ТНЕ | TRANSACTIONS THE- LINNEAN SQOIRTY ie : OF | LONDO PRINTED BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS, RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET: SOLD AT THE SOCIETY'S APARTMENTS, BURLINGTON-HOUSE; AND BY LONGMANS, GREEN, AND 00., PATERNOSTER-ROW. 2 в | Wm mri % _Мо. Bot. Garden. мə CONTENTS. PART I.—APnir, 1888. І. The Botany of the Afghan Delimitation Commission. By J. E. T. ArrCHISON, M.D., C.I.E., F.R.S., F.L.S., Naturalist attached to the Mission, and Secretary to the Surgeon-General, Her Majesty’s Forces, Bengal. (Plates I.-XLVIIL., and two Maps.) ұла, 529 200 64 . page 1 PART II.—May, 1891. II. On the Life-History of a remarkable Uredine on Jasminum grandiflorum, L. (Uro- тусез Cunninghamianus, aov. sp.) Ву А. Barcray, M.B., Bengal Medical Service. (Communicated by G. Murray, F.L.S.) (Plates XLIX. & L). . 141 PART ПІ. Jong, 1891. ПІ. An Enumeration of all the Species of Musci and Hepatice recorded from Japan. ПЕ ИТЕК; АЛЫ ое. 08 PART ІУ.- Остовев, 1891. ТУ. On new Species of Caulerpa, with Observations on the Position of the Genus. Ву ЧИО MIX ҒЫС САКЕ LIL & ШП д... o e. oa PART У.—Остовек, 1891. V. A Systematic and Structural Account of the Genus Turbinaria, Lame. Ву ETHEL | SAREL Barron. (Communicated by D. Н. Scorr, Ph.D., F.L.S.) (Plates LIV. УЛ ys ee pit enn км. = UL PART VI.—DECEMBER, 1891. VI. On the Life- History of Puccinia coronata, var. himalensis. By A. BancrAY, M.B., Р.Г.5., Bengal Medical Service. (Plate LVI. figs. 1-13.) . . . . page 227 VII. On (he Life-History of Puccinia Jasmini-Chrysopogonis, nov. sp. By A. BARCLAY, М.В., F.L.S., Bengal Medical Service. (Plate LVI. figs. 14-23.) . . . . 937 PART VII.—May, 1892. VIII. The Caoutchouc-containing Celis of Eucommia ulmoides, Oliver. By Е. ERNEST Weiss, B.Sc., F.L.S. (From the Botanical Laboratory, University College, qn) inte ТК... VÀ Eo а 948 PART VIII.—May, 1893. ІХ. On Bud-protection in Dicotyledons. By Percy Groom, М.В., Frank Smart Student, Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge. (Communicated by D. H. Scorr, M.A., Ph.D., F.L.S.) (Plates LIX. & о авв FADE IX ..N OVEMBER, 1893. X. On the Flora of the Eastern Coast of the Malay Peninsula. By Henry М. RIDLEY, MA EES: Director, Gardens and Forest Department, Singapore. ( Plates Ее Я Е . 267 PART Х.— Мавон, 1894. XI. Contributions to the Embryology of the Amentiferze.—Part I. Ву MARGARET Benson, B.Sc., Marion Kennedy Student, Newnham College, Cambridge. (From the Botanical Laboratories of University College, London, and of the University -of Cambridge.) (Communicated бу Prof. F. W. Oriver, M.A., Р.80., F.L.S.) _ (Plates LXVII.-LXXII.) D owed e PART ХТ.—МАвсн, 1894. LI . . . - * 5 Titlepage, Contents, and Indes 2nd Ser. BOTANY. | [VOL. ПІ. PART | THE о TRANSACTIONS | Trans. Linn. бос. SER. 2. Вот. Vor. Ш. МАР 1 ви ^ : | . 32 % | № . | g T v m 3 ot А \№ Jowain (Lash-jowain) 5 N } D 7,420 е д, ч м $, KANDAHAR ©3,350 as tan ZR. py Nasirabad. 1770 e | i ‚ \ \ x< | i Kalifat ' с> | | | | 5 Spangaoli ' | ы мей ары ыг р j- ali. (Khwaja- аһ, / meses Koh-haja чел Lundi Jue. ХХ. 1550 ОУ 7 Т / QUETT A 3 лауа; "Виаъа» 21. ост, М. № / 5,604 Sheet 1. ; x p ы Gobrak M Me K 30° 2% { i A MAP TO SHOW yd тұ i the route traversed by the dicas 5 CRAIN "a Ната NATURALIST 7 i pee. Н 1 ‚у эе OF THE AFGHAN DELIMITATION COMMISSION . D и ТЕЛ. Aitchison. MD.ERS. далада, \ E / № 3,370 i | Kai А : D _ iine r = 4 4 : 1.2.0ст. Sanduri й заш 60 Statute Mile Robati Kani ere M ) — à : қ ы | көле} Е р... -— i сез *Nushki < -idha QM COT -“Omar-Sha Fixed encampments shewn thus. M,N. 2,680 Zarw 2,840 5 Baghok. Halting places чп о А. Route of Author ........ ы ы Jabar ” ” р апап; . Direction, of route shown by arrows —> m > Chaghai Altitudes in feet above sea level .1,420 To Mahi- F Muhabbat 63° Long. E of Greenwich. Рае век Yagi ALA т Stanford’s Geog Estab? © € 3100 6 JuLy. 15 SEPT. \, Robat Turúkh . А Trans. Lunn. Soc. SER. 2. Вот. Von. Ш. МАР 2. e 65? 6 5’ A x ЫЛ ОГОО з 36” 36° и " ^ . i D H U 5 чы Il A Я 5 эы ) Là ай gird /%. ; inobati-saredf Ж. | ] ж. \ Karaol-khana 7 4 к \ f. | | em jul ж «Д 4 > О R К Е 5 T A x 16 FEB / ems 3 “са” > Bala, Morghab 7 a агаа = - B отан N aes аа PN it JUNE = 21 JULY j | | : N à | 14 MAY А А, P I \ 2,070 " \ Y. \ \ 24 JULY uda Raby 5 * Тотал. Коле’. M р -. У. Е 26 NOV. ез “ 2 қ a Salami pum eii АЙЫҢ У EE P sid а Ж. © 4 К KAUSÁN 18-25 моу. сқ . 2. тоо` ^ ` А Rui Khauf TIREHU Bro» ` Madrassa” SEI рар Кри tian Hobati-Kaleha СҮ кх VT 4 9 GU LRAN чы = VEG cl. т ы / 2240 24 FEB. (ai nu SCALE RAT SO А | € Miles to an Inch. ! рист zi ari Rud i 4 NOV 84. : ahir (Parak) ! 342 MAE 24-сһа/( Gaz- ak-cha) | 8-16 AM Sheet 2. \ A MAP TO SHOW ; | x. the route traversed by the > dier ; E C. NATURALIST ЖІ 2 | OF THE AFGHAN DELIMITATION COMMISSION . 2 бады Ј.ЕТ. Aitchison, МО.ЕВ,$. SCALE 10 20 30 ао 50 60 Statute Miles Et = Route of Author нне QV eiit, Sirene nnn goo _ Direction of route Mew. by arrows — Altitudes in feet above sea level.. 1,420 61° 63° Stanford's Geog! Estab* 6-7. NOV. TRANSACTIONS OF LAS weve N GAN ЗОСТЕТТ I. The Botany of the Afghan Delimitation Commission. By J. E. Т. ArrcnisoN, M.D., C.I.E., F.R.S., F.L.S., Naturalist attached to the Mission, and Secretary to the Surgeon-General, Her Majesty’s Forces, Bengal. (Plates I.-XLVIII., and Two Maps.) Read 3rd February, 1887. INTRODUCTION. THE paper which I have now the honour of laying before you is the result of my botanical investigations and collections made while I was attached to the Afghan Delimitation Commission during the years 1884 and 1885. My collections amount to about 800 species and some 10,000 specimens. Of these nearly one hundred are probably * new to science, and, as may be seen from this Report, I have | been able to accumulate much interesting matter in relation to products, and to trace several to the plants yielding them. Тһе difficulties I have had to overcome in obtaining the material for the information I now lay before you were on this occasion very great. I purpose dividing my paper so as to give the botanical characteristics of the country traversed in accordance with its natural divisions represented by its physieal features, viz. :—Northern Baluchistan ; the valley of the Helmand, from Hadj-ali to the Hamun; the basin of the Harut river, from the Hamun of the Helmand to Pahir ; the valley of the Hari-rud; the Badghis district; Mount Do-shakh ; and Khorasan. * I say probably, because, in consequence of expecting to have to return to India, the collection has been hurriedly and only partially elaborated. SECOND SERIES.—BOTANY, VOL. III. B ~ ninefeet in girth at six feet from the due feet. Zygophyllum atriplicioides, a shru m : : leaves, bright yellow flowers, 2 DR. 2. E. Т. AITCHISON ON THE BOTANY OF NORTHERN BALUCHISTAN. The expedition left the vicinity of Quetta, in the extreme north-east of Baluchistan, on the 22nd of September, 1884, marching westwards almost parallel with its northern boundary, along the edge of and partly across the great desert, to the Helmand river at Hadj-ali. In this part of our journey our marches were very long and accomplished with great rapidity, chiefly during the night, аз the days were still very hot. As there were no traces of a road of any sort to direct us we were guided at night by large fires, acting as beacons, and during the day by the marks of a plough which had been taken across the country, making a furrow for this special purpose. The season of the year was against any good collections being made, so that the little I did collect were mere scraps, most of which, however, have been identified by comparison with my subsequent collections. The physical features of Northern Baluchistan consist of great gravel and clay plains, bordered by ranges of limestone and trap hills, intersected by numerous dry water-courses, and of undulated expanses of sand, which are said to be continuously shifting through the action of wind. Between Kani and Gaz-i-cha we saw the effects of the wind, the sand having been driven up against the face of a pre- cipitous cliff to the height of 300 feet; and the range looked as if it would soon disappear altogether beneath this great shifting sea of sand. There are neither rivers nor streams, the vast drainage of the country being wholly swallowed up in the thirsty gravel beds. In traversing this desert we were informed that water was only to be procured at certain localities; this was no doubt true іп the sense that water was only exposed at those localities; but it was evident that with a little trouble it was pro- curable close to the surface in many more places; for on no occasion was the water found at a greater depth than ten feet, often much less. Luckily the few dilapidated botanical specimens that I was able to collect on this portion of our travels, despatched at Hadj-ali on the Helmand for Kew, arrived safely at their destination, and from them I am able to give the general features of the more permanent or shrubby vegetation of Northern Baluchistan. At this season of the year the little vegetation to be seen may be divided, naturally, into that on the hills and on rock-formations; that on the gravel and clay plains; that of the sand-dunes; and, lastly, that where there was water during the whole year. The most interesting plants found on the hills and on rock-formations were :—Stocksia Brahuica, a thorny shrub or small tree, first collected between Khanak and Panj-pai on the 24th of September, and ‘subsequently more or less frequently as far as the Helmand. In its autumnal garb, when leafless, and covered with its brilliantly coloured inflated fruit, it was very showy. It is called by the natives Koh-tor, or the mountain- peach, no doubt from the attractive colouring of the fruit. Pistacia Terebinthus, хат. mutica, was occasionally seen on limestone, occurring in somenumbers. This is the only indigenous tree of Baluchistan that grows to any size; several I measured were over ground; but in height none were over twenty b from four to six feet in height, with fleshy and curious winged fruit, was seen everywhere, from THE AFGHAN DELIMITATION COMMISSION. 3 the stony bases of the hills into the gravel plains. Perowskia abrotanoides, а very attractive Labiata, forming a close bush three to four feet high, was general among the rocks; Periploca aphylla and two species of Ephedra. Ephedra pachyclados ? was the common one, being very profuse amongst broken rock, boulders, &c., as well as on the gravel plains. Тһе native name for the Periploca and the two species of Ephedra is Hum or Huma, the natives not distinguishing between them. Tamarix gallica, as a large shrub, the presence of which in quantity and size would, I think, indicate water at no great depth. Further, P/eropyrum Aucheri, Rhazya stricta, Stellaria Lessertii, Lactuca orientalis, Anabasis sp., Pennisetum dichotomum, Euphorbia osyridea, Astragalus hyrcanus, Calligonum comosum, inhabit this region at the base of the hills, and extend thence over the gravel country. On the gravel and clay plains the vegetation was extremely sparse and stunted; among the prevailing plants, Alhagi Camelorum was generally spread over the country, and in some favoured localities it grew in luxuriance and dense masses, through which it was hard to get our horses to go, owing to its numerous objectionable spines. This shrub is usually from one to two feet in height, occasionally as much as three. Тһе ordinary term here for the plant is * Camel-thorn," as it is one of the chief sources of supply of fodder for these animals. In certain seasons it yields a manna. Peganum Harmala, Sophora mollis, Sophora Griffithii, and two species of Heliotropium were more or less frequent; and where saline matter impregnated the soil the following shrubs were often in great luxuriance, Salsola Kali, Salsola arbuscula, Salsola fotida, and several others, with Halanthium sp., Halocharis sulphurea, Halo- aylon salicornicum, and Н. Griffith. On the sand-dunes and between the hillocks formed by the sand-waves vegetation was more general and of stronger growth than one would have expected to find on first seeing this formation. This is no doubt due to the deeper layers of the sand being able to: - retain moisture, down to which the roots easily penetrate through the soft superstructure. The characteristic shrub, often almost a tree in size, is Haloxylon Ammodendron, which is the Tar-gaz of Baluchistan, and its smaller branches yield the best camel-fodder of the country, and, unlike the Tamarisks, the camels can live continuously upon it without its impairing their health. In general appearance it resembles light-green Tamarisk, hence its native name; but it is at once distinguishable by its pendulous branches and grey white stems; hence the European name White Tamarisk. Although this shrub is found in all directions, it certainly seems to prefer, and grows in greatest luxuriance on, these sand hills. Tamarix macrocarpa and other large shrubby species were common. At Omar-sha, where we encamped on sand hills, there were some trees, probably planted, of Tamarix articulata with trunks nine feet in girth and over thirty feet in height, and associated with them were some trees of Tamarix macrocarpa, from four to six feet in circumference, evidence of the size this species may attain in а favourable locality. The ordinary native name for the latter is Kirri; and this term was equally applied to 7. articulata, although the two species were recognized as e different. Tamarix articulata, having no special native name here, leads one to surmise that it is not indigenous in this part of the country. At Zaru, close to our encampment, B2 4 DR. J. E. T. AITCHISON ON THE BOTANY OF were some large bushes of Lycium barbarum, almost devoid of foliage, but covered with bright red fruit, very like small capsicums. Неге we lost several camels from no known cause, though all those found dead were lying near these bushes, and had been eating greedily of the berries. I opened several camels, but the post-mortem showed no symptoms of irritant poisoning, yet there was nothing I could detect in their paunches except the berries. From the camels having died so suddenly I suspected narcotic poisoning, and yet a Lycium, although nearly allied to a poisonous genus, is not sup- posed to be itself poisonous. І carefully examined the whole country round, and there was nothing else they could have eaten of a poisonous nature. The natives declared the Lyciwm was not poisonous, and subsequently I often saw camels browsing on this shrub without any ultimate evil effects. In some localities the sand-dunes were covered with Huphorbia cheirolepis; a very elegant species, which still, late though the season was, maintained its green foliage. Tribulus alatus covered the tops of the sand-dunes in many places with a sward. Cyperus pungens at this season only existed in numerous leafy tufts, and very little of the fruiting heads were obtained, though sufficient for identification. Convolvulus erinaceus was not uncommon. Peculiar-looking balls formed of a prickly fruited shrub, Agro- phyllum latifolium, with few or no leaves were noticed rolling about, driven by the winds hither and thither over the flat clay plains (or Pat), occasionally accumulating into heaps. This shrub grows in loose sand, and as it is very leafy it is easily lifted out of its position by the wind and, being driven about, it takes the form of a ball, which is often increased in size by coming in contact with other similar plants. It was soon dubbed “the wanderer;" the natives call it the ‘spinning-wheel,” in allusion to this peculiarity. It was curious to note the condition of the roots of the plants that live in these beds of pure sand; some, like the Наюхуоп, thrust their roots so deeply into the sand as to anchor themselves in the solid ground beneath ; others, like Huphorbia, with slight stems, little affected by the wind, do not require to be so firmly fixed, and do not root so deeply; grasses and sedges have their fibrous roots greatly lengthened, and develop a spongy tissue as thick as a goose-quill. "These spongy enlargements serve two purposes, one for holding fluid for future requirements, and the other for maintaining the position of the plants, each root acting as an individual anchor. The same plants not growing in this loose sand did not possess this peculiar development of their roots. Indeed all the plants that occupy these sandy dunes have a hard struggle for existence ; not only have they much to do to keep themselves in position on account of the wind, but when sand is heaped upon them they have to learn to keep themselves alive under the superimposed weight and at the same time to fight their way through it. Further- more the sand blown on them during summer is hot and dry, so hot and dry that unless these plants are capable of collecting and maintaining a supply of moisture, they must inevitably perish from drought. Оп other occasions their surrounding medium may be suddenly removed by wind, leaving them to be blown about with the chance of being utterly destroyed before they can be again partially covered with sand and thus afforded the means for supporting life. In stream-beds amongst thickets of Tamarisk, where there were perennial streams, ТНЕ AFGHAN DELIMITATION COMMISSION, b as at Kaisar and Mannu, the Oleander was met with. It is well known to the natives, and said to be common in such localities all over the country. This shrub was very destructive to camels, especially when it was spread through the Tamarisk thickets, as these animals never seem to learn not to browse on it. Тһе native name is Jaur, a corruption of the Persian word for poison. Climbing over these shrubs Clematis orientalis was in great luxuriance; and on the shady side of some rocks a variety of Mentha sylvestris, growing seven feet high, was common. Andropogon laniger, а lemon-scented grass, formed turf in the vicinity of the stream, as also Juncus maritimus. | Erianthus Ravenne, the Munj of the Punjab, was occasionally observed in great clumps. Where the stream spread out into broader shallows, flooding the low land occasionally, Arundo Donax occurred together with Phragmites communis, forming great beds; the latter, where the water was brackish and the soil saline, was extremely dwarfed, with rigid and sharp-pointed leaves. In the Tamarisk groves a large purple-flowered Orobanche was occasionally seen, perfect in form and colour, but dried to а cinder, so that it could not be preserved, as on the slightest touch it crumbled into dust. The fodder supplied to us for our cattle during our journey consisted of the crushed straw of wheat and barley and of the stems of millet (Sorghum). Occasionally, in addition to these, the stems of Pennisetum dichotomum were also served out. These stems were from опе to three feet in length, resembling miniature bamboos ; and thus they were termed in сатар. Notwithstanding their hardness, they were greedily eaten by our horses, much to our amusement and wonder. Тһе natives call this grass Barshonk, and it grows on the stony formation at the bases of the hills only. At Gaz-i-cha we encamped іп a great meadow of Eragrostis cynosuroides, which was here unmixed with any other grass. It was called Kirthag, and grew in deep pure sand. Such a locality was looked upon as an oasis of plenty for our cattle, and this particular grass was considered very fattening, though had any of our horse-keepers supplied us with it in India, the result, I fear, would have been a general commotion in the establishment. Aristida plumosa is highly valued and an excellent fodder, growing in luxuriance on the sand hills of the desert, where usually no other grass is to be seen. _ It occurs in small separate tufts, from four to six inches in height, and is called Mazj. Sheep are especially fond of it. Several creeping species of Æluropus, were often mistaken by members of the mission for Cynodon Dactylon, the Dub of India. These were profuse, especially on the saline plains. Cynodon I did not see in Baluchistan, except at Quetta, where it was in abundance on the sides of irrigation-channels. Between Bozdan, Mannu, and Galicha, from the numerous dry leaves found driven about by the wind, a species of Ferula was detected in these gravel plains. After much seeking one leaf was at last discovered attached to a root-stock. On digging this up, there was no doubt, from its general appearance and the odour its fractured surfaces emitted, that it was the root of a species yielding Ава/т да. Not a single stem was obtainable, but, from the quantity of leaves seen, the plant must be abundant in this locality. Тһе curious thistle-like umbellifer, Pyenocycla Aucheriana, was not rare, chiefly present in stony ground; happily sufficient material was collected for its accurate determination. It produces a yellowish gum-resin, and the root-stock, when employed 6 DR. 7. Е. Т. AITCHISON ON THE BOTANY ОЕ as fuel, emits a very offensive odour. One specimen only of the rare Crucifer Cithareloma Lehmanni was obtained in the desert between Nushki and Sanduri. Our food for this part of the journey was in part previously stored along the route, the remainder being conveyed by the mission. Тһе grain for our horses was all sent from Quetta ; dry fodder, such as crushed straw, was collected from Quetta, Nushki, and Band, and where possible the grasses already alluded to were added to the stores. "There was no difficulty with regard to fuel, as throughout all the journey Tamarisk wood was obtainable, although no doubt in some instances at а considerable distance from our encampments ; but smaller fuel, consisting of Artemisia &c., was always to be had. It was noticed that the twigs of any of these desert bushes would burn though living; one could never say of them in this condition that they were green, and therefore unfit for fuel. Owing to the rapidity of our movements, and the distance of our encampments from habitations, I saw no cultivation except at Band, and there only the remains of Water-melons and other Cucurbitaceæ, Sorghum, cotton, and a little tobacco. It is generally admitted that there is a great scarcity of grain in Baluchistan. The supply might easily be augmented from the Helmand and Sistan by opening up a trade-route from these parts to Baluchistan. This could be accomplished at little expense by building a succession of wells at regular intervals, and a few tall pillars to indicate the route. As regards carriage there would never be any difficulty, as this is a country fully capable of maintaining any number of camels, and, indeed, with them even wheeled transport might be adopted. VALLEY OF THE HELMAND, FROM HADJ-ALI TO HAMUN. I regret having to report that the botanical specimens, comprising fully 100 species, collected in the valley of the Helmand from Hadj-ali to the Hamun, as well as those obtained between the Hamun and Pahir, were irretrievably injured by having apparently lain under water for some time. Upon opening the cases at Kew plants and paper were found forming a solid block. Тһе cases had been despatched by caravan from Bala-morghab in January 1885, and only arrived in England in January 1886. А case of birds sent with them was received in almost as bad a plight; the only portions of the collections whieh escaped injury were the reptiles and insects, preserved in glass bottles . in spirits. This loss is а real misfortune, because the greater part of these districts had not previously been visited, so far as is known, by any European. My remarks therefore on the vegetation are consequently very imperfect, and unsupported by authenticated specimens. um Тһе mission encamped on the banks of the Helmand on the 16th of October, 1884. . Theriver, even at this time of the year, had considerable depth and velocity, being fordable at only а few places. Тһе water was said to be at its lowest, but that in February or March it rose from fifteen to twenty feet higher than it then was, and that it had _ been known to rise as high as thirty feet, doing incaleulable injury to the cultivated land . Over which it flowed. Тһе river here has worn itself a deep channel, similar to the _ сайопв of western North America, closely bordered by somewhat high land, which on 1. either side of the river-bed is in physical formation exactly the same as that between THE AFGHAN DELIMITATION COMMISSION. 7 Quetta and the Helmand, consisting of great gravel and clay plains, with seas of moving sand, bearing a similar scanty vegetation. Тһе drainage from these high plateaus, except that in the immediate vicinity of the Helmand, seemed to be absorbed at once by the soil, owing to its limited amount, due to the small rainfall of this climate; in our route we crossed no tributaries or affluents to the river. "There can be no doubt that the level of the bed of the river was once much higher than it is at present, inasmuch as in those parts where the high lands recede, plateaus of alluvial deposit of great extent occur at different levels. Оп these plateaus stand the ruins of forts, towns, and dwellings, the records of past ages and of a dense population. Looking up from the bed of the river at the escarped ends of the receding plains, they appeared like a range of low hills on either side. We at first marched down the left bank of the river, crossed it at Chakr- burja, and then followed its course on the right bank to its Hamun, reaching the Takht-i-Rustam, or throne of Rustam, on the 31st of October. Тһе general appearance of this valley is desolate in the extreme, there being little cultivation and few inhabitants ; the feeling of desolation being deepened by the constant sight of masses of clay-built ruins. The ruins extend on both sides of the river, and are situated usually on immense plains of alluvial deposit, now utterly treeless and barren. Without an exception all the edifices were built of clay, moulded into great blocks, or of sun-dried bricks, the walls of immense thickness, the roofs and doorways domed and arched, and all of the same material —conclusive proofs of the absence in those days, as now, of good timber and plentiful fuel. On a more close examination of the structure of the material of which these ruins were built, it was seen that it contained similar fragments of glazed and coloured pottery, glass, and slag as were now found spread over the plains on the alluvial clays, proving without doubt that the earlier inhabitants of this valley had possessed the knowledge requisite for the manufacture of glazed pottery and of glass. In a few instances large fire-burnt bricks lay about the plains, usually associated with great masses of slag. Some of the ruins could be traced to a much later period, from having the basement walls pierced with loopholes for musketry, unless similar structures existed in the days of bow-and-arrow equipment. То the archeologist and antiquarian a study of these relics would prove highly interesting, particularly if he could get the present inhabitants to aid him in his researches. There were still to be seen traces of the great irrigation-works of the past, originally built of the stiff clay soil alone, and which centuries ago had been allowed to go to ruin. Having given an outline of the physical features of the country, I will now from my notes alone describe the vegetation of this the second stage of our journey. The islands of the river and its low banks, which are annually flooded, are in many places covered with good forests of Populus euphratica called Padda, the trees varying in size from four to six feet in girth, and up to about twenty-five feet in height. Тһе timber is poor, soft and light, but makes good fuel, and would do well for the construction of rafts. The trees were covered with a large climbing Apocynum (?), of which the fruit, called Shangar, was eaten in a raw state by the camel-drivers. It was considered excellent fodder for the camels, and was collected for this purpose by their owners. In similar localities a bushy Tamarix reaching twelve feet in height, with several tall grasses, reeds, De : ; _ Ше ground. The reason why it is alwa _ to the surrounding soil having been wa 8 DR. J. E. T. AITCHISON ON THE BOTANY OF &c., formed dense thickets, in which hogs were said to abound. Ав we descended the river the extent of cultivation rapidly increased, owing primarily to the banks of the river being low and allowing of easy irrigation, and secondarily to the greater area of the low land, the higher banks of the river gradually receding much further back. Comparatively speaking, by far the greater amount of land capable of cultivation lies fallow, owing to the paucity of inhabitants. We met a number of people who had been sent by the Afghan ruler to colonize some of the land on this river, but there is room for almost any amount of population. "Villages, though never very common, gradually increased in number, and inhabitants beeame more numerous after we passed Lundi, where I saw the first cultivated mulberry-trees, and heard cock-crowing for the first time, the latter a sure sign of habitations. The chief erops observed were wheat, barley, millet, pulse, tobacco, water-melons and various other Cucurbitacee, oil-seed (Sesamum), Carthamus, and a little cotton. In some localities we saw quantities of crushed straw being stacked for the use of cattle during the winter, whereas in other places the heads of the corn and millet had only been detached, the straw being left; but this might have been due to a want of labour. Some poor specimens of Indian corn were seen ; but of this, I was told, very little was ever grown. Тһе amount of cotton produced was not sufficient for the needs of the population, as we saw large numbers of cattle laden with cotton being brought from Persian territory. The people possessed innumerable sheep and goats; the wool of the former goes to Persia; the hair of the latter is employed for local requirements. On cultivated land Alhagi Camelorwm seemed to spring up like a second crop, after the removal of the wheat or barley, and covered some of the fields so closely that one could scarcely eredit that a erop of corn had preceded this wilderness. Here, for the first time, I saw as a weed in fields, and apparently а most troublesome one, Prosopis Stephaniana, which, as will be hereafter seen, was met with extending to Bala- morghab in the Badghis, and Meshad in Khorasan. It occurred usually as а low thorny bush, from three to four feet high, but it was occasionally seen fully ten feet in height. The fruit is, scarcely without an exception, attacked by an insect, which, although it does not injure the seed, causes the pod to develop into a bloated, twisted, bright-coloured gall. This gall-affected fruit is collected and employed in dyeing and tanning. Тһе shrub is greedily browsed upon by all cattle. Capparis spinosa, as a straggling bush up to six feetin height, and spreading like a bramble, was dotted over the country, especially on land that had once been under cultivation. Artemisia campestris and А. maritima, Xanthium strumarium, Crozophora tinctoria, and a Euphorbia were common everywhere. The irrigation-channels were lined with Arundo, Phragmites, &c., and Cynodon Dactylon was profuse. Near villages were orchards enclosed within walls, and containing chiefly mulberries, vines, plums, and apricots. A large Tamarisk (T. articulata Р) was, with the exception of Populus ewphratica, the only indigenous tree in this country. It was in greatest abundance on our march between Rudbar and Koh-haja, growing solitarily on low mounds, a fact recognized by the inhabitants, who call it the * mound-tamarisk.”” . It grows to a great size; I measured one fifteen feet in circumference at six feet from уз found growing on а mound is due, I believe, shed away. 1t is noteworthy that I never saw THE AFGHAN DELIMITATION COMMISSION. 9 any young trees of this species, but always old specimens, in some localities forming thin forests and always on mounds. These may be the remains of dense forests, the soil on which the intermediate trees grew, and the trees themselves, having been gradually washed away Near the Hamun, owing to the land lying so low as to be easily flooded by the river, we traversed immense tracts of the country covered with a dense thicket of a small species of tamarisk, reaching twelve feet in height. Between De-dodaand Ibrahim-abad this growth was being burnt down. ‘Two reasous were given for doing this; one that the land was going to be reclaimed for cultivation, and the other that it was to enable natural grasses to grow up for the use of the sheep, of which there were very large flocks in these parts. At Padda-sultan we encamped on low-lying ground, which was covered with a luxuriant bed of succulent grasses, much to the delight of our animals. The chief of these grasses was Panicum antidotale, which here grew three feet high, springing from great bush-like, woody rhizomes, covered with a dense woolly soft pubescence, and was associated with Eragrostis pocoides, Helochloa scheenoides, and a species of Æluropus. Creeping amongst them and in great luxuriance was the wild state of Cucumis Melo, covered with fruit, none averaging over an inch and a half in length. Whilst young the fruit is pubescent, on ripening perfectly glabrous. These were eaten with avidity both raw and cooked by the camp-followers. I must say that the ripe fruit has a most delicious aroma sufficiently tempting to induce anyone to eat it. Near this we saw a weir laid across the river, to supply water for immense irrigation- works, which are still maintained on its left bank. This weir has to be replaced annually, as during the high floods it is always carried away. At De-doda Pluchea caspia formed dense bushes, from three to four feet in height, giving excellent cover to black partridge. Solanum nigrum grew in quantity, and was employed as a pot-herb by the camp-followers. Between Rudbar and Koh-haja I picked up what turned out to be the portion of the stem nearest the root of a species of Bala- nophora. A Baluchi camel-man told me it was well known in his country, where it was called Labbu, and that it was collected for feeding camels on. А large Orobanche is similarly named and employed for the same purpose. То those likely to traverse Baluchistan it would be as well to note that a large and apparently new species of Balanophora exists in those regions. Along this portion of our journey the art of house- building was to be seen in its most primitive forms, from the arched bower of tamarisk- rods, leaving the sides so as to form a sort of open lattice-work, for the free inlet of any passing breeze, the top covered with grasses and Alhaghi to give shade, to those built for a colder climate, having the sides filled up with rushwork and soil, or replaced by natural bricks, with a flattish roof supported by stems of tamarisk or other like material and covered with matting, boughs, and clay. The form of these structures was chiefly circular, imitating a domed roof as nearly as possible, considering the material employed. It may be desirable so explain what is meant by “natural bricks.” | In one of the first letters Dr. W. Н. Russell, the ‘Times’ correspondent, wrote from India during the mutiny, he spoke of part of the country as “a land producing bricks. "TOM . flooded land where clay has been deposited, after the water has evaporated, the clay SECOND SERIES.—BOTANY, VOL. III. с 10 DR. 7. E. Т. AITCHISON ON THE BOTANY OF begins to dry; it then cracks all over into innumerable fissures, some оҒ which divide the deposit into pieces in size and shape resembling roughly made bricks; these pieces, while still damp, are lifted up and employed as brieks. Here I saw entire houses built of them: much of the land we crossed near the Hamun was іп this brick-producing stage, and it proved very unsafe ground for our horses. Our encampment at the Takht-i-Rustam was on the margin of the Hamun. Ву the term Hamun the natives of the district mean any piece of water deep enough to allow tamarisk-shrubs, reeds, bulrushes, and such like to grow. Тһе Helmand terminates by expanding out into a great lake, the margin of which consists of miles of Hamun, or shallow water. This was here bounded by a clay hill called the Takht or throne of Rustam, having a precipitous escarpment facing the lake, which rose to a height of about 150 feet, and from which a fair view of the lake was obtained. The reeds extended into the lake about a mile; beyond was an expanse of clear water covered with numerous flocks of water-fowl. The natives of this part possessed large herds of a small species of black cattle very like Highland Kyloes, as well as sheep and goats. In the autumn they grazed in the drier portions of the tamarisk and reed-thickets ; and in this cover the natives lived in temporary reed huts, erected for protection for themselves and their cattle from the strong winds which had now begun to be prevalent. THE BASIN OF THE HARUT RIVER, FROM THE HAMUN OF THE HELMAND TO PAHIR. We marched from Takht-i-Rustam on the 1st of November, keeping generally to the basin of the Harut river, and reached Pahir on the 13th of the same month. Іп our first march our route lay almost due north, passing over a series of low hills of gravelly soil and skirting closely a town of considerable importance, called indiscriminately Lash, Lash-jowain, or Jowain. It consists of a number of villages close to each other, and is considered the centre of commerce in these parts. Тһе vegetation in the low hills was much the same as that seen on our journey through parts of Baluchistan. Ephedra pachyclada, а low shrub, occurred in great masses, and Zygophyllum atriplicioides and numerous Chenopodiaceous shrubs were thinly spread over the country. When we at length descended to a locality with water nearer the surface, the cultivation and vege- tation resembled that of the Helmand. Capparis was in abundance, with Prosopis and Peganum. Irrigation-channels were plentiful, and we passed close to miles of ruins; . but all appeared of a later date than those seen on the Helmand. Іп the corner of one 2 of these ruins, partly inhabited, was the first windmill we had yet seen, though of very different construction and appearance to those we are familiar with in England. The portion of the mill that corresponds to the vanes of an English mill vip id of _ an upright axle, with six or eight vanes applied to it, asin the paddle-wheel of a steamer. e г лік placed upright on the second story of a house, the upper end working та beam whieh crossed between the two side walls continued up to that height. The lower portion | 0. i : _ of the azie ‘passes through the roof of the building beneath into the millstone on the THE AFGHAN DELIMITATION COMMISSION. 11 ground floor; and in many cases it is attached to the upper stone, which revolves with the axle, the lower stone being adjusted so as to bring it into proper contact with the upper by a lever. The axle portion bearing the vanes is enclosed by three walls, the two lateral, as already stated, being carried up to support the upper bearings of the axle, and the third facing the direction of the prevailing wind. In this third wall а slit is cut of а sufficient length and width to allow of the wind passing through to drive the axle by its force on the vanes. Each vane consists of a wooden framework covered over with grass-rope or matting, in appearance very like an ordinary Afghan door. We did not need to be reminded during our last march that we had entered a country of wind, of which these mills are characteristic, and which are employed in grinding the various grains of the country. Water-mills are quite as numerous and, indeed, supersede them wherever water-power is obtainable; but I never saw a single hand-mill Тһе nomads I found crushing their corn between two stones, a roller and a flat stone. Before reaching our camp, we passed across miles of a loose sandy soil, which was one vast meadow of Eragrostis cynosuroides alone, in habit reminding me much of the bent-grass in Scotland. We then rode through the remains of a forest of Populus euphratica, the larger trees of which, owing to their depth of root, were still alive; but the smaller were all dead, the water-supply to the forest having been in some way cut off. Beyond Lash-jowain, owing to the season of the year, it was almost impossible to get an idea of what the indigenous vegetation of the country is like. Between Kushk-rud and Kin numerous bushes of Vitex agnus-castus occurred in sheltered localities, and where in all likelihood there was water close to the surface. The villages became now much more numerous, and the houses were in good condition, all built of sun-dried bricks, with their roofs in the form of a dome, which gave them a curious beehive appearance. The fact of their all having domed roofs proved the absence of good timber in the country for roofing-purposes. Тһе houses are all built, without exception, opening into a general enclosure, out of which leads a common gateway. Аз these houses are never built higher than ten or twelve feet, generally below the level of the orchard-walls, a village might be easily passed unnoticed, or its extent greatly underestimated. Some of the best orchards we had as yet seen were met with here, surrounded by high walls, some as much as twenty feet in height, affording the necessary protection from the wind. In those at King I saw trees of apple, quince, apricot, mulberry, and trailing vines, and there were some splendid trees of Populus euphratica. Much land around these villages was under cultivation. We saw winter wheat three to four inches in height and some only now being sown; a little cotton, from which the ripe pods were being gathered ; and a good deal of a very poor form of our ordinary field-bean, some of which was in blossom. Тһе fields were apparently well irrigated from a Karez, which means an underground channel leading towards the required locality from a spring of water tapped at a higher level. Of course under all circumstances as little underground work is carried out as possible. The work is begun by sinking shafts in the required | course to the proper depth, the bottom of these shafts being joined by tunnelling through | the intermediate pieces of ground. Usually the tunnels are left just as they are dug out; sometimes the lower surface is lined with tiles to minimize the loss of water; but c2 12 DR. J. E. Т. AITCHISON ON THE BOTANY OF I never saw any of the tunnels lined with masonry. Beyond this, on all cultivated land, the Prosopis of the Helmand and Capparis spinosa abound, and are a great nuisance to the cultivator. In our march to Zagin we crossed a great deal of scrub, consisting of a small tamarisk, Lycium, and Vitex; but there was not an indigenous tree to be seen, and the hills near us looked sterile and bare. In the villages passed through were beans in flower, planted as a margin to cotton-fields, and the orchards were larger in size, con- taining figs, pomegranates, and jujubes, in addition to the trees already mentioned ; and the mulberry was much more extensively grown for feeding silkworms. We saw silk in skeins in quantity as well as being spun, spinning-wheels being noticed on the roofs of all the houses. Our last two marches had brought us into a country of peace, plenty, and prosperity, and the people seemed to be energetic and hard-working. Неге І gota specimen of Fagonia cretica given to me by Captain Maitland, and close to our encamp- ment at Zagin I observed on the outskirts of the village the remains of a cluster of date- palms, one tree only, however, being in good condition. During our journey one or two specimens of this palm in a young condition were seen at Nushki and Koh-haja, and at Kalifat a few dates, which were said to be the produce of Persia, were for sale in the bazaar. Owing to the severity of the winter, Zagin is the northern limit of the date-palm in this region. On the 7th of November, by keeping along the bed of a water-course, we passed through a range of limestone hills. On both sides of the water-course for fully three miles extended the large town of Anar-darra, a very numerously populated place, sur- rounded by splendid orchards and gardens, which yielded a fine pomegranate in large quantities ; hence its name, meaning the pomegranate-pass. There were also many other good fruits and immense quantities of vegetables, such as carrots, beetroot, onions, &c., as well as green fodder, including clover. I was told opium and tobacco were grown too, all owing to the copious and continuous supply of water and the excellent situation of the town, which is sheltered by the hills. I here saw Ranunculus aquatilis still in flower; and the trees noted in the orchards which have not been previously mentioned were the almond, peach, plum, Elæagnus, and numerous willows, large trees very like Salix babylonica. To these gardens, orchards, and fields the Afghans apply all the manure they possess, none of it being burnt or employed for fuel, asin India. On leaving Anar-darra for Sang-bar we gradually ascended to an altitude of nearly 8000 feet above the sea-level, and entered upon a district much resembling portions of our march through Baluchistan, both with regard to its physical aspect and its vegetation—as here we again came across Stocksia covered with fruit, and in addition began to touch upon a new = flora. А shrubby Amygdalus, the remains of Eremuri, a different Ephedra, Cousinia heterophylla, a bush Composita with oak-like leaves, and various species of Artemisia, and _ Afew small trees of the Rhus previously collected, the leaves of a tree, probably a species _ of Acer, ап Acanthophyllum, and several Astragali in great hummocks. Аз we con- _ tinued our journey, we traversed extensive gravel-plains and plateaus with limestone _ hills on either side. These plains were covered in some places, as if cultivated, by Zris .. sibirica, the leaves and stems of which lay on the ground like so much straw; and it _ маз difficult, except after careful examination, to believe that we were not riding through | . ordinary straw, the residue of field-culture. Our marches here were very long and tedious, THE AFGHAN DELIMITATION COMMISSION. 13 and the sameness of the sterile treeless plains made them uninteresting. This monotony was, however, occasionally relieved by views of the distant hills, with their picturesque, irregular outlines, and by the great beauty of the sunrises and sunsets. We eagerly looked forward to the first sight we should have of Mount Do-shakh, the most prominent peak, with two points, of a range of hills that divided the watershed of the south from the north, and in turning the eastern flank of which at Pahir we should begin to enter the Hari-rud valley, and probably see Herat in the distance. On the 12th of November we had the most superb view of the Do-shakh range at sunrise from Gaz-i-cha; and near our camp there I saw the first cultivated ash, and with it several willows and Populus euphratica. The camp-sutlers brought in for sale some fine specimens of the celebrated Sarda melons, besides grapes, pistacio nuts, and raisins ; showing that we had at last reached a land overflowing with fruit. On the 13th of November we arrived at Pahir, and there beneath us, at a distance of some 25 miles, lay the city of Herat, its position being chiefly distinguishable by the deep shadows of its numerous orchards and some buildings with tall minarets. From Pahir, a small village at the eastern extremity of the Do-shakh range, and fully 300 feet above the bed of the Hari-rud river, we had a most excellent view of the general aspect of the valley. THE VALLEY oF THE HARI-RUD. The portion of the valley of that part of the Hari-rud river with which I am acquainted lies between the village of Shekewan in the south-east, to a little further north than Kumani-besht in the west. This portion of the valley is bounded to the north and east by the Paropamisus range, to the south by the Do-shakh range, and to the west by low ranges of hills, offshoots of the Koh-Bakharaz on the Persian frontier. Its altitude above the sea-level at Shekewan is about 2300 feet, and at Kumani-besht about 2000 feet. Тһе general appearance of the valley in winter, when we first saw it, totally devoid of trees, shrubs, and bushes, led one to speculate as to the probability or otherwise of ver- dure ever being present. Great was my surprise therefore, when passing over the same ground in summer, to find that a vegetation of marvellous luxuriance had sprung up, constituting a flora distinct from anything I had before seen. Along the banks of the river stretch immense rich alluvial plateaus, which are only partially cultivated by irri- gation from the river. The Hari-rud is only fordable from midsummer to the end of December; during the rest of the year all the traffic is conveyed across it over two bridges, one at Herat and the other at lirphul. I have heard that there are ferry-boats, but I never saw any. The general course of the river, as far as Tirphul, is from east to west; but from this point it makes a wide detour in a north-westerly direction, until it reaches Toman-agha, whence it proceeds almost due north. Тһе chief towns in the valley are Shekewan, Zindijan, Ghorian, Roznak, and Khusan. During early summer, owing to the extent of land under cultivation, as well as to the general fertility of the soil and the presence of the moisture of the spring rains, the valley appears one vast green meadow. The towns just mentioned are not solely inhabited by cultivators of the soil ; fully one half of the population are owners of immense flocks of sheep and goats. During summer Ж. гі. valley, surrounded by high walls; a row of m that there із по silk-culture now in c _ disease among the worms.” 14 DR. J. E. T. AITCHISON ON THE BOTANY OF these semi-nomads disappear with their flocks to the great grazing-grounds of the sur- rounding country, and only return late in the year to winter their flocks. The cultivation, as it at present exists, is very poor and second-rate, compared with what it might be under а strong and vigorous government, favourably disposed to the agricultural development of the country. The people look and are miserably poor and badly clad ; the houses are all more or less in ruins, walls unrepaired, many orchards running to waste, and fields lying fallow. Everywhere signs of decay and poverty were apparent, a great contrast to the state of things found at Lash-jowain. Yet the valley looked capable of maintaining 100,000 inhabitants, were only labour and capital forthcoming to extend the cultivated area by developing and improving the present system of irrigation-works, for without a liberal artificial supply of water at this altitude nothing will grow. There are no indigenous trees in the valley, except on the islands and low lands of the river, where in some instances dense forests of Populus euphratica occur, with several large species of Tamaris, as T. tetragyna, Т. Pallasii, T. tetrandra, and others, and Lycium barbarum, remarkable in early spring for its vivid green foliage. Climbing over them were Clematis orientalis, Cynanchum acutum, Asparagus Breslerianus, and A. verticillatus, with Dodartia orientalis, which has a very curious, stiff, broom-like habit, beneath. | Erianthus Ravenne, Phragmitis, and Arundo are common: the two latter especially along the embankments of all irrigation-channels. On the receding of the river in early summer it was extraordinary how millions of a small fungus, Agaricus (Naucoria) Vervacti sprang up out of the freshly deposited soil. At Kumani-besht, where the river widens, forming many islands, Halozylon Ammodendron constitutes a great part of the thicket already described, and is here almost à tree, both in height and in girth—what a contrast to the locality in which I first met this shrub, in the sandy dunes of Baluchistan! Its presence here no doubt helps to prove its dependence upon mois- ture. Cultivation, as already stated, can only be carried out with the aid of irrigation ; hence the villages and fields are situated in the vicinity of the river, unless, as at Ghorian, which is at some distance, large irrigation-channels have been opened. The houses of all these villages are built of sun-dried bricks, having, with few exceptions, domed roofs, and there is generally but one door, and in the roof an outlet for smoke, such a thing as a window being unknown. For winter accommodation they are very comfortable, but in summer the heat within them is unbearable; hence all those who _ ean, live out in the open under the cover of black tents, made of goats’ hair blanketing fixed on a wooden framework, sufficiently raised to permit of a free passage for air and yet preserve a certain amount of privacy. The orchards are here, as in the Harut ulberry-trees running round the inner side are grown for feeding silkworms. A native, in pointing out these to me, said, ** When you see large trees they are no longer employed for this purpose.” | Ор my observing that all the trees at that village were large, he admitted the fact, but added, * You know omparison to what there has been, owing to the oe ... In several villages, owing to this disease, silk-culture had been entirely abandoned. von For silk-culture the trees are pollarded about four feet from the ground, and at this THE AFGHAN DELIMITATION COMMISSION. 15 height the annual shoots are removed. When the trees are large, they give shelter gene- rally to the orchard, and are kept for their fruit, which, although poor in the extreme, is colleeted and dried in the sun for the purpose of being subsequently ground into flour and made, mixed with ordinary flour, into bread. After seeing the soil on which the mulberries were collected, and that on which they are placed to dry, I never wish to taste another Afghan dried mulberry! There could not be а more prolifie source for the propagation of disease. Тһе other orchard-trees were apricots, plums, apples, cherries, quinces, jujubes, E/eagnus, and vines. Тһе last are either permitted to climb on the trees in the orchard, or are planted in deep broad trenches, the soil from which is made into a sloping bank with a northern exposure. On the banks the vines are either allowed directly to trail, or are supported on a lattice-work fixed on the slope so as to keep the fruit from coming into contact with the ground. Occasionally pears, peaches, almonds, pomegranates, and figs are grown in the better class of orchards, where it is very common to see both yellow and red roses. Тһе latter, В. damascena, is cultivated for the distillation of rose-water, and Rubia tinctorum for its roots as a dye-stuff; and under the trees, Medicago and Trigonella are usually cultivated for fodder. Ав garden-crops numerous kinds of vegetables are cultivated, of which the Afghans are extremely fond, and some of them are excellent in quality. Even in England one scarcely expects to see finer beetroot, carrots, turnips, onions, or cabbages than are grown here, besides radishes, tomatos, brinjals, and chillies, which are all fairly good, with numerous pot-herbs. Requiring more саге than ordinary field-crops, opium, tobacco, and some oil-seeds are also grown in gardens. The field-cultivation consists primarily of wheat, which is fairly good; but in some localities it is overgrown with rye, which is an indigenous weed. Barley of two kinds is grown; the finer, and the grain of which is the sweeter and considered fit for human food, is Hordeum hexastichon, which is said to take a month longer to ripen than the other. The grain of Hordeum vulgare is only considered suitable for horses, &с.; but as it takes much less time to ripen, it is occasionally grown as a second crop; usually there is no such thing as a second crop, in these parts, of any produce. Only when water can be liberally supplied is Sorghum, the greater millet, grown as a crop by itself; it is commonly seen spread at irregular distances in fields of tobacco or of melons. Cotton is grown to some extent, but the staple cannot be compared with that from Turkistan. І should say that water-melons rank next to wheat in value as a food-crop. During two or three months of the hot weather the natives seem to live entirely upon them with a little bread; and they contain so much saccharine matter that in Herat a syrup or sugar is extracted from them. Ordinary melons are cultivated, but in much less quantity than the water-melon, and mixed with them is a great variety of pumpkins and other СиситЬ асе. In these melon-fields it is curious to see, either sprinkled thinly through them, or growing in single lines along the outer margin of the fields, the castor-oil plant, cultivated as it was in Griffith’s time, for its oil for burning, the inhabitants being still ignorant of its uses as a medicine. The cultivated trees in the | vicinity of villages and in orchards are an ash, an elm, the Lombardy poplar, Pinus halepensis, and several large willows, and, rarely, the Oriental plane. 16 DR. J. E. T. AITCHISON ON THE BOTANY OF I saw Datura alba as an introduced weed near dwellings at Khusan. Of Cannabis sativa I never saw a single plant, except a little cultivated in Khorasan. The weeds of field-cultivation were Prosopis, Capparis, Rosa berberifolia, rye amongst growing wheat only, and in some instances outnumbering the wheat-crop, Avena fatua, Adonis estivalis, which was a much more luxuriant and larger-flowered plant than when it grew in the adjoining plains, Isatis Boisseriana, Neslia, Sisymbrium, Arenaria holosteoides, Centaurea depressa, Cnicus, Anchsua italica, a splendid herb when in full blossom, having superb blue flowers, Orobanche egyptiaca in many localities, colouring the melon- and tobacco-fields with its bright purple flowers. Ina few places І met with Cynomorium. coccineum, a blood-red species of the Balanophoreve, which altogether capti- vated my Indian followers, who collected portions to take home for purposes of medi- cine. Here also I found a very handsome new yellow Centaurea (C. plumosa, Aitch. et ` Hemsl.). Тһе indigenous flora of the Hari-rud valley consists of annuals and perennial herbs and shrubs with large root-stocks, bulbous roots, bulbs, or rhizomes— structural developments which enable them to рае and survive through the extremes of temperature and climate. Umbelliferze are characteristic of this flora; and many of them are of large dimensions, including Ferula fetida (Asafcetida), Ferula galbaniflua (Galbanum), and Dorema Ammo- тасит (Gum Ammoniacum). In four months these large plants have come and gone; suddenly appearing in the beginning of May, when their root-foliage is fully developed, covering the whole country with a carpet of the richest verdure, they as completely by the end of August have disappeared. If there is anything at all to be seen of them subsequent to this period it consists merely of a few dried stems, with an occasional bunch of ripe fruit. Usually these three plants grow gregariously and unmixed; sometimes, however, the Asafcetida and the Ammoniacum are associated together. Of the Asafcetida, only one plant out of a hundred met with was in flower, and in that state it is remarkable for the cabbage-like head at first thrown up, the flowers being enclosed in the enormous sheathing stipules, of which the stem-leaves almost entirely consist. As development progresses, these are thrown off, and for a short time the flower- head presents the appearance of a large cauliflower. From this period the stem bearing the inflorescence rapidly shoots upwards to a height of from four to five feet, its propor- tions being singularly massive and pillar-like. Тһе Ammoniacum and Galbanum seem to me to differ from the Asafcetida in throwing up from their perennial roots a flowering stem annually, whereas the Asafcetida after several years’ growth throws up à flowering Stem and then dies. This view may appear unsound, but the facts that all the plants of . the Ammoniacum and Galbanum were seen to be either in flower or in fruit, and that ! : 22. their stems and roots were found to vary greatly as to size, go a long way to support _ Шу opinion; but this remains a subject for future investigation. > _ The Galbanum, from its youngest stage, has a slight tinge of yellow all through Из ~ Stems and leaves, and there is a general semitransparency about the plant which gives it- _ the appearance of being made of wax. When a great bed of this is in full but young D x blossom, the sight is a most striking one, the whole plant, at that period of its growth, being of an orange colour. 'The Ammoniacum is more remarkable for the great THE AFGHAN DELIMITATION COMMISSION. 17 expanse of its root-leaves, and the similarity which they present to the same leaves of the Asafcetida, so great, that experts alone could possibly distinguish them. The stems of all these large Umbelliferee vary from four to five feet in height, and probably that of the Asafcetida is the tallest, and is remarkable for its bamboo-like appearance and its ending in a cluster of flowering peduncles ; and that of the Ammo- niacum for its enlarged nodes at the base of each stem-leaf. Тһе stem of the Galbanum has no enlarged nodes, and its flowering peduncles originate irregularly along the stem, and are not clustered at the top of the stem. These Umbelliferze extend both into the ‘Badghis and Khorasan. In the Badghis the greater moisture of the climate, I think, enables the Galbanum to attain its greatest perfection; but wherever they appear they excite attention by their remarkable habit and magnificent appearance. Zygophyllum atriplicoides, a bush never over four feet in height, is found scattered in a few localities over the country. 16 is useless as fodder or for fuel. 'Two species of Artemisia, with woody stems, one to two feet in height, cover the country with a thin serub, and form the chief pasturage on these gravelly plains, and their gnarled root-stocks and stems are excellent fuel. There аге numerous Leguminose, among which Zrersmannia is a superb plant, bearing a profusion of purplish rose-coloured flowers. Acanthophyllum squarrosum was in abundance and a very variable species, including, in my opinion, three of Boissier's. It occurs with several species of Acantholimon, Statice, and Astragalus in the form of great spheroid tufts, cushions, and hummocks, covered with numerous blossoms, simulating artificial bouquets of greater or less size, the favourite morsels of camels, sheep, and goats. In some instances the sheep and goats cannot browse them, owing to the spines being in advance of the flowers—an instance of fixed bayonets. Associated | with them are numerous species of Cousinia, among which C. Deserti came much under our notice, owing to its holly-like leaves, and C. heterophylla, with its grey oak-like leaves. Other prominent plants were Gaillonia, Ephedra, and Еитойа. In early spring Tulipa montana gave а rich colouring to the whole plain, of every shade from bright crimson, crimson and yellow, to pure yellow, and Zris songarica scattered sparsely in large clumps, continued flowering well on into autumn, was remarkable for its handsome mauve flowers. А species of Zelicophyllum was also profuse, at once attracting attention in early spring by its deeply purple-coloured spathes. Annuals were in abundance ; most of these are spring flowers, and grow, many of them, in such profusion, covering large areas, that they colour the country with their varied hues—among them .Papaver, Glaucium, Remeria, Chorispora, Malcolmia, Sisymbrium, Goldbachia, Isatis, and one species of Ranunculus. One of the chief grasses, most prolific in early summer, and covering the ground everywhere, was Poa bulbosa, growing from ten to eighteen inches in height; in these parts it might be collected with the greatest ease as fodder sufficient to supply large numbers of cattle. Stipa pennata is one of the few grasses which extends to the sterile portions of these plains, covering them with great spreading tufts. Close to the hills, and - at an altitude of 3000 feet, Amygdalus eburnea occurs as a low shrub. Where there was the least shelter, as in dry water-courses and irregular depressions of the ground, there was а low scrub of Tamarix gallica, Lactuca orientalis, Pteropyrum Aucheri, Calligonum, SECOND SERIES.—BOTANY, VOL. III. D 18 DR. 7. Е. T. AITCHISON ON THE BOTANY OF Atraphazis, Ruta, Stellaria, Convolvulus erinaceus, C. fruticosus, and Nitraria, with various species of Cousinia, Centaurea, and Ephedra. Where there was any indication of moisture, as in the vicinity of cultivation, there was abundance of Ammothamnus Leh- manni, Sophora pachycarpa, with Zygophyllum Ғабадо and Cleome coluteoides, having curiously inflated purplish-coloured fruit; and in certain localities where the clay soil was largely charged with saline matter and cut up into low irregular mounds (one could scarcely call them hills), a curious plant, Mi iltianthus portulacoides, was found, with, for its size, enormous, spongy, much-decayed root-stocks, and a profusion of copper-coloured flowers. This was the only herb that grew on this peculiar formation. In proceeding north from Khusan, at Toman-agha and still further north, a very marked species of Rhubarb, Rheum tataricum, occurred in the plains. The showy part of this plant was usually three enormous. root-leaves, each measuring when full-grown about four feet across, and spread out flat on the ground. The flowering stem averages from two to three feet in height, and terminates in a loose panicle of flowers, which in due season develops large ruby-coloured, or sometimes yellow, winged fruit. From the novel and striking appearance presented by the leaves and fruit of this Rhubarb, it might prove a valuable acquisition to the stores of the landscape-gardener. I am glad therefore that I was able to obtain a large quantity of the seed, part of which has already germinated successfully at Kew. On the left bank of the Hari-rud, near Ghorian, a large expanse of saline country exists, where flourished almost every species of Chenopodiaceze which I had collected elsewhere. Неге were Atriplex, Eurotia, Halostachys, Sueda, Haloxylon, Salsola fatida, S. arbuscula, S. auricula, S. Kali, Anabasis, &c., together with Statice perfoliata, which grows very much in the way of a Rubus, having large trailing branches, Statice suffru- = ticosa in tufts covered with saline matter, and Frankenia in great abundance. At Zindijan, one of the few Afghan villages which I visited, there was а considerable amount of cultivation, which, however, was much hindered by a continuous deposit of sand blown across the river from the low hills on its right bank. То such an extent does the sand accumulate that portions of the village are almost buried, and great drifts have formed on the weather-side of all the walls. Where there was much sand spread over the level ground, the turf consisted solely of Plantago maritima. In August, when I last visited Zindijan, the field crops had been harvested, and all irrigation had ceased, so that water was only to be obtained from the river some distance off, or from reservoirs enclosed and roofed over. "Throughout the whole of my wanderings I neither saw nor heard of a single well lined with masonry, such as one . meets with in India. Тһе roofed reservoirs keep the water cool in summer, and prevent its freezing in winter; but, although the water deposits all the soil and foreign matter : usually held in suspension by river-water, it subsequently becomes highly charged with various organic impurities, rendering it for drinking-purposes extremely injurious to the general health of the community. | THE AFGHAN DELIMITATION COMMISSION. 19 Tar Влосн!$ DISTRICT. Badghis is the term applied to that part of the country to the north and east of the Paropamisus range of mountains. Тһе members of the Mission traversed this district, entering it by the Chashma-sabz Pass (5000 ft.) on the south-west, and skirting the northern slopes of hills in an easterly direction, by way of Karo-bagh, Kushk, Kalla- nao, Ab-i-kamara, and Tor-shakh to Bala-morghab, where they wintered, returning in the early spring to Gulran through Mara-chak, Kalla-i-maur, Chaman-i-bed, and Islim. Along this route I do not think we ever ascended above an altitude of 4000 feet, and the entire country to the north of the line we took, between Karo-bagh and Kalla-nao, does not average above 3000 feet in altitude. "This country is drained by the Kushk and Morghab rivers, and constitutes a continuous succession of ranges of low hills, like sand dunes, the soil of which is composed chiefly of a rich mould in addition to sand, and where occasionally there is sandstone rock i» situ. Тһе climate of this region is very different from that of the portion of the Hari-rud valley already described. It is much more humid, due to the drainage which passes through it from the melting snow of the surrounding high ranges of hills, as well as to that moisture, derived more indirectly from the Caspian, which in the shape of clouds rolls eastwards along the ridges of the hills lying between the Caspian and the Hari-rud. It is therefore characterized not only by a greater verdure and a more luxuriant vegetation, but these conditions are of a more permanent nature than in the valley of the Hari-rud. The temperature in winter falls several degrees below zero, and in summer, I believe, the heat never reaches anything approaching that experienced in the adjoining plains. Generally throughout the year there is also much less wind, although sudden storms of wind, accompanied by rain and hail, do occur in summer, and prove very destructive to all forms of vegetation. The only places where I saw cultivation in the Badghis were on the banks of the Morghab river and near Kalla-nao, chiefly by the aid of irrigation; for although crops of wheat and barley were raised without it, they were inferior in quality. The natives greatly enrich the soil by dressing it with manure, which they obtain from their immensely numerous flocks of sheep and goats. As it was the depth of winter when we were at Bala-morghab my information was mostly obtained from native reports, from which I could not discover that there was any exceptional cultivation, but maize and rice were said to be grown largely at Panjdeh. Тһе fuel brought into camp consisted of the wood of juniper, pistacio, and Celtis. In the immediate vicinity and for some few miles out of camp I did not see a single tree of any sort; and to show how they are prized when they do occur, a solitary pistacio tree which we saw on our march to Mara-chak, perched on a distant hill, gave to the shrine near which it grew the name of the “one-tree shrine;” but I was told that forests of various trees existed in the Tir- band range. In the neighbourhood of Bala-morghab I noticed numerous deep holes, which on inquiry I found had been made by the natives digging out the turnip-like roots of Crambe cordifolia, upon which they feed their camels during winter, and which are frequently stored for this purpose. Тһе only plants I collected here which I was | D2 20 DR. J. E. T. AITCHISON ON THE BOTANY OF able to identify are :— Eranthis cilicica, Crocus Korolkovii (the most eastern species of the genus), Taraxacum officinale, Merendera persica, and М. sobolifera, the last a very pretty creeping herb, growing in damp soil on the margin of water, or where the ground was flooded. During February, on the sun coming out brightly, these flowers open up like so many stars amongst the short grass. Іп the fields Prosopis Stephaniana, Alhagi Camelorum, Редапит Harmala, and a Glycyrrhiza were common. On our march to Gulran, with snow occasionally lying on the ground, Merendera persica grew in great luxuriance in clumps consisting of numerous flowers from each corm, and owing, I suppose, to its arid and colourless surroundings appeared very showy and brilliant. In the bed of the Morghab, a tamarisk, some tall grasses, species of Arundo and Phragmites formed a dense thicket, which gave excellent cover for pigs and numerous pheasants. On the march to Kalla-maur I saw for the first time plants of the singular Umbellifer, Ferula oopoda, bearing enormous cup- от bowl-like stipules; and though completely dried up, it still showed signs of having been a very handsome plant. It was said to be common round Bala-morghab and to enter northwards into the salt desert, but, like all the vegetation of these parts during winter, had utterly disappeared. Subsequently I found it in all its spring beauty at Gulran, and again in the Hari-rud valley and Khorasan. The vegetation of the Badghis divides itself naturally into that found upon the dunes, which reach an altitude of from 1500 to 3000 feet, with a soil varying from pure sand to a rieh alluvial mould; that met with at a similar altitude but upon gravel or rock formation; and lastly that which occurs on the Paropamisus range from an altitude of 3000 feet to a little above 5000, this being about the highest point at which І colleeted. Тһе loose soil of these dunes was covered with a close turf of Carex physodes and C. stenophylla, the former of which is remarkable for its largely inflated chocolate-coloured utricles. For a short period the hillocks are tinted an exquisite blue by the flowers of Gentiana Olivieri, which is, as Boissier noted, the hot-country gentian. This is followed by Delphinium Zalil, a perennial which throws up a spike of bright yellow flowers two feet in height. Its showy blossoms suddenly cover the downs, which they illuminate with their brilliant colouring, affording a sight never to be forgotten. Іп some localities, as at Gulran, Ferula galbaniflua was found in great luxuriance, its early spring stems and leaves being greedily devoured by our camels; and Fritillaria Karelina covered the meadows in all directions with its graceful and lovely spikes of flowers. Leontice and Bongardia (genera previously unknown to me), with numerous Hremuri, Gagea, a fine Tulipa, several Onobrychides, some of them new, with Biebersteinia, and the small dwarf yellow single-leaved Rosa berberifolia, were in profusion everywhere. Mixed with them, but occasionally in meadows apart from them, were several grasses, the most characteristic of which were Роа bulbosa and, later in the лоп, Agropyrum Aucheri. Tanacetum wnbelliferum with large yellow flower- heads, displayed occasional fine patches of colour, and Camelina sativa and Gypsophila paniculata were abundant everywhere, the latter especially so, over ground which had _ been years ago under cultivation. | _ It may be noted here that throughout the whole Badghis the remains of a system of THE AFGHAN DELIMITATION COMMISSION. 21 irrigation-works were constantly coming under our notice—indications of a bygone period when the country was inhabited by a vast and energetic population. Near water several tamarisks were common, and associated with them Apocynum venetum was abundant. This plant I first saw in winter, when it was leafless, showing a thicket of the annual shoots of several years’ growth; but what attracted my particular attention to it were the heaps of naturally removed fibre lying at their roots. They still bore fruit, some of which, with cuttings from the last year's stems and a large bundle of fibre, I despatched to Kew; and living roots I sent to Seharanpore. From the fine quality of the fibre, and hearing that the natives employed it in the manufacture of cloth, I thought it worthy of special attention. In the valleys of the dunes, where there is some local non-saline moisture, there were immense beds of underscrub, formed by a robust, tall, perennial, Codonocephalum Peacockianum, a new species of a previously monotypic genus, which grew to a height of about five feet; and a similar underserub consisting solely of Gundelia Tournefortii, remarkable for the large spinous involucre surrounding the flower-heads. These plants extended for miles, looking at a distance like cultivated fields, but on a closer inspection proving to be dense thickets almost impassable by man on foot, and providing admirable cover for pigs, tiger, and other game. Strange to say, this luxuriant growth had totally disappeared by the beginning of winter, the decay of which no doubt accounts for the large amount of rich mould in various parts of the Badghis. On the gravelly soil and rock formation Amygdalus eburnea was very luxuriant, form- ing a shrub from two to six feet in height, and presenting a beautiful sight when in full blossom. There were also many Astragali, several of which are regarded as new; Onobrychis, the superb Lathyrus subvillosus in dense clumps and well worthy of the horti- eulturist's attention; Moathiola albicaulis, having a very handsome flowering stem two to three feet in height, usually with rather dull-coloured purplish flowers, but sometimes pure white or greenish; several Statice with showy flowers; Crambe cordifolia very plentiful, with ample foliage and inflorescence, with sweetly scented flowers; Thalictrum, Conringia, Galium, Arum, diffuse at the roots of tamarisk and berberry bushes ; Eremostachys diversifolia with splendid flowers and curiously knotted roots; numerous species of Allium, the variety Charlesii of Geranium tuberosum, having spheroidal superposed tubers; Anemone biflora, Thalictrum isopyroides, several splendid Eremuri, and the new Iris Fosteriana. Up to the altitude of 3000 feet there are few shrubs and no trees, unless the formation consists of sandstone rock, where there are forests of Pistacia vera, which were first encountered on our march between Karez-darra and Padda, subsequently near Gulran and again at Karez-Ilias, where a portion of the country, owing to the prevalence of this tree, goes by the name of Pistalik. The tree has little or no main trunk, and branches freely from the base. During winter, when leafless and seen along the edge of the cliffs against the sky, the peculiar grey colouring of its bark gives one the impression of smoke. We saw occasional clumps of it all along our route through the Badghis. Тһе pistacio nut is an article of considerable commercial importance, being largely exported to India from these very forests; and the wood is the most valuable for fuel of any found in the country. At the foot of the same rocks, 22 DR. J. E. T. AITCHISON ON THE BOTANY OF growing in the sand accumulated from their disintegration, was the very luxuriant Cory dalis Sewerzovii, having large bright yellow flowers. In certain localities and exposures in the Paropamisus range, at an altitude of 3000 feet and upwards, trees begin to appear, the ` most prominent being Juniperus excelsa, chiefly valued for its wood for construction and fuel; Crategus Oxyacantha, Eleagnus hortensis, Lonicera nummnularifolia, the last usually as a large shrub, but occasionally forming scattered forests of short trees with great boles; several species of Prunus and Cotoneaster Nummularia, well known to the natives as yielding Shir-khist, a kind of manna largely exported as well as consumed by the inhabitants. The last is local, owing to the nature of the soil. In some of the deep valleys between Kushk and Palounda I saw Zizyphus vulgaris, with a species of Pyrus, and an Acer, all apparently indigenous. I did not meet with any oaks or pine, but heard of Pinus halepensis occurring in the Paropamisus range, at a shrine around which it has extended its area. Other characteristic types of a high altitude were Rheum Ribes in immense beds, Rosa, Solenanthus circinnatus, Smyrnium cordifolium, Prangos pabularia, and Alyssum persicum. At its north-west limit the Paropamisus range breaks up before it reaches the Hari-rud and spreads out into a fan-shaped expanse of low hills, ordinarily not over а few hundred feet above the level of the river (which is here about 2000 feet above the sea), with the exception of a few solitary peaks such as those of the Sim-koh, which in all probability are not over 3500 feet in altitude. On the 14th May I started on a tour from Kumani-besht through this expansion of the range, across the Nihal-sheni pass to Chil-gaz, Karez-Ilias, and Sim-koh, to the east of the Kambao pass. Тһе soil of this district being saline, pure sweet water is only to be obtained in a few localities ; hence there is no cultivation. Indeed the country is practically a desert, and only occasionally used for pasturage, the distance between the watering-stations rendering it almost valueless for grazing purposes. Between Toman-agha and Kumani-besht, close to the river, rises a range of high clay cliffs, a counterpart of those called Takht-i-Rustam on the Hamun. Оп ascending these cliffs they were found to be the edge of a continuous plateau, extending to the Paropamisus on the east and north, and consisting of vast alluvial deposits. The general aspect of the vegetation here strongly resembled that around Tirphul, but contained a good many new and interesting types. The first remarkable plant observed was Statice spicata, growing chiefly in the washings of sand at the base of the cliffs, and which although only a few inches in height was very attractive from the bright pink colour of its spikes of flowers. Along with it, con- spicuous by its dark foliage rather than for anything else, was Statice leptostachya frequently covering the plateaus in the low hills. "Where water accumulates, owing to clay deposit, on these plains, a matted turf-like sward composed solely of creeping "Lepidium Aucheri is specially noticeable; and in the gravelly soil several species of Tragopogon, Scorzonera, and Lactuca occur in abundance. The chief grasses were Роа _ bulbosa, Bromus Danthonia, and in many places Hordeum ithaburense was in such profusion and so much resembled cultivated fields, that my followers called it wild 2. barley, ап opinion shared by most of us; further, Triticum squarrosum, Hordeum Caput- | meduse, and Melica ciliata were prominent elements of ће pasturage. Various species THE AFGHAN DELIMITATION COMMISSION. 23 of Allium were equally abundant, giving their own peculiar colouring to immense tracts of country. In the water-courses Tamarix gallica, T. tetandra, and Dorema glabrum were found; the last throwing up flowering stems fully twelve feet in height, clothed with a blaze of mimosa-like flowers, and forming a thicket in the shade of which a large Atriplex was very luxuriant, and was greedily eaten by our cattle and camels, At Sim-koh we encamped at the base of the hill of that name, at an altitude of about 3000 feet, the hill itself being about 500 feet higher, and in the vicinity of a fine perpetual spring of water. Неге in the deep gorge of the stream Morus alba, a large indigenous tree, was common, associated with Celtis caucasica and a large shrubby Ficus, which is without doubt the wild condition of the cultivated fig. The Celtis I had not seen before, although much of the fuel we used during the previous winter at Bala-morghab was the wood of this tree. At Tirphul I had seen stunted plants of the Ficus; but here it was a fine large shrub laden with the yet unripe fruit, covering the whole southern exposure of the Sim-koh hill Salix acmophylla grew plentifully in some of the water-courses, especially between Sim-koh and Karez-llias. In the alluvial soil at the source of the stream Glycyrrhiza glandulifera grew in great luxuriance, reaching a height of fully nine feet, with Althea officinalis, not met with elsewhere. Rosa anserinefolia was common on the rocks; and at a waterfall I collected my only Afghan fern, Adiantum Capillus-veneris. Неге, as well as near Karez- Шав, on the gravel slopes of the water-courses the indigenous form (S. ¢etranda, Stev.) of Spinacia oleracea was common, and recognized by the Afghans as Spinaj or Spinahk. In addition to the plants already named various species of Acantholimon, Eremostachys, Cousinia, and Artemisia were plentiful, with several species of Orobanche parasitic on the last two genera. : - Mount Do-sHAKH. From Zindijan I visited the Do-shakh range, which forms the watershed between the Hari-rud and Harut rivers. These hills are of limestone formation, with an extremely jagged outline, and have two principal peaks, from which the range takes its name, and which are probably not above 4,500 feet in altitude. On the journey I found Cousinia Deserti and Cousinia heterophylla both very common on the gravel plateaus, with Cnicus arvensis, Lactuca orientalis, Eryngium carlinioides, and Ephedra, covering vast tracts of country; and here and there a few patches of Andropogon laniger. Іп some of the dry water-courses Glycyrrhiza triphylla was very prevalent, growing in luxuriant | beds, bearing numerous spikes of lovely white flowers, succeeded by curious brown bristly pods. Astragulus anisacanthus and Convolvulus fruticosus were likewise common; the latter an extremely stiff, woody, thorny species, most unlike any of our British Convolvuli. Chenopodium Botrys occurred in large tufts, and was collected and used as a pot-herb by my guides. On reaching Kishimaru, an encamping ground, I found a stream of water which issued from the northern base of the гармин hills, close to one of the main peaks. І followed this watercourse up to its | source and found Cercis Siliquastrum as a large bush up to twelve feet in height, forming a thicket on both sides of the stream. І did not meet with this elsewhere in 24 DR. J. E. Т. AITCHISON ON THE BOTANY OF Afghanistan; and I was told here that the shrub was of no use, not even for fodder; but near Meshed I found that the people used its annual shoots for basket-work. Except near water the northern declivity of these hills is entirely devoid of vegetation; but on these southern exposures I found several good examples of Pistacia Terebinthus, var. mutica; Kalix babylonica, a large tree in the vicinity of water; and in the clefts of the rocks, the same Ficus as that collected at Sim-koh was occasional, and in the stream- beds numerous groves of tamarisk. It should be mentioned that several small streams which originate in this range, after running for some distance, gradually sink into the soil, and disappear. KHORASAN. I made two journeys into Khorasan as far as Meshed, on the first occasion travelling by Turbat-i-Shaikh-Jami, and on the second by Rui-khauf and Turbat-i-Haidri. The most interesting portion of these journeys, botanically speaking, was that experienced in the hills south of Turbat-i-Shaikh-Jami, near Bezd, which reach an altitude of perhaps 7000 feet. "The village of Bezd lay hidden at the base of the hills, and was well watered bya stream. Here I first saw some fine orchards of splendid walnut trees, besides all the fruit trees previously mentioned, with the almond and peach in great luxuriance; and in addition to the common trailing vine, there was a standard variety bearing a rather sweet green grape said to be seedless. Rhus coriaria was cultivated for its leaves for | dyeing and tanning processes, and the pistacio was cultivated, which last I was told was not the case in Afghanistan. In the village there were some fine trees of Platanus orientalis, and in the orchards the mulberry trees were remarkable for their immense size. I was informed that for some time back sericulture had ceased, owing to disease amongst the silk-worms, but that the village had been celebrated for the yield of its silk some fifty years previously. The inhabitants have now in its place taken to the cultivation of the poppy for the production of opium, which was proving the ruin of the inhabitants, as every one, even children, either smoked or ate the drug. I made an excursion into the hills by following up the stream-bed, and at about 5000 feet I found myself in a deep gorge between cliffs of limestone and conglomerate rocks. On these Dionysia tapetodes occurred in moss-like clusters with Campanula incanescens, Parietaria officinalis, and Cheilanthes Szovitsii, the last being the second fern that I had seen or collected in my wanderings, besides a species of Ewphorbia, remarkable in habit of growth, in the clefts of the rock. Before I had it in my hand I thought it was another fern, owing to its resemblance to an Asplenium. In the water-courses, along with shrubs of Berberis, Cotoneaster, Eleagnus, Lonicera, Prunus Salix, and Rosa, was a tall dicecious species of Lychnis, with Orchis laxiflora and 0. latifolia, Scrophularia alata, and Iris Gueldenstaedtii. Between the stream-bed and the Tocks the gnarled, woody, dwarf, scrubby Rhamnus persica was common, with several grasses, including Oryzopsis cerulescens in great beds; Arrhenatherum Kotschyi, an oat-like grass with curious bulbous roots, and Agropyrum repens. Тһе showy Hemenocraster elegans was in great luxuriance, its large rose-coloured calyces rendering _ it very conspicuous ; Eremurus aurantiacus, brilliant against the dull colouring of the THE AFGHAN DELIMITATION COMMISSION. 25 rocks; finally Codonocephalum Peacockianum and a Hyoscyamus, perhaps a variety of H. Senecionis, the last creeping amongst the boulders. At 6000 feet the hill became very barren, and such plants as flourished were grazed to a sward by the sheep. Much of this herbage consisted of a Pedicularis, of which I could not obtain a single good flowering or fruiting specimen, together with Alyssum persicum, Hypericum scabrum, several species of Echinospermum, and Ji urinee, Geranium collinum, Onobrychis in immense broad hummocks, Zrysimum persipolitanum and a new one-flowered Astragalus (A. Durandianus), Gaillonia, Paracarywm, and Реегоруғит. In traversing the northern slopes of these hills, at an elevation of 5000 feet, I saw plateaus covered with Егеттгі, chiefly E. alge and Е. aurantiacus; but my principal object was to visit the locality where the bulk of the gum called Katira was collected for exportation. I found it was the product of Astragalus heratensis and another species, near 4. strobilifera, Royle, growing like miniature oaks. "The gum tragacanth or Katira was collected from natural exudations from cracks in the bark of the lower branches and near the root. І also went to see a forest of trees called here Kinjak, the leaves of which are employed in dyeing. From the description of it given me, I thought it might prove something new; however, it turned out to be Pistacia vera in a wild condition, and bearing barren fruit. 1 was glad to be able to visit and see these trees for myself; otherwise I should have always fancied that in this part of Persia another tree existed of which I had collected no specimens. It is curious to note that the Persians will not admit that Pistacia vera exists as а wild tree in this neighbourhood. Here also I saw thin forests of Lonicera nummularifolia yielding fair timber. At about the same altitude, Juniperus excelsa was а good-sized tree and common. Hummocks of Astragalus angustifolius, and with it Acanthophyllum macrodon, having a similar habit. The roots of the latter are largely collected and employed as a substitute for soap. In some places barley and wheat were growing without irrigation; and in these fields Gladiolus Kotschyanus was prevalent. In many of the villages in Khorasan, but more particularly at Rui-khauf, I found Pinus halepensis, cultivated in long rows on the windward sides of orchards for protection. ОЁ these there were some very fine trees fully 100 feet high and nine feet in circumference. GENERALIZATIONS ON THE FLORA or NORTH-WEST AFGHANISTAN. The flora of North-western Afghanistan differs much from the typical flora of Eastern Afghanistan, so graphically described by Hooker and Thomson in their introductory essay to the ‘Flora Indica.’ On comparison of data, I have been led to the conclusion that this difference is due to climatic conditions. Тһе winter js much more severe and of longer duration at similar altitudes than that experienced in Eastern Afghanistan, the temperature falling several degrees below zero (Fahrenheit), and snow lying for some days at an altitude of 2000 feet. In spring the persistence of damp and cold is also more prolonged—rain, which at any moment might be converted into sleet and snow, occurring occasionally as late in the season as the end of May. The highest temperature is in July and August, reaching 105? in the shade; and although the summer is very SECOND SERIES.—BOTANY, VOL. III. E 26 DR. 7. E. Т. AITCHISON ON THE BOTANY OF much shorter than that in the tropical zone, the weather is intensely hot while it lasts, no dew falling under an altitude of 3500 feet. These extremes of temperature between summer and winter and night and day are much intensified by the absence to the north of any mountain-range affording adequate shelter from the continuous blasts of bitterly cold wind in winter and of hot dry air in summer, coming from the north-east and north- west respectively. The mountains in the vicinity not being suffieiently high to retain perpetual snow, the water-supply is limited to the rivers Hari-rud and Morghab and to a very few perennial springs. With such climatic conditions cultivation, below an altitude of 3500 feet, is impossible without the aid of irrigation, except under the ameliorating influences of a river; and until the dew-line is gained it is a land totally devoid of trees or even shrubs. But as. soon as this point is reached Pistacia vera, Juniperus excelsa, and Lonicera nummulari- folia appear as forest-trees, and wheat and barley no longer need irrigation. I may mention here that my collections do not wholly consist of what is usually regarded as the oriental flora, for they contain a considerable admixture of Siberian and Central Asiatic types ;. and doubtless the proportion of the latter would have been larger had I been able to collect at greater altitudes, as it is there where the greatest over- lapping of the two elements occurs. There are also а few Western Himalayan or Tibetan plants, and a very limited number common to the Punjab and Scind regions. Тһе local species comprise, in all probability, one sixth of the whole collection. I met with no indigenous Conifere except Juniperus excelsa, but Pinus halepensis is cultivated. There were no oaks, nor any species of the genera ZZseulus, Olea, or Myrtus. The tropical zone, spoken of by Hooker and Thomson as skirting the Afghan region, does not extend to the north-west, owing to the excessive fall in the winter temperature and the shortened summer; a conclusive proof of this is the absence of the date-palm. The area of Pistacia Terebinthus, var. mutica (Kinjak), is limited to the southern aspect of the Do-shakh range. А few subtropical shrubs from Scind and the Punjab do just exist through the low winter temperature, namely, Peganwm Harmala, Prosopis Ste- phaniana, Alhagi Camelorum, and Capparis spinosa, with the grasses Hrianthus Ravenne and Andropogon laniger. Populus euphratica forms forests in the river-beds ; but as long as this treeis situated near water, it is indifferent to altitude, being known to extend from Scind and the Punjab to Western Tibet, up to a height of 12,000 feet. А more curious extension is Haloxylon Ammodendron from the apparently dry shifting desert sands of Baluchistan to the river-beds of this area. Pulicaria foliosa is the only plant collected whose area extends from India proper (Banda, in Bandelkhand, on the Jumna river) to this region. . Among the Himalayan types met with were Sisymbrium himalaicum, Sophora mollis, Rosa moschata (cult.) Prangos pabularia, Pterotheca Falconeri, and Epilasia ammo- phila, with several of the Chenopodiaceous shrubs found in the arid Tibetan region. Of species common to Central Asia I may name Nigella integrifolia, Corydalis Sewerzovii, | Isatis Boissieriana, Crucianella filifolia, Kuschakewiczia turkestanica, Convolvulus sub- hirsutus, Astragalus buchtormensis, and Orobus subvillosus. THE AFGHAN DELIMITATION COMMISSION. 27 Аз already mentioned, I had little opportunity afforded me for investigating the Alpine flora of this country, seldom having been able to collect in localities above 5000 feet in altitude, though above this height, in exposed positions, I found that there were neither trees nor shrubs. The change in the vegetation was represented by certain types of plants, as Acanthophyllum, Astragalus, Onobrychis, &c., assuming a peculiar habit, forming dense solid bushes, which look like small knolls or hummocks. Above this level occurred a belt of Euphorbia, exactly as seen in Kashmir and Kuram ; and still higher the soil was covered with a close pasturage of Pedicularis, Alyssum persicum, Erysimum perse- politanum, and various Astragali. At 7000 feet the soil was absolutely sterile. What are generally understood as subalpine forms, such as Rheum Ribes, a Primula, and a Gentian (the only one I met with), extended down as low as 2000 feet in some places. Alt. in feet. 5,604. QUETTA . SPANGAOLI . GoBRAK . Кнамак. PANJ-PAI CHAMAN Kaisan . Мознкг . SANDURI 2,960. Bann. 2,840. Omar-sHa . 2,780. AARU. 2,700. Kant. 2,680. Gaz-I-cHa . 3,370. SAFIA 3,860. Smna-isMAIL. Caen MAMAN Т, S S... 4,010. Boz-pan (Muzh-dan) 4,110. Mannu (Маши). 3,110. Gar-r-cgaà . : GaAR-NUSHKI E VA 1,550. НАрз-л (Khwaja-ali) . LUMM 1.. $5 4 1,510. Вори с 1,500. Kon-najA (Khaja) 1,490. CnAKR-BURJA . KarrrAT 1,440. PADDA-SULTAN L400. DE-KAMBAN .... . . 1,300. Ре-рора (Deh-dadeh) . 1,800. ІвканіІм-АВАр. идна 1,290. Mak-BARRA-HABIL 1,280. Такнт-і-Вовтам . ? 1,420. JowaiN (Lash-Jowain) . 1,480. Кознк-вор : 1,520. Кім. 2 BEI ee К 1,920. ZaceIN . 2,300. SaNG-BAR ITINERARY. 1884, Alt. in feet. 1884, Sept. 3,420. KAREZ-DASHT . Nov. 9 » 3,210. SER-MANDEL à o © 4128 3,620. SHER-BAKSH ‚с, à „© ДХ p 24 8,500. Gaz-1-cHa (Gaz-ak-cha) : » 14,19 б 25 9,450. Ранік (Parah). 22%, A4 ic B 2,270. ZINDIJAN 5 15,18 b ү Rozwak . i c Ae p 28 29i т во, » 18-95 p 30 Halfway to Chashma-sabz . p 35: Ut 1,2% CHASHMA-SABZ. . . . . до № s. 0,0 АзтА-рЕН (Asir-deh) н 2B » 5 KAR-0-BAGH : ы 49 я 6 2,850. Тот-і-сні . „80 ý 7 Ағтло (Haftu) ae Dec. 1 b 8 | 4,300. Канл-кліхта (Kara-ghaitu) $ 2 b 9 Кознк . Rr Te » 8-5 a 10 PALOUNDA . " 6 s u KAREZ-DARRA . . . i 7 Ж Pappa (Paddai-paj) . p 8 p 18,14 AB-I-KAMARRA. к » 9 p 15 ÅB-I-SHORA o 10 „ 16-19 TOR-SHAKH . o H и 20 MARJAN. о B s 2l BALA-MORGHAB o A w 744 1,880. Bara-womenas (Ко)... „ 14 "n 49 Halted here until the 15th е 24, 25 Feb., 1885. 1885. » M KARAOL-KHANA Feb. 16 o 2i Мава-снак | » AT » 25 AB-I-GOSHAN . » 18 » 29,80 KALLA-I-MAUR. » 19,20 = M CHAMAN-I-BED а " A Nov. I МИИ ux н A ӛ 2. Locality without name . ы 2 a 3 2,240. Gurmaw (New Fort): . . . „ 94 3 4 Halted here until the 14th » 5 March. „б, Сотвлх (Old Ғой).... 15 8 Halted here untilthe 18% April. E 2 28 DR. J. E. T. AITCHISON ON THE BOTANY OF Alt. in feet. 1,950. 2,070. сова. V. uox Ao-saFrep (Pass) CuasMa-sABZ (Spring) . cll. з, MM ME OE RUE Halted here until 25 April. KnvusaN. ea S TOMAN-AGHA GaAL-I-CHA . 204 West of Клмвло Pass У East of Клмвло Pass at Burs. SHORE-KALTEGAI . MS 54 GurmaN (New Fort) . . . Сотвлм (Old Fort)—Chasma- sabz Pass to Tirphul. . ZIEPESL (HR oos ue s Tirphul moved to encampment opposite to Khusan Кнозлм (Village) BuNIAD-KHAN . KUMANI-BESHT CHIL-GAzZ KAREZ-ILIAS Сндав с суз мн... KAMBAO BURJ . Қанына 7. Ao-Sarep (East Base) . Bana-rURK . ия Konrar-saNc1 (Pass) (North side) Konrar-sawa: (Pass) (South side) DaNa-SANJITI . а o y c зы Halted here until June 3rd. SHEKEWAN . wr Roznak . SHABAD . $5874. 7. 772 Тікрнгі. (Second encampment opposite Khusan) . . . . KaALLa-1-DAsT DaRGARRI КАКИЕ . . E Havz-r-sArFED . . i TURBAT-I-SHAIKH-JAMI . . . Halted here until June 15th. г. Halted here until June 19th. TURBAT-I-SHAIKH-JAMI . . . Halted here until June 29th. LANGAR . Е KALANDERABAD . . . FaRRAH-GIRD . 1885. April 2 P 3 35 4 ; 96 » 27,498 yi 29 25 30 May 1-3 35 4 » 9 Ағ » 8 » 9-11 33 12 s T. урана no cu n ТО БЕИ » 1839 s V p. 2. 5 ыл » дә yo rS » 40, 40 à 24 » 28 June еа oat 2 16 » 20 » 80 July 1 » 2 » 8 | Alt. in feet. 1885. СОГРА NUMAE mn m ТКЕН го ои ie 5 8:109. Masked. иг ану 5 6 Halted here until July 15th. Токскн. "RICE ae оК SANG BANT CUIU. л уел 5 "T FARBEH-MAN 2 е a2 % 5 $248 KARRE-BADAN.. C o к. 4 dB АВВ... 14 ғ. TURBAT-I-SHAIKH-JAMI . . . ,, 21-28 Во «od pins „з NIMES. » we О V DU e бо 06 Kausay (Left Bank) . . . , 27,28 ВОК, 34 € 4 «4 y» 2/77 ОИЕ: к ч 5s wg ?аныман (Village) . ... . 5, 81 ZiNDHAN (Encampment) . . Aug. 1-8 Ио. у, 1 Ва ка. ds 5 DoomikH ИЕ]... » 6 Puza-GisH . y s F 7 Kier v oe ee сү? 8 Halted here until Aug. 16th. PURDGNE от 47 Do-cHA-I-IBRAHIM-KHAN . . „ 18 ROBAT-I-TURK . 5 49 MvusaBaAD (ouo; uu MU д} Боһығатбағ Cv О KHar-IKHURDIAN . . . . d. ee БАМСОМ . b "29 MADRASSA . $ "NS Вок magi ous. Оку: 0 Halted here until Aug. 31st. ВАСИ C. 4 Xo 27% Sept. 1 MarkaT. EN 34 $, 2 DANGAN о 53 3 NASARABAD. $ 4 TuRBAT-IT-HAIDRI . . . . . 5 Halted here until Sept. 9th. MAIMADABAD S. 4 NP DULL 39 KNIE. с ытта Повар с ХӘ BHARIPABAD т, с, A u n Чо 18 BOBATVPUBUKM 2 0155 sU 14 » 9,100. Мквнер . те еу Halted here until the 1st October, when I left for England, marching through Persia, vid Sabsawar and Sharud to Astrabad, thence viá the Caspian to Baku, by rail to Batoum. My collections were conveyed by sea from Batoum direct to England. e in conclusion, b have to thank Sir Joseph Dalton Hooker, K.C.S.L, O.B., the late . Director, and Mr. Thiselton Dyer, C.M.G., the present Director of the Royal Gardens at — E t Kew, tor having afforded me every facility at the Royal Herbarium ; to Professor Oliver 4. for his assistance in the determination of many species, and the liberality with which he THE AFGHAN DELIMITATION COMMISSION. 29 permitted me to consult him. То Mr. Baker I am again indebted for identifying the Leguminose and Monocotyledones Petaloides ; to Dr. M. C. Cooke for his determi- nations and descriptions of the Fungi, and to Mr. N. E. Brown for the identification of the Aroids and other assistance. ' I feel that I cannot sufficiently thank my friend Mr. W. B. Hemsley, who has again come to my assistance as my coadjutor in working out this my third collection of Afghan plants. I need not say that without his valuable aid this paper could not possibly have been eompleted within the period prescribed by the Government of India. I have to thank Miss Smith for her excellent drawings and dissections under Mr. Hemsley's supervision. ENUMERATION OF THE PLANTS. RANUNCULACE.E. CLEMATIS ORIENTALIS, Linn.; Boiss. Fl. Or.i. p. 3; var. foliorum segmentis angustis. Northern Baluchistan: 6, Sept. 27, 1884; Hari-rud valley : 772, August 5, 1885. Common in the beds of streams amongst Tamarisk. THALICTRUM ISOPYROIDES, C. А. Mey.; Boiss. Fl. Or. i. p. 6. Hari-rud valley: 427, May 10, 1885; Badghis: 345, April 29, 1885. Profuse in clay soil amongst stones and rocks in the low hills. ANEMONE BIFLORA, DC.; Boiss. Fl. Or. i. p. 12. Badghis: 378, May 2, 1885; May 1, 1885. Not uncommon in the clefts of sandstone rocks. The persistent sepals increase largely in size until the fruit ripens. ADONIS JESTIVALIS, Linn.; Boiss. Fl. Or. i. p. 17, et var. floribus majoribus. Hari-rud valley : 235, April 13, 1885. зан Occurs іп two forms, опе with small flowers, generally spread over the whole country ; the second with large flowers, usually in corn-fields and on cultivated land. RANUNCULUS AQUATILIS, Linn.; Boiss. Fl. Or. i. p. 23, var. foliis omnibus dissectis, segmentis filiformibus. Khorasan : 815, August 29, 1885. Was seen also in the basin of the Harut river ; and in the Badghis, in the Kushk stream. RANUNCULUS ($ EURANUNCULUS) LEPTORRHYNCHUS, Aitch. et Hemsl, п. sp. (Plate I.) Herba perennis, erecta, 4—12 poll. alta, parce adpresse hirsuta, radicis fibris fasciculatis elongatis subcarnosis, caule swepius triflori. Folia radicalia usque ad 35 poll. longa, petiolata, nune tripartita nunc pinnatipartita, segmentis angustis acutis trilobatis vel lateralibus interdum aut bilobatis aut integris; caulina superiora subsessilia, tripar- tita, segmentis fere linearibus. Flores aurei, 1-1} poll. diametro, longe pedunculati, 30 DR. J. E. T. AITCHISON ON THE BOTANY OF pedunculis teretibus ; sepala patentia, late ovata, obtusissima, extus hirsuta, margine membranacea, colorata; petala obovata, venosa, subunguiculata, basi squama lata truncata vel leviter rotundata instructa. Carpella numerosissima, longe spicata (matura non visa), glabra, levia, valde compressa, oblique rotundata, infra inser- tionem magis producta, longe arcuatim uncinato-rostrata, rostro tenui. Hari-rud valley: 210, April 12, 13, 21, 22, 1885. Very abundant in the shingle plains of the Hari-rud valley as well as in the Badghis. The plant varies from one foot to two feet in height, and the flowers increase in size as the fruit forms; it sends out stolons which bear young plants. RANUNCULUS ARVENSIS, Linn.; Boiss. Fl. Or. i. p. 57. Paropamisus range: 556, May 24 and 25, 1885. Not common, in moist meadow soil, at an altitude of 3500 feet and upwards. RANUNCULUS FALCATUS, Linn.— Ceratocephalus falcatus, Pers.; Boiss. Fl. Or. 1. p. 58. Hari-rud valley: 149, April 2, 1885. Spread over the whole country, and flowering in early spring, under the shade of shrubs. ERANTHIS CILICICA, Schott et Kotschy; Boiss. Fl. Or. i. p. 60. Badghis: 118, March 9, 1885. Common from Bala-morghab to Gulran, throughout the whole of the Badghis. NIGELLA INTEGRIFOLIA, Regel in Suppl. 2 ad Enum. Pl. Semenov. p. 10; Bull. Soc. Nat. Mose. xliii. (1870), p. 246. (Plate II.) Folia superiora tantum indivisa, caulina sessilia, sepissime ad basin tripartita vel suprema interdum quinquepartita. Nigella diversifolia, Franchet (in Ann. Sc. Nat. 67% série, xv. p. 9, t. 10), is very near, if not the same as N. integrifolia, Regel. | Hari-rud valley: Мау 10, 14, 1885; Badghis: 372, Мау 1, 1885. А small, weak, erect annual, with light blue flowers, that are much hidden in the deeply cleft bracts ; occurs singly all over the shingly plains. DELPHINIUM PERSICUM, Boiss. ; Fl. Or. i. p. 76, et var. floribus numerosissimis. Hari-rud valley: 1002, May 26, 1885, June 4, 1885 ; 1001, May 10, 1885. Common on the shingly plains. DELPHINIUM RUGULOSUM, Boiss. ; Boiss. Fl. Or. i. p. 76. | Hari-rud valley : 310, April 25, 1885; April 27, Мау 11, 1885. _ On the shingly plains everywhere. Flowers from greenish to pure white, and often tipped with purple. | DELPHINIUM ORIENTALE, J. бау; Boiss. Fl. Or. i. р. 79. Hari-rud valley : 233, April 13, 1885; 444, May 11, 1885. Oceurs commonly in the open country, as well as in corn-fields, where it is a much taller and more erect plant. DELPHINIUM ($ DELPHINASTRUM) ZALIL, Aitch. et Hemsl., n. sp. (Plate III.) Herba THE AFGHAN DELIMITATION COMMISSION, 31 perennis, erecta, 1-2-pedalis, primum leviter puberula cito glabrescens, caulibus simplicibus vel pauci-ramosis pallidis subnitidis striatulis. Folia gracilia, inferiora longe petiolata, petiolis superiorum gradatim brevioribus, omnia ternatipartita, ssepius triternatipartita vel divisione intermedia interdum pinnatipartita, 3—4 poll. diametro, segmentis linearibus rigidis. Flores lutei, extus glabri, laxiuscule racemosi, circiter 1 poll. diametro, pedicellis antice pubescentibus ; calcar apice attenuatum, sepalis zequans ; sepala lata; petala angusta, bifida, intus leviter pilosa vel barbata; fila- menta dilatata, superne leviter pilosula; gynsecium glabrum. Folliculi З, oblongi, glabri, longitudinaliter 5-costati, inter costas distanter retieulati ; semina oblonga, subquadrata, transversim eleganter fimbriato-lamellata. Allied to D. ochroleucum, Stev., but differing in its more finely eut leaves, much looser racemes, glabrous flowers, pedicels densely pubescent below, and short, strongly ribbed follicles. Dr. Regel, to whom we submitted two or three flowers and a leaf, thought it might be D. ochroleuca. Khorasan: 071, June 17, 1885; July 4, 1885. Native name Zalil. This plant forms a great portion of the herbage of the rolling downs of the Badghis; in the vicinity of Gulran it was in great abundance, and when in blossom gave a wondrous golden hue to the pastures; in many localities in Khorasan above 3000 feet altitude it is equally common. The flowers are collected largely for exportation, chiefly to Persia, for dyeing silk; they are also exported from Herat through Afghanistan to Northern India, to be employed as a dye, as well as to be used in medicine. BERBERIDE.E. BERBERIS VULGARIS, Linn.; Boiss. Fl. Or. i. p. 102. Khorasan; 650, June 16, 18, 1885. Native name Zihr-bar. Common at an altitude above 3000 feet, near water, in Khorasan, and on the Paropa- misus range. Тһе edible fruit is collected for sale in the markets. ВохвлвртА Ravworri, C. A. Mey.—Bongardia chrysogonum, Boiss. Fl. Or. i. p. 99. Hari-rud valley : 145, April 1, 1885. Very common in the loamy sandy soil of the Badghis near Gulran. LEONTICE LEONTOPETALUM, Linn.; Boiss. Fl. Or. i. p. 99. Badghis: 130, March 18, 1885; Hari-rud valley, April 6, 10, 21, 1885. Occurs everywhere, in sandy loam. It has large curiously irregular-shaped root-stocks, which are deeply buried in the soil. LEONTICE LEONTOPETALUM, Linn.; var.? floribus viridi-luteis minoribus. Badghis: 1003, March 19, 1885. This is a dwarf plant, growing in pure sand; the petals strongly veined, the lower braets more divided, and the flowers more green than yellow. 32 DR. 7. E. T. AITCHISON ON THE BOTANY ОҒ PAPAVERACE E. PAPAVER DUBIUM, var. LEVIGATUM, Elk.— Papaver levigatum, Bieb.; Boiss. Pi. OF. i р. 114. Hari-rud valley : 271, April 19, 1885. Very common in soft soil. PAPAVER SOMNIFERUM, Linn.; Boiss. Fl. Or. i. p. 116. Native name Khok-nar. Cultivated: on a small scale in the Hari-rud valley ; largely in Khorasan. PAPAVER PAYONINUM, C. A. Mey.; Boiss. Fl. Or. i. р. 116. Hari-rud valley: 269, April 18, 19, 21, 26, 1885; and Badghis. Native name Gul-i-dukhter. In abundance over the whole country; when in flower brightens the landscape with its brilliant colouring. GLAUCIUM FIMBRILLIGERUM, Boiss.; Boiss. Fl. Or. i. р. 120. Hari-rud valley: 272, April 19, 1885; Badghis, May 1, 1885. Profuse on stony ground. R@MERIA HyBRIDA, DC.; Boiss. Fl. Or. i. p. 118. Hari-rud valley: 209, April 1885. Native name Shatira. Very common throughout the country traversed ; flowers deep claret, drying to an inky blue. R@MERIA RH@ADIFLORA, Boiss.; Boiss. Fl. Or. i. p. 119. Badghis : 1004, Мау 1, 1885; and Hari-rud valley. In large quantity everywhere, with Papaver pavoninum; when in full blossom colours the country bright red. HyPECOUM PROCUMBENS, Linn.; Boiss. Fl. Or. i. р. 124. Hari-rud valley: 158, April 6, 1885. In shaded situations, and also in cultivated ground; common. ConypALIS SEWERZOVI, Regel, Pl. Semenov. fasc. і. Suppl. ii. p. 16. n. 606; Garten- flora, vol. xxxi. (1882), p. 97, t. 1077; Bot. Mag. vol. exii. tab. 6896 (1886). Badghis : 122, March 12, 18, 1885. At the base of sandstone rocks, at an altitude of 3000 feet ; frequent, but local. | FUMARIA PARVIFLORA, Lam. ; Boiss. Fl. Or. i. p. 135. Hari-rud valley : 216, April 13, 1885. Generally distributed over the whole country. CRUCIFERÆ. MATHIOLA ALBICAULIS, Boiss. ; Boiss. Fl. Or. i. p. 147. Badghis : 337, April 29, 1885 ; May 2, 19, 1885. 3 $ the перм of Же sandstone hills, at an altitude of 3000 feet, frequent. А very ancsome perennial, throwing up annual, erect, almost woody shoots up to 3 feet in eo 5 height, and ending in a lax spike of purplish or occasionally light greenish-yellow flowers. THE AFGHAN DELIMITATION COMMISSION. 33 MATHIOLA CHENOPODIFOLIA, Fisch. et Меу.; Boiss. Fl. Or. i. р. 153. Hari-rud valley: 294, April 21, 1885; May 13, 1885 ; 278, April 19, 1885. Common in stony ground. MATHIOLA ODORATISSIMA, В. Br.; Boiss. Fl. Or. i. p. 149 ( Hesperis, Poir.). Hari-rud valley: 212, April 13, 1885. Near Khusan, not common. MATHIOLA, sp. Badghis: 514, May 19, 1885. Common at an altitude of 3000 feet, on stony soil. A perennial, about a foot in height, with numerous annual shoots that become woody and remain on the stem into the following year. Тһе flowers are few, smoke-coloured, and the petals twisted. DriPrYCHOCARPUS STRICTUS, Boiss. Fl. Or. 1. р. 145 (.Alloceratium, Hook. f. et Thoms.). Hari-rud valley: 205, April 11, 17, 29, 1885; 242, April 15, 1885. Common. CITHARELOMA LEHMANNI, Bunge; Boiss. Fl. Or. i. p. 238. Northern Baluchistan: 13, Sept. 30, 1884. Between Nushki and Sanduri in the desert. Only one specimen obtained. BARBAREA VULGARIS, R. Br.; Boiss. Fl. Or. i. p. 183. Paropamisus range: 552, May 24, 1885. On the Kohtal-pangi pass, in moist meadow- land, at an altitude of 3500 feet and upwards. Eaten raw by the natives. ARABIS ? sp. Hari-rud valley: 185, April 7, 1885; 260, April 16, 1885. А very common plant, growing in dense clusters amongst stones and gravel, on hill-sides. Flowers minute, white. ALYSSUM CAMPESTRE, Linn.; Boiss. Fl. Or. i. p. 283. Hari-rud valley : 194, April 6, 7, 17, 26, 1885; Khorasan, June 17, 1885. Frequent in dry stony places. ALYSSUM LINIFOLIUM, Steph.; Boiss. Fl. Or. i. p. 286 (Meniocus, DC. Syst. ii. р. 325). ` Hari-rud valley: 160, April 6, 19, 1885 ; 403, May 9, 1885. In the shade under bushes, very common. ALYSSUM PERSICUM, Boiss. Fl. Or. i. p. 279. Paropamisus range: 394, May 5, 1885 ; Khorasan: 680, June 18, 1885. On the Chashma-sabz pass, and on the pass above Bezd, at an altitude of 5000 feet ; growing in large clusters. EROPHILA VULGARIS, DC.; Boiss. Fl. Or. i. р. 8304.—Draba verna, Linn. Badghis : 140, March 24, 1885; 1154, May 1, 1885. There are two forms of this very variable plant ; 140 is very minute, whereas 1154 is from four to six inches high. Very common in moist gravelly soil, in the vicinity of streams. MALOOLMIA AFRICANA, В. Br.; Boiss. Fl. Or. i. p. 223. Hari-rud valley : 178, April 6, 1885 ; 1806, April 7, 1885. Common everywhere. SECOND SERIES.— BOTANY, VOL. ПТ, Е 34 DR. J. E. T. AITCHISON ON THE BOTANY OF MALCOLMIA CABULICA, Hook. f. et Thoms. ; Boiss. Fl. Or. i. p. 224 (Strigosella, Boiss. Diag. ii. 1. p. 22). ; Hari-rud valley : 1005, April 10, 1885. MALCOLMIA INTERMEDIA, C. A. Mey.; Malcolmia africana, R. Br.; var. 8. intermedia, Boiss. Fl. Or. i. p. 223. Hari-rud valley: 187, April 7, 1885. In abundance; but usually found under the shade of bushes. MarcorwiA Вгховт, Boiss. Fl. Or. i. p. 226, var. В. glabrescens.—Maleolmia circinnata, Hook. f. её Thoms., non Bunge. Hari-rud valley : 177, April 6, 1885; 302, April 21, 1885 ; and April 11, 17, 26, 1885; May10,1885. In great abundance, in a gravelly soil. When in flower it gives a bright colour to the country. MALCOLMIA, sp. Hari-rud valley : 1006, April 17, 1885. SISYMBRIUM PUMILUM, Steph.; Boiss. Fl. Or. i. p. 213. Hari-rud valley : 163, April 6, 1885 ; 189, April 7, 1885 ; April 2, 17, 1885. In the shade of shrubs, very common. SISYMBRIUM HIMALAIOUM, Hook. Ё et Thoms.; Hook. f. Flora British India, i. p. 147. Badghis: 519, May 4, 20, 1885. In sandy soil, common. SISYMBRIUM У лтллсни, Hook. f. et Thoms. ; Boiss. Fl. Or. i. p. 215. Khorasan : 1008, June 6, 1885. The only specimen was collected in the gorge above Bezd, at an altitude of about 3000 ft. SISYMBRIUM SOPHIA, Linn. ; Boiss. Fl. Or. i. p. 216. Hari-rud valley : 218, April 13, 1885. In abundance all over the country; varying very greatly in size. SISYMBRIUM, sp. Hari-rud valley: 240, April 15, 19, 1885. No ripe fruit for identifying the species. A spreading annual from 4 inches to 1 foot in height, with rather large white or pink flowers; general over the country, in gravelly and stony soil. SISYMBRIUM, sp. Hari-rud valley : 161, April 6, 1885. Without ripe fruit. : A weak spreading annual, from 4 to 6 inches in height ; flowers small, pinkish or white; frequent near shrubs. : SISYMBRIUM, sp. Чана valley: 222, 282, April 18, 16, 1885. Оп the borders of fields and near | | villages ; common. An erect annual, with numerous spreading branches, from 1 foot to 5 feet in height ; lower leaves over 6 inches in length, deeply pinnate with the lobes broadly THE AFGHAN DELIMITATION COMMISSION. 35 toothed ; the upper leaves with almost linear lobes. Flowers yellow, very large; no ripe fruit. It is closely allied to Ж. pannonicum. CoNRINGIA CLAvATA, Boiss. Fl. Or. i. p. 211. Hari-rud valley: 346, April 29, 1885. Abundant all over the country. Dyes the hands yellow-green when bruised or broken. ERYSIMUM PERSEPOLITANUM, Boiss. Fl. Or. i. p. 203. Khorasan: 687, June 18, 1885. Abundant on the pass south of Bezd, above 6000 feet. ERYSIMUM REPANDUM, Linn. ; Boiss. Fl. Or. i. р. 189. Hari-rud valley : 195, April 7, 19, 1885. Very common, in the shade of bushes in sandy soil. ERYSIMUM SISYMBRIOIDES, C. A. Mey.; Boiss. Fl. Or. i. p. 188. Hari-rud valley ?: 1009. Іп fruit only. No locality nordate. А characteristic plant of Central Asia. ERYSIMUM, sp. і Hari-rud valley : 153, April 2, 1885; Badghis, May 3, 1885. In sandy plains; Gulran, profuse. No ripe fruit for determination ; nearly allied to Ж. canescens, Benth. ERYSIMUM, sp. Hari-rud valley : 298, April 21, 1885. A tall, much branched perennial, about two feet in height. Common in sandy loamy soil, in open plains; very showy when in full flower; flowers large, bright yellow. LEPTALEUM FILIFOLIUM, DC.; Boiss. Fl. Or. i. р. 243 (L. pygmeum, DC.). Hari-rud valley : 159, April 6, 21, 1885 ; May 9, 1885. Abundant in shingly places. Flowers the colour of those of Geranium lucidum, Linn. CAMELINA SATIVA, Crantz; Boiss. Fl. Or. i. p. 311. Badghis: 392, Мау 4, 1885. Оп sandy downs, in abundance. It is not cultivated, so far as I could find out, in Afghanistan. BRASSICA CAMPESTRIS, Linn.—Subsp. Napus, Linn. (вр.); Boiss. Fl. Or. i. р. 392. Hari-rud valley : 1010, May 11, 1885. Варе; native name Shersham. Cultivated in fields for the oil extracted from its seeds, but only of late years to any great extent. | BRASSICA CAMPESTRIS, Linn.—Subsp. Rapa, Linn. (sp.); Boiss. Fl. Or. i. p. 391. Hari-rud valley : 244, April 16, 1885. The Turnip. Native name Shalgham. Extensively cultivated throughout Afghanistan and Persia. At Khusan, in a garden where the cultivator had only a few seeds left from last year, he told me he sowed the seed in spring from which, in May, he would obtain a good crop of seed (from these my specimens were collected); this he would sow in autumn, and this sowing would produce his winter crop of turnips. F2 86 DR. 7. E. T. AITCHISON ON THE BOTANY OF BRASSICA, sp. | Hari-rud valley: 276, April 17, 19, 27, 1885. Native name Gul-zard. Common throughout the valley on stony soil, but especially near sheepfolds. А. coarse annual, from one to three feet in height, with numerous branches covered more or less densely with long white hairs. BRASSICA, sp. Hari-rud: 1011, April, 10, 1885. A small annual species; leaves glaucous ; no fruit. We were unable to match it. ERvucA sativa, Lam.; Boiss. Fl. Or. i. p. 996. Hari-rud valley : 225, 261, April 13, 16, 1885; Khorasan: June 5,1885. Native name Mandao. Cultivated largely, both in Afghanistan and Persia, for its seed, from which oil is extracted. LEPIDIUM AUCHERI, Boiss. Fl. Or. i. p. 854. Hari-rud valley: 451, Мау 12, 1885; June 6, 1885. Іп abundance where rain-water had accumulated in shallow pools on a clay deposit, forming a dense sward closely appressed to the ground. LEPIDIUM LATIFOLIUM, Linn.; Boiss. Fl. Or. i. p. 359. Hari-rud valley: 607, June 5, 1885. This widely-spread coarse weed was not uncommon near villages and cultivation. LEPIDIUM DRABA, Linn.; Boiss. Fl. Or. i. p. 356. Hari-rud valley : 315, April 25, 1885. Native name Bijindak. Profuse near villages and in cultivated land; a common corn-weed. Тһе leaves are collected and eaten as a pot-herb. LEPIDIUM CRASSIFOLIUM, Waldst. & Kit.; Boiss. Fl. Or. i. р. 857. Hari-rud valley ?: 1012. Хо locality nor date attached to the specimen of this remarkable thick-leaved plant. LEPIDIUM PERFOLIATUM, Linn.; Boiss. Fl. Or. i. p. 962. Hari-rud valley : 284, April 12, 19, 1885. Abundant in lands from which the river had retired in spring. А very pretty and curious species, remarkable for the two very different forms of leaves it bears. . ÆTHIONEMA CRISTATUM, DC.; Boiss. Fl. Or. i. p. 352. Hari-rud valley: 280, April 13, 19, 1885; Badghis: Мау 1, 16, 1885. А small annual species which is not common, or else it js very easily overlooked. HELDREICHIA LONGIFOLIA, Boiss. Fl. Or. i. p. 319. 2. Badghis : 516, Мау 19, 1885; Mt. Do-shakh : August 5, 1885. А remarkable plant, _ with numerous slender twiggy flowering stems rising from a tuft of plantain-like leaves, _ Flowers white. THE AFGHAN DELIMITATION COMMISSION. 37 CLYPEOLA DICHOTOMA, Boiss. in Ann. Sc. Nat. 2™ série, xvii. p. 175; Fl. Or. i. р. 310. Hari-rud valley : 1155, April 19, 27, 1885. IsaTIs MINIMA, Bunge; Boiss. Fl. Or. i. p. 383. Hari-rud valley : 288, April 15, 18, 1885; 304, April 21, 1885. Та land from which the river had retired after floods, where it was quite common. ТЗАТТ$ ARMENA, Linn.—Sameraria armena, Desv.; Boiss. Fl. Or. i. p. 375. Hari-rud valley: 181, April 7, 19, 1885. Common. А conspieuous plant when in fruit, which is covered with a white felt and subtended by the persistent ruddy sepals. Isatis BorssrERIANA, Reichb. f. in Trimen's Journal of Botany, xiv. 1876, p. 46. Hari-rud valley : 227, April 13, 1885. Common, in cultivated land. I also collected a specimen in young fruit of another species of Jsatis: Hari-rud valley : 1013, April 17, 1885. 18АТІ8 BULLATA, Aitch. et Hemsl., п. sp. Herba annua vel saltem monocarpica, erecta, 13-2-pedalis, undique glaberrima, caule basi simpliei. Folia inferiora desunt, caulina crassiuscula, sessilia, amplexicaulia, oblonga, 14-4 poll. longa, apice rotun- data, sinuata, auriculis obtusissimis. Flores flavi, laxe racemosi, pedicellis fili- formibus, fructiferis arcte recurvis. Silicule mature fere crustacem, ovate, 8-9 lineas longs, stylo brevi coronatz, circumalate, prominenter pauci-venosm, inter venas depress. —— Badghis: 1014, May 4, 1885. Common on the sandy downs of Gulran. PACHYPTERYGIUM HETEROTRICHUM, Bunge; Boiss. Fl. Or. i. p. 374. Paropamisus range: 565, May 1885. Between the Kohtal-sangi pass and Dana- sanjiti, at an altitude of about 4000 feet. Only two or three plants seen. NESLIA PANICULATA, Desv.; Boiss. Fl. Or. i. p. 371. Hari-rud valley: 219, April 13, 1885. Very common in cultivated land and amongst corn. EvcrrprUM sYRIACUM, R. Br.; Boiss. Fl. Or. i. p. 368. Hari-rud valley: 188, April 7, 11, 1885. Оп stony ground, not common. CRAMBE CORDIFOLIA, Stev. ; Boiss. Fl. Or. i. p. 405. (Plate IV.) Hari-rud valley : 344, April 29, 1885 ; Badghis, May 19, 1885. Native names: Tetran, Tatran, Taturan, Tatera, Thatrang. А very coarse-growing perennial, with an under- ground root-stock, somewhat resembling an elongated Swedish turnip, from a foot to eighteen inches in length, and from six to eight inches in cireumference. From this root- stock, annual shoots are thrown up from three to four feet in height, bearing great masses of sweetly scented flowers. | This plant is extensively spread all over the Badghis, and, no doubt owing to the rich sandy loam in whieh it is found, it produces the large turnip-like root-stocks, which are collected and stored by the Turkomans for feeding their camels on during winter. 88 DR. 7. E. T. AITCHISON ON THE BOTANY ОЕ GOLDBACHIA LEVIGATA, DC.; Boiss. Fl. Or. i. p. 248. : | Hari-rud valley : 162, April 6, 1885; 176, June 4, 1885. Common in loamy soil. GoLDBACHIA TORULOSA, DC.— G'oldbachia levigata, DC., var. В. Boiss. Fl. Or. 1. p. 248. Hari-rud valley: 1015, May 9, 1885. Our plant is identical with no. 1255 of the Karelin and Kiriloff collection in the Kew Herbarium, which, in my opinion, is distinct, as a species, from С. levigata. CuoRISPORA TENELLA, DC.; Boiss. Fl. Or. i. р. 148. Hari-rud valley : 1016, April 7, 1885. In the shade of shrubs; very common. CHORISPORA, Sp. Harirud valley: 148, April 2, 1885. Collected at the Chashma-sabz spring; too young for identification, though perhaps a young state of C. tenella. CAPPARIDE. CLEOME COLUTEOIDES, Boiss. Diagn. ser. 1, i. p. 3.—Buhsea coluteoides, Boiss. Fl. Or. i. p. 416. : Hari-rud valley : 165, April 6, 15, 21, 1885 ; May 10, 1885. Also frequent in Khorasan. А. perennial, with large underground root-stocks, from which numerous annual stems, one to two feet high, аге thrown up, forming a thick, close bush, conspicuous from the purplish colour of the flowers and the large inflated pods. An exceedingly nasty odour is given out from the crushed leaves. CAPPARIS SPINOSA, Linn.; Boiss. Fl. Or. i. p. 420. Baluchistan: Oct. 20, 1884; Badghis: May 19, 1885; Hari-rud valley : 590, June 3, 1885, July 30, 1885. Native name, Kha-warg. Опе of the few shrubs which extends from Northern Baluchistan, along the Helmand and the Hari-rud valley, to Bala-morghab and in Khorasan. Over all this country it grows in the open, and is a pest to the culti- vator, as it seems to prefer cultivated fields. Оп the banks of the Helmand it grew very like a Bramble, and was often seen as a large scrambling bush six feet in height. The natives eat the fruit, and camels are very fond of browsing on the branches. d RESEDACEA. RESEDA LUTEOLA, Linn.; Boiss. Fl. Or. i. p. 434. . Hari-rud valley: 633, June 15, 1885; Badghis: 529, May 21, 1885. „еве over the Spi and common as a field-weed. D E Шам AUCHERI, Boiss. Fl. Or. 1. p. 434. cU Hari-rud valley: 291, April 21, 1885; 420, May 10, 1885, June 4, 1885. Le А tall handsome perennial ; common іп stony ground and amongst shingle. THE AFGHAN DELIMITATION COMMISSION. 39 FRANKENIACE.E. FRANKENIA PULVERULENTA, Linn.; Boiss. Fl. Or. i. p. 779. Hari-rud valley ?: 1017 (1885). To these specimens there was no locality nor date attached ; they were certainly col- lected during 1885, and probably in the Hari-rud valley. FRANKENIA LEVIS, Linn.— Frankenia hirsuta, Linn., var. æ. (егіз, Boiss. Fl. Or. i. p. 780. Hari-rud valley : 581, Мау 28, 1885; 747, July 29, 1885; Khorasan: August 18, $5. In saline soil, very common. CARYOPHYLLE.E. DIANTHUS CRINITUS, Smith; Boiss. Fl. Or. i. p. 496. Khorasan: 715, July 19, 1885. Оп stony ground, above an altitude of 3000 feet; in quantity near Bezd. DIANTHUS FIMBRIATUS, Bieb., var., Boiss. Fl. Or. 1. p. 495. Hari-rud valley: 1018, August 3, 1885. At the base of Mount Do-shakh ; common. ACANTHOPHYLLUM MACRODON, Edgew.; Hook. f. Fl. British India, i. p. 216. Khorasan: 673, June 17,1885. Native name Вей. Growing at an altitude of above 5000 feet, it occurs in dense hummocks, fully four feet in depth, and from six to twelve feet across. Тһе stems and root-stocks are collected and sold in the markets, being employed in lieu of soap for washing clothes, wool, &c. ACANTHOPHYLLUM SORDIDUM, Bunge; Boiss. Fl. Or. i. p. 565. Khorasan: 1020, June 22, 1885. Forming very loose small hummocks, occurring singly or in pairs, in stony soil in the Badghis, Hari-rud, and Khorasan; the flowers very incon- spicuous when compared with those of the other species met with. Bunge’s typical specimens are less vigorous, and the only one we have seen has no perfect petals ; yet we have little doubt of the correctness of this identification. ACANTHOPHYLLUM SQUARROSUM, Boiss. Fl. Or. i. p. 562 (varietates). Hari-rud valley: 575, May 28, 1885; 1021, 1885. | А spinous shrub, forming loose hummocks, bearing a very conspicuous inflorescence of white or rose-coloured flowers, appearing like large natural bouquets ; it is characteristic of the boulder and gravel country. ACANTHOPHYLLUM SQUARROSUM, Boiss. Fl. Or. i. p. 565, forma nana. Hari-rud valley : May 27, 1885; Badghis: 475, May 16, 1885. This forms small, dense, tight pillows or hummocks, with a great profusion of flowers over the whole surface, varying in colour from white to almost red. Associated with the ordinary form in the boulder and gravel country. | A. squarrosum, Boiss. is а very variable species, having a wide range, and should probably include A. pungens, Boiss., and A. elatius, Bunge. 40 DR. 7. E. Т. AITCHISON ON THE BOTANY OF GYPSOPHILA PANICULATA, Linn.; Boiss. Fl. Or. i. p. 542. Badghis: 389, Мау 3, 16, 21, 1885; Khorasan, June 15, 1885. Native name Sao- safed ; the root, Behk. А shrubby plant, three or four feet in height, consisting of numerous annual stems springing from perennial underground root-stocks. These underground woody stems are collected and employed as soap. А characteristic plant of the sandy loamy districts; in Khorasan a weed in cultivated ground. GYPSOPHILA ALSINOIDEs, Bunge; Boiss. Fl. Or. i. p. 549. Badghis: 520, May 19, 20, 1885; Hari-rud valley : 576, May 28, 1885. In sandy soil, frequent. GYPSOPHILA PORRIGENS, Boiss. Fl. Or. i. p. 557, syn. Saponaria porrigens, Linn. Mant. p. 239. Badghis: 506, May 18, 1885. Amongst grass and other herbage ; common. SAPONARIA VACCARIA, Linn.; Boiss. Fl. Or. i. р. 525, syn. Gypsophila Vaccaria, Fl. Greece. t. 380. Hari-rud valley: 456, May 12, 1885. A common weed in cultivated land and amongst corn. | SILENE CONOIDEA, Linn.; Boiss: Fl. Or. i. p. 580. Hari-rud valley : 1022, April 25, 1885. Common in the open plains, and also a field- weed, as in the Punjab. SILENE CONIFLORA, Nees; Boiss. 19. 172. Hari-rud valley : 214, 279, April 13, 19, 1885. of shrubs. Fl. Or. i. p. 578, syn. Silene acarpophora, Griseb. Spic. Common, in good soil, in the shade SILENE, Sp. Hari-rud valley : 170, April 6, 12, 15, 17 height, branching from the base ; colour. In sandy soil, close to th ‚ 1885. Ап annual, from 4 to 5 inches in petals slightly protruding beyond the calyx, lemon- e base of large shrubs, frequent. SILENE, sp. aff. S. leyseroidei, Boiss. Hari-rud valley : 1023, 1885. _ LYCHNIS VESPERTINA, Sibth.— Melandrium pratense, Roehl.; Boiss. Fl. Or. i. p. 660. Khorasan ; 647, June 16, 18, 1885. On banks of stream near Bezd; in abundance. _ А tall straggling perennial, dicecious, with white flowers. Пүснхів, sp. Persia: 1024, Oct. 1885. On the descent to Asterabad, in clefts of limestone rock, forming moss-like masses, covered with a profusion of large brilliant-coloured flowers. _ Seed sent to Kew. | HorosrEUM UMBELLATUM, Linn.; Boiss. Fl. Or. i. p. 709. | Hari-rud valley: 167, April 6, 7, 18, 15, 1885; Badghis: 376, Мау 1, 1885. In 3 quantity under the shade of rocks. THE AFGHAN DELIMITATION COMMISSION. 41 CERASTIUM DICHOTOMUM, Linn.; Boiss. Fl. Or. i. p. 721. Badghis : 358, May 1, 1885. Occasional, in shady places. This very distinct species extends westward to Spain. STELLARIA KorsCHYANA, Fenzl; Boiss. Fl. Or. i. p. 705. ; Khorasan: 655, June 16, 1885. At an altitude of above 5000 feet ; in shady places, amongst stones, common. ARENARIA TENUIFOLIA, Linn., var.; Boiss. Fl. Or. i. p. 685. Locality unknown : 1025 (1885). ARENARIA HOLOSTEOIDES, Edgew.; Hook. f. Fl. British India, i. p. 241.— Lepyrodiclis holosteoides, Fenzl; Boiss. Fl. Or. i. p. 668. Hari-rud valley : 229, April 18, 25, 1885, May 11, 1885; Khorasan: June 16, 1885. Native name Gandam-ak. А profuse weed in cultivated ground, especially amongst corn. ARENARIA MEYERI, Boiss. Fl. Or. і. p. 682. No locality given : 1026 (1885). ARENARIA SERPYLLIFOLIA, Linn.; Boiss. Fl. Or. i. p. 701 (incl. 4. leptoclados, Reichb.). Badghis : 361, May 1, 1885; 493, May 17, 1885. Under the shade of large rocks; scarce. BUFFONIA MACROCARPA, Ser.; Boiss. Fl. Or. i. p. 667. Hari-rud valley: 599, June 4, 1885, July 28, 1885. In stony rocky ground; not uncommon. From a woody root-stock a dense mass of annual stems spring, about 18 inches in height; in general appearance very much resembling a clump of Linum, only stiffer. SPERGULARIA DIANDRA, Boiss. Fl. Or. i. p. 733. Hari-rud valley : 1027 (1885). In stony places, near Khusan. TAMARISCINEA. TAMARIX TETRANDA, Pall.; Boiss. Fl. Or. i. p. 769, var. ? Hari-rud valley : 285, April 19, 1885, 286, April 19, 1885, 296, April 21, 1885; Bad- ghis: May 1, 4, 1885. This species is nearly allied to 7. parviflora, DC. It is a shrub, sometimes as much as twelve feet in height, occurring on islands in the river, in stream- beds, and on the banks of streams throughout the Hari-rud valley, and over the whole of the Badghis. Native name Gaz, a term applied generically to several. species; the wood forms excellent fuel. TAMARIX PALLAsriL. Desv.; Boiss. Fl. Or. i. p. 773. Hari-rud valley: 1028, August 6, 1885, June 4, 1885. On sides of water-courses ; common. | TAMARIX TETRAGYNA, Ehrenb.; Boiss. Fl. Or. i. p. 768. Hari-rud valley: May 7, 1885; Badghis; 391, May 4, 1885. | Native name Gaz-shora. А small graceful tree on the islands of the Hari-rud, апа SECOND SERIES.—BOTANY, VOL. III. : е 42 DR. 7. E. Т. AITCHISON ON THE BOTANY ОЕ in the Badghis near water. It is very conspicuous from the vivid green of its foliage, and its long pendulous spikes of pure white flowers. TAMARIX MACROCARPA, Bunge; Boiss. Fl. Or. i. p. 779. Northern Baluchistan : 32, October 3, 11, 1884. Native names Kirri and Gaz-surkh ; the latter term is applied to this shrub owing to the bright red colour of the bark. It is a very common large shrub throughout Northern Baluchistan, in many places forming thickets. At Omar-sha there were several trees, six feet in cireumference, of this species, but all cultivated and carefully protected. TAMARIX GALLICA, Linn., var. MANNIFERA, Ehrenb. in Linnea, 1827, р. 270.-- Tamarix mannifera, Bunge, Tent. Tam. Sp. p. 63; Boiss. Fl. GEE р 776: Badghis: 1029, Мау 18, 1885. This was pointed out to me by a native of Kerman, in Persia, as being the Tamarisk that yielded a manna in that district, and there ealled Gaz shakar. TAMARIX GALLICA, Linn., var.; Hook. f. Flora British India, i. p. 248. Badghis: 1030, May 18, 1885. Native name Gaz-surkh ; generally spread throughout the Hari-rud valley and Badghis; also common in Baluchistan, where it is called Gaz- khera, and where the wands of this shrub are largely employed in all sorts of basket-work. A Tamarisk which I believe to be the above species is called by the natives Gaz- таги, owing to its yielding a gall; and from the stems of this are manufactured handles for whips. | TAMARIX ARTICULATA, Vahl; Boiss. Fl. Or. i. p. 777. Northern Baluchistan: 31, October 3, 1884. Native name Kirri. At Omar-sha were several cultivated trees of this species, from 6 to 9 feet in circumference, and 40 feet high. On the Helmand this species is indigenous, and occurs as a large tree, charac- teristically growing on mounds, and hence called by the natives Kohr-a-gaz. I measured one tree which was 15 feet in circumference. REAUMURIA HYPERICOIDES, Willd. ; Boiss. Fl. Or. i. p. 761. Hari-rud valley: 1032 (608,). June б, 1885. REAUMURIA HYPERICOIDES, Willd., var. В. LATIFOLIA, Bieb.; Boiss. Fl. Or. i. р. 761. Hari-rud valley: 608, June 6, 1885; July 28,1885. Оп slopes of hill-sides, in gravelly soil; common. | | HYPERICINES. HYPERICIUM sCABRUM, Linn.; Boiss. Fl. Or. i. р. 796. Badghis: 526, May 21, 1885; Khorasan: June 18, 1885. Оп the margin of streams, above 3000 feet altitude; not uncommon in gravelly soil. HYPERICIUM HELIANTHEMOIDES, Boiss.; Fl. Or. і. p. 802. _ Khorasan: 1033, July 1, 1885. THE AFGHAN DELIMITATION COMMISSION. 43 МАГУАСЕ Ж. Аттнжа HOHENACKERI, Boiss. Fl. Or. i. p. 833. Khorasan : 713, July 19, 1885; June 17, 1885. On gravelly plains, above 4000 feet altitude; common. A very showy plant. ALTHJEA OFFICINALIS, Linn.; Boiss. Fl. Or. i. p. 825. Badghis : 497, May 18, 1885. In loamy soil, near a stream-bed at Chilgaz; and near villages on the Hari-rud, but local; where it occurs it is in some quantity. АІЛН ЖА LAVATERJEFLORA, DC.; Boiss. Fl. Or. i. p. 828. Hari-rud valley : 584, June 3, 1885. A cultivated plant, on ridges between fields. MALvA SYLVESTRIS, Linn. ; Boiss. Fl. Or. i. p. 819. Khorasan: 628, June 15, 1885; July 11, 1885. Native name Gul-i-Khadmi. A weed of cultivation ; common in gardens and also in fields. MALVA ROTUNDIFOLIA, Linn.; Boiss. Fl. Or. i. p. 820. Hari-rud valley : 252, April 16, 25, 1885; June 14, 1885. Near cultivation, in stony soil, every where. Hiniscus Trionum, Linn.; Boiss. Fl. Or. i. р. 840, syn. H. ternatus, Cav. Khorasan: 799, August 23, 1885. A weed, in cultivated ground, frequent. GossyPIUM HERBACEUM, Linn.; Hook. f. Flora British India, i. p. 946. Khorasan: 1034, August 23, 1885. Native name бога. Cultivated throughout Afghanistan and Persia. ZYGOPHYLLE.E. TRIBULUS ALATUS, Del., var.— Tribulus macropterus, Boiss. Fl. Or. i. pp. 902, 903. Northern Baluchistan: 35, October 4, 1884. Characteristic of the drifting sand-hills of Baluchistan. | TRIBULUS TERRESTRIS, Linn.; Boiss. Fl. Or. i. р. 902. Hari-rud valley : 755, August 1, 1885; Khorasan : August 23, 25,1885. In soft soil, cultivated land, &c., common. NITRARIA SCHOBERI, Linn. ; Boiss. Fl. Or. i. p. 919. Hari-rud valley : 724, July 27, 1885. A 7 A shrub from four to six feet in height; stems and branches very white, and with its fleshy leaves and spinous branches very like а Lycium; flowers pure white, in large cymes; fruit, when ripe, a black-purple fleshy drupe, the size of a large pea. Common near Khusan. One of the few shrubs that is not browsed by camels. MILTIANTHUS PORTULACOIDES, Boiss. Fl. Or. i. p. 916. Hari-rud valley : 199, April 9-10, 1885; Badghis: May 13, 1885. Grows in a saline clay soil, on the sides of low hills, that are otherwise quite barren. It has large, spongy, rotting root-stocks, from which the annual flowering shoots G2 44 DR. J. E. Т. AITCHISON ON THE BOTANY OF spring; the flowers are copper-coloured. Тһе plant has been well named, as its general appearance and fleshy leaves much resemble a Portulaca. ZYGOPHYLLUM FABAGO, Linn.; Boiss. Fl. Or. i. p. 918. Hari-rud valley: 568, May 26, 1885; July 30, 1885; Khorasan: June 15, 1885; Badghis: 108, Dec. 9, 1884. In waste places round villages and old buildings; very common. Native name Simang. Тһе roots crushed and employed to cleanse sores. ZYGOPHYLLUM ATRIPLICOIDES, Fisch. et Mey.; Boiss. Fl. Or. i. p. 911. Northern Baluchistan: 7, Sept. 27, 1884; Hari-rud valley : 152, April 2, 18, 19, 1885. Native name Kich. "This is the characteristic shrub from Quetta to Bala-morghab, although never very numerous, still sufficiently so as to make it a striking object in the most desert places. Its curious fleshy leaves, bright yellow flowers, and large winged fruit always attract attention. Хо animals browse on it, and its wood is useless for fuel. FAGONIA ARABICA, Linn.; Boiss. Fl. Or. i. p. 907. Collected between the Hamun of the Helmand and Zagin, Nov. 5, 1884. Specimen lost. СЕВАХТАСЕ Ж. BIEBERSTEINIA MULTIFIDA, DC. ; Boiss. Fl. Or. i. р. 899. Badghis: 144, April 1, 1885; Мау 1, 20, 1885; Hari-rud, April 29, 1885. Abundant in sandy loamy soil in the Badghis ; has large tuberculated root-stocks. GERANIUM ROTUNDIFOLIUM, Linn.; Boiss. Fl. Or. i. p. 881. Badghis: 499, May 18, 1885; Hari-rud valley : June 16, 1885. Very occasional, in the shade of rocks and bushes. GERANIUM COLLINUM, Steph., var. Томрезлт, Fisch.; Boiss. Fl. Or. i. p. 874. Khorasan : 684, June 18, 1885. In moist meadow-lands, along with the species of Orchis enumerated below, at an altitude of 5000 feet , near Bezd. . GERANIUM TUBEROSUM, Linn.; Boiss. Fl Or. i. р. 873.— Var. Онавінят, Aitch. et Hemsl.; Bot. Mag. t. 6910. Badghis: 379, May 2, 3, 1885. In the crevices of ledges of limestone and sandstone rocks, at an altitude of 3000 feet, on the north and east sides of the Kambao pass; frequent. А. perennial, one to two feet іп height, though usually from four to six inches; stems of the larger plants weak and spreading, of the smaller stiff and erect ; root-stock consisting of a number of superposed tubers, the lowest usually the largest and about an inch in diameter; lowest stem-leaves on long petioles; flowers rose-coloured, varying а good deal in size; the petals increase in size until they fall off. ERODIUM CICONIUM, Willd.; Boiss. Fl. Or. i. p. 891. Hari-rud valley : 1036, 281, April 21, 1 i : _ between boulders. » April 21, 1885. Common in the shade of rocks and . Евортом OICUTARIUM, L’Hér.; Boiss. Fl Or. i. p. 890. Hari-rud valley : 91 TOT : А ГЕНЕ A alley: 213, April 13, 1885; Badghis: 369, May 1, 1885. Native name THE AFGHAN DELIMITATION COMMISSION. 45 EnoprUM BRYONIHFOLIUM, Boiss. Fl. Or. i. p. 896, cum var. foliis magis incisis. Hari-rud valley: 281, April 19, 97, 1885; Badghis: 1037, May 16, 1885. In the shade of rocks; common. RUTACEX. RUTA ACUTIFOLIA, DC. ; Haplophyllum acutifolium, Boiss. Fl. Or. i. p. 942. Badghis: 500, Мау 4, 18, 1885. A perennial, with annual shoots of about two feet in height, covered with a mass of bright mustard-coloured flowers, which are very sweetly scented. In great luxuriance over the whole country. КОТА ЕВҮТНЕ ЖА, Aitch. et Hemsl.— ZHaplophyllam erythreum, Boiss. Fl. Or. i. p. 929. Hari-rud valley: May 27, 1885. Very common in the low hills, west of the Kohtal- sangi pass. Кота ($ HAPLOPHYLLUM) AFFINIS, Aitch. et Hemsl.,n.sp. (Plate V. figs. 1-10.) Herba humilis, multicaulis, undique glaberrima, caulibus simplicibus gracilibus adscenden- tibus. Folia subsessilia, anguste lanceolata, oblanceolata vel linearia, obtusa vel subacuta, crassiuscula, inconspicue punctata. Flores aurei, laxiuscule corymbosi, distincte pedicellati; calycis segmenta brevia, ovali-oblonga, obtusa ; petala ovalia, 8—4 lineas longa; filamenta inappendiculata, imberbia; ovarium breviter stipitatum, 5-loculare, loculis 4-6-ovulatis. Capsula tuberculata, introrsum dehiscens, lobis apice gibbosis; semina atra, reniformia, rugulosa. Hari-rud valley : 406, May 9, 12, 1885 ; J uly 28, 1885. "This species is nearly allied to R. erythrea, differing іп its much smaller, quite glabrous flowers, and in having six (or perhaps sometimes four) ovules in each cell. Whether the number of ovules is a constant character remains to be proved; but we doubt it, bécause we find ten to twelve ovules in each cell in our specimens of R. pedicellata, which is described as having six. RUTA PEDICELLATA, Aitch. et Hemsl.—Haplophyllum pedicellatum, Spach; Boiss. Fl. Or. i. p. 925. | Hari-rud valley: 297, April 21, 26, 1885; Badghis: May 21, 1885. Оп sandstone hills and exposed plains; common. А perennial, with numerous, annual, stiff, erect stems, from a foot to eighteen inches in height, ending in an almost umbellate head of numerous flowers; flowers large, pure yellow, or the corolla deeply coloured externally of a ehocolate-brown. This is the same species аз Griffith's no. 1261. We find that the cells of the ovary are from 8 to 12, not uniformly 6-ovulate, as described by Boissier ; and the young stems are hairy. Rura ($ HAPLOPHYLLUM) ROTUNDIFOLIA, Aitch. et Hemsl., n. sp. (Plate V. figs. 11-16.) Herba humilis, multicaulis, fere omnino glaberrima, caulibus simplicibus adscenden- tibus albidis. Folia crassiuscula, distincte nigro-punctata, petiolata vel sessilia, infima rotundata, sursum gradatim angustiora et longiora, margine obscure ciliolata. Flores flavo-virentes, dichotome cymosa, centrales sessiles, ezeteri breviter pedicellati; sepala parva, obtusa; petala ovali-oblonga, obtusa, glandulosa, primum puberula, sed cito glabrescentia, 23-3 lineas longa; filamenta ad medium dilatata, barbata; ovarium 46 DR. J. E. Т. AITCHISON ON THE BOTANY OF supra discum sessile, tuberculato-glandulosum, lobis apice gibbosis, loculis 2-ovulatis, ovulis collateralibus. | Capsula deest. Hari-rud valley : 457, May 12, 1885. Common in sandy soil. This strongly resembles В. glaberrima in general appearance, but the bearded filaments, gibbose ovary, and gemi- nate ovules readily distinguish it. PEGANUM НАВМАГА, Linn.; Boiss. Fl. Or. i. p. 917. Hari-rud valley : 579, May 28, 1885; Northern Baluchistan: 17, Sept. 29, 30, 1884. Native names : Spand, Spanj, Ispanthan. А very common shrub over the whole country, from Baluchistan to Bala-morghab. Тһе natives everywhere seem to hold it in some superstitious awe. TETRADICLIS SALSA, Stev.; Boiss. Fl. Or. i. p. 918. Hari-rud valley: 332, April 1885. Extremely common in salt spongy soil, growing in dense moss-like clusters, іп shade; the fleshy leaves much resemble those of many salsolaceous plants. КНАММАСЕ 2. ZIZYPHUS VULGARIS, Lam.; Bois. Fl. Or. ii. p. 12. Khorasan: 748, July 30, 1885. Native name Anab. A tree about 20 feet high, largely cultivated in orchards throughout Afghanistan and Persia for its fruit. On the 6th of December, 1884, amongst the hills between Palounda and Karez-darra, I eame upon a thicket of this species, which I have no doubt was here indigenous, as it is in Kashmir. RHAMNUS PERSICA, Boiss. Fl. Or. ii. p. 17. Khorasan : 654, June 6, 1885; August 21, 1885. А smallshrub growing in the clefts of limestone rocks, at an altitude of about 5000 feet; not uncommon. AMPELIDE.JE. VITIS VINIFERA, Linn.; Hook. f. Fl. British India, i. p. 652. Hari-rud valley: 1038, May 12, 1885. Native name Тай. The grape-vine largely | eultivated in orchards, throughout Afghanistan and Persia, for its fruit, called Angur. : SAPINDACEA. - STOCKSIA BRAHUICA, Benth.; Hookers Kew J ournal of Botany, v. p. 304 (1853). Northern Baluchistan : 5, Sept. 27, 1884. А spinous tree or shrub, up to eighteen feet in height, covered in autumn with brillantly coloured inflated fruit about an ineh long and three inches in circumference, which remains hanging on the tree long after the leaves have fallen ой. Native name Koh-tor or mountain-peach. Thearea of this extends into Afghanistan as far north as Sang-bar, where I saw it, and in all _ probability it will be found in North-eastern Persia. THE AFGHAN DELIMITATION COMMISSION. 47 ANACARDIACE®. Ruus СовтАвтА, Linn.; Boiss. Fl. Or. ii. p. 4. Khorasan: 632, June 15, 1885; August 23, 1885. Native name Samahk, бита. А small tree, cultivated in orchards for its leaves, which are employed in dyeing and tanning. PISTACIA TEREBINTHUS, Linn., var. mutica, Aitch. et Hemsley.— Pistacia mutica, Fisch. et Mey.; Pistacia Khinjuk, Stocks; Pistacia cabulica, Stocks; Boiss. Fl. Or. ii. pp. 6, 7. Northern Baluchistan: D. 61, October 11, 1884; Mt. Do-shakh: С. 1039, August 5, 1885; B. 1040, August 5, 18, 1885; Khorasan: C. 1039, August 19, 1885; А. 1041, August 19, 1885; E. 790, August 21, 1885. Native name in Baluchistan Gwan, Wana, Bana; Afghanistan and Persia, Kinjak. A small tree, from fourteen to twenty feet high, usually met with on low hills of limestone formation; occasionally in small groups, but never so numerously to- gether as to constitute a forest. Camels and goats browse on it. The nuts, though small, are roasted, and the kernels eaten ; but usually the kernels are crushed, and from them an oil obtained, which is eaten with food. The leaves are said to be employed in dyeing and tanning, but not the galls. The galls are developed on the margin of the leaf, and are very different in form from those of Pistacia vera. After a careful examination of the large amount of material we had to aid us, we are of opinion that the several forms which have been described as species may all be placed as varieties of P. Terebinthus, Linn. PISTACIA VERA, Linn.; Boiss. Fl. Or: ii. p. 5. Badghis: 390, May 3, 4, 14, 21, 1885; Khorasan: 665, June 17, 1885. Native name Pista. А small indigenous tree, forming forests, at an altitude оЁ from 3000 feet and upwards, usually on sandstone formation. Тһе country where the forests abound is called Pistalik, and these forests are greatly valued for their yield of nuts (Pista), as well as for the galls on their leaves (Boz-ganj), both of which are articles of commerce, especially the former, which are largely exported to India. It yields a gum- resin (Shilm-i-pista), employed in household medicine; and the wood is considered the best fuel that the country produces. "The tree is cultivated in orchards in Persia, but apparently not in Afghanistan, at least not in the parts visited by me. LEGUMINOS;. TRIGONELLA Еморт, Benth.; Hook. f. Flora British India, ii. p. 88. Badghis: 553, May 24, 1885. Common, above 3000 feet. TRIGONELLA LAXIFLORA, Aitch. et Baker, n. Sp.; caulibus erectis elongatis ramosis obscure pilosis, foliolis obovato-cuneatis emarginatis dentatis, racemis laxissimis 6—12-floris, pedicellis calyce 2-3-plo longioribus, calyce piloso, dentibus deltoideis tubo brevioribus, petalis aureis calyce triplo longioribus, legumine lineari-oblongo, plano tenui glabro 1-3-spermo transversaliter venoso. Caules graciles, straminei, sesquipedales et ultra. Stipule parve, lanceolatz, 48 DR. 7. E. T. AITCHISON ON THE BOTANY ОЕ persistentes; petioli inferiores 8—4 lin. longi; foliola 4-6 lin. longa, supra medium 3—4 lin. lata, apice late emarginata, minute mucronata, utrinque viridia, obscure pilosa. Racemi copiosi, terminales, longe pedunculati, floriferi 1-1% poll. longi; pedicelli 2-3 lin. longi, floriferi apice cernui, fructiferi deflexi. Calyx 2 lin. longus, tubo campanulato, dentibus deltoideis acutis tubo brevioribus. Petala 6 lin. longa. Fructus 9-19 lin. longus, medio 2-24 lin. diam., leviter curvatus, deflexus, venis transversalibus gracilibus obliquis exsculptis, suturis incrassatis. Ad T. corniculatam, Linn., et T. Emod?, Benth., magis accedit. Badghis: 484, Мау 17, 1886. Іп great profusion between Sim-koh and Kambao- burj; in dense clumps formed by numerous annual stems springing from а perennial root-stock ; stems from one to two feet in height ; flowers bright yellow. TRIGONELLA MONANTHA, C. A. Mey.; Boiss. Fl. Or. ii. p. 77. Hari-rud valley : 323, April 26, 1885. TRIGONELLA FÆNUMGRÆCUM, Linn.; Boiss. Fl. Or. ii. p. 71. Hari-rud valley: 227 (2), April 18, 1885; June 5, 1885. Native name Shamli. Cultivated extensively in fields for fodder; and in gardens as a pot-herb. It exists frequently as an escape from cultivation. TRIGONELLA RADIATA, Boiss. Fl. Or. ii. p. 90, syn. Medicago radiata, Linn. Sp. Pl. p. 1096. Khorasan: 710, July 1, 1885. Ошу obtained once. MEDICAGO sativa, Linn.; Boiss. Fl. Or. ii. p. 94. Badghis : 532, Мау 21, 1885. Native name Sebisi. In the Badghis, at an altitude above 3000 feet, this plant seems to be indigenous; it is, however, cultivated as fodder for horses, wherever water ean be obtained for irrigation. Mepicaco GERARDI, Willd. ; Boiss. Fl. Or. ii. p. 100. Badghis : 522, Мау 20, 1885. MELILoTUS ARVENSIS, Wallr.—JMelilotus officinalis, Desr. ; Boiss. Fl. Or. ii. p. 109. Hari-rud valley: 583, June 3, 1885. А common plant in cultivated land. TRIFOLIUM FRAGIFERUM, Linn.; Boiss. Fl. Or. ii. p. 135; Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. ii. p. 86. Khorasan: 709, July 1, 1885. On the sides of irrigation channels ; common. TRIFOLIUM RESUPINATUM, Linn. ; Boiss. Fl. Or. ii. p. 137. Hari-rud valley: 752, July 30, 1885. Native name Shautal. Only met with this plant under cultivation in fields as fodder for cattle and sheep. TRIFOLIUM REPENS, Linn.; Boiss. Fl. Or. ii. p. 145. Khorasan : 1156 (709-2), July 1, 1885. ` Very common on the sides of irrigation channels and streams; everywhere above 3000 feet altitude. | Lorus CORNICULATUS, Linn. ; Boiss. Fl. Or. ii. p. 165. Khorasan: 1042, June 16, 1885 ; August 20, 1885. At an altitude of above 4000 feet ; ee _ forming a turf on the sides of streams and irrigation channels. THE AFGHAN DELIMITATION COMMISSION. 49 Lorus TENUIFOLIUS, Reichb. var.; Boiss. Fl. Or. ii. р. 166, syn. Z. corniculatus, var., Linn. Neither locality nor date: 1048. ASTRAGALUS AMMOPHILUS, Kar et Kir.; Boiss. Fl. Or. ii. p. 228. Hari-rud valley : 322, April 18, 26, 1885; 407, May 9, 1885. In great abundance, in sandy soil, forming soft, mossy turf along with 4. Nawabianus. ASTRAGALUS ($ OxyeLorris) NAWABIANUS, Aitch. et Baker, n. sp.—Annua, caule erecto seepissime simplici, stipulis liberis linearibus, foliolis 9-13 oblongis obtusis, utrinque laxe albo-hispidulis, floribus 6-10 in capitula densa longe pedunculata aggregatis, calyce dense piloso, dentibus linearibus tubo æquilongis vel longioribus, petalis lilacinis, calyce duplo longioribus, legumine oblongo abrupte rostrato biloculari 4-spermo dense piloso. Caules graciles, erecti, 6-9 lin. longi, sursum tenuiter strigillosi. Folia 2-4 poll longa, foliolis oppositis viridibus 3-4 lin. longis. Capitula 1-4, axillaria, omnia longe pedunculata. Calyx li lin. longus, pilis albis et nigris elongatis flexuosis dense vestitus. Carina3 lin. longa. Fructus 2 lin. longus, stylo persistente abrupte rostratus. Ad 4. ammophilum magis accedit. Recedit pilis laxis elongatis, capitulis omnibus longe pedunculatis, dentibus calycinis elongatis, legumine abrupte rostrato. Hari-rud valley : 1044, April 12, 1885; Badghis: May 14, 1885. А slender annual, about six inches in height, growing in great masses close together so as to form a soft moss-like sward; greedily eaten by horses. ASTRAGALUS TENUIRUGIS, Boiss. Fl. Or, ii. p. 232, syn. 4. corrugatus, Bert., var. Hari-rud valley : 132 (2), 264, April 7, 17, 19, 21, 1885. Very common. ASTRAGALUS CAMPYLORRHYNOHUS, Fisch. et Mey.; Boiss. Fl. Or. ii. p. 233. Badghis : 374, Мау 1, 1885; Hari-rud valley: 404, Мау 9, 1885. ASTRAGALUS GYZENSIS, Delile; Boiss. Fl. Or. ii. p. 234, syn. 4. hauarensis, Boiss. Hari-rud valley : 410, Мау 9, 1885. Common, in sandy soil amongst gravel. ASTRAGALUS, sp. aff. A. trimestri, Linn. Hari-rud valley : 1045, Мау 14, 1885. Common; intermixed with 4. Nawabianus. Ripe pod wanting for exact determination. ASTRAGALUS, sp. aff. 4. hispidulo, DC. Нагі-гий valley: 226, April 13, 1885. In cultivated land; one specimen only, and insufficient in this genus for description. AsTRAGALUS ($ PHACA) STEPHENIANUS, Aitch. et Baker, n. sp. Perennis, pilis basi- fixis, caulibus elongatis breviter pilosis, stipulis parvis liberis lanceolatis, foliolis circiter 30-jugis parvis oblongis obtusis utrinque breviter tenuiter albo-pilosis, racemis multis paucifloris densis axillaribus sessilibus, pedicellis brevibus, calyce piloso pilis albis nigrisque intermixtis, tubo oblongo dentibus linearibus tubo vix SECOND SERIES.—BOTANY, VOL. III. | н Mo. Bot. Garden. 1898. 50 DR. 7. E. T. AITCHISON ON THE BOTANY OF brevioribus, petalis primum albidis demum purpureo-rubellis calyce duplo longiori- bus, legumine oblongo parvo piloso biloculari recto 4-6-spermo. Caules ceespitosi, erecti, pedales vel sesquipedales. Folia 3—4 poll. longa, foliolis 3-6 На. longis. Racemi 2-8-flori, ad caulem interdum 15-18, dissiti, ad foliorum axillas sessiles. Calyx 4 lin. longus, pilis flexuosis elongatis nigris, vel albis vestitus. Petala 8-9 lin. longa. Fructus oblongus, 3-4 lin. longus, perfecte bilocularis. Ad A. tephrosioidem, Boiss., magis accedit. Badghis: 383, May 2, 3, 19, 1885. А perennial, with numerous annual almost erect stems, from one to two feet high, originating from a woody root-stock, and bearing in the axils of the stem-leaves numerous flowers in fascicles; flowers pure white at first, but gradually becoming pink or purplish. Common on the Badghis at 3000 feet altitude. ASTRAGALUS SIEVERSIANUS, Pall.; Boiss. Fl. Or. ii. p. 273. Badghis: 544, May 22, 1885. In the vicinity of running streams; not common. Large pods, much resembling cocoons of the silkworm, characterize this species. | ASTRAGALUS PELLITUS, Bunge; Boiss. Fl. Or. ii. p. 279. Hari-rud valley : 1046, August 8, 1885. In stony ground; common. ASTRAGALUS BUCHTORMENSIS, Pall.; Bunge, Astragali Sp. Geron. ii. p. 45. no. 200. Badghis: 380, Мау 2, 1885; Paropamisus: May 25, 1885. ASTRAGALUS BUCHTORMENSIS, Pall.; var. ? Hari-rud valley: 156, April 3, 6, 1885; April 21?, 1885. In sandy, gravelly soil; common. Each plant grows much isolated; its leaves grow closely appressed to the ground and spread out; and it has a long fibrous whip-like root two to three feet deep in the soil. These roots are employed in lieu of twine by the shepherds. ASTRAGALUS ($ MvoBROMA) BannowrANUus, Aitch. et Baker, n. sp. Perennis, exscapus pilis albis mollibus basifixis, stipulis lanceolatis, foliis longe petiolatis, foliolis circiter 30-jugis parvis oblongis utrinque dense albo-pilosis, racemis laxis paucifloris foliis multo brevioribus, calyce dense albo-piloso dentibus e basi lata linearibus tubo equilongis, petalis luteis calyce sesquilongioribus, legumine oblongo compresso piloso breviter stipitato uniloculari trispermo intus farcto. Herba perennis, radice elongato fusiformi. Petioli 13-8 poll. longi; lamina semi- pedalis et ultra foliolis 8-4 lin. longis. Racemi pauciflori, breviter pedunculati, pedicellis cernuis 13-2 lin. longis, bracteis parvis persistentibus lanceolatis. Calyz semipollicaris, tubo oblongo, dentibus e basi deltoidea linearibus. Corolla 8-9 lin. longa. Fructus 4-6 lin. longus, 21-3 lin. diam. ` Ad .A. buchtormensem, Pall., arcte accedit. Badghis: 371, May 1, 4, 20, 1885. Common small bush in the loamy sandy soil of the Badghis; flowers pure white. It affords excellent grazing on the rolling plains. ASTRAGALUS AUGANUS, Bunge; Boiss. Fl. Or. ii. p. 282. Badghis: 342, April 29, 1885. Common in the low hills ; h о ^ as very long, fibrous, THE AFGHAN DELIMITATION COMMISSION, 51 ASTRAGALUS ($ МуоввомА) COTTONIANUS, Aitch. et Baker, n. sp. Acaulis, perennis, exscapus, pilis parcis brevibus adpressis albis, stipulis lanceolato-deltoideis, foliis longe petiolatis, foliolis 11-13 orbiculari-cuneatis, pedunculo foliis subzequilongo, racemo laxe elongato, bracteis lanceolatis persistentibus, pedicellis brevibus ascen- dentibus, calyce vix piloso basi bracteolato dentibus lanceolatis tubo oblongo brevioribus, petalis luteis calyce sesquilongioribus, legumine lineari recurvato uni- loculari 4—5-spermo breviter stipitato. Herba perennis, radice elongato fusiformi. Petioli 2-3 poll. longi, pilis adpressis albis dense vestiti. Lamina 2-4-pollicaris ; foliola 6-9 lin. longa, utrinque viridia, pilis adpressis hispidulis albis tenuiter vestiti. Pedunculus 5—6-pollicaris ; racemus 3-6-polliearis, laxe 10-20-florus, pedicellis 1-2 lin. longis. Calyx 6-7 lin. longus, pilis paucis sparsis albis vel nigris preeditus. Petala 10-11 lin. longa. Fructum maturum non vidi. Habitus A. longiflori, Pall, et A. flexi, Fisch. Recedit racemis foliis conspicue eminentibus, etc. Badghis: 377, May 2, 4, 1885. Іп great luxuriance, on the low rocky hill-sides of the Badghis; flowers numerous, large, bright yellow, on long spikes. А very showy plant and one well worthy of cultivation. ASTRAGALUS GoMPHOLOBIUM, Benth.; Bunge, Astragali Sp. Geron. ii. p. 50. no. 218. Badghis: 348, April 29, Мау 1, 21, 1885. Very common in the sandy soil of the Badghis. It has very long fibrous whip-like roots; the pods are the size of a grape, inflated and full of liquid, and greedily eaten by the natives, who call them both “ grapes " and “ melons." ASTRAGALUS, sp. aff. А. ovino, Boiss. Fl. Or. ii. p. 288. / Badghis: 1047, Мау 21, 1885. Not sufficient material for identification. The pods are as large as good-sized gooseberries, and, previous to ripening, largely inflated and full of liquid, like those of 4. Gomphkolobium ; at this period greatly resembling miniature melons. They are sought for and eaten by the shepherds. ASTRAGALUS GERENSIS, Boiss. Fl. Or. ii. p. 300. l Khorasan : 694, June 14, 18, 1885. In the arid gravelly plains, not uncommon ; characterized by its large pod, ending in a hard woody spine. ASTRAGALUS, sp. aff. 4. viciefolio, DC.; Boiss. Fl. Or. ii. p. 252. Badghis: 1048, May 19, 1885. ASTRAGALUS ($ Hyrocrorris) RAWLINSIANUS, Aitch. et Baker, n. Sp. Perennis, pilis mollibus albis basifixis, caule brevi, stipulis lanceolatis, foliis breviter petiolatis, foliolis circiter 12-jugis parvis oblongis utrinque laxe albo-pilosis, pedunculo foliis longiore, racemo denso multifloro subspicato pilis elongatis mollibus albis nigrisque dense vestito, bracteis linearibus, calycis dentibus linearibus tubo oblongo-cylindrico vix brevioribus, petalis violaceis calyce sesquilongioribus, legumine sessili parvo oblongo 4-spermo longe piloso stylo elongato eurvato apiculato. : H 52 DR. J. E. T. AITCHISON ON THE BOTANY OF Herba perennis, radice elongato füsiformi, caulibus brevibus erectis ceespitosis dense pilosis. Petioli 1-15 poll. longi; lamina 3—4-polliearis, foliolis inferioribus 5—6 lin. longis. Pedunculus sepe semipedalis; racemus 1—2 poll. longus. Calyx 4 lin. longus. Petala saturate lilacina, 6 lin. longa, inferiora vexillo oblongo-unguiculato 14-2 lin. breviora. Fructus calyci sequilongus, pilis elongatis albis dense vestitus. да 4. Fresenii, Decne., magis accedit. Badghis: 357, May 1, 19, 20, 1885. А very common undershrub, reaching а foot in height on the low hills, and forming excellent fodder for sheep and goats. Flowers purple, in heads, and very like clover when young; but the heads gradually increase 1п length, and by the time the fruit has formed they are often fully four inches long. AsrRAGALUS ($ CALYcoPHYsA) GRISEBACHIANUS, Aitch. et Baker, n. sp. Perennis, caulibus elongatis angulatis flexuosis pilis albis adpressis vestitis, stipulis hérbaceis lanceolatis persistentibus, petiolis inermibus, foliolis 20-25-jugis oblongis mucro- natis utrinque dense albo-pilosis, floribus in capitula magna globosa axillaria pedunculata ageregatis, bracteis linearibus, calyce densissime longe albo-villoso dentibus linearibus tubo campanulato longioribus, petalis pallide luteis copiose viridi-vénosis calycem vix superantibus, vexillo sericeo petalis reliquis longiore, legu- mine parvo oblongo turgido biloculari 2-spermo. Herba perennis, caulibus subpedalibus. Folia 6-8 poll. longa, foliolis inferioribus 6-8 lin. longis. Pedunculi 14-2 poll. longi. Capitula florifera dense lanosa 2 poll. diam. Calyx subpollicaris, dentibus linearibus flexuosis, tubo inflato post anthesin haud rupto; vexillum 4—5 lin. latum. Fructus in calycis tubo inclusus. Ad A. vulpinum, Willd., magis accedit. | Hari-rud valley: 419, May 10, 1885; June 4, 1885. Not common, though very striking from its large, globular, greenish-yellow flower-heads. ASTRAGALUS SCHAHRUDENSIS, Bunge; Boiss. Fl. Or. ii. p. 416. Khorasan: 669, June 17, 1885. Common in cultivated land, at 5000 feet altitude. Flowers bright yellow. ASTRAGALUS KAHIRICUS, DC.; Boiss. Fl. Or. ii. p. 420. Hari-rud valley : 236, April 10, 15, 18, 1885; Мау 9, 1885. Very common in sandy soil. It has а tough fibrous root three feet in length, which is employed as a substitute for rope by the country people. ASTRAGALUS CHRYSOSTACHYS, Boiss. Fl. Or. ii. p. 377. | Khorasan: 645, June 16, 1885. Common, at 5000 feet altitude, and forming great hassocks from three to five feet across, and two to three feet deep. When covered, as I saw it, with its great spikes of golden flowers it is a grand sight. ASTRAGALUS ($ Catycopnysa) LUMSDENIANUS, Aitch. et Baker, n. sp. Herbaceus, perennis, subacaulis, foliis pilis copiosis albis brevibus vestitis, stipulis ovatis scariosis basi adnatis, petiolis apice spinosis vetustis paucis persistentibus, foliolis circiter _ 15-jugis obovatis rigidulis conspicue mucronatis, floribus in spicas densas longe peduneulatas aggregatis, bracteis parvis ovatis dense pilosis, calyce breviter piloso THE AFGHAN DELIMITATION COMMISSION. 53 pilis albis nigrisque intermixtis, tubo magno-post anthesin vesicario, dentibus parvis ovatis, petalis sulphureis breviter exsertis, ovario dense albo-sericeo uniloculari triovulato. с Herba perennis, subacaulis, radice duro elongato. Folia semipedalia, paripinnata, petiolo apice stramineo subpungente; foliola 3—4 lin. longa, mucrone stramineo pungente. Pedunculi stricti, erecti, adpresse albo-pilosi, 7-8 poll. longi. Spice 2-3 poll. longæ. Calyx pallidus vel purpurascens, tubo demum 5-6 lin. longo et lato. Petala 8-9 lin. longa, sulphurea, purpureo-venosa, vexillo glabro lamina orbiculari 2 lin. longa petalis reliquis vix longiore. Fructum maturum non vidi. Ad A. submitem, Boiss. et Hohenack, magis accedit. Badghis : 1049, Мау 19, 1885; Khorasan : August 19, 1885. Common in the low hills to 3000 feet altitude. "The ealyx becomes purple, making the plant very conspicuous. ASTRAGALUS ($ ОАТҮСОРНҮЗА) Merxianus, Aitch. et Baker, n. sp. | Herbaceus, perennis, subacaulis, foliis pilis copiosis albis vestitis, stipulis lanceolatis basi adnatis, petiolis apice obscure spinosis vetustis pluribus persistentibus, foliolis circiter 20-jugis obovatis parvis conspicue mucronatis, floribus 10-12 in capitula longe pedunculata aggregatis, bracteis parvis ovatis dense pilosis, calyce dense breviter piloso pilis albis nigrisque copiosis intermixtis, tubo oblongo demum inflato scarioso, dentibus parvis deltoideis, petalis sulphureis breviter protrusis, ovario lineari dense albo-piloso uni- loculari 2-3-ovulato. ; Herba perennis, radice duro elongato, caule infra foliorum petiolis vetustis indu- ratis ascendentibus рггеййо. Folia 4-6 poll. longa; foliola inferiora 4-5 lin. longa, superiora sensim minora. Pedunculus 6-7-pollicaris, strictus, erectus, dense breviter albo-pilosus. Calyx floriferus 6 lin. longus. Petala 8-9 lin. longa, vexillo glabro pallide sulphureo 3 lin. lato. Fructwm non vidimus. Ad A. submitem, Boiss. et Hohen., arcte accedit. Badghis: 351, May 1, 1885. ASTRAGALUS ANISACANTHUS, Boiss. Fl. Or. ii. p. 395, | Hari-rud valley : 1050, August 8, 4, 1885. A common, extremely spinous undershrub reaching two feet in height. ASTRAGALUS НЕВАТЕМ8ІЗ, Bunge; Boiss. Fl. Or. ii. p. 335. (Plate VI.) _ Hari-rud valley : 1051, August 16, 1885. Native name Gabina. A common shrub, two to three feet in height; in habit very like a miniature oak, the main stem and lower branches being devoid of all spines and smooth, with a dark-coloured bark. From cracks in the bark exudes a gum called Katira; this is an article of commerce and export. ASTRAGALUS, sp. aff. 4. strobilifero, Royle ; Hook. f. Flora British India, ii. p. 135. Hari-rud valley: 571, May 26, 1885. Native name Kon, Khon. Common along the base of the Paropamisus at an altitude of nearly 3000 feet. Ап undershrub from two to three feet in height. From this also exubes a gum called 54 DR. 7. E. Т. AITCHISON ON THE BOTANY OF Katira, which is considered one and the same thing as that yielded by 4. heratensis, and with it is collected for exportation. ASTRAGALUs (5 Севстротнвіх) DURANDIANUS, Aitch. et Baker, n. sp. Herbaceus, perennis, multiceps, acaulis, foliis imparipinnatis pilis albis rigidulis dense vestitis, stipulis ovatis basi ad petiolum adnatis, petiolo brevi, foliolis 7 oblanceolato-oblongis parvis crassis, floribus solitariis breviter pedunculatis, calyce breviter piloso pilis albis paucis nigris multis, tubo oblongo post anthesin rupto, dentibus parvis lanceo- latis, petalis pallidis glabris calyce sesquilongioribus, legumine sessili ovoideo albo- villoso inflato biloculari, seminibus in loculo pluribus. Herba perennis, dense czespitosa. Petioli 3-4 lin. longi; lamina 5-6 lin.; foliola 2-8 lin. Pedunculus folis brevior. Calyx semipolliearis segmentis tubo 4-plo brevioribus. Petala 8-9 lin. longa. Fructus imperfecte maturus 6-7 lin. longus, 4 lin. diam. Ad А. ammodytem, Pall., et А. Helmii, Fisch., habitu magis accedit. Khorasan: 688, June 18, 1885. This forms a close turf, on the pass to the south of Bezd, at ап altitude above 6000 feet. It has extremely large pods for so small a plant, and they are covered with long silky grey hairs. ASTRAGALUS ($ CERCIDOTHRIx) WEIRIANUS, Aitch. et Baker, n. sp. Perennis, cauli- bus brevibus erectis ramosis, stipulis lanceolatis dimidio inferiore ad petiolum adnatis, foliis imparipinnatis foliolis 3-5 oblanceolato-oblongis acutis pilis paucis albis hispidulis mediofixis przeditis, racemis pedunculatis laxis multifloris, pedicellis brevibus, bracteis parvis ovato-lanceolatis, calyce parvo dense piloso pilis nigris et albis intermixtis tubo oblongo segmentis linearibus tubo duplo brevioribus, petalis violaceis calycem duplo superantibus, ovario cylindrico elongato recurvato glabro biloculari multiovulato. Herba perennis, copiose ramosa, caulibus erectis pedalibus vel semipedalibus. Folia 12-18 lin. longa, foliolis pallide viridibus 9-12 lin. longis, 8-4 lin. latis. Pedunculi 13-2 poll. longi. Racemi 2-23 poll. longi. Calya З lin. longus ; vexillum _ glabrum, 6 lin. longum, petala reliqua distincte superans. Fructus immaturus calyce haud rupto triplo longior. | Badghis: 336, April 29, 1885. А woody undershrub about eighteen inches high, extremely common in sandy loam in the Badghis, where it forms good pasturage for goats and sheep. Flowers purplish. | ASTRAGALUS ($ СЕвстротнвтх) Honpicutanvs, Aitch. et Baker, n. sp. Perennis | acaulis, petiolis inermibus paucis vetustis persistentibus, foliis pilis albis rigidulis adpressis dense vestitis, stipulis ovatis acuminatis basi ad petiolum adnatis, foliolis 18-15 oblongis acutis vel obtusis, pedunculis elongatis, racemis laxis paucifloris pedicellis brevibus, bracteis lanceolatis persistentibus, calyce pilis plerisque nigri ; 2 brevibus adpressis vestito, tubo oblongo dentibus lanceolatis tubo duplo ерш, ees petalis luteis calyce sesquilongioribus, legumine lineari compresso recurvato elon to d piloso polyspermo perfecte biloculari. i THE AFGHAN DELIMITATION COMMISSION, 55 Herba perennis acaulis, radice duro elongato. Petioli 1-2 poll. longi; lamina 8-4 poll; foliola breviter petiolulata, 4-6 lin. longa. Pedunculus 4-6 poll. Racemi 3-9-flori, 2—4 poll. longi, pedicellis floriferis ascendentibus 13-2 lin. longis. Calyx semipollicaris. Corolla 9 lin. longa, vexillo glabro petalis reliquis paulo longiore. Fructus 15-18 lin. longus, 25 lin. diam., breviter pilosus, crebre nigro maculatus. Ad A. incurvum, Desf., et A. incanum, Linn., magis accedit. Badghis: 347, April 29, 1885; May 19, 1885. A very common plant in sandy loam, in which it sends down a long tough root, which, as well as that of several other species, is employed instead of rope or twine by the shepherds. ASTRAGALUS SUBULATUS, Bieber. ; Boiss. Fl. Or. ii. p. 481; Pallas, Ic. Astrag. t. 20. Hari-rud valley : 201, April 10, 13, 18, 1885; May 9, 1885. In sandy soil; most common. ASTRAGALUS HYRCANUS, Pall.; Boiss. Fl. Or. ii. p. 488. Hari-rud valley : 287, April 18, 21, 1885 ; Northern Baluchistan : October 3, 1884. Native name in Baluchistan Udish. A common shrub in the arid tracts, conspicuous from the extreme whiteness of its bark, and the rhachis of the very distant leaves persisting as spines. It is a valuable fodder-shrub in the desert, and the long leafless pliant branches were greedily eaten even by our horses. In the desert when the plant was perfectly bare of leaves its pyramidal form was quite characteristic and very striking. ASTRAGALUS OLIGOPHYLLUS, Boiss. ТІ. Or. її. р. 488. Hari-rud valley : 1052, Мау 9, 1885; Badghis: May 19, 1885. ASTRAGALUS ANGUSTIFOLIUS, Lam.; Boiss. Fl. Or. ii. p. 489. | Khorasan: 666, June 17, 1885. Common, forming great flat hummocks, at an altitude of 5000 feet. One of the very characteristic plants of the country. AsTRAGALUS ($ CERCIDOTHRIX) GOREANUS, Aitch. et Baker, n. sp. Fraticulosus, caulibus brevibus pilis albis adpressis dense vestitis, petiolis vetustis subspinosis pluribus persistentibus, stipulis lanceolatis basi ad. petiolum adnatis, foliolis 9-15 oblanceolatis utrinque pilis albis hispidulis adpressis vestitis, racemis paucifloris breviter pedunculatis, pedicellis brevibus, bracteis parvis pilosis, calyce pilis nigris et albis dense vestito, tubo oblongo, dentibus lanceolatis tubo quadruplo brevioribus, petalis luteis calyce sesquilongioribus, legumine lineari recto sessili piloso poly- aio pei ramosus, caulibus brevibus, foliorum rachidibus strictis subpungentibus erecto-patentibus. Petioli 6-12 Jin. ; lamina 2-3 poll. ; pos 3—6 lin. longa. Racemi 4-8-flori, pedicellis floriferis ascendentibus. Calyx 6-8 lin. 56 DR. 7. E. Т. AITCHISON ON THE BOTANY OF longus. Petala 9-10 lin. longa, vexillo glabro petala reliqua superante. Fructus 15-16 lin. longus, 23 lin. diam. Ad A. hyrcanum, Pall., magis accedit. Hari-rud valley : 1053, Мау 9, 1885. А low shrub, about 2 feet in height. AsTRAGALUS ($ OERCIDOTHRIX) TALBOTIANUS, Aitch. et Baker, n. sp. Fruticulosus, caulibus brevibus, petiolis vetustis strictis pluribus persistentibus, foliis impari- pinnatis pilis albidis hispidulis adpressis ubique vestitis, stipulis lanceolatis basi ad petiolum adnatis, foliolis 9-13 oblanceolatis subacutis, racemis paucifloris breviter peduneulatis, pedicellis brevibus nigro-pilosis, bracteis parvis lanceolatis, calyce pilis plerisque nigris dense vestito, tubo oblongo-cylindrico, dentibus lanceolatis tubo 3-4-plo brevioribus, petalis luteis calyce sesquilongioribus, ovario lineari biloculari multiovulato. Habitus omnino A. Goreani. Petioli 6-15 lin. longi; lamina 1-23 poll. ; foliola 3-6 lin. longa. Pedunculus 1-2 poll. longus. Racemi 2—6-flori, pedicellis floriferis 1-2 lin. longis omnibus ascendentibus. Calyz 8-9 lin. longus. Corolla circiter pollicaris, vexillo glabro petala reliqua superante. Ad precedentem (4. Goreanum) arcte accedit. Varietas condensatus adest, | habitu dense condensato, floribus et foliis minoribus. Hari-rud valley: 202, April 13, 1885 (type); April 10, 1885 (var. condensatus). A common small bush much browsed by sheep, &c. GLYCYRRHIZA GLABRA, Linn.; Boiss. Fl. Or. ii. p. 202. Hari-rud valley: August 5, 1885; Badghis: 129, March 1885, May 22, 1885. Native name Mahk, Sus. One of the most common and characteristic shrubs of the Badghis, and generally common throughout the Hari-rud valley, but always near water. I do not remember ever seeing it in Khorasan. Тһе great underground root-stocks make excellent fuel even when green and moist; and from them is obtained a common house- hold medicine, a coarse extract (Liquorice), called by the Turkomans Mahk, and by the Persians Asus, Rob-a-sus. GLYCYRRHIZA GLABRA, Linn. var. y. GLANDULIFERA, Reg. et Herd. ; Boiss. Fl. Or. ii. р. 202. Badghis : 509, Мау 18, 1885; Hari-rud valley: June 6, 1885. GLYCYRRHIZA TRIPHYLLA, Fisch. еб Меу.; Boiss. Fl. Or. ii. p. 208. Hari-rud valley : 737, August 8, 1885; Khorasan: July 3, 1885. Among stony shingle, forming a thick sward in the beds of dried-up water-courses, especially on the tract of land between two stream-beds where they join. Flowers ex- tremely pretty, in snow-white spikes. EVERSMANNIA HEDYSAROIDES, Bunge; Boiss. Fl. Or. ii. p. 510. Hari-rud valley : 574, May 27, 1885. . Common in gravel and clay soil, on the sides of escarpments, a bush of from two to three feet, covered with dense masses of rose-coloured flowers ; very handsome and would be well worth cultivating. | THE AFGHAN DELIMITATION COMMISSION. 57 № оте.— Рг. Regel identifies this with Erersmannia astragaloides, Reg. et Schmalh. (in Reg. Pl. Nov. Fedtsch. p. 18), which, with a large number of specimens before us, we should regard, as he himself suggests in the place cited, as a state of E. hedysaroides. HEDYSARUM MAITLANDIANUM, Aitch. et Baker, n. sp. Perenne, caule producto pilis albis brevibus tenuiter vestito, stipulis deltoideis membranaceis, foliolis 5-7 obovatis obtusis utrinque breviter albo-pilosis, racemis laxis paucifloris longe pedunculatis, pedicellis brevibus dense pilosis, bracteis bracteolisque lanceolatis, calyce dense piloso dentibus lanceolatis tubo duplo longioribus, petalis saturate lilacinis calyce duplo longioribus, vexillo glabro carina sublongiore, legumine recurvato pedicellato articulis 3-4 suborbieularibus discoideis facie glabris venulosis margine breviter ciliatis. Herba erecta semipedalis vel pedalis. Petioli 6-12 lin. longi; lamina 2-3 poll. ; foliola 6-9 lin. longa. Pedunculi stricti, 2-4 poll. longi. Racemus demum 2-3-polli- caris. Calyx З lin. longus, vexillum 8-9 lin. longum, 5-6 lin. latum. Leguminis articuli 2-3 lin. longi. Ad stirpem Multicaulia, Boiss., prope H. elymaiticum, Boiss. et Haussk., pertinet. Badghis: 381, Мау 2, 4, 1885; Hari-rud valley: May 19, 1885. А dense bush, about а foot in height, with very numerous annual shoots, growing closely together and forming clumps of from nine to twelve feet in circumference. Flowers large, rose-pink, in loose spikes. A very handsome shrub when in full flower. Common. HEDYSARUM WRIGHTIANUM, Aitch. et Baker, n. sp. Perenne, caulibus brevibus dense albo-incanis, stipulis e basi deltoidea acuminatis, foliolis 18-15 lineari-oblongis obtusis facie subcalvatis dorso albo-pilosis, racemis pedunculatis elongatis multifloris, pedicellis brevibus dense pilosis, bracteis minutis deciduis, calyce dense piloso denti- bus linearibus tubo campanulato 3—4-plo longioribus, floribus parvis sordide rubello- luteis, vexillo alisque calyci æquilongis carina brevioribus, legumine piloso pedicel- lato articulis 1-3 facie et margine longe crinitis. Caules dense czespitosi, semipedales vel pedales. Реной 6-12 lin. longi; lamina 2—4-pollicaris; foliola 9-12 lin. longa, 15-2 lin. lata. Racemus demum 8-4 рой. Calyx З lin. longus. Carina 4-5 lin. Legwminis articuli demum 3 lin. longi, setis - 11-2 lin. longis brunneis vel purpurascentibus. | i Ad H. criniferum, Boiss., et H. micropterum, Bunge, magis accedit. Hari-rud valley : 421, May 10, 28, 1885; Badghis : April 4, May 19, 1885. An extremely common shrub, greedily eaten by goats and sheep. The ripe fruit is covered with bright purple bristles. ONOBRYCHIS MICRANTHA, Schrenk ; Ledebour, Fl. Ross. i. p. 710. Hari-rud valley : 405, May 9, 1885 ; 611, June 6, 1885. Je | An excessively common annual,in stony soil Тһе form of the fruit might give artists a new design for ear-rings. I SECOND SERIES.—-BOTANY, VOL. III. 58 DR. 7, E. T. AITCHISON ON THE BOTANY OF ONOBRYCHIS TAYERNIERJEFOLIA, Stocks; Boiss. Fl. Or. ii. p. 545. Hari-rud valley : 320, April 26, 1885; May 9, 1885. An annual, common in sand; the whole plant is spread out flat, and grows close to the soil The fruit escapes observation until the plant is removed from the ground, and the lower side turned up. ONOBRYCHIS CORNUTA, Desv.; Boiss. Fl. Or. ii. p. 597. Khorasan: 686, June 18, 1885. z Common above 5000 feet altitude, forming immense hummocks, very characteristic of the country. ONOBRYCHIS ($ HYMENOBRYCHIS) MEGALOBOTRYS, Aitch. et Baker, n. sp. Perennis, caulibus elongatis erectis molliter albo-pilosis, stipulis liberis lanceolatis, foliolis 15-17 oblongis mucronatis facie glabris dorso pilosis, racemis laxis longissimis, pedicellis brevibus pilosis, bracteis parvis lanceolatis membranaceis, calyce piloso, dentibus e basi lata acuminatis tubo campanulato longioribus, vexillo sericeo rubello- luteo calyce triplo longiore, alis obtusis auriculatis calyce brevioribus, legumine orbieulari piloso late cristato margine spinuloso disco profunde foveolato parce spinoso. Caulis pedalis et ultra. Petiolus 1-2-pollicaris; lamina 4-5 poll.; foliola inferiora 1 poll. longa. Racemus demum pedalis. Calyx 2 lin. longus. Реті ит 6 lin. longum. Fructus 6 lin. longus, sutura seminifera curvata. Ad О. Pallasii, Bieb., et О. hyperargyream, Boiss., magis accedit. Badghis: 340, April 29, 1885; Мау 21, 1885. A perennial, from two to three feet in height, with spikes of purple-veined flowers almost a foot in length; growing in great luxuriance in the sandy loamy soil of the Badghis, and especially around Gulran. : ONOBRYCHIS ($ HYMENOBRYCHIS) CALOPTERA, Aitch. et Baker, n. sp. Annua, caulibus elongatis erectis gracilibus glabris, stipulis ovatis acuminatis membranaceis liberis, foliolis 9-11 lanceolatis mucronatis maturis facie glabris dorso tenuiter adpresse albo-pilosis, racemis multifloris laxifloris, pedicellis calyci sequilongis, bracteis minutis lanceolatis membranaceis, calyce piloso dentibus lanceolatis acuminatis tubo campanulato 2-3-plo longioribus, petalis parvis rubellis, vexillo oblongo glabro ealyce duplo longiore, alis calyci subzequilongis, legumine glabro late cristato, crista hyalina chartacea integra basi producta, disco profunde foveolato haud spinoso. Caulis subpedalis. Petiolus 6-12 lin. longus; lamina demum 8-4 poll. ; foliola 12-15 lin. longa, 2-3 lin. lata. Racemi floriferi 1-1% poll.; fructiferi 2-3 poll. longi. Calyx 13 lin. longus. Fructus 6-7 lin. longus, crista 1 lin. lata. Badghis : 393, May 4, 14, 1885. A tall annual, common over the Gulran meadows. ONOBRYCHIS AUCHER, Boiss., Fl. Or. ii. p. 544, ex descriptione. Hari-rud valley : 452, May 12, 1885; June 6, 1885. THE AFGHAN DELIMITATION COMMISSION. 59 In sandy soil, common. In its habit of growing closely appressed to the ground it resembles О. tavernierefolia. ALHAGI CAMELORUM, Fisch.; Boiss. Fl. Or. ii. p. 559. Northern Baluchistan : 33, Oct. 3, 1884. Khorasan : 703, June 29, 1885; August 23, 1885. Native names: Khar-i-buz, Shuthar-khar. A very common shrub, from three to four feet in height, on open plains in gravelly soil, frequently growing gregariously. A very valuable fodder for camels and which in certain localities, depending much on the season, yields a manna called Tar-anjabin, which is collected for local use, as well as for exportation. CICER ARIETINUM, Linn. ; Boiss. Fl. Or. ii. p. 560. Khorasan : 714, July 19, 1885. Native name Nakhud. Cultivated under irrigation at an altitude of 5000 feet. ҮтстА Евупла, Willd.; Boiss. Fl. Or. ii. p. 595, syn. .Erveum Ervilia, Linn. Khorasan: 670, June 17, 1885. Native name Adas. Cultivated at an altitude above 4000 feet. VICIA HYRCANICA, Fisch. et Mey.; Boiss. Fl. Or. ii. p. 571. Badghis: 485, Мау 17, 1885; Hari-rud valley: June 5, 1885. Common in the Badghis; and only in the Hari-rud valley in cultivated soil, margins of fields, &c. VICIA PEREGRINA, Linn.; Boiss. Fl. Or. ii. p. 576, var. pedicellis longioribus floribus . minoribus. | | Badghis: 385, Мау 3, 1885; 518, May 9, 1885; 521, May 20, 1885. Common. Differs from the type in the pedicels being often longer than the calyx, and in having smaller flowers. Үтста VILLOSA, Roth; Boiss. Fl. Or. ii. p. 591. Hari-rud valley : 441, May 11, 1885. : In hedges near cultivation, very common. In habit resembling Vicia Cracca. LENS ESCULENTA, Moench.—Zrvum Lens, Linn. ; Boiss. Fl. Or. ii. p. 598. ` Khorasan : 664, June 17, 1885. | Native names: Adah, Adas. Cultivated in fields above 5000 feet altitude. LATHYRUS SUBVILLOSUS, Aitch. et Hemsl.—Ovrobus subvillosus, Ledeb. Fl. АН. їй. р. 359. Badghis: 348, May 1, 19, 1885. Common, in the low hills, at 3000 feet elevation; a dwarf everlasting pea, with hand- some heads of large purple flowers, growing in great luxuriance. Would be well worth cultivating. LATHYRUS Арнаса, Linn. ; Boiss. Fl. Or. ii. р. 602. Hari-rud valley: 445, May 11, 1885. Very common in cultivated soil. 12 60 DR. 7. Е. Т. AITCHISON ON THE BOTANY OF AMMOTHAMNUS LEHMANNI, Bunge; Boiss. Fl. Or. ii. p. 628. Hari-rud valley : 327, April 27, 1885; May 28, 1885 ; June 4, 1885. А common shrub, with a large root-stock, from which numerous annual flowering stems spring, bearing loose spikes of flowers from six to nine inches in length and pure white in colour. Тһе plant when in flower is very handsome. SOPHORA РАСНУСАВРА, C. А. Mey.—Goebelia pachycarpa, Boiss. Fl. Or. ii. p. 629. Hari-rud valley : 435, May 10, 1885; June 3, 4, 1885; July 27, 1885. Native name Talkh-ak. Equally common with Ammothamnus, and scarcely to be distinguished from it when in leaf only. This blossoms later, and has the white flowers clustered. It is very bitter, hence the native name. SOPHORA MOLLIS, Graham in Wall. Cat.; Hook. f. Flora British India, ii. p. 251. Khorasan: 801, August 23, 1885. А shrub from four to five feet high ; only once collected and then neither in flower nor fruit. SOPHORA GRIFFITHII, Stocks.— Keyserlingia Griffithii, Boiss. Fl. Or. ii. p. 630. Northern Baluchistan : 3, September 25, 1884. CERCIS SILIQUASTRUM, Linn.; Boiss. Fl. Or. ii. p. 633. —. Mount Do-shakh : 765, August 4, 5, 1885. Native names: Arghamon, Argahwan. A tree, or tall shrub, common іп the stream-beds leading north from Mt. Do-shakh. : The shoots, which are a deep purple or almost black in colour, are employed largely in the manufacture of baskets, sieves, and strainers, especially in Persia, where the plant is also very common. Тһе tree at Baber's tomb, near Cabul, is this. It is а common shrub or tree, perfectly indigenous, and was not introduced, as some supposed, into that locality. PROSOPIS STEPHANIANA, Spreng. ; Boiss. Fl. Or. ii. р. 688. Hari-rud valley: 1054, May 95, 1885; August 6, 19, 1885. Khorasan: August 23, 28, 1885. Native names : Chiggak, Chogak, Khar-i-jinghak. А common shrub from the Helmand northwards. Over the whole Badghis from Bala Morghab to the Hari-rud valley and Persia. The pods are usually infested by insects, and become immensely enlarged and irregular in form. They are called He-chi, and are employed in tanning, for which purpose they are collected and exported. ROSACEA. PRUNUS DIvARICATA, Ledeb. ; Boiss. Fl. Or. ii. p. 651. Hari-rud valley: 253, April 16, 1885. Native name of the tree and its fruit Alw- bokhara. А small tree, cultivated in orchards ; usually self-sown, and not from grafts. The fruit is a small plum. _ PRUNUS PROSTRATA, Labill.— Cerasus Griffithii, Boiss. Fl. Or. ii. p. 648. Badghis: 551, 554, Мау 23, 24, 25, 1885. А small tree or shrub, on the Paropamisus range, at an altitude above 3500 feet ; common. THE AFGHAN DELIMITATION COMMISSION. i 61 Our specimens correspond exactly with those of Cerasus Griffithii, Boiss. ; and this we consider to be a form of Prunus prostrata, Labill. PRUNUS PROSTRATA, Labill.; Boiss. Fl. Or. ii. р. 648, var. ? Paropamisus range: May 25, 1885; Khorasan: 1055, June 16, 1885. Near water, at an altitude above 3500 feet. By an oversight no specimen of this was retained for the Kew Herbarium. Prunus ($ Cerasus), sp. Hari-rud valley: 257, April 15, 1885. Native name Gurjha, the fruit Alu-balu. A small tree, cultivated in orchards for its fruit, which is rather larger than an ordinary cherry, almost black in colour, and very austere and harsh to a European palate. Prunus ($ Cerasus) canycosus, Aitch. et Hemsl. n. sp. (Plate VIII.) Frutex 8-10- pedalis, undique fere glaber, dense ramosus. Folia parva ad apices ramorum late- ralium brevium conferta, graciliter petiolata, papyracea vel fere membranacea, ovato-oblonga, absque petiolo 6-12 lineas longa, apice sepius rotundata, basi cuneata, argute serrulata; petiolus 2-4 lineas longus; stipule membranace:, lineares, acutissimze, 3—4 lineas longs, dentatze vel sublaceratee. Flores rosei, ssepius bini, graciliter pedunculati, e gemmis lateralibus infra folia oriundi ; peduneulus gracilis, 4-6 lineas longus; calycis tubus cylindricus, basi leviter ventricosus, 3—4 lineas longus; calycis segmenta petaloidea, venosa, tubo paullo longiora, obovato-oblonga, concava, subsinuata, intus basi villosa; petala nulla vel saltem non visa; stamina 8-10; ovarium glabrum, stylo staminibus апай. Fructus maturus ignotus. Badghis: 1059, Мау 1, 3, 1885. Native name Siah-ling, yields a fruit Alucha. A shrub or small tree, with very dark-coloured cherry-like bark; common in the hills at an altitude above 3000 feet. "The stems are valued as staves, and the bark of the root is employed as a dye-stuff, for producing a dark red or maroon colour. Тһе fruit is said to be the size of a cherry. PRUNUS TORTUOSA, Aitch. et Hemsl.— Cerasus tortuosa, Boiss. et Haussk.; Boiss. Fl. Or. ii. p. 647. Badghis : 134, March 18, 31, 1885; April 1, 1885. А common bush in the hills, above 3000 feet elevation. Flowers before the leaves. It would be better perhaps to treat this as a variety of Prunus microcarpa, C. A. Mey., syn. Cerasus orientalis, Spach. | PRUNUS MICROCARPA, C. А. Mey.—Cerasus microcarpa, Boiss. Fl. Or. ii. p. 646. Paropamisus range: 1058, May 25, 1885; Khorasan, June 16, 1885. Common at an altitude above 3500 feet. PRUNUS ARMENTAOA; Linn.—Armeniaca vulgaris, Lam.; Boiss. Fi. Or. п. р. 652. Hari-rud valley: 259, April 16, 1885; 256, April 16, 1885. Native name Zard-alu. The ordinary cultivated apricot, the kernels of which are bitter; it is raised from seed and layers. Common in orchards. a There isa variety with sweet kernels, which is grafted; it is merely spoken of аз * the grafted,” or as “ the sweet-kernelled "one, and is much less common than the former, 62 DR. 7. E. T. AITCHISON ON THE BOTANY ОЕ Prunus AMYGDALUS, Baill.—4mygdalus communis, Linn. ; Boiss. Fl. Or. ii. p. 641. Hari-rud valley: 243, April 16, 1885. Native name for tree and fruit Bedam; culti- vated in orchards. PRUNUS persica, Benth. & Hook. f.— Persica vulgaris, Mill. ; Boiss. Fl. Or. ii. p. 640. Hari-rud valley: 250, April 16, 1885. Native name SAaft-alu. Cultivated in orchards and always grafted ; bears fine fruit. PRUNUS EBURNEA, Aitch. & Hemsl.—Amygdalus eburnea, Spach.; Boiss. Fl. Or. ii. p. 645, var. floribus solitariis. | Hari-rud valley : 1056, April 15, 1885. Varies from the type in having solitary flowers, and the calyx and leaves woolly. Aol is the native name for P. eburnea and P. brahuica, both of which yield excellent fuel. PRUNUS EBURNEA, Aitch. & Hemsl., var. fructu flavo.— Amygdalus eburnea, Spach.; Boiss. Fl. Or. ii. p. 645. Badghis : 1057, May 22, 1885. Noted on the spot that the fruit was ripening yellow, like an apricot; but this may have been due to an insect affecting it. PRUNUS BRAHUICA, Aitch. & Hemsl., var. calyce omnino glabro.—Amygdalus brahuica, Boiss. Fl. Or. ii. p. 645. Badghis: 133, March 18, 1885; May 20, 1885. PRUNUS, sp. aff. P. brahuice, Aitch. & Hemsl. Hari-rud valley: 1151, 1885. At an altitude of 3000 feet. Fruit only, which is broader than that of P. brahuica. Russ ртзсогов, Weihe et Nees; Boiss. Fl. Or. ii. p. 695. Mount Do-shakh: 1060, August 5,1885. Near running water, in shady places; very common above 3000 feet altitude. Extends throughout the Badghis from Bala-morghab westwards across the Hari-rud valley into Khorasan. Russ сжвг/в, Linn.; Boiss. Fl. Or. ii. p. 693. Badghis: 537, May 22, 1885. "Throughout the Badghis, near running water, in gravelly soil, common. POTERIUM SANGUISORBA, Linn.; Boiss. Fl. Or. ii. p. 733. Badghis: 528, May 21, 24, 1885. At an altitude of 3000 feet, common. Rosa BERBERIFOLIA, Pall.— Hulthemia berberifolia, Dumort. ; Boiss. Fl. Or. ii. p. 668. Hari-rud valley: 305, April 22, 25, 1885; May 12, 1885; June 4, 1885. Badghis : _ April 29, 1885; Мау 19, 1885. Тһе most characteristic shrub of the country from Bala-morghab westward, over the whole Badghis, the Hari-rud valley into Khorasan ; up to an altitude of 5000 feet. Flowers bright yellow, with a dark le spot at th base of each petal. | 2 dei: Rosa DAMASCENA, Mill.; Hook. f. Fl. British India, ii. р. 364. | Hari-rud ашу: 254, April 16, Мау 12, 1885. Native name Gulab. Cultivated in THE AFGHAN DELIMITATION COMMISSION. 63 ems "s xs for the flowers, which are daily collected and made over to the istiller for the manufaeture of rose-water. I never saw more t ао ore than half a dozen bushes Rosa LUTEA, Mill.; Boiss. Fl. Or. ii. p. 671. Hari-rud valley : 245, April 16, May 12, 1885. Native name Gul-i-ranan zeba. Cultivated in orchards and gardens; the flower is yellow and single, and not briar- scented. It is the Persian yellow rose of our gardens. Rosa МОЗСНАТА, Mill.; Hook. f. Fl. British India, ii. p. 367. Hari-rud valley: 749, July 30, 1885. Cultivated in the vicinity of shrines in Afghan- istan, and also in Persia. ROSA ANSERINJEFOLIA, Boiss. Fl. Or. ii. p. 677. Badghis: 504, May 18, 1885. Not common, on damp rocks near Sim-koh, at an altitude of 3200 feet. Briar-scented ; flowers almost pure white. RosA BEGGERIANA, Schrenk; Crépin, Prim. Monogr. Hos. іп Bull. бос. Bot. Belg. xiv. 18 (reprint, p. 312), et var. y. Lehmanniana, Crépin, 4. с. p. 20. Mount Do-shakh : 1061, August 5, 1885. Specimens marked “А,” locality not recorded. Common at 4000 feet altitude near running streams and in shade. This is remarkable for the peduncles bearing the ripe fruit being fleshy and of the same colour as the fruit. Var. y. LEHMANNIANA. Badghis: 352, May 1, 1885; Khorasan, 657, June 16, 1885. Common, on the sides of running streams, above 3000 feet altitude. Рувоз CYDONIA, Linn.— Cydonia vulgaris, Pers. ; Boiss. Fl. Or. ii. p. 656. : Hari-rud valley: 246, April 4, 1885. Native name Bhihi. The Quince is commonly cultivated in orchards. "Тһе fruit is usually very large and of fine quality from grafted trees. | PYRUS COMMUNIS, Linn.; Boiss. Fl. Or. ii. р. 658. Hari-rud valley : 248, April 16, 1885. The Pear; native name Amrud. Cultivated in orchards ; this form bears a small pear called Amrud; it is raised by slips or seed, but is not grafted. There is also a variety raised always by grafting on this, which large fruit, for which the native name is Май. This is the fruit that is so largely exported from other parts of Afghanistan into India. In the Badghis I came upon a small forest of Pear-trees which I thought might have been the remains of an old orchard, but I was informed that this was not the case. The tree is well known as a wild one. It is called Amrucha from the small fruit it bears, this being a diminutive ground into a flour, and mixed with ordinary wheat bears a for Amrud. The fruit is dried, flour to increase its bulk. Pyrus Marus, Linn.—Malus communis, Desf. ; Boiss. Fl. Or. ii. p. 656. Hari-rud valley; 258, April 16, 1885. The Apple; native name Seb. A cultivated tree in orchards, said not to be grafted. In the hills around Kushk and above Bala- 64 DR. 7. E. Т. AITCHISON ON THE BOTANY OF morghab a wild apple is reported to be common, and the fruit a little smaller than the cultivated one, yet good to eat. CRATJEGUS OXYACANTHA, Linn., var.; Boiss. Fl. Or. ii. p. 664. Badghis: 349, Мау 1, 25, 1885. Native names: Daluna, Alaf-karez, Alaf-khes, Guj- i-kohja, Seb-ak. Plentiful as a small tree, above 3000 feet elevation, usually in the vicinity of streams. CoTONEASTER NUMMULARIA, Fisch. & Mey.; Boiss. Fl. Or. ii. p. 666; Aitchison, Pharmac. Journ. & Trans. 3rd ser. xvii. p. 467, Lond. 1887. (Plate IX.) Paropamisus range: 396, May 5, 1886; May 24,1885; June 16,1885. Native name Siah-chob. А tall shrub or small tree; common on all the hills where there is moisture, at 4000 feet altitude. Тһе stems are esteemed for walking-sticks, and for handles to agricultural implements, axes, &c. From this shrub a manna called Shir khist at a certain season of the year is collected; it is largely exported to Hindostan and Persia. LYTHRARIE A. Lyrurum HyssoPrrorrA, Linn. ; Boiss. Fl. Or. ii. р. 739. Khorasan : 783, August 19, 1885. Іп clay soil, on the sides of irrigation-channels and streams ; not common. ОХ АС ВА ВТЕ Ж. EPILOBIUM HIRSUTUM, Linn.; Boiss. Fl. Or. ii. p. 746. Hari-rud valley : 768, August 5, 1885; Khorasan, June 29, 1885. Common in all irrigation-channels. ОСССВВІТАСЕ Ж. ITRULLUS Согосумтнтз, Schrad.; Boiss. Fl. Or. ii. p. 759. Northern Baluchistan : 16, Sept. 29, 1884. Native name Kur-kushta. Very common all over the desert country. CITRULLUS VULGARIS, Schrad.; Boiss. Fl. Or. ii. р. 759, obs.; Hook. f. Fl. British India, iii. p. 621. Native name for the Water-melon Hindu-ani. Cultivated extensively over the whole country traversed from Northern Baluchistan to Bala-morghab, and west to Khorasan. During autumn, when travellers are moving in localities where they are uncertain of obtaining water, or there is a probability of its being saline, a donkey-load or so of water-melons is always conveyed along with the party, supplying both food and drink. The fruit, as a rule, is very much sweeter than any I ever tasted in India. Cucuwis TRIGONUS, Roxb. ; Boiss. Fl. Or. ii. p. 758. Helmand : Oct. 25, 1884. What I, from memory, believe to have been the above Species was extremely common in clayey soil, near cultivation, that had been flooded with water, between Kalifat and Padda-sultan. Our camp-followers feasted on the small ripe fruit, both in its natural condition and cooked THE AFGHAN DELIMITATION COMMISSION. 65 Cucumis Mero, Linn.; Boiss. Fl. Or. ii. p. 759, Obs. sub О. trigonus; Roxb. Fl. British India, iii. p. 620. Native name for the Melon, Khar-buze. Cultivated, though not to the great extent that the water-melon is. "The variety of the fruit distinguished as the Sarda is certainly very fine, and it is this that is so largely exported to India during the winter months. BRYONIA MoNoOICA, Aitch. et Hemsl., n. sp. (Plate X.) Herba alte scandens, caulibus annuis gracilibus levibus. Oérrhi simplices. Folia graciliter petiolata, ambitu cordato-ovata, ineequaliter 5-lobata, lobo terminali longiore acuto, supra levia, subtus scabrida, cum petiolo 21—4 poll. longa. Flores viridi-lutei, papillosi, feminei et masculini in eodem racemo, 1 vel plures inferiores feminei, racemis foliis demum eequilongis vel longioribus; calyx fl. fem. in tubo supra ovarium productus, segmenta linearia, inzequalia, petalis zequalia vel longiora; petala ovato-oblonga, vix acuta; stamina 3, fere sessilia ; anthers magne, una unilocularis, ceterse biloculares ; stylus elongatus, stigmate trilobato leviter papilloso. Fructus maturus non visus. Badghis : 339, April 29, 1885. Very common in the beds of dry water-courses, at an altitude of about 2500 to 3000 feet; climbing upon and completely covering with its dense foliage large shrubby species of Tamarix. The fruit ripens red. This species differs from Bryonia alba, the only other moneecious species described, іп the male and female flowers being borne in the same racemes, and in having long narrow calyx-lobes. UMBELLIFER. ERYNGIUM CARLINOIDES, Boiss.; Fl. Or. ii. p. 825. Hari-rud valley: 754, August 1,1885. In great luxuriance, everywhere on the clayey and gravelly plains; from one to two feet in height, sometimes very bushy. ECHINOPHORA PLATYLOBA, DC.; Boiss. Fl. Or. ii. р. 749. Korasan: 819, September 3, 1885. A low shrub with lemon-scented flowers, yield- ing а red gummy exudation. Common in stony places. PYCNOCYCLA AUCHERIANA, Decaisne; Boiss. Fl. Or. ii. p. 949. Northern Baluchistan: 18, September 1884, October 10, 1884; Khorasan: 817, September 2, 1885. In the gravelly beds of dry water-courses, very common, especially in the desert country. The root-stocks, when employed for fuel, exhale a fcetid odour. Conrum MACULATUM, Linn.; Boiss. Fl. Or. ii. p. 922. | ж Badghis: 539, Мау 22, 1885; Khorasan: June 16, 1885. Іп moist localities near water. in the shade of shrubs and trees; growing as much as seven feet in height. Common at an altitude above 5000 feet. Тваснуртом LEHMANNI, Benth. & Hook. f.—Eremodaucus Lehmanni, Bunge; Albertia margaritifera, Regel & Schmalh. ; Boiss. Fl. Or. ii. p. 980. (Plate XL) Badghis: 471, May 16, 21, 1885. Native name Shahk-akhal. A very common annual in the loamy soil of the Badghis. The central flower of the umbel usually K SECOND SERIES.—BOTANY, VOL. III. 66 DR. 7. E. T. AITCHISON ON THE BOTANY OF exhibits а rose-coloured exudation, caused by the puncture of an insect. Тһе roots are collected and exported to India, vid Herat. TnAcHYvpiUM Котѕснүт, Boiss. Fl. Or. ii. p. 929. Hari-rud valley: 417, May 10, 1885, June 18, 1885; 560, Paropamisus range: May 25, 1885. General throughout the country in the low hills. SMYRNIUM CORDIFOLIUM, Boiss. Fl. Or. ii. p. 926. | Paropamisus range: 399, May 5, 1885. Native name Kun-halk. In damp localities, near water; at an altitude above 3000 feet. Тһе natives eat it both raw and cooked. APIUM GRAVEOLENS, Linn.; var. Boiss. Fl. Or. ii. p. 856. Badghis: 106, December 8, 1884. А very common plant, on the steep banks of slow- running streams. CanuM BuLBOCAsTANUM, W. D. J. Koch; Hook. f. Fl. British India, ii. p. 681. Hari-rud valley : 312, April 25, 26, 1885. Common in cultivated land. The bulbs, Jiri-shak, collected by the natives and eaten raw. Wild pigs are very destructive in fields, apparently on the search for these roots. CARUM ($ EUCARUYX), sp. | Hari-rud valley : 368, May 1, 1885. Common in soft soil ; roots tuberous, as in the last, Carum ($ Evcarum), sp. Badghis: 524, May 20, 1885. Profuse on sides of running streams. Слком ($ PTYCHOTIS) LEPTOCLADUM, Aitch. et Hemsl., n. sp. (Plate XXII.) Herbaannua, gracillima, glaberrima, divavieatim ramosa, 4-8 poll. alta. Folia biternatim partita, ternatim partita vel superiora simplicia, segmentis linearibus acutis 6-9 lineas longis. Umbelle 4~6-radiate, pedunculis divergentibus filiformibus ; umbellula 8—12-flore, | bracteis bracteolisque parvis scariosis. Flores albi; petala majuscula, valde inflexa ; stylopodium crassiusculum, basi non dilatatum ; styli recurvi, stigmatibus capitatis. Fructus latior quam longus, a latere breviter compressus, tota pilis crassiusculis albidis capitatis vestitus; vittze ad valleculas solitarize, inconspicuze, commissura bivittata ; carpophorum bifidum. Hari-rud valley : 603, June 5, 1885. Very common in gravelly soil. A small annual, usually from 3 to 4 inches in height, sometimes as much as 8 inches, with very elegant fine wire-like stems ; flowers minute, white. ‹ PIMPINELLA, sp.. Hari-rud valley : 1062, 1885. _ Quite young and indeterminable. _ SCANDIX PINNATIFIDA, Vent.; Boiss. Fl. Or. ii. p. 916. : Badghis : 489, May 17,1885. In the shade of rocks and between boulders ; common. PRANGOS PABULARIA, Lindl.; Hook. f. FI. British India, ii. p. 695. : Badghis: | 386, Мау 3; 499, Мау 17, 1885; Paropamisus range, Мау 95, 1885. THE AFGHAN DELIMITATION COMMISSION, 67 Native name Badian-kohi. On the shady sides of rocks, from 3000 feet elevation at Simkho, to 6000 feet on the Paropamisus range; not uncommon. FERULA oopopa, Boiss. Fl. Or. ii. р. 984. (Plates XVIII., ХІХ.) (Descript. amplif.) Caulis 4-6-pedalis, erectus, albescens vel rubescens, subnitidus. Folia impetiolata, radicalia 3—4, ped. diametro, iterato-tripartita, late vaginata ; caulina sursum gradatim minora, cum vaginis amplexicaulibus cyathiformibus gradatim minoribus instructis. Inflorescentia ampla, terminalis, subverticillatim ramosa. Flores polygami, umbellæ centralis fertiles, umbellarum minorum lateralium centralem superantium sæpis- sime masculi. Fructus oblongus, valde dorso compressus, fere planus; vittæ ad valleculas solitariæ, ad commisuram geminatæ.—Peucedanum oopodum, Boiss. et Buhse, Aufz. p. 100. Badghis: 114, February 18, 1885; Hari-rud valley : 321, April 26, 1885, May 13, 1885; Khorasan, June 9, 1885. Native native Ejik-okhħarasi, Kilki, Kalkilli. Generally distributed throughout the Badghis, and the most northern part of the Hari-rud valley ; occasional in Khorasan, growing gregariously. Its annual stems reach six feet in height, and are remarkable for the three large cups, or bowls, borne on the stem. Were it cultivated in this country, at which an attempt has been made, these bowls, with the upper part of the stalk cut off close to the base of the cup, and of the lower portion four inches left as a handle, they would make lovely artistic bouquet- or fruit-holders. The Turkomans have a story that on some occasion when a fugitive fleeing from his enemies was dying from thirst, he got a life-saving drink of water out of one of these cups, from the dew collected therein. I examined many, but not a drop of fluid could I ever find in any of them; their usual occupants being beetles and a small bee. It was only after a very careful examination of the fragmentary specimens of Ferula oopoda, Boiss., in the Kew Herbarium, and Boissier’s imperfect description, that we thought it probable ours could be the same. Boissier had neither radical leaves nor fruit, and apparently only very much less luxuriant specimens; for he says of the leaf- sheaths :—“ Vaginæ caulinæ interdum ovo gallinaceo vix minores.” Іп the present specimens the larger of these sheaths are at least six inches across, and the largest. observed lower on the stem, were at least a foot across; and they more nearly resemble a bowl or cup than an egg. Nevertheless, from the specimens before us, we have little doubt that we are right. Certainly a portion of Stocks’s Baluchistan 956, which is referred by Boissier to F. oopoda, is the same species. This is also very near to Ferula Schair, Borszezow (Ferul. Aral. Casp. р. 37, tt. 6-8), but that is represented as having open, not connate, sheaths, and narrower ultimate segments of the leaves. In this connexion it may be mentioned that Stocks writes the native name of Е. oopoda, and of another very distinct species which he confused with it, “Cheer.” We are a little puzzled with Borszezow's description of F. Schair, as we have not found the same conditions that he describes іп any of the species which we have examined. Тһе central umbels he describes as consisting of fertile female flowers, the lateral, smaller umbels which rise above the central, of sterile females, and the clusters of minute flowers seated near the base of the peduncles of the lateral umbels, males. Не says of Ferula Schair :— | к2 68 DR. J. E. Т. AITCHISON ON THE BOTANY ОЕ “А Fer. soongorica, Pall., que mihi ex descriptione tantum optime notis cursive impressis differt ;" and these are the words he prints in italics: ** Umbellis masculis minutissimis, capituliformibus ad basin umbellarum feminearum, brevissime pedunculatis, pedunculo basi dilatato floribus vix conspicuis ; antherarum filamentis crassis perbrevibus ; involucris involucellisque nullis." In the various species we have examined these clusters of minute flowers appear to be always abortive, and the lateral umbels usually male, with scarcely any rudiments of gynsecium; while the central umbels are bisexual, though functionally female. FERULA Szovitstana, DC.; Boiss. Fl. Or. ii. p. 994. Hari-rud valley: 277, April 19, 21, 1885; May 10,12, 1885. A rigid herb, scarcely two feet high; common in the stony country and gravelly plains. Тһе root-stock possesses а slight odour of assafcetida. FERULA OVINA, Boiss. Fl. Or. ii. p. 986. Badghis: 525, Мау 21, 25, 1885. Native name Stourga, Kema-kohi. А very cha- racteristic plant about three feet in height, covering large expanses of the hill-sides in the Badghis, at an altitude of above 3000 feet. Is considered excellent grazing for all animals, and very fattening for horses. FERULA ғаттрл, Regel; Aitchison, Pharmac. Journ. & Trans. 3rd ser. xvii. p. 465 (Lond. 1887). (Plates XIL, XIIL, XIV.) Е. Scorodosma, Bentley & Trimen; Scorodosma fetidum, Bunge, Boiss. Fl. Or.; Ferula Asafetida, Boiss. Fl. Or. ii. р. 994. Native names: Anguza-kema, Kurne-kema, Khora-kema. Stems from three to five feet in height, from a perennial root-stock that produces annual radical leaves for several years, and then a flowering-stem, and upon the fruit ripening the plant dies. Тһе young flowering-stem, rising from a tuft of radical leaves, appears in the form of a cabbage, being at first wholly enclosed in the broad stipular expansions, or bracts, to which the cauline leaves are reduced; and when the growing branches of the inflores- cence first push them open, the whole plant somewhat resembles a cauliflower. The stem seems out of all proportion massive, pillar-like, and stout for the plant. The inflorescence is globose, and from one to two feet in circumference. The flowers are white, and the young fruit soon takes a more or less purplish tinge. In all stages of its growth, every part of the plant exudes upon abrasion а milky juice, which is collected, and constitutes the drug of commerce called Asafcetida, Anguza, Hing. The stem in a young state is eaten raw, or cooked. FERULA GALBANIFLUA, Boiss. et Buhse, Aufz. p. 99; Boiss. Fl. Or. ii. p.988; Aitchison, Pharmac. Journ. & Trans. 3rd ser. xvii. p. 466 (Lond. 1887). (Plates XV., XVI., XVIL) (Descript. amplific.) Caulis simplex, medio 2-3 poll. crassus sursum sensim attenuatus, inter nodos cavus. Folia radicalia petiolata, circiter 14-2 ped. longa et 1-13 ped. lata. Inflorescentia ampla, terminalis, subverticillatim ramosa, ramis pluriumbellatis ; umbellze centralesscepissime femineze, laterales mascule. Petala ampla, fere plana, extus arachno ido-pilosa. THE AFGHAN DELIMITATION COMMISSION. 69 Hari-rud valley : 237, April 15, 19, 1885; May 10, 1885; Badghis, May 16, 1885. Native name Badra-kema, Bi-rijeh. Опе of the Umbelliferze which are so characteristic of the flora, growing like several others gregariously, no other plants being visible over large expanses of country. "This was the one that was so common around Gulran, of the young foliage of which the camels made havoc. Owing to the minute divisions of the leaves we called this the parsley-leaved Ferula. It was the first to show its leaves in spring, and when its radical leaves were perfect and fresh, they formed round the stem what appeared like a cushion of soft moss. The stem shoots up very rapidly and is hollow throughout its whole length. 1 rapidly tapers upwards and bears a most lovely loose panicle of orange-coloured flowers. At this stage the stem is orange-coloured and has a transparent appearance, subsequently assuming a more or less ruddy autumnal tint. From the very first an orange-coloured creamy juice exudes from any injured part; but wherever I saw the thickened juice on the stem, the injury had not been caused by an insect, but by some accident to the plant. Тһе usual place to find the gum is at the base of the stem, where, owing to the violence of the wind being most felt, the bark cracks, and beneath this the gum collects, usually in contact with the stems of the radical leaves and the soil. The native name for the gum is Jao-shir. We have seen only a small portion of a leaf and a fruit-bearing umbel of Boissier's var. B Aucheri of this species, and our plant has hollow, not solid, stems, and conspicu- ously hairy, not glabrous, petals; yet we feel convinced that it is the same species. The stem may be solid at first, and as to the hairs on the petals, they appear to be very fugacious. 16 is the only species with such exceedingly small, short, hairy, ultimate leaf-segments that has come under our observation, and the fruit of our plant agrees exactly in shape and with the description of F. galbaniflua. FERULA ($ EURYANGIUM) SUAVEOLENS, Aitch. et Hemsl., n. sp.; Aitch. Pharmac. Journ. l. c. p. 407. (Plates XX., XXL) Planta perennis, monocarpica (?), undique glabra vel glabrescens, gummifera, radice crassissima. Caulis 4—5-pedalis, ad nodos incrassatus. Folia radicalia 14-2 ped. longa (et forsan sæpius longiora), longe petiolata, tripartita, divisionibus pinnatifidis sepius 5-lobatis, lobis crassiusculis oblongis vel ovali-oblongis 3-11 poll. latis decurrentibus interdum irregulariter paucicrenatis simul minutissime denticulatis subtus hispidulis. Folia сайта similia sed minus secta, superiora simpliciter pinnatifida longeque vaginata. Inflorescentia verticillatim ramosa, ramis sepius 3-5-umbellatis ; umbella multiradiata, centrali breviter pedunculata, feminea, lateralibus minoribus longe pedunculatis masculinis. Flores flavi; petala lata, vix apice inflexa ; pistilli carpella semicircularia vel a latere leviter compressa, vittis solitariis vallecularibus maximis jam instructa, commisura 2-vittata. Fructus deest. Khorasan; 1064, June 18, 1885. Оп the hills to the south of Bezd, аб an altitude of 6000 feet, in shady places and in the vicinity of running water. The root is scented, and it is one of the kinds of Sumbul exported from Persia to Bombay by the Persian Gulf. From the shape of the pistil and very young fruit, one would never suspect that the 70 DR. 7. E. Т. AITCHISON ON THE BOTANY ОЕ mericarps could eventually be strongly dorsally compressed; but it may well be so, for Ferula ($ Huryangium) Sumbul, Hook. f., exhibits this peculiarity in a marked degree, and our plant is clearly allied to it, though readily distinguished by the much larger and broader segments of the leaves, and the verticillate branching of the inflorescence. ПокЕма АммомтАсом, D. Don; Aitchison, Pharmac. Journ. & Trans. 3rd ser. xvii. р. 466 (Lond. 1887); Boiss. Fl. Or. ii. p. 1008. (Plates XXIII., XXIV., XXV.)— Diserneston gummiferum, Jaub. et Spach, Ill. Pl. Or. i. t. 40; Dorema hirsutum, Loftus ex Borsz. Ferul. p. 28. Vittee obsoletze vel perobscure, nunquam latiuscule. | Hari-rud valley: 422, Мау 10, June 6, July 26, 27, 1885. Native name Kandal- kema, Ushak. Опе of the characteristic plants of the country, which it covers in some places to such an extent that on looking round one can see nothing else, and no limit to it. The radical leaves are very large and very similar to those of Ferula fetida, Regel; and both plants on being injured yield a milky juice before the flower- stem is thrown up. Without the aid of smell, it was almost impossible to tell which plant one was looking at. However, the moment the plant begins to throw up its stem, there can be no doubt as to the genus. Unlike many species of Ferula, the inflores- cence of the species of the present genus is unprotected by stipular expansions or foliaceous bracts. Мо sooner is the fruit well formed and beginning to ripen than the plant is attacked by some boring insect, which causes the milky juice to escape. This dries into hard blocks, frequently enclosing the fruit. The Kandal, Ushak or Ammoniacum is usually collected from the stem and frutescence, and often encloses clusters of the fruit. A large series of sections was made of different earpels, and at all heights, but only faint traces of vittee were observed, and these occurred irregularly; yet Borszezow (Ferula, t. 5) figures them comparatively wide. DOREMA GLABRUM, Fisch. et Mey. Ind. Sem. Hort. Petrop. i. р. 26; Linnea, x. (1835- 36), Literatur-Ber. p. 88; Boiss. Fl. Or. ii. p. 1009. (Plates XXVI., XXVIL)— р. Aucheri, Boiss. in Ann. Sc. Nat. 3™ série, i. (1844), р. 329; D. robustum, Loftus in Borsze. Ferul. p. 28; Ferula racemifera, Szovits, MS., ex Borszcow. Planta majestica usque ad 12-pedalem, foliis radicalibus amplissimis longe petiolatis, floribus polygamis. Badghis: 462, May 14, 16, 1885. Native name Kema-i-asp. А gigantic plant grow- ing in the beds of dried-up water-courses and forming a thicket with Tamarisk. Тһе enormous pyramidal panicle covered with soft balls of brilliant yellow flowers could only be likened to Acacia arabica when in its full glory of inflorescence. 16 yields a yellow gum resin, but I did not hear ofthis being collected. As a rule all the outer flowers on the stems are male, those closer to the main stem being female; and it is the male flowers that make the great show in the inflorescence. | Ровемл SERRATUM, Aitch. еб Hemsl., n. sp. (Plate XXVIII.) Раша monocarpica, _ Perenms, undique glaberrima, albicans radice crassa. Caulis inferne simplex, _ 4-6-pedalis, levis, demum candicans, nitidus. Folia radicalia petiolata, trifoliolata ; foliola lateralia subsessilia, intermedium longiuscule petiolulatum, omnia crassius- cula, leviter inzequalia, oblonga vel ovali-oblonga, 6-9 poll. longa, apice rotundata, THE AFGHAN DELIMITATION COMMISSION. 71 basi subeuneata, interdum inzequalia, eleganter rigideque serrata, simul minutissime denticulata, costa crassa subtus elevata, venis laxe reticulatis ; petiolus crassiusculus, 4-5 poll. longus, parvivaginatus. Folia caulina similia sed subpinnata, magni- vaginata, foliolis 2-inferioribus multo majoribus petiolulatis, vaginis caulem arcte involventibus. Inflorescentie rami primarii divaricati, verticillatim dispositi et in apice caulis aggregati, simplices vel pauci-ramulosi; umbelle breviter pedunculate, secus ramos sæpius ternatim disposite, pedicelli 1-11 lineas longi. Flores non visi. Fructus obovato-oblongus, 6-7 lineas longus; vittæ omnino obsolete ; carpo- phorum bipartitum. Hari-rud valley: 718, July 25, 1885; Badghis: 476, May 16, 1885. This is an extremely common plant in the Badghis, where I only saw it in а very young state. I missed it completely in its flowering condition. However, I am glad to say that there are young plants of it in the gardens at Kew, which looked flourishing when I last saw them. ZOZIMIA ABSINTHIFOLIA, Vent.; Boiss. Fl. Or. ii. p. 1037. Badghis: 367, May 1, 16, 1885. Native name Zardak-kohi, Trak-mastar, Terek- mustar. А very common and well-known herb, of which the leaves and root are eaten, both raw and cooked, by the people of the country. Extends throughout the Badghis and the Hari-rud valley into Khorasan. JOHRENIA PLATYPODA, Aitch.et Hemsl., n. sp. (Plate XXIX.) Herba perennis, erecta, undique glaberrima, radicibus fasciculatis carnosis clavatis. Caulis graciliusculus, teres, 21—3-pedalis, sursum ramosissimus, ramulis ultimis gracillimis. Folia 5-8 poll. longa, breviter petiolata, circumscriptione deltoidea, triternato-pinnatisecta, segmentis ultimis linearibus vel filiformibus 6-9 lineas longis; foliorum eaulinorum vaginz latz, basi auriculate, marginibus demum (saltem in siccis) revolutis. Umbelle valde inzequaliter 4—6-radiatee, bracteis bracteolisque parvis linearibus; umbellule inzequaliter 5-8-radiate. Flores desunt. Fructus mericarpia obovato- oblonga, margine fungosa, jugis dorsalibus tenuibus; vittæ valleculares solitarize, sat eonspicuze. | Hari-rud valley: 620, June 8, 1885. In clayey soil inundated with rain-water, growing in great expanses, and looking from the distance as if it were under cultivation. A plant from three to four feet in height, with very curious spongy roots, in addition to the ordinary fibrous roots. : они In habit, and the very unequal umbels, this is very similar to J. fungosa, from which it is readily distinguished by its more finely cut leaves and relatively narrow fungous margin of the mericarps. It also approaches J. Candollei, but that has deeply furrowed stems, Daucus Canora, Linn.; Boiss. Fl. Or. ii. p. 1076. | — 2% Hari-rud valley : 582, June 8, 1885. Native name Zardak. This is not an indigenous plant, but a weed and an escape from cultivation in cultivated land; whereas the plant Т collected in the Kuram valley * was truly indigenous. The carrot is very extensively cultivated both in Afghanistan and in Persia. * Journ. Linn. Soc. (Bot.) xviii. (1881) p. 64. 12 DR. J. E. T. AITCHISON ON THE BOTANY OF CAUCALIS LATIFOLIA, Linn.—Z'urgenia latifolia, Hoffm.; Boiss. Fl. Or. ii. p. 1087. Badghis: 479, Мау 16, 17, 1885. Very common in good soil. PSAMMOGETON SETIFOLIUM, Boiss.; Fl. Or. ii. p. 1079; Aitchison, Pharmac. Journ. & Trans. 3rd ser. xvii. p. 467 (Lond. 1887). | Hari-rud valley: 335, April 27, 1885; Мау 10, 1885; June 3, 1885. Native name Kara-bia. Common over the whole country. The fruits largely collected and employed in native medicine. PsAMMOGETON BITERNATUM, Edgew.; Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. ii. p. 719.—Psammogeton erinitum, Boiss. ; Fl. Or. ii. p. 1078. Hari-rud valley : 742, July 7, 1885. Not common; about a foot in height; flowers tipped with magenta whilst in bud, this colour rapidly disappearing as the flowers expand. Boissier describes the plant as an annual; there are such specimens in the Herbarium at Kew, but it is sometimes biennial. : UMBELLIFERARUM GENUS? Herba perennis ?, circiter bipedalis, omnino glaberrima, ramosissima, caule striato basi tantum foliato, ramulis gracilibus. Folia angusta, absque petiolo plano alato caule appresso 8-4 poll. longa, laxe bipinnatisecta, seg- mentis ultimis parvis angustis vix acutis. Umbelle composite, szepissime valde inzequaliter triradiate ; involucri bractez 3, ovate, acute ; umbellule pauciflore, bracteolis latioribus, margine albo hyaline. Flores lutei, polygami; calycis dentes obsoleti; petala lata, apice acuminato-incurva. Fructus (maturus non visus) deorsum attenuatus ; mericarpia eequaliter 5-alata, alis sinuatis ; valleculze conspicue univittate. Hari-rud valley: 1063, June 5, 1885. In stony ground, common. We have not succeeded in identifying this very distinct plant, and the fruit is in too young a state to determine the genus. CAPRIFOLIACEA. ` LONICERA NUMMULARIFOLIA, Jaub. et Spach; Boiss. Fl. Or. iii. p. 7, forma floribus majoribus. Badghis : 395, Мау 5, 1885, 555, Мау 24,1885; Khorasan: 674, June 16, 17, 18, 1885. Native name Kulfa, Kalpa. Usually met with as a shrub, but in certain localities it attains the dimensions of a small tree, with a short stem four to five feet in circumference, forming thin forests, at an altitude of about 5000 feet. Near Bezd and also on the Paropamisus range. Specimen 674, collected June 17, 1885, has much smaller leaves than the type. . RUBIACE М. GAILLONIA OLIVERII, А. Rich.; Boiss. Fl. Or. iii. p. 13. Khorasan; 691, June 18,1885; Hari-rud valley: 730, July 27, 1885. Very common; in dry shingle, old water-courses, and stony places generally. The annual shoots and woody root-stocks make excellent fuel. THE AFGHAN DELIMITATION COMMISSION. 73 GAILLONIA ($ MicRosrEPHUS) DUBIA, Aitch. et Hemsl., n. sp. (Plate XXX.) Frutex semipedalis ad sesquipedalem, dense ramosus, ramis teretibus, rigidis, scabridis. Folia opposita, crassiuscula, rigida, scabrida, apice aculeata, sessilia, linearia, 1-14 poll. longa, margine arcte revoluta, costa crassa ; stipule рагу, раі, pergamen- (асеге, mucronulate, petiolo basi brevissime eonjunetz. Flores dichotomo-cymosi, breviter pedunculati vel subsessiles, pallide rosei, 6-9 lineas longi; calyx longe sericeo-pilosus ; corolla anguste infundibularis, extus pubescens, lobis oblongis apice inflexis. — Fructus sericeus, calycis dentibus parvis coronatus. Hari-rud valley : 602, June 5, 1885, August 1,1885; Khorasan: August 19, 1885. A low, stiff undershrub, with numerous annual stems, a foot to two feet in height, from large woody root-stocks ; flowers salmon-coloured, mauve, or pink. In gravelly soil, in the most arid tracts of the country where nothing else seemed to be able to exist. We advance this species with some doubts; it is intermediate in character between G. eriantha and б. incana. CALLIPELTIS CUCULLARIA, DC.; Boiss. Fl. Or. iii. p. 83. Badghis: 468, Мау 16, 1885; Khorasan: June 17,1885. Common, from 3000 feet altitude and upwards. RUBIA TINCTORUM, Linn.; Boiss. Fl. Or. iii. p. 17. Hari-rud valley: 255, April 16, 1885; Khorasan: June 22, 23, 1885. Native name Rodang. А plant extensively cultivated for its roots, which are largely employed in dyeing, and are exported for this purpose. RUBIA FLORIDA, Boiss. Fl. Or. iii. p. 18. Badghis: 338, April 29, 1885, Мау 20, 1885; Hari-rud valley: Мау 27, 1885. Ап undershrub, two to three feet in height, covered with a dense mass of leaves and greenish- yellow flowers. Common in rocky situations on the low hills, at 3000 feet elevation. GALIUM TRICORNE, Stokes ; Boiss. Fl. Or. iii. p. 67. Hari-rud valley: 228, April 13, 16, 1885. Іп cultivated land; very common. GALIUM APARINE, Linn. ; Boiss. Fl. Or. iii. p. 68. Badghis: 1065, May 1, 1885. GALIUM, sp. Badghis: 346, April 29, 1885. Very common, in the shade of rocks, on the low hills. Dyes the hands a yellow-green in collecting. | ASPERULA TRICHODES, J. Gay; Boiss. Fl. Or. iii. p. 31. Khorasan: 738, July 3, 1885. In stony, gravelly soil; very common. ASPERULA ARVENSIS, Linn.—Asperula setosa, Jaub. et Spach; Boiss. Fl. Or. iii. р. 30. Paropamisus range: 564, Мау 25, 1885. Оп the Sang-i-khotal pass, аё ап altitude of 5000 feet elevation ; profuse in stony soil. ASPERULA HUMIFUSA, Bieb., var. В. PYCNANTHA, Boiss. ? ; Boiss. Fl. Or. iii. p. 44. Khorasan : 658, June 16, 1885. Оп the banks of streams, in stony places, above 3000 feet altitude; common. L SECOND SERIES.—BOTANY, VOL. ПТ. 74 DR. 7. E. Т. AITCHISON ON THE BOTANY ОЕ CRUCIANELLA GLAUCA, Rich.; Boiss. Fl. Or. iii. p. 24. Badghis: 488, May 17, 1885. In large quantity, on the top and northern exposure of Mount Sim-koh, at an altitude of 3500 feet. Var. В. LAXIFLORA, Boiss. Fl. Or. iii. p. 25. Khorasan: 672, June Ap 1885. A weed in cultivated soil, аб an altitude of 5000 feet. CRUCIANELLA FILIFOLIA, Regel et Winkler іп Herb. Kew. ; cf. Acta horti Petrop. iii. p. 419, n. 2526, Regel et Schmalh. ? Hari-rud valley: 580, May 28, 1885. An excessively common, erect, rather stiff annual, in gravelly soil. Flowers yellowish green. VALERIANEÆ. VALERIANELLA DIODON, Boiss. Fl. Or. iii. р. 99.—V. oxyrrhyncha, var. diodon, Krok. Hari-rud valley : 1066, May 10, 1885. VALERIANELLA DUFRESNIA, Bunge ; Boiss. Fl. Or. iii. p. 109. Hari-rud valley : 1067, May 9, 1885. Common, growing under shrubs, in loamy soil. VALERIANELLA, Sp. Hari-rud valley : 215, April 13, 19, 1885. VALERIANELLA, Sp. Hari-rud valley: 1068, April 17, 18, 19, 1885. Occasional, under bushes in loamy soil. DIPSACACE. CEPHALARIA SYRIACA, Schrad.; Boiss. Fl. Or. iii. p. 120 (Scabiosa, Linn.). Hari-rud valley: 587, June 3, 1885. А common weed in corn-fields. ScaBrosa OLIVIERI, Coult.; Boiss. Fl. Or. iii. p. 141. Hari-rud valley : 453, May 12, 1885; 578, Мау 28, 1885; July 27, 1885. Extremely common in stony ground over the whole country. ScABIOSA ROTATA, Bieb., var.; Boiss. Fl. Or. iii. p. 145. Hari-rud valley : 424, May 10, 1885. Very common, in stony soil; flowers whitish The segments of the calyx in these specimens are included well within the involucre, not exserted, as in the type. е СОМРОВІТ Ж. ASTER, sp. Khorasan: 789, August 21, 1885. PrvcenrA Caspra, Benth. in Journ. Linn. Boe. xiii. p. 416.— Karelinia Caspia, Less. ; Boiss. Fl. Or. iii. p. 218. Khorasan: 786, August 20, 1885; Helmand: 90, October 28, 1884. Extremely THE AFGHAN DELIMITATION COMMISSION. 75 local, occurring near water, on the edges of fields and margins of irrigation-channels ; 16 grows in thick dense clumps of from 3 to 4 feet in height, and makes excellent cover for Black Partridge, as at De-doda and Ibrahim-a-bad. Тһе surfaces of the leaves are vertical. ІттовА FowTANzsiL, Cass.—Trichogyne cauliflora, DC.; Ifloga spicata, Schrad.; Boiss. Fl. Or. iii. p. 248. Northern Baluchistan: 44, October, 1884. In sandy soil, common. INULA RUPESTRIS, Aitch. & Hemsl., Journ. Linn. Soc. xix. p. 169. Khorasan: 808, August 97, 1885. In quantity, in hot exposed country, on broken limestone rock. CopoNocEPHALUM PEACOCKIANUM, Aitch. et Hemsl.,n. sp. (Plates XXXI. & XXXII.) Herba robusta, ramosa, 5 ped. alta, grandifolia, fere omnino glabra. Folia crassius- cula, prominenter laxe retieulato-venosa, primum subtus precipue secus costam сгаззат puberula, oblongo-ovalia, obtusissima, sinuata, ceterum integra; radicalia petiolata; caulina sessilia, amplexicaulia, basi auriculata, auriculis rotundatis. Capitula 4—1 poll. longa, laxissime corymbosa, alia sessilia alia pedunculata; invo- lucri bracteze pluriseriate, rigide, acutissime, ciliolatæ, exteriores breviores ; recep- taculum areolatum, fimbrilligerum. Achenia (matura non visa) puberula, striata; pappus breviter pilosus. | Khorasan: 646, June 16, 17, 1885; July 19, 1885. Native name Landar. А very characteristic herb of the country, covering immense tracts in the Badghis and Khorasan at an altitude of 3000 feet; the large perennial root-stocks throw up great stout annual shoots five feet in height, covered with leaves, some of which are fully two feet long ; they form a dense close cover unmixed with any other plants, in a rich soil where water is not far from the surface. "This herbage is greedily eaten by goats and sheep, so much so that I had some difficulty in getting flowering and fruiting specimens. Easily distinguished from C. inuloides, the only other species, by its sessile cauline leaves, and loosely corymbose inflorescence. Moreover, the pappus is not so distinctly plumose. Vicoa PENTANEMA, Aitch. & Hemsl.—Pentanema divaricatum, Cass. ; Inula divari- cata, Boiss. Fl. Or. iii. p. 200. Khorasan: 784, August 19, 1885. Near water, amongst grass, in stony soil. The specific name divaricata could not be applied to this species, as it had already been appropriated for an African species. PULICARIA FOLIOLOSA, DC.; Hook. f. Flora British India, iii. p. 298. Hari-rud valley : 761, August 3, 1885. In the beds of dry water-courses; common. Flowers dull yellow. | PULICARIA GNAPHALODES, Boiss. Fl. Or. iii. p. 203. ; Khorasan: 804, August 27, 1885. Local, on hot pulverized limestone in extremely bare soil. Exquisitely scented, somewhat like lemon-Verbena, but more powerful. L2 76 DR. 7. E. T. AITCHISON ON THE BOTANY OF ACHILLEA SANTOLINA, Linn.; Boiss. Fl. Or. iii. p. 266. Paropamisus range: April 2, 1885; Hari-rud valley : 434, Мау 10, 1885. Іп clayey soil, extremely common. ACHILLEA MICRANTHA, Bieb.; Boiss. Fl. Or. iii. p. 264. Badghis: 541, Мау 22, 1885. In meadow-land, near water, where Orchis grows ; а very handsome and showy species. ANTHEMIS CAULESCENS, Aitch. et Hemsl., n. sp. (Plate XXXIII.) Herba perennis, 1-2-pedalis (forsan interdum ultra) cano-pubescens, caule basi simplice sursum divarieatim ramosa. Folia petiolata vel subsessilia, inferiora 3—9 poll. longa, 2-3- pinnatipartita, segmentis ultimis parvis linearibus acutis. Capitula numerosa, longe pedunculata (pedunculis bracteis parvis instructis), discoidea, hemispheerica; involucri bracteæ pauciseriatze, ovato-oblong:e, obtuse, arcte appressse, incurve ; receptaculi рае» lineares vel filiformes, flores paullo breviores. Flores flavi, omnes tubulosi, parcissime papillosi. Achenia glabra, matura non visa. Badghis: May 4, 1885; Hari-rud valley: 610, June 6, 1885. Ап occasional plant, spread generally over the country. Leaves strongly scented. This is quite unlike any other species of Anthemis, yet we think it can belong to no other genus. MATRICARIA LASIOCARPA, Boiss. ; Fl. Or. iii. p. 324. Hari-rud valley: 198, April 7, 16, 17, 1885. This is an extremely common species, growing usually in loamy soil, under the shade of shrubs. TANACETUM UMBELLIFERUM, Boiss.— Pyrethrum umbelliferwm, Boiss. Fl. Or. i. p. 352. Hari-rud valley: 460, Мау 13, 1885; Badghis: May 20, 22,1885. On the rolling downs of the Badghis; very common in certain localities. А very showy species. ARTEMISIA CAMPESTRIS, Linn., var.; Boiss. Fl. Or. iii. p. 363. Hari-rud valley : 609, June 6, 1885; 735, July 27, 1885. This and 4. maritima are the two most characteristic plants of the great gravel- and boulder-plains of the whole country. Native name for both Trek. They have large woody root-stocks from which numerous annual stems spring; these annual shoots form the chief camel- fodder of the arid tracts of the country, and the woody root-stocks are splendid fuel. The two plants are easily distinguished from each other when growing; this species having white stems and the general aspect of the plant grey, whereas the stems of the other are deep red, almost black. | At first sight this is so unlike European 4. campestris that one would take it for a distinct species. The foliage is much reduced, and the slender red-brown, eventually shining stems and branches are woody and wiry. The same state is in the Kew Her- barium, collected by Griffith (547), and it was named 4. campestris b > , > th l t . ya tham. Mr. C. Winkler, Н нана Curator of the St. Petersburg Herbarium, who obliei A | E. : ; gingl _ compared a number of our Composite with Turkestan types, independently ЙТЫ ut . the same conclusion. THE AFGHAN DELIMITATION COMMISSION. 77 ARTEMISIA MARITIMA, Linn.; Boiss. Fl. Or. iii. p. 366. Hari-rud valley : 370, May 1, 1885: 734, J uly 27, 1885. Native name Trek. With A. campestris characteristic of the whole country, growing in the most arid parts; con- stituting the chief camel-fodder, and valued for fuel. ARTEMISIA SCOPARIA, Waldst. et Kitaib ; Boiss. Fl. Or. iii. p. 364. Khorasan: 807, August 27, 1885. Very seldom seen, but occasional in the Hari-rud valley. SENECIO CORONOPIFOLIUS, Desf.; Boiss. Fl. Or. iii. p. 390. Hari-rud valley : 197, April 7, 13, 11, 1885. Common in the shelter of bushes and in cultivated soil. DIPTEROCOME PUSILLA, Fisch. et Mey.; Boiss. Fl. Or. iii. p. 420. Hari-rud valley: 447, May 12, 1885. In clayey soil, common. GUNDELIA TouRNEFORTI, Linn.; Boiss. Fl. Or. iii. p. 421. Badghis: 548, May 22, 1885; Khorasan, June 16, 1885. Native name Kangar. This, like Codonocephalum Peacockianum, occupies vast tracts of country, its size depending greatly on the soil and locality ; but it averages from two to four feet in height. It is of spreading habit, and the radical leaves"alone often measure three feet, and stick out like bayonets. It forms dense impassable thickets, owing to its stout hard spines. In autumn it is collected and stored, as we do hay, for fodder for cattle. When dry it easily breaks up, and is then very like crushed straw fodder. ECHINOPS GRIFFITHIANUS, Boiss. Fl. Or. iii. p. 434? . Khorasan: 705, June 30, 1885. Іп shingle, common. CHARDINIA XERANTHEMOIDES, Desf.; Boiss. Fl. Or. iii. p. 446. Hari-rud valley: 334, April 27, 1885; Badghis, Мау 16, 1885. А very common plant; flowers somewhat tinged with rose when collected. THEVENOTIA SCABRA, Boiss. Fl. Or. iii. p. 455. Hari-rud valley: July 31, 1885; Khorasan: 1069, August 24, 1885. А very local plant, characteristie of clayey plains; widely scattered, singly and in pairs. CousINIA MICROCARPA, Boiss. Fl. Or. iii. p. 496. ( Badghis: 498, May 18, 21, 1885; Khorasan, June 6, 1885. | Very common. This plant varies in size from eight inches to a spreading bush of three to four feet. СопзтхтА DzesERTI, Bunge; Boiss. Fl. Or. iii. p. 468. | Hari-rud valley: 740, July 28, 1885; Khorasan: 621, June 9, 1885. Characteristic of the arid desert country in shingle, associated with other species of Cousinia and Artemisia. Тһе annual shoots and leaves are very brittle, and easily swept off by the wind. Flowers yellow, tipped with purple. This is the Holly-leafed Thistle of the Mission. 78 DR. 7. E. Т. AITCHISON ON THE BOTANY OF COUSINIA ALATA, C. A. Mey.; Boiss. Fl. Or. iii. p. 478. Hari-rud valley: 577, May 28, 1885; June 5, 1885. Most common all over the gravelly country. CoUSINIA UNCINATA, Regel.— Cousinia umbrosa, Bunge; Boiss. Fl. Or. iii. p. 468. Badghis: 508, May 18, 1885; Mt. Do-shakh: 767, August 5, 1885. Our plant is certainly С. uncinata, Regel, which is probably С. umbrosa, Bunge; but we have no authenticated specimens of Bunge's plant to refer to. It is a tall graceful plant with very large leaves, and presents à general resemblance to Arctium. : It oecurs in moist meadow-land, in the shade of rocks and trees; except in such localities, not common. CoUSINIA APTERA, Aitch. & Hemsl.; Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. xix. % 175 Khorasan: 712, July 18, 1885. Іп stony exposed barren soil, at an altitude of 4500 feet ; very common. Сотвтхта coNGESTA, Bunge; Boiss. Fl. Or. Ш. p. 469. Hari-rud valley: 598, June 4, 5, 1885. Very characteristic of the gravel and shingle plains of the arid tracts of the country; growing three feet in height. It Ваза peculiar woolly erown, or ring, round the base of the annual stem. This ring is formed by the bases of the petioles of the root-leaves, which persist and form a covering for the crown of the following year's stem. COUSINIA ERYNGIOIDES, Boiss. Fl. Or. iii. p. 490. Khorasan: 631, June 13, 1885. In stony and gravel slopes, at an altitude of 3000 feet; growing gregariously over a great extent of country. 16 is almost impossible to ride through an undergrowth of this, owing to the great spinous pliant heads striking the horses, and driving them almost mad. COUSINIA TENELLA, Fisch. et Mey.; Boiss. Fl. Or. iii. p. 494. Hari-rud valley: 432, May 10, 16, 1885. А common weed in the vicinity of culti- vation and in cultivated soil. Ву its semiscandent habit it forms itself into dense masses over shrubs. COUSINIA ARCTOTIDIFOLIA, Bunge, var.; Boiss. Fl. Or. iii. p. 499. Khorasan: 622, June 9, 1885. Тһе radical leaves not so deeply pinnatifid as in the specimens originally described. Common over the whole country, on shingle, &c. CoUSINIA HETEROPHYLLA, Boiss. Fl. Or. iii. р. 470. Hari-rud valley: 753, July 1885. One of the characteristic plants of the gravelly and stony desert country, having large spongy root-stocks that make capital fuel. It has a very oak-like grey leaf, and is the Oak-thistle of the Mission. CoUsINIA MINUTA, Boiss. Fl. Or. iii. p. 489. Hari-rud valley: 448, May 12, 1885; June 6, 1885. Common everywhere; and | varying extremely in leafiness, which depends whether it grows in dry gravelly soil or in moist meadow-land. THE AFGHAN DELIMITATION COMMISSION. 79 COUSINIA CHAMÆPEUCE, Boiss. Fl. Or. iii. р. 465. Badghis: 486, May 17, 1885; 515, May 19, 1886. Very common on dry clayey hills and banks, and remarkable for its large woolly flower-heads. COUSINIA, sp. Hari-rud valley: 1070, July 26, 1885. In gravelly plains; common. COUSINIA ($ SERRATULOIDEA, Bunge ?) WiwNKLERIANA, Aitch. et Hemsl. Herba perennis, rigida, pedalis ad sesquipedalis, canescens, tarde glabrescens, caulibus pauciramosis oligocephalis. Folia rigidissima (radicalia non visa), oblonga, usque ad 4 poll. longa, plana, arcte ad ramos appressa, longe lateque decurrentia, elevato- venosa, secus margines tantum longiuscule rigideque aculeata. Capitula sparsa (ramulis sæpius tricephalis), lateralia sessilia, terminalia breviter pedunculata, arachnoideo-tomentosa, multiflora, ovoidea ore constricto ; involucri bracteæ numerosissimæ, exteriores atque intermediæ breves, angustissimæ, spiniformes, arcte appressæ, interiores glaberrimæ, cartilagineæ, lineares, acutissimæ, 10-15 lineas longæ; receptaculi setæ fere filiformes, achæniis cum pappo longiores. Achenia ecostata, compressa, obovata, apice rotundata, glabra, opaca, obscure maculata ; pappi setæ breves, sæpius bistortæ, longe bifariam barbellatæ. Hari-rud valley : 759, August 3, 1885. Very common in gravelly and clayey plains. We have much pleasure in naming this after Mr. Const. Winkler, Curator of the St. Petersburg Herbarium, who compared this and other Compositæ with Turkestan species not represented in the Kew Herbarium. COUSINIA CYNAROIDES, C. A. Mey.; Boiss. Fl. Or. iii. p. 506, var. foliis radicalibus a forma typica diversa. Hari-rud valley ; 601, June 4, 1885; Khorasan: 1079, June 21, 1885. Very common in stony ground and shingle. The plant has a general grey appearance, from the woolly tomentum with which it is covered. We have followed Mr. С. Winkler's suggestion in referring this to С. cynaroides, as we have only seen Hohenacker's Caucasian specimens. COUSINIA, sp. Badghis: 365, Мау 1, 1885. Native name Pulush. A perennial with numerous creeping root-stocks, which throw up annual flowering-stems, three to four inches in height, with numerous clusters of leaves. The plant grows in large irregular patches, and is of a remarkable grey colour, rendering it very conspicuous at a distance. It is found in rocky places on the low hills above 3000 feet. It would, we think, prove а good plant for garden purposes. CousiNIA, sp. Cousinia “ nova species, C. arachnoidee, Fisch. et Mey., valde affinis (an potius forma glabriuscula hujus speciei ?).”--0. Winkler in litt. Hari-rud valley: 596, June 4, 1885. One specimen only. А plant three feet in height ; flowers yellow. | ; The inner involucral bracts of С. arachnoidea are conspicuously dilated, scarious, and 80 DR. 7. E. Т. AITCHISON ON THE BOTANY OF coloured at the tips, while in this they are not; hence we suspect a different species may have been sent to St. Petersburg under this name. CARDUUS PYCNOCEPHALUS, Jacq.; Boiss. Fl. Or. iii. р. 520. Hari-rud valley: 437, Мау 11, 1885. A troublesome weed in cultivated land. CNICUS ACARNA, Linn.— Cirsium Acarna, Mcench ; Boiss. FI, Or. iii. p. 549. Hari-rud valley: 750, July 30, 1885. On the margins of cultivation ; common, in. good soil. Oxicus ARVENSIS, Hoffm.— Cirsium arvense, Scop.; Boiss. Fl. Or. iil. p. 552. А common weed, in cultivated land. ONOPORDON LEPTOLEPIS, DC.?; Boiss. Fl. Or. iii. p. 564. Khorasan: 704, June 30, 1885. Our plant is identical with Griffiths specimens numbered 680 and 932, and Stocks's 1066. We have seen no authenticated specimens of 0. leptolepis, and Boissier does not mention Griffith and Stocks's specimens. It is a very characteristic plant of these regions, being common in the Hari-rud valley as well as in Khorasan, growing in gravelly soil. It reaches five feet in height, is slender in habit, and covered with large extremely showy flower-heads. JURINEA VARIABILIS, Aitch. et Hemsl., п. вр. (Plate XXXIV.) Herba perennis ?, 6-18 poll. alta, саше tantum infra medium foliosa, ssepius tricephala, ad collum lanata. Folia lanceolato-oblonga, usque ad 4 poll. longa, integra, dentata vel alte pinnati- fida, preecipue subtus cano-lanata; radicalia in petiolum attenuata ; caulina sessilia, amplexicaulia. Capitula usque ad 14 poll. diametro; involucri bractez pluri- seriatee, rectæ, acutissimse, glabrescentes, extimse brevissimæ, longiores, roses; receptaculi squamz vere paleacez, acute, acheniis duplo triplove longiores. Achenia (matura non visa) levia, glabra, pappo multoties breviora; pappus copiosus, longe plumosus, setis 2—5 interioribus longioribus. Paropamisus range: 572, May 26, 1885. Common everywhere. Sheep do not eat it. Allied to J. adenocarpa and J. chetocarpa, differing in its relatively naked, smooth achenes. The accessible material is too scanty to allow of our testing the constancy of these characters. Our plant is identical with Griffith’s no. 3317. JURINEA MONOCEPHALA, Aitch. et Hemsl.,n.sp. Affinis J. variabili, differt foliis linearibus vel lineari-lanceolatis, collo vix lanato, caulibus monocephalis, involucri bracteis brevioribus, patentibus, achzeniis longioribus, pappo breviore minus plumoso. Khorasan: 682, June 18, 1885. Іп shady localities, on limestone rock, at an altitude of 5000 feet ; growing in patches, and the thick, close clumps of its broad leaves matted | together look like turf, from which the tall slender-stemmed handsome flower-heads spring. | . Centaurea ($ Місвогоритв) PLUMOSA, Aitch. et Hemsl.,n.sp Herba perennis vel bien- nis, erecta, 1-2-pedalis, fere omnino glaberrima, pauciramosa, ramis sulcatis mono- THE AFGHAN DELIMITATION COMMISSION. 81 cephalis erectis. Folia radicalia breviter petiolata, caulina sessilia, plus minusve oblique decurrentia, omnia coriacea, pallida, rigida, oblonga, maxima 6 poll. longa, sepius integra, undulata, utrinque prominentia laxeque reticulato-venosa. Capitula citrina, fere cylindrica, 11-2 poll. longa, pedunculis parvi-foliosis; involucri bractese pluriseriatee, appressse, согізсеге, primum puberule vel seaberulw, acute vel sub- aculeatze, exteriores brevissimre, ovato-oblong:e, interiores subscariose, lineares, usque 15 lineas longe ; flores homomorphi, 5-6 lineas exserti; receptaculum planum, paleis numerosissimis angustissimis circiter 9 lineas longis instruetum. Achenia glabra (matura desunt), leviter costata, 3-4 lineas longa; pappi sete: numerosissime, in:equales, longiuscule plumose, longiores 9 lineas long:e. Near C. alata, Lam., in the cauline leaves and flower-heads; but the latter are fewer and larger, and the үа and pappus are wholly different. Khorasan: 667, June 17, 1885. А weed, in fields, at an altitude of 5000 feet, having large, handsome, lemon-coloured flower-heads. CENTAUREA PHYLLOCEPHALA, Boiss. Fl. Or. iii. p. 684. Badghis: 480, May 16, 1885; Hari-rud valley : 595, June 3, 1885. Abundant every- where, but especially so near villages. Its habit of growth is very varied, as in gravel soil and in the arid country it lies flat on the ground, while in moist ground it is an erect bush almost three feet high. CENTAUREA VIRGATA, Lam.; Boiss. Fl. Or. iii. p. 651. Khorasan: 690, June 18, 1885, July 1, 1885. "Very common, in all sorts of soil, throughout the Hari-rud valley, as well as in Khorasan. : CENTAUREA BALSAMITA, Lam.; Boiss. Fl. Or. iii. p. 679. Khorasan: 630, June 15, 1885. Common in cultivated soil. CENTAUREA DEPRESSA, Bieb.; Boiss. Fl. Or. iii. р. 635. | Hari-rud valley: 223, April 13, 1885, June 5, 1885. А very attractive and charac- teristic weed in corn-fields. CENTAUREA PULCHELLA, Ledeb.; Boiss. Fl. Or. iii. p. 620. kb Hari-rud valley: 288, April 21, 1885, May 28, 1885; Badghis: May 16, 1885. Common in shingle and stony soil. CENTAUREA Picris, Pall. — Acroptilon Picris, DC.; Boiss. Fl. Or. iii. p. 612. Hari-rud valley : 1071, June 3, 1885; Khorasan : June 21, 1885. Excessively common, on the margins of fields and sides of irrigation-channels. CENTAUREA MOSCHATA, Linn.—Amberboa moschata, Boiss. Fl. Or. iii. p. 605. Hari-rud valley : 262, April 17, 18, 19, 1885; Мау 10, 15, 1885. Native name Mai-i- mesh. Very common in shade. CENTAUREA ALBISPINA, Aitch. & mb — Microlonchus albispinus, Bunge ; Boiss. Fl. Or. iii. p. 701. Hari-rud valley: 428, May 10, 1885. Very local in gravelly soil on the sides of low hills near Tirphul. The flowers vary from white and yellow to pink. т м Ф SECOND SERIES.—BOTANY, VOL. III. 82 DR. 2. E. T. AITCHISON ON THE BOTANY OF CENTAUREA IBERICA, Trevir.; Boiss. Fl. Or. iii. p. 690. Hari-rud valley: 605, June 5, 1885. Common in cultivated ground near villages. CARTHAMUS TINCTORIUS, Linn.; Boiss. Fl. Or. iii. p. 709. Khorasan: 792, August 23, 1885. Native name Kajura. Cultivated in Afghanistan as well as Khorasan for the dye-stuff obtained from the flowers. CARTHAMUS OXYACANTHA, Bieb.; Boiss. Fl. Or. iii. p. 709. Hari-rud valley : 589, June 3, 1885; Khorasan, June 21, 1885. Very common. Стеновтом IwTvBus, Linn.; Boiss. Fl. Or. iii. p. 715. Khorasan: 697, June 21, 1885. Native name Kashni. In loamy soil common every- where ; also cultivated in gardens as a pot-herb. KOELPINIA LINEARIS, Pallas; Boiss. Fl. Or. iii. p. 721. Hari-rud valley: 282, April 19, 21, 26, 1885. Very common amongst boulders in gravelly soil. . Ruacapiotus Hepypnots, Fisch. et Mey.—Garhadiolus Hedypnois, Jaub. et Spach; Boiss. Fl. Or. iii. p. 723. Badghis: 363, Мау 1, 1885. НЕТЕВАСТА Szovrrsir, Fisch.; Boiss. Fl. Or. iii. p. 724. Hari-rud valley: 426, May 10, 1885; Badghis: May 20, 1885. Common in stony soil. | CREPIS STOCKSIANA, Aitch. & Hemsl.—Heteroderis Stocksiana, Boiss. Fl. Or. iii. p. 794. . | Hari-rud valley: 324, April 26, 1885, Мау 9, 10, 28, 1885; 602, June 5, 1885; Khorasan: June 21, 1885. In loamy soil near the roots of shrubs. PrEROTHECA Елтсомевт, Hook. fil. Flora British India, iii. p. 399. Hari-rud valley : 293, April 21, 1885, Мау 10, 1885. Abundant, in gravelly soil, on low hills. | | TARAXACUM OFFICINALE, Web.; Boiss. Fl. Or. iii. р. 787. Badghis: 110, January 20, 1885; Hari-rud valley: April 2, 1885. Generally distri- buted, wherever there is moist soil, over the whole country. Lacruca Lonerrosrra, Aitch. et Hemsl., n. sp. Herba annua, undique fere glabra vel gla- _ . brescens, а basi ramosa, 3-6 poll.alta. Folia radicalia rosulata, obovato-spathulata, _ 3-2 poll.longa, irregulariter dentata vel plus minus lobulata, simul denticulata, supra _ glabra, subtus pilis longis albis parce instructa; folia caulina subnulla vel parva, amplexicaulia. Capitula numerosa, circiter 10-flora, 6-8 lineas longa; involucri ra bracteze 10-12, extime minime, calyculate, intimze lineares, vix acute. blackish purple. өк Е. Brown. МА and there is some К кА B t ould -mátitioh here that ма seed figured (бош. Linn. Soc. xix. pl. 26. figs. 9-12) as that of туне ат E THE AFGHAN DELIMITATION COMMISSION, 121 Hari-rud valley: 164, April 7, 1885. Native name Phanar. In the gravelly plains, between the Paropamisus range and the Hari-rud river in great abundance, and very conspicuous from its splendid deep-purple-coloured spathe. CYPERACEE *. CYPERUS GLABER, Linn.; Boiss. Fl. Or. v. p. 371. Hari-rud valley : 775, August 18, 1885. Near running water; common. CYPERUS LEVIGATUS, Linn.; var. ALBIDUS, Boeck.; Doiss.Fl. Or. v. p. 366. Hari-rud valley: 778, August 18, 1885. CYPERUS LoNGUs, Linn. var.; Boiss. Fl. Or. v. р. 975.— Forma microstachya. Khorasan: 624, June 14, 1885. CYPERUS ROTUNDUS, Linn.; Boiss. Fl. Or. v. p. 376. Helmand: 85, October 25, 1884; Khorasan: August 27,1885. In cultivated ground ; very common. CYPERUS PUNGENS, Boeck.— Cyperus conglomeratus, Rottb.; Boiss. Fl. Or. v. р. 369. Northern Baluchistan: 36, October 4, 1884. In deep pure sand it develops curious spongy rootlets exactly like those of Aristida plumosa when іп the same soil. ELEOCHARIS PALUSTRIS, R. Br.; Boiss. Fl. Or. v. p. 386. Hari-rud valley: 446, Мау 11, 1882. Near water, abundant. SOIRPUS LACUSTRIS, Linn.; Boiss. Fl. Or. v. p. 383. Khorasan: 689, June 18, 19, 1885. In deep, still water; common. SCIRPUS MARITIMUS, Linn.; Boiss. Fl. Or. v. p. 384 (varietates). Hari-rud valley: 776, August 18, 1885. Forming a turf on the sides of streams. Khorasan: 788, August 21, 1885. Common on the edges of streams and irrigation- channels. ScrRPUS HoroscuHcNus, Linn.; Boiss. FI. Or. v. p. 381. Khorasan: 660, June 17, 1885; Hari-rud valley: August 3, 5, 18, 1885. Extremely common and conspicuous over the whole country, by the side of running water, at « altitudes above 3000 feet. CAREX PHYSODES, Bieb.; Boiss. Fl. Or. v. p. 399. | Hari-rud valley: 1194 с, d, e, April 6, 10, 18, 21, 1885. Forms а turf in many localities, especially in the Badghis. Very striking, from its large, chocolate-coloured, inflated utricles. CAREX STENOPHYLLA, Wahlb.; Boiss. Fl. Or. v. p. 400. Badghis : 138 а, 6, March 19, 1885, May 4, 1885. Forms, with Carex physodes, the turf of the Gulran meadows. This species was much affected by a fungus. * Т am indebted to Dr. О. Boeckeler for the determination of the species of this order. SECOND SERIES.—BOTANY, VOL. III. R 122 е DR. 7. Е. T. AITCHISON ON THE BOTANY OF CAREX DIVISA, Huds. ; Boiss. Fl. Or. v. p. 401. Badghis : 523, Мау 20, 1885; Paropamisus range: 558, May 24, 1885; Khorasan: 661, June 17, 1885. In meadows, at an altitude above 3000 feet. Carex PUNCTATA, Gaud., var. wtriculis impunctatis, Boeck. ; Boiss. Fl. Or. v. р. 427. Badghis: 535, May 22, 1885; Paropamisus mu: May 25, 1885. Оп the sides of streams, at an altitude above 4000 feet. GRAMINEA. PANICUM MILIACEUM, Linn.; Boiss. Fl. Or. у. p. 441. A cultivated grain in the Badghis: 1135. It is also extensively cultivated in India. PANICUM CRUCIFORME, Sibth. & Smith ; Boiss. Fl. Or. v. p. 437. Khorasan: 794, August 23, 1885. On the sides of irrigation-channels ; common. Panicum CRUS-GALLI, Linn.; Boiss. Fl. Or. у. р. 435. ° Khorasan: 814, August 29, 1885. In running water; common and vigorous. PANICUM ANTIDOTALE, Retz. var.; Boiss. Fl. Or. v. p. 440.— Var. spiculis majoribus fide Munro. Helmand: 82, October 25, 1885. Іп flooded clay-lands, forming meadows. On the rhizomes are nodules from one to two inches in length and half an іпеһ thick, and covered densely with short silky hairs. SETARIA VIRIDIS, Beauv.; Boiss. Fl. Or. v. p. 443.—Syn. Panicum viride, Linn. Khorasan: 1136, August 23, 1885. PENNISETUM DICHOTOMUM, Del.; Boiss. Fl. Or. у. p. 444. Northern Baluchistan: 40, October 6, 8, 1884. Native name Barshonk. In the desert, in stony ground and amongst rocks, not in sand. Collected largely for fodder, and one of the most valuable of the desert plants. It grows here very differently from what it does as usually met with іп the Punjab. Its stems are often three to four feet high, and resemble miniature bamboos ; our horses, however, relished it. PENNISETUM sPICATUM, Del.—Penicillaria spicata, Willd.— Pennisetum РТО, * Rich.; Boiss. FL Or. у. p. 447. Occasionally seen cultivated in Khorasan. Тһе Bajza of the Punjab. ERIANTHUS RAVENNA, Beauv.; Boiss. Fl. Or. v. p. 454. | Northern Baluchistan : 64, October 11, 1884; Khorasan: 816, September 1, 1885. _ Native name in Baluchistan Kash ; Afghanistan Kandur, Munj. n stream-beds, along with Tamariz, common. It grows in great tussocks and helps to form the thickets in the stream-beds, where the wild hog finds its cover. 1- _ ERIANTHUS ? еи ж, АМ 23,1885. Native name Каши. Cultivated in gardens, and THE AFGHAN DELIMITATION COMMISSION. 123 ANDROPOGON LANIGER, Desf.; Boiss. Fl. Or. v. p. 465. Northern Baluchistan: 59, October 11, 1884; Hari-rud valley : 762, August 4, 1885. Common in stony soil. Highly aromatie and lemon-scented. SORGHUM VULGARE, Linn. Khorasan: 800, August 23,1885. Native names: Jowur, Jowhri-Turkimani. In the Badghis near Bala-morghab, cultivated extensively in fields; in Persia and the Hari-rud sparingly amongst other crops, as in melon- and tobacco-fields. There are white- and black-grained varieties. : PHALARIS MINOR, Retz.; Boiss. Fl. Or. v. p. 472. Hari-rud valley: 220, April 13, 1885; Khorasan: June 21, 1885. Near irrigation and in cultivated land ; common. ALOPECURUS PRATENSIS, Linn.—Alopecurus arundinaceus, Poir.; Boiss. Fl. Or. v. p. 487. Hari-rud valley: 316, April 25, 1885; Badghis: Мау 20, 1885. Forming turf in moist land and near irrigation-channels. ARISTIDA PUNGENS, Desf.; Boiss. Fl. Or. v. p. 498. Hari-rud valley: 756, August 1, 1885. Оп sand-hills, growing in the loose sand near Zindijan. ARISTIDA PLUMOSA, Linn.; Boiss. Fl. Or. v. p. 495. Northern Baluchistan: 11, 21, September 29, 1884; 29, October 8, 1884; Hari-rud valley; July 28, 29, 1885. Native name, in Baluchistan, Лај. Common on the sand- hills of the desert and most characteristie of that eountry, growing in small bright green tufts, and most luxuriantly in localities where one would say nothing could possibly exist. Inthe pure sand it throws out long spongy rootlets an eighth of an inch thick, by means of which it seems to maintain a supply of moisture for itself. This is the chief fodder of the sheep that exist in these parts. | | ЭТТРА РЕММАТА, Linn.; Boiss. Fl. Or. v. p. 502 (varietates). Hari-rud valley: 415, May 9,1885; 1137, May 26, 1885, June 5, 1885. On the gravelly plains, at ап altitude of 3000 feet; in great abundance between Kohtal-sangi and Dana-sanjiti. Khorasan: June 18,1885. In the stony soil of the great gravelly plains, most characteristic; growing in large tufts. ORYZOPSIS CHRULESCENS, Benth. & Hook. f.—Piptatherwm cerulescens, Desf.; Boiss. Fl. От. у. р. 507. Khorasan: 648, June 16, 1885. Near moisture, at an altitude above 5000 feet. HELEOCHLOA SCHCNOIDES, Host; Boiss. Fl. Or. v. p. 476. | Helmand: 86, October 25, 1884; Khorasan: 695,June 21,1885. In wet clayey soil; common. R2 124 DR. 7. E. Т, AITCHISON ОМ THE BOTANY ОЕ POLYPOGON MONSPELIENSE, Desf. ; Boiss. Fl. Or. v. p. 520. Northern Baluchistan : 63, October 11, 1884. Іп moist ground, near water. POLYPOGON LITTORALE, Smith; Boiss. Fl. Or. v. p. 521. Khorasan : 625, June 14, 1885. Nativename Ki-ak. In cultivated ground, and along the banks of irrigation-channels. It is considered a good fodder-grass. CALAMOGROSTIS NEPALENSIS, Nees; Steudel, Syn. Glum., Gram. p. 193. no. 82. Badghis: 536, May 22, 1885. Growing in clayey soil, covered with two or three inches of water, and in habit like an Arundinaria. AVENA FATUA, Linn.; Boiss. Fl. Or. v. p. 540. Hari-rud valley: 221, April 13, 1885, May 11, 1885. Common in cultivated land, growing amongst wheat and barley. ARRHENATHERUM Korscnuyi, Boiss. Fl. Or. v. p. 550. Khorasan : 651, June 16, 1885. In moist soil, near water, at an altitude of 5000 feet. Сухорох DaAcTYLON, Pers.; Boiss. Fl. Or. v. р. 558. Khorasan : 698, June 21, 1885. А rare grass in these districts. Во188ТЕКА BROMOIDES, Hochst.; Boiss. Fl. Or. v. p. 560. Badghis: 364, May 1, 1885; Hari-rud valley: May 9, 1885; Khorasan: June 30, . 1885. А common grass. ARUNDO Donax, Linn.; Boiss. Fl. Or. v. p. 564. Helmand: 1138, October 21, 25,1884. Native name Nal. Growing in and near water in great masses. PHRAGMITES COMMUNIS, Trin. ; Boiss. Fl. Or. v. p. 563. Hari-rud valley: 766, August 5, 1885. Everywhere on the margins of irrigation- channels and in wet ground. Collected largely for fodder. PHRAGMITES COMMUNIS, Trin., var. foliis pungentibus. Northern Baluchistan : 1139, October 12, 1884; Hari-rud valley: July 29, 1885. In saline soil, with harsh, needle-pointed leaves. ERAGROSTIS POXOIDES, Beauv.; Boiss. Fl. Or. v. p. 580. Helmand : 84 (2), October 25, 1884. In cultivated wet clayey soil. ERAGROSTIS OYNOSUROIDES, Beauy.; Boiss. Fl. Or. у. p. 583. Northern Baluchistan: 39, October 6,1884; Helmand: 68, October 20, 1884. Native names: Kir-thag, Drab. In loose sandy soil in the desert, growingingreattussocks. It is considered good fodder. ERAGROSTIS CYNOSUROIDES, Beauv., var. PAUCIFLORA. Northern Baluchistan : 1140, October 6, 1884. А reduced form, collected with the type. | Metica силатА, Linn.; Boiss. Fl. От. v. p. 589. _ Badghis : 487, May 17, 1885. In great clumps in clefts of rocks, where there is some moisture, at an altitude of 3000 feet, - ` THE AFGHAN DELIMITATION COMMISSION. 125 JELUROPUS LITTORALIS, Parl.; Boiss. Fl. Or. v. p. 594. Hari-rud valley: 605 (2), June 5, 1885, J uly 29,1885. Native name KAan-dar. Very common, especially in saline soil. In habit it is like Cynodon Dactylon, and often mistaken for it. JELUROPUS LITTORALIS, Parl., var. В. REPENS, Coss.; Boiss. Fl. Or. v. р. 594. Helmand: 1141, October 95, 1884. Another species of Hiuropus was collected. It appears to be the same as an Afghan plant to which Munro gave a manuscript name. Northern Baluchistan, where it was common. SCHISMUS ARABICUS, Nees; Boiss. Fl. Or. v. p. 597. Hari-rud valley: 295, April 21, 1885. Іп wet, clayey soil, on the islands in the river. Poa BULBOSA, Linn. ; Boiss. Fl. Or. у. р. 605. Hari-rud valley: 208, 330, April 12, 18, 27, 28, 1885; Badghis: April 29, 1885. Native name Siah-li-weh. In great luxuriance all over the plains of the country, especially near the Kambao pass and that region; highly valued as fodder. Poa TRIVIALIS, Linn.; Boiss. Fl. Or. v. p. 602. Badghis: 542, Мау 22, 1885. Іп moist land, near water; abundant. Рол sooNGARICA, Boiss. Fl. Or. v. p. 611. Paropamisus range: 563, Мау 25, 1885. Іп moist soil, at an altitude of 4500 feet. FESTUCA OvINA, Linn.; Boiss. Fl. Or. v. p. 617. Khorasan: 677, June 18, 1885. Forming extensive meadows, at an altitude exceeding 5000 feet. FESTUCA MYURUS, Linn.; Steudel, Syn. Glum., Gram. р. 303. no. 22. Paropamisus range: 559, 539 (2), May 24, 1885. Abundant, though local, at 4000 feet altitude. BROMUS TECTORUM, Linn.; Boiss. Fl. Or. v. p. 647. 22, Hari-rud valley: 266, April 17, 18, 1885; Badghis: 1142, Мау 4,1885. Inhabiting shady places in the early part of the season ; common. Bromvs cRINITUS, Boiss. et Hohenh.—romus gracillimus, Bunge; Boiss, Fl Or. у. p. 647. | _ Hari-rud valley: 570, Мау 26, 1885. Bromus DANTHONLE, Trin.—Bromus macrostachys, Desf., var. y. triaristatus, Hackel ; Boiss. Fl. Or. v. p. 652. | Hari-rud valley : 489, Мау 11, 13, 1885. Common on dry gravelly soil. Awns deep purple. а» 126 DR. J. E. Т. AITCHISON ON THE BOTANY OF BROMUS COMMUTATUS, Schrad.; Boiss. Fl. Or. v. p. 654. Badghis: 1143, May 1, 1885. Тотлом PERSICUM, Boiss. et Hohenh.; Boiss. Fl. Or. у. p. 680. Badghis: 502, May 18, 1885. Inhabiting meadow-land near water, in the shade of rocks and bushes; common. Тотлом PERENNE, Linn.; Boiss. Fl. Or. v. р. 679. Hari-rud valley: 1144, June 3, 1885. In cultivated soil, on edges of fields, &oc.; common. AGROPYRUM AUCHERI, Boiss. Fl. Or. v. p. 664. Badghis : 547, Мау 23, 1885; Khorasan, June 15, 1885. Forming extensive meadows, but local, and not intermixed with other grasses. This is a late grass, following Poa bulbosa and Bromus as a second crop. AGROPYRUM REPENS, Beauv.; Boiss. Fl. Or. v. p. 663. . Khorasan: 1145, June 16, 17, 21, 1885. Common at altitudes above 5000 feet. AGROPYRUM PILIFERUM, Benth.— Heterantheliwm piliferum, Hochst.; Boiss. Fl. Or. v. р. 672. 3 ! Badghis : 490, May 17, 1885. AGROPYRUM CRISTATUM, Boiss. Fl. Or. v. p. 667. | Hari-rud valley: 311, April 25, 1885, May 9, 1885. Common over the whole plains. This, with Agropyrum Aucheri, forms a second crop of grass during the season. The variety collected here is only from six to eight іпеһев in height, with numerous spreading stems from the roots, and itis quite glabrous. Badghis: 511, May 19, 20, 25,1885. Characteristic of the Badghis, at an altitude of 2500 feet, forming immense stretches of pasture on loamy soil. It grows in great clumps, each perennial root producing numerous annual, erect stems, 18 inches to two feet in height, with the inflorescence much longer than in the type. AGROPYRUM PROSTRATUM, Eichw.; Boiss. Fl. Or. у. p. 667. Hari-rud valley : 196, April 7, 1885. SECALE CEREALE, Linn.; Boiss. Fl. Or. v. p. 671. | | Hari-rud valley : 442, Мау 11, 1888. Native names: Gandam-dar, Jow-thak-thak ; the Ergot, Siah-khak. А weed amongst wheat, in some fields in such quantity that there is as much rye as wheat. Tt is considered very hurtful to the system when a large amount ofitis mixed with wheat-flour. Perfectly wild, and not grown anywhere as à distinct crop. ~ TRITICUM VULGARE, Linn. м р, Hari-rud valley: 443, Мау 11, 1885, June 3, 1885. Native name Gandam. Exten- 2. sively cultivated, though requiring irrigation at altitudes under 3000 feet; above that B altitude irrigation is not а necessity. АП the wheat I saw was of poor quality. THE AFGHAN DELIMITATION COMMISSION. 127 оне TRIUNCIALE, Aitch. & Hemsl.— уЙорв triuncialis, Linn.; Boiss. Fl. Or. v. р. 674. Badghis: 495, Мау 18, 20, 1885. In shady localities, common. TRITICUM CRASSUM, Aitch. & Hemsl. ee crassa, Boiss. Fl. От. v. р. 677. Badghis : Мау 14, 1885. TRITICUM SQUARROSUM, Roth.—_Aigilops squarrosa, Linn. ; Boiss. Fl. Or. v, р. 676, Badghis : 1146, 461 (2), Мау 14, 16, 1885. Very common in the shade of shrubs. TRITICUM PERSICUM, Aitch. & Hemsl.— 9 ора persica, Boiss. Fl. Or. у. p. 675. Hari-rud valley: 1147, June 4, 1885. Іп gravelly soil; common. LEPTURUS PERSICUS, Boiss. Fl. Or. v. p. 685. Hari-rud valley : 409, May 9, 10, 1885. HonpEUM CAPUT-MEDUs, Benth. & Hook. f.— Elymus Caput-Meduse, Linn. ; Boiss. Fl. Or. v. p. 691. Badghis: 473, May 16, 1885. In great abundance, on the downs of the Badghis, growing over two feet in height. HORDEUM MURINUM, Linn.; Boiss. Fl. Or. v. p. 686. Hari-rud valley: 224, April 13, 21, 1885. Іп cultivated land, and along the banks of irrigation-channels ; common. HORDEUM ITHABURENSE, Boiss. Fl. Or. v. p. 686. | Badghis : 359, May 1, 1885; 465, Мау 14, 21, 1885. Very characteristic of the rolling downs of the Badghis, growing in great clumps up to 3 feet in height. In habit it resembles cultivated barley. HORDEUM VULGARE, Linn. Khorasan: 1148, June 17, 1885. Native names: Jao-tursh, Jao. Barley is largely cultivated in the Hari-rud valley, Badghis, and Khorasan, with irrigation below 3000 feet altitude; above this altitude it can be grown without it. Itis said to take only three months to ripen, and is therefore sometimes raised as a second crop. HORDEUM HEXASTICHUM, Linn. Hari-rud valley : 585, June 3, 1885; 586, June 3, 1885. Native name Jao-shirin. Extensively cultivated, and furnishing the barley that is chiefly used as food by the people. .H. vulgare is used as fodder for their horses. "This takes fully four months to ripen, and hence can never be raised as a second crop. _ EQUISETACEA. EquisETUM ELONGATUM, Willd.— Equisetum ramosissimum, Desf.— Equisetum ramosum, Schl.; Boiss. Fl. Or. v. p. 742. Hari-rud valley : 757, August 1, 1885. On the banks of the Hari-rud, common. 4. the hillocks of white ants’ nests, 128 DR. J. Е. T. AITCHISON ON THE BOTANY OF FILICES. CHEILANTHES Szovitztt, Fisch. et Mey.; Boiss. Fl. Or. v. p. 726. Khorasan ; 653, June 16, 1885. Та the clefts of limestone rocks оп the hills south of Bezd, at an altitude above 5000 feet; the only locality where it was seen. ADIANTUM CAPILLUS-VENERIS, Linn.; Boiss. Fl. От. v. p. 730. Badghis, near Sim-koh : 496, May 18, 1885. Оп wet rocks below a waterfall, at an altitude of 3000 feet. The only Fern met with in North-west Afghanistan. CHARACE ДЖ. CHARA FGTIDA, А. Br. in Ann. Sc. Nat. 2™ série, i. p. 354, et in Flora, і. p. 63. Badghis: 107, December 8, 1884. Plentiful in still water and pools of streams. FUNGI. AGARICUS (ARMILLARIA) RHIZOPUS, Cooke, Grevillea, xiv. p. 89. Hari-rud valley : 167, April 16, 1885. AGARICUS (PLEUROTUS) FOSSULATUS, Cooke. Badghis: 115, March 5, 1885. “ А. pileo carnoso, compacto, subdimidiato, areolato-diffracto, ochraceo-albo, glabro; stipite laterali, curvato, deorsum attenuato, longitudinaliter sulcato, subcrasso, solido, lamellis longe decurrentibus, sublatis, distantibus albis."—/JM. C. Cooke. Pileus 2-3 in. broad, stem 13-2 in. long, 1-3 in. thick. AGARICUS (NAUCORIA) УЕвуастт, Fries, Hym. Eur. p. 260. Hari-rud valley : 270, April 18, 1885. In great masses, on the wet clayey soil left as a fresh deposit on islands on the receding of the river. AGARICUS (PSALLIOTA) CAMPESTRIS, Linn.; Fries, Hym. Eur. p. 279. Hari-rud valley : 171, April 6, 1885. AGARICUS (STROPHARIA) OBTURATUS, Fries, Hym. Eur. p. 285. Hari-rud valley: April 18, 1885. Collected along with No. 270, 4. Vervacti, Fries. BOLBITIUS MITRÆFORMIS, Harv. ; Hook. Journ. Bot. iii. (1844), p. 186, t. vi. B. Badghis: 141, 173, March 24, 1885. This is a South-African and Australian species. POLYPORUS FOMENTARIUS, Fries, Hym. Eur. p. 558. Khorasan : 51, June 19, 1885. _ Popaxon САБУРТВАТОЗ, Fries, Syst. Мус. iii. p. 63. Hari-rud valley : 165, April 6, 1885. Is common at the Cape and in India. XYLOPODIUM ArTCHISONI, Cooke et Massee, Grevillea, xvi. р. 69. X. peridio clavato dein pyriformi, deorsum in stipitem rigidum attenuato, stipite equali vel basim leniter bulboso, longitudinaliter sulcato-striato, squamuloso, solido. Sporis late ochraceo- fuscis, globosis, asperulis 6-7 и diam. Hari-rud valley and Badghis. During the whole summer on clayey soil, chiefly near sometimes six inches in circumference, ТНЕ AFGHAN DELIMITATION COMMISSION, 129 Тотовтома У’тенти, Berk. in Herb. Kew. Hari-rud valley: 178, 181, 203, April 7, 11, 1885. “ Peridium globosum (1-1 unc.) albidum, ore submammoideo pertusum, stipite rigido æquali, longitudinaliter striato (14-3 unc.) initio squamoso, sporis capillitioque aureo- testaceis."— M. C. Cooke. GEASTER STRIATUS, Var. MINOR, Fries, Syst. Мус. iii. p. 14. Hari-rud valley : 180, April 7, 1885. USTILAGO URCEOLORUM, Tul. in Ann. Sc. Nat. 3"* série, vii. р. 86, t. 4. f. 7-10. Badghis: March 19, 1885. Affects the utricles of Carex stenophylla, which become like blue-black beads. DESCRIPTION OF THE PLATES. [ Where not otherwise indicated the plants, or portions of plants, are represented natural size. ] PLATE I. Ranunculus leptorrhynchus, Aitch. et Hemal. Fig. 1. Outside view of sepal, enlarged. 2. Inside view of sepal, enlarged. 9. A petal, enlarged. 4. А young carpel, enlarged. 5. Section of a nearly ripe carpel, enlarged. Puate II. : Nigella integrifolia, Regel. Fig. 1. A flower with involucre, enlarged. . One bract of the involucre, enlarged. . А sepal, enlarged. . А petal, enlarged. . Front and back views of a stamen, enlarged. . Ripe follicles dehiscing, enlarged. . А seed, enlarged. єї C OU 514 Go T у РгаАтЕ III. Delphinium Zalil, Aitch. et Hemsl. Fig: 1. Branchlet bearing ripe fruit, natural size. 2. Spurred sepal, natural size. 3. An anterior sepal, natural size. SECOND SERIES.— BOTANY, VOL. III. т 130 DR. J. Е. Т. AITCHISON ON THE BOTANY OF Fig. 4. A lateral sepal, natural size. DW 5. A spurred petal, enlarged. 6. An anterior petal, enlarged. . 7 and 8. Stamens, enlarged. 9. Pistil, enlarged. 10. Ripe fruit, enlarged. 11. A follicle dehiseing, enlarged. 12. A seed, enlarged. PLATE IV. Crambe cordifolia, Stev. Fig. 1. A flower, enlarged. 2. A petal, enlarged. 3. Andreecium and gynecium, enlarged. 4. Pistil, enlarged. 5. Ripe pod, one valve removed, enlarged. 6. Embryo, enlarged. 7. Section of the same, enlarged. р PLATE у. Figs. 1-10. Аша affinis, Aitch. et Hemsl. Portion of a plant, natural size. Branchlet bearing fruit, natural size. | 22 Portion of a leaf, enlarged. A flower, enlarged. А petal, enlarged. Stamens, enlarged. Section of ovary, enlarged. . Fruit, enlarged. А seed, enlarged. 10. Section of the same, enlarged. =: я Mom osos о © а о Figs. 11-16. Ruta rotundifolia, Aitch. et Hemsl. Fig. 11. A flowering branch. 22-12. Portion of a leaf, enlarged. 13. A flower, enlarged. _ 14. Stamens, enlarged. 5. Pistil, enlarged. 6. Section of SN bees ien | РгАТЕ VI. Tr Astragalus heratensis, Bunge. x ~ Sketch of habit. of the plant. | pe A flowering branch, | pese Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. THE AFGHAN DELIMITATION COMMISSION. 7. Standard petal, enlarged. 8. Young fruit, enlarged. 9. Section of the same, enlarged. 10. Section of another with aborted ovules. Puare УП. Astragalus Lumsdenianus, Aitch. et Baker. 1. A flower, enlarged. 3. Standard petal, enlarged. 3 and 4. Wing-petals, enlarged. 5. Keel-petals, enlarged. 6. Pistil, enlarged. 7. Section of ovary, enlarged, PrATE VIII. Prunus calycosus, Aitch. et Hemsl. . À flowering branch, natural size. А branch bearing young fruit, natural size. . А leaf with stipules attached, enlarged. А partially expanded flower, enlarged. . А fully expanded flower, enlarged. | . А sepal, enlarged. . А pistil, enlarged. | . The same in section, enlarged. COND л s WO We Prate IX. Cotoneaster nummularia, Fisch. et Mey. . Fruiting branch. . Flowering branch. . À flower, enlarged. . А petal, enlarged. . À fruit, enlarged. QUE © фо н PLATE X. Bryonia monoica, Aitch. et Hemsl. 1. A male flower, enlarged. 2. Anthers, enlarged. 3. A female flower, enlarged. 4. Pistil of the same, enlarged. PLATE XI. Trachydium Lehmannii, Benth. et Hook. f. l. A bract, enlarged. 9. A flower seen from below, enlarged. 3. A flower seen from above, enlarged. 131 132 Fig. Fig. Fig. co Ct oO woe © х жь» ч о oF > OQ) woe or 1, 2. DR. J. E. T. AITCHISON ON THE BOTANY OF . А petal, enlarged. . Fruit, enlarged. . Cross section of the same, enlarged. PLATES XII. AND XIII. Ferula fetida, Regel. . Stem reduced to one quarter of the natural size. . Portion of a radical leaf, natural size. . A branch of the inflorescence, consisting of a central female umbel and several male umbels, natural size. . А ripe fruit, enlarged. . А mericarp and carpophore, enlarged. . Section of a mericarp, enlarged. PraTE XIV. Ferula fetida, Regel. А young plant with undeveloped inflorescence enveloped in the large bracts, much reduced. . А cauline leaf and portion of stem, natural size. . Portion of inflorescence, natural size. . A male flower, enlarged. A female flower, enlarged. . A stamen, enlarged. . A pistil, enlarged. РгАТЕЗ XV. AND XVI. Ferula galbaniflua, Boiss. . А cauline leaf attached to portion of hollow stem, natural size. . Ripe fruit, enlarged. ‚ Mericarp and carpophore, enlarged. . Dorsal view of mericarp, enlarged. . Cross section of mericarp, enlarged. Рглте XVII. Ferula galbaniflua, Boiss. Portion of a radical leaf, natural size. Small portion of leaf, enlarged. 8. Portion of inflorescence, consisting of а central female umbel and two lateral male umbels, natural size. 4, A male flower, enlarged. 5. A petal from the outside, enlarged. 6. А petal from the inside, enlarged. | 7 ‚ Young fruit, enlarged, Fig. Fig. E . Terminal portion of the same leaf. A Q3 t к І. 2. 8. 4. THE AFGHAN DELIMITATION COMMISSION. 133 Ртлте XVIII. Ferula oopoda, Boiss. . A plant, about one sixteenth natural size, drawn from Dr. Aitchison’s sketch. . A cauline leaf, natural size. ‚ A lateral inflorescence, from the axil of figure 2, consisting of a central female umbel, and three smaller male umbels springing from its base, natural size. . A male flower, enlarged. . A female flower, enlarged. А petal, enlarged. . À pistil, enlarged. . Ripe fruit, natural size. . À mericarp, enlarged. . Inner face of the same, with a portion of the carpophore, enlarged. . Cross section of the same, enlarged. РьлтЕ XIX. Ferula oopoda, Boiss. Lower portion of a small radical leaf, natural size. PLATE ХХ. Ferula suaveolens, Aitch. et Hemsl. . À young plant, about one sixth of the natural size. . Portion of inflorescence, consisting of a central female umbel, and several lateral male umbels overtopping it, natural size. . À bract, enlarged. . А hermaphrodite flower, natural size. . À male flower, natural size. А petal, natural size. À very young fruit, natural size. PLATE ХХІ, Ferula suaveolens, Aitch. et Hemsl. . An old stem, about one sixth natural size. . Portion of a young plant, natural size. . Terminal portion of a leaf, natural size. . Piece of leaf, much enlarged. PLATE XXII. Carum leptocladum, Aitch. et Hemsl. А. plant, natural size. А bract, enlarged. | A petal, enlarged. Back view of same, enlarged. 184 DR. 7. E. Т. AITCHISON ON THE BOTANY OF Fig. 5. Young fruit, enlarged. ; у . Ripe fruit, enlarged. 6 7. A mericarp and carpophore, enlarged. 8 Fig. . Cross section of same, enlarged. Puates XXIII. AND XXIV. Dorema Аттотасит, D. Don. . Old stem, reduced to one third of the natural size. . Portion of a leaf, natural size. . Portion of inflorescence, natural size. . A male flower, enlarged. . А female flower, enlarged. Оп account of the ткеннен the petals appear continuous with the calyx-tube. . А petal, enlarged. 7. A young fruit. Fig. 1. mob oo Fig. 1. Puste XXV. Dorema Ammoniacum, D. Don. Inflorescence, reduced to one third of natural size. Portion of a radical leaf, natural size. Fruiting branch, natural size. А fruit, enlarged. А mericarp, enlarged. Section of the same, enlarged. Ртлте XXVI. Dorema glabrum, Fisch. et Mey. Portion of an old stem, about one eighth natural size. Portion of infloresce, natural size. А staminate flower, enlarged. А petal, enlarged. A pistil, enlarged. PLATE A. IL Dorema о, Fisch. et Mey. A тай! leaf, one third natural size. . À portion of the same, hataral size. Fruit, natural size. - ЖЕ 2 . А mericarp, enlarged. | "The same attached to the carpophore, enlarged. . Cross section of the same, е, enlarged. PLATE XXVIII. Dorema serratum, Aitch. et Hemsl. 1 THE AFGHAN DELIMITATION COMMISSION. 135 Fig. 3. Branch bearing ripe fruit, natural size. . Portion ofa leaf, enlarged. А mericarp, enlarged. . The same attached to carpophore, enlarged. . Section of the same, enlarged. . Embryo, enlarged. бо олы co Prat XXIX. Johrenia platypoda. Aitch. et Hemsl, Fig. 1. Portions of plant, natural size. . А young plant, enlarged. . А ripe fruit, enlarged. . À mericarp and carpophore, enlarged. · A cross section of the same, enlarged. > CO ҥн © Рглте XXX. . Gaillonia dubia, Aitch. et Hemsl. Fig. 1. A node with petioles and stipules, enlarged. . А corolla laid open, enlarged. . Pistil, enlarged. с t nm з . Ripe fruit dehiscing into mericarps, enlarged. . Section of mericarp, showing attachment of seed, enlarged. . Section of seed, showing embryo, enlarged. о C PLATES XXXI. AND XXXII. Codonocephalum Peacockianum, Aitch. et Hemsl. . À radical leaf, natural size. . Portion of inflorescence, natural size. А capitulum, with the flowers and some of the bracts removed, showing the receptacle, enlarged. . Braets of the involucre, enlarged. А flower, enlarged. А bristle of the pappus, enlarged. Stamens, enlarged. . Part of style and stigma, enlarged. Fig. Es oo ао = * оная Prate XXXIII. Anthemis caulescens, Aitch. et Hemsl. 1. Portion of a leaf, enlarged. 3. An involucral bract, enlarged. 3. Chaff of the receptacle, enlarged. 4. A flower, enlarged. 9. Stamens, enlarged. 6. Part of style and stigma, enlarged. 186 DR. J. E. T. AITCHISON ON THE BOTANY OF Ртлте XXXIV. Jurinea variabilis, Aitch. et Hemsl. Fig. 1. An involucral bract, enlarged. 2. Chaff of the receptacle, enlarged. 3. A flower, enlarged. 4. A plume of the pappus, enlarged, 5. Stamens, enlarged. 6. Part of style and stigma, enlarged. PLATE XXXV. Acantholimon speciosissimum, Aitch. et Hemsl. Fig. 1. Portion of a leaf, enlarged. . А spikelet, enlarged. . À calyx, enlarged, . Pistil, enlarged. > 52 %2 = PLATE XXXVI. Acantholimon Есе, Aitch. et Hemsl. . А leaf, enlarged. . À spikelet, enlarged. А bract, enlarged, . А calyx, enlarged. . Stamens, enlarged, . Pistil, enlarged. Fig. > 0 ыс он Prats XXXVII. Apocynum venetum, Linn. Fig. 1. A leaf, enlarged. . À flower-bud, enlarged. . A corolla, laid open, enlarged. . Andrecium and pistil, enlarged. . Ап anther, enlarged. 6. Pistil, enlarged. CU E © t2 He Puate XXXVII. | | Нуозсуатиз Senecionis, Willd., var. multifidus, Aitch. et Hemsl. Fig. 1. A flower, corolla removed, enlarged. 2. Stamens, enlarged, 9. Fruiting calyx, enlarged. 4. Capsule, enlarged. 5. Section of the same, enlarged. 6. Seeds, enlarged. РтАТЕ XXXIX. : i : Fig. Ld be ciet Cistanche Ridgewayana, Aiteh. et Hemsl. 22222. Calyx and pistil, enlarged. ... 9. Corolla, laid open, enlarged, _ 4. Ovary, enlarged. x 5 Cross section of the same, enlarged, THE AFGHAN DELIMITATION COMMISSION. 137 PLATE XL. Cistanche laxiflora, Aitch. et Hemsl. в Fig. 1. Corolla laid open, enlarged. 2. Stamens, enlarged. 3. Pistil, enlarged. 4. Cross section of the ovary, enlarged. Puate XLI. Nepeta Sewerzowii, Regel. Fig. 1. Portion of a leaf, enlarged. . À flower, enlarged. . Stamens, enlarged. . Pistil, enlarged. . Fruiting calyx, enlarged. . Ripe fruit, enlarged. . Interior face of a nutlet, enlarged. чо OTR WW eB Ртлте XLII. Figs. 1-6. Chamesphacos persicus, Aitch. её Hemsl. А plant, natural size. . А flower, enlarged. . Pistil, enlarged. Fruit, enlarged. & 6. Nutlets from different positions, enlarged. Fig. QU E wym Figs. 7-11. Chamesphacos afghanicus, Aitch. et Hemsl. Fig. 7. A plant, natural size. 8. A flower, enlarged. 9. Calyx, laid open, enlarged. 10. Stamina, enlarged. 11. Pistil, enlarged. Figs. 12-18. Chamesphacos ilicifolius, Schrenk. Fig. 12. A plant, natural size. 13. A flower, enlarged. 14. Fruiting calyx, enlarged. 15. Ditto, attached, enlarged. 16. Pistil, enlarged. 17. Fruit, enlarged. 18. А nutlet, enlarged. Ртлте XLIII. Stachys trinervis, Aitch. et Hemsl. Fig. 1. Portion of a leaf, enlarged. 2. Calyx, enlarged. 3. Stamens, enlarged. | 4. Nutlets, enlarged. SECOND SERIES.—BOTANY, VOL. ПТ. 138 2 РВ. J. Е. Т. AITCHISON ON THE BOTANY OF Рглте XLIV. Atriplex Moneta, Bunge. Fig. 1. A male flower, enlarged. 2. A female flower, enlarged .. 3. Fruit in section, enlarged. 4. Seed, enlarged. 5. Section of the same, enlarged. Puate XLV. Rheum tataricum, Linn. Fig. 1. Portion of a leaf, natural size. 2. Portion of inflorescence, natural size. 3. Branch bearing fruit, natural size. 4. A flower, enlarged. 5. Pistil, enlarged. : 6. Achene, enlarged. | Ў 7. Section of the same, enlarged. 3 е, 8. Embryo, enlarged. PLATE XLVI. Ficus Carica, Linn. 4 and $. = dg m А leaf from a barren branch, natural size. Section of a male receptacle, enlarged. А male flower, enlarged. À gall-flower, enlarged. Pistil of a gall-flower, eularged. Pistil of а gall-flower containing larva, enlarged. Section of a female receptacle, enlarged. А female flower. . + Achene. | рғы ее © о Рглте XLVII. А and В, figs. 1-10. Ephedra pachyclada, Boiss. ? Portion of a male plant, natural size. Portion of a female plant, natural size. ‚ Portion of a branch, enlarged. Male inflorescence, enlarged. А brat, enlarged. | A male flower, enlarged. А female flower, enlarged. A fruit, enlarged. - E fruit, bracts removed, enlarged. А. seed, enlarged. | song itudinal section of same, enlarged. Cross section of : — enlarged, 258 . ? 9 ig THE AFGHAN DELIMITATION COMMISSION. = : 139 PLATE XLVII. (continued). C, figs. 11-15. Ephedra sarcocarpa, Aitch. et Hemsl., $. Fig. 11. Fleshy bract, enlarged. 12. Fruit, enlarged. 18. Seed, enlarged. 14. Loagitudinal section of same, enlarged. 15. Cross section of same, enlarged. Prate XLVIII. Allium xiphopetalum, Aitch. et Baker. Fig. 1. A plant, natural size. 2. An inflorescence at a late stage, natural size. 3 and 4. Segments of perianth, enlarged. 5. Stamens, enlarged. 6. Pistil, enlarged. 7. The same in section, much more enlarged. _ АРСНАМ.ОЕЫМ COMM . MSmihád.LAlenlh. - Y.B-Hemsley dr. Haha inp. RANUNCULUS LEPTORRHYNCHUS , Aitek. её Hemsl . ‘AFGHAN ЕШМ COMM. " Aene] БЫ р =” жы i ln 3 > RS _ W.BHemsley ае, — NIGELLA INTEGRIFOLIA lith . mith del. J Allen 5 М. = AFGHAN DELIM. COMM, = : TRANS. LINN.Soc. SER 2. Bor. Vor IIl. Pr. 3. ы; ? 1 M. Smith del. J.Allen tth moe. Tm PEDE Hanhart пор ; 7 DELPHINIUM ZALIL, Attica et Hemsl . 7 Trans. Linn. Soc. SER. 2. Bor. Voi ШР, 4. AFCHAN.DELIM COMM. W.B .Hemsley dir. Hanhart imp CRAMBE CORDIFOLIA, Ster . М. Smith del. J. Allen lith . Trans, Linn Soc. Sen 2 „Вот Мош П.Рь.5. AFGHAN DELIM.COMM . Hanhart imp. W. B.Hemsley dir. 1-10. RUTA AFFINIS ‚ Attch.et Hemsl . 11-16 RUTA ROTUNDIFOLIA M.Smith del. J. Allen lith. ‚ Арбой. et Hemsl . — AFGHAN DELIM.COMM. Trans. Linn. Soc.Ser.2.Bor.Vou Ш.Р. 6 . мет а М \ x Y d W. B. Hemsley dir. Hanhart imp. ASTRAGALUS HERATENSIS, Bunge. J. Allen del e ah AFGHAN DELIM.COMM. Trans. Linn. Soc. Sen. 2. Bor. Vou, III. Pr, 1. > . М. B.Hemsley dir. . J. Alle .& Ti : Hanhart . ge e Ue. _ ASTRAGALUS LUMSDENIANUS, Aitch et Baker. semis. : AFGHAN DELIM.COMM . Trans. Linn. Soc. SER. Z. Bor. VoL. ill. Pr. 8 . W.B.Hemsley йг. PRUNUS CALYCOSUS, Actch. et 20752. Hanhart imp K Smith del. Allen lah: : AFGHAN DELIM. COMM. Trans. Linn. Soc. Ser.2. Bor. Von. I. Pr. 9. W.B.Hemsley dir 2. аппа ТП COTONEASTER NUMMULARIA , Fisch. et Meyer. b - JAllen delet ith. . Ser.2 Bor Vor. Ш.Р. 40. ot Q c ж Z = — Uu 5 к Ss} 24 еее. * . А yy "c 7, = Š = —_ [^] о z= з ш о = < 4 co mn < f ИА / № flanhart imp. | J BRYONIA MONOICA, Aitch.et Hemsl . W.B.Hemsley dir. M. Smith del. J. Allen lih . = AFGHAN.DELIM COMM . Trans. Linn. Soc. SER. 2. Bor Vou. ІР. It. J. Allen del.et ША W. B.Hemsley dir Hanhart imp. TRACHYDIUM ТЕНМАММИ, Benth. её Hook. f Trans. Linn. Soc. SER.2. Bor. VoL. ІП. Pr, 2 %13. NN p сы Е в @ = У Y e R «а ып "UD -— > Е а B Ер, a gà < me c3 са ы! pu с ә Smith del. J. Allen ША M Trans. Linn. Soc. Ѕев.2. Вот Мо1.. Ш.Р, 14. АҒОНАМ ЕШМ COMM . imp. Hanhart W.B.Hemsley dir. FERULA FO@TIDA М. Smith del. J. Allen bith. Rigel . мм. Soc. SER. 2.BorT VoL. lll. Pr. 15 &16. 2. “лај 927 i їр. Á- TU Hanha W.B. Hemsley dir . FERULA GALBANIFLUA * J. Allen lith. del. zd Smith f AM. Boiss . - AFGHAN, DELIM СОММ. Trans. Linn. 50c. ER. 2.Bor Vor ЛІ.Рт, 17. M.Smith del. J Allen lith . W.B.Hemsley йт. Hanhart imp FERULA GALBANIFLUA, Bovss . AFGHAN ОЕЦМ. COMM. Trans. Linn. Soc. Ser.2.Bor. Vor. Ill Pr..18 . W.B.Hemsley dir . : FERULA OOPODA, Boiss . Hanhart imp. MSmith del. J. Allen ША. AFGHAN DELIM.COMM . Trans. Linn. Soc. Ser. ? Bor Vou. lll. Pi. 19. W.B. Hemsley dir . : ; ; Hanhart imp. FERULA OOPODA, Boiss. M.Smith del. J. Allen ith . + AFGHAN DELIM. COMM. i | TRANS. LINN. Soc. Ser.2 Bor Vou. 1.0.20. «Ом oaks 4 Wis Р, f Sigh ү SN W.B.Hemsley dir. M. Smith 1 Пер lth. ле Smith del. J Allen FERULA SUAVEOLENS, Арс. et Hemsl. poa. Trans. Linn. Soc. SER. 2. Вот Vor. Ш.Р. Я. AFGHAN DELIM. COMM. ваа. FERULA SUAVEOLENS, Агол. её Hemsl. Hanhart imp. М. Smith del. J. Шеп 1%. AFGHAN DELIM.COMM. | Trans. LrNN. Soc. Ser 2 Вот. Vou. П. Pr. 22 W.B.Hemsley dir, "PEN CARUM LEPTOCLADUM, Aitch. et Hemsl. аг су М. Smith del. J Allen lith . М Smith del. J. Allen ith W.B.Hemsley dir DOREMA AMMONIACUM, 2. Don . > Hanhart imp AFGHAN. DELIM. COMM . A 819 ; EN } „ж M.Smith del, J.Allen lih. | W.B.Hemsley dir. Hanhart imp . DOREMA AMMONIACUM,Z.2oz . AFGHAN DELIM. СОММ, M. Smith del. Allen lith . ЖЕКС УР ў „ч Фр, ЗЕЙ 22 ) 1 227 W.B.Hemsley dir. DOREMA GLABRUM, isch. et Mey . Trans. Linn. Soc. Sgn.2. Вот Vor Ш Pr 2b. 2 5-7 ч н fm Q? 2, fie T а Hanhart imp tit DELIM.COMM . Trans. Linn. Soc. SER.2 Вот Von. 1. Pr..27 . W.B, Hemsley dr. DOREMA GLABRUM, Fisch. её Mey . M. Smith del. J. Allen lith. Trans. Linn, Soc. ЗЕв.2.Вот Vou Ш.Р, 28. AFGHAN DELIM.COMM . РРР УНИИ ИРА Hanhart imp MSmith del.J Allen ША. W.B.Hemsiey dir DOREMA SERRATUM , Aziz. e£ Hemsl. . AFGHAN DELIM. COMM . | Trans. Linn. Soc. SER .2. Bor Von. Ш.Рь.29. \ \ DI ES A |; BX : е (| ү 1 |; WYT Nba = һе AW / NT Vs 0 A \ Y 2 il А 1 E аны W.B.Hemsley dir. | ка: Ae E JOHRENIA PLATYPODA, А ой ct Hemsl — ы. AFGHAN. DELIM COMM. ; Trans. Linn. бос. Ser. 2 Вот Мог. Ш.Рь.30 . М Smith del. J.Allen lib. | W B. Hemsley dir. Hanhart imp. GAILLONIA DUBIA, Aito. et Hems} . Hanhart imp. AS Trans. Linn. Soc. SER. 2.Bor Vou II. Pr. 31 x32. W.B.Hernsley dir . CODONOCEPHALUM PEACOCKIANUM, ditch. et Hemsl . ж я М. Smith del. J. Allen uh —— AFGHAN DELIM.COMM . : | Trans. Linn Soc. Ser 2 Bor Yor ПП Рь. 33. 3 Хе Y S. ' Ж Ё ж NÑ % Э | / ИА lj 2 2 ie : 1 Ех 7 )) je i % >. M.Smith del. Allen МА. ; : о 5 Ww B Hemsley dr. о | Hanhart imp. | _ ANTHEMIS CAULESCENS, Aitoh. её #етүзї. | AFGHAN DELIM.COMM , Trans.Linw.Soc. Spr.2BorVor.IIl.P.34 = _ KSmith dei, J. Allen ША. —. W.BHemsley dir. Hanhart imp | JURINEA VARIABILIS, Aitch.eb Hemst .- : — | Trans Enon Seo о AFGHAN DELIM.COMM . е | . Hanhart imp. и _ e М. Smith del. J, Allen М. W. B.Hemsley dir . | 516 ж Hemsl. ACANTHOLIMON SPECIOSISSIMUM, Aiċoh.et He AFGHAN DELIM.COMM. - | Trans. Linn. Soc. ЗЕв.2.Вот, Уот.. Ш.Ри.. 36. M Smith del J. Allen lith. г. W.B.Hemsley dir. Hanhart imp. | ACANTHOLIMON ЕСЕ, Aitch. eb Бет). AFGHAN,DELIM COMM . Trans. Linn, Soc. Ser. 2.Bor Von. ШР, 37 — — y Hanhart imp. УМОМ VENETUM, Zinn . Trans. Linn. Soc. Ser.2.Bort.Vou. Ш.Рі.. 38. AFGHAN.DELIM COMM . 1-23 Hanhari imp W.B.Hemsley dir Я HYOSCYAMUS SENECIONIS, Willd. var. MULTIFIDUS, Attoh et Hem уф. > ==> Я As ИСУ | | 2 X <7 S SE „6 У AN MT » қ и + * ! 1 ^ 2 5; ps MZ М.ф dei. J. Allen ША. AFGHAN.DELIM COMM. - | E Trans. Linn. Soc.Sen.2.Bor.Yor.1ll Рі. 39. M. Smith del. J. Allen ША. W.B.Hemsley dir. Hanhart imp. CISTANCHE RIDGEWAYANA, dvtvlv. e£ Hemsl . AFGHAN DELIM. COMM . _ ТвАмз Lin. Soc. Srn.2 Вот Уот, lll Pr 40. MSmihdeJAlenlth. - — W.B.Hemsley dir . Hanhart imp. | CISTANCHE LAXIFLORA, Aitch. et Hemsl. AFGHAN селш: соми. ` 2 Trans. мн. Soo. ЗЕВ_2_.Вот № ь lllPr.4] — - MSmith del. J.Allen lith . W. B.Hemsley dir . Hanhart imp. | NEPETA SEWERZOWII, Regel . -- AFGHAN.DELIM COMM , EIU s = а = а а se on | ч ш dA шшш ш e We шш 4 4 W.B.Hemsley dr. CHAMASPHACOS PERSICUS, Aitch. её Hemsl » — я Е AFGHANICUS, Лерой. ер Hemsi . ILICIFOLIUS, Schrenk . "x dne Паплат imp. AFGHAN DELIM.COMM. М. Smith del. J. Allen ША. W. B. Hemsley dir . Hanhart imp. STACHYS IRINERVIS , Atéch. et Hemsl . AFGHAN.DELIM COMM. rans lm. Soc. SER Ж. Вот Yor. ШР:..44, +. МА lesley dc ATRIPLEX MONETA;Bunge (M. Smith del. J.Allen МА. Hanhart imp. Hanhart imp. | Trans. Linn. Зос.Ѕек.2 Вот ог. И.Р, 45. W.B.Hemsley dir. RHEUM TATARICUM, Zinn. f: AFGHAN. DELIM COMM . Жаш del. J.Alen lih . Жы «> у © бос бан: 7 Bor Vou Шр 46. vs У W.B.Hemsley dir. 2. Hanhart imp. FICUS CARICA,Zvw» . S AFGHAN DELIM. COMM . Trans. шым. Soc. SER. 2. Вот от, 11 R42 Т A. B.Figs,110 EPHEDRA PACHYCLADA, Joss * M. Smith del. J.Allen ШЇ. aU. SARCOCARPA , ся. её Hem » 11-18 2 Ge. AFGHAN DELIM. COMM , Trans. Linn. Soc. SER. 2.Bor Vou. ШР. .48. | W.B.Hernsley dir. Mas. eap ALLIUM XIPHOPETALUM , ditch. ec Baker. т = SOCIETY OF LONDON. А LINNEAN — MEMORANDA CONCERNING PUBLICATION 8. А ҮШІ. volumes contain papers both on Botany and Zoology, and each volume is divided p ts at 3s. each, or 12s. per vol. From Vol. IX. the Zoological and Botanical sections have been published d each consists of Eight numbers at 2s., or 16s. per vol. From Vol. XIV. Zoology, and Vol. XVII. — umber is 3s. to the publie and 2s. 3d. to Fellows, or the volume 24s. to the public, and 188. | Å _ Талххвлспозв.-Тһе First Series of the Transactions, containing both Botanical and Zoological contributions, has been completed in 30 Vols., and a few entire sets are still for sale. 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On the Life-History of а remarkable Uredine on Jasyünum grandiflorum, L. (Uromyces Cunninghamianus, nov. sp.) Ву А. BaARCLAY, M.B., Bengal Medical Service. (Communicated by G. Murray, F.L.S.) (Plates XLIX. & L.) Read 16th January, 1890. WHILE on a visit to the small village of Sairi, twelve miles from Simla, but at a con- siderably lower elevation than the latter (about 4000 feet above the sea-level, Simla being about 7000 feet), I found on the 28th and 29th August, 1886, several bushes of Jasminum grandiflorum, a wild plant growing in great profusion on the outskirts of the village, largely attacked by ап ecidial fungus, which apparently at that time was nearly over, but has since proved to be one of exceptional interest. In 1887 I obtained the first speci- mens from nature on the 15th July—a few leaves with a few immature patches. The æcidial patches were bright yellow, and were found оп the flowers, leaves, and stems; but especially frequently on flowering heads, which were then very considerably distorted and hypertrophied. The patches on the leaves varied in size from a minute point to 4 to 5 millim. in diameter and even more (Pl. XLIX. fig. 13, and Р]. L. fig. 1); but some were larger and without definite shape, probably formed by the early coalescence of originally distinet foci of attack. Опе such irregular patch over the middle of a leaf, involving the mid-rib, measured for example 13 millim. in length by 8 millim. in breadth, and was deeply concave above. The patches were mostly circular, reddish in colour above, and yellow below, and were bulged either upwards or downwards, though more frequently convex above. The peridia break through from both surfaces of the leaf, but most frequently from that surface which is convex. A single leaf bears usually from one to three patches, but as many as sixteen were counted in exceptional cases. І should here mention that only the young shoots of the present season’s growth are attacked, and never the older ones; and the youngest and most tender leaves and shoots are the most extensively attacked. The secidial patches on young stems or petioles involved either the whole structure uniformly (Pl. XLIX. fig. 14), and in that case the whole stem or petiole was uniformly hypertrophied, or the mycelium attacked only one side, forming well-defined tumours, resembling those I have described in Æcidium Urtice*, though not nearly so large (Pl. XLIX. fig. 3). The amount of hypertrophy and distortion caused was often very considerable, and the frequent attack of young buds, which were thereby destroyed, is * ‘Scientific Memoirs by Medical Officers of the Army of India,’ part ii. pp. 29, 38, 1886. SECOND SERIES.— BOTANY, VOL. III. U 142 МВ. А. BARCLAY ON THE LIFE-HISTORY worthy ofnotice. Тһе peridium, which is white, bursts at its summit stellately, allowing the orange-red secidiospores to fall out. At the same time I observed that several of the patches on all the above-named parts were dark-brown instead of being reddish yellow. І at first thought these were simply shrivelled-up old æcidial patches, but an examination of them with a field lens showed that although they were evidently old æcidial patches, the peridia were not collapsed or empty, but filled with dark brown spores. І therefore carefully collected a number of these dark patches, and on my return to Simla submitted them to microscopic examina- tion, which revealed the extraordinary fact that the old ecidial cups (peridia) now con- tained masses of single-celled teleutospores (Uromyces). Although I looked most care- fully for uredo pustules, I never found any, so that I had apparently an autcecious Uredine before me, in which the formation of uredospores has been entirely thrown out, without any detriment to the diffusion of the fungus, for this was extraordinarily abun- dant on affected bushes. During September the further formation of æcidia ceases, and the peridia, becoming filled with teleutospores, remain dormant until the next rainy season sets in, %. e. for nearly nine months, for the ZEcidiwm is produced only during very moist weather. When I first found this fungus the season was too far advanced to attempt any culti- vation “experiments, but I preserved the teleutospores I had gathered for use during the following year, and I lost no time in at once observing the mode of germination of the weidiospores. And this also, as will be more fully explained later, showed that the fungus was remarkably unlike any other ZEcidium hitherto described. From the fact that the teleutospores are formed within the peridia, and only there, it was almost certain that the parasite was an autcecious one, but it was nevertheless desirable to put this question to experimental test, and thus beyond all doubt. I con- sequently began early next spring to lay the teleutospores I had gathered and preserved during the winter on the leaves of wild plants collected in the woods about Simla, and which I supposed were of the same species. То my great disappointment, none of these experiments succeeded, although cultivation showed that the teleutospores had retained their vitality perfectly, germinating in water with great freedom. I at first attributed my failure solely to the fact that my inoculations were all praetised at that early time of the year on old leaves, whilst, as I have already stated, in nature only the newly unfolded leaves are attacked. At the same time I never felt certain that the host with which I experimented was identical with the host I found bearing the Zcidium at Sairi, although superficially there appeared to be no difference between them, except that the leaves of the latter are thicker than those of Simla plants. I therefore sent specimens of the host I was experimenting with to my friend Dr. D. Prain, of the Calcutta Botanic Garden, who confirmed my doubt by naming the species J. officinale, L. Fortunately, very early in spring I collected some cuttings from bushes of Jasmine near Sairi, and two of these took root in pots kept in a sheltered place. These cuttings were carefully selected and were quite free from any previous attack. They put out a few delicate new shoots early in August, which unfolded several leaves later. Тһе cuttings had been ОЕ А REMARKABLE UREDINE. 143 carefully protected from exposure to normal attack, although there was little need for this precaution, as the parasite does not occur in Simla, keeping well to the deep valleys below. Upon these leaves a few teleutospores were placed, and to my great pleasure two typical æcidial patches were produced, which, after running a normal course, went on to the formation of teleutospores in the cups which had originally borne гесійіоврогев, thus eompleting the whole cycle of development. Owing to the unfortunate mistake I made in confusing Jasminum officinale with J. grandiflorum, Т had no further opportunity of confirming this single experiment by others, the season for experiment having passed by. During the following year (1888) I was absent from India, and the investigation had to lie over until my return. Since then І have succeeded in numerous instances in producing ecidial patches with sporidia, and this relationship is established beyond all doubt. The mistake, however, which I made in confusing hosts is not without interest, showing how extremely selective some species of the Uredines are іп the choice of their hosts. J. officinale is very nearly related to J. grandiflorum*, and yet numerous and prolonged efforts to produce the ZEcidiwm on it failed entirely. I may also mention that another species of Jasmine, J. humile, L. +, harbours an entirely different cidiwm. So that the three common species of Jasmine in this neighbourhood are sharply distinguishable from one another as hosts of the Отейтез. А knowledge of this fact, it is conceivable, might be of use to systematists in deciding the specificity of a disputed plant. Should the question arise whether our common Simla J. officinale is merely a variety of J. grandiflorum, the fact that a well-defined parasite will readily select the one to grow upon, while it will have nothing to say to the other, would possibly influence a decision. I had personally met with the parasite only at Sairi, but a servant of mine, living in a low-lying valley near Simla, but in a different direction, seeing me interested in this “ blight,” brought me several shoots collected near his village, as densely attacked as any I had seen at Sairi. The fungus appears therefore to be common in the deep valleys about Simla, $, e. at elevations of about 4000 to 5000 feet, though it never comes up to the elevation of Simla. I have not been able to ascertain the extent of its distribution downwards towards the plains; but at one village at the foot of the hills, where this species of Jasmine is abundant, I saw no trace of it. It would thus appear, on the insuffieient data available, that in vertical distribution this fungus is remarkably limited. Transverse sections through affected portions of the stem show that mycelial inva- sion is mainly limited to the cortical parenchyma; but at a few points some hyphx may be seen entering the margin of the central pith by way of the medullary rays (РІ. Г. fig. 2). The main seat of invasion is therefore the cortical parenchyma, and this tissue, when invaded, is greatly hypertrophied. In the transverse section of an affected stem about 3:95 millim. in diameter, I noted that whilst the depth of the normal layer of cortical * See descriptions in Sir J. D. Hooker's * Flora of British India,’ iii. p. 603. + ‘Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal,’ vol. lvi. pt. п. р. 363 (1888). (2 144 MR. А. BARCLAY ON THE LIFE-HISTORY tissue, from the epidermis to the margin of the central circle of fibrovascular bundles, was 0:25 millim., it was from 0:88 millim. to about 1 millim. opposite the centre of the teleutospore beds. Further, in the unaffected parts of this tissue isolated small fibro- vascular bundles (leaf-traces) may be seen, but in affected areas these: have almost entirely disappeared; so that between the bases of the fruit-bodies ( peridia) and the central fibrovascular system there is a uniform mass of hypertrophied cortical paren- chyma cells. These cells are much enlarged, for whilst the normal cells in transverse section measure about 2919, ог 16 12 и, the cells amongst the mycelium measure up to 76X63, or even more. These hypertrophied cells, in transverse section, are round or oval in outline; but between zecidial cups they are elongated, measuring about 1134 in length by 315, in breadth (Pl. XLIX. fig. 15). Between these elongated cells the mycelial filaments may be seen in great abundance. Although the myce- lium gains entrance sparingly into the central parenchymatous tissue of the stem, it is not perennial. When sections are made through young ecidial patches, all the peridia will be found to contain гесійіоврогев only; but in somewhat older patches it will be seen that, whilst the central peridia contain teleutospores, the marginal ones contain only eecidiospores, and a few intermediate between these will be seen to contain both, though in the last case neither spores in their fullest development (Pl. XLIX. fig. 16) When the production of zecidiospores ceases within a given peridium, the whole layer of basidia appears to be forced upwards by the developing bed of teleutospores—in other words, there is no con- current growth of әесійіоврогев and teleutospores in any peridium ; but, on the other hand, there is no pause between the cessation of the production of гесійіоврогев and the development of teleutospores. The exact way in which a substitution of teleutospores for zecidiospores takes place is as follows :— When a sufficient number of zcidiospores has been formed in a given peridium, the centre of the hymenium producing them is upheaved, and very shortly broken through by the developing teleutospores. A section through the middle of an æcidial cup at this time shows, therefore, a crop of young immature teleutospores, flanked on either side by old әесійіоврогев (Pl. XLIX. fig. 16). The crop of teleutospores increases very rapidly radially, and so quickly throws off the whole hymenium which bore the eecidiospores that in many sections, while a more centrally placed peridium in а patch may be seen bearing teleutospores only, the adjacent peridium may still be full of cecidiospores. Thus teleutospore formation is not only centrifugal in each peridium, but is also so in respect of the whole of the peridia on a patch of invasion. The teleutospores are much greater in size than the ecidiospores, and the peridia, when they come to contain them, increase much in breadth: А young eecidial спр filled with ripe zecidiospores was found to measure 0:189 millim. in diameter, and one in the'same preparation, containing old æcidiospores, 0:315 millim. in depth and width, whilst an old eup with mature teleutospores measured 0:31 millim. in depth and 0:548 millim. in width. These measurements show, therefore, that there is also a centrifugal development in each peridium from first to last. ОЕ А REMARKABLE UREDINE. 145 In addition to this difference in shape, the peridium filled with teleutospores differs also markedly in having а hymenium consisting of long parallel stalks, about 95 и in depth, instead of the short basidia of the «cidiospores (Pl. XLIX. figs. 15 and 17). SPERMOGONIA.—Spermogonia are present as usual in the early stages of development of the first crop of æcidia] patches—that is, those produced by the sporidia ; but they are by no means numerous, and soon all traces of them disappear. These structures are entirely absent from the patches formed later by the xcidiospores. I have never seen them in any of the numerous sections I have made through secondarily produced zecidial patches. They are of the usual form and structure, with a tuft of paraphyses protruding through their mouths to the extent of about 444. Тһе spermogonium measures about 145 и in depth and width. Before these organs are produced considerable hypertrophy has already taken place in the host’s tissues. For example, the normal thickness of the leaf-blade was іп one case found to be 157 u, whilst in the spermogonial stage it was 409°5 и and in the zecidial 567. They are usually borne on the lower or convex side of the leaf-patch. PreRIpIuM.—This consists of a single layer of cells, each thickened on one side, the outer side, and bevelled at the upper and lower ends (Pl. XLIX. figs. 5 and 18). Тһе upper bevelled end of each cell overlaps the lower end of the cell immediately above it. The cells measure about 26 x 19 и, the thickened outer side being 3 to 4 in depth. JEcrDIOSPORES.— These are round, or more rarely oval, pale yellow bodies, abstricted serially in rows as usual, and measuring оп an average 16, in diameter. Externally they are beset with minute tubercles (Pl. XLIX. fig. 4). When placed in water they germinate freely, immediately after ripening, the contents within a few hours becoming vacuolated prior to the emergence of germ-tubes (Pl. XLIX. fig. 5). Тһе subsequent phenomena are, however, very remarkable, and unlike those of any other secidiospores with which I am acquainted. Тһе germ-tube, which is quickly emitted, soon acquires the appearance of a promycelium, as in the case of Endophyllum, but does not actually assume the character of one, as it never produces sporidia. After the germ-tube has attained a length of about 35 и it divides into two nearly equal parts, and each part now forms a long sterigmatous branch (Pl. XLIX. figs. 6, 7). That from the upper cell emerges almost always from the extreme end of the germ-tube, but sometimes from a point to one side of the end; whilst that from the lower cell emerges usually from a point a little below the septum. Тһе exact position of this lower sterigmatous branch is, how- ever, more variable: it sometimes emerges from a point near the spore, sometimes from a point just under the septum. Тһе length of these sterigmatous tubes varies greatly: in one case the upper was found to be about 60 w long and 2 p in diameter, while the lower one was a little longer. The coloured contents of the spore wander into the germ-tube, and the empty spore-walls are then readily seen to be studded with minute tubercles. 1 carefully observed many water cultivations, but never saw, either there or upon a leaf- surface, any sporidia formed at the ends of these sterigmatous branches. These sterig- matous branches enter directly into the tissue of the host, and there form another mycelium, commencing the life-cycle over again. 146 МВ. A. ВАВСГАУ ON THE LIFE-HISTORY TELEUTOSPORES.— These are brown single-celled bodies ( Uromyces), usually distinctly thickened at the free end, through which a germ-pore may often clearly be seen. They may be scraped off their beds without much difficulty, breaking off with a portion of stalk adhering to them. Оп an average they measure, when just moistened, 36 x 20 и but individual measurements varied from 26 x 24 u to 44x 18 и. The mean thickness of the wall of the spore is 2 и, but at the free end where it is thickened it measures 6 to Зи. Most of the spores are oval and symmetrical, but a few are asymmetrical, with the thiekening to one side. In some a nuclear space is clearly defined in the midst of granular protoplasm. The spores, asa rule, do not germinate immediately after ripening, although in a very few cases I did observe such germination. After a winter rest, how- ever, they germinate freely in water, emitting a promycelium of the usual characters, dividing by septa into three cells usually, but sometimes four. I have observed the germination of these spores from early spring to July, when in nature they attack the newly-formed leaves. In April they germinate feebly and slowly; in May still only a few germinate, and that slowly; even in June some halting in germination may be observed; but in July germination is very speedy. The diameter of the promyceliun is about 8 и. Each cell usually produces a sporidium at the end of a sterigma, which is about 14 и in length and 2 и in diameter. The spori- dium is oval, and very often displays two vacuoles, one at each end; it measures from 12X8p to 14х10. Тһе sporidia germinate quickly, forming secondary sporidia, sometimes even before they become detached from the promycelium (fig. 12, РІ. I.). The germ-tube of the primary sporidium is somewhat stouter than the sterigma, measuring usually Зи in diameter. Тһе secondary sporidium is generally about the same size as the primary; in one case, carefully measured, it was found to be 14X10, exactly the same as the primary sporidium which gave rise to it. І noticed that very soon after the ecidial attack had established itself the old teleutospores of the previous year lost vitality, and were no longer capable of germinating——i. e. during September. _ Since my return to Simla, in 1889, I have been able to eonfirm the one successful experiment, above mentioned, in which the zcidium was produced with sporidia. On the 5th June I placed some sporidia on the young tender leaves of two plants, (a) a twig cut off under water and kept in a glass box outside, and (0) a small rooted plant in a pot kept under a glass shade in my laboratory. Тһе sporidia were obtained thus :— боше teleutospores were зстарей off on the 3rd J une, and floated on water in a watch-glass, which was then kept in a moist atmosphere. On the 5th a fairly large number of sporidia eould be seen with a microscope. This water was placed on the leaves of the two plants. On the 12th (7 days), (б) showed two leaflets distinctly attacked, and a few days later seven distinct centres of attack. Unfortunately the plant got injured, and the shoot bearing these zecidial patches died off on the 4th July, just as a number of æcidia were about to emerge. The leaves of (а) similarly disclosed several foci of attack, which, however, did not proceed to any :cidial formation, as, being merely cut twigs, they withered soon after initial patches were formed. Again, on the 15th J une, I placed OF А REMARKABLE UREDINE. 147 sporidia similarly obtained, and in the same way, upon a potted plant in a glass forcing- box outside, and on the 21st (6 days) eighteen distinct foci of attack could be counted. These went on in due course to complete development. Again, I inoculated similarly a small plant growing in the open air, in my garden, on the 5th July, and on the 10th I noticed several distinct spots of attack, which ultimately ran a normal course. Attack is therefore very rapid. I could give the details of other experiments; but these are, I think, sufficient to prove that the parasite is autcecious. The next question in the life-history of the fungus, which presents itself for considera- tion, is the fate of the гесійіоврогев. It was of course probable that they re-attacked the same host, and experimental evidence shows that this is the case. And, indeed, the natural history of the fungus pointed strongly to this result, for after a plant has become attacked in the first instance by sporidia from over-wintered teleutospores, and some eecidial patches have been thus formed, the subsequent spread of the fungus is ex- traordinarily rapid, leading irresistibly to the conclusion that it must have been due to attack by the numerous гесійіоврогев liberated. Неге, then, we have a marked case of the assumption by eecidiospores of the function of uredospores, and the consequent non- necessity for the production of the latter. We have, therefore, two directions in which we may look for the throwing out of uredospores from the developmental history of the JEcidiomycetes, namely (а) where the power of immediate germination of the teleuto- spores secures a wide distribution, as I have explained elsewhere in the case of ZEcidium Strobilanthis*, and (b) where, as in the present case, the secidiospores assume this function. On the 23rd July I dusted some recently unfolded leaves of Jasmine on a twig, the end of which had been cut off under water, and then kept in a moist atmosphere under a glass shade in my laboratory, with secidiospores. On the 30th I noticed several distinct spots of attack. Аз these could not go on to complete develop- ment, I dusted some leaves on the latter date, both young and old, of a potted plant outside with ecidiospores, and covered the whole with a glass shade. Оп the 9rd August very numerous spots of attack could be detected on all the young leaves, and all these went on to further complete development. Attack, then, with these spores is even more rapid than with sporidia. The most striking thing in such experiments with ecidiospores is the immense attack of the host (Pl. L., fig. 1), and the extreme rapidity with which it takes place. But although the young leaves were thus largely attacked, the older darker leaves resisted completely. I could give the details of other experiments in this direction also, but they would be, I think, superfluous. In conclusion, I will offer a few remarks suggested by the peculiarities of this fungus. 'These are mainly three: (a) the production of teleutospores within the peridia; (5) the assumption of a distributive function by the ecidiospores; and (с) the very peculiar germination of the zecidiospores. The unusual site of teleutospore-formation forms a link with Puccinia Berberidis, * ‘Scientific Memoirs by Medical Officers of the Army of India,’ pt. ii. p. 20. 148 МЕ. A. BARCLAY ON THE LIFE-HISTORY | Montagne, where, as figured by de Bary *, these spores are formed immediately outside the peridium by the same mycelium. This suggests the view that primarily teleutospores were always formed within peridia, and that in course of evolution they were thrust immediately outside (Puccinia Berberidis), then further away (Uredo Behenis, &e.), and lastly were produced on separate mycelia, as happens at the present time with the great majority of these fungi. The assumption of a distributive function in so marked a degree by the tecidiospores is, I believe, illustrated for the first time by this species. It renders the production of uredospores superfluous, and we have consequently none. With regard to the third peculiarity, that, namely, of the germination of the æcidio- spores, this naturally suggests affinities with Endophyllum. If the latter may be regarded as a starting-point in the evolution of the Uredinz, we have here a connecting-link with others. Instead of the гесійіовроге forming a regular promycelium, with sporidia, we have, so to speak, an abortive promycelium, stopping short of the production of sporidia, but attacking with a sterigmatous branch, the result being alike in both cases, the immediate reproduction of a similar spore. In the case of LEndophy lium, however, the mycelium is perennial, whilst it is certainly not so in the species under consideration. Instead of persisting through an unfavourable time in mycelial form, the latter produces, as we have seen, a resting spore, which must be regarded as an advance, inasmuch as the production of such a spore must be both more economical and more certain for the preservation of the species than a perennial mycelium. Assuming for the moment that the Uredineze have started from a form like Endophylium, then it is conceivable that an evolutionary course something like the following may have taken place :— 1. First stage scidiospores only, but behaving like teleutospores in producing sporidia; preservation of species by perennial mycelium. (Endophylium.) 2. The same: but with a view to a more economical method of preserving the species, the formation of a second kind of spore with resting properties. The production of sporidia, which only wastes time as far as a distributive function is concerned, is being relegated to the teleutospore. (The species now under consideration would be an example.) 3. A more marked separation of distributive and preservative function in these two forms of spores, the latter stil] continuing to assist in distributing, but mainly subserving a preservative function (teleutospores which germinate at once after maturing, as well as after a rest, е. ©. Æ. Strobilanthis). 4. А complete separation of these functions, with the production of a third form of spore (uredo) to aid in distribution. (Including the majority of species whose life-histories are known.) Here, except for special reasons ( mostly unknown), a perennial mycelium becomes unnecessary. * * Botanische Zeitung,' 1879, no. 48, t. 10. OF А REMARKABLE UREDINE. 149 5. At first the same portion of the same mycelium produces both spores (the species under consideration). 6. Later, on the principle of the physiological distribution of function, separate portions of the same mycelium form the separate spores (through Р. Berberidis to the more ordinary forms). 7. Later still, to aid in the struggle for existence, where the distribution of species becomes important, separate mycelia produce separate spores (most autcecious species). 8. With increasing struggle for existence, hetercecism with increased necessity for aid in distribution, 4. e. for the production of uredospores (most heterocious species). | But, аз I have said, there are grounds for thinking that Z»dophyllum should not be regarded as the starting-point in this evolution. If the ecidial fructification had been the most essential, it is not probable that it would have been thrown out in any species ; and yet in Puccinia Collettiana, as I have shown *, and as others have shown, I believe, in other cases, this has happened, and no vestige of it is left. Indeed, as Dietel points out t, the only spore-form, which, as far as we know, is invariably present, is the sporidium, the product of a teleutospore, and Brefeld has advanced strong arguments for regarding every other form of spore as subsidiary. : Endophyllum, in this view, must be regarded as an aberrant branch, and it would perhaps be more correct to look upon the Jasmine secidium as tending in the same aberrant groove. It is conceivable that, if the mycelium acquired a perennial habit, as has been acquired by JE»dophyllum, the formation of teleutospores would become un- necessary, and would therefore cease to be formed. In that case our fungus would become practically an Hndophyllum. It is worthy of remark that in this species the sporidium and the. ecidiospore are physiologically almost equivalent, as each produces a like mycelium, with this difference only, that while the mycelium produced by a sporidium bears spermatia, that produced by an zecidiospore does not. Аз this is the second Uredine in which I have observed this peculiarity I would draw particular attention to it. I first noticed it in the life- history of P. Collettiana T. In this species also the sporidia form mycelia bearing spermogonia; but the mycelia produced by primary uredospores, though like the former mycelia in every other respect, bear no spermatia. If further investigation should show that the same occurs in all similar cases (members of the groups Brachyuromyces, Brachypuccinia and Uromycopsis, Pucciniopsis, Schróter) this would give additional support to Brefeld's view that spermatia and sporidia are spores of a like kind (conidia) differing from the remaining forms of spores in this order (chlamydospores). The whole life-cycle of the species under consideration may begin with the æcidio- spore, ending with a sporidium, or, beginning with a sporidium, end with a teleutospore ; * «Scientific Memoirs by Medical Officers of the Army of India,’ pt. v. 1890, рр. 87-91. Т “ Beiträge zur Morphologie und Biologie der Uredineen," a series of seven papers in the * Botanisches Central- blatt, xxxii. $ Loe. cif. SECOND SERIES.—BOTANY, VOL. III. : х 150 МЕ. A. ВАВСГАУ ON THE LIFE-HISTORY but in the cycle beginning with an secidiospore no spermatia are formed. The cycles may be represented graphically thus :— I. ->Sporidium ‚== Mycelium. Spermatia. II. ZEcidiospore.————————M ycelium. — — Teleutospore. ZEcidiospore. Series II. ad inf. ы (Halt.) Teleutospore.————— - during vegetative (Halt.) activity of host. We have here, then, a new species, with very distinctive features, and I propose naming it Uromyces Cunninghamianus, after my friend Dr. D. D. Cunningham, F.R.S., whose beautiful researches in India in this as in other branches of botanical science are well known. Of the several groups into which the Uromyces have been divided, this species would come most nearly under Uromycopsis, Schröter; but it bears no trace whatever of uredospores. ОвомусЕз CUNNINGHAMIANUS, n. sp.; secidiis in soros orbiculares aggregatis, hypo- phyllis vel caulicolis, orbicularibus, minutis, 4-5 mm. diametro, inferne rubro- aurantiacis, superne rubris; æcidiosporis albo-luteis orbicularibus vel ellipsoideis, 16 № diametro, tuberculatis ; pseudoperidiis albis, apice stellatim dehiscentibus, et strato uno cellularum externe incrassatarum compositis, 26х19 ш; Spermogoniis 145 ш; uredosporis defectis; teleutosporis vero in secidiorum soris erumpentibus demum omnino eorum sedes possidentibus, atro-fuscos in soros congestis, ellipsoideis, fuscis, apice libero incrassato, levibus, se cum pedieelli fragmento avellentibus, 26 x 24-44X 18 ш; sporidiis ovalibus, 12x 8—14 x 10, вере sporidia ipsis gerentibus. The гесійіа are produced only on newly unfolded leaves, and the mycelium causes considerable hypertrophy of the host's tissue. Тһе eecidiospores produce a germ-tube divided into two parts by a septum, each forming a narrow sterigma. "The spermogonia are produced only by mycelium formed by sporidium, are not numerous, and are of the usual form and structure. Habitat in leaves, stems, and floral parts of Jasminum grandiflorum, Linn. N.W. Himalayas. | DESCRIPTION OF THE PLATES. | Рілте XLIX. Fig. 1. Terminal end of flowering shoot, showing three buds and a node attacked. stage. Nat. size. Fig. 2. Upper and lower surface of leaf, with two isolated patches of invasion. Nat. size, In teleutosporic In teleutosporic stage. OF А ВЕМАВКАВГЕ UREDINE. 151 Fig. 3. А and В. Two views of same stem attacked, showing localized hypertrophy. In teleutosporic stage. Nat. size. Fig. 4. ZEcidiospores. х 350. Fig. 5. Vacuolated zecidiospore, and isolated peridial cell. х 350. Fig. 6. Aicidiospore germinated ; sterigmatous branches still small. х 350. Fig. 7. Ditto, with sterigmatous branches fully developed. х 350. Fig. 8. Teleutospore, showing commencing germination. х 350. Fig. 9. Teleutospore completely germinated, bearing three sporidia, all of which have emitted germ- tubes while still attached to promycelium. х 350. Fig. 10. Showing abnormal promycelial development. At (b) abnormal formation of sporidium. х 350. Fig. 11. End of promycelium bearing three sporidia. х 350. Fig. 12. Promycelium bearing a sporidium which has formed a secondary sporidium while still attached. x 350. | Fig. 13. Leaf showing several points of attack ; wcidial stage. Маф. size. Fig. 14. Showing petiole generally attacked, with much hypertrophy and distortion ; mostly in æcidial ; stage, but showing commencing teleutospore formation. Nat. size. Fig. 15. Section through the peridium containing teleutospore bed, with elongated stalks (basidia). x 140. Fig. 16. Section through peridium showing commencing teleutospore formation; wcidiospores on either side. x140. Fig. 17. Peridial cells seen flat. х 350. PLATE L. Fig. 1. From photograph showing shoot gathered at Sairi largely attacked in æcidial stage ; the result of attack by æcidiospores. Nat. size. Fig. 2. Portion of section through attacked stem from central pith, Fig. 3. Portion of section through peridium containing teleutospores. X 350. Fig. 4. Section through peridium in æcidial stage; short layer of basidia as compared with fig. 15. x 140. showing mycelial invasion, х 350. porc рее UROMYCES CUNNINGHAMIANUS, Barclay. LINNEAN SOCIETY ОР LONDON. MEMORANDA CONCERNING TRANSACTIONS. - .fhe First Series of the Transactions, containing both Botanieal and Zoological contributions, has been completed аа 30 Vols. and а few entire sets are still for sale. Only certain single volumes, or parts to complete sets, may - . be obtained at the original priees. The price of the Index to Vols. 1—25 is 8s. to the publie, and 6s. to Fellows; to Vols, 26-30, 4s. to the publie, and 3s. to Fellows. ~ The Second Series of the Transactions is divided into Zoological and Botanical sections. The prices of the — various parts which have been published of these are аз undermentioned :— о R^ wu „=, нь рь о £ s d. £x d, £ x d. £g b ve к. Бесомр Ѕевтез. —700106ү. Srconp Srrtes.—Borany. \ ТАН 115 2 1 4 0...018 0 EI ТЕШ о 080 ..0 89 б DM 1875 0 6 0...0 46 Put iL 18975 ... 018 90 ...019 0 Part ІП. 1876.....1 8 0... 1 1 0 Pub НЕ 1676... 00 0 9 O Pat ТҮ. 1877.....016 0.... 012 0 Part ТУ. 1876. ....010 0....0 7. 8 ee. 0 9... 019 6 PM. V В т о... Оза 0 ТИ LIST са э 9...018 6 г з, | Per VESSS 8 0....919 6 ОВ Ша 2 1:16 0... 1 7 0 Қы 0 i2 VINE б 10 0. обо е Ко. iQ cs Part VIII. 1880..... PI 0160) E Т; она MH в о 1 860 ..9085 0 ar I8 ето iL Fat 1 1881 .... 019 6 ово во. и obs Peut іліне 060,03 ә во 023 Part HL 99. ...010 0. отб во Ошо Pet IV. 1902 обо 2695 ERO 5 8 ити 0560-2-09 23 0...0 23 Pet VE tout... 015 6... 010 0 9359-9253 Part VIL 18. боб... 0 7 0 2 020 9:6 PartVIIL 1884..... 010 0...0 7 6 ee ное. КЕШІНЕ ибо особо ds $a "MM X DP 02 4..9024 si - ad CM XL 196... 0 6 0... 0 4 в 48.. 02€ DESC XILIBA ово. обо во 039 НН. 1 7 0.,.41 90 0 $0... 07233 - c МИ. 18007... 0 71 0... 0 5 6 56. .0 9 0 А. 0109 0... 0 1.8 ог һай 1.09 6...03 0 RS ЖАСЫН 11 8802 2 14 о ТЕРС BM GI. осо. 039 E 0 | ГА 6 4% i and Ser, BOTANY) 0 (VoL, III. PA RT 3 -ON TE өн ор мо (771188 7 ПІ. An Enumeration of all the Species of Musci/nd Hepatice recorded from Japan. By WILLIAM Mirren, 4.7.8. (Plate LI.) Read 2nd May, 1889. THE Collections which have furnished materials for the following catalogue are :— (1) That made during the visit of the * Challenger? Expedition in April and May 1875, the whole of whieh has one common label as being gathered at Kobe-Kioto and on the Tokiado; (2) Two considerable collections made by James Bisset, Esq., F.L.S., the first in 1879, the second in 1887-1888, in both which the specimens have definite localities ; (3) А number of specimens without labels collected by Dr. Maingay ; (4) Many other specimens from Mr. Maries and Mr. Dickens, all of which are labelled “ Japan." Thunberg in his ‘ Flora Japonica,’ 1784, gives localities. for five Mosses and four Hepaticee. The collections made by Siebold, which have added so largely to the Flora, are in part described by Dozy and Molkenboer in their * Musci Frondosi inediti Archi- pelagi Indici, sive Descriptio её Adumbratio Muscorum Frondosorum in insulis Java, Borneo, Sumatra, Celebes, Amboyna, nec non in Japonia nuper detectorum minusve cognitorum,' 1845-1847, in which were embodied the species described in the * Annales des Sciences Naturelles,’ Paris, 1844 (published separately under the title * Muscorum Fron- dosorum Nov: Species ex Archipelago Indico et Japonia, 1844), and more completely recorded by Van der Sande-Lacoste in the enumeration, including the Hepatieze, which he contributed to Miquel’s “ Prolusio Flore Japonice,” 1867, in * Annales Musei Botanici Lugduni Batavorum,' vols. i. & ii. In this are contained those species collected by Oldham and described in the * Journal of the Linnean Society, viii. (1864), but those collected by the American Exploring Expedition and described by Sullivant and Les- quereux in the * Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences,’ iv. p. 275, 1857-1860, are not mentioned. Lindberg, in his * Contributio ad Floram Cryptogamam Авіге Boreali-Orientalis, 1872 (Acta Soc. Sci. Fenn. x. pp. 221-280), described with his accustomed care five Hepaticee, of which one was new, and twenty-eight Mosses, of whieh seven were new and additional to the Flora of Japan, from the collections of Maximowicz. In the ‘Mémoires de la Société de Physique et d'Histoire Naturelle de Genève, tom. xxvi., in his ** Choix de Mousses Exotiques nouvelles ou mal connues," Duby described and figured а few Japanese Mosses which he considered to be previously unknown, besides which a few are mentioned by Jaeger and Sauerbeck in ‘Genera et Species Muscorum systematice disposita, seu Adumbratio Flore Muscorum (1870-1879), by name only, no deseriptions of which are known. Amongst a number of species which are found throughout the temperate regions of the northern hemisphere, the Flora of J apan presents some species which are elsewhere round, in N. India; and a few which belong rather to the eastern side of N. America, without a marked affinity to the species of the Pacific coasts of that continent. "The SECOND SERIES.—BOTANY, VOL. III. ; Y 154 MR. W. MITTEN ON THE SPECIES ОҒ unknown condition of the Bryology of China permits of no comparison being made with that vast ап doubtless rich region, nor in the very limited extent of knowledge of the Japanese Moss Flora is it possible to compare the species with those of similar latitudes. The number of species of the genus Mniwm and also of Macromitrium is remarkable ; аз is also the entirely new aspect given to two genera of Hepaticze by the occurrence of sacculi in Mastigophora and Blepharozia, of which the known species had previously given no indication or expectation; and their presence seems to be a foretaste of other strange forms yet awaiting the assiduous collector. | In preparing this enumeration valuable help was kindly given by Mr. C. H. Wright, .of Kew, who made many extracts of the descriptions of the Species mentioned by Sulli- vant and Lesquereux, and also by Mr. A. Gepp, of the British Museum, who extracted many portions from Miquel's * Prolusio' and photographed Duby's figures. MUSCI. BRYOZIPHIUM, Mitt. in Journ. Linn. Soc., Bot. xii. 580. 1. B. SavATIERI.— Eustichia Savatieri, Husnot, Rev. Bryol. v. (1883), p. 85, cum icone. A small tuft with one capsuliferous stem, ‘Challenger’ Exp. With old capsules all deoperculate in September, Nikko, Bisset. The capsule of this beautiful Moss is, as suspected by M. Husnot, borne on a seta curved in half a spire. Mr. Bisset’s specimens are 4 cm. high, and have the leaves abrupt at their points as figured ; in this particular they differ from all the American specimens of В. norvegicum. Now that the fruit has been found on both species, and is described as gymnostomous, it is possible to surmise that this genus comes nearer to the Angstroemiz than to the Fissidentes; for although the leaves of Angstremia vuleanica, C. Muell. (Dicranum filiforme, Beauv.), are not distichous, a glance at Schwaegrichen’s figure, Supp. ii. t. 122, will show how nearly similar in all other respects these Mosses аге; there is the same foliage, short and close below, much lengthened out near the periche- tium, the same short seta and elongated antheridia. This species, originally gathered in Bourbon, is found also in Jamaica and Peru. 4. Gayana has its upper leaves shorter and seta longer, and thus connects 4. Jiliformis with A. julacea and A. longipes; allalike have the glossy imbricated foliage as on Bryum Julaceum. No species of Angstremia proper has been described from India; but there is a very small and slender Moss which seems to stow not unfrequently with Polytricha :— А. ORIENTALIS, Sp. n. Caulis erectus ascendensve simplex, rarius furcatus. Folia bifaria erecta sese amplexantia, arcte imbricata, oblongo-ovalia, apice marginibus incurvis, subacuta seepius asymmetrica, apicibus subsecundis, interdum squarroso-subsecundis, costa latiuscula pallida sub apice evanescente, marginibus crenulatis subintegerri- misve, cellulis inferioribus subquadratis subrotundisve, superioribus parvis ovalibus inter se remotiusculis, parietibus limpidis firmis. Perichætium apicale foliis pluri- Bhotan, Griffith; Sikkim, Sir J. D. Hooker and W. Вей; Birma, Kurz. Caulis | to radicali ascendentes, cum foliis vix MUSCI AND НЕРАТ!СЖ RECORDED FROM JAPAN. 155 This minute moss has more the appearance of small scattered stems of some species of Cesia than of any Angstremia, and until a few stems were found with apical perichetia it was indeterminable. DITRICHUM, Timm. 2. D. PALLIDUM.— Bryum pallidum, Schreb. Collected by ‘Challenger’ Exp.; and at Oyama by Bisset; also in China by Fortune. 3. D. DIVARICATUM, sp. п. Monoicum. Caulis humilis. Folia a basi oblonga cauli appressa, subito divaricata, subulata, longe angustata, canalieulata, nervo lato supra mediam a pagina indistincto, cellulis brevibus obscuris areolata, apice paucidenti- culata; perichsetialia sequilonga, dimidio inferiore vaginante, superiore angusto. Тһеса in peduneulo rubro suberecta, cylindracea, recta. Shiranesan, with young seta in August; Nantaizan, September, with old capsules, Bisset. Caulis 1 ст. altus. Folia 4 mm. longa, pars erecta 1 mm., pallida, pars divaricata recta, curvata flexuosave, viridis obscura, levis. Pedunculus 2 cm. altus, satis tenuis, inferne ruber. Theca 3 mm. longa, fere ubique :equilata, angusta, ætate pallida, fere chartacea. Peristomium vetustum, dentibus elongatis. Quite distinet from .D. pallidum in the form of its leaves and capsule. DICRANELLA, Schimp. 4. D. HETEROMALLA, Schimp.—Dicranum heteromallum, Hedw. Nikko, Yumoto, Bisset. , TREMATODON, Rich. 5. T. LONGICOLLIS, Rich. Collected by Textor. DICRANUM, Hedw. Sect. Eudicranum, Mitt. in Journ. Linn. бос., Bot. хи. 62. 6. D. JAPONICUM, sp.n. Caulis erectus. Folia patula secunda recta falcataque, linealia, sensim angustata, e medio ad apicem argute serrulata, nervo tenui dorso bilineato denticulato, cellulis apicem versus elongatis angustis, inferioribus latioribus, basin versus rectangulatis, parietibus solidis, alaribus fuscis obscuris; perichzetialia arcte convoluta, late ovalia, nervo vix conspicuo, in acumen elongatum curvatum lamina angustissima subintegerrima marginatum producta. Theca longe pedunculata . eylindracea arcuata, levis, operculo subulato, peristomio dentibus teneris. With deoperculate capsules, * Challenger’ Exp.; Oyama and Fujisan, barren, Bisset. Caules 3-4-unciales laxe ezespitantes ut plurimum simplices, inferne radicellis incon- spicuis vestiti. Folia 1 ст. longa, flavescentia subnitentia, siccitate, vix „mutata. Perichzetialia 6-7 mm. longa, acuminibus 2 mm. longis. Pedunculus 4 em. longus, ruber. Theca 3 mm. longa, fusca, haud plicata, basi subzequalis. Larger than D. scoparium, but without any near — to D. majus. The PS 156 МВ. W. MITTEN ON THE SPECIES OF foliage is sometimes straight and erect, simply patent, or, as 50 commonly in the allied species, faleate and secund; in all the specimens it is yellow or fulvous. 7. DICRANUM SCOPARIUM, Hedw. Chiusenji, with perfect fruit in September; and the variety (D. Venturi) with older fruit in May, Fujisan, Yumoto, Bisset. 8. D. сжатом, Sp. n. Caules laxe czespitosi erecti simplices furcative, interrupte foliati, radicellis brevibus sparsis vestiti. Folia patula ssepius arcuato-incurva, interdum faleata, apicalia in penieillum erectum арргезза, apicibus liberis, omnia inferne anguste elliptica fere a basi sensim angustata canaliculata, nervo crasso concolori dorso ubique minute aspero fere ad apicem angustissimum a pagina distincto, mar- gine crenulato-serrulata, cellulis superioribus parvis ovalibus, basin versus longiori- bus, dorso minutissime scabris, alaribus paucis pallide fuscis. Nikko, Bisset. Caulis 4-uncialis. Folia longiora 1 cm. longa, superiora pallide glauco-viridia nitoris destituta, ob nervi crassitudinem satis rigida, sicca, varie flexa, nonnulla circinata. In its glaucous foliage unlike any of the other Japanese species, and comparable only to the N. American D. Drummondii, with which it agrees in the substance of its leaves and scabrous nerve; but in D. cesium the leaves are much narrower, and the nerve in proportion wider and thicker. 9. D. сохвевтт/м, Brid. Shiranesan, Yumoto, Bisset. Sect. Orthocarpa. 10. D. FLAGELLARE, Hedw. Nantaizan, with fruit not quite mature in September, and Fujisan, Bisset. 11. D. HAMULOSUM, sp. п. Dioicum. Caulis simplex furcatusve, inferne tomento sub- albido inter folia obtectus. Folia secunda falcata, a basi supra cellulas alares fusci- dulas sensim angustata carinata, nervo inferne + folii latitudinis occupante ubique а pagina usque ad apicem distincto, dorso minute denticulato-scabro, marginibus supra medium ad apicem serrulatis, cellulis basalibus elongatis, superioribus parvis rotun- datis areolata; pericheetialia dimidio inferiore vaginantia, subito angustata. Pedun- culus gracilis. Тһеса oblongo-ovalis erecta æqualis striata, operculo subulato æqui- longo. Peristomium dentibus breviusculis, annulo simplici. Barren stems, ‘Challenger’ Exp., Maries; and with fruit, Nantaizan, Bisset. Caules 2—4 ст., albi, fusco-rubri. Folia 5-8 mm. longa, sicca, parum mutata, viridia fuscescentia vix nitentia. Pedunculus pallidus, 1 сш. longus. Theca cum partie 4 mm. longa. Size and appearance that of D. Sauteri; but different in the narrower, more indurated nerve, and in areolation, as well as in the striate capsule ; more robust thái D. montanum. 12. 2A STRIATULUM, 8p. n. Caulis ascendens simplex furcatusve, tomento pallido parce obtectus. Folia faleata secunda a basi supra cellulas alares pallide fuscas sensim MUSCI AND НЕРАТ!СЖ RECORDED FROM JAPAN. 157 angustata canaliculata, marginibus interdum convolutis, apicem versus minute serrulatis, nervo inferne $ folii latitudinis occupante, versus apicem dorso scabro, cellulis ubique elongatis angustis areolata. Barren stems only, ‘Challenger’ Exp. Caulis 1-2-uncialis. Folia 4 mm. longa, subnitentia, sicca, longitudinaliter striatula. Very similar to D. hamuloswm; but with longer and wider leaves, with a different areolation. Sect. Chorisodontium. 18. Птсвахгм CYLINDROTHECIUM, sp.n. Laxe cespitosum. Caulis erectus simplex fur- catusque, gracilis. Folia erecto-patentia, apicalia subfalcato-secunda angusta, dimidio inferiore elliptico convoluto, superiore sensim angustato, nervo angusto ad summam apicem a pagina angusta argute serrulata distincto, dorso etiam serrulato percursa, cellulis omnibus elongatis angustis alaribus conspicuis magnis quadratis fuscis areolata; perichzetialia caulina dimidio longiora late oblonga, convoluta, in acumen breve tenue subintegerrimum erectum producta. Тһеса in pedunculo brevi cylin- dracea erecta lævis. Miogisan, with old fruit in April, Bisset. Caulis 2-3-uncialis infra perichetium innovans continuus, radicellis brevibus incon- spicuis vestitus. Folia 6 mm. longa, post exsiccationem fusco-straminea ubique limpida ; perichzetialia magna pallidiora, 8 mm. longa. Pedunculus 13-14 mm. longus, ruber, tortus. Theca 2 mm. longa, fusca, ore intensiore colorato. Peristomium vetustum, dentibus brevibus teneris. Much more slender than D. scoparium. The seta being short, the capsules are scarcely raised above the terminal leaves of the innovations. Тһе cylindrie capsule is different from that of the preceding section, there being no trace of the striation, and it thus agrees with the European D. Sauteri, D. longifolium, and D. strictum, as well as with some S. American species. Jaeger, Adumb. Musc. ii. 645, mentions a “ Dicranodontium uncinatulum," C. Muell. (in sched.), Japonica, Nikko, trans. Yokohama (Schaal). CAMPYLOPUS, Brid. 14. C. LEaANUS, Sull. On rotten wood, barren, Maries. : ; This small species, discovered in America by Lea and published by Sullivant, Musc. Alleg. 172, has been gathered fertile by Griffith at Simla, and probably in the same part of India, barren, by Bell. Тһе equal-sided plicate capsule on a curved seta and the fim- briated calyptra present no differences from the usual states observable among the numerous species allied to the European С. densus. 15. C. Brvuir, Van den Bosch et Lacoste, Bry. Javan. t. 65. Recorded in Miquel's Prolusio (Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd. Bat. ii. 292) from several collec- tions. 158 МЕ. W. MITTEN ON THE SPECIES OF ONCOPHORUS, Brid. Sect. Rhabdoweisia, Schimp. 16. О. srriatus.—G@rimmia striata, Web. & Mohr. A few scattered plants amongst Lepidozia setacea, * Challenger’ Exp. Sect. Huoncophorus. 17. О. onzsPrronrUs.— Didymodon crispifolius, Mitt. in Journ. Linn. Soc., Bot. viii. p. 148. Intermixed with Mosses, barren, ‘ Challenger’ Exp. Mii, Sagami-gawa, June, Bisset. 18. О. WAHLENBERGII, Brid. Fujisan, with fruit, Bisset. CERATODON, Brid. 19. С. PURPUREUS, Brid. Dr. Maingay. GRIMMIA, Ebrh. Beitr. i. 176. Sect. Schistidium. 20. G. APOCARPA, Hedw. A few stems amongst Glyphomitrium Wilsoni, ‘ Challenger’ Exp.; Nikko and else- where amongst mosses, Bisset. Sect. Rhacomitrium, Brid. 21. С. FASCICULARIS, C. Muell. Hakoni Pass, Nantaizan, Umagayeshi to Chiusenji, with young fruit in September, Bisset. Most of the specimens have a different look from the usual states of this species, from the leaves being a little longer and more channelled, but they are mixed with others not appreciably differing from European. | 22. С. CANESCENS.— Trichostomum canescens, Timm. Fujisan, with complete fruit, Bisset. 28. С. LANUGINOSsA, C. Muell. Fujisan, fertile, Bisset. 24. G. HETEROSTICHA, C. Muell. Nantaizan, barren, Bisset. 25. б. JAPONICA, Dozy et Molk. Musc. Frond. Archip. Ind. et J ap. 130, t. 41. | Gathered by Siebold : seems to be G. canescens ; but Sande-Lacoste in Miquel, Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd. Bat. iv. p. 181, compares it to G. sudetica. MUSCI AND HEPATICZ RECORDED FROM JAPAN, 159 GLYPHOMITRUM, Brid. 26. (+. Wirsoxr.— Píychomitrimn Wilsoni, Sull. et Геза. In small quantity with empty capsules, * Challenger’ Етр.; Nagasaki, Oldham ; Joshin and Senkokuhava, Bisset. 97. б. SINENSE, Mitt. in Journ. Linn. Soc., Bot. viii. 149; and 28. G. DENTATUM, ejusd. 1. c. | Both gathered by Oldham, are also found in China. . Henoniella, gen. nov., H. japonica, Duby, in Mém. Soc. Phys. Hist. Nat. Genève, xxvi. (1879) 8, if considered from the figure which he gives, might be supposed to be Glyphomi- trium Wilsoni; but in his description he repeatedly says it is julaceous and extremely elegant, comparing it to Pilopogon; it was collected by Dr. Henon at Tkouao. OCHROBRYUM, Mitt. in Journ. Linn. Soc., Bot. xii. 107. 99. О. GARDNERIANUM.— Leucophanes Gardnerianum, C. Müll. Syn. 1. 85. А few fragments, € Challenger’ Exp.; also barren by Bisset. A very doubtful moss until its fructified state has been found, and, like some Indian specimens, placed in this genus in default of any distinction having been discovered. It 1s mentioned by Lindberg, and is probably the barren Leucobryum glaucum mentioned in Miquel’s * Prolusio’ (in Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd. Bat. ii. 292) as gathered by Textor. OCTOBLEPHARU M, Hedw. 30. О. ALBIDUM, Hedw. A few small specimens gathered by Maingay. LEUCOBRYUM, Hampe. 31. L. SCABRUM, Van der Sande-Lacoste in Miquel’s Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd. Bat. ii. 292. Gathered by Siebold ; is found also in Hong Kong. It is not quite so robust as L. javense, and, like it, will probably prove to be a Pego- phyllum. WEISIA, Hedw. 32. W. CONTROVERSA, Hedw. i A small specimen with old fruit, ‘ Challenger’ Exp.; in the same condition at Yoko- hama and Miogisan, Bisset ; also by Siebold and Testor. SYSTEGIUM, Schimp. 33. S. CRISPUM, Schimp. Gathered by Testor. 160 MR. W. MITTEN ON THE SPECIES OF TORTULA, Hedw. Sect. Hyophila. 34. Т. SPATHULATA.—Gymnostomum spathulatum, Harv. A small barren tuft, ‘ Challenger’ Exp. Sect. Desmatodon. 35. T. EMARGINATA, Dozy et Molk. Musc. Frond. Archip. Ind. et Japon. 50, t. 20. (Barbula.) Collected by Siebold. Sect. Helicopogon. 36. T. UNGUICULATA, Roth. By Siebold and Textor. 37. T. INFLEXA.— Trichostomum inflecum, Bruch. Mentioned in Miquel. POTTIA, Ehrh. 38. P. LANCEOLATA, C. Muell. var. (= Gymnostomum intermedium, Turn.). Collected by Тег. ANGCTANGIUM, Hedw. Sp. Muse. i. 40. 39. А. PULVINATUM, sp.n. Planta feminea: pulvinatim ceespitosum, inferne radicellis fuscis laxe contextum. Folia humida patentia, sicca laxe contorta incurvaque а basi ereetiore, cellulis rotundis paucissimis ad nervi latera elongatis, subovata, pellucida, inde angustata lineali-lanceolata acuta, nervo concolore percursa carinata, apice pellucida, cellulis obscuriusculis areolata. Nikko, Bisset. i Caules uncia major, eum foliis humidis 2 mm. lati. Folia inferiora fusca, superiora viridia, 1 mm. longa. 40. А. TORQUESCENS, sp. n. Planta mascula: humilis. Folia humida patentia, sicca appressa contorta oblongo-linealia, ubique fere æquilata, acuta, e cellulis densis obscuris areolata. A very small tuft, * Challenger’ Exp. Caulis centimetro minor. Folia 1 mm. longa, fusco-viridia. This differs from the preceding in the form and areolation of its leaves, almost the only distinctions available in the genus. In both the inflorescence is found in the usual position and it is almost exactly uniform in all. MUSCI AND НЕРАТІСЖ RECORDED FROM JAPAN. 161 DRUMMONDIA, Hook. 41. D. CLAVELLATA, Hook. With capsules some time past maturity and empty, * Challenger’ Exp. The specimens agree with American, but are a little more robust. AULACOMITRIUM, gen. nov. Theca apicalis, æqualis. Folia perichetii in vaginam exsertam convoluta. Calyptra mitriformis, plicata. 42. А HUMILLIMUM,sp.n. (Plate LI. figs. 1-5.) Czespitosum. Caulis simplex erectus. Folia patentia sicca appressa lanceolata linealiaque, apice subacuminata integerrima, nervo angusto in mucronem pungentem excurrente carinata, marginibus late recurvis, e cellulis rotundatis parvis obscuratis, basi ad nervum paucis oblongis areolata; peri- cheetialia duplo longiora late convoluta obtusa. Theca breviter exserta brevis ovalis, operculo conico rostrato, demum evacua subplicata turbinata, peristomio dentibus 16 per paria approximatis, siccitate revolutis, teneris, fuscis. Calyptra thecam totam obtegens, pluries plicata, basi multifissa. Gathered by Maingay. The specimens are all embedded in earthy matter. The Macromitriwm calycinum gathered in imperfect state by Textor and enumerated by Van der Sande-Lacoste probably belongs to this; it is without locality. Caules 3 mm. alti, laxe pulvinatim aggregati. Folia 1-13 mm. longa, olivacea fusces- centia. Perichzsetium fere 2 mm. longum, setam fere totam involvens. Тһеса 0:50 mm. longa, collo nullo, a membrana tenera cellulis homomorphis condita. Calyptra 1 mm. longa. The habit and foliage of this small Moss is similar to that of those species of Zygodon which generally agree with Z. viridissimus; but the capsule, which at length becomes turbinate, with its small membranous teeth, and the plicate mitriform calyptra remove it from that genus. Тһе vaginate perichzetium is a character found neither in Orthotrichum nor in Macromitrium. A. CALYCINUM, Mitt. (Macromitrium calycinum, Mitt. in Journ. Linn. Soc., Bot. iii. Supp. 49) is another species of this genus; its capsule is smooth, longer and narrower, and its peristome, so far as сап be seen, has equidistant teeth; its calyptra, seen only ina young state, is finely striate. Of the male inflorescence nothing is known, and the state of the specimens is insufficient to show whether the fertile stems are independent in their origin, or, as was supposed in the Ceylon specimens gathered by Gardner and again by Thwaites, they arise from a creeping primordial stem ; these appear to have grown on trees, but in the Japanese species appearances are against their habitat being arboreal. ULOTA, Brid. 49. U. REPTANS, sp. n. Monoica. Caulis procumbens repens, ramis brevibus assurgent- ibus. Folia patentia sicca appressa, a basi orbiculari excavata cellulis, paucis ad SECOND SERIES.— BOTANY, VOL. III. Z 162 MR. W. MITTEN ON THE SPECIES OF nervum oblongis, sensim angustata, nervo percurrente carinata, marginibus recurvis, cellulis rotundis parvis limitibus latis pellucidioribus areolata ; perichetialia con- formia. Тһеса ovalis plicata collo sensim angustato, peristomio dentibus 8, ciliis ? Calyptra ramentis appressis, ea brevioribus pilosa. Fujisan, on branches, May, Bisset. Caulis repens, З cm. longus, ramis 1 em. longis. Folia 1:50 mm. longa, viridia nigres- centia, haud erispata. Theca cum collo 4 mm. longa, sporangio 1 mm. longo. ‚ А. small species which seems very distinct in its creeping stems. 44. ULOTA AMERICANA, Mitt. in Journ. Linn. Soc., Bot. viii. 26. Kintoki, Bisset. Appears to be quite the same as American specimens. 45. О. ЈАРОМІСА ( Orthotrichum japonicum, Sull. et Lesq.) was collected on trees in shaded ravines, Hakodadi. Sullivant, with the specimens of both before him, suggests that this and U. Barclayi, Mitt. (v. Sull. Icones, Supp. 56), may be forms of one species. “ ORTHOTRICHUM, Hedw. 46. О. Вобввт, Brid. Collected by Siebold (Van der Sande-Laeoste, Miquel, Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd. Bat. p. 293). Fragments indicate the presence of other species. MACROMITRIUM, Brid. Sect. G'oniostoma, Mitt. 47. M. saronicum, Dozy еб Molk. in Ann. Sc. Nat. 1844, 311.— M. spathulare, Mitt. in Journ. Linn. Soc., Bot. iii. Supp. 50. With mature fruit, * Challenger’ Exp.; also by Maingay. 48. M. RUPESTRE, Mitt. in Journ. Linn. бос., Bot. viii. 150. With old fruit, * Challenger’ Exp. This forms extensive patches of short upright branches : Mm , the older brown. pus es; young foliage yellowish green, 49. М. INSULARUM, Sull. et Lesq. Simoda, Amer. Expl. Exp. From description it belongs to this group; it is said to have the habit of M. rupestre, but acute leaves and very pilose calyptra. 50. М. PROLONGATUM, sp. п. Folia elongata, lineali-lan sicca cauli appressa, in Caules procumbentes, inordinate ramosi ramis prolongatis. ceolata, apice acutissima, humida a basi erectiore patentia, үн CRM CURA чо remulorumque longiora, apice latiora, жазшы да, туо percursa, e cellulis basin versus paucis oblongis, superioribus rotundatis areolata ; perichætialia erecto-patentia elongate lanceolata, MUSCI AND НЕРАТІСЖ RECORDED FROM JAPAN. 163 sensim angustata, usque ad basin thece ovalis lzevis producta. — Peristomium e den- tibus teneris brevibus. Calyptra ramentis densissime vestita. Kintoki, Bisset. Ceespites laxi. Каті appressifoliati 3-5 ст. longi, ramulis sspe brevissimis, statu humido stellatim foliatis. Folia longiora 2 mm. longa longiorave. Тһеса 2 mm. longa, in pedunculo zequilongo, cinnamomea, ore carnosula intensiore colorata. Тһе habit of this species is quite different from that of the preceding ; instead of the stems being creeping with aggregated erect branches, they seem merely procumbent and thus form a loose tuft. 51. MacROMITRIUM GYMNOSTOMUM, Sull. et Lesq. Kintoki, Hakone, Bisset. In this species the short branches are aggregated into extensive patches. The calyptra, although that of the genus, is split more on one side, and, with some other species in which the calyptra is found in the same condition, has been enumerated by Lindberg, 2. с. р. 229, as belonging to Dasymitrium, М. rupestre and М. incurvum being also included. 52. M. incurvuM.—Dasymitrium incurvum, Lindb. in Seem. Journ. of Bot. 1864, p. 385 (M. japonicum, C. Muell. Syn. i. 740). | C. Mueller received specimens of this mixed with M. japonicum, and thus described the wrong species (Miquel, in Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd. Bat. ii. 294; Prolusio, 182). 53. М. соматтм, sp. п. Humilis, laxe ezespitosus. Caulis fertilis ramosus, foliis paten- tibus diversimodo curvatis, a basi parum latiore lineali-elongatis, apice latis, obtuse acutis, ѕере incurvis, margine papillis prominulis minute erosis, nervo flavo carinatis, cellulis superioribus obscuris, inferioribus pellucidioribus, infimis paucis ad nervum oblongis areolatis ; perichzetialibus brevioribus lanceolatis erectis. Theca in pedunculo brevi, basi ramentis elongatis exsertis, oblonga, operculo conico brevirostro. Calyptra magna, thecam totam obtegens, ramentis, fulvis erectis elongatis copiosis vestita. . Umagayeshi to Chiusenji, in-loose tufts with Lasia fruticella and Anomodon tristis ; fruit immature in September, Bisset. Rami fertiles 1-2 ст. alti, cum foliis humidis 3 mm. lati. Folia 3 mm. longa, inferiora fusca fulvave, superiora viridia, sicca laxe crispata. Pedunculus 2-3 mm.longus,angulatus, flavidus. Тһеса cum operculo 2 mm. longa, plicata (?), immatura. Calyptra a basi ad apices ramentorum 4 mm. longa. In its short seta and very ramentose calyptra this resembles JM. prolongatum ; hu its stems are shorter and not so diffused, its leaves are not so narrowed towards their more obtuse points, and they are more obscured with papille ; the perichzetial leaves are very different, much shorter than those of the stem, so as to be inconspicuous, whereas in M. prolongatum the perichzetial leaves reach to the neck of the capsule and are as long as those of the stems. f The fruit is too immature to show the carnose mouth so characteristic of this section, but in all other respects it corresponds. 22 164 MR. W. MITTEN ON THE SPECIES OF TETRAPLODON, Bruch et Schimp. 54. T. MNIOIDES, Bruch et Schimp. Nantaizan, Bisset. 55. T. ANGUSTATUS, Bruch et Schimp. ; Nantaizan, growing in the same tuft with the preceding, both perfectly fruited, Bisset. PHYSCOMITRIUM, Brid. 56. P. JaproNicUM.— Gymnostomum japonicum, Hedw. Oyama, Bisset; gathered also by Maingay. FUNARIA, Schreb. 57. Е. nycnoMETRICA, Hedw. Chiusenji, Bisset. BARTRAMIA, Hedw. 58. B. РОМІРОЕМІЅ, Hedw. var. cRISPA.— В. Непот, Duby, іп Mém. Soc. Phys. Hist. Nat. Genéve, xxvi. t. ii. 2. f. 2. With fruit just mature, ‘Challenger’ Exp.; also by Prof. Thomson; and at Fujisan, Joshin, Nantaizan, and Mii Sagamigawa, Bisset. АП the specimens very luxuriant. It is mentioned by Lindberg and by Sande-Lacoste. PHILONOTIS, Brid. 59. P. socra, Mitt. in Journ. Linn. Soc., Bot. viii. 151. Small specimens, * Challenger? Evp. 60. P. LANCIFOLIA, Mitt. in Journ. Linn. Soc., Bot. viii. 151. Nagasaki, Oldham. 61. P. FONTANA is mentioned by Lindberg from some imperfect specimens. 62. P. caRINATA,sp. n. Caules in cæspitem densum, inferne radicellis intertextum, con- gesti. Folia humida patentia, laxe imbricata, carinato-concava, ovata, obtusiuscule acuta, nervo sub summo apice desinente, margine minute serrulata, cellulis oblongis ovalibusve laxis subpellucidis areolata, sicca. appressa incurva, apicalia in cuspidem acutam imbricata. Тһеса in pedunculo elongato globosa inæqualis inclinata, oper- culo depresse conico. Kiga Miyanoschi, with capsules imperfectly ripened, Bisset. Caulis uncialis, gracilis, cum foliis 1 mm. angustior. Folia juniora viridia obscura, humida subflaccida. Pedunculus uncialis, ruber. Folia perichætialia parva acuta. Very different from the preceding species in its wide soft leaves. The fructification is in bad state for examination. MUSCI AND НЕРАТТСЖ RECORDED FROM JAPAN. 165 BRACHYMENIUM, Hook. 63. В. CLAVULUM, sp. n. Monoicum. Caulis humilis ramosus, pulvinatim czespitosus, inferne radicellis rubiginosis intertextus. Folia in rosulis terminalibus disposita, humida patentia, sicca contorta obovato-lanceolata ovali-lanceolatave, nervo sub apice desinente vel in acumen capillare integerrimum producto, limbo angusto e singula serie cellularum formato apicem versus subserrulato marginata, cellulis ovali-hexa- gonis areolata. Theca oblongo-ovalis erecta sensim in peduneulum angustata, oper- culo conico apice abrupto, peristomio dentibus divergentibus, interno membrana brevissima annulari. Ikao, with rather old capsules, August, Bisset. Caulis eum ramis 6-7 mm. altus, innovationibus pluribus fastigiatis ramosus. Folia cum apiculo piliforme vix 2 mm. longa. Pedunculus 15 mm. longus, rectus flexuosusve. Theca cum operculo 3 mm. longa, fusca. Very similar to В. brevicaule in appearance, but differing in the form of its leaves —less wide towards the apex-—and the longer more claviform capsule. The foliage of this species is very similar to that of Brywm capillare, and the nerve vanishes just below the apiculus or is continued and excurrent as in that species. WEBERA, Hedw. 64. W. ELONGATA, Schwaegr. Nantaizan, Bisset. 65. У. LONGICOLLIS, Hedw. In the same locality, Bisset. 66. W. nutans, Hedw. Mitake, alt. 5000-6000 ft., Bisset. BRYUM, Dill. Sect. Dicranobryum, C. Mueller. 67. В. scABRIDENS, Mitt. in Journ. Linn. Soc., Bot. viii. 151.— Webera brevicolla, Sande- Lacoste in Miquel, Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd. Bat. ii. 294. * Challenger’ Exp.; also by Maingay ; and at Nagasaki, Oldham. 68. B. CELLULARE, Hook., Schwaegr. Sup. iii. t. 214*.— B. megalodictyon, Sull. et Lesq. ? Joshin, Bisset. | Sect. Eceremothecium. 69. B. CAPILLARE, Linn. Oyama, Bisset; Nagasaki, Oldham. This is first mentioned in Miquel as В. torquescens ; but in the Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd. Batav. iv. 308 it is corrected to В. capillare. 70. B. ARGENTEUM, Linn. Enumerated by Thunberg and Sande-Lacoste. 166 MR. W. MITTEN ON THE SPECIES OF 71. Ввүгм nosEUM, Schreb. Japanese name “ Kasa-goke.”’ Kintoki, Bisset; also gathered by Dickens, То Keiske, and Siebold ; all barren. It is recorded by Dozy and Molkenboer, and also mentioned by Sande-Lacoste as В. giganteum, Hook. MNIUM, Dill. Sect. Lumnium. 72. М. TRICHOMANES, Мі. —2/. acutum, Lindb. in Act. Soc. Sci. Fenn. x. (1872) p. 227. With capsules just matured, * Challenger’ Exp. ; Ikegami, Nikko, and elsewhere, Bisset. This appears to be a common species, so frequently growing with other terrestrial Mosses; and is probably the М. cuspidatum, mentioned by Dozy and Molkenboer and in Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd. Bat. ii. 294, to which it has a close resemblance in size and colour. 73. M. nosrRATUM, Schwaegr. Nagasaki, Oldham; Kurosawa, Bisset. 74. М. sPATHULATUM, sp. п. Dioicum. Folia laxe disposita, patula, oblongo-ovalia, suprema oblongo-spathulata, omnia obtusa, nervo in mucronem minutum excurrente, margine limbo e seriebus tribus cellularum composito simpliciter serrulato, cellulis parvis rotundatis areolata. Theca in pedunculo elongato rubro ovato-ovalis, pallida, nutans, operculo conico brevirostro. Small specimen of the female plant in poor state, sterile, * Challenger’ Eep. ; perfectly fruited specimens in May at Kurosawa, Shinano, Bisset; Nagasaki, Oldham; Tsus Sima, China, Wilford. Habitus, statura, faciesque omnino M. rostrati; foliis autem e cellulis minoribus areo- latis, floribusque diversis. Flores masculi in capitulis cyathiformibus acervati. There is a slight difference observable in the form of the capsule; it is slightly ovate- oblong, and not regularly oval. 75. M. sPECIOsUM, sp. n. (Plate LI. figs. 6-9.) Caulis fertilis elatus simplex, inferne radicellis fuscis, foliis late oblongis obtusis retusisve. Folia superiora comalia longiora oblongo-lanceolata, patentia, nitida, nervo basi lato sensim angustato, ramulis pluribus in paginam dissolutis, apice in mucronem acutum excurrente, marginibus flexuosis limbo quadriseriato, ciliis pluribus zequidistantibus e cellula unica angus- tissima acuta formatis divergentibus ex apice usque ad basin angularum foliorum longe in caulem decurrentium fimbriata, cellulis transverse anguste oblongis, a nervo ad limbum marginalem in lineas sursum curvatas dispositis, parietibus angustis concoloribus areolata. Thecæ plures ex eodem pericheetio oblong, brevicolles, nutantes. Peristomium e dentibus processibusque castaneis. Yumoto, with fruit past maturity in August, Bisset. _ Caulis fertilis 8-4-uncialis, inferne subnudus. Folia inferiora brevia sensim versus comam longiora, comalia centimetrum longa, 5 mm. lata, omnia pallide stramineo-viridia, MUSCI AND НЕРАТІСЖ RECORDED FROM JAPAN. 167 nitida, chartacea, marginibus siccitate undulatis, limbo tenui concolore indistineto pul- cherrime ciliato. This fine Moss differs from all known species of the genus in its stiff, thin, shining foliage, which does not curl up in drying and has thus no near resemblance to M. undulatum. The nerve, with its numerous lateral branches vanishing in the substance of the leaf, is a singularly remarkable character, but the arrangement of the cells in curved lines ascending from the nerve obliquely to the margin is to be seen also in M. cinclidioides. Barren stems are present among the fertile and appear to grow erect, the apices with leaves decreasing in size. 76. MNIUM ACULEATUM, sp. n. (Plate LI. figs. 10-13.) Dioicum. Caulis fertilis gracilis simplex, inferne radicellis nigrescentibus obtectus. Folia inferiora et in caulibus sterilibus ovalia late obovataque, in acumen breve angustata, marginibus breviter paucidentatis, comalia patentia majora obovato-oblonga longius acuminata, nervo sub apice desinente, marginibus inferioribus recurvatis, inde ad apicem acutum usque serraturis acutis aculeiformibus simplicibus, limbo e seriebus tribus cellularum соп- dito cartilagineo, apice in mucronem pungentem confluente, cellulis parvis 5-6-gonis marginem versus minoribus areolata. Тһеса ovalis nutans, evacuata sub ore con- stricta, basi collo brevi, flexura angusta іп pedunculum transiens. Chiusenji, Aug., Bisset. Caulis fertilis uncià brevior. Folia inferiora 2 mm., comalia 4 mm. longa, ubi latiora 1 mm. vix excedentes, sicca parum crispata, dentibus marginalibus e tribus cellulis compositis, spatiis intermediis subsinuatis. Peduneulus 4 ст. longus. Peristomium dentibus ceraceis, internum fuscum. 77. M. UNDULATUM, Hedw. Recorded by Dozy and Molkenboer (Muse. Frond. Archip. Ind. p. 28), by Van der Sande-Lacoste, and by Lindberg, in a sterile state only, from Sennano, ins. Nippon. 78. M. МАхтмоутолтт, Lindb. in Act. Soc. Sci. Fenn. x. (1872) р. 224. A smaller species with linguiform oblong leaves, emarginate at the apex, with from one to six setæ arising from the same perichzetium ; it is fully described and ana to М. undulatum. It was gathered at Yokohama ; also 79. M. sapontcum, Lindb. /. с. 226. With rhombo-obovate long acuminate leaves, having the margins recurved from the base to the middle and thence to the apex fimbriato-ciliate ; it is compared to M. medium, and came from Fudzi, ins. Nippon, gathered by Maximowicz. The description agrees with the leaves of M. aculeatum, which appears to be very much smaller. 4 d BE. PAsouwdon. 80. M. STRIATULUM, sp. п. Dioicum. Folia comalia obovata ovaliaque, basi angustata, apice apiculo parvo obtuso rotundata, e cellulis parvis areolata. Тһеса in pedun- 168 МВ. W. MITTEN ON THE SPECIES OF eulo gracili elongato pendula oblonga, operculo convexo breviter curvirostrato, peristomio dentibus ceraceis. With fruit not quite mature in February, Maries; also by Bisset. Resembling M. punctatum, but differing in the smaller size of its leaves, which are composed of much smaller cells, in the longer and more slender setze, and possibly in its empty capsules being sixteen-plicate, a condition observable in the few available for examination. With this agree several small specimens collected in N.W. America by Douglas and Lyall; the denser areolation is the same, but the American specimens have the limb and nerve broader and thicker. 81. MNIUM RETICULATUM, sp. п. Dioicum. Folia majora orbiculari-obovata, basi angusta, margine limbata integerrima, nervo infra apicem rotundatum evanescente, cellulis ubique majusculis hexagono-rotundis areolata. Theca in pedunculo elongato rubro ovalis, inclinata nutansve. Peristomium dentibus ceraceis, internum fuscum Ubago, Hakone, with old fruit in May, Bisset. То this the M. punctatum gathered in Sikkim by Sir J. D. Hooker appears to belong. Habit, size, and colour of М. punctatum; but the leaves have cells everywhere double in diameter those of European М. punctatum. The stems are more branched than is usual in the European species, and the capsules are rather smaller. M. punctatum, var. B. elatum, mentioned by Miquel, in Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd. Bat. ii. 204, may belong here. All the species referable to this section grow in the same manner from a stratum of brown interwoven radicles, and have a close resemblance to each other in habit and foliage. Тһе bisexual inflorescence sufficed to distinguish JM. subglobosum. ‘There is also a curious Indian species—J/. parvulum, Monoicum. Folia comalia spathulato- obovata, apice acuta, apiculo brevissimo. Flores masculi in apicibus ramulorum, infra periehzetium egredientibus parvifoliis. Simla, on dead trees at Fagoo, Griffith, 143. Stratum radieulorum rubiginosum latissime extensum panniforme. Caules 3-4 mm. alti. Folia majora cireiter 2 mm. longa. Pedunculus 1 em. altus, gracillimus. Flos masculus fere gemmiformis, facillime inter folia comalia preetervisus. Griffith's specimens are very old, and the capsules are mostly spoiled by insects. Тһе fertile stems are so short and small that they are almost covered by the thick mass of rootlets. The inflorescence in some stems, when not fully grown out, shows the male flowers in a small closed bud ; in others, the leaves surrounding the antheridia, although small, are of the usual form. This small species, if indeed it is always so small and short-stemmed as in the only specimens as yet known, is distinguishable by its inflorescence ; but the distinctions in the two Japanese species are not so readily made out. M. reticulatum has larger cells, И. striatulum smaller than in M. punctatum. Lindberg says (1. c. р. 228) that his specimen from Faxoni, Nippon, agreed exactly with European M. punctatum, but that others from Japan did not; and mentions some from Sitka, which are no doubt the same species with the British N.W. American, and these latter are remarkable for the thick limb; the few capsules seen do not afford any character, being almost exactly alike in all the species. | MUSCI AND НЕРАТІСЖ RECORDED FROM JAPAN. 169 Sect. Polla, Brid. 82. MNIUM ORTHORHYNCHUM, Brid. With old fruit, * Challenger’ Erp.; Fujisan, Senkokuhava, Bisset. Fragments seem to indicate another species with wider leaves. Sect. Trachycystis, Lindb. 88. M. кАртАтом, Wils. in Hook. Lond. Journ. Bot. vii. (1848) p. 274, t. 10.— М. micro- phyllum, Dozy et Molk. Muse. Frond. Archip. Ind. et Jap. 27, t. xii. Specimens well fruited, but past maturity, * Challenger’ Exp. It appears to be common and gathered by all collectors. 84. M. FLAGELLARE, Sull. et Lesq. in Proc. Amer. Acad. (1859) p. 277. Fujisan, Bisset. Small terete shoots arise near the perichetium, similar to those in some dicranoid Mosses, as D. flagellare and some species of Holomitrium. Lindberg says (l. с. р. 241) that this is found also in Amuria. HYPOPTERYGIUM, Brid. 85. H. тарохісгм, Mitt. in Journ. Linn. Soc., Bot. viii. 155; Van der Sande-Lacoste in Miquel, Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd. Bat. ii. 296. Nagasaki, Oldham, Bisset. In Miquel, /. c., it is stated that antheridia were not observed in the flowers examined ; a fresh search having been made, it is found that they are absent or present in the female flowers on the same stem. A much smaller and more tender species is Н. stnicum, sp.n. Dioicum? Humile, gracile, subflaccidum. Stipes brevis in frondem triangularem divisus. Folia patenti-divergentia late ovata, mucrone brevi, nervo debili angusto vix ultra medium producto, margine limbo angusto, apice pauci- serrato, subintegerrima, e cellulis parvis ovali-hexagonis limitibus angustis areolata. Folia stipuliformia dimidio minora rotundo-ovata. Hong Kong, Sir J. C. Bowring. Stipes 3-5 mm. altus, subnudus. Rami cum foliis expansis 2 mm. lati. Folia pallide zeruginosa. RHACOPILUM, Brid. 86. В. ARISTATUM, Mitt. in Journ. Linn. Soc., Bot. viii. 155. Yokohama, Oldham. RHIZOGONIUM, Brid. Sect. Pyrrhobryum. 87. В. Dozyanum, Van der Sande-Lacoste in Miquel, Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd. Bat. и. 295. A few barren stems, ‘ Challenger’ Exp. In perfect fruit in October, Hakone Pass, Bisset. This fine species, so well figured in the place cited, is, in a fresh state, of a glaucous SECOND SERIES.—BOTANY, VOL. III. дА 170 МВ. W. MITTEN ON THE SPECIES OF green : it was described from Siebold's specimens as rufous, which it probably becomes in age, like its nearest species, Rhizogoniwm spiniforme. ERPODIUM, Brid. 88. E. sapontcum, Mitt. in Journ. Linn. Soc., Bot. xxii. 314. (Plate LI. figs. 14-20.) On bark, ‘ Challenger’ Exp. This minute Moss agrees entirely in habit and colour with И. domingense, Е. ceyla- nicum, and Е. Hanningtoni. All have the fertile branches with larger leaves. Until the discovery of this species, the genus had been supposed to be gymnostomous. The typical species being F. domingense, in which the capsule is exserted, from this the Aulacopilum of Wilson differs only in its calyptra clasping at base, and opening laterally as in Calymperes. Considerably different from these species is the Leptocalpe (Е. coro- natum) of the * Musc. Aust.-Amer.,” in Journ. Linn. Soc., Bot. xii. 403, which C. Mueller thinks to be the same as Montagne’s Leptangium, the calyptra of which last is undescribed. In Æ. coronatum, as in Е. japonicum, the capsule is immersed. In the last it is of thin paper-like substance, pale green in colour except at the mouth, which has a band of orange-coloured cells corresponding with the teeth, which are regular in outline, smooth and wax-like in substance. DENDROPOGON, Schimp. 89. D. DENTATUS, sp. n. Caulis primarius repens. Rami decumbentes, demum penduli, ramulis inordinatis pinnati. Folia ramea patentia subdivergentia, sicca appresse imbricata, a basi ovata inferne marginibus recurvis caulem amplexante in acumen lanceolatum planum producta, nervo infra apicem remote dentatum evanido, cellulis superioribus oblongis basalibus ad angulos transverse oblongis. Folia ramulina angustiora fere ovato-lanceolata, siccitate magis appressa. А small specimen, with branches from two to four inches long, * Challenger’ Exp. With branches as much as nine inches long, Nikko, Dr. Woods, Bisset. Rami cum foliis expansis 2 mm. lati, ramulis ut plurimis semiuncialibus, rarius sub- uncialibus, divergentibus. Folia fusco-viridia, obscura. Very much like the Indian D. ferrugineum from the Nilgiri Mountains; but a little more slender, and with leaves a little shorter. Fruit has yet to be discovered for both species to be certainly placed in this genus; they are, however, unlike any species of Meteorium, HEDWIGIA, Ehrh. 90. Н. сплата, Ehrh. | Small specimen, * Challenger’ Evp.; also gathered by Bisset. . LEUCODON, Schwaegr. 9L № SECUNDUS, Mitt. in Journ. Linn. Soc. iii. Suppl. 124. Nantaizan, Nikko, Bisset. _ The specimens have exactly the appearance of those found in India. MUSCI AND HEPATICZ RECORDED FROM JAPAN. 171 CLIMACIUM, Web. et Mohr. 92. C. JAPONICUM, Lindb. in Act. бос. Sci. Fenn. x. (1872) p. 232.— Pterobryum imbri- catum, Duby, іп Mém. Soc. Phys. Hist. Nat. Genève, xxvi. p. 6, iab. 1. f. 1. А. single barren stem, * Challenger’ Exp.; Hakone and Umagayeshi, with two fertile stems in September, Bisset; gathered also by Maries. Duby's figure, although not completely filled in by the artist, gives a fair idea of the appearance of moderately well-grown stems, and in this state Mr. Bisset's were fertile. Mr. Maries's specimens are larger and more branched, but barren. C. americanum, Brid. is enumerated by Van der Sande-Lacoste as found abundantly in fruit by Itoo Keiske, Siebold, and Textor. 93. C. RUTHENICUM, Lindb. 1. c. p. 248.— Hypnwm spectabile, Wils. Bryol. Brit. 382. Chiusenji, barren, Bisset. Hypnum dendroides from Mannigusa and Koja, Thunb. Fl. Jap. 343, is probably C. japonicum. DOZYA, Van der Sande-Lacoste in Mig. Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd. Bat. ii. 296. 94. D. JAPONICA, ejusd. 1. c. Collected with a single deoperculate capsule by Textor. Compared by the author to Lewcodon and Astrodontium, from which it differs in its nerved leaves and plicate capsule, which was without peristome. А fine species from China, with old and deoperculate fruit, seems to belong to the following genus. (EDICLADIUM, Mitt. 95. CE. siNICUM, sp. n. Dioicum? Caulis primarius repens, ramis assurgentibus plagas latas efformans plerisque bi- tri-furcatis rectiusculis curvatisve. Folia nitida ubique tereti-imbricata patentia, in apicibus ramorum in gemmam clausam tecta, late ovalia, profunde excavata, levia triplicatave, marginibus incurvis subintegerrimis, basi contracta brevissime binervata, apice subito in acumen subulatum rectum minute serrulatum angustata, e cellulis angustis levibus basalibus ad angulos vix diversis areolata. Perichsetia ad ramorum latera parva foliis convolutis. Theca in pedun- culo concolore fusco-rubra nitida, ovalis, erecta, zequalis, peristomio vetusto dentibus solidis flavis asperulis haud trabeculatis. Tsus Sima, Wilford. Rami 2-3-unciales, ssepe divisi, equaliter foliati, 2 mm. crassi. Folia cum acumine vix 3 mm. longa, pagina tenuis pellucida, plicis distinctis aut in eodem ramo carentibus. Pedunculus 7 mm. longus, gracillimus, parum flexuosus. Theca 2 mm. longa. PTEROBRYUM, Hornsch. 96. Р. ARBUSCULA, sp.n. Rami inferne simplices stipitiformes, exinde in frondem sub- 2A2 172 MR. W. MITTEN ON THE SPECIES OF lanceolatam ramulis approximatis simplicibus divisisve pinnatim ramosi. Folia ramea erecto-patentia ovata, inde;in acumen elongatum loriforme planiusculum, apice latiuseulum acutum, margine serrulatum producta, subplicata, nervo infra apicem evanescente, e cellulis angustis areolata ; ramulina conformia, magis patentia. Perichætia foliis internis ovatis in acumen tenue serrulatum producta. Theca immersa ovata, operculo conico acuminato, peristomio parvo. Fertile specimens, “ Challenger ' Exp. ; Kintoki, Hakone, barren, Bisset. Rami frondiformes 11—3-unciales, parte stipitiformi unciali, foliis appressis, in medio frondis eum foliis 2 mm. lati. Folia fusco-viridia, siccitate parum mutata, longitudina- liter subplicata, apicibus semitortis tortisve. Perichetia ad os thece З mm. longa. Theca 1 mm. longa. Peristomium e dentibus teneris, lamina interna obsoleta. Very closely resembling the West-Indian and S.-American P. angustifolium, in size, ramification, and colour, with the same substriate leaves, which are not hollowed out as is so generally the case among the species of this genus. The Japanese species has the upper portion of its leaves more strap-like, more distinctly denticulate, and generally twisted, and the capsule is not so deeply immersed. 97. PTEROBRYUM FASCICULATUM, Sp. n. Rami brevissime stipitati, ramulis pluribus approximatis pinnati subfasciculati. Folia imbricata patentia ovalia caviuscula, basi angulis ventricosis densissime areolatis carnosulis subauriculata, apice in acumen breve canaliculatum subserrulatum integerrimumve contracta, longitu- dinaliter subplicata, fere leevia, nervo medio evanido, margine late implana rectave, cellulis angustis areolata. Barren stems, ‘Challenger’ Exp. Rami 1-1j-unciales, ramulis 1-14 cm. longi, cum foliis 2 mm. lati. Folia fusco- viridia, sicca subnitentia. The specimens appear to be a small state of a species similar to the African P. Hanning- toni, more dense in foliage than the Javan P. convolutum and with wider leaves. Duby's P. imbricatum will be found under Climacium Japonicum. METEORIUM, Brid. Sect. Humeteorium. 98. M. PENSILE, sp. n. Rami penduli flexuosi, ramulis variis curvatis ramosi. Folia patentia dense inserta basi sese amplexantia, late cordato-ovata, alis basalibus convo- lutis, inde margine recurva flexuosa in acumen subulatum apice capillari contracta, nervo supra medium evanido, margine tenuissime serrulata, apice integerrima, e cellulis parvis angustis carnosulis obscuriusculis areolata. Flores masculi gemme- formes, antheridia septem satis magna includentes. А. few stems which appear to have grown in a pendulous manner, ‘Challenger’ Exp. Rami 6-10 em. longi, ramulis cum foliis vix 2 mm. crassis. Folia stramineo-viridia fuscescentia, haud nitida nitida, neque opaca, sicca parum mutata. In appearance similar to M. patulum and other allied S.-American species; but with MUSCI AND НЕРАТІСЖ RECORDED FROM JAPAN. 173 foliage destitute of gloss, not, however, obscured with papille, as so frequently seen in species of this genus. Sect. Aerobryum, Dozy et Molk. 99. METEORIUM WALLICHII..— Hypnum Wallichii, Brid. A few fragments which seem to belong to this species, ‘Challenger’ Exp. It is included in Van der Sande- Lacoste's enumeration from Siebold. Lindberg also enumerates this species from Nagasaki, and it is found in Hong Kong. Sect. Trachypus, Schwaegr. 100. М. HUMILE.— Trachypus humilis, Lindb. in Act. Soc. Sci. Fenn. x. (1872) p. 230. Nantaizan, barren, Bisset. 101. М. rroRrBUNDUM, Dozy et Molk. Musc. Frond. Archip. Ind. et Jap. 162, t. liii., was from Japan. LASIA, Brid. 102. L. FRUTICELLA, sp. п. Caulis primarius repens. Rami ramulis plurimis inordi- natis arbusculoso-ramosi substipitati. Folia imbricata subcompressa, lateralia paten- tia ovata, apice lata obtusiuscula semitorta, ramulina acuta, apice minute crenu- lata, margine inferiore recurva integerrima, nervo concolore medio evanido, cellulis ubique distinctis rotundatis minutis ad angulos pluribus minoribus; pericheetialia triplo longiora pallida erecta, tria interna convoluta late ovata, e cellulis elongatis areolata, subito in acumen lanceolatum apice crenatum contracta. Тһеса in pedun- culo brevi rubro ovalis, operculo in rostrum dimidiam thecæ longitudinis acuminato. Calyptra albida, apice viridis. Chiusenji, Bisset. : Caulis repens parsque inferior ramorum foliis emortuis denudatus. Rami unciales, supra medium in ramulis irregularibus 2-8 mm. longis tenuibus divisi. Folia minuta obscure viridia, ramulina lateralia apicibus semitorta verticalibus. Pedunculus 4 mm. longus. Theca cum operculo 2 mm. longa. In size and in the dull green colour very much like Anomodon tristis. It is allied to the Lasia indica (Pterygynandrum indicum, Mont.) and to the African Г. producta, Hornsch. ; but quite distinct іп the broad points of its leaves. | NECKERA, Hedw. 108. №. LINGULATA, sp. n. Rami inferne in frondem flabelliformem divisi elongati, inordinatim subpinnati, ramulis patentibus. Folia compressa, lateralia patentia, omnia oblongo-linguzeformia, fere ubique sequilata, apice rotundata, ibique minute crenulata, hic illic eaviuseula, sicca indistincte 1-2 undulata, nervo brevi lato sub- ramoso, cellulis apicalibus parvis rotundatis, in folii medio ovali-rotundis, inferne ad latera basalia pluribus minutis rotundis areolata. Barren stems only, Nikko, Bisset, 174 MR. W. MITTEN ON THE SPECIES OF Rami triunciales, ramulis lateralibus, semiunciam vix superantibus, cum foliis 2 mm. lati. Folia inferiora fusca, apicalia tantum viridia, levia, vix nitentia, firma. Intermediate in appearance between the Madeiran М. intermedia, Brid., and N. levi- gata, Hook. f. & Wils. Fl. №. Zealand, more nearly resembling the first; all these species are remarkable for their very obtuse and very slightly undulated leaves. 104. NECKERA HUMILIS, sp. n. Monoica. Rami humiles, pinnatim ramosi. Folia compressa, dorsalia tumide imbricata ovata obtusiuscula excavata, lateralia patentia ovalia acuta complicata cochleariformi-concava, apicem versus transverse rugulosa, integerrima, nervo tenuissimo ultra medium producto, cellulis apicalibus rotundis, inferioribus ovalibus, basalibus ad angulos condensatis, omnibus minutis parietibus pellucidis ; perichzetialia erecta ovali-lanceolata convoluta. Theca immersa ovali- oblonga, operculo conico acuminato, peristomio dentibus angustis attenuatis. Calyptra parva dimidiata pilosa. On bark in very small quantity, ‘Challenger’ Esp. Rami vix unciales, ramulis brevibus, cum foliis 2 mm. lati. Folia pallide viridia nitida, siccitate vix mutata, setate fusca. 7 The appearance of this Moss is like that of young М. crispa. 105. N.PusrLLA,sp.n. Rami breves, inordinatim pinnati. Folia compressa subsecunda, lateralia patentia uno latere complicata, dorsalia oblonga ovaliave, inde elongata, latiuscule acuta, omnia levia, margine apicem versus minute serrulata, breviter binervata, cellulis apicalibus ovalibus, inferioribus longioribus elongate oblongis. Perichzetium foliis erectis convolutis ovato-lanceolatis acuminatis, thecam oblongam ad medium usque tegentibus. A very few stems creeping on bark, with short free branches, * Challenger’ Exp. Rami vix 2 cm. longi, cum foliis 2 mm. lati, ramulis pluribus irregularibus. Folia levia, nitida. | | The very incomplete specimens show this species to be in foliage somewhat like N. complanata; but the capsule is almost immersed. Тһе М. complanata in Miq. Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd. Bat., gathered in a barren state by Siebold, may belong to this. 106. N. PENNATA, Hedw. A singlé fructified stem, Тело». | НОМАША, Brid. 107. Н. NrTIDULA, Mitt. in Journ. Linn. Soc., Bot. viii. 155. A few fragments, ‘Challenger’ Exp. ; i ap : м , p.; in the same condition amonest other Mosse Bisset; originally from Nagasaki by Oldham. y ^ 108. Н. aprounata, Sande-Lacoste in Mig. Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd. Bat. ii. 296; Dozy et Molk. Musci Fr. ined. i қ : f өні 1 £r. ined. Archip. Ind. et Japon. t. 52 в, sine nom., diagnosi, aut loco . Japan, Siebold and Textor. MUSCI AND НЕРАТІСЖ RECORDED FROM JAPAN. 175 This from the figure appears much larger than the preceding, but may be the same better grown. POROTRICHUM, Brid. Sect. Euporotrichum. 109. P. JAVANICUM.— Neckera javanica, C. Muell. Two small stems, * Challenger’ Exp.; also by Bisset. Too incomplete to be conclusive. 110. P. FLABELLATUM, Mitt.— Hookeria flabellata, Sm., and also 111. P. scArPELLIFOLIUM, Mitt.— Neckera scalpellifolia, Mitt. in Journ. Linn. Soc., Bot. iii. Suppl. 119; Dozy et Мо. Bry. Jav. и. $. 180, are both enumerated by Miquel as collected by Textor and Siebold in a barren state only. 112. P. cyMuBrrFOLIUM.— Zsothecium, Sect. Dolichomitra, Lindb. in Act. Soc. Sci. Fenn. x. (1872) p. 231. Gathered at Nagayama in Kiusiu by Mazximowicz. Seems to belong here; its leaves are described as very concave, and its capsule егесі on a long seta. Sect. Thamnium, Schimp. 118. P. SUBSERIATUM.—Neckera subseriatum, Dozy et Molk. In a small and young state, ‘Challenger’ Exp.; Nagasaki, Oldham; Ichmosawa and Senkokuhava, Bisset. Collected also in Buffalo Bay, China, by Alerander. All the specimens barren. Lindberg had this species from Nagasaki, and at that time referred it to Jsothecium, and supposed it to be the same as 7. subserratum, Hook. Thamnium subneckeroides, Geheeb in Herb. Schimp., has been compared by Mr. C. H. Wright, and found to be the same species. 114. P. PLICATULUM, Mitt.—TZhamnium plicatulum, Sande-Lacoste in Мід. Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd. Bat. ii. 299. Collected by Siebold. A smaller species, with complanate branches, on which the lees are strongly serrate. RHAPHIDORRHYNCHUM, Schimp. 115. В. pemissuM, Mitt.— Hypnum demissum, Wils. Recorded from S. Japan, collected by Textor; Sande-Lacoste in Aun. Mus. Bot. Lugd. Bat. iv. 308. 116. В. THELIDICTYON, Mitt.—Hypnum thelidictyon, Sull. et Lesq. Hill-sides, Ousima, Amer. Explor. Exp. Described with oblong acuminate leaves constricted at base, alary cells conspicuous, margin serrate, cells unipapillate, operculum of oblong subpendulons fruit very long pointed; seems to be of this group. 176 МВ. W. MITTEN ON THE SPECIES OF ISOPTERYGIUM, Mitt. in Journ. Linn. Soc., Bot. xii. (1869) 497. 117. I. Техтовт, Mitt.—AAynchostegium Textori, Sande-Lacoste in Мід. Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd. Bat. ii. 299. In close depressed tufts, with immature fruit, ‘Challenger’ Exp. 118. I. ггасстоом, Mitt.—Hypnum flaccidum, Ва Шу. et Lesq. Simoda, Amer. Explor. Exp. On rotten wood, ‘ Challenger’ Exp. 119. I. Smart, Mitt—Hypnum Smallii, Sulliv. et Lesq. Ousima and Bonin Is., Amer. Explor. Exp. The description of this nearly agrees with 7. Textori. 120. I. POHLIÆCARPUM, Mitt.— Hypnum pohliecarpum, Sulliv. et Lesq., also 121. I. suBArBIDUM, Mitt.— Hypnum subalbidum, Sulliv. et Lesq. Both from Simoda ; appear to belong here or to Plagiothecium. HETEROCLADIUM, Bruch et Schimp. 122. Н. TENUE, sp. n. Dioicum. Гахе cespitosum. Caulis procumbens subrepens ramosus. Folia laxe inserta divaricata ovata cochleariformi-concava, in acumen subulatum producta, enervia, integerrima, dorso papillis grossis inspersa ; perichze- баһа parva argute serrulata. Тһеса in pedunculo pregracili elongato oblonga horizontalis, peristomio Hypni. Barren plants creeping on bark, ‘ Challenger’ Exp.; amongst Hntodon Sullivantii, Nikko, male plants only, Bisset. Intermixed with other Mosses, with old fruit, Maries. Caulis 1-2 em., ramis 3 mm. longis inordinatis, cum foliis mm. dimidium latitudine vix attingens. Folia minuta obscuriuscula, cellulis ovalibus, papilla magna medio imposita obscuratis, areolata. Pedunculus 1 cm. altus, ruber. Theca minuta, peristomio valido. Flos masculus satis magnus, gemmiformis. One of the most minute of completely peristomate Hypnoid Mosses; it is allied to the Indian Hypnum inflecwm, Harv., in its foliage, and its horizontal capsule is of the same form; it is also allied to those Mosses which are placed in the genus МуигеЙа, and which differ from Heterocladium in aspect rather than in any essential character. 123. H. LEUCOTRICHUM, 8р. п. Caulis procumbens, ramis simplicibus assurgentibus erectisve pinnatim ramosus. Folia appresse imbricata, a basi late ovata cochleari- formi-concava, margine ubique recurva integerrima, subito in apiculum angustum longitudine folium superantem, a medio e cellulis elongatis uniseriatis hyalinis angustissimis conditum, producta, nervis fere obsoletis, cellulis minutis ovalibus, parietibus eequilatis limpidis leevibus areolata. Pie amongst the stems of Tetraplodon mnioides and Т. angustatus, Nantaizan, Coulis 3 em. longus, ramis ut plurimis 1 cm. brevioribus. Folia cum pilo 1 mm. parum excedentia. MUSCI AND НЕРАТІСЖ RECORDED FROM JAPAN. ИТ The place of this curious small species must remain uncertain until а more complete state is discovered ; it is a little more robust than the P/erogonium perpusillum, De Not., and quite different from any of the allied small species in its long hyaline leaf-points. MYURELLA, Bruch, Schimp. et Guemb. 124. M. CONCINNA, Lindb. in Act. Soc. Sci. Fenn. x. (1872) 275.— Hypnum concinnum, Wils. in Lond. Journ. Bot. 1848, 277, t. 10, С; Hypnum Матітогісгйі, Borszezow, Maxim. Prim. Fl. Amur. p. 467. Nikko, Bisset. HYOCOMIUM, Schimp. 125. Н. CAPILLIFOLIUM, sp. n. Crespitosum. Depressum. Rami breviusculi, inordinatim pinnati,conferte ramosi. Folia patentia, sicca immutata, a basi cordato-ovata, sensim longissime piliformi-attenuata, enervia, e cellulis angustis areolata, margine tenuissime serrulata; perichzetialia conformia, acumine longiore. Тһеса in pedunculo rubro inclinata oblonga. Small specimen with old fruit, * Challenger’ Exp. Rami 2-3 em. longi, ramulis variis 1 em, vix excedentibus. Folia dense inserta, plumosa, stramineo-viridia, nitida, sicca striatula. Pedunculus circiter 8 mm. longus. Theca satis parva, 1 mm. longa, cinnamomea. Very near to Н. hastile (Stereodon hastilis, Mitt. in Journ. Linn. Soc., Bot. viii. 153), gathered by Oldham. It has the same irregular ramification and patent foliage; but appears to be а more compactly growing Moss, with longer and wider leaves attenuated into a hair-like point. Both the Japanese species agree closely with the Indian H. lych- nites, Mitt. (Stereodon lychnites, Mitt. in Journ. Linn. Soc., Bot. iii. Suppl. 114), and the Australian H. pilosum, having the foliage neither faleate nor secund, as in the European Ctenidiwm molluscum, Mitt. in Journ. Linn. Soc., Bot. xii. (1869) 509 in obs. (Hypnum molluscum, Hedw.), as known in its common state; but there are other states even of this species in which the leaves are all straight, and thus the stems are destitute of the distinctive appearance which alone separates it from Hyocomium. 126. Н. EXALTATUM, sp. n. Caulis procumbens, pinnatus. Folia compressa, lateralia divergentia ovata, sensim in acumen sinuato-flexuosum angustata, margine remote serrulata, nervis binis medio evanidis, cellulis angustissimis ad angulos paucissimis abbreviatis inconspicuis areolata, ramea divergenti-incurva oblongo-ovalia, apice excavata, inde in acumen elongatum planum remote serrulatum flexuosum producta, margine inferiore anguste implana; perichetialia elongata anguste attenuata, integerrima. Тһеса in pedunculo prelongo ovalis horizontalis, operculo depresse conico, mamilla crassa. Hakone Pass, Bisset. Caulis biuncialis, cum ramis semiunciam latus, cum foliis 2 mm. latus. Folia 2 mm. longa, compage tenera cellulis perangustis, sicca nitida straminea aureaque. Pedunculus 3—4 cm. altus. SECOND SERIES.—BOTANY, VOL. III. 2B 178 MR. W. MITTEN ON THE SPECIES OF 127. Нуосомісм RUGINOSUM, sp. п. Dioicum? Caulis procumbens, pinnatim ramosus. Folia laxe compressa, lateralia a basi divergente incurva, dorsaliaque laxe imbricata ovata exeavata, in subulam latiuseulam flexuosam acuminata, margine serrulata, versus apicem sinuata flexuosa, nervis angustissimis binis brevibus, cellulis an gustis- simis finitibus dorso prominulis, alaribus paucis minutis rotundatis concoloribus areolata; perichetialia apicibus loriformibus serrulatis. Theca in pedunculo elongato gracillimo ovalis inzequalis horizontalis, operculo depresse conico mamillato. With fruit nearly mature іп Sept., Nikko, Bisset; Simla, Griffith, 89, 471, 92; also gathered in India by Bell. Caulis biuncialis longiorve,ramis pinnatim dispositis, ramulis approximatis fasciculatisve interdum remotis, cum foliis 2 mm. latus. Folia viridia, aureo-rufescentia, nitida, mollia. Pedunculus З ст. altus. Тһеса cum operculo 2 mm. longa. Smaller than H. Berthelotianum, with softer leaves and more branched stems. Another Indian species of this group is | Н. CYLINDRICARPUM, 8р. п. Dioicum ? Caulis procumbens, ramis assurgentibus pinnatis vagisve, ramosus. Folia subcompressa patentia, laxe appresseque imbricata, ovali- lanceolata acuminata ovaliave, excavata, in acumen subulatum inferne sinuato-flex- uosum producta, usque ad medium anguste binervata, cellulis angustissimis ad angulos paucis abbreviatis concoloribus inconspicuis areolata, ramea conformia, apicalia sub- cuspidatim imbricata ; perichætialia elongata, apicibus piliformi-attenuatis integer- rimis.. Theca in pedunculo elongato, apice curvato, oblongo-cylindracea, :equalis, horizontalis, peristomio stereodontis ciliis singulis. Bhotan, Tongsa, alt. 10,000, Griffith ; gathered also by Bell. Caules ramive biunciales, interdum usque ad quadriunciales, ramulis semiuncialibus patentibus ramosi, cum foliis 2 mm. lati. Folia 2 mm. longa, compage tenuissima, flaccidula. Pedunculus 3 cm. longus. Theca 3 mm. longa, 1 mm. crassa. Entire Moss fulvous brown. Foliage soft. Theca remarkably long. About the size of Н. Berthelotianum, but compressed. The specimens appear to have grown in a locality exposed to great humidity. PLAGIOTHECIUM, Bruch et Schimp. 128. P. NECKEROIDEUM, Schimp. Bisset; mentioned also by Sande-Lacoste. 129. P. stnestacum, Bruch et Schimp. 2 ‘Challenger’ Exp.; also by Maries. | 130. P. Loneiserum, Lindb. in Act. Soc. Sci. Fenn. x. (1872) 232. Nicosan, Kiusiu, Maximowicz . 131. P. NEMORALE, Suppl. 104. Barren stems, Miogisan, Bisset. 132. PLAGIOTHECIUM DENTICULATUM, Mitt.—Stereodon nemoralis, Mitt. in Journ. Linn. бос., Bot. iii. Bruch et Schimp.—Hypnum denticulatum, Linn. MUSCI AND НЕРАТ!СЖ RECORDED FROM JAPAN, 179 188. P. вүгултісгм, Bruch et Schimp.— Hypnum sylvaticum, Linn. These are both enumerated in Miq. Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd. Bat. ii. 300. ENTODON, C. Muell. 194. Е. ABBREVIATUS, sp.n. Monoicus. Rami depressi, breves, fasciculatim divisi. Folia distiche complanata, lateralia patentia ovalia acuta cymbiformi-concava conduplicata integerrima, brevissime binervia, cellulis angustis basalibus ad angulos quadratis pellucidioribus areolata; pericheetialia erecta, elongata, lanceolata, sensim attenuata. Theca in peduneulo brevi fusco ovali-cylindracea, leptoderma, ore aurantiaco, peristo- mio brevi dentibus processibusque angustis aurantiacis, annulo persistente circumdata. In depressed tufts with old fruit, * Challenger’ Exp.; gathered also on rotten wood by Maingay. Rami circiter 2 cm. longi, ramulis 9-4 mm. longis remotis, cum foliis 2 mm. latis. . Folia mollia subnitentia viridia. Pedunculus 8 mm. longus. Тһеса 2 mm. longa, tenera ; columella brevis. A small, compact species, remarkable in the few specimens for its short inconspicuous stems and branches, so compressed as to be wider than those of 2. brevisetus, Mitt. (Neckera breviseta, Hook. et Wils.), or E. Drummondii, Mitt. (Cylindrothecium Drum- топай, Schimp.). eH. 135. E. ATTENUATUS, sp. n. Monoicus. Rami procumbentes inferne simplices, medio ramis paucis, pinnati. Folia compressa, lateralia patentia ovata ovali-ovatave, sub- enervia, apice subacuta, integerrima, ramulina ultima angustiora, apice pauciserrulata, subintegerrima, cellulis angustis basalibus ad angulos quadratis areolata; perichze- tialia erecta elongata, apicibus elongatis subulatis integerrimis. Theca in peduneulo rubro cylindracea, operculo rectirostrato tertiam thecæ longitudinis zequante. Ikegama, Hakone, and Nikko, Bisset; gathered also by Maries. Rami laxe сгезрїїозї 3—4 сш. longi, apicibus interdum stoloniforme attenuatis radican- tibusque; ubi latiores cum foliis 2 mm. lati, ramulis 1 em. longis. Folia pallide viridia stramineaque subnitentia. Тһеса in pedunculo unciali fusca, 2 mm. longa, recta sub- curvatave. This species is near to E. Sullivantii, Lindb. (Neckera Sullivantii, C. Muell.) ; but has narrower leaves, and in this particular differs from all the described Indian species except the 2. pulchellus, Mitt. (Neckera pulchella, Оті) = E. letus, Mitt. (Stereodon letus, Mitt. in Journ. Linn. Soc., Bot. iii. Suppl. 107). 136. E. RAMULOSUS, sp. n. Dioicus. Rami procumbentes inferne substipitati, deinde in frondem lanceolatam elongatamve, ramulis approximatis bipinnatam, ramosi. Folia compressa, lateralia patenti-incurva ovato-lanceolata caviuscula, tenuissime binervia, integerrima, ramulina ultima parva elliptica, apicibus pauciserrulatis recurvulis, omnia cellulis elongatis basi, ad angulos paucis quadratis areolata; perichetialia erecta elongata, apicibus breviter subulatis. Тһеса in pedunculo rubro cylindracea, operculo rectirostrato tertiam thecze longitudinis æquante. Ikegama, Nikko, and Hakone, Bisset; with Е. Sullivantii, ‹ Challenger’ Exp. Rami sesquiunciales longiusve producti, ramulis plurimis 1 em. longis inferne iterum 282 180 МЕ. W. MITTEN ON THE SPECIES OF ramosis bipinnati, cum foliis ubi latiores 2 mm. lati. Folia pallide viridia stramineaque nitentia. Peduneulus sesquiuncialis. Theca 3 mm. longa, cinnamomea. This, in its bipinnate ramification, agrees only with the Indian Æ. rubicundus, Mitt. (Stereodon rubicundus, Mitt. in Journ. Linn. Soc., Bot. iii. Suppl. 108), and differs from it in being more slender. Both this and Æ. attenuatus have a great similarity to Е. Sul- livantii, so that, as in the ease of the species found in America, unless closely examined it is very easy to confound species which are really quite distinct. 137. Ехторох COMPRESSUS, Mitt.— Zeskea compressa, Hedw. Is mentioned by Sande-Lacoste as having been collected abundantly in fruit by Textor. 138. E. боллулмти, Lindb. in Act. Soc. Sci. Fenn. x. (1872) 233.— Neckera Sullivantii, С. Muell. Syn. п. 65. ‘Challenger’ Exp.; mentioned also by Lindberg, 1. с. PYLAISIA, Schimp. 139. P. POLYANTHA, Bruch et Schimp. Gathered by Tezor. 140. P. ?EREOTIUSCULA, Mitt.— Hypnwm erectiuscula, Sulliv..et Lesq. in Proc. Amer. Acad. iv. р, 281. Hakodate, Amer. Expl. Exp. | May belong here ; the capsule is described as ** erectiuscula " ; peristome not mentioned : or its place may be in Plagiothecium. Another species which appears to belong to this genus is :— P. NANA, sp. n. Мопоіса. Procumbens, ramosa. Folia subcompressa patentia, a basi angusta, ovato-lanceolata, sensim. angustata, caviuscula, integerrima, breviter binervia, cellulis angustis ad angulos pluribus parvis rotundatis condensatis ; perichzetialia majora subconformia. Тһеса in pedunculo brevi ovalis erecta, operculo conico obtuso, peristomio dentibus pallidis, processibus in membrana brevi latiusculis fuscis obseu- riusculis, ciliis nullis. Tsus Sima, on bark amongst Frullania, Wilford. Caulis vix 2 em. longus, ramis paucis inordinatis 3-5 mm. longis, cum foliis 2 mm. latus. Folia stramineo-fulva, vix nitida. Peduneulus 5 mm. longus. Тһеса 1 mm. longa. STEREODON, Brid. 141. S. ApNaTUS, Brid.— Hypnum adnatum, Hedw. With perfect fruit, * Challenger’ Бер. 142. S. REPTILE, Mitt.— Hypnum reptile, Rich. Recorded in Miq. Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd. Bat. ii. 300. 143. S. Отонамт, Mitt. in Journ. Linn. Soc., Bot. viii. 154. Barren, * Challenger’ Exp.; Nagasaki, Oldham ; Sbinano, Bisset, also by Maingay; Chusan, China, Wilford. | | Lindberg mentions doubtful specimens of 5. imponens, Brid. MUSCI AND НЕРАТІСЖ RECORDED FROM JAPAN, 181 144. STEREODON PLUM#FORMIS, Mitt. in Journ. Linn. Soc., Bot. viii. 154.— Нурпит plumaforme, Wils. in Hook. Lond. Journ. Bot. vii. (1848) 277, t. 10. Well fruited specimens, Prof. Thomson. 145. S. CIRCINALIS, Brid.— Hypnwm circinale, Hook. Muse. Exot. t. 107. With old fruit, * Challenger’ Егр., also by Maries; Fujisan, Bisset. 146. S. IncuRvATUsS, Mitt.— Hypnum incurvatum, Schrad. On dead wood, with capsules just mature, Chiusenji, Bisset. 147. S. CURVIFOLIUS, Brid.— Hypnum curvifolium, Hedw. Bisset, also by Siebold and others (Miq. Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd. Bat. іу. 188). 148. S. HALDANIANUS, Mitt.— Нурпит Haldanianum, Grev. Chiusenji and Hakodate, the lakes, with old fruit in December, Bisset. 149. S. Немомт, Duby in Flora, (1877) 93. On a wall, Yama Goutchi, Dr. Henon. The description answers well to a species of this group, and it is possible it may belong to S. Haldanianus, so often mistaken from its uncertain aspect. 150. S. BRACHYCARPUS, sp. n. Monoicus. Caulis procumbens, ramulis approximatis iterum ramosis, bipinnatus. Folia subcompressa patenti-incurva; caulina inferne ovata, in acumen elongatum, apice latiuseulum, planum, denticulatum producta, breviter binervia, cellulis angustis ad angulos basales pluribus subquadratis major- ibus pellucidis aurantiacisque, ramea apicibus magis denticulatis; perichetialia apicibus patentibus latiusculis denticulatis. Theca in pedunculo elongato inclinata ovalis gibba, operculo depresse conico acuto. Nantaizan, fruit mature in Sept., Bisset. Caulis 1-2-uncialis eleganter decrescenti-pinnatus subfasciculatimve ramosus. Folia viridia nitida fuscescentia, appresse imbricata, recta, vel in apicibus caulium ramorumque secunda. Pedunculus 2 cm. longus. Theca vix 2 mm. longa, 1 mm. lata. A little less than 5. affinis, Mitt., and 5. bipinnatus, the ramuli more close and the capsule very different. There is another Indian species which comes nearer in size :— S. CONFINIS, sp. п. Мопоісиѕ. Caulis procumbens pinnatus, apicibus sspe procur- rentibus. Folia subcompressa erecto-patentia, apicalia secunda falcataque, caulina ovato-lanceolata, ramea oblongo-lanceolata caviuscula, apicibus latis planis denti- culatis, nervis inconspicuis, cellulis angustis alaribus conspicuis oblongis quadratis- que pellucidis aurantiacisque; perichætialia patentia, apicibus latis denticulatis. Theca in pedunculo elongato suberecta inclinatave, oblongo-cylindracea, operculo conico acuto. Bhotan, alt. 6000-10,000 ft., in shady woods, on trees, Bailfa and Tongsa, Griffith, 595. 5. affinis paululum gracilior, caulibus inordinatim pinnatis. 182 МВ. М. MITTEN ON THE SPECIES OF HYLOCOMIUM, Schimp. 151. Н. VARIANS, sp. n. Caules depresse czespitosi, pinnati, ramis variis gracilibus attenuatis, apicibusve foliis subito duplo majoribus dilatatis. Folia dorso imbricata, compressa, levia, lateralia patenti-divergentia, apicibus varie curvatis, late ovata acuta, in ramorum cauliumque apicibus ubi majora subcuspidata, minora oblongo- ovata ovali-lanceolataque, omnia nervis binis medio evanidis, marginibus minute sed argute serrulatis, cellulis anguste oblongis, superioribus spiculis minutis dorso prominulis inspersis. Kintoki, Hakone, Bisset. Caules 3—4 ст. longi, ramis longioribus 1 cm. metientibus. Folia minora 1 mm., majora 2 mm. longa, stramineo-viridia, haud nitentia, seniora fulva fuscaque. A curious Moss, with compressed foliage of very irregular form, size, and direction, unlike any species of Hylocomium except H. triquetrum, which has the same kind of spiculate cells on the back of the upper portions of its leaves. 152. Н. TRIQUETRUM, Schimp.—Hypnum triquetrum, Linn. Fragments, Siebold. 153. Н. BREVIROSTRUM, Schimp.— Hypnum brevirostre, Ehrh. Male plant only, “ Challenger’ Exp. 154. Н. CAVIFOLIUM, Sande-Lacoste in Miq. Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd. Bat. ii. 373. Collected in very small quantity by Testor. A single stem amongst packing material sent with Diospyros Kaki. | Almost exactly like Н. brevirostre; but without paraphylla, and the leaves quite smooth or rarely plicate. 155. H. cALvEsCENs, Mitt.—Hypnum calvescens, Wils. Bryol. Brit. 887; H. subpin- natum, Lindb. 4 Hakone Pass and Fujisan, with mature fruit in October, Bisset. Recorded also by Lindberg and Sande-Lacoste. 156. Н. squarrosum, Schimp.— Hypnum squarrosum, Linn. Sterile, Siebold. Н. Flemmingii, Austin in Bull. Torrey Club, у. 24 (Lesq. et James, Manual, 410), is correctly placed in this group by Austin, but it is identical with Hypnum robustum, Hook. Muse. Exot. 108! | 157. Н. sPLENDENS, Schimp.— Hypnum parietinum, Thunb. Fl. Japon. 342. Gathered sterile by Siebold. Н. umbratum, Schimp., also sterile, is mentioned by Sande-Lacoste from Siebold. 158. H. HIMALAYANUM, Mitt.—Stereodon himalayanum, Mitt. in Journ. Linn. Soc., Bot. iii. Suppl. 113. ^ Kintoki, Bisset. .. Fruit of this fine large species is unknown. MUSCI AND НЕРАТІСЖ RECORDED FROM JAPAN, 183 159. Нугосомтум SQHREBERI, Mitt.—Hypnum Schreberi, Willd. Nantaizan, Chiusenji, Fujisan, and Yumoto, all barren, Bisset. HYPNUM, Dill. Sect. Hurhynchium et Rhynchostegium, Schimp. 160. Hypnum Punuw, Linn., is reported sterile from Siebold. 161. Н. PRÆLONGUM, Linn. А few stems amongst other Mosses, * Challenger’ Exp. With deoperculate capsules in February, Maries. Н. prelongum is a species of very wide distribution, and is found in N.W. America with its capsules abruptly bent down and more or less evidently ventricose, as is usual in European specimens; but in the few plants seen from Japan the capsules have a different appearance, being only a little inclined and not ventricose, and the leaves of the main stems are not divergent ; in other particulars they correspond with the usual states. H. hians, Hedw., gathered in fruit by Thunberg, and sterile by Teztor, is mentioned by Sande-Lacoste. 162. Н. rornysTICTUM, sp. n. Dioicum. Caulis procumbens, pinnatim ramosus. Folia laxe patentia patulave, caulina cordato-ovata, sensim in acumen angustum subu- latum producta, ramea compressa ovata vix acuminata, apice latiuseula acuta plani- uscula, nervo infra apicem in denticulo dorso exstante producto, margine ubique serrulata, cellulis angustissimis apicibus in punctis dorso elevatis productis. Peri- chætium magnum, foliis internis in subulam angustam elongatam recurvam minus serrulatam eductis. Pedunculus elongatus, ubique asperrimus, apice arcuatus. Theca horizontalis cernuave oblonga, operculo subulato-rostrato. Peristomium normale. Received amongst packing material with Diospyros Kaki. Caules triunciales longioresve, ramis semiuncialibus strictis curvatisve. Folia fusco- viridia subnitentia, siccitate parum mutata. Pedunculus sesquiuncialis, fusco-ruber, crassiusculus. Тһеса basi inzequalis fusca. Near to the Hypnum oreganum, Sulliv., from N.W. America; but less densely pinnate, with narrower leaves, and the capsule not ovate and pendulous. It is also nearly allied to Н. Swartzii, Turn., in size; but different in its interruptedly Рания arcuate stems and the form of its nios leaves. | 168. Н. LONGIFOLIUM, вр. п. Habitus staturaque H. longirostri, foliis autem caulinis a basi subovata plicata sensim late subulatis, apice angustissimis, nervo ante subulam planiusculam evanescente, margine serrulata, rameis ovato-lanceolatis argutius serrulatis, omnibus e cellulis angustis areolatis. One stem only, Bisset; fragments from Tsus Sima, Wilford. Closely resembles И. longirostrum; but its leaves are 3 mm. long, with almost capillary points. 184 МВ. W. MITTEN ON THE SPECIES OF 164. Нурхом PALLIDIFOLIUM, Mitt. in Journ. Linn. Soc., Bot. viii. 153. Nagasaki, Oldham; Tsurumi, Bisset. The seta in this is smooth. 165. Н, INCLINATUM, Mitt. in Journ. Linn. Soc., Bot. viii. 152. Ohossima, Oldham. Seta rough. Sect. Homalothecium, Schimp. 166. Н. TOKIADENSE, sp. n. Caulis procumbens, ramulis pluribus erectis ramosis. -Folia ramea erecto-patentia, a basi cordata deltoidea, tenuissime subulata, margine ad angulos minutissime crenulata, alibi integerrima, nervo medio evanescente, quadri- plicata, e cellulis minutis versus apicem angustis, inferioribus oblongis, basin versus pluribus abbreviatis densis obscurioribus areolata; ramulina erecto-patentia laxe imbricata, ovato-lanceolata, concava, bi- tri-plicata, apice vix vel brevi acuminata, latiuseula, minutissime serrulata, nervo infra apicem desinente, e cellulis per- angustis oblongis basalibus condensatis areolata; perichsztialia erecta subulata. Theca in pedunculo brevi erecta levis, sequalis ovali-cylindracea, opereulo subulato dimidiam thecæ longitudinis zequante. Peristomium parvum, dentibus angustis. A. small tuft of barren stems, * Challenger’ Exp. With young fruit and old capsules, Nantaizan, Bisset. Caulis procumbens 1-3 uncias longus, ramis plurimis semiuncialibus vel fasciculatim ramosus, ramulis semiunciam plerisque, brevioribus 2 mm. crassis. Folia viridia nitida, seniora ochracea, Pedunculus 1 em. altus. Тһеса 9 mm., opereulo 1 mm. longo. A little more robust than H. sericeum and Н. philippianum, but entirely of the same habit and appearance. The peristome is of the same kind; but the exact state of the internal peristome cannot be seen, and the calyptra is not present. 167. Н. SCIUREUM, sp. n. Caulis repens, ramis erectis. Folia ramea dense inserta patentia, a basi truncata, angulis parvis rotundatis, sensim angustata, lanceolato- subulata, plicata, margine minutissime serrulata, nervo in apicem evanescente, cellulis minutis angustis finitibus prominulis areolata ; perichzetialia longiora. Theca in pedunculo levi rubro erecta (?), oblongo-ovalis, opereulo fere sequilongo. Calyptra calva. | Hakone Pass, with fruit immature in October, Bisset. Rami 2-8 em. alti, cum foliis fere 3 mm. crassi, simplices, rarius furcati, in ceespitibus laxis aggregati. Folia vix nitida stramineo-viridia fuscescentia, sicca parum mutata, pluries plieata. Pedunculus 1 em. longus. Theca 2 mm. longa. A little more robust than H, sericeum, Linn., and almost destitute of the glossy foliage so evident in that species, and thus more nearly resembling the Leskea Bonplandii, Hook. Muse. Exot. t. lv., to which the Indian Isothecium nilgiriense, Mont. (Pleuropus _ fenestratus, Griff.), belongs, and of which a barren specimen was gathered on the city wall of Ningpo by Oldham. H. macrostegium, Sulliv. et Lesq. in Proc. Amer, Acad. іу. p. 280, may be a species of MUSCI AND НЕРАТІСЖ RECORDED FROM JAPAN. 185 this group ; itis described with leaves having an oblong-ovate base, gradually long-acumi- nate, plicate, serrate, a nerve almost percurrent, a cylindraceo-oval capsule, and а long- beaked operculum, the cilia of the internal peristome “ subnullis." It was gathered at Simoda, 168. Нурмом La&viserum, Sande-Lacoste іп Miq. Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd. Bat. ii. 298, р. 186, t. 1. Dioicum. Саше repente, stolonifero ramoso, ramis erectis pinnatis ; foliis confertis erecto-patentibus ovato-lanceolatis, longitudinaliter profunde sulcatis, strictis, margine ubique denticulatis, costa infra apicem desinente; cellule elon- байге anguste; perichzetialibus internis oblongo-lanceolatis acuminatis, apice denti- culatis; capsula in pedicello levi purpureo erecta vel parum inclinata, oblonga, leptoderma; peristomio simplici, dentibus lanceolatis dense trabeculatis linea divi- surali distincta. Collected by Textor, locality not stated. Compared with H. sericeum ; and the characters agree nearly with those ascribed to H. sciureum, differing, however, in the pinnate branches and ovate lanceolate denti- culate leaves. From the figure it appears to be a more slender species. _ Sect. Brachythecium, Schimp. 169. Н. rsEUDOPLUMOSUM, Brid. | Fertile specimens, ‘Challenger’ Exp.; Joshin, Nikko, Bisset. Recorded also by Siebold, Textor, and Pompe van Meerdervoort. 170. Н. cauERATUM, Mitt. in Journ. Linn. Soc., Bot. iii. Suppl. 78. Nikko, Bisset. . Тһе specimens agree nearly with those from India. Sect. Isothecium, Brid. 171. Н. DIVERSIFORME, sp.n. Dioicum. Fruticosum, stipite brevi subnullove, ramis pluribus inordinatis, seepe stoloniformibus, vage pinnatim expansum. Folia majora patentia subcompressa, ovata, acuminata, nervo paulo ultra medium desinente, margine minute serrulata, ramea ovata ovaliaque acuta evidentius serrulata, вере uno latere inflexa, e cellulis angustis areolata ; perichzetialia ovato-lanceolata acumine longiore divergente integerrima. Theca іп peduneulo brevi oblonga, erecta, cinna- momea, operculo acuminato, peristomio interno ciliis obsoletis. With mature fruit, ‘Challenger’ Exp.; in the same state, Maries. Fujisan with fruit past maturity in May, Bisset. Also in Tsus Sima, Wilford. Habitus H. myuro similis, H. myoswroidi autem statura similior. Caules valde diver- siformes, minores 1 em. alti et fertiles, alii 4-8 cm. longi, arbusculosi. Pedunculus 1 cm. longus. Theca cum operculo 2 mm. longa, pulchre colorata. ° Not like any of the species as yet known from N.W. America, except. И. acuticuspis, Mitt., and this has a capsule almost horizontal. Sect. Ptychodium, Schimp. 172, Н. HAKONIENSE, sp. n. Dioicum. Caulis repens, ramis pluribus erectis simpli- SECOND SERIES.—BOTANY, VOL. III. 20 186 MR. W. MITTEN ON THE SPECIES OF cibus. Folia dense inserta erecto-patentia, caulina ovata, sensim longe subulato- angustata integerrima, ramea ovato-lanceolata sensim angustata, acuta, subserrulata, nervo infra apicem evanescente carinata, cellulis superioribus oblongis limitibus latiusculis, inferioribus magis approximatis ; perichzetialia erecta subulato-attenuata. Theca in pedunculo levi rubro ovalis, inclinata, subhorizontalis, inzequalis, operculo subulirostro thecam æquante. Calyptra nuda. Hakone Pass, with young fruit in October, Bisset. Cæspites depressi. Каті vix semiunciales, plus minus curvati, sæpe apicibus atte- nuatis. Folia luteo-viridia absque nitore, sicca plicata. Pedunculus semiunciam longus, ruberrimus, crassiusculus. Closely similar to Hypnum plicatum in the colour and substance of its leaves, which . are not so much plicate. No paraphylla have been seen. The peculiar areolation of the leaves in H. plicatum, which separates it from the species allied to H. lutescens, is observable in Lescurea striata and L. insignis, and seems to indicate that these species stand in the same relation to И. plicatum that Н. sericeum does to H. lutescens. 4 AMBLYSTEGIUM, Schimp. 173. A. PALUDOSUM, Mitt.— Нурпит paludosum, Sulliv. Icon. Musc. t. 101. Barren stems, Dickens. 174. А. commutatum, De Not.—Hypnum commutatum, Hedw. Enumerated by Miquel, Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd. Bat. vii. 300. 175. A. CAPILLATUM, Mitt.— Leskea capillata, Mitt. in Journ. Linn. Soc., Bot. iii. Suppl. 130.—Pseudoleskea intermedia, Sande-Lacoste in Мід. Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd. Bat. n. 297. In spreading patches, with fruit just ripened, * Challenger’ Exp.; also by Dickens and Oldham ; Chiusenji, Miogisan, and Joshin, Bisset. This with a number of similar species, chiefly Oriental, seem to agree better with the genus Amblystegium than with Pseudoleskea or Thuidium. 176. A. LATIFOLIUM, Mitt.— Pseudoleskea latifolia, Sande-Lacoste in Miq. Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd. Bat. ii. 185, 297, t. ii. Gathered by Textor and Buerger. Described as larger and more rigid than A. capillatum. A much smaller species is А. COMPRESSUM, sp.n. Monoicum. Depresse ceespitosum. Caulis subpinnatim ramosus, procumbens. Folia late subcordata acuminata, nervo infra apicem desinente, ramea compressa lateralia divaricata, ovata, obtuse acuta, nervo concolore percurrente, cellulis minutis rotundatis papillis minutissimis obscuratis areolata; perichzetialia elongata, pallida, cellulis elongatis subpellucidis. Тһеса in pedunculo rubro inclinata, curvula, oblonga, operculo conico. China, Wilford. MUSCL AND НЕРАТІСЖ RECORDED FROM JAPAN. 187 Caulis subuncialis, ramis 2-4 mm. longis. Rami cum foliis 1 mm. parum latiores. Folia obscure viridia. Pedunculus 1 cm. longus. Тһеса cum operculo fere 2 mm. longa. Much less than Amblystegium capillatum, and with short wide leaves. ANOMODON, Hook. et Tayl. 177. А. ABBREVIATUS, sp. n. Habitus, statura, colorque A. viticulosi. Folia humida patentia, sicca appressa, dimidio inferiore ovata, superiore ligulata, apice rotundata obtusa, nervo concolore infra apicem desinente, margine integerrima e cellulis parvis rotundatis, haud opacis, brevissime papillosis, in folii medio ad nervi basin paucis pellucidioribus elongatis areolata; perichzetialia caulinis breviora, apicibus angustis. Тһеса ovalis in pedunculo flavo vix eam longitudine superante exserta. Joshin, Bisset. Rami cum foliis expansis humidis 5 mm. lati, adspectu omnino cum A. viticuloso congruentes, 14-3-unciales, curvati. Folia apicibus rotundatis integerrimis. Theca levis, castanea, 1 mm. longa. The short seta and rather small capsule render the fructification of this species very inconspicuous, and although the whole appearance of the stems and foliage is so similar to that of A. viticulosus, the leaves are differently shaped at their points, being more rounded and not crenulate; it does not so nearly resemble 4. apiculatus. 178. A. RAMULOSUS, Sp. n. A. viticuloso simillimus, foliis autem magis ligulatis, apicibus rotundatis integerrimis, nervo pellucido infra apicem desinente, cellulis superioribus fere opacis. Nantaizan, Bisset; gathered also by Maingay ; and in China on the city wall, Ningpo, by Oldham. All barren. ' | In all the specimens the stems are shorter and more branched than is usual in 4. viti- culosus, the leaves are more equally wide, the ligulate ends with shorter nerve and a .more opaque areolation; the foliage on some stems is subcompressed; but the upper portions are much narrower than in A. minor. 179. A. PLANATUS, Mitt. in Journ. Linn. Soc., Bot. iii. Suppl. 126. . А few small stems, barren, ‘ Challenger’ Exp. In this species the nerve is always nearer to one side of the leaf, so that the leaves appear unsymmetrical in outline. 180. А. DEvoLUTUs, Mitt. in Journ. Linn. Soc., Bot. iii. Suppl. 127. Some small stems with other Mosses, ‘Challenger’ Exp.; also collected by Bisset. 181. A. AcuTIFOLIUS, Mitt. in Journ. Linn. Soc., Bot. iii. Suppl. 126. Fragments, ‘ Challenger’ Exp.; Nantaizan, Bisset. These specimens agree with the Indian, and agree also so closely in habit and general appearance with A. attenuatus that most probably they are all a state of one species. 182. A. TRISTIS, Mit t.-— Leskea tristis, Cesati; A. fragilis, Wils., et Leskea fragilis, 202 188 МВ. W. MITTEN ON THE SPECIES OF Drum. M. Amer. No. 101 ; Hypnum emarginatum, Schleich. ; Haplohymenium Sieboldi, Dozy et Molk. Musci ined. Archip. Ind. 127, t. xl. Intermixed with Mosses; barren: * Challenger’ Exp. To the specimens distributed by Schleicher, of which several have been seen, he added on the labels **nova species suadente Swartz." This would appear to have escaped the notice of Bridel and succeeding authors, although Schleicher’s collections are enume- rated by Bridel amongst the authorities he had consulted (Bry. Univ. i. p. xxiv). There must be a locality for this small species in the region within which Schleicher collected. LESKEA, Hedw. 183. L. рЕССЕУАТА, Mitt. in Journ. Linn. Soc., Bot. viii. 154. Fragments among other Mosses, * Challenger’ Exp. 181. L. PUSILLA, sp.n. Dioica. Repens. Folia patula a basi late ovata, sensim acuta, nervo supra medium desinente, e cellulis parvis rotundatis obscuris areoiata; peri: chvetialia erecto-patentia, lanceolata. Theca oblongo-cylindracea erecta subinzequa- lisve, operculo conico mamillato. Creeping on bark, Maingay. Caulis 1 cm. longus, cum foliis 1 mm. dimidiam vix latus. Pedunculus 1 em. altus. Theca 1 mm. longa. А. very small species, with entirely the habit and appearance of the European L. poly- сатра, Ehrh. | THUIDIUM, Schimp. Sect. Euthuidiun. Caules camerati interrupti, ramulis bifariis. 185. T. saponicum, Dozy et Molk. ex Sande-Lacoste in Miq. Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd. Bat. ii. 297. Barren specimens, Prof. Thomson ; Nagasaki, Oldham ; Hadogaya, Yokohama, Bisset. Also sent as packing-material with Diospyros Kaki. 186. T. GLauctnum, Mitt.— Leskea glaucina, Mitt. in Journ. Linn. Soc., Bot. iii. Suppl. p. 183.—Dozy её Molk. Bry. Javan. ii. 117, t. cexxii. Small barren stems, ‘ Challenger’ Exp. Amongst other Mosses, Chiusenji and Mogisan, Bisset. It had before been collected by Шо Keiske. | In India this is found from the Nilgiri Mountains to Bhotan. 187. T. vrRIDE, sp. n. Caules arcuati, ramis decrescentibus ramulisque satis copiosis bipinnati, phyllidiis brevibus parum densis vestiti. Folia erecto-patentia a basi dilatata subreniformia, in subulam breviusculam angustata, inferne plicata, nervo in subulam vix producto, margine apicem versus minute serrulata, cellulis ovalibus | dorso papilliferis areolata ; ramea latissime ovata, ramulinaque ovata, excavata, acuta, cellulis rotundatis papillis brevibus areolata; cellula apicalis ramulinorum pluridentieulata. | | : T MUSCI AND НЕРАТІСЖ RECORDED FROM JAPAN, 189 Gathered by Maries and at Kintoki by Bisset. Habitus omnino Thwidii tamariscini, statura autem minor, ramis ramulisque graci- lioribus. Different from T. japonicum in the short points of its cauline leaves, and also from Т. delicatulum. Great difficulty was always experienced in understanding the distinctions between T. tamariscinum, Т. delicatulum, and Т. recognitum until Lindberg pointed out the difference in the formation of the point of the apical cell of the ramuline leaves; that this is not understood in America, as is mentioned in the ‘Manual of N. American Mosses,’ of Lesquereux and James (1884), ceases to be surprising when all the supposed specimens from America tried by Lindberg’s character are found to have their apical cells many-pointed, and are thus reduced to 7. delicatulum, which may be the American representative of the European 7. tamariscinum. 188. THUIDIUM CYMBIFOLIUM, Dozy et Molk. Bry. Jav. ii. t. 221, and also 189. T. TAMARISCINUM, Bruch et Schimp., are both recorded from Japan by Sande- Lacoste as gathered by /о Keiske and Siebold, and Thunberg has 190. T. DELICATULUM, Bruch et Schimp., Hypnum delicatulum, Hedw., collected by Keempfer. | Sect. Zetracladium. Caules continui, ramis tetrastichis. 191. Т. MoLKENBOERII, Sande-Lacoste in Мід. Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd. Bat. ii. 298, t. 2. Jigoku-gawa, Nikko, Bisset. The perfectly complete state of this species differs slightly from the splendid figure in having its lateral branches less flexuose ; in all other particulars Mr. Bisset's specimens agree, and show this elegant Moss to have stems from six to nine inches long, with short lateral branches, so regularly placed as to give them a breadth of about half an inch throughout. Тһе arrangement of the lateral branches in two planes on each side of the stem, so that they are in four ranks, is à character nof obvious in dried and pressed specimens, but conspicuous when their natural position is restored by maceration. Тһе same arrangement is found in the noble T. Hookeri, Mitt. ( Leskea Hookeri, Mitt. in Journ. Linn. Soc., Bot. iii. Suppl. 132); T. Brandisii, Jaeger (Hypnum Brandisii, C. Muell. in Rev. Bry. (1878), 63), a similar but rather smaller species ; 7. Blandovii, Mitt. (Hypnum Blandovii, Web. & Mohr); 7. decipiens, De Not.; and T. abietinum, Bruch et Schimp. (Hypnum abietinum, Linn.). Іп all these, besides the difference in the disposition of the branches, there is the difference in habit, the stems being continued indefinitely without interruptions or becoming arcuate and stoloniform, as is so conspicuously the habit of T. tamariscinum. | There is to all appearance another species which has been overlooked or confused— T. QUADRIFARIUM, foliis caulinis illis 7. recogniti similibus, nervo infra apicem evane- scente, rameis latioribus, pericheetialibus integerrimis. Collected in Canada by Prof. Macoun. Fertile stems were distributed by Wilson as American examples of the fruit 190 МЕ. W. MITTEN ON THE SPECIES OF of Thuidium recognitum ; and his specimen, in his complete collection of British Mosses, consisted of a single barren stem, to represent that species, which appears also to be 7. quadrifarium. Drummond, Musc. Amer. (1828), no. 214, has this as Hypnum proliferum, var. compactum—H. delicatulum, Hedw., being usually Т. Blandovii. Funk, n. 486, has a single stem with a fruit added as H. recognitum, and barren specimens with the same name are in Schimper's ‘Stirpes Normales’: other barren specimens have been seen from the Vosges and the St.-Gothard pass; none, however, of these specimens are fully satisfactory, and the species, if it be truly so, wants further observation in a living state in Europe. The American specimens from Drummond are all very short, as if broken off merely to show the fruit; but the species should be recognized by its continuous stems, not stoloniform at their apices, and the branches in four rows, from Т. recognitum, which has its branches in two rows only and is arcuate. Sect. Tamariscella, C. Muell. 192. Тнототом CYLINDRACEUM, р.п. Monoicum. Caulis pinnatus, paraphyllis brevibus. Folia caulina a basi hastato-cordata, concava, subulato-acuminata, subula elongata sepe diffracta, nervo ante subulam desinente, integerrima, ramea patentia ovata sub- compressa, dorso papillosa, nervo concolore infra apicem evanescente; pericheetialia erecta, elongata, integra. Тһеса in pedunculo levi elongato cylindracea, inclinata, fere æqualis subarcuatave; peristomio normali, ciliis singulis. Fujisan, with old fruit in May, Bisset. . In stature and appearance this resembles 7. minutulum, but has a differently-shaped capsule. 198. T. BIPINNATULUM, sp. n. Monoicum. Caulis bipinnatus, paraphyllis brevibus. Folia hastata acuminata, marginibus recurvis, nervo infra apicem evanido, ramea ovata ramulinaque obtusiora subcompressa patulo-incurva, dorso marginibusque papillis erosa ; perichzetialia apicibus subulatis recurvis. Тһеса in pedunculo elon- gato cylindracea, parum in:equalis, inclinata; peristomio normali, ciliis binis. Chiusenji, Bisset. To the unassisted eye, like the preceding, this is indistinguishable from 7. minutulum ; but there is the same difference in the form of the capsule, and the two Japanese species differ in ramification. 194. HyPNUM ASSURGENS, Sulliv. et Lesq. in Proc. Amer. Acad. iv. (1860) 279. Found on decayed logs at Ousima, Loo Choo Islands, Amer. Explor. Exp., which is described as having stems without paraphylla, leaves linear-lanceolate from a cordate base, cells opaque, and the peduncle tuberculose, seems to belong to this group. MNIODENDRON, Lindb. 195. M. Ковтнатяп, Van den Bosch et Sande-Lacoste, Bry. Jav. ii. t. 236. One stem, gathered by Siebold, is mentioned in Miquel. MUSCI AND НЕРАТІСЖ RECORDED FROM JAPAN. 191 FISSIDENS, Hedw. 196. Е. AprANTOIDES, Hedw.—. decipiens, De Not., et F. cristatus, Wils. ex Mitt. in Journ. Linn. Soc., Bot. iii. Suppl. 137. Small barren stems, * Challenger’ Етр.; fertile specimens, Oyama, Bisset. 197. Е. saponrtcus, Dozy et Molk. * Challenger’ Exp.; and at Nagasaki by Oldham, all barren. Fertile by Матітотгісг. Like F. nobilis, Griff., and F. acutifolius, Mitt., this species has its leaves with a limb more or less distinct and finely serrate. Three other species (F. laxus, Р. incrassatus, and Р. pungens) are described by Sullivant and Lesquereux, p. 276, with characters insufficient for their recognition. ATRICHUM, Beauv. 198. А. UNDULATUM, Beauv. In a state scarcely different from common European specimens, one fertile stem and а few without fruit, * Challenger' Етр.; in а state with narrower leaves, and with the inflorescence variable—Jokyo, Chiusenji, Jigoku-gawa, Hakodate, Fujisan, Nikko, and Ikao, Bisset. It is possible that this narrower-leaved state may prove distinct, although differences in other particulars have not yet been observed. А state in which the leaves on the lower portions of the stems are like those of 4. undulatum, but with the сота! leaves much narrower and more like those of 4. angustatum, was collected in the United States by Torrey and Drummond. 199. A. ANGUSTATUM, Schimp., Polytrichum angustatum, Hook., is enumerated from Japan by Sande- Lacoste in Мід. Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd. Bat. i.295. It may be the narrow- leaved state of 4. undulatum. OLIGOTRICHUM, DC. 200. О. Lescuret, Mitt.—Atrichum Lescurei, James in Bull. Torrey Club, vi. 33; Les- quereux et James, Manual, 257. Nantaizan, Sept., Bisset. A very distinct species with sharply-toothed leaves, which have, towards the base on each side, a few of the teeth produced into hairs. The capsule is, when empty, turbinate ; the calyptra is small, smooth, and shining. It has no resemblanee to any species of Atrichum. POGONATUM, Brid. Sect. Anasmogonium. 201. P. spryutosum, Mitt. in Journ. Linn. Soc., Bot. viii. 156. Nikko, Bisset. 202. P. ALOIDES, Brid. With old fruit, ‘ Challenger’ Exp.; Joshin, Tokio, Hakone, &е., Bisset; and a state 192 МВ. W. MITTEN ON THE SPECIES OF with the neck of the capsule gradually tapering into the seta—var. longicolle—at Ikao, Ubago, and Nikko, Bisset. 903. Росохаттм INFLEXUM, Lindb. in Notiser Sállsk. Faun. et Flor. Fenn. ix. (1867), 100. Described by Sande-Lacoste in the Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd. Bat. iv. p. 308: Caule simplici sat elato, foliis angustis longis acutis, laminis margine incrassatis et dilatatis, capsula regulari erecta cylindrica (= Р. aloides, Sande-Lacoste in Miquel, in Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd. Bat. ii. p. 292). 204. P. JAPONICUM, Sulliv. et Lesq. in Proc. Amer. Асай. iv. (1860), 278. Ojigiki, with fruit nearly ripe in October, also at Ikao, Nantaizan, Fujisan, Shiranesan, and Chiusenji, Bisset. Sect. Eupogonatum. 205. P. URNIGERUM, Brid. Hakodate, Bisset. Collected in Manchouria by Wilford. 206. Р. HIMALAYANUM, Mitt. in Journ. Linn. Soc., Bot. iii. Suppl. 151. Fujisan, Bisset. | The specimens are not quite conclusive. The species can generally be recognized by its perichzetium appearing to be lateral. 207. P. GRANDIFOLIUM, Mitt.— Polytrichum grandifolium, Lindb. in Act. Soc. Sci. Fenn. x. (1872) p. 264. . Nantaizan, Ikao, Chiusenji, Yumoto, Bisset. Specimens of P. alpinum, Brid., collected by Douglas in N.W. America, have longer and more spreading leaves, approaching the preceding; but they seem to be connected with the usual states by intermediate forms. POLYTRICHUM.,,. Dill. 208. P. GRACILE, Menz. : With capsules nearly perfected, ‘ Challenger’ Етр.; Fujisan, Bisset. 209. P. JUNIPERINUM, Hedw. Hakodate, the lakes, Bisset. 210. P. PILIFERUM, Schreb. Fujisan, Bisset. 211. P. COMMUNE, Linn. Mitake, alt. 6000 feet, Bisset. Lindberg mentions a var. Maximoviczii, with dense foliation, of which the male plants only were collected at Nambu, ins. Nippon, MUSCI AND HEPATICA RECORDED FROM JAPAN. 198 DIPHYSCIUM, Mohr. 212. D. FULVIFOLIUM, Sp. n. Caulis brevissimus. Folia inferiora spathulato-ligulata, apice obtusa, mucrone brevissimo, dimidio inferiore pallido, elongate areolato, sub- pellucido, superiore cellulis densis obscuro, margine apicem versus minute crenulata, nervo lato concolore percursa; superiora patentia duplo longiora, basi pallidiore breviore, nervo crassiore, in mucronem plus minus elongatum excurrente ; peri- cheetialia plurima a basi brevi lanceolato-subulata integra, nervo crasso ubique scaberrimo fulvo sensim attenuato excurrente. Theca parva, leptodermis ; peristomio pallido inferno carinis pluribus pliceeformibus. ‘Challenger’ Exp. Habit and size that of D. foliosum ; but with longer perichetial leaves, and those of the stem have not so dense an areolation. TETRAPHIS, Hedw. 213. Т. GENICULATA, Girgens. А few stems on decayed wood, * Challenger’ Exp. ANDREA, Ehrh. 214. А. PETROPHILA, Ehrh. ? One or two stems amongst Grimmia, Nantaizan, Bisset. SPHAGNUM, Dill. 215. S. GIRGENSOHNII, Russ. Shiranesan, Bisset. 216. S. CYMBIFOLIUM, Ehrh., was gathered by Siebold. НЕРАТІСЖ. ; PLAGIOCHILA, Nees et Mont. 1. P. OVALIFOLIA, sp.n. Caulis ascendens arcuatus, ramis etiam arcuatis divisus. Folia distiche explanata patenti-divergentia, late ovalia, inferne dorso convexa, margine dorsali breviter decurrente e medio ad apicem rotundatum, margineque ventrali ad basin usque dentibus brevibus acutis approximatis armata, e cellulis parvis rotun- datis limitibus angustioribus cinctis areolata ; involucralia eonformia, dentibus apiealibus ventralibusque majoribus. Perianthium oblongo-obovatum, labiis rotun- datis dentatis. | Fragments gathered amongst Mosses by Maingay ; Maries; and at Nikko by Bisset. Caulis 1-2-uncialis, cum foliis ubi latius expansis 7 mm. latus. Folia 3 mm. longiora, 2 mm. lata. Perianthium foliis involucralibus sequilongis compressum, labiis versus medium eorum longitudinis in angulum obtusum ascendentibus, inde ad latus ventrale profundius fissum descendentibus. All the fragments of this, until the perianth had been found, were supposed to belong SECOND SERIES.—BOTANY, VOL. III. 2D 194 MR. W. MITTEN ON THE SPECIES OF to P. asplenioides; but the perianth shows it to be different; instead of a truncate mouth its mouth is oblique, and more deeply cleft on the ventral side. 9. PLAGIOCHILA TRAPEZOIDEA, Lindenb. Sp. Hep. 112, t. 22, and 3. P. ВЕЕРНАВОРНОКА, Lindenb. Sp. Hep. 102, t. 21, are enumerated in Miquel's ‘Prolusio’? by Sande-Lacoste. The first of these in foliage is near the preceding species, but has a perianth nearly as in P. asplenioides ; the second has its leaves with ciliiform teeth. 4. P. FURCIFOLIA, sp. n. Caulis gracilis dichotomus viridis. Folia patentia ovato- oblonga, sinu acuto plus minus profundo, laciniis lanceolatis acutis furcata, margine dorsali recta recurva, ventrali uni- bidentato, e cellulis erossiusculis rotundis areolata, mollia, fragillima. On dead bark, * Challenger ” Exp. Caulis 2 em. altus, cum foliis completis З mm. latus. Folia sordide viridia, fere omnia ubique cruribus diffractis incompleta. Not unlike small specimens of Р. punctata, Tayl., when the apices of the leaves are all broken off, as is generally the case, so that an entire leaf is found with difficulty, the two crura being snapped off at their bases. 5. P. тАРОХТСА, Sande-Lacoste in Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd. Bat. i. 290 (1864). * Challenger’ Exp. Compared by the author to P. spinulosa, from which there can be little doubt the ‘Challenger’ specimens are correctly referred. No perianths have been seen; but the whole appearance is so similar to that of Р. orientalis, Tayl., that it may prove identical. Probably no species of the great genus Plagiochila has fared worse in the hands of describers and delineators than the British P. spinulosa. Dillenius described it, * Hist. Muse.’ 489, and figures it t. 70. f. 15, with unusually branched stems, which he collected on Snowdon. То this Dickson, fasc. ii. 14, affixed the name Jungermannia spinulosa : « frondibus erectis ramosis, foliis obovatis dentato-spinosis. Hab. in Alpibus Scoticis,” is all he says about it. In Hooker's ‘ Brit. Jung.’ the figure of the stem is life-like; and the ala on the perianth, which is imperfect, is obvious, although not mentioned in the description of figs. 5 and 6. The leaves are described as they appear when looked at in situ, obovate; when, however, they are removed from the stem their true form is ovate-deltoid : the perianths described as lateral and axillary are found in that position, left so by innovations; at first they are terminal. Lindenberg (Sp. Hep. 6, t. 1) follows Hooker in saying the leaves are obovate, and he did not see the ala. In Lindenb. & Nees’ Synopsis Hepat. p. 25, the leaves are “ obovato-cuneiformibus semicordatisque." The perianth, when more fully grown, is for half its length exserted above the invo- lucral leaves, obconic, the mouth with rounded lips, the ala dentate іп its upper part, reaching from the mouth to the base. Male plant and capsules alike unknown. From this species Taylor separated his P. punctata, on account of its denser areolation ; and the leaves, described in the Synops. Hepat. 626 as *' obovato-cuneatis subrotundisve, ” MUSCI AND HEPATIC RECORDED FROM JAPAN. 195 are, When removed from the stem and spread out, ovate, with the apical teeth usually distinctly two and much more evident; the areolation consists of cells with thicker walls and usually a few oblong in form in the middle of the base; the perianth is obovate, the mouth truncate dentate as in Р. spinulosa, but with no ala. It is capsuli- ferous in Madeira; specimens from the Canaries were marked by Taylor P. diacantha, but are not known to have been described. "This is the species well figured by Stephani as Р. spinulosa, * Deutschland's Jungermannien,’ p. 18, fig. 14. Neither P. spinulosa nor P. punctata have been seen amongst the Mosses collected in British N. America, and the P. tridenticulata, Tayl, if represented by Sullivant’s specimen P. spinulosa, Muse. Allegh. No. 219, is a species not found as yet in Britain. Amongst the numerous specimens of Hepatic sent by Miss Hutchins from the neighbourhood of Bantry, in Ireland, was one paper marked ** 39 "; the paper and writing are the same as that containing the specimens of P. spinulosa similar to the figure in the ‘Brit. Jung.; it contained a mass as large as the hand, consisting of Нутепо- phyllum, matted together with Plagiochila spinulosa, P. punctata, Bazzania denudata, and Adelocolea decipiens, intermixed with scattered stems of another Plagiochila, with stems about an inch tall, arising from a creeping or procumbent rhizome; they have а few stoloniform divaricate shoots. The leaves are larger towards the perianth, and patulous or divergent, oval or ovato-oval in outline, with apex rounded, and on the apex, as well as the ventral margin, with many short broad teeth ; the recurved entire dorsal margin is shortly decurrent ; involucral leaves a little more dentate ; perianth obovate, bent over to the ventral side, without ala, its lips rounded, shortly dentate. No trace of this can be found amongst the abundant. specimens of all the other species which Miss Hutchins collected ; but it seems to be not different from the P. ambigua, Mitt. in Journ. Linn. Soc., Bot. v. 96, a name found to have been already more than once used for different species, and therefore may be changed for that of P. AMBAGIOsA. It was not Miss Hutchins’s habit to mark localities, and her papers are with and without names of the species enclosed. "That a №. Indian species should be found in 8. Ireland need excite no surprise when the Irish Mastigophora Woodsii and Martinellia plani- folia grow in India mixed with Jungermannia orcadensis bearing perianths. P. ambagiosa may easily be overlooked for a small state of P. asplenioides; but it is not really more closely allied to that than it is to P. spinulosa. MARTINELLIA, 8. Ғ. Gray. 6. M. IRRIGUA, Mitt.—Scapania irrigua, Nees. А few stems among Moss, * Challenger > Exp. It is mentioned from Sachalin by Lindberg. 7. M. GRACILIS, Lindb.—Scapania ciliata, Sande-Lacoste in Mig. Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd. Bat. i. 298 (1867); 8. Bolanderi, Austin in Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad., Dec. 1869. Intermixed with Cladonia, Shiranesan, Nantaizan, Bisset. This widely distributed species, so long mistaken for a variety of М. nemorosa, for 202 196 | МЕ. W. MITTEN ON THE SPECIES OF which Sande-Lacoste himself says he at first overlooked it, certainly differs both in the outline and substance of its leaves. 8. MARTINELLIA JAVANICA, Mitt.—Scapania javanica, Gottsche in Nat. Tijdschr. Nederl. Indie, Nieuwe Serie, i. (1853) 575. This is in Мід. Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd.-Bat. i. 298, as from Japan. It is a small brownish species. Another distinct species is :-— М. MICRODONTA, sp. n. Caulis crassiusculus simplex. Folia complanata, lobis minute spinuloso-denticulatis, basi cordatis, auriculis trans caulem productis eique appressis, angustis, haud decurrentibus; lobo ventrali ovali, apice rotundato rarius angulo parvo terminato, lobo dorsali concavo quadruplo minore, apice angulo subrecto acuto incurvo, ambitu subreniformi. Hab. Plover Bay, a locality in the Х. Pacific, brought thence by а seaman who picked a few Mosses in Kamtschatka and in Vancouver. Caulis 3 em. altus, eum foliis 3 mm. latus. Folia lobo ventrali 2 mm. longo, medio 1 mm. lato, dorsali 1 mm. longo, denticulis remotiusculis e cellula unica acuta conditis ciliata. DIPLOPHYLLUM, Dum. 9. D. ALBICANS, Dum. | Small stems amongst Lepidozia setacea, * Challenger’ Exp.; amongst Mosses, Nan- taizan, Bisset. These fragments all belong to the form “tasifolium.” Lindberg had this from Sachalin, and describes another species, D. plicatum, also from thence, which, from his description, must be nearer to D. Dicksoni, which last is found in N.W. America. JUNGERMANNIA, Linn. 10. J. МІХГТА, Dicks. A few fragments amongst Cladonia, Bisset. PLECTOCOLEA, Mitt. (Solenostome subgen., Mitt. in Journ. Linn, Soc., Bot. viii. 156.) ll. P. RADICELLOsA, Mitt.—Solenostoma radicellosa, Mitt. in Journ. Linn. Soc., Bot. viii. 156. Nagasaki, Oldham ; fragments with Mosses, Bisset. 12. Р. INFUsSCA, вр. п. Caulis procumbens, stolonibus ventralibus descendentibus, radi- cellis pallidis. Folia rotundo-ovata obtusa, margine dorsali inferne incurva, laxe patula, imbricata, caulem dorso tegentia, Perianthium ovatum ore parvo denticu- lato, fructu egresso plurilaciniato, paulo infra medium cum foliis duobus supe- rioribus adnatum, teres, exinde ad apicem plicis tribus majoribus interjectis non- nullis humilioribus exaratum. MUSCI AND НЕРАТІСЖ RECORDED FROM JAPAN. 197 * Challenger’ Exp. Caulis cum foliis expansis 3mm. latus. Folia olivaceo-viridia, e cellulis parvis rotun- datis, plerumque inanibus, areolata, fere 2 mm. longa, 1 mm. lata. Perianthium 2 mm. longum, apice supra folia involucralia parum exserto. This differs from the preceding in the more ovate rotund form of the leaves, which are so disposed on the dorsal side that the stem is not visible between them, and the radicles so abundant in that species are in the present inconspicuous. 18. PLECTOCOLEA VIRGATA, sp. п. Caulis a rhizomate repente assurgens erectus. Folia inter se remotiuscula rotundata patulo-expansa convexave, involucralia duo inferne cum perianthio ovato triplicato, ore parvo denticulato, demum laciniato, usque ad tertiam partem ejus longitudinis coadunata. < Challenger’ Exp. Caules satis crassi, pallidi, cum foliis expansis 1:50 mm. lati, radicellis pallidis purpu- reisque paucis. Folia 1 mm. breviora, e cellulis rotundis hexagonisque inanibus, parie- tibus angustis areolata, pallida. Perianthium 1:50 mm. longum, basi purpureo tinctum. Much less in all its parts than P. infusca, and with the foliage so arranged that the stem is everywhere visible. Its habit appears different from the fertile stems being erect, accompanied by others arcuate and sterile. 14. P. Segoro, Mitt.—Jungermannia Sieboldii, Sande-Lacoste in Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd. Bat. i. 288, t. 8 (1864). Hakone Pass, Bisset. This differs from both the preceding species in having a conspicuous stipule; it is described and figured with the involucral leaves notched; this is not observable in our specimens; but the apices of the involucral leaves are so flexuose-sinuate as to produce the appearance of their being bilobate. 15. P. вогүвні2А, Mitt.—Jungermannia polyrhiza, Hook. Recorded by Sande-Lacoste in Miquel; and a barren specimen collected by Maingay may belong to it. When Solenostoma and Plectocolea were used in the ‘ Journal of the Linnean Society’ (Botany), viii. p. 156, neither Gray’s nor Dumortier’s genera had been resuscitated, nor had the distinctions between these two different groups of species been sufficiently consi- dered. Solenostoma was intended to include all those which correspond in perianth with the Jungermannia spherocarpa and other similar species in which the mouth is contracted into a tubular orifice similar to that of the Frullanie and .Lejeunie, and Which only is rendered dentate by the bursting through of the capsule at its egress. Іп Plectocolea the apex of the perianth is not contracted into a tube, but is more or less evidently dentate, not different from that usually ascribed to Jangermansia. АП the Japanese species are so evidently congenerie with the original species (P. radicellosa) that they have been here kept together, and their position in the group to which they belong, when seen from a point of view different from that commonly accepted, сап be best shown by arranging some of the best known species in a descending series, thus :— 198 МВ. W. MITTEN ON THE SPECIES OF * Perianth free (— Eujungermannia, Spruce). CORDIFOLIA (Jungermannia cordifolia, Hook.). RIPARIA (Jungermannia riparia, 'Tayl.). ARIADNE (Jungermannia Ariadne, Тау!.). ғозчомвкохтогокв (Jungermannia fossombronioides, Austin). S1EBoLDII (Jungermannia Sieboldii, Sande-Lacoste). ** Perianth with one or both involucral leaves adherent. ТоменунмтамА (Jungermannia Junghuhniana, Nees). rorvnuiza (Jungermannia polyrhiza, Hook.). HYALINA (Jungermannia— Nardia Eucalyz, Lindb.). oBovATA (Jungermannia obovata, Nees). vIRGATA, Mitt. iNFusca, Mitt. RADICELLOSA, Mitt. CRENULIFORMIS, Austin. *** Perianth with more than one pair of leaves coadunate. HasskARLIANA (Alicularia=Nardia Eucalyz, Lindb.). SCALARIS (Nardia, S. Е. Gray; Alicularia, Corda). COMPRESSA (Jungermannia Nardia, S. Е. Gray = Mesophylla, Dum.). In the Jungermannie the greatly preponderating condition of the perianth is to be free from the involucral leaves, and it is here assumed to be the normal state, and the adhesion of one leaf in P. hyalina and of two in many other species are departures leading directly to the condition observable in P. scalaris. In all the species above mentioned the form and structure of the perianth or colesule is the same, and little different from that ascribed to Jungermannia, its altered appearanee in P. compressa and P. scalaris being due to the adhesions of the subtending leaves. The species referable to Solenostoma and Plectocolea are all destitute of the incised involucral leaves which characterize those included in Jamesoniella and Syzygiella, Spruce, and in this particular agree with Liochlena and Mylia. LOPHOCOLEA, Dum. 16. L. compacta, sp. n. (Plate LI. figs. 21-23.) Caulis prostratus, repens. Folia explanata rotunda rotundo-ovatave, apice obtusissima, integerrima, retusa vel oblique truncata breviterque bidentata, e cellulis rotundatis limitibus obscurioribus areolata. Amphigastria basi libera, caule parum latiora, ovato-quadrata, bifida, utrinque unidentata. Folia involucralia conformia, amphigastrio parvo. Perian- thium oblongum prismaticum, angulo dorsali superne alato, labiis rectangulatis dentatis. Creeping on bark amongst Stereodon circinalis, Challenger’ Exp. Caulis crassiusculus uncia brevior, cum foliis explanatis 2 mm. latus. Folia olivaceo- viridia obscura. Allied to the Australian L. heterophylloides, but smaller; no truly bidentate leaves have been seen, and it is inodorous. MUSCI AND НЕРАТІСЖ RECORDED FROM JAPAN. 199 CHILOSCYPHUS, Corda. 17. C. ARGUTUS, Nees. With perianths, * Challenger’ Exp. 18. C. PLANUS, Mitt. in Journ. Linn. Soc., Bot. viii. 157. Nagasaki, Oldham; * Challenger’ Exp. Fragment with Moss, Bisset. 19. С. coAnrrus, Nees.—Jwngermannia coalita, Hook. Barren stems in a poor state, ‘Challenger’ Exp. Similar states occur in India ; and it may be uncertain whether they belong here or to some Lophocolea. 20. C. POLYANTHUS, Corda.—Jungermannia polyanthus, Linn. Barren specimens, ‘ Challenger’ Exp. It is enumerated by Sande-Lacoste аз C. pallescens, and is a species mentioned by Thunberg. ODONTOSCHISMA, Dum. 21. O. DENUDATUM, Dum. In extensive patches barren, ‘Challenger’ Exp.; also fragments amongst Moss, Nantaizan, Bisset. CEPHALOZIA, Dum. 29. С. CATENULATA.—Jungermannia catenulata, Hübner. A few stems amongst Lophocolea compacta, * Challenger’ Exp. 98. С. pentata.—Jungermannia dentata, Raddi. Nagasaki, Oldham. 94. C. DIVARICATA.—Juugermannia divaricata, Sm. Eng. Bot. Recorded in Miquel’s * Prolusio.’ LEPIDOZIA, Nees, Lindenb. et Gottsch. 25. L. SETACEA.— Jungermannia setacea, Web. * Challenger! Exp. 96. L. REPTANS.—Juugermannia reptans, Linn. This is in Sande-Lacoste's enumeration. 27. L. FILAMENTOSA, Lehm. & Lindenb. Nantaizan, Bisset. Тһе specimens agree with N.W. American. It is a larger species than the preceding. BAZZANIA, S. Е. Gray. | 98, B. JAPONICA.—JMastigobryum japonicum, Sande-Lacoste in Bat. i. 308, t. 8. Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd. 200 МВ. W. MITTEN ON THE SPECIES OF ‘Challenger’ Exp.; also by Maingay; and frequently amongst Mosses, Bisset; Naga- saki, Waximowicz. 29. BAZZANIA РОМРЕАМА.— Мазйдобтуит Pompeanum, Sande-Lacoste in Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd. Bat. 1. 304, t. 8. * Challenger Exp.; Shinano, Bisset. Much like the European В. trilobata. 30. B. rRIDENS.— astigobryum tridens, Nees. This is included in the list of Japanese species given in Miquel’s Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd. Bat. i. 303. KANTIA, 8. Е. Gray. 81. К. BIDENTULA, 8. Е. Gray. Chiusenji, Bisset. BLEPHAROSTOMA, Dum. 82. В. TRICHOPHYLLA.—Jungermannia trichophylia, Linn. . Amongst Mosses, ‘Challenger’ Exp. and Bisset. BLEPHAROZIA, Dum. 33. В. SACCULATA, sp. n. Caulis crassiusculus, ramis approximatis brevibus patentibus in frondem plumseformem dispositis, pinnatus. Folia dorso imbricata, ambitu sub- cordato-ovata, inzqualiter bifida, lobo dorsali majore basi subcordata, apice acuto, sinu rotundato, in lobo ventrali.minore basi in sacculum involutum parvum sub- ovalem transeunte, marginibus ubique ciliis angustis sequidistantibus elongatis fimbriatis, cellulis rotundo-hexagonis limpidis areolata. Amphigastrium basi brevi, in laciniis brevibus irregularibus longe ciliatis 3-4 divisum. Creeping in an upright manner on the stems of Dicranum scoparium, Chiusenji, Bisset. | Caulis 2 em. altus, cum ramis 6 mm. latus, pallidus carnosulus, cum foliis 2 mm. latus. Folia dorso imbricata lzvia, ventre apicibus loborum ad caulem incurva. Sacculum iis Lejeuniarum simillimum, a caule divergens. In external appearance this has a close similarity to small states of В. ciliaris which are sometimes found on trees; the areolation and the cilia are similar; but instead of the leaf being cleft into four or five lobes, it is divided only into two, and the presence of а sac, similar to that of the .Lejeunie, is a character unexpected in a genus of which В. ciliaris is the type. TRICHOCOLEA, Nees. 94. T. TOMENTELLA, Nees.—Jungermannia tomentella, Ehrh. Gathered by Maries. MASTIGOPHORA, Nees. 35. M. BISSETT, sp. n. Caulis bi- tripinnatim ramosus plumseformis. Folia parva inter se discreta cauli appressa, ad medium quadrifida, laciniis acutis, dorsali majore, margine ubique ciliis triartieulatis angustis fimbriata, e cellulis parvis rotundatis MUSCI AND HEPATICZ RECORDED FROM JAPAN. 201 areolata. Amphigastria ambitu subovata, caule angustiora, fere ad basin fissa laciniis lanceolatis, marginibus recurvulis ciliatis ad angulos exteriores ciliis sub- caleariformibus. Folia ramulina ulteriora basi angusta substipitata, inde trifida laciniis angustis incurvis, e cellulis oblongis limpidis areolata, margine basi nuda, inde ut caulina ciliata; altera autem inter alias obvia lacinia, tertia ventrali in lobulum obovatum divergentem, sacculiformem, tumidum, inflatum, orificio parvo angusto intus aperto transformata: ramulina bifida, ceteroquin foliis similia. Fujisan, Bisset. In size, colour, ramification, and appearance this so closely resembles Trichocolea tomentella as to be easily passed over as the common state of that widely distributed species. Тһе presence of an inflated lobule, as in Polyotus and Frullania, on the leaves of a species of Mastigophora is as much an unexpected condition as that of the sac in Blepharozia. The areolation of the ramuline leaves, so different from that of the cauline, agrees with that of the leaves of Zrichocolea ; but when the inflated lobule is formed it is found to be composed of rounded cells. The inflated lobules, like those of Polyotus, may perform the same office to the species in which they are found as do those of Utricularia. RADULA, Dum. 36. В. JAPONICA, Gottsche ex Stephani in ‘ Hedwigia’ (1884), р. 152.--В. physoloba, Mitt. in Journ. Linn. бос., Bot. viii. 157. Nagasaki, on rocks, barren, Oldham. This is a dioicous species, growing in a prostrate manner, of a brown colour. 37. В. oYAMENSIS, Stephani in ‘ Hedwigia’ (1884), р. 152. Barren stems among Moss, Maingay. This is described as dioicous. Better specimens may show this to be pinnate. 38. В. TOKIENSIS, Stephani in ‘ Hedwigia (1884), p. 150. Fragments оп a Collema, * Challenger’ Exp., and on Mosses, Bisset. Inflorescence described as paroicous; antheridia are in some of the involucral leaves, also in smaller-leaved branches. R. complanata is mentioned in Sande-Lacoste’s list; but it is probably one of the above, which at that time had not been distinguished. PORELLA, Dill. 39. P. спллв1з, Mitt.—JMadoftheca ciliaris, Nees. Barren stems, ‘ Challenger’ Exp. 40. P. vERNICOsA, Lindb. in Act. Soc. Sci. Fenn. x. (1872) 229. Оп a rock near Nagasaki, 1863, Maximowicz. Described as an indistinctly pinnate species, obtuse leaves “ grosse ciliatis.” SECOND SERIES.—BOTANY, VOL. III. 2Е a * rigida, vernicoso-nitida,” the rounded 202 MR. W. MITTEN ON THE SPECIES OF 41. PoRELLA POLITA, sp.n. Gracilis, pinnatim ramosus. Folia lobo dorsali imbricata, leevissima, nitida, divaricata, semicordato-oblonga, apice rotundato inflexo denticu- lato, lobo ventrali parvo erecto-patente ovato, apice rotundato crenato denticulato, basi dentibus paucis spinosis. Amphigastria orbiculari-ovata, apice repanda, medio excavata, marginibus crenatis, basi spinoso-dentata. Hakone Pass, amongst Mosses, Bisset. | In size and colour this corresponds with Р. lævigata ; but the form of the leaf is more rounded at the apex, without the tendency to become acute; barren fragments only have been seen. 42. P. GRACILLIMA, sp. п. Caulis pinnatus. Folia lobo dorsali imbricata oblata, apice incurva integerrima, lobo ventrali parvo erecto-patente ovato oblongo obtuso, basi interno externoque uni- bidentato. Amphigastria ovata, apice ligulata recurva, basin versus in umbonem parvum excavata, basi utroque angulo unidentata. Nantaizan, fragments with Moss, Bisset. Statura Frullanice tamarisci similis. Color sordide viridis. Folia subnitida. In size this is only comparable to P. chilensis. 43. Р. saponica, Mitt.—Madotheca japonica, Sande-Lacoste, Syn. Hep. Jav. 105, t. xxi. Mixed with Frullania tamarisci and other Hepatice, Herb. Dozy et Molkenboer. It appears to be a small species, in which the stems are not distinctly pinnate and the leaves not incurved to the ventral side. 44. P. PLATYPHYLLA, Lindb.—Jungermannia platyphylla, Linn. Fragments of a dark opaque green, ‘ Challenger’ Exp., appear to belong here. FRULLANIA, Raddi. 45. Е. DILATATA, Nees.—Jungermannia dilatata, Linn. Fragments with a lichen, Bisset. 46. Е. жоготтѕ, Nees. Enumerated by Sande-Lacoste. It is found in China. 47. Е. JAPONICA, Sande-Lacoste іп Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd. Bat. i. 311. . Japan, Siebold; ereeping over Dendropogon dentatus, Nikko, Dr. Woods ; Kintoki, Bisset. ; In general appearance not unlike F Tamarisci, but distinguished immediately by its entire stipules of an oblate form ; the perianth has not yet been found; but the invo- lucral leaves have lanceolate entire lobes. 48. F. ТАМАВІЅСТ, Nees.— Jungermannia Tamarisci, Linn. ‘Challenger’ Exp.; Nikko, Bisset; gathered also by Maingay. The specimens agree with the state usually found in Europe on trees. MUSCI AND НЕРАТІСЖ RECORDED FROM JAPAN. 208 49. FRULLANIA Нотоніхѕі ж, Nees.—Jungermannia Hutchinsie, Hook. Is included by Sande-Lacoste in Miquel, Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd. Bat. i. 312. Several other species are found in China, one of which, in a barren state, is not distin- guishable from F. gracilis; another is Е. CLAVELLATA, sp. п. Caulis gracilis, pinnatus. Folia orbiculata, apicibus incurvis integerrimis, linea angusta cellularum moniliforme ultra medium producta, lobulo a caule remoto patente oblongo-clavato, basi lacinula angusta appressa. Amphigastria suborbiculata ovata obovatave, sinu parvo rectangulo bifida. Hong Kong, Bowring. Rami cum foliis 1 mm. lati, castanei. Іп size like F. fragilifolia, but more nearly related to F. gracilis.—Also Е. TENUICAULIS, sp. n. Caulis gracilis elongatus, pinnatim ramosus, Folia caulina alterna ovata, basi dorsali cordato-ampliata, apice acuta concava, basi ad angulum ventralem cellulis pluribus magnis rotundis rubris, reliquis parvis ovalibus, interstitiis latiusculis, lobulo parvo evoluto lanceolato clavatove cauli approximato. Amphigastria ovali-oblonga, medio carinata, marginibus recurvis, vix ad medium sinu acuto in lacinias latas acutas fissa. Involuera in apicibus ramorum, dein innovatione lateralia, foliis dentibus brevibus latis serratis. Мапѕһап Mts. near Ookaisa, alt. 2400 feet. Quantung, Prov. S. China. Caulis 6 em. longus, pendulus? ramis 5 mm. longis. Folia 1 mm. longa. This approaches the Javan F. vaginata and Р. ternatensis. LEJEUNIA, Lib. 50. L. MINUTA, sp. n. (Plate LI. figs. 24, 25.) Monoica. Pusila. Caulis repens, ramosus. Folia lateraliter patentia, a matrice ascendentia, eurvata, subovato- oblonga, apice subacuta obtusave, lobulo ovali, apice bidentulo appresso ; involucralia conformia, e cellulis satis magnis ovali-hexagonis limpidis areolata, integerrima, levia. Perianthium obovatum, obtusum, subplicatum. | On a fragment of Peltigera, * Challenger ' Exp.; with Dendropogon dentatus, Nikko, Dr. Woods, Bisset. ; Caulis radicellis pellucidis affixus. Folia 1mm. longa, magnitudine variabilia, longiora breviora intermixta, sspe arcuata. Perianthium 1 mm. longum. Antheridia satis magna, in ramis propriis foliis laxis ovatis acutiusculis. Amphigastria nulla. This belongs to Spruce's Cololejeunia, and is too small to be understood without being considerably magnified. 51. L. JAPONICA, sp. n. Monoica. Prostrata. Parum ramosa. Folia in caulis medio divergentia orbieulari-ovata, apice rotundata obtusave, ulteriora magis patentia, evidentius angulata, basi lobulo parvo tumido subovato, cellulis parvis rotundis areolata. Amphigastria caule duplo latiora orbiculata, fere ad medium sinu rectan- gulo fissa segmentis latis acutis. Perianthium in ramulo brevissimo subacaule obovatum, superne plicatum foliis involucralibus minutis inconspiculs. Creeping on Moss, ‘ Challenger’ Exp.; Hakone Pass, Bisset. In size this is similar to Z. serpyllifolia, but in colour of a dull greyish green. The perianths are only exserted beyond the cauline leaves by about half their length. 204 “МЕ. W. MITTEN ON THE SPECIES OF 59. LEJEUNIA SERPYLLIFOLIA, Lib., from Nagasaki, Oldham, and 53. L. ADPLANATA, Nees, are mentioned in Miquel, and fragments of several other species are amongst Mosses collected by Bisset. PHRAGMICOMA, Dum. 51. P. roLYGONA, sp. n. Caulis repens, infra perianthium innovans. Folia dense imbricata, suborbicularia, integerrima, lobo ventrali subtrapezoideo angulo apicali lato obtuso integerrimo, e cellulis satis magnis areolata. Amphigastria orbicularia integerrima. Folia involucralia amphigastrioque огрісшагі majora conformia. Perianthium immersum, oblongum, subcompressum, 12-plicatum. Creeping closely on bark. ‘Challenger’ Exp. Found also in China. Caulis eum foliis 1 mm. latus. Folia luteo-viridia obscura nigrescentia, sicca ad latus ventrale incurva. Perianthium 1 mm. longum, angulis levibus. 55. P. rERTILIS, Nees. Enumerated by Sande- Lacoste. SCALIA, 8. Е. Gray. 56. S. ROTUNDIFOLIA, sp. n. Folia trifaria patentia, orbiculata, integerrima; involu- cralia erectiora, concava, sinuato-flexuosa. Calyptra elongata clavata. А few stems intermixed with Mosses, * Challenger’ Exp. Caulis erectus, pallidus carnosus, 2 cm. altus. Folia viridia, inferiora remota parva, superiora congesta rosulata, 2 mm. lata. Calyptra 8 mm. longa, lutea. Pedunculus 3 em. longus. Capsula fusca, 3 mm. longa. Much larger than 5. Hookeri, but entirely of the same habit and appearance, although the leaves are of a different form. Another species of this interesting genus is found in Java—S. CARNOSULA. Caulis incrassatus pallidus. Folia trifaria, lateralia orbicularia patula, ventralia orbiculari- obovata, omnia inferne cellulis hexagonis amplis, superne versus margines duplo-mino- ribus carnosulis areolata. Hab. in Monte Salak ad ligna putrida. This in size is like S. rotundifolia, but appears to be more fleshy, and revives with difficulty. RHOPALANTHUS, Lindb. 57. В. MNorDESs, Lindb. A Japanese species described in *Hedwigia, 1875, p. 139, from the male plant only ; it is evidently very closely allied to Scalia, and may prove to be the male of a species belonging to that genus; in colour it is described as “ albido-pallida et hyalina.” METZGERIA, Raddi. 58. M. HAMATA, Lindb.— X. ciliata, Raddi in Herb. Hooker. Fujisan, amongst Moss, Bisset. 59. M. FURCATA, Nees.—Jungermannia furcata, Linn. Recorded by Sande-Lacoste. MUSCI AND HEPATICA RECORDED FROM JAPAN, 205 PALLAVICINIA, 8. Е. Gray. 60. P. Lye, Mitt.—JSungermannia Lyellii, Hook. Mentioned in Miquel, Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd. Bat. i. 314. ANEURA, Dum. 61. А. PALMATA, Dum.—Jungermannia palmata, Hedw. Intermixed with Odontoschisma denudatum, * Challenger’ Exp. PELLIA, Raddi. 62. P. EPIPHYLLA, Nees.—Jungermannia epiphylla, Linn. Fragments, * Challenger’ Exp. 63. P. CALYCINA, Nees.—Jungermannia calycina, Тау]. This is recorded in Miquel, and specimens appearing to be it were gathered at Nagasaki by Oldham. SAUTERIA, Nees. 64. S. CRASSIPES, Austin in Proc. Amer. Acad. Sci. Philad. (1869) 229. Japan, American Explor. Exp. DUVALIA, Nees. 65. D. ? INTERMEDIA, Austin in Proc. Amer. Acad. Sci. Philad. (1869) 229. From dry hill-sides, probably from Japan; but locality not stated. CONOCEPHALUS, Hill. 66. C. contcus, Dum.—Marchantia conica, Linn. Without fruit, * Challenger’ Exp.; Nagasaki, Maximowicz. ASTERELLA, Beauv. 67. A. HEMISPHÆRICA, Beauy.—JMarchantia hemispherica, Linn. Nagasaki, Oldham. 68. A. томатрез, Mitt.— Aeboulia longipes, Sande-Lacoste in Miq. Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd. Bat. iii. 209. Both enumerated in Miquel. MARCHANTIA, Linn. 69. M. POLYMORPHA, Linn. ; 70. M. DIPTERA, Mont. et Nees; and 71. M. сайл, Меез— М. chenopoda, Thunberg, are all mentioned by Sande-Lacoste. 72. M. xrrIDA, Lindenb. et Lehm. Nagasaki, Oldham. 2r SECOND SERIES.—BOTANY, VOL. III. 206 ON THE MUSCI AND HEPATICA RECORDED FROM JAPAN. CYATHODIUM, Kunze. 73. С. sapontcum, Lindb.—Lichen japonicum, Thunb. Fl. Japon. 344; Marchantia japonica, Thunb. in Weber, Prodr. 107, fide Lindberg. Gathered in fruit by Siebold. : 12 | It is not improbable that this may be the same species found in India and described and figured by Griffith as Synhymenium aureo-nitens ; for Mr. С. Н. Wright, of the Herbarium, Royal Gardens, Kew, has shown me a specimen from Formosa which is un- distinguishable, and it may even prove to be the Riccia spuria of Dickson. RICCIA, Mich. 74. В. NATANS, Linn. Nagasaki, Maximowicz. EXPLANATION OF PLATE LI. Figs. | 1-5. AULACOMITRIUM HUMILLIMUM. . Plant, natural size. do. apex of stem, enlarged. . Leaf, enlarged. За, cross section of same; 86, З c, cells, further magnified. . Calyptra enclosing fruit. . Empty capsule. Figs. 6-9. Ммтом speciosum. 6. Plant, natural size. 7, 8. Leaves, enlarged. 9. Margin of leaf, further magnified. Figs. 10-13. Ммісм ACULEATUM. 10. Plant, fertile and male stems, natural size. 11 and 12. Leaves, enlarged. 13. Margin, further enlarged. Figs. 14-20. ERPODIUM JAPONICUM. 14. Stem, natural size. 15. do. enlarged. 16, 17. Leaves, enlarged. 18, 19. Capsules. 20. Portion of peristome. _ Figs. 21-28. LOPHOCOLEA compacta. 21. Plant, natural size. 22. Portion of stem with leaves and stipules, enlarged. 23. Fertile branch with perianth, stipule, and leaf, enlarged. Figs. 24, 25. Leseunra MINUTA. 24. Portion of plant, enlarged. 25. Cells of leaf, further enlarged. ясы н Ткам= амм Soc. See 2. Вот Vou Ш. Р1 51. о? YYY A Mintern Bros in» LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. MEMORANDA CONCERNING TRANSACTIONS. First Series of the ‘Transactions, containing both Botanical and Zoological contributions, has бее completed Vols., and a few entire sets are still for sale. Only certain single volumes, or parts to complete sets, may )btained at the original priees. "The price of the Index to Vols. 1—25 is 8s. to the publie, and 6s. to Fellows ; to в. 26- ил рны carin vm. | When Price to the Price to амал — Ваве, Public. Fellows. X x a, Box а, Зесомр Serres.—Borany. 1875. 0. 8 ТЕТІГІ с; 010 ШШ 5019 1876. 0 10 ТВ. ee | 1879. 1880. о бо 012 0 090 076 018 0 019 6 018 0 016 0 015 0 кі оооосолмы онњ о k ебесазостесоссоссовсоссс оооофоооо 1 1- xu oe 0 A E 0 2nd Ser. ВОТАМУ.] e ш ыш. | TRANSACTIONS — — ON NEW SPECIES OF CAULERPA, WITH OBSERVATI | осо POSITION. OF THR GENUS. 02 [. 207 | ТУ. Оп new Species of Caulerpa, with Observations on the Position of the Genus. Ву GroncE Murray, P.L.S. (Plates LII. & LILI.) . Read 5th March, 1891. THE exact position of the genus Caulerpa among the Siphonee has always been a matter of uncertainty. The vegetative characters by which it is sharply distinguished from the other Siphonee are of so singular a kind that little beyond the multinucleate siphoneous thallus is shared with other members of the group. Its reproduction—I do not speak of the vegetative propagation by the separation of shoots, which teaches us nothing of the least moment as to the relationship of the type—is a mystery that has batfled the curiosity of investigators. Its position within the group, therefore, has always depended more or less on the taste and fancy of writers. The conspicuous character of the genus, in which the outward forms of higher plants are closely reproduced, has always drawn the attention of botanists. The wonderful resemblances to mosses, to lycopods, to coniferous and cactaceous plants, and even to the typical foliage of other flowering plants would have been in other circumstances inevitably attributed to some of those mysterious forces called “ protective resemblance” and the like, so incalculable in their operations except in the mind of the subjective naturalist. There is fortunately no room here for such speculations, and we may be content with the view that Nature appears to have executed in the forms of this genus a Zour de force in exhibiting the possibilities of the siphoneous thallus—in showing that it is possible for a unicellular organism to display the varied beauties of outward form characteristic of highly-organized types; to attain by means of a lattice-work of cross-beams within the cell-body that mechanical support effected by transverse septa and separate, differentiated cellular structures for other Algæ and for the higher plants. In seeking for grounds on which to assign a definite systematic position to the genus one naturally looks first to a small section of it to which several writers have attributed separate generic rank under the name of Stephanoceelium. This form varies in a marked degree from the typical Caulerpe, and it is precisely here that affinity with other forms might successfully be sought for. Тһе species C. verticillata, J. Ag. (= Stephanocelium verticillatum, Kuetz.,— Herpocheta charoides, Harv.), at first sight with the naked eye, is certainly suggestive of the verticillate Dasycladee ; but the resemblance amounts to по more than a suggestion which is after all equally applicable to other verticillate Siphonee, such as are found among Valoniacee—for example, Chamedoris annulata. This resemblance to the Valoniacee has been one of which, for reasons difficult to SECOND SERIES.—BOTANY, VOL. III. 26 208 MR. б. MURRAY ON NEW SPECIES OF CAULERPA. define, I have always taken a favourable view, strengthened by observation of several species in the living state and their mode and habit of growth. I now propose to submit reasons, of a modest character certainly, but yet I trust of some weight, for believing that such an affinity exists. A few weeks ago Mr. E. M. Holmes brought to me a form of Caulerpa which he believed on good grounds to be undescribed. Не very kindly handed it over to me for description, and I have much pleasure in now formally making it known under his name as follows :— CAULERPA HOLMESIANA, n. sp. (Plate LII. figs. 1 & 2); frondibus a surculo repente annulatim constricto erectis, irregulariter ramosis, annulatim constrictis, rhachide rugulosa inferne nuda superne pinnata, pinnis oppositis eximie patentibus, faleato incurvis, in apiculum evidenter productis. | ! Hab. ad Algoa Bay, Becker ! In its branching and in the form of the pinne, even to the apieulate ends, this species very closely resembles C. plumaris, Ag., from which, on the other hand, it differs wholly in the character of the sureulus and branches themselves. In C. plumaris and its allies these are terete and regular—in C. Holmesiana both surculus and branches are, as- may be seen from fig. 15, annulate and rugose. This annulate structure is characteristic of С. cactoides, Ag., and of the base of the fronds of С. ligulata, Нагу. (fig. 3, а & 0). Viewed in section the stalks exhibit the lattice-work of cross-beams or strands of cell- membrane characteristic of Caulerpa (Plate LII. figs. 2 а & b, 3 b, Та & b, Plate LIII. figs. 2, 5, & 6), but except in this respect they call to mind very forcibly the outward appearance and structure of the basal cells of the Valoniacee named above, viz. Struvea, Chamedoris, and Apjohnia. А reference to fig. 4 (Plate LIT.), which represents the basal cell of Struvea plumosa, shows this point—not only the strong outward resemblance, but the peculiar character of the thickening of the cell-wall—a structure previously described by Mr. Boodle and myself (* Annals of Botany,’ vol. ii. p. 169) as fibrillar thickening. This process of thickening, which is carried so far in Spongocladia as to obliterate the lumen in some cases, is more or less characteristic of all Caulerpe (see Plate LII. fig. 2, Plate ІШІП. fig. 5), and taken into account with the vesicular character of the fronds of many Caulerpe, especially as they appear in the living state, it affords me grounds for thinking that we may have here an indication of the affinities of the genus. Тһе use of such annulate constrictions accompanied by thickening of the wall is plainly the mechanical one of strengthening the stalk. It is found, as has been said, in С. cactoides (fig. 6), which has a large and comparatively heavy frond; in C. ligulata (fig. 3), of which this is even more true; in Struvea, Chamedoris, and Apjohnia, in each of which a single slender stalk supports an unwieldy frond. I admit that this point is a small one, but in the total absence of other indications it has appeared to me to be of sufficient moment to claim attention. The question cannot be wholly settled until the reproduction of Caulerpa has been discovered, and meantime we must be content with vegetative characters. If a connection with Valoniacee be admitted, I may be pardoned for pointing out the MR. 6. MURRAY ON NEW SPECIES ОЕ CAULERPA, 209 further relationship this connection implies, In a paper read before this Society on Boodlea, then a new genus of Siphonocladacee (Linn. Soc. Journ., Bot. vol. xxv. p. 243), I endeavoured to establish a connection of this group through Boodlea with M: icrodictyon &c., and with the jointed green Algæ (Cladophora, е. g.) through Spongocladia. Mrs. Weber van Bosse has since then, by her admirable research on Spongocladia and Struvea (Апп. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, vol. viii. (1889-90) p. 79), made this connection even closer, and what I then claimed to establish has since been accepted by Continental and other phycologists who have worked at this group. I refer to the matter now, not only in view of the subject of this paper, but to bring forward incidentally one more proof of this connection—which bears upon my argument directly. Mr. Holmes has furnished me with a specimen of Cladophora rugulosa, Martens, also from the Cape of Good Hope, which possesses such a rugose basal cell, from which the frond filaments arise in dichotomous series. A closer examination of this species discloses the fact that not only is the basal cell elongated and entirely aseptate, but it is similarly thickened, though more slightly. Besides the basal cell, the basal portions of the upper joints are all similarly rugose, and the whole structure and appearance of the plant so strongly correspond with Harvey’s genus Apjohnia that I have no hesitation in transferring Cladophora rugulosa to Apjohnia—as Apjohnia rugulosa. It is of equal height with the already existing Apjohnia lete-virens, Harv., but the filaments are much more slender, and the habit of the plant is therefore like that of Cladophora. А minute study of the development of the branches in these Valoniaceous genera, especially in Apjohnia, is much to be desired. This species (4. rugulosa) is move accessible at the Cape than 4. lete-virens appears to be, and we may therefore hope for light on the subject. In founding the genus, Harvey (Phyc. Austr. tab. v.) says: “At first sight the plant here figured (viz. А. lete-virens) may pass for a very robust species of Cladophora, of the division to which С. pellucida belongs. But a closer examination reveals characters which force us to remove it far from Cladophora, and to associate it with the small group of confervoid . Algze which is typified by Valonia. These characters are—the branching fibrils, that issue from the base of the first-formed cell; the annular constrictions of the cells, both primary and those afterwards formed; the deposition of carbonate of lime, as a superficial coating; the watery contents of the cells; and, finally, the mode of develop- ment.” With regard to the last of these characters, it is, as I have said, desirable that we should know more than Harvey has been able to tell us. As for the coating of carbonate of lime in Apjohnia, as in Struvea and in Chamedoris, this is produced by the growth of incrusting Coralline ; and іп point of the other characters 4. rugulosa closely corresponds in all respects (see fig. 5). I have no doubt of the identity of the plant given to me by Mr. Holmes with Martens’s species, having compared it with his figure and description in ‘ Die Preussische Expedition nach Ost-Asien,’ Botan. Theil, ‚р. 112, tab. ii. fig. 3, where Martens tells us that it had been collected by Dr. Krauss at Port Natal, as well as at Yokohama. Mr. Holmes’s specimen comes from Algoa Bay, where it was collected by Mr. Becker. This character of annulate constrictions is, then, of frequent occurrence among 262 Е 210 МВ. 6. MURRAY ON NEW SPECIES OF CAULERPA, Siphonocladacese, and it may at all events have value in the absence of other evidence. It is possible to bring to bear against this view of the relationship of Caulerpa with the Valoniacez an argument founded on the notable resemblances of outward form to diverse higher plants exhibited by Сашегра, and to conclude that, since these express no relationship, neither should the present instances be held.to do so. But, as I need hardly point out, these resemblances are superficial, while. the one I rest upon corre- sponds in minute structure as well, and, moreover, the resemblance is to plants which every one admits to be on other grounds closely allied. | Appended to Harvey's description of Caulerpa cactoides, Ag. (Phycologia Australiea, tab. xxvi.) is a note to the following effect :—* In the distribution of my Australian duplicates I have referred this species to C. corynephora, Mont., and, I think, correctly ; for though the figure given by Dr. Montagne represents a smaller and rather more slender specimen than the one here chosen for illustration, it differs in no essential character; and some of my Australian specimens are equally small and narrow. My reference to the earlier C. cactoides of Brown and Turner is open to graver objections, and yet I cannot persuade myself that the plant now figured is not identical with what they had in view ; for our plant abounds along the whole coast visited by Dr. Brown, and could not well have escaped his notice, whereas no specimen quite agreeing with Turner's figure and description has been found by recent collectors who have carefully explored the Australian shores. I suppose, therefore, that Turner had before him a- badly dried and possibly distorted specimen, and was thus led to figure and describe the ramenta as ‘imbricated on all sides,’ and not strictly distichous, as they invariably are on all the many specimens Т have examined. Тп all other respects our plant sufficiently agrees with Turner’s description, and the name cactoides is quite expressive of its succulent and robust characters.” There has always been some doubt as to these points; and Agardh (Till Alg. Syst. 1. р. 44), in his monograph of Caulerpa, has indicated uncertainty as to the identity of C. corynephora, Mont., with C. cectoides, and De Toni (Sylloge, vol. i. p. 485) has followed him. Тһе origin of all the uncertainty is no doubt Dawson Turner's figure on tab. 171 of his ‘Fuci, referred to by Harvey in the above passage. Fortunately the very specimen figured by Dawson Turner is preserved in Robert Brown's Herbarium in the British Museum, and it unmistakably shows the source of his error. "Turner had not the excuse of a “badly dried” or “distorted” specimen as Harvey charitably supposes—he simply attempted to figure as it was a rather short and branching specimen, of which the branches plainly overlie. From е ‘пафаге of this branching it would be impossible to otherwise dry or display it—and Dawson Turner, having imperfectly examined it, concluded hastily that the ramenta were *imbricated on all sides;" it was simply an error resulting in a bad figure, by no means worthy of a place in the author's splendid contribution to the founding of Phycology. Harvey was therefore right in his surmise that his plants were the same as Robert Brown's, and I have much pleasure in bearing this direct testimony to it (see Pl. LII. figs. 6 & 7). As to C. corynephora, Mont., we must hold it also to be the same species. Хо doubt Montagne was naturally misled in the same way as to the position of the ramenta of MR. G. MURRAY ON NEW SPECIES OF CAULERPA. 211 С. cactoides when he founded his species. Не expressly says, ** Cette езрёсе, qu'à la première vue on pourrait confondre avec plusieurs autres de la deuxidme section d'Agardh *, se distingue de toutes par la position „distique de ses pinnules, et par conséquent appartient à la première section, à celles des Tazciformes. Elle diffère done des С.С. clavifera, cactoides, ete., absolument," &c. (Voyage au Póle Sud, Dumont D'Urville, vol. i. p. 15, tab. 6. fig. 2.) We need, therefore, hesitate no longer as to the identity of these species. С. сасіоійез, however, is а variable form, and this is shown especially by a specimen collected by Mr. George Clifton, R.N. (whose work in collecting the Algæ of Western Australia was so handsomely recognized by Harvey in many ways), and recently presented by him to the British Museum with his collection of Algæ. It has been mentioned above that C. cactoides is distinguished by the possession of an annulate stalk, while it may be added that the type and other specimens examined by me have a terete and smooth surculus. Mr. Clifton's specimen (Pl. LII. fig. 8) has not only this character of stem, but the surculus is similarly annulate, and the fronds are tall and unbranched. I have therefore resolved to regard this as a variety of C. cactoides. CAULERPA CACTOIDES, Ag., var. GRACILIS (Plate LII. fig. 8); frondibus a surculo repente annulatim constrieto erectis simplicibus, elongatis, gracilibus. Hab. ad oras occident. Novee Hollandisze, Clifton ! Before leaving the history of this species, I should like to add a remark which I am sure will interest the Linnean Society. It has been said that the original specimen of C. cactoides is the one collected by Robert Brown. Не had called it, as Dawson Turner says, by the specific name of “ Opuntia,” but Turner does not allude to the generic name used by Brown, viz. Actaia. In those days when most Algs were reckoned under Fucus, Brown had not only separated this and other forms by such names in his herbarium, but the truly remarkable thing is that he reserved this name Actaia for Siphonec, and further he applied it to them however diverse their outward forms. Let me give an example—he calls Polyphysa peniculus * Actaia peniculus," and the observation proves that he, at this early date, not only recognized the separate character of the Siphonee from other Algs, but he traced this character through most diverse forms. Brown never published this observation, nor can I find any manuscript of his treating of it ; but it exists in his herbarium in his own handwriting, and its significance is plain enough. It is interesting, therefore, to put on record now the fact that this great botanist, in addition to his other achievements, first perceived the separate character of this interesting group, and founded it (though privately) in his own herbarium under the name of “ Actaia.” Closely related to C. cactoides is another form new to science. It was collected in Ceylon by the late W. Ferguson, and is no. 415 of his herbarium (as distributed). Dr. Grunow has recognized by a MS. name the distinct character of this plant, for which he has proposed the name of var. Fergusonii. However, it differs not only in * Те. C. Agardh. - 212 МВ. б. MURRAY ON NEW. SPECIES OF CAULERPA. the stalk and surculus having neither of them annulate constrictions, but also in the form of the ramenta, which are much shorter and ovate, while those of C. cactoides are distinetly club-shaped (Plate LII. figs. 6 & 8, Plate LIII. fig. 1) I have therefore given it specific rank as follows :— CAULERPA FERGUSONII, n. sp. (Plate LIII. figs. 1 & 2); frondibus a surculo repente glabro, continuo erectis difformibus, simplicibus, rhachide inferne tereti, subdistiche ramentaceis, ramentis oppositis, ovatis, strictura conspicua а rhachide sejunctis. Caulerpa cactoides, var. Fergusonii, Grun. in litt. Hab. ad Ceylonam, Ferguson | no. 415. This species is most closely allied to C. cactoides on the one hand, and on the other it forms a link between this species and C. sedoides, which it resembles in stature, being considerably slighter than C. cactoides. At first sight it strongly resembles Montagne's figure of his C. corynephora noted above, but a close inspection of this figure shows indieations of annulate constrietions of the rhachis, and moreover the form of the leaves is distinetly elavate. There remains one more species for me to describe, and it is, perhaps, the most beautiful of all even of this genus. CAULERPA PHYLLAPHLASTON, n. sp. (Plate LIII. figs. 3-6); frondibus a surculo repente crasso annulatim subconstricto erectis, ramosis, dichotomis ; ramis elongatis, pennatis, distiche ramentaceis ; ramentis regulariter alternis, unilateraliter pinnatis, pinnis superis in una serie dispositis, acuminatis, elongatis. Hab. ad Progresso, Yucatan, Schott! no. 945. I have used the specific name “ phyllaphlaston" in allusion to the stern ornament (аФАавсто») of ancient Greek ships, to which the one-sided branching of the ramenta bears a strong resemblance. There is no section in the excellent Agardhian arrangement of the species of this genus into which C. pAyllaphaston naturally falls. 1% approaches most nearly to the sections **Filicoideze" and “ Hippuroidez.” From the former it diverges in the ramenta being clothed with ріпше; in the Filicoidee they are the ultimate branches. Тһе ramenta of the Hippuroidee bear pinnze, but the rhachis is clothed with the ramenta on all sides (е. g. C. Sonderi, Е. Muell.) ; while in C. phylla- phlaston the ramenta are distichous and alternate. The species is therefore exactly intermediate between these sections, and strikingly unites them. Were it a case of genera instead of sections, the proper step would be to permit one or the other to disappear; but since it is an affair of the artificial arrangement of species within a genus, it promotes no convenience to enlarge the sections, but rather the reverse. I am therefore compelled to propose another section called Bipinnate, characterized by distichous ramenta, which shall be in turn pinnate—either completely pinnate or vnilateral There are from twenty to thirty of these unilateral pinnze on each of the primary ріппе in C. phylluphlaston. In the dried specimens the stalks have a reddish- МЕ. 0. MURRAY ON NEW SPECIES OF CAULERPA. 213 brown colour, and the pinnz а vivid green. The species is exceedingly handsome, and one is tempted to think it must have a limited range. Тһе Florida Keys have been examined by so many thoroughly expert phycologists from Harvey downwards that a plant of its size and striking appearance can hardly have been overlooked. The same is true of several of the Antilles, notably Guadeloupe. It reminds one that the mainland coast of the Caribbean Sea from Yucatan round to La Guayra has never been properly examined, and affords the phycologist a pleasing anticipation of the results of such an exploration. Nook wpe сњ фо ао н DESCRIPTION OF THE PLATES. PLATE LII. . Caulerpa Holmesiana. а. Nat. size. b. A branch, x 3. с. Tip of pinna. Caulerpa Holmesiana. а. Transverse section of stalk, x 25. 0. Longit. section, x 50. Caulerpa ligulata. а. Nat.size. 6. Longit. section through annulate stalk, x 95. . Annulate basal cell of Struvea plumosa. Nat. size. . Basal cell and branches of Apjohnia rugulosa. х 8. Caulerpa cactoides, showing annulate stalk. Маф. size. Caulerpa cactoides. a. Transverse section through stalk, x 15. 6. Longit. section through stalk, x 15. . Caulerpa cactoides, var. gracilis, showing annulate stalk and surculus. Nat. size. Prate LIII. . Caulerpa Fergusonii. Nat. size. . Caulerpa Fergusonii, section through surculus (much compressed). х 15. Caulerpa phyllaphlaston. Nat. size. | Caulerpa phyllaphiaston. Unilateral pinne. х 12. . Сашегра phyllaphlaston. Transverse section through surculus, showing а double wall оп опе side (the cross-beams from the outer perforate the inner wall). It is possible that the space between the walls has been produced by the disintegration of a portion of the wall; there occurs in it a yellowish gummy substance, х 20. Caulerpa phyllaphlaston. Longit. section through stalk. х 20. TRams.Liww.Soc. дн. Bor. Уо]. Ш.Р1 52 furray "A АМА È WestNewman imp. Berjeau &Highley del.ethth NEW SPECIES OF CAULERPA. Trans Тамм. Soc Зек 2.Вот. Vol TIL PI. 58. " ^uo Inma у d LOMA г МИТ К, ( MIT PERI T notnm >, esa xtA T ““ ase ауаны, H Күтүү * у “ К) MID Ч ary ve б еу; vina ттүү, nuns T hy ea y CAS AA M Y) uM DVO EON қы» i Уы atis қ ; с SMS - ` x $ ықы Y 9 OY Y ‹ Ре, 4 \ In. 74 Li Yafrrirrr. қ Un " «хх үү Ё Li АЫ НХ Qu у Жа С Ф) MO REIZE nmm OQ West Newman imp. Berjeau &Highley del et lith. NEW SPECIES OF CAULERFA. LINNEAN SOCIETY "MEMORANDA CON CERNING TRANSACTIONS. 30 Vols and a few entire sets are still for sale. Only certain single volünies; prices. The price of the Index to Vols. 1-25 is 85. ie to the Tm and 3s. to Fellows. whioh pre bus published of t еве are as undermentioned :— | | olia: When E Parto ; VE 1875. Part S 1875. Porto ш. 1876. Published. ОЕ LONDON. s of the ШК аар both Botanical and Zoological contributions, or parts to complete sets, may to the public, and 6s. to Fellows ; to Transactions is divided into Zoological and Botanical sections. _ Sncoxp аф ^ has been completed The prices of the Price to the Public. E s d. ево шо 2. 0 12 0 2nd Ser. BOTANY. TRANSACTIONS | SYSTEMATIC AND STRUCTURAL ACCOUNT ОР’ О ТОМИ, but me | | e а о 222. | ; ~ Communicated by р.н. кч, 1 ia Pis irte ари аи а ds BU LET ue is М с f do RT ee o A С; bas Л V. A Systematic and Structural Account of the Genus Turbinaria, Гат. By Етнег баве Barton. (Communicated бу D. Н. Scorr, Ph.D., F.L.S.) (Plates LIV. & LV.) Read 5th March, 1891. THE genus Turbinaria was founded by Lamouroux in 1825 (Dictionnaire classique d'Histoire Naturelle, tom. vii. p. 71). Не furnished no generic diagnosis and no figure, but it is plain enough that his generic type is the Fucus (urbinatus of Linneus. The first record, however, of this alga is earlier than Linnzeus, and occurs in Sir Hans Sloane’s ‘Natural History of Jamaica,’ A.D. 1707, p. 58, where he describes the “ Fucus marinus vesiculas habens membranis extantibus alatas," and figures it on tab. 20. fig. 6. Sir Hans says, “ This has a dark coloured, tough, roundish, crooked Stem, about nine Inches high, having many crooked Twigs very thick set, with Bladders full of Air. The Bladders themselves are roundish, or rather Triangular, having an extant foliaceows membrane at top encircling it, and three other extant ale underneath, making it look Triangular, or something of the shape of a Funnel, being pyramidal, and of a dark brown Colour, or blackish when dry’d like Glew, smelling strong of the Sea, and tasting salt like other Fuci. Besides it has several round small Protuberancies over its surface, supposed to be the Seed. It grows on the Rocks, covered with the Sea, on all the Coasts of this Island.” The excellent figure quoted leaves the reader in no doubt as to the identity of the form. I have, however, been permitted to examine the very specimen figured by Sir Hans, in his herbarium in the British Museum. Rumph, in the * Herbarium Amboinense,' vi. p. 185, mentions a seaweed which is in all probability a Turbinaria, but it is impossible to speak with any degree of certainty as to the species. The Fucus turbinatus of Linnæus is the next record, and a perusal of the description shows that the plants are at all events congeneric with Sloane's. Linnzeus quotes Sloane, but it will be seen from the systematic account which follows that they were dealing with different species. Linn:eus's type, preserved in his herbarium, enables me to decide this point. We next find mention made of this type in the Fucus conoides of Forskál (Flora ZEgyptiaco-arabica, p. 192). An authentic specimen of Forskál's exists in the British Museum, and from an examination of it, I am enabled to decide that it constitutes a third species of this genus. We next соте to Dawson Turner's Fuci, in which he quotes‘the Fucus turbinatus of Linn:eus, and adds a var. В, ornatus, to it. Most unfortunately Dawson Turner, to judge by his excellent figure and by his specimens preserved in the Kew Herbarium, was dealing with a different plant from Linneus. His Fucus turbinatus, which he believed to be identical with Linnzeus’s, is in point of fact the same as the Fucus conoides of Forskàl. Subsequent writers, quoting Dawson Turner, have thus been misled, and I have ventured, from a comparison of these authentic specimens, to place them in what I conceive to be their proper positions. Lamouroux, who founded the name Turbinaria, the elder Agardh, Bory de St. Vincent, and others next attacked the subject and each other; at all events SECOND SERIES.— BOTANY, VOL. Ш. 2u 216 MISS Е. S. BARTON ОХ THE GENUS TURBINARIA. ngly criticised the value of the specific characters adopted by his predecessors, with the result that he established among others a species, /7. denudata, which made confusion worse confounded; it has now disappeared into the limbo of synonymy. J.G. Agardh first really introduced order into the genus (Spec. Gen. et Ord. Algarum, p. 265), and Kützing (in the * Tabulze Phycologicee,’ Bd. x. p. 24) followed in his path, raising certain of the Agardhian varieties to specific rank. Briefly, my present contribution to our knowledge of Turbinaria recognizes and maintains the work of Agardh and Kützing, with the exception that one of the Agardhian varieties adopted as a species by Kützing now disappears, together with another species of Kützing; and, moreover, І have ventured to describe three new species and two new varieties of this small genus, which I hope may not be considered an extravagant addition. The species and varieties are all very closely connected with each other, and it is possible to determine them only after minute examination. Herbarium specimens should be moistened in warm water to exhibit the winged and dentate characters. In the British Museum, besides Sloane’s and Forskál's specimens, I have examined material collected by Harvey and by Ferguson in Ceylon ; by Mr. Thurston in the Gulf of Manaar; by Dr. Falconer at Mangalore ; by an unknown collector (herb. Dickie) and Dr. Prain in the Andaman Islands; by Schimper and by Sir Gardner Wilkinson, in the Red Sea, and also specimens ex herb. Hohenacker from the same basin ; by Hildebrandt on the Somali coast and Madagascar; from Agalagas, ex herb. Montagne; by Colonel Pike in Mauritius; from Пе de Bourbon, ex herb. В. Brown; from Seychelles by H.M.S. * Alert’; by Balfour from Rodriguez; from Torres Straits by Prof. Haddon ; from New Guinea by Capt. Sir E. Belcher; from Australia by Robert Brown, Sir Ferdinand von Mueller, and by Labillardiére ; from Mangaia by Rev. Mr. Gill; from the Friendly Islands by Capt. Sir E. Home; from other Pacific Islands by H.M.S. ‘Challenger’; from the West Indies by M. Mazé. At the Herbarium, Royal Gardens, Kew, I have seen also specimens collected at Diego Garcia by Mr. Bourne; at Madras by Wight; at Macao ex herb. Hooker; at Samoa by Powell; at Howick's Group by Sir F. von Mueller; and at Swan River by Lady Broome, besides the specimens of Dawson Turner, of such historical value. Mevrouw Weber van Bosse has with great kindness sent me her collection made by herself in the Malay Islands, and from it I have described one new species and two new varieties, one of the latter bearing her name. The other two new species were described from material in the British Museum, but one Mars from a unique specimen. However such is the value of Mevrouw Weber van Bosse's colleetion that I have found in it additional specimens of this interesting and rare Turbinaria. I wish to record my great indebtedness to her for her help with material, and my sense of her kindness. Bory unspari Systematic Disposition. TURBINARIA, Lamx. in Dict. Class. d’ Hist. Nat. tom. vii. р. 71. Caulis simplex vel ramosus, folia et receptacula gerens; foliis petiolo tereti aut triquetro aut trialato, interdum in vesiculam intumescente, laminam peltatam triquetram vel MISS E. S. BARTON ON THE GENUS TURBINARIA. 217 orbieularem sustinente; receptacula racemosa vel corymbosa in axilla folii emer- gentia; dioica vel monoica, interdum hermaphrodita. Radix fibrosa. The distribution of the genus extends through tropical and temperate seas, though never reaching further south than the Cape and Western Australia, or further north than the China seas; otherwise it is confined to the tropics. Two species, 7. tricostata and T. trialata, are West Indian, and the latter of these occurs also in the Indian Ocean, at the Cape, and on Australian shores, while 7. tricostata also occurs in Eastern seas, in the form of var. Webere, near Batavia. The others are all oriental. Its distribution recalls that of its ally Sargassum, only it is very much more limited in range. For example, we have only two species in the Atlantic, and these reach no further north than the West Indies, and are therefore absent from the Mediterranean. АП the species occur in Eastern seas (seven of them exclusively there so far аз is known), and three of these reach Australia, while three occur in China seas. The genus, therefore, has reached its greatest development in point of variety of form and geographieal range in warm Eastern seas. 1. T. coxorpzs, Kütz. Tab. Phye. vol. x. p. 24, tab. 66. Caulis ramosus, ramis elongatis cylindraceis, vesicularum petiolo оһсопісо obsolete marginato, lamina lata, dentata, subecostata terminato; receptaeulis ramoso-cymosis. (Tab. LIV., fig. 1.) Fucus turbinatus, L. Sp. Pl. ii. p. 1160; Syst. Nat. ed. 12, ii. p. 715; Syst. Nat. ed. J. G. Gmel. ii. р. 1380; Hort. Cliff. p. 478; Esper, Icon. Fuc. p. 29, tab. ix.; S. Gmel. Hist. Fuc. p. 97, tab. 5. fig. 1. Turbinaria denudata, Bory, Voyage de la * Coquille, Bot. p. 117 (partim). Turbinaria vulgaris, var. conoides, J. Ag. Spec. Gen. et Ord. Alg. vol. i. p. 267. Hab. Ad ins. Sumatra, Ekeberg! in Herb. Linn. Singapore, Marchesetti Аа Birakeké, Celebes, Domina Weber van Bosse! Іп oceano Indico ad Zeylonam, Ferguson | nos. 82 (et 83 partim); in sinu Manaar, Thurston! Mangalore, Falconer! Ad Chinam, Herb. Binder. In fretù Torres, Haddon! Ad oras bor. Novee Hollandise, В. Brown! Ad oras Nove Hollandie, Herb. F. von Mueller! et ad ins. Mangaia, Gill! Ad litt. Kam- tschatica, Stellerus fide Gmelin. Var. EVESICULOSA, mihi; petiolo triquetro emarginato, vesiculis nullis. Hab. Ad ins. Edam et Enkhuizen prope Bataviam, Domina Weber van Bosse legit ! 2. T. DECURRENS, Bory, Voy. de la ‘ Coquille, Bot. p. 119. Caulis ramosus, ramis elon- gatis cylindraceis, vesicularum petiolo obpyramidato, angulis alatis, dentatis, in laminam peltatam hine costatam continuatis; receptaculis subracemosis. Fucus conoides, Forskàl, Flora JEgyptiaco-arabica, р. 192. Fucus turbinatus, Turn. Fuci, vol. i. p. 50, tab. 24. figs. a et b. Turbinaria vulgaris, var. decurrens et var. triquetra, J. Ag. Spec. Gen. et Ord. Alg. vol. i. p. 267. Turner quotes Fucus turbinatus, L., as this species, and later writers have been content to quote Turner. However, from a comparison of the Linnean type-specimens with Dawson 'Turner's figures and specimens, it is plain that they are not the same species. Fig. 0 of Turner shows the winged and dentate petiole of T. decurrens, and this is absent in the Linnean specimens, which agree exactlv with T. convides, Kütz. Dawson Turner’s own specimens preserved in Herb. Kew are certainly 7. decurrens. 9н 218 MISS Е. S. BARTON ON THE GENUS TURBINARIA. Hab. In mari Rubro, Forskal! Sir Gardner Wilkinson! Schimper! (по. 936 ad oppi- dum Kosseir, no. 458 prope El-Tor in arena repens, et no. 955 prope Noweba), Hohen- acker! (Meeralgen, по. 168). Іп oceano Indico, ad oras Somalienses, Hildebrandt! (no. 7 Flora exsice. Afrieze orient.) ; ad ins. S. Andaman, Herb. Dickie! Ad ins. Diego Garcia, Bourne! In fret Torres, Haddon ! Ad litt. Novae Guinez, ‘ Challenger’! Ad Chinam, Herb. Binder. 3. TuRBINARIA MURRAYANA, n. sp. Caulis simplex, brevis, crasso foliorum petiolo latis- sime alato dentato triquetro obpyramidato, in laminam peltatam concavam serratam continuato, vesiculis nullis; receptaculis corymbosis. (Tab. LIV. fig. 2.) Hab. Ad novam Guineam, Capt. Sir E. Belcher legit! (in Herb. Mus. Brit.); ad Macassar, Domina Weber van Bosse | I have named this new species in honour of Mr. George Murray, of the British Museum, who first drew my attention to it as probably an undescribed form. Its nearest ally is T. decurrens, from which it differs in having a short, thick, unbranched stem, in the absence of vesicles and the arrangement of the receptacles. 4. T. ТЕТАТАТА, Kütz. Tab. Phye. vol. x. p. 24, tab. 67. Caulis luxe ramosus, ramis abbreviatis, vesicularum petiolo elongato trialato, apice inflato, laminam peltatam acute dentatam vel obsolete denticulatam sustinente ; receptaculis racemosis. Fucus marinus vesiculas habens membranis extantibus alatas, Sloane, Nat. Hist. Jamaica, p. 58, tab. 20. fig. 6. Turbinaria vulgaris, var. trialata, J. Ag. Spec. Gen. et Ord. Alg. vol. i. p. 268. Turbinaria heterophylla, Kütz. loc. cit. p. 25, tab. 69. fig. 1. Hab. In mari Indis occident. ad ins. Jamaica, Sloane! Guadeloupe, Mazé! no. 164. Key West, Florida, Harvey. Porto Rico, Herb. Sintenis! San Domingo, Herb. Sond. ! In mari Indico * India orient.," Herb. Greville! In sinu Manaar, Thurston! Ad Madras, Wight! Singapore, Kassel! Seychelles, H.M.S. ‘Alert’! Та mari Chinensi, Herb. Sond.! Ad Macao, Herb. Hook.! Ad oras occident. Nove НоПапайе, Labillardiére ! Ай сар. Bon: Spei, fide Kiitzing. I have not maintained the two varieties havanensis and capensis of Kützing, since these appear to me to represent little more than growth-forms; intermediate specimens certainly exist. Turbinaria heterophylla, Kütz., also appears to come under this species. So far ав one may judge from his excellent figure, it is an irregularly grown specimen of T. trialata, nearly related to the form he describes as var. capensis. I have examined the specimen of Sir Hans Sloane in the British Museum, and it also falls under T. £rialata. M TRICOSTATA, n. sp. Caulis laxe ramosus, ramis abbreviatis, foliorum petiolo tenui trialato (sed in statá juvenili tereti) dentato laminam orbicularem tricostatam ser- ratam sustinente, vesiculis nullis; receptaculis corymbosis. (Tab. LIV. fig. 3.) Hab. Ad ins. Guadeloupe, Mazé (nos. 190, 208, 396, 705 et 396 in Herb. Mus. Brit.). [No. 396 in Herb. Kew is 7. trialata.| This species will be found quoted by these MISS E. 8. BARTON ON THE GENUS TURBINARIA. 219 numbers under Turbinaria vulgaris, J. Ag., and under var. decurrens and var. trialata in MM. Mazé et Schramm’s ‘Essai de classification des Algues de la Guadeloupe,’ рр. 132 & 133. Porto Rico, Herb. Sintenis! Ad ins. Bahama, Palmer! This new species, which recalls both 7. decurrens and T. Murrayana, differs from the former in the absence of vesicles and in the character of the branching, and from both in having а round lamina. From 7. Murrayana it differs further in its branched stem, much more slender stem and leaves, and in having a tricostate lamina. From T. trialata, which name it has borne іп M. Mazé’s collection of Guadeloupe Algæ, it differs in the absence of vesicles and in having toothed wings to the petiole in the mature state. Var. WEBERs, mihi; lamina triangulari, petioli angulis edentatis. (Tab. LIV. fig. 4.) Hab. Ad ins. Edam et Enkhuizen prope Bataviam, Domina Weber van Bosse legit ! This variety shows the tricostate character of the lamina even more plainly than the typical form. Though the wings are edentate as a rule, occasionally one tooth may be found. 6. T. DENTATA, n. sp. Caulis ramosus, ramis abbreviatis, vesicularum petiolo subtri- quetro angulis obsolete marginatis, vesiculis inflatis cum dentibus validis seriatim ornatis, laminam acute dentatam sustinente. (Tab. LIV. fig. 5.) Hab. Ad Macassar, Domina Weber van Bosse legit! This species approaches Sargassum in appearance more nearly than any of the others ; in fact, so far as leaf characters go, it exhibits the appearance of a Sargassum without leaves, but with vesicles adorned with a crown of teeth, from which others descend in rows to the petiole. 7. T. ORNATA, J. Ag. Spec. Gen. et Ord. Alg. vol. i. p. 266. Caulis subramosus, foliis in petiolo triquetro peltatis, subeoneavis, interdum in vesiculam intumescentibus, lamina pelts dentibus validis marginata et alia serie superne coronata ; receptaculis cymosis. Fucus turbinatus, var. В. ornatus, Turn. Fuci, vol. i. p. 50, tab. 24. figs. c-h. Sargassum turbinatum, var. В, Ag. Sp. Alg. p. 42, et Syst. p. 308. Turbinaria denudata, Bory, Voy. de la * Coquille,’ Bot. p. 117 (partim). Hab. Tu oceano Pacifico ad ins. Amicorum, Capt. Sir E. Home| Tahiti, ‘Challenger’ ! Ad ins. Admiralty, * Challenger >! Ovalau, Feejee, * Challenger >! Ad ins. Marianas, Freycinet. Ad oras Chilenses, Bory. Ad ins. Sandvicensium, Herb. Binder. Ad N. Zeelandiam, D’ Urville. Ad ins. Samoa, Powell! Ad ins. Howick, von Mueller! In oceano Indico ad Zeylonam, Harvey! et Ferguson, no. 83 partim. In sinu Manaar, Thurston! Ad ins. Coco prope Andaman, Prain! Ad ins. Rodriguez, Balfour! Ad Nossi-bé, Madagascar, Hildebrandt, no. 56! Ad ins. Agalagas, Herd. Montagne! Mau- ritius, Pike! Ad ins. Bourbon, Herb. В. Brown. Ad Macassar et ad ins. Edam et Enkhuizen, Domina Weber van Bosse! Dawson Turner, Joc. cit. р. 51, says, “ The var. В above described was found by Dr. Smith among some loose papers in the Linnean collection, but without any remark, or any clue that might lead to discover whence it came.” In the Linnean Herbarium 220 MISS E. $. BARTON ОХ THE GENUS TURBINARIA. I can find only one species, viz. T. conoides, but there are two sheets, оп one of which there is no writing whatever. The latter may be the one referred to by Dawson Turner, but the plant is certainly not 7. ornata. 8. TURBINARIA GRACILIS, Sond. in Bot. Zeit. 1845, p. 52, её Alg. Preiss. p. 18. Caulis subramosus, ramis retroflexis, foliis vesiculosis spheericis, apice obtuso, membrana lata eximie dentata coronatis, receptaculis axillaribus ramosis.— Kfz. Tab. Phye. vol. x. tab. 70. қ: Hab. Ad oras occident. Novee Hollandiæ, Preiss., et ad ins. Houtmann's Abrolhos, Р. Brown! Аа flumin. Cygnis, Domina Broome! 9. Т. conDENSATA, Sond. in Kütz. Tab. Phyc. vol. x. р. 25, tab. 69. fig. 2. ` Caulis ramosus, ramis erectis vesiculis subeampanulatis, lamina eximie dentata, petiolo brevi- filiformi ; receptaculis racemosis oblongis tuberculosis densissime congestis. Hab. In mari Chinensi, Herb. Sond. Turbinaria is a highly differentiated genus of Fucaceous alge, closely allied to Sargassum. It grows, as its name implies, in the form of a cone ; indeed, so much does it resemble the fructification of one of the higher plants, that a specimen of 7. Murrayana was sent to the Botanical Department of the British Museum as a “ water-logged cone.” Since the different species are described in detail in the systematic portion of this paper, I propose to limit myself as regards the morphological structure to observations on T. conoides, the Linnean type, on which, for the most part, my investigations have been made (Pl. LIV. fig. 1). It is à plant growing to about the height of 10 inches. The stem, about 4 inch thick, is upright and cylindrical, and, except in the lower part, which is bare, is densely crowded with leaves growing closely together all round the stem, thus giving the plant its characteristic appearance. Тһе open spaces between the leaves are filled in with the reeeptacles, which grow in corymbose clusters from the base of the petiole. The roots are branched and grow densely crowded together at the base of the stem (T. Murrayana, Pl. LIV. fig. 2). Тһе branching in 7. conoides is monopodial. I use the word “leaf” advisedly, although it is a word we are accustomed to connect with the appendages of the sporophyte; but these shoots, though belonging to the oophyte generation (which so far as we know is alone represented in Badiven); ind therefore not in any way homolsgots with the leaves of vascular plants, still both resemble them іп form and position, and perform the same office as assimilative organs to the Sargasseze that leaves do to land-plants ; and I have ventured therefore to use this word throughout the paper when referring to this growth. Oltmanns (Bibliotheca Botanica, Heft no. 14; WERE zur PEES der Fucaceen, 1889, p. 56) prefers to use the terms “ Basalspross ” and Flachspross in his section of Sargasses (р. 54), but the benefit that is gained by having special words for this growth seems to be more than зрання һу Ше же confusion that may arise іп the employment of terms so indefinite е i ш рана дәве to employ the terms *phyllidium" and *caulidium" when p g phyte generation, as opposed to “ phyllome" and “caulome” of the MISS E. 5. BARTON ОХ THE GENUS TURBINARIA. 221 sporophyte. According to this plan the respective organs of Turbinaria would fall under this new terminology ; but, without disputing the advantages of such a plan, I think the words “leaf” and “stem” will serve my purpose equally well, the more so since Prof. Bower does not exclude the propriety of so using them. I have compared Turbinaria with specimens in the British Museum Herbarium of the genera most nearly allied to it, viz. :—Sargassum, Carpophyllum, Cystophora, Cystoseira, and Oystophyllum. Each of these shows air-vesicles distinct from the leaf, but since, in many cases, I find the receptacles growing on either indiscriminately, I regard the vesicle as a metamorphosed leaf in all cases. A further proof of this is found in the fact that the vesicle in Cystoseira Lepidium, Anthophycus longifolium, and Sargassum linifolium is sometimes prolonged into a foliar structure, and sometimes again forms the central portion of a flattened leaf, showing that part of the leaf has become metamorphosed to form an air-float (see Kiitz. Tab. Phyc. Bd. x. tab. 64, and Bd. xi. tab. 24). Іп the case of Turbinaria these two leaf-forms are represented іп one, which unites in itself the two functions of an assimilative organ and of an air-vesicle. I. Stem.—The main stem is composed of three distinct layers of tissue (Pl. LIV. fig. 6), as described by Wille (“От Fucaceernes Blaerer,” in Bihang till K. Svenska Vet. Akad. Hand- lingar, Bd. 14. Afd. iii. no. 4, Stockholm, 1889) in speaking of Halidrys siliquosa. The epidermal layer consists of the usual narrow radially elongated cells; beneath this is a band of thick-walled cortical parenchyma, which gradually passes over into the central strand or fascicular tissue. "This latter occupies by far the largest proportion of the whole stem, and forms a thick strand of long narrow cells, resembling a vascular bundle of the higher plants, and probably, like it, performing the double office of supporting and of conducting tissue (Pl. LIV. figs. 7 & 8). The transverse walls of this tissue are extremely thin, and both in these and in the pits on the longitudinal walls there are perforations, through which I find that the protoplasm is continuous. Though 1. had at first suspected that the thin places in the cell-walls of this central strand were perforated, I was unable to prove it until I treated several sections after the method employed with so much success by Mr. Gardiner (Phil. Trans. Royal бос. 1883, р. 821) on the endosperm of Palms, the pulvini of sensitive plants, &c. The section was soaked for a few seconds in strong sulphuric acid, then washed thoroughly in distilled water, after which I stained it with picric aniline blue. The sulphuric acid caused the cell-walls to swell, and the strands of protoplasm were seen passing in thin threads through the sieve-like perforations of the pits. This continuity is more plainly visible in the stem than in any other part of the plant, but this is possibly owing to the fact that the cell-contents were here better preserved. Apex.—As regards the growth of Turbinaria I am only able to say that it is apical, but whether it is by means of a single cell or a group of initial cells the material at my disposal has not made it possible for me to decide. The meristematic region, as 1n other Ғасасеге, lies at the base of а depression covered in with young leaves deusely crowded together, thus rendering the investigation of the growing point more difficult. 1 hope, however, at some future time, when I shall have more material suited for such investi- gation, to carry it out in its fullest details. The analogy of the receptacle to be subse- quently described would lead us to expect a single apical cell in the vegetative stem also. 222 MISS Е. S. BARTON ON THE GENUS TURBINARIA. II. Leaf.—The leaf of Turbinaria, reduced to its simplest form, as found in T. Murrayana and іп T. tricostata, which have no vesicle, appears to be a triangular shield or disk supported by a petiole, which joins it at the centre—a peltate leaf, in short. In the other species, of which 7. conoides may be taken as the type, the matter is complicated by the development of a vesicle at the junction of stalk and lamina. When, in addition to this, the petiole is furnished with wings, as in T. trialata, and the vesicle is inflated, the appearance of a peltate leaf is much disguised. Іп T. dentata, which has distended vesicles and only a row of teeth, in place of regular wings, this character is harder to trace. The species of Turbinaria, however, fortunately for this purpose, run into each other in these points, and it is as easy to trace through the different species such gradations of form as it is difficult to draw hard-and-fast specific distinctions founded on these modifications. The petiole consists of the same three layers of tissue (Pl. LIV. fig. 9) as the stem, and each tissue is continuous, the one with the other. Both in the central strand, however, and in the cortical parenchyma the cell-walls are much thinner than the corresponding tissues of the stem. The epidermal layer is continuous throughout. Тһе central tissue divides near the base of the vesicle into three distinct strands, and these run up the inside of the vesicle like the ribs of an inverted umbrella, subdividing meantime into numerous lesser strands, which anastomose and form a framework for the vesicular tissue. Ав they reach the lamina the subdivisions increase in number and | run out to the edge, where they disappear and are lost in the parenchyma of which the lamina is composed (Pl. LIV. fig. 10). That part of the lamina which forms the roof of = vesicle is composed entirely of epidermis and parenchyma, and contains no fascicular issue, In comparing the leaf of T. conoides with a specimen of T. ornata devoid of vesicles, I found the course of the bundle slightly different in T. ornata, as might be expected. About halfway up the petiole the conducting tissue spreads out into the form of a triangle, the centre being filled with a large-celled medullary parenchyma, resembling the cortical tissue. From this triangle, the corners of which are marked by a large group of these small cells, strands run up the underside of the lamina (there being no vesicle in this species), and, as in 7. conoides, gradually disappear as they approach the margin of the leaf. The three corners of the triangle are protected on the Jower side by one Mem support the lamina and give it a triangular shape. (Compare РІ. LIV. eo з. — are formed by a rending apart of the cells run parallel to-one ы а the т. itid sie i : > RERE NL d p the petiole anto the lamina, which is then no broader ws и of „оо п esae ek ее А stari арн чай секта арайы тар i rtis e found in the half-formed cavity. In older ping ако) Ps Зоот m ирнен the cells bordering the edge of the ‘fig. 1); lastly, in the full са : йы > e 2. 2 miim ам idis ле ы. ^us vesic ев а cuticle peels off the internal surface of the , eath this cuticle grow out and protrude into the empty MISS Е. S. ВАВТОМ ОМ THE GENUS TURBINARIA. 223 space (Pl. LV. fig. 2). It is possible that this layer of large papillate cells may serve for the secretion of mucilage ; but it has been difficult to come to any conclusion on this point, since all my investigation has been necessarily done on spirit and dried material. In the parts of the cavity which are lined by the narrow-celled central strand, the same meri- stematic division takes place, the conducting-cells dividing on their free side and forming the large papille in the same way as is done by the cortical parenchyma. When I had finished making these observations on the formation of the vesicle in Turbinaria, 1 found that their schizogenetic development had been noted both by Dodel-Port (Biolo- gische Fragmente, i. Theil, p. 12) and by Valiante (Fauna und Flora des Golfes v. Neapel, Leipzig, 1883, p. 9) in the case of Cystoseira. Neither of these authors, however, mentions the subsequent formation of the papillate layer lining the cavity, and I can find no instance in which this growth has been already noticed. Vegetative Conceptacles.—Yhere has been some discussion as to the most correct expression to be used in speaking of these cavities, the “Fasergriibchen” of the Germans. Thuret (Etudes Рус. р. 32) speaks of them as “ cryptes piliféres,” and quotes in brackets “ pores mucipares, Auct.,” and “ cryptostomates, каш”; while the terms “sterile conceptacle” and “neutral conceptacle " have been proposed by Prof. Bower. The term “sterile conceptacle" is open to objection as conveying an idea of abortive growth, and even “neutral eonceptacle ” has the same tendency. Prof. Bower says (Quart. Journ. Micr. Sci. vol. хх. p. 37), “ Regarding the sexual conceptacle as the type of such structures, I have studied the development of it first, and then compared with it the development of the * Fasergrübchen, which I regard as an incomplete sexual conceptacle.” Oltmanns, on the other hand, takes the view that the fertile conceptacles are * Fasergriibchen” which have in course of time come to produce the organs of reproduction (l. c. р. 82), and objects оп this score to the term “neutral conceptacle." My own view of the matter is that the two forms of conceptacle are of equal antiquity, and were a later development in the ancestors of the Fucacez than the reproductive organs; therefore I consider neither form a development of the other, and the fact that one conceptacle contains reproduetive organs, the other nothing but paraphyses, is an interesting point, but does not bear on the phylogenetic history. of the conceptacles themselves. Following this theory, I propose to call the conceptacles which produce only paraphyses by the name of “ vegetative conceptacles," as deseribing those cavities in the thallus which have been developed only in a vegetative direction. They are freely scattered over the whole thallus of Turbinaria, occurring on the roots, stem, petiole, and lamina. Their mode of development in other Fucaceze has been minutely described by Prof. Bower (J. c.), Valiante (l. с. p. 11); and Oltmanns (7. с. p. 82), after referring to Bower’s investigations, adds the fact that the further changes of the initial cell may take place in one of three different ways. In Himanthalia it disappears altogether; in Halidrys the upper part only disappears, while the middle part forms a hair, and the basal cells take part in the formation of the base of the conceptacle. In Ascophyllum the initial cell is persistent as a whole, and grows out into the conceptacle, divides up, and gives rise to a kind of placenta, which bears the sexual organs. In the case of the vegetative conceptacles of Turbinaria I have so far traced -their development as to be SECOND SERIES.—BOTANY, VOL. III. 21 224 MISS E. S. BARTON ON THE GENUS TURBINARIA. able to place them in the division of which Ascophyllum is the type, in so far as the persistence of the initial cell is concerned ; the initial cell divides longitudinally, and both cells, after again dividing transversely near the top, grow out into hairs, the upper division of the initial cell forming the swollen base of the mature filament (Pl LV. figs. 4, 5, 6). These filaments fill the fully-grown conceptacle, and for some time I was uncertain whether they were a part of the plant or some parasite alga ; however, develop- mental stages prove conclusively the continuity of the filaments with the tissue of the thallus. It is difficult to decide their exact length, since the hyaline end is often broken off in cutting the section. In comparing the vegetative conceptacle of Turbinaria with that of Cystoseira as figured by Dodel-Port (2. c. tab. 4. figs. 5 & 6), the resemblance between the two is marked (cf. Pl. LV. fig. 3), but there is a difference in the mode of growth of the paraphyses themselves, inasmuch as the upper cells of those in Cystoseira are very short, showing acropetal growth (/.c. tab. 5. fig. 3); while in Turbinaria the case is reversed and the growth is basipetal. Тһе cells lining the sides of the mature con- ceptacle form а papillate layer protruding into the cavity, and resembling the cells lining the air-vesicle. (Cf. Pl. LV. figs. 2 & 3.) III. Root.—The root is differentiated into three layers of tissue, and resembles in structure the base of the petiole near the point of its junction with the main stem. The | cortical parenchyma, which is very thin-walled, occupies a large proportion of the whole, and the same pits are found in the central strand as those described in the stem and petiole. Reproductive Organs. The receptacles of Turbinaria are in all cases branched and more or less corymbose. They arise from the base of the petiole, and, as I have before mentioned, Turbinaria ree sembles in this respect the neighbouring genera Sargasswm &c., where the receptacles grow indiscriminately on the stalk of the leaf or the vesicle. The growth of the receptacle, which resembles in form that of other Fucaceous alge (Pl. LV. fig. 7), is by means of a pyramidal, more or less truncated apical cell, lying at the base of a depression, the narrow end being uppermost. A comparison of my own figures (Pl. LV. fig. 8а & 5) with that of Oltmanns (loc. cit. tab. xi. fig. 7) shows a certain resemblance between the apical cells of Turbinaria and Halidrys. In the case of Turbinaria it divides tangentially by walls parallel to its three sides, giving off daughter-cells, which form the epidermal layer, and these cells, by subsequent perielinal division at their base, cut off others which form the cortical parenchyma (Pl. LV. fig. 8а). Segments are also eut off by walls parallel to the base of the apical cell, which form the central conducting tissue. This tissue branches from the petiole of the leaf into the receptacles, and runs through the centre up to the apex; the cortical parenchyma and the epidermis are also continuous from the one into the other. The development of the fertile conceptacle I take to be the same as that of the vegetative conceptacle, which I have mentioned above. As regards the species I have examined, I find that the conceptacles of Turbinaria ornata, J. Ag., contain only oogonia, together with branched paraphyses, which, how- ever, bear no antheridia ; T. conoides is both hermaphrodite and dicecious, resembling MISS E. S. BARTON ON THE GENUS ТОВВТХА ВТА. 225 in this respect Fucus ceranoides, L. ; and T. trialata is a diœcious species, of which I have only found the oogonia. Тһе material of T. Ми’гауата at my disposal is not in good enough condition to enable me to decide anything definitely with regard to its reproductive organs; but, since I have found traces of oogonia in the conceptacles and nothing that argues in any way the presence of antheridia, I am inclined to regard it as another dicecious species. Thus, of the three species of which it is possible to speak decidedly, two are dicecious and one hermaphrodite and dicecious, while no species has as yet proved to be moncecious. Antheridia.—The antheridia grow on comparatively thick branched hairs, and since they are often found growing out near the base of these hairs (cf. Thuret, Etudes Рвус. tab. xxi. fig. 5), which have themselves hardly reached the height of the antheridia, the conceptacle has the appearance of being lined with antheridia, seated each on a separate stalk (Pl. LV. fig. 10). Itis on this account, and because the hairs rarely bear more than _ two or three antheridia, that it is difficult in any but the oldest conceptacles to be assured of the fact that the antheridia of Turbinaria, like those of all other Fucaceous algæ, grow on branched hairs, and an empty one is sometimes difficult to distinguish from the hyaline branch of the hair which bears it. In some cases the nuclei are very plainly visible (Pl. LV. fig. 10а). Oogonia.—I have been unfortunately prevented from tracing the development of the oogonia through want of good material for the subject, since in all the receptacles which I have examined the oogonia have shrivelled so much that it is impossible to make out more of their structure than the fact that they contain only one oospore ; but, as I am hoping, through the kindness of Mr. Thurston, of Madras, to receive material more suited for the investigation of the conceptacles, I may be able at some future time to furnish a description of the oogonia of this genus. Paraphyses.—Besides the branched hairs which bear the antheridia, there are unbranched paraphyses in the fertile conceptacles exactly resembling those in the vegetative conceptacles described above; and since in the latter case these filaments arise as outgrowths of the cells lining the base of the cavity, I assume that the develop- ment of these unbranched paraphyses takes place in the same manner. Finally, I have to thank the Department of Science and Art for its kind permission to work in the laboratory at South Kensington, and I am specially indebted to Dr. Scott for his guidance and help throughout the morphological part of this investigation. For material I am indebted to the British Museum and to Madame Weber van Bosse; and personally to Mr. Murray, who has kindly revised the systematic portion and assisted me in determining new species. Mr. Batters has helped me to decide as to the nature of the filaments in the vegetative conceptacle. MISS E. S. BARTON ON THE GENUS TURBINARIA. 226 DESCRIPTION OF THE PLATES. Рглте LIV. Fig. l. Branch of Turbinaria conoides, Kütz. Nat. size. 2. T. Murrayana. Entire plant. Nat. size. 8. T. tricostata. Branch. Nat. size. 4. Leaf of T. tricostata, var. Webere. Nat. size. 5. Branch of Т. dentata. Nat. size. 6. Stem (transverse section) of T. conoides. х 28. 7. Т. conoides. Cells of central strand. Long. sect. х 188 & 580. 8 » "e "S Trans. sect. х 580. 9 4 D Trans. sect. of petiole. х 28. 10. ы Diagram of the course of bundles up the wall of the vesicle and extending to margin of lamina. x6. 11. 7. ornata. "Trans. sect. of petiole near the base. х 28. 12. á © [Р halfway up. x 28. PLATE LV. Fig. 1. 7. conoides. Meristematic layer lining air-vesicle. x 133. 2. о Papillate layer lining mature air-vesicle. х 133. l 3. » Vegetative conceptacle. х 133. 4 и Young vegetative conceptacle, I. х 580. 5 % д я П. х580. 6. уу Mature filaments of vegetative conceptacle. х 580. 7. T. ornata. Long. sect. of receptacle. х 28. 8. T. conoides. Apex of receptacle. Long. sect. а & b. х 580. 9 м % " Trans. sect. x 580. 10. » Antheridia. a-nuclei. х 580. АУУ, „д ыы 7, ‚ D РОО +e 5792225, К West, Newman, пир 7d Shoe 29072900084. Son? PEN RANS. Linn. Soc. Ser. 2. Bor. Vol Ш. Pl. 54. "mm lith. E.S.Barton del * THE STRUCTURE OF Trans. Linn. бос. SER. 2. Вот. Vor. ШРІ. 55 West, Newman, imp. ‘rst Series о {һе Transactions, containing both Botanical and Zoological contributions, has been completed and a few entire sets are still for sale. Only certain single volumes, or parts to complete sets, may at the original prices. The price of the Index to Vols. 1-25 is 8s. to the public, and 6s. to Fellows; to to the publie, and 3s. to Fellows. — ond Series of the ‘Transactions is divided into Zoological and Botanical sections. The prices of the which ublished of these are as undermentioned :— Е. When Price to the Price to : Published. Public. Fellows. | : Ena ©; Ѕксохр Әквгив.-Вотахү. L 195. о 8 0 0-6 1875,1... 0 16 0 12 В. 0 9 1876. ... 07 a 0 18 INS... 0 19 1880. 27. 0 18 - 1880. ... 2016 2 80. 7. 0 15 ANT o INS S S o ooo ooo соф 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0. GAIE Оу э G ү s r9 о М i о 0 0 0 . 2nd Ser. BOTANY | (VOL. ПІ PART 6. - THE TRANSACTIONS ОР THE LINNEAN SOCIETY ОЕ LONDON. ON THE LIFE-HISTORY OF PUCCINIA CORONATA, VAR. HIMALAYENSIS, AND : ON THE LIFE-HISTORY OF PUCCINIA JASMINI-CHRYSOPOGONIS. BY A. BARCLAY, М.В. F.LS., Bengal Medical Service. | ко bo =! УТ. On the му of Puccinia coronata, var. himalensis. By А. Barcus, M.B., F.L.S., Bengal Medical Service. (Plate LVI. figs. 1-13.) Read 16th April, 1891. INTRODUCTION. IN the first part of my * Descriptive List of the Simla Uredinee”* I described the ecidial stage of this fungus on Rhamnus dahuricus, Pall, and later, in the second part Т, the uredo and teleutosporie stages on Brachypodium sylvaticum, Beauv., and on Piptatherum holciforme, Roem. & Schult. In the latter communication I incorrectly named the last-mentioned host Chrysopogon ceruleus, Nees; and at the time of writing was not aware that Festuca gigantea, Vill. also harboured the same teleutospore. In the former paper I also noted the probable generic relationship between these; but at that time I had not had opportunities for establishing the connection, and, indeed, the few inoculation experiments I had made were without result. Since then, however, 1 have devoted more time and attention to its life-history, and have been able to confirm the suspected relationship. The discovery of this relationship was indeed to be expected with confidence; and the investigation would scarcely have been worth undertaking were it not that my first inoculations failed, and that there existed two macroscopically very distinct forms of teleutospore, though microscopically alike (РІ. LVI. figs. 2 and 3). These two considerations stimulated me to work at the life-history. My first failures at inoculation made me suspect that the Puccinia coronata Т found here might not run а parallel course with that at home; and I thought that, even if one form did, the other would certainly be different. Вод Stage.—The ecidium is not widely diffused, though it is fairly common іп certain localities. Ripe æcidia шау be found as early as the latter part of May; but they are much commoner in July, 4. e. in very moist weather. Individual shrubs may sometimes be seen largely attacked; but as a rule only a few insignificant leaf-patches are met with. Тһе leaf-blades are the most frequent sites of attack; but the small stems are also more or less frequently assailed. In my original description of this stage of the fungus { I noted also that the drupes were infested, and sometimes extensively so. I formerly described the fungus, as it is seen on the leaves of Rhamnus, thus :— * When the leaf is attacked the invaded areas are usually small, and generally only ‚опе patch occurs on each leaf.” (But I would here add that occasionally a single leaf may bear numerous patches.) ‘These patches are dark reddish-brown above, surrounded _* Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, vol. lvi. pt. ii. no. З (1887). + Ibid, vol. lviii. pt. ii. no. 2 (1889). 2 Loc. eit. SECOND SERIES.—BOTANY, VOL. HI. > 2K 228 МЕ. A. BARCLAY ON THE LIFE-HISTORY = by a halo of pale yellow, and the orange-yellow ecidia are borne on the lower, or concave, surface of the leaf, opposite the dark central part seen above. Тһе red colour of the pateh is due especially to discoloration in the palisade-celis, and the abnormal thickness to hypertrophy of the spongy tissue, the palisade-cells retaining their normal dimensions and characters. Тһе tissues in the areas invaded are very extensively . permeated by hyphee, and many cells are destroyed. While the thickness of the leaf- blade is normally about 0:144 mm., it is about 0:55 mm. in patches bearing ripe ecidia. A patch of ordinary size measured 1 em. in total diameter, the central reddish-brown part measuring 6 mm. in diameter. The patches are sometimes considerably larger, however, and more irregular in shape. The ecidia are tubular structures, very deeply sunk into the laminal tissue, measuring about 2 mm. in length, and therefore resembling in some degree the zecidium on Pyrus Pashia *. With very few exceptions the zecidia burst from the lower surface of the leaf. These patches on the leaves are often placed near the margin, and are usually between and not over the principal veins; but when a vein is involved it is considerably thickened. When the stem is attacked, which occurs but rarely, it is considerably swollen." I should here add that only the earlier peridia are long and tubular, 2. e. those produced before the very wet weather sets in, after this the peridia are always very short; I believe the difference is due purely to an effect of climate. Shrubs that I have inoculated with material from the same source in my garden outside bore both forms of peridia in their proper seasons. Mr. J. Н. Lace, of the Forest Department, sent me some specimens from the interior of the Himalayas, gathered in July, with long peridia, whilst in Simla at that time they were all short-tubed. But the former region is beyond the influence of = south-west monsoon, and is therefore dry in July, whilst in Simla it is excessively moist. Teleutosporie Stage.—With regard next to the general characters of the uredo and teleutospore stage of the fungus on Brachypodium sylvaticum and Piptatherum holci- 2 Ms eh 54 Pm there are two points or particular interest. The teleuto- АГЫ Жж SE ЗЕ аге Жа black isolated points on ше. upper surface of the а ТЕ “лн дез a ed, i. e. not covered by the epidermis of the host; whilst На corel I ^g n shortly linear, on the lower blade-surface, and charac- о 4 : P т pu But though the epidermis covers the spore-bed, DX nisi din se A : ' Ж t through the covering skin, and thus the spore-bed doi dat die Jan d eld- Ars These marked differences induced me to suspect Saka RE. 2 a a distinct species, though. I provisionally coupled Ве fabu df ишег: Crue wm under the name Puccinia coronata, Corda. The Festuca throughout winter i i (on таа ^ ound frequently on Piptatherum and blades, long before R ode p5 {егей places, and in early spring on the newly-unfolded produced bs aE ESY ТЕ еме ишу leaves. These could not, therefore, have been ; pores; and I suspected either that a continuous reproduction of * This fungus I subsequently described more fully in Я ‘Scientific Memoi ; i i India; Part v. 1890, under the name Gymnosporangium | 2708 2 Cunninghamianum. OF PUCCINIA CORONATA, VAR. HIMALENSIS. 229 uredospores occurred throughout the year (an improbable hypothesis) or that the mycelium persisted in the root, though I could not detect any hyphs by microscopic examination. Early in the spring of this year (1890) І uprooted a plant with dried leaves bearing numerous teleutospore pustules and kept it in my laboratory with its roots in water, changing the water frequently. It unfolded new green leaves shortly afterwards, and on the 17th of May I found several uredo pustules on one of them, proving almost conclusively that the mycelium is perennial In the case of Brachy- podium I do not think the same condition exists, as it is rare to find uredospores оп it until the zecidia of Rhamnus are ripe. I did, however, one year find in one locality, in nature, several leaves of what I thought was Brachypodium bearing uredospores as early as the 29th of March. It is possible, however, that I was mistaken in my identification of the host, a somewhat difficult matter in Grasses before flowering ; but the spores were fairly characteristic. The only other explanation I can offer is that they were produced by uredospores from Piptatherum. Had the mycelium been perennial in Brachypodium, I must have observed uredo pustules on the leaves as frequently as I did on Piptatherum. I would here also draw attention to another remarkable peculiarity of this fungus, and that is the long time during which the uredospores of Piptatherum and Festuca retain vitality and capability of germination under favourable conditions. I collected some leaves, which were just beginning to wither, on the 16th of January, and these contained numerous teleutospore pustules, but also a few uredo pustules. These leaves were cut up into small pieces, and kept in a glass beaker covered over loosely with a large wateh-glass. On the 2nd June, i. е. 4} months later, I scraped off spores and floated them on water and kept them in a moist atmosphere. After 24 hours the uredospores had germinated most freely, although the teleutospores had not. I shall recur to this subject later; meanwhile I proceed to a systematic description of the fungus. I. HCIDIUM. а. Spermogonia.—These are not very numerous, and precede the zecidia by a consider- able interval; they are formed on already highly-hypertrophied parts, in which the mycelial filaments contain orange-red oil-globules. The normal thickness of the leaf- blade being 0-144 mm., the parts bearing spermogonia are about 0:550. Тһе spermogonia are both epi- and hypophyllous, but oftener epiphyllous. They are deeply set, measure about 0:107 mm. in depth and breadth, and have tufts of protruding paraphyses. b. Peridium.—The peridial tube in dry weather is very long and cylindrical, measuring about 2 mm. in length by 0:5 mm. in diameter, and opening at the summit by frayed and everted edges. It consists of a single layer of cells, angular (4- to 6-sided), measuring 26 x 16 p, containing orange-red oil-globules in the centre, and spiny. Тһе peridia are hypophyllous and usually on a deeply concave surface. с. ZEcidiospores.—These are bright orange-red, round to oval, beset densely with fine tubercles, measuring about 23 w in diameter when fresh and just wetted, but 31-19 х 24-18 p, after being 24 hours іп a moist atmosphere. They germinate readily in water, throwing out long, simple, unbranched tubes, into the distal ends of which wander the 2x2 280 ; MR. A. BARCLAY ON THE LIFE-HISTORY coloured spore-contents, leaving the spore-walls colourless or grey. The emptied spores are then seen, especially with staining, to possess six germ-pores. II. UREDO. A. On Brachypodium sylvaticum.—These pustules are somewhat larger than the teleutospore pustules as a rule. They are orange-red, circular, minute, isolated, very numerous, and epiphyllous. The spores are pale saffron-yellow or orange-yellow bodies (the coloured contents aggregated in the centre of the spore), round to oval, measuring 24-20 x 21-15 №. "The epispore is very finely tuberculated, and is piereed by 3 to 4 germ-pores. They germinate in the usual way, throwing out a single simple tube. B. On Piptatherum holciforme and Festuca gigantea.—The pustules are shortly linear to round, orange-yellow, mostly epiphyllous, and several may often be seen on one discoloured patch extending right across the blade. The spores are round to oval, pale yellow or orange-yellow, with the coloured contents aggregated in the centre, echinulate, and measuring, when fresh, 28-22 x 22—90 и. These uredospores are therefore consider- ably larger than those from Brachypodium. Each spore has 4 to 6 germ-pores. They germinate in the usual way, throwing out a single unbranched tube, in the distal end of which the coloured contents accumulate, leaving the spore-walls colourless. III. TELEUTOSPORE. A. On Brachypodium sylvaticum.—The pustules are minute black points on the upper leaf-surface and quite naked (Pl. LVI. fig. 8) The spores are brown, with the characteristie crown of usually regular processes, borne on short stalks. Тһе spores narrow gradually towards the stalk, and are scarcely, if at all, constricted at the septum (Pl LVI. figs. 8 and 9). They have a smooth epispore, and measure when fresh 44-38 х 11-10 и (at the septum). They germinate only after a winter rest, and I have observed this from the end of March to August. "The promycelium from the upper cell emergés from a point immediately under the crown, and that from the lower cell from near the septum. Four sporidia are usually formed by each at the ends of short pointed sterigmata. "The sporidia are oval, and measure 18—10 x 9-6 м (Pl. LVI. fig. 11). B. On Piptatherum holciforme and Festuca gigantea.—The pustules are black, more or less completely covered by epidermis, linear, and hypophyllous (Pl. LVI. fig. 2). The spores are brown, crowned with processes, which are, however, generally more irregular than those above described, and borne on short stalks. Тһе crown processes usually number five, but vary from one to six or seven (РІ. LVI. fig. 4). They do not narrow so regularly towards the stalk, and spores may frequently be found rounded in both cells and constrieted at the septum (Pl. LVI. figs. 4 and 13). "They are smooth externally, and measure 55-48 X14-8 и (septum). They germinate after а Shorter rest, as I have seen them growing in my laboratory as early as the 15th February, when most other teleutospores still refused to do во. After germination the spore-walls remain ehestnut-brown in colour. Four sporidia are formed by each pro- mycelium, measuring 9X 7 и. They are pale orange-yellow and often form secondary ОҒ PUCCINIA CORONATA, VAR. HIMALENSIS. 231 EE sporidia. Тһе fungus on this host is not unlike that described by Lagerheim as P. gibberosa *. Мог apparently is it unlike Plowright's Puccinia Festuce in general characters ; but as the only account of this fungus which I have seen is contained in a preliminary description in the ‘Gardener’s Chronicle' f, I cannot pursue the com- parison further. Plowright’s fungus must, however, be entirely different, since it is associated with Æcidium Periclymeni, Schum., and I have never seen an secidium on any genus of the Caprifoliacee in this region. The dimensions of the spores of the Indian variety are contrasted with those of the European in the following table :— AEcidiospores. Uredospores. Teleutospores. е ШИСИ ee тыя 26-17 x 21-13 р. 28-19 x 21-16 и; 60-35 x 21-12 p. 3—4 pores. Brachypodium ........ \ 24-20 x 21-15 u; 44-38 x 11-10 р. Indian..] _ 31-19 x 24-18 p. Uv bons Я) ка гл, 28-22 x 22-20 п; 55-43 x 14-8 и. 4—6 рогез. Тһе zecidiospores of the Indian variety are larger than those of the European; the uredospores are much the same in size, but are not associated with paraphyses; and the teleutospores are decidedly smaller. | The European ecidium is known to occur on several species of Rhamnus, whilst in India, in the Simla region, it is known only on one of the four species prevalent. Тһе uredo- and teleutospore stages in Europe are known to occur on several genera of Grasses, including Festuca; in India they are, so far, known only on three genera, though possibly future research may prove their occurrence on more. Inoculation Егрегітепів.-Тһе teleutosporie stage on Brachypodium is apparently much commoner, and in nature is evidently much more clearly connected with æcidial production оп Rhamnus than the teleutosporie stage on the other two hosts; for where- ever I found the ecidium on Rhamnus І have usually found Brachypodium with teleutospores, though I have frequently, and indeed usually, missed Piptatherum and Festuca. The latter are, however, more difficult plants to recognize with certainty when only in leaf than Brachypodium. (Ехрет. L) I therefore commenced inoculation experiments with teleutospores from Brachypodium, and had my first positive result on the 4th July, 1889, on the leaves of a twig which I had cut off and placed in water, and on which I had placed sporidia on the 25th June. After laying on the sporidia I placed the twig in a glass eardener's-box outside, within which the air is always very moist. On the 4th July several leaves showed very numerous foci of attack with spermogonia. On the 24th July these leaves exhibited young eecidia. ; I hadjno further opportunity of continuing these experiments that year, as the teleuto- spores refused to germinate any longer, but I resumed them this year (1890). 25. ж Bericht der Deutschen botanischen Gesellschaft, 1888, Bd. vi. Heft 3, p. 1 t * Gardener's Chronicle,’ July 12th, 1890, p. 42. 232 MR. A. ВАВСГАУ ON THE LIFE-HISTORY (Exper. IL) I placed some teleutospores from some specimens of Brachypodium collected on the 16th January in water on the 10th April: on the 11th I noticed that free germination had taken place, with the production of numerous sporidia. I placed these on the leaves of а twig of Rhamnus under a glass shade in my laboratory. On the 16th (5 days) I noticed several foci of attack, though as yet there was no discoloration of the leaves, but only characteristeric upheaved spots. On the 19th (8 days) I counted 40 leaves on the twig inoculated, 21 of which were very distinctly attacked, as many as 12 distinct foci being observable on one leaf. On another twig, similarly treated, I counted 12 leaves, of which 6 were attacked. On the 30th both twigs began to wither without making any further progress, and the experiment came to an end. (Exper. III.). Again, on the 7th May I inoculated a twig with sporidia derived from teleutospores collected on the 26th January, and put in water the preceding day (6th). On the 19th May (12 days) I counted 8 spermogonial spots on one leaf, and several spots on others; but unfortunately the twig began to wither and the experiment was closed. There were immense numbers of foci of attack on these leaves. (Exper. IV.) On the 12th April, as a parallel experiment to that described in the pre- ceding paragraph, I inoculated several leaves of a twig with sporidia of teleutospores from Piptatherum which had been 24 hours in water, and the twig was then put under a separate glass shade in my laboratory. On the 17th (5 days) several leaves showed decided spots of attack, which on the following day were yellow, bearing spermogonia. On the 19th (7 days) I counted 41 leaves on one twig, 7 of which were very distinctly attacked, the highest number of distinct foci on any single leaf being 5. Another twig had 10 leaves, 2 of which were attacked; and a third had 12 leaves, 3 of which were attacked. These twigs also withered before producing eecidia. (Exper. V.) On the 23rd May I inoculated two separate twigs with the sporidia of Piptatherum or Festuca gathered on the 5th February, and put each under a separate glass shade. I purposely abstained from using any spores from Brachypodium for some days previously in order to avoid accidental contamination. One of these twigs (A) showed one spot of initial attack (distinct spot of upheaval) on the 30th, and on the following day two such spots: on the 14th these two spots were distinctly spermogonial ; but there were also two other very distinct yellow spermogonial spots on each of two leaves (2. 6. four spots in all), and one younger point of attack оп а third leaf. Soon after this the twig began to wither, and the experiment was closed on the 21st. Тһе other twig (B) showed three spermogonial spots on one leaf on the 6th of June; but the twig was attacked by aphides and became sickly in appearance, and the experiment was closed on the 14th. (Exper. VI.) On the 16th June I inoculated a twig with the dry spores from Pipta- therum or Festuca collected on the 5th February and kept it under a glass shade. One spermogonial patch was ultimately produced. ое tise ge ene : зы І inoculated some leaves with the sporidia of spores stad. Rs doses wed e im January, and on the 12th noticed four spots of йн йылы ы Somat stage, all on one leaf. The teleutospores were now found to 855181 In germination, the season for natural attack having come nearly to a close. ОҒ PUCCINIA CORONATA, VAR. HIMALENSIS. 233 (Exper. VIIL) I made only one experiment with a view to producing uredospore pustules with secidiospores. Оп the 1st August I placed a pot containing Brachypodium under some twigs of Rhamnus with ripe æcidia in а gardener's box, and on the 17th found the leaves covered with uredo pustules. From this aecount of my experimental inoculations, it will be observed that attaek by the sporidia of spores from Piptatherum and Festuca was in all cases less vigorous than with the spores from Brachypodium. From the beginning, after my first successful experiment, I had no doubt about the generic relationship between the Rhamnus æcidium and the teleutospores on Brachypodium ; but I felt less certain about the connection of the parasite on Piptatherum and Festuca. At first I feared that there might have been accidental contamination of my Pipta- therum and Festuca material with spores from Brachypodium, and this is the reason why the experiments with the former more numerous. My subsequent experiments convinced me that the fungus on Piptatherum and Festuca is really capable of producing the . secidium on Rhamnus. The difference in the vigour of attack is, however, noteworthy, and suggests the possibility that it may give rise more easily to some other secidium оп some other host. GENERAL REMARKS. Dr. P. Dietel, of Leipzig, to whom I sent specimens of the ecidium on Rhamnus and teleutospores оп Brachypodium, and to whom I am indebted for kindly criticism, informed me that both differed in habit from the European species. 1 could not myself detect any striking difference of habit in the ecidium (i. е. the form with short peridia) on comparing it with a specimen of the European Rhamnus scidium he sent me in return; but the specimen was small, aud I am not familiar with the appearance of the European form. The difference in habit of the teleutospore pustules on Brachy- podiwm is, however, very striking; and I have already alluded to the naked, small, circular, epiphyllous pustules, in contrast with the covered, linear, hypophyllous pustules at home. When I sent specimens of the teleutospore on Brachypodium to Dr. Dietel I did not know, and did not suspect, that the similar spores borne by Рір/а- therum and Festuca were biologically the same. Тһе habit of the fungus on these two hosts corresponds closely with that of Puccinia coronata in Europe, so far as I can make out from written descriptions. We have therefore here the interesting fact disclosed that such striking differences of habit need not be associated with specific differences. The interest of this discovery lies especially in its application to the rusts and mildews of cereal crops. Puccinia Graminis differs markedly from P. Rubigo-vera and P. coronata in the teleutospore pustules being naked, whilst in the latter they are covered; and Mr. T. J. Burrill writes of P. coronata, Corda :—“This species is certainly closely related to P. Rubigo-vera. Indeed it is scarcely possible to separate them, except by the terminal projections of the teleutospores in P. coronata, and these are present in varying degrees, sometimes nearly wanting.” * Тһе interest of this is very great both in the United States 5 : an : и * Bulletin of the Illinois State Laboratory оѓ Natural History, vol. ii, art. 8, “Parasitic Fungi of Illinois,’ pt. i., 1885. 234 MR. A. BARCLAY ON THE LIFE-HISTORY and in India, so far as I am yet acquainted with the facts. Mr. Н. L. Bolley writes that Puccinia Rubigo-vera is undoubtedly the most prevalent form of rust on wheat in Indiana, but there an ecidium occurs on Cynoglossum officinale *. In India there is no doubt that P. Rubigo-vera is also the most common (and very abundant) cause of rust on wheat and barley; but here no æcidium is known on any Borage. I asked my friend Dr. D. Prain, of the Royal Botanic Garden, Caleutta, to look through the whole collec- tion of Boraginee in the Herbarium there, as I thought that in so large a collection some specimens might be found attacked by an ecidium. This he most kindly did, and wrote as follows :—“ I have gone over the whole of the Order carefully at two different times, and I cannot find a suspicious-looking specimen in any of the herbaceous species.” Even in Simla, as І have elsewhere t pointed out, where a Barberry æcidium is common, I have never seen P. Graminis on any cereal crop, whilst P. Rubigo-vera is very abundant and destructive ; and despite the most careful search I have never yet suc- ceeded in finding an æcidium on any species of the Boraginee. It would exceed the limits of this paper were I to enter more fully into this side issue of my subject; but I will add that, whilst I have never found P. Graminis on any cereal crop here, I have found a teleutospore resembling P. Graminis on a wild grass, probably Brachypodium distachyum, Roem. & Schult., and have artificially reproduced the spermogonial stage of an æcidium on Berberis Lycium, Royle, with it. But my investigations into this matter are still incomplete. I have several times applied the sporidia of P. coronata, especially from Piptatherum and Festuca, to the leaves of Berberis Lycium and В. aristata, DC., but without result. Before concluding I would draw attention to the remarkably long retained vitality of some uredospores in this region. I have noted above the power of ready germination of the uredospores from Piptatherum four and a half months after keeping. This is, however, by no means an isolated case. I first drew attention to this peculiarity in my “ Descriptive List of the Simla Uredinee,” in describing Puccinia Galii, Pers., when І wrote :—“ A curious feature about these uredospores is the comparatively long time they retained their vitality. Іп a cultivation of teleutospores from material collected in October, and set in water on the 26th March following, all the uredospores present, of which there were several, germinated in 24 hours, whilst the teleutospores remained in statu quo” t. Since then I have observed the same thing in the following species :— 1. Uredo Bupleuri, mihi, collected 2nd October, germinated 14th June, 4. е. 8 months. and 12 days after. : | 2. Uredo Gomphrenatis, mihi, collected 7th November, germinated freely 14th June, 4. e. 7 months and 7 days after. | 3. Puccinia Prenanthis, Pers., collected 31st October, germinated (a few) 14th June, i. e. Т months and 6 days after. * Bulletin of the Agricultural Experiment Station of Indiana (Purdue University), * Wheat Rust," July 1889. * Journal of the Royal Agrieultural Society, London. + Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, vol. lviii, pt. ii. No. 2 (1889). OF PUCCINIA CORONATA, VAR. HIMALAYENSIS. 235 4. Puccinia Caricis-filicine, mihi, collected 24th November, germinated 6th May, i. е. 5 months and 12 days after. 5. Uromyces Vossie, mihi, collected on dried over-wintered leaves in nature, ger- minated freely in April, probably about 5 months after ripening. 6. Puccinia Acetose, Schum., collected 6th December, germinated freely 23rd March, $. е. 8 months and 17 days after. 7. Uromyces Pisi, Pers. (from Lathyrus sativus), collected 4th April, germinated 19th June, %. е. 2 months and 15 days after. 8. Melampsora Lini, Pers., collected 4th April, germinated 19th June, i. e. 2 months and 15 days after. 9. Puccinia Flosculosorum, Alb. et Schw., collected 26th December, germinated freely on 12th March, 2. e. 2 months and 17 days after. I shall conclude by again drawing attention to the similarity this fungus in the :ecidial stage exhibits to the æcidial stage of Gymnosporangium, i. e. in the long interval which elapses between the eruption of spermogonia and the formation of æcidia, and in the very deep-seated position of the basidiallayer. These points are not in themselves of any real importance, but they serve to strengthen the view I had been led to form gradually from other considerations that the distinction between Gymnosporangium and Puccinia is not of generic value, The chief characters of Gymnosporangium upon which its generic distinction is based are :— (a) The gelatinous nature of the stalks of the teleutospores ; (5) The displacement of the germ-pore of the upper cell of the teleutospore from the apex to near the septum ; (c) The plurality of germ-pores to each cell of the teleutospore ; (d) The absence of uredospores ; and (е) The peculiar characters of the æcidial fructification, 4. e. the length of the peri- dial tubes, the depth to which they penetrate within the lamina of the leaf, and the long interval between the production of the spermogonia and the ecidia. With reference to (a), I have myself shown elsewhere * that a gelatinous sheath to the stalks of the teleutospores is not peculiar to Gymnosporangium, occurring as it does (though to a minor extent) in Puccinia Prainiana, mihi (Сеота Smilacis, Barclay), and as De Bary has also depicted in the case of P. Berberidis, Montagne 7. With regard to (5), although I know of no Puccinia which shows a displacement of the germ-pore of the upper cell downwards, yet I have met with two species in which this occurs in the lower cell, namely in Puccinia Geranii-sylvatici, P. Karst., var. himalayensis, and Р. Wattiana, mihi 1, on Clematis Gauriana, Roxb. * * Scientific Memoirs by Medical Officers of the Army of India,’ Part іу. 1889, & Part vi. about to be issued. + Botanische Zeitung, No. 48 of 1879, р. 846. + Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, vol. lix. (1890) pt. ii, по. 2. SECOND SERIES.— BOTANY, VOL. ПТ. 2L 286 ON THE LIFE-HISTORY OF PUCCINIA CORONATA, VAR. HIMALAYENSIS. With regard to (c), Gymnosporangium still remains alone, so far as I am aware, іп having more than one germ-pore to each cell of the teleutospore. | . With regard to (d), the absence of uredospores, this peculiarity is of course not rare, and I have noted a remarkably striking instance in Uromyces Cunninghamianus (Linn. Trans. ante, p. 141). : With regard to (e) the subject of this paper shows that it also is not peculiar to Gymnosporangium. . Thus, of all the peculiarities I have noted, the plurality of germ-pores is alone entirely peculiar to Gymnosporangium. DESCRIPTION OF PLATE LVI. Fres. 1-13. Fig. 1. From photograph of Rhamnus bearing æcidia on stem and leaves, and with short peridia. Natural size. Fig. 2. Portions of leaves of Piptatherum holciforme and Festuca gigantea, showing hypophyllous teleutospore pustules, linear, and more or less covered by epidermis. Slightly enlarged. Fig. 3. Portions of leaves of Brachypodium sylvaticum, showing epiphyllous teleutospore pustules, circular, discrete and naked. Slightly enlarged. Fig. 4. Teleutospores of various shapes from Piptatherum. x 350. Fig. 5. Peridial cells and :ecidiospores from a specimen obtained from Europe (Dr. Dietel), to compare with figs. 6 and 7. x 350. 6. Peridial cells of Himalayan variety. х 350. 7. Some detached peridial cells and zecidiospores, to compare with fig. 5. х 350. Fig. 8. Teleutospore and uredospore from Brachypodium sylvaticum. х 350. 9. Teleutospore from same. x 350. Fig. 10. Teleutospore with promycelium, from Brachypodium. х 850. Fig. 11. Sporidia from same. х 350. Fig. 12. Teleutospores from Piptatherum holciforme. х 850. Fig. 13. Teleutospores and uredospores from Festuca gigantea. x 350. [+08101 УП. On the Life Hatopf f Puccinia Jasmini-Chrysopogonis, nov. sp. Ву A. Bancray, M.B., F.L.S., Bengal Medical Service. (Plate LVI. figs. 14-23.) Read 16th April, 1891. IN a recent paper on the life-history of an xcidium on Jasminum grandiflorum I alluded to the existence of an ecidium on another species of Jasmine, namely J. humile, L., and drew attention to the remarkable attitude of our three Jasmines towards the Uredinee. Whilst J. grandiflorum, L., alone of these will harbour Uromyces Cun- ninghamianus, J. humile only will bear the æcidium I am about to describe, and J. officinale, L.,.will not suffer itself to be attacked by either. And again, while the ecidium on J. grandiflorum is an auteecious species, that on J. humile is hetercecious, the other host being a grass, Chrysopogon Gryllus, L. The parasite on J. grandiflorum exhibited several very anomalous peculiarities, but the only feature of peculiar interest in the species I am about to describe is the extraordinary abundance and wide distribution of the teleutosporie stage as compared with the comparative scarcity of the secidial stage. This disproportion in the distribution of the two stages I noted in my Descriptive List of the Simla Uredinez *, long before I knew that they were related to one another. And, indeed, this peculiarity misled me in my long-continued attempt to discover the life-history of the secidium, for so abundantly distributed a teleutospore I felt sure must be related to one of our more abundant ecidia.’ I was at last led to suspect the relationship, with, however, little hope that the suspicion was well founded, by observing last autumn that the grass was largely attacked close to a bush of Jasmine which I had previously noticed had been unusually largely attacked by the æcidium. Before, however, going on to a description of the experiments I made to establish the relationship I will shortly describe the systematie characters of the fungus. ACIDIAL STAGE. This stage of the parasite makes its appearance at the commencement of July, shortly after the monsoon rains have set in, i.e. during very moist weather, and continues to be met with throughout July and August. Тһе secidium is very conspicuous (Pl. LVI. fig. 14), the mycelium giving rise to large circular or irregularly circular patches on the leaf-blades, usually about 8 millim. to 1 centim. in diameter, reddish brown with a halo of yellow above, and the same below before the ecidia have made their appearance, : * eidium Jasmini, in Journal of Asiatic Society of Bengal, vol. lvi. pt. ii. no. 3, 1887, p. 366 ; and Puceinia Chrysopogi, in the same Journal, vol. lviii. pt. ii. no. 2, 1889, p. 247. ДАЙ LZ 238 МВ. А. BARCLAY ON THE LIFE-HISTORY but a little lighter in colour, especially the yellow halo. These attacked areas of the leaf-blade are somewhat thickened. Тһе petioles are also frequently attacked, when they become brown in colour and thickened. Тһе stem is sometimes, but not often, attacked. In this ease the whole stem is uniformly enlarged; and the largest stem-hypertrophy I saw was 1:5 centim. in length by 4 millim. in diameter. Тһе spermogonia are of the usual character, but sometimes irregular in shape (fig. 23), and are formed only on the upper leaf-surface. ‘They precede the eruption of the ecidia by a very short interval; and, indeed, I have often seen ripe spermogonia on the upper leaf-surface whilst the lower surface bore young, still unopened peridia. They are deeply set, their bases reaching down to the inner level of the palisade-cells. "They measure about 126 и in depth by 157 и in breadth, and have a tuft of paraphyses protruding about 63 „ from the mouth. The ecidia burst always from under a leaf-surface. They contain very brilliant orange-red spores, and are deeply sunk within the laminal tissue, their bases resting often on the inner ends of the palisade-cells (Pl. ТУТ. fig. 22). The peridia are very short tubes, densely packed together, bursting at the summits in a stellate manner. Тһе tube consists of a single layer of flat cells, more or less hexagonal, and measuring about 26 x 22 и (Pl. LVI. figs. 19 & 20, b). These cells are thick-walled, and contain orange-red oil-globules in their cavities. They are arranged in an imbricate fashion, the upper end of each cell overlapping the lower end of the cell above internally (Pl. ГУТ. fig. 22). The mycelium is colourless and ramifies between the parenchyma-cells. Тһе hyphe are remarkably straight, and not so convoluted as usual. In the leaf-blade they are most numerous among the spongy cells, but twigs run up also between the palisade-cells to the upper epidermis-cells ; and haustoria, in the shape of simple small tubular intrusions, are formed abundantly in the palisade- and upper epidermis-cells. Тһе mycelium gives rise to hypertrophy of the spongy cells; but the palisade-cells retain their normal proportions and shape. In the stem mycelial filaments may be seen everywhere, but sparingly in the central pith-cells: here the mycelium is most abundant in the cortical parenchyma-cells, which are very considerably hypertrophied. Haustoria similar to those described above are met with in these cells. The ecidiospores are of avery brilliant orange-red colour, oval, covered externally with shallow tubercles, and measure when fresh 26 х 20:2 и on an average (РІ. LVI. fig. 20, а). They do not germinate readily in water, but when they do they throw out straight unbranched tubes with a decided tendency to spring up into the air instead of into the water. Into these tubes the brilliantly coloured contents of the spore wander. Each spore has from 7 to 8 germ-pores. The spores are turned deep blue by sulphuric acid. TELEUTOSPORIC STAGE. Uredospore pustules appear in July, when the ecidial stage is in existence. They are AVERY, brilliantly orange-red, mostly epiphyllous, but largely also hypophyllous. Pustules primarily break out from the upper leaf-surface, but afterwards the same mycelium produces pustules below also. They are round or slightly oval, and very numerous. OF PUCCINIA JASMINI-CHRYSOPOGONIS, 239 The spores are, like the zecidiospores, very brilliant in colour (orange-red). They do not germinate readily in water, but some always do, throwing out a single, long, twisted unbranched tube. They are also very large, measuring when fresh 88-28 х 26-23 и, or оп an average 2877 x 2675 p. When seraped off they often retain a portion of the stalk (РІ. LVI. fig. 21). They are sparsely spiny and contain an indefinite number of germ- pores. There are no paraphyses. | The teleutospore pustules are well raised, deeply convex, plump, oval or broadly linear, and dark brown. ‘They are both epi- and hypophyllous, but oftener epiphyllous. The spores are oval, and well rounded at both ends, slightly constricted at the septum, and very thick-walled (fig. 15). There is little or no special thickening at the free end. They are firmly adherent, and when scraped off retain a portion of stalk. They are dark brown, smooth on the surface, and measure 48 x 24 at the septum. А clear nuclear vesicle is visible in each cell. Young teleutospores are often seen in fully developed uredo pustules. They germinate only after a winter rest. After lying 24 hours in water it will be seen that they have thrown out promycelia—one from a point near the apex of the spore, and the other from a point near the septum (РІ. LVI. fig. 15), into the distal ends of which the orange-red contents of the spore wander, leaving the spore-walls still deep brown. Тһе end then divides into four compartments, each producing a sporidium at the end of a short pointed sterigma (Pl. LVI. бо. 16). But frequently and very charae- teristically, after the promycelium has divided into four parts, the sterigmata form uncommonly long tubes, usually much twisted (РІ. LVI. fig. 18, а, 0). In such cases they do not form sporidia. I do not know whether a similar growth occurs in nature, but if it does the sterigmatous tube must attack directly without the intervention of a spori- dium. This curiously abnormal formation of sterigmata is by no means uncommon, and, indeed, in water-cultivations it is as common as the more normal course sketched above. The sporidium is large, oval, and coloured, and frequently emits a germ-tube before it is detached from the sterigma. The germ-tube is usually characteristically spiral, and rarely straight (РІ. LVI. fig. 16). Very frequently, instead of a regular germ-tube being emitted, the sporidium immediately forms a secondary sporidium (РІ. LVI. fig.17). The primary sporidium measures 14 x 12 п, and the secondary about two-thirds this. I now proceed to describe some of the experiments I made to establish the connection between these two phases of the life-history of the parasite. LA. A twig was inoculated on the 7th May with sporidia of teleutospores from Chrysopogon, freshly collected and had lain 24 hours in water. On the 20th (13 days) small points of attack were noticed, and on one leaf three groups of spermogonia on three separate areas of invasion. : pos I. в. Another twig of the same branch was inoculated the same day with the sporidia of Puccinia Caricis-filicine ; but this twig remained perfectly free from attack. Тһе whole branch began to wither on the 27th without twig 1. А making any further progress, and the experiment came to an end. 210 ‘MR. A. BARCLAY ON THE LIFE-HISTORY II. On the 8th May some leaves were inoculated with the sporidia of Puccinia coro- nata (from Piptatherum holciforme, Roem. & Schult.). On the 20th (12 days) I noticed a single spermogonial patch on one leaf. But as on that date I had obtained clear proof from Experiment I. a that Puccinia Chrysopogonis was the related teleutospore, I attributed the single spot of attack to the accidental contamination of my inoculating material, and re-inoculated the leaves with the sporidia of P. Chrysopogonis, again freshly gathered and placed in water 24 hours previously. On the 80th (10 days) several distinct spots of attack were observed, and 8 leaves (other than that accidentally inocu- lated) presented small orange-yellow spermogonial spots, some leaves with 2 to 4 such distinet spots. Оп the following day (31st) I carefully counted the leaves of the twig. It had 66 leaves in all, 13 of which bore spermogonial patches; 9 of these latter bore each a single spot of attack, whilst 4 bore from 2 to 4 distinet spots each. On the 6th June I counted 20 spots of distinet attack on 15 leaves, some very large and typically brilliant in colour. On the 26th June most patches bore open ripe æcidia. ПІ. On the 23rd May I inoculated a twig with sporidia derived from teleutospores gathered on the 11th February and kept in my laboratory since. "The spores had lain 24 hours in water, and had produced an immense number of sporidia. On the 30th (7 days) I noticed several spots of initial attack, i. e. characteristic points of upheaval, and one spermogonial patch. Оп the 1st June this twig, which bore in all 90 leaves, showed 13 leaves with spermogonial patches. On the 6th June I counted 15 spermo- gonial spots on 9 leaves (the other 4 had dropped). On the 19th some well-developed young @сїйїа were noticed, but the twig thereafter withered, and the experiment was closed on the 21st. : IV. On the same date, viz. 23rd May, another twig was inoculated with the same material, and kept under а separate shade. Four leaves were found very distinctly attacked on the Ist June (9 days) ; on the 6th I counted 86 spots on 17 leaves; on the 19th many leaves bore young, well-developed ecidia. | V. On the 23rd June I inoculated another twig with sporidia derived from the spores of Р. Chrysopogonis, freshly gathered, which had lain 24 hours in water. On the 27th, when I left Simla for three days, there was no sign whatever of attack; but on my return on the 30th (7 days) I found the leaves extensively attacked in the spermogonial stage ; 18 leaves were so attacked, with brilliant yellow spots, and on one leaf I counted 12 distinct foci of attack. On the 7th July I counted the leaves again carefully. One branch of the twig had 32 leaves, of which 16 were conspicuously attacked ; the other branch had 88 leaves, of which 20 were attacked. Thus 36 of 70 leaves were attacked, and many in several places. Most of the leaves which escaped attack were the lower -older ones. | VI. I made only one experiment іп the reverse direction, namely the production of uredospore pustules with æcidiospores ; but this was so successful that, taken with the evidenee afforded by the preceding experiments, no others were at all necessary. Т uprooted a healthy plant of Chrysopogon which I found, and put it into a pot in a gardener's box in my verandah. It remained there perfectly healthy for about three OF PUCCINIA JASMINI-CHRYSOPOGONIS. | 241 weeks. І then gathered some twigs of Jasmine bearing numerous ripe eecidia, and laid these over the grass. Іп about ten days most leaves bore the very characteristically brilliant uredospore pustules, which I have already described. These experiments conclusively prove the genetic relationship between the :ecidium and the Puccinia. "The accidental contamination noted in Experiment II., designed to test the possible connection with P. coronata, is interesting in showing that even in such inoculations misleading results may easily be obtained, and that a single successful inoculation is by no means sufficient to establish relationship. Although I had no doubt that the result was due to aecident, I nevertheless re-applied the sporidia of Р. coronata (from Piptatherum holciforme) with great care to another twig of Jasmine, but without any result. With regard to control experiment, I may note that all nature acted as a control over my results. "The season during which my positive results оп Jasmine were obtained was much too dry to allow of natural attaek to take place. І did not find any æcidium on Jasmine naturally until the beginning of July, and then only in the spermogonial stage, when all my experiments had been concluded. Experiment I. д and the first stage of Experiment II. may, however, be regarded as control experiments. I propose naming this fungus Puccinia Jasmini-Chrysopogonis. Тһе use of a com- pound specific name in the case of Aeferccious species is, I think, so distinctly advan- tageous that it may be allowed to outweigh the general objection taken to such names in botanical nomenclature. PUCCINIA JASMINI-CHRYSOPOGONIS, n. sp.; spermogoniis profunde immersis enormibus 126 и longis 157 и latis, paraphysibus ex ore 63 и projectis; szecidiis immersis maculas orbiculares vel irregulariter orbiculares diametro 8 mm.-1l cm., rubro-brunneas margine flavas efformantibus; pseudoperidiis cylindraceis, brevibus, dense aggregatis, apice stellatim erumpentibus, ex cellulis hexagoniis membranis crassis globulos oleaceos rubro-aurantiacos gerentibus, circa 26 х 22 и diam. compositis; secidio- sporis eximie rubro-aurantiacis ovalibus, tuberculatis, 26 х 20'2 и diam., 7-8 poros gerentibus; uredosporis in soros orbiculares vel ovales congestis, rubro-aurantiacis, 33-28 X 26-23 п, sparsim spinosis aliquot poros gerentibus, pedicello persistenti, paraphysibus nullis; teleutosporis in soros ovales vel late lineares fusco-brunneos congestis, ovalibus apice rotundatis ad septum constrictis, membranis crassis, levibus, 43 x 24 и ad septum pedicello persistenti; sporidiis ovalibus prim. 14X12 и, secund. aliquid minoribus. 242 ON THE LIFE-HISTORY OF PUCCINIA JASMINI-CHRYSOPOGONIS. DESCRIPTION OF PLATE LVI. Fies. 14-23. From photograph, showing numerous ecidial patches. Natural size. . Teleutospore, with lower ends of two promycelia, showing points of emergence from each cell. x 350. Upper end of promycelium, showing sterigmata, and one sporidium still adherent. Also a detached sporidium, showing spiral germ-tube. х 350. . Sporidia forming secondary sporidia. х 350. . Abnormal, but common form of sterile sterigmata ; а, young, 6, older and convoluted. x 350. . Peridial cells in outline, seen flat. х 350. a. Жсійіовроге, x 350. 0. Detached peridial cells, x 350. . Uredospores. х 350. . Transverse section through ecidium. x 159. . Transverse section through spermogonium. x 150. TRans. Linn. Soc. SER. 2. Вот.Моь Ill. Pr..56. JN. Fitch lith & imp. A Barclay del. NEW SPECIES OF PUCCINIA . LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. MEMORANDA CONCERNING TRANSACTIONS. The Firet Seri 2s A the и УИ ns, containing both Botanical and Zoological contributions, has been completed 80 Vols. and a few entire sets are still for sale. Only certain single volumes, or parts to complete sets, may Те obtained at the original prices. Тһе price of the Index to Vols. 1-25 із 8s. to the publie, and 6s. to Fellows; to Series of the Transactions is divided into Zoological and Botanical sections. The prices of the sR havo been pablished of these are as undenmentoned — $ q | Volume When -= Price to the Price to "Fellows. . ee. — Published. | РаБне. Fellows. CEOs dol e iuo. d. i. ow | 57 Зесохр SERIES.— BOTANY. rio Pate? IO085 0 3 оон 1875... 016 Part IH. 1876. .... 0 12 PE IV. 1876..... 0.10 D pat УЛЕБ. > Part вз. 7001061. | 4... 0 0 0 1 < Pato VE 1879... 1 2, Pad VIL 18807 5.21 - Part VIM. 1880. .... 1 se Pee A oo П. Рай Г 0 P а ГАН Patt ЦЕ 1883... 1.0 Part 1V. 1888... 0 Рай У. 1888; ... 9 9 38 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 T e Рав Vi. 1884... а ^9€eococcoo-ococecoooccooococoooococooc wraca occoowoooeocooo ooocoocoooocoooooooo ooooccoooc өсе ® Фф о дс с © ос ороооооо о 2nd Ser. ВОТАМУ.] B ARIA dd THE TRANSACTIONS OF THE LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. | THE €AO0UTCHOUC-CONTAINING CELLS ОЕ EUCOMMIA ULMOIDES, дихев, ВУ Е. ERNEST WEISS, B.Sc., F.LS. (LONDON PRINTED FOR ThE LINNEAN SOCIETY - WU EY TAYLOR AND Prancis, | RED ‚мох сора, FLEET STREET. ; SOL D АТ ТИЕ SOCIETY '8- APARTMENTS, ‘BUMLENGTON-HOUSE, PICOADILLY, W., her (AND BY XONGMANS, GREEN, AND со, PATEENOSTER-HOW. n ud Mm Та [ 243 ] F VIII. TheCaoutchouc-containing Cells of Eucommia ulmoides, Oliver. By F. ERNEST Weiss, B.Sc., LS. (From the Botanical Laboratory, University College, London.) (Plates LVII. & LVIII.) Read 21st January, 1892. INTRODUCTION. Evcouura СІМ OIDES, the * Tu chung" of the Chinese, was named and described by Professor D. Oliver in Hooker's * Icones Plantarum * from some dried material, including bark, leaves, and fruit, which had been sent to the Royal Gardens, Kew, through the instrumentality of Dr. A. Henry. Professor Oliver called attention at the time to the most singular feature about the plant—namely, the presence in its tissues of innumerable elastie threads of silvery sheen, which become apparent when the leaf, bark, or fruit is snapped across and the parts drawn asunder. Some of the dried material was handed to me for the investigation of these threads and of the cells containing this elastic substance. But little could be made out, except that they occurred accompanying the vascular bundles of the leaf, and very abundantly in the secondary phloem and in the pericarp. I was therefore very pleased when I received from Professor Oliver a second lot of material, which had been brought to Kew through the kind offices of Dr. Henry. This material was preserved in spirit, and consisted of а large assortment of winter buds in various stages, some only just beginning to open, others provided with shoots showing distinct internodes, and with leaves about one half the size of the fully developed leaf. Many of these buds were attached to the end of the last year's branches, which were therefore entering upon their second year's growth. Т have consequently been enabled to study not only the distribution and structure, but also the development of the cells containing the curious elastic threads, which are so characteristic of the tissues of Ewcommia. I was at first inclined to look upon these threads as of the nature of a hardened gum or resin. This, however, is not the case, as they are quite insoluble in alcohol, and both gums and resins are distinguished by their solubility in alcohol from viscin and caoutchouc. Weinling t describes visein as an intermediate substance between resin and caout- choue, and mentions its occurrence in young parts of Ficus elastica, where it is later on replaced by caoutchouc. It has also been described in Euphorbia helioscopia by Ohlenschlaeger, who calls it a caoutchouc-like resin. But viscin differs from caoutchouc by its solubility in ether, whereas caoutchouc only swells up in that liquid. * Hooker, * Icones Plantarum,’ 3rd series, vol. хх. (1890) t. 1950. t Weinling, * Planzenchemie, 1839. SECOND SERIES.—BOTANY, VOL. III. 2м 244 MR. Е. E. WEISS ON THE CAOUTCHOUC-CONTAINING The threads of Еисоттіа consist therefore of caoutchouc, for they are insoluble in alcohol, acids, and alkalis, though they become soft when treated with ammonia. "They dissolve in chloroform and turpentine, and swell up in ether. When heated they melt, and they burn with the characteristic smell of burning rubber. It is still uncertain whether the many substances described as caoutchouc or india- rubber are always the same chemical body, but that these threads consist of a substance having the usual characteristics of caoutchouc is beyond doubt. With certain colouring reagents these threads were, curiously enough, stained in the same manner and of the same colour as the cuticle covering the epidermal cells. Thus when treated with dilute iodine they rapidly assume a dark yellow or brown colour, while the remainder of the section is only faintly stained. Similarly, methyl green acidulated with acetic acid stains both the cuticle and the caoutchouc threads intensely violet, while the rest of the section is stained light green, the xylem vessels being some- what darker, but not of a violet colour. From the bark the rubber can very readily be extracted. If the bark be broken in pieces and pounded in a mortar, the mass can be roughly separated into two parts—one consisting of the tangled elastie threads, with small bits of broken bark adhering to them, the other chiefly of bits of bark containing, no doubt, smaller pieces of the threads. From both parts chloroform will dissolve out caoutchouc, а larger amount naturally from the portion which consists chiefly of the threads. Thus a sample of the threads and bark weighing 443 mg. gave as much as 25 mg. of caoutchouc, while the remaining bark, weighing 607 mg., yielded only 6 mg. Taking the two quantities together, the yield of caoutchouc was З per cent. of the weight of the dry bark, and the same figure was arrived at independently by Professor F. W. Oliver with another sample. The threads are clear and homogeneous, and the only impurity in the chloroform extract seems to be a little resin, which can be washed out with alcohol. Whether the bark can be made use of commercially I must leave to those who are more experienced in technical matters, but it is interesting to note that efforts are now being made to extract gutta-percha from the bark of trees which have been drained in the ordinary way of that product. Тһе yield in these cases was 5:3 to 5'7 per cent. of the wet bark used.* The threads themselves in situ in a section, both in longitudinal and transverse aspects, are highly doubly refractive, and remain so when swelled up with ether; but they lose this optical property when dissolved in turpentine or melted into an amorphous mass. The distribution of the caoutchouc-containing cells I had been able to determine from the dry material which I first examined, and these observations were confirmed by the examination of the material preserved in alcohol. They occur in the inner portions of the cortex, very much in the position in which the latex cells of Euphorbia are found, but are even more frequent in the secondary phloem, where they run between the companion cells (figs. 14 & 15), and in both cases present the appearance of very long narrow cells, attaining such a length that one only occasionally finds their ends. The sieve tubes of the secondary phloem have their sieve plates on their lateral radial, not * Bulletin of Miscell. Information, Kew, September 1891. CELLS ОЕ EUCOMMIA ULMOIDES, OLIVER. 245 on their transverse walls, as is the case in the primary phloem, and we find regular alternating peripheral rows of sieve tubes and companion cells, very often two of the former to one of the latter, as will be seen in fig. 14. Between the companion cells the cut ends of the caoutchouc threads will be seen. In the leaf a group of caoutchouc-containing cells accompanies the ramifying fibro- vascular bundles, running just below the phloem, while in the petiole and all along the bundle of the midrib they form two groups at the side of the bundle, and do not run below it. А few cells are scattered through the parenchyma, which forms the cushion on the underside of the midrib, and a good many are found in the parenchyma of the petiole. The pericarp of .Ewcommia, which resembles in appearance that of the Elm, is especially rich in these caoutchouc-containing cells. Below the epidermis of the peri- carp we find a few layers of large chlorophyll-containing cortical cells, which become very much compressed in the dry fruit. Within these are the fibro-vascular bundles, the main trunks running longitudinally, and connected by branching and anastomosing lesser bundles. The longitudinal bundles have a strong group of caoutchouc-containing cells accompanying them on their inner side, and immediately beneath them we find a large mass of circularly running cells of the same nature, forming quite a dense coat of hyphee-like thin-walled cells, showing their cell-walls very distinctly when the caout- chouc has been dissolved out by chloroform. Further within we find a group of thicker-walled cells very similar to and running in the same direction as the caoutchouc-containing cells, but with curious, almost black, granules and contents. The innermost layer of the pericarp consists of sclerenchy- matous cells. The caoutchouc-containing cells reminded me in many ways of the latex cells of the Euphorbiaceze and Аросупеге, in spite of their remaining unbranched and containing their caoutchouc in a consolidated mass. But the main difference between these cells and the latex cells became apparent when I began to study their development, and found that they can originate anew in all the secondary growths, both in the secondary phloem and also in all new organs, whether stem or leaf; whereas all true latex cells, according to Chauveaud’s latest embryonic researches *, arise from a limited number of initial cells, which can be distinguished at an early stage in the development of the embryos of Euphorbiacez, Urticaces, Apocyne, and Asclepiade. Schmalhausen +, it is true, had previously affirmed this embryonic origin of latex cells for a large number of cases, but his observations did not include the latex cells which are found in the secondary phloem in Ficus, Morus, Broussonetia, Maclura, and Nerium. These, however, according to Chauveaud, are also formed from the specialized cells of the embryo mentioned above, for, as he says (p. 151) :— ; * Dans les cas ой la plante acquiert des formations secondaires, ces formations sont parcourues par des tubes laticiféres issus des branches voisines des assises génératrices * Chauveaud, G., in Annales des Sciences naturelles, série vii. tome xiy. (1891) pp. 1-160. + Schmalhausen, in Меп, de Асай. de St. Pétersbourg, 7° série, vol. xxiv. (1877) no. 2. 2x2 246 MR. F. E. WEISS ON THE CAOUTCHOUC-CONTAINING et appartenantes au système laticifére primitif. On ne constate jamais l'apparition de nouvelles initiales aprés les premiers stades du développement embryonnaire.” In Eucommia, however, the caoutchouc-containing cells, whether they exist іп the embryo or not, are continuously formed anew in all new secondary growths. In the very young buds and in the youngest parts of older shoots, t. е. therefore in all meri- stematic regions, no trace of these cells will be found. They first make their appearance in the cortex of a rapidly growing internode. Тһе cortical tissue growing very rapidly here, we find a large number of transverse divisions to each initial cortical cell, the lateral walls of which have already attained some considerable thickness, and the tissue presents the appearance of a number of cells divided up by thin transverse walls (see figs. 1, 5, 8). This appearance of young tissues is figured by Sachs in his text-book in the case of the hypocotyledonary portion of the stem of the Sunflower (fig. 56), and in fig. 94 of his Lectures for the rapid tangential growth of the cortical cells. In the cortical cells at this stage longitudinal divisions take place in cells which are noticeable by their very granular protoplasm, which completely fills the cells, whereas the surrounding cortical cells have large vacuoles at this stage (fig. 1). Тһе cortical cells also contain several plastids, which are absent in the cells referred to. These initial cells occur most frequently about midway between the epidermis and the fibro- vascular bundles, in a region where the cortical cells are loosely packed and intercellular spaces abound, and are of considerable size; they may, however, occur only three cells beneath the epidermis, where the intercellular spaces are much smaller. The longitudinal division of these cortical cells may take place either by radial or tangential walls. In radial longitudinal section, such as those from which figs. 1 & 4 are drawn, the two daughter cells have arisen by tangential division of the mother cell. Fig. 6 is a drawing of a transverse section of an internode at a somewhat later stage of development, but it shows two young stages of division before any further elongation has taken place, or, at any rate, that part of the cell which has not elongated, and therefore they have the same appearance as а young stage. They are characterized by the larger diameter of the cells, by the presence of nuclei, and by the straight dividing wall. In the case in whieh this wall is anticlinal, I could not but compare the appear- ance of the daughter cells at this age with Chauveaud's figures of transverse sections of some embryos of Euphorbia. The figures in question are those of Euphorbia exigua (pl. i. fig. 2), of Euphorbia Peplus (pl. ii. figs. 6 & 7), and of Broussonetia papyrifera (pl. vii. fig. 8). In all these cases the initial cells, which develop into the latex cells, occur in groups of two, and suggest an origin (by longitudinal division of a mother cell) similar to that of the caoutchouc-containing cells of Eucommia. А number of other species of Euphorbia (E. falcata, E. helioscopia, E. Lathyris) ате figured by Chauveaud with a ring of latex-cell initials, and these too may have been derived in pairs from a mother cell. The same origin of the caoutchouc-containing cells of Eucommia occurs in the cells of the pith (fig. 3), but takes place here in somewhat older internodes, therefore at a later period than in the cortex. The caoutchouc-containing cells in the pith are of very much CELLS ОЕ EUCOMMIA ULMOIDES, OLIVER. 247 rarer occurrence than the similar cells in the cortex, which fact may be connected with the splitting away of the pith cells a little later on, so that a hollow stem is formed, with septa made up of very much stretched cells of the original pith, in which septa the caout- choue cells can be made out. But the origin of the cells is the same, and the pith at that early stage has a structure quite like that of the loosely built cortex (fig. 3). I was also able to observe a similar origin of the caoutchouc-containing cells in the parenchymatous tissue surrounding the vascular bundle of the petiole (fig. 2). Here too they arise by a longitudinal division of a cell of this tissue, which, however, here consists of more elongate cells more closely set than those of the cortex or pith, both of which are tissues with considerable intercellular spaces. In the secondary phloem I was not able to observe the actual origin of these cells, as the phloem cells are at their commencement more elongate than the cortical tissue, and there would be little difference between them and the caoutchouc-containing cells either in size or contents at so early a period. I cannot therefore state whether a cambium cell divides into two daughter cells, each of which grows out into a caoutchouc-containing cell, or whether these cells are each the result of differentiation of a single cambium cell. But from the young stages which I was able to observe in the secondary phloem, which contained a nucleus, and in which the caoutchouc was only in part formed, I can definitely conclude that these caoutchouc-containing cells do originate in the secondary phloem, and do not make their way there, as the latex cells of Broussonetia and Ficus for example do, according to Chauveaud. After the longitudinal division has taken place, the cells begin to grow out, and force their ends upwards and downwards through the intercellular spaces of the tissue in which they arise. This can be seen from fig. 3 in the case of the pith, and from fig. 4 in the case of the cortex. In fig. 4 growth has as yet commenced only at one extremity, but from the later stages it will be seen that the cell grows rapidly at both ends (fig. 5). The protoplasm, being now distributed over a larger area, becomes much clearer, and at the same time a vacuole makes its appearance in the cell, and enables the protoplasm te remain applied to the increasing surface. The origin of this vacuole is seen in fig. 4, and it is also seen in the more elongate cells of fig. 5. Here, however, № is only indi- cated in the wider part of the cell near the nucleus, as in the outgrowing parts the superficial view is drawn in order to show the appearance of the larger granules of caoutchouc. The lighter protoplasm enables us to see more clearly the large nucleus, which remains more or less in its initial position, and indicates the original position of the cell. I have never been able to find two nuclei in any of these cells, any appearance of two being attributable to some other cell, usually the sister cell lying below the cell under observation. To whatever length therefore these cells may grow, we must at present assume that all growth and other functions are regulated by this single nucleus. This would probably account for the fact that these caoutchouc-containing cells never branch like the latex cells of the Euphorbiacez, which cells Treub *, Schmidt +, Haberlandt {, and other * M. Treub, in Comptes rendus (1879); and in Archives Néerlandaises, t. xv. (1880) рр. 39-60. | Т E. Schmidt und Fr. Schmitz, in Sitzb. d. niedrh. Ges. für Natur- und Heilkunde zu Bonn (1879). (E. Schmidt, Bot, Zeit. (1882) p. 594). t 6. Haberlandt, * Function und Lage des Zellkerns,’ 1886. 248 МЕ. Е. E. WEISS ON THE CAOUTCHOUC-CONTAINING observers, have shown to contain numerous nuclei. Тһе unbranching character of the cell would not, however, preclude the existence of several nuclei, as Treub has shown that many unbranched bast-fibres have several nuclei. "Though therefore а ramifying cell, such as a latex cell, requires several nuclei for its continuous growth, which seems to last during the entire life of the plant, an unbranched but very extensive cell may also have several nuclei, and it is no doubt the presence of several nuclei which has enabled the branching cell to be evolved from the non-branching one. The caoutchouc-containing cells of Hucommia are therefore simpler in structure than the latex cells of the Euphorbiacez, and would also appear to be more primitive than the multinucleate fibres described by 'Treub. The nucleus of the caoutchouc-containing cells in the early stages is elliptical or round, usually containing one large nucleolus, but in later stages it becomes spindle- shaped, and often, in fact, generally, possesses two large nucleoli. The fact that the nucleus remains in its initial position, and is of considerable size, almost touching the cell-wall on either side, is an additional support to the purely negative evidence, which has led me to the conclusion that only a single nucleus is present in these cells. As the ends of the initial cells grow out, they make their way upwards and down- wards along the path of least resistance, $. e. along the intercellular spaces. Ав these are, however, large and numerous, the course of the cells is fairly straight (fig. 8). But usually the two sister cells become separated by the obstacles they meet on their course, and even at so early a stage as that represented in fig. 6, though the caoutchouc- containing cells run in pairs, yet most sister cells are separated by considerable intervals. They can, however, usually be matched in couples. This becomes more difficult in the later stages, as is apparent from fig. 7. | Тһе growing end of the cell is often curiously dilated into a bulbous termination, similar to those described by Schmalhausen for the ends of the latex cells in the root of Euphorbia embryos. But Schmalhausen speaks of a tapering end behind which the actual dilatation occurs, whereas those of the caoutchouc-containing cells of Hucommia terminate bluntly with the bulb. Schmalhausen’s observations gave him the impression as though it were only with difficulty that the latex cell could find room, between the cells, to push in its apex, and that it endeavours by extension to fill up all possible cavities. The dilatations I have observed in many cases, however, could have no such cause, as they were found in the middle of wide intercellular spaces (fig. 10). Immediately behind the apex, the walls, usually thin and delicate, are considerably thickened (fig. 10). In some of the bulbous terminations the contents were still of a granular nature, and had not yet coalesced into a solid mass, characteristic of their final state. In these cases the bulbous terminations contained a certain amount of substance, staining deeply with protoplasmic stains, and there is no reason to suppose that these cells were unable to continue to grow. In others, however, the contents were already fused into a solid mass - of homogeneous caoutchouc, and little or no protoplasm could be observed, so that a considerable diffieulty would lie in the way of our considering these as actively growing ends. I would suggest, therefore, that these dilatations, when they occur in such positions as that figured in fig. 10, indicate that the limit of growth of one of these cells has been CELLS OF EUCOMMIA ULMOIDES, OLIVER. 249 reached, which may be due either to the nucleus having come to the end of its functional power, or, as seems more likely, to the nucleus having been cut off from communication with the growing point of the cell by a blocking up of its lumen with caoutchouc. For in many cases in which the end-bulb still contained protoplasmie substance, or at least a substance staining like protoplasm, but containing also a large amount of caoutchouc granules, the thinner portion of the cell behind the end-bulb was entirely filled with a solid mass of caoutchouc, between which and the cell-wall I could not demonstrate any protoplasm. I searched diligently for а nucleus in these end-bulbs, which at first seemed to me likely places for additional nuclei, but could in no case discover any. Other dilatations occur occasionally in places where growth has been hindered by some obstruction, and here, too, a thickening of the cell-wall takes place (fig. 11). It is such an irregular growth in which we get a short horizontal extension, that appears as a long cell in the transverse section (fig. 7). The bulbous dilatations occur in the most striking manner in the teeth of the developing leaves, where they may be seen in large numbers, especially after swelling up the ordinary tissues with sulphuric acid (fig. 12). Here they are very irregular in appearance, and here they would seem to indicate that the growth of the caoutchouc-containing cells had become impeded by the slowness of the development of the leaf. Неге, therefore, the cells should still be in a growing condition, and yet in many cells the contents are already clear, indicating that the caoutchouc has become set into a solid mass. In longitudinal section (fig. 13) the bulbs will be seen arching over the end of the vessel and terminating but a few cells behind the meristematie cells of the tooth. THE CONTENTS OF THE CELLS (fig. 9, а, 0, с, & d). During the early stages of growth of the cells above described, the protoplasm contains a number of smaller and some very much larger granules (figs. 5 and 9 a). These latter and some of the smaller are of the nature of caoutchouc, and can best be identified by the intense blue or violet colour which they assume with acidulated methyl green. Their solubility in chloroform is another test. These granules appear also in many of the cells of the primary phloem, in which no caoutchouc-containing cells occur (fig. 9 d). Nor do these phloem cells become stored with caoutchouc, but the granules seem to be re-absorbed, for in older internodes of the same shoot no such granules are seen. In the caoutchouc-containing cells, the large granules become more numerous till the cells are densely packed with granules (fig. 9 б), and finally they become welded into a solid mass, which at first shows its origin from a granular matrix by numerous lines indicating splits and cracks in the contents (fig. 9c). Ultimately, however, the contents become quite homogeneous, as mentioned at the commencement of this paper, and form elastic threads, which are observed on breaking asunder a bit of bark or a leaf. Тһе contents are then drawn out of the cells and show themselves to be very 250 МВ. Е, E. WEISS ON THE CAOUTCHOUC-CONTAINING elastie. If a young developing leaf be treated in this way, the contents may be pulled out before the complete fusion of the granules has taken place, and threads will be seen presenting a jagged outline owing to the granules protruding along the side of the thread. By the time the fusion has taken place it is impossible to demonstrate any protoplasmie contents to the cells, and we must assume that all further growth ceases. CONCLUDING REMARKS. From the foregoing description of the caoutchouc-containing-cells of Hucommia, it will be seen that, while reminding one in many particulars of the latex cells of the Euphorbiacez, yet in some very essential points they differ from them. They agree with the latex cells in their occurrence in the inner portion of the cortex, in the secondary phloem, and to some extent in the pith. They elongate enormously, and make their way by a sliding growth into the growing regions and largely into the leaves. They contain at the commencement numerous large caoutchouc granules in their protoplasm, though these granules afterwards become welded into a homogeneous mass of caoutchouc. They differ, however, chiefly from latex cells— (1) In remaining unbranched and containing only a single nucleus. (2) In arising de novo in all secondary growths, such as the secondary phloem and in new shoots and leaves. As far as this secondary difference is concerned they would in this agree with the latex cells of the Cannabinese, of Urtica, and of Vinca, in which the latex cells do not arise from specialized cells of the embryo, as they do in the Euphorbiex. Chauveaud has, therefore, also distinguished the latter, as “ tubes continus primitifs," from those of Urtica, which he calls *tubes continus ultérieurs.” бо, too, they might be called in Ewcommia, were it not for the fact that their contents, except possibly at a very early stage, are very different indeed from what is usually termed latex. They seem to contain only the one substance, which I have taken to be caoutchouc, and never present fats, oils, or starch. I have, accordingly, preferred to call them merely what they seem to me to be, 4. е. caoutchouc-containing cells. Yet, morphologically, they may be equivalent to the cells usually termed latex cells, but are less specialized and less elaborate in structure than these, and I think we may therefore venture to assume that latex cells of a more organized type may have been derived from cells similar to those of Eucommia, and possibly our conclusions may support the views of some observers who have dealt with the relationship of the various forms of laticiferous tissues. Pax *, in his paper on the Anatomy of the Euphorbiaces аз affecting their classifi- cation, takes the separate closed sacs containing latex which are found in some of the Ricinocarpeze and in the Acalyphe аз the starting-point in the evolution of the latex cells of Euphorbiaceze. In the group of the Johannesi:e the individual cells of the articulated sacs are of different length, some of considerable length, and if, as Pax * Engler's Botanische Jahrbücher (1884), pp. 384-421. CELLS OF EUCOMMIA ULMOIDES, OLIVER. 251 suggests, we consider the number of these cells reduced to one, and that one endowed from its first formation with a very pronounced power of elongation, we arrive at the ordinary latex cell, such as we find it in the group of the Euphorbiez. Chauveaud * inverts this order and considers the long, branching, but undivided cells of the Euphorbieze as the most primitive form of latex tissue (“ tubes continus primitifs "), just as the unicellular or non-cellular Бірһопеге represent а more primitive form than the multicellular plants. The fact, also, that the latex cells of the Euphorbiew arise in the embryo itself seems also to strengthen Chauveaud in his conclusion, and he lays great stress on three cases in which the embryo presents the continuous latex cells, whereas in the adult plant the laticiferous system is represented by a series of closed sacs, though be has no direct observations to show that the latter have arisen by a dividing of the continuous cells of the embryo. The plants alluded to are Aleurites triloba, Jatropha Curcas, and Jatropha multifida. My own observations оп Eucommia tend in no way to support. Chauveaud's theory of the relationship of the different forms of laticiferous tissues, but illustrate, I think, another step in the series of forms through which Pax would lead us to the highly specialized inarticulated laticiferous tubes. Рах” suggestions have been provisionally accepted by Dr. Scott f, in his valuable paper read before this Society, in which he shows how, starting from the same primitive condition of closed laticiferous saes, we might also derive the articulated laticiferous vessels of Manihot and Hevea. The fact that these two different systems, the non-articulated cells of the Euphorbieze proper and the articulated vessels of Manihot and Hevea, can be derived from the closed secretory sacs, such as those found in the Ricinocarpem, by a development towards the same end, namely, towards continuity, seems to me to be a strong claim for the correctness of Pax's suggestion; whereas, according to Chauveaud, the “ tubes continus primitifs ” become discontinuous by dividing into a number of separate cells, such as are found in Cnesmone and Dalechampia, only to become continuous again in the case of the articulated vessels of Hevea and Manihot. It is not, however, my object in this paper to discuss the origin of the articulated vessels, as in Ewcommia; my observations bear only on non-articulated cells. I consider that we are dealing here with a primitive, though not the most primitive, form of a latex cell. Тһе caoutchouc-containing cells of Еисопита are, I think, similar to the closed latex sacs described by Pax in the group of the Johannesieze, but are somewhat more specialized, and therefore, in some respects, more like the latex cells of the Euphorbiez proper. Their specialization shows itself in the fact that the initial cell divides into two before elongation takes place, so that we have always two daughter cells in the place of the primitive mother cell. This division of the initial cell into two reminds one, as I have stated previously, of the appearance of the initial cells figured in some of the Euphorbian embryos by Chauveaud, so that I do not regard it as improbable that this division into two may have been a step in the evolution of the non-articulated latex cells of Euphorbia. * Annales des Sciences naturelles, Série vii. tome xiv. (1891) pp. 1-160. + Journal of the Linnean Society, vol. xxi. (1885) pp. 566-573. SECOND SERIES.— BOTANY, VOL. III. 2N 252 MR. Е. E. WEISS ON THE CAOUTCHOUC-CONTAINING Тһе caoutchoue-containing cells of Eucommia are unbranched and still contain only one nucleus, but it is easy to conceive that a division of this nucleus into several younger nuclei, a division which might become necessary by the dimensions of the cells, would enable the cell under certain conditions to branch out in other directions, as it has become normal for the latex cells of the Euphorbiacee. But the faculty of branching having been acquired, and their powers of growth having been increased by their multinucleate condition, the number of these cells might very naturally become reduced. Such reductions are of frequent occurrence in the vegetable kingdom. І need only cite the reduction which takes place from multisporangiate leaves to unisporangiate forms among the Cryptogams, and the reduction of the number of archegonia which has taken place in the phylogeny of the Gymnosperms and Angio- sperms. There is also, both in the vegetable and in the animal kingdom, the well-known tendency of “anticipation,” which for example, in the group of vascular Cryptogams, has caused the differentiation of sexes to be anticipated by the heterosporous forms in the sporangium, while the more primitive homosporous forms do not show that differentiation until the prothallium is developed. This same tendency has, I think, in the evolution of the laticiferous cells, caused the embryo to produce these laticiferous cells, and their formation from cells in older tissues has become unnecessary, by reason of their excessive growth and vitality, very much as Pax suggests. The occurrence of closed latex sacs in the adult plant in Aleurites and Jatropha, for which Chauveaud has described non-articulated latex cells in the embryo, may indicate merely the retention of the older form of laticiferous tissue by the adult plant, while the latex cells which are to supersede the closed sacs are found already starting, and at least supplying the embryo. Whether Eucommia has initial cells іп its embryo similar to those of Euphorbia or not we have no means at present of ascertaining, but I would like again to mention that these cells in Euphorbia often occur in pairs, and then present all the appearances of the initial cells in the cortex of Eucommia. I incline to the belief that the embryo of Eucommia has no such cells, first on the ground that they would be unnecessary to а. plant which is so well provided with other cells in its new organs, and, secondly, because these caoutchouc-containing cells do not arise in meristematic regions, but in a secondary manner, in tissues which are far progressed towards maturity. The function of the caoutchouc-containing cells, as far as the preceding observations go, cannot be in any way connected with the conduction of food substances ; for they are closed cells filled with a solid mass of caoutchouc, which would prevent the passage of food substances as effectually as a callus plug. Their presence in large number in the leaves might suggest the idea that they conduct away substances formed in the leaf, but they terminate not so much in the assimilating layer as at the margin of the leaf, which would be much more suggestive of some sort of protection against insects or other animals, to which the caoutchouc might prove distasteful. Their occurrence, too, in the middle of the pericarpal wall in such large numbers would support this theory. If the CELLS OF EUCOMMIA ULMOIDES, OLIVER. 253 latex cells have been derived from such cells as have been described, it would seem that their primary function was to store up the waste products, or, at all events, to secrete some substance which would render the leaves distasteful, and, therefore, more or less immune. When the laticiferous system, however, was elaborated to form a continuous system throughout the plant, whether as articulated vessels or non-»rticulated cells, the secondary function of food conduction may have been added to their first and primary function of protection. How do the foregoing observations affect the systematic position of Eucommia ? Professor Oliver, from the scanty material with which he had to deal, especially owing to the absence of flowers, did not definitely assign Eucommia to any natural order, but suggested that it might have affinities with the Euphorbiacez, and perhaps more especially with the Phyllanthoidez. If the cells described have any morphological affinity with the latex cells of Euphorbiaces, they would tend to support Professor Oliver's suggestion that this plant might be associated with the Euphorbiacere. The Phyllanthoidez, however, according to Pax * are devoid of laticiferous tissues ; we should therefore have to include Еисоттіа among the Crotonoidez, which have some laticiferous tissue, however elementary, and if we were to lay as much stress on the anatomical character of the laticiferous tissue as Pax does in his paper in Engler's * Jahrbuch’ we might place it either in a group at the side of the Johannesiez, or between the Johannesieze and the Hippomane:e. As, however, no flowers are to hand, these suggestions are merely speculative, and at present practically valueless ; for, if we adopt Chauveaud's classification of the laticiferous tissues, we might associate Еисоттиа, as possessing “tubes continus ultérieurs," with either Cannabis, Urtica, or Vinca. Тһе value of these anatomical characters in classification сап only be secondary. Still, as they have their function as secondary characters, it may be as well to mention that in Eucommia we find no medullary phloem groups, and that the secondary phloem presents distinct masses, hard bast elements alternating with the soft bast. In conclusion, I take this opportunity of thanking the Director of the Royal Gardens of Kew for putting this interesting material at my disposal, and I wish also to acknow- ledge the help and suggestions I received during my investigations from Professor F. W. Oliver. * Е. Pax in Engler’s Bot. Jahrb. (1884) p. 404, and in * Engler's Natürliche Pflanzenfamilien,’ vol. iii. p. 5. 254 Fig. 8. ON CAOUTCHOUC-CONTAINING CELLS OF EUCOMMIA ULMOIDES, OLIVER. DESCRIPTION OF THE PLATES. Рілте LVII. . Longitudinal section through the cortex of а young internode, showing two initial cells with dense protoplasm surrounded by the loose cortical cells. These latter possess a vacuole and plastids, which are not present in the initial cells. . Two initial cells in the more closely packed cells of the petiole of a young leaf. . Initial cells in the pith of Eucommia, showing commencement of elongation. . Initial cells in the cortex beginning to elongate at one extremity, and showing the formation of the vacuole. . А group of very young caoutchouc-containing cells, showing their elongation in two directions. The larger granules in these cells are grains of caoutchouc, the smaller ones protoplasmic granules. Тһе two lower cells have been derived from one mother cell. . Тгапзуегзе section of a young internode. Тһе cortical tissue has large intercellular spaces, іп which the young caoutchouc-containing cells can be seen in pairs. The larger cells are those which have been cut through in the region of the nucleus. . Transverse section through an older internode, in which the caoutchouc-containing cells have become more separated one from the other, and show clearer contents owing to the consoli- dation of the caoutchouc granules into a homogeneous mass. | | Longitudinal section through an older internode, showing the course of the caoutchouc cells through the very loosely packed cortex. Pirate LVIII. Fig. 9а,6, & с. Different stages in the consolidation of the caoutchouc granules. In а the granules are not very numerous ; in 0 they almost fill the cell; and in c they have become fused into а single mass. Fig. 9 d. Cell from the phloem of a young internode, in which large grains of caoutchouc make their Fig. 10. appearance within the primordial utricle. Bulbous dilatation by which many of the caoutchouc cells terminate in the cortical and other tissues, Fig. 11. Bulbous dilatation which is not terminal. Fig. 19. Fig. 13. Fig. 14. Fig. 15. Tooth of a young leaf after treatment with sulphurie acid. Тһе leaf is rendered transparent, and shows the irregular bulbous terminations of the caoutchouc cells. ; Longitudinal section of tooth of young leaf, showing the termination of two caoutchouc cells. Transverse section of the secondary phloem of Eucommia. The caoutchouc cells are seen running between the sieve tubes and the companion cells. The sieve tubes have their sieve plates on the radial walls. m.r. median тау; в.р. sieve plate; c.c. caoutchouc cell. Longitudinal section of the secondary phloem, showing the course of the caoutchouc cells. Sieve plates are seen in surface over and in section. (Figs. 14 and 15 have been drawn from preparations made from dried material) . 1. Pr. 57 TRANS.LiNN.Soc.Srn 2.Bor Vor. Il "Weiss . J.N.Fitch lith.et шар. .CAOUTCHOUC-CONTAINING CELLS OF EUCOMMIA. PE Weiss del. [RANS.LtNN.S80c. Sen. 2. Bor Vor II. Pr.. 58. . m m e — m. P A м: а ыза. a res es ae УРУ 7 to 2% 52565622622 ем: J.B. Fitch.hth.et imp. Wir Tae A^ uU қ т (4. ' а RN EH Y ©) d 090 г ce 2 vtta t L А; m. m v1 LY ii ERN Al iW \ \ \ ia 5 CAOUTCHOUC-CONTAINING CELLS OF EUCOMMIA . ü шу В eU ы etsi TVA. LN р. 2322. T Ri x FE Weiss del. LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. MEMORANDA CONCERNING TRANSACTIONS. Li ols. 26-30, 4s. to the publie, and 3s. to Fellows. The Second Series of th | из parts which have been published of these are as undermentioned :— ! ` Price to the 22 Price to | VS When Price to the 2. Раб. «c Fellows | Published. Publie. É x EI ITA | T3 d de $есохр Sertes.—Borany. i PH 118752... 0 8 ‚рен ОН; 1875. 616 Part ІН. 1876..... 0 12 Part IV. 1876..... 0 10 Part V. 1878..... Part УЕ 1879..... i880. :... -1880..... ВО. es АВ: Pot HL 1682) 7: ‘Pare HI. leas, А <<, = Pat йз ср Part VI. 1884. 2, "CC Part VIL Bèt. ^ Раб IX. 1886..... GET ITI КОА 1 woe AR б 1 м bo на “с m" M о © 33090-19590 соо оо eooc*ocoooocooooocooooc?9 оосо е _ The First Series of the Transactions, containing both Botanical and Zoological contributions, has been completed in 30 Vols., and а few entire sets are still for sale. Only certain single volumes, or parts to complete sets, may Те obtained at the original prices. The price of the Index to Vols. 1-25 is 8s. to the public, and 6s. to Fellows; to ‘Transactions is divided into Zoological and Botanical sections. The | гісев of the Price to Fellows. £ е е Фсәсе ооо н ee oococooococoococooocococcooc м. (ae 32:0 O OQ n Moo зд зз © MOM Ф 8. 15 - ® с сс © = a а. з 2 2nd Ser. BOTANY. | [VOL. ПТ. PART 8. © ТНЕ TRANSACTIONS OF THE LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. ON BUD-PROTECTION IN DICOTYLEDONS BY PERCY GROOM, В.А., FRANK SMART STUDENT, GONVILLE AND: CATUS COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE, (Communicated by D. Н. Scorr, М.А. Рн.Б., ELS) LONDON: 2 PRINTED FOR THE LINNEAN ‘SOCIETY = s Y TAYLOR AND FRANCIS, RED шом соат, FLEET. STREET. EC is ji 22 : UE ae T ES _ SOLD AT THE socreme's APARTMENTS, BURLINGTON-HOUSE, PICCADILLY, э, ә AND BY LONGMANS, GREEN, AND оо, ‘PATERNOSTER-ROW. ee ШЕ. 4 ому 1893. [ 255 | Р, IX. On Bud-protection in Dicotyledons. By Percy Groom, B.A., Frank Smart Student, Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge. (Communicated by D. Н. Scorr, MA., Ph.D., F.L.S.) (Plates LIX. & LX.) (2 Read 18th February, 1892. THE welfare, or even the very existence, of a plant is dependent on the preservation of the young growing parts of the shoot. Yet several circumstances conspire to render the life of the bud precarious. A growing bud is more or less exposed in position, and necessarily delicate in structure: hence it is peculiarly liable to physical injury from excess of light, extremes of temperature, and loss of indispensable water. For the same reasons buds are rendered an easier prey to hostile organisms, whilst the nutritious nature of their contents even invites attack. Not only do these young parts of a plant require protection, it is also imperative that the protective mechanism should be of such a sort as to permit of simultaneous or, at any rate, subsequent growth: hence many of the protective measures adopted by mature organs are out of the question. The most striking illustrations of bud-protection are to be seen when the environment is peculiar. When plants are exposed alternately to a favourable and an unfavourable season, there is frequently a wide difference between the actively growing buds and the “resting buds.” Тһе latter are often covered by an envelope of scale-leaves, by persistent petioles, peculiar prophylla, modified stipules (1), &c. Goebel has described the careful manner in which the growing-point and young leaves of succulent plants are buried in the older tissue (13). These cases may be contrasted with those of plants growing under favourable conditions. Submerged plants and many plants growing in a perennially moist and warm region (5) have buds of loosely-packed leaves, so that the growing-point is all but exposed. But the means of bud-protection adopted by a plant depend as much on the character of the plant as on the environment. Marchantia, though growing in moist and shady places, possesses an elaborate arrange- ment of amphigastria curled over the growing-point and a thick coating of mucilage over the young tissue: the reason of this is that Marchantia is very sensitive to loss of _ moisture. | The need for protection on the part of the growing-point and younger leaves explains at once the fact that older leaves cover the younger leaves at the end of the shoot—in fact, that a “bud” is formed in order to permit the younger leaves developing as far as possible under the shelter of the older leaves; they are closely packed and often folded so as to take up the least room possible inside the bud (3). Frequently, too, when the outside leaves of а bud expand, the blades of the younger leaves are not immediately exposed in consequence: the latter may be covered by their own stipules (2), or they SECOND SERIES.—BOTANY, VOL. III. 20 256 MR. PERCY GROOM ON BUD-PROTECTION IN DICOTYLEDONS. may be protected by outgrowths from the base of older leaves (e. в. Clusia, Taberne- montana, Fagrea) and the outgrowths may take the definite form of stipules. But the most critical time for the young leaves is when they are first exposed, their epidermal walls being thin and feebly euticularized, and their chlorophyll dilute and easily decomposed. То avoid excess of light these youngest exposed leaves are frequently directed vertically. Often, too, this arrangement is associated with a diminution of the transpiring surface caused by a folding of the lamina or the close contact of two leaves. In many plants with opposite leaves, the two outermost leaves of a bud are directed vertically with their inner faces in close contact (e.g. many Rubiacee, Clusia sp., Bucklandia populnea, В. Br., Veronica imperialis). In Durio zibethinus the pendent arrangement of the conduplicate young leaves gives a characteristic appearance to the tree. In some plants with stalked leaves the change of direction of the lamina leads to the older leaves at the end of a shoot forming an umbrella-like screen over the youngest exposed leaves (е. g. Gossypium, Dombeya Mastersii, species of Abutilon, Hura crepitans, Begonia sp.). Frequently the young leaves are coated with glistening hairs. That these hairs perform their functions whilst the leaves are young, is proved by the fact that the older leaves may be apparently quite glabrous. One of the functions of these hairs is to protect the young leaves, for they diminish transpiration and radiation and reflect light. The young leaves of many plants are rendered conspicuous by their colour, being generally red, reddish brown, or brown. These colorations are especially common in plants exposed to strong sunlight, $. е. alpine plants and tropical plants (е. g. sp. of 1тоға, Calophyllum, Treculia africana, Decne., Garcinia Cambogia var. papilla, Nephelium Litchi, Clusia вр., Wormia Burbidgei). Various experiments make it probable that these colouring-matters protect the young leaves from excess of light (16). At the same time they шау be merely the unavoidable results of meta- bolism, or have some other significance ; for we find that the colour is often due to the presence of tannin or tannin-like bodies. Also similar red colouring-matters are found on parts not exposed to light, e.g. in villous colleters, &с. (Cosmibuena, Hoffmannia). These villi are not manufacturing the colouring-matters for the use of the young leaves ; for, as far as I could see, the colouring-matters were never transported from the colleters : in addition the leaves of Cosmibuena are green when they emerge. .. Many buds have a great protective auxiliary in the secretion which covers and fills them. ‘This secretion consists of gummy mucilage or resin, or both together (7 & 17); it is secreted by the general epidermis, by colleters, or by **leaf-teeth." These “ blasto- colla ”-secreting glands are characterized by their early development and their short- lived activity. The colleters, further, occur only on that essentially protective organ, the leaf-base, or on its outgrowths (stipules). After functioning for a short time the eolleters, and often the stipules which bear them, dry up or drop off. These facts sufficiently indicate that these external secretory organs are definitely formed for the sake of the bud. It is, unfortunately, impossible to excise these structures early, and thus give confirmatory evidence of their importance to the bud; I did, however, remove the secretory hairs of the youngest exposed leaves of a species of Ochna. The hairs occur at the margin of the leaf and only secrete in the bud, and not later in life. MR. PERCY GROOM ON BUD-PROTECTION IN DICOTYLEDONS. 257 The result of the excision was nil. The experiment merely showed that the hairs are not essential to the older leaves. The following points are worthy of note with reference to the secretion :—(i.) the secretion, being adhesive, glues all the young parts together ; (ii.) forming a thin coat over the young exposed leaves it diminishes transpiration by reflecting some of the sun’s rays; (iii.) mucilage, being hygroscopic, diminishes the loss of water due to transpiration. In addition it might be suggested that mucilage prevents the bud being drained of moisture by excessive transpiration of the older leaves. Wiesner states that in the well-known sympodial shoots of dicotyledonous trees the death of the growing-points is occasioned by the older leaves draining the apex (14). Pfeffer’s measurements of the osmotic power of gum arabic give an idea of the energy with which the secretion sucks in water. Attention does not appear to have been called to the fact that the employment of a hygroscopic substance like mucilage (and tannin) is an admirable means of eontrolling the water-supply of an organ for two reasons: first, the osmotic power of a solution increases with a rise of temperature ; secondly, the osmotie power inereases with the concentration of the solution. Тһе result is that when a bud is in greatest danger of losing all its water—i. e. when the temperature is high and a considerable amount of water has been evaporated from the mucilage—the remaining | water is held most firmly or a first supply of water is absorbed most fiercely. It is probable that this external secretory apparatus is also of use in removing excreta from the young cells. The following reasons may be given in support of this view :— (i.) the precocious development of internal excretory organs suggests the importance of a speedy removal of products which would retard the activity of the young cells; (ii.) many plants which possess colleters &e. also have internal structures which manu- facture or store up the same substances, resin and mucilage, e. g. Rubiacee, Apocynacee, Asclepiadee, Guttifere, Dilleniacee ; (ii.) we are unable to attach any significance {о the secretion of mucilage by the leaf-tips of certain submerged water-plants, е. g. Myriophyllum, Ceratophyllum (8); (iv.) it is suggestive, too, that laticiferous tubes should penetrate the colleters, as І have shown to be the case in the Apocynacee. This view of the double nature of the service performed by colleters affords a means of conceiving of their primary mode of origin in several distinct unconnected families. Originally, then, the young epidermis of the plants became the recipient of excreta. The plant soon found the advantage of completely ejecting the excreta, so that deeper tissues need not share in their storage or removal: so the excretion oozed through the epidermal walls first over the whole surface of the leaf, and subsequently in localized places. Тһе plant discovered the benefit of the secretion as a protective agent, and thence the external secretory apparatus was elaborated till it reached its present state of perfection. Тһе various stages above mentioned actually occur in different plants. Тһе whole process may be compared to that by which substances which were originally coloured katabolites (tannin, &c.) subsequently became also protective in function. Many plants possess other glands which may be protective in function—water-stomata. Gardiner (12) and Moll regard these as species of safety-valves to permit the escape of excess of water, and thus prevent rupture of the delicate tissue of the young leaves. 202 258 MR. PERCY GROOM ON BUD-PROTECTION IN DICOTYLEDONS. Special Work *. The following observations refer chiefly to colleters. It may therefore be briefly stated that it is to Hanstein alone that we are indebted for our knowledge of colleters of Dicotyledons. He considers that colleters were always trichomes, whilst he supposed that the mucilage part of their secretion first appeared as a colligenous layer in the cell- wall. My own observations refer to plants belonging to Rubiacee, Apocynacee, Asclepia- dea, Guttifere, Dilleniacee. RUBIACEA. Cosmibuena obtusifolia is a native of tropical 8. America. The opposite stalked leaves have between them two large leaf-like stipules which possess no midrib. On closer examination it is seen that the bases of the stipules are continuous with a short outgrowth from the inner face of the leaf-base. So the stipules may be described as sheathing, but the axillary portions of the stipules are very small. This sheath bears a number of villi, which thus form a complete zone round the stem. Тһе Bud.—The apex of the shoot may be seen to be surmounted by two (rarely three) stipules glued tightly together by the “ blastocolla.” On separating these two stipules the next two leaves are seen directed vertically upwards, just within, with their inner faces closely adhering (Pl. LIX. fig. 1); these leaves by their growth force the apices of the stipules apart and so emerge. Thus the stipules do not protect the leaves to which they belong; they protect the younger leaves. The stipules subsequently drop off, and the scars are covered with cork. The actual growing-point is at the base of a relatively deep pit, the wall of which is formed by the concentric sheaths belonging to several successive pairs of leaves and stipules. The growing-point is of course covered with secretion. | Development of the Stipules.—In the earliest stage I succeeded in observing that there was an annular outgrowth of tissue common to leaf and stipule: this was thicker where the young leaves had already made themselves visible. Тһе stipule was merely repre- sented by a tiny triangular protuberance. Structure and Development of the Villi.—Each villus is, roughly, pear-shaped, and consists of a single layer of palisade-like secreting-cells, which cover a mass of thin- walled “ conducting parenchyma ” cells. Each villus arises as an elevation of a few cells. The young epidermal cells at this spot are, in general, more elongated at right angles to the surface, and possess larger and more deeply-staining nuclei than the adjoining cells (fig. 2). Тһе cells below them are smaller and stain more deeply than the rest of the paronohy ma. The epidermis of this slight protuberance divides radially only: these divisions and those of the subjacent cells lead to the formation of a considerable outgrowth. At this stage the young external secreting-cells possess large nuclei and a deeply-staining granular protoplasm. The size of the nuclei and the depth * : 5 . Unfortunately » owing to my leaving England, I was unable to complete the work as I should have wished. It was not till too late that км how easy it was to һе deceived by the use of Hanstein's reagent in testing for resin ; so that I cannot positively state that resin is present in all the secretions, though gummy mucilage is, MR. PERCY GROOM ON BUD-PROTECTION IN DICOTYLEDONS, 259 of staining of the protoplasm decrease as the cells approach the non-secretory epidermal cells. The subsequent changes consist in the radial division and elongation of the external (epidermal) cells to form a secretory layer, and the division and elongation of the internal cells to form the conducting parenchyma (fig. 4). As the secretory cells grow older their staining qualities diminish, and the nucleus finally becomes a feebly-staining bubble-like body. "Thus it is seen that the villus is an emergence. ‘The villi are red in colour and secrete mucilage and resin. Coprosma Baueriana (and C. Baueriana var. variegata) is a native of New Zealand. Its leaves are opposite, stalked; their bases are continuous with small triangular inter- petiolar stipules. But the stipules are really sheathing in that they are continued asa- small cushion on the inner face of the leaf-base. The villi form a complete zone round the stem, being perched on the top of these peculiar sheathing-stipules. Each triangular stipule possesses about five villi, the median one of which is the largest and is situated at the apex of the triangle (fig. 6). The growing-point is at the bottom of a small pit formed just as in Cosmibuena. Development of the Stipules.—The development of the leaves and their stipules is so nearly simultaneous that I only succeeded in discovering leaves without well-defined stipules in a few lateral buds. Тһе young lateral bud is flattened in contour; the first leaves arise as distinct swellings in the transverse plane of the bud. Very shortly after the tissue between these two leaves grows up, so that at this stage there is an annular outgrowth with two considerable prominences, which are the two leaves. But the interpetiolar part soon grows more vigorously at its median point, so as to form the large median terminal villus (fig. 6). Тһе other villi arise successively lower down, those lying in an axillary position forming later. Structure and Development of the Villi.—Each villus is a pear-shaped, shortly-stalked body, possessing the typical palisade-like secreting layer and a central mass of con- ducting parenchyma-cells. Amongst the latter are many large cells containing raphides. The villus develops like that of Cosmibuena (figs. 7 and8). The modified nuclei of the old cells are especially noticeable. | Hoffmannia macrophylla (syn. Higginsia macrophylla) is а native of Guatemala. Between each pair of large opposite leaves lie two small triangular hairy stipules. Тһе whole of the upper (inner) face of each stipule is raised into irregular glandular ridges and lobes. Each glandular elevation consists of a superficial layer of palisade-like secretory cells covering a tissue of somewhat elongated parenchyma-cells (figs. 9 and 10). Many of these parenchyma-cells are enlarged and contain raphides. Аз in all Rubiacee, the stipules and young parts generally are rich in tannin, which is especially collected in | the epidermis hairs and subepidermis of the stipule. Resin and gummy mucilage form the secretion. Тһе glandular outgrowths and some (all?) of the stipular hairs secrete. In the latter one easily sees pits in the transverse walls of the cells (fig. 11) and pro- toplasmic intercommunication. The cuticle of these hairs is raised, but outside the unbroken cuticle of many of the hairs one sees the small masses of the secretion, which, however, may possibly have been secreted by other cells. | The growing-point of the stem is surrounded by several concentric sheaths belonging 260 MR. PERCY GROOM ON BUD-PROTECTION IN DICOTYLEDONS. to two or three pairs of leaves and their stipules. Тһе leaves and stipules arise (almost) at the same time, so that I failed to find leaves without stipules. At first there is only a very insignificant sheath common to stipule and leaf, later it increases in size; but when the leaves are mature, one only sees slight indications of the fact that leaves and stipules originally formed a shallow sheath round the stem. The first trace of the glandular surface of the stipule is a tongue-like emergence which hangs down from the apex of the stipule on its inner side; this gland, in fact, looks just like the ineurved apex of the stipule (Pl. LX. figs. 12 and 13). Gradually the epidermis of the inner face of the stipule assumes the form of a secreting epithelium, the change travelling in a basipetal direction. The modifying epidermis is raised up here and there into lobes and ridges, which at first hang down over the growing-point and younger leaves. Gurdenia florida, Linn., has its leaves in opposite pairs, or, more rarely, in whorls of three. The stipule forms a continuous sheath surrounding the stem, and in the young bud it completely invests the younger leaves till forced open by their growth (Pl. LIX. fig. 14). Numerous villous colleters line the inner face of the leaf- and stipule-base. These colleters secrete the well-known Gardenia-resin, which is really a mixture of gummy mucilage and resin: this secretion has a disagreeable odour, and is used in India to protect objects from insects. These colleters also occur on the side of the calyx-base. Mode of Secretion.—Both the mucilage and the resin arise in the protoplasm of the secreting-cells. Very young secreting-cells are square in outline ; they possess a granular protoplasm and a good-sized nucleus. They soon elongate in a direction at right angles to the surface of the colleter. At this stage, sections cut in two per cent. solution of potassic nitrate showed the protoplasm slightly withdrawn from the walls of these cells. Adding iodiné solution. or potassic bichromate, small bubbles of mucilage (or mucigen) could be seen protruding from the surface of the protoplasm beneath the external and lateral cell-walls (РІ. LX. figs. 16, 17, 18). In the more central parts of the cytoplasm granules or globules of smaller size could be seen. Owing to the small size of the latter, I am unable to state whether they are proteid or mucilaginous in nature; but the appearances naturally suggest that they change into the mucilage drops found towards the outside of the protoplasm. Thus the mucilage arises in the form of droplets in the cytoplasm; the droplets are expelled through the lateral and external cellulose walls, where they fuse to form rod-like or plate-like masses, which in turn unite to form a subcuticular mass. The secretion ultimately invests the cells on all sides, except the inner side, and raises the cuticle to a considerable height (fig. 18). The protruding drops of mucilage within the cell, and the smaller central granules or globules, stain slightly differently from the mucilage which lies under the cuticle, even after the removal of the resin. This suggests that some change ensues as the drops pass through the cellulose wall or after their expulsion from the cell. Thus the mode of origin of the mucilage appears to resemble that described by Gardiner and Ito (15), as occurring in the hairs of the palee of Blechnum and Osmunda. Concerning the origin of the resin, I can only give the bare fact, as Hanstein originally gave it in other types, that resin occurs inside the secretory cells. MR. PERCY GROOM ON BUD-PROTECTION IN DICOTYLEDONS. 261 Food is conducted to the secretory cells partially in the form of carbohydrates, for transitory starch occurs in the conducting parenchyma of the colleter. | Gardenia laurifolia (2) resembles the preceding, except that the leaves are in whorls of threes, and when young are densely coated with hairs (fig. 14). In Pavetta indica the long strap-like colleters and the exceedingly elongated, often spirally thickened, woolly hairs form the basis of a eomplete and striking protective mechanism. | In the evil-smelling Pederia fætida the colleters are unusually large, and their relatively late development suggests a more lasting function than is usual to colleters. In Sarcocephalus sp. the villi are numerous; the simple hairs are represented by a papillose epidermis on the outer (lower) faces of the young leaves. АРОСУМАСЕХ. | Tabernemontana dichotoma.—Treub describes the bud аз protected by a coating of а wax-like substance secreted by colleters; but it merits a more close examination. "The leaves are decussate, stalked, but connate. Many growing buds present the following appearance :—The shoot ends in two leaves, the fused < bases” of which cover the younger leaves and apex, and only leave a narrow slit between them. This terminal slit (fig. 19) and the parts adjoining are covered by secretion. Forcing these two terminal leaves apart, one sees that not only are the “bases” of the leaves fused, but that there are minute ledge-like outgrowths growing out from the inner faces of the two leaf-“ bases." These ledge-like outgrowths, together with the fused leaf-bases, enclose a bell-shaped cavity, in which lie the younger leaves (fig. 22). The only opening to this cavity is the above-mentioned slit which runs in a plane at right angles to the two leaves in question. The walls of the cavity, or chamber, are lined by villous colleters which secrete copiously. From the floor of the chamber rise two more leaves arranged in a plane at right angles to the preceding; they are merely a repetition in miniature of the older pair, except that their p i / interbasal chamber encloses the growing | Yi point and tiny leaf-rudiments. When growth f t / a takes place the largest enclosed 1еауез push / Wy Y <) --% SSS BA through the slit, which, it will be noticed, has _ its plane coinciding with that of the emerging leaves (figs. 20 & 21). Тһе lips of the slit are thus forced asunder, or naturally gape asunder by their own growth, and the young leaves emerge, doubtless, coated with the secretion. Lower down the stem the fused “bases” с. of the mature leaves form a tight-fitting collar Diagrammatic longitudinal section through bud of t th Tabernemontana.—ch, chamber; s, slit; 1, ledge round the stem, and serve to protee е (stipule); с, colleters; lb, base of leaf; st, stem 1 axillary bidas- - yl, younger leaf enclosed in chamber. Structure of the Villi.—The villi call for no special description ; they are perfectly normal in structure, but spherocrystals occur in place of raphides. Delicate vascular 262 MR. PERCY GROOM ON BUD-PROTECTION IN DICOTYLEDONS. bundles run close up to the villi, so that the “nerve-parenchyma” and conducting parenehyma of the colleters are directly continuous. Many laticiferous tubes traverse the leaf-parenchyma and send branches into the colleters (fig. 23). Judging from the alcohol material at my disposal, the secretion seems to be of a resin-mucilage nature rather than a “ wax-like substance." The papillose epidermis on the upper face of the “ ledges " aids in the process of secretion. Alstonia scholarius, R. Br., in its mode of bud-protection reminds one of Taber- nemontana. Examining with the naked eye, а circlet of leaves is seen at the apex of the stem. From the base of each leaf a small tooth-like axillary process projects and lies above the younger leaves; this tooth-like process is obviously homologous with the ledge-like process of Tubermemontana, and both may be described as axillary stipules. Allamanda sp.—The leaves are stalked and exstipulate, and according to the species are arranged in whorls of two, three, or four leaves. On the inner face of the “ base " of each leaf of the calyx-lobes is a row of about five villi: these villi cover the bud with a gummy mucilage and resin secretion. Structure of the Villi.—Yhe villi are normal in structure, but it may be mentioned that laticiferous tubes penetrate them and frequently ascend to the secreting cells even (fig. 24). The secreting-cells resemble some described by Hanstein, so they may be described more in detail. In a mature secreting-cell the general protoplasm is very granular and the nucleus lies in the middle of the cell. Typically a large tannin- globule rests in the inner (basal) part of the cell, or sometimes there are several similar globules. On removing the tannin it is seen that it merely soaked a viscous substance : the latter stains pink with Hanstein’s reagent, and is what Hanstein called “amyloid "Substance" (probably a mucilaginous substance). Outside the cells the secretion first appears in the intercellular spaces between the upper ends of the secreting-cells, rather than outside their outer walls. As the secretion increases in quantity it penetrates deeper between the cells and forms a sort of honeycomb structure. Some of the secre- tion is visible outside the cuticle before the rupture of the latter; so some of the secretion must pass through the cuticle. It was this sort of appearance which led Hanstein to suppose that two cuticles might be formed. Often in older stages it is visible, so one cannot resist the conclusion that the secretion may dissolve the cuticle. Landolphia sp.—We might anticipate that the long “feelers " of this climbing plant, with their tiny leaves and elongated internodes, would display a complete arrangement for protecting the young leaves; and the colleters do appear to secrete for a longer period than on plants not possessing those long sunlight-bathed “ feelers.” Nerium oleander has colleters and woolly hairs. ASCLEPIADEA. Asclepias curassavica.—Hanstein figured and described the colleters which occur on the leaf-base. It may be added that villi also occur on the inner face of the calyx-base. Ceropegia stapeliaformis.—At the base of each small, triangular, succulent leaf is a MR. PERCY GROOM ON BUD-PROTECTION IN DICOTYLEDONS. 268 row of five or six conspicuous yellow colleters (fig. 25). Тһе colleters are more or less pear-shaped; or they may be lobed, as if two colleters were fused. In structure the colleter is a typical villus, but a vascular bundle runs for some distance in the axis of the colleter. Raphides do not occur in the villus. Villi are also present on the calyx. GUTTIFER®. Clusia rosea has opposite stalked leaves. On the dorsal (upper) face of the leaf-stalk base is a peculiar whitish “cushion” of tissue, which is hollowed out somewhat in the form of a boat. In addition there is a transverse row of colleters situated nearer the point of attachment of the leaf. Bud.—Many shoots terminate in two leaves, the cushions of which are closely applied so as to completely enclose the youngest leaves and growing-point (cp. figs. 26 & 28). As growth continues the “cushions” gradually separate, and the next pair of leaves emerges through the gaping slit thus formed (fig. 27). Тһе lateral buds are in addition protected by a peculiar “ prophylla” ($. е. first leaves of the branch), which are small and sessile (fig. 29). | Structure of Colleters.—The colleters are abnormalin structure. Тһе typical palisade- layer of secreting-cells has become split into several layers of cells arranged at right angles to the surface. Тһе conducting parenchyma is present as usual (figs. 30 & 31). In the other colleters the secretion may be seen arising in a lysigenous manner in the secreting layers, and forming irregular star-like masses. - Structure of the Cushion.—The epidermis of the * cushion" is composed of narrow cells with their long axes directed at right angles to the surface. "There is a thick cuticle. Between this layer and the ordinary parenchyma of the leaf-stalk lie several layers of elongated, thick-walled, parenchyma-cells. The walls of these cells contain a considerable amount of water and are copiously pitted. Protoplasmie strands pass into the pits and to (through?) the membranes. Тһе cells contain resin, tannin, sphero- crystals, and gummy mucilage. Тһе internal Secretory passages pass right in amongst these cells, as if to conduct their products thither. _ Loganiacee.—I noticed two Fagreas in the houses at Kew in which the bud-pro- tection is precisely similar to that in Clusia as far as external features go. Тһе young buds, too, seemed to be coated with secretion, so probably colleters are present. Unfortunately I was unable to obtain a bud for examination. (I have in Hong Kong observed colleters in some other Loganiacee.) DILLENIACE Л. Wormia Burbidgei is a native of Borneo, with alternate leaves. Examining the ` ends of the shoots at first no buds are visible; but a glance at the youngest leaf visible reveals the fact that the youngest leaves are stowed away in it. What look like the right and left halves of the basal part of the lamina are folded over towards the dorsal (upper) face of the leaf, and are fused to form a cylindrical chamber (fig. 32), which has a narrow slit-like aperture at its top. The chamber is found to SECOND SERIES.—BOTANY, VOL. III. 2 - 264 MR. PERCY GROOM ON BUD-PROTECTION ІХ DICOTYLEDONS. contain a younger leaf, whilst the unoccupied space is filled with secretion. This enelosed leaf contains in its sheathing base younger leaves, and finally the growing- point. The young leaf arises in the form of an annular outgrowth surrounding the growing-point. This ring is more developed on the side which produees the lamina. Тһе ring expands later into the “sheath.” Тһе oldest enclosed leaf pushes through the slit at the top of the sheath surrounding it, and by its growth ruptures the latter down to its very base. Тһе emerging leaf is coated with secretion and is brown in tint; the brown tint is due largely (solely ?) to the presence of tannin. The secretion is poured out by the epidermis of the young leaf and by a few capitate hairs. It is worthy of note that there is an internal secretory apparatus producing resin and mucilage. Тһе internal secreting-cells arise very early and are seen in very young leaves and high up the growing-point. ' Conclusions concerning Colleters. 1. Villous colleters are frequently emergences; they are emergences in their mode of origin. Frequently, too, their emergence nature is made clear by reason of the fact that laticiferous tubes or vascular bundles penetrate them. 2. They are formed for the sake of the bud, being protective, also probably excretory, in funetion. 3. Mode of secretion іп Gardenia florida. (1.) Seeretion commences very early indeed in each cell. (ii. The mucilage (mucigen ?) arises in the form of droplets in the cell-protoplasm. (iii) There are traces of a difference between the secretion inside the cell and that outside the cellulose wall. x (iv.) Resin occurs inside the secreting-cells. 4. The secretion in part passes through the cuticle in some plants at any rate (4lla- manda). 5. There never was a trace of the formation of two cuticles in the plants observed. 6. Contents of the Villi—Food is conveyed to the secretory cells in a carbohydrate form, for transitory starch occurs in the conducting parenchyma of the colleter. Іп addition raphides or sphero-crystals, colouring-matters, and tannin are found in villi. 7. It is significant that laticiferous tubes, containing substances identical with those normally found and even secreted by the villi, pass into the colleters. I take the opportunity of thanking Mr. Walter Gardiner, F.R.S., for his constant help throughout the progress of the work. Indeed, were it not that he would be. rendered responsible for all the statements and views expressed in this paper, his name would be fitly on the titlepage. I desire also to express my thanks to Mr. M. C. Potter for material of Gardenia laurifolia and Tabernemontana dichotoma, and for a figure of the former. MR. PERCY GROOM ON BUD-PROTECTION IN DICOTYLEDON 5. 265 Literature on Bud-protection. Fr1st.— Ueber die Schutzeinrichtungen der Laubknospen dicotyler Laubbüume." Nova Acta Acad. Cres. Leop.-Car. Bd. li. р. 303 (1887). This paper gives the previous literature, . Hirsure.—F. Hildebrand, С. Hilburg's Dissertation über den Bau und die Funktion der Neben- blättern? (Abstract in * Flora,’ 1878, p. 161.) . Grew.— Anatomy of Plants? Folio, London, 1682. Kerner von Maritaun.—‘ Pflanzenleben. Bd. i. (1888.) Trevus.— lets over knopbedekkung in de Tropen.” Handelingen van het eerste Nederl. Natuur- en Genees-kundig Congres, gehouden te Amsterdam, 1887. (Abstract in * Botanisches Central- blatt,' 1888, Bd. xxxv. р. 328.) . Rernke.—“ Beiträge zur Anatomie der an den Laubblüttern, besonders an den Zühnen derselben, vorkommenden Secretionsorgane." Pringsheim's J ahrbuch, Bd. x. pp. 117-178 ( 1876). . Hanstein.—* Ueber die Organe der Harz- und Schleim-Absonderung in den Laubknospen.” Bot. Zeit. 1868, pp. 697, 721, 745, 769. . Boropin & VocuriNc.— Quoted in Reinke’s paper (1. с.). | . Mixoscu.— Beiträge zur Anatomie und Morphologie der Knospendecken dicotyler Holzgewüchse." Sitzungsber. der kais. Akad. der Wiss. zu Wien, Bd. Іххіу. АБ. 1, Nov. Heft (1877). Capura.— Physiologische Anat. der Knospendecken dicot. Laubbüume. (Breslau, 1886.) . Soraver.— Pflanzenkrankheiten. Ва. i. pp. 357-862 (1886). Garpiner.— On the Physiological Significance of Water-glands and Nectaries.” Proceed. Camb. Philos. Soc. vol. у. рр. 85-50 (1883). . GorsrL.—‘ Pflanzenbiologische Schilderungen.’ Ва. i. Marburg, 1889. - Wizsner.— Biologie der Pflanzen.’ Bd. ін. Wien, 1889. . GARDINER & 1то.—“ On the Structure of the Mucilage-secreting Cells of Blechnum occidentale (L.) and Osmunda regalis (L.)." Annals of Botany, 1887. HaBERLANDT.— Physiol. Pflanzen Anatomie,’ рр. 75 & 76. (1884.) . GokBELER. —“ Die Schutzvorrichtungen am Stammscheitel der Farne.” ‹ Flora,’ 1886. DESCRIPTION OF THE PLATES. Prate LIX. l, l'—leaf; s, s', ;' —stipules ; v=villus; se=secretion; c=cuticle. Fig. 1. View of the bud of Cosmibuena obtusifolia, with one stipule removed, to show the enclosed pair of leaves and the secretion rendered opaque by alcohol. g=colleters. Figs. 2,4. Development of villus of ditto. (Instead of fig. 3, which was lost in transmission, see youngest colleter in fig. 7.) Fig. 5. Bud of Coprosma Baueriana. Fig. 6. Longitudinal section of bud of ditto, taken on one side of the growing-point. Shows especially the terminal villus of s and 9, s developed earlier than the lateral villi. y.v.— young villi. Fig. 7. Longitudinal section of young villi and growing-point of a lateral bud of ditto. а=арех of shoot. 206 MR. PERCY GROOM ON BUD-PROTECTION IN DICOTYLEDONS. Fig. 8. Old secretory cells of villus of Coprosma Baueriana, var. variegata, showing the modified nuclei. Fig. 9. Transverse section of a stipule of Hoffmannia macrophylla. Fig. 10. Surface section of ditto. Fig. 11. Two terminal cells of a hair of stipule of ditto. Vig, 14. Bud of Gardenia laurifolia (?). Рглте LX. Fig. 12. Longitudinal section of a young stipule of Hoffmannia macrophylla. Fig. 13. Longitudinal section of a bud with older stipules of ditto. | Fig. 15. Mature colleter of Gardenia florida. Fig. 16. Үошіс secreting-cell of colleter of ditto. ais fecussed to show the minute protuberances of mucilage studding the surface of the protoplasm ; б is focussed into the centre of the cell. Figs. 17 & 18. Slightly older secreting-cells of ditto. Fig. 19. Terminal bud of Tabernemontana dichotoma. Fig. 20. Ditto, but showing young leaves emerging. Fig. 21. The same bud as preceding, but rotated through an angle of 902, and with one of the covering leaves removed. Fig. 22. Longitudinal section through apex of ditto. /e—* ledge"; g.p.— growing-point. Fig. 23. Longitudinal section through the base of а colleter of ditto, showing a laticiferous tube (/.4.). Fig. 24. Longitudinal section through a portion of a colleter of Allamanda sp., showing a laticiferous tube ascending to the secreting-cells. Fig. 25 a. Leaf of Ceropegia stapelieformis. . ° Fig. 95 б. Section of colleter of ditto. Fig. 26. Bud of Clusia grandiflora (?). Fig. 27. Young shoot of ditto. Fig. 28. Base of leaf-stalk of Clusia rosea, looked at from the side on which the opposing leaf has been removed; shows the enclosed terminal bud enveloped in the secretion, which has been rendered opaque by alcohol. ‚ Fig. 29. Young lateral bud in the ах! of a leaf of ditto. Figs. 30 & 31. Longitudinal sections of colleters of ditto. Fig. 32. Bud of Wormia Burbidgei : r=region within which the younger parts are concealed ; v./.= sheath of older leaf. Trans.Linn. Soc. Зев.2 Вот Мог, TII. Pr. 59. Hf LM 31- ж Nor aM | ШІ) а НЯ де Е ШІ № \\ М AT ОА NU gos т Ld зр 70 | И 2229 У EUN AN \ \\ Ж ` “ Wi y Pe ч N рь. if Wi % үр ШҮ f iy ИИ К / : } ЖАА At d + ee ыы. >< Jj VY: < | » (у И ШҮ? Y Е 5 S See ae Att i UN / = NS = h ae C XQ SS | bs Lop 2 эз», 2 а T У ых fs ы, Pat rd X Nat ECT C E ENG, LEE Ms it о Mee са үн g T. 77 ү % MESES ME 4. Imp . lith et 5 1 7 М Fitch BUD-PROTECTION IN DICOTYLEDONS. ТвАнз.Їлїн.$ос.8кв 2 Вот Vor III. Pr, 60. з Р G room . IN. Fibch lih. et imp. BUD-PROTECTION IN DICOTYLEDONS . P. Groom del. ме 7 ы 5 oti NNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. =. MEMORANDA CONCERNING TRANSACTIONS. First Series of the (Transactions, containing both Botanical and Zoological contributions, has been completed and a few entire sets are still for sale. Only certain single volumes, or parts to complete sets, may be obtained at the original prices. The price of the Index to Vols. 1-25 is 8s. to the public, and бз. to Fellows; to Vols. 26-30, 4s, to the publie, and 3s. to Fellows. с | Second Series of the Transactions is divided into Zoological and Botanical sections. The prices of the arts which have been published of these are as undermentioned :— “Price to Vol When Price to the Price to Fellows. В Published. Public. Fellows. Ба Ж £3 d 8. d. Е. Second Sertes.—Borany. | | o Кон Leao 003 0 5.0 8 9 Jam Н.В 20 16 0 ото 0 р — 01.95. 0-9 6 S Perk CLV. 1876... 010 00 T 6 | zo PB т ово | Ж Pam ҮІ 1879. 2... ^ 009 d 1880. 018 0 [IBS 5. p 1880. GE Pat DL Е. eo Pact. Нана 22 САҒАТТЫҢ С. Т рай IY. 1888... Paro 7,198,222 1884..... . 1884. .... 0 CABE. < . 1856... oe 1887... —.. de кеі e © о 59 59 Ф кә Ao "M O e Фф ede -I- NYU © бя © "ooocccocooooo 2nd Ser. BOTANY.) [VOL. Ш. PART 9. THE TRANSACTIONS ОЕ THE LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. | ОМ THE FLORA ОЕ THE EASTERN COAST OF THE MALAY PENINSULA ; BY HENRY N. RIDLEY, МА, F.L.5, DIR КЕТОН, GARDENS AND FOREST DEPARTMENT, SINGAPORE, “LONDON: PRINTED FOR THE LINNEAN SOCIETY eS “BY TAYLOR AND “FRANCIS, RED мон courr, FLEET STREET. es e - А 105 SOLD. ar Tre SOCIETY в APARTMENTS, BURLINGTON-HOUSE, PICCADILLY, ж. 5 2 Se ee es AND BY lONGMANS, GREEN, AND CO., _ PATERNOSTER-ROW. i: амнаас 1898. [ 207 ] X. On the Flora of the Eastern Coast of the Malay Peninsula. Ву Henry N. RIDLEY, M.A., F.L.S., Director, Gardens and Forest Department, Singapore. (Plates LXI.-LXVI.) Read 2nd March, 1893. Tue eastern side of the Malay Peninsula has never hitherto, so far as I am aware, been visited by any botanist, and hence its flora has remained absolutely unknown. The researches of the earlier botanists Griffith, Wallich, Porter, Maingay, Scortechini, and the later collectors have been confined to the more accessible western side; for in the earlier days the eastern coast was not sufficiently opened up for travellers and collectors. During the past few years, however, I have been able to make some collecting-trips in this rich and interesting region, chiefly in the native State of Pahang; but I have also visited the more northern States of Kelantan and Tringganu, and also the island of Pulau Tiuman, lying off the coast of Johore. ` Тһе number of plants obtained enables me to give a fair representation of the lowland and coast flora, and of that of the subalpine woods of the Tahan district and of the limestone rocks of Kota Glanggi. The number of different species collected and seen during my explorations here exceeds 1200; but it must be remembered that this repre- sents but a small proportion of the whole flora, as the opportunities of collecting during а rapid expedition such as that up the Tahan River are but limited, and further that а very large proportion of the trees and shrubs seen were not in flower or fruit at the time of my visit. I think it would be within the mark to say that the number of species existing in the area traversed is not less than three times that number. I am indebted to Mr. C. B. Clarke for identifying the Сурегасеге, to Professor Hackel for the Graminez, to Mr. Baker for the Vascular Cryptogams, and to Dr. King for many plants of various orders. А number of species still remain unidentified in the collection in the Singapore Gardens Herbarium. Of some the materials are inadequate, others belong to difficult and critical orders, such as that of the Rubiacez, of which there appear to be a very large number of species in the Malay Peninsula as yet undescribed, which, however, it will be necessary to compare with those of the Archipelago. The Relations of the Pahang Flora. Till the plants of other parts of the Malay Peninsula are known more thoroughly it is difficult to get any clear idea of the origin of the flora of the whole region or to break it up into floral provinces. There is, however, a very marked difference between the floras of Singapore and Pahang. ` Many common plants of the southern portion of the Peninsula, and especially the secondary jungle plants, become scarce or disappear in Pahang; such plants are: SECOND SERIES.—BOTANY, VOL. III. 20 268 МЕ, Н. М. RIDLEY ON THE FLORA OF THE Adinandra dumosa, Miq., Limacia velutina, Miers, Ficus alba, Reinw., and F. chryso- carpa, Reinw., Mappa javanica, Blume, Gironniera nervosa, Planch., Spathoglottis plicata, Lindl., Bromheadia palustris, Lindl., Dracæna Cantleyi, Baker, and the many species of Quercus and Castanopsis. There is a large accession of Bornean types, such as Isoptera, Neckia, Brugmansia, and Rhynchopyle: but I am rather doubtful whether we should consider these as forming part of a distinct Bornean flora; I rather imagine them to be the relics of an older flora, common to the whole of this region. Thus Ehynchopyle occurs also in Gunong Pulai in Johore and in Perak, Jsoptera in Perak, апа Neckia in the island of Lingga and in Johore, and the greater number of the other - plants which one might consider as Bornean types occurring throughout the peninsula belong to classes of plants (such as Orchids, Aroids, and Burmanniaceæ) which the ordinary collector too often neglects on account of some difficulty in preserving specimens. General Aspect of the Flora. The classes of floras which I have examined in Pahang may be arranged as littoral, mangrove, heath country, low jungle, and subalpine forest. The littoral flora is well seen at Kwala Pahang, the mouth of the Pahang River. The seashore consists of a stretch of sand along which runs, above high-water mark, a single line of Ru-trees (Casuarina equisetifolia, Forst.), on the branches of which are many lichens and fungi, and a fine orange, Loranthus. These trees do not grow a hundred yards inland, but are confined to this single row. Beneath them the ground is carpeted with many grasses and sedges, Ipomæas, Canavalia, Vigna, &c. The most striking plants of this region are the poreupine-grass (Spinifex squarrosus, Labill.) and a beautiful prostrate blue-flowered Vitex, apparently a seashore form of 7. Negundo, Linn., which inland forms a small tree. Bushes of Pandanus, Crinum asiaticum, Linn., Eurycles amboinensis, Labill., and Tacca pinnatifida, Forst., are also conspicuous in this region. The mangrove-swamp, in this part of Pahang at least, is less extensive than in most parts of the Peninsula, on account of the sandy character of the country, as the rivers do not bring down the mud suited to the mangrove flora, But here and there are patches of mangrove-swamp, as at Sungei Meang, where there are the common species of Bruguiera, Sonneratia, Lumnitzera, Acanthus, Tristellateia, &c. Coming up the river towards Pekan, the capital of Pahang, we pass into the great heath district, which consists of open flat country, very sandy, dotted over with thickets and clumps of bushes, alternating with grassy patches. Here are very many grasses and sedges of much interest, together with Xyris, Drosera, Mitrasacme, and in damper spots white, pink, and yellow Utricularias, Limnanthemum, Vandellia, Воппауа, and many other small herbs. Among the bushes or trees are Eugenias, Rhodomyrtus, I lex, two species of Vaccinium, Olea maritima, Choriophyllum, Ficus of several species, Cyrtophyllum fragrans, Fagrea racemosa and obovata, and F. auriculata, with its huge white trumpet-shaped flowers. Many ferns and Loranthi grow on these bushes, and some small orchids are abundant, including Bulbophyllum Restrepia n. sp., Cirrhopetalums, Dendrobium pumilum, Lindl., EASTERN COAST OF THE MALAY PENINSULA. 269 and D. secundum, Lindl., Eria bractescens, Lindl., Acriopsis, &c., while a fine white- flowered Renanthera scrambles over and through the bushes. On the right bank of the river at Pekan the country is more swampy and less sandy. Large tracts are covered with Saccharum Ridleyi, Hack., and. great tufts of “ Palas” (Licuala spinosa, Griff.), and there are many pools full of Nelwmbiwm Lotus, Linn., and in drier places Clerodendron Siphonanthus, Linn., and a small species of Crinum, perhaps C. defizwmn, Herb., are abundant. Тһе river-banks in many places are clad with dense thickets hanging down to the water's edge, interspersed with trees of Lagerstramia, the pink-flowered Cassia nodosa, and. golden C. siamea and Millettia atropurpurea, which, with great masses of orange and red Bauhinias and clumps of white-flowered Clinogyne, make this district very beautiful. The next distinct flora is that of the Kota Glanggi limestone rocks in the woods of Pulau Tawar. This region produces many plants not met with elsewhere in Pahang, but occurring also ina similar locality in Kwala Lumpur in Selangor ; such are: Procris LEpithema, Begonia, Elatostemma, and Saraca cauliflora, Baker, a tall slender tree with great trusses of orange-yellow flowers and large pink pods. Among the most important discoveries in this locality were Protamomum, a new genus of Musaces, Pomazota, а new genus of Rubiaces, the curious Trichopus zeylanicus, hitherto only known to occur in Ceylon and Southern India, a fine Didymocarpus (D. quinquevulnerus) with white flowers tipped with crimson, a remarkable Geophila, and many orchids. The woods at the mouth of the Tembeling River (Kwala Tembeling), where it unites with the Pahang River, produced an abundance of interesting plants, but none more so than Brugmansia Zippelii, the first Rafflesiad recorded from the Malay Peninsula, though I have since seen specimens of a species of Rafflesia collected by Mr..Wray in Perak. Passing up the Tembeling River we begin to meet with the first traces of the sub- alpine flora of the Tahan River, and on entering the valley of that stream we find ourselves in a totally distinct flora. The rocky banks of the river are clad with a dense forest of trees and shrubs, the most conspicuous of which is an undescribed species of Dipterocarpus, bright at the time of our visit with its pink fruit, or scenting the air with its large pinkish cream flowers. Its boughs were loaded with Celogynes, Dendrobiwms, and many other orchids, including Grammatophyllum speciosum in magnificent flower. à The hills which enclose the rocky stream are upwards of 2000 feet altitude, and composed of quartzite, clad to the top with tall trees. One could not but be struck by the similarity in form of the foliage of the chief plants which grew close to the water's edge. There was here quite a series of plants with peculiarly long, narrow, acuminate leaves, such as the specific name salicifolia suggests. They belonged to all manner of orders, and included a Calophyllum, an Irora (I. stenophylla, Miq.), a Hygrophila (H. saxatilis, n. sp.), an Antidesma (A. salicifolia, Miq.), a Didymo- carpus (D. salicina, n. sp.), a new genus of Asclepiadeze (Spiladocorys), а Podochilus (Р. Maingayi, Hook.), a Ficus (F. pyriformis, Hook.), a Rhynchopyle, and a Melastoma. The forms of leayes in the tropical woods bear a great relation to the amount and force 2Q2 270 MR. H. N. RIDLEY ON THE FLORA OF THE of the rainfall. During а tropical shower it is easy to see how well the commonest form of jungle-leaf (a lanceolate acuminate or caudate one) is adapted for throwing off the heavy rainfall rapidly. But the form of the narrow leaf among the plants mentioned above seemed to me to be the result of adaptation to avoid another danger. АП these plants grow on rocks close to the water's edge, and as the river is subject to very rapid rises from sudden falls in the mountain districts, these plants are liable to submersion in a violent rush of water. Broad foliage would be torn off or mutilated, but narrower leaves, offering a less resistance to the water, would receive no injury. One may compare with this the narrow floating leaves of the aquatic Ranunculi and Potamogetons which inhabit the rapid streams in Europe. The islands of the Tahan River formed of boulders produced several interesting plants, including Homonoia, not hitherto recorded south of Siam, a curious new and shrubby Phylianthus, and abundance of the beautiful orchid Arwndina speciosa, Blume. Many smaller streams run down from the sides of the hills to join the main river, and in their ravines were Begonias, Aroids, Didymocarpi of all colours, and the curious Gom- phostemmas, resembling the European Lamium and Galeobdolon, and many Scitamineze. The soil of these woods is very sandy in many parts and it is probable that to this cause the paucity of Termites is due. They were certainly much less abundant than they are in the woods in the island of Singapore and the southern part of the Peninsula generally. Owing to this the leaves and sticks on the ground decayed slowly and formed aricher soil, while in the woods on clayey soil, where white ants are abundant, the vegetable fragments are rapidly eaten by them as they fall and are rendered useless for soil-fertilization. The Termites are unable to live in sandy soil, because they cannot make their subterranean nests in sand, which would fall in, whereas in the stiffer clay they can easily make the dome-shaped chambers and passages. The upper woods of the Tahan River were very wet, rain falling heavily every night. The ground was permanently sodden, and at night glowed brilliantly with the luminosity —probably Bacterial—of the decaying leaves. At the furthest point to which the expedition attained, a fair-sized stream entered on the right bank of the main river, and here the trees were covered thickly with wet moss, in which grew many orchids, including a new species of Phalenopsis allied to Р. sumatrana, a beautiful orange-flowered Den- drobiwm, Calogynes, and Erias. In the muddier spots were many fine Scitaminex; Phryniums of two species, Globba, Curcuma, Amomums, and Zingibers were obtained. In the drier upper part of the hills grew the beautiful palm called by the natives “ Daun Payoh ” (umbrella-leaf), the Zeysmannia altifrons, Miq. Jungle-products. The dense jungles of the Tahan River produce a good quantity of Rattans of many species, but in the more accessible country along the banks of the Tembeling and Pahang Rivers, the better class of Rattans have been almost exterminated and little is left but the inferior ones, especially Calamus crinitus, Blume. dS Of Dammar-trees the * Minyak Krueng ” (Dipterocarpus pterygocalyz, Miq.) and a few other species are abundant. Gaharu-wood (Aquilaria malaccensis, Hook. f.) is collected EASTERN COAST OF THE MALAY PENINSULA. 271 by the Sakais (theaborigines of this region) and sold to the Malays. I met with the tree in fruit in the Tahan woods. Gutta-trees are plentiful in the Tahan distriets, and Pahang gutta-percha has a very high value in the market. Tt is produced by Dichopsis Gutta, Benth. & Hook. f., Dyera costulata, Hook. f., producing the ** Getah J elutong ” of the Malays; a gutta chiefly used for adulteration was also abundant, and there were many big lianes of “ Getah Grip” (Willughbeia edulis and JF. Burbidgei). Bamboos are abundant on the edges of the river in many places, and were convenient for making rafts, on which jungle-produce is floated down to Pekan, where also they find a ready sale, as bamboos are scarce in the low country. | Cultivation. The amount of cultivation in Pahang is very small. The natives are indolent and prefer а hand-to-mouth existence, although the soil in many parts of the country is exceptionally good and very superior to that of the south of the Peninsula. In the villages along the main river, Maize, Tapioca, Sago, Hill Paddy, and fruit are chiefly cultivated; I have also seen Italian Millet (Setaria italica) at Pulau Tawar. The Penghulu Rajah of Tembeling (chief of that district) had some very healthy young Arabian coffee-trees in his garden quite free from Hemileia vastatria ; but he was entirely ignorant of the use of the coffee-berries, using the leaves only to make a kind of tea. Mr. Hugh Clifford, Acting Resident of Pahang, informs me that there are plantations of gambir further up the Tembeling River than I have been, which have been in cultivation for some generations; but gambir for chewing only is made and is not exported. : А small quantity of сорга is now being made in Pekan by the Chinese, and coconut- sugar is also: made there. Of fruits the usual Malay kinds are commonly cultivated, and the trees often persist long after the villages have been deserted and swallowed up in jungle. Durian (Durio zibethinus, Linn.), Mangosteen (Garcinia Mangostana, Linn. Asam Gelugur (С. atro- viridis, King), Rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum, Blume), Pulasan (N. mutabile, Blume), Langsat (Lansiwm domesticum, Jack), Bananas, Rouminia (Bouea microphylla, Griff. ), Kadondong (В. macrophylla, Griff.), and Carambola (Averrhoa Carambola, Linn.) are all plentiful. Many of these fruit-trees are to be found a long way in the jungles, far from culti- vation, but I am inclined to think that they are not natives here. In some cases they may be the relics of villages which have disappeared, but many are evidently derived from seed scattered by the wandering Sakais or by monkeys. Round the encampments ofthe aborigines known as Sakais, one could often find the remains of Durians and Rambutans, the seeds of which were germinating. These savages, like monkeys, swallow the fruit without ejecting the seed, and pass the seed unharmed at some distance from the place whence they took the fruit, and thus scatter the seed all over the forests. Two other plants, apparently not indigenous, had beer carried up the Tahan River for a con- siderable distance and appeared at spots on the river-bank where there were signs of 272 MR. Н. М. RIDLEY ON THE FLORA OF THE encampments ; these were Colocasia antiquorum, Linn., and Justicia Gendarussa, Linn. f. The latter never produces seed here, and I doubt much its being indigenous; it is used as a medicine, and а piece or two of the stem may have been brought up here by some Malay in pursuit of jungle-products and dropped here. The Tampoi (Baccaurea malayana, King), the Tamponet (Artocarpus rigida, Blume), the Champedak (4. polyphemia, Miq.), and the Rambutan Pachat (Xerospermum Noron- hianum, Miq.), less often cultivated, are indigenous to these woods. Another eatable fruit found wild in the Tahan forests was that of the Akar Panti, а climber with a large somewhat apple-shaped fruit, with the smell and taste of a good apple. I was unable to procure adequate specimens to make out even the order of this plant. In the Kota Glanggi woods (Pahang River) the ground was strewn with the pulpy covering of a large spindle-shaped triquetrous seed of a lofty tree known hereas “ Drija." It is much sought for the kernel, which is eaten and which also produces much oil. Тһе tree was too tall to obtain specimens of the foliage; it was possibly a Canarium. | The short glimpses of Tringganu and Kelantan which I have had were insufficient to give any idea of the extent and nature of the cultivations, but these provinces are very superior in this respect to Pahang. Extensive tracts of coconuts fringe the Tringganu River, while the low swampy country at the mouth of the Kelantan River supplies much rice, and buffaloes are largely bred. А better style of garden-cultivation may be noticed in the villages, a more varied stock of plants being kept. I observed a species of Amorphophallus planted here in rows for the sake of its tubers, eaten when cooked. Norz.—In the following list of localities * Kwala ” signifies the mouth of a river—as Kwala Tahan, the spot where the River Tahan opens into the Tembeling River. “ Pulau” is an island, and all mentioned here (except Pulau Tiuman) are small islands in the rivers, POLYPETALZA. DILLENIACEA. DELIMA SARMENTOSA, Linn. | Climbing shrub, with panicles of white flowers opening in the early morning and withering soon. Тһе common variety is var. hebecarpa with pubescent fruit. Тһе seed is black with a erimson fimbriate arillus. ' Common along the river-banks of the Pahang and Tembeling Rivers. TETRACERA ASSA, DC. Common along the river-banks with the last. Pahang and Tembeling Rivers. On the sea-shore at Kwala Pahang it forms bushes, but it is more usually a climber. The flowers are white, tinted with pink, Тһе seed has а crimson fimbriate aril. It also occurs іп Tringganu. T. MACROPHYLLA, Wall. Pekan. ACROTREMA COSTATUM, Jack. Abundant in the woods on the Tahan River ; almost carpeting the ground in some spots. EASTERN COAST OF THE MALAY PENINSULA. 273 DILLENIA INDICA, Linn. А big tree on the river-hank at Pulau Tawar. Flowers white. D. ovata, Wall. I believe I am right about this fine tree, though I identify it only from description. It is a fair-sized, much-branched tree, with large yellow flowers. Тһе fruit, which has not been described hitherto, is that of a true Dillenia, covered with the fleshy enlarged sepals, and containing a number of very small black seeds in a glutinous slimy pulp. Тһе seeds are exarillate. It is a beautiful plant occurring in the open jungles at Pulau Chengei, Tembeling, and Tahan Rivers. WORMIA SUFFRUTICOSA, Griff. By no means as common as in Singapore ; only seen at Ayer Hitam, near Pekan. Dr. King (in * Materials for the Malay Flora") mentions this as а small tree; here, however, it is rather а large bush with many stems. W. oblonga, Wall, on the other hand, forms a fine tall tree, and when covered with its beautiful yellow blossoms is a splendid sight. Both these species inhabit damp swampy ground. W. PULCHELLA, Jack. A small tree, very inferior in beauty to the others. Not very common anywhere. One tree found in open country at Kwala Pahang. W. oBLoNGA, Wall. “Pinang Purgam” of the natives. Temerloh ; Passir Loyang. ANONACES. UVARIA MACROPHYLLA, Roxb. A tree with red flowers. Pekan. U. Rivteyt, King. A low shrub, growing in open country, with small purplish flowers and sweet pulpy eatable fruit, called “ Ladak " by the natives. Pekan, Kalambalai, Kwala Berar. ANAXAGOREA SconTECHINII, King. A small tree. Tahan woods. шкі I have this also from Sungei Ujong, where it is called “ Poko Guring. A. LUZONENsIS, A. Gray. Kota Glanggi. XYLOPIA FERRUGINEA, Hook. f. Woods at Pekan. ELLIPEIA NERVOSA, Hook. f. Flowers white. Tanjong Antan. 274 МЕ. Н. N. RIDLEY ON THE FLORA OF THE GONIOTHALAMUS MACROPHYLLUS, King. Kwala Tenok. қ POLYALTHIA KuNsTLERI, King ? Sungei Tahan. Р; ВЕссАЕП, King. Kota Glanggi. PorowraA RAMOSISSIMA, Hook. Kota Glanggi. Unona pzsuos, Linn. Temerloh. Kelantan at Kamposa. U. DAsyMascHALA, Blume. Pekan. Kelantan at Kamposa. OROPHEA MACULATA, Scort. Pulau Chengei, Kota Glanggi. MENISPERMACE®. FIBRAUREA CHLOROLEUCA, Miers. Woods in Pekan and at Kwala Pahang. Not seen higher up. A very common plant in Singapore, where it is called * Akar Kuning" (yellow root), the root producing a yellow dye. PERICAMPYLUS INCANUS, Miers. Thickets near Pekan. CIssAMPELOS РАЕЕТЕА, Linn. Pulau Rumput, Pahang River. STEPHANIA HERNANDIFOLIA, Walp. Pulau Rumput, growing mixed up with the last species. Limacia Коузтьввт, King. Sea-shore and near the mouth of the river. Kwala Pahang. I have also found this pretty species near Changi, in Singapore. It is remarkable in its being laticiferous like Tinospora. NYMPH ACE”. NELUMBIUM SPECIOSUM, Willd. Swamps and rice-fields along the Pahang River, at Mahang and Temerloh. No doubt wild here. It is, however, commonly cultivated all about the Peninsula. МУМРНЖА STELLATA, Willd., var. VERSICOLOR. ' Lake Chenei (77. Foz). САРРАВІРЕ 2. CLEOME viscosa, Linn. Common on sandbanks and islands of the Pahang and Tembeling Rivers. GYNANDROPSIS PENTAPHYLLA, DC. ; Near Pekan, at Pulau Tawar, and Kwala Berar. In waste and cultivated ground. EASTERN COAST OF THE MALAY PENINSULA. 275 ROYDSIA PARVIFLORA, Griff. Flowers white. Kwala Tembeling. Сватжул Вохвовентт, В. Br., var. NARVALA. A fair-sized tree with large leaves, glaucous beneath, and big, rough, greyish-green fruits. At Pulau Rumput on the Pahang River, and on an islet in the Tahan River. VIOLACEJE. ALSODEIA ECHINOCARPA, Korth. A large bush, more rarely a tree. Very common in Pahang, also at Pulau Tawar and Tanjong Antan. A. MEMBRANACEA, King. A little way up the river above Pekan; collected by Dr. Haviland. A. KUNSTLERIANA, King. Tanjong Antan, Pahang River. % NECKIA HUMILIS, Hook. Tahan woods by the river; very local. The genus has not hitherto been recorded except from Borneo. I have recently, however, received specimens of another species from Lingga Island, and of the above- named one from Gunong Janeng (2000 feet alt.) in Johore. ВіхіхЕж. Brxa ORELLANA, Linn. Cultivated here and there, and half wild in many places. ScoLoPIA RHINANTHERA, Clos. Near Pekan. А straggling thorny bush with greenish flowers. Етлсогвтта RUKAM, Zoll. & Mor. Common in thickets round Pekan. Тһе plant most frequently cultivated is F. cata- phracta, Roxb., and this is the species really known аз “ Rukum," and gives the best fruit. PANGIUM EDULE, Reinw. A big tree on the river-banks at Kwala Tembeling. The fruit was quite smooth and brown, not spotted with white as Blume figures it. It is called “ Payung” оғ“ Kapayung " by the natives. The oily seeds are pounded and the oil used in medicine, &с.; but it 15 also used for attracting fish, in the form of a dark brown odorous substance, a small quantity of which is thrown into the water and stirred about, and in a few minutes the fish come to the spot. A native who possessed a bamboo-full threw some into a deep hole in the river, and on firing a charge of dynamite shortly afterwards, we obtained a large quantity of fish. SECOND SERIES.— BOTANY, VOL. III. QR 276 МЕ. Н. N. RIDLEY ON THE FLORA OF THE Hyprocarpus CASTANEA, Hook. f. | Banks of the Tahan River. Fruiting specimens only were found, which I think belong to this species, but the fruits were much larger (3 inches long) than described by Dr. King. Тһе foliage is, however, exactly similar. i . Ryparta Scorrecuintt, King. Tahan woods. A small tree, very striking, from the long pendulous racemes of velvety-black angular fruits. В. FASCICULATA, King. Pulau Tawar woods; also Pulau Chengei. This is called * Tajam Bulat" or “ Panchow " by the natives. Тһе tree much resembles a Rambai (Baccaurea Motleyana, Hook.), producing on its stem long racemes of globose- triquetrous fruits about an inch and a half long and about the same in thickness. Тһе skin is thin and pale buff, and encloses three seeds enclosed in a white pulp of very excellent flavour, superior, in fact, to that of the Langsat, which it much resembles. As a fruit it was not relished by the Europeans at least, on account of its possessing decidedly purgative qualities. РтттоѕровЕ X. PITTOSPORUM FERRUGINEUM, Ait. Sea-shore at Kwala Pahang. A small bushy tree with white flowers and orange fruits. A typically sea-shore plant, occurring commonly in Singapore, Carimon Islands, &c. PoLYGALEX. POLYGALA VENENOSA, Tuss. Woods opposite Pulau Tawar. This is common in the woods of the hill districts near Thaiping, in Perak. Р. BRACHYSTACHYA, Blume. | Grassy bank of river Pulau Tawar. А small prostrate herb with yellow flowers. SALOMONIA APHYLLA, Griff. Paths through the woods, Kota Glanggi. Always а local and scarce plant. I have collected it in Malacca and Singapore also. XANTHOPHYLLUM, sp. А. tree; leaves when dry light fawn-colour, above shining, beneath reticulate and paler, lanceolate, shortly petioled, 4 inches long, 11 broad. Fruit globose, smooth, green when fresh, dusky brown when dry, about 1 inch through (not quite ripe). Seeds 2. Kwala Mahang, on the Pahang River. I cannot find any description to fit this plant, nor have I elsewhere seen it; but till flowers are seen one cannot be certain even of its affinities. EASTERN COAST OF THE MALAY PENINSULA. 277 | PORTULACACE. PORTULACA OLERACEA, L. Common weed. Pekan, Kwala Tembeling; Temerloh, round the police stations. TERNSTR@MIACER. ADINANDRA MACRANTHA, Teysm. Passir Loyang, Pahang River. А, вр. Pekan. А single specimen obtained. Small tree, with leaves nearly a foot in length and four inches across; edges faintly denticulate, oblong acuminate, base cuneate ; petiole thick, nearly an inch long. Leaves dry dark brown. Peduncle terminal, fairly slender, 14 inch long. Sepals oval, blunt, glabrous, fleshy ; margins scarious, minutely denticulate. Style long and slender. Т cannot match this with any of the glabrous-flowered species; the leaves are remarkably large. There was but one flower on the only tree I ever saw. It is, perhaps, a variety of the preceding species. EURYA ACUMINATA, DC. Common. Near Pekan, banks of River Tahan. Flowers white, berries black. Very variable here. | SARAUJA TRISTYLA, DC. Pulau Chengei. Flowers rose-colour. S. NUDIFLORA, Blume. Таһап woods. Flowers white. PYRENARIA ACUMINATA, Planch. Small tree. Kwala Tembeling. TERNSTR@MIA PENANGIANA, Choisy. Sea-shore, Tringganu. СІГТТІҒЕН, Ж. GARCINIA HOMBRONIANA, Pierre. This is a tree resembling іп appearance the Common Mangosteen, ©. Mangostana, and the flowers are dark red. Тһе fruit is of the shape of a Maugosteen, but smaller, with a thinner rind of a bright red colour. The pulp, though rather acid, has a far finer flavour than that of the best Mangosteen, somewhat peach-like, and the scent of a ripe apple. It is, however, scantier than that of the cultivated species. It grows in sandy spots at Kwala Pahang and Rumpin River, and I have also met with it at Blakang Mati Island, off Singapore, and in two places in Malacca, one of which was Jasin in the interior. In all the other spots it grows near the sea. С. КохзтьЕвт, King ? . А small tree with foliage much like that of typical G. Kunstleri, King, but with the veins more distant. Fruit globose, depressed, of a deep crimson colour, with a thin rind, 2R2 978 MR. Н. N. RIDLEY ON THE FLORA OF THE about an inch and a half in diameter. Calyx persistent. Stigma hardly raised, con- sisting of a small irregular collection of papillze, yellow when dry. Seeds few, enclosed in a sweet eatable pulp. Skin of fruit bitter. Banks of Tahan River, near Kwala Tenok. GARCINIA NIGRO-LINEATA, Planch. Kwala Berar. This is the plant known as “ Kandis ” by the natives. The fruit, which is often produced in very large quantities, is excellent. It is about the size of a large cherry and of a light orange colour. The pulp of the seeds is very refreshing. The tree is usually a small one, and is very common in Singapore. The flowers are bright yellow. It is possible that there may be two or three species combined under this name; but I am more inclined to think it is one very variable species. С. ATRO-VIRIDIS, Griff. The well-known Asam Gelugur is cultivated or half-wild at Temerloh and elsewhere. Its fruits, which make a most excellent preserve, are sliced and dried in the sun by the Malays and sold in many parts of Pahang as elsewhere, but it is very little known to European residents. It is a handsome small tree, with bright red shoots and dark green old leaves, dark crimson flowers, and large, yellow, grooved fruits. С. MaNcosTANA, Linn. Is cultivated in most of the villages. КАҮЕА (perhaps К. Wnavrr, King) was collected in fruit only at Ayer Hitam near Pekan. K. NERVOSA. Sungei Chenei (JV. Foz). CALOPHYLLUM INOPHYLLUM, Linn. А. common sea-coast plant all over the Peninsula. It grows at Kwala Pahang. C. cANUM, Hook. Pekan. C. RUPICOLUM, n. Sp. Arbuscula, ad 6-pedalis, multiramosa, foliosa. Rami juvenes quadriangulati pallidi. Folia coriacea, haud nitida, angusta, lanceolata subacu- minata, ad basin attenuata, atro-viridia (siccata pallida), venis approximatis utrinque prominulis, costa conspicua, 2 pollices ad 25 pollices longa, $ pollicem lata, petiolo crassiusculo, $ pollicem longo. Panicule breves, 3 pollicem long:e, in axillis foliorum summorum, pedunculis crassiusculis. Flores parvi, albi, $ pollicem lati. Sepala 4, obovata oblonga, apicibus rotundatis recurvis, venis medianis elevatis. Petala nulla. Stamina copiosa, filamentis gracilibus flexuosis. Antheris ellipticis. Ovarium ovoideum. Stylus crassiusculus, staminibus brevior, flexuosus. Stigma minimum, peltatum. Drupa № pollicem longa, elliptica, aurantiaca, pulpa parca. Semen oblongum ellipticum, vix 4 pollicem longum. An abundant and pretty little bush on the rocky banks of the Tahan River; perhaps most nearly allied to С. microphyllum, T. Anders ‚ А small erect tree, with different leaves and fruit, growing on Mount Ophir in Malacca. EASTERN COAST ОЕ THE MALAY PENINSULA. 279 MALVACE. ABUTILON INDICUM, Sweet. Waste ground, Pulau Tawar, Kwala Berar. А. HASTATUM, n. зр. Suffrutex parva, ad 3-pedalis, caulibus rigidulis virgatis, pubes- centia brunneatectis. Folia hastata acuminata, petiolata, 2 pollices longa, $ pollicem lata ad basin, superne glabra, subtus rufo-pubescentia (siccata pallide brunnea). Anthela terminalis et axillaris paniculata, ramis gracillimis, virgatis, patulis. Flores minimi, + pollicem in diametro, albi. Sepala 5, ovata acuta, viridia, pubescentia, extus parce stellato-pilosa, intus hispida, 1% pollicem longa. Petala tenuia, alba, quam sepala breviora, late rotundato-ovata obtusissima. Stamina circiter 17, tubo brevi. Antheris brevibus, curvis, crassis, aurantiacis. Carpella 5, breviter rostrata, 8 pollicem longa, parce pubescentia, transversim haud septata. Semina bina in carpello pyriformia angulata, atro-brunnea, pubescentia. Open country at Kwala Berar; only a few plants seen and those nearly out of flower. The very small flowers open at midday. SIDA RHOMBIFOLIA, Linn., var. RETUSA. Common and variable. Pekan, Pulau Tawar, Kwala Tembeling, (с. Often forming small compact bushes. S. CARPINIFOLIA, Linn. Pekan, Pulau Tawar, &c. Common in valleys; also at Kamposa in Kelantan. S. CORDIFOLIA, Linn. Pekan and elsewhere. S. MYSORENSIS, Wight & Arn. Temerloh. Certainly not а common plant. URENA LOBATA, Linn. Very common up both the Pahang and Tembeling Rivers; in open country, campongs, and waste places. , Vàr. SINUATA. With deeply eut five-lobed leaves and a dark bar round the edge; is not so common as the preceding, but occurs in similar places, and is more characteristic of the sea-shore. Нтівівст/в ABELMOSCHUS, Linn. Pulau Tijau. Н. MACROPHYLLUS, Roxb. I found this in the form of а rather tall but slender tree, with few branches. Тһе flowers were yellow-orange, with a purple centre spot. Dr. King gives them as purple, possibly describing them from withered flowers. Woods, River Tahan. Н. vrLIACEUS, Linn. “ Waroo” or “ Baroo.” Common on the sea-coast at Sungei Meang, Kwala Pahang, Cherating, Rumpin. I saw one big plant a long ыы up the River Pahang, at Kwala Berar, far away from the sea-coast. 280 МВ. Н. №. RIDLEY ON THE ЕГОВА OF THE Hrziscus FLOCCOSUS, Mast. A big tree with yellow-orange flowers and a deep red-brown staminal tube. Woods along the banks of the Tahan River, and at Pulau Chengei on the Pahang River. ТНЕЗРЕЗТА POPULNEA, Correa. Common on the sea-coast at Kwala Pahang and elsewhere. ERIODENDRON ANFRACTUOSUM, DC. Common in villages up the Pahang and Tembeling Rivers. It is called “ Kapok”; I have never seen it indisputably wild. Dunro ZIBETHINUS, Linn. Commonly cultivated. Some of the trees in Pekan are of remarkably large size. I do not think it is wild here, although big trees often occur in the midst of thick jungle ; these, I believe, are either the remains of cultivation or sprung from seeds dropped by the wild tribes, who get the fruit from the villages and carry it about. D., sp. A small fruit, with the seeds enclosed in bright pink arils, was once brought to me in Pekan, from a tree found near that place in the jungle. Возснта GnirrrITHII, Mast. Common in the woods along the Tahan River. Тһе beautiful little scarlet durians of this big tree were often picked up on the ground in the forests. Тһе tree is commonly called * Durian daun." NEESIA GLABRA, Becc. Fruit found fallen in Tahan forests. C«LOSTEGIA SUMATRANA, Bece. Fallen fruits were seen іп the Tahan woods. This tree is called ** Punggai" by the Malays, and its bark is used for tanning. STERCULIACER. STERCULIA PARVIFOLIA, Roxb. : A big tree, conspicuous far off from its crimson fruits, at Khol, on the Tembeling River. S. MACROPHYLLA, Vent. Pulau Papan, Pahang River. S. SCAPHIGERA, Wall. A very lofty tree. Woods at Kota Glanggi. The seeds of this plant are sold in the Singapore markets under the name of * Kem- bang Sámangko,"—literally, that which fills a cup. The testa when put in water produces a brown mucilage, rich in bassorin, which is eaten with sugar, and is supposed to have cooling properties. The seeds are sold at 8 for a cent. The iree occurs in Singapore and also in Malaeca; but it is difficult to procure specimens, on account of its great height. EASTERN COAST OF THE MALAY PENINSULA. 281 HERITIERA LITTORALIS, Dryand. Common in the mangroves and damp sandy ground near the sea-shore. Kwala Pahang, Sungei Meang, &c. HELICTERES VISCIDA, Wall. A large bush with white flowers. Kwala Tembeling, Temerloh, &с. MELOCHIA CORCHORIFOLIA, Linn. Common. Pekan, Rumpin River. ABROMA AUGUSTA, Linn. Kalambalai, near Pekan. LEPTONYCHIA GLABRA, Turcz., var. MASTERSIANA. A small tree with green flowers. Temerloh, Tanjong Antan. | TILIACE. GREWIA PANICULATA, Roxb. A common bush in the low country. Pekan, Kwala Tembeling, &c.; Pulau Manis. TRIUMFETTA PILOSA, Roth. “ Champadang." Not eommon. РеКап, Tanjong Gajah Mati on the Pahang River. T. RHOMBOIDEA, Jacq. A common weed in waste ground. All up the rivers Pahang and Tembeling. CoRCHORUS ACUTANGULUS, Lam. Sandy spots. Kwala Semantan, Kwala Tembeling. C. TRIDENS, Linn. Sandbanks in the Tembeling River. Local. Ровра REPENS, Blume. i Common where it occurs. Rumpin River, Kwala Pahang, Sungei Meang. A prostrate sandy-shore plant with elegantly cut leaves. It has not hitherto been recorded from the Malay Peninsula. ELÆOCARPUS GRIFFITHII, Mast. A small tree. Pramau, near Pekan. The bright blue berries are sweet and eatable. E. nosvsrTUs, Roxb. | Near the Sultan's tombs at Kwala Pahang; Pulau Rumput. A pretty tree with racemes of beautiful white flowers and bright red young leaves. E. овтоѕоѕ, Blume. Local Mahang. А fair-sized tree. 282 MR. Н. М. RIDLEY ON THE FLORA OF THE LINES. SARCOTHECA PANICULATA, n. sp. Rami quadranguli, rigidi. Folia dissita alterna, oblonga acuminata, petiolata, 4-6 pollices longa, 2 pollices lata, omnino glabra, superne lucida, subtus pallidiora, venis elevatis reticulatis, acumine obtuso ; petiolo 4 pollicem longo. Paniculz graciles, laterales, 3-pollicares vel minores, ramis brevibus paucis, minute pubescentes. Flores albi, pedicellis gracilibus, 1 pollicem longis, zqualiter dissiti. Sepala 4, late rotundata, imbricata, marginibus ciliatis. Petala 5, tenuissima, fugacia, lorata, apicibus obtusis, triplo sepalis longiora. Stamina 8-9, petalis breviora, omnia antherifera, filamenta tenuissima, basi connata, urceolo minimo. Anthere reniformes, breves, versatiles. Styli 8—5, breves, glabri. Stigmata sub- globosa, obscure lobata. Fructus haud visus. Kwala Tahan. Hitherto but one species of this genus has been described, viz. 5. macrophylla, Blume, Mus. Bot. Lugd. Bat. i. p. 241, a native of Sumatra and Borneo. This has been referred to the genus Roucheria by Planchon, from which it differs in its capsular fruit and „panicled inflorescence. It is a little-known plant, but is evidently a close ally of the above-described species, which differs from it in its smaller leaves and panicles (which latter, in S. macrophylla, are from 1 to 11 feet long), in its four rounded ciliate sepals, which in Blume’s plant are ovate acute and five in number, and in its glabrous style, &c. The number of the parts, however, seems to vary ; one flower, for instance, has three, another five styles. Тһе stamens are eight or nine; I have not seen ten, as in S. macrophylla. Тһе petals seem to break off very soon, and probably, as in Roucheria Griffithii, the flowers last but a short time. Тһе cup formed by the connation of the bases of the stamens is very short, and looks more of the nature of а disc. : ERYTHROXYLON BURMANICUM, Griff. Common on sandy places near the shore at Kwala Pahang. A fine bushy tree, with reddish bark and bright green leaves. IXONANTHES ОВОУАТА, Jack. Pekan (Dr. Haviland). I. ICOSANDRA, Jack. "E Tahan River. Small tree overhanging the river. MALPIGHIACEJE. TRISTELLATEIA AUSTRALASICA, А. Rich. Common in the mangrove-swamps near Kwala Pahang. HirrAGE МАРАВІОТА, Gaertn. Pekan and elsewhere ; along the river-banks. СЕБАХТАСЕЖ. BIOPHYTUM SENSITIVUM, DC., var. CANDOLLEANA. Banks near the Pahang River. Tanjong Antan. | Shrubby plant, stem branched at apex; flowers bright yellow. I could not find any trace of sensitiveness in this plant. Tt is called “ Payong Ali" (Ali's umbrella). EASTERN COAST OF THE MALAY PENINSULA, 283 AVERRHOA CARAMBOLA, Linn., and A. Вилмвт, Linn. Both occur as escapes from cultivation. Near Pekan, Kwala Tembeling. HYDROCERA TRIFLORA, Wiild. Kwala Berar, swamps. This plant is put into a bath by the Malays for use after confinements. ; DIPTEROCARPEÆ. DIPTEROCARPUS CORNUTUS, Dyer. Pulau Tawar woods. D. GRIFFITHII, Miq. Kota Glanggi. D. crinitus, Dyer. Tahan woods. D. PULCHERRIMUS, n.sp. Arbor magna, ramis pendulis, ad 40 pedes alta vel elatior, crassa, ligno duro, rubro. Rami exsiecati nigrescentes. Folia subcoriacea, lanceo- lata acuta vel acuminata, glabra, basi rotundata, nervorum 14 paribus et carina subtus prominentibus, 6 pollices longa, 3 pollices lata, petiolis validulis polli- caribus. Flores copiosi in paniculis axillaribus vix 6-pollicaribus, ferme sessiles, ramis paniculz sericeis. Calyx tubo obconico, 2 pollicem longo (in anthesin), dense sericeo, 5-costato. Sepala 5, duo lorata, subobtusa, ultra $ pollicem longa, tria brevissima, omnia sericea. Corolla magna, petala lorata, obtusa, grisea, extus pubes- centia, intus glabra, ochroleuca roseo-tincta, odore suavissimo, 2 pollices longa, $ pollicem lata. Stamina copiosa; filamenta brevissima, tenuia; antherz 4 pollicem longse, connectivo elongato acuto, glabre. Ovarium sericeum ad stylum glabrum attenuatum. Fructus roseus, maturus glaber, 11 pollicem longus, $ pollicem crassus, obconicus, 5-alatus, alis haud multo elevatis, inter sepala ad basin fructus ; sepala 3 brevia, obtusa, lorata, 2 magna, lorata, lanceolata obtusa, 4 pollices longa, pollicem lata, venis reticulatis, mediana nulla. Abundant on the banks of the River Tahan, and also on the River Tembeling and upper part of the Pahang River, but less frequent. І found fruits, too, floating in the mouth of the Tringganu River. This noble tree is called * Nerrum” by the natives. Its chief beauty consists in the bright pink fruits, which, being produced in very large quantities, make the whole tree appear of a rose-colour. Тһе flowers, as is often the case іп the Dipterocarpew, are deliciously scented, and load the air with their fragrance. Тһе timber is hard and guod, red-coloured internally. I have to thank Dr. Burck for examining this plant for me, and informing me that it is quite unknown to him. SuonEA МЕкАхтт, Витек. Pulau Tawar woods. SECOND SERIES.—BOTANY, VOL. ПТ, 23 284, MR. Н. N. RIDLEY ON THE FLORA OF THE IsoPTERA BORNEENSIS, Blume. Temerloh. А big tree called “ Larat Api" by the natives. It also grows on Maxwell's Hill in Perak. ANCISTROCLADUS PENANGIANUS, Wall. Thickets at Ayer Hitam, near Pekan. RUTACE. ЕуортА RoxBuRnGHIANA, Benth. At Pekan. PARAMIGNYA MONOPHYLLA, Wight & Arn. Temerloh, where it is called “ Empeenai.” ZANTHOXYLUM OVALIFOLIUM, Wight ? At Temerloh. ACRONYCHIA LAURIFOLIA, Blume. A big shrub with white flowers. On the Rumpin River in shady spots. GLYCOSMIS PENTAPHYLLA, Correa. Pekan. G. PUBERULA, Lindl. Pulau Jellam, Pahang River. Flowers white. С. SAPINDOIDES, Lindl. Pulau Tawar woods. Called “ Cheri Morai.” This species is the commonest in the Peninsula. MICROMELUM PUBESCENS, Blume. А fair-sized tree with orange fruit. Common. Pekan, Kwala Tembeling, Tanjong Antan. | М. HIRSUTUM, Oliv. At Tanjong Gajah Mati and Pulau Rumput on the Pahang River. * Che Nama" of the Malays. Citrus decumana, Linn., Citrus aurantium var. nobilis, and Citrus Medica var. acida are cultivated to a small extent. LUVUNGA SCANDENS, Ham. Pekan. SIMARUBEA. BRUCEA SUMATRANA, Roxb. Common in open country at Pekan and elsewhere along the river-banks. EURYCOMA LATIFOLIA, Jack. Open woods at Pekan. . This is known as “ Bidara Pahit" (Bitter Plum); the bark, which is very bitter, is used in medicine. EASTERN COAST OF THE MALAY PENINSULA. 285 ОснхАСЕ Ж. GOMPHIA SUMATRANA, Jack. Tree overhanging the river. At the upper camp, Tahan River. С. Ноокевт, Planch. A small bushy tree. Only met with in fruit. The disc and calyx red; fruits black. Common on the sandy country at Pramau, opposite Pekan. ~ EUTHEMIS LEUCOCARPA, Jack. Woods at Pramau. The berries of this plant are by no means always white; they are often red or rose- colour. It varies also considerably in height and general appearance. 1% is very abundant in Singapore, frequenting especially sandy woods near the sea. What I take to be E. minor, Jack, is a much rarer plant; I have only met with it in the islands south of Singapore. BURSERACE. SANTIRIA L&VIGATA, Blume. • A tree with pink flowers. At Kalambalai, near Pekan. MELIACE. CHISOCHETON DIVERGENS, Blume. Tree. Pekan. AGLAIA DIEPENHORSTII, Мід. The description of C. DC., in DC. Monogr. Phan. i. 603, fits this plant, which I found on the banks of the Tahan River. LaANSIUM DOMESTICUM, Jack. The “ Duku.” Cultivated and half wild. DysoxyLUM BREVIPES, Hiern. A tommon plant, which I believe to be what is intended by this species. Pulau Manis. D. ALLIACEUM, Blume, var. LAXIFLORA. A small tree with pendulous branches and panicles, loose but short-branched, of creamy-white flowers, and pear-shaped cream- coloured capsules, which split on the tree and expose three to four large red seeds. Abundant on the Tahan River. Called * Dosono " by the natives. ILICINE. ILEX cymosa, Blume. Common. Usually in the form of a large bush, but often forming a tree 40 feet high, with very white bark. Pekan. I. MACROPHYLLA, Hook. ı Near Pekan. | 252 286 МЕ. Н. №. RIDLEY ON THE FLORA OF THE ОтАСТХЕ Ж. OLAX SCANDENS. An erect shrub with white flowers. Sea-shore. Kwala Pahang; Pulau Tiuman; Tringganu. GOMPHANDRA AFFINIS, Mast. ? Pulau Tawar. CELASTRINEJA. LoPHoPETALUM, 8р. A common bush on the sea-shores at Tringganu, and also at Kwala Pahang. Flowers yellowish white, withering pink; petals fimbriate ; dise obscurely lobed, flat. Allied to Г. pallidum, M. Laws., but the leaves are thicker and the veins more obscure. - EvoNYMUS JAVANICUS, Blume. Small tree. Kwala Tembeling. MicROTROPIS BIVALVIS, Wall. Limestone rocks, Kota Glanggi. Small tree with white flowers. RHAAMNEZ. VENTILAGO LEIOCARPA, Benth. “ Kamagan Antan.” A common plant climbing high upon the trees in dense jungle, Temerloh, Tanjong Antan. The fallen fruits were also often picked up in other localities, as at Pulau Tawar and along the Tahan River. У. Матхсаүп, M. Laws. The description of this plant in the ‘Flora of British India’ is too incomplete to be able to identify the plant intended, but such description as there is fits a large climbing shrub found at Kwala Tembeling. It had stout stems conspicuously ribbed when dry, and oblong glabrous leaves drying black. The flowers exactly resembled those of V. maderaspatana, as figured in Wight’s ‘Icones, but the spikes are very much more numerous and longer. The rhachis of the spike is pubescent. It is possibly merely а form of V. maderaspatana. COLUPRINA ASIATICA, Brongn. A common sea-shore bush, with dark green leaves and yellowish-green flowers. Pulau Tiuman; Sungei Meang. ZizYPHUS (ENOPLIA, Linn. A neat bush on the banks of the river at Kwala Tembeling. AMPELIDE Ж. CISSUS MOLLISSIMA, Wall. Pekan. Flowers white. С. нАЗТАТА, Мід. Common. Pekan EASTERN COAST OF THE MALAY PENINSULA. 287 CISSUS REPENS, Lam. Pulau Tiuman. С. Ноокеві. Vitis Hookeri, М. Laws. Pekan. This common plant is remarkable for its very ornamental, large, pale pink grapes, which look very tempting, but have the peculiarly irritating effect on the mouth, common to most of the wild grapes, very strongly developed. С. FURCATA. Vitis furcata (М. Laws. ?). Kwala Tembeling. A fairly common vine, which I take to be the plant intended by Lawson. TETRASTIGMA LANCEOLARIA, Planch. On the islands up the Pahang River, and at Pulau Tawar; always near the river. The curious ribbon-like stems and the compact tufts of flowers and fruits give this plant a curious appearance. The berries are quite small, round, and white, no bigger than peas. PTERISANTHES GLABRA, n. sp. Seandens, glabra. Caules gracillimi. Folia trifoliolata, petiolis gracilibus, canaliculatis, pollicaribus, petiolulis ferme semipollicaribus, foliola tripollicaria vel paullo ultra pollicem lata, tenuia, lanceolata acuminata, basi angus- tata, venarum paribus tribus, in dentes marginales terminatis ; foliola lateralia quam terminalia minora, obliqua (dimidio interiore quam exterius angustiore). Кесер- tacula tenuia, plana, haud lobata, pedunculis gracilibus 3—4-pollicaribus, hippocre- pica, 3-4 pollices longa, pollicem lata. Flores masculi in pedicellis longibus ultra pollicem, gracilibus, minuti, globosi. Feminei immersi, dissiti, perianthiis parvis cupuliformibus ; ovaria rotundata, obscure 4—5-lobata. Васса non visse. Only once found in dense jungle far up the River Tahan. The glabrous foliage, simple receptacle curved into a semicircle, and remarkably long pedicels of the male flowers distinguish this plant from any other. P. RUFULA, Planch. Pekan woods. Planchon's description, in DC. Monogr. Phan. vol. v. p. 419 (Ampelidez), is rather meagre, but I believe this is the plant he intended. It is not rare in the Peninsula. 1 have it from Chan-chu-kang in Singapore and from Маасса. Тһе young leaves are lanceolate, with a very little red wool on the back, and the adult leaves are quite glabrous. The petiole joins the blade within its circumference, so that the leaf is subpeltate. P. pourra, Miq., var. LANCEOLATA. Folia lanceolata, superne glabra et polita. Pekan (Dr. Haviland). Т have this also from one or two other localities in the Peninsula. The form of the leaves is quite different from that of the common variety ; the inflorescence seems quite similar, however, and I do not think it is specifically distinct. 288 MR. Н. N. RIDLEY ON THE FLORA OF THE There are seven species of Pterisanthes known to me from the Peninsula, of which Pt. polita alone has simple leaves, the rest having 3—5-foliolate leaves *. LEEA RUBRA, Blume. Local. Pulau Chengei, Pulau Manis, Pahang River, in thickets. A small plant, well-marked by its beautiful red inflorescence. I L. GIGANTEA, Griff. Tahan woods. А striking plant with very large oval leaflets, 9 inches long and 4 across. L. sAMBUCINA, Willd. Pekan; Kwala Tembeling. This is the common species in Singapore, where it often forms a small tree with a single stem. It has green petals and a white staminal tube, the lobes of which are blunt and notched. А plant collected in Perak by Wray, and named L. gigantea at Kew, closely resembles this plant in every respect, except that the lobes of the staminal tube are entire, but they are not acute as in the Tahan-woods plant. "There is almost always a little rusty pubescence on the corymb branches. Тһе fruit is brownish and rather dry, and the seeds have a low keel running along the back. L. HORRIDA, Teysm. Pulau Jellam, Pahang River, The * МаШ-МаШ” or * Mamalli " of the Malays, who believe that it has the property of keeping away tigers. А thorny bush with greenish- white flowers. L. xQvATA, Linn. Pulau Tiuman; Tahan River. L., sp. Kwala T'embeling; Pulau Chengei. I cannot identify this; it is a low, thornless, bushy plant, with bipinnate leaves and narrow oblong acuminate leaflets, with one notch to each primary vein. Тһе inflorescence resembles that of Г. horrida, Teysm. SAPINDACEJE. CARDIOSPERMUM HaALICACABUM, Linn. Common in campongs and open grounds. Pekan, Kwala Berar, &c. ERIOGLOSSUM EDULE, Blume. Small tree. Pekan, Renchong. * (1) Pt. polita, Miq., the commonest species, oceurs in Chan-chu-kang in Singapore, at Petaling in Selangor, and at Maxwell's Hill, Perak ; its variety, lanceolata, at Pahang, Singapore. (2) Pt. Miquelii, Planch. (syn. Pt. arenosa, Miq.), Western Hill, Perak, Penang. (3) Pt. caudigera, Planch., Malacca; called “ Akar Gamat.” (4) Pt. pedata, М. Laws., Selangor ; called “ Akar Kachang Gurunang” or “ Burunang.” (5) Pt. heterantha, М. Laws., Selangor, in Malacca; “Akar Sülünkak." (6) Pt. rufula, Planch., Malacca, Chan-chu-kang in Singapore, and Pekan in Pahang. (7) Pt. glabra (vide supra, p. 287 } The species of Pterisanthes are all natives of the denser parts of the jungles, where they scramble through the lower bushes, and are very inconspicuous unless in fruit, when the red, tongue-shaped rhachis, with its round black grapes, is very striking. EASTERN COAST ОҒ THE MALAY PENINSULA. 289 ALLOPHYLLUS COBBE, Linn. : Common. Pekan, Kwala Pahang, Pulau Manis, Pulau Chengei, &с.; also Kelantan. CUPANIA PLEUROPTERIS, Blume. Small tree. Pekan. C. ADENOPHYLLA, Planch. Pulau Chengei, Pahang River. C. PALLIDULA, Hiern. Pekan. C. LESSERTIANA, Camb. Pekan. XEROSPERMUM NORONHIANUM, Blume, var. “ Balong Ayam.” Fairly large tree. Fruit yellow, ovoid-globose, nearly smooth. Таһап River, near Kwala Tenok. | The fruit is good eating. This plant differed from the ordinary form of the species, known usually as * Rambutan Pachat," in having the fruits not muricate, but rather dotted, like those of the * Mata Kuching” (Nephelium malaiense, Griff.). It was greedily devoured by the coolies. Hiern (Fl. Brit. Ind.) gives the fruit 1-2-lobed. І have never seen it otherwise than simple. The typical form of this plant also was met with in the Tahan woods. NEPHELIUM LAPPACEUM, Linn. “ Rambutan.” Occurred half wild, and possibly also really wild, in the Tahan district, big trees occurring in the jungle in many places. Тһе fruit is, however, carried about from the villages on the Tembeling River, where it is cultivated by the aborigines, and germinating seeds were often found in their encampments. Several forms were met with: one poor form with small sour red fruits occurred in the jungles at Kota Glanggi; another form in the Tahan woods had large yellow fruits with very long processes. N. MUTABILE, Blume. “ Pulessan.” . Occurred as an escape in some of the woods on the Pahang River. PoMETIA TOMENTOSA, Kurz. This fine tree occurred plentifully in the woods MUNI the Tahan River, and also lower down in the Tembeling and Pahang Rivers. DoponEA viscosa, Linn. Sea-shores at Kwala Pahang. The sticky substance from which this plant takes its name only appears when the specimen is dry. A regular sea-shore plant. Т have found it also at Lumut in the Dindings. ANACARDIACE. ANACARDIUM OCCIDENTALE, Linn. The Cashew-nut is common in sandy places along the river about Pekan. ВосЕл MICROPHYLLA, Griff.; and B. MACROPHYLLA, Griff. Open country near Pekan, and often cultivated. 290 MR. Н. N. RIDLEY ON THE FLORA OF THE PaAnisHIA MarNGAYII, Hook. Fruits fallen on the ground from a lofty tree at Pengkalan Balai. GLvuTA Benenas, Linn. “Rengas.” А name also applied to almost any Anacardiaceous plant with black poisonous juice. River-bank at Pekan, and near Kwala Tahan. Fine large spreading trees with dark green foliage, white flowers, and light brown fruit full of the poisonous black juice. I also found fruits floating in the sea at Tringganu, which germinated immediately on being planted. BUCHANANIA LUCIDA, Blume. Kwala Pahang. В. ACUMINATA, Turcz. Kadondong, Pulau Tawar. CAMPNOSPERMA AURICULATA, Hook. f. Big tree at Mahang. C. GnirrrTHII, March. Tahan woods. SOLENOCARPUS VELUTINUS, Wight. Very lofty trees in dense jungle along the Tembeling and Tahan Rivers. MELANORRHGA, sp. А lofty tree of some species of this genus, covered with its beautiful pink fruit, was seen close to the river near Telor Malaki, but only a few young fruits could be picked up from the ground. CONNARACEX. AGELÆA WALLICHII, Hook. f. Tahan woods. This plant is common in the Peninsula. Asin A. vestita, Hook. f., the fruits are velvety and of a beautiful crimson-scarlet colour. ROUREA, sp. A fairly large climber, with nearly sessile Janceolate-acuminate leaves, glabrous and shining above, much retieulated beneath, with a pubescent midrib. Fruit like that of Rourea acuminata, Hook. f., with which this plant is closely allied. I cannot identify it with any species in the ‘Flora of British India.’ Kwala Tembeling. CNESTIS RAMIFLORA, Griff. | Common. Flowers pink and white. Kwala Tembeling, Tanjong Antan, Temerloh. CONNARUS GIBBOSUS, Wall. A half-scandent bush. Flowers lilac, buds bright sienna-brown. Capsules bright red. Common at Pramau, opposite Pekan. This is one of the commonest species in the Peninsula, and is very variable in the form of its leaf and the extent to which it climbs. EASTERN COAST OF THE MALAY PENINSULA, 291 CONNARUS SEMIDECANDRUS, Jack ? A plant much resembling C. gibbosus, Wall. but differing in the inflorescence and leaves being covered with a scanty brown mealy pubescence. The panicles are larger and flowers bigger. The leaves of this plant were six-nerved, not five-nerved, as in the description of this species in the ‘ Flora of British India, ii. p. 52. River Tahan. LEGUMINOSA. CROTALARIA VERRUCOSA, Linn. A coarse soft herb looking like a Salvia, with light blue flowers. Local, but plentiful in some spots in open grassy country at Pulau Chengei and Tanjong Antan, Pulau Tawar. С. RETUSA, Linn. Open ground. Pulau Tawar. С. FERRUGINEA, В. Grah. ? Katapong, Pekan. C. SESSILIFLORA, Linn. Tanjong Antan, Pulau Tawar. Open grassy country. Flowers light blue. С. STRIATA, Linn. Kelantan River banks. INDIGOFERA TINCTORIA, Linn. Occurs sporadically in Pahang from the mouth of the river as far as Pekan, and is now very abundant in waste ground in the town. I. HIRSUTA, Linn. Local. Kwala Pahang and near the Sultan’s tombs; in open country. MILLETTIA ATROPURPUREA, Benth. A noble tree covered with its deep purple flowers. The native name is ** Chickak." Temerloh, Guai. М., sp. A tree with pendulous branches and flat, thin, green pods. Tembeling and Tahan Rivers. Flowers not seen. A common plant here; I have it also in fruit from the Plus River, Perak, collected by Mr. Wray. M., sp. A small tree with very beautiful deep brown velvety pods, which look black at a little distance. Flowers not seen. Common along the Tahan River. TEPHROSIA PURPUREA, Pers. Kwala Brawas, near Kwala Pahang. Open sandy places. SECOND SERIES.—BOTANY, VOL. III. Әт 292 ‚- МВ. H. N. RIDLEY ON THE FLORA OF THE URARIA cniNITA, Desv. | This charming lupine-like plant, though widely scattered over the open country on the river-bank, is rather local. The flowers are light violet-blue (not purplish, as described in the ‘ Flora of British India’). Pekan; Renchong, on the Pahang River. U. тлворортогреѕ, DC. A smaller plant; not trailing, but rather decumbent or suberect; the leaflets ovate- elliptic. Flowers white, blue, or pink. Open grassy country round Pulau Tawar, Pulau Manis, Kwala Tembeling. DESMODIUM UMBELLATUM, DC. A common sea-shore shrub, occurring on all the sea-coasts. Flowers white. Rumpin; Kwala Pahang. D. PULCHELLUM, Benth. A small shrub, with the branches covered with curious orbicular bracts. Tanjong Antan, Pulau Manis, in open country. D. RETROFLEXxUM, DC. Pekan, Kwala Tembeling; open country. D. potycarrum, DC. Common in open sandy country, especially near the sea. Flowers purple. Pekan, Katapong. , уат, ALBUM. Flowers white. . Under the Casuarinas on the sea-shore at Kwala Pahang, Kwala Brawas, and Sungei Meang. D. HETEROPHYLLUM, DC. Katapong, Pekan, &с. Common. D. TRIFLORUM, DC. Pekan &e. Common. ABRUS PRECATORIUS, Linn. Sea-shores, Kwala Pahang. Common. МостхА MonosPERMA, DC. Climber ; flowers violet-purple. Kwala Tembeling. It is called * Kachang Babi " (Pig's bean) by the natives. M. acuminata, В. Grah., іп Wallich's Catalogue, no. 5621. This plant appears never to have been described. It was obtained in Penang. Mr, Baker (Fl. Brit. Ind. ii. p. 185) writes of it :—* The calyx is like that of M. imbricata, but the corolla is smaller and the racemes are short-peduncled and corymbose, like р ` EASTERN COAST OF THE MALAY PENINSULA. 293 those of M. monosperma, but the fruit is unknown." А plant collected in thick swampy jungle between Pekan and Kwala Pahang may be, says Dr. King, this species. (I have since collected it again at Tanjong Kling, near Malacca.) I give a description of it :— А slender climber. Leafiets glabrous, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, rather thin, six- veined, 3 inches long by 15 broad; laterals very oblique, i.e. one side much narrower than the other. Flowers few, two or three іп a short raceme, fairly large, of a pale sea- green, l inch long, drying black. Calyx campanulate, large, finely pubescent. Corolla standard green; wings oblong, obtuse, falcate, 11 inch long; keel white, falcate, shorter than the wings. Stamens pubescent at base. Pod stalked, oblong, 4 inches long, 14 broad, two- to three-seeded, indented between the seeds, with two low keels running along the sutures; no transverse oblique side ridges; entirely covered with fox-coloured irritating hairs. . In the small raceme of curious green flowers and the form of the pod this is peculiar. It does not belong to the section Amphiptera, as suggested by Mr. Baker, for that has broad wings along the sutures and oblique plaits, but is more nearly allied to M. gigantea, DC., which has wings on the suture and no plaits, and which also, unlike most of the species, has yellow and not dark violet flowers. ERYTHRINA INDICA, Lam. ? Is planted commonly in the villages as a pepper support. It is constantly pollarded, so that flowers cannot be obtained. Some evidently very old trees occur at Pulau Tawar. CANAVALIA ENSIFORMIS, DC. | Common in jungle and thickets along the river-banks. C. овтгвтғогдА, DC. Common along the sea-shore here, as all over the Peninsula. Kwala Pahang, Cherating. 'The seeds of this bean are quite eatable, though rather mealy. VIGNA LUTEA, А. Gray. Sea-shores, Kwala Pahan. Common all along the Peninsula. V. LUTEOLA, Benth. Kwala Tembeling, Pekan. CLITORIA TERNATEA, Linn. Is often cultivated in and near Pekang. (C. сАЈАХ жғотла, Benth., which is so common in Singapore, does not occur in Pahang, nor have I ever seen it in country that has not been at some time under cultivation. I suspect it is not really a native of the Peninsula.) RHYNCHOSIA AUREA, DC. Small creeping vetch, with bright yellow flowers. Common at Kwala Pahang and near Pekan. FLEMINGIA STROBILIFERA, R. Br. Villages and open country. Pekan, Kwala Berar, | T3 294. МЕ. Н. №. RIDLEY ON THE FLORA ОЕ THE FLEMINGIA CONGESTA, Roxb. Common in open country. Pekan, Blay Manis, and at one spot on the river-bank of the Tahan River near Kwala Tenok. DALBERGIA FOLIACEA, Wall. Near Jambo, opposite Pekan. Only recorded hitherto from Burmah. D. FERRUGINEA, Benth. ? Tahan River, near Kwala Tenok. Exactly similar to a plant collected in Kedah by Mr. Curtis, No. 2625. PTEROCARPUS INDICUS, Willd. There are some very large trées of this well-known plant, the * Angsana," in Pekan, and also at the Sultan’s tombs near Kwala Pahang. DERRIS ULIGINOSA, Benth. Kwala Pahang. D. ama@na, Benth. ? A beautiful climber, clothing the trees between Kwala Pahang and Pekan; answering to the description of this plant in the ‘ Flora of British India,’ except that the flowers are there described as “bright red,” but in this plant were snow-white. Fruit was not obtained. D. THYRSIFLORA, Benth. Bohie, Pekan; Kwala Tembeling; Kalambalai, near Pekan. Not rare. Called by е natives ** Tambong Neoh.” This plant is very common in Singapore. It never seems to climb to any height, but is most often met with as a long-armed straggling bush. The flowers, which are rather fugacious, are pure white, and are produced in immense quantity when the plant does bloom, which does not happen every year. They are much frequented by small blue butterflies. The fruits become eventually bright red. DIALIUM, sp. The sweet pods of some species of this genus were found on the ground several times in the high woods of the Tahan River near Kwala Tenok. D. LAURINUM, Baker. At Pigang, near Pekan. SARACA CAULIFLORA, Baker. Common in the woods at Kwala Tembeling and Kota Glanggi. A tall slender tree, with great tufts of orange-yellow flowers springing from the old wood, succeeded by very large pink pods. | It is also common in the rocky woods round the limestone caves of Kwala Lumpur in Selangor. 1 EASTERN COAST OF THE MALAY PENINSULA. 295 AFZELIA PALEMBANICA, Baker ? Big trees of * Merabau," in fruit, were seen in several places along the Pahang River, probably belonging to this species. BAUHINIA INTEGRIFOLIA, Roxb. This beautiful climber is very common up all the rivers, and forms a conspicuous object in the scenery, with its masses of red flowers turning orange. There is a curious plant, often met with in these jungles, which has very broad, almost triangular leaves, 3 inches long by 6 inches across, the upper margin very deeply excavate and the points much divaricate. It is evidently a Bawhinia in a young state, and I found it eventually developing into what appeared to be this species. This form, known to the natives of Kemaman as “ Akar Dow,” I have met with in many places in the Peninsula, but never where (as in Singapore) В. integrifolia is absent. В. ($ PHANERA) SUFFRUTICOSA, n. sp. Frutex magna, cirrhosa, scandens, ramis ligneis, cortice griseo-brunneo, lenticellis copiosis. Folia coriacea, undique glabra, cordato- rotundata vel ovata obtusissima, fissa ferme ad dimidium, 3} pollices longa, 4 pollices lata, superne subnitida, subtus pallide brunnea (ex sicca), nervis 4 utroque latere elevatis; petiolus ultra pollicem longus. Stipule magne, рарутабеге, obovate, apicibus rotundatis (exsiccatze pallide brunnez), majuscule circiter pollicem longze. Flores, in racemo brevi, breviter pedicellati, bibracteati, pedicellis puberulis. Sepala | crassa, subcarnosa, albo-sericea. Petala sericea, oblanceolata (alba visa in alabastro). Stamina tria, glabra, ап ете superne acuminate. Stylus crassus. Stigma haud obliquum, magnum, rotundatum. Ovarium sericeo-pubescens, canaliculatum. Legu- men oblongum, 43 pollices longum, 2 pollices latum, ligneum, mox dehiscens, nitidum, atro-brunneum, stylo elongato in dehiscentia fisso terminato, marginibus leguminis haud elevatis, haud incrassatis. Semina plana, brunnea, 2-3, circiter pollicem longa. LS At Kwala Tembeling, in thickets on the river-bank. I was unable to get open flowers ; the buds were far advanced when we were on the return journey, but I saw none open, and have never seen the plant elsewhere. It is an ally of B. ferrugineti, Roxb., but in foliage and habit quite distinct. ORMOSIA, Sp. Katapong, near Pekan. : | I have never met with flowers of this fine tree, which occurs in several places in Singapore. It has a compact head of deep green leaves, and the pod is woody and distinetly beaked, containing one or, rarely, two somewhat flattened scarlet seeds. I should take it to be O. microsperma, Baker, but that is described as having a subcom- pressed red orbicular pod with thin valves, and the seeds 1 inch long and turgid, whereas this species has a rather flattened seed nearly 4 inch broad. ' CssALPINIA BONDUCELLA, Flem. Fairly common on the sea-coast, Kwala Pahang. 296 МЕ. Н. М. RIDLEY ON THE FLORA OF THE CAESALPINIA NUGA, Ait. Jambo, opposite Pekan. C. БарРАУ, Linn. DH | Common in villages all up the Rivers Pahang and Tembeling. | Also (indisputably wild) in dense jungle overhanging the River Tahan. CASSIA JAVANICA, Linn. A big tree, its branches clothed with beautiful rose-coloured flowers. Renchong, Pahang River. C. TIMORENSIS, DC. Here and there on the banks of the Pahang River above Pekan. C. Tora, Linn. А common weed in waste ground round Pekan, Pulau Manis, &c.; also on islands in Tembling River. C. ALATA, Linn. Common in damp spots in open country all up the Rivers Pahang and Tembeling. Its value as a drug in cases of skin-disease is well known to the Malays. CYNOMETRA RAMIFLORA, Linn. Small tree, met with once or twice in fruit in the Tahan woods. SINDORA WALLICHII, Benth. Pods of this tree were picked up on the ground in the forests. Baker describes the calyx as armed with large firm prickles. This is not quite correct, as the so-called prickles are really quite soft processes when the plant is alive. It is a very lofty and inaccessible tree. When in flower it is visited by enormous numbers of bees and flies, the roar of whose wings can be heard from the foot of the tree. ENTADA SCANDENS, Benth. Pekan and on the islands up the Pahang River at Kwala Luit and Pulau Kuichi. Common. | This plant has a habit of flowering after the fall of the leaves and before the new ones come out. There is at least one, and perhaps two, other species of this genus native in Singapore; but the above is the only one I have met with in Pahang, and is the only one recorded for the whole Indian region. PARKIA Вохвовени, б. Don. Abundant in the woods along the river-banks in Pahang, and often planted in villages in Temerloh &c. This is the “ Petay," the beans of which are so greedily sought by the Malays and eaten with curries; but it causes their bodies to exhale so foetid an odour that it is impossible to have them in camp. EASTERN COAST OF THE MALAY PENINSULA. 297 Mimosa PUDICA, Linn. The Sensitive Plant has already established itself in Pekan. ACACIA FARNESIANA, Willd. Common in and round Pekan, and occurring also further up the river in villages. I see no reason to imagine it native. A. CONCINNA, DC. А common shrub along the banks of the Rivers Tembeling, Pahang, and Tahan, at Passir Loyang, Pulau Tawar, and Kwala Tembeling, in dense thickets. A. very prickly plant with whitish-yellow flower-heads. А. PENNATA, Willd. At Tulomalata, Pahang River, called ** Akar Kayu Manis." PITHECOLOBIUM FASCICULATUM, Benth. Pulau Chengei. A large tree, not rare in many parts of the Peninsula. P. Сі/урЕлвтА, Benth. A common small tree, Pekan. P. roBATUM, Benth. Cultivated and wild all over the more open country in Pahang, and up the River Tahan for at least а mile. This is the “Jering” (whence Jack invented the generic name of Jiringa). It is eagerly sought by Malays, who eat the seeds, which produce the same objectionable results as Parkia-pods. ROSACEX. PARINARIUM GRIFFITHIANUM, Benth. A fine large tree with bright green leaves and white flowers. On the river-bank at Mahang. P. ASPERULUM, Miq. А small tree, apparently belonging to this species, was found in the Tahan woods, but the flowers are too young to be sure of. P. мттоом, Hook. f. | А tree of moderate size. Kwala Pahang. RUBUS MOLUCCANUS, Linn. Very abundant at Kwala Tembeling and Temerloh ; also seen on the Tahan River. It is called “Tampah Ragat.” Тһе flowers are white, and the fruit orange-red, very sweet, and eatable. 298 MR. Н. М. RIDLEY ON THE FLORA OF THE CRASSULACEZ. BRYOPHYLLUM CALYCINUM, Salisb. Common at Kwala Pahang and in the environs of Pekan. DROSERACE. Drosera BuRMANNI, Vahl. Plentiful in the sandy districts at Pramau, opposite Pekan, and шаг Kwala Pahang. Leaves red, flowers white. MYRTACEZ. RHODAMNIA TRINERVIA, Blume. - Common in Pakan in the low country, but sies scarcer higher up, occurring as far up as Temerloh. | RHODOMYRTUS TOMENTOSA, Wight. An abundant bush in the sandy country at Kwala Pahang and Pekan. The berries are the best wild fruit here. EUGENIA GRANDIS, Wight. Open country in Kwala Pahang and round Pekan; also Tringanu and Pulau Tiuman, disappearing inland. | А big {тее with white flowers and green globose fruit, which have a small amount of sweetish pulp and are greedily devoured by wild animals. Ав its native name (“Jambu Ayer-Laut," i. e. Sea Rose-apple) implies, it is typically a sea-shore plant, and as such is very common on the coast of Singapore and other parts of the Malay Peninsula. E. INOPHYLLA, Roxb. Pekan. E. ZEYLANICA, Wight. ; Common at Praman and elsewhere іп the open country near Pekan. The common Malay name is “ Хаві-Хаві” (Rice), from its white berries vaguely suggesting rice. The fruits are aromatic and sweet, but rather dry. It is usually a bush, more rarely a small tree. E. LINEATA, Blume. I saw a number of trees of what appear to belong to this species, though not in flower, in the woods, at Tanjong Medang near Pekan. It is very common in Singapore, especially near the sea. | E. Матхвлүті, Duthie. А. fairly large tree or shrub with copious flowers, with pale orange calyces and fruit, on heaths near Kwala Pahang. I think this beautiful tree is the one intended by Duthie under the above name ; the flowers are smaller than those of Æ. leptantha, Wight, a native of Penang, and the bases of the leaves are decidedly rounded. EASTERN COAST OF THE MALAY PENINSULA. 299 EvucENIA HEYNEANA, Wall. А. small tree, with willow-like leaves and globose white fruits, hanging over the river at Tahan. E. aff. vERECUNDA, Wall. Bushy plant with white flowers. Katapong near Pekan. Also collected by Curtis in Penang. E. CAULIFLORA, n. Sp. Arbor elata, gracilis, cortice brunneo. Folia elongata, lanceolata acuminata, subacuta, sessilia, opposita aut alterna, coriacea, haud lucida, subtus glauca, basi rotundata subbiloba, 18 pollices longa, 2 pollices lata, carina promi- nula, nec acuta, ad basin folii abrupte incrassata et transversim rugosa, nervis intra- marginalibus margine approximatis, transversis vix ascendentibus, ultra triginta in utroque latere. Panicule pauce, 2 pollices longs, e ligno vetusto exortæ, ramis paucis, octo-flore. ^ Flores pollicem longi, pedicellis 2 pollicem longis, omnino ker- mesini, speciosi. Sepala 4, ovata, punctata, marginibus pallidis, persistentia, 2 externa parva, ovata acuta, interiora majora, obtusa. Petala 4, insequalia, tenuia, marginibus albescentibus, ovatis rotundatis. Stamina copiosa, filamentis gracilibus, antheris parvis, oblongis. Stylus gracilis, ferme $ pollicem .longus, pore attenuatus. Stigma minutum. Ovarium obconicum. Dense jungle in the Tahan woods, very rare. I only saw two trees of this beautiful Eugenia, with one cluster of flowers on each. Тһе growth of the flowers on the old wood is, I believe, quite peculiar. Е. ($ JAMBOSA) TIUMANENSIS, n. sp. Arbor magna, ramis gracilibus patulis, circiter 20- pedalis. Folia tenuia, opposita, exacte lanceolata aut lanceolata acuminata, leete virentia (sicca cinereo-viridia), 4 pollices longa, pollicem lata, nervis intramarginalibus, margine remotis, carina elevata; petioli pollicares, graciles. Flores sessiles, in capitulo brevi terminali, mediocres, albi. Bracteze minute, setaceæ. Calyx cam- panulatus, lobi magni, rotundati, $ pollicem longi. Stamina alba, $ pollicem longa, copiosa. Petala brevia, oblonga, rotundata, alba. Stylus elongatus, gracilis, rectus (in alabastro uncinatus). . Pulau Tiuman. І only saw one tree with very few flowers in a dense rocky jungle. . There are a number of other Eugenias in this region of which I have specimens, but owing to the difficulty of defining the species of the genus I am unable to identify them. BARRINGTONIA RACEMOSA, Blume. In tidal swamps at Ayer Hitam, near Pekan, and again in the Tahan River: This plant does not confine itself to sea-coasts or rather to tidal rivers, which it most affects, but occurs a long way up the freshwater streams, though more rarely. It is called “ Putat-Gajah " in Pahang—* Putat " being the generic Malay name for Barring tonia; “ Gajah ” signifies large (literally Elephant). B., sp. A big tree, with thin-textured petiolate leaves and erect spikes of white and pink flowers, occurred at Kwala Tembeling. SECOND SERIES.—BOTANY, VOL. III. 2v 300 | MR. H. N. RIDLEY ON THE FLORA OF THE BARRINGTONIA ACUTANGULA, Gaertn. This is a small straggling bush, here only a few feet in height, growing on the river- bank from Pekan upwards. Іп India it is described as a tree 30 to 40 feet high. В. MACROSTACHYA, Kurz. Occurred at Kwala Tembeling. It is common in sandy woods in Singapore, often far away from water. It forms a large shrub or small straggling tree, with either white or pink flowers, rather larger than in most species. RHIZOPHOREJX. KANDELIA ВНЕЕрП, Wight & Arn. Rumpin River. RHIZOPHORA CONJUGATA, Linn. Sungei Meang. BRUGUIERA CARYOPHYLLOIDES, Blume. Sungei Meang. B. ERIOPETALA, Wight & Arn. Sungei Meang. ' GYNOTROCHES AXILLARIS, Miq. Pekan, Kwala Pahang. А very common tree. COMBRETACEA. TERMINALIA САТАРРА, Linn. Sea-shores at Kwala Pahang, Sungei Meang. This plant is certainly native along our shores, but does not seem to occur inland except where planted. It is one of those trees of which the seeds are constantly dis- persed by sea-currents, and so is found on almost all small islands in this region. | LUMNITZERA COCCINEA, Wight & Arn. Sea-shores, Cherating. Usually a small bushy tree, but often tall and straight. It is called * Terentam " in Singapore, and the wood is in some repute for axles of ox-carts and such work. COMBRETUM TETRALOPHUM, C. B. Clarke. Flowers yellow. Katapong near Pekan. C. OVALIFOLIUM, Roxb. Flowers green. Pulau Chengei, Pahang’ River. QUISQUALIS INDICA, Linn. Apparently quite wild on the banks of the river at Pekan and Кима, Luit. MELASTOMACEAX. MELASTOMA MOLLE, Wall. | Banks of the Tahan. А lovely shrub with very large jala rose flowers, EASTERN COAST OF THE MALAY PENINSULA. 301 MELASTOMA POLYANTHUM, Blume. Kwala Pahang. , Var. ALBUM. Pulau Rumput, Pahang River. ‚ A pretty white-flowered form of this common species. M. NITIDUM, Zoll. ? А very narrow-leaved plant with pale foliage and smaller flowers, abundant in the rocky islets in the Tahan, may belong to this species. The distribution of these Melastomas is rather curious. In Singapore, Johore, and ` Penang M. polyanthum is most abundant, and is known as the Singapore Rhododendron. In Penang, Kedah, and Perak it is replaced by M. malabathricum, Linn. ALLOMORPHIA ROSEA, n. sp. Frutex parva, ramis obtusangulis, crassiusculis. Folia lanceolata acuminata acuta, carnosula, petiolata, 12 pollices longa, 4 pollices lata, petiolis validulis, 3 pollices longis, nervis tribus elevatis intramarginalibus, tenuioribus, nervulis transversis, subtus multo elevatis, parallelis. Panicula magna, pedunculo validulo, lepidoto, ramis ultra 6-pollicaribus. Flores $ pollicem longi, rosei. Sepala brevia, triangularia, obtusa. Petala 4; oblonga, brevia. Stamina 8, filamenta gracilia, pubescentia. Anthere glabree, lineares, oblongse, apicibus obtusis, basi breviter bilobis. Stylus crassiusculus. Capsula rosea, + pollicem longa, obconica, quadrangula, costis intermediis vix elevatis, basi ad pedicellum attenuata, superne infra sepala brevia et obtusa contracta. Tahan woods. A pretty plant, very distinct in the form and texture of the leaves and in the form of the fruit. SONERILA OBLIQUA, Korth. Woods of the Tahan River. 54i Flowers pink, the leaves when young spotted with white. This is the commonest species in the Peninsula. S. MoLUCCANA, Roxb.; . Growing with the last species. S. IMPATIENS, Весе. ? : i A very small and pretty little species, with leaves either green with white spots or entirely purple. Tahan woods. Apparently identical with the Bornean plant. PHYLLAGATHIS ROTUNDIFOLIA, Blume. Very abundant in the Kota Glanggi and Tahan woods. ~ 202 302 MR. H. N. RIDLEY ON THE FLORA OF THE DISSOCHÆTA GRACILIS, Blume. Woods at the mouth of the Tahan River. MARUMIA NEMOROSA, Blume. At Kwala Luit and Kwala Tahan. This, like other scandant Melastomacez, is called “ Akar Sendudu.” MEDINILLA RUBICUNDA, Blume ? On trees, Tahan woods. М. Hassett, Blume. Pramau woods, near Pekan. PACHYCENTRIA GLAUCA, Triana. Tahan woods. This plant, common as it is in Singapore, has not been recorded previously from the Peninsula. Itisone of Beccari's ant-plants (Piante ospitatrict) ; but though ants do make nests among the tubercles of the roots, I never saw them living inside the tubercles, which are always solid, and this is also true of the next species. P. MACRORRHIZA, Весс. Tahan woods. Also Singapore, but not common, and Penang. MEMECYLON EDULE, Roxb., var. ? - A lovely shrub, often loaded with its charming little blue flowers. Pramau, open country. М. HEPTAPLEURUM, Blume. Tahan River, Kwala Tembeling, &c. * Nipis Kulit." М. sp. aff. GRIFFITHIANUM, Naud. Kwala Tahan, Tembeling, and also at Kwala Lumpin in Selayn. A small slender tree, with pink petals and blue stamens, in dense woods. PTERNANDRA CJERULESCENS, Jack. Pekan. ONAGRACEA. JUSSLEA REPENS, Linn. Common in swamps at Kwala Pahang. J. SUFFRUTICOSA, Linn., var. ANGUSTIFOLIA. At Kamposa in Kelantan. A shrubby plant, with large buff-coloured flowers. LupwicrA PARVIFLORA, Roxb. Exceedingly common in waste places, sandbanks, &c. Pahang and Tembeling Rivers. : EASTERN COAST ОҒ THE MALAY PENINSULA. 308 i: FicorpEx. MOLLUGO stricta, Linn. A common weed in dry places. Pekan, Kwala Tembeling. On dry sandbanks the whole plant becomes red. Also Kamposa in Kelantan. М. SPERGULA, Linn. Open dry spots; less common. Pekan, near Kalambalai; also at Kamposa in Kelantan. SEsuviuM PORTULACASTRUM, Linn. . Muddy spots ор the sea-shore. Sungei Meang. LYTHRACER. LAGERSTREMIA FLORIBUNDA, Jack. Common up the River Pahang as far as Kwala Tembeling, forming a most conspicuous feature in the scenery. L. НЕХАРТЕВА, Мід. A tree about 60 feet high; flowers pink. Kwala Tahan. SONNERATIA ACIDA, Linn. f. Mouth of the Pahang River. This is not the commonest species in the Malayan Peninsula, 8. alba being more abundant. This latter, described by Kurz as not exceeding 15 feet, here attains a very large size. It grows very abundantly round Singapore, often so far out from the main- land that at high tide the trees appear to be growing in the open sea. The fruits are eatable, but not good. The tree is known as “ Prapat.” The flowers appear to open very late in the afternoon, in fact at sundown, when they are visited by numbers of bees (Apis dorsalis) and butterflies of the family Hesperide. BEGONIACE. BEGONIA SINUATA, Wall. Rocks on the Tahan River banks. This is a most variable plant, and includes a large number of forms. В. FALLAX, A. DC. (Diploclinium bombycinum, Klotzsch.) Rocky streams entering the Tahan River. A small-flowered plant with deep green velvety leaves. This fits Wight’s figure (Icones, t. 1817) fairly well; he gave it the name of Diploclinium Lindleyanum. Miquel gives Begonia isoptera, Dryand., asa synonym of Diploclinum bombycinum, Klotzsch, and thinks Wight’s plant is merely a form of the same. B. isoptera is common in Borneo, where it is apparently very variable in size and form of leaves. The Pahang plant is more slender than any of the Bornean forms I have, and it is possible may be eventually specifically distinguished. B. aff. ALBOCOCCINEA, Hook. ? Limestone rocks, Kota Glanggi caves. 804 МЕ. Н. №. RIDLEY ON THE FLORA OF THE A pretty little Begonia, resembling the figure in the ‘ Botanical Magazine,’ t. 4172, but the flowers are very much smaller, and the plant has none of the red colouring about it. There are two or three other species of this section of Begonias in the Peninsula which are apparently not included in the * Flora of British India.’ А very fine plant, of which I found a single specimen on а rocky stream far up the River Tahan, was stemless, with leaves about two feet long, with a broadly ovate acute blade, the edges waved, glabrous except for the veins beneath, but little unequal. The scape is fleshy and winged, about a foot long, terminated by short dichotomous branches bearing а few rather large white flowers with red bracts. Тһе male flowers have two large ovate petals and two much smaller and narrower ones. Stamens numerous, not appendaged. Тһе female flowers І have not seen. Тһе fruit (unripe) has one large and two small wings. | It is probable that this will prove a new species. І can find no description answering to it, but I am unwilling to describe it as new till I can procure ripe fruit and female flowers. Тһе great rhubarb-like leaves are plain green, but it would be well worth cultivating for its flowers. PASSIFLORE®. MODECCA, sp. A fairly common species occurs along the Tahan and Tembeling Rivers which I can- not identify with any described species. It resembles M. singaporeana (the commonest kind in the Malay Peninsula, though I did not find it in Pahang), except that the fruit is nearly globose, much shorter than any other kind that I know, and the leaves are broader and more oval. I have never seen the flowers. The difference in form of the fruit from that of М. singaporeana is very conspicuous. It is a very showy plant, covering the trees with its bright crimson fruits. CUCURBITACEA. HonpcsoNiA HETEROCLITA, Hook. f. А big climber, with deep green leaves and large, globose, flattened, smooth, minutely pubescent woody gourds about six inches through. Тһе pubescence on these gourds prevents their getting wet when they fall into the water; they are not rarely seen floating in the sea. They are grey-green, not at all red ; seeds 5 or 6, very large, woody, grooved. Pulp of gourd firm and fleshy, very oily. Tembeling, Pahang, and Tahan Rivers. MOMORDICA COCHINCHINENSIS, Spreng. ` Khol, Tembeling River, Tahan River. | | Scrambling over bushes by the river-banks. Flowers large, cream-colour, with black spots in base, and black sepals. Pumpkin orange-scarlet, oblong, with numerous prickles. : MELOTHRIA, sp. “Timon Tikus." Tanjong Gajah Mati; Pekan, Pahang River. “ge The little round gourds are quite eatable and taste like cucumbers, EASTERN COAST OF THE MALAY PENINSULA. 305 CITRULLUS VULGARIS, Schrad. Water-melon, cultivated at Pekan. UMBELLIFERÆ. HYDROCOTYLE ASIATICA, Linn. The “ Pegaga,” used everywhere in curries and as medicine. A common weed in all cultivated spots. ÅRALIACEÆ. ARALIA THOMSONII, Seem. ? A big shrub, very softly pubescent all over. Leayes bipinnate, with very thorny petioles and rhachis about three feet long, рита about 5; leaflets 11 on a pinnule, opposite, lanceolate or almost ovate lanceolate acuminate, distinctly or very obscurely serrate, woolly pubescent, with stiffer red hairs on the veins, 3—4 inches long or much less. Thorns on the rhachis and its subdivisions only, not on the midrib of the lamina, straight, acute. Panicles large, about 2 feet in length. Fruits with five ridges, about 12 in an umbel on pedicels half an inch long. Near Pekan. I have this also from Gunong Brumban in Sungei Ujong, under the name of “ Poko Dulang Dulang,” and it is common in the Thaiping Hills. Seemann’s plant came from the Khasiya Mountains. I have not been able to compare it with this species, and it is probably distinct. ARALIDIUM PINNATIFIDUM, Мід. A small tree with elegantly cut leaves and large oblong drupes, at first white, абала black, with a nasty зоару taste. Kwala Tembeling; Pulau Chengei. HEPTAPLEURUM SUBULATUM, Seem. An epiphyte, rather common in woods at Pramau, Kota gni Passir Loyang, and on the Tahan River. H. vENULOSUM, Seem. A shrub, with fruits passing from аа фо Б; and finally black. Kwala Tembeling. "TREVESIA SUNDAICA, Miq. 5 Common in some spots. Kwala Tembeling and Tahan River. ARTHROPHYLLUM DIVERSIFOLIUM, Blume. In open woods and secondary jungle; less common than in Singapore. Pekan, Tanjong Antan. 806 МЕ, Н. М. RIDLEY ON THE FLORA OF THE GAMOPETALZ. RUBIACEZ. SARCOCEPHALUS SUBDITUS, Miq. ‘Pulau Chengei. A straggling small tree, leaves glabrous. Fruits brown, with concave summits to the carpels. The heads of flowers are ternate. Called “ Markel.” STEPHEGYNE DIVERSIFOLIA, Hook. f. ? Kwala Berar. Native name “ Kutum.” It also occurs near Petaling by Kwala Lumpur, in Selangor. A handsome tree with yellow balls of flowers. I take it to belong to this species as the corolla-lobes are bearded inside; but it has a short five-toothed calyx-tube, while the Burmese plant is said to have no calyx-tube. | CEPHALANTHUS ARALIOIDES, Zoll. Tahan River. A pretty tree, with yellowish-white balls of flowers. Common along the river-bank. I have the same plant also from Borneo collected by Dr. Haviland. UNCARIA PEDICELLATA, Roxb. Tahan woods, Pulau Manis. One of the biggest of the Gambirs, climbing high over the trees, and forming stout leaves. U. FERREA, DC. Pulau Chengei. This is not a very common species in the Peninsula. The heads of flowers are sessile when in bud and woolly, but the peduncles lengthen out before the flowers open. U. GAMBIR, Roxb. Is cultivated, I am told, at Tembeling at a point above the mouth of the Tahan River, so that I did not see it. It is said to have been cultivated there for many generations. Chewing-gambir only is prepared there, aņd it is not exported. COPTOSAPELTA FLAVESCENS, Korth. A very sweet-scented climber, with large trusses of white flowers. Temerloh. C. GRIFFITHII, Hook. Called “Sea Tulang.” Near Temerloh. OLDENLANDIA TRINERVIA, Retz. Kwala Pahang. EASTERN COAST ОҒ THE MALAY PENINSULA. 307 OPHIORRHIZA TRICHOCARPA, Blume. Passir Loyang. О. DISCOLOR, R. Br. Pulau Tiuman. О. Harristana, Heyne. ; Tahan woods, Passir Loyang. I find these Ophiorrhizas difficult to identify. Тһе common Singapore species, which I did not gather in Pahang, has been named by Dr. King O. succirubra, from specimens in Mr. Hullett's collection. It, however, differs from the description of this plant in ‘Flora of British India’ in being very pubescent, as well as in other points. What I have named above 0. discolor is a rather large plant with glabrous leaves and a finely pubescent суше; it dries red. 0. Harrisiana is a smaller plant, with glabrous fruits; some specimens dried red, others green. О. trichocarpa, Blume, is very similar, but has hairy fruits. Besides these I met with two other species which are very distinct, but which I could not identify with any description. One was rather a large glabrous plant, found at Kota Glanggi, with long slender branches to the cyme; the flowers rather long, 3 inch in length. Another, which I have also received from the caves at Kwala Lumpur, is a small shrubby plant, branching, with narrow acuminate leaves; drying reddish. GREENIA JAcKiI, Wight. In thickets by the river at Tanjong Antan. А large shrub, with green flowers. DENTELLA REPENS, Forst. Rumpin River, sandy spots. HEDYOTIS CAPITELLATA, Wall. _ Common at and near Pekan. Climbing over bushes. Н. vestra, В. Br. | : Open country at Katapong, near Pekan and Tanjong Gajah Mati. A fair-sized herb with lilac flowers. It is called “ Rumput Tikus” here (lit. Mouse- grass). Н. AURICULARIA, Linn. А common woody plant. Pekan &с. А plant with more membranous leaves and less pubescent, which was abundant along the banks of the Tahan and Tembeling Rivers, seems to be a form of this. H. nmisPrDA, Retz. Kwala Tembeling. H. PINIFOLIA, Wall. Common in sandy spots. Kwala Pahang, Pramau, Rumpin, &c. SECOND SERIES.—BOTANY, VOL. III. 2x 308 МЕ. H. N. RIDLEY ON THE FLORA OF THE Hepyorts СОМСЕЗТА, R. Br. Common in jungles and thickets. Kadondong, near Pulau Tawar. Н. GLABRA, В. Br. Common. Temerloh. Called “ Leepitum.” POMAZOTA, n. gen. Herba pusilla, erecta, hispida, 3-4-pollicaris. ^ Folia opposita, lanceolata, acuta vel subacuta, sessilia, integra, hispida, stipulis lanceolatis acutis. Anthela terminalis, capitulum involucratum, hispidum, pedunculatum. Bracteæ involucrales, plures patentes, hispidze, ovatz acute. Flores minimi, albi rubescentes, sessiles ; bracteze florales bin: ovate lanceolatze, inequales. Sepala 5, ovata inzequalia, ciliis longis albis tecta. Corolla brevis, tubo superne dilatato superior, lobis 4-5 stellatim patentibus, ovatis acutis, albo-ciliatis, annulo elevato ad faucem tubi. Stamina 4, libera, inclusa, glabra, filamentis linearibus; antheris anguste oblongis, apicibus et basibus emarginatis. Stylus brevis crassus, versus basin articulatus. Stigma rotundatum, bilobum, faucem tubi implens. Ovarium album, costatum, ciliis albis longis tectum ; ovula copiosa axillaria. Capsula pyxidata, oblongo-ovoidea, costata, rostrata, operculo dehiscens. Semina copiosissima, angulata, brunnea, punctata, minima. P. SYLVESTRIS, n. sp. (Pl LXI) Herba pauciramosa, hispida, foliis variabilibus, majoribus 3 pollices longis, pollicem latis, atro-viridibus, subtus pallidioribus, omnino hispidis. Pedunculi capitulorum ssepe brevissimi, rarius 13-pollicares. Flores ferme i pollicem, albi, longe albo-ciliati. Calyx ciliis albis, quam sepala longioribus, munitus. Stylus supra ovario articulatus. Pyxis alba. Plentiful in open pathways in Pulau Tawar woods. А curious little hairy herb with pink buds and white flowers. Тһе capsule opens with an operculum very much re- sembling that of Epithema. The seeds are very minute and abundant. PETUNGA VENULOSA, Hook. Kwala Tembeling. TIMONIUS FINLAYSONIANUS, Wall. Common shrub, with yellow flowers. Pramau, Pekan. Ж. Ер, Kwala Tahan. . A. small straggling tree in dense wet jungle, with small yellow flowers on long slender pedicels. Mec seems distinct from the two common species, but I cannot match it with any other. CANTHIUM DIDYMUM, Roxb. Kwala Pahang, near the old tombs. EASTERN COAST OF THE MALAY PENINSULA. 309 CANTHIUM HORRIDUM, Blume. Bushes in open country. Pulau Tawar, Pulau Chengei, Kwala Berar. A common shrub. C. ANGUSTIFOLIUM, Roxb., var. ? Kadondong, Pulau Tawar woods. Т аш doubtful about this plant, though it does not appear to be rare. I have it also from Sungei Ujong. The young shoots are decidedly pubescent, with a red downy pubescence. I have several other species of Canthiwm from the Malay Peninsula which are not identifiable with any in the ‘ Flora of British India.’ MUSSÆNDA MUTABILIS, Hemsl. Tahan woods. A very beautiful plant, probably the finest in the genus; rather widely scattered over the Peninsula, and common in some places, as at Kwala Lumpur. It climbs over bushes, but to no great height. The flowers are large, star-shaped, crimson-scarlet, soon becoming orange-yellow. M. GLABRA, Vahl. Renchong, and many other places along the rivers. This is the common Malay Peninsula species. It is not rare to find it with the white calyx-lobes entirely suppressed. . M. VILLOSA, Wall. Climbing over trees at Kwala Tembeling. This is a very fine plant, with very large white lobes of the calyx, and rather large flowers for the section. I did not find any fruiting specimen ; but though the corollas had fallen, the calyx-teeth, which are rather large, still remained on the young ovary. 8 ADENOSACME LONGIFOLIA, Wall. Kwala Tembeling; Tahan River woods. This is described as а bush with very brittle branches in the ‘Flora of British India,’ but here it is always а simple herb, at most a little woody at the base of the stem. 1% inhabits damp rocky hollows in deep jungle. А. FASCICULATA, Miq. ? Ап (always?) unbranched shrub, vith shiny white stems, and lanceolate acuminate leaves 9 inches long and 2 broad, acute at both ends, tapering into a petiole, drying fuscous, lighter beneath, covered on both sides with short, scattered, appressed hairs; nerves over twenty pairs, usually rather horizontal. Panicle short, terminal, about an inch long. Stipules lanceolate acute. Flowers 4 inch long. Calyx-lobes short, blunt, with large glands. Corolla-tube cylindric, with very short ovate lobes, glandular, pubescent, yellow. Fruit small, globose, not ripe. 2x2 310 MR. Н. М. RIDLEY ON THE ЕГОВА OF THE This is probably an undescribed species, but I have obtained only a single specimen from Kwala Tahan. It resembles Adenosacme Jasciculata, Miq., according to the description, in its leaves (except that they are described as strigose only beneath, whereas in this plant they are hispid on both surfaces), and also in the pubescent yellow tubular corolla. A. fasciculata, Miq., is a native of Java. I have also apparently another species of Adenosacme, a shrubby branching plant, with stiffer, oblong, quite glabrous leaves, and а much stouter paniele of greenish-white flowers, with large, glabrous, oblong calyx-lobes and oblong stipules. І collected it in the woods at Kwala Tembeling. UROPAYLLUM HIRSUTUM, Wight. Common shrub in thick jungle. Temerloh; Tahan River woods; Pulau Tawar. It is called “ Yagundi Kayu ” here. 0. ВілтмЕлхт/м, Wight. Common. Tahan woods; Pulau Tawar. U. GRIFFITHIANUM, Wight. Tahan River. There are several other species of this troublesome genus which I have not identified. RANDIA FASCICULATA, DC. | А common shrub, with white flowers; in thickets in open country near swamps. Pekan. GARDENIA TUBIFERA, Wall. A small bush, or in Singapore a fairly large tree. Тһе flowers, which open white, almost immediately become orange-coloured, and are very sweetly scented. Banks of the River Pekan. | G. TENTACULATA, Hook. А. small shrub with very bright green léaves and bell-shaped green flowers, with pink spots in the tube. Banks of River Tahan. | 9. ($ RorHMANNIA) CAMPANULA, n. sp. Frutex inermis, ramis griseis (siccitate), sub- angulatis. Folia in apicibus ramorum congesta, obovata vel obovato-lanceolata, sub- acuta, tenuia (sicca nigricantia), pubescentia, marginibus ciliatis, 2 polliees longa, pollicem lata. Stipulz persistentes, ochreate, acute, pubescentes. Flores majusculi, albi. Calyx tubulosus, 3 pollicem longus, dentibus linearibus subulatis 5. Corolla ferme 2-pollicaris, campanulata, 2 pollices lata, basi angustata, superne abrupte dilatata, lobis 5 vel 6, late ovatis obtusis. Bacca elliptica, ultra-pollicaris, calyce persistente coronata, sicca nigra, intus polita. Semina plura, tenuia, complanata. Open country at Mahang, Pahang River. І can find no species described which agrees with this plant. It somewhat resembles some of the South-African species of the genus. І have met with only one bush of it, EASTERN COAST OF THE MALAY PENINSULA. 311 which was growing at the foot of an Aporosa tree in the open meadow land. It would, I think, be well worth cultivating. IxoRA CONCINNA, В. Br. A small bush, usually, at least, with light orange-coloured flowers. Common in the heath districts. Kwala Pahang, Pramau, Kwala Berar. I. PENDULA, Jack. In thick jungle. Tahan River. Widely scattered over the Peninsula, but never very common. The flowers are not ‘red, as described in the ‘ Flora of British India,’ but white, with pink corolla-tube. I. AMGNA, Mig. Tulomalaty, near Pekan. 1 GRANDIFOLIA, Zoll. Jungles by the River Tahan. Flowers white, with pinkish corolla-tubes. I. STENOPHYLLA. (Pavetta stenophylla, Korth. ?) Korthals described this plant from specimens collected on the banks of the Tewe, at Mount Rankon, Sakumbang, in Borneo. His description is short, but it fairly well fits -æ plant which is very abundant along the rocky banks of the Tahan River. This is а bushy shrub, about 6 feet high, with lanceolate acuminate acute leaves tapering to both ends, and quite glabrous. Тһе keel on the back of the leaves is prominent, and the principal nerves are arched. Тһе lamina is from 4 to 5 inches in length, and three quarters of an inch wide; the petiole a quarter of an inch long. Stipules setaceous, i inch. Тһе corymb of flowers is small and loose, with few branches, bearing only from six to twelve flowers. Вгасіѕ ovate acute. Flowers on short pedicels as large - as, and resembling those of, 7. fulgens. Calyx-teeth ovate acute, small. Corolla light orange; the tube slender, 11 inch long. Petals lanceolate acute, nearly half an inch long. Style exsert, bilobed. Тһе berries usually single, as large as а pea, black, with purple pulp, апа one or two grey seeds mottled with purple. This charming plant is an ally of T. fulgens without doubt, but can hardly, I think, be considered an extreme form of this species. І have certainly specimens of Irora approaching this from Larut, in Perak, which has been called 7. fulgens, var., by the Kew authorities; but though for Г. fulgens the leaves are remarkably narrow, they are not acuminate at the base, and the corymb of flowers is larger and the petals blunt. I. CLERODENDRON, п. өр. Suffrutex, parva, pauciramosa, Clerodendron deflexum simu- lans, ramis juvenibus pubescentibus. Folia lanceolata, utrinque acuta vel obovato- acuta, petiolo brevi, 9 pollices longa, 3% pollices lata, superne glabra, subtus pubescentia (siccata virescenti-brunnea), costa et nervis (9 paribus) prominentibus. Stipulee subulate, basibus triangularibus, pubescentes, j-pollicares. Cymæ termi- nales, peduneulis pubescentibus nudis, foliis 2 parvis ovatis sessilibus exceptis, com- pactze, pollicem сгаззее, ramis brevibus crassis pubescentibus. Flores plures. Sepala 812 МЕ, H. N. RIDLEY ON THE FLORA OF THE linearia, rubra, ferme 1-pollicaria, ovario longiora, pubescentia. Corolla alba, glabra, tubo gracili, pollicari, lobis oblongis ovatis subacutis 4, i-pollicaribus. Stamina exserta 5, antheris linearibus acutis. Stylus gracilis; stigma clavato-fusiforme. Васса 4-pollicaris, sepalis persistentibus rubris coronata, succulenta, grisea, rubro- striata. Semina 1-2. Open woods. Tanjong Antan, Кума Tembeling, Pulau Chengei; all on the Pahang River bank. This тоға so much resembles Clerodendron deflexum in flowers апа habit that it quite deceived me at first. It is allied to Г. Brunonis, Wall. The white flowers with the red sepals are crowded into a head on an erect terminal stalk, which usually has a small pair of leaves about halfway down. Тһе berries are leaden grey, with pink streaks. PRISMATOMERIS ALBIDIFLORA, Thw. A bush with white flowers. Sea-shore, Rumpin River. . PAVETTA INDICA, Linn. A large bush. Banks of the River Pekan. Common. MORINDA CITRIFOLIA, Linn. | Sungei Meang. Perhaps wild; common in villages, where it is cultivated under the name of “ Mengkudu.” The fruit is given as yellowish in the ‘ Flora of British India’; here it is of a semi- transparent white. М. ттхстовтА, Roxb. А small tree; common. Pekan, Кума Tembeling. М. rierma, Blume. Climbing over bushes. Pramau, Pekan. Flowers white, deliciously scented. RENNELLIA SPECIOSA, Hook. f. Kwala Tenok, on the Tahan River. “ Mengkudu Rimbah” of the Malays ($. е. Forest Morinda). . GYNOCHTHODES | SUBLANCEOLATA, Miq. A scandent shrub with white flowers and lead-coloured drupes. Common near the sea, Kwala Pahang. PSYCHOTRIA SARMENTOSA, Blume. Rumpin River, Kwala Pahang; also Kamposa in Kelantan. P. STIPULACEA, Wall. Shrubby plant. Kwala Tembeling. Fruits red. P. ANGULATA, Korth. - Rumpin River. EASTERN COAST OF THE MALAY PENINSULA. 313 PsYCHOTRIA TORTILIS, Blume, var. ? In the Pulau Tawar woods. P. Jacki, Hook. f.? Pulau Manis, Renchong. А big bush, with white flowers and orange berries. i CHASALIA CURVIFLORA, Thw. Common. Pulau Tawar, Tahan River, Pekan, &c. The common form of this in Singapore is an insignificant-looking plant with small flowers; but in the interior of Pahang the flowers are much larger and more showy. GEOPHILA MELANOCARPA, n. sp. (Pl LXIL) Herba parva, succulenta, glabra, 6—8- pollicaris, caule haud ramoso, basi nuda. Folia 2-4, opposita, erecta, petiolis longis, 3-pollicaribus, superne pubescentibus, lamina ovata cordata subacuta, 2-8 pollices longa, 1-14 lata, nervis reticulatis. Stipulz breves, lanceolate acutze. Capitulum pedunculatum, pedunculo bipollicari, foliis breviore. Flores virescentes, 1-pollicares. Sepala 5, oblonga, obtusa, persistentia. Corolla calycem paullo superans tubulosa, lobis 5 brevibus obtusis. Stamina inclusa 5. Anthere oblongs, subacute, basi bilobze dorsifixze, longitudinaliter dehiscentes; filamenta late linearia plana, ad basin coroll adnata, superne breviter libera. Stylus complanatus, staminibus subzqualis. Stigma breviter bilobum. Discus columnaris magnus. Васса, globosa, suecosa, atra, nitida, circiter +} pollicem crassa, calyce persistente coronata. Semina 2, ossea, 2-pollicaria, ovalia, uno latere convexo, costa mediana, altero plano, costa vix elevata. Albumen album, corneum. Woods and limestone rocks, Kota Glanggi, Tahan woods; also at the limestone caves of Kwala Lumpur, in Selangor. Though very different in appearance from G. reniformis, І am disposed to place this curious little plant here. It is a very succulent little herb, growing deep in the ground, sporadically in woods, especially in limestone districts. 1% is remarkable for the great length of its internodes, the pairs of leaves (one or two) being often 3 inches apart ; but usually the lower pair has fallen off before the upper ones appear, so that there is only one pair at а time. The berries are very juicy and deep black, like black currants, but shiny. С. RENIFORMIS, D. Don. Damp woods near the caves at Kota Glanggi. | This plant is commonly called “ Pegaga Ular" by the Malays, 2. e. Snake's Hydro- cotyle, from its resemblance to Hydrocotyle asiatica, Linn. CEPHAËLIS GRIFFITHII, Hook. ; Common in jungles at Palau Tawar, Kota Glanggi, and on the Tahan River. A sweet-scented plant, with honey-yellow flowers and bright blue berries. LASIANTHUS CYANOCARPUS, Jack. y | | Sandy woods at Rumpin ; and several other species also occur in the Pahang woods. 314: MR. H. N. RIDLEY ON THE FLORA OF THE HYDNOPHYTUM FORMICARIUM, Jack. Common at Kwala Pahang. MYRMECODIA ECHINATA, Jack. With the last, but much scarcer, PADERIA FŒTIDA, Linn. Scrambling over grass and bushes at Ayer Hitam and other places near Pekan. SPERMACOCE HISPIDA, Linn. А common weed, with pink flowers, in sandy places. Pekan, &c. Сомровіт ж. VERNONIA ELEAGNIFOLIA, DC. Pekan. This is common on the banks of the river in the town. It forms a large bush with lavender-coloured flowers, but is hardly a climbing plant here, as it is described in the ‘ Flora of British India, vol. iii. p. 337. It has a habit of emitting shoots from the roots, and is easily propagated from cuttings in this way. It has not hitherto been recorded from the Malay Peninsula, but only as a native of Burmah and Siam. V. ARBOREA, Ham. Not rare. Pekan, Kwala Tembeling, A. tall slender tree, about 40 feet high, with pale bark, or, not rarely, more stunted and gnarled; leaves sometimes quite glabrous (Kwala Tembeling), oftener woolly beneath (Pekan). V. CHINENSIS, Less. А common village weed, Pekan, &c. Also Kamposa іп Kelantan. V. CINEREA, Less. Common. Pekan, Pulau Manis, &c. ADENOSTEMMA VISCOSUM, Forst. Pulau Tiuman, Вау Manis, Pahang River. А common weed. MIKANIA SCANDENS, Willd. Open grassy country near Pekan, scrambling under bushes. ERIGERON LINIFOLIUS, Willd. | This weed has already found its way as far into Pahang аз Pulau Jellam, оп the Pahang River. | BLUMEA LACERA, DC. Open grassy country. Pekan, Kwala Tembeling. B. BALSAMIFERA, DC. Very common in open country all along the Pahang and Tembeling Rivers, and at the mouth of the Tahan. EASTERN COAST OF THE MALAY PENINSULA. 315 This is known everywhere as ** Sumbong" by the Malays and is used by them in medicine. By distilling the leaves a clear green oil can be obtained with a strong camphoraceous odour. SPHJERANTHUS MICROCEPHALUS, DC. Damp spots. Sungei Meang, Katapong near Pekan. ЕсілРТА ALBA, Hassk. A common weed in waste ground and river-banks. Pekan, Renchong, (сс. WEDELIA BIFLORA, DC. Common in wet spots on the sea-coast, Sungei Meang, Cherating River ; also in thickets far up the Pahang River, but less frequently, as at Tanjong Antan. SPILANTHES ACMELLA, Linn. Common by paths and in waste ground. Sungei Meang, &c. AGERATUM CONYZOIDES, Linn. Common. Вау Manis, &с. SONCHUS ASPER, Hoffm. Waste ground. Sungei Meang, &c. CAMPANULACES. PENTAPHRAGMA BEGONLZFOLIUM, Wall. Tahan River, on rocks, and also far in the woods, in rocky valleys, common. GOODENOVIEZ. SCJEVOLA Kanter, Vahl. Common on the sea-coasts. Rumpin River; Kwala Pahang. ХУ АССІХТАСЕ Ж. VACCINIUM MALACCENSE, Wight. A large shrub with very sweet-scented гозу or white flowers. Веттіев small, globose, dark plum-coloured, eatable. Plentiful in sandy spots at Pramau, opposite Pekan. У. sABULETRUM, п. sp. Arbuscula magna, pulehra, cortice nigro. Folia ovata lanceo- lata, petiolata, basi rotundata, apice acuta vel acuminata, subcoriacea, nervis (in sicca) distineta, marginibus integris, sepe rubra, 2 pollices longa, pollicem lata, petiolo l-pollicari. Racemi plures, axillares atque terminales, 2-23-pollicares. Flores 10-12 in racemo penduli secundi rubro-rosei, pedicellis rubris, j-pollicaribus. Bracteæ caduez. Calyx campanulatus, dentibus brevissimis triangularibus. Corolla 3-роШ- caris rubra tubulosa, basi dilatata, dentibus brevibus ovatis triangularibus obtusis recurvis. Stamina 8, antherz breves, oblonge, ecaiearatz, loculis disjunctis, appendicibus longissimis quam filamenta longioribus ; filamenta tenuia, plana, basibus pubescentibus et incrassatis. Stylus crassus, rectus, cylindrieus, apice obtuso, corollam haud superans. Bacca parva, nigra, ferme glabra. SECOND SERIES.— BOTANY, VOL. III. 2 Y 316 MR. H. N. RIDLEY ON THE FLORA OF THE Sandy places with the preceding, but much less frequent. А very pretty bush, distin- guished from V. malaccense by its very different-shaped flower, coriaceous leaves, which are often bright red, and the very long appendages to the stamens, which are as long as the whole of the rest of these organs. I cannot match it with any other Indian or Malayan species, nor have I seen it else- where. It is deliciously scented, and the berries, like those of the preceding, are very good and sweet. MYRSINEX. MSA RAMENTACEA, А. DC. Temerloh, in thickets. М. INDICA, Linn. Pulau Chengei, Tanjong Antan, Tahan River. In dense thickets. Fruits cream-colour, flowers white. I am not very well satisfied with my identification of these plants, What I take to be М. ramentacea, A. DC., and what has been so named by the authorities at Kew, is a far- climbing shrub (not a tree of 30 feet in height as described in the ‘ Flora of British India ’) with slender branches, and usually ovate lanceolate leaves. It is very liable to the attacks of some insect, which converts the inflorescence into a mossy-green mass of abortive branchlets, which is really much prettier than its small white flowers. It is an exceedingly common plant in Singapore. The other plant, which I suppose to be M. indica, Wall., is also, at least sometimes, half-scandent, but I have seen it also in the form of a small tree; the leaves are much larger and more elliptic, the inflorescence smaller. It is much less common. MYRSINE CAPITELLATA, Linn. Shores, Kwala Pahang. LanisrA POTHOINA, Lindl. Common in woods. Pekan, Tahan River. This plant is very variable in the form of leaves, but most of the forms to which names have been given are really states rather than varieties. Young plants have the leaves crenulate, very dark green in the centre, with a pink edge, but they soon lose this colouring and become entirely green and with an entire edge. Тһе flowers are not usually white, as described in ‘ Flora of British India,’ but pink, the berries scarlet. ARDISIA COLORATA, Roxb. A shrub, usually small and straggling (var. complanata), aa | small leaves. Inhabits thick woods. , Var. COMPLANATA. Pekan (Dr. Haviland). , Var. POLYNEURA. | Thickets. Tahan River. EASTERN COAST OF THE MALAY PENINSULA. 317 ARDISIA LANCEOLATA, Roxb. Woods at Kadondong, Pulau Tawar. Found only once in fruit. The leaves are not usually, strictly speaking, parallel-sided. The sepals are unusually large in proportion to the berry. A. CRENATA, Roxb. Very common round Pekan and elsewhere. This is the real * Mata Palandok " (Mouse-deer's eyes) of the natives, though the name is often applied to other Ardisias. It usually forms a small, often compact, bush, with rose-pink flowers and scarlet berries, very sweet and eatable. А. VILLOSA, Roxb. Woods at Kota Glanggi and Pulau Tawar. Common. A very charming small shrub, with a dark pink calyx, a lighter pink corolla, and scarlet berries. A. ODONTOPHYLLA, Wall. Not common. Pulau Tawar. Flowers pink. A. OXYPHYLLA, Wall. Kwala Luit, Temerloh. Flowers rose-colour. A. SOLANACEA, Roxb. Common on the sea-shore at Kwala Pahang and Pulau Tiuman, and also met with at Kamposa in Kelantan. The oldest name for this is 4. humilis, Vahl, a peculiarly unfortunate one, as it is the largest species of Ardisia, at least, to be met with in these regions. The flowers аге rose-coloured, the berries black. JEGICERAS MAJUS, Geertn. Sungei Meang. SAPOTACE Ж. SIDEROXYLON FERRUGINEUM, Hook. Small tree on the sea-shores. Pulau Tiuman ; ‘Kwala Pahang. PALAQUIUM Gurra, Burck. Trees without fruit or flower were seen in several places in the Tahan woods. A considerable quantity of gutta-percha is still collected by the Sakais in these woods and sold to the Malays. PAYENA, sp. “Jatohtoh.” Woods at Pulau Tawar. А tree found in fruit only. 2v2 318 MR. Н. №. RIDLEY ON THE FLORA OF THE EBENACE. MABA BUXIFOLIA, Pers. A small tree at Kwala Pahang. This is one of the trees which produces good ebony in the Malay Peninsula; it is called ** Kayu Arang.” ПтоврҮвов LUCIDA, Wall. ? Of three specimens of this tree sent to Kew and Calcutta, two were named Diospyros aff. ebenum and flavicans, the third was named 2. lucida; one of the former was collected in open country at Pekan, where it formed a good-sized tree with white flowers. It is by no means rare in the Peninsula, and is also known as an ebony-tree. D. сатлвтховА, n. sp. Arbor elata, gracilis, cortice atro, ramis pubescentibus. Folia alterna, elliptica, oblonga acuta, petiolata (sicca brunnea), 8 pollices longa, З pollices lata, nervorum 13 paribus, supra glabra, subtus costa et nervis minute pubescentibus, petioli 4-pollicares, minute pubescentes. Flores e ligno vetusto copiosa congesta, pedunculis brevibus pubescentia nigra tectis. МазсаН calyx patelliformis; sepala 4, late ovata obtusa, exteriore et margine capillis atris tecta. Corolla urceolata alba sericea, 1-pollicaris, lobi recurvi 4, breves ovati. Stamina 16, per paria aggregata, filamentis quam antherze breviora, crassa, minute hispida, antheris glabris elongati conicis, apicibusacutis. Ovarium abortivum, 4-lobum, irregulare, lobis canaliculatis. Stylus conicus. Flores feminei поп visi. Fructus (valde putridus solummodo visus) parvus, globosus, sepalis incrassatis cinctus. In thick woods at Kota Glanggi and Kwala Tembeling. I only found male flowers of this tree, but I saw the remains of the fruit, in too rotten а state to preserve, still in situ, among the male flowers. It is evidently allied to D. cauliflora, Blume, but that species differs in its oval glabrous leaves narrowed at both ends, axillary male flowers, and other points. D. ARGENTEA, Griff. A small tree in thick jungle. Tahan woods. The dry leaves of this plant are burnt by the Malays to drive away mosquitoes from their houses. They make a crackling sound, which is supposed to frighten insects away ; hence the plant is called “ Mulatope Арі” (fire-cracker) or “ Mulatope Lalat" (fly-cracker). | ЭТУВАСЕЖ. SYMPLOCOS FERRUGINEA, Roxb. A beautiful tree, producing numerous panicles of white flowers. — Pramau heaths, Pekan. Д ОТЕАСЕЖ. JASMINUM PUBESCENS, Willd. Not eommon. Pekan. EASTERN COAST OF THE MALAY PENINSULA. 319 JASMINUM BIFARIUM, Wall. А. variety with exceedingly short calyx-teeth. Tanjong Gajah Mati, Pahang River, and Kwala Tembeling. J. Matneaytt, C. B. Clarke? On the sea-shore at Tringganu. This may be distinet. It has larger flowers than any other species I have gathered here. Leaves coriaceous, glabrous, with fairly long petioles. I have never seen this any- where else. OLEA MARITIMA, Wall. r A common bush on the sandy heaths of Pramau and Kwala Pahang. APOCYNACES. WILLUGHBEIA EDULIS, Roxb. Fruits of what appeared to be this species were found upon the ground in the Tahan woods. They were globose and of a pale orange-colour, with pink seeds, and like all, or nearly all, the Willughbeia fruits, eatable. Big lianes of this, or perhaps W. Burbidgei, often barred the way through the jungles. | W. pULCIs,n.sp. Scandens, haud magna, ramis gracilibus nigricantibus. Folia opposita, petiolata, obovato-oblanceolata, seepissime obtusissima, rarius acuminata, basi acuta, marginibus undulatis, atro-viridia (sicca atro-brunnea), superne vix nitida, subtus pallidiora, nervorum. 28-30 paribus transversis vel paullo ascendentibus, 3 pollices longa, pollicem lata, petiolus }-pollicaris. Cym:e parvee, compactee. — Bractece ovate subacute. Flores flavi, }-pollicares, pedicellis brevibus. Calyx brevis ; sepala ovata obtusa, marginibus ciliatis, reliqua glabra. Petala tubo multo longiora, lorata, marginibus presertim ad basin ciliatis, tubo abrupte dilatato ad apicem, squamee in fauce nulle. Stamina filamentis brevissimis flexuosis, anthere conice acute. Stylus brevis, gracilis. Stigma acuminatum pubescens. Ovarium conicum. Васса elliptica, obtusa, 3 pollices longa, 14 pollices lata, armeniaca. Pramau, near Pekan. A slender liane, climbing over and through bushes, full of gutta. This is the best eatable Willughbeia fruit I have met with. The fruits, which are apricot-coloured, are soft and sweet, but the large quantity of gutta in them interferes much with the eating of them. The species is called “ Buah Padang” by the natives; the most nearly allied species to it is W. tenuiflora, Dyer, which, however, has pubescent shoots and cymes, and a hemispheric ovary becoming a pyriform fruit. Curtocarpus Матмелуп, Dyer. Temerloh. RAUWOLFIA SERPENTINA, Benth. 2 In villages and waste ground under trees at Pekan and Pulau Tijau; also found at Tringganu. 820 MR. Н. N. RIDLEY ON THE FLORA ОЕ THE CERBERA ODOLLAM, Linn. Common on the sea-coasts, Rumpin River, Cherating, and Kwala Pahang. Commonly known to the Malays as “ Buta-Buta" (lit. blind, on account of its latex producing blind- ness if dropped into the eyes). KOPSIA, sp. I collected at Pulau Tiuman what seems to be a new species of this small genus. 16 is quite a low plant, exceedingly latieiferous, with pure white flowers, but defer describing it till I can obtain further specimens. (К. rRUTICOSA, А. DC. | Stated in books to be a native of Singapore; only occurs there in gardens. "There is a wild species at Chan-chu-kang, however, dried specimens of which may be taken for it. It is less woody and has pure white, not pink, flowers.) Vinca ROSEA, Linn. Has thoroughly established itself on sandbanks at Tringganu, covering them thickly in parts. DYERA cosTrULATA, Hook. f. | Trees out of flower of the ** Getah Jelutong " were seen in the Tahan woods. ICHNOCARPUS OVATIFOLIUS, DC. Pulau Manis and Kwala Tembeling. AGANOSOMA MARGINATA, (+. Don. Tanjong Antan. Known as “ Sakat Limah,” and used in native medicine for rheumatism. ASCLEPIADE®. STREPTOCAULON WALLICHII, Wight. An exceedingly laticiferous plant, climbing over small trees. Kamposa in Kelantan. ТУТОРНОВА AsTHMATICA, Wight & Arn. Sea-shores, Tringganu and Kwala Pahang. MARSDENIA, aff. М. ттхстовта, В. Br. Differing in its flowers being glabrous within. Pulau Chengei. DISCHIDIA. The plants of this genus disappear to a large extent as one advances into the interior of the country, and are absent from the thick jungle. D. RAFFLESIANA, Wall. On the heaths near Pekan and Kwala Pahang. This species is typically а sea-coast plant, very abundant in dry spots near the sea, and disappearing inland. I met with it again, however, on Mount Ophir, in Маасса. D. нівягта, Decne. Pramau, near Pekan. Common. EASTERN COAST OF THE MALAY PENINSULA. 321 DISCHIDIA NUMMULARIA, В. Br. Heath country at Kwala Pahang. I imagine this is the plant Griffith described under the name of D. albida, which, he’ says, was common on trees at Malacca, as D. nummularia, Br., certainly is. The * Flora of British India' gives the colour of the flowers as red, but they are white. Rumph’s figure (Herb. Amboin. v. t. 176. fig. 1) evidently represents this common plant, and he describes the flowers as * virentes." Тһе leaves differ very much in the length of the petiole, which, indeed, is often absent. It is a most noxious epiphyte in Singapore, draping and eventually killing trees. What I take to be the * D. albida, Griff." of the ‘Flora of British India,’ is quite a different plant. It is only recorded there from * Toondook." This is probably Gunong Toondook, a peak of the Ophir range. D. nummularia, R. Br., I never saw there; but а species growing in that locality fits the description in the ‘Flora’ fairly well, and is probably the D. albida of that work, but not of Griffith. D. BENGHALENSIS, Colebr. Kota Glanggi woods and Kalambalai, near Pekan. CRYTOCERAS REFLEXUM, Benn. (Zoya multiflora, Blume.) Only met with on Pulau Tiuman, where it was brought to me by а Malay. It is evidently a very local plant. І have it also from Perak. Тһе plant is not a climber, as stated in the * Flora of British India, but an epiphytic shrub. Hoya LATIFOLIA, Don. Kota Glanggi woods. Н. parasitica, Wall. Pramau, near Pekan. Н. CORONARIA, Blume. Kwala Pahang, Kwantan. This is the commonest species of Hoya in the Straits. It very rarely produces fruit, but I have found the capsule twice in the same place, viz. at Pulau Tekong, between Singapore and Johore. Sir J. Hooker suggests, from the different colours of the flowers as described by Maingay and others, that there may be two species mixed here, a purple and a white-flowered one; but the diversity of colour as described is only the effect of difference of age of the flower. The blossoms, when they first open, are greenish white ; they then become of an ivory-white, with a somewhat creamy tint ; a little later irregular madder-pink spots appear here and there, after which the whole flower becomes к pink and then commences to fade or falls off. Н. DIVERSIFOLIA, Blume. Kwala Pahang. Flowers rose-colour. H. cortacea, Blume. Pekan. Flowers yellow. 322 MR. Н. N. RIDLEY ON THE FLORA OF THE SPILADOCORYS, n. gen. Herba parva, simplex vel a basi ramosa, ramis erectis. Folia opposita, lanceolata acumi- nata, apice subobtusa, petiolata, tenuia. Racemi breves, axillares et terminales. Bracteze lanceolatee acutze, persistentes. Flores parvi, breviter pedicellati, albi. Sepala 5, ovata subacuta. Petala lanceolata, apicibus subulatis. Squam:e coron carnos:e, petalis alternantes et iis ad basin solummodo adnate, obcuneate truncato, apicibus incrassatis, processibus brevibus. Stamina connata, apicibus tenuibus linea- ribus, acuminibus erectis, loculis 2. Pollinia singula in loculis oblongo-ovoidea, ad apices glandula oblonga rubra adnata, aurantiaca, cerea, punctata. Stigma subglo- bosum. Capsula 14-pollicaris, angusta teres, viridis, lævis, pedicello elongato, sepalis incrassatis. Semina complanata, oblonga minima, coma magna sericea. S. ANGUSTIFOLIA, n. sp. (Pl. LXIII.) Herba rupestris, vix ultra-pedalis. Folia 3 pollices longa, 2-3 pollicem lata, basi angustata, petiolo brevi, tenuia, lzete virentia. Flores albi, pedicellis $-pollicaribus. Petala æquilonga. On rocks in the Tahan River, also at Waterfall Hill, Larut Hills, near Thaiping (Perak) Abundant at а few spots. Allied to Pentabothra apparently. The coronal scales are almost quadrate-obcuneate, the tops thickened and ending in а number of short processes. GENTIANACE Ж. LIMNANTHEMUM INDICUM, Thw. Pools on the heaths. Kwala Pahang. L. AURANTIACUM, Dalz. With the last. A charming little plant, which, with its bright yellow flowers and orbicular waved leaves, reminds one at once of the Celandine. BoRAGINE®, COLDENIA PROCUMBENS, Linn. Pekan. HELIOTROPIUM INDICUM, Linn. Common round Pekan and in other waste spots near houses up the river. LoGANIACEJE. MiTRASACME POLYMORPHA, В. Br. Plentiful on sandy heath country at Pramau, opposite Pekan. FAGRÆA AURICULATA, Jack. A very large shrub or small tree. Woods in the heath-country opposite Pekan. The dimensions of the flower and fruit given in the * Flora of British India’ are much under the real size, and are evidently taken from dried specimens, in which the flower is much shrunk, Miquel’s figure (F. imperialis, Ann. Mus. Lugd. Bat. ii. t. 5) is not at all exaggerated, The fruit is seven or eight inches long, conical, blunt, with the style EASTERN COAST OF THE MALAY PENINSULA. 828 remaining for along time; the base is closely clasped by the enlarged calyx. It is of that peculiar grey colour which is possessed also by others of the genus. Тһе fruit takes a very long time to ripen; when ripe it splits at the top into several lobes, which curl back and expose the very minute seeds lying in а yellowish pulp. FAGR4EA OBOVATA, Wall. Common on sandy heaths at Pramau, opposite Pekan. A. small tree throwing up many very yellowish-green shoots from the roots. F. RACEMOSA, Jack. Pekan, Kwala Tenok, on the Tahan River; also at Pulau Chengei. A large shrub ог straight-stemmed tree, with loose bark peeling off in shreds. Flowers. flesh-colour. It is common all over the Peninsula in damp open ground, and is called “ Sapooli." CYRTOPHYLLUM FRAGRANS, Blume. (Fagrea fragrans, Roxb.) Common on sandy heaths between Pekan and Kwala Pahang. It grows in similar places at Changi, in Singapore, and in other parts of the Peninsula, and here I am sure it is native; but now it is spread everywhere in dry open soil, partly diffused by birds, and being also very commonly planted as a shade or ornamental tree. Тһе flowers are yellowish white, very sweet-scented, especially in the evening, when they are visited by innumerable butterflies, of the Hesperide section, and humming-bird hawk-moths (Macroglossa luteata and М. insipida). The larva of one of the Sphingide (Protoparce orientalis) feeds on the leaves. The berries are bright orange, and it is difficult to say whether the tree is more beautiful when covered with flowers or fruits. This is the true “ Kayu Tembusu,” or more correctly ** Tembusé," but the Malays give the name often to other Fagrwas and Cyrtophyllums. STRYCHNOS LAURINA, Wall. Pigang, Pahang River. Called here “ Semijo Akar.” S. Trevre, Blume. | . Occurs throughout Pahang, but I have no specimens. This common plant is not mentioned in the ‘ Flora of British India. It is one of the species of Strychnos used by the Sakais for mixing with Ipoh (Antiaris toxicaria, Blume), for poisoning arrows. I have no doubt as to the correctness of the identification of this with Blume's plant, though his figure gives the fruit as reddish-coloured. АП over the Peninsula it is of а curious greyish green. CONVOLVULACEA. Lerrsom1a Млткелуп, C. B. Clarke. Kota Glanggi woods. i € n Climbing high up on the trees. This plant, though by no means common, is widely SECOND SERIES.—BOTANY, VOL. III. 27 324 МЕ. Н. М. RIDLEY ON THE FLORA OF THE scattered in the Peninsula. The flowers are tubular and violet-purple, the plaits of the limb being white. It is а very pretty species. ІРОМ(ЕА UNIFLORA, Roem. & Schult. Hedges and thickets. Pekan, and also at Kamposa in Kelantan. Flowers white. I. ANGUSTIFOLIA, Jacq. Common. Pekan, and on all the sandbanks up the rivers. In grass and thickets it is extensively climbing; on the sandbanks it forms rosettes, sending out long trailing stems. The flowers are cream-coloured (not yellow), with a maroon eye. I. LINIFOLIA, Blume. Less common than the preceding, but plentiful at Katapong and other places round Pekan. This is much more of a creeping plant than the preceding, but twines in long grass. In short turf it is quite prostrate ; the flowers of a bright primrose-yellow. I. CHRYSEIDES, Ker. Extensively climbing and covering bushes on the sandy islets in the Rivers Tembeling and Pahang. Flowers rather small but numerous, of a bright yellow. A fasciated specimen was found at Kwala Tembeling. I. DENTICULATA, Choisy. Sandy spots beneath the Casuarinas. Rumpin River; Kwala Pahang. Flowers pink. rather than purple, the colour of those of Г. biloba, Forsk. I. cymosa, Roem. & Schult. ; Near Pekan. Not very common here; flowers bright yellow. I. BILOBA, Forsk. (I. Pes-capre, Roth.) The “Tapak Kuda” (Horse-footprint) of the natives is common on all the sea-coasts of Pahang, wherever the soil suits it. I. carnosa, В. Br. Creeping in sandy spots beneath the Casuarinas at Rumpin River. Flowers white. I. VITIFOLIA, Sweet. Common on the sandy islands and sandbanks of the Pahang and Tembeling Rivers, but flowers only once met with, viz. at Lubu Pelang. | SOLANACEJE. SOLANUM VERBASCIFOLIUM, Linn. A big shrub with white flowers. Pulau Manis, Pulau Tawar. S. FEROX, Linn. Pulau Manis. EASTERN COAST OF THE MALAY PENINSULA. 325 SOLANUM INDICUM, Linn. Cultivated and half-wild, common in Pulau Tawar and Pekan. S. MELONGENA, Linn. Cultivated. S. MAMMOSUM, Linn. Common in villages and open ground. Pekan, Pulau Jellam. This is not recorded at all in the ‘Flora of British India.’ It may be a recent introduc- tion, as it is a native of the West Indies and South America. Now, however, it is very common in the Peninsula, and forms a conspicuous part of village scenery іп Malacca, Sungei Ujong, &c. It has also received a native name. S. ACULEATISSIMUM, Jacq. Open ground, Pulau Tawar. Also collected at Kamposa in Kelantan. PHYSALIS MINIMA, Linn. Open country, Pekan. CAPSICUM FRUTESCENS, L., and even more commonly C. MINIMUM, Roxb., are cultivated everywhere. қ SCROPHULARINES. ADENOSMA CAPITATUM, Benth. | Hot dry places. Pramau, Pekan. A very aromatic plant with blue flowers. The Malays eall it ** Kuching-Kuching " (literally, Cats). A. CJERULEUM, К. Br. Dry places, roadsides, &c., rather common. Katapong, Pekan, Pulau Jellam, Tanjong Gajah Mati. Flowers pale lilac-blue. LIMNOPHILA CONFERTA, Benth. Muddy spots on the edges of swamps. Pekan. Flowers blue. This form, says Dr. King, is L. serrata, Gaudich. Not recorded previously from the Peninsula. L. MICRANTHA, Benth. Muddy swamp, Kwala Pahang. Also not hitherto known from the Peninsula. Невревтів МоххтЕЕА, Н. B. & К. Вау Manis and other places in Pahang; Kamposa in Сыды. Common in ditches and damp spots all over the Peninsula. A very aromatic little plant. ARTANEMA SESAMOIDES, Benth. Wet places, Mahang, Pulau Tijau. A very pretty plant with fairly large violet -flowers with darker markings. More rarely the flowers are nearly white. 272 326 MR. Н. М. RIDLEY ON THE ЕГОВА OF THE CURANGA AMARA, Juss. Common in dry spots, edges of woods, and pastures. Pekan, Pulau Tijau, Renchong, Tahan River. . The flowers are white, often tinted with pink; stamens orange. It is called *Mempada Tanah," and is used by the Malays in liver complaints. TORENIA POLYGONOIDES, Benth. Dry spots, Passir Loyang, Tahan River. Very common in Singapore and Malacca. VANDELLIA CRUSTACEA, Benth. Very common, Pekan &c. It varies somewhat in colouring of flowers and size and form of leaves. I have seen quite a fleshy form on the sandy heaths of Pramau. V. HIRSUTA, Benth. Not common. Heaths at Kwala Pahang. У. SCABRA, Benth. Borders of a wood, and open country, Pulau Chengei. BONNAYA BRACHIATA, Link. Rather dry spots, Katapong, near Pekan, &c. Flowers violet. В. VERONICZFOLIA, Spreng. Pekan, Pulau Jellam. SCOPARIA DULCIS, Linn. Very common in all the open country. Wherever the buffaloes go, this plant follows; and as it often grows from the dung of these animals, I believe that they eat it and pass the seeds. Itis a native of America, and, according to the * Flora of British India, the earliest Indian record for it is 1845 at Serampore in Bengal (?), where Voigt collected it. It is now abundant in Bengal; but no one seems to have collected it but Mr. Clarke, nor had any specimens been sent to England from the Straits in 1884. Now, however, it is exceedingly common over all the Peninsula as far as I have been, and has even received a Malay name, viz. “Те Macao,” i. e. Macao tea (in Malacca), it being used to make tea of. In Pahang it has travelled further than any other South-American intro- duction except Paspalum conjugatum, Berg. STRIGA LUTEA, Lour. Pekan; common in dry grassy spots. The Pahang form has yellow flowers, while those of Singapore are pink. ( BIGNONIACE Ж, OROXYLUM INDICUM, Vent. Common on the banks of the river, from Pekan up. It is most commonly to be seen in and round villages, but apparently is not planted, as the natives have no use for it. Some of the islands are nearly covered with it. Тһе flowers here are of a dull brownish purple. EASTERN COAST OF THE MALAY PENINSULA. 327 STEREOSPERMUM FIMBRIATUM, DC. Not common. Collected at Pekan by Dr. Haviland, Тһе Malays in Malacca call it * Cha-Cha.” S. GLANDULOSUM, Miq. A small bushy tree with pale pinkish-white flowers. Near Kwala Tenok, on the Tahan River. DoLICHANDRONE RHEEDII, Seem. Mangrove-swamp, Kwala Brawas, near Kwala Pahang. PEDALINES. SESAMUM INDICUM, DC. A weed here and there, on sandy banks in the Tembeling River. LENTIBULARIEÆ. UTRICULARIA FLEXUOSA, Vahl. Pools on the heath at Kwala Pahang. U. BIFIDA, Linn. Damp sandy spots at Kwala Pahang. This is the commonest species of this section here. Itis very plentiful in ditches іп sandy country in Singapore. U. punctata, Wall. Chenei Lake (77. Fox). Flowers pale blue. U. VERTICILLATA, Benj. Same locality. U. racemosa, Wall. Plentiful in some places at Kwala Pahang. A charming little plant, with pure white flowers like a miniature lily of the valley. It is to be met with also on the sandy open country between Tana Merah and Changi in “ Singapore. U. MINUTISSIMA, Vahl? A minute species with small mauve-pink flowers. Vahl’s description (Enum. i. 204) is so meagre that one cannot be at all sure what was intended. His plant was collected by Koenig in Malacca; but the only common blue-flowered species I have seen there was U. affinis, var. Griffithii, of which, however, one can hardly say that the stem is “ capil- laris” even in stunted specimens. On the other hand, this very delicate plant from Pahang has mauve-pink, not, strictly speaking, blue flowers. CYRTANDREZ. ÆSCHYNANTHUS LoBBIANA, Hook. Kwantan, Pekan. The commonest species in the Peninsula. Ж, LONGICAULIS, Wall. Pulau Manis. 828 . MR. Н. N. RIDLEY ON THE FLORA ОҒ THE ZESCHYNANTHUS RADICANS, Jack. On trees overhanging the Tahan River. Æ. LONGIFLORA, DC., var. ? The calyx is remarkably hispid, otherwise the plant appears the same. Woods, Tahan River. Dipymocarpus Комрѕовеа, C. B. Clarke. Damp wooded streams in the Tahan Valley. This plant has much the appearance of D. platypus, C. B. Clarke, but the flower is · broader and rather shorter in proportion, and the capsule is shorter and thicker. "The flowers are white, with yellow markings іп the throat. I have it also from Bukit Hitam іп Selangor, and from Sungei Hudang in Malacca. D. crinita, Jack? A number of plants of a species allied to this, if not identical, were found at Kwala Tenok, in the Tahan woods. The leaves were of a deep malachite-green, with a pale central bar. It was a very ornamental foliage plant, but I could not find any flowers. D. erinita, Jack, is abundant on Penang Hill and on the Larut Hills. It has pale blue flowers, and is certainly closely allied to D. platypus, C. B. Clarke, a much broader-leaved plant, with white, rarely bluish, flowers, which is common in Singapore and Malacca. D. QUINQUEVULNERA, n. sp. Caulis 6-9-pollicaris vel brevior, raro ramosus, ligneus, tomento brunneo tectus. Folia lanceolata acuminata acuta, serrata, basi angustata, sericeo-pubescentia, atro-viridia, 6 pollices longa, 2-21 pollices lata. Flores plures in racemis brevissimis, pedunculis gracilibus roseis albo-ciliatis, speciosi. Sepala 5, lanceolata acuta, viridia. Corolla tubo gracili superne dilatato, 3 pollices longo, albo, limbo bilabiato flavo, lobis 5, rotundatis, kermesinis vel violaceo-pur- pureis, marginibus albis, striis aurantiacis in fauce tubi. Stamina glabra, 2 sterilia, gracilia, alba, antheris nullis; 2 fertilia, crassiuscula, alba, sinuata, antheris reni- formibus, canaliculatis, connatis, connectiva producta obtusa. Ovarium in stylo attenuatum, pubescens, viride. Stylus pubescens, crassiusculus. Stigma cordatum. Capsula gracilis, cylindrica, acuminata, 31-pollicaris. Kota Glanggi woods; Tahan woods. : A very beautiful plant, well worthy of cultivation. There are two forms of this, In the Kota Glanggi woods the lobes of the corolla are crimson edged with white, but in the Tahan Valley this colour was replaced by a lovely dark violet-purple. D. ATROSANGUINEA, n. sp. Caulis lignosus ad 6-pollicaris, 1 pollicem crassus, basi seepius nudus. Folia lanceolata acuta crenulata, basi lata denticulata vel dentata, 9 pollices longa, 4 pollices lata, superne atro-viridia, velutinoso-pubescentia, multinervia, nervis depressis ascendentibus, subtus glaucescentia pubescentia, costa et nervis elevatis, nervulis reticulatis. Racemi axillares brevissimi, pauciflori. ^ Flores speciosi, atro-sanguinei, pedicellis 3-pollicaribus pubescentibüs, bractea mediana ovata. Sepala 5, linearia acuta, 3-роШсагіа, rubra, pubescentia. Corolla pubescens, tubo 2-pollicari EASTERN COAST OF THE MALAY PENINSULA. 329 versus os incrassato, lobis 5 subzqualibus, ovatis obtusis, atro-sanguineis, tubo intus flavo. Stamina inclusa 2 sterilia, filamentis albis gracilibus, anthera nulla; 2 longiora filamentis albis, glabris, crassiusculis, sinuosis, appendice obtusa distincta, antheræ subeequilonga, antheris connatis, flavescentibus, semiovatis. Stylus stamina superans, versus apicem attenuatus, albus, pubescens. Stigma integrum rotundatum, centro depresso. Tahan woods. Also brought by natives from Tringganu, north of Pahang. A lovely plant, closely allied to D. quinquevulnerus, but distinct in the softer pubes- cence of the leaves, colour of the flowers, and form of anthers and stigma. DIDYMOCARPUS FLAVOBRUNNEA, n. sp. Caulis gracilis, raro ramosus, dense pubescens, haud ligneus, 3—-4-pollicaris. Folia alterna, petiolata, petiolo pollicari, crassiusculo, pubescenti-hispido, lamina ovata vel ovato-lanceolata acuta, basi angustato cuneato, margine serrato, 7 pollices longa, З pollices lata, nervis et costa subtus prominentibus ciliis brunneis lucidis tectis, supra sparse pubescentia, fasciculis ciliorum in dentibus marginalibus. Pedunculi axillaribus 8 pollices longi, erecti, rigidi, hispidi, superne dichotome ramosi, ramis brevibus subzequalibus, congestis. Flores plures, $-polli- cares. Втасбеге lanceolate acuminate, 2-роШсагев, hispidze. Pedicelli breves. Calyx profunde fissus, laciniis 5 angustis linearibus pubescentibus. Corolla pollicaris, tubo basi cylindrico, apice dilatato, lobis inzequalibus 5 rotundatis, tubus extus castaneo-brunneus, lobis flavis aut albescenti-flavis, macula aurantiaca in fauce, striis rubris. Stamina fertilia 2, filamentis gracilibus, liberis, albis. Ovarium ellipticum. Stylus gracilis, viridis. Capsula pollicaris, cylindrica acuminata, nigra. Plentiful in Tahan Valley woods. D. SALICINA, n. sp. Suffrutex pusilla, caule ligneo ramoso; inferne glabro, superne pubescente. Folia ad apicem congesta, plura anguste lanceolata, glabra, serrata, 3—4 pollices longa, 4 pollicem lata vel paullo latiora, pallide viridia (sicca grisea), subtus rufescentia, costa et nervis subtus prominentibus, ascendentibus, in intramarginali conjunctis. Pedunculi plures in axillis congesti, gracillimi, glabri, rufi, 2-pollicares, foliis breviores, ramis superne divaricatis, gracilibus, brevibus, pubescentibus. Flores inter minimos, rosei, circiter 4 pollicem longi. Sepala angustissima, linearia, pubes- centia. Corolla brevis, campanulata, lobis ovatis acutis. Stamina fertilia 2, filamentis brevibus, gracilibus, rubris, antheris reniformibus, majusculis (pro flore), profunde excavatis. Stylus longus, corollam superans, crassiusculus, curvus, ruber, glaber. Stigma parvum, capitatum. Capsula rubra, glabra, gracilis, cylindrica acuminata, 3-pollicaris, rostro tenui breviusculo. Rocky places on the Tahan River. D. HETEROPHYLLA, n.sp. Caulis brevis, radice longo lignoso repente, circiter pollicaris, . lanuginosus. Folia congesta, forma et magnitudine valde diversa, obovata obtusa obliqua vel lanceolata crenulata, basi in petiolo brevi, }-pollicari, lanuginoso attenuato, 4 pollices longa, 14 pollices lata vel minora, superne glabra, obscure Viridia, medio purpurascente, subtus rufescentia, nervis elevatis cum costa tomento rubiginoso tectis. 390 MR. H. N. RIDLEY ON THE FLORA OF THE Pedunculi graciles, folia paullo superantes hispidi, circiter 3-pollicares, ramis bre- vibus, terminales. Flores parvi, violacei. Calycis sepala linearia, pubescentia, i-pol- licaria. Corolla 4-pollicaris, campanulata, lobis obtusis rotundatis pubescentibus. Stylus corollam superans, pubescens. . Capsula pollicaris, cylindrica, crassiuscula, falcata, rostro longo. Tahan woods. Very local; nearly out of flower. This is an ally of what I take to be the D. lanceolata, C. B. Clarke, of Borneo; but it has very much shorter flowers, not tubular and dilated at the mouth, but bell-shaped. DIDYMOCARPUS PYROLIFLORA, n. sp. Caulis 3-pollicaris vel ultra, lignosus, pubescens. Folia alterna, longe petiolata, ovata vel ovato-lanceolata, utrinque acuminata, 3—4- pollicaria, 13 pollices lata, integra, lzete virentia, superne sericeo-pubescentia, subtus pallidiora, petiolus ultra pollicaris. Pedunculi axillares, plures, erecti, validuli, 3—4- pollieares, breviter hispidi. Flores plures, breviter pedicellati, nutantes, 2-роШсагев, albi. Calyx 5-partitus, lobi lanceolati, breves, pubescentes. Corolla infundibuli- formis, ventricosa, $-pollicaris, lobi breves, obtusi, rotundati, albi. Stamina 2; filamenta brevia et crassa, anthere magne, elliptieze, profunde canaliculatze, Наузе. Stylus crassus, curvus, corolla longior, minute pubescens. Stigma minimum, capitatum. Capsula teres, rostrata, pollicaris. Dry places in the woods, Tahan River. A pretty little plant, its nodding white blossoms with the long protruded style reminding one of those of a Pyrola. D. LILACINA, n. sp. Herba erecta, circiter 12-15-роШсагіѕ, haud ramosa. Caulis un- dique foliatus, firmus nec ligneus, pubescentia brunnea tectus. Folia alterna, dissita, patentia, lanceolata, petiolata, herbacea, circiter 4 pollices longa, vix ultra pollicem lata, utrinque acuminata crenato-dentata, pubescentia, obscure viridia, nervis con- spicuis. Pedicelli plures e petiolis prope laminam exorti, breves, 1-pollicares, pubes- centes. Sepala brevissima 5, hispida, lanceolata. Corolla campanulata, parce pubescens, lobi oblongi rotundati. Stamina 2, filamentis ad: basin tenuibus, medio incrassatis; antherze majusculze, reniformes. Stylus corolla brevior, crassiusculus, pubescens. Stigma capitatum. Capsula $-pollicaris, crassiuscula, cylindrica, rostro brevi acuto. Dry woods, Tahan Valley. l do not know any species closely allied to this. 1% is a pretty little plant, though the Шас bells are small. Тһе inflorescence seems to arise from the middle of the petiole, but in reality what appears to be the base of the petiole is a short branch from which the leaf also springs. CYRTANDRA SUFFRUTICOSA,n.sp. Frutex magna ad 4-pedalis, caulibus pluribus quadran- gulatis fistulosis,} pollicem crassis. Folia opposita, lanceolata, abrupte acuminata, sub- obliqua, petiolata, marginibus integris, adulta glabra, circiter 10-nervia, pagina supe- riore obscura, inferiore rubescente (in sicca), 7 pollices longa, 24 pollices lata, petiolis 2 EASTERN COAST OF THE MALAY PENINSULA. 981 pollicem longis. Portiones juniores pubescentia rufa tectæ. Pedunculi breves et crassi, axillares. Bracteæ haud connate, ovate acute, pubescentes (siccæ rufescentes), pollicem longze, 4 pollicem late. Flores circiter sex in capitulo ferme sessiles. Calyx deciduus, sepala 5 linearia. Corolla glabra, ultra-pollicaris, basi tubulosa, superne dilatata, circiter 4 pollicem longa, lobi rotundati obtusi, albi, striis brunneis in fauce. Stamina fertilia 2, filamenta crassiuscula; anthers таспар, elliptiez;e, connate. Stylus elongatus, gracilis, pubescens. Capsula 3-pollicaris, crassa, punctata. Pulau Tiuman. A large spreading bush, growing on a big rock over a mountain stream. This is most nearly allied to a plant which I believe to be C. oblongifolia, C. B. Clarke, а Bornean species ; butitis very much larger in all Из parts. Тһе quite glabrous corolla is peculiar. CYRTANDRA PILOSA, Blume. Tahan woods, in damp spots, near Kwala Tenok. Cup-shaped bracts white; flowers white, with a yellow and brown blotch in the throat. STAURANTHERA UMBROSA, C. B. Clarke. Damp stream-beds in the Tahan Valley; also found on Gunong Panti in Johore. Flowers white, with a violet centre spot. Not hitherto met with in the Peninsula. А native of Assam. EPITHEMA CARNOSUM, Benth. On the limestone rocks of Kota Glanggi. A typical limestone plant, occurring also at the Kwala Lumpur caves. ISANTHERA PARVIFLORA, n. sp. Suffrutex erecta, rigida, pauciramosa, ad 3-pedalis, caulibus ligneis, basi nuda, superne foliata, lanugine rufescente tecta. Folia opposita, 8 pollices longa, 8% pollices lata, lanceolata acuta, petiolata, basi cuneato-serrata, nervis 13, pagina superiore atro-viridi, ferme glabra, costa rubro-hirsuta, inferiore pallidiore tomento rubiginoso tecta, nervis et costa dense rufo-lanuginosis; petioli pollicares. Paniculz plures breves, e basi nuda caulium exortz, multo et laxe гатовге, ramis et pedicellis rufo-lanuginosis. Flores perparvi, flavescenti-albi. Sepala ferme libera ad basin, 5 lineari-lanceolata acuta, 6 mm. longa,.dense rufo-lanuginosa. Corolla vix longior, campanulata, lobis oblongis obtusis. Stamina 4, brevissim ; ап еге elliptieze quadrate, apicibus dehiscentibus ; filamenta brevia et crassa. Stylus ovario longior, gracilis. Stigma capitatum. Capsula ovoidea, globosa, pilosa, sepalis paullo brevior. Dry woods at the mouth of the Tahan River. ` Evidently an ally of the Indian Г. permollis, Nees, but the corolla is very much shorter, the style longer, the stamens dehisce at the top, and the leaves are opposite. It is a shrubby plant, with several erect stems rising from the root, with few or no lateral branches. SECOND SERIES.—BOTANY, VOL. III. ЗА 992 MR. H. N. RIDLEY ON THE FLORA OF THE ACANTHACE. THUNBERGIA FRAGRANS, Roxb. Kalang Kasai, near Pekan. I cannot say whether this was wild here, as it was brought in by the collectors. I have not seen it elsewhere wild in the Peninsula, but it is tolerably common in cultiva- tion, and often occurs as an escape in Singapore. It is no more fragrant here than in Ceylon. Т. LAURIFOLIA, Lindl. In woods and thickets. Pulau Manis; Kwala Tembeling. EBERMAIERA GRIFFITHIANA, Т. Anders Damp spots in the Tahan woods. It also occurs in Singapore in the Fern valley at Bukit Timah. Е. LONGIFOLIA, Nees. Tahan woods. Common. Flowers white, with a maroon-pink stain in the mouth. Е. SETIGERA, Nees. Prostrate plant. Damp spots in the woods at Kota Glanggi. RUELLIA REPENS, Linn. Tahan Valley. HEMIGRAPHIS CONFINIS, Т. Anders. Very common by roadsides, and in dry spots along the Pahang River at Pekan, Renchong, and Mahang. LEPIDAGATHIS LONGIFOLIA, Wight. Woods at Kota Glanggi and Pulau Tawar. Common through the dense jungles of the interior of the Peninsula at Selangor, Sungei Ujong, and Malacca. The flowers are dull lurid purple. I have never met with fruits, so its genus must still be doubtful. ACANTHUS EBRACTEATUS, Vahl. Kwala Pahang and up the river as far as Katapong. This, the white-flowered species, is common in maritime mud, on the coast and up tidal rivers. The seeds pounded have a great reputation among the natives in cases of boils. EASTERN COAST OF THE MALAY PENINSULA. 333 HYGROPHILA ANGUSTIFOLIA, Nees. Ditches and pools, Pekan, also Kamposa in Kelantan. Н. sAxATILIS, n. sp. Herba parvula, 3-6-pollicaris, caulibus nodosis, subtetragonis, virgatis, erectis. Folia opposita, stricta, 3 pollices longa, 3 pollicem lata, lanceolata acuta, sessilia, nervis reticulatis, atro-viridia. Flores sessiles bini, axillares, bracteis pluribus. Sepala 5, lanceolata, anguste acuminata, tubum corolle sequantia, viridia, apicibus rufescentibus, scabrido-hispida. ^ Corolle tubus brevis, crassius- culus, superne dilatatus, bilabiatus, extus albescens, intus violaceus ; labium superius late ovatum truncatum, apice bifido, violaceum ; labium inferius late oblongum obovatum, basi pallida, apice trifido, lobis equalibus linearibus truncatis, recurvo, violaceo, maculis brunneis pluribus ad basin. Stamina 4 inwqualia, 2 longa, 2 brevia; anthers fuscæ, apicibus obtusis, loculorum basibus divergentibus, fila- menta gracilia, curva, majore parte ad tubum corolle adnata. Stylus gracillimus, apice recurvo, albus, basi rubescente. Stigma minutum, punctiforme. ^ Capsula fusiformis, 3 pollicem longa. Common on rocks in the Tahan River. A much smaller plant than Н. angustifolia, and of quite a different habit. ERANTHEMUM MALACCENSE, C. B. Clarke. Thickets at Pekan. By no means so common here as in Sungei Ujong and Маасса. The corolla, described as pale purple by Mr. Clarke, is rather of a blue-violet colour. E. AnDERSONI, Mast. (Е. Blumei,Teysm.; Anders. Indian Acanthacee, in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 1867, p. 523.) The description is based on a plant obtained in Singapore in 1861. I have never seen it wild here, and think it likely that Dr. Anderson got it from a garden. It is largely cultivated here now, and is easily propagated by cuttings, but does not appear to fruit. It is stated to be wild in Borneo. JUSTICIA GENDARUSSA, Linn. f. Common in gardens at Pekan, Kalambalai, Rumpin River, and also met with far up the Tahan River. It is often cultivated for medicine, under its Malay name of “балда Rusa." j | It often remains long after other traces of former cultivation have disappeared, and” then looks as if native. It never seems to fruit, however, and I doubt its being wild in any place in which I have seen it, including the Tahan Valley locality. Here, it is true, there was evidently never a village. The plant grew in a small patch on the river-bank, and not far off were some plants of the Keladi ( Colocasia antiquorum, Schott), which also appeared at intervals along the river-banks and were also evidently not wild. I imagine | ЗА 9 334 MR. H. N. RIDLEY ON THE FLORA OF THE from the appearance of the place that the Sakais had here pitched one of their temporary camps, and, having brought from the Malay villages some keladis to eat, dropped portions which developed into plants, and that probably at the same time they had some pieces of * Ganda Rusa," which also being left sprang up. PERISTROPHE ACUMINATA, Nees. Common in thickets. Pulau Tiuman, Pekan. P. PALLIDA, Nees. _ Pekan. Not recorded from the Peninsula in the * Flora of British India.’ 'The flowers are of the same colour as those of P. acuminata, Nees, a dull pink. VERBENACES. CALLICARPA ARBOREA, Roxb. A fine tree with large masses of lilac flowers. Kwala Tembeling. C. cANA, Linn. A shrubby plant with the habit of С. longifolia, called “Tampa besih puteh.” Tulomalaty, Pahang River, Kwala Berar. It is common in waste ground in Malacca, Sungei Ujong, rarer in Singapore. С. LONGIFOLIA, Lam. Very common. Pekan, Kwala Luit, Kwala Berar. C. LANATA, Linn. Tanjong Antan, Pulau Chengei. PREMNA SCANDENS, Roxb. Renchong. P. INTEGRIFOLIa, Linn. ? This is the name that Dr. King gives to a small prostrate plant, more rarely a stunted bush, growing beneath the Casuarinas at Kwala Pahang. Like most other species, it is very aromatic. GMELINA VILLOSA, Roxb. Pekan, Temerloh, Kwala Pahang. A large bush, often very thorny. (С. hystrix, Kurz, recorded, in the * Flora of British India,’ only from Tenasserim, Siam, and the Philippine Islands, I һауе recently met with apparently wild in Tanglin in Singapore.) Я EASTERN COAST OF THE MALAY PENINSULA. 335 Уттех TRIFOLIA, Linn. Called “ Lagundi.” Kwala Pahang, Mahang, Kwala Berar. I think it is native, at least in the last two localities. , var. OBOVATA. (Vitex repens, Blanco.) Sea-shore, Kwala Pahang. At first sight no two species could look more distinct than У. repens and typical trifolia, one a prostrate creeping plant in the sand, the other a tall erect bush; but plants of the former brought from Pahang speedily converted themselves under cultiva- tion into large bushes of 7. trifolia. У. repens is distinguished not only by its habit, but by its larger flowers and always simple leaves. V. PUBESCENS, Vahl. Very common all over the open country from Pekan to Kwala Tahan. It is known everywhere as “ Alban.” V. SIMPLICIFOLIA, C. B. Clarke. Ayer Hitam, near Pekan, in swampy grounds. This curious tree, with yellowish-green flowers, seems to be the same as the plant described by Mr. Clarke from Griffith's Malacca specimens. V. vESTITA, Wall. Kota Glanggi woods. Not so common as in Singapore, where it is abundant. CLERODENDRON INERME, Gærtn. Kwala Pahang and Katapong, near Pekan. Common on sea-shores, more rarely inland. Flowers white, with pink stamens. A fairly large bush. C. DISPARIFOLIUM, Blume. | Not very common. Pulau Jellam, Kwala Lepar, Kwala Tembeling. A small tree, with yellow flowers and black berries, and in fruit red calyx-lobes. This plant is very common in Singapore, less so in Malacca. C. SERRATUM, Spreng. | Common at Pekan and on the river-banks at Kwala Tembeling. Іп thickets. C. SIPHONANTHUS, В. Br. Very glentiful in some of the meadows on the banks of the Pahang River at Mahang. Apparently quite wild. The natives in Singapore smoke the dried leaves, which produce an intoxication similar to that caused by Indian Hemp. 336 MR. H. N. RIDLEY ON THE FLORA OF THE PERONEMA CANESCENS, Jack. Tahan River woods. А big, rather handsome, shrub with white flowers. SPHENODESMA BARBATA, Schau. Bohie, Pekan. Called *Ahgalumoot." S. PENTANDRA, Jack. Common. Kwala Tembeling, Kwala Luit. Flowers blue, known as “ Lintang Ruas.” AVICENNIA ALBA, Blume. Sea-shores, Kwala Pahang. LABIATA. OcIMUM BASILICUM, Linn. Common at Pekan. Often cultivated. DyYSOPHYLLA AURICULARIA, Blume. Pekan, Passir Loyang, «сс. Common in dry places. Usually called “ Ekor Kuching” (Cat’s Tail). LEONURUS srBIRICUS, Linn. Common in Pekan. Evidently introduced. LEUCAS ZEYLANICA, В. Br. Common every where. GOMPHOSTEMMA CRINITUM, Wall. In shady woods, local, but often plentiful where it occurs. Kwala Tembeling, Kota Glanggi. | About three feet high, with conspicuous yellow flowers. The fruit is about as large as a buck-shot, succulent and white. G. oBLONGUM, Wall. Tahan River, Kota Glanggi woods. Flowers white, much larger than the preceding. Машей for me by Dr. Prain, from whom I gather that the flowers are usually yellow ; but everywhere that I saw this plant it had pure white flowers. Нуртт$ SUAVEOLENS, Poit. Common in open country near К wala Pahang. Н. BREVIPES, Poit. Common in damp spots in open country. Pahang and Tembeling Rivers. , EASTERN COAST OF THE MALAY PENINSULA. 337 Росоѕтемох PATCHOULY, Pellet. A weedy herb with very small lavender-blue flowers. Tahan River, very far up, and a long way from cultivation, but with Justicia Gendarussa and Colocasia antiquorum. Also Pulau Tawar, abundant at one spot. I certainly did not recognize this as the cultivated Patchouli, but Dr. Prain writes that he does not recognize the species, and suspects it to be the wild original form of Patchouli. He says it resembles P. parviflorus, Benth., and P. Heyneanus, Wight, but is distinct. I have what appears the same plant from Borneo and Selangor, under the name of Nilam or Chilam Bukit. Now “ Nilam ” is Malay for Patchouli. This latter plant has been long cultivated by the Malays for scent, but under cultivation produces no flowers. In the ‘Flora of British India’ a number of synonyms are given for Patchouli, and figures, viz. . of P. Heyneanum, Wt., Icones, 1440, and Pelletier, in Mém. Soc. Sc. Orléans, v. (1845) 277, t. 7, are quoted as representing flowering plants of this; but it has for some time been very doubtful whether any of these are really the true Patchouli plant of the Straits, and it seems likely that the Tahan one is really the true plant. If so, a puzzling question has been set at rest, for I have not any doubt that it is really wild here, and that it is quite distinct from the other plants supposed to be the wild parent form. АРЕТАТ, Ж. AMARANTACEE. CELOSIA ARGENTEA, Linn. An escape from cultivation, Kwala Tembeling; on an island in the river at Kelantan. ALLMANIA NODIFLORA, К. Br. | Sandy spots beneath Casuarinas аё Sungei Meang. AMARANTHUS SPINOSUS, Linn. A common weed in waste places. Pekan, &c. А. VIRIDIS, Linn. Very common in waste ground. Pekan, &c. The Amaranti are called “ Bayam " ze the Malays, who use them for spinach, the best of which is 4. spinosus, Linn. CYATHULA PROSTRATA, Blume. Sea-shore, Pulau Tiuman. Common. ACHYRANTHES ASPERA, Linn. Sandy places near the shore, Sungei Meang, &с. 308 MR. H. N. RIDLEY ON THE FLORA OF THE ALTERNANTHERA SESSILIS, R. Br. Very common both on the sea-shores and inland, in dry places. Also collected at Kamposa in Kelantan. Pekan, Ayer Hitam. POLYGONACE. POLYGONUM PEDUNCULARE, Wall. In a damp spot on the Sungei Parit, at Pekan. Flowers pink. P. FLACCIDUM, Meissn. Common in damp spots on the Pahang River. form at Pulau Rumput. Renchong ; Pulau Manis; а glabrous P. MICRANTHUM, Meissn. Common in damp spots, Katapong, near Pekan, Tanjong Antan, Pulau Tawar, Temerloh. NEPENTHACES. NEPENTHES AMPULLARIA, Jack. Kuantan. This species, though very common in the south of the Peninsula and especially in Singapore, becomes less frequent further north. It is described in the ‘ Flora of British India’ as “ prostrate, with a whorl of many short pitchers, above erect.” It is in the wild state far-climbing, making long stems, surrounded at intervals with clusters of pitchers. The pitchers are light green, sometimes plain, but oftener spotted with purple. This colouring depends on the amount of light the pitchers obtain; those half concealed among dead leaves, &c., are usually unspotted. I once met with a very fine variety with very large ivory-white pitchers. It was growing in deep grass, so that the pitchers were really blanched for want of light. N. RAFFLESIANA, Jack. Fairly common near Pekan, at Jambo, and also received from Kuantan. N. REINWARDTIANA, Miq. The commonest species in Singapore, common round Pekan. This plant prefers hot grassy places. N. enACILIS, Korth., var. ARENARIA. A compact tufted form, not scandent, with numerous small pitchers crowded together, almost imbedded in the sand. Pramau, Pekan, in dry sandy heaths. After leaving Pekan and the district immediately surrounding it, the Pitcher-plants disappeared, nor were any met with on the upper parts of the River Pahang, nor at Tembeling, nor in the Tahan district. EASTERN COAST OF THE MALAY PENINSULA. 339 ARISTOLOCHIACE®. BRAGANTIA TOMENTOSA, Blume. A remarkable little plant with small purple flowers hidden in the soil. Kwala Tem- beling woods. This has not hitherto been recorded from the Malay Peninsula. Mr. Curtis got what is evidently the same plant at Tanjong Sirih in Kedah and in the Lankawi Islands. THOTTEA, sp. | I saw іп several places what I believe to be the leaves of 7. grandiflora, Rottb., but could find neither fruit nor flowers. ARISTOLOCHIA ROXBURGHIANA, Klotzsch. Twining on old stumps and in bushes on islands in the Pahang River. Flowers with a green globose base, then abruptly bent; tube green, lip pubescent hairy, deep brown, with a white blotch at entrance to tube. Leaves deep green, shining. PIPERACEZ. PIPER CANINUM, Blume. A scandent plant climbing through the bushes ; berries scarlet. Woods, Tahan River. P. MuRicAtuM, Blume. An erect herb, one form very hirsute, another with the lower part of the stem glabrous. Kota Glanggi woods. Р. СнАвА, Hunter. Common in Pekan. Usually found in waste grounds in the villages. It is used medicinally under the name of “ Chabei.” It most commonly occurs as an erect herb about a foot high, with deep green leaves and white flower-spikes, but eventually emits runners, and sometimes becomes scandent. Р. BETEL, Linn. Commonly cultivated for chewing with Areca-nut. Р: ROSTRATUM, Roxb. Kota Glanggi woods. The form here had fiddle-shaped leaves ; the commoner form in the Peninsula appears to be one with more oblong-ovate leaves. . P. тохснттев, Roem. 4 Schult. | | Kwala Tahan, near the first camp, climbing up and thickly covering the stem of a tree. ы” P. ARGYROPHYLLUM, Miq. Woods, Kota Glanggi. ung This Pepper is common in the woods, especially of the limestone districts, and is very conspieuous on account of its ornamental leaves marbled with white; but it is very rarely met with in flower. SECOND SERIES.—BOTANY, VOL. III. 9 B 340 MR. Н. №. RIDLEY ON THE FLORA OF THE PIPER PORPHYROPHYLLUM, №. E. Br. 'Tahan woods. P. suBPELTATUM, Willd. Woods, Kwala Tembeling. This fine shrubby Pepper also occurs in great plenty at the limestone caves of Kwala Lumpur. PEPEROMIA PORTULACOIDES, A. Dietr. Fairly plentiful upon the limestone rocks at Kota Glanggi. А succulent plant with reddish leaves and stems, not previously recorded from the Malay Peninsula, but evidently identical with the plant figured by Wight, Icones, 1922, from Southern India. CHLORANTHUS OFFICINALIS, Blume. Woods, Pulau Tawar, Kwala Tembeling ; rather common. MYRISTICACEJE. MxnisTICA IgYA, Gaertn. Big tree, in open country. Mahang. M. wissroNis, Heyne. A small tree, common. Kwala Pahang, Pulau Manis. M. PURPURACEA, Hook. f. A tree of no great size. Woods, River Tahan, Pulau Chengei. M. Hooxertana, Wall. | I saw a number of trees of what I believe were this species in several places, but collected no specimens, as they were not in flower or fruit. Fruits of several other wild Nutmegs were lying. on the ground in different parts of the Tahan woods. LAURINEX. CINNAMOMUM INERS, Reinw. A small tree, rather bushy, common in open country and secondary jungle. Pekan. . (C. javanicum, Blume, is inserted in ће * Flora of British India’ on the evidence of a specimen from “Singapore at Madang, N. Cantley.” Мг. Cantley's specimen was probably out of the Botanic Gardens, “ Madang” being intended for “ Medang,” the Malay word for any Laurineous plant.) PH@BE LANCEOLATA, Nees. A small tree or large bush, оп the banks of the Tahan River; plentiful. This is a new record for the Peninsula. It appears to be common in India as far south as Tenasserim. ACTINODAPHNE, sp. Small tree with large leaves and flowers on the stems. Tahan woods. “ Medang Kunyit ” of the Malays. EASTERN COAST ОҒ THE MALAY PENINSULA. 341 LITSEA AMARA, Blume. Small tree, yellow flowers. Tulomalaty, Kwala Luit. L. POLYANTHA, Juss., var. ? Pulau Tawar, open country. Flowers yellow; leaves smaller than usual. This is possibly a distinct species. L. ZEYLANICA, ©. & Е. Nees. | Common оп the heath country. Pramau, Kwala Pahang. Usually a large bush. It is also plentiful in some spots at Changi in Singapore, and in Malacca. Micropora Cunmrisir Hook. Kwala Triang, Lubu Lanjoot, on the Pahang River. CASSYTHA FILIFORMIS, Linn. Common in the open sandy country near the sea. Pramau, Pekan, Rumpin River. THYMELEACES. WikKsTRGMIA CANDOLLEI, Hook. Open heathy country. Pramau, near Pekan, to the mouth of the river; also on Pulau Tiuman, and at Kamposa in Kelantan. A small tough shrub with yellow flowers and red berries. AQUILARIA MALACCENSIS, Lam. (Gaharu-wood.) This highly-prized incense-wood is collected іп the woods of the Tahan River by the Sakais, who sell it to the Malays. Good Gaharu-wood is very expensive, and imitations of it are made, by scenting other decayed woods, by the Malays, who sell it to the Chinese. Only certain trees contain the scented heart-wood, and these are known by the gnarled appearance of the exterior. Gaharu-wood is often confounded with Lign Aloes, or Eagle-wood, supposed to have been imported by King Solomon for the Temple. This is, however, the product of A. Agallocha, Roxb., which is not a native of the Malay Peninsula, so far as І am aware. Avicenna clearly distinguished two produets, as Garcia (* Historia Aromatum,’ i. p. 65) points out, under the names of Xylaloes and Agalugen. It is probable that the former of these, however, was Sandal-wood. Garcia himself does not distinguish the Indian and Malayan kinds, though he gives the native names of each kind: * Dicitur Arabibus Agalugen et Haud, Guzerate et Decan incolis Ud, . . . in Мааса Garro, seleetissimum autem Calambae." LORANTHACES. Товлктноз Lossi, Hook. f. |. Iobtained what I believe to be this species іп the Tahan woods, but it was only in young fruit, so that I cannot be quite certain. | ; 3 B 342 MR. H. N. RIDLEY ON THE FLORA OF THE LORANTHUS PENTAPETALUS, Roxb. Pekan, Kwala Pahang. L. HETERANTHUS, Wall. Not rare round Pekan and at Kwala Pahang. Flowers red. L. FERRUGINEUS, Roxb. Common at Katapong, near Pekan. A most noxious plant in Singapore, growing with great rapidity on the trees and killing them. It seems to grow on almost any tree. I have seen it on Litsea lanci- folia, Tectona grandis, Artocarpus spp., Eugenia macrocarpa, Canarium rufum, Mappa javanica, Baccaurea Motleyana, Aporosa nigricans, and Codiewm variegatum. L. MALACCENSIS, Hook. f. At Pramau and Katapong. Flowers brown. Not at all a common plant. L. PENTANDRUS, Linn. Sungei Meang, on Paritium tiliaceum. Common. L. RETUSUS, Jack. Parasitic on bushes. At Pekan; also at Tringganu. This is a very pretty plant with pink flowers, the free part of the petals bright green, tipped with dark pink. Тһе fruit is red, becoming black. І have met with it also in Singapore, at Changi, and at Pulau Tekong. It is commonly parasitic on Rhodomyrtus tomentosa, and has a curious habit of emitting branches which, running parallel to those of its host, put out haustoria just as Г. ampullaceus does. - Г. FORMOSUS, Blume. Tahan River. Flowers crimson-scarlet. L. Еоввеѕп, King. Not rare іп the Tahan woods ; usually on high trees. The curious four-angled involucre of bracts enclosing a number of flowers distinguishes cud WANT plant from any others of the native species. Вгасіѕ and flowers are scarlet. L. ($ Масвоѕотех) CASUARINJE, n. sp. Caules validi, lignosi, juvenes tomento aurantiaco tecti. Folia opposita, ovato-lanceolata acuminata subaeuta, carnosa, superne glabra, subtus tomento ferrugineo tecta, costa utroque latere crassa, nervis lateralibus ascen dentibus, lamina 5 pollices longa, 2 pollices lata, petiolo i-pollicari. Racemi polli- cares, axillares, lanugine ferruginea tecti, pluriflori. Flores magni, sessiles, nutantes. Bracteze lanceolatee acuminate. Corolla li-polliearis, versus basin angustata, superne dilatata, curva, quinquefida, lobis linearibus curvis ferme 4-pollicaribus, tubo EASTERN COAST OF THE MALAY PENINSULA. 343 ultra dimidium uno latere fisso, extus omnino lanugine aurantiaca (sicca ferruginea) tecta, intus glabra. Stamina 5, laciniis subsquilonga, antheris terminalibus linearibus acutis. Stylus longior, stigmate subelavato. Васса lageniformis, lanugine ferruginea tecta, 2-pollicaris (vix matura). Plentiful оп Casuarina equisetifolia, Forst., at Sungei Meang. This Loranthus, though common here, I have not seen elsewhere. I am unable to match it with any described species. When alive, the whole plant is orange-coloured, due chiefly to its orange wool covering the backs of the leaves, shoots, and flowers. When dried it is ferruginous. LORANTHUS AMPULLACEUS, Roxb. Kalambalai, near Pekan; also on Pulau Kattam, in Tringganu River. On Ana- cardium occidentale, Linn. This is nearly as injurious a plant as L. ferrugineus, but not quite so common. It is parasitic on a great number of trees, among which I have noticed Morinda citrifolia, Anacardium occidentale, and a species of Eugenia. L. GRANDIFRONS, King. Tulomalaty; Kwala Berar; Kwala Tembeling. A very handsome species, with large pink flowers, tipped with green. It is parasitic on Vitex vestita, «ос. VISCUM ARTICULATUM, Burm. f. Pekan. A common plant, parasitic on Loranthi, especially L. ampullaceus, Roxb. The common form is V. articulatum, var. genuinum—the form with narrow flattened branches. The internodes are flattened alternately, i. e. the one flattened in one plane is followed by the next at right angles to it. The flowers are often in pairs only at the nodes, in a line with the flattened axis below them. Male flowers yellow. Berries yellowish, transparent, smooth, shiny. Stem often erect. У. ORIENTALE, Willd. ; Less common. At Pulau Jellam. Usually parasitic on species of Ficus. SANTALACEJE. Henstow1 LoBBIANA, DC. Common on the heath country at Pramau. This can be best described as a scandent bush. Growing at first erect among thickets, it throws out long branches, which partly scramble over those of the other bushes and partly twine round them. It has yellow berries, turning first red, then black. It is very common in Malacca. 344. MR. H. N. RIDLEY ON THE FLORA OF THE HENSLOWIA BUXIFOLIA, Blume. Woods at Pramau, near Pekan. А very odd-looking plant, probably parasitic on roots of trees, with yellow stems. At first erect, eventually often twining, often leafless. Тһе leaves, which are not described in the * Flora of British India, are obovate, spathulate, and yellow, like the stem; one inch in length, with a petiole + inch long, with 3 or 5 veins visible when dry. CHAMPEREIA GRIFFITHIANA, Planch. Dry woods and thickets. At Pramau, near Pekan. A straggling, erect shrub, with inconspicuous green flowers and sweet eatable orange drupes. EUPHORBIACEZ. EUPHORBIA PILULIFERA, Linn. А common weed. РеКап, Kwala Pahang, Pulau Jellam, &c. E. THYMIFOLIA, Burm. f. Common in waste ground and dry sandy places. Pekan, &c.; also at Tringganu. E. Атото, Forst. Common on the sea-shores in dry or rocky places. Sungei Meang; Rumpin River. BRIDELIA STIPULARIS, Blume. A big bush. Pulau Rumput; Pahang River. AGYNEIA BACCIFORMIS, Juss. Common among grass on the sea-shores at Sungei Meang and Kwala Pahang. I have also collected this plant at Changi in Singapore. It has not hitherto been recorded from the Peninsula. PHYLLANTHUS FRONDOSUS, Wall. Passir Loyang; River Tahan woods. P. SIMPLEX, Retz. A twiggy, erect plant, branching a little at the base, in grassy plains at Pulau Tawar. The capsule in this plant is smooth; the seeds, which are certainly more than 3 inch long, are very obscurely dotted, hardly tubercled. P. Nrguri, Linn. А common weed. Kwala Berar, &е, EASTERN COAST OF THE MALAY PENINSULA. 345 PHYLLANTHUS PULCHER, Wall. (Reidia glaucescens, Miq.) Very common along river-banks from Pekan to the Tahan River. It is evidently a native here, but I am less certain about Singapore. І have never seen it there except where it may be an escape from cultivation. P. MADERASPATENSIS, Linn. Sea-shore at Kwala Pahang. Not met with elsewhere. P. CHAM#PEUCE, n. sp. Frutex parva, 8-pollicaris, ramosa lignosa, ramis strictis. Folia copiosa disticha, oblonga, sessilia, minima, + pollicem longa, mucronata, nervis conspicue elevatis, marginibus pubescentibus. Flores minimi, breviter pedicellati. Вгасбеге lineares acuminate, ferme 1-pollicares, flores multo superantes persistentes. Flores masculi sepalis 6 obovatis obtusis tenuibus, linea mediana obscuriore crassiore. Stamina 3, ferme omnino libera, filamentis brevissimis, antheris ellipticis longitudinaliter dehiscentibus. Flores feminei sepalis iis masculi similibus ; pistillum subglobosum ; stigmata 3, lobata sessilia in apice pistilli; styli nulli. Capsula globosa, parva, tricocca. Semina 3, trigona, brunnea, dorso transversim rugoso. On rocks in the Tahan River, abundant in some places. A very curious little stiff bushy shrub, like some very small conifer in appearance. GLOCHIDION LITTORALE, Blume. Pekan, Kwala Triang. G. INSULARE, Hook. f. Kwala Triang, Pramau. С. sERICEUM, Hook. f. Pulau Tawar. G. OBSCURUM, Blume. ; Small spreading bush. Pekan, Khol, Tembeling River. FLUGGEA MICROCARPA, Blume. ; | А small bush with little white fleshy fruits. Pulau Chengei; banks of River Tahan. BREYNIA CORONATA, Hook. f. A pretty bush, covered with its red berries, on the sea-sh Pahang. ores; common. Kwala SAUROPUS ALBICANS, Blume. Common in and round the villages and in open country. Pekan, Mahang, «с. This is the Chekop Manis of the Malays; an excellent vegetable, much cultivated in Singapore, but eaten only by natives. It is a small shrubby plant, with dull green leaves, which have often a whitish blotch in the centre. Flowers dull red; fruit rather large, pendulous, white or rosy, with the persistent red sepals at base. Seeds black. 846 МЕ. Н. N. RIDLEY ON THE FLORA OF THE CLEISTANTHUS HIRSUTULUS, Hook. Kwala Tenok, Tahan River. C., sp. А. small bushy tree with very white bark and numerous small ovate acuminate leaves, dark green above, paler beneath, glabrous. Capsule smooth black, three-lobed. On the top of the limestone rocks, Kota Glanggi. A pretty little tree, of which I could find no flowers. ACTEPHILA JAVANICA, Miq. A small tree with orange and pink flowers. The leaves decidedly dentate, as I have seen in other specimens. Capsule large, pendulous. Common in dense jungle, Kwala Tembeling. CHORIOPHYLLUM MALAYANUM, Benth. А large bush, common on the heath country of Pramau, Pekan. APOROSA MICROCALYX, Hassk. A small tree. Renchong, Kwala Tembeling, Pulau Manis. А. NIGRICANS, Hook. f. A large bush or small tree, with orange-yellow fruits. Woods, Pulau Tawar. А. PRAINEANA, King. қ At Kwala Tenok, on the River Tahan. А small tree with yellow fruits. А. STELLIFERA, Hook. f. A small tree with leaves as big as those of A. ficifolia, Hook., rough to the touch, but not hairy. Тһе fruit is an inch long or more, oblong ellipsoid, orange colour, with the seeds enclosed in a pink pulp. It splits in four from the base. Kwala Tahan. I believe this is the A. stellifera, Hook. f., of which I have hitherto seen only flowering specimens (indeed, the fruit has never been described); the foliage agrees well with that of plants identified with this species by Dr. King. A. BENTHAMIANA, Hook. f. What is doubtless this species was common in the Tahan woods, as it is in Singapore, but it was not in flower. The peculiar stipules make it easily identifiable, It is rare to find it with flower or fruit. A. AUREA, Hook. f. А small tree. Pigang, Pahang River. Common in Malacca. А. MarNGA vii, Hook. f. In woods, Pulau Tawar and Kota Glanggi. А. FICIFOLIA, Baill. : Bukit Duri, Pahang River (W. Foz). EASTERN COAST OF THE MALAY PENINSULA. 347 ANTIDESMA ALATUM, Hook. f. А small tree, common in jungles in many parts of the Peninsula. Pulau Tawar woods. It is called “ Sakellet" in Pahang. А. LEUCOCLADON, Hook. f. Pulau Manis. А. SALICIFOLIA, Miq. A. small, much-branched tree, with pendulous branches. Common on rocks and banks overhanging the rivers Tahan, Tembeling, and Pahang. This plant differs from that described by Miquel in having the fruit ovate-oblong, and not * subobliquely ovoid,” and in this agrees with a plant from the Plus River in Perak, described in the ‘Flora of British India’ under the name of A. salicifolia, Miq. ? But that plant, which I have not seen, is said to have perfectly glabrous midribs and petioles, whereas those in the Pahang plant are pubescent. Neither Miquel nor Sir Joseph Hooker saw the flowers, so that I will describe the Pahang plant entirely :— Arbor parva multi-ramosa, ramis pendulis, juvenibus pubescentibus, obseure quadrangu- laribus. Folia lanceolata acuminata, circiter 4 pollices longa, % pollicem lata, glabra, costa utriusque paginæ pubescente, petiolis brevibus, basi incrassatis, pubescentibus, stipulz lanceolate acuminate, pubescentes. Racemi singuli aut bini ad apices ramorum terminales. Masculi breves, circiter ?-pollicares, breviter pedunculati, Flores minimi, congesti, pedicellis brevissimis, crassis. Bracteæ ovate. Calyx poculiformis, lobis 4 brevibus ovatis. Stamina 4, filamentis brevibus, crassis, loculis anthers rotundatis, basi divergentibus, connectivo ferme reniformi, incrassato. Pistilli rudimentum processus parvus ellipticus. Racemi feminei 2-pollicares vel ultra. Flores copiosi, congesti, pedicellis quam in masculo longioribus. Bracteæ lanceolate: acuminate acutee, pedicellis zequales. Sepala 4, ovata acuta. Pistillum ampullaceum, stigmatibus brevibus recurvis acutis 4. Пгпра parva, viridis, levis, _ ovata oblonga, vix ultra $ pollicem longa. The fruit is said by the natives to be black when ripe and then eatable. А. LONGIPES, Hook. A small tree with pink fruit. Tahan woods. A. vELUTINOSUM, Blume. : : A shrub, not rare, with soft pubescent leaves and pink fruits. Pulau Cheagei, Kwala Tahan. It is called here “ Guché Gaja 7 А. Он жвемвилА, Geertn. Usually a small stunted bush, in open country. Renchong, common. Also collected at Kamposa in Kelantan. A. cusrrpatuM, Muell. Arg. Tahan River woods. SECOND SERIES.— BOTANY, VOL. III. 3c 348 MR. Н. N. RIDLEY ON THE ЕГОВА OF THE ANTIDESMA Мовтт7лт, Muell. Arg. With male flowers only, but I believe rightly identified. Pekan. BACCAUREA BRACTEATA, Muell. Arg. А small tree, with red fruits and yellow seeds; rather common. Pekan. B. ВКЕУІРЕЅ, Hook. f. A small tree, with white fruits and blue seeds. Tahan woods and Kwala Tembeling. Called * Rambai Antan." B. MALAYANA, King. (Hedycarpus malayanus, Jack.) The “Tampoi.” Опе tree loaded with fruit was seen in the Pulau Tawar woods apparently wild, but it was impossible to get specimens, as it was defended by a large nest of black hornets. Тһе fruit is very well known in Singapore; it much resembles the Langsat in taste. B. LANCEOLATA, Muell. Arg. Pulau Chengei. Flowers white; called “ Poko Bidara.” “ Bidara” is, however, a name given com- monly to any tree bearing fruits suggestive of plums, е. g. “ Bidara-laut” (Ximenia americana). B. MorrEYANA, Muell. Arg. From the descriptions of Mueller in De Candolle's ‘Prodromus, xv. ii. p. 461, and Hooker in the ‘Flora of British India, vol. v. p. 371, this appears to be the correct name of the well-known “ Rambai.” It seems distinct from Jack's Рфеғағ а dulcis, which is a native of Sumatra, where it is known as “ Choopa." I do not know this plant, however, but it is evidently allied to В. Motleyana. Common as this plant is in the Straits, 16 15 remarkable that no complete description of it has éver been published. I therefore take this opportunity to describe it. . The “ Rambai” is a compact tree about forty feet in height, the head usually being cone-shaped, though when a numbér of trees grow together the stems seem to be more drawn up and strict. The bark is light-coloured, and flakes ой readily. Тһе wood is white and moderately hard. Leaves elliptic ovate, acute; base rounded, bilobed, hardly coriaceous, deep green above, hardly shining, glabrous; beneath paler, covered with thin brown pubescence ; veins distinctly raised, with distinct reticulations 9 inches long, 5 inches across, or less. Petiole terete, not grooved, stout, 2 to 3 inches long, thickened at the base, joining the blade within .its cireumfererence, covered with a brown pubescence easily rubbed off. Where the leaves fall off an ovoid scar is left on the branch. The trees are bi-sexual, | normally, but female flowers are often to be seen on the spikes of male flowers, on a male tree ; they are always at the base of the raceme. EASTERN COAST OF THE MALAY PENINSULA. 340 Male flowers, sweetly scented, in depauperated panicles or racemes, about 9 inches long, pendulous from the old wood, on the branches, and more rarely on the trunk of the tree. Тһе lateral branches of the panicle are very short when present. Rhachis light green, terete, pubescent. Bracts lanceolate acuminate, closely appressed to the peduncles, $ inch long, pubescent. Peduncles flattened, ending in three or fewer pedicelled flowers. Bracteoles minute, lanceolate-acuminate. Perianth of 4 or 5 unequal lobes, ovate obtuse, connivent, lemon-yellow, pubescent outside, mealy inside. Stamens 5 to 7, very small, glabrous; filaments short, translucent, flattened, broadest at base, tapering upwards. Anther-cells separate, oval. Rudimentary ovary longer than the stamens, pillar-shaped, enlarged at the tip and capped, very pubescent with white hairs. Female inflorescence racemose; rhachis much thicker than in male inflorescence. Flowers very much larger, 1 inch across; pedicels short and thick, terete, pubescent, $ inch long. Perianth-lobes connivent, very unequal, 5 to 8, light green, fleshy ovate, or ovate-lanceolate, blunt. Rudiments of stamens absent. Ovary globose, minutely pubescent. Stigmas sessile, thick, fleshy, recurved, papillose, white, 5 to 8. Fruit oval elliptic, more than an inch long, and $ of an inch thick, rounded at both ends, terminated by the very small stigmas, and with the perianth persisting at the base, finely pubescent, with a thin buff skin, three-celled, three-seeded. Seeds enclosed in a translucent, whitish, sweet pulp, fixed by the apex, convex on one side, and flattened on the other. | "The fruit is very popular with the natives. It is very sweet and refreshing, having somewhat the flavour of grapes. It is greedily devoured by monkeys, civets, and bats. I have never seen the Rambai indisputably wild. It is often cultivated, and persists long after other signs of cultivation have disappeared, so as to appear really wild. 1 think, however, it will prove to be a native. BACCAUREA PARVIFLORA, Muell. Arg. . Common in the Tahan woods. This is called by the Malays ** Setambon." It is a small straight tree, with hard yellow wood, used for walking-sticks. The leaves are dark green ; when young, pink. Тһе male flowers, produced in spikes upon the old wood, are pale yellow and scented like cowslips. The females at the base of the stem, so plentifully that when in fruit there is quite a large pile of fruits round the base resting on the ground. Тһе fruits are fusiform, deep claret-colour, nearly black outside when ripe, and quite eatable, though rather sour. The tree is very common all through the Peninsula. В., вр. | | | Evidently an ally of В. parviflora, Muell. Arg., resembling it much in the foliage; but the female inflorescence was scattered about on the stem, not piled up at the base; and the fruits are larger, light pink, and curiously reticulated. Seeds with dark pink aril. Common, Kwala Tembeling woods. I could not get any flowers nor perfectly ripe fruits. 302 350 MR. Н. N. RIDLEY ON THE FLORA OF THE MALLOTUS FLORIBUNDUS, Muell. Arg. A small tree. Pekan; banks of the river. M. GnrrrITHIANUS, Hook. f. A small tree, with very curious capsules covered with bristly hispid spines. Tahan woods, dense jungle. ээр! apea e the last, but has the leaves long-acuminate, жин long petioles, and the fruit sessile and solitary. Tanjong Antan. M. TILIÆFOLIUS, Muell. Arg. An erect branched bush about ten feet high, growing in quantity in open country near the Sultan's tombs in Kwala Pahang. This has not hitherto been recorded from the Peninsula. It is a native of the Pacific islands, Timor, Java, Moluccas, and China. M. MACROSTACHYUS, Muell. Arg. Tulomalaty, Pahang River. M. COCHINCHINENSIS, Lour. Kalambalai, Pahang River. MACARANGA DENTICULATA, Muell. Arg. River Pahan; Pulau Chengei. М. uvroLEvcA, Muell. Arg. Is plentiful in the Medang woods near Pekan. This tree is very common in Singa- pore. Ghosts are supposed by the Malays always to sit under it at night, to which theory the ghostly white of its stems probably has given rise. Sticks of the wood of this tree are preferred for setting gambir, after the liquid is poured into the buckets from the boiling-pan. M. MEGALOPHYLLA, Muell. Arg. Woods at Kwala Tahan. M. GRIFFITHIANA, Muell. Arg. Near Pekan. M. TANARIUS, Muell. Arg. Pulau Datoh, Pulau Paday, Pahang River. JATROPHA CuncAs, Linn. Is cultivated here and there near Pekan, and in the villages a little way up the river. CROTON ARGYRATUS, Blume. Woods, Pulau Tawar; Pulau Спее, C., sp. _А small tree on the limestone rocks of Kota бшнш. I have also received this plant EASTERN COAST OF THE MALAY PENINSULA. 351 from the Lankawi Islands, and from Bangtaphan in Siam, and Dr. King sends it from Perak under the name of C. argyratus, from which it differs in the larger, more lepidote leaves, without glandulz, much shorter flower-spikes, and very much smaller capsules. CROTON CAUDATUS, Geisel. var. MALACCANA. A scandent shrub or very large climber. А plant in the Botanie Gardens has a stem 4 inches thick, and climbs very high on a big tree. The fruit is globose and pubescent, of an orange colour. It is very common in Singapore and Malacca ; also in Pahang at Pekan, at Tulomalaty and on the banks of the Tahan River, and at Kamposa in Kelantan. It is called “ Tuku Tokol." CLAOXYLON INDICUM, Hassk. At Temerloh. It is called “Jarah Kayu " (lit. Tree Physic-nut). ACALYPHA FALLAX, Muell. Arg. A weed at Pekan. A. FRUTICOSA, Forsk. A low stunted bush in open dry places, at Pekan and Kwala Berar. This differs from the form described in the ‘ Flora of British India’ in having plumose styles and possessing no glands on the leaves. It is also nearly glabrous. ERISMANTHUS OBLIQUUS, Wall. Tanjong Antan. НомохотА RIPARIA, Lour. ; A very abundant bush on the rocky and sandy islets all up the Rivers Tembeling and Tahan. New to the Malay Peninsula. CNESMONE JAVANICA, Blume. In the waste ground in old orchards near Pekan, Kwala Tembeling. Also brought by Professor Vaughan-Stevens from Kemaman. This stinging climber is В to him, in the preparation of the Ipoh (arrow-poison). It is called Jelatang. HOoMALANTHUS POPULIFOLIUS, В. Grah. 272 И Very common in Kwala Berar, in Tulomalaty, Passir Loyang, and other spots on the Pahang River, in open country. It is here called * Mahang Makan Pelandok ” (i. e. the Macaranga which the Mouse-deer eats). SAPIUM BACCATUM, Roxb. ; Common on the river-banks at and near Pekan. It does not seem ever to go far from tidal waters, and the curious fruits are often found floating in the sea. It is called & Guring » by the Malays. Usually а small tree with pendulous branches. 852 МЕ. Н. N. RIDLEY ON THE FLORA OF THE SEBASTIANA CHAMJELEA, Muell. Arg. Common in grassy spots on the sea-shore. Kwala Pahang, Cherating, Rumpin River ;. also inland at Pulau Tawar. URTICACES. TREMA AMBOINENSIS, Blume. ` Banks of Таһап River. I do not quite understand the difference between T. amboinensis and T.orientalis, Blume.. Specimens labelled with the names of these two species received from Calcutta seem to me quite similar, except that one is a little more silvery than the other. 7, amboinensis, like the other species here, is more usually a shrub than a tree, as it is described in the ‘ Flora of British India,’ but I have seen it 12 or 15 feet high. GIRONNIERA PARVIFOLIA, Planch. A small tree in the Tahan woods. This is the only species one meets with in the denser and older jungles. G. nervosa, Planch., and б. subequalis, Planch., are more characteristic of open low country woods. PHYLLOCHLAMYS WALLICHII, King. Pulau Chengei. І understand this plant to be distinguished from Р. spinosa, Bur., by its leaves being entire, or very nearly so; but as to form, they vary very much. In the Pahang plant they are lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, acute, often oblique, short or moderately long-petioled, drying pale or dark, the larger, less coriaceous, dark-drying leaves being often slightly denticulate. Curtis’s specimens from Penang have the leaves narrow, lanceolate, blunt, and emarginate. The Pahang specimens have the imbricating bracts alluded to in Ше: * Flora of British India.’ SLOETIA SIDEROXYLON, Teysm. Common in the Tahan woods. This gives the excellent timber known as ** Tampenis." Ficus PISIFERA, Wall., var. Temerloh. Тһе figs are green, with white spots. Dr. King says, “ Leaves too hairy _ for typical F. pisifera." . Е. QUERCIFOLIA, Roxb., var. HUMILIS. Pulau Tijau. F. GLOBOSA, Blume. At Pekan. Е. consoctata, Blume, Temerloh, The terminal buds in this specimen were converted into large white conical galls. i Е. TRUNCATA, King. . A small tree. Open country at Pramau, Pekan. EASTERN COAST OF THE MALAY PENINSULA. 353 FICUS PISOCARPA, Blume. A small tree with white figs. Woods at Kota Glanggi. Е. GLABELLA, Blume. A big tree on the river-bank, Pekan, also at Kwala Tembeling. Figs green with white spots. F. AURANTIACA, Griff. One of the handsomest of the Synæcia section with large globose or nearly globose orange-red figs, ornamented with paler spots. Pekan, climbing on trees. Е. HETEROPHYLLA, Linn. f. A climbing shrubby plant in thickets. Pulau Datoh, Pahang River. Figs green. Е. poMIFera, Wall. A high tree with very large pink figs with white spots. Kwala Tembeling. Е. Mique it, King. Khol, Tembeling River, and at Pekan. Е. PYRIFORMIS, Hook. & Arn. A very curious little shrub, creeping in moss on rocks overhanging the river; rare. Leaves narrowly lanceolate ; fruit spotted with pink. Е. procera, Blume. Kwala Berar. Е. INDICA, Linn. A big tree on Pulau Tiuman. Е. cuNEA, Ham. Pulau Tawar. In thickets on the river-bank. A small tree with red figs with white spots, borne on branches running along the ground. The figs are sweet and good to eat. Not hitherto recorded from the Malay Peninsula. А native of Borneo. Е. HISPIDA, Linn. Common tree, with green figs. Pekan, Mahang, Pulau Tawar; also Kamposa in Kelantan, open country. en Е. risTULOSA, Reinw. Kwala Tembeling. A common tree. Е. DIVERSIFOLIA, Blume, var. OVOIDEA. : fes | This I believe to be the common epiphytic and also terrestrial form with small obovate leaves, often very yellow at the back, and bearing small yellow fruits. Common in Pahang, especially in the open country at Pramau. It is usually epiphytic, and is very plentiful on the trees in the mangrove-swamps in Singapore. In sandy country it grows in the form of a small compact bush on the ground, as at Changi, in Singapore. 854 MR. Н. М. RIDLEY ON THE FLORA OF THE FICUS DIVERSIFOLIA, var. KUNSTLERI. On trees overhanging the River Tahan. This is a very different-looking plant, not only in its very much larger, almost obcordate leaves, but in its much larger and more oblong pink fruit. It is not common. , уаг. LUTESCENS. Never common, and usually at least terrestrial. А strict erect little-branched shrub, with narrow leaves. Fruit yellow. Tahan Valley, rocks by the river. Dr. King gives this species as sometimes a small tree. I have never seen it anything but а small shrub, rarely 5 feet high. Е. aff. GEOCARPÆ, Teysm. Woods, Tahan River. BALANOSTREBLUS ILICIFOLIA, Kurz. Common. Temerloh, Kota Glanggi, Tembeling. A very holly-like shrub or small tree, common in open country and woods. It pro- duces good walking-sticks. It is called * Limau Lélang Antan" by the natives. CONOCEPHALUS SUAVEOLENS, Blume. Kwala Luit. .A big climber with rather dull pink flowers. C. amenvs, King. Common. Renchong, Pekan. The flowers are white and have a strong smell of pears. C. SUBTRINERVIUS, Miq. Kwala Tembeling. | А much smaller plant and less scandent than the other two; in fact, it does not usually climb at all. The flowers are in small compact balls of a beautiful pink colour, with a slight tint of violet. FLEURYA INTERRUPTA, Gaudich. In waste ground in the villages, as at Pulau Tawar; also at Kamposa in Kelantan. LAPORTEA CRENULATA, Gaudich. Is reported to be plentiful in Pulau Tiuman, and I have a live plant and some dried leaves from Kemaman, where, according to Professor Vaughan-Stevens, it is used in the manufacture of Ipoh poison. ANTIARIS TOXICARIA, Blume. This, the well-known “Ipoh” tree, І have not met with on the east coast, but I have no doubt that it occurs in Pahang, as it is the source of the arrow-poison of the Sakais here, and I have received leaves and a portion of a stem from Professor Vaughan-Stevens from Kemaman. EASTERN COAST ОҒ THE MALAY PENINSULA. 355 ARTOCARPUS RIGIDA, Blume. Common, wild and cultivated. Kwala Tenok on the Tahan River, Tanjong Antan, and at Pulau Tawar, Pahang River, where there are some magnificent trees. "This is the ** Tamponet " of the Malays, the best by far of the sweet eatable Artocarpi. It is very superior to the Jack in flavour, and does not possess its disagreeable odour. А. POLYPHEMA, Pers. The ** Champedak " is really wild in the woods of the Tahan Valley. It often occurs as an escape or relie of cultivation in Singapore and elsewhere, but I never saw it indisputably wild before. А. KUNSTLERI, King. At Kwala Tembeling. This is the tree so well known as “ Getah Terap." It is by far the commonest species of the genus in the Peninsula, but as it flowers only when full-grown it is not often collected. "The latex is used by the natives as bird-lime, and used to entrap the turtle- doves known as ** Tucucu " (Turtur tigrinus). These are caught with the aid of a decoy- dove, which is attached by a string on its leg to a stick, about 3 or 4 feet long, placed horizontally on a tree. Тһе decoy sits оп one end of the stick, the other end of which is smeared with the Getah Terap, on which the wild doves alight, and are thus caught. Тһе bast layer of the tree is used for cloth by the Sakais. PELLIONIA DuvavANA, М. E. Br., var. VIRIDIS. In damp woods on banks. Pulau Jellam, Lubu Lanjoot, Pahang River, and also in the Tahan River woods. It is common, too, in Malacca. There are two forms of this plant, the commonest of which has rather broad green leaves (var. viridis), and has a somewhat different appearance ; but the flowers seem to me identical with those of the plant described by N. Е. Brown, whieh has rather narrower leaves, mottled with or entirely purple. This latter form is a native of the northern part of the Peninsula. : The leaves are succulent rather than fleshy. The stipules are pink. The male cymes are reddish ; sepals olive-green, tinted with red, with green blunt keels. Anthers white, with a pink connective; loculi divaricate, filaments semi-transparent. Female flowers on different branches from those producing the males, sessile in small compact heads 4 of an inch each way, much shorter than the pink stipules; very small. Bracts ovate acuminate, about equalling the short pedicel. Sepals five, lanceolate acute, gibbous at base, greenish, spotted with pink. Pistil oblong, rosy. Stigma penicillate, with very many white hairs. Achenes very small, oblong, black. P. JAVANICA, Wedd. | Woods, Kwala Tembeling. Two other plants apparently belonging to this genus occur in the limestone rocks of Kota Glanggi. SECOND SERIES.—BOTANY, VOL. ПІ. 3D 856 МВ. Н. К. RIDLEY ON THE FLORA OF THE ELATOSTEMMA SESSILE, Forst. On limestone rocks at Kota Glanggi. E. LINEOLATUM, Wight. Abundant on rocks in the Tahan Valley woods. Е. surcuLosum, Wight, var. ? А weak thin plant on rocks at Kota Glanggi. POUZOLZIA PENTANDRA, Benn. Common in waste spots and open ground. Pulau Jellam, Lubu Lanjoot, &c., in the Pahang River, banks of Tahan, and also at Kamposa in Kelantan. MYRICACEA. Myrica Nagi, Thunb. A large thick bush, common on the sea-coasts, Kwala Pahang. The fruit of this bush is very much smaller than that figured in the ‘ Botanical Magazine’ (t. 5727), being not so large as a pea. CUPULIFERZ. QUERCUS CANTLEYI, King. Pekan (Dr. Haviland). Q. REINWARDTII, Korth. I found a fallen fruit-spike of what certainly appears to belong to this rare oak in the Tahan woods. The scarcity of oaks in Pahang in comparison with Singapore is very remarkable. CASUARINEÆ. CASUARINA EQUISETIFOLIA, Forst. Common along the sea-shore wherever there are tracts of sand, as at Kwala Pahang and Sungei Meang. The “ Ru” tree grows in a single line along the sea-shores of both coasts. I have never seen it wild even a hundred yards inland, though it is often planted. It is one of the first plants to appear on newly-formed sand-islands along the coast, the seeds being drifted along in the sea. It was doubtless formerly a native of Singapore, as the name Tanjong Ru (Casuarina Cape) denotes, but it is quite extinct here now as a wild plant, having probably been destroyed here as elsewhere to make room for the coconut plantations. The statements which have been made that the tree grows also on Mount Ophir and other hills by explorers are incorrect, the Dacrydiums having been mistaken for it, as the native name Ru includes not only Casuarina, but also any pine-like tree. | EASTERN COAST OF THE MALAY PENINSULA. 357 SALICINEJE. SALIX TETRASPERMA, Roxb. Common on the river-bank at Pekan. GNETACEA. GwNETUM GNEMON, Linn. Sir Joseph Hooker, in the * Flora of British India,’ refers to this species, with doubt, the scandent G. Brunoniamun, Griff., which is certainly distinct in habit. What I take to be typical 6. Gnemon is a good-sized tree with a stout stem about 20 feet high when full- grown. I have never met with this as a wild plant, but it is cultivated in Singapore and Penang. 1 found on the banks of the Tahan a small slender tree, or large shrub, with oblong-acuminate leaves and small orange drupes, eatable and sweet, which I suppose must be considered as a variety of this species, differing chiefly in the shape of the leaves. G. BruNoNIANUM, Griff. This plant, which appears to me in habit quite distinct and never passing into G. Gnemon, is a comparatively slender climber. I met with it at Pulau Tijau and Temerloh. б. SCANDENS, Roxb. Very abundant at Kwala Pahang, climbing extensively over bushes and trees in the thickets and draping them with its glossy-green leaves. G. FUNICULARE, Blume. A very large climber with green male flower-spikes. Таһап woods. , var. ! With very rough bark on the branches and narrower lanceolate-acuminate leaves, coriaceous, drying brown. Female spikes with rusty hairs round the ovules. Possibly a distinct species. Pulau Rumput, Pahang River. G. EDULE, Blume. A lofty climber with much bigger seeds (2 inches long) than any other species known to me. They are sessile, elliptic acute, and dark brown. Оп very high trees in thick jungle, Tahan woods. no I have also received seeds of this from Kemaman, where the plant is said to be used by the aborigines in the manufacture of arrow-poison. It has not hitherto been recorded from the Peninsula. СохтЕЕВ Ж. PODOCARPUS NEGLECTA, Blume. A tree in the mangrove-swamps. Common. Kwala Pahang. (Note.—Dacrydium elatum, Wall., recorded from “ Singapore, Schomburgk," must be It is a mountain-plant occurring at 2000 feet elevation only, and is not a an error. native of Singapore.) $53 358 MR. Н. N. RIDLEY ON THE FLORA OF THE CYCADE. Cycas Комрни, Miq. Woods on the sea-shores. Kwala Pahang. MONOCOTYLEDONES. HYDROCHARIDEÆ. HYDRILLA VERTICILLATA, Presl., var. LONGIFOLIA. Тһе common form in all the muddy ditches of the Peninsula. Kwala Pahang. , var. ROXBURGHII. Found floating in the Kelantan River. BLYXA MALAYANA, n. sp. Herba submersa, caule brevissimo. Folia plurima magni- tudine valde variabili, sæpe 6-pollicaria, raro pedalia vel ultra-pedalia, circiter 2 pollicem lata, linearia acuta, tenuia, integra, costa distincta, atro-viridia. Scapi 2-6-pollicares, plures complanati, pollicem lati. Spatha 2-pollicaris vel longior, sæpe flexa ad basin, anceps. Flos hermaphroditus, 4-pollicaris; ovarium complanatum. Sepala $-pollicaria, erecta, linearia, obtusa, rubescentia, tria. Petala tria, anguste linearia, alba, marginibus denticulatis, sepalis duplo longiora. Stamina tria, anguste linearia acuta. Anthere terminales lineares. Granule pollinis aurantiacze, globose, minute muricatule. Styli tres teretes acuminati, crassiusculi, staminibus longiores, albi, marginibus trichomatibus tectis. Capsula gracilis, subteres, 23-pollicaris, spatha inclusa. Semina copiosa, flavescenti-alba, elliptica, muricata et striata, apicibus obtusis, э-роШсат1а. Kwala Pahang in pools. Common also in Singapore and Malacca. This is a very common plant, which, like almost all submersed plants, varies greatly according to the depth of water in which it grows. Тһе above description is taken from specimens found in ditches in the Botanic Gardens, but the Pahang species is evidently the same one, though it is not in good condition. It grows quite submersed, the leaves lying flat upon the ground ; the flowers, however, project from the surface of the water. It is very constantly in flower, but the flowers are short-lived. | Віута Өті Мі, Planch. in Herb. Hook. (Fl. Brit. Ind. vol. v. р. 661), appears to con- sist of two or more species. It includes a nine-stamened plant collected by Sir W. Jones in Bengal, and by Parish at Moulmein ; and specimens in fruit from Chittagong, collected by Sir J. Hooker, and by Griffith in Malacca and Mergui. I do not doubt that the Malacca specimens collected by Griffith belong to B. malayana, mihi, which is so abundant in Griffith’s collecting-ground near Malacca; but, as that has only three “stamens, the Bengal and Moulmein specimens must be distinct. EASTERN COAST OF THE MALAY PENINSULA. 359 BuRMANNIACE. BURMANNIA CLESTIS, D. Don. Common and large; sandy spots at Pramau, near Pekan. В. LUTESCENS, Весс. At the foot of a lofty tree іп Tahan woods; only three specimens found. Тһе whole plant of a yellowish-white colour. This fits Beccari's description of the plant, which he got at Mattan in Borneo, fairly well, and will not agree with any other known to me. THISMIA ASEROE, Весс. In the woods at Kota Glanggi. I will take the opportunity here to mention that I have been fortunate enough to meet with a species of Geomitra, apparently G. episcopalis, Becc., in Perak. І found two specimens, one in fruit, the other in flower, in the dense jungles on the Larut Hills, near the Tea Gardens, and on the slopes of Gunong Hijau. Тһе very small plant had a thick mass of roots at the base, forming a tuber-like structure. Тһе flower was burnt- sienna coloured (not “croceus” as Beccari describes) so perhaps it may be a distinct species. "This is a new genus for the Peninsula. ORCHIDE”. OBERONIA INSECTIFERA, Hook. f. Kwala Tahan. О. anceps, Lindl. Passir Loyang, Pahang River. This is the commonest species of Oberonia here, and is easily known by its long stems covered with the rather short curved leaves, and its rat-tailed spike of ochre-yellow flowers so closely crowded that the lips seem to be the only portion of the flower visible. The lips are retuse rather than crenulate. LIPARIS ELEGANS, Lindl. Pramau woods, near Pekan. This plant, so long obscure, Straits. It is almost a terrestr in dry woods. proves to be the commonest species of the genus in the ial plant, growing often on the ground or on old stumps L. ($ CORIIFOLIÆ), sp. A narrow-leaved plant, wit L. latifolia, but leaves much narrower. in the Tahan Valley. h rather short conical pseudo-bulbs, with fruit only ; near On wet mossy trees overhanging a small stream І. DISTICHA, Lindl. ^ Limestone rocks above the caves, Kota Glanggi. This is not mentioned from the 360 MR. H. N. RIDLEY ON THE FLORA OF THE Malay Peninsula іп the ‘Flora of British India,’ but it is quite common, though local. Usually very plentiful where it occurs. I have it from Kranji, Toas, &c., in Singapore, where it grows on trees near mangrove-swamps, and from Kwala Lumpur caves in Selangor, collected by Mr. Kelsall, a similar locality to that of Kota Glanggi. There is also a sketch of it in Scortechini’s drawings. The flowers are of a pretty apricot-orange. PLATYCLINIS LONGIFOLIUS, Benth. This plant, which is common in Singapore and elsewhere, is not recorded in the ‘Flora of British India? I saw what were evidently plants of it out of flower growing with other orchids on bougbs of Dipterocarpee overhanging the River Tahan. The Singapore plant was identified for me by Sir Joseph Hooker. It was originally described in the ‘Botanical Register’ by Lindley from living plants sent by Cuming from the Philippines. It was stated there to have green flowers; however, the petals and sepals are yellow, and the lip is brown. DENDROBIUM ($ BoLBODIUM) PUMILUM, Roxb. A very common little plant. Pekan, Pramau, Kota Glanggi, &c., growing on orchard trees, bushes on the heath country, and in more open woods. Both the yellow-flowered and pink-veined varieties are equally common, and often grow together. D. ($ CapETIA) LoNcHoPnvrLUM, Hook. f. Tahan woods. The flowers of this plant are whitish with pink veins, the base of the lip deep maroon- pink, the terminal lobes orange. It is very common in Singapore, and indeed elsewhere. The flowers remain open only about six hours. The species of this section are very troublesome to make out from dried specimens. The pseudo-bulbs, which give good characters, are crushed in drying, so that one cannot be sure whether they were flat or round. Тһе flowers are thin in texture, and easily crushed out of shape, and are, moreover, very short-lived. "The only way to study these plants is to cultivate them, when one can usually with ease obtain flowers fit to dry. It is not common to find them in good condition in the jungle. There are only two “Species mentioned from the Peninsula in the * Flora of British India.’ I have five or six more, very distinct ones. | _Т. ($ Атовом) Leonis, Reichb. f. Common. Kwala Pahang, Guai, Pulau Tawar woods. D. Serra, Lindl. | Common. Pramau, Kwala Pahang. D. RHODOSTELE, n. sp. Planta ezspitcsa, D. Serram multosimulans. Caules 12-15-polli- cares vel ultra, foliis dense tecti, portione terminali excepta, nodis flavis, inter- EASTERN COAST OF THE MALAY PENINSULA. 361 nodiis flexuosis inferioribus } pollicem latis, superioribus angustioribus. Folia atro-viridia; laminis lanceolatis vel ovato-lanceolatis acutis, 2 ad 1 pollicem longis, 4 pollicem latis (siccis multo striatis) ; vaginis }-pollicaribus ; folia caulis superioris partis vaginis reducta. Flores minimi in fasciis bractearum siecirum, circiter $ pollicem longis, e basibus internodiorum terminalium exortis, singulatim expansi, albi, ovarium cum pedicello gracili 2-pollicari. Sepala ovata obtusa, mento brevi, lato, obtuso, sepalis subzequali. Petala linearia acuta, sepalis ferme æqualia, Labellum euneatum, angustum, lobi laterales obsoleti, medius bilobus rotundatus, magnus. Columna grandiuseula, longior et latior quam in D. Serra, rosea. Anthera lata et complanata. Pollinia angusta linearia, lete flava. Clinandrium magnum, stigma oblongum. Capsula pyriformis, sepalis marcidis coronata, 1-polli- caris, pedicello elongato, incrassato. On trees, in dense jungle, far up the Tahan Valley. In the live plant the most conspicuous difference between this plant and .D. Serra is the pink column, which is white in the commoner species. There are other much more important characters to be seen on looking closer into the two, however. Тһе pedicels of the flowers are longer, and the column much larger, in D. rhodostele. Тһе lip is very different. In 2. Serra the lateral lobes are well developed and upeurved so as to meet the column, while the terminal lobe is small and narrow and bilobed, with the two parallel oblong lobes narrower than the rest of the lip. In 2. rhodostele the lateral lobes are hardly to be traced, the blade of the lip lies flat against the column, and the edges are not curved up, while the terminal lobe is broader and rounded. Тһе column is broader and thicker, rose-colour instead of white, with a broader flat anther, and an oblong instead of ovate stigma. DENDROBIUM GRANDE, Hook. f. A fallen plant without flowers. Banks of Tahan River. D. ATROPURPUREUM, Miq. Common. Pramau, Pekan. D. ($ STRONGYLE) ACEROSUM, Lindl. Common on bushes. Pramau, Pekan ; Blay Manis. D. ($ VIRGATA) CLAVIPES, Hook. f. Pulau Chengei. I also saw the same plant without flowers in the Tahan woods. Тһе flowers are white, except the orange callus on the lip, and the veins on the side-lobes, which are ink. | i Р I believe this to be the plant intended by Sir Joseph Hooker for D. clavipes, but the flowers (in life at least) are more than a quarter of an inch long, and the mid-lobe, ardly have called minute. It is probably variable in this respect. though small, I should h : 72 à Тһеге is a sketch of it, under the name D. truncatum, in Scortechini's drawings. 362 МЕ. Н. №. RIDLEY ON THE FLORA OF THE DENDROBIUM ($PEDILONUM) PYROPUM, n. sp. Caules circiter pedales, graciles, sub- flexuosi, internodiis pollicaribus, haud compressis, costatis. Folia lanceolata acuta, valde inæqualiter biloba, lobo uno 4—4 pollicem longiore acuto (siccitate 6-costata), 3—4 pollices longa, 3-1 pollicem lata, vaginis striatis pollicaribus, ore integro. Racemi penduli a parte superiore caulium nudorum, 2-3 flori, circiter pollicares, rhachide tenui purpurea. Bracteæ parvæ, ovatæ. Flores magni, aurantiaci. Sepala lanceolata subacuta ; petala ferme æqualia, pollicaria. Labellum spathulatum, basi angusta lineari, apice rotundato, denticulato, crispo, linea mediana elevata a basi, callo nullo, omnia aurantiaca, punctis kermesinis ad basin labelli. Columna flavescens, superne dilatata, margine postico clinandrii elevato rotundato, filamento triangulari, clinandrio profundo; rostellum linguiforme, majusculum, apice rotun- dato. Anthera ovoidea, apice obtuso, margine lato, rotundato, integro. Stigma basi dilatatum, superne attenuatum. On mossy trees along a stream in the Tahan Valley. This is a charming plant, the flowers being of a very bright orange. D. CRUMENATUM, Sw. Common on trees in and around Pekan. D. TUBERIFERUM, Hook. f. This is a local plant, but widely scattered. I have met with it several times in | Singapore and at Kwala Pahang. The Chittagong plant, doubtfully referred to this species by Sir J. Hooker, is certainly different, and as it has been confused with it, it will be as well to give a complete new description of the Malayan species. Caules plures erecti, congesti, circiter pedales, raro ramosi, purpurei, basibus (pollicaribus) angustatis, dein subito dilatatis (internodii duobus), ovalibus compressis, 14 pollices longis, pollicem latis, 2 pollicem crassis; parte superiore caulis gracili, complanata. Folia in caulibus lateralibus brevibus elliptica ovata, coriacea, apice minute inequaliter bilobo, atro-viridia, marginibus rubris, rarius omnino rubro-purpureis. Flores pauci іп caulibus nudis dissiti, fugaces, nutantes, Из D. erumenati similes, sed minores. Sepalum posticum lanceolatum acutum, album, linea media et apice kermesino-violaceis, 4-pollicare; lateralia triangularia acuta, mentum breve, quam sepala paullo longius, apice gibbo. Petala lanceolata acuta, sepalis breviora, alba, linea mediana violacea. Labellum paullo longius, lobi laterales curvi rotun- dati, albi, roseo-venosi, lobus medius angustus, lanceolatus acutus, ciliatus, apice decurvo, discus violaceo-roseus, marginibus et ciliis albis; callus retusus flavescens inter lobos laterales. Columna gracilis, alba. D. ($ BREVIFLORES) HERCOGLOSSUM, Reichb. f. Pulau Tiuman (ТУ, Nanson). D. ($ PEDILONUM) sECUNDUM, Wall. Abundant on trees at Kwala Pahang EASTERN COAST OF THE MALAY PENINSULA. 363 DENDROBIUM HOsEI, n. sp. Caules longi, ultra bipedales, flexuosi, angulati, $ pollicem crassi, ezspitosi. Folia plura, lanceolata acuminata, acuta, apicibus valde inequa- libus, tenuia, superne levia, subtus striata, 3 pollices longa, pollicem lata, vaginis ore obliquo j-pollicaribus. Racemi e basi internodiorum $ pollicem longi, 3—4-flori, rhachidibus gracilibus. Bracteæ ovate, acute, 1%-роШсагев, ovarium cum pedicello &-pollieare. Sepala oblonga, ovata, acuta, lateralia quam posticum majora; men- tum angustum, rectum, apice paullulo dilatato, sepalis subsequale. Petala _ angus бога, oblonga, linearia, omnia alba. Labellum latum, panduratum, $ pollicem longum et ferme equilaterale, lobis lateralibus acutis, curvis, latis, medio reniformi retuso, margine sinuato, minute ciliato, nervis tribus elevatis, brunneis, parallelis, apicibus incrassatis, ochreum, nervis brunneis. Columna basi lata, superne attenuata, brunnea. Anthera ovoidea, alba, minute pubescentia, margine recto. Stelidia erecta, acuta, viridia. Stigma rotundatum, album. On trees overhanging the Tahan River. Also sent from Borneo by Bishop Hose. Тһе specimens I collected in the Tahan River were nearly all monstrous, having three anthers to the flower, the lateral anthers being on long subulate filaments. It is difficult to refer this, as well as one or two allied species, to any of the sections of the genus in ‘Flora of British India, but in many points it is allied to the section Distichophylie. D. ($ DISTICHOPHYLLÆ) BIFARIUM, Lindl. On trees in the Tahan River. This is а common plant in the Peninsula. The 7 to 9 close-set ridges on the lip, described by Sir Joseph Hooker, are visible only when the plant is dry ; when the plant is living the whole lip has а mealy appearance without any ridges. (D. uniflorum, Griff. Notul. iii. 805; Ie. Pl As. 303, which is quoted as a synonym of D. revolutum, Lindl., in the ‘Flora of British India, is a perfectly distinct species. The stems are smaller and more slender at the base, enlarging upwards. The flowers are eventually wide opened, and the sepals are not reflexed. The whole perianth is broader in proportion to its length. The lobes of the lip are larger and more spreading, the median one distinctly bilobed, not merely emar- ginate. The lip is white and not orange. In D. revolutum it is not possible to unroll the lip without breaking it, as it is so firmly rolled up beneath ; While in D. uniflorum, Griff., it is nearly flat, and can easily be spread out quite flat without breaking. The keels of the lip in the former run nearly parallel from the base of the lip towards the mid-lobe, while in the latter there are two short keels arising from the base, and no longer than the base of the mid-lobe, while the median ridge rises from the base of the mid-lobe and runs to the notch in the apex. The column, too, in D. revolutum has two thick conical ridges at the base, with a groove between them, which are absent in um, Lindl., I have received from Batu Pahat in Johore. . uniflorum. D. revolut ; | ннен uniflorum, Griff., is abundant on Mount Ophir, and I have also gathered it on trees at Maxwell’s Hill in Perak.) ЗЕ SECOND SERIES.—BOTANY, VOL. III. 364 МЕ. Н. N. RIDLEY ON THE FLORA OF THE DENDROBIUM ($ EUDENDROBIUM) LAMELLATUM, Lindl. Kwantan (Mr. Durnford.). Тһе varieties of colour represented in drawings of this plant are due to the different ages of the flower, which, when it opens, is white, but soon turns yellow, as in the figure in the * Botanical Register’ (1844), t. 53. Another Dendrobium of this section was found in fruit on trees overhanging the River Таһап, but I cannot identify it. BULBOPHYLLUM CLANDESTINUM, Lindl. Trees on the Tahan River. B. mAcRANTHUM, Lindl. : Pramau woods, near Pekan. Common. В. gelatinosum, Teysm. & Binn. (in Herb, Bogor.), is apparently identical with this; I have seen а flowerless type in the Buitenzorg herbarium. It is not uncommon to find on the rhizome a quantity of a shiny gelatinous substance, apparently an alga resembling Nostoc, whence I imagine Teysmann and Binnendyck may have given the name. B. Мерозж, Reichb. f. I collected a living plant of this, which flowered on the way home. В. ODORATUM, Lindl. Tahan River woods. - I have little doubt that this is what was intended by Blume in his meagre description of Diphyes odorata. It is allied to B. stenobulbon, Par. & Reichb. f., but is a bigger plant with smaller flowers, orange in bud, white when open. I have received it also from Borneo and Java. It is omitted from the ‘ Flora of British India.’ CIRRHOPETALUM VAGINATUM, Wight. | Common at Pekan, Kota Glanggi, and Cherating River. C. PLANIBULBE, n.sp. (Pl. LXIV.) Caules plures, gracillimi, rubri, majore parte vaginis griseis tecti, pseudobulbis ellipticis, oblongis, complanatis, decumbentibus, caule appressis, pollicaribus, atro-rubentibus. Folium oblongum, apice bilobum, pseudo- bulbo equale, carnosum. Scapus e basi pseudobulbi enatus, patulus, gracilis, purpureus, vaginis parvis tribus ovatis. Flores racemosi 5, approximati. Вгасіеғе 4-роШсагеѕ, lanceolate acutz, pallide. Pedicelli graciles, rubri, pollicares. Sepalum posticum erectum, lanceolatum acutum, caudatum, pollicem longum, rufescenti-purpureum, marginibus pallide flavis; lateralia deflexa, libera, 2 pollices longa. Petala lzte spathulata, ochreo-flava, obtusa, column: æqualia. Labellum linguiforme acutum, superne canaliculatum, flavum. Columna brevis, flava. Stelidia gracilia, setacea. Anthera magna, apice obtuso. Pollinia magna, semi- ovoidea, leete flava. EASTERN COAST ОҒ THE MALAY PENINSULA. 865 Trees on the heath-district at Pekan and Kwala Pahang. I have since met with it again at Yan, in Kedah, growing on Durian trees. A very curious little plant, distinguished from all others known to me by the pseudo- bulbs lying flat on the very slender stems, which thus traverse them for their whole length and are adnate to them. As the flowers are not strictly umbellate, as in typical Cirrhopetalum, this might very well be classed with Bulbophyllum. The flowers, however, so much resemble those of Cirrhopetalum that I class it here provisionally. CIRRHOPETALUM ($ ЕрнірРІСМ) ВЕЗТВЕРЛА, n. sp. Rhizoma breviusculum, pseudobulbis approximatis, parvis, cylindricis, viridibus, j-pollicaribus. Folium obovatum, peti- olatum, 2 pollices longum, 1 pollicem latum, lete virens. Scapus uniflorus, ferme 4-роШсатів, filiformis, parte superiore incrassato, vagina singula in medio. Flos mediocris. Sepalum posticum lineare, superne attenuatum, apice clavato, marginibus supernis involutis, lateralia obliqua, lanceolata acuminata, marginibus ad basin et apices connatis (parte mediana libera), pollicem longa, 3 pollicem lata, omnia flavescentia, kermesino-punctata, presertim versus bases. Petala minima, vix 4-pollicaria, viridia, marginibus brunneis. Labellum petala haud superans, carnosum, ovatum, apice decurvo, minute atro-punctato. Columna brevis et crassa, smaragdina. Anthera quadrata. Stelidia bifida, lobo postico quam antieus breviore. On bushes, especially those of Vaccinium, at Pramau, near Pekan. The genus Ephippium was founded by Blume for a Javan plant (E. ciliatum), which Lindley referred to the genus Oirrhopetalum (C. Blumii). It differs from typical Cirrhopetalum in the scape bearing but one large flower, instead of a whorl; in fact Ephippium bears much the same relation to Cirrhopetalum that Sarcopodium (Sesto- chilus) does to Bulbophyllum. There are several other species of this section in the Malay Peninsula. The above-described one is dull-coloured, but the form of the flower recalls that of the South-American Restrepias, whence the specific name. Ca@:LoGYNE ForsTERMANNI, Reichb. f. А very fine Celogyne with white flowers as large as those of C. cristata, Lindl., was brought from Kuantan by Mr. Durnford. I met with it also on a tree overhanging the Tahan River. Mr. Boxall, on seeing a sketch of it, recognized it as the long-lost С. Forstermanni, Reichb. f., a plant described from Messrs. Sanders’ garden, which was stated to have come from the “Sunda Islands.” It is quite possible that C. Maingayi, Hook., is a synonym, for, except that the leaf and pseudobulb are smaller, 1 cannot see any difference in the description of the two plants. I will give a description of the Kuantan plant :— Herba pro genere magna, pseudobulbis elongatis, conicis, 5 pollices longis, pollicem crassis, profunde canaliculatis, remotis. ^ Folia lanceolata acuta, basi angustata, plicata, atro-viridia, circiter 15 pollices longa, 21 pollices lata. Racemus lateralis nutans, | basin vaginis pluribus viridibus, superioribus majoribus, siccis tectus. Flores speciosi 9, magni, remoti. Bractez 9E2 15-pollicaris, ad flavescentibus, usque ad flores 366 MR. Н. М. RIDLEY ON THE FLORA OF THE anguste, lanceolatze acute, flavescentes, 2 pollices longs, persistentes. Pedicelli cum ovariis li-pollicares, in pulvino brevi sessiles. ^ Sepala lanceolata acuta, 12-pollicaria, alba. Petala latiora. Labellum magnum, lobis lateralibus latis, acutis, albis, apicibus et striis castaneis; lobo medio late ovato-acuto, marginibus crispis, carinis 5-cristatis, mediis longioribus, albo, disco flavo, maculis rubris paucis ornato. Columna parum eurva, dorso convexo albo, marginibus ochreis, dorso clinandrii emar- ginato, dentieulato. Anthera conica. ВозеПат magnum, emarginatum. Stigma ovatum. Both Calogyne Forstermanni and C. Maingayi are described as having three keels on the Пр; the two outer ones are, however, low, and might be overlooked in dry specimens, or might hardly be developed, as sometimes happens in the genus. ЕктА ($ DENDROLIRION) PULCHELLA, Lindl. Common at Ayer Hitam, near Pekan, and on Pulau Tiuman. Common all over the Peninsula. E. PANNEA, Lindl. On trees in the Tahan valley. Е. STELLATA, Lindl. (? Dendrobium perakense, Hook. f., Ic. Pl. 2019.) On limestone rocks, Kota Glanggi. Not a common plant anywhere in the Peninsula, though plentiful in Borneo. I am quite unable to distinguish the plant figured as Dendrobium perakense from this . species. There is no figure or description of the pollinia in the * Icones Plantarum.’ Those of Е. stellata are those of a true Eria, not of a Dendrobium. Тһе column is represented as acuminate in the figure, which I certainly never saw in Æ. stellata; nor is it so represented in a drawing by Scortechini labelled Dendrobium perakense. Е. ($ ТвіснотовтА) VESTITA, Lindl. Pramau woods, Pekan. Е. ($ ТвіснотовтА) GRACILIS, Hook. f. А. single plant fallen from a high tree, Tahan woods. Flowers pale yellow. Е. FLORIBUNDA, Lindl. On trees overhanging the stream, Tahan woods. E. BRACTESCENS, Lindl. Common on bushes in the heath country at Pramau. One of the prettiest species in the genus. Е. AÉRIDOSTACHYA, Reichb. f. Ор bushes, Kwala Pahang. In the ‘Flora of British India’ this is written acridostachya, but in the original publication it is aéridostachya, evidently from a supposed resemblance to an Aérides. EASTERN COAST OF THE MALAY PENINSULA. 367 . Sir Joseph Hooker says that the scapes arise from the base of the pseudobulb, but in the Pahang plant and also in a drawing by Scortechini labelled Ж. acridostachya they arise from the top or near it. It is not a common plant; I have also obtained it from Johore. CLADERIA VIRIDIFLORA, Hook. f. Tahan woods. It seems curious that so common a plant as this should have escaped the eyes of botanists so long. It is very abundant in Singapore, even wild in the Botanic Gardens jungle. It 15, however, not often met with in flower. AGROSTOPHYLLUM LONGIFOLIUM, Blume ? Kwala Pahang. This is the common species of the genus here, but it is omitted from the * Flora of British India.’ І should imagine 4. majus, Hook. f., to be intended for it, if that had two tooth-like bosses on the epichil The flowers are white, fading yellow. It is probably Blume's longifolium. А. PAUCIFLORUM, Hook. f. On trees, Tahan woods. | Evidently the plant figured in ‘ Icones Plantarum,’ t. 2097 ; yet І hardly think it is an Agrostophyllum, but rather consider it to be an Eria. 'The few flowers I have were in a poor state. CERATOSTYLIS, Sp. : Apparently new; far up the Tahan River. The only specimen was too incomplete for identification. Сатовүхе MACROBULBON, Hook. | Not rare, Pramau woods, Tahan valley, on trees or on the ground. C. Сгмтхотт, Lindl. I found a plant of this fallen woods. from a lofty tree, and almost perished, in the Tahan C. SPECIOSA, Lindl. 212 Tahan River; on mossy trees іп the woods; in fruit. CALANTHE CECILIA, Reichb. 1. Woods, Kota Glanggi. Flowers violet with orange calli. This appears to me to be near C. masuca, Lindl. It is a lovely plant, and the flowers are more violet than the typical form, which grows on the Hermitage Hill in Perak. C. vpRATRIFOLIA, R. Br., is very abundant near Sedili River, on the east coast of Johore. 868 ; ‚МЕ. H. N. RIDLEY ON THE FLORA OF THE ARUNDINA SPECIOSA, Blume. (4. densiflora, Lindl.) Rocky islets in the Tahan River. _ The locality Singapore in the * Flora of British India’ is, I am sure, an error. There no likely spot for it to grow in Singapore. VANDEAX. EULOPHIA SQUALIDA, Lindl. Common by the Sedili River, Johore. E. GRAMINEA, L Sandy places near the sea: Вашрш; Kwantan; Sungei Meang. Common. CYMBIDIUM ALOIFOLIUM, Swartz. Pekan, Kwala Pahang. Common, open woods, orchards, «сс. Of this common orchid I have had under cultivation several forms; and having com- pared the broad, thick-leaved, large-flowered form (C. Finlaysonianum) with the figures of C. aloifolium, Sw., and with forms from India, I cannot see any really specific difference. C. pubescens, Lindl., is very different-looking, at first sight, from this species, but I have found forms intermediate between the two. tis probable that it will be found to be only a variety. Another form occurs in Perak, with narrow leaves and erect flower- spike, the flowers resembling those of C. aloifolium, Sw., but differing slightly in colour. It is possible that there is but one variable species extending from the Hima- layas to China and the Malay Peninsula. DiropruM Pictum, Reichb. f. Tahan woods; Kota Glanggi. Common. If this fine plant were more floriferous, it would be one of the most popular of the Malay orchids, but, unfortunately, it is rare to find even traces of flowers i in the wild state, and it very seldom flowers under cultivation. BROMHEADIA PALUSTRIS, Lindl. Pramau, near Pekan. B. ALTICOLA, Ridl. I found a piece of this fallen from a high tree in the Tahan woods. PLOCOGLOTTIS JAVANICA, Blume. Common in the Pulau Tawar woods and at Kota Glanggi. Blume’s figure (Orch. Archipel. Ind. t. 14) makes this appear a much finer plant than it really is, here at least, by representing a number of flowers open at a time. Here one or two only open at once. P. PORPHYROPHYLLA, n. sp. Pseudobulbi plures іп rhizomate brevi, conici, olivacei, purpurei, superne attenuati, 3 pollices longi, $ pollicem lati, primo vaginis siccis EASTERN COAST OF THE MALAY PENINSULA. 369 tectij mox nudi. Folia singula, lanceolata acuta, plicata, ad basin angustata, 1i-pedalia, 4 pollices lata, superne atro-purpureo-viridia, nitida, subtus læte purpurea. Scapi erecti, laterales, 1—2-pedales, purpurei, graciles, erecti, pubescentes, bracteis paucis dissitis. Racemus terminalis, floribus singulatim expansis, pluribus dissitis mediocribus. Bracteæ lanceolate acuminate, 1 pollicem longs. Ovarium gracile, pubescens, olivaceum, 4 pollicem longum. Sepalum posticum loratum, apice recurvo, vix i pollicem longum, i pollicem latum, pallide flavum, lateralia obliqua, aurita, curva, margine interiore incrassato, involuto, flavescentia, maculis atro-roseis in angulo interiore. Petala angusta, linearia acuta, quam sepalum posticum longiora, flava. Labellum breve, ferme quadratum, 1-pollicare, marginibus ad basin recurvis, apice lato, angulis exterioribus contortis, dente mediano, carnosum rubrum. Columna i-pollicaris, curva, flava, basi kermesina, superne clavata. Clinandrium profundum, margine dorsali subintegro. Anthera ? Stelidia rotundata, crassa, brevia. Stigma majusculum. Capsula 1i-polliearis, 4 pollicem crassa, angusta, oblonga, versus basin attenuata, coste equaliter carinate, carinis prominentibus, rotundatis. Pekan, in Pramau woods. I suppose this common plant has been passed over as P. acuminata, Blume, but it differs from Blume's description in the sepals and petals not being at all acuminate. № is very common in many parts of the Peninsula, from Singapore northwards, and I have also received it from Rhio. The flowers are inconspicuous and dull-coloured, but the leaves are of a fine purple, and the transmitted light of the sun towards evening, when it is low, causes them to resemble pieces of stained glass. LUISIA ANTENNIFERA, Blume. On low trees, Pulau Chengei, &c., on the Pahang River. ARACHNANTHE ALBA, п. sp. Caules 10-20-pedales, paullo compressi, $ pollicem crassi, fragiles, radicibus copiosis, longissimis. Folia lorata, obtuse inzequaliter biloba, 3 pollices longa, 1% pollicem lata, vaginis subcompressis, viridibus, purpureo-punctatis, ore emarginato. Panicula longa, flexuosa. Flores ad 10, dissiti, magni, speciosi, pedicellis elongatis. Bractez ovatee, cucullatze, mediocres. Sepala linearia, spathu- lata, obtusa, marginibus revolutis, 11-pollicaria, 1 pollicem lata, omnia alba, similia. Petala paullo minora. Labellum parvum, lobis lateralibus latis, rotundatis, majus- culis, flavescentibus, kermesino-punetatis, lobo medio linguiformi subacuto, sub- integro, roseo-violaceo, striis medianis obseurioribus; disco inter lobos laterales, 2 striis violaceis, et maculis aurantiacis 2. Columna crassa, recta, semitéres, flavescens, striis violaceis, ventre albo, marginibus violaceis. Anthera pileata, obtusa, margine producto, truncato, aurantiaco. gs | Climbing in and through bushes on the heath-district of Pramau and Kwala Pahang. It is also remarkably abundant on the small island in the Johore Strait known as Pulau Selitar: there the low trees are covered with it, the roots forming a dense curtain all through the undergrowth, not at all easy to penetrate. In hot and dry spots the 370 | MR. Н. N. RIDLEY ON THE FLORA OF THE Stems are hard and brittle, the leaves short and firm; but some that Т planted in a shady place in the garden developed longer and narrower more flaccid leaves *. The flower is very pretty, but is not of a sufficiently pure white to be really fine. CLEISOSTOMA ($ SARCANTHUS) CRISTATUM, n. sp. Caulis brevis. Folia patentia, 2 pollices longa, + pollicem lata, crassa, apice bilobo, lobis subeequalibus, obtusis, apicibus rotun- datis, carinata, vaginis striatis, brunneis. Racemi breves, pauciflori, rhachide versus apicem incrassata, bracteis ovatis, brunneis, amplexicaulibus. Flores $ pollicem 1ай, carnosuli, pedicellis brevibus, crassis. Sepalum posticum oblongum, spathulatum, lateralia falcata, omnia carinata, carina lete viridi, elevata, acuta, cristata, versus apicem altiore, flavescentia, striis kermesinis. Labellum lobis lateralibus angustis, longis, erectis, apicibus incurvis, lobo medio cordato acuminato, disco depresso, apice decurvo, album, maculis 1-2 roseis. Calcar crassum, magnum, conicum, scroti- forme, flavescens, nervis roseis. Callus clavatus, in fauce calcaris, costis paullo elevatis obscuris, 2 in utroque latere. Columna alba, brevis, crassa, medio contracto. Clinandrium ferme planum. Stelidia elongata, dentiformia, incurva, subacuta, elinandrium multo superantia. Anthera subbilocularis, rostro longo, oblongo- truncato, retuso. Pollinia profunde canaliculata, ad dorsum elliptica, aurantiaca, pedicello brevissimo, lato, quam discus minore, crassus, bidentatus, disco magno, subquadrato, profunde emarginato. Rostellum deflexum, bilobum, lobis obtusis.. Stigma profundum, margine inferiore recto. қ Kotà Glanggi. А small plant which was brought with other orchids from the lime- stone rocks and flowered in the Botanic Gardens. It is remarkable for its crested sepals and the curious structure of the pollinia. C. LATIFOLIUM, Lindl. Temerloh. | А very big plant, climbing іп trees; stems over four feet іп length. SARCANTHUS SCORTECHINII, Hook. f. Trees at Kwala Tenok, Tahan River; Kota Glanggi. TÆNIOPHYLLUM SERRULA, Hook. f. What I take to be intended by this species is very common at Pramau, Pekan, and at the Cherating River. MIcROSACCUS JAVENSIS, Blume. | Trees on the top of the rocks at Kota Glanggi. ADENONCOS VIRENS, Blume. Kota Glanggi. This curious little plant, which is common in the mangrove-swamps in Singapore, appears to me to be very distinct generically from JMicrosaccus in having no spur. Т * See a note on this by Mr. Groom in “ Annals of Botany,’ March 1893, р. 152, EASTERN COAST OF THE MALAY PENINSULA. 371 take it io be an ally of Cottonia and Luisia, whereas Microsaccus is nearly allied to Saccolabium. Тһе little green flowers have a strong smell of Friar's balsam. SARCOCHILUS LILACINUS, Griff. Climbing over bushes, Pekan. S. CALCEOLUS, Lindl. Kwala Tenok, Tahan River. This common Malayan plant is omitted from the ‘Flora of British India.’ It occurs usually on the sea-coast, covering rocks with a dense mass of stems. The flowers are large and beautiful, but have the great defect of almost all the Sarcochiles in being very short-lived. S. HIRTULUS, Hook. f. Abundant on trees on the limestone rocks, Kota Glanggi ; Pulau Chengei ; River Tahan. Flowers white, with pink spots. S. TRICHOGLOTTIS, Hook. f. On orchard trees, Pekan, Tanjong Antan. This is so common in Singapore as to be an absolute nuisance on the trees. The flowers are yellowish white, the lip similarly coloured, with some ochre spots on the lateral lobes outside, and an orange callus in the centre. S. ($ FORNICARIA) PARDALIS, П. Sp. Caules graciles, flexuosi, ad 10-pollicares, ssepius breviores, radicibus pluribus longis. Folia lanceolata, lorata, obliqua, lzete virentia, carnosa, apicibus insequaliter biloba, lobis acutis, 2 pollices longa, } pollicem lata; vaginis ferme 4-pollicaribus (siccis striatis). Scapi іп plantis majoribus pluribus singulatim aut binatim e parte inferiore internodii exorti, 6-10-роШсагев, graciles, erecti. Racemus terminalis congestus, brevis vel elongatus, ad bipollicarem.. Bracteze basibus latis, apicibus subulatis, patentibus, 1-pollicares, squarrose. Flores vix 4 pollicem lati, singulatim expansi. Sepala ovata, obtusa, alba, maculis kermesinis ornata. Petala breviora et multo angustiora, linearia, oblonga, alba, maculis kerme- sinis. Labellum obcuneatum, lateribus involutis, tubiforme, apice obtuso, flavescens, rubro tinetum, lanugine alba (prsesertim ad apicem) tectum ; callus oblongus, linearis, obtusus, medius dimidio labelli æquans. Columna brevis, crassa, ventre excavato, stelidiis approximatis, alba. Anthera ovata, obtusa, complanata. РоШпіа 2 elliptica, disco rotundato. Stigma subcordatum, profundum. On low trees in thickets and open country; common far up the Pahang River, at Pulau Chengei, Tulomalaty, and Kalambalai. This is one of the set of Fornicaria Sarcanthi in which the lip is rolled up into the form of a trumpet, woolly at the mouth, and the lateral lobes are suppressed. It is f., but is very distinct in its longer and slenderer nearly allied to S. £richoglottis, Hook. z j olouring of the flower. It is a very pretty little plant, scapes, squarrose bracts, and the с | though the flowers are as fugacious as those of the very common S. trichoglottis. SECOND SERIES.—BOTANY, VOL. ПІ. др 872 МЕ. Н, N. RIDLEY ON THE FLORA OF THE SARCOCHILUS PSILOGLOTTIS, n. sp. Caulis brevis, gracilis, 13-pollicaris, radicibus copiosis, longis, gracilibus. Folia lorata, 2 pollices longa, + pollicem lata, basi angustata, apice obtusorotundato, breviter bilobo, vaginis brevibus. Scapi erecti,3-pollicares. Racemus brevis, }-pollicaris, rhachide haud incrassata. Bractez lanceolate acuminate, subulate, ferme 2-роШсагев, patentes, recurve. Flores minimi, circiter 4-pollicares. Sepalum posticum lanceolatum acutum, pallide flavum, lateralia triangularia, acuta, flava, macula aurantiaca ad basin. Petala subspathulata, flava. Labellum breve, lobi laterales lineares, porrecti, quam lobus medius multo majores, albi; lobus medius obtusus, decurvus, carnosus, apice calceolato, albus, macula mediana aurantiaca ; basis labelli subcalearata. Columna alba. On a tree at Kwala Pahang. A small plant resembling S. trichoglottis, Hook. f., but with distinct lateral lobes to the glabrous lip. S. TANYPHYLLUS, n. sp. Caulis brevissimus, vix pollicaris, radicibus elongatis, crassis. Folia 4-5, lorata, longissima, pedalia vel ferme bipedalia, 12 pollices lata, insequaliter biloba, obtusa, atro-viridia. Racemi breves, crassi, 4—5-pollicares, ferme omnino floriferi, rhachide superne vix incrassata. Bracteze quaquaverse, lanceolate, persistentes, ;3;- pollicares. Flores iis S. Calceoli, Lindl., subeequales et subsimiles, albi, pedicellis polli- caribus. Sepala lanceolata acuminata acuta. Petala latiora, lanceolata subacuta. Labellum quam sepala brevius, unguieulatum, unguicula linearis, lobis lateralibus loratis, falcatis, obtusis, magnis ; lobo medio calceolato obtuso, carina magna ad basin. Columna brevis, crassa, clinandrio haud profundo. Anthera magna, apice depresso, margine rostrato, truncato. Pollinia elliptica, pedicello cuneato-oblongo, truncato, disco triangulari,lato. Rostellum bifidum, lineare acuminatum. Capsula breviuscula, 1i-pollicaris. Limestone rocks of Kota Glanggi. This is remarkable for its long narrow leaves and short stems. The flower resembles that of 5. Calceolus, Lindl. S. CALIGARIS, n. sp. Ferme acaulis. Folia atro-viridia, lorata, falcata, acuta, apicibus ineequaliter bilobis, valde inzequalia, 3-5 pollices longa, $ pollicem lata. Racemi breves, 4-роШсагев, graciles, pauciflori, rhachide tereti, haud incrassata. ^ Bractese ovatæ acutæ, breves. Flores pollicem lati, explanati, pulchri,fugaces. Sepala lanceo- lata acuta. Petala subspathulata, angustiora, flavescenti-alba. Labellum unguicu- latum, unguicula longa, angusta, linearis, virescens, rubro-punctata, lamina carnosa, lobis lateralibus linearibus suberectis obtusis rubris, lobo medio calceolato apice rotundato, callo medio retuso, albo, maculis flavis ad basin lobi medii. Columna apice lato, pallide viridis, crassiuseula. Anthera apice conica, margine elongato rostrato, flava. Pollinia elliptica, dorso canaliculato, pedicello lato triangulari- spathulato, albo, disco triangulari, flavo. Rostellum bifidum, lobis acutis. Capsula longissima, 4 pollices longa, perianthio marcido tecta. Kwala Pahang, on trees. EASTERN COAST ОҒ THE MALAY PENINSULA. 373. This is not a very rare plant in Singapore; it is to be found generally on trees in thick jungle, but never high up. I have seen a liane hanging from a tree in the dense woods of Bukit Timah garlanded with it. Тһе stems are usually about an inch long; the leaves, which are very unequal, are arranged in one plane; the flowers are pretty, but very fugacious. PHALJENOPSIS MUSCICOLA, n. Sp. Caules breves, radicibus elongatis, viridibus. Folia atro-viridia, 3—4, oblanceolata, oblonga, obtusa, carinata, 6 pollices longa, 2 pollices lata. Scapus elongatus, pluriflorus, ramosus, pedalis, gracilis. Racemi 14-pollicares, rhachidibus flexuosis teretibus. Flores inter minores plures, dissiti. Bracteæ ovate, аси, i-pollieares. Sepala angusta, lanceolata acuta, $-pollicaria, 1 pollicem lata. Petala subspathulata, acuta, omnia alba, rufo-castaneo-maculata. ^ Labellum carnosum, lobis lateralibus quadrangulatis, dentiformibus, facie interiore excavata, flavescentibus castaneo maculatis, carina media rufescente, callo in. disco brevi oblongo-bicornuto, et lingua parva, lanceolata obtusa, integra ad basin lobi medii, lobus medius angustus, linguiformis, roseus, apice decurvo. Columna erecta, 1-polli- caris. Anthera pileata, obtusa. Capsula linearis, 3-pollicaris, perianthio marcido terminata, ferme 2 pollicem crassa, pedicello $-pollicari. On wet mossy trees far up the Tahan River. Numerous plants were growing here, but I obtained only one flower. I brought home a number of living plants, but owing to the carelessness of а coolie all perished. Тһе species is allied to P. sumatrana, Reichb. f., quite distinct in its much smaller flowers and narrower sepals and petals, and in the structure of the lip. It is of no cultural value. The flowers are about as large as those of P. cornucervi, Lindl. Р. ALBOVIOLACEA, п. sp. Caules breves, pollicares, radicibus pluribus, planis, griseis. Folia 2-8, oblanceolata, lorata, atro-viridia, tenuiter coriacea, apicibus insequaliter bilobis, 6 pollices longa, 2 pollices lata. Рашеша gracilis, 7-pollicaris, ramis paucis, rhachide atro-viridi versus apicem incrassata. | Flores pauci, pro genere parvi, 3 pollicem lati. Bracteæ minime, ovate, virides. Pedicelli cum ovariis 1-pollicares. Sepalum posticum oblongum acutum, lateralia latiora et longiora, obtusa, curva. Petala similia, minora, omnia alba, apicibus virescentibus. Labellum trilobum, lobis lateralibus erectis, obovato-cuneatis, apicibus latis obtusis, rotundatis, albis, striis violaceo-roseis; lobo medio obcordato, retuso, violaceo-roseo, marginibus pallidioribus ; callus bicornutus, albus, inter lobos laterales ; basis labelli depressa, calcar, ore magno, formans. Columna eurva, rosea. Anthera parva, alba, rostrata, rostro truncato. Pollinia parva, globosa, pallide flava ; pedicello curvo, basi latiore, apice angustato ; disco ovali. Pulau Tiuman (coll. W. Nanson); A curious little plant resembling a of any species in the genus, and is northern part of the Peninsula. also obtained in the Lankawi Islands by C. Curtis. Josephia at first sight. It has the smallest flowers allied to P. Esmeralda, Reichb. f., a native of the 32 374 MR. H. N. RIDLEY ON THE FLORA OF THE TRICHOGLOTTIS RETUSA, В]. | Тор of caves, Kota Glanggi. Also in a similar locality on the limestone rocks at Kwala Lumpur in Selangor. SACCOLABIUM CALCEOLARE, Lindl. Caves, Kota Glanggi, on the limestone rocks. S. ($ SPECIOSÆ) SAXICOLUM, n. sp. Caulis elongatus, gracilis, ultra-pedalis. Folia linearia, obtusa, apice bilobo, lobis subeequalibus, coriacea, З pollices longa, 1 pollicem lata, vaginis pollicaribus siccis costatis. Racemus quam folia brevior, ferme bipollicaris, compactus, basi (bracteis ovatis cymbiformibus exceptis) nuda. Flores iis 8. citrini sequales, bracteis lanceolatis, 4 pedicelli zequalibus. Sepalum posticum lanceolatum obtusum, lateralia ovata, obliqua. Petala lanceolata, subfalcata, acuta. Labellum lobis lateralibus latis, rotundatis, medio minuto rotundato; calcar ferme rectum, apice curvo, callo parvo curvo in fauce. Columna brevis, crassa, stelidiis longis, porrectis. Anthera longa, rostrata. Kota Glanggi, limestone caves. I ргоспгей only one specimen of this, and it was dried before I examined it, so that ' І cannot describe the colour. ACRIOPSIS JAVANICA, Reinwardt. Kwala Pahang. Common оп orchard trees. I found it also growing upon the ground in tufts of grass at Kwala Pahang on the sea-shore. A. PURPUREA, sp.n. (See Appendix, p. 406.) THECOSTELE MACULOSA, n. sp. Epiphytica, pseudobulbis pluribus congestis, conicis, olivaceis, sulcatis, adultis 4-pollicaribus (siccis flavescenti-brunneis), vaginis fibrosis tectis. Folium singulum, petiolatum lanceolatum oblongum, 19 pollices longum, 3 pollices latum, atro-viride nitidum, subtus pallidius, carina prominente. Scapus lateralis pendulus, ferme omnino floribus tectus, 12-18-pollicaris. Racemus laxus, flores parvuli, rhachide crassiuscula. Bractes parve, ovate, persistentes. Pedicelli breves,crassi. Sepalum posticum oblongum subacutum ; lateralia latiora, late oblonga, obliqua, subacuta. Petala angusta, lanceolata acuminata, faleata, omnia flavescentia, maculis castaneo-purpureis. Labellum tubo crasso, recto, lamina subpandurata, apice retuso, sepalis brevius, pubescens; lobi laterales breves, curvi, rotundati, albi, macula hippocrepica atro-rosea in medio. Columna gracilis, curva, semiteres, pallide violacea, brachiis linearibus, loratis, curvis obtusis. Anthera plana, flavescens. Pollinia 2, parva, globosa, pedicellis brevibus, disco magno quadrato. On a tree at Kwala Tahan, also occurring in Penang, Perak, and Kedah. I cannot see how “ Collabiwm Wrayii,” Hook. f., Fl. Brit. Ind. vol. vi. p. 784, differs generically from Thecostele. I once received a living plant of Collabiwm nebulosum, Blume, the type of the genus, from Buitenzorg Gardens, which probably was correctly named. It died without EASTERN COAST ОҒ THE MALAY PENINSULA. 375 flowering, but it was entirely different in appearance from any Thecostele, resembling а Plocoglotiis, and was indisputably terrestrial. I have no doubt that the affinity of Thecostele is with Acriopsis. In the latter genus the sides of the claws of the lip are adnate to the base of the column, forming with it a tube, which answers the function of а nectary. If the lower part of the tube’ be ` bent on itself so that the nectary is in the plane of the lip and not parallel to the column (2.6. at right angles to the normal position of the lip), we shall have what obtains in Thecostele. Тһе remainder of the structure of the column is that of Acriopsis, and I therefore conclude that Thecostele belongs to the section Notyliee of Vander. Т. maculosa is very nearly allied to 7. alata, Reichb. f., but differs in the shape of the pseudobulbs, which are much longer and conical, in the narrower petioled leaves, and in the shape of the mid-lobe of the lip. PODOCHILUS ACICULARIS, Hook. f. On low trees in thick jungle. Tahan River. Р. MICROPHYLLUS, Lindl. Common on trees, Tahan River. P. uNcrFERUS, Hook. f. APPENDICULA BIFARIA, Lindl. On wet mossy trees, Tahan Valley. A larger form than usual. А. CALLOSA, Blume. Trees, Tahan Valley. А. Матчедуп, Hook. f. Growing plentifully on rocks on the banks of the Tahan. A tufted plant with very many stems arising from a stout woody rhizome with copious roots. Flowers white, with a pink lip. А. ELONGATA, n.sp. Caules longi, penduli, ultra tripedales, compressi. Folia approxi- 22 mata, oblonga, obtusa, basibus latioribus, apicibus rotundatis, bilobis, $ pollicem longa, 3 pollicem lata ; vagina }-pollicaris, ore obliquo. Flores congesti in apicibus caulium, parvi, albi. Sepala ovata, subacuta, lateralia latiora. Petala lorata, subobtusa, parva. Labellum sigmoideum, trilobum, carnosulum, obtusum, пес unguiculatum пес ad basin calceolatum, lateribus erectis column adnatis, lobis lateralibus rotundatis, lobo medio longiore, margine crispo, concavo. Columna brevis, brachiis longis erectis loratis, iis A. bifarie, Lindl., similibus. Capsula sessilis, 1-роШсат1з, oblonga, costis linearibus elevatis. On trees overhanging the Tahan River. : This plant is very similar to .4. callosa, but is very much larger, with a very different lip. THELASIS ELONGATA, Blume. Tahan River, on trees. 876 MR. Н. N. RIDLEY ON THE FLORA OF THE THELASIS CAPITATA, Blume. Pekan, at Pramau. T. ELATA, Hook. f. Kota Glanggi, Kwala Pahang. T. pECURVA, Hook. f. Таһап River. NEOTTIACE. VANILLA, sp. Pekan. In fruit only. This is probably the “Vanilla albida, Blume,” of the ‘ Flora of British India,’ but not of Blume. It is quite common in the Malay Peninsula, but rarely flowers. It is entirely distinct from the plant figured by Blume. I will describe it here under the name of V. TOLYPEPHORA, n. sp. (roAóz», a ball of wool.) Scandens, caulibus elongatis, crassis, canaliculatis, viridibus, radicibus longis gracilibus. Folia ovata vel ovato-lanceo- lata acuta, 6 pollices longa, 3 pollices lata, viridia, obscure reticulata. Flores in racemo plures singulatim expansi, magni, odori; alabastra clavata. Sepala ovata, ultra-pollicaria, virescenti-alba. Petala obovata, subobtusa, majora. Labellum ex- planatum, trilobum, lobi laterales lati, rotundati, albi, dente parvo terminali, discus profunde excavatus, nervis latis, elevatis, castaneo-kermesinis in utroque latere; lobus medius bilobus flabellatus, latus, albus, callo globoso lanuginoso albo in medio. Columna alba, crassa, paullo curva. Stelidia lata, obscure flabellulata. Anthera pendula, filamento validulo, oblonga ovata, subacuta, bilocularis, ochrea. Rostellum latum, planum, integrum, margine recto. Stigma transversim lineare. This occurs in Penang and in an island called Pulau Ubin, lying in the strait between Singapore and Johore, where it covers the bushes with a thick mat of stems, and in Selangor, and is, І believe, the common species all over the Peninsula, but it very seldom produces flowers. Тһе flowers are as beautiful as any in the genus, and the fruit, like small bananas, is quite sweet and eatable. The Vanilla albida, Blume, according to the figure in ‘ Rumphia, differs in its lanceolate-acuminate leaves, narrower sepals and petals, and convolute lip, with the lateral lobes hardly distinct, and with a broad raised bar down the centre of the lip, terminated by a tuft of white hairs in the notch of the terminal lobe. In V. tolypephora the lip is very broad and spread open; there is a deep wide channel down the dise between the lateral lobes, on each side of which are three raised, curved, brown-crimson ribs; the terminal lobe, beautifully plicate, forms an angle with the rest of the lip, and bears a woolly ball, which nearly covers the central portion of this lobe. CYSTORCHIS VARIEGATA, Blume. Tahan woods. C. JAVANICA, Blume. With the last, with which it is too closely allied to be, I think, specifically distinct ; EASTERN COAST ОҒ THE MALAY PENINSULA. 871 except for the leaves being dark purple, the flowers a little longer and narrower, and the spur slenderer, Г cannot see any difference. PoGONIA PSTRIATA,n.sp. Rhizoma haud visum. Caulis ferme 3-pedalis, succulenta, alba, striis violaceis, vaginis pluribus ad basin caulis. Folia nulla. Racemus terminalis laxus, floribus circiter 12. Втасбеге reflexze, albæ, striis violaceis, lanceolate, 1-polli- cares. Flores circiter }-pollicares, vix aperti, pedicellis 2-pollicaribus, gracilibus, albis, _ Striis violaceis, ovario haud distincto. Sepala lanceolata acuta. Petala similia, alba, striis violaceis. Labellum integrum, petalis еб sepalis simile, marginibus ad basin involutis, album, stria purpurea ad basin. Columna gracilis, paullo curva, ad apicem incrassata alba, basi violacea, apice. flavo, clinandrium haud profundum. Anthera magna, crassa, pileata, apice obtuso, basi abrupte dilatata, loculis disjunctis, flava. Pollinia pulverulenta 2. Rostellum elongatum, linguiforme, erectum, integrum, obtusum. Stigma angustum, lineare, margine inferiore producto. A single specimen was brought to me by the men, in the Tahan woods. It is a very remarkable plant and evidently saprophytic. Owing to the difficulties of the march оп that day, І was unable to examine the pollinia satisfactorily in the live plant, and they have not preserved well owing to the succulence of the plant. It appears to be most closely allied to Pogonia, under which genus I have provisionally placed it, but it will probably prove generically distinct. P. FLABELLATA, Blume ? Leaves only seen ; large.and fan-shaped, with black markings in the centre. Woods, Kwala Tembeling. APHYLLORCHIS PALLIDA, Blume. A single plant, in the Tahan woods, near Kwala Tenok. The flowers were yellow, with violet spots. HÆMARIA DISCOLOR, Lindl. Pulau Tiuman, on rocks in streams, both the common form and. the var. ordiana with green leaves. LECANORCHIS MALACCENSIS, n. sp. (РІ. LXV.) Herba gracilis, rigida, nigra, 6-12- pollicaris, ramosa. Radices elongati, subfusiformes, crassiusculi. Caules tenues, vaginis paucis dissitis ovatis. Folia evoluta nulla. Flores racemosi vel paniculati, pauci, fugacissimi, erecti, pollicares, ovarium gracile rectum, барша denticulata terminali. Sepala lanceolato-spathulata, pallide carnea vel flavescenti-alba. Petala eequilonga, pallida, omnia conniventia, tenuia. Labellum pro majore parte adnatum sepalis sequilongum, portio libera spathulata dense barbata flava, carinis duabus vix elevatis e basi labelli exortis versus apicem attenuatis. Columna gracilis, superne dilatata, recta, margine clinandrii obscure sinuato. Rostellum nullum. Anthera crassa, obtusa, truncata, apice clinandrio affixa bilocularis, vio- lascens. Pollinia 2, oblonga, canaliculata. Stigmatis fovea majuscula, stigmate sub- globoso, glutinoso in basin. Capsula longa, angusta, cupula terminata nigra. ad basin columne, 878 МЕ, H. N. RIDLEY ON THE FLORA OF THE Tahan woods, not rare. This plant occurs also іп many woods of Singapore, Malacca, Penang, and Kedah. It is a very difficult plant to see in the dense jungles, as its black wiry stems аге very inconspicuous. The flowers are very perishable, of a pale flesh- colour, like those of Didymoplexis pallens, Griff. They are self-fertilized, the rostellum and floor of the clinandrium being suppressed ; the pollen-masses, even before the flower opens, fall forward over the stigmatic surface at the base of the large fovea, and even- tually become agglutinated to it. The capsule splits for its whole length, except that the ribs remain connate at the base and apex. There are two other species of this remarkable genus described by Blume. The Malay Peninsula one, curiously, seems more nearly allied to L. japonica, Blume, than to L. javanica, Blume. APOSTASIACEJ. APOSTASIA NUDA, R. Br. Woods at Kota Glanggi and on the Tahan River. ЗСІТАМІМЕ Ж. ZINGIBERACEA. GLOBBA VARIABILIS, n. sp. Csespitosa. Caules paullo ultra-pedales, graciles, nutantes. Folia ovata vel ovato-lanceolata acuminata, 4 pollices longa, 12 lata, lamina omnino glabra, supra atro-viridis, striolata, subtus purpurea, carina viridi; vaginze pubescentes, uno latere profunde fisse, virides, purpurascentes. Pedunculi terminales, nutantes, 4—5-pollicares, panieulze compacts, ramis brevibus. Bractex &-pollicares, oblongee lanceolate, aurantiace aut соссіпеге, persistentes. Bracteole minores. Calyx sepalis oblongis acutis, aurantiacis. Corolle tubus gracilis, superne dilatatus, minute pubescens, lobis oblongis lanceolatis deflexis, postico cymbiformi erecto. Labellum oblongum cuneatum, lobis obtusis, truncatis, i-pollicaribus, aurantiacum, macula mediana castanea. Staminodia oblonga, lanceolata, petalis breviora. Staminis fila- mentum #-pollicare, semiteres. | Anthera 4-calcarata, calcaribus acutis, supremis longioribus. Stylus gracillimus. Capsula parva, subglobosa, rugulosa. Very abundant in the woods around Kota Glanggi and at Pulau Tawar, and also in the Tahan region. Тһе bracts vary from orange-yellow to red, giving the different forms quite dissimilar appearances. The species is allied to G. Schomburgkii, Hook., but has a much more compact panicle. . Like all other Globbas, it will, in wet places, produce bulbils in the axils of the bracts. CURCUMA SYLVESTRIS, n. sp. Rhizoma vix aromaticum, gracile, vaginis siccis tectum, pro majore parte subterraneum. Folia singula floribus coætanea, vagina 2-4-роШ- cari, petiolum et scapum basi involvente. Petiolus gracilis, 1-13-pedalis ; lamina 8 pollices longa, 43 pollices lata, tenui, ovata acuta, supra viridi, subtus purpurascente. Scapus 4-6-pollicaris, gracilis, spica obconica li-pollieari. Bracteæ late ovate, striate, apicibus recurvis, rosez. Flores breviter exserti, parvi Corolle tubus EASTERN COAST OF THE MALAY PENINSULA. 379 i-polliearis, albus, gracilis, lobi angusti lineares acuti, 4-pollicares. Staminodia latiora, lorata, obtusa, alba. Labellum oblongum obovatum, apice emarginato, lobis rotundatis albis, macula flava mediana, striis violaceis in lobis. Stamen filamento latiusculo. Anthera oblonga, connectivo lato, тесигуо obtuso, atro-violaceo. Loculi angusti lineares. Pollen pallidum flavum. Capsula non visa. Abundant in the Tahan woods, but seldom flowering. This is a pretty small species, and the only Turmeric known to me from the Peninsula which has the flower-spike distinct from the leaves. The only other wild species I have seen from the Peninsula is C. petiolata, Rosc., common in open country, generally, however, near old cultivation ; C. grandiflora, Wall., is also described * from the Malay Peninsula," and I have received C. parviflora, Wall., from Bangtaphan іп Siam, sent by Dr. Keith. АП these belong to the section Hitcheniopsis. Costus SPECIOSUS, Linn. Common. Таһап woods. There are two forms of this plant which have a very distinct appearance. Тһе common form has stout stems and big heads of flowers, with a very large lip, white, with a yellow central spot. This is met with in open swampy spots, on borders of rivers, &c. The petals are often tinted with rose, which tint, with the narrower leaves, apparently alone constitutes the distinction of C. nipalensis, Rosc. (С. speciosa angustifolia, Hook.). Тһе other form has slenderer, more straggling, often branched stems, smaller heads of flowers, and smaller flowers, without any yellow on the lip. 1% has the habit somewhat of the next species, and frequents damp rocky woods. I have gathered both forms in the Tahan Valley woods. C. eroBosus, Blume. Tahan woods, banks of the river. This is quite distinct from C. speciosus. 'The racemes are not terminal, but almost buried in the ground, on short stems; the calyces are quite prickly, the flowers yellow and red. It is much scarcer than the preceding, though I have had it from Penang and other parts of the Peninsula, and from Singapore. GASTROCHILUS BILOBA, n. sp. Perennis, acaulis. Folia oblonga obtusa, petiolata; lamina 6-8-pollicaris, 3-3} pollices lata, supra glabra atro-viridis, fasciis palli- dioribus, subtus purpurea, nervis elevatis, costa crassa pubescente ; petiolus crassus, 2-8-pollicaris, canaliculatus, pubescens. Racemi breves laterales folio approximati, pollicares, sessiles, bracteis pluribus latis ad basin. Bracteze atro-rubre. Flores plures, singulatim expansi, mox caduci, bracteolis binis tenuibus lanceolatis, striatis, rufis. Calyx semipollicaris, tubulosus, quam bracteæ brevior, superne dilatatus, ore intus profunde emarginato, pallidus, transversim rubro-venosus, laciniis obscuris 5 Corolle tubus 14-pollicaris, gracilis, albus, lobis reflexis lanceolatis acutis, з pollicem longis, 2 pollicem latis, albis. Staminodia magis oblonga, $ pollicem longa, obtusa, alba, Labellum oblongum, patulum, bilobum, lobis imbricatis rotun- datis obtusis, ferme pollicaribus, $ pollicem latis, medio canaliculato, nervis late- ralibus paullo elevatis, album, basi roseo-tincta. Anthera lata oblonga, alba, loculis SECOND SERIES.—BOTANY, VOL. III. 9G 880 MR. Н. №. RIDLEY ON THE FLORA OF THE pallide aurantiacis angustis, canaliculo medio profundo ; connectivo majusculo erecto, rotundato ovato subacuto. Stylus gracilis, albus, apice incrassato rostrato. Woods at Kwala Tahan. This plant is allied to Gastrochilus longiflora, Wall., but differs in the bilobed lip, which is not saccate as in Wallich's figure, and the staminodes shorter than the petals. ZINGIBER SPECTABILE, Griff. Common near Pulau Kinchi, Temerloh, Pulau Tawar, Kota Glanggi woods, and | Tahan River woods. This is a very noble plant, the large red spikes suggesting those of Tupeinocheilos. The flowers are light yellow, reticulately veined with black. It is common in many parts of the Peninsula. Z. GRACILE, Jack. Common. Kwala Tembeling. А form with a very long peduncle to the spike. е 2. GRIFFITHIL, Baker. Woods, Pulau Tawar. Z., sp. I found another Ginger growing in a stream in a very wet place in the Таһап woods, which had spikes like those of 2. gracile, borne on the ends of long, weak, leafy stems. The flowers were not opened. К ЖМРЕЕВТА PARVULA, King. Common on the banks of the Tahan River. This charming little plant is very different in appearance from other Kzempferias, and I think will prove generically distinct. It is abundant on stream-banks at about 1000 feet altitude and above, on the top of Penang Hill, and at Thaiping in the Larut Hills. ALPINIA CONCHIGERA, Griff. A common plant in open sandy country, generally growing near ог in water. It forms small thickets about three feet high, and is called by the natives * Langkwas Pranting " (twiggy Alpinia). Common on the heaths at Kwala Pahang and Rumpin. A. mutica, Roxb. Pekan, and many places along the river-banks below this. In dense waterside thickets, also, Kwala Berar. А. MALACCENSIS, Roxb. Pulau Datoh, and other islets in the Pahang River. A very big, showy plant. An Alpinia with much more hairy fruits, found at Kwala Tembeling in dense thickets along the river-bank, may be distinct. AMOMUM MEGALOCHEILUS, Baker. (Achasma megalocheilus, Griff.) Common. Tahang woods, Pekan, Tanjong Gajah Mati, Pahdag River. This is a tolerably common plant, forming dense brakes on the river-banks. EASTERN COAST OF THE MALAY PENINSULA. 981 AMOMUM SCYPHIFERUM, Koen. (Hornstedtia Scyphus, Retz.; Stenochasma urceolare, Griff.) Not rare along the Pahang River, in woods, and Tahan River. А. LEoNvRUs, Koen. (Stenochasma convoluta, Griff.) Pulau Tawar woods. А. OPHIUCHUS, п. sp. Caules foliati exaltati, circiter 12-pedales, basi clavati. Folia oblongo-lanceolata, glabra, acuminata, costa elevata, nervis plurimis, tenuibus, 1%- pedalia, 8 pollices lata, petiolo i-pollicari, vaginis ad basin fissis, striatis, costatis, ligula ovata oblonga obtusa, pubescente. Spica fusiformis, 5-pollicaris, sessilis, bracteis pluribus ad basin vacuis. Bractez florales ovate vel ovate lanceolate acutze, mucronate, созфафзе, sericeo-pubescentes, nervis transversis nullis, 2 pollices longe, 1 pollicem latze, rubree. Flores plurimi 1-2 singulatim expansi, rubri, aperti, vix bracteas superantes, marcescentes multo longiores, 5-pollicares. Calyx spathacea, tubulosa, 3-pollicaris, acuta, angusta, superne glabra, basi sericea. Corolla tubo gracili rubro, petala lorata, cucullata, lucida, rubra. Labellum æquilongum, loratum, apice calceolato, carnosulum, rubrum, marginibus albis, intus pubescens. Ап ега pubes- cens, oblonga, apice emarginato, roseo, pubescente, ecristata. Pollen album. Stylus gracilis, stigmate clavato, pubescens. Ovarium oblongum, sericeum. Tahan woods. Allied to A scyphiferum, Koen., but with glabrous leaves, narrower acute bracts, with no cross-veins, a fusiform spike, (с. The leafy stems are swollen at the base into a club- shape; and the flowers when fully open hardly project beyond the spike, but when withered they become elongate and curve over and hang down. А. LATERALE, n. sp. Herba magna, rhizomate crasso subterraneo. Caules foliati, tripedales. Folia lanceolata acuminata, acumine longo, undique (presertim in dorso) pubescentia, lamina 23-pedalis circiter 4 pollices longa, carina validula; basi in petiolo pollicari angustata; ligula biloba obtusa, {-pollicaris. Spica cylindrica magna, 6-pollicaris, crassa, densa, e caule foliato extrusa, pedunculo crasso, 2-polli- caris. Вгасбеге suboblonge, apicibus laciniatis. Flores arcte congesti, plurimi, parvi, carnosuli, i-pollieares. Calyx conicus spathaceus, tubo columnz апай, albo. Petala ovata acuta, carnosa, atro-rubentia. Labellum breve, unguiculatum, lamina deflexa, aurantiaca, emarginata, obtusa, in medio callosula. Stamen filamento brevi, albo, pubescente. Anthera oblonga, pubescens, apice emarginato, exappendieulato. Stigma rotundatum decurvum. Capsula ovoideo-conica, }-pollicaris, tenuis, sicca pallide brunnea, loculis tribus, semina 3-4 in utroque loculo, fusca, angulata. Woods, Pulau Tawar. І have also gathered this in Singapore. The habit of this plant is that of one of the Hornstedtia section of Amomum. It is remarkable for its inflorescence being lateral and the small fleshy flowers imbedded in pectinate bracts. I am inclined to think it should form the type of a new genus. A. ACULEATUM, Roxb. | : : Not rare. Pengkalang Kasai, Kwala Tembeling, Kota Glanggi woods. It is called “ Тоо Merah.” | poos Mera 362 382 MR. Н. N. RIDLEY ON THE FLORA OF THE ELETTARIOPSIS LONGITUBA, n. sp. Folia plura (ad 5), petiolis ad 9 pollices longis, laminis lanceolatis ad basin attenuatis, apicibus acutis, 12-16 pollices longis, 2-4 pollices latis, glabris. Panicula decumbens, bipedalis vel longior, vaginis laxis 14-pollicaribus mucronulatis tecta, spicee secundee plures breves, pauciflorze, pedunculis 1-pollicaribus erectis. Bractez lanceolatze, spathaceze, acutze, 12-роШсагев, flores duos involventes. Flos breviter (1 pollicem) pedicellatus. Calycis tubus bipollicaris, gracilis, superne dilatatus, lamina ovato-spathacea, apice tridentata, dente medio quam exteriores breviore. Corolle tubus + pollicem longior quam calycis, laciniis oblongis obtusis, firmis, apicibus cucullatis, roseis, translucentibus, pollicem longis, 2 pollicem latis. Labellum convolutum obovatum, margine crenulato, tenue, 11 pollices longum, album, lineis 4 roseis medianis, versus apicem flavum. Anthera brevis, 4 pollicem longa, oblonga, appendice cristato recurvo, dentibus 4, filamentum gracile ad apicem pubescens. Stylus validulus, quam anthera brevior. Stigma clavatum, apice plano, fovea laterali ovoidea. Capsula globosa, alba, breviter apiculata, pollicem crassa. Semina plura parva triangularia, compressa, nigra. In dense, rocky, wet jungle, Tahan River, also at Bukit Timah in Singapore. This curious plant emits long slender rhizomes creeping far among the rotten timber and wet leaves almost underground. In the Tahan woods it was so mixed up with other Scitaminez that the leaves of ап Amomum were collected by mistake for its own, and have been thus distributed to various herbaria. MARANTACEA. CLINOGYNE GRANDIS, Benth. In the Tahan woods; not rare. This fine Arrowroot is very common in most parts of the Peninsula. | | Another form which I met with in the Tahan woods differed in being smaller in all | its parts, and has less polished fruits, containing two seeds each instead of one. It may prove a distinct species. С. ртснотомА, Benth. 3 A much smaller plant, forming thickets in damp fields and along the river-banks ; very common on the Pahang and Tembeling Rivers. PHRYNIUM PARVIFLORUM, Roxb. Common in thickets and dry woods near Pekan, and at Kwala Tembeling and Tahan River. It differs in colour here a little from Roxburgh’s description. P. Grirrirai, Baker. (Р. spicatum, Griff., non Roxburgh.) Woods of the Tahan River. It is called “ Larath " by the natives. This fine plant forms huge tufts in wet places, and is common in Singapore and Malacca also. Its flowers, hidden among the leaves at the base, are very sweetly scented. Р. TAPIRORUM, п. sp. Herba dense ceespitosa, ad sexpedalis. Folia ovata lanceolata, longe petiolata, iis P. Griffithii similes, sed haud glauca subtus, lamina 18 pollices longa, 8 pollices lata, acuminata, glabra, nervis plurimis tenuibus. Paniculæ glabree e petiolis ехогіюе, pedunculo ferme pedali, validulo, quam folium breviores. Spice 2-3 in EASTERN COAST OF THE MALAY PENINSULA. 388 peduneulo, patentes, circiter 4-pollicares, bracteis plurimis brunneis, ovato-lanceolatis. Flores breviter pedicellati tres, in bractea magna, pollicem longa, 3 pollicem lata. Bracteole 2 tenuiores, bicarinatee, bifidze, flores singulos involventes. Sepala linearia subulata, ultra i-pollicaria. Corolla alba, tubo curvo, superne dilatato, nee tenui; lobis oblongis, apicibus rotundatis obtusis, breviusculis, recurvis. Stamen appendice oblongo. Stylus abrupte recurvus, crassus. Capsula oblonga, obtuse trigona, #-роШ- caris, pedicello + pollicem longo, loculis 3, semen in loculo singulum elongatum (haud maturum). Tahan woods in a damp spot, in dense jungle, forming a thick bed. "There were many ` wild animals here, and what appeared by the tracks to be a tapir had made a pathway through the thickets and eaten the plant. The habit of this plant is that of P. Griffithii, Baker, but it is remarkable for having the spikes panicled on the top of a strong erect peduncle which rises from the petiole. Тһе bloom was nearly over and, as in all these plants, very fugacious, and the fruit was hardly ripe. LowiacE&. PROTAMOMUM, п. gen. Herba ceespitosa, acaulis. Folia disticha petiolata, petiolis ferme pedalibus, lamina lanceolata acuminata, tenuiter coriacea, nervis ferme exacte parallelis, primariis circiter 14. Anthela axillaris, panieulata, decumbens, ramis 2-3, undique bracteis tecta. Flores in ramis singulatim expansi, bini in bracteolis. Bracteolæ 2, inferior oblonga, mucronata, brevis, superior longior, 1i-pollicaris, oblongo-lorata, mucro- nata, striata, viridis, tubum solidum floris involvens. Sepala 3, linearia, acuminata acuta. Petala 3, sepalis alterna ; 2 oblonga, erecta, parallela, mucronata ; 1 (labellum) ellipticum obtusum, basi angusía. Stamina 5, petalis alterna, brevia, }-pollicaria ; anthera curva obtusa, loculis 2 parallellis linearibus, tenuibus, longitudinaliter fissis, exappendiculata, apice emarginato recurvo. Pollen granulosum, granulis majusculis globosis. Filamenta validula, basibus incrassatis, connatis. Stylus crassus, basi dila- tata, staminibus subsequalis, stigma magnum, postice trilobum, lobis dentatis, antice excavatum. Capsula majuscula, lanceolata acuminata subtrigona, glabra, trilocularis. Semina in loculo tria, serie una, majuscula, lageniformia, brunnea, hispida. P. MAXILLARIOIDES, n. sp. (Pl LXVI) Herba sylvestris. Folia plura disticha, erecta, petiolis pedalibus, majore parte vaginantibus et marginatis, superne teretibus, canalieulo excepto ; laminis lanceolatis acuminatis, 8 pollices longis, 3 pollices latis, læte viridibus, fasciis transversis obscurioribus indistinctis, carina preesertim ad basin distineta; nervis primariis circiter 14, parallelis, rectis; secundariis tenuissimis, plurimis nervis transversis, perplurimis tenuibus. Inflorescentia a vagina petiol ad basin inclusa axillaris, 3 pollices longa, ramis 2—8, bracteis arcte involutis. Flores mediocres; sepala 11 pollices longa, 1 pollicem lata, angusta acuta mucronulata, translucentia, nitida, atro-rubentia, patentia, tubus infra limbum solidus. Petala 3; 2 postica erecta, pistillo gequilonga, oblonga obliqua, mucronulata, valvata, violacea, "pollicem longa. Labellum porrectum, unguiculo brevi, atro-purpureo, oblongo, lamina oblonga obtusa, violascenti-alba, maculis violaceis punctata, fascia mediana 884 МЕ. Н. М. RIDLEY ON THE FLORA OF THE lata, linearis, elevata, nervis 4 in utroque latere elevatis sinuatis, margine crispulo, Stamina 5, filamentis brevibus 4-pollicaribus, basi incrassatis, connatis, albis violaceo punctatis; antherz introrsee adnate, lineares exappendiculate. Stylus crassus, albus roseo-tinctus, rectus, antheras superans. Stigma magnum, subcordatum, excavatum marginibus, lobis subfoliaceis denticulatis canaliculatis, violaceum. Capsula magna, fusiformis, rostrata, subtrigona, atro-violacea. Semina 4-pollicaria. Pulau Tawar woods. A tufted plant with rather showy purple flowers like those of some VWawillaria. It is allied to Lowia longiflora, Scort., but is, I think, generically distinct. The leaves are arranged distichously, reminding one of Ravenala on a small scale; from the axil of these is emitted the inflorescence. Іп Lowia the inflorescence appears to arise from the rhizome, away from the leaves, which are not thus arranged. The anthers аге appendaged in Lowia and acute, and the stigmas are split to the base: “ lobis cylindricis, latere fissis, toto margine dentatis." MUSACEE. MUSA SAPIENTUM, Linn. The Banana is cultivated extensively by the natives, Mr. Baker, in the * Flora of British India, reduces all the wild Bananas of the section M. sapientum to one species, as varieties and subspecies of the cultivated plant. With this I сап by no means agree. I have met with three distinct wild species in the Peninsula. These are:— М; vio- lascens, n. Sp.; JM. malaccensis, n. sp.; and M. flava, n. sp. M. viOLASCENS,n.sp. Caudex teres, gracilis, 8-10-pedalis. Folia subtus glauca, 10 pollices lata, costa crassa. Spadix erecta vel suberecta, 1}-pedalis, apice acuto, rhachide 4 pol- licem crassa, lanugine fulva tecta. Bracteæ scepe diu persistentes, deflexee, anguste, lanceolatze аспіге acuminate, albæ purpureo-violaceo tinctz vel omnino violacez, ad 9 pollices longe, 2 pollices vel ultra late. Flores masculi albi, apicibus flavis, 12 pollices longi, біп serie una. Calyx oblongus, apice 5-laciniato, laciniis 2 exterioribus longioribus, linearibus, tortuosis. Petalum i-pollieare, oblongum obtusum, cymbi- forme. Stamina 5,tenuia, alba, loculis antherse inzequalibus, loratis, linearibus, pallidis. Stylus complanatus, clavato-spathulatus. Flores feminei 6 in bractea utraque in serie una. Stylus crassus, apice complanato, clavato, bipollicari. Васса viridis 3 pollices longa, pollicem crassa, angulata. Semina 1 pollicem longa, cylindrica, apicibus truncatis, пес angulata. Pahang, River Tahan, in woods; Selangor, Kwala Lumpur, common; Sungei Ujong, near Linsum. | This plant is distinguished by its erect, or almost егесі, spadix, of which the bracts are remarkably long and narrow, acuminate, and of a violet colour like that of a Brinjal. The flowers are few and arranged in single rows in each bract; sometimes the bracts are persistent after the flowers are fallen and hang down. The seeds are cylindrical, and not angled and irregular as in the common Banana and M. malaccensis, n. sp. EASTERN COAST OF THE MALAY PENINSULA. 885 This species belongs apparently to Baker's section Rhodochlamys (* Annals of Botany,’ vii. 205), as it has an erect spike and few flowers to a bract; but the petal has the form of that of the Hu-musa section. Musa MALACCENSIS, n. sp. Caules pauci, 1-2, ad 10-pedales, graciles, 6 pollices crassi, brunneo-purpureo marmorati. Folia circiter 8-pedalia, viridia, sspe (presertim juvenia) striis brunneis ornata, petiolo canaliculato et margine alato, crasso, lamina 18 роШсев lata. Spadix pendula, rhachide pollicem crassa, viridi, lanugine brunnea tecta. Bracteze lanceolate subacute, crasse, reflexee, convolute, brunnes, extus glaucescentes, intus flavescentes striate. Flores masculi 14 pollices longi, curvi, albi. Calyx cymbiformis, carinatus, dentibus 5 linearibus recurvis, subacutis, flavis. Petalum oblongum, album, mucronatum, $ pollicem longum, 4 pollicem latum. Stamina 5, 13 pollices longa, filamentis complanatis. Anthersz oblongse anguste, apicibus retusis, loculis angustis disjunctis, connectivo lato. Stylus 14 pollices longus, antheris subzqualis. Stigma (abortivum) ochreum, subclavatum. Flores feminei 16 in braetea utraque in seriebus duabus. Ovarium pallide viride, 13 pollices longum, ё pollicem latum, lateraliter compressum, quinquangulare, lateribus valde ineequalibus. Calyx pollicaris, + pollicem latus, apice recurvo 5-dentato, dentibus linearibus subzequalibus, albescens, lineis fuscis 2 in dorso. Petalum % pollicem longum, translucens, cymbiforme, $ pollicem latum, ovatum acuminatum. Stamina subeequalia, 4 pollicem longa, complanata, linearia acuta, apicibus nigris. Stylus crassus, pollicaris, teres, minute pubescens, striatus, albus. Stigma $ pollicem longum, crassum, conicum, fuscum, obtusum. Васса subcylindrica subtrigona curva, 4 pollices longa, pollicem lata. Semina nigra, angulata, irregularia. This is common in the jungles of Malacca, Selangor, and Perak, occurring also in Pahang at Tanjong Gajah Mati. It is the “ Pisang karok ” of the Malays. M. zebrina (* Flore des Serres, t. 1061, 1062) is doubtless a young plant either of this species or of M. sumatrana, Becc. I never saw any form of М. sapientum, L. (to which species Mr. Baker refers this), with barred leaves. The brown bars are very constant in young plants of M. malaccensis, and even persist sometimes in the adult foliage. This species may perhaps be the parent of some of the cultivated Bananas here, but is very distinct from M. sapientum 1n the hairy rhachis and other points. An attempt has been made to utilize the fibre, but it is apparently not so good as that of M. textilis ; still, as it is not only very abundant throughout the centre of the Peninsula, but also springs up like a weed in many places when old jungle is felled, and forms an impenetrable thicket, # will probably be found to be well worth extracting the fibre. М. FLAVA, п. sp. Folia 16 pollices lata, viridia, nervis quam in precedente paucioribus. Spadix nutans, pedunculo valido subflexuoso, pubescentia castanea tecto. Bracteze late ovato-lanceolatee obtusse, 4 pollices 100028, 1i pollices late, flavze, intus striatee. Flores masculi 16 in seriebus duabus breviter pedicellatis. Calyx 1% pollices longus, dorso bicarinato, laciniis 5 sequalibus recurvis. Petalum 2 pollicem oblongum mucronatum, 1 pollicem latum, striatum. Stamina ut Musa malaccensis, connectivo 886 МЕ. Н, М. RIDLEY ON THE FLORA OF THE crasso, loculis tenuibus. Stylus tenuis, staminibus brevior. Stigma conicum acutum, complanatum, uncatum. Flores feminei 16 in utraque bractea in seriebus duabus. Васса circiter 2-pollicaris (ex sicco), rostrata, pedicellata, 5-angulata. Pahang, at Pulau Tijau on the Pahang River. d. Only one specimen of this species was found, and portions brought into camp by the collectors. The female flowers were too far advanced to examine, and I did not see the whole plant, so the description is somewhat incomplete. It is nearly allied to М. malac- censis, but the broad, thick, blunt, bright yellow bracts give it a totally different appear- ance, the spadix being quite blunt at the top. ТАССАСЕ Ж. TACCA PINNATIFIDA, Forst. Sea-shores, Cherating and Kwala Pahang. T. CRISTATA, Jack. Woods at Pramau, near Pekan, and Kota Glanggi. DIOSCOREACE Ж. DIOSCOREA DJEMONA, Roxb. E Telor Malaki, and other places on the Pahang River. Common around villages. This is not а “tropical forest ” plant here, as the ‘Flora of British India’ suggests. I have never seen it except close to the villages. It is known as “ Ubi Gadong.” Тһе yams can be eaten if they are cut up and plunged in running water fot about twenty- . four hours, otherwise they are poisonous. Their juice is used by some of the wild tribes to mix with the Ipoh, arrow-poison (Antiaris toxicaria). | D. PENTAPHYLLA, Linn.? A yam with axillary bulbils found at Kwala Tahan may perhaps be this. There were no flowers. | TRICHOPUS ZEYLANICUS, Gaertn. Abundant round the caves of Kota Glanggi. Not hitherto recorded from the ‹ Peninsula. ROXBURGHIACE Ж. STEMONA TUBEROSA, Lour. (5. Curtisii, Hook. f.) Common in thickets. Kwala Luit, Kota Glanggi, Pulau Chengei, on the Pahang River. : I have little doubt that Loureiro was describing the Malay Peninsula plant when he wrote his description of Stemona tuberosa. It is quite different from S. gloriosoides, Voigt, the Indian plant, which is described and figured with the leaves tapering into the petiole (and not cordate emarginate), and the flowers large and green (not brown), and such as they are in the Malay Peninsula plant. Kunth's Roxburghia javanica (Enum. Pl. у. р. 288) may be the same. EASTERN COAST ОЕ THE MALAY PENINSULA. 387 HJEMODORACE Ж. PELIOSANTHES ALBIDA, Baker. Tahan woods. There are also several others in the collection which I cannot match with any described in the ‘Flora of British India. Most came from the thick woods on the banks of the Tahan. AMARYLLIDEA. Hypoxis AUREA, Lour. Meadows at Blay Manis, Pahang River. This has not been recorded previously from the Malay Peninsula. ‘I have, however, also received it from Bangtaphan in Siam. CURCULIGO LATIFOLIA, Dryand. Common in the woods at Pekan and Kota Glanggi. I do not know whether the curious property of the fruit of this plant is anywhere recorded. It is very succulent and has a taste of sweet cucumbers; but after eating one or two everything eaten or drunk tastes almost unbearably sweet, the effect lasting for some hours. CRINUM ASIATICUM, Linn. Common on the sea-shore and for some way up the Pahang River. C. ENSIFOLIUM; Roxb. ? In open pastures at Kwala Mahang, and up the river as far as Temerloh. I am by no means certain of the correctness of this identification, but it seems nearer to this species than to any other in the * Flora of British India.’ EURYCLES AMBOINENSIS, Salisb. | In sandy places near villages at Kwala Pahang. Not in flower. This is not recorded from the Peninsula in the ‘Flora of British India.’ I have no doubt but that it is native. It occurs scantily in sandy places near the shores in various parts of the Peninsula, but very seldom flowers. ІЛІЛАСЕЖ. SMILAX CALOPHYLLA, Wall. Woods, Pulau Tawar and Tahan River. S. HErrEni, А. DC. : Very common in thickets in open country, all along the Pahang River (e.g. at Kalambalai, Kwala Mahang, and Temerloh), also in Kelantan at Kamposa. DRACHNA TERNIFLORA, Roxb. Woods near the shore, Rumpin River; Tahan woods. ӛн SECOND SERIES.—BOTANY, VOL. III. 388 ‘MR. H. N. RIDLEY ON THE FLORA OF THE DRACJENA CONGESTA, n. sp. Caulis brevis, заре vix tripollicaris, lignosus. Folia lanceolata acuta vel caudata vel elliptica caudata, petiolata, lamina atro-viridis, 6-9 pollices longa, 2-3 pollices lata, basi carinata; petiolus 3-6-pollicaris. Panicula breviter pedunculata, compacta, 3-pollicaris, pedunculo 2-pollicari. ^ Flores plurimi arcte congesti, bini vel terni, pollicem longi, rubescenti-albi, pedicellis vix j-pollicaribus. Bracteze parvee, ovate “асаіге. Sepala et petala ad dimidium libera, linearia, obtusa, tubo ad basin dilatato. Stamina filamentis gracilibus, antheris oblongis. Stylus gracilis, filiformis. Bacca aurantiaca, globosa monosperma, vel 2-3-loba, 2-3- sperma. Limestone districts, Kota Glanggi, also in the Tahan woods. Т have gathered this plant, too, in the limestone rocks of Kwala Lumpur. It is easily distinguished by its exceedingly short stem and very compact panicle, almost capitular, very much shorter than the leaves, which are also remarkable for their long petioles. D. LONGIFOLIA, n. sp. Caulis fruticosus. Folia elongata, lanceolata acuminata, basi longe petiolata, petiolo alato, 2 pedes longa, 22 pollices lata. Panicula foliis brevior, gracilis, laxa, pauci-ramosa, sesquipedalis, ramis ascendentibus, bracteis pluribus lanceolatis acuminatis acutis, dissitis in pedunculo et ad bases ramorum. Flores bini vel terni, bractea ovata, apposita, graciles, }-pollicares, pedicellis tenuibus, i-pollicaribus, albi, laciniis $ longitudinis liberis, marginibus tenuibus, tubo versus basin attenuato, dein incrassato. Antherz oblonge. Таһап woods. This Dracena is distinguished by its narrow lanceolate leaves, tapering into a long- winged petiole, and by the short, graceful, erect panicle of few slender branches with small white flowers. D. NUTANS, n. sp. (See Appendix, p. 406.) PONTEDERIACEE. MONOCHORIA HAST/EFOLIA, Presl. Common in pools and ditches along the River Pahang at Pekan, Renchong, &с. M. VAGINALIS, Presl. Even commoner than the last. Pekan, Kwala Tembeling, &c. XYRIDEÆ. XYRIS PAUCIFLORA, Willd. Open country, on sandy heaths, Pekan. EASTERN COAST OF THE MALAY PENINSULA. Xyris BANCANA, Miq. With the last, but much less common. | COMMELINACE Ж. PoLLIA THYRSIFLORA, Endl. Tahan woods, in mountain streams. CYANOTIS BARBATA, D. Don. Sandy heaths. Kwala Pahang to Pekan. FonREsTIA MARGINATA, Hassk. Pulau Tijau, Pahang River, Tahan woods, &е. ES. Tahan woods. FrLoscoPA SCANDENS, Lour. Near Pekan. ANEILEMA SINICUM, Lindl. Sandy places near the sea, Kwala Pahang. А. NUDIFLORUM, К. Br. 389 Very common. Pekan, Pulau Tawar, Kwala Tembeling, &с.; also in Kelantan at Kamposa. А. VAGINATUM, В. Br. | A local plant, sandy places by the sea, Rumpin River. > А. IMBERBE, п. sp. Radices tenues, graciles. Caules erecti vel suberecti, plures, sesquipedales, teretes, nodis incrassatis, internodiis longis, 2-pollicaribus, foliati. Folia lanceolata acuminata, petiolata, 4 pollices longa, 1% pollices lata, petiolis canaliculatis, semipollicaribus, viridia, tenuia, glabra, costa subtus elevata, vaginis striatis, ore obliquo integro, 1-pollicaribus, minute pubescentibus. Panicula termi- nalis 2-pollicaris, ramis paucis ultra-pollicaribus, peduneulo, ramis et ramulis pube- scentibus, atro-purpureis. Bractee caducissimæ. Pedicelli glabri, 4-роШеагев. Flores parvi. Sepala 8, ovata, oblonga obtusa, cymbiformia, cartilaginea, pallide violascentia, 3-nervia. Petala 3, ovata obtusa, 4 pollicem longa, violacea, tenuia. Stamina 3, glabra, filamentis basi crassis, | media major hippocrepica, flava, laterales mino düctis. Ovarium ovoideum, trigonuin, Capsula ovidea, triquetra, chartacea, те-роШеат! Е 1. nalBearin. Semina singula in loculis, nigra, angulata, verrucosa, 16-роШеатта Woods, Kwala Tembeling. superne attenuatis, violaceis. Anthera res, loculis subparallelis haud pro- album, stylo brevi, attenuato, violaceo. s, acuta, sepalis loculis tribus. A pretty plant, allied to Aneilema dimorphum, but with perfectly glabrous stamens. 3H 2 390 MR. Н. №. RIDLEY ON THE FLORA OF THE FLAGELLARIA. FLAGELLARIA INDICA, Linn. Common at the mouth of the Pahang River. “ Rotan Binni” (wife's rattan) or “ Rotan Tikus " (mouse, $. e. small rattan) of the Malays. SUSUM ANTHELMINTICUM, Blume. Woods near Pekan. The common Suswm here seems to belong to one species; the panicle is sometimes narrow and sometimes large and spreading. In the ‘Flora of British India’ the stem is given as 3-5 feet high of 5. anthelminticum, but Jack correctly, as regards the Malayan plant (his Veratrum? malayanum), describes it as having the leaves radical, and so does Miquel (Flora Neder. Ind. iii. p. 347). I have never seen a stem so much as two feet high; the leaves are nearly always radical, in fact the plant only makes a stem at all when growing in deep wet spots. PALME. Areca CaTECHU, Linn. Commonly cultivated. ACTINORHYTIS CALAPPARIA, H. Wendl. et Drude. (-Areca cocoides, Griff.) The men brought from one of the villages, a few miles above Pekan, a couple of fruits of this palm and asked if they could be used as betel-nuts. I only saw the tree in the distance. It is probably native here. Тһе genus is omitted from the * Flora of British India.’ PINANGA DISTICHA, Blume. This charming little dwarf palm is abundant in the Tahan woods, and I also found it at Tanjong Antan, and at Pulau Tawar on the Pahang River. It is here called * Pinang Luggong.” P. MALAYANA, Scheff, Kwala Tenok, Tahan River, in wet places. P. ЗОВВОМТМАТА, Весе. . Rumpin River (W. Foz). P. PERAKENSIS, Весе. ? Tahan woods. NENGA WENDLANDIANA, Scheff., var. MALACCENSIS. Tahan woods, also near Pekan. : This palm, which is very common in swampy forests in Singapore, is called ** Pinang Umu” (Purple Pinanga) by the natives, on account of its red leaf-sheaths. EASTERN COAST OF THE MALAY PENINSULA. 391 NENGA MACROCARPA, Scort. Kwala Tenok, Tahan River. CYRTOSTACHYS LACCA, Весс. Wet woods at Pramau, near Pekan. ONCOSPERMA HORRIDA, Scheff. The “Bayas” of the Malays is fairly common in the Tahan woods, as elsewhere. The Malays use the seed as a substitute for betel-nut, and the cabbage is fairly good. IGUANURA MALACCENSIS, Весс. Kwala Tenok, Tahan woods. I. GEONOMÆFORMIS, Mart. Pulau Chengei, Kota Glanggi. DIDYMOSPERMA HOOKERIANA, Весе. Kota Glanggi woods. ARENGA OBTUSIFOLIA, Mart. (4. Westerhoutii, Griff.) Plentiful at one spot in the Tahan woods, and also at Temerloh on the Pahang River. This is a fine palm, about 20 feet in height, with a grey stem, conspicuously ringed and about 6 inches thick. The leaves are 15 to 20 feet long, grey beneath. Male flowers reddish brown. CARYOTA MITIS, Lour. Not rare in thickets and woods along the Pahang River, as at Blay Manis. The mealy tomentum from the base of the leaf-sheaths is collected by the aborigines for tinder, and used in the fire-raising apparatus. ORANIA MACROCLADUS, Mart. б, The “ Ebol” of the Malays. Occurred sparingly in the Tahan Valley woods. МІРА rRUTICANS, Wurmb. Mouth of the Pahang River. LicvALA spinosa, Mart. Open country along the Pahang River, at Tanjong Antan, and Pulau Chengei. L. pusinua, Весе. At Pulau Tijau, Pahang River. L. sp. aff. ORBICULARIS, Весе. A very small plant іп the woods near Pulau Tawar. 392 MR. Н. М. RIDLEY ON THE FLORA OF THE LICUALA LONGIPES, Griff. Woods at Pulau Tawar. TEYSMANNIA ALTIFRONS, Miq. This fine palm was plentiful in various parts of the Tahan woods at a rather high elevation. It is called * Daun Payoh” (Umbrella-leaf), and the leaves were very welcome to the coolies for making shelters for the night. ZALACCA BLUMEANA, Mart. Tahan woods. The fruits of this “Salak " are remarkably rough; the spines, which are curved towards the apex of the fruit, are longer than in any other species known to me. As in Z. conferta, Griff., the commonest species in Singapore, the fruits are very pleasantly acid. Z. WALLICHIANA, Mart. Also occurred in the Tahan woods. In many places these Zalaccas form dense thickets, almost impenetrable from the sharp spines on the leaves. қ CALAMUS JAVENSIS, Blume. Kwala Tembeling. “ Rotan Lilin” of the Malays. С. CASTANEUS, Griff. Tahan woods. С. cRINITUS, Мід. Common, forming dense thickets. Pahang and Tahan Rivers. Not seen in flower or fruit; indeed it is very rare to find this plant in flower. С. LEPTOSPADIX, Griff. ? A rattan with extraordinarily long, slender, much-branched spadices hanging down many feet. Fruit somewhat globose, resembling that of C. grandis, Griff., but lighter yellow. Tahan woods. C. сплАв1з, Blume, var. ? А. most delicate rattan, with very pubescent foliage. Tahan woods. C. MELANOCARPUS, mihi. Pulau Tawar. This is by no means a rare species in Singapore, though it rarely flowers. It is easily recognized by its deep green leaves with white backs, and its peculiar obpyriform acute black fruit. It belongs to the section Cymbospathe. | Two or three others were collected with flowers, but I have not identified them. EASTERN COAST OF THE MALAY PENINSULA. 393 PLECTOCOMIA ELONGATA, Blume. Pramau woods, near Pekan. “Rotan Dahan ” of the Malays. PANDANE. PANDANUS ODORATISSIMUS, Roxb. * Pandan Duri.” Sea-shores, Kwala Pahang, Cherating. P. ғгвсатгв, Roxb. * Mengkuang.” Tanjong Medang, Tahan woods. P. sp. aff. HeLICoPUS, Miq., but with broader leaves. Tahan woods. Far up the Tahan River I saw some plants of an epiphytic (not climbing) Pandanus which forms great round tufts of long narrow leaves in the upper branches of the trees, often very difficult of access, and I met with the same, or an allied species, in the Larut Hills, in Perak, but as yet have not seen flowers or fruits. : AROIDEA. CRYPTOCORYNE CILIATA, Blume. Pools in sandy ground, Tringganu. C., sp. A species allied to, if not identical with, the common Singapore one was plentiful in the River Tahan, but I saw no flowers nor fruit. It has bullate leaves, dark green above, purplish beneath. PISTIA STRATIOTES, Linn. Pools, Pekan. ARISJEMA. FIMBRIATUM, М. E. Br. Kota Glanggi, on the top of the limestone rocks. TYPHONIUM DIVARICATUM, Blume. Common, Pekan, Pulau Jellam, &c., in waste ground. AMORPHOPHALLUS, spp. ‘ The foliage of three species was met with: one with a plain green smooth stem, at Kota Glanggi, on the limestone rocks; another, probably реА Yn smooth, mottled, and variegated stem, at Tahan and elsewhere ; and a third, with a very scabrid mottled stem, at Pulau Tawar. Fruit of one of these species was also found at Kwala Tahan. 2. In the absence of flowers I cannot identify these with certainty. 394. MR. H. N. RIDLEY ON THE FLORA OF THE COLOCASIA ANTIQUORUM, Schott. Commonly cultivated. It occurred as an escape from cultivation or accidentally planted in the Tahan valley woods, far from the mouth. ALOCASIA LONGILOBA, Miq. This appears to be the name of the common wild Alocasia so abundant in the Singapore woods. Тһе foliage is very variable in shape, and in seedlings is peltate, and not bilobed at all like those of A. perakensis, Hemsl. I do not understand exactly the difference between A. longiloba and A. denudata, Engl., which is said to be a Singapore plant, but I know only one species as а wild plant here. 4. longiloba, Miq., is plentiful at Pekan, but becomes scarcer further in the province. I met with it, however, far up the Tahan River. AGLAONEMA ScHorTIANUM, М14.? Kwala Tenok, Tahan River. А. PICTUM, Kunth, var. Pramau woods. HOMALONEMA AROMATICA, Schott. Kwala Tahan. Common. CHAMACLADON GRIFFITHII, Miq. Common, Tahan woods. There is a very pretty silvery-leafed form of this plant which is not rare іп damp forests. I have seen it in Malacca and Selangor, and it was plentiful in the Tahan woods. At first sight it looks very different from the common green-leafed form, but I can find no constant specific difference. The leaves are very variable, as indeed in most Aroids. The petiole is stout, slender, sheathed for from less to half to two-thirds of its length ; the base of the leaf-blade is usually rounded and the broadest part, or it may be quite acute. The silvery-leafed form may be characterized as var. argentea. | Leaves silvery above, pale beneath, with red veins; petioles red; spathes red. There are two other species of Chamecladon in the collection—one, perhaps C. saxorum, Miq., from Kota Glanggi, and the other from the Tahan woods. | SCHISMATOGLOTTIS, spp. Several species were met with in Pahang, and I have others from Singapore and else- where which I cannot identify with any described species. Тһеу have, however, probably been described among the Aroids of the ‘Flora of British India, the part containing which has not yet reached me. | RHYNCHOPYLE ELONGATA, Engl. Tahan woods, on rucks in the Таһап valley. EASTERN COAST OF THE MALAY PENINSULA. 395 RHYNCHOPYLE, sp. Apparently undescribed ; a very curious little plant with rather long creeping rhizomes, covering densely the rocks in the Tahan River. Leaves dark green, very narrowly lanceolate. I do not remember ever to have seen any terrestrial Aroid forming such а mat on the rocks as this did. ANADENDRUM MONTANUM, Schott. Kota Glanggi. A most unfortunate specific name for this typically lowland Aroid. It is very common _in Singapore, growing on the lower parts of trees to about eight or nine feet from the ground. SCINDAPSUS CRASSIPES, Engl. ? ^ On the sea-shore at Tringganu. Only one plant met with growing оп an old stump. A very fleshy plant, with dark green leaves and a white spathe. It appears to differ from Engler's figure in having broader flowers. RarnurpoPHORA ВЕССАЕП, Engl. Kwala Tahan. LASIA SPINOSA, Lour. Abundant at Ayer Hitam, near Pekan, in a swampy thicket ; also in a damp wood near Kwala Mahang. CYRTOSPERMA LASIOIDES, Griff. Kwala Mahang. Common in open swampy country. Pornos Rumputt, Schott, Woods, Kwala Tembeling, Pulau Tawar. P. aff. охүрнүІл/0ѕ, Miq. Pulau Tawar. ALISMACEA, LIMNOPHYTON OBTUSIFOLIUM, Mig. Pulau Tawar, in a small pool. LoPHIOCARPUS GUYANENSIS, Mich. Renchong, in a buffalo-wallow. МАТАТАСЕЖ. NAIAS INDICA, Linn. І believe this is the name of the common peninsular species. I found it in a pool on the heath at Pekan. ERIOCAULEZ. ERIOCAULON WALLICHIANUM, Mart. Common at Pekan. Е. SEXANGULARE, Linn. Damp spots, Pekan. CYPERACEJE. CYPERUS POLYSTACHYUS, Rottb. Common in Pahang and in Kelantan. C. Eragrostis, Vahl. In a small pool at Kwala Tembeling. . SECOND SERIES.—BOTANY, VOL. III. 3I 396 MR. H. N. RIDLEY ON THE FLORA OF THE CYPERUS ALOPECUROIDES, Rottb. River-bank, Kamposa in Kelantan. . COMPRESSUS, Linn. Common throughout Pahang. . ZOLLINGERI, Steud. Common in open country, near villages, Pekan. . GRIFFITHII, Steud. Sea-shores, all along the Pahang coast and in Kelantan. . HasPAN, Linn. Common in swamps and marshes all up the Pahang River. . PULCHERRIMUS, Willd. Marshy spots, Pekan. . ELEGANS, Linn. Woods, Pekan, and up as far as the Tahan woods. . TURGIDULUS, C. B. Clarke. Pahang and Rumpin Rivers. оо оо с Өр/ебі . IRIA, Linn. I have gathered this only іп Kelantan at Kamposa. It is a weed of cultivation, and probably occurs in Pahang. C. pistans, Linn. Common. Pahang and Kelantan, in open country. C. MALACCENSIS, Lam. In tidal and saline mud. Pahang, at Pekan, at Tringganu, and at Kamposa in Kelantan. . PILOSUS, Vahl. Exceedingly common in damp spots, Pahang. . PROCERUS, Rottb. Not common. Kelantan at Kamposa. . ROTUNDUS, Linn. Very common in cultivated ground in Pahang. . STOLONIFERUS, Retz. Near Pekan. но . AURICOMUS, Sieber. Sandy spots in the Pahang River, Pasir Loyang, Pekan; also Kamposa in Kelantan. | C. rERAX, А. Rich. Common up the Pahang River at Kwala Luit, Pasir Loyang, and Pekan. ManiscUs DILUTUS, C. B. Clarke. Pekan; Kelantan at Kamposa. M. rENNATUS, Lam. Sea-shores and river-mouths, Pahang at Sungei Meang, and Kelantan at Kamposa. M. srGLUMIs, Gaertn. Not rare, on Pulau Tiuman off Johore; Tahan River-banks, Pahang. ———, Var. CYPERINA. Pekan and Pulau Tiuman. M. ровгоз, Rottb. ‘Common near the sea, mouth of Pahang River, Rumpin River, Sungei Meang, Kelantan at Kamposa. EASTERN COAST OF THE MALAY PENINSULA. 397 . MARISCUS UMBELLATUS, Vahl. Common in Pahang. KYLLINGA BREVIFOLIA, Rottb. Very common in open country. К. MONOCEPHALA, Rottb. Not rare, Pekan, &c. FIMBRISTYLIS NUTANS, Vahl. Wet spots in sandy country, Rumpin River, Kwala Pahang. . PAUCIFLORA, В. Br. Very common in dry open spots. . ARGENTEA, Vahl. Kelantan, Kamposa; rare. . JSSTIVALIS, Vahl. Common in swamps all up the Pahang River, and at Rumpin River. F Е Е Е. ASPERRIMA, Boeck. In woods, Kwala Tembeling; Tahan woods. Е. TENERA, var. ОВТОЗАТА, C. B. Clarke. Kwala Pahang. Е . MILIACEA, Vahl. Very common all up the Pahang River, and at Kamposa іп Kelantan. . GLOBULOSA, Kunth. Damp spots, Kwala Pahang, Pekan, and Pulau Chengei. . GLOMERATA, Nees. Kwala Pahang; Cherating River. . DIPHYLLA, Vahl. Very common everywhere. . LEPTOCLADA, Benth. Kwala Pahang. . SETACEA, Benth. Pekan, local. . LONGISPICA, Steud. Heaths near the sea, Kwala Pahang; Pramau; Rumpin River. . TETRAGONA, R. Br. Sandy heaths, Kwala Pahang. "m NM M мн H M к . SERICEA, R. Br. Sandy places near the sea, Sungei Meang; Kwala Pahang; Cherating River; also at Kamposa in Kelantan. BULBOSTYLIS BARBATA, Kunth. Very common in sandy spots in Pahang; also in Tringganu at Pulau Ketam. SCIRPUS mucronatus, Linn. Common in pools, Pekan, Tanjong Gajah Mati. 8. erossus, Linn. f. Kwala Tembeling; Pekan ; also at Kamposa in Kelantan. S. UNCOrpEs, Roxb. Rice-fields, Temerloh. TRICOSTULARIA BORNEENSIS, Benth. Sandy heaths near the sea from Kwala Pahang to Pekan; also at Pulau Ketam in Tringganu. FIURENA GLOMERATA, Lam. Common in wet country all through Pahang. 312 398 МВ. Н. N. RIDLEY ON THE FLORA OF THE LIPOCARPHA ARGENTEA, В. Br. Common in open country. ELEOCHARIS CILETARIA, Roem. & Schult. Common in marshes all along the Pahang River. E. VARIEGATA, Kunth ?, var. LAXIFLORA. Kwala Pahang in ditches. Е. ocnrostacuys, Steud. Near Pekan. LzPrRONIA MUCRONATA, Rich. Abundant in Chenei Lake, Pahang River ( W. Foz). МАРАМІА PALUSTRIS, Benth. & Hook. f. Woods, Kwala Tenok, Tahan River. M. numis, Naves. Tahan woods. HYPOLYTRUM LATIFOLIUM, Rich. Near Pekan. | REMIREA MARITIMA, Aubl. Sea-shore, Cherating, Sungei Meang, Kwala Pahang, &с. RYNCHOSPORA AUREA, Vahl. Very common in open country. В. WALLICHIANA, Kunth. Kwala Pahang, heath country. ScHGNUS CALOSTACHYUS, Poir. Heath country near Pekan. SCLERIA CARICINA, Benth. Common near Pekan. . CHINENSIS, Kunth. Kwala Pahang. . LITHOSPERMA, Nees. Common, Rumpin River, Kwala Pahang. . HEBECARPA, Nees. Near Pekan. . MULTIFOLIATA, Boeck. Scrambling through thickets, Pekan. . LEVIS, Willd. Pulau Tawar, Kwala Pahang. 5 S 5 S. MALACCENSIS, Boeck. ` Common near Pekan. 8 8 S. SUMATRENSIS, Retz. Kwala Pahang. S . Втриц®үт, C. B. Clarke. Pulau Tawar, open country. CAREX DIVARICATA, Wall. _ Very abundant оп the rocks overhanging the Tahan River, and also in the upper part of the Pahang River. | This plant appears to have been found by Wallich at “ Saluen ad Neergye" in 1827 (по. 3533 of his collection), and has lain hid in his herbarium for many years. It has apparently never been described. I am indebted to Mr. C. B. Clarke for the identification of this as well as nearly all the other Сурегасеғе in this list. EASTERN COAST OF THE MALAY PENINSULA. 399 GRAMINE. PASPALUM SCROBICULATUM, Linn. Common everywhere in open country in Pahang, and also in Kelantan at Kamposa. P. consuGATUM, Berg. Common in the low country, and as far up the River Tahan as the expedition went, growing here on the rocks in the stream. It has penetrated further through the jungle than any other South-American introduction, and has, I believe, been carried there in the clothes of the natives in search of gutta-percha, «е. The spikelets are very adhesive, especially in wet weather. I found a plant of this at Padang Batu on Mount Ophir, in a crevice of the rocks of the stream close to the camping-ground, just at the spot where the natives who come up, either with Europeans or alone in search of drug-plants, are in the habit of bathing and washing their clothes. P. pisticHuM, Burm. Іп salt mud, Sungei Meang, near Kwala Pahang. saACHNE AUSTRALIS, В. Br. Common in swamps and wet spots along the Pahang River. I., sp. At Kwala Luit. OPLISMENUS COMPOSITUS, Beauv. Shady thickets at Kwala Pahang. PANICUM ($ DrGrrARIA) SANGUINALE, Trin. Very common in open country, on sand- banks, &c., far up the rivers. . PARVULUM, Nees. Sungei Meang. ‚ НЕТЕВАХТНОМ, Nees. Sandy shores, not common, Rumpin River, Sungei Meang. . ($ PrYCAOPHYLLUM) PLICATUM, Lam. Not common, Tahan River banks. ЕРИМ k . ($ BRACHIARIA) морозом, Kunth. Common in thickets, Kwala Tembeling, Pulau Manis, Pahang River, Pekan ; also at Kamposa in Kelantan. P. suBQUADRIPARUM, Trin. Pekan, Pulau Tawar. . ($ Еснтмоснтол) сотомом, Linn. Common in waste ground and around pools, &c., Pulau Manis, Mahang; on the Pahang River. Temerloh ; also at Kamposa in Kelantan. "d . Onvs-GarLr, Linn. > Not common, ‚ ($ MILIARIA) HUMILE, Nees. | Open grassy fields at Pulau Tawar. . TRIGONUM, Retz. Common in woods, Pekan, Tahan River. . OVALIFOLIUM, Retz. Shady places, Kwala Pahang. ets, Pekan, Pulau Rumput, Pahang River; Tahan "m d уш нш . RADICANs, Nees. Common in thick woods. 400 МЕ. Н. М. RIDLEY ON THE FLORA OF THE Panicum Втогеут, Hack. Not rare іп woods and thickets, Kwala Berar, Pekan, Pahang River, Kwala Tembeling; Tahan River woods. P. LUZONENSE, Presl. Roadsides near Pekan. P. ($ HvwENAOHNE) AURITUM, Presl. Pools and ditches, Pekan; Pasir Loyang; and Pulau Manis on the Pahang River; Khol, on Tembeling River. Р. ($ HvwENACHNE) INDICUM. Very common ор sandbanks, open country, &c., all along the Pahang and Tembeling Rivers. P. myosurorpEs, В. Br. Pekan, Khol, and Kwala Tembeling. P. Муовоз, Lam. Pools, Mahang. SETARIA ITALICA, Beauv. Cultivated under the name of * Iskoy " at Pulau Tawar. S. DASYURA, Beauv. Open country, Pekan, Kwala Luit. S. GLAUCA, Beauv. Pekan. THUAREA SARMENTOSA, Thou. Sandy shores at Rumpin River, Cherating, and Sungei Meang. SPINIFEX SQUARROSUS, Labill. Sandy shores of the sea at Rumpin, Cherating, Sungei Meang, and Kwala Pahang. LEPTASPIS URCEOLATA, R. Br. Woods, Pulau Jellam. ORYZA SATIVA, Linn., is cultivated, but not very extensively. О. SATIVA, var.? Two curious wild forms, possibly distinct species: one at Pekan, in damp muddy thickets, and one on the Tahan River. LEERSIA HEXANDRA, Sw. Common іп swamps, Pekan, &c. Рекотів LATIFOLIA, В. Br. Sandy places near the sea, Kwala Pahang, as far up as Pekan. ZOYSIA PUNGENS, Linn. With the last. IMPERATA CYLINDRICA, Cyr. Common. POLLINIA СПЛАТА, Trin. Local; when met with it was abundant, but flowering scantily. Renchong, Pahang River; Tahan River banks. Р. Кт, Hack. Sandy coasts, Rumpin River, Sungei Meang. Not known elsewhere. SACCHARUM ARUNDINACEUM, Retz. Very common all up the Pahang and Tembeling Rivers | EASTERN COAST OF THE MALAY PENINSULA. 401 SaAccHARUM Втогвут, Hack. Common near Pekan, on the river-banks. Not known elsewhere. ROTTBOELLIA GLANDULOSA, Trin. Common in thickets. Pahang River; Rumpin and Tahan Rivers. В. cEMINATA, Hack. Borders of woods, Rumpin River, Pekan. Not known elsewhere. IscucMuM MUTICUM, Linn. Very common every where. APLUDA VARIA, Var. INTERMEDIA, Hack. River-banks, Mahang and near Pekan. MANISURIS GRANULARIS, Sw. Banks of river at Pulau Tawar. PoGONATHERUM POLYSTACHYUM, В. Br. Very common. River-banks, Pahang and Tahan Rivers. ANDROPOGON ($ AMPHILOPHIS) INTERMEDIUS, В. Br. Pekan. A., sp. Kwala Tenok, Tahan River. | : А. ($ HETEROPOGON) сохтовтов, Linn. Heath country, Kwala Pahang. А. ARISTULATUS, Hochst. Kwala Pahang, Pekan. А. ACICULATUS, Retz. Very common all along the Pahang and Tembeling Rivers. THEMEDA GIGANTEA, Hack., var. VILLOSA. Pulau Tawar, Mahang, бс. It is called * ''impayang." T. ARUNDINACEA, mihi. Pekan, open country. I have seen only one specimen, collected by Dr. Haviland. SPOROBOLUS ELONGATUS, Beauv. Dry heathy country, Pekan. ERIACHNE CHINENSIS, Benth. Common on heaths at Pekan. Е. TRISETA, Nees. Heath country round Pekan. Сүхорох Олстугох, Linn. Common, and rather variable. Pulau Tawar, Pekan. ELEUSINE жбурттАСА, Linn. Sea-coasts. Кы, Pahang, Sungei Meang, с. Е. туртсл, Linn. Very common in waste ground all up the Pahang River. LEPTOCHLOA CHINENSIS, Nees. River-banks, Kamposa in Kelantan; Kwala Tembeling and Kwala Semantan, Pahang River. І., sp. Ina pool, Pulau Tawar. EraGRrostis ZEYLANICA, В. Br. Damp spots, heath country, Kwala Pahang. 402 МЕ. Н. N. RIDLEY ON THE FLORA OF THE ERAGROSTIS PLUMOSA, Retz. Very common. Pekan, &c., in Pahang, and Kamposa in Kelantan. Е. Browni, Kunth. Common. Kwala Pahang and Kamposa in Kelantan. Е. FERRUGINEA, Thunb. Heaths, Kwala Pahang. E. UNIOLOIDES, Nees. Very common in Pahang and Kelantan. Е. nutans, Retz. Heathy country near Pekan. PHRAGMITES ROXBURGHII, Kunth. Common allup the Pahang River. Pulau Chengei; Temerloh ; Pulau Tawar. CENTOTHECA LAPPACEA, Beauv. Common in woods from Kwala Pahang to Tahan. LoPHATHERUM GRACILE, Brongn. Common in the Tahan woods. Lerrurus REPENS, В. Br. Sandy shores, Rumpin River, Sungei Meang. Several species of Bamboo occur in various parts of Pahang and Kelantan, but I was never fortunate enough to secure flowers of any. LYCOPODIACE. Lycoropium cERNUUM, Linn. Common in open country everywhere. Kwala Pahang, &c. L. PHLEGMARIA, Linn. Kwala Pahang, Pekan. L. NUMMULARIFOLIUM, Blume. Tahan River, on trees. SELAGINELLA WALLICHII, Spring. Tahan River. 8. WirLpENOvir, Baker. Tanjong Antan, Kota Glanggi, Pulau Tiuman. S. INJEQUALIFOLIA, Spring. Tahan River. : S. FLABELLATA, Spring. Kota Glanggi woods. S. CAULESCENS, Spring. Tanjong Antan. S. PLUMOSA, Baker. Таһап River. FILICES. CyaTHEA Brunonis, Wall. Banks of Tahan River. HYMENOPHYLLUM BLUMEANUM, Spreng. River Tahan woods. Н. potyantuos, Sw. Several forms of this variable plant were collected in the Tahan woods. EASTERN COAST ОЕ THE MALAY PENINSULA. 403 HYMENOPHYLLUM Ккквп, Hook. River Tahan woods. TRICHOMANES DIGITATUM, Sw. Таһап woods. T. JAVANICUM, Blume. Common in the Tahan woods. A very much finer fern than the common Singapore woodland one, with a stout stem and the deep green fronds forming a complete circle. T. RIGIDUM, Sw. Tahan woods. T. TRICHOIDEUM, Sw. Tahan woods. HUMATA HETEROPHYLLA, J. Sm. Pekan, common. Н. PEDATA, J. Sm. Tahan woods. PROSAPTIA CONTIGUA, Presl Оп wet mossy trees іп the Tahan Valley. DAvALLIA BULLATA, Wall. Kota Glanggi. D. ELEGANS, Sw. Pekan; Cherating River. MICROLEPIA SPELUNCH, T. Moore. Kwala Tahan. Also met with at Kamposa in Kelantan. STENOLOMA CHINENSIS, Ебе? Kwala Tahan. LINDSAYA SCANDENS, Hook. Common, Tahan woods. L. CULTRATA, Sw. Typical form on rocks in Tahan River. ———, var. LoBBIANA, Ridl. Tahan woods. L. FLABELLULATA, Dryand. Tahan woods. L. DAVALLIOIDES, Blume. Таһап River woods. SCHIZOLOMA LOBATA (Lindsaya lobata, Poir.). River Tahan. ADIANTUM CaPILLUS-VENERIS, Linn. Rocky banks of the Таһап; local, but plentiful in spots. PTERIS GREVILLEANA, Wall. Pekan, where it is called “ Seala Kayu.” Р. sEMIPINNATA, Linn. Passir Loyang. «Раки Medang " (Laurel Fern) of the natives. P. AQUILINA, Linn. Abundant іп the sandy country. CERATOPTERIS THALICTROIDES, Brongn. Common ш swamps and ditches. Kwala Pahang, &с. BLECHNUM ORIENTALE, Linn. Pekan. ӛк SECOND SERIES.—BOTANY, VOL. III. 404 MR. Н. М. RIDLEY ON THE FLORA OF THE THAMNOPTERIS NrpUS, Presl. Very common , var. MUSJEFOLIA, Ridl. Tahan woods. var. PHYLLITIDIS, Ridl.. Common. 3 ASPLENIUM LONGISSIMUM, Blume. Pramau, Pekan. A. нтвтом, Kaulf. Tahan woods. А. NITIDUM, Sw. Pulau Tiuman. А. RESECTUM, Sm. Tahan woods. A. PALLIDUM, Blume. Tahan woods. DIPLAZIUM PORRECTUM, Presl. Tahan woods. D. томехтоѕсм, Blume. Tahan woods. D. SORZOGONENSE, Presl. Таһап woods. D. TENERUM, Presl. Pulau Tawar. ANISOGONIUM ESCULENTUM, Presl. Pulau Manis, &c.; common. MESOCHLÆNA POLYCARPA, R. Br. Tahan woods, Pulau Padang, Pahang River. ASPIDIUM SINGAPORIANUM, Wall. Kwala Tenok, Tahan woods. А. VASTUM, Blume. Khol, Tembeling River. А. CICUTARIUM, Sw. Tahan woods. А. TERNATUM, Baker. Pramau. А. SEMICORDATUM, Sw. Tanjong Antan. LASTREA IMMERSA, Blume. Kwala Tahan. L. CRASSIFOLIA, Blume. Kota Glanggi. | NEPHRODIUM ARIDUM, Baker. Pekan. N. CALCARATUM, Hook. River Tahan. N. UROPHYLLUM (Polypodium urophyllum, Wall.. Common in the woods, Pulau Tawar, Temerloh, Kota Glanggi. N. AMBOINENSE, Presl. Khol, River Tembeling, where it is called ** Рака Anjing” (Dog Fern). NEPHROLEPIS ACUTA, Presl. Kwala Tembeling, &c. EASTERN COAST OF THE MALAY PENINSULA. 405 DIcTYOPTERIS DIFFORMIS, T. Moore. Tanjong Antan. POLYPODIUM SUBEVENOSUM, Baker? Оп rocks in Tahan River. P. NIGRESCENS, Blume. Pekan. NIPHOBOLUS ACROSTICHOIDES, J. Sm. Kwala Pahang. №. PENANGIANUS, Hook. Kota Glanggi. N. NUMMULARLEFOLIUS, J. Sm. Common, Kwala Pahang. Птртевів HomsrrELDI, Веда. (Polypodium Horsfieldii, R. Br... Rare, in one place in the Tahan woods. D. LosBrANA, T. Moore. Rocky banks of Tahan River; grows іп great profusion in some places. DRYNARIA RIGIDULA, Sw. Tahan woods. D. QUERCIFOLIA, J. Зт.? Kwala Pahang, Kwala Tembeling. D. [лххлї, Bory. Pulau Datoh, Pulau Chengei. SELLIGUEA ЁЕЕт, Bory. Common, Tahan woods. MENISCIUM TRIPHYLLUM, Sw. Таһап woods. ANTROPHYUM PLANTAGINEUM, Kaulf. Kota Glanggi, Tahan woods. VITTARIA ELONGATA, Sw. Pramau, Pekan. У. SCOLOPENDRINA, Thw. Tahan woods. TuNrTIS BLECHNOIDES, Sw. Common, Pulau Tawar, Kwala Tembeling, Temerloh.. Known as “ Paku Pijai.” ELAPHOGLOSSUM, sp. Only one specimen, Tahan woods. STENOCHLJENA SORBIFOLIA, J. Sm. Tahan woods. GYMNOPTERIS FLAGELLIFERA, Wall. Pulau Tiuman woods. ACROSTICHUM AURITUM, Sw. Kota Glanggi. A. AUREUM, Linn. Kwala Pahang. SCHIZÆA DICHOTOMA, Sw. Common, Rumpin River, Pramau, Pekan, Tahan River, in sandy spots. S. DIGITATA, Sw. Common, Tahan, Kwala Tembeling, Pekan. x 406 МЕ. Н. №. RIDLEY ON THE FLORA OF THE Тубортом отснотомум, Bedd. Common, Tahan River, &c. L. potystacuyuM, Wall Kwala Tembeling. L. PiNNATIFIDUM, Sw. Kwala Tembeling. ANGIOPTERIS EVECTA, Hoffm. Seen only in one place close to the village, Pekan. HELMINTHOSTACHYS ZEYLANICA, Hook. Not rare in thickets, Pekan, Pulau Manis, Pulau Jellam, Passir Loyang, Temerloh. APPENDIX. [Norz.—Since the preceding pages were in type the following descriptions of new plants have been received from the Author.— Вес. L. 8. | P. 374. ACRIOPSIS PURPUREA, n. sp. Pseudobulbi oblongi, lete virides, $ pollicem longi, 1 pollicem crassi, congesti. Folia oblanceolata bina, 1j pollices longa, 5 pollicem lata, tenuiora, apicibus obtusis. Scapus 5-pollicaris, validulus, haud ramosus. Flores circiter 18 secundi, iis Æ. javanice majores et carnosiores, atro-purpurei ; pedicelli violacei, cum ovariis viridibus, 2 pollicem longi. Bracteze ovatæ acutze, рагу, pedi- cellos amplectentes. Sepalum posticum angustum, apice abrupte decurvo, obtuso, cucullato, atro-purpureum, apice flavescente; lateralia paullo latiora, connata. Petala spathulata obtusa, 4 pollicem longa. Labellum porrectum, basi angustatum, lamina hastata truncata, auriculis parvis, ad basin margine crispo, callo quadrangulari in medio, violaceo-roseum, margine albo. Columna kermesina, clinandrio cucullato profundo, margine albo, brachiis rectis subaeutis; rostello minimo acuto. On trees in a small thicket at Pramau, near Pekan; rare. А very compact little plant, remarkable for its broad rounded leaves and its deep maroon-purple secund flowers. Тһе lip is of the shape of a spade with two little ears projecting backwards at the base and а small white square callus in the centre. The oblong pseudobulbs are composed of two internodes, each of which emits a leaf. P.388. DRACENA |NUTANS, n. sp. Caules debiles subscandentes, graciles, $ pollicem crassi, internodiis brevibus, grisei. Folia angusta, linearia acuminata mucronata, 12 pollices longa, 4 pollicem lata, lete viridia. Panicula nutans bipedalis; ramis EASTERN COAST OF THE MALAY PENINSULA. 407 gracilibus, longis, 6-7, remotis. Bracteæ рату, ovate аспіге, brunnese. Flores bini aut singuli, pedicellis 3 pollicem longis, virescenti-albi, 12 pollices longi, graciles, basi dilatata, superne teretes, lobis perianthii liberis ad $ longitudinis, linearibus, spathu- latis obtusis. Stamina filamentis flavis, quam perianthium brevioribus. Stylus filiformis, perianthium superans, album. Васса aurantiaca, globosa, mediocris, seminibus 1-2. In damp spots by the river Ayer Hitam, near Pekan. Ап elegant. half-scandent Dracena, with numerous narrow leaves crowded towards the top of the bare stems. Тһе flowers are in a large loose panicle, and for them alone the plant is well worth cultivation. DESCRIPTION OF THE PLATES. PLATE LXI. Pomazota sylvestris, n. sp. А. Complete plant (life-size). F. Calyx and ovary (enlarged). B. Flower (enlarged). б. Ovary,in section (enlarged). C. Flower, from in front (enlarged). H. Anther dehiscing. D. Flower, corolla opened (enlarged). I. Seed. E. Bud (enlarged). PrATE LXII. Geophila melanocarpa, n. sp. A. Complete plant (natural size). | E. Stamen (enlarged). B. Flower (enlarged). | F. Seed, outer side (enlarged). C. Flower, in section (enlarged). | С. Seed, inner side (enlarged). D. Style (enlarged). | | Puate LXIII. Spiladocorys angustifolia, n. sp. A. Whole plant (natural size). E. Pollinia (enlarged). B. Flower (enlarged). F. Capsule (enlarged). C. Coronal scale (enlarged). G. Seed. D. Stamen, inner face (enlarged). | SECOND SERIES.—BOTANY, VOL. III. art 408 ON THE FLORA OF THE EASTERN COAST OF THE MALAY PENINSULA. РАТЕ LXIV. Cirrhopetalum planibulbe, n. sp. F. Column and lip, side view (enlarged). А. Plant (natural size). i B. Pseudobulb, from beneath (enlarged). G. Petal (enlarged). C. Pseudobulb, in section, H. Ап ег (enlarged). D. Flower, front view (enlarged). I. Pollinia (enlarged). E. Lip (enlarged). Рглте LXV. Lecanorchis malaccensis, n. sp. A. Whole plant (natural size). F. Column, from in front, of a freshly-opened B. Sepal and petal (natural size). flower (enlarged). C. Petal (natural size). . .G. Side view of the same (enlarged). D. Lip and column (natural size). H. Front view, at a later stage; pollinia in E. End view of lip and column (enlarged). contact with the stigma (enlarged). I. Cupule on the apex of ovary (enlarged). Prate LXVI. Protamomum mazillarioides, n. sp. А. Plant (natural size). E. Stamen (enlarged). B. Petal (enlarged). | Е. Capsule (natural size). _ С. Front view of the flower, sepals and lip G. Ovary, in section (enlarged). removed (enlarged). H. Seed (enlarged). D. Back view of the same (enlarged). Trans. шин. Soc. Bot. Srr.2.Vol. III. P1. 61. Ridley. Н е oy ж», А4 West, Newman imp. Ridley. з Trans. ым. Soc. Bot. Szr.2. Vol.lll.P1. 62. MELANOCARPA. Trans. Liny. Doc. SER. 2 Вот.Уоь.П.Рь.63.. | Im, 27 T sec Ridley. J.N.Fitch libh 6 imp. SPILADOCORYS ANGUSTIFOLIA . — J.P'Alwis ex sicc. é Trans. Linn. Soc. Bot. SER.2. Vou. M. Pl. 64. Ridl ey CIRRHOPE TALUM PLANIBULBE. . VoL IIT PL65. Tam Tan Soe Bot MALACCENSIS. 24 х LECANORCHIS 66. . Traws.Linn, Soc. SER. 2 огу. „ШР, "Alwis ad J.N.Fitch lith & imp. B. PROTAMOMUM MAXILLARIOIDE viv. 2р LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. = C MEMORANDA CONCERNING TRANSACTIONS. = The First ari of the Transactions, containing both Botanical and Zoologieal contributions, has been eompleted in 30 Vols., and a few entire sets are still for sale. Only certain single volumes, or parts to complete sets, may . be obtained at the original priees. The price of the Index to Vols. 1—95 is 8s. to the publie, and 6s. to Fellows; to _ Vols. 26-30, 4s. to the publie, and 3s. to Fellows. | .. The Second Series of the Transactions is divided into Zoological and Botanical sections. ‘which have been published of these are аз undermentioned :— The prices of the | iud to | Sue. When . Price to the Price to | ; ellows. Eco : Published. Public. Fellows. scs e d. 5 ЕЕ и виа. о B : SECOND Sertes.—Borany, Lug Pan T. NA... | Part 1I. 1875. .... = Part III. 1878, ОР PV 186... a is 8а Dore Part VL 1870... c Pus YID 1880... р в с И IX. 880... Ры IL 188Lh..... 1883. . n ч and Ser, BOTANY] (VOL. Ш. PART 1020 THE TRANSACTIONS OF THE LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON, | CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE EMBRYOLOGY OF THE AMENTIFERE—PART I. ВУ MARGARET BENSON, В.8с., MARION KENNEDY STUDENT, NEWNHAM COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGR, — LONDON: PRINTED тон THE LINNEAN SOCIETY Pu | = TAYLOR AND FRANCIS, RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET. oe е gt 2) 2 2 SOLD AT THE SOCIETY’S APARTMENTS, BURLINGTON-HOUSE, PICCADILLY, Ww, 2 - AND BY LONGMANS, GREEN, AND с0., ‘PATERNOSTER-ROW. vid: February төрі. | ea ue t , - т * D^ [ 409 ] ХІ. Contributions to the Embryology of the Amentiferee.—Part І. Ву MARGARET Bensox, B.Sc., Marion Kennedy Student, Newnham College, Cambridge. (From the Botanical Laboratories of University College, London, and of the University of Cambridge.) (Communicated by Prof. Е. W. ОттуЕЕ, M.A., D.Sc., F.L.S.) (Plates LXVIL-LXXIL) о Read 15th June, 1893. IN November 1891 Professor Е. W. Oliver suggested that I should investigate the embryology of the British Атеп еге. Не had on several occasions expressed his regret that such an interesting group of plants should be comparatively neglected by the botanist, and on the appearance of Treub's magnificent treatise оп Casuarina * the need became more urgent. "Тһе work has been throughout conducted under his guidance, although it . has been latterly carried on in a Research room kindly allotted to me in the University Botanical Laboratory, Cambridge, by Mr. F. Darwin. Тһе onerous nature of the investigation will be understood if one recalls the long list of genera which are grouped together under the somewhat elastic term Amentifere, which I will use in the present paper as including the Cupuliferee, Corylez, Betulinez, Juglandace:e, and Salicineee. T T т There was little material in hand; but during the spring and summer of 1892 I collected complete series of the female flowers of representative species of eleven genera, and of many I have been at no little trouble to obtain parallel series of different species. The flowers were always preserved in absolute alcohol, although occasionally in рістіс or chromic acid also. There is but little literature to guide one as to the date of the important stages, even if such particulars could be of much use in a climate like ours ; and the styles having withered often for months, the result was that very frequent gatherings had to be made long before the actual processes occurred which were sought. Fortunately it is tolerably easy to obtain good results by the examination of fresh material, although in the most critical periods the difficulty was increased by the large number of ovules that normally abort, for repeated preparations had to be made before one could rely on the ovules being such as were continuing their development. The result has been that, although over two hundred bottles of material were collected, and unremitting attention was given from March until September, I am still obliged to rely on this year’s material (2. е. 1893) for a stage of development in two or three cases. Lastly, the flowers belonging, for the most part, to our forest trees, which bear their fruit chiefly on their upper branches, was another serious impediment to the proper progress of this research. I adduce these particulars merely to explain the great length of time that has elapsed since the task was undertaken, and as some apology for the fragmentary nature of this first instalment of my results. * М. Treub, “ Sur les Casuarinées et leur place dans le Systéme Naturel,” Ann. du Jard. Bot. de Buitenzorg, x. рр. 145-231, s SECOND SERIES.—BOTA NY, VOL. III. зм 410 MISS M. BENSON—CONTRIBUTIONS ТО THE Examination of the fresh material was, as I have said, made as far as possible when it was gathered, and, although the exceeding delicacy of manipulation required of an em- bryologist, if trustworthy results are to be obtained, could scarcely be called into play when material was accumulating so fast, I soon found myself in contact with new and interesting forms which I had never met with before. It seemed advisable that I should ascertain the whole course of development of the embryo-sac and its contents in at least one particular group of genera and thus be sure of my ground іп oneconnexion. І chose the Cupuliferze, which, although more normal in many respects than some other groups, will prove, I think, on further description, to be an interesting point of reference when we pass to others. CUPULIFERZ. This group is referred to in the ‘Genera Plantarum’ of Bentham and Hooker as the Quercineze, under which name are placed the four genera Quercus, Castanopsis, Castanea, and Fagus. For embryological purposes it appears to me best to give some account of Fagus first. | Faeus. (Pl. LXVII. fies. 1-11; Pl. LXVIII. figs. 12, 18.) The species selected for observation was Fagus sylvatica, Linn., and to this I refer by its generic name simply. Early in April we Сап just distinguish the buds which contain the young flower-heads from the less bulky leaf-buds. If the young female flowers are now examined we find the ovules are already laid down, and rudiments of the inner integument are seen to be forming, partly at the expense of the epidermis. Simultaneously one or more contiguous epidermal cells at the apex of the young nucellus divide by periclinal walls, While this is takin g place there is differentiated immediately below them a layer of subepidermal cells, generally from three to six in number, as seen in a longi- tudinal section, which forthwith begin to divide by parallel straight walls in the same manner as the apical epidermal cells, 2. e. periclinally (figs. 1, 2). Although nearly the whole of the nucellus is constructed from these two layers, only the central strands maintain the regular mode of division and become strongly marked out from the peripheral tissue. Ina transverse section this core of the nucellus generally separates from the surrounding tissue and leaves a ring of nucellar tissue within the double ring of the transversely-cut integuments, As development proceeds the epidermal cap spreads over the whole upper surface of the nucellus and grows to be about thirteen cells deep, thus forming nearly a third of its bulk (fig. 9, е.р.). The central strands of the nucellus, as follows from what has been said, extend down to the level of the insertion of the inner integument, and are composed of large prismatic cells—often hexagonal in transverse section, and, especially in the central regions of the nucellus, elongated in the direction of its axis. It not unfrequently happens that in one strand certain partition-walls are delayed in development, and thus we get one long сей | corresponding to a tier of three or more cells. These long cells are often crowded out (fig. 10, 4.с.). It seems, however, that, at least occasionally, the embryo-sac may arise in this manner (fig. 8, /.с.). This central series of coaxial strands appears to be “ sporogenous tissue,” although it is very rare in Fagus to find more than one cell continuing its EMBRYOLOGY OF THE AMENTIFERJE, 411 development, though such a case is shown in fig. 9, e.s., e.s. I have not been able to trace the organie base of these axial strands in material gathered later than Мау 14, ten days after the date of the ovule drawn in fig. 39. In the case referred to, the tendency to develop one strand more prominently than the rest, which we sometimes observe even іп Fagus, is shown by the semi-diagrammatic figure (fig. 5), which should, however, be contrasted with that given in fig. 6. The embryo-sac most frequently develops from a cell that lies about fourth or fifth down from the epidermal cap. "There is no other mark by which to distinguish it from its sister cells above and below it in an axile row than the formation of the two nuclei which take up their position at either end of the cell (fig. 7, e.s.). But we may, perhaps, from analogy with other Angiosperms, tentatively regard the cells intervening between it and the epidermis as tapetal. Pollination occurred on Мау 9, just three weeks before the pollen-tubes reached the embryo-sac. On May 24 the ovarian cavity was crowded with branching pollen-tubes, three or four of which have been seen to enter a micropyle simultaneously (fig. 11). They enter the epidermal cap and make their way to the apex of the embryo-sac. Here one was observed to penetrate for a short distance between the two synergidz which abutted on the apex of the sac, but I have not succeeded in observing the transfer or even presence of the male nucleus. The converging tiers of cells of the epidermal cap are doubtless of service in directing the course of the pollen-tube, and their marked turgidity is probably also advantageous, for the cells collapse and flatten after fertilization has taken place. Fig. 12 shows a pollen-tube plunging between these receptive cells. The embryo-sae presents nothing abnormal up to the period of fertilization. Аб this time the antipodals acquire a thick cellulose wall, and are thus prevented from entering the cecum, which is now extruded from the base of the вас. "The definitive nucleus enters this cecum, which sometimes reaches to the base of the nucellus, taking its course down one of the tiers of cells already described (fig. 13). То sum up :—Fagus is normal in the structure of its embryo-sac and in the course taken by the pollen-tube. - Its sporogenous tissue agrees far more with Strasburger's well-known description of Rosa livida than with Treub’s account of Casuarina, and the cecum is only formed оп, or shortly before, fertilization. CasrANEA. (Pl. LXVIII. figs. 14-21; РІ. LXIX. figs. 22-27.) . Тһе species examined has been Castanea vulgaris, Lam. (C. sativa, Mill.), and to this I refer when employing the generic name. The appearance of the young nucellus is best understood by a reference to fig. 14. Essentially the same structure obtains as in Fagus, but the lateral strands no longer, in their early stages, suggest a sporogenous tissue. The central strand of five to eight cells is obviously the archesporium. The two to four upper square cells, the uppermost of which abuts immediately on the epidermis, appear to be very evidently tapetal. The embryo-sac lies immediately below them, and we find two sister cells continuing the row, which I have several times observed to be bi-nucleate (fig. 18,5.с.). Occasionally these cells undergo further division, as is shown in fig. 20, ат, They enlarge and compress the neighbouring cells, some of which may be observed to 3M 2 412 MISS М. BENSON—CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE resist the pressure and become spindle-shaped, and occasionally bi-nucleate, themselves, but it is difficult to discriminate between a nucleus breaking down in process of degeneration and an active one when the cells are surrounded by a degenerating tissue, It is, however, important to bear in mind that small spindle-shaped cells appear around the base of the axial strand, and are formed sometimes by divisions arising obliquely in this row, and apparently sometimes by secondary modification of members of the immediately contiguous lateral strands. They are generally at first smaller than their neighbours, although some are destined later to undergo a strikingly new development (figs. 16, 17). Meanwhile the cell about to become the embryo-sac has enlarged. Its nucleus has divided into two and then into four in a manner entirely normal. Later on the polar nuclei fuse and form an exceptionally large and conspicuous definitive nucleus (figp. 21, d.».) which is connected with other contents of the sac in all directions by anastomosing moniliform strands, often of great tenuity. Аз previously described, in Fagus this nucleus passes into the cecum, which is now extruded. In Castanea the cecum breaks its way through the side-wall of the nucellus near its apex, and runs down between the long cylindrical nucellus and the inner integument (fig. 20) and very quickly reaches the base of the nucellus. The antipodals are consequently not thrust to one side, and they arrange themselves in а tier as shown in fig. 21, а. It is around this pointed organic base of the embryo-sac that we first observe the appearance of small tracheides, one or more of which ultimately reach a considerable size and become remarkably conspicuous objects under the microscope. Ав these at once suggest an homology with the tracheides in the sporogenous tissue of Casuarina as figured by Treub* in plates xix. and xx., I have given several drawings of them (figs. 21- 27). Itis by far the commonest result in а longitudinal section to find but one tracheide ; indeed fig. 22 represents the only preparation I have obtained that shows a complete and | symmetrical arrangement of such tracheides around the antipodal extremity of the embryo- sac. Their function is as unaccountable to me as that of the tracheides in Casuarina was to Treub; but I do not think we can doubt their homology when we bear in mind the undoubtedly sporogenous nature of the tissue surrounding the embryo-sae in Fagus, and the great structural resemblance of the nucellus of Castanea to that of Fagus. Moreover, they are never found outside the well-marked defeneration-area which extends for a short distance down the centre of the nucellus, and they appear to carry on their develop- ment even when the embryo-sac, as in many of the abortive ovules, has ceased to expand. The whole character of these tracheides is so distinct from that of any other cells in the nucellus, whether of Fagus, Quercus, or Castanea, that I have little hesitation in regarding them as a vestige of some long-lost. structure. But the strongest evidence in support of this claim lies in a comparison of the spindle-shaped cells, and their later stages as tracheides, with the long, narrow, pointed cells about to be described in the case of Carpinus (Pl. LXXI. fig. 48, s.). We see there the coaxial system of strands is almost completely merged in one part of its course into a mass of these long pointed cells. The only suggestion of these that we find in Fagus is the tendency of the walls * Ann. du Jard, Bot. de Buitenzorg, x. EMBRYOLOGY OF THE AMENTIFER.E, 413 in the lower regions of the strands to be more or less oblique instead of exactly trans- verse—as are the walls which give the characteristic appearance to the upper part. The Castanea material I have worked upon was gathered in the East of England and gave very unsatisfactory results in the later stages. I hope this year to obtain material from a district in which this species is better able to carry on the development of its fruit. Judging, however, from flowers gathered from August 6, when I first find the tracheides appearing, until August 22, I should be inclined to say they are not constantly present. A complete series of sections of an ovule cut with the microtome often reveals no trace of a tracheide, and this inconstant appearance supports the view that they are vestiges of some former structure. Quercus. (Pl. LXIX. figs. 28, 29.) This genus has not afforded me anything distinctive to relate. It closely resembles Castanea in the structure of the nucellus, although this never attains the great length that is so characteristic in Castanea. The axial strand, the position of the embryo-sac in this, all the processes in the embryo-sac—including the extrusion of the ceecum (fig. 29, c@.)—and the arrangement of the antipodals in a pointed base, can be readily demonstrated to be similar. I have been able to verify Hofmeister’s observations on the course of the pollen-tubes, several of which enter and descend a single micropyle. The pollen-tubes form short blind branches as shown in fig. 28, c., c. ‘Lhe embryo, being attached to the apex of the extruded embryo-sac, is to be seen lying almost in the micropyle up which the embryo-sac pressed before fertilization. CASTANOPSIS. This genus still awaits investigation, but I hope soon to have the material in hand. The fruit takes two years to develop, as is well known to be the case with Q. rubra, Q. Cerris, and many other species of Quercus. On leaving the Cupuliferæ we enter upon the examination of two groups of the Amentiferæ which, so far as yet investigated, reveal a striking phenomenon in the abnormal course of the pollen-tube, which does not enter the micropyle, but penetrates the nucellus from the chalazal region. This exceedingly interesting fact was first noted by Treub for the case of Casuarina. I hope now to show that it also occurs in Betula and Alnus, Corylus and Carpinus, and I will refer to this group of genera by the dis- tinguishing name of * Chalazogamie Amentiferæ.” Тһе whole account of the course taken by the pollen-tube, and other associated topics, will be found further on, but L will first give a short description of the embryology of representative species cf each genus. BETULA ALBA, Linn. (РІ. LXIX. figs. 30, 31.) The structure of the Young nucellus can be seen from the longitudinal section repre- sented in fig. 30. We see again the coaxial system, the archesporium abutting on the epidermis, and this epidermis two-layered as in an early stage of Fagus. It is the more 414 MISS M. BENSON—CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE interesting to note this resemblance, as in а short paper published March 1898, but which I unfortunately overlooked until the middle of May, the writer expressly states, “Тп the nucellus there is no axial row of cells, which usually appears distinctly in the rest of the Angiosperms ” *. Тһе central axis gives rise eventually to the embryo-sae, which is solitary and at no time in its development forms a cecum. Тһе contents of the sac are normal, and the egg-cell is ready for fertilization at the end of May. In the material gathered in the season of 1892, pollination took place during the first week of May and fertilization during the first week of June. Тһе nucellus never attains to anything but а very in- considerable size, as the whole fruit is adapted for wind-dispersal. Тһе ovules given in longitudinal section (figs. 30 and 31)lay at right angles to the axis of the fruit, but before an ovule attains its full development it becomes anatropous, and the stylar canal is closed by the outgrowth of loose cellular tissue. These organogenetic details being common to the other chalazogamic Amentiferee, and deriving their interest for the embryologist chiefly from their bearing on the course of the pollen-tube, I will enter into them more fully when treating of that subject. ALNUS GLUTINOSA, Medic. (РІ. LXIX. figs. 32, 33; РІ. LXX. figs. 34-38.) The coaxial system of strands still obtains in the nucellus of 4 Linus. The tapetum above the solitary embryo-sac is proportionately longer than in Betula and іп the Cory- lacez. The embryo-sac Нез very deep down in the nucellus, and the tapetum, down which for a considerable part of its course the pollen-tube travels, has a grumous aspect. It is not, perhaps, an improbable conjecture that the cells exert a chemical stimulus upon the tube which enables it to arrive at the apex of the sac after a very sinuous course. The contents of the embryo-sac are normal (fig. 88), and the antipodals resemble those figured by Treub for Myrica rather than those of Castanea, although there is no essential difference, and in all cases cellulose walls are conspicuously present. I have given a figure of the embryo of Alnus, which is again normal (fig. 37). CORYLACEZ. In this group we meet with a far more strongly-developed sporogenous tissue than in Betula and Alnus, although it much resembles theirs in character. In Corylus and Carpinus we find for the first time among the British Amentifere a large number of macrospores which continue their development up to the stage of forming two or even four nuclei. In those which continue their development the characteristic contents of the normal angiospermie embryo-sac are present, but the synergide and antipodals are difficult to recognize, except when first formed. The egg-cell is always a prominent object in the upper region of the sac, whilst the definitive nucleus, in a well- developed caecum of the sac of Carpinus, attains a large size, reminding one of those of Castanea. * “Zur Embryobildung der Birke,” by S. Nawaschin, in Bull. Acad. Imp. Sci. St. Pétersb. sér. iii. xxxv. no. 3. In this paper Mr. Nawaschin records his discovery of the true course of the pollen-tube in Betula. EMBRYOLOGY OF THE AMENTIFERÆ. 415 CORYLUS AVELLANA, Linn. (Pl. LXX. figs. 39-43 ; Pl. LXXI. figs. 44-47.) Tn this genus we find much that is new and of interest to the embryologist. Although the sporogenous tissue is based on the coaxial system, and the strands are particularly clearly marked out in the tapetal region, there is less regularity in the region immediately above the pedicel. The cells are there smaller and more granular, and several early show signs of further development. Тһе sections given in figs. 41, 42, 43 were prepared in June and July 1892 from the fresh material. In fig. 42 one embryo-sac had separated from the section, and its position is indicated only by a gap in the nucellar tissue (p.e.s.). Later on, one of these embryo-saes sends out a protuberance which passes down towards the base of the nucellus. Figs. 46 and 47 represent a cæcum with a pollen-tube abutting upon it. Figs. 44 and 45 also represent a pollen-tube—in sifu—passing up the nucellus from the chalaza. The cecum attains considerable length only when the embryo begins to develop. In this, Corylus offers a striking contrast to Carpinus. On two occasions I have found two fully-developed embryo-sacs, and in these cases they elongated side by side. The egg-cell covers itself with a cellulose wall and becomes attached to the apical part of the wall of the sac. The synergidee never become so large and conspicuous as those of the Cupuliferz. CanprNUs BETULUs, Linn. (Pl LXXI. figs. 48-50; РІ. LXXII. figs. 51-60.) There is much that is similar to Corylus in the early stages of Carpinus. Fig. 48 shows the area of the sporogenous tissue and pedicel as marked out in a longitudinal section. The embryo-sacs arise chiefly from the central strand, and two or more take on a full development and send long ceca down to the base of the nucellus. In fig. 49 only one of these is indicated, fig. 54 shows two, and fig. 53 four; but it is rare to find the cæca quite in the same plane. These cæca are best seen in a comparatively thick section of the nucellus, which is composed of remarkably large and transparent cells in Carpinus. Such a section sometimes reveals a nucellus riddled by these tubes, which necessarily come into close contact at the narrow base of the nucellus. These tubes reach their full length before any endospermic nuclei are formed, and the definitive srotoplasm which reaches from the apex to the nucleus is conspicuous in the cordon of proto j base of the embryo-sac. It is by means of these dense continuous tongues of protoplasm that we can best trace the course of the cæca in Carpinus, and. it is along these that I have on several occasions traced a pollen-tube, which, after entering the base of the cæcum, makes its way to the egg-cell. Fig. 50 shows one still persisting after fertilization has occurred. The Pollen-tube. This subject may be advantageously treated under the three headings of Resting Stage, Chalazal Route, | Branching of the Tube. _ Resting Stage—In Gochel’s ‘Outlines of Classification and Special Morphology,’ 1 416 MISS М. BENSON—CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE find on p. 392 of the English edition the following statement, which, I think, is calculated to give an erroneous impression respecting the process of fertilization in Quercus and Fagus :—* Fertilization is usually accomplished in a very short time after the pollen-tube reaches the apex of the embryo-sac, yet the cases are not few in which a long time elapses between the arrival of the pollen-tube and the commencement of the development which it excites—several days or weeks in woody plants, as Quercus, Fagus, &c.; almost a year in the American oaks, which take two years to тіреп their seed.’ It is here implied that the pollen-tube does not enter on its resting stage until it reaches the embryo-sac, whereas the organogenetic researches of Baillon show that in Quercus no vestige of the ovule is present at the time of pollination, and I have failed to demonstrate the presence of tubes in the stylar canal or ovarian cavity until the period of fertilization approaches. The tubes remain latent during the four months that the ovary is developing in the case of such a species as Quercus Robur, which ripens its fruit in one year; but for so long a period as eleven months in other species of Quercus, which take two years to ripen their fruit. The case is very similar in the Betuline and Corylace:e. “In the material which I have examined gathered in 1892, the pollen-tubes remained in a resting stage in the case of Corylus from February 5 until June 21, i.e. over four ealendar months; in the case of Carpinus, from May 6 to July 1, nearly two months ; in the case of Alnus, from March 23 to June 17 , nearly three months ; and in the case of Betula, from May 6 until June 8, one month. The case of Fagus is particularly easy to investigate. Тһе ovule represented in Pl. LXVII. fig. 4 represents the stage reached when pollination occurred оп May 9, but no pollen-tubes could be found in the cavity of the ovary until May 21, when they were observed descending from the stylar canal in great numbers, and the rapidity of their growth was also curiously manifested by a chemical reaction that occurred in material gathered and pickled during the week beginning May 91. Large erystals of caleium oxalate were deposited on the interior wall of the ovary around the ovules, and often even on the free pollen-tubes as they left the stylar canal and entered the larger cavity of the ovary. But even on Мау 24 no pollen-tube had reached the nucellus. Three days were required by them to find their way down the very long micropyle. The tunnelling of the epidermal cap was accomplished only on the last two or three days of May. The embryo begins to elongate almost immediately on the pollen-tube reaching the embryo-sac, examples having been found of the various stages in material gathered on the same day. | In order to investigate whether anything unusual occurred in the young pollen-tube which would render it specially fitted for so long а resting stage, Т made several culti- _ vations of the pollen-grains of Carpinus and found that they germinated very freely, thrusting out the intine at one of the five specially-prepared spots. For two days elongation occurred, and then a thickening of the apical region took place, and this distal part of the tube became enlarged (Pl. LX ХТ. figs. 46 and 47). Into this there passed two nuclei, and the tube not only became plugged at its point of junction with the grain, but also I observed it once or twice to be again plugged immediately above the enlarged tip, which thus became virtually an isolated spore like a pollen-grain, which, EMBRYOLOGY OF THE АМЕМТТЕЕВЖ, 417 though it had lost its outer coat, would in the normal state of things be safely housed or encysted in the tissue of the style. After observing this result of germination of pollen-grains, I was in some doubt as to how far it might be merely a pathological arrest of growth. I treated a number of fairly thick longitudinal median sections of the ovary of Carpinus with H,SO, in the hope that maceration of the surrounding tissue would bring into view any trace of the pollen-tubes in the stylar cylinder. Figs. 59 and 60 (Pl. LXXIT.) represent one of these macerated sections, taken from material gathered July 15, 1892; but I have as yet failed to obtain further evidence for the existence of a secondary pollen-grain or portion of tube encysted in the tissue of the style. Chalazal Route.—Leaving now the subject of the resting stage undergone by the pollen-tube, let us turn to a phenomenon which is less universal in Amentifers, and, so far as is at present known, is peculiar to the three groups Casuarines, Betulaceæ, and Corylacez. I refer to the route taken by the pollen-tube to gain access to the embryo- sac. Schacht, writing just forty years ago, claims to have observed a portion of the pollen- tube in the nucellus of Corylus. Не writes : “Several times have I seen in successful longitudinal sections a tubular cell in the tissue of the nucellus, which was united with a racemose body of cells lying in the'apex of the embryo-sac. The tubular cell, сиё off above, is the penetrated pollen-tube ” *. Here Schacht had probably made a very similar observation to that recorded by Hofmeister t in 1858 when he said, respecting Betula and Carpinus, that the cell-layers — covering the apex of the sac are tunnelled by the pollen-tube. | This statement has been a fruitful source of error. Treub quotes the passage as sufficient evidence for the normal course being pursued by the pollen-tube in these trees, and did not consider it necessary to investigate the matter further, although, as it appears, such a step would have led him to conclusions wholly different from those he drew from the literature on the subject. The pollen-tube does indeed in some instances (e.g. Alnus) tunnel the cell-layers which cover the apex of the embryo-sac, but it has, in such cases, reached these cell- layers by a route wholly аз abnormal as Treub has pointed out in the case of Casuarina. It descends from the tissue at the base of the stylar rudiments and, running Рея with the vascular bundle of the raphe, turns abruptly up into the nucellus on reaching its chalazal region (РІ. LXX. fig. 38). The base of the nucellus will be observed to lie in such a direction (figs. 32 and 34) that the pollen-tube following the trend of the cells in the neighbourhood of the vascular bundle of the raphe сш fail to find its way into the nucellus. This position of the base is gradually acquired by unequal Б * * Botanische Zeitung, 1854: Schacht, “ Beiträge zur Anatomie" &e. The “ пое Md ui Dd of the quotation refers probably to a group of three or four embryo-sacs which lie near the 5 t i m ш A р elei adie” tk (e Е UP MEUS ULL AM еее ania quently found in this region, and often strikingly suggestive of bits of — On the whole I cannot accept Schacht’s statement as evidence for the presence of a pollen-tube in this аі dung der Phanerogamen. t Pringsheim's * Jahrbuch, 1858: Hofmeister, « Embryobil АЕ SECOND SERIES.—BOTANY, VOL. III. 418 MISS M. BENSON--CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE two halves of the ovule which cause the very characteristic curvature of the ovules of Alnus, Betula, Corylus, and Carpinus. The position is strongly contrasted with that of Fagus and Quercus, although these ovules are also anatropous; but, at the same time, resembles what, from Treub’s figures, we observe to be the case in Casuarina (plates xxii. and xxiv.) *. From the difference in the one case and the agreement in the other we are, I think, entitled to regard this feature as a special adaptation for chalazogamy. I have given two figures of pollen-tubes in contact with the base of the embryo-sac ceca ( Corylus and Carpinus). In the case illustrated by figs. 46 and 47 (РІ. LXXI.) we find the tube abutting on the comparatively short caecum of Corylus. In figs. 44 and 45, which also exhibit the tube ascending the nucellus, the lower part of the tube alone is represented. In figs. 55 and 56 (Pl. LXXII.), which illustrate a similar case in Carpinus, contact has taken place quite at the base of the nucellus. These instances, and especially the perfo- ration of the wall of the embryo-sac at the spot abutted upon by the pollen-tube, as shown in fig. 55, prepare us for the next stage, which we see delineated in figs. 50 and 51. The pollen-tube enters the base of the fertile embryo-sae іп Corylus and Carpinus, and, con- tinuing its course up the whole length of the czecum, eventually reaches and fertilizes the oosphere by direct contact. Whether this has 'already surrounded itself with a cell- wall or not I have not conclusively determined, although many of the preparations so far made suggest this to be the case, as I have repeatedly found a unicellular egg-cell clothed with a cell-wall where I have failed to demonstrate any vestige of a pollen-tube ; and yet fig. 50 proves it capable of persisting until the oospore has twice divided. Тһе inconspicuous development of the synergidze and their early dissolution are now explained. They are not required to assist in any way the act of fertilization, for the pollen-tube reaches the oosphere from below, having previously entered the embryo-sac in its basal region. Fig. 32 taken with fig. 34 (Pl. LXX.) has enabled me to construct the course taken by the tube in the nucellus of Alnus as given in the diagrammatic drawing, fig. 38. From the chalaza it runs up more or less by the tiers of large cells which constitute the stalk-like prolongation or pedicel (Treub) of the sporogenous tissue already described. It leaves this, and ascends to a level considerably above the apex of the embryo-sac, and then, turning down again, presents the appearance of a tube pursuing a normal course. It was doubtless this last part of the course that was observed by Hofmeister. Branching. —The pollen-tube presents another point of likeness with that of Caswarina, inasmuch as it sends out a short recurved branch on entering the nucellus (fig. 36, b.). This branching of the pollen-tube is a very general feature in the Amentifere. Even in those genera in which we do not find the chalazal course of the tube, we find a process of bifurcation still very widely present. Schacht, in the above-mentioned paper, gives drawings of the pollen-tubes of Pagus. I include a figure of the tubes of Quercus (РІ. LXIX. fig. 28). Тһе character of the branching is, in Fagus, the simple bifurcation of the tube into what appear to be equivalent tubes, but in the case of the chalazogamic * Treub, loc. cit. EMBRYOLOGY ОЕ THE АМЕХТТЕЕВЖ, 419 Amentifere the recurved branches found are simply cæca and probably contain no portion of the fertilizing element. There are several cases of branching pollen-tubes recorded by Hofmeister among the Monocotyledons in the ‘ Neue Beitrage zur Kenntniss der Embryobildung der Phanero- сатеп, 1861. Тһе branched tubes of Pothos longifolia are represented in Taf. x. figs. 1 and 2, and those of Hippeastrum aulicum in Taf. xiii. figs. 4and 6. But more interesting examples of the branching of pollen-tubes occur among the Gymnosperms, where we find in the Сиргеззтея one tube applying its broad extremity to the necks of a whole group of archegonia at the same time, and then forming short narrow protuberances which grow down into the separate archegonia. | Comparative account of the Archesporium in the foregoing Genera. We find in reviewing the various examples described in the preceding pages certain features in their archesporium which they have in common, not only with one another, but with the normal type which has been shown by Strasburger and others to be almost universal among the Angiosperms. Thus we observe in all eight genera the subepidermal origin of the archesporium and also the presence of tapetal cells. Again, the archesporial cells are arranged in strands, formed at first of definite tiers of cells cut off from their respective initial subepidermal cells. But whereas in the normal Angiospermic type we find but one of these strands, which is in the genera now under consideration we find a large number of these rows derived from a subepidermal layer, and it is difficultin many cases to point out one row as more distinctly characterized than some others (РІ. LXVII. fig. 8, Pl. LX XI. fig. 48). This system of strands, forming what I have previously referred to as a sporogenous tissue, is connected with the base of the nucellus by a regular - series of cells which I have referred to as the pedicel of the sporogenous tissue. Again, we find oblique divisions occurring in the cells of this coaxial system of strands he sporogenous tissue. The spindle- which lie between the tapetum and the pedicel of t | shaped cells thus arising, in the case of Castanea, develop into large and conspicuous tracheides, but it is chiefly in the Corylaceæ that they become ы marked feature, thongh they do not form tracheides. Without trespassing too far into the region of theory, it may be of interest to note that the sporogenous tissue of Fagus seems to belong to a more primitive type than we find in the other genera. This A has d Е к + | support from Eichler’s opinion, who deduced from the (оға титр E m 4 1 that the Cupuliferz are а less specialized group than the Cory Fagus also there are two integuments to the ovule and a very well-developed epidermal cap. In the latter character, among others, there is considerable — "— nucellus of Fagus and those of Gnetum, Taxus, and other E ~~ ae - type we find, on the one hand, à reduetion in the extent of the archesport of the other Cupulifere, until there is very little that is not normal in перон ie ea the other hand, a reduction in bulk in the case of Corylaces, Aper poto = ~ although in Corylacee, especially, we can still claim for a large part о qme nucellus a sporogenous nature. 8х2 therefore named “the axile row,” 420 MISS M. BENSON—CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE Relations of the Amentifere to Casuarina as revealed by Embryology. This part of my subject cannot be dealt with exhaustively until further and deeper researches have been made. Тһе agreement I have to point out is so mixed up with striking distinctions that we cannot, so far as our knowledge at present extends, in any way claim to have found a counterpart in our British Amentiferz to the extraordinary facts recorded by Treub for Caswarina. We know nothing of an embryo-sac without antipodals, for they are present and very conspicuous in the British Amentifers. In Betula, Alnus, and the Cupuliferze I have observed the fusing of the polar nuclei, and in every genus the presence of ѕупегоій and naked egg-cell. But Treub concludes his paper with the words :—'* A moins que de nouvelles recherches ne viennent nous apprendre le contraire, il faut considérer la famille des Casuarinées comme la seule de la classe des Chalazo- games." These new researches have now been made, and it will be no longer possible to classify the Casuarineze by themselves as Chalazogams. Alnus, Betula, Corylus, and Carpinus are also Chalazogams, and if we except the distinctions I have just pointed out in the early stages of the embryo-sac, almost all we have to record are, more or less, points of agreement. It will be convenient here to summarize the points of agreement between Casuarina and the British Amentiferz :— 1. In the case of the Corylacee and Betulinez there is the prominent fact of their chalazogamy and all its concomitant adaptations. Among these I may mention the fusion of the tissue of the stylar region with the central strand, which is itself formed by the fusion of the two parietal placentæ, which have grown centripetally until they met and formed one strand, from the upper portion of which the now anatropous ovules spring (ср. figs. 39 and 40, also figs. 34 and 35, РІ. LXX.). Another special adaptation is the projection of the base of the nucellus into such a position that the pollen-tube, after travelling down the raphe in a course parallel with that of the vascular bundle, and following the trend of the cell-rows in the chalazal region, inevitably enters through the circular base of the nucellus (figs. 32, 34). We also see the sheath of crystals, which is so prominent a feature in Casuarina, although it would appear that our British Amentiferze have not specialized it to assist in the act of fertilization, as has occurred in Casuarina (figs. 34 and 35, also fig. 39). 2. Тһе sporogenous tissue, already sufficiently described in another paragraph, although presenting striking points of difference in detail from that of Casuarina, constitutes, in the main, an important point of agreement. | 3. The branching of the pollen-tube, especially the formation of recurved esca before its entry into the nucellus in the chalazogamic genera, and the resting stage that it passes through in the stylar tissue may, perhaps, be mentioned here. 4. The prevalence of ceca formed by the embryo-sac is a remarkable feature of agree- ment. This character is so widely represented in the British Amentiferz that it may fairly be regarded as of taxonomic value. The fact that the tails of the sterile macro- spores in Casuarina serve for the unimpeded pathway of the pollen-tube up the nucellus, while that of Fagus is simply foraging for the needs of its embryo, only offers another example of the special adaptation to new functions of an organ already acquired by EMBRYOLOGY OF THE AMENTIFERJE. 421 inheritance. Whether the esca were originally acquired to assist the embryo-sac to come in contact with the pollen-tube or for foraging purposes is immaterial from the present point of view. Physiological considerations in no way detraet from the classi- ficatory value of these ceca. 5. The presence of tracheides around the base of the embryo-sae in Castunea is a curious and unexpected link between the Cupuliferze and Casuarina. Alone this feature might be regarded as too detached and fragmentary to be of any value as a point of agreement, but when we remember that we can suggest no function subserved by them either in Casuarina or in Castanea, and that their appearance is inconstant in both cases, the probability is increased that they represent some former organ * possessed by the common ancestor of Casuarina and. the Сара Шеге, It might be noted here that although the ovules of our British chalazogamic Amentiferee possess but one integument, Casuarina, in common with the Cupuliferze, possesses a second. Conclusion.—There is still a large part of my work to be done. I have not yet relinquished all hope that the Amentiferæ are a field of research in which we may find some clue to the solution of the vexed problem of the homology of the antipodals and of the fusion of the polar nuclei of the embryo-sae, and it will be partly with this object in view that I continue and extend my investigations. DESCRIPTION OF THE PLATES. Рглте LXVII. Fagus. Fig. 1. A longitudinal median section of young ovule of date May 4, 1892. ep., the beginning of the apical divisions of the epidermis above the archesporium ; @., archesporium mother-cells ; i., integument forming partly at the expense of the epidermis. Fig. 2. A similar section to the above. This figure shows, when contrasted with the previous, the early laying-down of the anatropy of theovule. The funicle of fig. 1 lies to the right of the figure, that of fig. 2 to the left. Fig. 3. The same a little later. ep., the beginning of the epidermal сар; a.c., the lowermost cell of the leoli are very frequently found in most strongly differentiated axial strand. Тһе two nuc central cells at this stage. ; Fig. 4. Тһе same at a still later date, Мау 10,1892. The epidermal сар is here five cells deep. e May 14. The central strand was more clearly Fig. 5. A median longitudinal section of nucellus of dat marked out than the lateral ones and showed a pointed base. (Semi-diagrammatic.) Fig. 6. Ditto, but lateral strands appear of equivalent value. (Semi-diagrammatic.) —— Fig. 7. Ditto, gathered May 21. ер» epidermal cap now ten cells деер; e.s., first division of nucleus of embryo-sac. Fig. 8. Ditto, gathered May 18. ер., as before; t., tapetum ; l. nd connecting the chalaza with the sporogenous tissue. c., long cell equivalent to three of the * Possibly a vascular stra 422 MISS M. BENSON—CONTRIBUTIONS ТО THE contiguous tier—apparently marked out as an embryo-sac; v., vacuole. Тһе strands can be seen here to continue to the base of the nucellus although the section is not exactly median throughout. Fig. 9. Ditto, gathered Мау 28. Shows development of embryo-sacs in #20 contiguous strands. The more advanced one (above) is nearly ready for fertilization. Тһе antipodals have become detached by the razor from the upper part, which contains still the synergidze and polar unclei. ep., epidermal cap now thirteen cells deep; ¢., tapetum; e.s, e.s., embryo- sacs; а., antipodals; f., polar nuclei; p., pedicel. Fig. 10. Portion of the sporogenous tissue of nucellus as it appears in longitudinal section. Zc., long cell being crowded out. | Fig. 11. This drawing is taken from a thick section cut in the fresh material It shows a superficial view of apical region of epidermal cap, the cells of which are turgid; between these plunge three pollen-tubes (p.£.). m., micropyle; r.ep., receptive cell; n., nucellus ; int., integu- ment. РглтЕ LXVIII. Fagus. Fig. 12. Longitudinal section of upper part of nucellus showing pollen-tube (ро...) tunnelling epidermis (ер.). $., synergide ; e.c., naked egg-cell. Fig. 13. Portion of longitudinal section of nucellus showing embryo-sac with extruded cecum. а., anti- podals ; d.n., definitive nucleus ; b.c., base of caecum ; s., strand down which it has made it Way ; e.s., main portion of embryo-sac. Castanea. Fig. 14. Longitudinal median section of nucellus, dated July 8, 1892. a.r., axile row already becoming marked out from contiguous strands. Fig. 15. Ditto, eleven days later. t., tapetal cell; m.s., mother-cell of embryo-sac. Fig. 16. Ditto, July 25. £., tapetal cell; s., pointed cell. Fig. 17. This section belongs to an ovule which had ceased to develop normally. Тһе tapetal cells (/.) had degenerated and the appearance of the contents of the embryo-sac (e.s.) is not normal. b.c., basal cells of axile row ; b.s., spindle-shaped cell. Fig. 18. Longitudinal section showing base of axile row, also from an aborting ovule. 2ғ., mother-cell of tracheide; b.c., bi-nucleate cells of axile row below the embryo-sac. Fig. 19. Upper part of axile row. m., micropyle; e.i., epidermis of inner integument; ¢., tapetum ; n.e.c., naked egg-cell ; a., antipodals. Fig. 20. Longitudinal section of upper part of nucellus, August 22. m., micropyle; i.i., inner integu- ment; e.s., embryo-sac ; d.n., definitive nucleus; m.s., moniliform strands of protoplasm ; се., cecum of embryo-sac ; ag., basal part of axile row; s.c., pointed cells. Fig. 21. Ditto. d.n., definitive nucleus; a., antipodals; fr., tracheide ; 5.c., basal cell of axile row. Puate LXIX. Castanea. Figs. 22-27. Longitudinal sections of nucellus to show tracheides (fr.). a., antipodal; d., degenerating area; m., micropyle; e.s., embryo-sac; d.n., definitive nucleus, faintly indicated only, as the section had been treated with Eau de Javelle. Fig. 28. Pollen-tubes as found growing freely in the ovarian cavity and entering micropyle (m.). o.i., outer integument ; c., ceca of pollen-tube. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. 29. 30. 81. 32. 98. . 99. . 86. PU g. 38. . 99. . 40. 44. 45 . Longitudinal section of nucellus, cut June 21, 1892. . Upper part of similar section. p.e.s., position in which a second e . As before. This section shows four embryo-sacs. The elongation о EMBRYOLOGY OF THE AMENTIFERA. 423 Longitudinal section of nucellus and part of inner integument of Quercus гет. т., micropyle ; қ А СИ e.s., embryo-sac ; a., antipodals; b.c., basal part of axile row; nu., nucellus; cæ., cecum of embryo-sac ; 4.2., inner integument. Betula alba. Longitudinal section of nucellus, Мау 16, 1892. а.с.с., archesporial central-cell dividing. Ditto a little more advanced. а., archesporium. Alnus glutinosa. Outline of upper part of long. sect. of ovary and one ovule just fertilized. p.t., pollen-tube ; e.s., embryo-sac ; c.a., central axis; lo., loculus. Embryo-sac of fig. 32 enlarged. p.t., pollen-tube; s., synergide ; e.c., egg-cell; f., fusing polar nuclei; а., antipodals. Prate LXX. Alnus glutinosa. As in fig. 32, but here is shown the pollen-tube entering the chalazal region, also a transverse section of the tube to the right above the level of embryo-sac. s., stylar rudiments; c., cellular tissue ; ch., sheath of crystals; p.t., pollen-tube ; e.s., embryo-sac. Transverse section of ovary taken at level of dotted line c.c. in fig. 34. p., loose parenchyma showing no stylar canal; ch., crystal sheath and lignfied tissue. Enlarged drawing of base of ovule of fig. 34. ch., chalazal region ; p.t., pollen-tube; i.r., integument (level of insertion of) on the side nearer the raphe; i.d., do. on the distal side; р., branch of pollen-tube. Embryo of Alnus, July 25, 1892. The embryo-sac has eaten its way to the epidermis of apex of nucellus. Three free transitory endosperm-cells are shown. Diagrammatic drawing of ovule of Alnus to show course of the pollen-tube (p.£.). е.з., embryo- sac; f., funicle; v.b., vascular bundle; m., the closed micropyle. Corylus Avellana. of Corylus before the ovule is ready for fertilization. 7., remnant Longitudinal section of ovary pa., loose parenchyma; V., vascular bundle now of stigmas; p., perianth ; ch., crystals ; become central; си., cupule. : Ditto much earlier, showing stylar canal open, and vascular bundles of placentæ still not approaching the centre. 0., ovule; 5.с., stylar canal; other letters as in fig. 39. , e.s., embryo-sae; t., tapetal region; ә pedicel. dd mbryo-sac lay ; a.c., central strand of archesporium ; r.ep., rudimentary epidermal cap. d ge f tapetal cells is often seen. p., pedicel; ep., epidermal sac; e.s., embryo-sac. Prate LXXI. Corylus Avellana. n of ovule showing pollen-tube ascending from chalaza. ) n-tube. ә cecum of DLougitndinal sectio 222. embryo-sac; m., micropyle; p.t., polle Pollen-tube and adjacent cells in the previous fig. enlarged. 7). с.р., cells of nucellus. refringent granules, ?nucleus ; Figs. 46, 47. Pollen-tube abutting on cecum of embryo-sac. 424 MISS М. BENSON —EMBRYOLOGY OF THE AMENTIFERZ. Carpinus Betulus. Fig. 48. Longitudinal section of nucellus (June 24th), showing area of sporogenous tissue shaded to represent the deeper-coloured granular appearance of this tissue. s., spindle-shaped cells ; p., pedicel; ¢., tapetum. Fig. 49. Longitudinal section of nucellus to show caecum of embryo-sac. t., tapetum. Fig. 50. Enlarged drawing from the preparation drawn in fig. 51. Тһе egg-cell appears to have been fertilized, and has already given rise to a 3-celled embryo. The pollen-tube is becoming disorganized, and in the portion abutting upon the embryo has evidently given up a portion of its contents, though actual perforation of its apex could not be demonstrated. em., embryo ; е.8., abortive embryo-sac ; f.e.s., fertile embryo-sac ; p.t., pollen-tube; $., suspensor. Рглте LXXII. Carpinus Betulus. Fig. 51. Nucellus showing the large fertile embryo-sac with three abortive embryo-sacs (a.e.s.) at its micropylar extremity. Throughout the greater length of the fertile embryo-sac (f-e.s.) is the pollen-tube ( p.7.), the apex of which abuts upon the small 3-celled embryo (em.). The chalaza is indicated by the letter c. Fig. 52. Diagrammatic longitudinal median section through ovary of Carpinus (equally for Corylus) to show course of pollen-tube. st., stylar cylinder; sc., sclerized tissue; pa., parenchyma ; pe., remains of perianth ; /., loculus; n., nucellus ; p.t., pollen-tube. Fig. 53. Longitudinal section of nucellus of Carpinus, dated July 1, showing four embryo-sacs. Fig. 54. Ditto, more truly median. Two embryo-sacs have thrown out czca towards base of nucellus, and one remains undeveloped in the apex of nucellus. Polar nuclei in the act of fusing shown in each cecum. e.s., embryo-sac. Fig. 55. Base of the nucellus (shown on a smaller scale in fig. 45 a). e.s.c., cecum of embryo-sac ; p.t., pollen-tube abutting on ditto. Fig. 56. The whole ovule on a smaller scale, from which fig. 45 was taken. Figs. 57, 58. Pollen-grains of Carpinus, germinated in 5 °/, sugar-solution, after 4 days. gr., pollen- grain; а., enlargement at apex of tube. Fig. 59. Upper part of ovary of Carpinus (July 1), showing the position of the (?) encysted pollen-tube. pa., parenchyma ; s., sclerized tissue ; p.e., encysted pollen-tube. Fig. 60. The encysted tube коне 840 онеш f.t., (?) remains of tube which was first formed from the germinating pollen-tube ; s.w., swollen wall after treatment with H550,; /., lumen ; t., (?) tube about to pass down to funicle. Juglans regia. Fig. 61. Longitudinal median section of nucelfus of Juglans, showing the archesporialtissue. а.с., central row of archesporial cells ; /.a., lateral row of ditto ; ¢., tapetum ; e., epidermis. Твам8.І,тмм.бос.Әев.2 Bor Vor, M Pr. 67. M.Benson . J.N. Fito .. MBenson del. AMENTIFERÆ . San d | am E lh ae > E e = e m па = fx son . „Ben M 1 SER So LINN © г E son. .Ben M 70 > Ш “кн 9 Bor VoL. QC. Trans. Linn.S M.Benson. N. Fitch lith E imp J E 1, а к. x {з A © H > A m = 71 [Pr 1 1 г Trans. Linn. doc. SER. 2.BorT VoL] B о a я Ф m = - I.N.Fitch lith & i mp. - Е г pi ` н а = B СУ. E H = M.Benson. MEMORANDA CONCERNING TRANSACTIONS. The First Series of the Transactions, containing both Botanical and Zoologi in 30 Vols., and a few entire sets are still for sale. са be obtained at the original prices. The price of the Index to Vols. 1-95 is 85. _ Vols. 26-30, 4s. to the publie, and 3s. to Fellows. Only certain single vol LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. Т The Second Series of the Transactions is divided into Zoological and Botanical sections. various os which have мй published of these аге as undermentioned :— SUE айша ры Fellows | | CON * d ёа. e | _Вксохр Венна Zotar 1. Pet тв 14 0.. 918 Fat IL 195 ..0 6 0... 0 4 ^ Pai HE ju во аъ Put AV, 1877. 0600 12 | А : = Зоо LAST ло 0346 «1878... 2: юе а, үү 0 эө 0 15 A Сосо На ae bove eI а P vo dh Be dco nk os cc ds. sers * . 1% я И: * * ” * * * * ^ ... . . Мө ж л ш а ае D жылы e ys o . * . . + * ^" s LE AS » . D um . o каке ры» р ao on: 27544 эс ооо RS оо ооооосо Ф _ PartXIII. 1887. ut Part XIV. 1887. em ч Раг ХУ. 1887. А 2 SR ху. 1888. cal contributions, has been completed umes, or parts to complete sets, may to the publie, and 6s. to Fellows ; rude The prices of the Volume. мее оо я SEcoNp SERIES, — BOTANY. bn TRO с 0 89 Rut IL 15/5. Odo o Part III. 1876... 0 19 am Part. IV. 1376. .... 0 I9 WES ТА СҮ; 1578, S d1 40... PH УГ 190 1 6 с Part VH. IO. та e Part VIII. 1880..... 1 1 sa с Pact: IX. 1890. Го E. - II. Part P ее Раф Ц. 1889... RSS г m» d AT THE 'soorerr "s APARTMENTS, BURLINGTON-HOUSE, торша, w. o AND BY TONGMANS, GREEN, AND 00, PATERNOSTER-ROW. а 52 = 5 Е [ Nore.—Ordinal Names are printed in Smarr СлрітАтв; Accepted Names of Genera and Species in Roman ; Synonyms and Native Names in italic type ; an asterisk denotes first publication. ] Abroma augusta, Linn., 281. Abrus precatorius, Linn., 292. Abutilon, bud-protection in, 256. hastatum, Ridl.*, 279. indicum, Sweet, 279. Acacia arabica, Willd., mentioned, 70. concinna, DC., 297. Farnesiana, Willd., 297. pennata, Willd., 297. Acalypha fallax, Muell. Arg., 351. fruticosa, Forsk., 351. AcANTHACER, Malayan, 332. Acantholimon Есе, Aitch. $ Hemsl.*, 84, t. 36. latifolium, 85. longiflorum, Boiss., 85. roseum, Boiss., mentioned, 85. sp., 84, 85; mentioned, 17, 23. speciosissimum, Aitch. § Hemsl.*, 85, t. 35. splendidum, Bunge, mentioned, 85. Acanthophyllum elatius, Bunge, 39. macrodon, Hdgew., 39; men- tioned, 25. pungens, Boiss., 39. sordidum, Bunge, 39. sp., mentioned, 12, 27. squarrosum, Boiss., (vars.) 39; mentioned, 17. Acanthus ebracteatus, Vahl, 332. Acer, sp., mentioned, 12, 22. Achasma megalocheilus, Griff., 380. Achillea micrantha, Bieb., 76, Santolina, Linn., 76. Achyranthes aspera, Linn., 387. Acriopsis, mentioned, 269. Boiss., mentioned, Acriopsis javanica, Reinw., 374. purpurea, Ridl.*, 406; men- tioned, 374. Acronychia laurifolia, Blume, 284. Acrophilon Picris, DO., 81. Acrostichum aureum, Linn., 405. auritum, Sw., 405. Acrotrema costatum, Jack, 272. Actaia, R. Br., 211. peniculus, R. Br., 211. Actephila javanica, Mig., 346. Actinodaphne, sp., 340. Actinorhytis calapparia, H. Wendl. & Drude, 390. Adah, 59. Adas, 59. Adelocolea decipiens, mentioned, 195. Adenoncos virens, Blume, 370. Adenosacme fasciculata, Mig., 309 ; mentioned, 310. longifolia, Wall., 309. spp., 810. Adenosma cæruleum, R. Br., 325. capitatum, Benth., 325. Adenostemma viscosum, Forst., 814. Adiantum Capillus-Veneris, Linn., 128, 403 ; mentioned, 23. Adinandra dumosa, Miq., mentioned, 268. macrantha, Teysm., 277. 8P., 277. Adonis estivalis, Linn., 29; men- tioned, 16. Æcidial stage of Puccinia Jasmini- Chrysopogonis, 241. Æcidiospores of Puccinia coronata, 229 ; do. of Uromyces, 145. Æcidium on Cynoglossum officinale, 234. SECOND SERIES.—BOTANY, VOL. III. Æcidium of Puccinia coronata, 227, 229. on Jasmine, mentioned, 241. Periclymeni, Schum., mentioned, 231. Strobilanthis, mentioned, 147, 148. Urtiez, mentioned, 141, - ZEgiceras majus, Gaertn., 317. ZEgilops crassa, Boiss., 197. persica, Boiss., 127. squarrosa, Linn., 127. triuncialis, Linn., 197. ZEluropus littoralis, Parl., 195, , var. В. repens, Coss., 195. вр., 125; mentioned, 9; mis- taken for Cynodon, 5. Aerobryum, $, 173. J4Eschynanthus Lobbiana, 327. longicaulis, Wall., 327. longiflora, DC., var. ?, 328. radicans, Jack, 328. Æsculus, species found in Afghan- istan, 26. ZEthionema cristatum, DO., 36. Afghan Delimitation Commission, Botany of, 1-139, Afghanistan, North-west, flora, 95, Afzelia palembanica, Baker, 295. Agalagas, Turbinaria from, 216. Agalugen, 341. Aganosma marginata, G. Don, 320. Agaricus campestris, Linn., 198. fossulatus, Cooke*, 128. obduratus, Fr., 128, rhizopus, Cooke, 128, Vervacti, Fr., 128; mentioned, 14. Hook., 30 426 Agelea Wallichii, Hook. f., 290. Ageratum conyzoides, Linn., 315. Aggar-maggar, 98. Aglaia Diepenhorstii, Mig., 285. Aglaonema pictum, Kunth, var., 394. Schottianum, Miq., 394. Agriophyllum latifolium, Fisch. 4 Mey., 102; mentioned, 4. Agrophyllum, 4; see preceding. Agropyrum Aucheri, Boiss., 126; mentioned, 20. cristatum, Boiss., 126. piliferum, Benth., 126. prostratum, Eichw., 126. repens, Beauv., 126 ; mentioned, 24. Agrostophyllum longifolium, Blume, 367. majus, Hook. f., mentioned, 367. pauciflorum, Hook. f., 367. Agyneia bacciformis, Juss., 344. Air-vesicle of Turbinaria, 229. Aitchison, J. E. T., Botany of the Afghan Delimitation Commission, 1-139. Ajuga Chamecistus, var. euphrasi- oides, Boiss., 99. Akar Gamat, 288. Kachang Gurunang, 288. Kayu Manis, 297. Panti, an undetermined fruit, 212; Sendudu, 302. Sülünkak, 288. Alaf-karez, 64. Alaf-khez, 64. Alban, 335. Albertia margaritifera, Regel & Schmalh., 65. ‘Alert? H.M.S., Turbinaria coll. by 216. Aleurites triloba, mentioned, 251. Algoa Bay, new sp. of Caulerpa from, 209. Alhagi Camelorum, Fisch., 59; men- tioned, 3, 8, 20, 26 ; used as thatch, 9. Alicularia, Corda, 198, ALISMACEE, Malayan, 395. Allamanda, sp., 262, 266. Allium brahuicum, Boiss., 117. caspium, Willd., mentioned, 117. leucosphærum, Aitch. $ Baker*, 117. Macleani, Baker, 117. INDEX. Allium roseum, Zinn., mentioned, 118. rubellum, Bieb., mentioned, 117. , var. grandiflorum, Boiss., Ib sabulosum,Stev., mentioned, 117. senescens, Linn., mentioned, 118. врр., mentioned, 21, 23. tataricum, Linn. f., mentioned, 118. Thomsoni, Baker, mentioned, 118. xiphopetalum, Aitch. д Baker*, 118, t. 48. Yatei, Aitch. 4 Baker*, 117. Allmania nodiflora, В. Br., 337. Alloceratium strictum, Hook. f. & Thoms., 33. Allomorphia rosea, Ridl,*, 301. Allophyllus Cobbe, Blume, 289. Alnus, pollen-tubes of, 416. ‘glutinosa, Medie., embryology of, 414, 423. Alocasia denudata, Ængl., mentioned, 394. longiloba, Miq., mentioned, 394. perakensis, Hemsl., mentioned, 394. ; Alopecurus arundinaceus, Poir., 123. pratensis, Linn., 123. Alpinia conchifera, Griff., 380. malaccensis, Roxb., 380. mutica, Roxb., 380. · sp., 380. Alsodeia echinocarpa, Korth., 275. Kunstleriana, King, 275. membranacea, King, 275. Alstonia scholaris, R. Br., 269. Alternanthera sessilis, R. Br., 338. Althæa Hohenackeri, Boiss., 43. lavateræflora, DO., 43. officinalis, Boiss.,43 ; mentioned, 23. Alu-balu, 61. Alu-bokhara, 60. ! Alucha, 61. Alyssum campestre, Linn., 33. linifolium, Steph., 33. persicum, Boiss., 33 ; mentioned, 22, 25, 27. Амазазтасвж, Afghan, 100; Ma- _ Лауап, 337. Amaranthus Blitum, Linn., 100, paniculatus, Linn., 100, Amaranthus spinosus, Linn., 337. sylvestris, Desf., 100. viridis, Linn., 337. AMARYLLIDER, Malayan, 387. Amblystegium capillatum, mentioned, 187. Amberboa moschata, Boiss., 81. Amentifere, embryology of (Ben- son), 409. American Exploring Expedition, Japanese Musei and Hepaticæ, 153. Ammoniacum, 16, Ammothamnus Lehmanni, Bunge, 60; mentioned, 18. Amomum, Elettariopsis longituba distributed as a species of, 389, aculeatum, Roxb., 381. laterale, Ridl.*, 381. Leonurus, Koen., 381. megalocheilus, Baker, 380. Ophiuchus, Ridl.*, 381. scyphiferum, Koen., 381. spp., 270. Amorphophallus, tubers eaten, 272. spp., 393. ÅMPELIDE®, Afghan, 46; Malayan, 286. : Amphiplera, $, mentioned, 293, Amrucha, 63. Amrud, 63. Amygdalus brahuica, Boiss., 62, communis, 62. eburnea, Spach, 62; mentioned, 17, 2. , var., 62. sp., mentioned, 12. Anab, 46. Anabasis eriopoda, Benth. § Hook. f., 104. | врр., two undetermined, 104; mentioned, 3, 18. | | ANACARDIACEEE, Afghan, 47; Ma- layan, 289. Anacardium occidentale, Linn., 289 ; ‚ Loranthus ampullaceus on, 343. Anadendrum montanum, Schott, 395. Anagallis arvensis, Linn., 86. Anasmogonium, $, 191. ‚ Anaxagorea luzonensis, А. Gray, 973, Scortechinii, King, 273. Anchusa arvensis, Bieb., 90. italica, Retz., 90 ; mentioned, 16. Ancistrocladus penangianus, Wall., 284. Andaman Islands, Turbinaria from, 216. Andrachne telephioides, Linn., 108. Andreza petrophila, Ehrb., 193. Andropogon aciculatus, Retz., 401. aristulatus, Hochst., 401. contortus, Linn., 401. intermedius, R. Br., 401. laniger, Desf., 123; mentioned, 28, 26. sp., 401. Androsace maxima, Linn., 86. Aneilema dimorphum, Dalz., men- tioned, 389. - imberbe, Ridl.*, 389. nudiflorum, 2. Br., 389. sinicum, Zour., 389. vaginatum, R. Br., 389. Anemone, tulip resembling, 119. ` biflora, DC., 29; mentioned, 21. Aneura palmata, Dum., 205. Angur, 46. Anguza, 68. Anguza-kema, 68. Angiopteris erecta, Hoffm., 406. Angsana, 294. Angstræmia filiformis,mentioned,154. Gayana, Mitt., mentioned, 154. julacea, Mitt., mentioned, 154, longipes, Юсйитр., mentioned, 154. orientalis, Mitt.*, 154. vulcanica, C. Muell., mentioned, 154. Anisogonium esculentum, Presl, 404. Anjir, 109. Anjir-kohi, 109. Anectangium pulvinatum, Mitt.*, 160. torquescens, Mitt.*, 160. Anomodon abbreviatus, Mitt.*, 187. acutifolius, Mitt., 187. apiculatus, mentioned, 187. devolutus, Mitt., 187. fragilis, Wils., 187, minor, mentioned, 187. planatus, Mitt., 187. ramulosus, Mitt.*, 187. tristis, Mitt.*, 187; mentioned, . 163, 173. viticulosus, mentioned, 187. ANONACEX of Malaya, 273. Ant-plants, 302. Anthemis caulescens, Hemsl.*, 76, t. 33. Ай. $ INDEX. Antheridia of Turbinaria, 225. Antiaris toxicaria, Leschen., 354; mentioned, 323, 386. Anthophycus longifolium, mentioned, 221. Antidesma alatum, Hook. }., 347. cuspidatum, Muell. Arg., 347. Ghesembilla, Gaertn., 347. leucocladon, Hook. f., 347. longipes, Hook. f., 347. Moritzii, Muell. Arg., 348. salicifolia, Mig., 269, 347. velutinosum, Blume, 347. Antrophyum plantagineum, Kaulf., 405. Anzerut, 83. Aol, 62. 5 Apetale, Malayan, 337. t Apex of Turbinaria, 221. Aphyllorchis pallida, Blume, 377. Apis dorsalis, visiting Sonneratia, 303. Apium graveolens, Linn., var., 66. Apjohnia, 208, 209. leete-virens, Harv., 209. rugulosa, G. Murr.*, 209, 213. Apluda varia, var., intermedia, Hack., 401. Аросухасеж, Afghan, 87; Malayan, 319. bud-protection in, 258, 259, 261. Apocynum venetum, Linn., 87, t. 97 ; mentioned, 7, 21. Aporosa, Blume, mentioned, 311. aurea, Hook. f., 346. Benthamiana, Hook. f., 346. ficifolia, Baill., 346. ficifolia, Hook. f., mentioned, 346. Maingayii, Hook. f., 846. microcalyx, Hassk., 346. nigricans, Hook. f., 346. , Loranthus ferrugineus on, 342. Praineana, King, 346. stellifera, Hook. f., 346. - Apostasia nuda, R. Br., 378. Apostastace®, Malayan, 378. Appendicula bifaria, Lindl., 375. callosa, Blume, 375. elongata, Ridl.*, 375. Maingayii, Hook. f., 375. Aquilaria Agallocha, Roxb., men- tioned, 341. malaccensis, Lam., 270, 341. Arabis ?, sp., 33. 427 Archa, 113. Arachnanthe alba, Ridl.*, 369. Aralia Thomsonii, Seem., 305. ARALIACEX, Malayan, 305, Aralidium pinnatifidum, Mig., 305. Archesporium of Amentiferæ, 419. Ardisia crenata, Roxb., 317. colorata, Roxb., 316. ‚ var. complanata, 316. ‚ Var. polyneura, 316. humilis, Vahl, 317. lanceolata, Roxb., 317. odontophylla, Wall., 317. -oxyphylla, Wall., 317. solanacea, Roxb., 317. villosa, Roxb., 817. Areca Catechu, Linn., 390. cocoides, Griff., 390. Arenaria holosteoides, ÆEdgew., 41; mentioned, 16. leptoclados, Reichb., 41. Meyeri, Boiss., 41. serpyllifolia, Linn., 41. tenuifolia, Linn., var., 41. Arenga obtusifolia, Mart., 391. Westerhoutii, Griff., 391. Argahwan, 60. Arghamon, 60. Arisæma fimbriatum, N. E. Br., 393. Aristida plumosa, Zinn., 123; mentioned, 5. pungens, Desf., 123; mentioned, 121. Aristolochia Roxburghiana, Klotzsch, 339. ÅRISTOLOCHIACE®, Malayan, 339. Armeniaca vulgaris, Lam., 61. Armillaria, indexed under Agaricus. Arnebia Griffithii, Boiss., mentioned, linearifolia, DC., 90, А котре, Afghan, 120; Malayan, 398. Arrhenatherum Kotschyi, Boiss., 124 ; mentioned, 24. Artanema sesamoides, Benth., 325. Artemisia campestris, Linn., var. 76 i mentioned, 8. maritima, Linn., 77 ; mentioned, 8, 76. scoparia, Waldst. д Kit., 77. sp., host of an Orobanche, 17, 94; mentioned, 23; used as fuel, 6, 17. - Arthrophyllum diversifolium, Blume 305, - 809 428 Artocarpus Kunstleri, King, 355. Polyphema, Pers., 355. polyphemia, Miq., 272. rigida, Blume, 272, 3565. Sp., Loranthus ferrugineus on, 342. Arum Griffithii, Schott, 120; men- tioned, 21. Arundina densiflora, Lindl., 368. speciosa, Blume, 270, 368. Arundo Donax, Linn., 124; men- tioned, 5, 8, 14, 20. Asam Gelugur, 271, 278. Asafcetida, Ferula yielding, 5, 16. ASOLEPIADACEX, Afghan, 87; Ma- layan, 320, ASCLEPIADEZ, bud-protection іп, 258, 259, 262, Asclepias curassavica, Linn., 262. Ascophyllum, mentioned, 223, Asparagus Breslerianus, Roem. 4 Schult., 116 ; mentioned, 14. maritimus, var. Breslerianus, Boiss., 116. verticillatus, Linn., 116 ; men- tioned, 14. Asperugo procumbens, Linn., 90, Asperula arvensis, Linn., 73. humifusa,var. pycnantha, Boiss.?, 73. setosa, Jaub. & Spach, 73. trichodes, J. Gay, 78. Asplenium hirtum, Kaulf., 404. longissimum, Blume, 404, nitidum, Sw., 404. pallidum, Blume, 404. resectum, Sw., 404. species of Euphorbia resembling, 24. Aspidium cicutarium, Sw., 404, semicordatum, Sw., 404, singaporianum, Wall., 404. ternatum, Baker, 404. vastum, Blume, 404, Aster, sp., 74. Asterella hemispherica, Beauv., 205. longipes, Mitt,*, 905, Astragalus ammodytis, Pall., men- tioned, 54, ammophilus, Kar. 4 Kir., 49, angustifolius, Гат., 55; men- tioned, 25, anisacanthus, Boiss., 53; men- tioned, 23. INDEX. Astragalus auganus, Bunge, 50. Barrowianus, Aitch. 4$ Baker*, 50. buchtormensis, Pall., 50; men- tioned, 26. , var., 50. campylorrhynchus, Fisch. 4 Mey., 49. chrysostachys, Boiss., 52. corrugatus, Bertol., var., 49. Cottonianus, Айсй. 4 Baker*, 51. Durandianus, Ach. d Baker*, 54; mentioned, 25. flexus, Fisch., mentioned, 51. Fresenii, Decne., mentioned, 52. gerensis, Boiss., 51, Gompholobium, Benth., 51. Goreanus, Aitch. $ Baker*, 55; mentioned, 56. Grisebachianus, Айс), $ Baker*, 52. gyzensis, Del., 49. hauarensis, Boiss., 49. Helmii, Fisch., mentioned, 54. heratensis, Bunge, 53, t. 6; mentioned, 25, 54. hispidulus, DC., mentioned, 49. Holdiehianus, Aitch. $ Baker*, 54, hyrcanus, Pall., 55; mentioned, 3, 56. incanus, Linn., mentioned, 55. incurvus, Desf., mentioned, 55. kahirieus, DC., 59, longiflorus, Pall., mentioned, 51. Lumsdenianus, Айс), 4 Baker*, 52,6 7. Merkianus, Aitch. & Baker*, 53. Nawabianus, Aitch. 4 Baker*, 49, oligophyllus, Boiss., 55. ovinus, Boiss., mentioned, 51, pellitus, Bunge, 50. Rawlinsianus, Aitch, 4 Baker*, 51. schahrudensis, Bunge, 52. Sieversianus, Pall., 50. вр., two undetermined, 49 : two do.,.51; one do., 53; men- tioned, 12, 17, 21, 27. Stephenianus, Aitch. 4 Baker* , 49, strobiliferus, Royle, mentioned, 53. : Astragalus submitis, Boiss. 4 Hohen., mentioned, 53. subulatus, Bieb., 55. Talbotianus, Ай), 4 Baker*, 56. var. condensatus, Айс), 4 Baker*, 56. tenuirugis, Boiss., 49. tephrosioides, Boiss., men- tioned, 50. trimestris, Linn., mentioned, 49. viciæfolius, DO., mentioned, 51. vulpinus, Willd., mentioned, 52, Weirianus, Aitch. $ Baker*, 54, Astrodontium, mentioned, 171. Asus, 56. Atraphaxis lætevirens, Jaub. ф Spach, 105. вр., mentioned, 18. spinosa, var. sinica, Boiss., 105. Atrichum angustatum, Schimp., 191. Lescurei, James, 191. undulatum, Beaw., 191. Atriplex dimorphostegium, Kar. d Kir., var., 101. Flabellum, Bunge, 101. Griffithit, Moq., 101. Moneta, Bunge, 101, $. 44. roseum, Zinn., 101. sp., mentioned, 18, 23. Aulacomitrium, Mitt.*, 161. calycinum, Mitt.*, 161. humillimum, Mitt.*, 161, t. 51, ff. 1-5; 206. Aulacopilum, Wils., mentioned, 170. Australia, Caulerpa from, 211 ; Tur- binaria from, 216. Avena fatua, Linn., 124; mentioned, 16. Averrhoa Bilimbi, Zinn., 283. Carambola, Linn., 271, 282, 283. Avicennia alba, Blume, 336. Baccaurea bracteata, Muell. Arg., 948. . brevipes, Hook. f., 348. lanceolata, Muell. Arg., 348. malayana, King, 272, 348. Motleyana, Muell., Arg., 348; mentioned, 276. » Loranthus ferrugineus on, 342. parviflora, Muell. Arg., 349. Baccaurea, sp., 349. Badgis district flora, 19-23. Badra-kema, 69. Bajindak, 88. Bajza, 122. Baker, J. G., Vascular Cryptogams of Malay Peninsula, 267. Balanophora, sp., 107 ; mentioned, 9, BALANOPHORE®, Afghan, 107. Balanostreblus ilicifolius, Kurz, 354. Balfour, I. B., Turbinaria coll. by, 216. Balong ayam, 289. Baluchistan, Northern, its flora, 26. * Bamboo,” so-called, 5. Bamboos in Malaya, 271; various species, 402. Bana, 47. Bananas in Malay Peninsula, 271; wild species, 384. Barbarea vulgaris, R. Br., 33. Barclay, A., Life-history of Uromyces Cunninghamianus, 141-151; On Puccinia coronata, 227-236; Puc- cinia Jasmini-Chrysopogonis, Life- history, 287-242. Baroo, 279. Barringtonia acutangula, 300. macrostachya, Kurz, 300. racemosa, Blume, 299. вр., 299. Barshonk, 199; mentioned, 5. Barton, E. S., The genus Turbinaria, Lamx., 215-226. Bartramia Henoni, Duby, 164. pomiformis, Hedw., 164. Bast of Artocarpus used as cloth, 355. Вана, 87. Bauhinia integrifolia, Roxb., 295. suffruticosa, Ridl.*, 295. spp., mentioned, 269. Вауат, 337. Bayas, 391. Baz-anjir, 108. Bazzania denudata, mentioned, 195. japonica, Mitt.*, 199. Pompeana, Mitt.*, 200. tridens, Mitt.*, 200. trilobata, mentioned, 200. Bed, 111. | Bed-i-siah, 111. Bed-i-surkh, 111. Bedam, 62. Bees visiting Sindora, 296; do. Son- neratia, 308. Gaertn., INDEX. Begonia, bud-protection in, 256; in Malaya, 269. albococcinea, Hook., sp. aff, 303. fallax, A. DC., 303. isoptera, Dryand., 303. sinuata, Wall., 303. sp., 304. Вквохтасвж, Malayan, 308. Behk, (Acanthophyllum) 39, (Gypso- phila) 40. Belcher, Capt. Sir E., Turbinaria coll. by, 216. Bellevalia ciliata, Boiss., 118. Benaush, two plants so called, 86. Benson, M., Embryology of the Amen- tifere, 409-424. Berserive®, Afghan, 31. Berberis aristata, DỌ., mentioned, 234. Lycium, Royle, as а fungus-host, 234. vulgaris, Zinn., 31; mentioned, 24. Betula alba, Zinn., embryology of, 415, 423; pollen-tubes of, 416. Bhihi, 63. Biarum Lehmanni, Bunge, mentioned, 120. Bidara, 348. Bidara-laut, 348. Bidara Pahit, 284. Biebersteinia multifida, DO., 44; mentioned, 20. Brenontace®, Malayan, 326. Binaush, two plants so called, 86. Biophytum sensitivum, DỌ., var. Candolleana, 282. Bipinnate ($ Caulerpæ), G. Murr.*, 212. Bi-ri-jeh, 69. | Bisset, J., Musci and Hepatice from Japan, coll. by, 153. Bitter Plum, 284. | | Bixa Orellana, Zinn., 275. Втхіквж of Malaya, 275." Blastophaga, fertilizing Figs, 110. Psenes, Linn., 110. Blechnum, mentioned, 260. orientale, Linn., 403. Blepharostoma trichophylla, Mitt.*, 200. Blepharozia, Dum., mentioned, 201. ciliaris, Dum., mentioned, 200. _ зассШафа, Mitt.*, 200. 429 Blitum virgatum, Linn., 100, Blumea balsamifera, DC., 314. lacera, DC., 314. Blyxa Griffithii, Planch., 358. malayana, Ridl.*, 358. Boissiera bromoides, Hochst., 124. Bolbitius mitræformis, Harv., 128. Bongardia Chrysogonum, Boiss., 31. Rauwolfii, C. A. Mey., 31. sp., mentioned, 20. Bonnaya, mentioned, 268. brachiata, Link, 326. veronicefolia, Spreng., 326. Boodlea, G. Murr., mentioned, 209. Вовлсіхеж, Afghan, 88; Malayan, 322. Boschia Griffithii, Mast., 280. Bouea macrophylla, Grif., 289. microphylla, Grif., 271, 289. Bourbon, Turbinaria from, 216. Bourne, G., Turbinaria coll. by, 216. · Boz-ganj, 47. Brachylepis eriopoda, ©. A. Mey., 104. Brachymenium brevicaule, tioned, 165. Clavulum, Mitt.*, 165. Brachypodium sylvaticum, Beawv., as a fungus-host, 227, 228 ; Uredo on, 230 ; teleutospore of, 230. Brachypuccinia, mentioned, 149. Brachyuromyces, mentioned, 149. Brachythecium, §, 185. Bragantia tomentosa, Blume, 339. Branching of pollen-tube in Amen- tiferæ, 419. Brassica campestris, Linn., 35. Napus, Linn., 35. Rapa, Linn., 35. sp., two undetermined, 36. Breynia coronata, Hook. f., 345. ** Bricks,” so-called natural, 9. Bridelia stipularis, Blume, 344. Bromheadia alticola, Ridl., 368. palustris, Lindl, 368; men- tioned, 268. Bromus commutatus, Schrad., 126. crinitus, Boiss. § Hohen., 195. Danthoniæ, Trin., 125; men- tioned, 22. gracillimus, Bunge, 125. . macrostachys, хат, triaristatus, Hack., 125. Tectorum, Linn., 125. 271, men- 430 Broome, Lady, Turbinaria coll. by, 216. Broussonetia, Z’Hérit., mentioned, 245, 247. papyrifera, Vent., mentioned,246. Brown, R., Turbinaria coll. by, 216. Brucea sumatrana, Roxb., 284. Brugmansia, Blume, mentioned, 268. Zippelii, Blume, 269. Bruguiera caryophylloides, Blume, 300. eriopetala, Wight $ Arn., 300. Bryonia alba, Linn., mentioned, 65. monoica, Aitch. 4 Hemsl.*, 65, t. 10. ; Bryophyllum calycinum, Salisb., 298. Bryoziphium norvegicum, mentioned, 154. Savatieri, Miti.*, 154. Bryum argenteum, Linn., 165. capillare, Linn., 165. cellulare, Hook., 165. giganteum, Dozy & Molk., 166. julaceum, Sm., mentioned, 154. megalodiciyon, Sull. & Lesq., 165. pallidum, Schreb., 154. roseum, Schreb., 154. scabridens, Mitt., 165. torquescens, Miq., 165. Buah Padang, 319. Buchanania acuminata, Turez., 290. lucida, Blume, 290. Bucklandia populnea, R. Br., bud- protection in, 256. Bud of Clusia rosea, 263, 264; do. of Cosmibuena obtusifolia, 258. Bud-protection in (Groom), 255-266. Buffonia macrocarpa, Ser., 41. Buhsea coluteoides, Boiss., 38. Bulbophyllum, Zhou., mentioned, 365. clandestinum, Lindl., 364. gelatinosum, Teysm. & Binn.*, 364. macranthum, Lindl., 364, Medusæ, Reichb, 7» 364. odoratum, Lindl., 364. Restrepia, Ridl.*, 268,— Cirrho- petalum Restrepia. stenobulbon, Par. 4 Reichb. fa mentioned, 364. Bulbostylis barbata, Kunth, 397. Burmannia ecelestis, D. Don, 359. lutescens, Becc., 359. Вовмаххтасиж, Malayan, 359, Dicotyledons | INDEX. BunsERACE X, Malayan, 285. Burunang, 288. | Buta-Buta, 320. Butterflies, visiting Cyrtophyllum, 923; do. Sonneratia, 303. Buz-anjir, 108. Caccinia glauca, Savi, 88. Саота Smilacis, Barclay, 235. Cesalpina Bonducella, Flem., 295. nuga, Ait., 296. Sappan, Linn., 296. Calamogrostis nepalensis, Nees, 124. Calamus castaneus, Grif., 392. ciliaris, Blume, var. ?, 392. crinitus, Mig., 392. | grandis, Griff., mentioned, 392. javensis, Blume, 392. leptospadix, Grif., 392. melanocarpus, Ridl.*, 399. Calanthe Cecilie, Reich. fg 901. masuca, Lindl., mentioned, 367. veratrifolia, R. Br., 367. Callicarpa arborea, Roxb., 334. cana, Linn., 334, lanata, Linn., 334. longifolia, Zam., 334. Calligonum comosum, Т/ Hérit., 104 ; mentioned, 3, 17. spp., two undetermined, 105. Callipeltis cucullaria, DO., 73, Calophyllum, bud-protection in, 256; mentioned, 269, canum, Hook., 978, Inophyllum, Linn., 278. microphyllum, Т, Anders., men- tioned, 278. rupicolum, Ridl,*, 978, “ Camel-thorn,” 3. Camelina sativa, Crantz, 35; men- tioned, 20. Campanula incanescens, Boiss., 84; mentioned, 24. CAMPANUIACES, Afghan, 84; Ma- layan, 315. Campnosperma auriculata, Hook. f» 290. Griffithii, March., 290. Canarium, Rumph., mentioned, 979, rufum, A. W. Benn., Loranthus ferrugineus on, 342, Canavalia, mentioned, 268. ensiformis, DO., 293. | obtusifolia, DO., 293. Cannabis, mentioned, 253. Cannabis sativa, Linn., 109; men- tioned, 16. Campylopus Blumii, Van den Bosch d Lacoste, 157. densus, mentioned, 157. Leanus, Sulliv., 157. Canthium angulifolium, Roxb., var., 309. didymum, Rowb., 308. horridum, Blume, 309. Caoutchouc cells of Eucommia (Weiss), 243-254. CarPARIDEX, Afghan, 38; Malayan,. 274. Capparis spinosa, Linn., 38 ; men- tioned, 8, 10, 11, 16, 96. CaAPRIFOLIACE X, Afghan, 79, Capsicum frutescens, Linn., 324, minimum, Roxb., 324, Carambola, 271. Cardiospermum Halicacabum, Zinn., 288. Carduus pycnocephalus, Jacg., 80. Carex divaricata, Wall., 398. divisa, Huds., 199, physodes, Bieb., 121; mentioned, 20. punctata, Gaud., уаг., 199, stenophylla, WaAlenb., 121 ; men- tioned, 20; Ustilago on, 199. Carpinus Betulus, Linn., embryology of, 415, 424; pollen-tubes of, 416. Carpophyllum, mentioned, 221. Carthamus Oxyacantha, Bieb., 89, tinctorius, Linn. 82; men- tioned, 8. Carum Bulbocastanum, W, D. J, Koch, 66. leptocladum, Ай). 4 Hemsl.*, 66, +. 22. - врр., two undetermined, 66. CarYoPHYLLE®, Afghan, 39. Caryota mitis, Lour., 391. Cassia alata, Linn., 296. javanica, Linn., 296. nodosa, Buch.-Ham., 269. siamea, Гат., 269. timorensis, DO., 296. Tora, Linn., 296. Cassytha filiformis, Linn., 341. - Castanea vulgaris, Lam., embryology of, 411. sativa, Mill., 411, 422, Castanopsis, Spach, mentioned, 268 ; embryology of, 413. Casuarina, Linn., mentioned, 411, 490. equisetifolia, Forst, 268, 356; Loranthus Casuarine оп, 348. CAsUARINÆ, Malayan, 356. Cats, а name applied to Adenosma, 325. Cats Tail, native name for Dyso- phylla, 336. Caucalis latifolia, Linn., 72. Caulerpa, affinities (Murray), 207- 213. сасіо14ев, Ag., 208, 210, 211, 212. ‚ var. Fergusoni, Grunow*, 211, 212. ‚ var. gracilis, 6, Murr.*, 211. eactoides, R. Br. 4 Turn., 210, 213. corynephora, Mont., 210. Fergusonii, G. Murr.*, 212, 218. Holmesiana, 6. Murr.*, 208, 218. ligulata, Harv., 208, 213. Opuntia, В. Br., 211. phyllaphlaston, G. Murr.*, 212, 218. plumaris, mentioned, 208. Sonderi, F. Muell., mentioned, 212. verticillata, J. Ag., 207. ‘Caulidium, term suggested, 220. "Caulome, use of term, 220. “Сеглвтвікеж, Malayan, 286. :Celosia argentea, Linn., 337. ‘Celsia heterophylla, Desf., 92. ‘Celtis caucasica, Willd., 108; men- tioned, 28; as fuel, 19. Centaurea alata, Lam., mentioned, 81. albispina, Aitch. § Hemsl., 81. Balsamita, Lam., 81. depressa, Bieb., 81; mentioned, 16. iberica, Trev., 82. moschata, Linn., 81. ' phyllocephala, Boiss., 81. Pieris, Pall., 81. plumosa, Aitch. $ Hemsl.*, 80; mentioned, 16. pulchella, Ledeb., 81. sp., mentioned, 18. virgata, Lam., 81. Centotheca lappacea, Beauv., 402. Cephaélis Griffithii, Hook. f., 313. INDEX. Cephalanthus aralioides, Zoll., 306. Cephalaria syriaca, Schrad., 74. Cephalozia catenula, Mitt.*, 199. dentata, Mitt.*, 199. divaricata, Mitt.*, 199. Cerastium dichotomum, Linn., 41. Cerasus Griffithii, Boiss., 60, 61. ^ orientalis, Spach, 61. tortuosa, Boiss. & Haussk., 61. Ceratocarpus arenarius, Linn., 101. Ceratocephalus falcatus, Pers., 30. Ceratodon purpureus, Brid., 158. Ceratophyllum, mentioned, 258. Ceratopteris thalictroides, Brongn., 403. Ceratostylis, sp., 367. „Cerbera Odollam, Linn., 320. Cercis Siliquastrum, Linn., 60; men- tioned 23. Ceropegia stapelixformis, Haw., 262, 264. Cesia, mentioned, 154. Ceylon, Caulerpa from, 211; Tur- binaria from, 216. Chab, 119. Chabei, 339. Chalazal route of pollen-tube in А тепііѓега, 417. Chalazogamic Amentifere, embryo- logy of (Benson), 413. ‘Challenger’ Expedition, Japanese Musci and Hepatiee (Mitten), 153; Turbinaria, 216. i Chameecladon Griffithii, Mig., 394. saxorum, Mig., 394. sp., 394. : Cham:edoris, 208. / annulata, mentioned, 207. Cham:esphaeos afghanicus, Айей. 4 Hemsl.*, 97, t. 42. brahuicus, Aitch. & Hemsl.*, 97. ilicifolius, Schrenk, 97, t. 42. persicus, Aitch. d Hemsl.*, 97, t. 42. Champadang, 281. Champedak, 272, 355. Champereia Griffithiana, Planch., 344. Chanar, 110. Chara foetida, A. Br., 128. Снавасеж, Afghan, 128. Chardinia xanthemoides, Desf., 77. Chasalia curviflora, Thw., 313. Che Nama, 284. Cheilanthes Szovitzii, Fisch. $ Mey., 198; mentioned, 24. | | 481 | Chekop Manis, 345. Chenolea eriophora, Aitch. $ Hemsl.*, 102. Снкхороттасе ж, Afghan, 100-104. Chenopodium Botrys, Linn., 100; mentioned, 23. Blitum, Hook. f., 100. | Cheri Morai, 284. Chickak, 291. Chiggak, 60. Chilam Bukit, 387. Chilocarpus Maingayii, Dyer, 319. Chiloscyphus argutus, JVees, 199, coalitus, Wees, 199. . pallescens, Lacoste, 199. planus, Mitt.*, 199. polyanthus, Corda, 199. Chirkah, 83. Chisocheton divergens, Blume, 285. Chloranthus officinalis, Blume, 340. Chogak, 60. Choopa, 348. Choriophyllum, mentioned, 268. malayanum, Benth., 346. Chorisodontium, §, 157. Chorispora, sp., 38; 17. tenella, DC., 38. Chrozophora tinetoria, А. Juss,, 108; mentioned, 8. Chrysopogon esruleus, Nees, men- tioned, 227. Gryllus, Trin., a fungus-host, 241. Chukri, 105. Cicer arietinum, Linn., 59. Cichorium Intybus, Linn., 82. Cinnamomum iners, Reinw., 340. javanicum, Blume, not Malayan, 340. Cirrhopetalum Ваши, Zindi., 365. planibulbe, Ridl.*, 364, 408. Restrepia, Ridl.*, 365. spp., 268. vaginatum, Wight, 364. Cirsium Acarna, Moench, 80. arvense, Scop., 80. Cissampelos Pareira, Linn., 274. Cissus furcata, Ridl.*, 287. hastata, Miq., 286. Hookeri, Ridl.*, 287. mollissima, Wall., 286. repens, Lam., 287. Cistanche laxiflora, Aitch. 4 Hemsl.*, 94, t. 40. mentioned, 482 Cistanche lutea, Hoffmgg. 4 Link, mentioned, 94. Ridgewayana, Aitch. $ Hemsl.*, 93, t. 39; mentioned, 94, Cithareloma Lehmanni, Bunge, 88; mentioned, 9. Citrullus Colocynthus, Schrad., 64. vulgaris, Schrad., 64, 305. Citrus Aurantium, var. nobilis, 284, decumana, Linn., 284, Medica, var. acida, 284. Claderia viridiflora, Hook. f., 867. Cladonia, mentioned, 196. Cladophora pellucida, mentioned, 209. rugulosa, Martens, 209, Claoxylon indicum, Hassk., 351. Clarke, С. B., Сурегасею of Malay Peninsula, 267, 398. Cleisostoma cristatum, Ridl.*, 870, latifolium, Lindl., 370. Cleistanthus hirsutulus, Hook, /„ 846, вр., 346. Clematis Gauriana, Roxb., a fungus- host, 235. orientalis, Linn., 29; mentioned, 5, 14. Cleome coluteoides, Boiss., 38; men- tioned, 18. viscosa, Zinn., 274. Clerodendron deflexum, Wall., men- tioned, 312. ; disparifolium, Blume, 335. inerme, Gaertn., 335. serratum, Spreng., 335. Siphonanthus, R, Br., 969 335. Climacium americanum, Brid., 171. japonicum, Zindb., 171. ruthenicum, Lindb., 171. Clinogyne, Salisb., mentioned, 269, dichotoma, Benth., 382, grandis, Benth., 382. sp. ?, 382. B Clitoria cajanefolia, Benth., absent from Pahang, 293. ternatea, Linn., 993, Clusia, Linn., bud-protection in, 956. grandiflora?, Splitg., 266. rosea, Jacq., 263. Clypeola dichotoma, Boiss., 37. Cnesmone, Blume, mentioned, 951, javanica, Blume, 351. Cnestis ramiflora, Grif., 990. Cnieus Acarna, Linn., 80. 2 INDEX, Cnicus arvensis, Hoffm., 80; men- tioned, 16, 23. Cocoa-nuts on the Tringganu River, 272. Cocoa-sugar in Pekan, 271. Codizum variegatum, Blume, Loran- thus ferrugineus on, 342. Codonocephalum inuloides, mentioned, 75. Peacockianum, Aitch. 4 Hemsl.*, 75, t. 91, 32; mentioned, 21, 25, 71. Cologyne cristata, Lindl., mentioned, 865. Cumingii, Lindl., 367. Forstermanni, Reichb. f., 365, 366. macrobulbon, Hook. f., 367. Maingayi, Hook. f., mentioned, 365, 366. speciosa, Lindl., 367. spp., 269, 270. Ceelostegia sumatrana, Becc., 280. Coffee-trees in Pahang, 271. Colchicum speciosum, Stev., 119, Coldenia procumbens, Linn., 322, Collabium Wrayii, Hook. f., men- tioned, 874, nebulosum, Blume, 374. Colleters, 258, 264; of Clusia rosea, 268. Colocasia antiquorum, Schott, 394; mentioned, 272, 888. Cololejeunia, $, 208. Colubrina asiatica, Brongn., 286. Сомввктлсвж, Malayan, 300. Combretum ovalifolium, Roxb., 300. tetralophum, С. В. Clarke, ~ 800. Commetinacem, Malayan, 389. Composirm, Afghan, 74-84; Ma- layan, 314, Conceptacles of Turbinaria, 223. Сохтғевж, Afghan, 113; Malayan, 357. Conium maculatum, Linn., 65. СоххавасЕж, Malayan, 290. Connarus gibbosus, Wall., 290; mentioned, 291. semidecandrus, Jack, 991, Conocephalus amoenus, King, 354, conicus, Dum., 205. suaveolens, Blume, 354. subtrinervius, Miq., 354. Fenzl, Conringia clavata, Boiss., 35; men- tioned, 21. CowvoLvuLACEE, Afghan, 90 ; Ma- layan, 323. Convolvulus arvensis, Linn., 91. erinaceus, Ledeb., 90; men- tioned, 4, 18. fruticosus, Pall., 90 ; mentioned, 18, 23, lineatus, Linn., 90. pilosellæfolius, Desr., 91. subhirsutus, Regel d^ Schmalh., 91; mentioned, 26. Copra in Pekan, 271. Coprosma Baueri, Endl., 950, 265. ‚ Var. variegata, 259, 266. Coptosapelta flavescens, Korth., 306. Griffithii, Hook. f., 306. Corchorus acutangulus, Lam., 281. tridens, Linn., 281. Corispermum Lehmannianum, Bunge, 101. Corydalis Sewerzovi, Regel, 32; mentioned, 22, 26. бовутлсвж, embryology of (Benson), 414. Corylus Avellana, Linn., embryology of, 415, 428. Cosmibuena, bud-protection in, 256. obtusifolia, 258, 265. Costus globosus, Blume, 379. nipalensis, Rosc., 379. speciosus, Linn., 379. ----» var. angustifolia, Hook., 379. Cotoneaster nummularia, Fisch. 4 Mey., 64, t. 9; mentioned, 22, 24, : Cousinia alata, C. А. Mey., 78; host of an Orobanche, 95. aptera, Aitch. $ Hemsl., 78. arachnoides, Fisch. 4 Mey., mentioned, 79. aretotidifolia, Bunge, var., 78. Chamæpeuce, Boiss., 79. congesta, Bunge, 78. cynaroides, С. A. Mey., var., 79. Deserti, Bunge, 77 ; mentioned, liga eryngioides, Boiss., 78. heterophylla, Boiss., 78; men- tioned, 12, 17, 28. microcarpa, Boiss., 77. minuta, Boiss., 78. Cousinia, вр., host of ап Orobanche, 94; mentioned, 18, 23; three un- determined species, 79. tenella, Fisch. 4 Mey., 78. umbrosa, Bunge, 78. uncinata, Regel, 78. Winkleriana, Айс). $ Hemsi.*, 79. Crambe cordifolia, Stev., 37, t. 4; mentioned, 21; roots used as camel-fodder, 19. CrassuLace®, Malayan, 298. Crategus Oxyacantha, Linn., var., 64; mentioned, 22. Crateva Roxburghii, R. Br., var. Marvala, 275. Crepis Stocksiana, Aitch. § Hemsl.*, 82. Cressa cretica, Linn., 91, Crinum asiaticum, Zinn., 268, 387. defixum, Herb., 269. ensifolium, Roxb. 387. Crocus Korolkowi, Regel 4 Maw, 115; mentioned (as C. Korolko- vii), 20. ` speciosus, Bieb., 115. Crotalaria ferruginea, №. Grah., 291. retusa, Linn., 291. sessiliflora, Linn., 291. striata, Linn., 291. Croton argyratus, Blume, 350. argyratus, King, 951. caudatus, Geisel., var. malac- cana, 351. вр., 350. Crozophora, 8, see Chrozophora. Crucianella filifolia, Regel $ Winkl., 74; mentioned, 26. glauca, Rich., T4. var. laxiflora, Boiss., 74. Свостгевж, Afghan, 32. *Cryptes piliféres’ of Turbinaria, 223. * Cryptostomates' of Turbinaria, 223. Cryptocoryne ciliata, Blume, 898. sp., 393. Ctenium molluscum, Mitt., 177. Cucumis Melo, Linn., 65 ; mentioned, 9. trigonus, Roxb., 64; mentioned, 65. Соссввттасвж, Afghan, 64; Malay- an, 304. Cultivation in Malaya, 271. INDEX. Cupania adenophylla, Planch., 289. Lessertiana, Camb., 289. pallidula, Hiern, 289. pleuropteris, Blume, 289. Соромревж, Malayan, 356 ; embryo- logy of (Benson), 410. Curanga amara, Juss., 396. Cureuligo latifolia, Dryand., 387. Curcuma, Linn., 270. grandiflora, Wall., mentioned, 379. parviflora, 379. petiolata, Rosc., mentioned, 379. sylvestris, Ridl.*, 378. Cuscuta, sp., two undetermined, 91. Cushion of Clusia rosea, 263. Cyanotis barbata, D. Don, 389. Cyathea Brunonis, Wall., 402. Cyathodium japonicum, Lindb., 206. Cyathula prostrata, Blume, 337. Суслреж, Malayan, 358. Cycas Rumphii, Mig., 358. Cydonia vulgaris, Pers., 63. Cylindrotheciun Drummondii, Schimp., 179. Cymbidium aloifolium, Sw., 368. Finlaysonianum, Lindl., 868, pubescens, Lindl., 368. Cymbospathze, $, 392. Cynanchum acutum, Linn., 87 ; men- tioned, 141. sp., 87. Cynodon Dactylon, Pers., 124, 401; mentioned, 8, 125; /Eluropus mis- taken for, 5. Cynoglossum officinale, Linn., as a fungus-host, 234. Cynometra ramiflora, Linn., 296. Cynomorium coccineum, Linn., 107; mentioned, 16. Cyrrracem, Afghan, 121; Malayan, 395. Cyperus alopecuroides, Rottb., 396. auricomus, Sieber, 396. compressus, Linn., 396. conglomeratum, Rottb., 121. distans, Linn., 396. elegans, Linn., 396. Eragrostis, Vahl, 396. ferax, A. Rich., 396. glaber, Linn., 121. Griffithii, Steud., 396. Haspan, Zinn., 396. Iria, Linn., 396. Wall, mentioned, SECOND SERIES.—BOTANY, VOL. III. 453 Cyperus lzvigatus, var. albidus, Boeck., 121. longus, Linn., forma micro- stachya, 12]. malaccensis, Lam., 396. pilosus, Vahl, 396. polystachyus, Jtottb., 395. procerus, Rottb., 396. pulcherrimus, Willd., 896, pungens, Boeck., 121; men- tioned, 4. rotundus, Zinn., 121, 396. stoloniferus, Retz., 396. turgidulus, О. B. Olarke, 396. Zollingeri, Steud., 396. Cyrtandra oblongifolia, C. B. Clarke, mentioned, 331. : pilosa, Blume, 331. suffruticosa, Ridl.*, 330. Сувтаховех, Malayan, 327. Cyrtoceras reflexum, Benn. (mis- printed Crytoceras), 321. Cyrtophyllum fragrans, Blume, 268, 323. Cyrtosperma lasioides, Griff., 395. Cyrtostachys Lakka, Zecc. (misprinted lacca), 391. Cystophora, Rab., mentioned, 221. Cystophyllum, mentioned, J. Ag.,221. Cystorchis javanica, Blume, 376. variegata, Blume, 376. Cystoseira, Ag., mentioned, 220, 223, 224 Lepidium, Ag., mentioned, 221. Dabba, vessels of vegetable origin so called, 117. Dacrydium mistaken for Casuarina, 356. 4 elatum, Wall., not а native of Singapore, 357. Dalbergia ferruginea, Benth., 294. _ foliacea, Wall., 294. Dalechampia, mentioned, 251. Daluna, 64. Dasycladex, mentioned, 207. Dasymitrium gymnostomum, Lindb., 163. incurvum, Lindb., 163. rupestre, Lindb., 163. Date-palms in Afghanistan, 12. Datura, 92. Datura alba, Nees, at Khusan, 16, Stramonium, Linn., 92. Daucus Carota, Linn., 71. ӨР 431 Daun-Payoh, 270, 392. Davallia bullata, Wall., 403. elegans, Sw., 403. Delima sarmentosa, Linn., 272. , var. hebecarpa, 272. Delphinium ochroleucum, Stev., men- tioned, 31. orientale, J. Gay, 30. persicum, Boiss., 30. rugulosum, Boiss., 30. Zalil, Aitch. $ Hemsl.*, 30, t. 8 ; mentioned, 20. Dendrobium, Sw., 270. acerosum, Zindl., 361. atropurpureum, Mig., 361. bifarium, Lindl., 363. clavipes, Hook. f., 361. crumenatum, Sw., 362. grande, Hook. f., 861. hercoglossum, Reichb. f., 362. Hosei, Ridl.*, 363. lamellatum, Lindl., 364. Leonis, Reichb. f., 360. lonchophyllum, Hook. f., 360. perakense, Hook. f., 366. pumilum, Roxb., 268, 360. pyropum, Ridl.*, 362. revolutum, Lindl., 363, rhodostele, Ridl.*, 360. secundum, Lindl., mentioned, 269, 362. Serra, Lindl., 360; mentioned, 361. sp. ($ Eudendrobium), 364. truncatum, Scortech., 361. tuberiferum, Hook, f., 362. uniflorum, Grif., 363. . Dendropogon dentatus, Mitt.*, 170 $ mentioned, 202, 203. ferrugineum, Mitt., mentioned, 170. Dentella repens, Forst., 307. Derris amæna, Benth., 294. thyrsiflora, Benth., 294. uliginosa, Benth., 294. Desmatodon, $ 160. Desmodium heterophyllum, DO., 292. `раусагриш, DC., 292. —— var. album, 292. pulchellum, Benth., 292. retroflexum, DC., 292. triflorum, DC., 292. umbellatum, DC., 292. Dialium laurinum, Baker, 294. sp., 294. INDEX. Dianthus crinitus, Sm., 39. fimbriatus, Bieb., var., 39. Diarthron carinatum, Jaub. 4 Spach, 106. vesiculosum, Fisch. & Mey., 106. Dichopsis Gutta, Benth. $ Hook. f., 271. Dickie's Herb., Turbinaria іп, 216. Dickins, F. V., Musci and Hepaticæ from Japan, 153. Dicotyledons, bud-protection іп (Groom), 255-266. Dicranella heteromalla, Schimp., 155. Dicranobryum, $, 165. Dieranodontium uncinulatum, C. Muell., 157. Dicranum cesium, Mitt.*, 156. congestum, Brid., 156. cylindrothecium, Mitt.*, 157. Drummondii, C, МиеЙ.; men- tioned, 156. filiforme, Beauv., 154. flagellare, Hedw., 156; men- tioned, 169. hamulosum, Mitt.*, 156; men- tioned, 157. heteromallum, Hedw., 155. japonicum, Mitt.*, 155. longifolium, Hedw., mentioned, 157. majus, Turn., mentioned, 155. Sauteri, Bruch 4 Schimp., men- tioned, 156, 157. scoparium, Hedw., 156; men- tioned, 155, 157, 200. striatulum, Mitt.*, 156. strictum, Schleich., mentioned, 157. Venturii, De Not., 156. Dictyopteris difformis, 7, Moore, 405. Didymocarpus atrosanguinea, Ridl.*, 328. erinita, Jack, 398, flavobrunnea, Ridl.*, 329. heterophylla, Ridl.*, 399. Kompsobea, С. В. Clarke, 328. lanceolata, C. B. Clarke, men- tioned, 330. lilacina, Ridl.*, 330. platycarpus, C. В. Clarke, men- tioned, 328. pyroliflora, Ridl.*, 330. quinquevulnerus, Ridl.*, 328; mentioned, 269, 329. salicina, Ridl.*, 269, 329. Didymocarpus spp., 270. Didymodon erispifolius, Mitt., 158. Didymosperma Hookeriana, Bece., 391. Diego Garcia, Turbinaria from, 216. Dillenia indica, Linn., 273. ovata, Wall., 273. Рплехтлсеж, bud-protection in, 258, 259, 263 ; Malayan, 272. Dionysia tapetodes, Bunge, 86; men- tioned, 24. | Dioscorea demona, Roxb., 386. pentaphylla, Linn., 386. Птовсоввлсвж, Malayan, 386. Diospyros argentea, Griff., 318. caliginosa, Ridl.*, 318. cauliflora, Blume, mentioned, 318. Ebenum, sp. aff., 318. flavicans, sp. aff.. 318. Kaki, mentioned, 183, 188. lucida, Wall., 318. Diphyes odorata, Blume, 364. Diphyscium foliosum, mentioned, 192. fulvifolium, Mitt.*, 192. Diplazium porrectum, Blume, 404. sorzogonense, Presl, 404. tenerum, Presl, 404. tomentosum, Blume, 404. Diploclinium bombycinum, Klotzsch, 303. Lindleyanum, Wight, 303. Diplophyllum albicans, Dum., 196. —, f. taxifolium, Lindb., 196. Dicksoni, Lindb., mentioned, 196. plicatum, Lindb., mentioned, 196. Dipodium pictum, Reichb. f., 368. DiprsacacE ж, Afghan, 74. Dipteris Horsfieldii, Bedd., 405. Lobbiana, 7. Moore, 405. DrPrERocARPEX, Malayan, 283. Orchids on, 360, Dipterocarpus cornutus, Dyer, 283. crinitus, Dyer, 288. Griffithii, Mig., 283. pterygocalyx, Miq., 270. pulcherrimus, Ridl.*, 288. Diptychocarpus strictus, Boiss., 33. Dischidia albida, Fl. Brit. Ind., 321. albida, Griff., 321. bengalensis, Coleb., 321. hirsuta, Decne., 320. Dischidia nummularia, 2. Br., 321. Кайезїапа, Wall., 320. Diserneston. gummiferum, Jaub. & Spach, 70. Dissocheta gracilis, Blume, 302. Distribution of Turbinaria, 217. Ditrichum divaricatum, Mitt.*, 155. pallidum, Mitt.*, 155. Dodartia orientalis, Linn., 93; men- tioned, 14, Dodonza viscosa, Zinn., 289, Dog Fern, 404. ` Dolichandrone Rheedii, Seem., 327. Dolichomitra, §, 175. Dombeya Mastersii, Hook. f. bud- protection in, 256. Dorema Ammoniacum, D. Don, 70, $. 28, 24, 25; mentioned, 16. Aucheri, Boiss., 70. glabrum, Fisch. $ Mey., 70, t. 26, 27; mentioned, 23. hirsutum, Loftus, 70. robustum, Loftus, 70. serratum, Aitch. $ Hemsl.*, 70, $. 28. Do-shakh mountain flora, 98, Dosono, 285. . Dozy and Molkenboer, their work on Japanese Mosses and Hepatice, 153. Dozya japonica, Lacoste, 171, Drab, 124. Draba verna, Linn., 33. Dracena Cantleyi, Baker, mentioned, 268. | congesta, Аз 1.*, 388. longifolia, Ridl.*, 388. nutans, Ridl.*, 406; mentioned, 388. terniflora, Roxb., 387. Drija, possibly a Canarium, 272. Drosera, Linn., mentioned, 268. Burmanni, Vahl, 298. Әковквасеж, Malayan, 298. Drummondia clavellata, Hook., 161. Drynaria Linnei, Bory, 405, quercifolia, J. Sm., 405. rigidula, Sw., 405. Dub, 5. Duby, Japanese Mosses dese. by, 153. Duku, 285. Dumb-i-gosalla, 87. Dumb-i-roba, 87. Durian, 271. Durian daun, 280. INDEX. Durio, sp., 280. | zibethinus, Zinn., 971, 980 ; bud-protection in, 256. Duvalia ? intermedia, Austin, 205. Dyera costulata, Hook. f., 271, 320. Dysophylla auricularia, Blume, 336. Dysoxylum alliaceum, Blume, var. laxiflora, 285. brevipes, Hiern, 285. Eagle-wood, 341. ЕвЕхАСЕЖ, Malayan, 318. Ebermaiera Griffithiana, 7, Anders., 382. longifolia, Nees, 332. setigera, Nees, 339, Ebol, 391. Eccremothecium, §, 165. Echinophora platyloba, DC., 65. Echinops Griffithianus, Boiss., 77. Echinopsilon eriophorum, Koch, 102. Echinospermum barbatum, Bieb., 89. brachysepalum, Claus, 89. levigatum, Kar. 4 Kir., 89. Lappula, Lehm., 89. microcarpum, Ledeb., mentioned, 89. minimum, Lehm., 89. oligacanthum, Boiss., 89. sessiliflorum, Boiss., 89. sinaicum, A. DC., 89. sp., two undetermined, 89 ; men- tioned, 25. | Eclipta alba, Hassk., 315. Ejik-okharasi, 67. Ekor-kuching, 336. Ет,жавхасеж, Afghan, 106. Elwagnus angustifolia, Linn., 106. hortensis, Bieb.,106 ; mentioned, 22. sp. mentioned, 12, 15, 24. Elxocarpus Griffithii, Mast., 281. obtusus, Blume, 281. robustus, Roxb., 281. Elaphoglossum, Schott, sp., 405. Elatostemma, Forst., mentioned, 269. lineolatum, Wight, 356. ‘sessile, Forst., 356. surculosum, Wight, var., 356. Eleocharis chætaria, Roem. dr Schult., 398. ochrostachys, Steud., 398. . palustris, А. Br., 121. variegata, Kunth, var. laxiflora, 398. 495 Elephant, see Gajah. | Elettariopsis longituba, Ridl., 382. Eleusine ægyptiaca, Linn., 401. indica, Linn., 401. Ellipeia nervosa, Hook. f., 273. Elymus Caput-Medusæ, Linn., 127. Embryology of the Amentiferæ (Ben- son), 409. Empeenai, 284. Endophyllum, Zev., mentioned, 145, 148, 149. Entada scandens, Benth., 296. Entodon abbreviatus, Mitt.*, 179. attenuatus, Mitt.*, 179; men- tioned, 180. brevisetus, Mitt.*, 179. compressus, Mitt.*, 180. Drummondii, Mitt.*, 179. lætus, Mitt.*, 179. pulchellus, Mitt.*, 179, ramulosus, Mitt.*, 179. rubicundus, Mitt.*, 180. Sullivantii, Lindb., 180; шеп- tioned, 179. Ephedra distachya, Linn., var., 112. foliata, Boiss., 112. pachyclada, Boiss., 111, 138,t.47; mentioned, 3, 10, 12, 112. sarcocarpa. Айс), d Hemsl.*, 112, t. 47. Sp., mentioned, 17, 18, 23; three undetermined species, 112. Ephippium ciliatum, Blume, 365. Epilasia ammophila, Bunge, 84; mentioned, 26. Epilobium hirsutum, Linn., 64. Epithema, mentioned, 308. carnosum, Benth., 331. Eauisetracex, Afghan, 127. Equisetum elongatum, Willd., 197. ramosissimum, Desf., 127. ramosum, Schl., 127. Eragrostis Brownii, Kunth, 402. cynosuroides, Beauv., 124; men- tioned, 5, 10. var. pauciflora, 124. ferruginea, Thunb., 402. nutans, Retz., 402. e plumosa, Retz., 402. poæoides, Beauv., 124; men- tioned, 9. zeylanica, В. Br., 401, Eranthemum Andersoni, Mast., 333. Blumei, Teysm., 333. malaccense, C. B. Clarke, 333. 3P 2 456 Eranthis cilicica, Schott $ Kotschy, ^ o9 mentioned, 20. Егетойаисив Lehmanni, Bunge, 65. Eremostachys diversifolia, Regel, 98; mentioned, 21. labiosa, var. canescens, Regel, 98; mentioned, 99. laciniata, Bunge, mentioned, 99. napuligera, Franch., 98. persimilis, Aitch. 4 Hemsl.*, 98. Regeliana, Айс), $ Hemsl.*, 99. spp., two unnamed, 23, 99. Eremurus Alge,25,an error for Olge. Aucherianus, var. Korolkowi, Regel, 116. aurantiacus, Daler, 116; men- tioned, 24, 25. Bungei, var. stenophyllus, Boiss., 116. luteus, Baker, 116. Olgæ, Regel, 117; mentioned, 25 (erroneously аз Algæ), 116. вр., mentioned, 20,91; remains of, mentioned, 19, spectabilis, Bieb., 116. velutinus, Boiss. § Buhse, 116. Eria acridostachya, Hook. f., 366. acridostachya, Scortech., 367. aéridostachya, Reichb. f., 366. bractescens, Lindl., 366; men- tioned, 269. floribunda, Lindl., 366. gracilis, Hook. f., 866. pannea, Lindl., 366. pulchella, Lindl., 366. вр.?, 367. Spp., 270. stellata, Lindl., 366. vestita, Lindl., 366. Eriachne chinensis, Benth., 401. triseta, Nees, 401. Erianthus Ravennæ, Beauv., 122; mentioned, 5, 14, 26. вр.?, 122. Erigeron linifolius, Willd., 314. Емгосатт ж, Malayan, 395. Eriocaulon sexangulare, Linn., 395. Wallichianum, Mast., 395. Eriodendron anfractuosum, DỌ., 280. Erioglossum edule, Blume, 988, Erismanthus obliquus, Wall., 351. Erodium bryonizfolium, Boiss., 45. ciconium, Willd., 44. cicutarium, Г Hérit., 44, INDEX. Erophila vulgaris, DC., 33. Erpodium ceylanicum, mentioned, 170. coronatum, Hook. & Wils., 170. domingense, Brid., mentioned, 170. Hanningtonii, mentioned, 170. japonicum, Mitt., 170, 206. Eruca sativa, Lam., 36. Етуит Ervilia, Linn., 59. Lens, Linn., 59. Eryngium carlinoides, Boiss, 65; mentioned, 22. Erysimum canescens, Benth., men- tioned, 35. persepolitanum, Boiss., 35 ; men- tioned, 25, 27. repandum, Linn., 35. . sisymbrioides, C. A. Mey., 35 Spp., two undetermined, 35. Erythreea babylonica, Griseb., 87. spicata, Pers., 87. Erythrina indica, Lam., 293. Erythroxylon burmanicum, Griff., 282. Euclidium syriacum, R. Br., 37. Eucommia ulmoides, Oliver, Caou- tchoue cells of (Weiss), 243-954. Eudicranum, $, 155. Eugenia, Mich., mentioned, 268. cauliflora, Ridl,*, 999, grandis, WigAt, 298. Heyneana, Wall., 299. inophylla, Roxb., 298. leptantha, Wight, 298. lineata, Blume, 298. macrocarpa, Roxb., Loranthus ferrugineus on, 342. Maingayii, Duthie, 298. Sp., Loranthus ampullaceus on, 343. . tiumanensis, Ridl.*, 299, verecunda, Wall., ? aff., 299. zeylanica, Wight, 998. Eulophia graminea, Lindl., 368. squalida, Lindl., 368. Eumeteorium, $, 172. Eumnium, $, 166. Euoncophorus, 5, 158. Euonymus javanicus, Blum», 286. Euphorbia Aloto, Forst., 344, emladenia, Boiss., 107; men- tioned, 108. Chamesyce, Linn., 107; men- tioned, 108. Euphorbia cheirolepis, Fisch, d Mey., 107; mentioned, 4. densa, Schrenk, 107. exigua, Linn., mentioned, 246, faleata, Linn., mentioned, 246, helioscopia, Zinn., 107 ; men- tioned, 243, 246. Lathyris, Linn., mentioned, 246, osyridea, Boiss., 107; men- tioned, 3. Peplus, Linn., mentioned, 246, pilulifera, Zinn., 344, roots in sand, 4. вр., 107; mentioned, 8, 24, 27; four undetermined species, 108, Szovitsii, Fisch. $ Mey., 107. thymifolia, Burm. f., 344, turcomanica, Boiss., 107. Есрноввтлсеж, Afghan, 107 ; Ma- layan, 344. Eupogonalum, $, 199, Euporotrichum, $, 175. Eurhynchium, $, 183. Eurotia eeratoides, С. A. Mey., 101 mentioned, 17, 18. Eurya acuminata, DC. ,977; Eurycles amboinensis,. Lindl., 268, 387. Eurycoma latifolia, Jack, 284, Eustichia Savatieri, Husn., 154. Euthemis leucocarpa, Jack, 285. minor, Jack, 285. Euthuidium, $, 188. Eversmannia astragaloides, Regel & Schmalh., 57. hedysaroides, Bunge, 56. . Sp., mentioned, 17. Evodia Roxburghiana, Benth., 284. Fagonia arabica, Linn., 44. eretica, Linn., mentioned, 12, Fagræa, Thunb., bud-protection in, 256, 260. auriculata, Jack, 329; its flowers, 268. fragrans, Roxb., 323. imperialis, Miq., 322. obovata, Wall., 323; mentioned, 268. racemosa, Jack, 323 ; mentioned, 268. Fagus sylvatica, Linn., embryology of, 410, 421. Falconer, Dr., Turbinaria coll. by, 216. ; * Fasergrübchen " of Turbinaria, 223, Ferguson, W., Caulerpa coll. by, 211. Ferns, Malayan, alluded to, 268. Ferula Asafetida, Boiss., 68. foetida, Regel, 68, t. 19, 13, 14; mentioned, 16, 70. galbaniflua, Boiss. $ Buhse, 68, t. 15, 16,17 ; mentioned, 16, 20. var. Aucheri, Boiss., 69. oopoda, Boiss., 67, t. 18, 19; mentioned, 20. ovina, Boiss., 68. racemifera, Szovits, 70. Schair, Borsze., mentioned, 67. Scorodosma, Bentl. & Trim., 68. вр., mentioned, 5, suaveolens, Aitch. 4 Hemsl., 69, t. 20, 21. Sumbul, Hook. f., 70. Szovitsiana, DC., 68. Festuca gigantea, Vill., as а fungus- host, 227, 228; Uredo on, 230; teleutospores of, 23. myurus, Linn., 195. ovina, Linn., 195, Fibraurea chloroleuca, Miers, 274. Етсотреж, Malayan, 303. Ficus alba, Reinw., mentioned, 268. | aff. geocarpa, T'eysm., 854. aurantiaca, Griff., 353. Carica, Linn., varr., 109, t. 46; mentioned, 23, 24, 110. chrysocarpa, Reinw., mentioned, 268. : consociata, Blume, 352. cunea, Ham., 858. diversifolia, Blume, var. Kunst- leri, 354. var, lutescens, 354. var. ovoidea, 353. elastica, Roxb., mentioned, 243, 247. fistulosa, Reinw., 353. geraniifolia, Mig., 109; men- tioned, 110. glabella, Blume, 353. globosa, Blume, 352. heterophylla, Linn. f., 353. hispida, Linn., 353. indica, Zinn., 353. Johannis, Boiss., 109; tioned, 110. Miquelii, King, 358. persica, Boiss., 109; mentioned, 15:316. pisifera, Wall., mentioned, 352. men- INDEX. Ficus pisifera, var., 352. pisocarpa, Blume, 353. pomifera, Wall., 353. procera, Blume, 353. pyriformis, Hook. 4 Arn., 269, 358. quercifolia, Roxb., var. humilis, 352. sp., Viscum orientale on, 343. spp., mentioned, 268. truncata, King, 352. Етілсеѕ, Afghan, 128 ; Malayan, 402. Filicoidez, $, 212. Fimbristylis estivalis, Vahl, 398. argentea, Vahl, 398. asperrima, Boeck, 398. diphylla, Vahl, 397. globulosa, Kunth, 397. glomerata, Nees, 397. leptoclada, Benth., 397. longispica, Steud., 397. miliacea, Vahl, 397. nutans, Vahl, 398. pauciflora, R. Br., 398. sericea, R. Br., 397. setacea, Benth., 397. tenera, var. obtusata, О, В. Clarke, 397. tetragona, R. Br., 397. Fissidens acutifolius, Mitt., mentioned, 191. adiantoides, Hedw., 191. cristatus, Wils., 191. decipiens, De Not., 191. incrassatus, Sull. ф Lesq., men- tioned, 191. japonicus, Dozy 4 Molk., 191. laxus, Sull. $ Lesqg., mentioned, 191. nobilis, Griff., mentioned, 191. pungens, Sull. $ Lesq., men- tioned, 191. | Fiurena, а misprint for Fuirena, 397. Fire-cracker, 318. Flacourtia cataphracta, Roxb., 275, Rukam, Zoll. $ Mor., 275. Flagellaria indica, Zinn., 390. FracELLARLE, Malayan, 390. Flemingia congesta, Roxb., 294. | strobilifera, R. Br., 293. Fleurya interrupta, Gaudich., 354. Flies visiting Sindora, 296, Floscopa scandens, Lour., 389. Fluggea microcarpa, Blume, 345. Fly-cracker, 318. Forest Morinda, 319, — 497 | Forrestia marginata, Hassk., 389. sp., 389. | Forskil, Turbinaria; coll. by, 216. Frankenia hirsuta, var. levis, Boiss., 39. levis, Linn., 89. pulverulenta, Linn., 39. sp., mentioned, 18. ЕвАхКЕхтАОЕЖ, Afghan, 39. Fraxinus oxyphylla, Bieb., var. В, 86. вр., 86. Friendly Islands, Turbinaria from,216, Fritillaria Karelini, Baker, 118; mentioned, 20. Fruits in Malaya, 271. Frullania, Raddi, mentioned, 180, 197, 201. æolotis, Nees, 209, clavellata, Mitt.*, 203. dilatata, Nees, 202. fragilifolia, Tayl., mentioned, 203. gracilis, mentioned, 203. Hutchinsiæ, Nees, 203. japonica, Lacoste, 202. Tamarisci, Nees, 209, tenuicaulis, Mitt.*, 203. ternatensis, Gottsche, mentioned, 208. vaginata, Nees, mentioned, 203. Fucus ceranoides, Linn., mentioned, 225. conoides, Forsk., 215, 217. denudata, Bory, 216, 217, 219. marinus vesiculas habens mem- branis | extantibus alatas, Sloane, 215, 218. turbinatus, Linn., 215, 217. turbinatus, Turn., 217. var. ornatus, Turn., 215, 219. | Fuirena glomerata, Lam., 397. Fumaria parviflora, Lam., 32. Funaria hygrometrica, Hedw., 164. Foner, Afghan, 128. | Gabina, 51. Gagea amblyopetala, Boiss. $ Heldr., 119. chlorantha, Roem. $' Schult., 119. persica, Boiss., 119. reticulata, Roem. д Schult., 119. sp., mentioned, 20. Gaharu wood, 270, 341. Gaillonia dubia, Айс). $ Hemsl.*, 72, t. 30. 438 Gaillonia eriantha, Jaub. $ Spach, mentioned, 73. incana, Jaub.d Spach, mentioned, 73. Olivierii, А. Rich., 72. sp., mentioned, 17, 25. Gajah, meaning of, 299. Galbanum, 16. Galeobdolon, mentioned, 270. Galium Арагіпе, Linn., 73. Sp., 72; mentioned, 21. tricorne, Stokes, 73. Gambir cult., 271 ; Maearanga sticks for preparing, 350. Сблморетат,ж, Malayan, 306. Ganda Rusa, 333, 334. Gandam, 126. \ Gandam-ak, 41. Gandam-dar, 196. Gao-turganak, 107. Gao-zeban, 88. Garcinia atro-viridis, Griff., 271, 278. Cambogia, var. papilla, bud- protection in, 256. Hombroniana, Pierre, 277. Kunstleri, King, 277. Mangostana, Linn., 271, 278; mentioned, 277. nigro-lineata, Planch., 978, Gardenia Campanula, Ridl.*, 310. florida, Linn., 260, 964. laurifolia, 261, 266 ; mentioned, 264. tentaculata, Hook. f., 310. - tubifera, Wall., 310. Gardenia-resin, 260. Garhadiolus Hedypnois, Jaub. & Spach, 82. Gash-goshi, 83. Gastrochilus biloba, Ridl*, 379. longiflora, Wall.,mentioned, 380. Gaz, 41. Gaz-khera, 42. Gaz-mazu, 42. Gaz-shora, 41. Gaz-surkh, two species so called, 42. Geaster striatus, var. minor, Fr., 129. Generalizations on Afghan flora, 25. Gentiana Olivieri, Griseb., 18; men- tioned, 20. GENTIANACE®, Afghan, 87; Malayan, 322. Geographical distribution of Turbi- naria, 217. Geomitra episcopalis, Bece., 359. sp., 359. INDEX, Geophila, D. Don, mentioned, 269. melanocarpa, Ridl.*, 313, 407. reniformis, D. Don, 313. GxRANIACEZ, Afghan, 44; Malayan, 282. Geranium collinum, var. Londesii, Fisch., 44 ; mentioned, 25. lucidum, Linn., flowers of Lepta- leum filifolium resembling, 35. rotundifolium, Linn., 44. tuberosum, var. Charlesii, Aitch. 4 Hemsl., 44; mentioned, 21. Get, 111. | Getah Grip, 271. Getah Jelutong, 271, 320. Getah Terap, 355. Ghi, vessels for, 117. Gill, Rev.—, Turbinaria coll. by, 216. Girgensohnia oppositiflora, Fenzl, 104. Gironniera nervosa, Planch., men- tioned, 268, 352. parvifolia, Planch., 352. subsequalis, Planch., mentioned, 352. Gishar, 107. Gladiolus imbricatus, var. € anus, Boiss., 115. ошаққа Boiss., 115; men- tioned, 25. Glaucium fimbrilligerum, Boiss., 32 ; mentioned, 17. Glaux maritima, Linn., 86. Globba, Linn., 270. Schomburgkii, Hook. f., 378. variabilis, Ridl.*, 378. Glochidion iusulare, Hook. f., 345. littorale, Blume, 345. obscurum, Blume, 345. sericeum, Hook. f., 345. Gluta Benghas, Linn., 290. Glycosmis pentaphylla, Correa, 284. puberula, Lindl., 284. sapindoides, Lindl., 284. Glycyrrhiza glabra, Linn., 56. var. glandulifera, Regel 4 Herd., 56 ; mentioned, 23. sp., mentioned, 20. triphylla, Fisch. $ Mey., 56; mentioned, 23. Glyphomitrium dentatum, Mitt., 159. sinense, Mitt., 159. Wilsoni, Sull. $ Lesq., 159; mentioned, 158. Gmelina Hystrix, Kurz, 334. villosa, Roxb., 884. GNETACE®, Afghan, 111; Malayan» 357. Gnetum Brunonianum, Griff., 357. Brunonianum, Grif., 357. edule, Blume, 357. funiculare, Blume, 357. var., 357. Gnemon, Linn., 357. scandens, Roxb., 357. Goebelia pachycarpa, Жошы; 60. G'ol-i- Lale, 119. Goldbachia levigata, DC., 38. levigata, var. В, Boiss., 38. torulosa, DC., 38. sp., mentioned, 17. Gomphandra affinis, Mast., 286. Gomphia Hookeri, Planch., 285. sumatrana, Jack, 285. Gomphostemma, Wall., mentioned, 270. crinitum, Wall., 336. oblongum, Wall., 386. Goniostoma, $, 162. Goniothalamus macrophyllns, King, 274. GoopENoviEz, Malayan, 315. Gossypium, Linn., bud-protection іп, 256. herbaceum, Linn., 43. Goza, 43. Graminnm, Afghan, 122-127; Ma- layan, 399. Grammatophyllum speciosum, Blume, 269. бтарев, во саПеа, 51, Greenia Jackii, Wight, 307. Grez, 108. Grimmia apocarpa, Hedw., 158. canescens, Mitt.*, 158. fascicularis, C. Muell., 158. heterosticha, C. Muell., 158. japonica, Dozy 4 Molk., 158. lanuginosa, C. Muell., 158. striata, Web. & Mohr, 158. sudetica, Schwaegr., mentioned, _ 158. Groom, P., bud-protection in Dico- tyledons, 255-266, Grunow, Dr., var. of Caulerpa сас- toides, 211. Guché Gajah, 847. Guj-i-kohja, 64. Gul-i-dukhter, 32. Gul-i-khadmi, 43. Gul-i-ranan zeba, 63. Gul-khalle, 88. Gul-zard, 36. Gulab, 62. Gundelia Tournefortii, Linn., 77; mentioned, 21. Guring, 351. Gurjha, 61. ‘Gutta in Willughbeia fruits, 319. 'Gutta-percha from Palaquium Gutta, 317. Gutta-trees in Malaya, 271. СотттгЕвж, bud-protection in, 258, 259, 268; Malayan, 277. Gwan, 47. Gymnadenia brachyphylla, 113 in note. Gymnopteris flagellifera, Wall., 405. Gymnostomum intermedium, Turn., 160. japonicum, Hedw., 164. spathulatum, Harv., 160. ‘Gynandropsis pentaphylla, DO., 274. Gynochthodes sublanceolata, Mig., 312. Gynosporangium Cunninghamianus ‚ mentioned, 228. Gynotroches axillaris, Mig., 300. ‘Gypsophila alsinoides, Bunge, 40. - paniculata, Linn., 40; men- tioned, 20. porrigens, Boiss., 40. Vaccaria (Fl. Græc. t. 380), 40. Lindl., Habenaria Aitchisoni, Reichb. f.*, 118 in note. * brachyphylla, Aitch., 113 in note. brachyphylla, Zteichb. f.*, 113 in note. crassifolia, A. Rich., 113in note. diphylla, Dalz., mentioned, 113 in note. Dregeana, Lindl., 114 in note. ‘ Jerdoniana, Wight, 114 in note. Josephi, Reichb. f.*, 114 in note. plantaginea, Lindl., mentioned, 113 in note. platyphylla, Spreng., mentioned, 113 in note. - rotundifolia. Lindl., mentioned, 113 in note. Sutteri, Reichb. f., 114 in note. vaginata, A. Rich., mentioned, 113 in note. mentioned, Hackel, Prof., Grasses of Malay Pen- insula, 267. INDEX. Haddon, Prof, Turbinaria coll. by, 216. Heemaria discolor, Lindl., 377. Н жморовлсеж, Malayan, 387. Halanthium, sp., 104 ; mentioned, 3. Halidrys siliquosa, Zyngb., men- tioned, 221, 223, 224. Halimocnemis mollissima, 104. pilosa, Mog., 104. Halocharis sulphurea, Mog., 104; mentioned, 3. sp., 104, Halostachys caspia, С. A. Mey., 102; mentioned, 18. Haloxylon Ammodendron, Bunge, 102; mentioned, 3, 14, 26. Griffithii, Moq., 102 ; mentioned, 3. roots in sand, 4. salicornicum, Bunge, 108; men- tioned, 3. sp., mentioned, 18. Haplohymenium Sieboldi, Dozy & Molk., 188. Haplophyllum acutifolium, Boiss., 45. erythraum, Boiss., 45. pedicellatum, Spach, 45. Hari-rud valley, its flora, 13-18. Harut river basin, its flora, 10-13. He-chi, 60. Hedwigia ciliata, Ehrh., 170. Hedyotis auricularia, Linn., 307. capitellata, Wall., 307. congesta, R. Br., 308. glabra, R. Br., 308. hispida, Retz., 307. pinifolia, Wall., 307. vestita, №. Br., 307. Hedysarum criniferum, Boiss., men- tioned, 57. elymaitieum, Boiss. $ Haussk., mentioned, 57. Maitlandianum, Aitch. 4 Baker”, 57. micropterum, Boiss., mentioned, 57. Wrightianum, Ат А, $ Baker*, 57. Heldreichia longifolia, Boiss., 36. Heleochloa schcenoides, Host, 123; mentioned, 9. Helicophyllum crassifolium, 120; mentioned, 17. Helicopogon, $, 160. Bunge, Engl., 439 Helicteres viscida, Wall., 281. Heliotropium cabulicum, Bunge, 88. chorassanicum, Bunge, 88. Eichwaldi, Steud., 88. indicum, Linn., 322. two species, mentioned, 3. undulatum, Vahl, 88. Helmand valley, its flora, 6-10. Helminthostachys zeylanica, Hook., 406. Hemenocraster (an error for Hymeno- crater), 24. Hemigraphis confinis, Т. Anders., 332. Hemileia vastatrix, Berk. & Broom mentioned, 271. Henoniella japonica, Duby, obs. on, 159. Henslowia Lobbiana, DC., 343. buxifolia, Blume, 344. Hepatice and Musci from Japan (Mitten), 153-206. Heptapleurum subulatum, Seem., 305, venulosum, Seem., 305. Heritiera littoralis, Dryand., 281. Herpestis Monnieria, Н. В. $ K.,325. Herpocheta charoides, Harv., 207. Hesperide visiting Cyrtophyllum, 398; do. Sonneratia, 303. Hesperis odoratissima, Poir., 33. Heteracia Szovitsii, Fisch. д Mey., 82. Heteranthelium piliferum, Hochst., 126. Heterocladium leucotrichum, Mitt.*, 176. tenue, Mitt.*, 176. Heteroderis Stocksiana, Boiss., 82. Hevea, Willd., mentioned, 251. Hibiscus Abelmoschus, Linn., 279. floccosus, Mast., 280. macrophyllus, Roxb., 279. ternatus, Cav., 43. tiliaceus, Linn., 279. Trionum, Linn., 48. Higginsia macrophylla, Planch., 259. Hildebrandt, Turbinaria coll. by, 216. Himanthalia, Zyngb., mentioned, 223. Hindu-ani, 64. қ Hing, 68. Hippeastrum aulicum, Herb., branched pollen-tube of, 419. Hippuroides, $, 212, Hiptage Madablota, Gaertn., 282. Hitcheniopsis, 5, 379. Hodgsonia heteroclita, Hook. f., 304. 440 Hoffmannia, Sw., bud-protection in, 256. macrophylla, Hemsl., 259, 266. Hohenacker, Turbinaria coll, by, 216. Holomitrium, Endl., mentioned, 169. Holosteum umbellatum, Linn., 40. Homalia apiculata, Lacoste, 174. nitidula, Mitt., 174. Homalanthus populifolius, R. Grah., 351. Homalomena aromatica, Schott, 394. Homalonema (an error), 394. Homalothecium, $, 184. Home, Capt. Sir E., Turbinaria coll. by, 216, Homonoia, Lour., in Malay Peninsula, 270. riparia, Lour., 351. Hooker, Herb., Turbinaria in, 216. Hookeria flabellata, Sm., 175. Hordeum Caput-Medusx, Benth, 4 Hook. f., 127 ; mentioned, 22, hexastichum, Linn., 127; men- tioned, 15, _ ithaburense, Boiss., 197 ; men- tioned, 22. murinum, Linn., 197, vulgare, Linn., 127; mentioned, 15. INDEX, Hydrocera triflora, Willd., 283. Нүркоснлвіреж, Malayan, 358. Hydrocotyle asiatica, Linn., 305. Hygrophila angustifolia, Nees, 333. saxatilis, /201.*, 269, 333. Hylocomium brevirostrum, Schinp., 182. calvescens, Mitt.*, 182. cavifolium, Lacoste, 182. Flemmingii, Austin, 182. himalayanum, Miti.*, 182. Schreberi, Mitt.*, 183. splendens, Schimp., 182. squarrosum, Schimp., 182. triquetrum, Schimp., 182. Hymenocrater elegans, Bunge, var., 97; mentioned (erroneously аз Hemenocraster), 24. Hymenophyllum,Sm., mentioned,195. Blumeanum, Spring, 402. Neesii, Hook., 403. polyanthos, Sw., 402. Hyocomium Berthelotianum, Mitt., mentioned, 178. capillifolium, Mitt.*, 177. cylindricarpum, Mitt.*, 178. exaltatum, Mitt.*, 177. hastile, Mitt.*, 177. lychnites, Mitt.*, 177. Hypnum Brandisii, C. Muell., 189, brevirostre, Ehrh., 189, calvescens, Wils., 182. cameratum, Mitt., 185. circinale, Hook., 181. concinnum, Wils., 177. curvifolium, Hedw., 181. delicatulum, Hedw., 189, demissum, Wils., 175. dendroides, Thunb., 171. denticulatum, Linn., 177. diversiforme, Mitt.*, 185. emarginatum, Schleich., men- tioned, 188. erectiuscula, Sull. & Lesq., 180. flaccidum, Sull. & Lesq., 176. Haldanianum, Grev., 181. hakoniense, Mitt.*, 185. hians, Zedw., 183. inclinatum, Mitt., 184. incurvatum, Schrad., 181. levisetum, Lacoste, 185. longifolium, Mitt.*, 183, lutescens, mentioned, 185. macrostegium, Sull. $ Lesg., 184. Maxinowiezii, Borsz., 177. molluscum, Hedw., 177. myuros, Brid., mentioned, 185. Hornstedtia Scyphus, Retz., 381. Horse-footprint, 324, Howick’s Group, Turbinaria from,916. Hoya coriacea, Blume, 321. pilosum, Mitt., mentioned, 177. ruginosum, Mitt.*, 178. varians, Mitt.*, 182. Hyophila, $, 160. mysuroides, Linn., mentioned, 185. oreganum, Sull., mentioned, 183, pallidifolium, Mitt., 184. coronaria, Blume, 321. diversifolia, Blume, 321. latifolia, G. Don, 321. multiflora, Blume, 321, parasitica, Wall, 321. | Hulthemia berberifolia, Dum., 62. Hum, 111; native name for Peri- ploca and Ephedra, 3. Hum-i-bandak, 112, — Huma, 111; native name for Peri- ploca and Ephedra, 3. Humata heterophylla, J. Sm., 408. Humulus Lupulus, Linn., 109. Нига crepitans, Linn., bud-protection in, 256. Hyacinthus ciliatus, Cyr., 118, Hydnophytum formicarium, Jack, 314. Hydrilla verticillata, Pres], var. longi- folia, 358. var. Roxburghii, 358, -Hydrocarpus Castanea, Hook, f. 216. Hyoscyamus pusillus, Linn., 92. reticulatus, Linn., 92. Senecionis, Willd., mentioned, 92. var. bipinnatisectus, Boiss., 92; mentioned, 25, var. multifidus, Aitch. $ Hemsl.*, 92, t. 38. Hypecoum procumbens, Linn., 32. Нүрекісізеж, Afghan, 42, Hypericium (misprint for Hypericum), 42. Hypericum helianthemoides, Boiss., 42. scabrum, Linn., 42 ; mentioned, 25. Hypnum abietinum, Linn., 189, acuticuspis, Mitt., mentioned, 185. adnatum, Hedw., 180. assurgens, Sull. д Lesq., 190. Blandovii, Web, & Mohr, 189. parietinum, Thunb., 182. philippianum, mentioned, 184. plicatum, mentioned, 186. . plumeforme, Wils., 181. pohliecarpum, Sull. & Lesq., 176. polystictum, Mitt.*, 183. prelongum, Linn., 183. proliferum, var. compactum, Drum., 190. pseudoplumosum, Brid., 185. purum, Linn., 183. reptile, Rich., 180. robustum, Hook., 182, Schreberi, Willd., 183. sciureum, Mitt.*, 184; men- tioned, 185. sericeum, Linn., mentioned, 184, 185, 186. | Smallii, Sull. & Lesq., 176. spectabile, Wils., 171. squarrosum, Linn., 182. Hypnum subalbidum, Sull. & Lesq., 176. subpinnatum, Lindb., 182. Swartzii, T'urn., mentioned, 183. sylvaticum, Linn., 178. thelidictyon, Sull. & Lesq., 175. tokiadense, Mitt.*, 184. triquetrum, Linn., 182. umbratum, Schimp., mentioned, 182. Hypolytrum latifolium, Rich., 398. Hypopterygium japonicum, Mitt., 169. sinicum, Mitt.*, 169. Hyposis aurea, Lour., 387. Hyptis brevipes, Poit., 337. suaveolens, Poit., 336. Ichnocarpus ovatifolius, DC., 320. Ifloga Fontanesii, Cass., 75. spicata, Schrad., 75. Iguanura geonomeformis, Mart.,391. malaccensis, Весс., 391. Пех, Tourn., mentioned, 268. cymosa, Blume, 285. macrophylla, Wall., 285. Плотмеж, Malayan, 285. П.ксвввлсвж, Afghan, 100. Imperata cylindrica, Cyr., 400. Indigofera hirsuta, Linn., 291. tinctoria, Linn., 291. Inoculation of Puccinia, 231, 249 ; of Puccinia Jasmini-Chrysopogonis, 242. Introduction to Afghan flora, 1-29. Inula divaricata, Boiss., 75. rupestris, Aitch. $ Hemsl., 75. JIowur, 123. Ipoh, 323, 354; Cnesmone used in preparing, 351; Dioscorea demona used with, 386. Трошова, Linn., mentioned, 268. angustifolia, Jacq., 324. biloba, Forsk., 324. carnosa, R. Br., 324. chryseides, Ker, 324. cymosa, Roem. $ Schult., 324. denticulata, Choisy, 324. linifolia, Blume, 324. Pes-capre, Roxb., 324. uniflora, Roem. 4 Schult., 324. vitifolia, Sweet, 324. Inipea, Afghan, 114. Iris caucasica, Hoffm., mentioned, 115, INDEX. Iris drepanophylla, Асл. $ Baker*, 115. faleifolia, Bunge, 114. Fosteriana, Aitch. $ Baker*, 114; mentioned, 21. Gueldenstaedtiana, Lepech., 114; mentioned, 24. sibirica, Linn., mentioned, 12. Sisyrinchium, Linn., 114. soongarica, Schrenk, 114; men- tioned, 17. Isachne australis, R. Br., 399. sp., 399. Isanthera parviflora, Ridl.*, 331. permollis, Vees, mentioned, 331. Isatis armena, Linn., 37. Boissieriana, Reichb. f., 37; mentioned, 16, 26. bullata, Aitch. $ Hemsl.*, 37. minima, Bunge, 37. sp., 37 ; mentioned, 17. Ischoemum muticum, Linn., 401. Ishkhar, 103. Ishkin, 106. Ishlan, 104. Ishlun, 104. Iskoy, 400. Isoptera borneensis, Blume, 984; mentioned, 268, Isopterygium flaccidum, Mitt.*, 176. pohliæcarpum, Mitt.*, 176. Smallii, Mitt.*, 176. subalbidum, Mitt.*, 176. Textori, Mitt.*, 176. Isothecium, Brid., 175. Isothecium, $, 185. nilgiriense, Mont., 184. Ispathan, 46. Itinerary of Afghan Commission, 27. Ixiolirion montanum, Herb., 116. Ixonanthes icosandra, Jack, 282. obovata, Jack, 282. Ixora, Linn., bud-protection in, 256, amoena, Miq., 311. Brunonis, Wall., 312. Clerodendron, Ridl.*, 311. concinna, R. Br., 311. fulgens, Roxb., mentioned, 311. grandifolia, Zoll., 311. pendula, Jack, 311. stenophylla, Ridl.*, 269, 311. Jaeger & Sauerbeck, Japanese Mosses desc. by, 153. Jambu Ayer-Laut, 298. SECOND SERIES.—BOTANY, VOL. ПІ. 441 Jao, 127. Jao-shir, 69. Jao-shirin, 127. Jao-tursh, 127. Jaoz, 110. Jamesoniella, Mitt. ?, mentioned, 198. Japan, Musci and Hepatice from (Mitten), 158-206. Jarah Кауи, 351. Jasminum bifarium, Wall., 319. grandiflorum, Linn., the host of а Uredine, 141. humile, Linn., the host of an ZEci- dium, 143 ; a fungus-host, 241. Maingayii, C. В. Clarke, 319. officinale, Linn., mentioned, 241 ; the host of a Uredine, 142. pubescens, Willd., 318. Jatohtoh, 317. Jatropha Cureas, Linn., 950; men- tioned, 251. multifida, Linn., mentioned, 251. Jaur, 87 ; mentioned, 5. Jelatang, 351. Jepp, A., help acknowledged (Mitten), 154. Jering, 997. Jeringa, Jack, 297. Jhag, 84. s Johrenia Candollei, Boiss., mentioned, ГАР fungosa, Boiss., mentioned, 71. platypoda, Асл. 4 Hemsl.*, 71, $. 29. Josephia, Wight, mentioned, 373. Jow-thak-thak, 126. Jowhri-Turkimani, 123. JuGrANDEEX, Afghan, 110. Juglans regia, Linn., 110. , embryology of, 424. Juncacex, Afghan, 119. Juncus acutiflorus. Ehrh., 120. Gerardi, var. condensatus, Boiss., 120. glaucus, Ehrh., 119. lampocarpus, Ehrh., 120. maritimus, Linn., 119; men- tioned, 5. Jungermannia Ariadne, Tayl., 198. calycina, Tayl., 205. catenula, Hueb., 199, coalita, Hook., 199. cordifolia, Hook., 198. dentata, Raddi, 199. dilatata, Linn., 202. 89 442 Jungermaunia divaricata, Sm., 199. epiphylla, Linn., 205. fossombronioides, Austin, 198. furcata, Linn., 204. Hutchinsiæ, Hook., 208. Junghuhniana, Nees, 198. Lyellii, Hook., 205. obovata, Nees, 198. orcadensis, Hook., mentioned, 195. palmata, Hedw., 205. platyphylla, Linn., 202. Polyanthus, Linn., 199. polyrhiza, Hook., 197, 198. reptans, Linn., 199. riparia, Tayl., 198. setacea, Web., 199. sphærocarpa, Hook., mentioned, 197. Sieboldii, Lacoste, 197, 198. spinulosa, Dicks., 194. Tamarisii, Linn., 202, tomentella, Ehrh., 200, Jungle-products of Malaya, 270. Juniperus excelsa, Bieb., 113 ; men- tioned, 22, 25, 96. Jurinea adenocarpa, Schrenk, men- tioned, 80. chsetocarpa, Ledeb., mentioned, 80. monocephala, Айс), $ Hemsl.*, 80. spp. mentioned, 25. variabilis, 4%), 4 Hemsl.*, 80, $. 34. Jussizea repens, Linn., 309. suffruticosa, Linn., var. angusti- folia, 302, Justicia Gendarussa, Lina. f4.2972, 333. Kachang Babi, 292. ' Kadongdong, 271. Kempferia parvula, King, 380. Kajura, 82. Kakuti, 96. Kalkilli, 67. _ Kalpa, 72. Kalpura, 98. Kamagan Атал, 286. Kambul, 84, Kandal, 70. Kandal-kema, 70. Kandelia Rheedii, Wight $ Arn., 300. Kandis, 278. INDEX. Kandur, 192. Kangur, TT. Kantia bidentula, S. F. Gray, 200. Kapayung, 275. Kap-o-chist, 108. Kara-bia, 72. Karelinia caspia, Less., 74. Karez, an underground water- channel, 11. Kash, 122, Kashni, 82. Katchola, 92. Katira, 25, 51, 54. Kayu Arang, 318. Kayu Tembusu, 323. Kayea nervosa, 7, Anders., 279. Wrayii, King, 2778. Keladi, 333, 334. Kema-i-asp, 70. Kema-kohi, 68. Kembang Sámangko, 280. Keyserlingia Griffithii, Boiss., 60. Kha-warg, 38. Khar, 108. Khar-buze, 65. Khar-i-buz, 59. Khar-i-jinghak, 60. Khar-whang-kush, 105. Khoar-barrar, 98. Khok-nar, 32. Khon, 51. Khora-kema, 61. Khorasan flora, 24. Khurma, 190. Kich, 44, Kilki, 67. King, Dr. G., identification of Ma- layan plants, 267. Kinjak, 25, 96. Kir-thag, 194 ; mentioned, 5. Kirri (two species so called), 42; mentioned, 8. Kobe-kioto, Musci and Hepatic; from, 153. Kochia latifolia, Fres., 102, . scoparia, Schrad., 102. Koelpinia linearis, Pall., 89, ‚ Koh-tor (Lycium), 91. (Stocksia), mentioned, 2. Kohr-a-gaz, 42, Kon, 51. Kopsia fruticosa, 4. DC., 320, вр., 320. Krauss, Dr., Caulerpa coll. by, 209, Kuching-Kuching, 325. Kulfa, 72. Kun-halk, 66. Kundar, 87. Kunjit, 95. Kur-kushta, 64. Kurne-kema, 68. Kuschakewiczia turkestanica, Kegel $ Smirn., 88; mentioned, 26. Kutum, 306. Kwala=mouth of a river, 272. Kyllinga brevifolia, Rottb., 398. monocephala, Rottb., 398. Labbu, mentioned, 9, 94, 107. Гавтатж, Afghan, 95-99; Malayan, 386. Labillardiére, Turbinaria coll. by, 216. Labisia pothoina, Lindl., 316. Lactuea canescens, Hegel 4 Schmath., mentioned, 83. longirostris, Айел, d Hemsl.*, 82. orientalis, Boiss., 83 ; mentioned, 3, 17, 23, 91. persica, Boiss., 83. Scariola, Linn., 83. sp., mentioned, 22, undulata, Ledeb., mentioned, 83, Lagerstræmia, Linn., mentioned, 269. floribunda, Jack, 303. hexaptera, Mig., 303. Lagundi, 335. Lala, 119. Lale, 119. Lallemantia Royleana, Benth., 97. Lamium, Linn., mentioned, 270. amplexicaule, Linn., 98. Landar, 75. Landolphia, sp., 262. Langkwas Pranting, 380. Langsat, 271; mentioned, 276. Lansium domesticum, Jack, 271, 285. Laportea crenulata, Gaudich., 354. _ La-rag, 104. Larat Api, 284, Lasia Fruticella, Mitt.*, 173; men- tioned, 163. indica, Mitt.*, 713. producta, Hornsch., mentioned, 173. spinosa, Lour., 395. Lasianthus cyanocarpus, Jack, 313. Lastrea immersa, Blume, 404, crassifolia, Blume, 404. Latex-cells, 250. Lathyrus Арһаса, Linn., 59. subvillosus, Aitch. $ Hemsl.*, 59. sativus, Linn., a fungus-host, 235. Laurel-Fern, 403. Lavrinex, Malayan, 340. Leaf of Turbinaria, 921, Lecanorchis japonica, Blume, men- tioned, 378. javanica, Blume, mentioned, 378. malaccensis, Ridl.*, 377, 408. Leea æquata, Linn., 288. gigantea, Griff., 988. gigantea, Herb. Kew., 988. - horrida, Teysm., 288. rubra, Blume, 288, . sambucina, Willd., 288. sp., 288. Leersia hexandra, Sw., 400. Leeuminosm, Afghan, 47-60; Ma- layan, 291. Lejeunia, ZLib., mentioned, 197, 200. adplanata, Mees, 204. Japonica, Mitt.*, 208. minuta, Mitt.*, 203, 206. serpyllifolia, Lib. 204; men- tioned, 203. Lens esculenta, Moench, 59. ПҺехтівгтлвтеж, Malayan, 327. Leontice leontopetalum, Linn., 81; mentioned, 20. Leonurus sibiricus, Linn., 336. Lepidagathis longifolia, Wight, 888; Lepidium Aucheri, Boiss., 36; men- - tioned, 22. crassifolium, Waldst. & Kit., 36. Draba, Zinn., 36. latifolium, Linn., 86. perfoliatum, Linn., 36. Lepidozia filamentosa, Lehm. 4 Lind- enb., 199. reptans, Mitt.*, 199. setacea, Mitt.*, 199; mentioned, 158. Lepironia mucronata, Rich., 398. Leptaleum filifolium, DO., 35. pygmæum, DC., 35. Leptangium, Mont., mentioned, 170. Leptaspis urceolata, R. Br., 400. Leptocalpe coronatum, Mitt.*, 170 INDEX. Leptochloa chinensis, Nees, 401. sp., 401. à Leptonychia glabra, j var. Mastersiana, 281. Lepturus persicus, Boiss., 127. repens, R. Br., 409. Lepyrodiclis holosteoides, Fenzl, 41. Lescurea insignis, De Not., mentioned, 186. striata, Schimp., mentioned, 186. Leskea Bonplandii, Hook., mentioned, 184. compressa, Hedw., 180. decurvata, Mitt., 188. fragilis, Drum., 187. glaucina, Mitt., 188. Hookeri, Mitt., 189. polycarpa, Ehrh., 188. pusilla, Mitt.*, 188. tristis, Ces., 187. Lesquereux, L., see Sullivant & Lesquereux. Lettsomia Maingayii, C. B. Clarke, 323. Leucas zeylanica, R. Br., 336. Leucobryum glaucum, Miq., 159. javense, Mitt., mentioned, 159. scabrum, Lacoste, 159. Leucodon, mentioned, 171. secundus, Mitt., 170. Leucophanes Gardnerianum, С. Muell., 159. Lichen japonicum, Thunb., 206. Licuala longipes, Griff., 392. orbicularis, Becc., mentioned, 391. pusilla, Becc., 391. Sp., 391. spinosa, Thunb., 269, 391. mentioned, _ Lign Aloes, 341. Ішласеж, Afghan, 116-119. Malayan, 387. Limacia Kunstleri, King, 274. velutina, Miers, mentioned, 268. Limau Lélang Antan, 354. Limnanthemum, S. P. Gmel., tioned, 268. aurantiacum, Dalz., 322. indicum, Thw., 322. Limnophila conferta, Benth., 325. micrantha, Benth., 325. serrata, Gaudich., 325. Limnophyton obtusifolium, Mig., 395. men- 443 Linaria Elatine, Mill., 92. persica, Chav., 93. Lindberg, 8. O., Japanese Musci and Нерайс», desc. by, 153. Lindsaya cultrata, Sw., 403. var. Lobbiana, Ridl.*, nomen, 403. davallioides, Blume, 403. flabellulata, Dryand., 403. lobata, Poir., 403. scandens, Hook., 403. Ілкеж, Malayan, 282. Тлос па, Nees, mentioned, 198. Liparis disticha, Lindl., 359. elegans, Lindl., 359. вр., 359. Lipocarpha argentea, К. Br., 398. Listera, Adans., mentioned, 114 in note. Lithospermum officinale, Linn., 90. tenuifolium, Linn. f., 90. Litsea amara, Blume, 341. lancifolia, Villar, Loranthus ferrugineus on, 342. polyantha, Juss., 341. zeylanica, C. $ F. Nees, 841. Т.овлхтлсеж, bud-protection in, 268; Malayan, 322. Lolium perenne, Linn., 126. persicum, Boiss. 4 Hohen., 196, Lonicera nummularifolia, Jaub. $ Spach, T2; mentioned, 22, 24, 25, 26. Lophatherum gracile, Brongn., 402. Lophiocarpus guyanensis, Micheli, 395. Lophocolea compacta, Mitt.*, 198, 206; mentioned, 199. heterophylloides, Жеев,) men- tioned, 198. Lophopetalum pallidum, M. Laws., 986. sp., 286. ‚ Повахтнасеж, Malayan, 341. Loranthus ampullaceus, Roxb., 843; mentioned, 342, 4 ‚ 942. Casuarine, Ridl.* ferrugineus, nied: 342; men- tioned, 343. Forbesii, King, 342. formosus, Blume, 342, grandifrons, King, 343. heteranthus, Wall., 342. Lobbii, Hook. f., 841, malaccensis, Hook. f., 849, 392 444 Loranthus pentandrus, Linn., 342. pentapetalus, Roxb., 342. retusus, Jack, 342. spp., mentioned, 268. Lotus corniculatus, Linn., 48. corniculatus, var., Linn., 49. tenuifolius, Reichb., var., 49. Lowia (described as Protamomum maxillarioides). longiflora, Scortech., mentioned, 384. | Тоутасеж, Malayan, 383. Ludwigia parviflora, Roxb., 302. Luhk, 120. Luisia antennifera, Blume, 369. Lumnitzera coccinea, Wight & Arn., 300. Luvunga scandens, Ham., 284. Lychnis vespertina, Sibth., 40. вр., 40; mentioned, 24. Lycium barbarum, Linn., 91; іп fruit, 4; mentioned, 12, 14. ruthenicum, Murr., 91. Т.хсорогтлсв ж, Malayan, 402. Lycopodium cernuum, Zinn., 402. nummularifolium, Blume, 402, . Phlegmaria, Zinn., 402. Lygia Passerina, Fasano, 106. Lygodium dichotomum, Bedd., 406, pinnatifidum, Sw., 406. polystachyum, Wall., 406, LYTHRARIES, Afghan, 64; Malayan, 303. Lythrum Hyssopifolia, Zinn., 64. Maba buxifolia, Pers., 318. Macao, Turbinaria from, 216, Macao tea, 326. Macaranga denticulata, Muell, Arg. , 850. Griffithiana, Muell. Arg., 350. hypoleuca, Muell. Arg., 350. megalophylla, Muell. Arg., 350 Tanarius, Muell. Arg., 350. Mach, 120, Maclura, Nutt., mentioned, 245, Macroglossa insipida and M. luteata on Cyrtophyllum, 328, Macromitrium calycinum, Lacoste, 166. calycinum, Mitt., 161. comatum, Mitt.*, 163, gymnostomum, Sull. 4 Lesq.,163. incurvum, Mitt.*, 163, INDEX. Macromitrium insularum, Sull. $ Lesq., 162. japonicum, Dozy & Molk., 162. prolongatum, Mitt.*, 162. rupestre, Mitt., 162. spathulare, Mitt., 162. ‚ Madagascar, Turbinaria from, 216. Madang, not a locality, 340. Madotheca ciliaris, Nees, 201. japonica, Lacoste, 202. Madras, Turbinaria from, 216. Maesa indica, Linn., 316. indica, Wall., 316. ramentacea, 4. DO., 316. Mahang Makan Pelandok, 351. Mahk, 56. Mai-i-mesh, 81. Maingay, Dr., Musci and Hepaticæ from Japan, coll. by, 153. Malay Peninsula, Flora of (Ridley), 267-408. Malaya, Turbinaria from, 216. Malcolmia africana, В. Br., 33. var. intermedia, К. Br., 34. Bungei, Boiss., 34. var. glabrescens, Айс), d Hemsl: * ЗА. cabulica, Hook. f. 4 Thoms., 34, circinnata, Hook. f. & Thoms., 94. intermedia, C. 4. Mey., 34. 8p., 94; mentioned, 17. Mallotus cochinchinensis, Lour., 350. floribundus, Muell. Arg., 350. Griffithianus, Hook. f., 350. macrostachys, Muell. Arg., 350. вр., 350. tiliæfolius, Muell. Arg., 350. МагртентасЕж, Malayan, 282. Malus communis, Desf., 63. Malva rotundifolia, Linn., 43. sylvestris, Linn., 43. Marvackx, Afghan, 43; Malayan, 279. . Manaar, Gulf of, Turbinaria from, 216. Mandao, 36. Mangaia, Turbinaria from, 216. Mangalore, Turbinaria from, 216. Mangosteen, 271, 977, Manihot, Plum., mentioned, 251. Manisuris granularis, Sw., 401, Mapania humilis, Nares, 398. palustris, Benth. $ Hook. f., 398. Mappa javanica, Blume, mentioned, 268; Loranthus ferrugineus on, 342, Maranrace®, Malayan, 382. Marchantia chenopoda, Thunb., 205, conica, Linn., 205. diptera, Mont. 4 Nees, 205. geminata, Nees, 205. hemispherica, Linn., 205. japonica, Thunb., 206. nitida, Lindenb. $ Lehm., 205. polymorpha, Linn., 205. Maries, Mr., Musci and Hepaticæ from Japan, coll. by, 153. Mariscus biglumis, Gaertn., 396. var. cyperina, 396. dilutus, C. B. Clarke, 396. dubius, Rottb., 396. pennatus, Lam., 396. umbellatus, Vahl, 397. Markel, 306. Marrubium vulgare, Linn., 97. Marsdenia, sp., 320. tinctoria, R. Br., 320. Martinellia gracilis, Lindb., 195. irrigua, Mitt.*, 195. javanica, Mitt.*, 196. microdonta, Mitt.*, 196. nemorosa, Gray, mentioned, 195. Marumia nemorosa, Blume, 302. Mastigobrywm japonicum, Lacoste, 199. Pompeanum, Lacoste, 200. tridens, Nees, 200. Mastigophora, Nees, mentioned, 201. Bisseti, Mitt.*, 200. Mata Kuching, 289. Mata Palandok, 317. Mathiola albicaulis, Boiss., 32 ; men- tioned, 21. chenopodifolia, Fisch. $ Mey., 33. odoratissima, R. Br., 33. вр., 33. Matricaria lasiocarpa, Boiss., 76. Mauritius, Turbinaria from, 216. Maxillaria, Ruiz $ Pav., mentioned, 384. Maximowiez, C. J. von, Japanese Mosses and Hepaticw, coll. by, 158. Mazé, Turbinaria coll. by, 216. Маг}, 123; mentioned, 5. Medang, 340. Medang Kunyit, 340. Medicago Gerardi, Willd., 48. radiata, Linn., 48. sativa, Linn., 48. sp., mentioned, 15. Medinilla rubicunda, Blume, 302. Hasselti, Blume, 302. Melampsora Lini, Pers., mentioned, 235. Melandrium pratense, Roehl., 40. Melanorrhæa, sp., 290. Melastoma, Burm., mentioned, 269. malabathricum, Linn., men- tioned, 301. nitidum, Zoll., 301. polyanthum, Blume, 301. var. album, 301. Metastomace®, Malayan, 300. МЕетлдсеж, Malayan, 285. Melica ciliata, Linn., 194; men- tioned, 22. Melilotus arvensis, Wallr., 48. officinalis, Desr., 48. Melochia corchorifolia, Linn., 281. ** Melons,” so called, 51. Memecylon edule, Roxb., var., 302. Griffithianum, Naud., sp. aff., 302. heptapleurum, Blume, 302. Mempada Tanah, 326. Mengkudu, 312. Mengkudu Rimbah, 312. Meniocus linifolius, DC., 33. Meniscium triphyllum, Sw., 405. MzxisPERMACEX, Malayan, 274. Menkuang, 393. Mentha sylvestris, Linn., 95. var. elata, 95; mentioned, 5. var., 95. Merendera persica, Boiss., 119 ; men- tioned, 20. sobolifera, C. А. Mey., 119; mentioned, 20. Mesochlena polycarpa, 404. Mesophylla, Dum., 198. Meteorium, Brid., mentioned, 170. A Br, floribundum, Dozy $ Molk., 173. humile, Mitt.*, 173. pensile, Mitt.*, 172. Wallichii, Mitt.*, 173. Metzgeria ciliata, Raddi, 204. INDEX. Metzgeria furcata, Nees, 204. hamata, Lindb., 204. Mierodictyon, Decne., mentioned, 209. Microlepia Spelunce, T. Moore, 403. Microlonchus albispinus, Bunge, 81. Micromelum hirsutum, Oliver, 284. pubescens, Blume, 284. Micropora Curtisii, Hook. f., 341. Microrhynchus nudicaulis, Less., 83. spinosus, Benth. $ Hook. f., 83. Microsaccus javensis, Blume, 370. Microtropis bivalvis, Wall., 286. Mikania scandens, Willd., 314. Millettia atropurpurea, Benth., 269, 291. вр., 291. Miltianthus portulacoides, Boiss., 43; mentioned, 18. Mimosa pudica, Linn., 297. Minyak Krueng, 270. Miquel, F. A. W., on Japanese Musci and Hepaticæ, 153. | Mitrasacme, Labill., mentioned, 268. polymorpha, R. Br., 322. Mitten, Wm., Musci and Hepatice from Japan, 158-206. Mniodendron Korthalsii, Bosch 4 Lacoste, 190. Mnium aculeatum, Mitt.*, 167, 206. acutum, Lindb., 166. cuspidatum, Dozy & Molk., 166. flagellare, Sull. $ Lesq., 169. japonicum, Zindb., 167. Maximoviezii, Lindb., 167. microphyllum, Dozy & Molk., 169. ornithorhynchum, Brid., 169. parvulum, Mitt.*, 168. punctatum, Hedw., mentioned, | 168. radiatum, Wils., 169. reticulatum, Mitt., mentioned, | 168. rostratum, Schwaegr., 166. spathulatum, Mitt.*, 166. speciosum, Mitt.*, 166, 206. striatulum, Mitt.*, 167; men- tioned, 168. Trichomanes, Mitt.*, 166. undulatum, Hedw., 167. Мойесса singaporeana, Mast., 304. вр., 304. 445 Molkenboer, see Dozy & Molken- boer. Mollugo Spergula, Linn., 303. stricta, Linn., 303. Molothria, sp., 304. Momordica cochinchinensis, Spreng., 304. Monochoria hastefolia, Presl, 388. vaginalis, Presl, 388. Monocotyledones, Malayan, 358. Montagne Hb., Turbinaria in, 216, Morinda citrifolia, Linn., 312; Lo- ranthus ampullaceus, on, 343. rigida, Blume, 312. tinctoria, Roxb., 312. Morus, Tourn., mentioned, 245. alba, Linn., 109 ; mentioned, 23. Moths visiting Cyrtophyllum, 323. * Mound-Tamarisk,” 8, Mouse rattan, 390. Mouse-deer’s eyes, 317. Mucuna acuminata, R. Grah., 292. gigantea, DC., mentioned, 293. imbricata, mentioned, 292, monosperma, DC., 292; mene tioned, 298. Mueller, Sir Е. von, Turbinaria coll, x1 Mulatope Api, 318. Mulatope Lalat, 313. Munj, 122; mentioned, 5. Murray, G., on Caulerpa, 207-213; comm. by (Barclay), 141. Musa flava, Ridl.*, 385; mentioned, 384. malaecensis, Ridl.*, 385; men- tioned, 384, 386. sapientum, Linn. 384; men- tioned, 385. sumatrana, Bece., 385. textilis, Née, mentioned, 385. violascens, Ridl.*, 384. zebrina, Van Houtte, 385. Мтвасеж, Malayan, 384. | Muscari racemosum, Mill., 118. | Musei and Hepatice from Japan | (Mitten), 153-206. | Musseenda glabra, Vahl, 309. | mutabilis, Hemsl., 309. | villosa, Wall., 309. ` Mycelium of Puccinia Jasmini- Chrysopogonis, 242. | Mylia, Leman, mentioned, 198. . Myosotis stricta, Link, 90. mentioned, 446 Мугіса, Linn., mentioned, 414. Nagi, Thunb., 856. Myricacem, Malayan, 356. Myriophyllum, Linn., mentioned, 258, | Myristica furfuracea, Hook.f. & Thoms. (misprinted purpuracea), 340, Hookeriana, Wall., 340. Гуа, Gaertn., 340. missionis, Wall., 340. Мүвтэттолсиж, Malayan, 340. Myrmecodea echinata, Jack, 314. Myrsine capitellata, Linn., 316. Мүввікеж, Malayan, 315. Мувтловж, Malayan, 298. Myrtus, no species found by Afghan Delimitation Commission, 96. Myurella, Schimp., mentioned, 176. concinnum, Lindb., 177. Хататлсвж, Malayan, 395. Naias indica, Linn., 395. Nak, 63. Nakhud, 59. Nannorhops Ritchieana, И. Wendl. 4 ~ Drude, fig. of seed mentioned, 120 in note. Naoju, 113. Nardia, Gray, 198. Eucalyx, Lindb., 198. Narruk, 103. Nasi-nasi, 298, “€ Natural bricks,” 9, Naucoria, indexed under Agaricus. Neckera breviseta, Hook. & Wils., 179. complanata, mentioned, 174, complanata, Miq., 174. crispa, Hedw., mentioned, 174. humilis, Mitt.*, 174, intermedia, Brid., mentioned, 174. javanica, C. Muell., 175. levigata, Hook. f. $ Wils., men- tioned, 174. lingulata, Mitt.*, 173, pennata, Hedw., 174. pulchella, Grif., 179. pusilla, Mitt.*, 174. scalpellifolia, Mitt., 175. subseriata, Dozy & Molk., 175. Sullivantii, С. Muell., 179, 180. Neckia, Korth. » mentioned, 268. _ glabra, dé. 280. humilis, Hook., 975, Nelumbium Lotus, Linn., 969. | Nenga macrocarpa, Scortech., 391. ‘speciosum, Willd., 274. IN DEX, Wendlandiana, Scheff., malaccensis, 390. | Neottia, Linn., mentioned, 114 in | | уаг. note. Хкотттлсеж, Malayan, 376. Керехтнасвж, Malayan, 338. Nepenthes ampullaria, Jack, 338. gracilis, Korth., var. arenaria, 338. Rafflesiana, Jack, 338. Reinwardtiana, Mig., 338. Nepeta Meyeri, Benth., 96. micrantha, Bunge, 97; шеп- tioned, 96. micrantha, Bunge, 96. persica, Boiss., 96. pungens, Benth., 96. satureioides, Boiss., 96, Sewerzowii, Regel, 96, t. 41. Nephelium lappaceum, Blume, 271, 289. Litchi, G. Don, bud-protection in, 256. malaiense, Grif., 289. mutabile, Blume, 271, 989. Nephrodium amboinense, Presl, 404, aridum, Baker, 404. calearatum, Hook., 404, urophyllum, Ridl.*, 404. Nephrolepis acuta, Presl, 404. Nerium, Linn., mentioned, 245. ‚ odorum, Soland., 87 : mentioned as Oleander, 5. Oleander, Linn., 262. Nerrum, 283. Neslia paniculata, Desv., 37; men- tioned, 16. * Neutral conceptacle’ of Turbinaria, 223. New Guinea, Turbinaria from, 216. Nicotiana rustica, Linn., 99. Tabacum, Linn., 92. Nigella diversifolia, Franch., men- tioned, 30. integrifolia, Regel, 30, t. 2 ; mentioned, 96, Nilam, 337. Nipa fruticans, Wurmb., 391. Niphobolus acrostichoides, J. Sm., 405. | nummularizfolius, J. Sm., 405, penangianus, Hook., 405. Nitraria Schoberi, Үзік: 43; шеп- tioned, 18, Noea spinosissima, Mog., 103. Nonnea nigricans, Aitch., 90. picta, Fisch., 4 Mey., 90. Nostoc-like Alga оп Bulbophyllum, 364. Nympheea stellata, Willd., var. ver- sicolor, 274. | N ҮМРН ЖАСЕЖ, Malayan, 274. Oberonia insectifera, Hook. fi, 859. anceps, Lindl., 359. Ochna, Schreb., bud-protection in, 256. | Оснхасеж, Malayan, 285. Ochrobryum Gardnerianum, Mitt.*, 159. Ocimum Basilicum, Linn., 95, 336. Octoblepharum albidum, Hedw., 159. Odontoschima denudatum, Dum., 199. (Edicladium, Mitt.*, 171. sinicum, Mitt.*, 171, ОглотхЕж, Malayan, 285. Olax scandens, 286. Oldenlandia trinervia, Retz., 306. Oldham, Mosses and apatia from: Japan coll. by, 158. Olea, no species found by Afghan’ Delimitation Commission, 26. maritima, Wall., 268, 319. ОткасЕж, Afghan, 86 ; Malayan, 318. Oleander, mentioned, 5. Oligotrichum Lescurei, Mitt.*, 191. Oliver, F. W., comm. by (Benson), 409. OxAGRARIEZ, Afghan, 64; Malayan, · 302. | Oncophorus crispifolius, Mitt.*, 158. striatus, Mitt.*, 158, Wahlenbergii, Brid., 158. Oncosperma horrida, Scheff., 391. Onobrychis Aucheri, Boiss., 58. caloptera, 44), 4 Baker *, 58, cornuta, Desv., 48. hyperargyrea, Boiss., mentioned, 58. megalobotrys, Айс), 4: Baker*, 58. micrantha, Schrenk, 57. Pallasii, Bieb., mentioned, 58. ` врр., mentioned, 20, 21, 25, 97, tavernierzefolia, Stocks, 58; men- tioned, 59. Onopordon leptolepis, DO., 80. Onosma echioides, Linn., 90. Oogonia of Turbinaria, 295. Ophiorrhiza discolor, В. Br., 307. Harrisiana, Heyne, 307. succirubra, King (?), 307. trichocarpa, Blume, 307. ‘Oplismenus compositus, Beauv., 399. Orania macrocladus, Mart., 391. | | Овсніреж, Afghan, 113; Malayan, | 359; their abundance in Malaya, | 268. бар latifolia, Linn., 118; men- tioned, 24, 114, | | Pangium edule, Reinw., 275. | | | laxiflora, Lam., 114 ; mentioned, | 24. Ormosia, Jacks., sp., 295. microsperma, Baker, 295. OROBANCHACE®, Afghan, 93. ‘Orobanche sgyptiaea, Boiss, 94 s mentioned, 16. вр., five unnamed, 94; one do., 95; mentioned, 5, 9, 23. Stocksii, Boiss., 94. ‘Orobanche ог Қай жо (Labbu), 107. 'Orobus subvillosus, Ledeb., 59; men- tioned, 26. Orophea maculata, Scortech., 274. Ors, 118. Orsa, 113. Oroxylum indicum, Fent., 326. Orthocarpa, $, 156. Orthotrichum, mentioned, 161. japonicum, Sull. & Lesq., 162. Rogeri, Brid., 162. Oryza sativa, Linn., 400. , var. ? two wild forms, 400. ‘Oryzopsis cerulescens, Benth. § Hook. f., 123: mentioned, 24. Osmunda, Tourn., mentioned, 60. Pachycentria glauca, Triana, 302. macrorrhiza, Весс., 302. Pachypterygium heterotrichum, Boiss., ӘТ. Pacific Islands, Turbinaria from, 216. _ Padda, 111; mentioned, 7. Paddak, 111. Редегіз foetida, Linn., 261, 314. Paku Anjing, 404. Paku Madang, 403. Palaquium Gutta, Burck, 317. Palas, 269. Pallavicinia Lyellii, Mitt.*, 205. Рлгмж, Afghan, 120; Malayan, 390. Palti, 107. INDEX. Panchow, 976. Pandan Duri, 393. Panpane®, Malayan, 393, Pandanus, Linn. J., mentioned, 268, furcatus, Roxb., 393. helicopus, Miq., 393. odoratissimus, Roxb., 393. Sp., 398. mentioned, Panicum antidotale, Retz., уаг., 122; mentioned, 9. auritum, Presl, 400. colonum, Linn., 399. cruciforme, Sibth. 4 Sm., 122. Crus-galli, Linn., 122, 399. heteranthum, Nees, 399. humile, Nees, 399. indicum, Linn., 400. luzonense, Presl, 400. miliaceum, Linn., 122. myosuroides, R. Br., 400. Myurus, Lam., 400. nodosum, Kunth, 399. ovalifolium, Retz., 399. parvulum, Nees, : 99. plicatum, Lam., 399, radicans, Nees, 399. Ridleyi, Hack., 400. sanguinale, Trin., 399. subquadriparum, Trin., 399. trigonum, Retz., 399. viride, Linn., 122. Papaver а, var. levigatum, Elk., 32. eio. Bieb., 32. pavoninum, C. A, Меу., 32. sp., mentioned, 17. PaPAYERACEE, Afghan, 32. Paracaryum rugulosum, Boiss., 89, Sp. two undetermined, 89; mentioned, 25. Paramignya monophylla, Wight $ Arn., 284, Paraphyses of Turbinaria, 225. Parietaria officinalis, Linn., 110; mentioned, 24. Parinarium asperulum, Mig., 297. Griffithianum, Benth., 297. nitidum, Hook. f., 297. Parkia Roxburghii, G. Don, 296. Parishia Maingayii, Hook. f., 290. Paritium tiliaceum, A. St. Hil., Lo- | ranthus pentandrus on, 342. Paronychia kurdiea, Boiss., 100. 447 Pash-e-kham, 108. Pash-e-khar, 108. Paspalum conjugatum, Berg., 399; mentioned, 326, distichum, Burm. f., 399. scrobiculatum, Zinn., 399, PassrrronEx, Malayan, 304. Рай, 4. Patchouli, 337. Pavetta indica, Linn., 261, 312. stenophylla, Korth., 311, Payena, sp., 317. Payung, 275. Pech-kak, 87. Prpatinem, Afghan, 95; Malayan, 327. Pedicularis, sp.,93; mentioned, 25, 27 Pegaga, 305. Peganum Harmala, Linn., 46; men- tioned, 3, 10, 20, 26. Pegophyllum, Mitt., mentioned, 159. Peliosanthes albida, Baker, 387, Pellia calycina, Nees, 205. epiphylla, Nees, 205, Pellionia Duvauana, N. E. Br., var. viridis, 355. javaniea, Wedd., 355. Penicillaria spicata, Willd., 199. | Pennisetum dichotomum, Del., 122; mentioned, 3, 5. spicatum, Del., 122. typhoideum, Rich., 122. . Pentabothra, mentioned, 322. Pentanema divaricatum, Cass., 75. Pentaphragma begonisfolium, Wall., 315. Peperonia portulacoides, A. Dietr.,340. | Pericampylus incanus, Miers, 274. Peridium of Puccinia coronata, 228 ; of Puccinia Jasmini-Chrysopogonis, 242; of a Uromyces, 145. Periploca aphylla, Decne., 87 ; men- tioned, 3. Peristrophe acuminata, Nees, 334. pallida, Nees, 334. Peronema canescens, Jack, 336. Perotis latifolia, R. Br., 400. Perowskia abrotanoides, Kar., 95; mentioned, 3. вр., 95. Persica vulgaris, Mill., 63, | | Petay, 296. Petunga venulosa, Hook. f., 308. Peucedanum oopodum, Boiss. Buhse, 67. & 448 Phalenopsis, Blume, 270. alboviolacea, Ridl.*, 373. Esmeralda, Reichb. f., men- tioned, 373. muscicola, Ridl.*, 373. Phalaris minor, Retz., 123. Phalitha, 106. Phanar, 121. Phelipwa egyptiaca, Walp., 94. Philonotis carinata, Mitt.*, 164. fontana, Brid., 164. lancifolia, Mitt., 164. socia, Mitt., 164. Phlomis Herba-venti, Linn., var., 98. Phæœbe lanceolata, Nees, 340. Phoenix dactylifera, Linn., mentioned, 12. Phog, 104. Phragmicoma fertilis, Nees, 204. polygona, Mitt.*, 204. Phragmites communis, Trin., 124; mentioned, 5, 8, 14, 20. ‚ уаг., 124. Roxburghii, Kunth, 409, Phrynium Griffithii, Baker, 382; mentioned, 383. parviflorum, Roxb., 382, spicatum, Griff., 382. spicatum, Rob., mentioned, 382, spp., 270. tapirorum, Ridl.*, 382. Phyllagathis rotundifolia, Blume, 301. Phyllanthus, Linn., 270. Chamepeuce, Ridl.*, 345, frondosus, Wall., 344. maderaspatanus, Linn., 345, Niruri, Linn., 344. pulcher, Wall., 845. simplex, Retz., 344, : Phyllidium, term suggested, 220, Phyllochlamys spinosà, Bur., men- tioned, 352. Wallichii, King, 352. Phyllome, use of term, 220. Physalis minima, Linn., 394. Physcomitrium japonicum, Mitt,*,164, Pias-kuki, 115. Pierardia dulcis, Jack, mentioned, 348, Pig's Bean, 293, Pike, Col., Turbinaria coll. by, 216. Pilopogon, Brid., mentioned, 159. Pimpinella, sp., 66. Pinang Luggong, 390. Pinang Оти, 390, | 190; INDEX. Pinanga disticha, Blume, 390. malayana, Scheff., 390. perakensis, Весс., 390. subruminata, Весс., 390. Pinus halepensis, Mill., 128; men- tioned, 15, 22, 25, 26. Piper argyrophyllum, Miq., 339. Betle, Linn., 339. caninum, Blume, 339. Chaba, Hunter, 339. lonchites, Roem. д Schult., 339. muricatum, Blume, 339. porphyrophyllum, X. Е, Br., 340. rostratum, Roxb., 339. subpeltatum, Willd., 340. Ріревлсеж, Malayan, 339. Piptatherum cerulescens, Desf., 193. holeiforme, Roem. d Schult., as а fungus-host, 227, 228; Uredo on, 230 ; teleutospores, 281. Pir-ingir, 94. Pir-wathi, 87. Pisang karok, 385. Pista, AT. Pistacia cabulica, Stocks, 47. Khinjuk, Stocks, 47. mutica, Fisch. & Mey., 47. Terebinthus, Linn., 47. var. mutica, Ай). $ Hemsl.*, 47; mentioned, 2, 28, 26. vera, Linn., 47; mentioned, 21, 25, 26. Pistalik (a tract of country), 21, 47. Pistia stratiotes, Linn., 393. Pithecolobium Clypearia, Benth., 297. fasciculatum, Benth., 997, lobatum, Benth., 297. Ртттовровквж of Malaya, 276. Pittosporum ferrugineum, Ait., 276. Plagiochila ambagiosa, Mitt.*, 195. ambigua, Mitt., 195. . asplenioides, Mont. $ Nees, men-. tioned, 194, 195, blepharophora, Lindenb., 194. diacantha, Tayl.*, 195. furcifolia, Mitt.*, 194. japonica, Zacoste, 194. orientalis, Tayl., mentioned, 194. ovalifolia, Mitt.*, 193, punctata, Tayl, mentioned, 194, 195. spinulosa, Mont. 4 Nees, men- tioned, 194, 195. Plagiochila trapezoidea, Lindenb., 194, tridenticulata, Tayl., mentioned, 195. Plagiothecium denticulatum, Bruck d Schimp., 178. longisetum, Lindb., 178. neckeroideum, Schimp., 178. nemorale, Mitt.*, 178. silesiacum, Bruch d Schimp.y 178. sylvaticum, Bruch d Schimp., 179. РтаАхтлвіхеж, Afghan, 100. Plantago lachnantha, Bunge, 100. lanceolata, Linn., 100. major, Linn., 100. maritima, Linn., 100. PrarANACEX, Afghan, 100. Platanthera brachyphylla, Lindl., 118: in note. canarensis, Lindl., 114 in note. Platanus orientalis, Linn., 110 ; men- tioned, 24. Platyclinis longifolius, Benth., 360, Plectocolea, Mitt.*, 196. Ariadne, Mitt.*, 198. compressa, AMitt.*, 198. cordifolia, Mitt.*, 198. crenuliformis, Mitt.*, 198, fossombronioides, Mitt.*, 198, Hasskarliana, Mitt.*, 198. hyalina, Mitt.*, 198. infusca, Mitt.*, 196, 198. Junghuhniana, AMitt.*, 198. obovata, Mitt.*, 198. polyrrhiza, Mitt.*, 197, 198. radicellosa, Mitt.*, 196; men- tioned, 197, 198. riparia, Mitt.*, 198. scalaris, Mitt.*, 198, Sieboldii, Mitt.*, 197, 198, virgata, Mitt.*, 197, 198. Plectocomia elongata, Blume, 393. Pleuropus fenestratus, Griff., 184. Pleurotus, indexed under Agaricus. Plocoglottis acuminata, Blume, men- tioned, 369, javanica, Blume, 368. porphyrophylla, Ridi.*, 368. Pluchea caspia, Benth., 74; men- tioned, 9. Ралмвлетуеж, Afghan, 84. Poa bulbosa, Linn., 125; mentioned,. 17, 20, 22, 126. Poa soongarica, Boiss., 125. trivialis, Linn., 195. Podaxon calyptratus, Fr., 128. Podocarpus neglecta, Blume, 357. Podochilus acicularis, Hook. f., 375. Maingayi, Hook. f., 269. microphyllus, Lindl., 375. unciferus, Hook. f., 875. Pogonatherum polystachyum, R. Br., 401. Pogonatum aloides, Brid., 191. —— var. longicolle, 192. aloides, Lacoste, 192. | alpinum, Brid., mentioned, 192. grandifolium, Mitt.*, 192. himalayanum, Mitt., 192. inflexum, Lindb., 192. japonicum, Sull. $ Lesq., 192. spinulosum, Mitt., 191. urnigerum, Brid., 192. Pogonia flabellata, Blume, 377. striata, Ridl.*, 377. Pogostemon Heyneanus, Wight, men- tioned, 337. parviflorus, Benth., mentioned, 387. Patchouly, Pellet., 387. Poko Bidara, 848. Poko Dulang Dulang, 305. Polla, $, 169. Pollen-tube in Amentiferz, 415. РоШа thyrsiflora, Endl., 389. Pollinia ciliata, Trin., 400. Ridleyi, Hack., 400. | Polyalthia Beccarii, King, 274. Kunstleri, King, 274. Polygala brachystachya, Blume, 276. venenosa, Tuss., 276. Ротгхвлтвж of Malaya, 276. PorxeowAcExX, Afghan, Malayan, 338. Polygonum afghanicum, Meisn., 106. aviculare, Linn., varr., 105. Bellardi, AU., 105. flaccidum, Meissn., 338. micranthum, Meissn., 338. pedunculare, Wall., 338. sp., 105. | Polyotus, Gottsche, mentioned, 201. Polypetale of Malay Peninsula, 272. Polyphysa Peniculus, Ag., 211. Polypodium Horsfieldii, В. Br., 405. nigrescens, Blume, 405. subevenosum, Baker, 405. urophyllum, Wall., 404. 104-106 ; INDEX. Polypogon littorale, Sm., 193. monspeliense, Desf., 193. Polyporus fomentarius, Fr., 198. Polytrichum angustatum, Hook., 191. . commune, Zinn., 199. var. Maximoviezii, Zindb., 192. gracile, Menz., 199. _ grandifoliun, Lindb., 192. juniperinum, Hedw., 192. piliferum, Schreb., 192. Pomazota, Ridl.*,308; mentioned,269. sylvestris, Ridi.*, 308, 407. Pometia tomentosa, Kurz, 289, PoxrEpERIACE E, Malayan, 388. Popowia ramosissima, Hook. f. 4 Thoms., 974, Populus euphratica, Oliv., 111; mentioned, 7, 8, 11, 13, 14, 26. nigra, Linn., 111. Porella ciliaris, Mitt.*, 201. gracillima, Mitt.*, 202. japonica, Mitt.*, 202. levigata, Lindb., mentioned, 202. platyphylla, Lindb., 202. polita, Mitt.*, 202. vernicosa, Lindb., 201. “ Pores mucipares ” of Turbinaria, 223. Porotrichum cymbifolium, Mitt.*, 175. flabellatum, Mitt.*, 175. javanicum, Mitt.*, 175. plicatulum, Mitt.*, 175. scalpellifolium, Mitt.*, 175. subseriatum, Mitt.*, 175. Porpa repens, Blume, 281. Port Natal, Caulerpa from, 209. Portulaca oleracea, Linn., 977, РовтотлслсЕж in Malaya, 277. Poterium Sanguisorba, Linn., 62. Pothos longifolius, Presl, branched pollen-tubes of, 419. oxyphyllus, Miq., 395. Rumphii, Schott, 395. вр., 895. Pottia lanceolata, С. Muell., 160. Pouzolzia pentandra, Benn., 356. - Powell, Rev. T., Turbinaria coll. by, 216. Prain, Dr. D., identification of Jasminum host of a Uredine, 142 ; Turbinaria coll. by, 216. Prangos pabularia, Lindl., 66; men- tioned, 22, 26. Prapat, 303. Premna scandens, Roxb., 334, SECOND SERIES.—BOTANY, VOL. III, 449 Primula, sp., 86; mentioned, 27. Ретмотлокж, Afghan, 86. Prismatomeris albidiflora, Thw., 312. Procris, Juss., 269. Prosaptia contigua, Presl, 403. Prosopis Stephaniana, Spreng., 60; mentioned, 8, 10, 12, 16, 20, 96. Protamomum, Ridl.*, 383; men- tioned, 269. maxillarioides, Ridl.*, 383, 408 [since identified as Lowia]. Protoparee orientalis on Cyrto- phyllum, 323. Prunus Amygdalus, Baill., 62. Armeniaca, Linn., 61. brahuica, Айс). 4 Hemsl., 62. calycosus, А с), $ Hemsl.*, 61, +. 8. ° divaricata, Ledeb., 60. eburnea, Aitch. $ Hemsl.*, 62. var. fructu flavo, 62. . mierocarpa, C. A, Mey., 61. persica, Benth. $ Hook. f., 62. prostrata, Labill., 60. var. ?, 61. sp. undetermined, 61; do., 62; mentioned, 22, 24. tortuosa, Aitch. $ Hemsl.*, 61. Psalliota, indexed under Agaricus. Psammogeton biternatum, Edgew., 72. crinitum, Boiss., 72. setifolium, Boiss., 72. Psychotria angulata, Korth., 312. Jackii, Hook. f., 313. sarmentosa, Blume, 312. stipulacea, Wall., 312. tortilis, Blume, var., 313. Pteris aquilina, Zinn., 403. Grevilleana, Wall., 403. _ semipinnata, Linn., 403. Pterisanthes arenosa, Miq., 288. caudigera, Planch., 288. glabra, Ridl.*, 287, 288. heterantha, M. Laws., 288. Miquelii, Planch., 288. pedata, M. Laws., 288. polita, Mig., var. lanceolata, Ridl.*, 987; mentioned, 288. rufula, Planch., 287, 288. Pternandra cerulescens, Jack, 302. Pterobryum angustifolium, Mitt., mentioned, 172. Arbuscula, Mitt.*, 171. convolutum, Thw. $ Mitt., men- tioned, 172. 8R 450 Pterobryum fasciculatum, Mitt.*,172. Hanningtoni, Mitt., mentioned, 172. Pterocarpus sindicus, Willd., 294. Pterogonium perpusillum, De Not., V Pteropyrum Aucheri, Jaub. $ Spach, 105; mentioned, 3, 17, 25. Pterotheca Faleoneri, Hook. f., 82; mentioned, 26. Pterygynandrum mentioned, 173. Ptychodium, $, 185. Puccinia Acetose, tioned, 235. Berberidis, Mont., mentioned, 147, 149, 235. Caricis-filicine, Barclay, men- tioned, 235, 239. Collettiana, mentioned, 149. coronata, Corda, var. himalensis, Barclay, life-history of (Bar- clay), 227-236, Flosculosorum, Alb. $ Schw., mentioned, 235. Galii, Pers., mentioned, 234. Geranii-sylvatici, P. Karst., var. himalayensis, mentioned, 235. gibberosa, Lagerh., mentioned, indicum, Mont., Schum., men- 231. Graminis, Pers., mentioned, 233, 234. Jasmini-Chrysopogonis, Bar- clay *, 241. Prainiana, Barclay, mentioned, 235. Prenanthis, Pers, mentioned, 234. Rubigo-vera, Barclay, шеп- tioned, 233, 234. Wattiana, Barclay, mentioned, 235. Pucciniopsis, $, mentioned, 149, Pulasan, 271. Pulau=island, 272. Pulessan, 289. Pulicaria foliolosa, DO., 75; men- tioned, 26. gnaphalodes, Boiss., 75. Punggai, 280. Purple Pinanga, 390. Putat, applied to Barringtonia, 299. Putat-Gujah, 399. Pycnocycla Aucheriana, Deene., 65; mentioned, 5. : INDEX. Pylaisia erectiuscula, Mitt.*, 180. nana, Miti.*, 180. polyantha, Bruch d Schimp., 180. | Pyrenaria acuminata, Planch., 277. Pyrethrum umbelliferum, Boiss., 76. Pyrola, Tourn., mentioned, 330. Pyrrhobryum, $, 169. Pyrus communis, Linn., 68. Cydonia, Linn., 63. Malus, Linn., 63. Pashia, Buch.-Ham., mentioned, 228. spp., mentioned, 22. Quercus, Tourn., embryology of, 418; mentioned, 268. Cantleyi, King, 856. Cerris, Linn., mentioned, 413. Reinwardtii, Korth., 356. Rex, hort., 423. Robur, Willd., pollen-tubes of, 416. rubra, Linn., mentioned, 413. Quisqualis indica, Linn., 300. Radula complanata, Lacoste, 201. japonica, Gottsche, 201. oyamensis, Stephani, 201. physoloba, Mitt., 201. tokiensis, Stephani, 201. Rambai, 276, 348. Rambai Antan, 348. Rambutan, 271, 289. Rambutan Pachat, 272, 289. Randia fasciculata, DC., 310. Randu, 103. Randuk, 103. RANUNOULACEZX, Afghan, 29, Ranunculus aquatilis, Zinn. 99; mentioned, 12, arvensis, Linn., 32. faleatus, Linn., 30. leptorrhynehus, Aitch. $ Hemsl.*, 29, t, 1. sp., mentioned, 17. Raphidophora Beccarii, Engl., 395. Rattan, 390, Rauwolfia serpentina, Benth., 319. Ravenala, Adans., mentioned, 384. Reaumuria hypericoides, Willd., 42. —— var. |. latifolia, Bieb., 42. Reboulia longipes, Lacoste, 205. Red Sea, Turbinaria from, 216, Reidia glaucescens, Miq., 345. Remirea maritima, Aubl., 398. Renanthera, Lour., mentioned, 269. Rengas, 290. Rennellia speciosa, Hook. f., 312. Reproductive organs of Turbinaria, 224. Reseda Aucheri, Boiss., 38. luteola, Linn., 38. RzsEDACEX, Afghan, 38. Rewand, 105. Rewand-i-meghan, 106. Rewash, 105. Rewash-i-dawana, 106, Rhabdoweisia, §, 158. Rhacomitrium, $, 158. Rhacopilum aristatum, Mitt., 169. Rhagadiolus Hedypnois, Fisch. 4 Меу., 82. Ruamnacez, Afghan, 46; Malayan, 286. Rhamnus dahuriea, Pall., as а fungus- host, 227. persica, 46; mentioned, 24. Rhaphidorrhynchum demissum, Mitt.*, 175. thelidictyon, Mitt.*, 175. Rhazya stricta, Decne., 87; men- tioned, 3. Rheum Ribes, Gronov., 105; men- tioned, 22, 27. tataricum, Linn. f., 106, t. 45; mentioned, 18, Rhizogonium Dozyanum, Lacoste, 169, spiniforme, Bruch, mentioned, 170. Rhizomnium, $, 167. Rhizophora conjugata, Linn., 300. RurzoeHorex, Malayan, 300. Rhodamnia trinervia, Blume, 298, Rhodochlamys, §, 385. Rhodomyrtus, Reichb., 268, 269. tomentosa, Wight, 298; Lor- anthus retusus on, 342. Rhopalanthus mnioides, Lindb., 204. Rhus Coriaria, Zinn., 47 ; mentioned, 12, 24. Rhynchopyle, Engl., mentioned, 268. elongata, Engl., 394. sp., 395. Rhynchosia aurea, DC., 293. Rhynchostegium, $, 183. Rhynchostegium Textori, Lacoste, 176. mentioned, Riecia natans, Linn., 206, spuria, Dicks., mentioned, 206. Rice, applied to Eugenia zeylanica, 298. Ricinus communis, Linn., 108. Ridley, Н. N., Flora of Eastern Coast of Malay Peninsula, 267— 408. Rindera.eyclodonta, Bunge, 89. Rob-a-sus, 56. | Rochella stylaris, Boiss., 89. Rodang, 73. Rodriguez, Turbinaria from, 216. Roemeria hybrida, DC., 32. rheeadiflora, Boiss., 32. Roj-ghad, 107. Root of Turbinaria, 224. Roots of ammophilous plants, 4. Rosa anserinefolia, Boiss., 63; men- tioned, 23. Beggeriana, Schrenk, 68. хат. Lehmanniana, Crép., 63. berberifolia, Pall., 62; men- tioned, 16, 20. damascena, Mill., 69; tioned, 15. livida, Host, mentioned, 411. lutea, Mill., 63. moschata, Mill., 63; mentioned, 26. sp., mentioned, 22, 24. Rosacgs, Afghan, 60; 297. Rotan Binni, 890. Rotan Dahan, 393. Rotan Lilin, 392. Rotan Tikus, 390. Rottboellia geminata, Hack., 401. glandulosa, Trin., 401. Roucheria, Planch., mentioned, 282. Griffithii, Planch., 282. Rouminia, 271. Rourea acuminata, Hook. f., 290. sp., 290. Roxburghia javanica, Kunth, 386. ВохвовантАсвж, Malayan, 386. Roydsia parviflora, Grif., 275. Ки, 356. Rubia florida, Boiss., 73. Tinetorum, Zinn., 73; men- tioned, 15. Етвтлсеж, Afghan, 72; bud-pro- tection in, 256, 257, 258; Ma- layan, 306. men- Malayan, INDEX. Rubus essius, Linn., 62. discolor, Weihe & Nees, 62. moluccanus, Linn., 997. Ruellia repens, Linn., 332. Rukum, 275. Rumex dentatus, Linn., 106. orientalis, Bernh., 106. Rumph, mention of Turbinaria ? by, 215. Ruta acutifolia, DO., 45. affinis, Aitch. d Hemsl.*, 45, t. 5. erythræa, Aitch. 4 Hemsl.*, 45, glaberrima, [Aitch. 4 Hemsl.*], mentioned, 46. pedicellata, Aitch. $ Hemsl.*, 45. rotundifolia, Айс). d Hemsl.*, 45, t. 5. sp., mentioned, 18, Ruraceæ, Afghan, 45 ; Malayan, 284. Rynchospora aurea, Vahl, 398. Wallichiana, Kunth, 398. Ryparia fasciculata, King, 276. Scortechinii, King, 276. Saccharum arundinaceum, Retz., 400. Ridleyi, Hack., 401 ; mentioned, 269. Saccolabium saxicolum, Ridl.*, 374. Safedar, 111. Sairi, near Simla, Uredine founded at, 141. Sakellet, 347. Salab or Salap, two species of Orchis affording, 113, 114. Salak, 392. Затлсіхеж, Afghan, 111; Malayan, 357. Salix aemophylla, Boiss., 111; men- tioned, 23. alba, Zinn., 111, babylonica, Linn., lll; men- tioned, 12, 24. Daviesii, Boiss., 111. pycnostachya, Anderss., 111. songarica, Anderss., 111. sp., mentioned, 24. tetrasperma, Roxb., 357. Salomonia aphylla, Griff., 276. Salsola Arbuscula, Pall., 103; men- tioned, 3, 18. Auricula, Mog., 103; mentioned, 18. сагіпаба, С. A. Mey., mentioned, 103. 451 Salsola fœtida, Del., 103; mentioned, 3, 18. Kali, Linn., 103; mentioned, 3, 18. rigida, Pall., 103. Sp., three undetermined, 103. : subaphylla, C. A. Mey., 103. Salvia ceratophylla, Linn., 96. macrosiphon, Boiss., 96. spinosa, Linn., 95. Sameraria armena, Desv., 37. Samoa, Turbinaria from, 216. Sande-Lacoste, Van der, on Japanese Musci and Hepaticw, 153. Sanjit, 106. 7 БахтатасЕж, Malayan, 343. Santiria levigata, Blume, 985, Sao-safed, 40. SAPINDAGEX, Afghan, 46; Malayan, 288. Sapium baccatum, Ridl. (an error for 8. indicum), 351. indicum, Willd., 351 (misprinted baccatum). Saponaria porrigens, Linn., 40. Vaccaria, Linn., 40. БАРотАСЕЖ, Malayan, 317. Saraca cauliflora, Baker, 269, 294. Saranja nudiflora, Blume, 977, tristyla, DC., 277. Sarcanthus Scortechinii, Hook. f., 370. Sarcocephalus, Afzel., sp., 261. subditus, Mig., 306. Sarcochilus Calceolus, Lindl., 371; mentioned, 372. caligaris, Ridl.*, 372. hirtulus, Hook. f., 871. lilacinus, Grif., 371. pardalis, Ridl.*, 371. psiloglottis, Ridl.*, 372. tanyphyllus, Ridl.*, 372. Trichoglottis, Hook. f., 371; mentioned, 372. Sarcopodium, mentioned, 365. Sarda, 65. Sargassum, Ag., mentioned, 217, 221. linifolium, Ag., mentioned, 221. turbinatum, var. В, J. Ag., 219. Sarotheca macrophylla, Blume, 282. paniculata, Ridl.*, 282. Satureia hortensis, Zinn., 95. Sauerbeck, see Jaeger & Sauerbeck. Sauropus albicans, Blume, 345. Sauteria crassipes, Austin, 205. Saax-aol, 102. 9 R2 452 Scabiosa Olivieri, Coult., 74. rotata, Bieb., var., 74. syriaca, Linn., 74. Scævola Keenigii, Vahl, 315. Scalia carnosula, Mitt.*, 204. Hookeri, Gray, mentioned, 204. rotundifolia, Mitt.*, 204. Scandix pinnatifida, Vent., 66. Scapania Bolanderi, Austin, 195. ciliata, Lacoste, 195. irrigua, Nees, 195. javanica, Gottsche, 196. Schimper, Turbinaria coll. by, 216. Schismatoglottis, Zoll. $ Mor., spp., 394. Schismus arabicus, Nees, 125. Schistidium, $, 158. Schizæa dichotoma, Sw., 405. digitata, Sw., 405. Schizoloma lobata, Ridl.*, 403. Scheenus calostachyus, Poir., 398. Scindapsus crassipes, Engl., 395. Scirpus grossus, Linn. f., 397. Holoschænus, Linn., 121. juncoides, Roxb., 397. lacustris, Linn., 121. maritimus, Linn., varr., 121. mucronatus, Linn., 397. Scrraminem, Malayan, 270, 378. Scleria caricina, Benth., 398. chinensis, Kunth, 398. hebecarpa, Nees, 398. lævis, Willd., 398. lithosperma, Nees, 398. malaccensis, Boeck, 398. multifoliata, Boeck, 398. Ridleyi, C. B. Clarke, 398. sumatrensis, Retz., 398. Scolopia rhinanthera, Clos, 275. Scoparia dulcis, Linn., 826. Scorodosma fætidum, Bunge, 68. Scorzonera mollis, Bieb., 84. papposa, DC., 84. pusilla, Pall., 84. sp., mentioned, 22. tuberosa, Pall., 84. Scott, D. H., comm. by (Barton), 215, (Groom), 255. Scrophularia alata, Gilib., 98; men- tioned, 74. cabulica, Benth., var., 93. вр., 93. SCROPHULARIACE®, Afghan, 92; Malayan, 325. ; Scutellaria multicaulis, Boiss., 97. INDEX. Sea Rose-apple, 298. Seala Kayu, 403. Seb, 63. Seb-ak, 64. Sebastiana Chamælea, Muell. Arg., 352. Sebist, 48. Secale cereale, Linn., 126. Selaginella caulescens, Spring, 402. flabellata, Spring, 402. inæqualifolia, Spring, 402. plumosa, Baker, 402. Wallichii, Spring, 402. Willdenovii, Baker, 402. Selliguea Feei, Bory, 405. Kemijo Akar, 323. Senecio coronopifolius, Desf., 77. Sesamum indicum, Linn., 95; men- tioned, 8, 327. Sestochilus, Breda, 365. Sesuvium Portulacastrum, Linn., 303. Setambon, 349. Setaria dasyura, Beawv., 400. glauca, Beawv., 400. italica, Beauv., 400 ; cult., 271. viridis, Beaw., 122. — Seychelles, Turbinaria from, 216. Shaft-alu, 62. Shahk-akhal, 65. Shakar, 108. Shakhai-i-tahg, 102. Shalgam, 35. Shambalit, 119. Shamli, 48, Shangar, 87 ; mentioned, 7. Shersham, 35. Shilm-i-pista, 47. Shir-go, 107. Shir-kist, a kind of manna, 22, 64. Shora, 108. Shorag, 108. Shorea Meranti, Burck., 283. Shuthar-khar, 59. Siah-chob, 64. Siah-khak, ergot of rye, 126. Siah-li-weh, 125. Siah-ling, 61. Sida carpinifolia, Linn., 279. cordifolia, Linn., 279. mysorensis, Wight $ Arn., 279. rhombifolia, Linn., var. retusa, 279. Sideroxylon ferrugineum, Hook. 4 Arn., 317. Siebold, Е. von, Japanese Mosses and Hepatice, 153. Silene acarpophora, Griseb., 40. coniflora, Nees, 40. conoidea, Linn., 40. sp., two undetermined, 40. Simang, 44. SrMARUBEX, Malayan, 284. Вища, Uredine found near, 141. Sindora Wallichii, Benth., 296. Sinjit, 106. Siphones, the (Murray), 207. Sir-piaz-ak, 118. Siresh, 116. Sisymbrium himalaicum, Hook. f. 4 Thoms., 34; mentioned, 26. pannonicum, ./ас9., mentioned, 35. pumilum, Steph., 34. Sophia, Linn., 34. sp., mentioned, 16, 17; three undetermined, 34. Walliehii, Hook. f. 4 Thoms., 34. Sloane, Turbinaria coll. by, 216. Sloetia Sideroxylon, Геузт., 352. Smilax calophylla, Wall., 387. Helferi, А. DC., 387. Smyrnium cordifolium, Boiss., 69; mentioned, 22. ` Soranacem, Afghan, 91; Malayan, 324. Solanum aculeatissimum, Jacq., 395. ferox, Linn., 324. indicum, Linn., 325. mammosum, Linn., 325. Melongena, Linn., 325. nigrum, Linn., 6l; used as a pot-herb, 9. verbascifolium, Linn., 324. Solenanthus circinnatus, Ledeb., 88 ; mentioned, 22. coronatus, Regel, mentioned, 89. Solenoearpus velutinus, Wight, 290. Solenostoma, mentioned, 197, 198. Somali coast, Turbinaria from, 216. Sonchus asper, Vill., 83, 315. Sonerila Impatiens, Bece., 301. moluccana, Roxb., 301. obliqua, Korth., 301. Sonneratia acida, Linn. f., 303. alba, Sm., 303. Sophora Griffithii, Stocks, 60. mollis, R. Grah., 60 ; mentioned, 3, 26. genus Caulerpa Sophora pachycarpa, С. А. Mey., 60; mentioned, 18. Sorghum vulgare, Linn., 123; men- tioned, 5, 6, 15. Spand, 46. брат), 46. Spathoglottis plieata, Lindl., men- tioned, 268. Spergularia diandra, Boiss., 41. Spermacoce hispida, Linn., 314. Spermogonia of Puccinia coronata, 998; of Puccinia Jasmini-Chryso- _ pogonis, 242; of a Uromyces, 145. Spheranthus microcephalus, DC., 315. Sphagnum cymbifolium, Ehrh., 193. Girgensohnii, Russ., 193. Sphenodesma barbata, Schau., 336. pentandra, Jack, 336. Sphingide feeding on Cyrtophyllum, 323. Spiladocorys, Ridl.*, 322; tioned, 269. angustifolia, Ridl.*, 322, 407. | Spilanthes Acmella, Zinn., 315. Spinacea oleracea, Linn., 101; men- tioned, 23. tetrandra, Stev., tioned, 23. Spinahk, 23. Spinaj, 23, 101. Spinifex squarrosus, Labill., 268, 400. “ Spinning-wheel,” 4. Spongocladia, Aresch., mentioned, 208, 209. Sporobolus elongatus, Beawv., 401. Stachys fruticulosa, Bieb., mentioned, 98. trinervis, Aitch. $ Hemsl.*, 97, men- 101; men- t. 43. Statice leptostachya, Boiss., 86; men- tioned, 22. var. scapis filiformibus, 86. perfoliata, C. А. Mey., 85. spicata, Willd., 86; mentioned, 22. var. foliis subintegris, 86, spp., mentioned, 17, 21. suffruticosa, Zinn., 85; men- tioned, 18. Stauranthera umbrosa, C. B. Clarke, 381. INDEX. Stellaria Kotschyana, Fenzl, 41; mentioned, 18. Stellera Lessertii, C. А. Mey., 106; mentioned, 3. var. angustifolia, Boiss., 106. Stemona Curtisii, Hook. f., 386. gloriosoides, Voigt, 386. tuberosa, Lour., 386. Stenochasma convoluta, Griff., 381. urceolare, Griff., 381. Stenochlena sorbifolia, J. Sm., 405. Stenoloma chinensis, Fée, 403. Stephania hernandifolia, Walp., 274. Stephanocelium, Kuetz., 207. verticillatum, Kuetz., 207. Stephegyne diversifolia, Hook. f., 306. Sterculia macrophylla, Vent., 280. parviflora, Roxb., 280. scaphigera, Wall., 280. SrERCULIACEE, Malayan, 280. Stereodon adnatus, Brid., 180. affinis, Mitt., mentioned, 181. bipinnatus, Mitt., mentioned, 181. brachycarpus, Mitt.*, 181. circinalis, Brid., 181; men- tioned, 198. confinis, Mitt.*, 181. curvifolius, Brid., 181. Haldanianus, Mitt.*, 181. hastilis, Mitt., 177. Henoni, Duby, 181. himalayanum, Mitt., 182. imponens, Brid., mentioned, 180. incurvatus, Mitt.*, 181. lætus, Mitt., 179. lychnites, Mitt., 177. nemoralis, Mitt., 178. Oldhami, Mitt.*, 180.1 plumeformis, Mitt., 181. reptile, Mitt.*, 180. rubicundus, Mitt., 180. Stereospermum glandulosum, Mig., 327. fimbriatum, DO., 327. “ Sterile conceptacle ” of Turbinaria, 223. Stipa pennata, Linn., varr., 123; mentioned, 17. Stipules of Coprosma Baueriana, 259 ; of Cosmibuena obtusifolia, 258. Stocksia brahuica, Benth., 46; in fruit, 12; mentioned, 2. 453 Stourga, 68. Streptocaulon 320. Striga lutea, Lour., 326. Stropharia, indexed under Agaricus. . Struvea plumosa, Sond., 208, 213. Strychnos laurina, Wall., 323. Tieute, Blume, 323. бтүвасвж, Malayan, 318. Suseda fruticosa, Forsk., 102. salsa, Pall., 109, вр., 102; mentioned, 18, Sullivant and Lesquereux, Japanese Mosses and Hepatice desc. by, 153. Sumborg, 315. Sumbul, 69. Sus, 56. Susan-ak, 44. Susum anthelmintieum, Blume, 390. Swan River, Turbinaria from, 216. Symplocos ferruginea, Roxb., 318. Synhymenium aureo-nitens, Grif., mentioned, 205. Systegium crispum, Schimp., 159. Syzygiella, mentioned, 198. Wallichii, Wight, Tabernæmontana, Linn., bud-protec- tion in, 256. dichotoma, 261, 266; tioned, 264. Tacca cristata, Jack, 386. pinnatifida, Forst., 268, 386. Тассасвж, Malayan, 386. Teniophyllum Serrula, Hook. f., 370. Teenitis blechnoides, Sw., 405. Ta-ghaz, 102. Tahg, 102. Tahk, 102. Taj-Karrus, 100. Tajam Bulat, 276. Tak, 46. Talkh-ak; 60. Tamariscella, $, 190. Талмавівстхе ж, Afghan, 41. Tamarix articulata, Vahl, 42; men- tioned, 3, 8. gallica, Linn., mentioned, 3, 17, 23. —— var. mannifera, Ehrenb., 42. men- var., 42, macrocarpa, Bunge, 42; men- tioned, 3. mannifera, Bunge, 42. 454 Tamarix Pallasii, Desv., 41; men- tioned, 14. parviflora, DC., mentioned, 41. sp., mentioned, 7. tetragyna, Ehrenb., 41; men- tioned, 14. tetrandra, Pall,,41; mentioned, 14, 23. Tambaku, 92. Tambong Neoh, 294, Tampa besih puteh, 334. Tampah Ragat, 297. Tampenis, 352. Tampoi, 272, 348. Tamponet, 272. Tanacetum umbelliferum, Boiss., 76 ; mentioned, 20. Tanjong Ru, applied to Singapore, 356. Tapak Kuda, 324, Tapeinanthus persicus, Boiss., 97. ~ brahwicus, Boiss., 97. Tapeinochilos, Mig., mentioned, 380. Tar, 102. Tar-anjabin, 59. Tar-gaz, 102 ; mentioned, 3. Taraxacum officinale, Web., 82; men- tioned, 20. Tatera, 37. Tatran, 87. Taturdn, 37. Tectona grandis, Linn., Loranthus ferrugineus on, 342. Teleutospores of Puccinia coronata, 228, 230; Puccinia Jasmini- Chrysopogonis, 242; of a Uro- myces, 146. Te Macao, 826. Tembusé, 323. Tephrosia purpurea, Pers., 291. Terek-mustar, 71. Terminalia Catappa, Linn., 300. Termites, paucity of, in Malay Penin- sula, 270. . Ternstrcemia penangiana, Choisy,277, TzRNsTROMIACEA in Malaya, 277, Tetracera Assa, DC., 272. macrophylla, Wall., 979, Tetradiclis salsa, Stev., 46. "Tetraplodon angustatus, Bruch 4 Schimp., 164; mentioned, 176. mnioides, Bruch ф Schimp., 164; | mentioned, 176. Tetraphis geniculata, Girgens., 193. 4 Tetrastigma lanceolaria, Planch., 287. INDEX. Teucrium Polium, Linn., 99. serratum, Benth., 99. Teysmannia albifrons, Miq., 392. Thalictrum isopyroides, C. А. Mey., 29; mentioned, 21. Thamnium, $, 175. Thamnium plicatulum, Lacoste, 175. subneckeroides, Geheeb, 175. subserratum, Hook., 175. Thamnopteris Nidus, Presl, 404. var. musefolia, Ridl.*, nomen, 404. var. phyllitidis, Ridi.*, nomen, 404. Thatrang, 37. Thecostele, Reichb., cussed, 375. alata, Reichb. f., 375. maculosa, Ridl.*, 374; men- tioned, 375. Thelasis capitata, Blume, 376. decurva, Hook. f., 376. elata, Hook. f., 376. elongata, Blume, 375. Themeda arundinacea, Ridl.*, nomen, 401. gigantea, Hack., var. villosa, 401. Thespesia populnea, Correa, 280. Thevenotia scabra, Boiss., 77. Thismia Aseroe, Весс., 359. Thottea grandiflora, Rottb., 339. sp., 339. Thuarea sarmentosa, Thou., 400. Thuidium abietinum, Bruchg Schimp., mentioned, 189. bipinnatulum, Mitt.*, 190. Blandovii, Mitt.*, 189; men- tioned, 190. Brandisii, Jaeger, mentioned, 189. cylindraceum, Mitt.*, 190. affinities dis- cymbifolium, Dozy $ Molk., ' 188. decipiens, De Not., mentioned, 189. i delicatulum, Bruch d Schimp., 189. glaucinum, Mitt.*, 188. Hookeri, Mitt.*, 189. japonicum, Dozy $ Molk., 188; mentioned, 189. | minutulum, Schimp., mentioned, 190. _ Molkenboerii, Lacoste, 189. quadrifarium, Mitt.*, 189. Thuidium recognitum, Schimp., теп-- tioned, 189, 190. tamariscinum, Bruch 4 Schimp., 189. viride, Mitt.*, 188. Thunberg, C. P., Japanese Mosses- and Hepaticæ, 153. : Thunbergia fragrans, Roxb., 332. laurifolia, Lindl., 332. Thurston, Hon. J. B., Turbinaria coll. by, 216. Thymelæa arvensis, Lam., 106. ТнумегжлАсвж, Afghan, 106; Ma- layan, 341. Тпласвж, Malayan, 281. Timon Tikus, 304. Timonius Finlaysonianus, Wall., 308. вр., 308. Timpayang, 401. Tohkhm, 108. i Tokiado, Musci and Hepatic» from. the, 153. T'oopoos Merah, 381. Torenia polygonoides, Benth., 326. Torres Straits, Turbinaria from, 216, Tortula emarginata, Dozy $ Molk., 160. inflexa, Mitt.*, 160. spathulata, Hedw., 160. unguiculata, Roth, 160. Trachycystis, $, 169. Trachydium Lehmanni, Benth 4 Hook fa 65,4. 81. Kotschyi, Boiss., 66. Trachypus, $, 178, Tragopogon brevirostre, DC., men- tioned, 84. coloratum, C. A. Mey., 38. floccosum, Kit., mentioned, 84. graminifolium, DC., 84. spp., mentioned, 22. T'rak-mastar, 71. Treculia africana, Decne., bud-pro- tection in, 256. Tree Physic-nut, 351. Trek, two species so called, 76. Trema amboinensis, Blume, 352. orientalis, Blume, mentioned, 352. Trematodon longicollis, Rich., 155. Trevesia sundaica, Mig., 305. Tribulus alatus, Del., var., 43; men- tioned, 4. macropterus, Boiss., 43. terrestris, Linn., 43. "Trichocolea tomentella, Nees, 200; mentioned, 201. Trichodesma molle, DC., 88. ‘Trichoglottis retusa, Blume, 374. T'richogyne cauliflora, DC., 75. Trichomanes digitatum, Sw., 403. javanicum, Blume, 403. rigidum, Sw., 403. trichoideüm, Sw., 403. Trichopus zeylanicus, Gaertn., 386 ; in Malaya, 269. Trichostomum canescens, Timm, 158. inflecum, Bruch, 160. Tricostularia borneensis, Benth., 397. ‘Trifolium fragiferum, Linn., 48. repens, Linn., 48. resupinatum, Linn., 48. Trigonella corniculata, Linn., men- tioned, 48. Emodi, Benth., 47; mentioned, 48. Fonum-grecum, Linn., 48. laxiflora, Aitch. $ Baker*, 47. monantha, C. A. Mey., 48. radiata, Boiss., 48. sp., mentioned, 15. Tristellateia australasica, А. Rich., 282. Triticum crassum, Aitch. & Hemsl.*, 127. persicum, .A4itch. $ Hemsl.*, 127. squarrosum, Roth, 127; men- tioned, 22. triunciale, Айс). $ Hemsl.*, 127. vulgare, Jinn., 126. ‘Triumfetta pilosa, Roth, 281. rhomboidea, Jacq., 281. T'ucucu, 355. Tuku Tokol, 351. "Tulipa humilis, Herb., 119. montana, Lindl., 119; tioned, 17. sp., mentioned, 20. Tulostoma Wightii, Berk.*, 129. Tumaku, 92. Turbinaria, Lama. (Barton), 215-226. condensata, Sond., 220. conoides, Kuetz., 217, 220, 226. var. evesiculosa, Е. А. Barton*, 917. _ decurrens, Bory, mentioned,219. dentata, Е. S. Barton*, 219, 226. gracilis, Sond., 220. men- INDEX. Turbinaria heterophylla, Kuetz., 218. Murrayana, Е. S. Barton*, 918; тепбопей, 219, 220, 226. ornata, J. Ag., 219, 226. trialata, Kuetz., 218. trialata, Mazé, 219. tricostata, E. S. Barton*, 226. var. Webere, E. S. Bar- ton*, 219, 226. vulgaris, var. conoides, J. Ag., 217. ——— var. decurrens, J. Ag., 217. var. decurrens, Mazé & Schramm, 219. var. trialata, J. Ag., 218. ---- var. trialata, Mazé & Schramm, 219. var. triquetra, J. Ag., 217. Turgenia latifolia, Hoffm., 72. Turkamani-tabamku, 92. Turtur tigrinus snared by bird-lime, 355. Tylophora asthmatica, Wight d Arn., 320. Typha angustata, Bory $ Chaub.,120. sp., 120. Typhonium divaricatum, Blume, 393. 218, Ubi Gadong, 386. Udish, 55. Ulmus campestris, Linn., var., 108. montana, Stokes, 108. var., 108. Ulota americana, Mitt., 162. Barclayi, Mitt., 162. japonica, Mitt.*, 162. reptans, Brid., 161. Um, 87. Uma, 87. UMBELLIFERÆ, Afghan, 65-72; Ma- layan, 305. Umbelliferarum genus ?, 2, 72. Umbrella-leaf, 392. Uncaria ferrea, DC., 306. Gambir, Roxb., 306. pedicellata, Roxb., 306. Ungernia trisphæra, Bunge, 115. Unona dasymaschala, Blume, 274. Desmos, Dun., 274. Uraria crinita, Desv., 292. lagopodioides, DC., 292. Uredine, life-history of a (Barclay), 141-151. 455 Uredo Behenis, mentioned, 148. Bupleuri, Barclay, mentioned, 234. Gomphrenatis, tioned, 234. on Grasses, 230. Uredospores of Puccinia Jasmini- Chrysopogonis, 242. Urena lobata, Linn., 279. var. sinuata, 279. Uromyces Cunninghamianus, Bar- clay*, 150; life-history of (Bar- clay), 141-151 ; mentioned, 236. Pisi, Pers., mentioned, 235. Vossiæ, Barclay, mentioned, 235. Uromycopsis, $, mentioned, 149, Urophyllum Blumeanum, Wight, 310. Griffithianum, Wight, 310. hirsutum, Wight, 310. Urtica, Tourn., mentioned, 250, 253. Тктісасеж, Afghan, 108; Malayan, 352. Ushak, 70. Ustilago Urceolorum, Tul., 129. Utricularia, mentioned, 201, 268. affinis, var. Griffithii, 327. bifida, Linn., 327. flexuosa, Vahl, 327. minutissima, Vahl, 327. punctata, Wall., 327. racemosa, Wall., 327. verticillata, Benj., 327. Uvaria macrophylla, Roxb., 273. Ridleyi, King, 273. Barclay, men- Улостутасеж, Malayan, 315. Vaccinium, Linn., mentioned, 268. malaccense, Wight, 315; men- tioned, 316. sabuletrum, Ridl.*, 315. VALERIANE®, Afghan, 74. Valerianella diodon, Boiss., 74. Dufresnia, Bunge, 74. oxyrrhyncha, var. diodon, Krok, 74. врр., two undetermined, 74. Valonia, Ginn., mentioned, 209. Varonrace®, mentioned, 207. Улхокх, Malayan, 368. Vandellia, mentioned, 268. erustacea, Benth., 326. hirsuta, Benth., 326. scabra, Benth., 326. 456 Vanilla albida, Hook. f., 376. ' albida, Blume, mentioned, 376. вр., 376. tolypephora, Ridl.*, 376. Vegetative conceptacles of Turbi- naria, 223. Ventilago leiocarpa, Benth., 286. maderaspatana, Wight, 286. Maingayii, M. Laws., 286. Veratrum malayanum, Jack, 390. Verbascum, sp., 92. VxRBENAOEX, Afghan, 95; Malayan, 884, Vernonia arborea, Нат., 314. chinensis, Zinn., 314, cinerea, Less., 314. eleagnifolia, DO., 314. Veronica Anagallis, Linn., 98. var., 93. biloba, Linn., 93. imperialis, hort.?, bud-protection in, 256. Vicia Cracca, Linn., mentioned, 59. Ervilia, Willd., 59. hyreanica, Fisch. 4 Mey., 59. peregrina, Linn., var., 59, villosa, Roth, 59. Vieoa Pentanema, Айс), дф Hemsl.*, 75. Vigna, Savi, mentioned, 268, lutea, A. Gray, 298. luteola, Benth., 293. Villi of Allamanda, 262 ; of Coprosma Baueriana, 259; of Cosmibuena obtusifolia, 258; of Tabernsmon- tana dichotoma, 261. Vinea, Linn., mentioned, 250, 253. rosea, Linn., 820. Утотлоеж of Malaya, 275. Viscum articulatum, Burm. 7» 848. , Var. genuinum, 848. orientale, Willd., 343. Vitality of Uredospores, 234. Vitex Agnus-castus, Linn., 95; men- tioned, 11, 12. Negundo, Linn., 268. pubescens, Vahl, 335. repens, Blanco, 335. simplicifolia, C. В. Clarke, 335. INDEX. . Vitex trifolia, Linn., 335. var. obovata, 335. vestita, Wall., 335 ; Loranthus grandifrons, on, 343. Vitis furcata, M. Laws., 287. Hookeri, M. Laws., 287. vinifera, Linn., 46. Vittaria elongata, Sw., 405. ° scolopendrina, Thw., 405. Wana, 47. ** Wanderer,” 4. Waroo, 279. Weber van Bosse, Mme., her collec- tion of Turbinaria, 216. | Webera brevicolla, Lacoste, 165. elongata, Schwaegr., 165. longicollis, Hedw., 165. nutans, Hedw., 165. | Wedelia biflora, DC., 315. Weisia controversa, Hedw., 159. Weiss, F. E., The Caoutchouc-con- taining cells of Eucommia ul- moides, 243—254. West Indies, Turbinaria from, 216, Wifes rattan, 390. Wight, R., Turbinaria coll, by, 216. Wikstremia Candolleana, Miers (mis- printed Candollei), 341. Wilkinson, Sir G., Turbinaria coll. by, 216. Willughbeia Burbidgei, mentioned, 271, 319 ; bud-protection in, 256, 263, 266. dulcis, Ridl,*, 819, ; edulis, Roxb., 319 ; mentioned, 271. tenuiflora, Dyer, 319. Wormia oblonga, Wall., 973. pulchella, Jack, 273. suffruticosa, Griff., 273. Wright, C. H., help acknowledged (Mitten), 154. Xanthium Strumarium, Linn., men- tioned, 8. Xanthophyllum, Roxb., sp., 276. Xerospermum Noronhianum, Mig., 272. ---- var., 289. Ximenia americana, Linn., mentioned,. 848. | Xylaloes, 841. Xylopia ferruginea, Hook. 7» 2178. Xylopodium Aitchisoni, Cooke $ Massee, 128. | Хувшеж, Malayan, 389. Xyris, Linn., mentioned, 268. bancana, Mig., 389. pauciflora, Willd., 388. | Yagundi Kayu, 310: Yehma, 111. Yokohama, Caulerpa from, 209. Yucatan, Caulerpa from, 219. Zalacca Blumeana, Mart., 392. conferta, Griff., mentioned, 392, Wallichiana, Mart., 392. Zalil, 31. - | Zanthoxylum ovalifolium, Wight, 284. Zard-alu, 61. Zardak, 71. № Zardak-kohi, 11. Zihr-bar, 81, Zingiber gracile, Jack, 380. Griffithii, Baker, 380. sp., 980. spectabile, Griff., 380. spp., 270. ZINGIBERACE E, Malayan, 378. Ziziphora canescens, Benth., 96. clinopodioides, var. canescens, Boiss., 96. tenuior, Linn., 96, Zizyphus CEnoplia, Mill., 286. vulgaris, Lam., 46; mentioned, Baye 3.5 Zollikoferia nudicaulis, Boiss., 83. spinosa, Boiss., 83. Zoysia pungens, Linn., 400. Zozimia absinthifolia, Vent., 71. Zygodon viridissimus, Brid., men- tioned, 161. ZYGOPHYLLACEX, Afghan, 48. Zygophyllum atriplicoides, Fisch. dr Mey., 44; mentioned, 2, 10, 17. Fabago, Linn., 44; mentioned, 18. H PRINTED BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS, RED LION COURT, FLEET STRKET, о CONCERNING TRANSACTIONS. DS ., and a few entire sets are still. for sale. Only certain single volumes, or ies to "complete sets, may be d at the oi | prices. The dra of the Index to Vols. 1-95 is 8s. to the publie, and 6s. to Fellows; to ‘The з, of the’ 2 is divided into Zoological and Botanical sections. The prices of the n pe which have been pe of these are as undermentioned :— ; = Phi tothe . Price to ` Жылда When Price to the Price to Publ. 2 - Fellows. | Ap hers Published, ` Publie. Fellows. — * а do ow ond Г. | а £ s. d. .SECOND SERIES,— ВотАмү. DII Ron LBO 0.70.89 8 ...0 6.0 d мт 016 о 6180 i Put HE 1876 2 6 12 9.0 9.9 1% Part MV 1876..... 010-9... 427% | Ран. 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