hospitality. 

A beautiful Indian’s enduring romance with a handsome, educated Scot pro 
vided Helen Hunt Jackson with source material for “Ramona” — the best-selling 
novel which in the 1880s aroused almost as much sympathy for the abused red race 
as had “Uncle Tom’s Cabin” for negro slaves before the Civil War. 

Dofia Victoria’s knowledge of her people, elicited and recorded through the 
years by an understanding husband, was used with telling effect and full acknow- 
ledgement by a friend and neighbor named Benjamin Davis Wilson, a native 
of Tennessee, 

“Don Benito,” who entered California in 1841 as a trapper with the Woke 
party from New Mexico, acted as first United States Indian Agent in the territory: 
He wrote a humane report in *52, attempting to interest President Fillmore in long- 
needed regulation of Indian affairs, and outlining a long-range program. 

After the Secularization Act ended paternalism in the missions, providing es 
lay administration, the Indian neophytes fared very badly — ridden and decimated 
by the white men’s diseases, no longer protected by the padres, exploited as pee 
servants, deprived of ancestral lands — even though the Act allowed for distributio? 
of land and livestock to each converted Indian. 

Dona Victoria was one of the few Indians ever to own land as an individual. 
To her Scottish husband she brought a dowry of San Gabriel mission land acqu 
im appreciation of early, housekeeping services to the padres. This was known 4 

Huerta de Cuati” [“Orchard of the Twins”] and later acquired by “Don sp 
Wilson (21), who changed the name to “Lake Vineyard.” 

; In successive decades, “Don Benito” went on from his poorly-paid government 
job as Indian Agent to become a leading orchardist, vineyardist and vintnert f 
Southern California. Also he made a great deal of money in real estate me 
received many honors — being elected State Senator, becoming a founding aes 
of the San Gabriel school board, and serving as director in oil, telegraph a” 
railroad companies. 


He participated in successful development in the area, and had a mountail 


LASCA LEAVES 111 


cranes eeannneeeenniins 


on henit ° eine ms ee = ae se aes ere re eameapnceen ee a agen “* . 
city of Sagan built a home in the San Gabriel Valley on a site which is now a part of the 
no—(Reproduced by permission of The Huntington Library.) 


nam : ; 
teins —with a famous observatory built upon it. But in 1877, when 
Gee tecucet i aE Bancroft as a pioneer prominent in all these fields, Wilson’s 
eee the as that he be recorded as “a friend of the Indians and credited with 
ce eir settlement on reservations.” 
Oe Gen to Hugo Reid, Dofia Victoria di 
aged weet portion of the original Rancho Sant 
mieliber ie 18 er first, Indian husband — christened Pablo Mari 
Of seca 36 or early ’37. Twenty years her 
ied Siena lineage who managed the large 
hilaee nn Eulalia Pérez. After his death, the 
‘in dding ae ward of Dofia Eulalia. Indeed the week- 
i place at San Pasqual (the present site of 
children std people’s astonishment, the young 
aed Fes is own. According to extant mission reco 
of Seu ba Dolores, Maria Ygnacio 
ete ea 16 ) (12) and the baby, Carlitos. 
“Seascape ror i California, first from their step-father and 
illiam Hartnell’s pioneer colegio (5b) in Monterey. 


d not occupy her orchard 
4 Anita). Nor did she ever 
a — who died of 


young widow lived on, 
long celebration of her second 
Pasadena). 


rds, they were four in number, 


112 LASCA LEAVES 


The Reid’s first home was a two-story adobe in San Gabriel near the mission, 
built Monterey-style. The mud-brick construction was strengthened by heavy 
timbers cut and hauled from the forests of San Bernardino; the roof was shingled, 
as was rare in southern California. The Scot used the upper floor (where his wife 
never would go, for fear of earthquakes) for a schoolroom and library. Here he 
kept books, including a set of Shakespeare and Byron’s poems; newspapers and 
magazines sent by far-away friends, ranging from “London Punch” to the “Poly- 
nesian” published in Sandwich.‘ Red chile peppers drying on the rafters, and 
clusters of Indian corn added color to the large room. 
| There were daily lessons in French, English, Spanish, arithmetic and geo 
_ graphy. Don Hugo, a born and experienced teacher, took keen pleasure in giving 

them. He was a linguist, a skilled accountant, and the geography lessons wer 
thrilling reviews of his own adventures. They served as an outlet for the 
wanderlust that had been stemmed by marriage. The children listened, wide-eyed, 
and went at their studies with fervor. 

In the dusty twilight of the attic, their step-father revealed to them the sesamit 
quality of education. As a result, they did not rebel at the drudgery of learning 
grammar rules and how to spell hard words. 

Dofia Victoria, for whom reading and writing were against nature, used all 
her ingenuity to find distractions for the young ones. She feared that too much 
indoor application would ruin their health. Gardening, fancy work and teaching 
household skills to Indian servants occupied her time — when there was no 
entertaining to be done. 

Within a year after Hugo’s marriage, William Heath Davis came from Sai 
Francisco to San Gabriel on a business trip, and stayed with the Reid family. ot 
course he had been offered hospitality of the home for as long as he liked, by 22 
ig ‘keane This was the custom in a country without hotels. But Davis accepted 
Reid’s invitation doubtfully — fearing, like many others, that the Scot had become 
a typical “squaw man,” that he would find himself in a brush jacal or at 
a two-room adobe swarming with pulgas (fleas) and dark, dirty little “digge™ 
Instead, following directions with a companion, he drew rein at a two-story home 
rivalling that belonging to the United States Consul, Thomas Larkin in Montert); 
and found “old Reid” living happily and luxuriously with a companionable ye 
dressed Castilian-style, like the “Scotch Paisano” himself. ; 

__Standing in the doorway, they made a striking pair — both above age 
height and each the flowering of a race. The Anglo-Saxon was ruddy blonde W 
ep blue eyes of a sea-captain; the Indian more mysterious in appe@ with 

crow-black hair and large dark eyes somber in repose but lighted 1°W 
welcome for her husband’s friends. of 
. “bia visitors were “surprised and delighted with the excellence and neatness 

e housekeeping of the Indian wife, which could not have been excelled. an 
of which were furnished us to sleep upon were exquisitely neat, with cove’, 

satin, the sheets and pillowcases trimmed with lace and highly ornamen 


4As the Hawaiian Islands then were called. 


LASCA LEAVES 113 


(From the ancient Dofia Eulalia Pérez she had learned the European arts of lace- 
making and embroidery.) Treasures from Don Hugo’s travels mingled harmoniously 
with Dona Victoria’s furnishings: her conventional Spanish furniture, religious pic- 
tures and images, lace curtains — still favored by the privileged class in the late 
1830s, long after the military conquest by Spain. The Indian children they found 
strikingly handsome, well-dressed and well-mannered. 

William Heath Davis, in a widely read book (6b), revealed much about the 
Reid’s married life. He not only described Dofia Victoria’s household as he found 
it On visits both to San Gabriel and, later, to Rancho Santa Anita, but went on 
to say in general that, “the Indian women of California are far better stock than 
those of Mexico, which accounts in a measure for their finer children.” To Reid’s 
wife he attributed unusual (but not unheard-of) beauty and grace, besides house- 
wifely skills, saying, “there are similar instances of this kind, with other Indian 
wives I could mention, who have been tutored and raised by Castilian [foster] 
mothers,” like Dona Eulalia. 

By the time Hugo Reid, advised by the padres, commenced petitioning for 
Rancho Santa Anita, there were several other claimants. Assured of eventual 
ownership, the Scot took a chance and made improvements calculated to strengthen 
his own claim. On January 27, 1840, he wrote to his good friend William Hartnell, 
Visitador de Misiones by appointment of Governor Alvarado: 

“Bandini (2b) (through your kindness) having given me the necessary 
Possession of Santa Anita, I immediately made corrals and a jacal for the present, - 
until the rains are over. I have sown 10 fanegas of wheat — cleared ground to put 
I a vineyard of 10,000 vines and 1000 fruit trees. I have put on the farm . . . 62 
Mares and in April intend putting on my stock of cattle. 


Or yet will do anything. 

The case dragged along for more than a year before Reid went to Monterey, 
then capital of Alta California, in April "41, and secured a decisive grant from 
- Governor. Wryly the Scot wrote to “Don Abel” Stearns (2b) who, somehow, 

ad accumulated more land than any other man in California: 
: “His Excellency has attended to the papers of my ranch in the same manner 
in which I would dispose of a dish of lima beans for breakfast — fattening myself 
In So-doing,” ae 
oF Ag Reid had written to Hartnell, the ranchhouse that he designed and built 

© homesite at Santa Anita was “flat roof’d and corridor’d — Los Angeles 
gi Black pitch for the roof, called brea, came from treacherous oil pits west of 
Tn, Lueblo (since ancient times a trap for man, bird and beast). Adobe bricks were 

ade and sun-dried on the ranch by Indians experienced in mission buildings. Some 


114 _ LASCA LEAVES 


of the same ones had helped, a few years earlier, to build the more pretentious San 
Gabriel house called Uva Espina, in which the family continued to live. Often 
the Reids rode or drove in a carreta® to Santa Anita — sometimes bringing padres 
or other friends to advise on construction problems. 

The new, low house (one-story out of deference to Dona Victoria’s fear of 
earthquakes) was L-shaped, placed on an eminence overlooking the San Gabriel 
valley cn the south and in view of the Sierra Madre mountains. The garden planting 
grew luxuriantly. 

The children, most of all, loved the Santa Anita — for the fish, easy to catch 
in the lake; the birds nesting in the tules and water grasses; the wild grapevines 
festooning the trees and forming hiding-places; the horses to pet and ride. 

Running the ranch entailed seasonal activities such as siembra, or the sowing 
of wheat and corn in December; harvest from July to September; irrigating and 
Picking at various times; grape gathering and wine-making — Don Hugo's maif 
interest as a ranchero; then the great rodeo, or roundup of cattle in April, and 
smaller ones throughout the year for la matanza (slaughtering), doctoring, de- 
horning or branding. Of course there were intermittent activities like hide curing, 
garden fencing, gopher killing, adobe repair and whitewashing after heavy fall. 
Indian laborers lived as they used to, with their families in jacales near the lake, 
and an old mill built by the padres was repaired and used. 

_ With so much to do at Santa Anita— and a nice new house to stay in — the 
Reids spent increasing time at the ranch. When William Heath Davis came agai 
(in November 1843) with a business associate and fellow countryman of Don 
Hugo’s named James McKinley, he found the whole family living there in lavish 
style. His description of meals served at Santa Anita is mouthwatering (6b): 

“During our stay as guests at Santa Anita, we feasted daily on good food. For 
breakfast we had honey (the production of the land, and in fact everything we . 
was), fresh eggs from the poultry yard, which was well stocked with chickens, 
ducks, geese and turkeys; coffee, with rich cream; chocolate and tea; ‘chino pe 
(curley beans), which looked like scrambled eggs, especially for breakfast: 
tortillas made of flour or corn; but no butter, strange to say, with hundreds of 
cows on the place, but however this was characteristic of the ranchos at that seas? 
of the year. This composed the first meal of the day. The cloth was neat, and the 
furniture of the table exquisitely clean. 

__“As the house clock sounded the noon hour the visitors were summoned by Z 
ae serous te the dining room for a midday meal, which was a solid nee . 
veel steak with and without onions, broiled beef, stewed chickens, OF hash m 

of carne seca (dried beef) with scrambled eggs mixed, seasoned with onions, toma 
toes, and a sprinkling of red Pepper (this dish was very palatable), beams prepared 
with plenty of gravy, the water from which it was boiled preparatory for the pe 
; ae and seasoning; homemade bread, California wine, and finished with bl i 
sistent hia could not be excelled in respect to neatness and in pr 


According to custom, the Rei 

eid 

ye But, fundamentally, it was pay ten 
ose 


probably was upholstered in calico and Cash a pait 
‘of oxen, similar to th : 


S a large creaking cart with solid wood wheels, drawt 
used in transporting mission produce to the nearest seaport. 


comfort 


| 
| 
q 
. 


LASCA LEAVES 115 


“The dinner consisted of chicken soup, roast ducks, guisado de carne richly 
flavored, sweet potatoes grown on the land, frijdles, chicken salad, and lettuce. This 
fine dinner was served with old wine of the make of the Mission of San Gabriel, 
and custard and pies and coffee. 

“During our stay of nearly two months, we were well fed, the meals varying 
but little from day to day in the makeup of the viands. On Sundays for dinner a 
turkey this week, roast geese for the next, and for the third Sunday roast ducks, 
and so on to the end of our sojourn, and we regretted when the day of our de- 
parture had arrived, which was the day succeeding the festivals of Christmas, the 
birth of our Saviour. 

“These festivals were prepared in grand style, with all the nice things for the 
celebration of such happy occasion . . . The turkeys had been fattened for more 
than a month previously, with walnuts whole with the shells on pushed down the 
throats of the mutinous birds as part of their food, the flavor of which is still on my 
palate, or the remembrance of it. There were many invited guests who contributed 
largely to the enjoyment of the occasion, and dancing prevailed after the sun had 
appeared above the peaks of the lofty mountains . . . 

“Both Reid and his wife were epicures, and they had everything (their own 


A Portion of the Arboretum’s Historical Preserve as it appears today: in the foreground is a rec- 
f Hugo Reid. 


ousiructed corral and several Indian wickiups; behind is the restored adobe home © 


116 LASCA LEAVES 


The interior of 
California perio 


the Hugo Reid Adobe has been furnished in a style characteristic of the early 
d. 
market place on the hacienda) to entertain visitors sumptuously. Donia Victoria i 
a fine Indian cook who had been educated in the art at the Mission of San Gabrit!, 


though the lady herself superintended more or less in the preparation of OU 
good living. 


same town, and knew each other in the Old Country; hence the great a 
me as his friend, by Don Hugo and Dona pial, 
. of the Santa Anita rancho . . . It was then B® 
most picturesque spot of Southern California, with mountains, valleys, springs - 
ery streams. You would observe in riding over the rancho its havite 
more than its pro rata of towering and overspreading liveoak trees, manzanit@, 
laurel “ other forest in comparison with other ranchos. 

“Reid was a cultivated and educated man, a big-hearted man, a thorough 
accountant and bred as a merchant in his own country ... The hospitality show" 
to McKinley and myself, not only by Reid himself but by his Indian wife, ¥® 
sumptuous. A Castilian lady of standing could not have bestowed on us = greate! 

scribed @ 


attention or gracious de t the 
‘ g ness than was extended to us as I have desc 
Santa Anita’.” 


LASCA LEAVES Li? 


THE DIBBLEE LETTERS 


More than a decade elapsed between the end of the peak years at Rancho 
Santa Anita, under Reid ownership, and its acquisition as an investment by Corbitt 
and Dibblee in 1858.° During the absentee ownership of Henry Dalton, then the 
inept management of a circus man named Rowe, many fine plantings of mission 
stock suffered from neglect and even disappeared — especially the garden plants 
and trees that had no practical value. Tules encroached on the once-clear water of 
the lake, and its level went down during drought years until it seemed scarcely 
more than a marsh. 

The countryside also changed, as did the easy-going, hospitable atmosphere 
during the war years and subsequent transition from Mexican to American ways. 
Life in the San Gabriel Valley no longer centered around the mission. It took little 
time, during the secularization process, to destroy what had been years in the 
building. Hugo Reid wrote sadly: “Destruction came as a thief in the night. The 
whites rejoiced at it. T hey required no encouragement, and seemed to think it 
would last forever. Even the mere spectators were gladdened at the sight, and 
many of them helped themselves to a sufficiency of calves to stock farms.” 

_ As the pueblo of Los Angeles displaced San Gabriel in importance, hotels were 
built and the stranger no longer participated in home life as a matter of course. 
He could easily remain unaware of its delights. For instance, when young Thomas 
Dibblee came to look over the Santa Anita and report on conditions there to his 
brother Albert, it was natural that he should stay at a hotel — not in a run-down 
ranch-house nor a strange home. He was accompanied by his sister Helen, an 
elegant young lady from New York who found southern California quite disappoint- 
ing. They wrote together from Los Angeles on March 25, 1859, to Albert in 
San Francisco: 


Dear Brother, 

Your letter to Ellie per Overland Mail was received yesterday 
afternoon, the mail having been delayed by upsetting of stage. We had a 
pleasant passage in the ‘Senator’, and a good day for the ride from San 
Pedro here, on Sunday, the sky being overcast . . . 

Ellie was not affected by the journey. We were told on arriving at the 
hotel there was no room, but after Mr. Banning (14) spoke to the 
Proprietor, we were led through a dirty alley between wooden shanties, 
© an old wooden house on the rear of the lot, up an outside wooden 
stair and in the second story of the house shown a room which Ellie was 
to have, and another room which Mr. Burnett and I were to occupy in 
common with two other persons. 

After trying in vain at the ‘Lafayette’ Hotel opposite the first to 
8¢t quarters, and also without success inquiring for a private family where 
both of us or Ellie alone could go, I was compelled to take the above 
Tooms, but in the afternoon changed them for others a little better at the 


“The tenures of Corbitt and Dibblee, Dalton and Rowe all are sketched om pages 127-128. 


118 


LASCA LEAVES 


‘Lafayette’. For myself it would have made of course no difference about 
accommodations, but it has not been very comfortable for Ellie although 
she does not complain. This town is a queer place, very unprepossessing, 
and we have laughed a good deal at the idea of our bringing so many 
things in clothing which will never be required, particularly dresses for 
Ellie. There do not seem to be any ladies here (as we have seen none) 
or any houses in town where any are likely to reside. The whole place 
appears, so far as buildings go, to have felt very little the effect of chang- 
ing from Mexican to American hands and is entirely behind the age. The 
new hotel ‘Bella Union’, not yet finished, is a good brick two story build- 
ing; there are two or three other two story buildings, the rest are old and 
dilapidated, low, flat-roofed, one story adobes, except here and there a 
one story brick store. But of course ten years hence there will be great 
improvements. There are many vineyards near town, generally on sandy 
soil . . . and at this time the vines being mere scraggly trunks without 
leaves, the places are uninviting. The Sanseverain vineyard however looks 
fine having shade trees about it which others generally have not. 

We intended to go to the Ranch (St. Anita) on Monday but it rained 
a drizzle all day and we deferred it until Tuesday when we went. Mr. 
Corbitt on his horse, and Ellie, Mr. Burnett, myself, and Mr. Leighton, 
surveyor, in a two horse buggy. After all the bare coast country and many 
hills bare of trees on our way out towards San Gabriel we were delighted 
to come to a tract with trees and fine pasture and soon after to enter upon 
the west end of Santa Anita. 

That part of the ranch is covered with trees (small leaved oaks) 
standing apart sufficiently to drive through; the ground here is undulating 
and altogether it forms a very pleasant place; the grass and clover too 
are green now; this description applies to nearly all the part we passed 
through lying west of the house and also from a short distance north 
of the house, northerly to the mountains, but in parts above there are 
Open places or fields clear of timber. The trees are oak I should think, and 
their trunks are rough and crooked and the branches also crooked and 
wide spread. Among these trees and knolls there are several spots quite 
Picturesque; back of the whole ranch at the north, rise up abruptly the 
Sierra Madre Mountains, steep and rugged and bare except the gullies 
which appear to be filled with brush and scrub timber; the top of the 
range is broken into sharp peaks. Around the house the ground Is 
probably moist as it is covered with a thick growth of clover grass and 
mallows and near by is the springy place which is now being converted 
into a “mill pond” and from which is a fine flow of water. East of the 
house is the vineyard and beyond for miles lies the plain, extending far 
beyond the end of the ranch; on this plain are the sheep and not far off 
from them a herd of cattle, the latter belonging to some Drover, I believes 
and beyond the ranch, south of the house about %4 mile distant com- 


LASCA LEAVES 119 


There are some other poor fields but I think that generally the soil is good 
and in many parts very rich. One trouble is the ground is full of gophers 
(don’t know whether I spelled it correctly). The house is situated on a 
bare knoll commanding an extensive view to the eastward, but behind the 
house( westwardly) is a high knoll with a very gradual rise having some 
good oaks upon it and being altogether a better place for the house 
except that it is further from water; but it was a mistake . . . not to have 
built either there or on the edge of the oaks on the rising ground a little 
further towards the mountains, where are some green and beautiful spots 
probably capable of being watered from springs which ought to exist 
near the foot of the mountains toward which the ground gradually rises. 

The house is a one story adobe in form of an L about 59 on one 
side by 80 on the other and one part 20 feet deep, the other 18 feet deep, 
divided into three rooms in one branch and (as they told me) five rooms 
in the other, the latter being for the hired persons.’ It is one uniform 
height outside; ceiling of one room I measured being 9 feet 4 inches. The 
wall of one of the ends (the west) was cracked and settled and will 
require to be rebuilt if it is intended to keep up the house eventually. 
The roof is good apparently; I should think first rate, and is of shingle — 
T should have said the rest of the walls seem good and that I did not 
discover cracks except as above, but they cught to be protected from the 
wet by either very wide eaves to the roof or some other means,—a piazza 
could have been built but it would have cost a great deal as the length 
would be very great. There ought at any rate to have been around about 
half distance and projecting eaves for the remainder; the eaves now project 
about 15 or 18 inches and it would have cost very little more to have 
made them project double that; the outer plastering has mostly 
crumbled. Four of the rooms are floored, none are ceiled and there are 
no window sashes . . 

I am much pleased with the ranch and agreeably disappointed as 
from what little I had seen of a few of them and of the country previously, 
I was prepared to see a very dry, mountainous, uninteresting place. I 
doubt whether others look as well—I do not know what the effect of 
summer may be on it as I have no experience of this. There is some land 
which would probably be green but I do not believe there is much of it. 

Mr. Corbitt is very enthusiastic, I fear rather too much so, but at 
the same time he is very energetic about it and enters into the matter with 
Zest. There are a number of men now at work driving on the ditches, etc., 
for the vineyard. The latter is not yet completed although in good progress 
— he is driving it on as fast as possible and has now gone out to stay 
some days there. He has some difficulty about men — some leaving un- 
©xpectedly sometimes and making it necessary to get others.— 

March 26th 
‘ Ellie seems to like the place — I am finishing this letter at “Thomp- 
{mi 


Ust be remem : st it appeared 
after Dal; bered that Thomas Dibblee is describing the adobe ranchhouse as it appe 
ton neglect and Rowe alterations amounting to the then large sum of $6000. 


120 LASCA LEAVES 


sons’, a little tavern about five or six miles from the house [at El Monte] 
where I have come with Ellie for a few days, this being the nearest to the 
ranch where I can find a place to stay. The fruit trees and cuttings arrived 
yesterday at Los Angeles and have been sent to the Ranch. I am just 
going over to see the setting out. I have not examined them but Mr. Cor- 
bitt looked at them; he says the trees are budded some and vines look 
very dry; also that the cuttings are so small he will have to plant them 
at present in a nursery, as, if put out in the usual way in the vineyard, 
they will be ploughed up and otherwise stand a poor chance. 


Corbitt’s and Dibblee’s plans for developing the Santa Anita were intelligent 

and extensive. But an increasing loss of confidence in Corbitt by the Dibble 
brothers, added to problems induced by the drought years, caused their decision to 
sell the property. 
Albert Dibblee was especially disappointed, because he envisioned a paradise 
in the Santa Anita. This appears in a letter to his older brother William who, of all 
of the brothers, knew most about agriculture. He managed the family farm at 
Kingston, New York state. Writing from San Francisco to New York, April 1, 1858 
Albert admits: 


I have never seen the property, but have as good a knowledge of it as 
one can derive from witnesses and all agree in describing it as one of the 
best Ranchos in the Southern country. 

In 1854, Jos. A. Rowe, then a successful circus proprietor (having 
returned from Australia with a reported $100,00 to $150m)_ after 
examining that part of the State, selected his Rancho and paid for it 
$33,000,—he also spent $6,000 in re-building a house now upon it and 
other expenses for an orchard and etc., say in all $40,000 and over. 

We paid for the property, 13,316 acres @ 1.25,—$16,645. 

The great drawback of most Ranchos in Cala, is want of wood and 
water. This one is abundantly supplied with both,—in fact the wood 
could be sold for a large sum. Corbitt is in active business and cannot 
reside on the Rancho, nor can I. 

The Southern country is our vine growing district, the production 
of the grape there is almost fabulous, far surpassing the yield in Europe: 
The culture is attracting great attention, already many are going down = 
Los Angeles to engage in it. Already several persons have made fortunes 
by their vineyards. 

| Santa Anita is admirably suited for grape growing. Every fruit of 
the temperate zone flourishes there and most of those of the tropics — 0 
anges, almonds, etc., etc. My idea of the property is that it should be 
»secgtiag account for stock raising. Cattle winter themselves, as YOU 
ow, in this State. A few Vaqueros only are needed to keep on the 
Piped wages are about $15. or $18. p. mo. and board, say beef and 
ans. 2 or 3 only are needed for a large number of cattle. 


LASCA LEAVES 


The increase of cattle here would be about 80% an. — that is 80 
calves to 100 cows. 3 year old cows will always have calves and often 
sooner. So you can readily see how rapidly the cattle accumulate if 
not sold off. 

This is to be by far the greatest stock raising State in the Union. 

I think it a safe calculation, 300 cows put on the Rancho and 
looked after, none sold till end of seven years, would then allow 1000 
head p. an. to be sold and still keep the number whole. 

Cattle are usually worth $15 to $18 each in Los Angeles Co. Also 
sheep can be profitably raised by present appearances, as to pay, for 
wool growing. At the present they are valued most for mutton but for 
that purpose they will not always pay. I know less of sheep but think they 
must be very profitable where no expense for wintering is incurred. 


Almonds thrive well, if they can be raised of right quality, say 
Languedoc, or Tarragona, they will pay splendidly,—they yield as quickly 
as peaches I am told. Also I think ali the nuts which are now imported 
from abroad and sold largely here, say English walnuts, pecans, peanuts, 
etc., must do well in that climate and soil. 

If labor becomes cheap, tobacco and cotton can no doubt be raised 
abundantly in Southern California, also sugar cane. 

_ Thave no doubt part of the Santa Anita would be splendid corn 
as it is described as being similar to the “Monte Ranch”, some 
off, which is the best corn land in Cala. There is but little land in the State 
fit for corn, owing to the long dry summer and hard clay soil. Santa 
Anita is a light loamy soil and never bakes and has moisture in it 
from springs. 

The Rancho is all bottom land, lying along the ba 
of mountains, which are and always will be public lands, 


land, 
miles 


se of a high range 
as they are not 


121 


122 


LASCA LEAVES 


worth taking up,—but at certain times of the year they are said to afford 
a very good range for cattle. 

My opinion is that the Southern country (Los Angeles Co. is the 
best part) must fill up quite rapidly and it is destined to be the richest 
agricultural portion of the State. Taken care of properly I think Santa 
Anita, ten years hence, will be a fine estate. If I can get time I will send 
you a sketch map of the property. 

Neighbors, of course, are scarce in that country and the Spanish 
element largely predominates as yet, but Americans are fast coming in 
and will by degrees drive out the Spanish. Many of the old and wealthy 
Californians still retain their property and are said to be very pleasant 
and polite people to associate with. Of the Americans, there are many 


Where Rancho Santa Anita had its 

innings: A nineteenth-century pho- 
tograph of Ranch Santa Anita shows 
the lake and the adobe. 


LASCA LEAVES 


highly respectable people now residing there. Old Dr. White who was 
well known in St. Louis in his cholera practice has a vineyard and house 
adjoining Santa Anita (but remember, S. A. is 7 or 8 miles long and 
some 3 broad); also M. Wilson, State Senator, adjoins it with his vine- 
yard. J find many here are thinking of investing in the vinegrowing 
country and I believe a good population, Germans and French, will by 
degrees get in there... . 

I think this Rancho if used carefully would within ten years pay 
More profits than 80 or 90 such farms as you have at Kingston . . . 

The climate of Los Angeles is one of the healthiest in the world. 
Summers J think by all accounts, milder than New York, nights always 
cool (this is a guarantee against the lassitude of your hot summer days 


123 


‘124 LASCA LEAVES 


and sleepless nights). Winter a little chilly, but only agreeably so. You 
may judge how wild the winters are from the oranges rip2ning in Jany. 
and Feby. (this is a very profitable fruit also,) in fact Los Angeles County 
is the garden of California. 


The Old Arcade Depot of the Southern Pacific Railroad in Los Angeles, about 1861. The 
orange trees beyond were part of the 100-acre grove belonging to William Wolfskill. 
(Courtesy of Title Insurance and Trust Company, Los Angeles.) 


any great labor. In August I shall probably go down and see the Rancho... 
. Winter is the time for nearly all kinds of farming operations in this 
_ Country. I have written 5 times as much as I meant, but couldn't say 


LASCA’ LEAVES 125 


all in less. Wish I had a chance to talk this over with you and mother and 
Thomas. It would be farming on a scale one might be proud of after 
a few years. 


THE HOME PLACE 


Albert Dibblee never saw the Santa Anita while he owned it. The rancho 

remained a beautiful dream — to tantalize him in the midst of all the corruption, 
violence, arson, greed from which San Francisco suffered during the Gold Rush, 
and for a few years afterwards. During the 1850s, Vigilantes formed of the better 
element acted outside the law, because no enforcement was possible under corrupt 
city and state officials. 
__ Unpublished family papers reveal Albert Dibblee as a member of the a 
inner Vigilante Committee of Three.(7)® At that time, and for a few years longer, 
he lived alone in a ramshackle apartment above a store (his money was mostly 
made in trade). Four times the city burned, in as many years. The scream of sirens, 
the shouts of drunken miners often disturbed the young man who lay dreaming 
of Rancho Santa Anita in the peaceful, sunny south. 

Not for twenty years was the Dibblee dream materialized, and then by a 
man of equal, and oddly similar vision. “Lucky” Baldwin fell in love with Santa 
Anita and bought it straightway (14) — with a fortune wrested from a violent, 
northern scene. The Comstock Lode, flourishing a quarter century after the 
Mother Lode, offered silver instead of gold to greedy miners from all over the world. 

Tangible evidence of vision combined with industry, was described by H. H. 
Bancroft during a visit to “Lucky” Baldwin’s “Home Place” in 1891, when Rancho 
Santa Anita appeared at the very peak of production. Like many visitors before him, 
and many more afterwards, the historian was moved to rhapsody: 

“The scene is one of fairy-like loveliness, not only the little 
and its surroundings,? but the entire estate, with its groves and vineyard, its golden 
fruit and waving harvest, its shaded drives and vistas of mountain peak and valley, 
carrying the beholder into an ideal region, calm and peaceful as the fabled realm of 
Rasselas, where soft vernal airs induce forgetfulness of the din and turmoil, the 
crowded streets and selfish intensity of city life.” 


bijou residence 


‘Generously loaned by Harrison Dibblee, Jr. of Ross, California. 

SBancroft refer “ : it fi the simple old 
. s to “Lucky’s” elegant house built for entertaining not far from sump: 

adobe, his real residence whi e sO the ranch. Sharing the lake and the mountains, they still are 

strangely separate. Each typifies an era, as did their builders, Reid and Baldwin. 


126 LASCA LEAVES 


Part Two 
THE PEOPLE 


Rancho Santa Anita 
Chain of Title 


King of Spain—1771 
The Mexican Nation—1822 
Hugo Reid—1839-45 
Henry Dalton—1847 
Joseph A. Rowe—1854 
William Corbitt and Albert Dibblee—1858 
William Wolfskill—1865 
Harris Newmark—1872 
Elias Jackson (“Lucky”) Baldwin (and heirs) 1875 
Harry Chandler—1936 
State of California—1947 


KING OF SPAIN—1771 


the King of Spain under the monopolistic Laws of the Indies. Following the 
_ establishment of Mission San Gabriel in Alta California in 1771, more than 13,000 
_ acres, extending north of San Gabriel to the Sierra Madre mountain range, became 
the Mission farming land known as Rancho Santa Anita. Franciscan monks ad- 
ministered it for Many years, 
___ Cattle, horses, hogs, sheep, grain and fruit were raised on the fertile land, the 
_ virgin soil. Water abounded, in springs, streams, and a natural lake where the 
enterprising padres built a grist mill. Besides supplying mission needs, they eng 
_ In a flourishing “hide and tallow” trade with sea captains and “supercargoes” who 
_ Sailed to the West Coast in increasing numbers from the outside world.!° 


THE MEXICAN NATION—1822 


Spanish rule in Alta California yielded to Mexican in 1822, after Mexice® 
revolt against Spain. Temporal power of the Church was broken, throug 
Passage of the Secularization Act of 1833. But the able administration of Rate 
Santa Anita by padres from the San Gabriel Mission continued until secularization 
of all the missions was completed, in the late 1830s. 


_ \6Company agents on shi ike “ ” : ‘ i astal vessels 
_ for the Boston frm of Bryant and Sturge” t"*2°” Robinson, acting on various ¢0 


LASCA LEAVES 127 


Sse : ocieal 
HUGO REID “The Scotch Paisano”—1839-45 


Reid, a Cambridge classmate of Charles Darwin, was a Scot who became a 
. Mexican citizen in 1836 — after several years of trade in South America and 
teaching in Mexico. In ’37 he married an Indian neophyte from San Gabriel Mission, 
and is best remembered for informed and interesting “Letters” on his wife’s 
people. (16) He petitioned for Rancho Santa Anita in 1839, when church property 

was fast passing into private ownership. 

Assured of eventual title, Reid built an adobe ranchhouse, using Indian 
labor, and started new orchard and vineyard plantings. In ’41 he received provi- 
sional title from Governor Alvarado. But not until 1845, on the very eve of 
Mexico’s war against the United States, did the first lay owner of Rancho Santa 

, Anita receive full title from the last Mexican governor of California, Don Pio Pico. 


HENRY DALTON—1847 


Dalton was an English merchant who settled in Southern California in 1843, 
after a successful business career in Lima, Peru. A decade earlier, Hugo Reid had 
been his partner in a trading venture to Hermosillo, Mexico, and they renewed 
the old acquaintance. Like the “Scotch Paisano”, the Englishman became a Mexican 
citizen and a Catholic in order to own land in California and marry a native 
daughter. Dalton’s father-in-law was Don Augustin Zamorano, remembered as 
the first printer in the territory (11). 

5 The newlyweds came to live near the Reid family at Rancho Azusa, adjoining 
pa Anita on the east. During the Mexican War, when Reid became hard-pressed 
© the point of offering Rancho Santa Anita for sale, Dalton bought it for 20 cents 

an acre ($2,700) — although he kept the Azusa as his permanent home. 
admin t tte War, Alta California was ceded to the United States and, in 1850, 
tted to statehood. Henry Dalton’s title to Rancho Santa Anita was upheld by 
byt hehe Board of Land Commissioners, in spite of being a last-minute grant 
ioe i ing Mexican governor. Several such grants the Commissioners ruled 


JOSEPH A. ROWE—1854 


ei ay Owner and star performer of California’s pioneer circus (19), bought 
He al a Anita for $33,000 — retiring from the sawdust ring to raise cattle. 
SO pastured a few wild animals and performing horses. 
an hid — and his pretty wife, both trick riders, were inexperienced and 
thes took ranchers. After giving a mortgage on the place to William Wolfskill, 
& Voici © money and went back in show business — off to Australia — leaving 
an to run the ranch as best he could, until a buyer appeared. 


WILLIAM CORBITT and ALBERT DIBBLEE—1858 


Tend Dibblee, a New Yorker who attained prominence in San Francisco’s 
in eee Political life, bought the Santa Anita as an investment, sight unseen, 
P with a Los Angeles promoter and trader named William Corbitt. 


128 LASCA LEAVES 


They took over the Wolfskill mortgage and acquired a fine ranch of 13,316 acres 
for $16,645. Joseph Rowe, the only owner who did not make a profit out of Ranch 
Santa Anita, wanted to be rid of a burdensome property — even at a 50% loss. 

Neither of the new owners ever lived on the ranch. It was managed by a 
younger brother of Albert Dibblee’s named Thomas, who left a promising law 
practice in New York City to come to Southern California. Albert remained in 
San Francisco, earning the money for capital expenditures. Their hopes rode high 
until the catastrophic years of drought commenced in the early ’60’s, ending the 
great days of cattle ranching in California. 

The beautiful lake at Santa Anita, fed by springs, dried and shriveled into an 
ugly marsh, Livestock died like flies on bare, paper-dry pastureland. When the 
partners decided to sell, Thomas Dibblee moved to Santa Barbara. He married 
into the royal family of the region, that of Don José de la Guerra; and managed 
another ranch, the Lompoc, for his older brother. 


LEONARD ROSE—1865 


Rancho Santa Anita was sold in two sections. The first and most important 
subdivision of Reid’s original grant, 2,000 unimproved acres in the west, went 
to an industrious German named Leonard Rose, for $2 an acre. In time, after 
extensive irrigation, he created a splendid estate — a showplace known as “Sunny- 
slope.” Grapes grown from Rhineland slips and trotting horses became Rose 
specialties. He also produced highgrade citrus fruits, wine and the brandy called 
aguardiente (firewater) by the paisanos. 


WILLIAM WOLFSKILL—1865 


Wolfskill bought the remainder of Rancho Santa Anita including the homesite 
— 11,316 acres for $20,000 — with the idea of irrigating and raising more 
diversified crops than anyone in the country. Widely known as a horticulturist, he 
appears in Bancroft’s “Pioneer Register” as “the pioneer [with his French veci"o, 
Louis Vignes] of California’s greatest industry, the production of wine an rult. 
He had known and coveted the Santa Anita ever since mission ownership. 

Wolfskill first came to California from Taos in 1831, heading an overland 
beaver-trapping expedition (13). He was a Kentuckian of German ancestty, 
belonging to that “reckless breed of men” who met and overcame incredible 
hardships crossing the continent afoot or horseback — fighting hostile Indians, 
sinking in deep snow, suffering from thirst on interminable desert stretches. 

The Wolfskill party made a winter crossing of the Wasatch Mountains, the 
great Mojave Desert, and then — only five years after Jedediah Smith showed t 
_way — climbed over the Sierra Madre and down into San Gabriel, where exhaust 
men found beds and food at the mission. It was while resting there that the party 
leader first saw Rancho Santa Anita, and fell in love with the land. 

Wolfskill settled down in Los Angeles. His home in the center of tows 
Became a mecca for former trappers, and a showplace surrounded by fruit aie” 
He married a daughter of Don José Lugo, Magdalena, with whom he raised 


LASCA LEAVES 129 


a large and congenial family. Often the Wolfskills would pile into a carreta, or ride 
horseback out to the Santa Anita — to visit with Reids, Daltons, Rowes, or Thomas 
Dibblee. But possession came too late, for William died in 1866. He had only 
time to plant some eucalypti from Australia, and a few date palms which he 
introduced to California from Africa. 


= BIRDSEYE VIEW or 2 ‘ 23 Cc ern ryt ANITA TRE 
SAN GABRIEL VALLEY LOS ANGELES GOUNTY. CALIFORNIA 
home (and the land now 


An attractive “birdseye view” of Arcadia in the 1880s. The Baldwin 
r of the picture. 


comprised by the Arboretum) is shown in the lower left-hand corne 


Although inexperienced in ranching, Chapman was intelligent and industrious. 
He set out and irrigated a record number of orange trees. Citrus orchards of per 
Owners sprang up where livestock had roamed in undisputed yi ” ae 
Countryside, only a few years previously. The entire San Gabriel ey 


Pastureland until that time — save for an infrequent garden near an adobe building 


130 LASCA LEAVES 


(with never a lawn), a few vineyards and other plantings of slips and seeds carried 
afoot from Lower California by the Franciscans, or brought in by sea-captains. 


HARRIS NEWMARK— 1872 


Newmark, the merchant — author of Sixty Years in Southern California 
(15), paid $85,000 for Rancho Santa Anita, reduced by sales to 8,000 acres. 
Besides putting more land under irrigation for orchards and vineyards, he pastured 
sheep in the rocky foothills, as an adjunct to a flourishing wool business in Los 
Angeles. He did not live continuously on the ranch, but made good use of the 
adobe during frequent visits. 

Newmark deeded a northern section of his property to the Southern Pacific, 
realizing that land values would skyrocket with the coming of the “Iron Horse.” 
But before this could happen, he sold the Santa Anita for a fabulous price to 
a fabulous person. 


ELIAS JACKSON (“LUCKY”) BALDWIN—1875 


“Lucky” Baldwin — rich from the sale of Ophir mine stock in the Comstock 
Lode — paid $200,000 for Rancho Santa Anita. Born of poor, pioneer parents 
in the Ohio wilderness, he set out to rival all the “Bonanza Kings” in Northern 
California — with his racing stables and private track, his deer park and stately 
peacocks, his pleasure pavilion and exotic plantings around the lake that he 
restored beyond its original size and beauty. 

__ Like his German neighbor, Rose of Sunnyslope, “Lucky” had a practical 
side — shown in the fine livestock and poultry, fruit and nut trees, grain fields, 
vineyards, winery and the buttery that supplied his ranch houses and three hotels 
that he built (in Arcadia, San Francisco, and Lake Tahoe) with plenty left to 
sell in the open market. 
: Among his frequent guests at Santa Anita were stars from the Baldwin Theatte 
in San Francisco, always entertained in his “Oakwood Hotel” or the elegant 
“Queen Anne Cottage” right on the ranch,! while he himself lived in the simple 
adobe at the southern end of “Baldwin Lake.” There, eventually, he died — fe- 
maining a controversial, contradictory character to the end of his days (10). 


"The Victorian era favored fanciful terminolo i “Lucky” Baldwi 

: ss gy and, for reasons of his own, “Lucky ® 
sateen his guest house “Queen e Cottage.” From the standpoint of architectural design, te 
‘rion oniwg validity whatever; but, it has become so fixed in the minds of the public that tet" 
-ypical ittle likelihood of its ever being dislodged. The cottage was completed in 1881. It is 
typical expression of the late Victorian period in which it was built. 


LASCA LEAVES 131 


“Lucky” Baldwin’s Tally- 
srounds. (Phot 


Ho, with coachmen and four, makes a nostalgic tour of the Arboretum 
oto by Denis Kucera.) 

Since the first discovery of gold in California, residents have been tantalized by 
Bet ing quick” schemes of all kinds. In the late 1840s the tempo of living 
celerate, even in the south where easy-going rancheros made 
es selling beef to rich but hungry miners. Besides pasturing and 

; * other uses of the land were acta by new owners, of all nationalities 
Of he N2w uses, even includi ng oil discoveries, the sale of real estate has made 
y for the greatest number of Spe through the years. 

Ase arly as 1855, Henry Dalton became the pioneer realtor — using mod 
ron al methods, During the first decade of his residence in southern Cali 
oo eed approximately 45,000 acres of ranch land. With the sale of 
sities a to Rowe in ’54, he commenced to break up this sen aber ct 
of the most without cost, by grant from the Mexican Abbe aria by . ‘P se 

dry and rocky foothill section of Rancho Azusa, he tried the lottery method 
~ offering Prizes, in real and personal property, including 
2Refe 
in the 


240 “elegant lots in the 
ahha Fee ge 3 n Newmark’s, Sixty Years in Southern C ‘alifornia. “Although cattle r raining 
Stay of S } het = eRe y 
portant ainstay o of ai Aig California for eniiny years, and gold ei never played a very 
PT bi Pe mere, spo sd ant o., during the spring, — shipped thous: ands of 
Place ers, wehbe of gold €, gathered from Santa Anita, San Gabriel and San sbi s9. 
ie probably a an pins ati amount was forwarded out Gieck other channe 


— 


132 LASCA LEAVES 


town of Benton.” This might be called a “ghost town,” since it existed only in 
his imagination. 

Not enough gullible people had yet found their way to Southern California, so 
Dalton failed in this promotion scheme. Not until the boom of the ’80s did a 
town actually rise at Azusa. As a real estate operator Dalton was forced into 
second place when Nathaniel Carter came out from Lowell, Massachusetts, to 
recover from “consumption.” Arriving in ’71, he bought 17 acres of Santa Anita 
foothill property from Dalton’s son-in-law, Louis Wolfskill who by then was 
doing some sub-dividing on his own. 

Carter’s recovery was quick, and he became “the most picturesque boomer” 
California has ever known (8). He circulated a picture of himself called “Before 
and After Taking,” and would explain that this referred to the climate as a sure 
cure for t.b. Even before the Southern Pacific reached the area, in 1872 he tried 
to interest Collis Huntington, as one of the railroad “Big Four” (14), in adding 
cheap excursion cars to westbound trains. Two years later, and for twenty-five years 
thereafter, Carter made annual trips back home for the express purpose of 
advertising his adopted state. He achieved official status as Excursion Agent for 
the Santa Fé. 

Nathaniel Carter prospered by becoming the “first California booster to 
boost on a large scale.” In 1881, he bought 845 acres from “Lucky” Baldwin for 
$33,880. He piped water down from the Santa Anita and Little Santa Anita 
Canyons, divided the entire property into town lots, advertised widely, sponsored 
a stylish hotel called “Sierra Madre Villa,” also a church and a school — and soon 
attracted a colony which he called “Sierra Madre.” “Lucky” admired his way of 
doing things and asked him to act as agent for the Baldwin properties. Together 
they planned the “Santa Anita Tract” —a model to this day of high-class test 
dential subdivision. 

Mr. Baldwin had added to his original holding at Santa Anita, by canny 
foreclosure and timely attendance at county tax sales, as well as by outright 
| purchase. By 1885 he owned over 80,000 acres of increasingly valuable southern 

California property. Unlike Henry Dalton, thirty years earlier, he found the in 
ripe for a successful sale of his surplus land. His first prospect appeared as an 
overnight guest at the Santa Anita, a railroad engineer from Texas named William 
Monroe who had settled in Los Angeles and become a member of the City Council. 
oo After seeing the Carter advertisements of Sierra Madre, Monroe decided = 

build a modest country home in the San Gabriel Valley, somewhere. His host 
enlarged his ideas. Before departure next day he had bought, “choice, frost-tree, 
thirty-acre lots in the wild undeveloped area that became the boom tow? : 
_ Monrovia. 

A Los Angeles businessman named Jonathan Slauson revived interest m 
Azusa as a townsite and helped to organize the Azusa Land and Water Company 
with a capitalization of $500,000. Although this company acquired 4000 acres 
predominantly fertile land from the Dalton family, Slauson located the tow? rt 
: desolate, rocky, sandy wash. When asked why, he answered: “If it’s not good for 
_ 4 town, it isn’t good for anything.” 


LASCA LEAVES 133 


With examples of such enterprise all around him, Baldwin commenced to plan 
his own community. From the Santa Anita Tract sprang Arcadia, east of the 
historic homesite where “Lucky” continued to live. Water rights were shared with 
the Sierra Madre Water Company, founded by Nathaniel Carter; and shade trees, 
Santa Anita seedlings, were planted along all the new streets. Arcadia was solidly 


E. J. (Lucky) Baldwin 


(Courtesy of Title Insurance and Trust Company, Los Angeles.) 


established when the boom “shriveled” at the end of a rate war between the rival 
Southern Pacific and Santa Fé railroads. 

: ed with gullible prospects, well 
Pho ig with real estate literature. Baldwin learned the jargon, and even improved 
a. 0 it. When one prospect protested the price as too high for unimproved property, 
answer was, “Hell, we’re giving the land away. We're only selling the climate. 
a successful were “Lucky’s” methods that the Louisville Courier-Journal held him 

P as a symbol of California agressiveness. 


136 LASCA LEAVES 


owner. Director of Restorations was the late Maurice Block, formerly Curator of the 
Henry E. Huntington Art Gallery and originator of the period rooms there. 
Because of depreciation — caused by dry rot, termites and vandals — the latest to 
be built was first to be restored. The frame “Queen Anne Cottage,” finished in 1881, 
was dedicated as Historical Landmark No. 367 of the State of California in 1954. 
Money from the accumulated Tidelands funds was allocated by the State for 
architectural restorations of the frame carriage house and the adobe ranch house. 
Private funds have paid for the elegant Victorian restoration and the furnishing and 
landscaping of the other two buildings in the Historical Preserve. 

A formal garden enhancing the Queen Anne Cottage was planned and planted 
by the late Charles Gibbs Adams. From boyhood visits, he remembered and restored 
pampas grass reflected in the lake, Russian violets edging the paths, banksia roses 
rampant. His successor, whom the Historical Committee shares with the entire 
Arboretum as Landscape Consulant, is Edward Huntsman-Trout. To aid him in 
planning an authentic setting for the adobe, there is Hugo Reid’s own planting list 
for 1844 enclosed in a letter to his friend, “Don Abel” Stearns.'? 

Early plantings are treasured wherever they survive. Several of the ancient 
trees have grown from tiny seeds or slips to extraordinary size. There is a pome- 
granate, more than 100 years old, probably from the San Gabriel Mission garden, 
a eucalyptus given to Albert Dibblee in the 1850s by a sea-captain coming from 
Australia, a date palm introduced from Africa by William Wolfskill, seven ginkgos 
carried home by “Lucky” Baldwin after a big game hunt in India, and so on. 

With the exception of Rowe the circus rider and Chandler the newspaper 
tycoon, each owner of the Santa Anita has pioneered in some way during tenure — 
in improvement of livestock, plant introduction, new uses of the land and mo¢erm 
farming methods. Henry Dalton originated a method, still in use, of packing grape 
in sawdust. Among these were the first French winegrapes grown in California, 
started by Hugo Reid from slips of his vecino Louis Vignes. 

__ Reid’s planting inventory is an amazing document of the time and place. He 
diversified Santa Anita products as seldom was done. On vast ranges of the early 
ranchos in California, there was no attempt to produce more than hides and 
tallow for the coastal trade. Foodstuffs, clothing, and other necessities and Juxuries, 
came mostly through trade. On arrival of a sailing vessel at the nearest port, 
rancheros and their families from miles around climbed aboard — to see and feel 
and taste wonders from the outside world. 

Back in home pastures choice meat may have been left for the buzzards, aftet 
a slaughter for hides that sold at $2 apiece. Few rancheros bothered to make butter 
or cheese, or even to keep cows that must be milked. Irrigation did not become 
general practice until after the disastrous drought of the 1860's. In that empty, 
bountiful land— California before the Gold Rush — there was scarcely any need 
for the residents to exert themselves. The aborigines had lived without farming at all 

As the population increased, land use became intensified. As acreage shrank 


-18Dated ; blished 
i Leos Reeves, Sosnmee Preserved among the Stearns papers in the Huntington Library: sie 


LASCA LEAVES 137 


on the original ranchos, production went up. Moving with the times, using the 
most advanced farming methods, the owners of the Santa Anita developed the 
fertile land for their private need and gain. 

With the establishment of the Los Angeles State and County Arboretum a 
new era has commenced. As in earlier days, seeds and slips arrive from similar 
geographical zones of the world, for experimental planting. Confined to a tiny 
fraction of the original land grant, dedicated men and women at the Los Angeles 
State and County Arboretum continually are expanding our knowledge in the fields 
of botany and horticulture, and, at the same time, preserving a vital link with Cali- 
fornia’s rich historical heritage. 


sine > SON eae 


Lookin : = ee = : 
oe > West, across th 
Historical Landmark No. — oe Queen Anne Cottage. The cottage became California 


138 LASCA LEAVES 


THE HISTORICAL PRESERVE 


“Lucky” Baldwin’s daughter Anita named the “Queen Anne Cottage,” for 
reasons of her own. In 1880-81 her father had built it for her mother, his third wife, 
who died at twenty-three. Inside, there are two portraits of this pretty, dark-haired 
Jennie Dexter Baldwin; one, in the stained glass front door and the other, an almost 
life size oil painting on the west wall of the front parlor. In the study is a large 
landscape painted in oils by H. H. Cross in 1889. A bearded Baldwin occupies the 
foreground in fashionable attire, even to grey kid gloves, surrounded by mastiffs, in 
company with a young girl, hair hanging down, wearing a short, black-bustled dress. 

is is the motherless Anita. Across the Lake, left background, is pictured the 
fanciful red and white “Queen Anne Cottage” looking spruce as it does today. 

After Mr. Baldwin’s death in 1909, all detachable integral parts of the elegant 
“cottage,” which had become his guest house, were carefully crated, under his 
daughter’s supervision, and stored in the Coach Barn for forty years. In remarkably 
good condition, when restoration commenced, was the stained glass ordered in 


The music room of the restored Queen Anne Cottage. 


LASCA LEAVES 139 


The Queen Anne Cottage, built by “Lucky” Baldwin in 1880-81, greets thousands of Arboretum 


Visitors each year. 


England, picture windows for all the rooms including Shakespeare 1 ae pric 
nymph scenes in the bathroom, and the portrait front door; the beautiful 
walnut doors with their tooled hardware, white marble fireplaces flecked yes sit A 
Mtricate marble and tile paving for the front hall and whole outside —— 

rman carpenter who had worked on the place seventy years earlier, ages 
details of trim, interior colors and furnishings, with amazing accuracy. In “i , 
he had been on hand for the arrival by “Iron Horse” (Southern — a "Wh ie 
Francisco) of flowered carpeting, crystal chandeliers and long thor He é oe 
the original Baldwin furnishings have disappeared, it has been possible to replace 


140 LASCA LEAVES 


them essentially as they were. For instance, paisley draperies, lace curtains, a 
fringed table cloth and a beaded footstool were acquired at the fabulous Mills 
auction in Millbrae. Both Darius Ogden Mills and Elias Jackson Baldwin can be 
classified as “Bonanza Kings” and their tastes were similar in interior decoration. 
Neither spared expense; and both acquired objects d’art at the Philadelphia Ex- 
position of 1876. 

There have been many gifts of suitable furnishings and money, none more 
welcome than the family paintings and Mr. Baldwin’s own marble-top table, to be 
seen in the bedroom. There are four sizable rooms and a bath, now completely 
furnished; and a veranda running around the house, besides the three-story tower 
with narrow stairs winding up to a wonderful mountain view. The architect was A. 
A. Bennett who is remembered for planning the State Capitol at Sacramento. The 
formal garden had been neglected, but now is beautifully restored by members of 
the Pasadena Garden Club. Special features are the giant clam shells, brought by 
Mr. Baldwin from the Great Barrier Reef; his mounting block by the marble 
approach and stairway to the veranda; a deep artesian well doubling as a decorative 
fountain, surrounded by old-fashioned roses. 

Everything in the Cottage can be seen by walking around the veranda and 
peering in at the windows. The bedroom is closest to the front steps; then comes 
the front parlor with an ever-burning fire and a lady always ready to go out, in 
bustle and bonnet. Notable here are the paintings, gilt framed, and the over-the- 
mantel gilt mirror; rosewood sofa and love seat upholstered in red velvet, paisley 
draperies with her velvet valances; a beaded footstool and beaded flowers m 
hand of a weirdly Victorian blackamooress; a silver épergue full of fruits and 
flowers. In the music room is a melodeon, a harp, an old piano and music boxes; 
a chess set laid out on one small table, and tea service ready on another. An elab- 
orately dressed mannequin, reflected in a long mirror, gives an illusion of occupancy 
to the room, indeed to the whole house. This faithful restoration is due to the 
imagination, knowledge and skill of the late Mr. Maurice Block. He directed many 
volunteers and inspired many gifts, during the furnishing period. 

On the piano rack is sheet music appropriate to the period. There is a study 
and a bathroom with Victorian accessories, but no kitchen. In Mr. Baldwin's day, 
Chinese servants prepared food in the transformed adobe, then carted it across to 
the Cottage. They could be summoned by embroidered bell pulls. Chinese lantems 
recently have been found to light the veranda. 


From handsome iron furniture on the lawn*, a visitor gazes one way 


across 
the Lake to the Adobe, simple in its pastoral setting: the other way, over 2 velvety 
Mall shaded by ancient trees, to the Coach Barn. This is similar in architecture © 
the Queen Anne Cottage. It was built in 1879, when the Adobe was transformed 
to serve as living quarters for the Baldwin household and guests, on visits 10 the 
Santa Anita from San Francisco. The Cottage was not completed until well into 1881. 


*A memorial to Dewey Nelso: sae the Arbore- 
tum’s Historical Home. elson, who we honor as the indispensable first Curator of 


LASCA LEAVES 141 


pine. The front section was used for carriages; the rear, for the horses; harness 
was kept in two tack rooms; and grooms slept in the hay loft, less luxuriously than 
the carriage horses. 

_Usually standing on the wash rack is the Tally-Ho, a gift of the Baldwin 
family. It was built to “Lucky’s” specifications and displayed at the Philadelphia 
World Fair in 1876, where he made many purchases for his San Francisco hotel and 
theater, his home on “Nob Hill,” and his proposed buildings on the Santa Anita. 
The Tally-Ho was expensive, costing nearly as much as a new Cadillac would 
today. It was used to meet guests and for country outings — meriendas, Hugo Reid 


The Hugo Reid Adobe, site of the beginnings of Rancho Santa Anita and now part of the 


rétum’s Historical Preserve. 


142 LASCA LEAVES 


would have called them — providing an ice compartment for champagne, wicker 
food container, rack for ladies’ parasols and so on. 

Other items of interest now stored in the barn are the old fire fighting wagon 
used on the Baldwin ranch; the safe from “Lucky’s” Oakwood Hotel in Arcadia, 
probably containing treasures (the lock is sprung); an Indian exhibit in cases against 
the north wall of the coach room. Many artifacts have been found here at Aleup- 
kig-na, the Gabrielinos’ “Place of Many Waters,” and there are changing loans 
from the Southwest Museum. 

Now the Arboretum visitor has seen all that remains of the historic buildings 
on the homesite at Rancho Santa Anita. As he leaves the Barn through the west 
door, he may take time to admire the ginkgos and other trees that Mr. Baldwin 
brought in as seeds or seedlings from China and India; the huge elms from 
“Lucky’s” birthplace in the one-time wilderness of Ohio; the eucalyptus, catalpa 
and palms dating back to earlier owners. These distinguish the grassy Mall from an 
ordinary lawn in southern California, more recently and less imaginatively planted. 
English daisies and “Naked Lady” lilies are to be seen in their season, and rarely 
beautiful is the catalpa in full bloom. 

Across the road, there is the Herb Garden; then the walled fragrance area 
with easily followed paths, designed especially to give pleasure to the blind. Turning 
southeast, our visitor enters the Rose Garden, both fragrant and full of color. 
Southwest, up Tallac Knoll and through a native oak forest, there are the 
Biblical and Tropical plantings and a natural amphitheater. So many paths to choose 
from! Some lead away from the historical buildings and gardens, around the Lake 
and into the Jungle (used for innumerable movie sets), over to the experimental 
lawns, the Home Gardens, the Orchid House. 

Come again, come often to the Los Angeles State and County Arboretum. 

There always will be something else to see, some other path to follow. 


jHasta la vista! ;Hasta luego! 


LASCA LEAVES 143 


BIBLIOGRAPHY 
“ “caer Elias Jackson: (a) Accounts in contemporary San Francisco newspapers preserved 
ud - “as Oh alifornia Historical Society, San Francisco. (b) Biographies: See Bancroft and 


icles of the Builders. San Francisco, The y Com 189 
I, WI, IV and V in his ry ar fis of Cuiberie. A. T. 


~ 
mo) 
iS) 
25 
é 
i 
ee 
| 
- 
aaee 
io) 
ps 
o 
“oa 
fay) 
~ 
x 
3& 
ty 
aS 
ty 
wn 
ac 
mS 
a 
ae 
gs 
<s 
& 
gé 
iy 
=< 
BE 
— 
= J 
Co <t 
eo 
36. 
— 
— 
58 = 
<3 
an = 
a 
=e 
eee 
+s 
Be, 
fio 
P| 
23 § 
) 


iat“ 


ww 


d Com 
: Cleland, Rober t Glass: (a) From Wilderness to Empire: a History of California 1542: 1900. 
Knopf, ae York, 1944. (b) California in Our Time: 1900-1940. Alfred A. 


wa 
4 
a8 
| 
ee) 
is] 
a 
9 
(=) 
S) 
= 
vv 
=] 
a 
rs} 


Seventy-five Years in California. ee Howell, San Francisco, si 
“ag it mS nd aioe : Mss. in the possess ibblee, Ir., Ross, - 
: The Roce of the Eighties in Somhern 


wean 


nia, 19 
. oy edlng e es Baldwin, The Story of an Unconventional Success. A. L. Burt 
ew Yo 935. 
i me, "Geor ge L.: Don Au n V. Zamorano. The Zamorano Club, Los Angeles, 1934. 
; a «Ang Tioke Wittens.  iauenal of a New York Volunteer, 1848- 1850. San Fran- 


14, Califor “a . 

1 » Usear: The Big Four. Alfred A. Knopf, New York, 1938 

5. Newmark, Harris: Sixty Years in Southern Sc ahifornia, 1853-1913. The Knickerbocker Press, 

16, Reid, Sik, 1916. Edit = by Maurice H. and Marco R. Newmark. 
An “aga he Indians of lek 4 ngeles County. foe ely prin nted by Arthur 
ina, es, 1926. Ori iginally poblinted eect ing 1852 as Letters on the 
- 2 na Written for the Los Angeles Star; republished by the University of California 

; be. Pendix B to 4 Scotch Paisano, 1939. 
inson, Alfred: Life i ] During a residence of several years in that territory 


ae by an ‘Am i ys 
18, . erican. Wiley and Putnam, New Yor 

jeri W. W.: (a) Land in Seictoaares University of California Press, Be ya 
Instranc California, 1948. (b) Panorama, A Picture History of Southern sacri 
indrew: Founder: cae b's Pic Circus. Original Illustrations. HS: 


19 
Joseph Andrew: Founder, California’s Pioneer 
20, Crocker 6. San Francisco, 1926. ‘ sitewtia: 
incl ection in the Hunt ieee Library, San Marino, Calli ie a ay 
cludes 121 letters written by “Don Hugo” Reid to “Don Abel,” between 1836 
n of San Marino. 


21. 
Wilson, Benjamin D.: Diary owned by his aoc Miss Anne Patto 


N ADDITIONAL REFERENCE SOURCES ue 
merous articles — on history and development of Rancho Santa , 
ications ee and Cou Abbasi have appeared in Lasca LEAVES, s, the quarterly 
i i _ A comprehensive in 

been issued as Vol. 


sl ate eretum in - 
California 91 ae the ‘Cutis jevemrion Fousiation: 301 

and The Arboretum Library also contains a number of mat terials — books, pamphlets, pagers 
Ar he gagerin to o and its history. 


Ellis, Los 
Los Angeles County — 
Press. — 


CALIFORNIA ARBORETUM FOUNDATION, INC. 


BOARD OF TRUSTEES 


Piemeent. 8 Oo | ia Arig J. HAAGEN-SMIT, PH.D. 
Pict resident... ds oe ee Be Mrs. ForREST Q. STANTON 
rere 2 on gta yt a ee ee ee Howarp A. MILLER 
eee ro eh i ae ERNEST E. HETHERINGTON 


Executive-Secretary ........ 
Har 


Mrs. ny J. = Sarg 
RALPH D. CorN 

MRs. Trios K se ka 
MorRGAN EVA 

Mrs. JOHN N. eae 
ARTHUR FREED 

Mrs. JOHN GREGG 
ALEXANDER KING 

Mrs. MIRIAM KIRK 
FRANK KUWAHARA 


JosEPH A. SPRANKLE, JR. 
LOVELL SWISHER, JR. 
Mrs. T. L. Up DE GRAFF 

. ARCHIBALD B. YOUNG 


Mrs 
x Officio: WILLIAM S. STEWART, PH. 


HONORARY TRUSTEES 
THEODORE BRAUN 
PRESIDENT, MEN’S GARDEN oe oF Los ANGELES 
Mrs. V. T. GILCH 
PRESIDENT, CALIFORNIA CARDEN eee, INC. 
ELMER LOR 

PRESIDENT, SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA grime INSTITUTE 
SAMUEL Ayres, Jr. M.D. WILLIAM LANE, JR. 


MRs. VALLEY KNUDSEN GEORGE H. SPALDING 
Foundation Office—Telephone 447-8207 


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mun Membership ....... 2. 6s. s a0 

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Se ages Sponsor penn. ic 500.00 
SE Se See ee ee 

fal conta Da re, ae $1, 000 or more 


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LASCA LEAVES 


The official publication of the California Arboretum Foundation, Inc. 
Sponsors of 
LOS ANGELES STATE AND COUNTY ARBORETUM 
301 NORTH BALDWIN AVENUE—ARCADIA, CALIFORNIA 91006 
Operated by 
LOS ANGELES COUNTY DEPARTMENT 
of 
ARBORETA AND BOTANIC GARDENS 
Box 688 
Arcadia, California 91006 
Arboretum Office — 446-8251 


STAFF 
MOAREONOE ee AEEWARY, PUD ee ue Director 
en ee Are ae : .. . Assistant Director 
Fe 3 Ess 9 ne te ee alae el cE Graphic Artist 


LypIA BOWEN Librarian 


PAUL Cage, PuD betes. Chief, Plant Research Division 


FRANCES T. Cuing Superintendent, Arboretum 


Duane O. CRUMMETT, PH.D. ....__.. Chief, Education Division 
DONALDS. Diwsonp .....°2 Public Information Assistant 
LEONID ENARI, PH.D... Senior Biologist (Plant Taxonomy) 
RoBERT L. GONDERMAN, PH.D. .___. Biologist (Plant Physiology) 
WILLIAM Tinweusgn 2 Senior Nurseryman 
ct item ee Plant Recorder 
GeEorGE H. SPALDING ....___. Botanical Information Consultant 
cee WAREMAN Executive Assistant 
Peay G, Wakes PD >... Biologist (Entomology) 
H. HAMILTON WILLIAMS, PH.D... sssi*s Biologist (Turf) 


GERTRUDE M. Woops... si«wt Arboretum Education Specialist 


LASCA LEAVES 


The official publication of the California Arboretum Foundation, Inc. 
Pee ne 


Index Vol. XVII, 1967 


LASCA LEAVES INDEX VOL. XVII, 


1967 


Volume I, No. 1 appeared Oct. 1, 1950, comprised of 5 issues, through Oct. 1951. 
Subsequent volumes, 4 issues each, commence with the calendar year, publication 
dates on the Ist of January, April, July and October. Pagination is consecutive 


through each volume. 


SUBJECTS 
Adams, Charles Gibbs, 136 
Aleup- -Kig -na, 104, 106- 7, 142 
Alkaloid-containing plants, 4 
Allium species, 3 
Aloes, 20 
Arboretum, Los Angeles State and 


, 134 
Baldwin, Elias J ackson Pleat 
29, 125- 6, 130-7, 140-2 
Baldwin estate, ‘ares thereof, 134 
Baldwin, George, 13 
Baldwin, Eee Dexter 134 
Bancroft, Hubert Howe, 124, 126, 134 


California native plants, 10-13 

Carter, on el, 132-33 

Cashew nut, 2 

Chandler: rie 126,135, 136 

Chapman, Alfred, 129-30 

Ching, F. C., 7 

Christmas berry, 3 

Coach Barn and Carriage House, 
40-2 


135, 1 
Corbitt, 117-20, 126, 127 
Crespi, Father Juan, 105- 8 
Cross, 138 
Dakin, Susanna Bryant, 14, 101-03 
Dalton, Henry, 117, 125-7, 129, 
131-5 33. 136 
Daphne cs 
Davis, William Heath, 112-14 
Dermatitis , Plants causing, 1-2, 6 
Dibblee, Albert, 117, 120-8, ae 
Dibblee, Helen, 117-20 
Dibblee, Thomas, $17-20. 125. 398.5 
Faweett, E 4., 29 
Fire-resistant plants, 7-9 


Garlic, 3 

Hartnell, William, 111-13 

Herb Garden, at Los Angeles State and 
County Arboretum, 142 

Huntington, Collis, 

Huntsman-Trout, Edward, 136 

Hydrocyanic acid poisoning, plants 
causin 

Indians 7 Rancho Santa Anita, 104-11 

Insects, beneficial, 38-40 

Ivy, Algerian, 6 

Ivy, English, 

Jackson, Helen Hunt, 110 

Lantana, 6 

Liguster, 1 

McClaughry, Hull, 134 

McKinley, James, 114-16 

Martin, Dr. L. B., 7 

Milk, plants producing undesirable 
flavor in ae 
Mills, ridtile Ogden, 140 

Mission San Gabriel, 106, 108-10, 112, 
126 

Monroe, William, 132 

Mullender, Rosebudd D., 134 

Mustards, 3 

Nature Conservancy, 12 

Nelson, Dewey, 140 

Newmark, Harris, 126, 130-31 

Nixon, Roy W., 14 

Oakwood Hotel, 142 

Onions, 3 : 

Oxalic acid, plants containing, 4 

Parsnip, 

Peacock Pavilion, at Los Angeles State 
and County Arboretum, 

Photodynamic plants, 

Poison oa 

Primrose, 2 

Puncture vine,2 

Quattlebaum, W. Dan, 48 

Queen Anne Cottage, 130-1, 

Rancho San Bernardino, 109 

Reid, Dona Victoria, 110-16, 126 as 

Reid, Hugo, 104-5, 110-7, 125-7, ! 
141 


135-40 


Rancho Santa Anita, 101-43 
Robinson, Alfred, 108, 126 


~ Rose, Leonard, 128, 130 
Rowe, Joseph, 117, 120, 125-7, 129, 


‘71, 
St. John’s wort, 2 
Saponin, plants containing, 3 
Serra, Father Junipero, 106 
Slauson, Jonathan, 132-33 
Smith, Jedediah, 128 
Snyder, Albert, 134 

3 


Stearns, “Don Abel’, 113 
Stewart, Dr. W. S., 7 

Stocker, Clara Baldwin, 134 
Sycamore, 

lallac Knoll, 142 

Theodore Payne Foundation, 12 
ote glycosidal plants, 4 


Le Roger, 8 

estern choke berry, 3 

Wild Oats, 3 i 

Wilson, “Don Benito,” 110-11 


Wiri grass, 
Wolfskill, William, 14, 124, 126-9, 132, 


Wolfskill, J. R., 14 
yo, Gertrude M., 16 
outh Education at Los Angeles State 
and County Arboretum, 16-18 
AUTHORS 
Bonner, Mrs. Harriet, 1 
Boore, Mrs. Ross 


Boutin, Frederick, 7 


> S, 
Haagen-Smit, Dr. A. J., 1 
Mathias, Dr. Mildred E.; 10 


er, Dr. Harry G., 38 
Zabriskie, Nancy. 16. 


PLANT NAMES — SCIENTIFIC 


Acacia cardiophylla A. Cunn., Cover, 
(No 


ue columbianum Nutt., 4 

. taea spicata, 

cemenus californica Nutt., 4 

Shae heteracantha Zucc., 2 
gave shawii, 12 


" .oss K., compiler, Index 
ols. I-15, issued as Vol. VII, No. 3 


Agrostis aristiglumis, 11 
Ailanthus altissima Swingle, 2 
Anacardium occidentale, 2 


Arctostaphylos acutifolia, 11 
. densiflora, 


SDD DR 
= > 
3 
= 
uae 


fatua, 3 
Baileya multiradiata Harv. and Gray, 5 
Borago officinalis L., 
Brassica arvensis, 
Brodiaea versicolor, 11 
Buxus sempervirens L., } 
Cannabis sativa L., 5 
Cassia phyllodinea, 20 
C. sturtii, 
Cheilanthes fibrillosa, 11 


I, 
Chenopodium ambrosioides L., 4 
Chlorogalum pomeridianum, | 04 
Cicuta spp., 5 
Cirsium fontinale, 11 
C. rhothopilum, 1 
Cistus ladaniferus, 7-9 
Clarkia lingulata, 
Clianthus formosus, 21 
Conium maculatum LL. ¢ 
Cordylanthus mollis, 11 
Corydalis caseana Gray, 4 
Cypripedium spP., Z 
Daphne cneorum L.* 
Datura meteloides, 1 04 
D. stramonium L., 4 
Delphinium californicum T. and G., 4 
Dicentra chrysantha Walp., 
D. formosa Andr., 4 : 
D. ochroleuca Engelm., 5 
D. uniflora Kell., 4 
Digitalis purpurea L., * 
Dodonaea microzys4, 20 
D. viscosa, 20 


Encelia californica Nutt., 2 
Equisetum arve. 


nse L., 
Eragrostis megastachya (Koel.) Link., 5 


Eremocarpus setigerus Beuth., 
Erigeron calyus, 

Eriogonum parvifolium, 11 

Pht bi mohavense, 11 
Erythrina spp., 5 

Eucalyptus caesia, 20 

E. orpetii, 20-1 

E. torquata, = 

Euphorbiaceae, 2, 5 

Fagopyrum bactention Moench, 2 
Geijera fs ec 42 

Gelsemium sempervirens Ait., 5 
Ginkgo ‘biloba hag 2 

ign Sd filcautis, 12 

G. latifoli 

Greviliee beanies: 6 

G. sco 11 

G. robus 

G. prt pda 20-21 
Haplopappus ophitidis, at 

Hedera helix L., 4 

Helenium hoopesii A., 4 
* Heteromeles arbutifolia M. Roem, 3 
Holcus lanatus L., 3 

Hypericum ih ag ey 

Iva xanthifolia Nutt. 5 


Leucothoe davisiae Torr., 

Limnanthes, 12 

mitts an L. § 

Lupinus spp., 5 

Melia pete | ee 

Meililotus alba Desr. a 

Monardella pringlei, 11 

Navarretia pauciflora, 11 
1 


Nicotiana it Torr., 5 

N. glauca Grah., 

N. trigonophylla Prinal 5 
xytenia acerosa Nutt., 5 

Pastinaca sativa L., 

Penstemon grinnell, Ty 

t. persona as 

Pea 


- 
Pace orogendé. 11 


SPp. 
Philodendron cordatum, 6 
Phoenix dactylifera, 14 
‘heasncagassheh flavescens Nutt., 
anus occidentalis, 3 
Pisiacs abramsii, 11 


ee multijuga, 12 
imul j ance, 2 

Prunus demissa Walp., 3 

um aquilinum Kuhn var. 

lanuginosuem, 6 

Quercus s 

Ranunculus repens L 1. f 

Rheum rhaponticu on 

he elo on jase D. 


Don, 6 

R. occidentale Gray, 6 
Rhus diversiloba T. and G., 2 
Ricinus communis L., 6 
Saponaria officinalis L., 4 
Sarcobatus vermiculats Hook, 4 
Senecio vulgaris L., 

modingium pois Zz 
Solanum ies aa Lg 


S. nigrum L., j 
S. pr aeasucun Lo : 
S. tuberosum L., 
Sorghum elgure Pers... 2 a 
Stipa comata Trim. and Ru 3 
Tetradymia conenscens DC, 6 
T. glabrata Gray, 6 
Torreya californica, 11 
Tribulus terrestris L., - 
Triglochin maritima L., 
Veratrum californicum Duis S 
Viburnum atrocyaneum, 35 
. buddleifolium, 31-3 
cinnamomifolium, 34 
glomeratum, ot | 
japonicum 34 : 
macrocephalum, 29-30, 33, 30 
odoratissimum, 27-9, 34 
odoratissimum ‘awabukii, 27-8 
pinquum, 35 
rhytidophyllum, 31-2 
rigidum, 26-7 
suspensum, 31 
tinus, 26-7, 29 
tinus hirtulum, 26 
tinus lucidum variegatum, 26 
. tinus purpureum, 2 
Washingtonia robusta, 37 
Wigandia caracasana, 6 
Xanthium orientale L., 4 
Zygadenus spp., 5 


™~ 
ot 


Rees aa et ee 


Sp SO en 


BOOKS — 


Fantastic Tre 
Menninger, “Bdw 

New Decorations with pe Cones 
and Oras Van Rensselear, 
Elea ss 

Sunset ekns Garden Book; 4 


LASCA 


Mresoun: Bovtamicm: 


MAY 90 4969 


GARDEN 


LEAVES 


VA 
has 
“i -- 


JANUARY 1968 
Vol. XVIII, No.! 


Lasca Leaves 


Quarterly publication of the California Arboretum Foundation, Inc. 


VoL. XVIII JANUARY, 1968 No. 1 


IN THIS ISSUE 


Notes on Vegetation in the Noel McFarland and 
Santa Monica Mountains .............. Paul W. Colburn 1 
Pe OI ee Lydia S. Bowen 19 
With Leaves Like a Duck's Foot! -:. 0... .....: Edward Pugh 20 
Sie PE Re PO ee 22 
Pio saw Datet 1968 ee 23 
ee ee Ae i 23 


Lydia S. Bowen 24 


Center Insert 


Recent Library Acquisitions 
Index, Volume XVII 


ee 
EDITORIAL COMMITTEE 

Mrs. Ross K. Boorge MILDRED MATHIAS 

RALPH D. CorNELL F. HAROLD ROACH 

ERNEST HETHERINGTON WILLIAM S. STEWART 

Mrs. DoLores HUBBELL Davis DuTToN, Editor 


Note: Rescheduling of Lasca Leaves publication dates will advan 
the next issue, No. 2, to June 1968, with quarterly publications 
to follow in September and December. 


ee 


THE COVER 

This month's coyer photograph shows the hardy groundcover es: 
theca calendula—Cape Weed—an Arboretum introduction for I 5 
Detailed information on this plant appears on page 22 of hs 


cto- 


NOTES ON THE ORIGINAL VEGETATION 
OF A SINGLE LOCALITY IN THE EASTERN 
SANTA MONICA MOUNTAINS, CALIFORNIA 


By NoEL McFarLanp and PauL W. CoLBURN 


___ This paper contains notes on many of the higher plants growing in one locality 
in the eastern Santa Monica Mountains, Southern California, as they were in the 
years prior to approximately 1955 — that is, prior to the beginnings of destruction 
by residential expansion and subdividers, and prior to the advent of smog (which 
's probably having an increasingly adverse effect). The relative abundance of the 
various species, local occurrences, and the associations and general appearance of 
the vegetation as a whole are herein described as they were at that time. 
The area where these notes were recorded is bordered roughly as follows: 

On the west by Benedict Canyon Drive, on the north by Mulholland Drive, on the 
east by Franklin Canyon Drive, and on the south and southeast by an imaginary 
line connecting Benedict Canyon at approximately Portola Drive with Franklin 
Canyon Drive at its intersection with North Beverly Drive. These observations were 
centered (within this larger area) in the vicinity of upper Oak Pass Road and Sum- 
mitridge Road, approximately three miles (in a direct line) north of Sunset Blvd., 
Beverly Hills, Also included is information on the original flora in the vicinity of 
Marion Way fire-road and the northernmost mile of North Beverly Drive, as well 
4S notes on certain species that were locally confined to Peavine Ridge. (See Fig. 1). 

__ This sector of the Santa Monica Mountains was typified by many steep-sided 
hills and ridges, with numerous ravines and a few larger canyons. While the Santa 
Monica Mountain range itself runs east-west, most of the ridges and major canyons 
in this area run north-south. Few ridges exceed 1500 feet elevation in the Oak Pass 
~Summitdridge vicinity. Throughout most of lower Oak Pass Road and vicinity 
the soils are predominantly heavy (clays and some paler limestone, etc.) with a 
few areas of sandstone visible in the road cuts. Upper Oak Pass, and most of Sum- 
mitridge Rd., Peavine Ridge, lower Marion Way, and North Beverly Dr. are pre- 
dominantly decomposed granite, with some shale on south Summitridge. “ate 

‘rion Way, upper North Beverly Dr., northern Summitridge, and the sf 
S€ction of Mulholland Dr. are again predominantly heavier soils (red clay a 

arton Way), or heavy soils with considerable rock; also a few areas of sandstone 
are visible in the road-cuts. : p 

_ There was a fire-break which was maintained with some regularity ne seaman 
vine Ridge; a rather distinctive flora grew there and all along the rocky, undis 
Southwestern extensions of the ridge. On June 26, 1948, a major fire ly - 
through all of Peavine Canyon, and was halted along the Peavine Ridge fire-break. 


| 


2 LASCA LEAVES 


Evidence of this fire is still visible in patches where original vegetation remains, 
although most of Peavine Canyon has since been subdivided and is changed be- 
yond recognition. 

Now (1964) many parts of the region described in this paper are no longer 
recognizable and, with the ever-increasing subdivisions, all vestiges of the original 
flora are being cleared off and destroyed. In some places entire ridges have been 
demolished and pushed into the ravines below them to make subdivision lots. 
(Eastern Peavine Ridge and areas along Summitridge Road are examples.) 

€ most notable change in the vegetation, within the last 15 years (aside 
from absolute destruction by man), is the death of Quercus agrifolia in great Muy 
bers. Many of the coast live oaks still standing are dying now; few remain in Ve) 
good condition. Hundreds have already died and fallen, although their trunks have q 
not yet disintegrated (1964). 

A few of the subtle changes, noticeable only to a long-time resident of the 
area, should also be recorded: (1) The increasing rarity (and disappearance) o 
many of the smaller native wildflowers, some examples of which are Calochortus, 
Castilleja, Eschscholzia, Fritillaria, Lupinus spp., Nemophila, and Orthocarpus. 
(2) The gradual but steady increase in non-native species. 

The general appearance of the vegetation as a whole was that of a predomi 
nantly brushy, dark green to olive-green chaparral cover, blending irregularly with 
patches of lower and paler green (or grayish-green) coastal Sage Scrub sa 


covered “walnut slopes” remained unchanged for many years, and no nv 4 
any of the other nearby abundant woody plants was ever noted. Elsewhere ¥ 
trees grew as isolated individuals (or in small groups) in the chaparral irregt ‘ 


LASCA LEAVES 3 


BEVERLY 
HILLS 
(city center) 


. Uc t. A. fd seale; : rs 3 mile 
Campus ; 
Fig. 1 
Fig. — MAP OF THE AREA COVERED BY THIS Sahel Center of area 


covered 1S in the vicinity of Oak Pass Road and Marion Way; o X-marks indi- 

cate outer limits of the area covered. Peavine Ridge is (was) extending west and 
“ape from the highest point along Summitridge, just south of upper Oak Pass. 
N. anion Way was a fire-road with a locked gate at the Summitridge entrance, and 

Beverly Drive was a fire-road with one gate north of the Franklin Canyon turn- 

and another et gate at the Mulholland Drive intersection. ap gpentgh Road, from 
4Pproximately 3 miles north of Bev. erly Hills to Mulholland, was also a fire-road 
with locked gates. Oak Pass was tcaatly a fire-road only, mi 5 about 1948 when 
it Was Opened. 


- LASCA LEAVES 


munities anywhere else in southern California, or farther west in the same mountait 
range. A flora and fauna reserve in this area would be unique in a few decades, 
by which time all the remaining country nearby will undoubtedly be built up. It's 
indeed unfortunate that the unique coast range chaparral communities are so often 
overlooked by conservationists. 
A reserve in the eastern Santa Monica Mountains would be of great value m 
future years, if for no other reason than that it would be of such easy access to the 
numerous professional biologists and naturalists living in the vast Los Angeles city 
area. The North Beverly Drive and Marion Way fire-road area would be pattic- 
ularly suited to preservation in a single unit due to its compact shape and well 
defined borders. Original native mammals, and all birds previously observed, also 
abound within this sanctuary... coyotes, racoons, gray squirrels, deer, numerous 
valley quail, red-tailed hawks, phainopeplas, wren-tits, Townsend’s warblers, gnat- 
catchers, etc. Migratory birds are still to be found here in great numbers during 
the appropriate seasons. P 
A paper on “The Moths of a Chaparral Plant Association in the Santa ee 
Mountains of Southern California” (McFarland, 1965), lists all species of mot 
(“Macroheterocera”) recorded for the Oak Pass Road locality in the years prier 
to 1957, when the area was quite undisturbed. Many details as to time of flight, 
relative abundance of each species, and new foodplant records, are included. 


INTRODUCTION TO THE ANNOTATED LIST OF PLANTS 


Unfortunately, this list does not include all the plants in the locality, ie 
the WOODY species are covered, to my knowledge. Lower plants, ferns, ta . 
grasses, and some of the native herbaceous plants (certain small crucifers, th 
tantha, and others) and introduced weeds, have not been included due to el 38 
of familiarity with these groups when I was living at 9601 Oak Pass between ae 
and 1958. All plants which I was unable to identify with certainty have 7 
Omitted from the list. Paul Colburn (formerly of 9626 Oak Pass) has since 
tified a number of the other questionable species. f the 

The NUMBERS used (1, 2, 3 or 4) indicate the relative abundance fe) sais 
plants, compared with each other as they grew in the original undisturbed P: 
associations of the area. The LETTERS (CH, SS, OW, T; DS, DG, CL; 8 © 


otherwise omitted ( 
various indicator-s the 
often very much intermingled; however, in certain localized patches throughor 
area the formations were fairly “typical” and clear-cut, with a majority % 


LASCA LEAVES 5 


indicator-species of one formation growing together. The species considered to be 
indicators for these three communities are listed by Munz and Keck (1959), 
pp. 13-17. 


NUMBERS: 


| — originally ABUNDANT in the locality covered. 
2 — originally op MODERATE ABUNDANCE; not particularly common, but 
y no means rare. 
3 — originally SCARCE or rare. fee. 
4 — originally VERY SCARCE (only one or two plants known in the district). 
“Originally” implies prior to 1955, when the area was still in a nearly 
undisturbed condition. ) 


LETTERS: 


CH — occurring more often in the association having indicators of the CHA- 
PARRAL community (as described by Munz and Keck, 1959, p. 17). 
SS — occurring more often among indicators of the COASTAL SAGE SCRUB 
community (after Munz and Keck, pp. 13-14). 
OW — Occurring more often among indicators of the SOUTHERN OAK 
WOODLAND community (after Munz and Keck, pp. 16-17). 
T— Occurring throughout the area covered by this paper, without any ap- 
parent preferences in associations or soil types. 


inlay growing more abundantly (in this locality) on more-or-less DISTURBED : 


SOILS, along roadside edges, or on recently-burned areas, etc. 


DG — showing an apparent preference (in this locality) for aang ; 


GRANITE soils, or similarly well-drained slopes, ridge-tops, and 
Places, etc. : 

CL — showing an apparent preference (in this locality) for the various heavier 
CLAY SOILS. 


S¢ — growing primarily as SCATTERED individual plants; not usually grouped 
th 


together. 


& — mostly in GROUPS, where several to many plants of the same species : 


growing in close proximity to one another. 


‘eg — sometimes growing in group associations, but also as isolated o - 


individuals among the other species. sa es 
ies is i ot native t 
“— before a species, indicates that the species is introduced (n 
ity). 


this locali 


6 LASCA LEAVES 


denostoma asciculatum H. & A. (Rosaceae) — 1, CH, DG, 

5 This pla et was abundant along Summitridge and Marion Way, but was re 
occasional down in the lower hills and heavier soils of Oak Pass So oa 
Salvia spp., Artemisia Aw aan Encelia, and several members of the Chapat- 
ral association predominated). 

* Amaranthus sp. (Am Satistenss —— 3, T, DS, gr. 

5 igh californica Nutt. (Leguminosae) aoe oo Ce, OW, SC ‘an 

ostly in openings among oaks. Formerly not uncommon at several p 
along lower Oak Pass Road. oot ue foliage. 

* Anagallis arvensis L. (Primulaceae gr. 

Only a weed in Wb where extra water is available during the summer 


droug 
Arctostaph los landulosa eae (Ericaceae) — 3, CH, DG, sc 
4 ie Ridge, except for a single oe goon aie 1 bal once grew of 
Summ itrid e near its Piceectian with Mulholland. 
Artemisia ia california Less. (Compositae) — 1, T, sc+ gr. Abundant pik ie 
in ower hills of Oak Pass Rd.; less common on DG of Summitridg 
pe ay fragrant foliage. 
Artemisia douglasia ana Bess. in Hook. — 1, T, esp. OW, gr. 
ostly in ravines and canyon floors; usually i in partial shade. 
Artemisia dracunculus L. — » gr. 
ias eriocarpa Benth. (Asclepiadaceae ) — 2, T, gr. 
(Asclepias fascicularis Dene. in DC, not present). 
Astragalus spp. (Leguminosae ) ae 2 CH, DS, CL, gr. 
2 * Pass vicinity. 
* Avena sp. (Gramineae) — 2, T, gr. sec 
Baccharis pilulars DC. ssp. consanguinea (DC.) C.B. Wolf. (Compositae) 
4, SS, s 


Only one individual known in the area, between N. Beverly Dr. and Som 
ridge Rd., S. of opera are 
accharis viminea DC. — 3, T sc -+- gr. 
e Ooiaen: pilosa L. fi sates — 3 OW, sc-+ gr. 
__ Bloomeria crocea (Torr.) Cov. (Amérylidaceae) ~ nee ek , SOL, Ser Fe 
*Brassica geniculata (Desf.) J. Ball. — 1, T, + gr. 
Abundant as a roadside ey and blooming ne into the dry season. 
ee ttle he (L.) Koch. — 1, 7. 
arly abundant on grassy open s slop 
ben, ceeds (T. & G.) Gray. Pocipaitic) — 2, CH, DG, sc. uts, etc» 
Shows a particular inclination . grow on steep es cliffs, roadside cuts, 
in sandstone and decom anite. Fragrant foliage. 
Brodiaea pulchella (Salisb.) eae (Amaryllidaceae) — 1, T, CL, gt. 
c Usually on oS ca slopes a Te 
_ Bromus spp. (Gramineae) — 
es aiices Wats. (Liste) — 2,T, sc. 
clavatus Wats. — 4, DG, DS. 
aiissonia. a (Nutt. ex T. &G, ) Raven. (Onagraceae) — 3, CH, ©» 
et gr. othera leptocarda Green 
- *Capsella steered (L.) Medic. (Gaiters) este ts DS, sc + gf. 
Castilleja sp. (Ser tophulariaceae) — 3, primarily CH, 
: One perennial species, occasional along Senusiader. 


99 


—— 


LASCA LEAVES 7 


Ceanothus megacarpus Nutt. (Rhamnaceae) — 1, CH, DG, sc + gr. 
Mostly on rocky slopes, but not in the heavier soils of Oak Pass. Flowering 
in Jan. and Feb. most years. Form either tall and slender or low, dense 
and shrubby. 

Ceanothus spinosus Nutt, in T. & C. — 1, T, sc+ gr. aay ‘ 
Flowers usually white, occasionally pale blue. Flowering in March and April 
most years. Nearly reaching tree stature in ravines and north- or east-facing 
slopes. 

“Centaurea melitensis L. (Compositate) — 1, T, DS, 

Abundant on some open grassy slopes and hilltops. 

Cercocarpus betuloides Nutt. ex T. & G. (Rosaceae) — 1, CH, DG, usually gr. 
Growing rather tall, upright, and slender in this locality. 

Chenopodium californicum (Wats.) (Chenopodiaceae ) — 2, C, OW, sc. 

The leaves peculiarly wet-farinose. 
*Chenopodium sp. (Chenopodiaceae) — 2, T, DS, sc + gr. 
Roadsides and near gardens. 
Chlorogalum pomeridianum (DC.) Kunth. (Liliaceae ) — 2, T, sc. 
Chorizanthe staticoides Benth. (Polygonaceae) — 2, CH, often DS, DG, gr. 
_ Primarily along Summitridge, where it was locally abundant. 

Cirsium sp. (Compositae ) — 2, T, primarily DS. 

Clarkia (Godetia) deflexa (Jeps.) Lewis & Lewis (Onagraceae) — 2, esp. Ow, 
CH, often DS, gr. 

A preference is shown for partially shaded banks or road-cuts. Common on 
North Beverly Dr. and upper Oak Pass. 

Collinsia heterophylla Buist. ex Grah. (Scrophulariaceae ) — 2, OW, CH, gr. 

Convolvulus sp. (Convolvulaceae ) — 2, CH, SS, primarily DS. 

: often abundant after fires. Corolla white. 

Conyza canadensis (L.) Crong. — 2, T, DS, sc + gr. 
eta filifolius Nutt. ex Benth. in DC. (Scrophulariaceae) — 1, SS, CH, 


Common near 9601 and 9626 Oak Pass, esp. on + disturbed soil mn dry 
openings among Artemisia californica and Salvia mellifera. 
Corethyrogyne filaginifolia (H. & A.) Nutt. vars. (Compositae) — 1,T, ste 
ere were two distinctly different varieties growing in this locality; those with 
the entire plant white-tomentose were more abundant throughout the area. 


. + 
arly on Ceanothus spinosus and Rhus laurina, also on other shrubs. 


HH, , gr. 
arly in openings between Adenostoma bushes, where the latter were 
nearly covering the ridges and hilltops, in rocky soil or - also among 
Cercocarpus bushes in similar situations. Elsewhere scattered and less common. 


C3. SC; 
Only one individual was known in this locality, on Mulholland near the aes 
sean intersection; it was growing out of the sandstone of a vertic 
road-cut, 
Dudleya lanceolata (Nutt.) Britt. & Rose. (Crassulaceae ) — 2, SS, CH, gr. 
Jsually under or among small shrubs (Eriogonum, Encelia, Salvia, etc.), par- 
ticularly on steep east- or west-facing rocky slopes. Summitridge Road, Marion 


8 LASCA LEAVES 


: left shows upper end of Peavi , and Peavine Ri 
‘ ; eavine Canyon and Fea k 
aoe. Peavine Peak; top right is a view south toward the junction of pre 


Mulholland Dr., with a well-established grove of Eucalt” 
ddle distance; below right is another photograph of 
trees here are Platanus racemosa. 


LASCA LEAVES 9 


PHOTOGRAPH TAKEN IN 1938, LOOKING NORTHWEST from uppét 


Oak Pass Road (DG soil), near its junction with Summitridge Road; the house 
in middle-distance is at 9601 Oak Pass. The ridge on the 

upper Beverly Glen, and slightly below that may be seen the n 
northernmost section of Benedict Canyon Drive where it climbs onto a ridge 


oO 
and in the ravines everywhere nearby. Lighter patches in the vegetation represent 
Mostly Coastal Sage Scrub indicators, with some admixture of Chaps paeg 
Far to the WSW may be seen one of the grassy-open walnut-hillsides rig . 
in the text. The house is at an elevation of about 1100 feet, and is 10 miles (in 
direct line) inland from the coast. 


10 LASCA LEAVES 


Way, and near 9720 Oak Pass Road. 
Elymus condensatus Pres|. (Gramineae ) — sc + gr. 
Often abundant after fires for the first ay years while a burned area is recoy- 
ering. At 9601 Oak Pass Road the flowering spikes often surpassed 15 feet in 
length on DS heavy clay soil. 
Emmenanthe penduliflora Benth. (Hydrophyllaceae ) — 2, T, DS, sc. 
metimes common for a few years on recently-burned hillsides. 
Encelia californica Nutt. (Compositae) — 1, primarily SS, CH, primarily CL, 
SC + gr. 


Ve ery abundant - 9601 Oak Pass and along the northern end of Summitridge 
to Mulholland, e 

Eremocarpus ss sali (Hook. ) Benth. ol pedo e —4, primarily DS, sc +g. 

Eriogonum elongatum Benth. (Polygonaceae) — > Bt. 

Particularly along upper Oak Pass and Sites north of Marion Way. 

Eriogonum fasciculatum Benth. — 1, T, primarily CH, primarily DG, sc+gt 
Leaf length, width, color, and degree of pubescence variable in this locality; 
forms with a dark green, glabrate upper surface of leaf were predomi 

On sandstone, around Oak Pass, was a paler green and more ev , 
pubescent form which was uncommon. (Few specimens were growing 00 SO! 
other DG in this locality. ) ften 

Eriophyllum ik eb (CD.) Gray, (Compositate)—1, T, primarily CH, © 

» primarily 
Mostly along upper Oak Pass and Summitridge. 

*Erodium spp. (Geraniaceae ) — 5 es If primarily DS, gr. ed 
Two species were present; a taller-grow wing and more u upright, pale 
species was less common than the smaller, abundant, red-stemmed species 

_ Eschscholzia californica Cham. (Papaveraceae) —— 3, CH, DS, DG, gr. 
i. tals ellow-orange. In this locality recorded only from one west facing slope 
ar the intersection of upper Oak Pass with Summitridge 

*Eucalypus globulus Labill. (Myrtaceae) — 2, CH, OW, sc OG r 

ostly planted older trees in canyons, but an old, deserted pent pr uppe 
North Beverly Dr. had associated with it several very young tree on 
quan These had cited themselves in the floor of the ‘ca 
assistance from 
*Euphorbix peplus L. (Hathorbisceac) — 2, OW, CH, DS, gr. 
me Roadsides and near gardens, us sually in semi-shade. 
_ *Foeniculum vulgare Mill. (Umbelliferae) — 4, T, C. d the 
My two clumps were known in the area — one near 9626 Oak igs: . 
er near the junction of upper Oak Pass and Summitridge Roa 
Fritillaria ‘ioa Lindl. (Liliaceae) — 3, T, primarily SS-OW borders, CL, 
assy slope, bordered by a Quercus dumosa thicket, just west 
: eae at 9720 Oak Pass Road (probably no longs: capita 
_ Galium angustifolium Nutt. in T. & G. (Rubiace Marion 
om Species and the one that follows were fairly siiadant sions uppet 
y; also scattered throughout. 
Galium nottalte Gray. — 2, T, sc. 
_ Geranium carolinianum L. (Geraniaceae) — 3, esp. OW, DS, sc. 
y Occasional. 
Gilia wo Ae ige V. Grant (Polemoniaceae) — io <2, oF. arpus 
ally abundant along Summitridge Road, in openings amongst COX 


t of the 


LASCA LEAVES 11 


and Adenostoma, esp. near the east end of Peavine Ridge (area now destroyed 
subdivi ders). 


.— 2, qr DS, s 
Gnaphalium microcephalum Nutt. — CH. ini DS, DG, sc 
A preference is shown for rocky alti and cut-banks along DG roads. Formerly 
+ eae along rocky road-cuts of as Oak Pass, the middle section of 
Summitridge Road, and all of Marion Way. 
Grinds robusta Nutt. (Compositae) — 2, SS, CH, CL, sc +r. 
all colony was for many years near 2500 Summitridge Road (near the 
n Way intersection). 
Heplpapp squarrosus H. & A. ssp. grindelioides (DC.) Keck. (Compositae) — 


Haplopappus venetus (HBK.) Blake ssp. vernonioides (Nutt.) Hall — 2, SS, 


Hap lopappus sp. — 4, DS, on sandstone road-cut near 9720 Oak Pass. 

eri inenu scoparium Nutt. var. vulgare Jeps. (Cistaceae) — 3, CH, DG, gr. 
n only on Peavine Ridge in this locality, where it was not uncommon. 

Hemizonia ramosissima Benth. (Compositae) — 2, SS, CH, CL, DG, usually 


Common tbs roadside from upper Oak Pass to the Marion Way - Summitridge 
Intersection; esp. near 2500 Summitridge Road. Distinctive fragrance. 
Hesperocnide » tenella Torr. (Urticaceae) — 2, OW, CH, gr. 
Mos ee Se pear grassy slopes, under C ercocarpus, along upper Oak 
Pass and Summitri 
Heter omeles( (Photinia) obistolio M. Roem. (Rosaceae) — 2, T, primarily CH, 
always 
In the 1940s, the areas of upper Oak Pass, the middle section of Summitridge, 
and Marion Way were magnificently colored by the winter display a i 
from a large population of fine specimens. Truck-loads of the branc es 
oe were hacked from the toyon in this vicinity year after ee presum 
Y people intending to sell the berries for nog aces purposes 
Juglan californica Wats. (Juglandaceae) — 1, gr 
ten growing in irregular groups on (and bordered open grassy slopes; 
*Lactuea sen oe 4, T, D 
4ca serriola L. (Compositae) — : =a 
Lathyrus aed Senge Soe ( ie C L. Hitche. (Leguminosae) 
Tt, 


sc. 
Leptodactylon i Sar H. & A. (Polemoniaceae) — 2, CH, DG, se 
A preference is shown for DG cliffs and eet or rocky soi a sp 
Slopes. Along the middle a of Summitridge to upper 
south along N. Beverly Driv 
ie. d subspicata H. & A var. how Keck. (Caprifoliaceae) wim Le he 
en CL, sc. b- 
In shade of yo Rhamnus crocea, or Rhus laurina, etc., it sane ers 
ing, woody vine; in open sunny situations it soog: all fate back down 
tangle of woody ‘stems, which originally eae ies cg raid 
0 the e clump again, adding to its compact DS, 
Lotus sa i wrninnes) — i, T, Es 
Parius (Nutt. & G.) Ottley. (Legu 
Ass ssuming { Ke ete growth habit among other small on projecting up 


12 LASCA LEAVES 


among them and living for many years; in the open, quite compact and 
rounded in outline. Often common after fires or on recently-cleared areas. 

Lupinus hirsutissimus Benth. (Leguminosae) — 3, T, DS, sc + gr. 

Lupinus longifolius (Wats.) Abrams. — ° a, Oren Ci: sc 

Lupinus succulentus Dougl. ex Koch. — SS, CH, always CL. mostly gr. 
Was abundant near 9626 Oak er now ieee destroyed. 

Lupinus truncatus Nutt. ex H. & A. — 7 T, DS, sc + gr. 

Malacothamnus fasciculatus (Nutt.) Greene. Malvercae) — 4, sc 
A single bush known between 9601 and 9626 Oak Pass 

Malacothrix saxatilis (Nutt.) T. & G. var.? (Compositae ) — 2. CH, DG; sz: 
Primarily in rocky DG along airs 

*Malva parviflora L. (Malvaceae) — 1, T, often CL, only DS, sc + gr. 

ee macrocarpus (Greene) Seah: (Cucurbitaceae) — 1, : usually CL, sc. 


, gr. 
A weed in gardens, Ae ae eal continues through the summer. 
Melica imperfecta Trin. (Gramineae ) — , gr. 
*Melilotus albus Desr. (Leguminosae) — Pe id DS, gr. 
Local near 9626 Oak “a where it was originally introduced for honeybees. 
*Melilotus indicus (L.) — 2; DS, or 
Mentzelia micrantha (H. oe re +e & G. (Loasaceae) — 3, CH, me DG, gt. 


Along Sum 
Mimulus ( Diplacus) Mineitovus (Nutt.) Grant. Caiplieraceaey — 1, T, sc+e 
Often growing densely together, in open glades coon oaks; also in large 
patches on slopes, among other shrubs. a hgegteen displ ys (when in flower) 


In semi-shade beneath sik near 9601 Oak Pass. 
Nicotiana glauca Grah. ( Solanaceae) — 1, T, often DS, sc+ n 
ows a preference for rocky DG cliffs and road-cuts, os but grows also © 
other soils throughout the area. 
Orthocarpus purpurascens Benth. ( Scrophulariaceae) — 3, SS, CH, gr. 
small colony on + disturbed clay soil near 9626 Oak Pass. 
oo, sp. oa — 3, T, usually DS, sc. 
oO 


etals 
eaprdlag il Salfornica Nutt. ex T. & G. (Paeoniaceae) — 2, T, esp. CH and OW: 
oiten — se 
hae common around 9601 Oak Pass. 


Fai 
-Penstemon cordifolius Benth. (Scrophulariaceae) — 1, T, primarily CH, s¢ and 
____ Its growth habit is much like that of Lonicera subspicta var. johnstonii, 


LASCA LEAVES 13 


its form varies similarly, according to the situation where it grows. Superb 
cage of this plant covered slopes of lower Marion Way and N. Beverly 
Driv 


Natencn aya Lindl. — 4, CH, DS, CL. 
nown only from two or three plants growing for many years on a road-cut 
at 9626 ‘Ozk Pass (in full sun, on Seghorg heavy clay soil). 


Penstemon spectabilis Thurb. ex Gray. — 2, CH, primarily DG, usually DS, sc + gr. 
In this ocality primarily restricted to cleared DG 3 area: s (roadsides), or rocky 
ridges and (particularly) fire-breaks; was common on Peavine Ridge a and 


elsewhere along Summitridge Road (on the higher rocky ridges is 
Perezia microcephala (DC.) Gray. (Compositae) — 2, T, primarily CH, often 
DS, sc. 


Not uncommon near 9601 Oak Pass. A favored foodplant for the nymphal 
tages of a common local katydid. 
Phacelig SPP. (Hydrophyllaceae) — 2, SS, CH, DS, gr. 
oe frequent on burned bes (for a few aie nies the fire), on open slopes 
ridges. Rare in undisturbed chaparral. (Pro spp.). 
Pholivoma (Nei bphitel auritum (Lindl.) Lilja. (Hpccopheineee) — 2, T, pr 
arily OW, 


Not uncommon along lower Oak Pass Road, under oaks. 


Rd. 
use COvering of healthy live oaks (Quercus agrifolia) at pec Oak Pass 
'ypified region in 1937. For a larger view of this area, see pag 


14 LASCA LEAVES 


Phoradendron flavescens (Pursh) Nutt. var. macrophyllum Engelm. in Rothr. 
(Loranthaceae) — 1, T, sc. 
Common on Juglans on the slopes and ridges, and on Platanus in the canyons. 

Platanus racemosa Nutt. (Platanaceae) — 2, CH, , sc+ gr. 
In the major canyons; never on the slopes or ridges. A well-established group 
along N. Beverly Drive at the Marion Way intersection. 

Potentilla glandulosa Lindl. (Rosaceae) — 2, T, often DS, sc. 

Prunus ilicifolia (Nutt. ) Walp. — 2, CH, usually DG, always sc. 
Mostly along upper Oak Pass and Summitridge. 

Quercus agrifolia Neé. (Fagaceae) — 1, T, sc+ gr, (usually gr). 
Once abundant and in excellent condition (with DARK green leaves) through- 
out the area. The trees are now ( 1964) in very poor condition, many of them 
dying or already dead and fallen throughout the area. Many of the larger old 
trees that grew on hills and slopes above the canyons have died since 1950, 
as well as numerous individuals in Benedict Canyon. The prolonged drought 
of recent years, and the increasing smog, probably are both partly re- 
sponsible. Phryganidia californica Pack. (Dioptidae), the California oak moth, 


of man on the scene, and thereby cannot be held responsible for the decline 
of these trees, despite what the peddlers of insecticides would have us believe. 
Spraying for these moths will only (at best) prolong the slow death of the 
oaks, but will not save them. A change to another cycle of wet years (if it 
comes soon) might save those remaining oaks that still retain the vigor 
recover. For evidence of the abundant, healthy, dark green oaks that once 


eve : 

Quercus dumosa Nutt, — 2, primarily CH, OW, usually gr, rarely sc. and 
. oi dense thickets of limited extent, and smaller groups, on ridges 

illsides. 

Rafinesquia californica Nutt. (Compositae) — 1, T, DS. : i 

articularly common after fires, and on DS (along roadsides) at all times, - 

2 full ab and semi-shade. 

anunculus sp. (Ranunculaceae) —3, SS, CH, CL, er. 
Perennial. One small colony known, on an aig grassy slope near 90 
S; this area now destroved. 

Raphanus sativus L. (Cruciferae) — 4, SS, sc. 
Rhamnus californica Esch. (Rhamnaceae) — 3, OW, CH, sc. along 
One known near the house at 9540 Oak Pass (now destroyed); a few 

N. Beverly Dr. near its intersection with Marion Way. 

R. crocea Nutt. in T. & G. ssp. ilicifolia (Kell.) C. B . Wolf. — 1, T, s¢ 
In this locality it often assumes the stature and physiognomy of a ; 
with rather long trunks (4” or more in diameter), and a somewhat open large 
in open places in the full sun (away from close contact with other 

3 S rubs ) it assumes a much more dense and rounded form. 

_ Rhus diversiloba T. & G. (Anacardiaceae) — 1, T, sc + gr. wercus 
n the shade, usually vine-like and often climbing high into the oaks ( Q BOTH 

agrifolia). In the open, usually shrubby and compact in grow ha er which 

forms can come from the SAME plant, depending upon the situation 

new sprouting shoots find themselves. 


LASCA LEAVES 15 


Rhus os gaan (Nutt.) Benth. & Hook. — 3, SS, CH, sc 
is immediate locality, nna only as a few isolated specimens, par- 
Scalarly i in the N. Beverly eh - Marion es area and in Franklin Canyon, 
Rhus laurina Nutt. in T. & G. — “T, primarily sc 
‘4 ung large size, a always shrub-like in form. Lower stems often 
a ore in diameter. Extremely strong-smelling foliage (when crushed). 
Rhus Aah Wats. —2,T,a 
Eeep act shrub; not oahu seis from 9601 to 9626 Oak Pass, and scattered 
erally throughout. 
Rhus Saba Nutt. ex T. & G. var. malacophylla (Greene) Munz. — 2, T, 


SC + gr. 
The leaves softly-pubescent. Often. gr raid! in a tangled semi-shrub form. 
Often in partial a de or = protected locatio 
Ribes malvaceum Sm a aie Abrams ( Saritvaieeses — 1, T, sc. 
Superbly iacih folia aes 
Ribes om Pursh. A 
cularly on north- at aces and hilltops. Abundant near 9601 Oak 
: tes ass and north of Marion Way. 
Ricinus gto L. (Euphorbiaceae) — 3, DS, sc. 
A few, in Benedict Canyon only, prior to 1955. 
Rosa californica Cham. & Schlecht. ieee — 4, OW, CL, gr. 
y one clump ai near junction of Hutton Dr. and Oak Pass 
destroyed about 15 year. 
Rubus ursinus Cham. & Schlecht (Rosaceae) a Sw ee 
n the canyon along N. Beverly Drive at the Marion Way intersection, grow- 
ing under sycamores. 
Rumex crisps L. (Polygonaceae) — 3, T, DS, sc. 
at roadsides 
Salix onl Bebb. (Salicaceae) —— 2. T, sc+ gt. : 
a “San kag particularly along N. overly Drive south of the Marion Way 


Road; 


Salix lates Bene 2 i, & 

mmon in Benedict Caen: occasional elsewher 
Salsola kali v ae tenuifolia Tausch. (Chenopodiaceae) — 4, T, DS, — CL, sc. 
alvia apiana Jeps. (Labiatae) — 1, T, primarily SS, primarily sc 


der consideration, but rather 


SS, sc + 
“Never recorded within the limits of he area un ith 
of its intersection wl 


= tng was growing for many years near 9601 
Saly; Plants comparable to this one were ever seen in the locality. Fragrant foliage. 
shu mellifera Greene. — 1, primarily SS, CH, prima a os ae 
: fe) 
mely abundant at 9601 Oak Pass. Strong me ese at s small colonies 


Salvia aca W, tai alw : ease 
ea Greene, -—1, primarily O and (lest often) among the larger 


2; 1, %: 
‘like stature, with heavy trunks, 


16 LASCA LEAVES 


Sanicula arguta Green ex Coult. & Rose. (Umbelliferae) — 1, T, mostly CL, se. 
Scrophularia californica Cham. & Schlecht. (Scrophulariaceae) — 3, CH, OW, 


Fairy common along N. Beverly Drive (canyon floor, north of Marion Way 
intersection). 

Senecio Saiolasi DC. (Compositae) — 3, CH, DS, usually DG, sc. 

~S, cnet Otto. — 

scaped; in Benedict ‘Canyon only. 
Silene laciniaa Cav. ssp. major Hitchc. & Maguire. (Caryophyllaceae) — 2, OW, 
arily CH, primarily DG, CL, sc. 

A Sreterenice | is shown for semi-shaded cut banks along roadsides, pa 
in a DG-CL soil; they were originally rather common along the cut banks of 
E ecole Dr., Marion Way, and upper Oak Pass near the Summits 


ersect 
Sisy anes bellum Wats. (Iridaceae ) —2,T, CL, gr. 
rimarily in grassy openings among CH ‘and SS shrubs. Fairly common near 
9601 Oak Pass, and north cf upper Marion big ae above N. Beverly Drive. 
Solanum douglasii Dunal i in DC. (Solanaceae) — 2, T, s 
A preference is shown for semi-shady locations on “hills and in canyons. 
Solanum ci Gray var. intermedium Parish. — 1, T, sc+ gr. 
Especially on ree ae a 
Stachys . (Labiat ac) — sc + gr. 
Usually in Sk act ne, and canyons, or on north-facing slopes under 
large shrubs. 
Stephanomeria cichoriacea Gray So se mee — 2, CH, DG, sc. 
im rocky DG and along road-c 
Stephanomeria virgata Benth. — 2 T, DS, sc i gr. 
or. 


+ gr. 

in semi-shade of oaks, or under other shrubs; particularly on north-facing 

slopes or oak-covered hillto Ops. 
Tragopogon porrifolius L. (Compositae) — 4, T, DS, sc+gr. 540 

ew i viduals growing for many years on a grassy walnut-slope near 9 

Oak Pass; one or two elsewhere. 

T; richostema eat Benth. ( Labiatae) — 3, CH, usually DS, DG, s 
al on firebreaks, and along Summitridge. Sweet-fragrant ‘foliage. 
gr. 


w plants in the (dry) echoed’ on u per N. Beverly Drive. 
Vr pieparia Shp tetas DC. (Compositae) — 2 TT. primarily OW, sometimes DS, 


Often on ster road-cuts, re walls, and in ravines; usually in semi-shade, 
& and/or on north-facing s slo 

_ Verbena lasiostachys Link. (Visbesaceaey 3, T, usually DS, sc+ gr. we 
; Usually in a roadside ditch, where water oy longer to ee up, Of 

: Caking pipe, etc. 5s and 
s Yucca whipplei Torr. ssp. intermedia Haines. (Liliaceae) — 1, T, primarily 


Sc. 
_Zawchneria can Greene. (Onagraceae) — 1, T, primarily CH and ow, often 
DG sc. 


Often growing from steep rocky sandstone (or DG) road-cuts. 


ae 


LASCA LEAVES 17 


OAK PASS Road, showing Quercus agrifolia, about 1945. 


SELECTED REFERENCES 


BAUER, H. L. (1936) — Moisture relations in a chaparral of the Santa Monica 
Mountains. Ecol. Mon., Vol. 6, No. 3 (409-454). 

BENSON, L. (1957) — Plant Classification, Heath, Boston (598- -613). 

ELL, H. H. (1951) — Plant succession in undisturbed chamise. Calif. Div. 

ish & Game, see Progress Rept. 

CANNON, W. A. (1914) — Specialization in vegetation and in environment in 
California. Plant World 17, (223-237). 

COOPER, W. S. eae se _— The broad-sclerophyll vegetation of California. Car- 
negie Inst. Publ. # 

CRADDOCK, G. W. (1929) — The successional influence of fire on the chapar- 
Tal type MS. Thesis, Univ. of Calif., Berkeley. 

5 FOREST, H. and MILLER, E. (1941) — Some environmental ome of 
a southern California chaparral. one - S. Calif. Press. Los Angeles 

FULTZ, F. M. (1927) — The elfin-forest of California. Los Angeles, The 
Mirror Press. (illus.) 

HANES, 2-4, (1965) —— Ecological studies of two closely related chaparral shrubs 
in Southern California. Ecological Monographs, 35 (213-235). 


18 LASCA LEAVES 

HARVEY, R. A. (1962) — Seasonal growth of chaparral shrubs in relation to 
root types. M.A. Thesis, Univ. of Calif., Los Angeles. 

HELLMERS, HORTON, JUHREN, and O’KEEFE (1955) — Root systems of 
some chaparral plants in Southern California. Ecology, Vol. 36 (667-678). 

HORTON, J. S. and KRAEBEL, C. J. (1955) — Development of vegetation after 
fire in the chamise chaparral of Southern California. Ecology 36. 

HORTON, J. S. and WRIGHT, J. T. (1944) — The woodrat as an ecological fac- 
tor in Southern California watersheds. Ecology, Vol. 25 (341-351). 

KITTREDGE, J. (1948) — Forest influences. 


McFARLAND, N. (1965) — The moths (Macroheterocera) of a chaparral plant 
association in the Santa Monica Mountains of Southern California. Jour. of 
Research on the Lepidoptera, Vol. 4, No. 1 (43-73) 

MUNZ, P. A. and KECK, D. D. (1949) — California plant communities. El 
Aliso (2 

MUNZ, P and KECK, D. D. (1959) — A California flora. Univ. of Calif. 
. pedaiey, (1681 pp.) 


Laren , N. V. (1960) — Introduction to plant geography and related sciences 
( pp.). 


RAVEN, P. H. and THOMPSON, H. J. (1966) — Flora of oo Santa Monica 
Mountains, California. Univ. of Calif., Los Angeles. (190 p 

SAMPSON, A. W. (1944) — The effect of pe phe burning on erosion and 
soil-moisture relations. Ecology, Vol. 25 (171-191). 

SCHIMPER, A. F. W. (1903) — Plant geography upon a physiological basis 
(839 pp.). English translation by W. R. Fisher. 

SHAPIRO, A. A. and DE FOREST, H. (1932) — Transpiration rates in cha- 
parral plants (compared). Vol. 13 (290-296). 


WATKINS, V. M. and DE FOREST, H. (1941) — Growth in some chapatn ». 
shrubs of California (in Santa Monica Mountains). Ecology, Vol. 22 (79 


LASCA LEAVES 19 


Book Review 


Plants and Archaeology, by G. W. Dimbleby. 187 pp. Illustrated. Bibliograph 
and index. John Baker, London, 1967. $7.00. y. 187 pp graphy 
Se wrt book to deal exclusively with the botanic aspects of archeology 
othe r se for both layman and scientist, British ecologist and anthropologist 
coal icts . greater emphasis on plant materials, too-often disregarded in 
isiorove “ ing man’s past. With the development of radiocarbon dating, and 
ne methods of microsectioning of charcoal, plant evidence available for 
erpretation has shown a marked increase. 
a age one of the book is a comprehensive outline of the ec 
NN they timber rollers used in pyramid building or sandy, 
™s Causing poor teeth. 
a cca interest is the section describing the kinds of plant materials 
materi ts archaeological sites. Conditions which favor the preservation of plant 
ae are explained. Wood structures, including the all-important charcoal 
faeces sa cages te detail, with good microphotographs. Impressions, fossil 
large ; bres, which supplement the more evident seed and fruit remains, en- 
8 oa view of this fascinating field of study. 
lies pte ee offered by prehistoric plants, 
altered bee man’s uses of plants, but in the landscapes 
aie sit tes e centuries. Plant chronology, a chief interest of a 
materials ty tae ring dating, useful especially in arid re ‘ 
The suas in water-logged situations reveal diagn 
reaches -twenty-year-old method of measuring resi 
. elusive evidence of age. 
Past in a bibliography and index complete this journey into the botanical 
and other a the author stresses the wide relationships between archaeobotany 
iences. 


onomic uses of 
tannin-leached 


the author’s emphasis 
man has occupied and 
ll archaeologists, 


—_-Lyp1a S. BOWEN 


LASCA LEAVES 


> ? Zw k 

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ae ero 
st Uy o 


Seen ds sf ad 
Spbestex 
385 


% Meshes Sia, 
RATS fit 


at wets’ \ 
2 ~, ru 

ay ie. i 
at *° Geeky 


Se a ae a “1g. 
ro Sade 


“fe 
* 
o 
———= 


oe al came =— 
= 
ih 
4 


+ 
tt 
a“ 


— 


xara st oh 


b eah ie 
a 


oe ae i 
% « Posy k ee; 

a we! ie 
we 4. be tlh . 7 
Sha Ast Pea Pt i So: 

Sk ah eye 228 oe! wor, 
~ 2 a ee Gea"'93 3: 
‘At oy *et, 
soe EES ) Wy 
‘ | 


li : ' 
ef TAN 


With Leaves Like a Duck’s Foot! 


By EDWARD PUGH 


Among the collection of historic trees that crowd the Arboretum Mall area, 
none has a more fascinating history than the ginkgos. 

Ginkgo biloba is the oldest of existing types of trees; the sole survivor of a 
more numerous group in early geologic times; a tree whose ancestors were 
thriving one hundred and twenty-five million years ago when terrible reptiles 
roamed the earth, and the pterodactyl ruled the skies. Ginkgos, limited eventually 
to Asia, once flourished (and fossils bear this out) in western Europe, northern 
California and Oregon, Greenland and other parts of the world. Today, they are 
‘relics,” or “living fossils,” existing, it is believed, only as a cultivated tree. 
Botanically, ‘“‘maidenhair trees,” as they are commonly called, form a link between 
the Yew family, the Cycads, the Ferns and allies. 

The earliest written mention of the Ginkgo appeared in a Chinese Agricultural 
work of the Eighth Century. In 1578, the tree was listed in what was known as 
The Great Chinese Herbal as Ya-chio-tzu or “The tree with leaves like a 


They are generally found in association with temples, shrines or palaces. In the 
Orient, ginkgo seeds are roasted and known as a dessert nut. The Chinese call 
them silver fruit, 

__ The ginkgo came West through the efforts of Engebert Kaempfer, a surgeon 
with the Dutch East-India company who, in 1712 after a visit to Japan, published 
a book in which he described the tree. 
hai An Englishman by the name of Gordon was the first to send a living maiden- 
= tree to the great botanist Linnaeus, but it was the Dutch, again, who actually 

toduced this ancient plant into Europe, sometime between 1727 and 1737. 
venteen years later ginkgos had reached England with the first tree flowering in 

Kew Gardens in 1795. 
ihn am Hamilton is credited with the introduction of the maindenhair tree to 
rin ine He Imported a specimen from England in 1784 for his garden at Wood- 
= near Philadelphia. This was sixty-six years before California became a state. 
estate has since become Woodlands Cemetery in which this ginkgo is re- 

g 


duri In California, ginkgos were first listed in a San Francisco nursery catalog 
& the late 1850s and were in the Los Angeles area probably by 1870. 


Co _ Six around the 
ts. - oak arm — one across the road on the edge 0 
© weeping or pendulous species illustrated by the accompany 


22 LASCA LEAVES 
known as pendula form by botanists. This larger male specimen measures 19” in 
diameter and is 90 feet tall. 

These trees were planted by “Lucky” Baldwin, presumably from seed obtained 
in the Orient between 1875 and 1880. This would have placed them among the 
first trees to be set out on his Rancho Santa Anita after the purchase of the ranch 
in 1875. Baldwin was enthusiastic about plants and his gardens were replete with 
floral beauty collected around the world 

The National Shade Tree Conference recommends the ginkgo as a street tree 
for southern California for numerous reasons. First, it is one of the few deciduous 
trees in southern California which shows beautiful butter-yellow foliage in the fall 
and attractive branching during the leafless periods. Second, the tree with its robes 
of bright green foliage is stately and ruggedly picturesque. Third, the tree is as 
tough as they come, withstanding smoke, smog, dust, drought and frost. 


THIS MONTH’S COVER PLANT 
ARBORETUM INTRODUCTION — 1965 


Common Name : Cape Weed 
Botanical Name —_: Arctotheca calendula (L.) Levyns 


Family Compositae 

Origin South Africa 

Form : Ground cover, 4 to 6 inches high. 

Flowers : Bright yellow heads, 244” diameter. 

Foliage : Evergreen, deeply lew Dark green and hairy on uppe 
side —— silvery underneath. 

Growth Rate : Rapid — where as moisture is available. Roots at nodes. 

Soil Requirement : Tolerant of variety of soils. 

Exposure : Full sun to very light shade. 

Temperature : Subject to frost but recovers rapidly. 

Tolerance 

Water Needs : Moderate — but is 2 F omiteegd very tolerant of wide range 
from little to much mo 

Pruning : Only to keep within pei area. 

Pests : May be occasionally attacked by caterpillars. 

Disease : None of record. 

Propagation : Seed, cuttings, or divisions. Cuttings are most rapid method 
and root readily. 

Remarks : This plant should be given serious consideration as a ground 

e of omen : 


cover for difficult to maintain areas. Its tolerance 
little moisture indicates wide adaptability. This plant me 
distributed to Foundation members at the 1965 Annu ual Me 
ing. It also was released to nurserymen that year. 


. 


LASCA LEAVES 23 


FLOWER SHOW DATES — 1968 


February 24, 25, 1968 
March 30, 31 

April 5, 6, 7 

April 12, 13, 14 
April 20, 21 

April 27, 28 

May 11, 12 

May 19 

May 25, 26 

gune 21, 22, 23 

July 4, 5, 6, 7 

July 20, 21 

October 31-Nov. 1, 2 


Temple City Camellia Show 

Aril Society International Show 
Southland Orchid Show 

Spring Flower Show and Art Festival 
Iris Show 

Amaryllis Show 

Geranium Show 

Epiphyllum Show 

Bonsai Exhibit 

Gladiolus Show 

Cactus and Succulent Show 

Begonia Show (San Gabriel Valley Branch) 
Fall Flower Show 


Plant Societies holding regular meetings at the Arboretum: 


American Begonia Society 
Arcadia Garden Club 
Arcadia Historical Society 
Aril Society 

Cactus and Succulent Society 


Iris Society (Southern California) 


Pasadena Horticultural Society 
Santa Anita Bonsai 


ome Gabriel Valley Orchid Hobbyists 
outhern California Gladiolus Society 


Second Friday — 7:30 p.m. 
Third Thursday — 10:30 a.m. 
Stated Thursdays — 7:30 p.m. 
Stated Sundays — 1 p.m. 
Third Wednesday — 7:30 p.m. 
Fourth Tuesday — 7:30 p.m. 
Third Sunday — 12 noon 
Stated Meetings 

Third Saturday — 11 a.m. 
Third Tuesday — 7:30 p.m. 
Third Saturday — 7:00 p.m. 
Third Thursday — 7:30 p.m. 
4-22-68 — 7:30 p.m. 


Southern California Hemerocallis and 


: Amaryllis Society 
emple City Camellia Society 


Third Saturday — 10 a.m. 
3-28-68 — 7:30 p.m. 


24 LASCA LEAVES 
RECENT ACQUISITIONS OF LASCA LIBRARY 


Annual Review of Plant Physiology, Vol. 18. 1967. Annual Reviews, Inc., 
Palo Alto, California 
A group of research papers representative of the most recent work in the field 
of plant physiology. 


Crane, Lorence Hedleston. Flowers and folk-lore from far Korea. 92 p. 1931. 
The Sanseido Co., Ltd., Tokyo. 
Beautifully illustrated in color, this sensibly arranged volume incorporates 
poetry, proverbs and economic notes. 


Hutchinson, J. The Genera of flowering plants. Dicotyledons, Vol 2. 
659 p. 1967. Oxford University Press, London 
A continuation of the scholarly first volume, this book is a must for taxonomists. 


Seventeenth International Horticultural Congress Proceedings. 4 Vols. 1967. 
A review of the meetings of August 15-20, 1966, held at the University of 
Maryland. 


Lichten, Frances. Decorative art of Victoria’s era. 
274 p. 1950. Charles Scribner’s Sons, N.Y. 
This profusely illustrated summary of the era exemplified in the household of 
Lucky Baldwin has an excellent bibliography and index. 


Lillard, Richard G. Eden in jeopardy. 329 p. 1966. Alfred A. Knopf, N.Y. 
A conservation warning with much local significance in these subdivision: 
happy times. 


Mirov, N. T. The Genus Pinus. 602 p. 1967. The Ronald Press Company, N. Y. 
This comprehensive work which covers the biology of pines as well as their 
taxonomy contains many fine bibliographies and detailed index. 


Rogers, Cameron. Trodden glory — the story of the California poppy with a descr 
tion of some Russians. 130 p. 1949, Wallace Hebberd, Santa Barbara. 
Menzies, Douglas, and Von Chamisso, who named Eschscholtzia in honor of 
the surgeon-naturalist Johann Friedrich Eschscholtz who traveled with Russia 
expeditions, explore the West Coast. 


eae Tyler Some ancient gentlemen. 224 p. 1965. Heinemann, London. 
f iterary and horticultural expert scatters many a practical tip through his 
ook of delightful essays on garden history. 


— LypiA S. BOWEN 


CALIFORNIA ARBORETUM FOUNDATION, INC. 
BOARD OF TRUSTEES 
President PEST meee eet en rae | ARIE J. HAAGEN-SMIT, PH.D. 
BN ss Ol ime rae Mrs. ForrREST Q. STANTON 
OWARD A. MILLER 


Executive Secretary 
Mrs. Harry J. BAUER 
RALPH D. CoRNELL 
Mrs. JEROME K. DoOLAN 
MorGAN EvANS 
Mrs. JOHN N. FEHRER 


ALEXANDER KING 
Mrs. MirIAM Kirk 
FRANK KUWAHARA 


Maurice A. MACHRIS 
Mrs. GEORGE ip nasi 
Lowry McCAasLIi 
Mrs. RUDOLPH J. Rickie 
F. HAROLD ROACH 
Mrs. GorpDON K. SMITH 
JosEPH A. SPRANKLE, JR. 
LOVELL SWISHER, JR. 
oe = T. L. Up DE GRAFF 

s. ARCHIBALD B. YOUNG 


Mrs. Do.Lores K. HUBBELL 


Ex Officio: WILLIAM he Srpuiae. Pu.D. 


HONORARY TRUSTEES 
THEODORE BRAUN 
PRESIDENT, MEN’S GARDEN ime OF Los ANGELES 
Mrs. V. T. GILCH 
PRESIDENT, CALIFORNIA Canoes Cuties INC. 
ELMER Lor 

PRESIDENT, SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ies ase INSTITUTE 
SAMUEL Ayres, Jr. M.D. WILLIAM LANE, JR. 
ELMER BELT, M. D. Mrs. JOHN R. MAGE 
Howarp BopGER MILDRED E. MATHIAS, PH.D. 
CHARLEs S. JoNE Mrs. MANFRED MEYBERG 
Mrs. VALLEY KNUDSEN GEORGE H. SPALDING 


Foundation Office—Telephone 447-8207 


MEMBERSHIPS 
ens SteMbrtEn ei a a 10.00 
Annual Contributing Membership ........-.--- 25.00 
Annual Business Membership .._._. 1 eee mee 
Annual Sustaining ee. ie ies “3. 100.00 
Annual Sponsor Membership . ars Wak ce. _ 250.00 
Life oe Mee See... een ee 500.00 
I a $1,000 or more 
ent 5,000 or more 


Club memberships are available at any amount, from $10 a year or more 
All contributions deductible under Federal Income Tax Law. 


Box be. Californias 1006 


LASCA LEAVES 


The official publication of the California Arboretum Foundation, Inc. 
Sponsors of 
LOS ANGELES STATE AND COUNTY ARBORETUM 
301 NORTH BALDWIN AVENUE—ARCADIA, CALIFORNIA 91006 
Operated by 
LOS ANGELES COUNTY DEPARTMENT 
of 
ARBORETA AND BOTANIC GARDENS 
Box 688 
Arcadia, California 91006 
Arboretum Office — 446-8251 


STAFF 
Pree einte  CIRWART, PHD) Yooh cy. Director 
MME Ke tRATT OO rg eee Assistant Director 
ONE NM a ee ye Graphic Artist 
ROMINA, TO 5 eS Librarian 
FACE Cure) a... Chief, Plant Research Division 
WeAnces. 7. CHme 07.7.0 Superintendent, Arboretum 
Duane O. CRUMMETT, PH.D......... Chief, Education Division 
DONALD S..DIMOND =. 2 Public Information Assistant 
LEONID ENARI, PH.D... Senior Biologist (Plant Taxonomy) 
RoBERT L. GONDERMAN, PH.D. Biologist (Plant Physiology) 


WILLIAM HAWKINSON 
DAN MARTEL 


Ree Ce ae ee Senior Nurseryman 
Plant Recorder 


es an, Botanical Information Consultant 


LEG E. Wakeman Executive Assistant 
Hanny G: WACKER, Pu Diss. Biologist (Entomology) 
PATRICIA A. WARREN... . Assistant Curator, History 
H. HAMILTON WILLIAMS, PH.D... ss Biologist (Turf) 


GERTRUDE M. Woops... ss” Arboretum Education Specialist 


Arboretum Foundation, Inc. 


THE COVER 
A is fitting reward 


he flower rst Lis gene he 
in form ud olor di wii seagied 
difficult genetic iagpegies to 
achieve. It i a preco 
and p rolific ‘cents The eal is 


be invoice by the Arboretum 
} this 


25 The Editor’s Page 
26 POT Notes 
27 Arboretum Viburnums — = dag II 
The Decks Vibur 
Cultural Problems & ae 
31 Memoirs of a Hibiscus Hybridizer — Part I 
41 Growing Notes 


+ ob 
wr 
ies) 
8 
na 
oO 


Calendar 


Editorial Committee 
Mrs. Ross K. Boore 


Mildred Ma 
F. Harold Roach 
William St 
Editor 
Donald S. Dimond 
Graphics 


Gil Martinez 


the Editor’s Page 


EADERS familiar with Lasca Leaves will note a new look 


and its wor 


The physical changes were decided on with hopeful confidence 
they would please — the newly-designed masthead, the two 
column format, the more modern layout, the drawings. 


Within the covers, three new departments — Arboretum oe, 
the Calendar and this page — have been added and the boo 
section extended, additions aimed at serving the interests 

and convenience of readers. 


The long-established Growing Notes of George i en 
the concluding half of Ross Goodrich’s ep na si 
viburnums, provide a gratifying sense of continuity. 
particularly pleased to begin my editorship with Row Asatte 
account of his love affair with hibiscus, written in a aye 

that nicely bridges the trail of scientific investigation 

with human experience. 

I hope to make good use of this page by making it available to 
editors and writers in the field, and for airing the always 
welcome views and comment of readers. 


rboretum 


Camptotheca acuminata 
N 1952 the Arboretum received a 


years earlier from the Lu-shan Botanical 
Garden in Kiangsi, China. The tree was 
planted in our Asian section and grew 
to a largely unnoticed specimen 35 feet 
tall. A second tree, propagated from the 
original, was planted on the western 
shore of Lasca Lagoon. 


Medical science became interested in 


mainland China, such trees proved to be 
extremely rare. The trail led to the Ar- 
boretum. About six weeks ago, the old- 
est and tallest of its Camptothecas was 
cut down, trunk and branches cut into 
18-inch lengths, roots dug up and placed 
in burlap sacks along with stems and 


laboratories for its highly promising use 
in the treatment of some forms of can- 


There is more to this story than can be 
presently told, but it is illustrative of the 
role an arboretum can play in the vital 
life of our society. 


June 1968 


Volunteers 


AS Voluntarias, that estimable group 
Le women who lend their time and 
talents to serving the Arboretum in a Vv 
riety of capacities, are expanding, a sure 
sign of a successful organization. They 
are forming Los Ayudantes, an auxiliary 
group of junior to senior men and won 
en who will serve as helpers, or ayudantes, 
to the parent body. Se invitan muy Cor 
dialmente todos los que tengan dese0 de 
ser nuevos miembros. 


History 


UR historical section has been en- 

riched by a number of period wri 
from the days of famed Elias J. Luc y 
Baldwin. His grandson, Baldwin 
Baldwin, has given to the Arbores® 
through the California Arboretum pee 
dation some family portraits in oil - 
bronze, a photograph of EJ in his pee 
horse buggy, another of his Tallac ho ; 
at Lake Tahoe, and one of his Ranch? 


Santa Anita exhibit at the tis + 
th 


: being 
San Francisco which, even before | 
restored, are quite impressive. 


Lasca Leaves 


Part Il 


arboretum viburnums 


The Deciduous 
Viburnums 


(eprTor’s NoTE: This is the second half 
of a report on the viburnums in the 
Arboretum. The first half [LL, April 
1967] covered the evergreen species.) 


The Doublefile Viburnum 


OR spectacular spring bloom the 
V. plicatum f. tome 


plant rival the dogwoods, and would 
Sake be : good substitute for them in 
ee is yaee the dogwoods are grown 
i a iffculty. The individual flow- 

ads are made up of a center of small 


ein inches across. Two rows of these 
hy Se make the lacy doublefile ef- 
ae € leaves are already on the plant 

n it blooms and while they stay on 


V. pli | 
blicatum f. tomentosum 


Ross Goodrich 


considered a small price to pay for such 
a spring show and could be due to loca- 
tion or soil variation; the plant supposed- 
ly likes a slightly acid heavy soil, where 
generally in this area the soil is heavy 
enough, though alkaline. 


V. plicatum f. tomentosum 


One of these plants is in the center of 


n 
these plantings has not yet outdone it. 


Viburnum sargentii cv. Flavum 


IMILAR in blossoming habit to the 
Doublefile Viburnum is V. sargenti 
cv. Flavum, an upright growing plant 
with large tri-lobed light green leaves. 

It is just a little less spectacular than 
bloom, but 


scarlet 
fall when they become brig 
as they dry up. One of these plants is in 
the extreme southeastern part the 


Asian section at the foot of Tallac Knoll 
and another is halfway between there 
and the center of the section. 


V. sargentii cv. Flavum 


Viburnum opulus cv. Roseum 


has had the difficulty of being in very 
heavy adobe soil so the growth has been 
only moderate as opposed to rugged, but 
it has bloomed quite well. The blossoms 
are attractive from the lemon green early 
stage through the white, to the faintly 
pink stage as they get older. The blos- 
soms are also attractive to aphis that at- 
tack this plant more than most other vi- 
burnums, and come in such numbers 
that it would take almost day and night 
care to keep them under control. In the 


June 1968 


have this fault are available. 
Viburnum rufidulum 


, this plant is native to the 
southeastern part of the Un 
where it can get to be a small tree of 


larger and more spectacular viburnums, 
but in the late fall it really stands out 
when it turns an even dark red; it regu 
larly holds this color for a month. This 
plant is in a shaded location, so a 
plants were grown from it as layers an 
moved to more sunny spots nearby. 
Though their present small size makes 
judgment more difficult as to their over 
all reaction, their fall color has so far 


erage interest but has attractive dogw 2 
ng the 


like furry brown buds on it duri 
winter. 


Viburnum dasyanthum 


plant of some distinction. Its | 
are slightly crinkled, mostly ovate, 
dark green, against which both the 
soms and berries show up very WE 


ummet 


Lasca Leaves 


a very attractive sight; they look very 
much like holly berries and seem out o 


season this early in the year. The growth 
of the plant is upright, fairly rugge 

even; this particular one is eight 
years old and about ten feet tall. 


V. opulus cv. Roseum 


Cultural Problems 


29 


The watering of large areas is always 
difficult. In the mixed plantings necessary 
favor? 


the season is often checked at this time. 
Trying to keep them in a little more 
humid atmosphere by sprinkling can only 
be done so-so and not at all successfully. 
A period of warm weather, when one 
feels he has the situation under control, 
will be immediately followed by an ex- 
tremely hot spell when the humidity 
drops to almost zero. In this situation it 
is like an attempt to put out a fire; most 
of the damage is quickly done. 


needs without 
some of their older neighbors. And some- 
times watering is put off a day or two on 
the basis of a prediction of heavy rains. 
If the rain doesn’t show up damage is 
done. 

The insect trouble has been minor. A few 
aphis seem to be on one or another species 
almost throughout the year. Only the 
heaviest infestations can be given proper 
attention and the worst apparent damage 
‘5 the smut that follows on the V. suspen- 
sum when the early spring attacks occur. 
Scale and mealybug have shown up at 
times, but are easily stoppe and rein- 
festations are not apt to show up if the 
ants are brought under control. The crib- 
rate weevil, a fairly new arrival in this 


30 


from the times this has happened no ap- 
parent permanent damage has been done. 


Several viburnums in the deciduous 
group have failed to establish. A few have 
stayed alive but not flourished, and sadly 

ese happened to be amon 
cially noted for their attractiveness. The 
first that failed was V. fragrans, and then 
V. carlesii; they simply refused to take 
hold and grow. A good many in the de- 
ciduous group come on each spring with 
very healthy foliage but in the first few 
hot days the leaves begin to crisp and 

h : 


Notes on viburnums not 
discussed in detail 


I tried again as availability, 
time and growing space permit. 


June 1968 


V. betulifolium — beautiful, slightly 
crinkly leaves; a promising looking 
plant. 


V. bracteatum — quite dry looking foli- 
age but interesting blossoms. 
V. burejaeticum — neat but just so-so 
appearance; rather unpleasant odor to 
oms. 


V. burkwoodii — good plant, fragrant 
lossoms, sometimes gives a little show 
of fall color. 

V. chenaultii — attractive, semi-ever- 
reen. 


V. cotinifolium — attractive rounding 
leaves but dry looking; holds foliage 
until late in the year. 

V. dentatum pubescens — reasonably 
good appearance, fair blossoms; good 
fall color some years. 

V. lantana — fair appearance, mostly dry 
looking foliage. 

V. lantana lanceolatus — greener and 
better looking than the above; g 
fall color. 

V. lantana macrophyllum — uneven 
growth and almost bare of leaves 2 
good part of the time. Fie 

V. lantana rugosum — almost like V- 
cotinifolium but just so-so. 

V. lobophyllum — fair appearance. Good 
color but sparse foliage. i 
V. mongolicum — spindly growth, only 

fair appearance. 

V. prunifolium — ordinary as to me 
and summer foliage; good but sho 
lived fall color. 

V. pubescens indianense — few blossoms 
but good fall color. e 

V. rhytidophylloides — fairly good, y 
plain looking; stays green a long time. 

V. sieboldii — beautiful long green — 
when they have been green —- this 
been a real battle with chlorosis on 
one 


V. trilobum — the American Cualem 
Bush. Interesting and attractive, 
outshone by V. Sargentii. : 

V. veitchii — moderately good appe 
ance, 


Lasca Leaves 
3) 


~ | 


some _long-espouse | ial re- 


form, only to find that as long as people 


Agric 
of the University of Hawaii. 
My enchantment with the,queen Of troPmvs 
ical flowers.really began in a very i 
s caress of the 


way. True, the sen 
trade winds had.already begun to soften 
difference, yet it 


white... tags..on..hibiseus 


rn his 
little pollenization 


When I saw the pods for: 
I was incurably 


memoirs of a on my own. 


from my first crosses, 


hibise idi ; 
u hooked. 
s hybridizer het 


ROSS GAST hybridization, 


infusion of strong native “blood” (some 
forms of Hawaiian white are tree-like in 
size) really stabilized their crosses, and 
established the basis for the modern Ha- 
waiian hybrids. 


By the time I arrived in the Islands, the 
hobby was on the wane (it became popu- 
lar again a few years later) but I pestered 
those who were still dusting pollen. Par- 
ticularly did I pick the brains of the old 
Japanese gardeners who produced most 
of the hibiscus planting stock at that 
time. Many of them had been “yard 
boys” for the wealthy amateurs and were 


gins to produce his own hybrids. I saw, 

too, a tendency which I have since ob- 

served many times — that hobbyists often 

take in considerable territory in this di- 

eae Like the old nurseryman of Kali- 
i-kai: 


Whenever I questioned Ito-san as to the 
origin of a hibiscus variety, he always 
claimed it as his own. Finally I became 
suspicious and, walking over to a large 
bush of Common Red known in th 


cence of its foliage, and asked him who 
originated it. “Oh, I make him myself,” 
he proudly replied. “Two, t’ree year ’go, 
I make him.” 


June 1968 


Returning to the mainland after my tour 
of duty at the University of Hawaii, I 
brought my new interest with me. But 
for a few years my efforts were limited 
for two reasons: first, money, and sec- 


I did begin to build up a bibliography 
on hibiscus, however, reference material 
which now forms the nucleus of a much 
larger collection in the Los geles 
State & County Arboretum Library. This 
has proved extremely valuable in carry 
ing on the present hibiscus hybridization 
program at the Arboretum, the basis © 


In contrast to the develop- 


tivation is due to the dedi- 
cation of amateur plantsmen, 
rather than to formal genetic 
research by plant scientists. 


Lasca Leaves 


IFE in Hawaii h i 
out one’s Giese 6k ie Shes cuca personally because of the pressure 
ie tine I was read €s, of business. Thus I lost a lot of seed the 
hd T was also y 2 return to first years. But I eventually learned to 
myself to be seduced b sts y to allow nick” each seed, cutting off a small seg- 
BR 4 few years lat y : Ace eat ment of the epidermis with a very sharp 
ee “3 ot shoes and knife or razor blade. If this is done, all 
ae font nee meen: strain, seed will germinate quickly and almost 
ey My Grst ok vas really under all at the same time. A seeding and pot- 
designed to maintain oa ) was ting-on system was eventually worked out 
85°) and humidi peratures (68°- under glass which is almost fool-proof, 
idity recorded in Hono- and production problems were thus 


solved. We are now able to bloom seed- 
lings in from nine to sixteen months. It 


my first S$ j : ‘ : 
y eedlings, a thrill which if I at- used to take two or three years. 


cima seedlings later, they would 

. a ed with the appearance of the len plant as well. All existing literature 

aes on the subject of hibiscus hybridization 

But there w advises the use of only mature lants in 
ere problems. First, hibiscus mea Sa : i 

seeds are finicky germinators. I foun any hybridization program. 


I also found it difficult and expensive to 
hold greenhouse temperatures below 85 
degrees during the late summer and early 


dificul ea real 
ulty as I was not able to follow fall months, the natural blooming season 


A pa Basses a. “ ~ +. ae ; 
* Part of 

Yon with oa three to six thousand seedlings grown and evaluated each year in connec 
brought t pe hibiscus research project at the Arboretum. In greenhouse, plants are 
o bloom in nine to fifteen months as opposed to two to three years outside. 


June 1968 


DR. STEWART 
was named in honor of the director of the Arboretum. A low-growing plant ane 
excellent foliage and radiant orange-red flower, it is an early and prolific saa one 
or the hybridizer it has the special quality of being an outstanding parent; It * 
of very few varieties that always upgrades a cross. 


with 


Lasca Leaves 


LASCA BEAUTY 
lection toward this objective. 
Il, strong grower is wanted. 
lifornia, some reaching 


IS extre 


Mely st 

. y stro . 

: 1S Particular] ng, the result of several generations of se 
y recommended for garden locations where a ta 


t prod 
uces th 
. e| : ao 
argest blossoms of any hibiscus yet grown in Ca 
cs. : 


a 
lame c 
ter of 914 inch 


36 


for hibiscus. I solved this problem by 
cutting back my plants in early summer, 
forcing them into bloom during the win- 
ter months when I could hold tempera- 
tures to the required level. This prac- 
tice more than doubled my seed crop. 
About this time, too, I learned to stabilize 
seed set by applying a smear of 3% in- 
dole-butyric acid in lanolin to the point 
of abscission at the time the flower is 
pollinated. This cuts the incidence of 
pod drop as the butyric acid strengthens 
the point of abscission. 


But the greatest problem, I soon learned, 
was that only a few of the common va- 


many parts of the world, and a genetic 
study of these forms to determine if they 
are themselves true species. 

To me this represented a challenge, and 
thus a careful study of all available liter- 
ature and herberia records seemed to be 


the first step. 


June 1968 


I found that the known species genetical- 
ly compatible with all forms of H. rosa- 
sinensis and with one another are H. 
schizopetalus, an African East Coast spe- 


cies; H. lilitflorus from Mauritius and 
Rodriguez Island; H. fragilis and H. bo- 
ryanus from Reunion Island arnot 


both) from Hawaii; H. storcku from 
Fiji, and H. denisonit, origin unknown. 
Most authorities agree that from these 
species — and perhaps some additional 
undetermined species — all forms of H. 
rosa-sinensis have evolved. It is quite 
possible, too, that among the many forms 
of hibiscus currently considered under H. 
rosa-sinensis there may be some that are, 
in fact, true species separable from this 
complex. 


California should have all of these species 
available, and as many of the older forms 
of H. rosa-sinensis as could be found. 
And how interesting it would be to search 
for these myself! 


Fortunately, my occupation eventually be- 
came what might be called an interna 
tional pedlar, although my route was 
pretty much confined to the States, Ha- 
waii, and Europe. But I was able to see 
all of the botanic garden collections ™ 
these areas, and to draw on many private 
collections, particularly in Hawai, am 


The first of my true breeding stock cane 
from Hawaii, collected on a visit sg 
in 1946, Most of it was secured from thé 
late J. A. Johnson who, in my ook, Mer 
the most perceptive and skillful hybrt 
izer of his time. He originated many 


brids of today. What is more, he this 
one of the few men working with 


Lasca Leaves 


exotic flower who was willing to share 
his experience with others. 


For instance, because of the sorry ab- 
sence of any sustained authoritative ge- 


member of his “stud farm” and can thus 
give direction to his work. 


= background to take full advantage 
this generous assistance, although 
ok nee 


aa as its parents two of Johnson’s hy- 
Cs, one an F, hybrid from native Ha- 
wallan white. 


most . . : 
: ima nurseries were satisfied 

Ww and offer only a few of the old 
been in the trade a 
years; in fact, this is unfortu- 


Nate’ . 
ly the case with most of them now. 


It di 
. a oe take long for the hibiscus hob- 


Its best, 


Asa ee 
Hibiscus § of this interest, the American 
alm : 
Se eroch, and has since become world 
iy | membership. I am proud of the 
as present as one of the founding 


fathers, and also that today I am one of 
the two honorary life members. 


Most of the chapters of the Society in 
Florida hold hibiscus shows each year, 
and the competition is very keen. Thou- 
sands of blooms are displayed, with ma- 
jor interest centered on the new seedling 
awards. Each year, many new show va- 
rieties are thus added to the nomencla- 
ture list of the Society. 
We have often been asked why there is 
not more interest in the newer hibiscus 
hybrids in Southern California. The an- 
swer is one which cannot be told in a 
few words, as not only cultural, but also 
economic problems are involved. But ba- 
sically, most of the new hybrids produced 
for Hawaiian and Floridian conditions 
will not bloom well here, largely due to 
cooler night temperatures and pro onged 
cold soil temperatures during the winter 
months. But our hibiscus suffer less frost 
amage than is known in Florida, where 
heavy frost loss is not uncommon. ‘n 
most cases, however, plants in Florida 


ter. The heaviest losses are in the winter 
plants, and 


early March, and most 
never be cut b 
It was not until 1958, when I partially 


retired from business, that I was able to 
‘on of old forms and 


While I had brought in propagauns 
of many old varieties from Hawaii and 
from botanic gardens in England and 


the continent, as well as seed from Asia, 
the first real collection trip was made 
to the Canary Islands and Madeira in 
1961. These islands, the former a Spanish 
possession and the latter belonging to 
Portugal, are of special interest to plants- 
men because it was there that the early 
Spanish and Portuguese explorers brought 
plants from India and other parts of Asia 
for acclimatization for later introduction 
to Spanish and Portuguese gardens. Al- 
so, these islands were an important port 
of call on the long route around the Cape 
of Good Hope to Europe, and thus man 
Asian plants were established there by 
this commercial contact. 


Of special interest to me, 
however, was the famous © 
Orotava Gardens on the is- 
land of Teneriffe in the 


e Mascarene Islands, are there; one 
a double magenta, had grown to 20 feet 
high with a “trunk” 12 inches in diame- 
ter. A few days ago, in checking over our 
latest crop of seedlings, a large, hand- 
some, shocking-pi uble on a strong 
plant stood out from the entire lot. In 


hich I affix to all shipments. 
The material is then delivered to the Na- 
tional Arboretum, where it is propagated 


June 1968 


while still under quarantine, and the 
resultant plants sent to us. 


Of the cross compatible species men- 
tioned, H. arnottianus, H. kokio and H. 


H. storckii was the objective of my first 
hunt for true species, and two trips were 
made to Fiji, in 1963 and again in 1965. 
Fiji was also of interest because it was 

from this group that the 
early Hawaiian hobbyists 
received most of the old 
varieties which they used 
in their hybridization. Un- 
doubtedly, these had been 
brought in to Fiji by the 
Indian workers who them 
selves had come to Fiji as 
sugar cane labor. 


H. storckii was found by Dr. Berthold 
Seemann on the Fijian Island of Tave- 
nuni, and described by him in his “Flora 
Vitiensis” published in 1865. He named 
it for his assistant, Jacob Storck, and sent 
materials to Ke 


: ee : I 
studied the original specimen at pee 
also had a detailed taxonomic descr 
tion. 


On both trips to Fiji I found several hi 

biscus which met this flower re 

tion fairly close, as well as all o! sioal 

morphological characters of the ott 
: f a 


we 
specimen of H. storckii. Howevel, 


Lasca Leaves 


genetic evidence of either Mascarene or 
Hawaiian “blood.” We also found H. 
denisonii in Fiji, and it, too, meets See- 
mann’s description of H. storckit in many 
particulars. However, it is a true species, 
tests show. There is the possibility, then, 
that further study may prove tha 
denisonii is a Fijian species, and closely 
allied to H. storckii. 


a 


So far neither H. denisonii 


fs : TOsa-sinensis, extremely 
esirable plant vigor is obtained. 


HB iscus is very much at home in 
1), and is very popular there; near- 
1 lo 


one of them and asked 
their heat: asked to luncheon at 
above “ie ined high in the hills 


my Set arrangement built around 
a Estey.” They had brought 
revit fact ant from California several 
hice Ore, and it was very much at 
: of my originations in 
Soe iN various parts of the world, 
€r again have I experienced the 


thrill of finding the flower named for 
my grandson, Ross Walton, in such a 
lovely setting. 


In spite of the interest in hibiscus in 
Fiji, there is no mention of this flower 
in the printed history of the Fijian peo- 
ple. In an effort to learn if hibiscus had 
any ethnic significance as far as the 
Fijian people are concerned, I asked a 
huge native with whom I had become 
acquainted if the flower was known and 
used before the Europeans 
were well established in 
Fiji. 


charred ear.” I did not pur- 
sue the matter further. 


Our first visit to Fiji was 


Nieue, and Samoa. I found 
many older varieties on these islands, but 
most of them were already in our collec- 
tion. However, I did see the old double 
red at its best. This hibiscus was the one 


H. rosa- 


ays. 
A recent letter from a nurserymaP 
friend in New 


though a lawyer by training, he is very 
iculture and as 


on hibiscus, he as 
bility of some of the newer hybrids he 


had seen in Hawaii. I referred him to 
my nurseryman friend in Aukland, as 
New Zealand has very close ties with 
Tonga. 


In this recently received letter, my friend 
told me that he had been commissioned 
by the Tongan government to develop a 
hibiscus show garden in Nukalofa, the 
Tongan capital, as a tourist attraction, 
and asked me to send scion wood of all 


my conversations with Prince Tungi; I 
was certainly vocal on my favorite sub- 
ject! 


New Zealand and Australia contributed 


Ww 
Wales and in Queensland, although hi- 
a popular dooryard plant in 

most parts of Australia. 


origin, or were F, hybrids with native 
Hawaiian ancestry. Most of them, how- 


TS 


June 1968 


ever, were developed from older forms 
of hibiscus, known and grown in Asia 
for centuries. 


I was able to secure a large number of 
these hybrids in Australia, which was 
fortunate, for when I arrived in Colom- 
bo, Ceylon, bent on visiting Peradynia, 
civil unrest made it impossible for me 
to travel into the interior at the time. 


Another source of old varieties was the 
Singapore Botanic Garden, where some 
work on hibiscus had been done in the 
1920’s. It was there that I first learned 
to appreciate the contribution of the 
Mascarene species, especially H. Jiliiflor- 
us, when crossed with H. schizopetalus. 
This cross reportedly resulted in the 
small flowered varieties popularly called 
“Butterfly Hibiscus,’ now used as a 
hedge plant in many parts of the world. 
There is much work yet to be done on 
this particular cross, however, as it 1s not 
yet fully understood. 


We noted that some of the hybrids at 
the Singapore Botanic Garden had deep- 
ly cut, three-lobed leaves. For some years, 
many of our seedlings had developed 
this character, particularly in their early 
stages of growth. This was explained by 
geneticists as evidence that somewhere 
in their genetic history a heterophyllus 
species had been used as a parent. No 
species with which we were t 
miliar had this characteristic, 


such collections up to about 4 
ago, but was no longer available. e 
ously, then, a visit to the Mascaren' 
was in order! 


(This is the first part of 4 two-part 
article.) 


I 


Lasca Leaves 


, George H. Spalding 


4| 


rowing notes 


~ 


é by the true plantsman 
few experiences can 
match the thrill of seeing 
the first seedlings of a new 
and unknown plant ob- ~. 
tained from some distant 


0 

ga at a new plant is released, to 
hale account of Arboretum in- 
Sa as been published. So from 
Sees detailed reports of Arbore- 
Peiece rons will appear in 
el coed s to provide a continuing 


e . 

- hee most interesting LASCA 
os. “hata is the so-called white 
aa om is selection is considered a 
a. end of acutifolia; however, 
i re aes variation has not been re- 
a eruvian floristic literature. 

, received in 1952, resulted 


time to 
have been introduced into culti- 


Vation f 

Tom wild ; 

eS wild material found near 
anuco, Peru, 


Feeling that this tree had 
great horticultural 
tial for Southern California, 


dws 
__ resulting in the 1952 acces- 
- ¢ sion. Eleven dormant sticks 
== +: were received. It has been 
reported that this j 
had been propagated by 
bud. 


~ 


cuttings in Peru. The bud- 
wood sticks received were of thick 


The original tree at the Arboretum first 
bloomed in 1957. Its flowers appeared in 
rather small trusses in this first season, 
but the color was a good clear white. 
Flowerings in later years have produced 
larger trusses, but w hile occasionally 
promising, the over-all performance is 
disappointing. Consequently, bloom has 
been erratic and not particularly effective. 
We do not know the reason for this poor 
performance, but believe it to be physio- 
logical in nature, or possibly poor adapta- 
i icular region. If the cause 
n be found and removed, the white 


jacaranda will be 
to our list of outstanding flowering trees. 


ffered to the trade 
Pacific Coast 
(Vol. 20, No. 


This jacaranda was 0 
through a notice in th 
Nurseryman of April, 1961 
4, pp. 20-21). 

Thanks are due Austin Griffiths, Her- 
barium Curator at the Arboretum, for the 
suggestion that this series be undertaken. 


& Redwoods: Photographs and story 
of a sagt scenic resource. 


ah oe 
Hyde and Francois Leydet. 127 phot 
graphs (8 in color) maps. Shicoaty 
Sierra Club, San Francisco. 1963. 


s beautiful book with a foreword by 

Pcl of the Interior, Stewart L. Udall, is 

umber six in the Sierra Club’s Exhibit For- 
is at i i 


past and present, and a petition to the future. 
It Shoscrned the history of California’s unique 

equoia sempervirens, whose 
saa lease Gateenal the state and nation. 


The forty-five-year fight of the Save-the- 
ne AE ds League a the state level, and the 
tardy federal support — starting t 
only since the hooks publication — are 


f 
servation project cries rise the p 


The superb Barats ed . Philip pes 
supplemented by Ansel Adam 


Word descriptions are as 
beautiful as the photogra aphs. 


Feelings are not spared; _many of the 
photographs are “iets” not “befores.” Two 
2 me Pas es Present range o 
equota sempervirens and the location of 

ood parks. 


redw 


ool can destroy trees. . . only 
Unc ax Ag save them from fools,” 


s book was presented t he | 
of whe e Uo Angeles State ad pa ay 
retum by the Hancock P 
of Los Angeles. = ~~ Garden. Club 


Trees and Shrubs of Mills College, by Baki 
Kesapligil. 56 p. Minstrated. Bitiinoccne 
Mills College, Oakland. 1967. dich ug 


This handy booklet summa 
iim wae 0 Pega: rizes in ——e 


wood 
towing on the Mill College campus at = 
land, California, Dating from 18 1, the col- 


lection = natives and tic 
“soap rs Bt exotics has heen 
d “ee 


the a 
he beauifully mate: 
ie Memorial Botanic 


on information pet cing oe name, 


common name and native habitat. Brief de- 
scriptions, aided by a sslosary, aptly include 
si ing Sec iedl 


red illustrations 
exc elle = det me pick: vable maj 
iis location of species, It wou ne have been 
helpful if the family name = been in- 
cluded with each scientific nam 

yd Bowen 


Briefly 
Wine in California, by Mary Francis Kenne- 
dy. Os car black-and-white photographs 


by M o and foreword by Maynard 
sored pets - Univ. of ‘California Press, 
1962. 


Next to man, bees are probably the ne 


° 
Ree 


n this popular history 

ted with appreciative 
iters of the past. A handsome 
bo ei wih first-rate photos. 


Time ae | ay Terraced Land, by Augusta 
Fink. North Books, 1966. Photo- 
gtaphs co Sbiblioer aphy. 


An mening: history of the Rancho de los 
Palos Verdes = principal characters 
Hig ape iginge: ae y of Juan José Domin- 

José nae Sepulveda, the "e 
patiag Indians, who were innocent bys 
ers; and the port of San Pe je 


(The foregoing books are in the LASCA 
Library.) 


General 


How to Control Plant Discos in ret 

and Garden, 2nd Ed., by Malco: 2 449 

leff. Iowa oad University Press, 196 
8.50. 


A new edition of a basic reference. Deals 
with diseases of indoor plants, turfgrasse 
woody plants, annuals and vegetables. 

The Poppy and other Deadly Pia 
Esther Baskin. Drawings by Leonard Pr 
Delacorte Press, N.Y. “4p . 1967. $12. 


c infor- 
or those who like scientifi free 


eadly poiton mous 
lode hellebore, mandrake 
nig mee 


flower 


CALENDAR 1968 shows 


Arboretum Arcadia 
May 30, 31, ee 1:2 

ay hibit 
June 21, 2 Sq 
aa Show 
July 4, 5, 6, 7 

and Succulent S 

July 13, 14 are 


Begonia Show (San Gabriel Valley 
Branch) 


South Coast Botanic Garden Palos Verdes 


June 7, 


GENERAL 
June 8 
Huntington Beach 
Annual Flower Show, pls nsored b 
Golden West iach of California 


Divisio ion of Women’s National Farm 
Garden Association 
a gS higay Church 
o 


J cee 
Aten 
avis ission Free PRANe 
can R 
Diseiad 36 ee National Show 
un ° fs a.m ay 
om sittin $.50 aa 
§ Santa Barbara 
Pecial sectional meeting of the 
— Succulent Society of 


Wicraccge 
Natural Hist 
e 59 . Del Sol ary 
rat useum open for tours in 
orning 
Aditinsion F 
June 14, 15, 16 = Costa Mesa 
th Ann al 
i os oF octe aand Shade 
“ ona eed Fairgrounds 
Saturday 10 a.m.-9 an m. 
s nday 10 a.m 
Cpe Adults LL. Students 12-16 
0, Children under 12, free 


June 22, 23 Lompoc 
47th Annual Flower Festival 
‘Flower show presented by Alpha 


= erary and Improvement ‘Club 
terans Memorial Building 


Sunday 10 
Admission: grey si Students $.50, 
Children under 12, f 


. Saturday 
Visits to commercial ‘Sie fields, 
Satara and exhibits at 


June = 2 29 Ojai 
h Anual Convention of soa 36 0 


Ojai Valley ig nn and Country Club 
Free exhibits open to the public 
Daily 8:30 a.m.-4 p.m. 
June 26 - July 7 Del Mar 
Sou rnia Exposition at the 
an Diego ys Fairgrounds 
Flower iow, garden and landscape 
a 


a 
0 a. .m. 

Admission: nhac $1.50, Children 

6-12 $.50, Children .. oa free 


June 29, 30 er City 
15th Annual Flower Show ry ‘is 
© City Garden 
Veterans Memorial Auditorium 
4114 Overland Aven 
Saturday 2-10 p.m. 
Sunday 10 a.m.-6 p.m 
a F 
July 12-2 Santa Barbara 
toh Annual National Horse and 
Flower Show 
Earl Warren thoweahde 
July 30 - August 25 Los Angeles 
Southern Ser Coleen Chapter American 
f Landscape Architects 
Exhibit 
California Museum of Science and 
Industry 
Exposition Park 
Daily 10 a.m.-5 p.m. ; 
ugust 3, 4 San Diego 
Dahlia 
Conference Building, Balboa Park 
oi _m. 


6 p.m. : 
3, 24, 2 San Francisco 


Donation $.50 


CALIFORNIA ARBORETUM FOUNDATION, INC. 
Boarp oF TRUSTEES 

Presiden 
Arie J. Hace Su, Pu.D. 
Vice-Presiden 
Mrs. Forrest 0. STANTON 
Tae urer 

Howarp A. MILLER 


Secretary 
Ernest E. HETHERINGTON 


Mrs. JoHN Greco @ JosEPH A. Heart Jr. 


Mrs. Miriam Kirk e@ Mrs. T. L. Up DE GRAFF 
FranK KuwanHara e@ Mrs. Asbussaww B. Younc 
Ex Officio: Witt1am S. Stewart, Pu.D 

Honorary TRUSTEES 

THEODORE BRAUN 

PrestpENT, MEN’s GarpEN CLus oF Los ANGELES 
Mrs. V. T. Gitcurist 

PrEsIDENT, CALIFORNIA GARDEN CLUuBs, INc. 
ELMER Lorenz 

PRESIDENT, SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA HorricULTURAL INSTITUTE 
SaMuEL Ayres, Jr. M.D. @ Wrutxiam Lantz, Jr. 
Ermer Bett, M.D. e Mrs. Joun R. Mace 
Howarp Bopcrr e@ Muitprep E. Maruias, Pu.D. 
Cuarves S. Jones @ Mrs. Manrrep MeyBERG 
Mrs. VALLEY Knups—EN e@ Georcr H. SPALDING 


Foundation Office — Telephone 447-8207 


MEMBERSHIPS 

Annual Membership ; ; : 10.00 
Annual Contributing Membership et ee 25.00 
Annual Business Membership. ; p ; 100.00 
Annual Sustaining Membership . . . . 100.00 
Annual Sponsor listen eS ho ae 
Life Membership . ae 500.00 
Founders age ; ‘$1, 000 or more 
Benefactors .  . : ‘ 5,000 or more 


Club memberships are aa at any amount, from $10 a year or more 


All contributions deductible under Federal Income Tax Law. 


ADDRESS 
Box 688—Arcadia—California—91006 


a 


of her four years’ stewardship of the Ar- 


: ri maybe while pausing to follow 
8 t of a migratory bird. In this off- 
omy ay we learned of her considerable 

mic credentials in the biological sci- 


ences, in 
paleontology, and in li i 
ence: of her nase: sy, in library sci- 


a eo Harvester camper 
“ae ve to work in was more 
; oe vehicle; it reflected 

Shttorward, adventurous spirit 


which 
than a 
the st 
Of its 
o aagaae favored areas like Baja, 
|. where she rejoiced in rough- 

ith her brother and her nephews. 


Lydia Bowen 


If this all added up to a person deeply 
involved in nature and wildlife, it also 
suggested an idealistic, romantic tempera- 
ment with a range of expression wider 
than visible. Death, as it has a way of do- 
ing, revealed an expressive side of Lydia 
known only to a few. 

She played the piano, sang in choral 
groups, and had a lively interest in Span- 
ish folk music. Perhaps most revealing of 
all is a collection of poems — short s 
of one, two and three stanzas that express 
her feelings about the beauty and mystery 
of nature. In the last stanza of Apricot 
Mallow, she shows us her sensitivity to 
the alternate brightness and gloom o 
weather: 


I’d like to see a sunset storm 
Swirl rainbows down the gloom; 
And scatter their most witching gold 
In petal flakes on desert’s gray 
To make the mallow bloom. 
In these lines from Oriole she again 

relates the world of nature to man’s: 
... Soft chuttering, 
They rendezvous to banquet daintily 
Among abutilon’s sun-honeyed bells. 
Is this a glimpse of what a world 


might be 
: ae 
released from grim survival’s 


strife, so all 
might live in symbiotic harmony? 


not now be unwilling. 


The official publication of the California Arboretum Foundation, Inc, 


Sponsors of 
LOS ANGELES STATE AND COUNTY ARBORETUM 
301 North Baldwin Avenue—Arcadia, California 91006 


Los ANcELEs County DEPARTMENT 


of 


ARBORETA AND BoTanic GARDENS 


Box 688 
Arcadia, California 91006 
Arboretum Office — 446-8251 


STAFF 


Director 


Wurm S. Stewart, Px.D. 


Assistant Director 


Guienn H. Hiatt 


Chief, Plant Research Division 


Pau. CHeo, Px.D. 


Superintendent, Arboretum 


Frances T. CHING 


Chief, Education Division 


Duane O. CrumMett, Px.D. 


Public Information Officer 


Donato 5. DIMoN? 


Senior Biologist (Plant Taxonomy) 
Biologist (Plant Physiology) 


Leonip Enart, Px.D. 


Rosert L. GONDERMAN, Pu.D. 


Senior Nurseryman 


WitiAM HAwKINSON 


Plant Recorder 


Dan MARTEL 


Botanical Information Consultant 


Georce H. SPALDING 


Executive Assistant 


Lee H. WAKEMAN 


Biologist (Entomology) 


Hasay G. Warxen, P.D- 


Assistant Curator, History 


Paraicia A. WARREN 


Biologist (Turf) 


H. Hamirron WILLIAMS, Ppx.D. 


Arboretum Education Specialist 


Gextrupe M. Woops 


titxorm U.S. a. 


september 
1968 

Vol. XIX 
Ne. 3 


The Cover 


Arboretum scene looking west 
from the South African Section. 
Photo by Ralph D. Cornell. 


45 The Editor’s Page 

46 Arboretum Notes 

48 Memoirs of a Hibiscus Hybridizer — Part II 

55 Camptotheca acuminata — Source of Promising Cancer Drug 
60 A Shrub Worth Investigating: The Box Orange 


endar 
62 Bookshelf 


Editor 


Graphics 
Gil Martinez 
Alan Lugena 


the Editor’s Page 


RAISE for our “new look” outweighing criticism by a 
comfortable margin, we are encouraged to press forward, 
however modest the pace. 


The full story of Camptotheca acuminata, outlined in previous 
Arboretum Notes, is told in this issue by the man responsible for 
pursuing the camptotheca project, Dr. Robert E. Perdue, Jr., 

of the USDA Crops Research Division. In a recent letter, 

Dr. Perdue informs us that clinical trial of camptothecin is 
planned by the end of this year. 


Advertising has come to Lasca Leaves in a form we believe does 
credit to its sponsor and to the Arboretum. Southern California 
Edison has accepted our outline for a series of ads illustrating 
research projects utilizing electrically operated equipment. 
Charles Kassler is the photographer for this present ad as he 
was for the superb color shots of the three hibiscus that graced 
the cover and inside pages of our last issue. 


Speaking of hibiscus, Ross Gast concludes his memoirs of a 
hybridizer with an account of his visit to the Mascarene Islands, 
Particularly the island of Mauritius, which we must confess 
we thought was located in an old Marx Brothers movie. 
Having learned from Ross’ article its true site and its significance 
as the locale of the ancestral species of hibiscus, we have 
become sufficiently Mauritius-conscious to note two additional 
facts of interest: the island was the home of the dodo, the 
flightless extinct bird; and just a short time ago it became an 
independent nation under a prime minister by the name of 
Sir Seewoosagur Ramgoolam. 


“They're changing the guard 
at .Buckingham Palace — 
Christopher Robin when 
down with Alice.” 


NE can wonder if A. A. Milne 
thought of the parade steps of Eng- 


pursuing his interests as naturalist, con- 
servationist, and world traveler. 


For Ralph Cornell, returning to the ranks 
alongside the twenty-four other Board 
members was like a chief executive re- 
turning by parliamentary inclination, if 
not procedure, to the senate from whence 
he came. (The code says Board members 
shall serve for a term of three years; it 
is not explicit about the length or num- 
ber of terms a president may serve.) Mr, 


September 1968 


the longest period of service on the Board 
ot Governors. 


For Maurice Machris, the presidency 
passed to him seven years after his ap- 
pointment to the Board and added an- 
other dimension to an impressive list of 
twenty-two afhliations which includes 
such disparate organizations as the Bev- 
erly Hills Wine and Food Society, the 
International Oceanographic Foundation, 
the Los Angeles County Museum, an 
the East Africa Wildlife Society. 


Like several other members of the Board 
of Governors, Ralph Cornell is also a 
member of the Board of Trustees of the 
California Arboretum Foundation. In- 
evitably, some confusion and question - 
arisen from the presence of two i-_ 
associated boards having instances 0 
common membership. 


The situation came about resis 


was logical for the Board of Supe 
to find prospective appointees to +. 
Board of Governors m amon} Ps 
Board of Trustees of the California 
boretum Foundation. From this time " 
the CAF gave up its role as managet be 
the Arboretum to direct its full attent! 


ell 
It was equally logical for Ralph parr 


——— 


<r eeetrmann tse 


ie Lasca Leaves 


a career over half a century long. To 
tick off a few, for thirty years he has 
been the supervising landscape architect 
at UCLA and, for nearly as long, at 
Pomona. He has been directly responsible 
for the layout of some twenty-five South- 
ern California city parks, including the 
master plans fo Angeles’ Griffith 
and Elysian Parks. 


He and Maurice Machris share at least 


et as familiar is a Cornell illustrated 
€cture. Machris’ specialty is 16 


» five of which were made 
for and donated to the Los Angeles 
ty Museum. 


Macenerestic, gregarious man, Maurice 
pig Ss, or Maury as he is known 
a ng his friends, has the kind of back- 
se “ae Promises to make him an 
Go. & president of the Board of 
ernors 


fen Ralph Cornell, our director Dr. 
Seas S. Stewart, and members of 


boards, w 
bards, we offer our s i 
best wish alutations and 


Research Building 


cibaona are all kinds of gaps in our 

. may life not the least of which 
the fling pet gio ‘ag recognition and 
Recognition, of course, is the easy part, 
© need for adequate research 
retum been recog- 


47 


News that the county Board of Super- 
visors had bridged the gap by awarding 
a $283,000 contract to build a research 
laboratory and that construction would 


Arboretum staff with happy awareness 
that the difficult part had been achieved. 
In about nine months, researchers who 
have been working in basement and 
other makeshift quarters will move into 
a laboratory of 8,190 square feet where 
they can pursue such subjects as plant 
pathology, physiology, cytogenetics, ecol- 
ogy, chemistry and entomology in greater 
depth and with promise of greater pub- 
lic benefit. 


A new laboratory inevitably calls for new 
equipment, some of it highly sophisti- 
cated and most of it expensive. As in the 
past, individuals, garden clubs, and the 
Arboretum District of the California 
Garden Clubs through the California 
Arboretum Foundation, have eased the 
urden by contributing over $5,000 
toward filling this need. 


Horticultural Show-Biz 
Ve a horticulturist can become 
a star on the educational TV circuit 
and receive a four-page spread in Life 
magazine, we should reassured that 
if things in the country seem to be go- 
t is not necessarily bad. 


28, Mondays, 7:30 p.m.; repeats each 
Sunday at 8 p.m.) Miss Cruso demon- 
hniques and dispenses 
a mixture of 


Things Grow” is scheduled to continue 
through March 1969. 


memoirs of a 


re 
hibiscus hybridizer 90 miles southwest of Mauritius, is stil 
a member of the French Community: 


ROSS GAST 


September 1968 


the South Indian Ocean, roughly 
1,200 miles off the South African 
coast and 500 miles beyond Madagascar. 
They were discovered by and named for 
Pedro Mascarenhas, one of Vasco de 


a te HE Mascarene Islands lie deep in 


to discover the Australian continent. 


Dutch interest in the Mascarenes = 
waned, however, and in 1715 the Frenc 


assumed control. They aggressively de- 
veloped the fertile but rocky land, 1 


ring the long wars between Fae 
and England, the French privateers ust 
Mauritius as a haven from which they 


The French imported African slaves 
field labor, but in 1838 the English plan 


Lasca Leaves 


ers began to bring in Indians. Today, of 
the 750,000 people crowded on the 720 


birth control as practiced by this group 
of assertedly sub-human colonists. 


We visited the Mascarenes for the first 
time in 1965, and again in 1967, timing 


fe herbaria I found specimens of 
: lili florus and H. fragilis; the original 
material of H. boryanus is in Geneva, 


but Bory-St. Vincent’s printed descrip- 


e arene 
ae Balfour, in 1878, that I learned 
dus €teromorphism in foliage is a 
or sige of Mascarene flora, and 
ih cularly in their native hibiscus. So 
ete pirated to find these plants with 
= ‘i different leaf forms, the deeply 
‘ee Ts penccally appearing as the 
mines caf form, and the entire leaves 


In re) : 
UW . 
T studies in Europe, our attention 


Was ; 
Telsis” directed to the work of Charles 


rie ¥ 
= sa A 1828. His hybrids, described 


] . . 
» and pictured in watercolors 


49 


by his wife, were sent to England where 
they were propagated. Reports published 
on Telfair’s work stimulated interest in 
the hybridization of ornamental hibiscus, 
the first recorded activity of this now 
popular garden hobby. Telfair was a 


plants throughout the Mascarenes, on 

Madagascar, and even the African East 

Coast, sending them to Kew. He also 

designed and developed public gardens 
us 


in Mauritius. 


Our interest in the South Indian Ocean 
species was also due to bibliographical 
and genetic evidence that this area might 
well be the ancestral home of the forms 
of hibiscus now placed within the H. 
rosa-sinensis complex. Hochruetiner, who 
published extensively on the flora of 


gestion that this section has its origin in 
hypothetical Lemuria. Lemuria is said 
to be an ancient sunken continent of 
which the Malagasy claim only Mada- 
gascar remains emergent. 


AURITIUS is now a regular stop on 

the long (4,000 miles) Johannes- 
burg-Perth (Australia) hop over the [n- 
dian Ocean, and as we were ticketed 
around the world on our first visit via the 
Pacific, it was on our scheduled itinerary. 
The flight took us over the southern end 
of Madagascar, the “Great Red Island,” 
and as it came into view below, the 
coloring of this heavily eroded land gave 
reason for its name. Also, its great size 
is realized when seen from the air; it 
is the world’s fourth biggest island, a 
third larger in land area than California, 
stretching down the South Indian Ocean 
for nearly 1,000 miles. 


The first sight of Mauritius from aloft 
was rather disconcerting; its tage 
stamp size seemed to belie its prominent 
role in history, and further, it appea 

to be almost entirely under cultivation, 


50 


giving reason to believe that areas of 
native vegetation were limited. This in- 
dicated that we were not going to have 
the problem of organizing any extended 


plant-hunting activity in the wild. 


It has been our experience over man 


this proved to be true on Mauritius; 
collection sites given for the specimens 
we sought had long been 


were still uncultivated were 
privately owned and for the 


that many years 
before he had brought down two trees of 
a hibiscus producing orange-red flowers, 
and had planted them in a small botanic 
garden in Curepipe, a town close by. This 
garden was developed a hundred and fif- 
ty years ago by Charles Telfair. We found 


branched freely low on the trunk an 

at one time were undoubtedly full 
branching in habit. Much of the outer 
growth on one tree was dead, however. 


Fortunately, both trees were not only 
in bloom, but seed ere set and 


we 
we were eventually able to secure seed 


September 1968 


as well as propagating material. Plants 
from the latter have been bloomed at 
LASCA. 


Early literature describes H. liliiflorus 
as a bright red, but the blooms of the 
Curepipe trees should more properly be 
called orange-red. They are vase-like in 
form, 24 inches across, with little if 
any over-lap of the petals, and there are 
several lighter colored radial stripes on 
each petal. The most outstanding char- 


liliiflorus ancestry, even to 
the fourth or fifth genera 
tion. 


teacher of botany, through 
the Mauritius Sugar Research Institute, 
at Reduit. We were fortunate in locating 
Dr. Vaughn who, as a retirement activity, 
is the Curator of the Mauritius Henge 


same. The trees were columnar, “a 
25-30 feet tall, with trunks measuring 
inches in diameter. There also wie i 
other morphological difference, eo 
important taxonomic one: h Ba 
formed tight clusters at the pap a 
minals, a characteristic noted in alt 
eral herbarium specimens of H. ie ee 
studied in Europe. In the absence 


Lasca Leaves 


cession records, the origin of these trees 
cannot be definitely established, but it 
: quite possible that they were brought 
m from Reunion b 
Charles Telfair, who collected on ens 
nion for Mauritius gardens 150 years ago. 


On our first visit to the Indian Ocean 
areas, we also spent a few days on Mad- 
agascar. This island has not been ex- 
eeu botanized but a large number 
af Niobe species have been found there. 
4 ile at Kew and other European her- 
aria, we checked these and 


‘a particular interest to me, 
Owever, was H. cameronii, 
a 


H. rosa-sj : 
fo. aia We have had this species 
ouuke nap but have not been able 
aor << sae crosses with the species 
a ei are working. It was our 
H sala might be other forms of 
«salable ; some of which might be 
i, 1a interest locally, so it was 
our list 


However, even before we left Lon- 
ve ata begun to have reserva- 
ne 4 t . wisdom of our proposed 
ae. e “Great Red Island.” The 

son would be due at our planned 


arrival time, and we were told that travel 
would be difficult by air as well as by 


their homeland. Later we | 
due to their experience with previous 


English and American 


pla 
said, disregarded new plant 
collection regulations, such 


ed Re ” . 
wist-ems,” the paper-cov- 
ered wire tie, on a world-wide basis and 
it soon replaced rafha, the source of 
much of the Malagasian export revenue! 


On our arrival in Tananarive, we 
learned that the collection sites for the 
hibiscus species we wanted were several 
hundred miles away, and not accessible 
to us at that time due to wea i 


n. 
native habitat, however, and found it 
to be no different than our own stock. 


Actually, 
little more than a 
well worthwhile 


or our 

certainties resultin 
over from French rule to self-govern- 
ment, there is no assurance that these 


i : September 1968 


A distinctive characteristic of the Mascarene hibiscus species is the marked change in 
leaf form as the plant develops from seedling to maturity. The above photo shows 
leaves at three stages in the growth of H. liliiflorus: left — juvenile; center — inter- 
mediate; right — adult. That this character is dominant is seen in leaf forms shown 
in the photo at the bottom: Top left — H. liliiflorus x H. schizopetalus; top right — 
H. liltiflorus x H. denisonii; lower left — H. liliiflorus x H. kokio; lower right — H. 
liltiflorus x H. rosa-sinensis. The H. rosa-sinensis used in the latter cross was an F; hy- 
brid, with H. arnottianus as one parent. 


Lasca Leaves 


contacts will prove fruitful in the near 
future. 


W ITH two of the Mascarene species 
already being used in our hybridiz- 
ing program, the third, H. boryanus, was 
the only remaining hibiscus on our 
want” list of cross compatible species. 
Therefore, when Dr. Vaughn wrote me 
from Mauritius in the summer of 1967 
that he was organizing a plant hunting 
visit to Reunion in November, and asked 
me to join the party, I accepted. We 
made the trip by the way of Durban, 
South Africa, where we stopped over 
to see some of our seedlings growing 
at the local botanic garden. 


Reunion Island is only slightly larger 
than Mauritius and like the latter, is 
: sugar island,” with most of its arable 
land given over to sugar cane. Its history 
1s much the same as that of Mauritius, 
sae England returned this island, 
. a as Bourbon, to the French 
ae a t now has a population of about 
gs » Most of whom are creoles — 
mee rench brought in labor from Africa 
ather than India. As the French are 
aos Senerous in their public expendi- 
ra on Reunion, the standard of living 
a. much higher than on Mauritius. 
oo. iy really a tropical paradise, 
Sh in the lower elevation levels, and 
ch visited by French tourists. 


ol . stopped over in London to 
og € known facts about H. bory- 
Fi hess the collection sites given by 
: = ay ieee who first found the 
50 ag called the flower color albidi 
oa ich is Latin for white, or more 
.. whitish. Other morphological 
ine TS, however, placed it quite close 

- fragilis and H. liliiflorus. Another 
> eile tdemoy, who described 

Pecies later, called the flower yellow. 


We therefore believed that if we found 
the plant, it would have a flower much 
like H. fragilis, which, although a light 
orange in face color, has a light yellow 
coloring on the reverse of the petals. 


The collection site given by both 
Bory-St. Vincent and DeCordemoy was 
at the 5,000 foot level in the saddle be- 
tween two great mountain masses in the 
central area of the island, one of them 
an active volcano. Living conditions in 
this area were very primitive, but we 
were able to secure lodging in a small 
inn several miles from our collection 
sites. We could not remain in the woods 
after noon, for about one o'clock the 
fog rolled in and it was not possible to 
remain away from habitation as it did 
not clear until late at night. 


After several days’ search without suc- 
cess, I gave up and we returned to the 
capital, St. Denis, to wait for the 
weekly plane back to Mauritius. That 
our standard fare was horse meat made 
the decision easier. 


F ORTUNATELY, a Reunion De- 
partment of Agriculture official who 
had been our guide, became interested in 
the species I was seeking, as he had never 
heard of it before, and kept his eyes open. 
On the day of my departure he brought 
me cuttings of a hibiscus which he had 
found at lower levels, several miles from 
the published collection site. He also 


boryanus, however, and we feel that it 
will be so placed by Dr. Vaughn. Also, 
from our own study of herbarium speci- 


mens and first-hand observations, we be- 
lieve that the taxonomic treatment of 
the Mascarene species may be revised 
and, like the native Hawaiian H. arnot- 
tianus, all of them will be grouped to- 
gether as one species, with several forms. 


On our return from the Mascarenes 
in 1967, we visited South Africa and 
Rhodesia. In Salisbury, Rhodesia, we 
saw hibiscus grown as standards as 
street trees. This use had been noted in 
Nairobi, Kenya, during a stopover there 
in 1965. This particular plant form was 
extremely popular in English green- 
ouses a century ago, and, although a 
highly desirable street or dooryard tree, 
it is used only in a limited way in 
Southern California. However, we are 
now selecting cultivars especially suited 
for this purpose, and these will be in- 
troduced soon. 


ITH the long “lost” Mascarene 

species now in our hands (but as 
yet not fully identified), our objective of 
establishing the most representative col- 
lection of ornamental hibiscus 
found in any arboretum or botanic gar- 
den in the world has been reached. This 
status has a two-way advantage: it allows 
us to carry forward our own program 
under the very best conditions, and also 
creates good will through our ability to 
supply propagating material to other in- 
stitutions such as ours. 


Some of my friends question my dedi- 
cation, particularly to one plant family, 
for so many years. But they cannot ap- 
preciate the satisfactions which are to 

ound in such an interest, or, more 
on the pragmatic side, its therapeutic 
values. In retirement such an activity 
gives reason for getting up each morning, 
for there are always new blooms to be 
seen on the greenhouse benches, and 


ee 
September 1968 


records to be consulted so that these 
blooms may be properly classified and, 
later, evaluated. And there is enough 


Pp 
an interest which, although subjective 
in motivation, does allow one to use his 
energies in a useful, constructive way. 


For it is my long-held conviction that 
those who have been fortunate in the 
business or professional world owe a 
debt which should be repaid in service 
which is truly meaningful. Here I can 
best express my feelings by quoting from 
an obituary of the Honolulu business- 
man and flower lover, who, although 
our personal contacts were few and our 
correspondence limited to a few years 
before his death in Honolulu in 1947, 
nevertheless set goals for me in his own 
life and work with plants: 


“Some men leave living memorials 
when they pass to the Great Beyond 
to perpetuate the enjoyment © 

uty in nature. John A. Johnson, 
native son, dead at 74, has left for 
himself such a floral monument 12 
the amazingly varicolored forms of 
hibiscus which he has created in the 
past fifty years... . 


“Here amongst us lived a mild spok- 
en, earnest worker, by profession a” 
accountant, never assertive, but 
steadfast and honest in the perfor- 
mance of his duty. . - - Only 5% 
friends knew that other side, the 
perpetuation of dreams by making 
natural beauty more beautiful in his 
flowers.” 


(This is the second part of 4 
two-part article.) 


| ae 


Lasca Leaves 


55 


CAMPTOTHECA ACUMINATA — 
Source of Promising Cancer Drug 


Robert E. Perdue, Jr.’ 


HEN a USDA collaborator col- 
es: lected seed of an unidentified 
hinese tree, he could hardly have sur- 
mised that his harvest was the original 
source of a promising drug for treating 
ne This small handful of seed, col- 
9 by Prof. A. N. Steward, College 
: Agriculture and Forestry, Nanking 
“niversity, was accompanied by an un- 
ore note, “No. 75. Collected on 
ay slope at 600 ft. altitude in 
ang An, Yung Hsien. A tree with 
Ae ait This was the first in a 
i events that led to the discovery 
> amptotheca acuminata is the source 
a potentially valuable drug. 


por s seed were received by USDA 
. ibe 1934, and planted under glass 
. enn Dale, Maryland, Plant In- 
a ae Station. They were immature 
a germination was an_ initial 
gle the good fortune that has 

€d our experience with this plant. 


ate, of Steward’s seed been 
akin = e time of their receipt it 
Seg ey would have been planted. 
Paes ca acuminata had been intro- 
oes ou. earlier occasions. Plants 
fc . : to the nursery trade in 
a ay ut they had not met with 
eo seed were planted, however, 
a ogra for identification and 
cea ane specimens for evalua- 
ater proved desirable. 


Th 

5 c ge environment was too 

a or this plant. When young 
imens were well established and 


ready to be planted out, several were 
forwarded to Chico, California, Plant 
Introduction Station. Two plants sur- 
vived at Chico and now are small trees 


about 25 feet tall. 


The Chico trees became only two un- 
obtrusive specimens in the permanent 
planting. They were of little evident 
value. Their performance suggested they 
would be of little value as shade trees 
and of considerably less value than other 
easily grown species. They were per- 
mitted to remain in place only because 
the space was not needed for other 
plantings. 


In 1950 USDA began a search of the 
world’s plant resources for species that 
produce chemical substances that can be 
converted to cortisone. In initiating such 
a program chemical laboratories can be 
equipped rapidly, but plant materials 
can be procured only as nature permits 
and field projects can be planned. To 
avoid delay in getting the cortisone pro- 
gram under way, procurement of plant 
materials was directed first to the most 
accessible sources. Included were Plant 
Introduction Stations in California, 
Florida, and Georgia, which maintain in 
permanent plantings hundreds of species 
from the more than one-quarter million 
plant introductions brought into the 
United States during the past 70 years. 


ng the 
erials supplied by the Chico 


fit aroreae take 

1Botanist, Crops Research Division, Agricultural 

esearch Service, U.S. Department of Agricul- 
ture, Beltsville, Maryland. 


extract of leaves was negative in a test 
for cortisone precursors. The unused ex- 
tract was placed on the laboratory shelf 
where it remained for almost six years. 


HEN the Cancer Chemotherapy 
National Service Center of the 


highly valued as this system appears 
highly predictive for anti-cancer activity 
in humans. 


To assure a supply of material to con- 
tinue chemical researc , a limb was re- 
moved from one of the Chico trees and 
separated into individual samples of 
bark, bark-free wood, and twigs. Bark 


cS  . 
September 1968 


and wood samples showed the same anti- 
tumor activity as the original collection 
and the 1961 samples of twigs and fruit. 


And again good fortune. It was evident 
that the active constituent was m 
abundant in the woody parts of the tree. 
Had the active constituent been concen- 
trated primarily in the leaves, the 
Camptotheca story could have been very 
discouraging because the yield of leaves 
is very low. Leaves represented less than 
10% of the total weight of the limb 
removed from the Chico tree. 


By late 1963 intensive chemical research 
was under way to isolate and iden 


ham, North Carolina, le r. M. £. 
Wall. In March, 1965, Wall isolated a 
minute quantity of a pure crystalline 
substance, “camptothecin,” which repro- 
duced the anti-tumor activity of crude 
Camptotheca extracts. 


a 


Camptotheca acuminata seed normally 
ripens in November. 


Lasca Leaves 


It was evident that the two trees at 
Chico would not provide adequate raw 
material to complete the critical research 
still necessary unless both were com- 


botanists and " : 
nists and consequently could not be 
considered a source of supply. As far 
. was known at that time the Chico 
: es were the only living specimens in 
e United States and possibly the only 
oo available in the free world. 
Pe obviously unwise to destroy this 
a al seed source for it could conceiv- 
2 prove to be the only supply of 
f pagating material should expansion 
production become necessary. 


de g specimens. 
tanists and horticulturists from South- 


Nee ; ; 
“8 -eeaies the chemical research. 
ue Seepage — would it be ad- 
a eliminate this still limited sup- 
aw material? Or should we cut 
u 


severe ‘ ‘ 

a _.. the trees? A decision 
oned as we i 

d A a awaited other 


nome ~ fall of 1963, Chico horti- 
ale L. Smith succeeded in 
‘ke ue seed from the 1963 crop. 
we nae vi many uncultivated trees 
ha % amptotheca seed germi- 
Sian About 300 seedlings were 
itor oft to the field the following 
a ra threat of frost was past. 

1964 ad grew rapidly. By August, 
> were about 18 inches tall 


with woody stems about one-half inch 
in diameter. 


Now a question of critical importance to 
d to be faced. Would 


wait 5, 10, or more years for more mature 
growth to develop? In September, 1964, 


During the late summer of 1965, we 

harvested most of the California trees 

then known to us, except those at the 

Chico Station. These trees were from 
° 


made at Chico in early uring 
late 1967 we harvested half of 1,200 
Chico during 


on 
is for isolation of sufficient 
for all research leading to, 
at least the prelimi 
cer patients. 


provide a bas 
camptothecin 
and including, 
evaluation in human can 


-_- —— 


58 September 1968 


Camptotheca acuminata seedlings planted in hedge rows May 1966. 


Average about 2 inches in diameter and 12 feet in height. 


Approximately 4, or 500, trees of this planting were harvested, roots and all, last 
November for extraction of camptothecin. The seedlings were originally planted 1 
rows 4 feet apart. Every other row was harvested, leaving the trees on 8 foot rows: 
The next harvest will take every other tree in the row, leaving them spaced 6 feet apart. 


There are an additional 10,000 trees (1 and 2 years of age) that are being grow? ” 
supply raw material for extraction when needed. 


Lasca Leaves 


om plantings, each of 5,000 seed- 
in established in the spring of 
1967 and 1968. These sbasiiiigt shld 
be more than adequate to provide raw 
material to assure adequate quantities of 

e drug during the course of clinical 
research. Seedlings from the 1964 plant- 
ing were reserved as a future source of 
seed. Viable seed, suitable for planting, 
will be available from the best of these 
trees in late 1968. 


Chemists are endeavoring to synthesize 
camptothecin and the chance of their 
success is good, though by no means 
assured. If they are unsuccessful, or their 
synthesis is not economical and camp- 
tothecin becomes a useful 


the agronomic performance 
of the plant. Small scale experinieti are 
ethers preliminary data on the effect 
* ertilization, spacing, and other agro- 
sbi factors. When new seedlings are 
. =, stumps will be left in the field 
_ the plant’s ability to cop- 


ba dy raw material per acre after 
Srowing seasons. Yields can be in- 


s. The plant’s growth characteris- 


tics +s 
ical fog it is adaptable to mechan- 


LIMATIC data for Chinese weather 

stations in the natural Camptotheca 
environment, information on crops 
grown in the same area, and our experi- 
ence with the tree at Chico indicate that 
Camptotheca is adaptable to cultivation 
in the milder regions of the United 
States. The tree should grow well on the 
southeastern and Gulf coastal plains as 
far north as North Carolina and southern 
Oklahoma. It grows well in California 
at least as far north as Chico. In China 
the plant thrives in humid areas with 
rainfall of 40 to 80 inches per year. Yet, 
once established, it grows well without 
irrigation in dry areas of California. 


We are attempting to locate new Camp- 
totheca germ plasm in foreign botanical 
gardens in the hope that plants of dif- 
ferent genetic stock from that now avail- 
able will yield larger quantities of the 
demand war- 
rant an intensive research effort, selec- 
tion and breeding investigations will be 
undertaken to develop even faster-grow- 
ing varieties that will yield significantly 
higher amounts of camptothecin. 


The future of camptothecin as a useful 
drug appears bright. But it is by no 
d and much remains to be 


anim 
‘ndicates that the drug will not produce 
serious undesirable side effects. We anuc 
ipate that it will be cleared for clinical 
testing and that clinical evaluation w 
begin as soon as adequate has lies of 
t 


camptothecin can be accum . 


If chemists are successful in developing 
an economical synthesis of 


there will be no direct re ards for Amer- 
ican agriculture Nevertheless, if the drug 
e’s 


cin : 
theca acuminata 
another classic exam- 


of our plant resources. 


60 


the box 
ORANGE 


Ross Goodrich 


A shrub worth investigating 


I LLUSTRATED here is a plant of 
Severinia buxifolia (Atalantia buxi- 
folia), one of several on the Arboretum 


In the warmer sections of Florida, 

Severinia buxifolia is grown successfully 

and used in planter boxes, individual 
I 


California it is scarcely known. It has 


September 1968 


many good qualities but its slow rate 
of growth may partly answer the ques- 
tion as to why it is so little used here. 
This plant has been fifteen years getting 
to three feet in height and six feet broad, 
so it wouldn’t please hurry-up people 
unless they get plants already at the 
size they like; but it should make them 
happy by needing a minimum of trim- 
ming 


The plant’s tiny blossoms neither add 
to nor subtract from its appearance and 


wood has at blooming time. T 
black pea-sized fruits, though interest- 
ing and not unattractive, generally hide 
in the foliage. It has none of the slop- 
piness that boxwoods get after spring 
rains or overhead watering. 


Only slight frost damage has been 
noticed and this was in years when the 
lawn in the area was covered with frost 
for more than forty mornings each win- 
ter. However, real injury can come ! 


would hardly be needed. It is also very 
tolerant of high soil salinity, an advan- 
tage in any area of generally low rain- 
fall. 


This particular plant is in the —_ 
Section, near the road at the west en 


giving an indication of sturdiness an 
adaptability. 

These plants are a brachytic or eer 
leaved horticultural selection. The be 
type is represented by a plant on 


. : a 
of the Economic Tree Section. Here 


Lasca Leaves 


Severinia buxifolia that came from the 
Riverside Experiment Station is a shrub 
of seven to eight feet in height with a 
spread of twelve feet. It has been faster 
growing, more thorny, and also general- 
ly less attractive than the others. It has 
e would expect 


but they do not because the growth is 
more open. 


Three other plants from the Hong 
Kong Botanic Gardens are yet too small 
for such comparison, but even at their 


61 


early stage of growth they appear to be 
the open, thorny type. They are located 
roughly on d feet from the 
illustrated plant; it will be interesting 
to see how they develop. 


The range of Severinia buxifolia: South- 
ern China south of the Tropic of Cancer, 


and the Philippines, and north to Taiwan 
where it is found along the coast. 


CALENDAR 1968-9 


FLOWER SHOWS 


Arboretum Arcadia 


November 1, 2, 3 
11th Annual San Gabriel Valley 
Fall Flower and Garden Show 
February 2, 22. 23 
Temple City Camellia Society 


Descanso Gardens La Canada 


January 4, 5 
Winter Camellia Show, presented 
by Los Angeles Camellia Council 
January 11 
Rose Pruning and Planting 
Demonstration 
CHRISTMAS EVENTS 
At Descanso Gardens 


December 7 through 15 


Christmas Decoration Show, presented 
by Descanso Gardens Guild, Inc. Ideas 
for home decoration from around the 
world. 


ART 
At Descanso Gardens 


December 17 through 31 
Exhibit of oil, water and other paint- 
ings by Gerry Patten, former Arbore- 
tum staff graphic artist. 


LECTURES 


Free Native Plant Lectures presented by the 
Theodore Payne Foundation: 


At Arboretum 
January 24 — 8 pm. 
“Our Desert Wildflowers” 


Dr. Edmund O. Jaeger, author and 
naturalist. 


At Descanso Gardens 


February 19 — 8 p.m. 
“Early California and Indian Uses of 
Natives” 
Mrs. Dorothy Pool, former supervisor, 
McCurdy Nature Center. 


September 1968 a 


Insect Pests of Farm, Garden, and Orchard, 
by Davidson and Peairs. John Wiley and 
Sons, Inc., N.Y. 587 figures or illustrations. 


This book presents a brief review of the 
available information (up to 1966) on a wide 
variety of insect problems. It begins with a 
general discussion of the importance of in- 
sects to man, their structure, development 
and classification, and the various methods 
of control for the prevention of losses by 
insects. This is followed by a discussion of 
the major insect pests of various farm, garden, 
and orchard crops, including flowers, shade 
trees, and other ornamental plants. In addi- 
tion, information is included on the insect 
pests of stored products and household goods 
and of those attacking man and domestic 
animals 


The book is designed primarily as a text- 
book for beginning college courses in applied 
or economic entomology. It should also be of 
value as a reference book for anyone seeking 
information about insects and pests of the 
major crops. 


Harry G. Walker 


The Endemic Flora of Tasmania. Botanical 
and ecological text by Winifred Curtis, paint- 
ings by Margaret Stones. 70 p. 38 colored 
plates. The Ariel Press, London. 1967. 


The first of four proposed books on the 
subject by two ladies widely known and high- 
ly esteemed in their respective fields. De- 
scribed by F. A. Stafleu, editor of Taxon, 
journal of the International Association for 
Plant Taxonomy, as “. . . a flower book of a 
quality and splendour which is almost un- 
thought-of today.” 


Some Old Ranchos and Adobes, by Philip 
S. Rush. Published by the author, 1965. 


A close-up view, probably typical, of a few 
early California ranchos, chiefly those of San 
Diego, Orange and Riverside Counties. Ran- 
cho Santa Anita is not included. A useful 
reference for the aficionado. 


The Camellia Treasury, text and photo- 
graphs by Mrs. Paul Kincaid. Hearthside 
Press, N.Y. 1964. 

As the title suggests, this attractive book 
contains a wealth of information on the grow- 
ing, care and esthetic uses of an ornamental 
shrub with a history dating back at least to 
fe 


Wildlife in America, by Peter Matthiessen. 
Paperback, Viking Press, 1959. 

A well-documented history of man’s affect, 
mostly bad, on the wildlife of America from 
the Mexican boundary north. Seemingly 
every living creature on the continent receives 
the author’s attention, including those that 
have vanished and those threatened with 
extinction. 


American Men of Science, edited by The 
Jaques Cattell Press. R. R. Bowker Company, 
N.Y. 1965. 11th edition. 


A convenient, six-volume biographical di- 


rectory of America’s scientists in all 


summarizing their background, areas of in- , 
terest, latest employment, and principal pub- 7 


lications. 


New Trends in Dried Arrangements and 4 
Decorations, by Mabel Squires. Photographs : 


M. Barrows and Company, Inc., 1967. 


an ARBORETUM or ait TREES 


IELD AND LABORATORY RESEARCH is @ retardant plan's and ee oe 
: central part of life at the Los Angeles | — | ple is muffle furnace, 


fo 120° F. Fire-retardant 
ite in 18 to 25 seconds; 
in less than 6 seconds. 


Pie the fire-hazard presented by 
| ifornia’s chaparral-covered moun- 
‘NS and foothills by sorting out fire- 


Southern ( Company 


CALIFORNIA ARBORETUM FOUNDATION, INC. 


BoarD oF TRUSTEES 
President 

Arie J. Haacen-Smit, Px.D. 
First Vice-President 

Mrs. Miriam P. Kirk 
Second Vice-President 
Mrs. Forrest Q. STANTON 
Secretary 

Ernest E. HetrHerincTon 
Treasurer 

DonaLp CaMPHOUSE 


Mrs. Harry J. Bauer e@ Mars. Patuip BRUECKNER 
Witt E. Eau e Rarpu D. CorneLy 

Mrs. JERomE K. Dootan e@ Morcan Evans 

Mrs. JoHN N. Fenrer @ Mrs. Francis D. Frost, JR. 
Mrs. Vincent T. Giccurist @ Frank KuwaHARA 
Mrs. THomas H. Lowry e Maurice A. Macurrs 


Rosert E. Parapise @ Mrs. Rupotpy J. RicHarps 

Mrs. Gorpon K. SmitH e Josrpu A. SPRANKLE, JR. 

Lovett Swisner, Jk. @ Mrs. Tuappeus Lippy Up pe GRAFF 
Frank Vachon e Ex Officio: Wituam S. STEWART, Pux.D. 
Honorary Trustees 


SaMuEL Ayres, Jr, M.D. e Mars. Mitton R. BELL 
Evmer Bett, M.D. 


Foundation Office — Telephone 447-8207 


MEMBERSHIPS 

Annual Membership te Bee ae ee 10.00 

Annual Contributing Membership . . |. 25.00 

Annual Business Membership So ae ee 100.00 

Annual Sustaining on, 100.00 

Annual Sponsor Membership Hoa en 250.00 

toe Membenhip 500.00 
Founders : pee 1,000.00 
Benefactors ee co - «3,000.00 or more 


Club memberships are available at any amount, from $10.00 a year or more 
All contributions deductible under Federal Income Tax Law 


ADDRESS 


Box 688—Arcadia—California—91006 


The official publication of the California Arboretum Foundation, Inc. 


Sponsors of 
LOS ANGELES STATE AND COUNTY ARBORETUM 
301 North Baldwin Avenue—Arcadia, California 91006 


Los ANcELEs County DEPARTMENT 
of 
ArsorETA AND BoTANic GARDENS 
Box 688 
Arcadia, California 91006 
Arboretum Office — 446-8251 


STAFF 


Director Wruam S. Stewart, Px.D. 


Assistant Director eS Sg ON Me eae cee SORES H. Hiatt 


Paut CHeo, Px.D. 


Chief, Plant Research Division 
Superintendent, Arboretum — — _$__—_—$_——————— 


Duane O, CRUMMETT, Pu.D. 


Francis T. CHING 


Chief, Education Division Pewiiomnel ie ees a 
Public Information Officer ———————————$_——_—$_—$________ 
Ne Shilttie Piet Tey) Enant, Px.D. 


Ropert L. GONDERMAN, Px.D. 


Donato S, Dimond 


Biologist 


Biologist (Geneticist) Georce Hanson, Px-D. 


Senior N. urseryman Se ae vA epee sr omnes teste aaa 


Graphic Artist 


Wit1t1aM HAwWKINSON 


Aran LUGENA 


Plant Recorder Dan MARTEL 


Grorce H. SPALDING 


Botanical Information Consultant ——————_______—______ 


Biologist RIOR ONG) cement 
Assistant Curator, finn $$ — 
ee Waiams, xD. 
Arboretum Education Specialiee —$ $$ $< 


Paraicta A. WARREN 


GerTrupe M. Woops 


Woman of California 


SUSANNA BRYANT DAKIN 


By W. W. ROBINSON 


IN MEMORY OF SUSANNA DAKIN 
THIS ESSAY IS ISSUED IN PLACE OF 
Lasca LEAVES, VOLUME XVIII) NUMBER 4 
DECEMBER, 1968 


Susanna Bryant Dakin 


1905-1966 


Udoman of California 


SUSANNA BRYANT DAKIN 


By W. W. ROBINSON 


PUBLISHED BY 
THE FRIENDS OF THE BANCROFT LIBRARY 
IN COLLABORATION WITH 
THE CALIFORNIA ARBORETUM FOUNDATION, INC. 


y 
tee 
SA 


age 


Preface 


In the winter of 1967, a series of annual lectures was established in memory of 
Susanna Bryant Dakin. These lectures, presented under the auspices of The 
Bancroft Library at the University of California, Berkeley, were instituted 
and funded by Mr. and Mrs. Jake Zeitlin of Los Angeles, as a token of their 
devotion to Susanna Dakin. 

The first lecture was delivered in December, 1967, by W. W. Robinson of 
Los Angeles. Published by The Friends of The Bancroft Library, in collab- 
oration with The California Arboretum Foundation, Inc., of Arcadia, Cali- 
fornia, it is sent to you as a friend of these organizations. Susanna Dakin’s 
staunch interest in the two institutions is well-known, and their cooperation 
in this publication is a happy tribute to her generous involvement in both 
northern and southern California. 


WOMAN OF CALIFORNIA 
Susanna Bryant Dakin 


rvvvT Tt 


Iam honored to be asked to talk or write about Susanna Bryant Dakin, greatly 
honored. This gently persuasive woman, who won the admiration and affec- 
tion of so many of us, contributed her superior talents to all of California. 

Everyone who knew Susanna Dakin was aware of her abilities, her cultural 
interests, her deep understanding, and the range of her activities. I met her in 
1940, served on various committees with her—in both Southern and North- 
ern California—followed with admiration many of her pursuits, and had brief 
glimpses of her home life in Pasadena, Belvedere, and San Francisco. That is 
perhaps why I am asked to attempt the portrayal of the woman so fittingly 
called “Susanna.” 

Through Lindley Bynum I met Susanna. I had read her Scotch Paisano, so 
knew something of her interests and the quality of her writing. I had also read 
a book— Adobe Days—written by a cousin, Sarah Bixby Smith, so was some- 
what aware of Susanna’s background. I was delighted when Lindley, then 
associated with the Huntington Library, told me that the two of us were in- 
vited to have lunch with Susanna Dakin at her Pasadena home. I remember 
the occasion well. The sherry, originating in the cellar of Henry E. Hunting- 
ton—for Dr. Bryant, Susanna’s father, was a friend and the personal physician 
of the railroad tycoon. The excellent food—for Susanna had a very good 
cook. The agreeable conversation—stimulated by the vibrant hostess. 

Until 1951 Susanna Dakin was strictly a Southern Californian, and her ac- 
tivities were mostly Southern Californian. It is true, she wrote, in 1949, The 
Lives of William Hartnell , largely based on manuscript material in the Bancroft 
Library in Berkeley, an important historical contribution devoted to a many- 
faceted Californian whose home was in Monterey. This was a follow-up to 
Scotch Paisano, which had been based on Huntington Library manuscripts. 
During these Southern Californian years she was a heavy participant in ac- 
tivities literary, artistic, historic, and educational. 

The Dakin family moved from their home on Rockwood Road in Pasa- 

a i 


2 WOMAN OF CALIFORNIA 

dena to the Bay Area, favored by Richard Dakin, Susanna’s husband. Their 
first home there was on Belvedere Island. From Belvedere, Susanna wrote to 
a Los Angeles friend in April of 1956: 

After a long time of homesickness . . . Inow feel cheerful and full of the joy 
of living. For one thing, I had gallstones, enormous ones, which were taken 
out and thrown over the Golden Gate Bridge, along with all psychosomatic 
complaints, not long ago. The doctor said they started to form... about four 
years before when we moved from Rockwood Road, where I really had 
planned to live and die. . .. Mr. Knowland (the Senator's father, and editor, 
for many years, of The Oakland Tribune) is president of the California His- 
torical Society and recently he appointed me chairman of the Special Publica- 
tions Committee. We have some money, in a publication fund, and are not 
restricted to the Society’s possessions. Let me know if you have pertinent 
ideas. 

That appointment apparently helped to spark Susanna Dakin’s active paf- 
ticipation in Northern California activities—an ever widening participation. 
It marked the end of a transitional period when she made so many north- 
south trips that some of her southern friends on the Arboretum committee 
hardly knew she had moved away from Pasadena. Seven years later she could 
write to the same Angeleno correspondent that she had sunk her roots in the 
Bay Area. 

Reviewing Susanna’s life, interests, and writings, divided between Southern 
and Northern California, we must describe her as a “California woman. 
Hqually + home in all parts of the state, equally concerned with everything 
Californian, she was completely free from narrow regionalism. She led a life 
oar balanced between the areas dominated by San Francisco and Los 


i Without attempting to do a Who’s-Who biography or to set forth a bib- 
ography, I want to touch upon some of the activities and interests that were 
part of Susanna’s life, as well as give a closer look at the books she has written 
or made possible. 

But first, what of her family background, very pertinent to the develop- 
“38 sto owe life! Her Canadian-born father, Dr. Ernest Bryant, went t© 
a neon eds and became the city’s Police Surgeon at the age of 22. 

e first he felt at home in the City of the Angels, “where the warmth 


Susanna Bryant Dakin 3 
and informality of daily life corresponded to qualities in his own nature.” 
(There I quote from Susanna’s own account of her father.) He learned to play 
golf and became a member of the Los Angeles Country Club where Los An- 
geles “Society” congregated. One afternoon he met a delightful young wom- 
an who was on a brief visit from San Francisco—Sue Bixby. Sue, destined to 
be Susanna’s mother, had vowed: “T'll never live in Los Angeles. I'll never 
marry a doctor, nor a fat man.” But when she married Ernest Albert Bryant, 
she did all three, except that Dr. Bryant was only slightly overweight from 
being somewhat of a gourmet and from being invited out to six- and seven- 
course dinners every night. Dr. Bryant met Henry E. Huntington at the peak 
of the latter’s wealth and power and became his personal physician. Later he 
served as Surgical Director of the Southern Pacific Railroad, Southern Divi- 
sion. It is interesting to note, in the light of the Dakin family’s later interests, 
that Dr. Bryant founded the Good Hope Clinic of the Hospital of the Good 
Samaritan in Los Angeles. 

Susanna’s mother was Sue or Susanna Bixby—the little Sue of Sarah Bixby 
Smith’s fascinating Adobe Days, the daughter of John W. Bixby, one of the 
owners of Rancho Los Alamitos and the sister of Fred H. Bixby, later owner 
of the Alamitos. John Bixby came from Maine in 1870, many years after his 
cousins Jotham and Llewellyn had made that same migration. These earlier 
Bixbys, with their cousins Benjamin and Thomas Flint, had driven 2000 head 
of sheep from the Mississippi River to the West Coast in 1852. They first 
bought Rancho San Justo in Monterey County and had entered also the stage 
coaching business. Presently, Southern California land tempted them, as it did 
other Northern Californians, for there were great bargains in ranchos avail- 
able after the three-year drought of the 1860’s had bankrupted the Spanish- 
speaking rancheros. In time the Bixby name became associated in ownership 
of Ranchos Los Cerritos and Los Alamitos—the two comprising all of present- 
day Long Beach—along with the greater part of Rancho Los Palos re 
For a brief period in the early 1860's the Bixbys and Flints had owned all o 
what is now the huge Irvine Ranch. The story of the Bixbys's the story — 
of California’s great land-owning families of the early American 6 
Rancho days therefore were a part of the early experience of Sue emer 
of course of her daughter Susanna, who was to write extensively 0 o 
living. Sue Bixby went to a “finishing” school in Boston, had a European 


4 WOMAN OF CALIFORNIA 

tour, and later—unwilling to live on Los Alamitos with an ever-grieving, 
widowed mother—she chose an apartment on Russian Hill in San Francisco. 
There she found Bohemian friends until Dr. Ernest Bryant entered her life, 
married her, and brought her back to Los Angeles. 

Sue Bixby, it is well to remember, was a woman fond of books and paint- 
ings. The library she formed and that was finally given to Scripps College was 
broad in its coverage. Also, she had strong botanical interests and became the 
donor of the Santa Ana Botanical Garden for Native Plants, now in Clare- 
mont, foreshadowing the daughter’s interest in the Los Angeles State and 
County Arboretum. She was also a backer of Theodore Payne, who devel- 
oped an extensive nursery and seed business. 

Susanna Bryant Dakin was born in Los Angeles on May 23, 1905. A few 
weeks before her death she asked me to read in typewritten form the mem- 
ories of her girlhood, climaxing with her entering Marlborough School at the 
age of twelve. Perhaps she had in mind its publication, although it was pri- 
marily for the members of the family. This manuscript is frank, interesting, 
important, and done with Susanna’s customary distinction. I had first thought, 
at starting the reading, that it would be the story of a “poor little rich girl.” 
Actually it is the account of a rich little rich girl, even though there were mo- 
ments of loneliness when she had to watch her playmates going off to public 
school, while she had always to be content with private tutors. Perhaps the 
highlight is the “Big Ride” of 1916, when, under Uncle Fred Bixby’s leader- 
ship, she and her cousins rode horseback from Berkeley to Los Alamitos, a 
522-mile trip. 

Susanna went to Vassar College and received an A.B. degree in 1925. She 
86: received significant direction in methods of historical research and writ- 
ing from Margaret Bingham Stillwell, bibliographer, librarian, and writer. 
in 1930 she married a young engineer, Richard Y. Dakin, and in Pasadena 
pete re. Susanna, Henry, Sara, and Mary. At the same period 
California en —e writing and for participation in various Southern 
Art M eo such as Scripps College; a forerunner of the Pasadena 

: useum; and the Pasadena Chapter of the Red Cross Arts and Skills 
orporation. 


Thave mentioned her A Scotch Paisano 
University of California Press 
a novelized biography, 


The Story of Hugo Reid, which the 
published in 1939. This was and is essentially 
Successfully handled and presented. As times goes 00, 


Susanna Bryant Dakin 5 
I believe it will continue to be thought of as one of California’s most impor- 
tant literary products, as well as Susanna’s best piece of sustained writing. 
Reid’s Indian wife, Dofia Victoria, was presented with such dignity that Su- 
sanna was pleased to be asked to serve as a consultant when the Indian His- 
torical Society was organized. Had the author wished and had the author not 
become involved in so many public activities, she might well have become a 
novelist of distinction. 

When the historic homesite of Rancho Santa Anita was bought by the 
State of California in 1947 and leased to Los Angeles County, plans were 
made to develop it as a state and county arboretum. Dr. Frits Went, the first 
president of the California Arboretum Foundation, appointed a Historical 
Committee. Since Rancho Santa Anita’s first owner had been Hugo Reid and 
since the state-purchased site included the so-called Hugo Reid Adobe, as well 
as structures and plantings by later owners, notably E. J. (Lucky) Baldwin, it 
was natural to ask Susanna Dakin to become chairman. As worked out with 

-Susanna’s advice, the officers of the Historical Committee were Susanna 
Bryant Dakin and Georgina Hicks Mage as co-chairmen. Mrs. Mage was 
Susanna’s long-time Pasadena friend. The co-secretaries were Lindley Bynum 
and W.W.Robinson. (Lindley allowed me to take the minutes.) Director of 
Restorations was Maurice Block, and Landscape Consultant was Edward 
Huntsman-Trout. Historical Curator was Dewey Nelson. Howard Miller 
was Treasurer. 

Actually Susanna held loose reins on this committee which over the years 
had a continually changing group of members, persons concerned particularly 
with California history and architecture. Perhaps the most faithful attendants, 
other than the officers, were Ed Ainsworth of the Los Angeles Times, John 
Anson Ford, a sympathetic member of the Board of Supervisors, M.R. ee 
rington, Curator of the Southwest Museum, Architects Walter A. Walton an 
Burnett C. Turner, John C. Macfarland, an attorney, Jack Fawcett, ee 
ciate of Baldwin, Mrs. Forest Stanton, Mrs. Howard Cunningham, and co 

Alfred Murray. Dr. William S. Stewart, who became the Arboretum rascal 
tor in 1955, and his wife, Maria, became frequent participants n ccna me 
did other Arboretum staff members, and experts in various Tae d 
The hard core of the male officers and members were called by Susanna—an' 
most appropriately—her “old men’s club.” ao 
ie cies of the Coie was the architectural restoration of the existing 


6 WOMAN OF CALIFORNIA 

historic buildings—the so-called Queen Anne Cottage and the Baldwin Car- 
riage House of the Baldwin regime, together with the reconstruction of the 
Hugo Reid Adobe, each restoration or reconstruction to be further enhanced 
by appropriate furnishings, decoration, and plantings. 

Meetings were held outdoors in the fairyland setting developed by various 
owners of Rancho Santa Anita and beneath the shade of towering eucalyptus 
trees or alongside Baldwin Lake. On one occasion we met at Rancho Los Ala- 
mitos in one of the State’s most charming homes dating from Spanish days. 
There our hosts were Fred H. Bixby, whom I like to call “the last of the 
rancheros,” and his wife, Florence Green Bixby. Fred H. Bixby, Susanna’s 
“Uncle Fred,” served his over-size Old-Fashioneds. In the discussion that fol- 
lowed he remarked that he didn’t see where all the money was coming from 
to restore the Queen Anne Cottage—a remark that caused inner smiles from 
some of his guests who had the intimation, though not the certain knowledge, 
that The Family Fund of the Dakins was taking care of that substantial item. 
Committee meetings, under Susanna’s deft manipulation, were extremely in- 
formal and were closed with food and drink. To keep us all on the ball, there 
were even cocktail parties at the home of Georgina Mage and at the Valley 
Hunt Club. 

The aims of the Historical Committee were attained—even though it was 
occasionally accused of trying to make a saint out of Lucky Baldwin whose 
interests ran rather strongly to women and horses. Today the whole complex 
of the Arboretum at Arcadia is a place of botanical and historical fascination 
and importance. There have been two million visitors, with the Queen Anne 
Cottage drawing greatest interest. The reconstruction of the Hugo Reid 
Adobe as a ranch foreman’s structure of the 1840's, was financed by the State 
—as a result of appeals made by Dr. Stewart and Mrs. Dakin in a personal ap- 
pearance before the State’s division of Beaches and Parks meeting in San 
Francisco. 

Se a tae what was Susanna’s greatest contribution to the de- 
enema aa Soca He thought I meant money and said that 
: e Dakins Family Fund had contributed—without 

wledge—substantial sums for use in the Historical Area. 


Isaid no, [ didn’t 
on Honey. Then he said: “ : ribution 
was her ‘attitude.’ ” ts aid: ““Susanna’s greatest cont 


Susanna Bryant Dakin 7 

In the middle of all this Arboretum activity Susanna and her family moved 
to the Bay Area—to the distress of Southern Californians. However, it turned 
out that Susanna maintained a flexible, traveling schedule, caught airplanes 
with ease, and picked up rental cars at the Los Angeles International Airport 
with which she could drive quickly to Pasadena and to the home of Georgina 
Mage. There were letters, too, between San Francisco and Arcadia—such as 
this one to Dr. Stewart: 

Dear But, On the subject of dust, it was suggested that you—as director— 
write to Orville Johnson—a state authority for advice on ridding the Adobe 
and Coach Barn of this daily plague (he may answer that dust is authentic in 
early California dwellings, and even advise the introduction of fleas! . . .) 

With her appointment by President Knowland to the Special Publications 
Committee of the California Historical Society, operating out of San Fran- 
cisco, she took on new interests. 

She named her new committee: Kenneth Bechtel, Lindley Bynum, Mrs. 
French Fogle, George Hammond, George Harding, Oscar Lewis, Aubrey 
Neasham, Mrs. Rogers Parratt, W.W. Robinson, Caroline Wenzel, and Carl 
Wheat. Later the “Special” committee became the “Publication Committee, 
and Francis Farquhar, Mrs. Clement Hurd, and Mrs. Van Rensselaer Wilbur 
joined the group. Meetings were held in a top-floor room in the Mansion of 
the CHS, a place that perhaps did not have the romantic overtones of Lucky 
Baldwin’s menage. I recall, too, that we munched meagerly on sandwiches. 
On one occasion, though, joined by husbands and wives, we adjourned to 
Happy Valley in the Palace Hotel. Manuscripts were passed tees books were 
published. I want to mention with particular pleasure the Christmas books 
that the Society published during Susanna’s chairmanship. They rep Oe bes 
enthusiasm, her special efforts, and bear her unmistakable stamp, whe an 
not she wrote a foreword. These little books, all printed by Lawton oi y; 
were delightful excursions into the world of early California. The i 
Christmas in California, Part One being “Christmas at Sutter s Fort 8 of 
by John Bonner, Part Two “Christmas Before the Americans oe sii 
Ramon Pico. It was followed by Christmas at Rancho Los —_ eR 
Katharine Bixby Hotchkis (Susanna’s cousin), illustrated by C fare ne 
The third was Navidad and Pastorela, the first by Don Arturo — 
second by Gwladys Louise Williams. 


8 WOMAN OF CALIFORNIA 

Icall attention to another attractive Society publication that appeared after 
Susanna had given up her chairmanship but which received her enthusiastic 
backing. This was Joseph A. Baird’s Times Wondrous Changes, devoted to San 
Francisco’s architectural story. It was rushed out, in 1962, to be ready for the 
meeting in San Francisco of the National Trust for Historic Preservation. A 
change in publishing policy by the Society called for approval of expenditures 
by the Finance Committee. Susanna had therefore to be asked to agree to 
underwrite the book’s costs. She did, and the book was not only a delight but 
a sell-out—proving that she could pick a winner and that the Finance Com- 
mittee was overly cautious. 

For her accomplishments in historical writing and for support of the So- 
ciety’s program Susanna Dakin was made a Fellow of the California His- 
torical Society. 

Susanna’s forewords, prefaces, and introductions—appearing in various 
volumes—were of course labors of love—articulate and poetic tributes to 
friends or to specific achievements or to pleasant vistas in time. Such was her 
introduction to the published writings of Francis Farquhar, whose habit of 
praising others generously, but with discrimination, filled her with admira- 
tion. So, too, the tribute she paid in The Perennial Adventure to 95-year-old 
Alice Eastwood, retired Curator of Botany at the California Academy of 
Sciences. Miss Eastwood was not only a botanical authority on the Bay region 
but had had a long-time affiliation with the Rancho Santa Ana Botanical 
Garden founded by Susanna’s mother. Both books appeared in 1954. 

Probably the most pleasurable experience in research preceded that in- 
volved in Susanna’s writing of an introduction to YoSemite 1878 Adventures 
of N & C—Journal and Drawings by Carrie E. LeConte. This appeared in the 
Malette Dean-printed volume which The Book Club of California so beau- 
tifully brought out in 1964. Here are presented the entertaining adventures of 
— high-spirited gitls who took a camping trip to Yosemite in 1878. The 
Je urnal and drawings reproduced were a part of the Le Conte Family Papers 
in the Bancroft Li : 

Srl er Dakin’s gratitude for the memory of Dixon pgs 

ee ec : os an extraordinary collection of Mark Twain materi 

Wites ket coe collection in the University of California. ee 

i: The new papers inciam 
of the Territorial Enterprise. 


Susanna Bryant Dakin 9 
While Susanna could say no—tactfully—she loved to help individuals who 
seemed likely to help themselves. She gave constructive assistance, sometimes 
at the crucial time. She found herself especially interested in people in “the 
arts” or with artistic potentialities. She did not worry if she supported a lost 
cause. To one young man whom she helped when he needed it the most she 
said: “I have contributed to many cultural causes but you happen to be a 
cultural cause that has gone on.” Painters, sculptors, writers, bookdealers, 
ceramists have reason to bless her name. For example, there was Susie Singer, 
a gifted artist-refugee from Austria whom Susanna took under her wing in 
the 1930's. She got her a small house in Pasadena, adequate for her needs and 
that of her child, bought her a kiln, even sent her own children to her for art 
instruction. As usual, the help given this ceramist was a quiet, almost secret, act. 
Susanna and members of her family found time for traveling, particularly 
in Europe. Let me quote from a letter written early this year by Jake Zeitlin 
to Susanna’s daughter, Sue Arp (Mrs. Halton Christian Arp), and having to 
do with a meeting of Josephine and Jake Zeitlin with the Dakins in England: 
One of my most treasured memories shall always be of the days we spent 
together several years ago in England. We rode to Brighton in the second 
class coach together with two charwomen who explained the mysteries of 
English money to your mother and gave her an English tuppence. We wan- 
dered through the bewildering splendor of the Pavillion and the museum, 
strolled on the pier and rode back first class with tea and a nap to shorten the 
ride. The next day we took the excursion boat at Westminster Bridge and 
traveled to Greenwich. Dick was especially taken with the navigation instru- 
ments and collected printed matter and made notes to write about them to 
your husband. One afternoon I took your mother to visit the Director of the 
British Museum so that she might look at the library of Prince Henry, a 
favorite of her college studies. And finally we had a dinner at Green’s Hotel 
with London friends, full of good jokes, good talk and laughter - Your mother 
lost her usual shyness and as we stood in the street she kissed us all good night. 
Susanna, brought up to be a participant in “Society —spelled witha na 
S—liked the pleasurable aspects of living, agreeable people, lighthearted : 
good food and good wine. She was knowledgeable in the matter A oe 
admired that knowledgeability in her friends. She and her family lov ae 
watch connoisseur Lindley Bynum’s ritual of approaching, savoring, 


defining a glass of vintage wine. 


10 WOMAN OF CALIFORNIA 

Not only individuals but institutions were the beneficiaries of the Dakin 
family’s interests. Susanna and Richard Dakin actively supported the Franklin 
Hospital, with Richard serving as president of the board of trustees since 1955 
during the period in which the new hospital building was planned. Both 
worked with the American Friends Service Committee, in sympathy with its 
program, and as friends of various libraries in Southern and Northern Cali- 
fornia. 

That brings us to the Friends of the Bancroft Library, with Susanna show- 
ing the same excited interest she had shown in Arboretum activities. Dr. 
George P. Hammond, the long-time director of the Bancroft Library, would 
probably have said—as did Dr. Stewart—he appreciated above all else Su- 
sanna’s “attitude.” She had been and was a constant user of the Library. Asa 
member of the Friends, she served on the Council, and became Secretary of 
the organization. At the time of her death she was also editor of Bancroftiana. 
Published by the Friends in 1963 was her Rose, or Rose Thorn?—Three Women’ 
of Spanish California. Deftly handled, and based on extensive research, the 
quality of writing shown is again that of the novelist—reminding one of that 
shown in Scotch Paisano. 

Another vital type of support for the Bancroft Library was that given by 
Susanna and her family to important acquisitions. In 1959 Warren R. Howell 
and Jake Zeitlin had an opportunity to go through the library of Martin Car- 
rencedo in Mexico City and to purchase and bring back to the United States 
the entire collection. When George Hammond saw the important documents 
on California and the Spanish Southwest—including letters of Junipero Serra 
and of Father Kino—his imagination caught fire. The Friends were urged to 
obtain the rich assemblage of manuscripts. Susanna was one who appreciated 
the significance of the material, As a result of her and others’ help, the collec- 
tion became a part of the Library. 

I want to emphasize another important assemblage that became the Ban- 
croft’s. That is the Robert B. Honeyman Collection of early Californian and 
Western pictorial material. Warren Howell had worked closely with Mr. 
oe patie years in bringing it together. George Hammond got the 
Shae = Mapes’ sum involved in its purchase. The collection is 

e y ousanna Dakin as “comprising oils, watercolors, drawings, litho- 
Staph, engravings, etchings, woodcuts, early photographs, one of the finest 


Susanna Bryant Dakin Il 
selections of ‘letter sheets’ . . . and a miscellany which includes manuscripts, 
maps, scrapbooks, nostalgic sheet music, children’s games, colorful advertis- 
ing cards and illustrated stock certificates.” This description by Susanna Dakin 
appears in GHP—An Informal Record of George P. Hammond And His Era in the 
Bancroft Library , a volume beautifully printed by Lawton and Alfred Kennedy 
and issued in 1965 as a tribute to G.P.H. on his retirement as Director. The 
book was written by a group of his friends and associates. Susanna Dakin en- 
couraged others to participate in the fund-raising, offering to help if they 
would help. She and her family “seeded the fund,” as it were, spurred others 
on to assist, and the Bancroft Library obtained the Honeyman Collection. 

As Dale Morgan phrased it, Susanna Dakin “‘had a deep affection for friends 
and rare insight into their qualities.” Consider her comment on the death of 
Freda Kennedy, the wife of Lawton Kennedy. She almost succeeded in de- 
feating death when she wrote in 1965 that “the valley of life is shadowed with 
death” and “death rims life with the beauty of transiency.” The sad death of 
her own young daughter Sara in 1961 had made it necessary for Susanna to 
live with, understand and accept death. The death of her friend Lindley By- 
num in 1965 inspired her to work with Josephine Bynum and the Bynum 
family in assembling and bringing out a group of Lindley’s poems: High 
Treasure, Songs of the Sierra. 

One last statement. Just before the Dakins left on their final flight, Susanna 
wrote this note on a Christmas card to Gertrude M. Woods of the Arboretum 
staff: 

Our family is off to spend the holidays (December 20-29) by the Sea of 
Cortez—in Bahia de las Palmas . . . I’m all for the publication of the SBD 
pamphlet and will take a copy of the Summer 56 Lasca Leaves to look over 
and see what changes should be made.” (She was referring to her Place of 
Many Waters, the history of the Arboretum area which was planned for re- 
publication.) 

That note was received at the Arboretum on December 20, 1966—the day 
that the plane, which carried Susanna, Richard, and six other members of the 
Dakin family, fatally crashed into the sea. 

Good works, good books—they live!