“NE AN S O0 O4 SP OT ThE "it RINT ED ST. DARFIS T ^ sOLD BY B AND J. WHITE, FLEET-STREET. PARDON 7 o M.DCC,XCIV. * ü | | GU N 1 LE M + S I. 1: E Hiflery and Defcriptions of four new Species of Pha- lena. By the late Mr. John Beckwith, F. L. S. Page Il, Remarks on Scolopendra eleëtrica, and Sc. fubterranea. By George Shaw, M. D. F. R, S. and L. S. so p IIL Remarks on the Abbé Wulfen s Deftriptions of Lichens ; pub- lifbed among bis rare Plants of Carinthia, in Profefor Facquin's Collectanea, Vol. Y. 112. By James Edward Smith, M. D. ER. S. and P. d à — o IV. Account of the Gizzard of the Shell called by Linneus Bulla lignaria, addreffed to the Prefident. By Mr. George Hum- phrey, 4. L. S. . p. V. Account of the Difference of Structure in the Flowers of fix Species of Paffflora. By Mr. James Sowerby, 4. L. 5. p. VL. Defcriptions of two new Britifh Fuci, By Thomas Jenkinfon Woodward, E/g. F. L. S. A 2 M in IO I5 19 29 An iv GO N-TI-EN T & VII. An Effay towards an Hiftory of tbe Britifh Stellated Lyco- perdons: being an Account of fuch Species as have been found ` inthe Neighbourhood of Bungay, in Suffolk. By Thomas Jen- kinfon Woodward, £E/;. È. L. S. P. VII. A new Arrangement of Papilios, in a Letter to tbe Prefident. By Mr. William Jones, F. L. S. P. IX. Defcriptions of feveral Species of Pancratium. By Richard Anthony Salifbury, Er F. L .S. P. X. Some Account of tbe Mu » Pumilionis of eo 5 dua of tbe. Syf. Nature. By William Markwick, Efg. F. L. S. With additional Remarks by T. Marfham, Eg. Sec. L. S. P. XI. Defcription of Pafpalum ficloniferum. By Mr. Lewis Bofc, JAM BR p. CÓ € XII. Obfervations on the Siruciure. and Qeconomy of fome curious Species of Aranea “By-Mr- Dorthes, F. M. L. S ` P. 32 79 XIII. Account of the Germination and Raïfing of Ferns from the | Seed. By Mr. John Lindfay, Surgeon in Jamaica. Com- municated by Sir Jofeph Banks, Bart. P. R. S. and H. M. L. 5. p. XIV. Additional Obfere ations relating to Fe fuca Pa and —— Anthoxanthum paniculatum, pee Edward Smith, M. D. pia F. R. iS. and P. Ls dv em Pp- . 93 IOI XV. Plante XV. Plante Eboracenfes ; or, A Catalogue of the more rare Plants - which grow wild in the Neighbourhood of Cafile Howard, in ` the North Riding of Yorkfoire, difpofed according to tbe Linnean Syflem. By Mr. Robert Teefdale, F. L. S. p. 103 XVI. Odfervations on the Britifo Species of Carex. By the Rev. Samuel Goodenough, EEP ER Y PLES: pr 126 XVII, On Genera and Species of Plants which occur twice or three times, under different Names, in Profeffor Gmelin's Edition of Linneus's Syflema Nature. By Jonas Dryander, M. A. Libr, R. S. and F. L. S. - p. 212 XVIII. Remarks on Centaurea folftitialis and C. melitenfis. By James Edward Smith, M. D. F. R. S. P. L. S. p. 236 XIX. Defeription of Fucus dafyphyllus. By Thomas Jenkinfon Woodward, Efq. F. L. S. aes LE — p. 239. XX. The Charaëters of Two Species of Oxalis. By Richard. Anthony Salifbury, Ef. Ee Res: and F. L. S> - p.242 XXI. Defeription of a New Species of Warbler, called the Wood Wren, objerved in May 1792. By Mr. Thomas Lamb, Pe , iS. - Pe 245 XXII. Objervations upon. the Struéture and Oeconomy of thofe — Juteffinal Worms called Teniz. By Mr. Anthony Carlifle, F. « L. A. - . ; ; Pp. 247 XXII. 4 New Method of preferving Fungi, &c. By William Withering, M. D. F. R. S. ind L.S — p. 263 XXIV. Ob- vi SON TE NN TS. XXIV. Odjeftions againfl the Perceptivity of Plants, fo far as is evinced by their external Motions, in Anfwer to Dr. Percival’s Memoir in the Mancbefler Tranfaétions. By Robert Townfon, E/q. F. R. S. Edinb. p. 267 XXV. An Effay on the various Species of Sawfjb. By Mr. John Latham, F. R. and A. S.S. and. F.L.S, — P. 273 XXVI. Defcriptions of Four New Britifh Lichens. By the Rev. Hugh Davies, F. L. S. — —— p. 283 XXVII. An Account of Jome Plants Fa di covered i in Scotland. By Mr. James Dickfon, F. L. S. _ p. 286 XXVIII. Remarks on the Genus Dianthus. By James Edward Smith, M. D. FP. R. S. and P. L. S. p. 292 XXIX. The Hiffory and Defcription of a Minute Epiphyllous Lycoperdon, growing on the Leaves of the Anemone nemorofa. By Richard Pulteney, M. D. F. R. S. S. Lond. and Edin. and F. L, S. Pp. 305 XXX. Extrait of a Letter from Mr, John Lindfay, Surgeon in Jamaica, to Sir Jofeph Banks, Bart. P. R. S. and H. M. L. S. dated "fune 30, 1792. — — p- 313 Additional Remarks, by James Edward Smith, M. D. PLS —— —— ——— P. 314 XXXI. Defcriptions of Three New Species of Hirudo, By ihe R.verend William Kirby, 4. L. S. — e— p 316 Additional Note, by George Shaw, M. D. F. R. S. and F. L. SS. oe —— — P. 319 ZSR 42. GO NL ENT X vii XXXII. Additional Obfervations on Fucus Hypogloffum, p. 30. By T. J. Woodward, E/z. F. L. S. P. 321 Additional Note to tbe Effay on the Stellated Lycoperdons, referred to L. recolligens, at p. 58. By the fame. — pe 323, XXXIII. Additional Remarks on the Wood Sandpiper, Tringa gla- reola. By William Markwick, Ef. F. L.$. |. — p. 325 XXXIV. Botanical Obfervations on the Flora Japonica, By Chartes Peter Thunberg, Knight of the Order of Wafa, Profeffor of Botany and Medicine in the Unrverfity of Upfal, F. M, L. S. p. 326 XXXV. Defcription of Sagina ceraftoides, a new Britifo Plant difcovered in Scotland by Mr. James Dickfon, F. L. S. By the Prefident. Pe 343; XXXVI. An Account of two new Genera of Plants from New South Wales, prefented to the Linnean Society by Mr. Thomas Hoy, F. L. S. and Mr. Jobn Fairbairn, F. L. S. By the — Pe 346: XXXVII. Extracts from the MINUTE Book of the Linnean : pagan P: 353: Society. ERANS- 4 S DIRECTIA N-S | FOR PLACING THE PLATES OF THE SECOND VOLUME. i . I. PHALÆNÆ to face page =a, = 6 2. Bulla lignaria - ——— x 18 3 Paffiflora quadrangularis Salata LL heat mis sr ei WT 4. — laurifolia & cærulea * =. = 24 LA lunulata & minima - - s 26 | ©. Fucus afparagoides - - > $ 29 í a hypogloffum - * ę = 39 8. Arrangement of papilios - E > - 69 i 9. Pancratium maritimum a. > mn 70 i 10. ————— amænum - * A a See bs II. ————- - fragrans © = ee 72 12. fpeciofum sr. s et 73 Iz littorale - = - * 74 14. ftellare - zo ^ 74 15. Mufca pumilionis - Le > z 75 16. Pafpalum ftoloniferum - € s pud: 17. Araniz n - - ^ QI 18. Ferns - - . = 98 19. Carex axillaris, p. 1515 divifa, n 157 & te eti- —.. uícula, p. 4363- ^ ái 20. —— ftrigofa, p- 169; crede P 17% & ful- t 1/77 - - 210 21. —— cxtenfa, p. 175; opis s 1955 ftric- ta, p. 196 - 210 22. rigida, p. 193 - - - 210 23. Fucus daiy[ x ori &c. - » - - 24I 24 Wood wren ^ - - - 246 2m lenz - - - - à à 258 26. Sawhih E Me c mn - - 282 27. Priftis cirratus ae ob - - 282 28. Lichens M. c Soe - - = 294 29. Hirudo crenatas - - E - 318 x a: À TRANSACTIONS OF THE LINNEAN SOC: E T:Y. | | I The Hiflory and Defcriptions of four new Species of Phalæna. By the late Mr. Jobn Beckwith, F. L. S. Read March 3, i 789. N the prefent advanced ftate of Entomology it is not often to be eae that much of the Natural Hiftory of new and extremely rare fpecies of infects can be obtained. The methods which many of them take to fcreen themfelves from obfervation in their firft ftages of life (too often fuccefsfully for the Entomolo- gift) are not more various than they are interefting and curious. Of the Lepidoptera, that order of infeéts whofe beauty has invited moft Entomologifts particularly to attend to it, many of the caterpillars feed enclofed within the ftems of herbaceous plants; others in the branches or trunks of trees; a few within fruits and buds of flowers; fome upon the roots of plants; others again float upon the furface of the water, between the leaves of aquatic vegetables, woven around them with inimitable art; and a much greater num- Vor. II. B | ber 2 Mn. Becxwitn’s Hiflory and Defcriptions of ber than is generally fuppofed efcape our notice by taking their nourifhment only in the night. Of this kind, one of the following Caterpillars is an inftance. And, though many feed more con- fpicuoufly upon the leaves of trees and plants in the day time, yet a confiderable number of thofe, -as if confcious of the fimilarity of their colour to the underfides of the leaves, and of the fafety they - derive from attaching themfelves thereto, are feldom to be feen but in that fituation. Many others, of the family of Phalænæ Geo- metra, will very frequently fix themfelves upon the trunks or branches of trees, in an almoft erect attitude, and remain motion- lefs for feveral hours together; and their roughnefs and colour, in generalío nearly refembling that of the bark, aiding the decep- tion, a perfon not ufed to fuch appearances, and often a good connoiffeur, would not hefitate to pronounce them mere lifelefs twigs, or decayed branches of the trees. 'Thefe various methods of eluding our fight, added to the un- certainty of breeding many fpecies when procured, have prevented our being acquainted with the larvz of the far greater part of the Lepidopterous infeéts. In the courfe of feveral years endeavours to promote fo defirable an object as the aícertaining them m generally, various obfervations upon, "and drawings of larvæ, &c. were made, which produced undefcribed Phalznz, among which I apprehend are the four following Noétuæ. The larva tab. 1. fig. 1. is of a pale greenifh yellow ; two rows of minute white fpecks are placed longitudinally on each fide: thefe, upon the pale ground colour of the caterpillar, are fcarcely to be diftinguifhed at firft fight: the head is red, and the whole cater- pillar perfectly fmooth : it feeds upon the oak, enclofed within two or three leaves flightly fpun together, and generally places itfelf in a curved pofition when at reft, as in the figure. About the end of June it attains its full growtb, and fpins a weak web, ufually among Jour new Species of Phalæna. 3 among the leaves, within which it produces the pupa, as at fig. 2. of a dark reddifh brown colour, very gloffy, fhort, and thick, the abdomen terminating in a fharp point. The Phalæna itfelf, fig. 3. appears, in ordinary feafons *, about the fecond week in April fol- lowing : it is exceeding rare; but I met with the larvæ two fuc- ceflive years in the neighbourhood of Brentwood in DK and bred them with eafe and certainty. Defcr. Phal. Noctua Chryfoceras. Spirilinguis criftata, antennis flavis, thorace alifque anticis fulphureo-olivaceis nebulofis, pofticis albidis fufcefcentibus. Expanfio alarum, 1 unc. 4 lin. Thorax antice linea tranfverfa alba. Ala /uperiores ful- phureæ nebulis olivaceis. Stigmata duo approximata in- vicem averfa nigro marginata; ftrige nigra per interiorem partem varie difcurrunt : marginem exteriorem verfus ftriga alba ferrato-dentata, ad marginem ipfum ftriga nigra tn finubus areolas albidzs fovens. ay be obferved of thefe moths, that they differ much in libe characters upon the fuperior wings, the moft perfe& and beautiful having the yellow dentated and undulated lines, &c. very diftinét; but in others the yellow is fo blended with the black as nearly to obliterate all the markings, and the moth appears of a dirty olive colour with indiftin& blackifh clouds. Fig. 4 is a larva which bears a great affinity to the former. The body is of the fame pale yellow colour, and the head likewife red. It differs chiefly in the want of the longitudinal rows of white * Phalenz in general, but particularly thofe whofe natural time of appearance is in the fpring, will be fometimes produced in an early feafon a month or more before their ufual time; a backward feafon retarding them in the fame proportion. us d | fpots, 4 Mr. Becxwitn’s Hifory and Defcriptions of fpots, and in a fuperior degree of thinnefs and tranfparency of the fkin and humours, through which the inteftines very vifibly ap- pear. This circumftance renders it extremely liable to be injured in beating from the trees. Its food is the poplar, upon which I have repeatedly found it near town about the end of September. In the beginning of Oétober it generally prepares for its transformation by enclofing itfelf between two leaves, whofe edges it unites by a great number of pretty ftrong threads. The Chryfalis, fig. Lu of a reddith brown, and of the ufual form. The Phalæna, fig. 6. is produced from it about the end of May or beginning of June in the next year. Defcr. Phal. Noctua Gemina. Spirilinguis criftata, alis fuperioribus | cinereo-fufcefcentibus, fafciis duabus ftrigofis maculifque duabus niveis intermediis. Expanfio alarum, 1 unc. 2 lin. Bafis alarum fuperiorum cinereo-fufcefcens; intra medium fafcia lata e ftrigis quatuor nigris confecta; in ipfo medio maculæ duæ nivez, interior orbicularis, exterior fubrotunda poftice biloba; extra medium fafcia e ftriis fub tribus mundus latis; in apice marginis antici lineola obliqua nigra. Alz inferiores fufcefcentes fuperioribus pallidiores. The larva, fig. 7. has the back and belly of a pale livid colour; along the middle of the back is a row of white rhomboidal fpots, one in each fegment ; the fides are of a dark brown, the lower ex- tremity being edged with a white line. I have met with it near the roots of willow trees, concealed under the earth or tufts of grafs, on removing of which it is difcovered: it afcends thefe trees in the evening to feed upon the leaves, and returns in the morning to its place of retirement, remaining the whole of the day concealed, This conftant praétice is probably to avoid the attacks of Ichneu- 4 , mons ] i i Oe Trepi OM aere corto emet LE DES rare a pe ins ` four new Species of Pbalena. E To mons or other enemies. If fo, it is not always fuccefsful; for though I took feveral in the years 1785 and 1786, yet in the year 1787, out of twenty larve which I procured, but one Phalæna was produced, the remainder appearing to have been deftroyed by Ichneumons, which had permitted them to enter the earth, and undergo their metamorphofis, as I found moft of the chryfalides dead, with their cruftaceous coverings fwelled and diftorted, and a fingle large filky cone within each of them. I was not for- tunate enough to breed any of the Ichneumons. Frequent opportunities occurred of obferving that the fame ceconomy of feeding only in the night, fubfifted among thefe ca- terpillars in the cages in which they were kept for breeding, as in the night time they were always diftributed over the leaves placed for their food ; but during the day appeared to be all loft, except one or two which were occafionally feen; and this I accounted for from the cages admitting the light but faintly. Thefe caterpillars arrived at their full growth the laft weck in May, when they changed in the earth to flender brown chryfalides, one of which. is fhewn at fig. 8. The moth, fig. 9, came out the end of June. Defcr. Phal. Noctua Pulla. Spirilinguis criftata, ne deflexis fuperioribus fufco-ferrugineis fubnebulofis ftriga alba un- dulata. Expanfio alarum, T unc. 4 lin. Alz fuperiores ex fufco dilute ferrugineæ nigroque fubne- » buloíz. In medio verfus marginem craffiorem due maculæ: +” quarum interior fubrotunda, exterior reniformis albido ob- foleté cinéte; linea alba undulata prope marginem exte- riorem. Alæ inferiores cinereæ. Anus barbatus. Fig. 10. is a larva of a beautiful green colour; through the trànfparent fkin and humours the inteftines are con- _fpicuoufly. 6 Mr. Becxwitn’s Hiflory, &c. Ípicuoufly feen. It is the moft (lender larva of a Noctua that I ever obferved, and at firít fight greatly refembles many of the Geometrz, whofe motion likewife it in fome degree imitates. I found it upon the fallow near Brentwood on the 18th of June, and it went into the earth in about a week. "The pupa I am unacquainted with. The Phalæna, fig. 11. was bred from the above larva on the 24th of July ; in its perfect ftate it runs with great celerity in the day. It is extremely rare. Deícr. Phal. No&ua Chryfoglefa. Spirilinguis criftata, alis fu- perioribus grifeis fubfalcatis ftrigis tribus albis primoribus abbreviatis. Expanfio alarum, I uncia. Lingua flava. Ale fuperiores fubfalcatæ, Rte five albidæ atomis fufcis confperfæ, in ipfà bafi ftriga albida abbreviata, paullo intervallo ftriga albida continuata. Extra hanc duz maculz fuíce quarum interior fubovata, exterior reniformis, albidà lineà cinétæ. Intra marginem exteriorem ftriga albida, et linea alba ad marginem. Margo exterior ftrigarum omnium faturatior et maculis concolor. _ Alz inferiores fufcefcentes. BE IT. Remarks € ? Bir Sen 4 fhend. Y A 4. de . 6. ^ x pr" p /) > B e wa à A 4 ack: chiysoce Lad. ZZ ce aoet Y siue e Z Se A pela. PE. pee. - cht yseglofse: Qo) II. Remarks on Scolopendra elecirica, and Sc. fubterranea. By | George Shaw, M. D. F. R. S. and L. S. Read April 7, 1789. MONGST the Englifh infeéts of the genus Scolopendra there appears to me to exift a fpecies which is not diftinétly defcribed, and I believe is generally confounded with the Scolopendra eleétrica of Linnæus, which it fo much refembles that it is not eafy to give a criterion by which it may at all times be diftinguifhed from it. The moft ftriking difference, as to its external appearance, confifts in its being of a much lighter colour than the Scolopendra eleëtrica ; the elecirica being of a full brown, or approaching to a chefnut colour, while this other fpecies is never much deeper than a ftraw colour. Another diftinétive mark is, that it is nar- rower and thinner in proportion than the ebria; and though I have never accurately counted the number of feet, yet I am ftrongly inclined to think that they are more in number than thofe of the ekéirica. But what feems moft to indicate a difference of fpecies is the very different habitation of this infect; for while the Sc. eletrica is found in houfes, and amongft wood, linen, and other fubítances, the fpecies or variety 1 am now fpeaking of is never found any where but at a confiderable depth below the furface of the ground, and principally refides in garden ground, - in which it may be generally found about the roots of plants at moft feafons of the year, except in very frofty weather. If placed in a dry box it will fcarce furvive more than a fingle day, and fre- quently 8 Dr. SuaAw's Remarks on quently not fo long. On the contrary, the e/eéfrica may be always preferved in this manner at leaft a month, and frequently two or three months together, without feeming to lofe much of its vigour; nay, it may even be kept pretty clofely confined between two glafles for many days without any danger of perifhing. Another very curious particular belonging to the Sc. elec- trica (and which cannot be obferved in the other fpecies) is, that if cut in two about the middle, both parts will live and appear vi- gorous for a very confiderable time; fometimes a fortnight; but with this very extraordinary circumftance, that the tail-part always furvives the head-part two or three days; fo that the principle of vitality is much more powerful in the lower part of the creature than in the upper. "This experiment I made and bd repeated feveral years ago, and till lately imagined that it had not been obferved by any other perfon; but I lately obferved a remark by Haller in his Bibliotheca Anatomica, that the circumftance of both the cut parts living has been mentioned in a German work entitled Unzer’s Kleine. Scbrifien. This being a work I have never feen, I can only quote the very brief expreffion of Haller, viz. ‘ Scolopendræ. diffeétz utraque * medietas yixit:” yet there is no mention of the pofterior part furviving the anterior, nor is the particular fpecies of the infect mentioned, ; I am aware that it may be objected to the idea of thefe two forts of Scolopendra being fpecifically different, that the different habita- tion of the animal, and a difference in colour, are not fufficient to conftitute a difference of fpecies, efpecially as fome animals are fuppofed to refide in habitations of the greateft poffible difference; the Fa/ciola hepatica for inftance, which is fuppofed to inhabit the waters, and yet is found in great abundance and in great vigour jn the liver and gall-bladder of íheep. It is alfo a well-known circum- Scolopendra electrica, and Scolopendra fubterranea. 9 circumftance, that the larvae of many infeéts are fubterraneous, while the infeéts in their complete ftate inhabit the furface, Yet with refpeét to the two Scolopendre before mentioned, I muft: ftill think that there are fufficient grounds for fuppofing a real and fpecific difference; and in order that they may the more eafily be diftinguifhed, it might not perhaps be improper to give to the fpe- cies thus imperfeétly defcribed, the trivial name of /ubterranea. I am by no means certain that the Sc. /ubterranea yields any of that phofphoric light which prevails fo ftrongly in the other: fhould this be uniformly the cafe, there is ftill another argument in favour of a real {pecific difference. Vor. II. C HI. Remarks ( 10 ) among bis rare Plants of Carniola, ig Profeffor Jacquin s Colleétanea, III. Remarks on the Abbé Wulfens dogs of Lichens; publifhed . Fol. Il. 112. By James Edward Smith ; M. D. F. R. S. and P. L. S. Read Of, 6, 1789. H E moreeminently a naturalift has diftinguifhed himfelf by his accuracy and judgment, the more dangerous to pofterity are any errors he may commit in the fequel of his enquiries. I hope therefore it will not appear altogether unimportant to the Lin- nean Society, if I lay before them a few remarks on fome unaccount- able botanical miftakes in a paper of the juftly celebrated Wulfen, entitled Plante Rariores Carinthiacz, publifhed by Profeffor Jacquin in the fecond volume of his Collectanea, in 1788. Still lefs furely fhall I be in danger of cenfure for prefuming to point out defects in the works of fuch able men, for it is only authors of authority whofe errors are worth pointing out. "The miftakes alluded to chiefly regard the Lichens defcribed and figured in the volume above mentioned ; and thefeI beg leave briefly to notice, taking the plants in the order in which they prefent themielves. No. 175. Lichen tauricus, p.177 is L. vermicularis, Linn. fi. meth. mufe. 37. I have found it on the alps of Switzerland. 4 No. Dr. SwrTu's Remarks, &c. II No. 176. L. marmoreus. p. 178. This plant being unknown to me, I fhall not prefume to make any farther remarks upon it, than to obferve in general, that a red or purple colour is often not natural to cruftaceous Lichens, but occafioned by the urine of fome animal falling upon them, to which I fufpeét the colour of Lichen Oederi to be owing. No. 177. L. corallinus. p. 180. This appears by the defcription to be the true Linnean plant, although the-author has not noticed the foliaceous margin fo re- markable in this fpecies, by which it is proved to belong to the cruftaceous Lichens, and which no writer has yet remarked. The figure is very bad, and reprefents an imbricated Lichen. No. 178. L. gertufus. p. 181. The plant here figured and deícribed is the L. /crupo/us of Schreber and Dickfon, totally different from pertu/us in all its ftates: indeed the figure is more like.a variety of L. parel/us which 1 have often found at Edinburgh, very diftinét from both the above. No. 179. L. cinereus. p. 183. This is a fpecies about which I could. never fatisfy myfelf. If this figure be right, it is a valuable acquifition to botany; but 1 am in- clined to doubt it, becaufe it more refembles ater of Hudfon, and Linnzus deícribes the margin of his Lichen cinereus as black. No. 180. Lichen albo-cærulefcens. p. 184. This beautiful Lichen is probably new, if fufficiently diftin& from L. immerfus of Weber. C 2 No. 12 Dr. Smitu’s Remarks on No. 181. L. atro-albus. p. 185. , The figure of this refembles L. ceruleo-nigricans, more than L. afro-albus, but the defcription does not accord well with either. No. 182. L. airo-virens. p. 186. I have the plant here defcribed for the L. /pheroides of Mr. Dickíon. It by no means agrees with the characters of the true atro-virens. The latter is generally fuppofed a variety of L. geo- grapbicus, but I know not on what grounds, nor can I quite re- move the difficulty, as atro-virens is not in the Linnean Herbarium. No. 183. L. viridi ater. p. 186. This feems to be really new, but there is no figure of it. No. 184. L. rigidus, p. 187, is nothing elfe than L. corniculatus of Lightfoot, radiatus of Hudion, ;rifis of Weber. The figure is unworthy the works of a Jacquin, and far inferior to that of Dillenius or even Weber. The name given by Lightfoot is beft worth retaining, and has the right of priority. No. 1 185. L. reticulatus. p. 187. I can fcarcely agree with the ingenious author in making this fpecifically different from L. /anatus, merely becaufe the ramuli adhere together. ‘Thefe kind of adhefions are common in L. Yan- dicus and other fpecies, and {hew their approach to the nature of Fungi. No. 186. L. puflulatus. p. 188. About this there 1s no doubt or difficulty. the Abbé Wulfen s- Defcriptions of Lichens, 33 | No. 187. L. polyphyllus. p. 190. ` iaj Certainly not fo, nor in any manner refembling it, but the moft common appearance of L. miniatus Linn, juft as I have found it in Scotland and Derbyfhire, and as it is püblifhed by Me, Pick: Eus in vue Meg oF bes Plants. oe ibis: ert rt No. 188. L. hold p. 192. We have here a good figure of Li muralis of Schreber and Dick- fon, faxicola of Pollich. There is no teafon why the name muralis fhould be changed, although not - very good, efpecially as that of ecbroleucus has been given with more propriety to another fpecies by Entbare “No. 189. L. olivaceus. p 194. In this the author i is € right, and his remarks on it are very LT 103 th H 364 iv E | á * No. 190. d. prese. a on -Fam n forty I cannot fay the fame of this. It is - no means the eomphalodes of Linn. and all authors, which is nearly allied to /avatilts, and perhaps not fpecifically diftin& from that fpecies. The plant here defcribed by Mr. Wulfen is the variety of L. féllaris men- tioned by Hudfon and Lightfoot; probably a diftinét fpecies from the common fellaris, and totally different from olivaceus, to which Mr. Wulfen thinks it allied. In the quotation of Micheli he is totally wrong, and corrects Linnæus extremely mal à propos; for this author rightly quotes Micheli ab. 49. f. 2. for real L. omphalodes in Flora Lapponica and Flo. Suecica; and the reafon he omitted to cite him in the Species Plantarum was that he preferred the figures of Dillenius and Vaillant, efpecially as Micheli did not find the plant himfelf, but i4 Dr. Smiru’s Remarks, &e. but received it from the laft-mentioned author, and confequently his own information is lefs original. No. 191. L. pulchellus. p. 199. This appears to be the L. tenellus of Weber, fo common on trees and bufhes in England, and confounded by Linnzus with L. ciliaris ; except that the author {fays it always grows on ftones, and never on trees. The citation of Micheli is probably wrong, as he does not mention the ciliz of the leaves. Fr, The multitude of errors I have taken the liberty to notice, ought by no means to detract from the credit of this able and candid bo- tanift, whofe accuracy and care are fo well known, that fuch errors can only be attributed to his labouring alone in the ftudy of thefe very difficult plants, without the helps which converfíátión with others would have afforded him. Of the moft eminent botanifts with whom it has béen! my fortune to converfe, fcarcely more than three or four have attended carefully to Lichens; and the greater ‘part, even of thofe who have written on the fubject, are very much miftaken in determining the Linnean fpecies, though af- fifted by Dilleniuss matchlefs work. — IV. Æ- liane NÉE ( 15 ) IV. Account of the Gizzard of the Shell called by Linnæus Bulla lignaria, addrefed to tbe Prefident. By Mr. George Humphrey, A. L. S. Read Dec. 1, 1789. SIR, HAVE been credibly informed that the late celebrated Dr. Linnzus, when he firft began his Syftema Natura, intended to have taken no notice of the Tefacea; and his reafon for it was, that as the animals of the far greater part were unknown, he did not choofe to defcribe their mere houfes or fhells. However, it is plain that he afterwards altered his mind; and though in his faid work he has inferted only a fhort account of the animal of each genus of the Teftacea in his charaéteriftic definition thereof, yet there is no doubt but that he would have mentioned any remarkable particulars of that of each fpecies, if he had been acquainted with any: every addi- tion therefore to this interefting part of Conchology, however little, would certainly have been acceptable to that indefatigable Naturalift, and I prefume will be equally fo to his admirers. To that end give me leave, Sir, to trouble you to lay before the Society bearing his name, the following notes refpeéting the animal of the Bulla genus of Teftacea. Some few years paft Mrs. Le Coque, who refided at Weymouth, fent up to her Grace the late Duchefs Dowager of Portland, a large fhell of that fpecies of Bulla called by Linnzus Jignaria, toge- ther with a curious internal part, accompanied by the follow- ing note: “Tam 16 Mn. GEORGE HUMPHREYS Account of tbe * I am exceeding forry this fhell is broke, as I think I never * met with the fort before: it had the fifh in it, and I think it * js as wonderful a thing of the kind as ever I faw. After I had & taken it out I was endeavouring which way to preferve it, but *€ found. I.could. not fucceed, as it was of fuch a flefhy fubftance. : “On opening it I found the infide to refemble a fowl’s; it had a * diftinét heart, liver, and this that I have fent, which I take to * be the gizzard, as your Grace will fee by a little fhell going into ‘ the infide.” The Bulla and gizzard here mentioned I purchafed at the fale of her Grace’s Mufeum for Ifaac Swainfon, Efq. of Frith-ftreet, Soho; and with his permiffion have the honour of fubmitting them to the infpection of the Society, together with another gizzard of the fame kind, having the parts feparated; accompanied by a coloured drawing of the whole, done by Mr. Lewin; which laft I beg may be added to the colleétion of the Society. The animal of all the fpecies of the Bulle that we are acquainted with is very large, confidering the fize of their teftaceous part, and but a {mall part of it can be contained in the fhell; Linnzus fays it is. of the limax or flug kind. That the part called the gizzard is for the purpofe of aa tticat- ing its food, may be inferred not only from the fhell found within that fent by Mrs. Le Coque, but alfo from an obfervation fince made by John Smith Budgen, Efq. a gentleman very converfant in fhells, who informed me, that from a gizzard of an animal of this kind he took a {mall fhell, Bulla cylindracea of Pennant, with the animal in it. The {hell found in the gizzard of Mrs. Le Coque’s Bulla is a -{mall bivalve of the Mya genus of Linnzus; and which alfo ac- companies the other fpecimens. It had the animal in it when taken out. On one of its valves there is the commencement of a circu- | lar Gizzard of the Shell called by Linnzeus Bulla. lignaria. 17 lar perforation ; which circumftance I mention, as it may poflfibly throw fome light on the caufe of the round holes fo frequently met with in fhells, particularly among the bivalves; which operation has been generally afcribed to fhell-fith of the Purpura kind. It is probable that the animal of the abovementioned Bu/a is provided with fome organ within the gizzard, for perforating fuch fhells as are too hard to be crufhed by the action of the gizzard valves againft each other, in order to come at the fifh. The fhells of this bivalve are thick, and {hut clofe. The animal was entire; and as it feems impoflible for fuch fhells to be broken by any force of fo {mall an’ animal as that of the Bulla in queftion, it is poflible that it had begun the perforation above mentioned in order to get at the enclofed meat. yA Since this difcovery was:made, it has been found: that the Bulla aperta: of Linnæus, and Bulla patula of Pennant, have. Similar gizzards to that of the Bula lignaria; and no doubt all the ipee properly belonging to this genus have like parts. | It is to be hoped, that thefe obfervations may induce fome able anatomift to give fome farther accounts of the animal of the Bulle fhells, efpecially as the abovementioned, with other kinds, are found living on our own coatts, | It only remains for me, Sir, to add a fhort defcription of the drawing, Tas. 2. No. I. and 2. ‘thew the Bulla lignaria in two views, the back and the mouth. No. 3. 4 and 5. exhibit the gizzard in three different fites. The brown parts between the valves are partly flefhy and partly membranaceous, and conneét the valves together: a. is the fuppofed entrance into the gizzard: b. the part from whence the Mya was taken. | Vor. II. D i33 “The 18 MR. GeorGEe Humpurey’s Account, &c, —— "The three valves which compofe the gizzard, the leaft of which is placed between the other two, as exprefíed at No. xare ofa nature between. fhell and bone: the two larger, which are fimi- lar, are nearly flat. The furface of the outfide, No. 6. is {mooth, except à large depreflion in the middle, and;glofly.. The: middle of the infide, No. 7. rifes in: proportion as the other:is depreffed, and is rough, as if intended for maftication, which its promi- nency allo favours, and it alfo appears to» be hardeft there. A. yellow griftly fubftance furrounds this part, with which it is pro- bable the valves are moved; from whence it 1$ finely ftriated to the edge, which is a little fharp. No. 8. The leaft valve appears like one of the others bent out- wards, but fo that the two edges do not meet, particularly at the two ends, where they are a little diftant, forming a groove wideft at the extremities, as feen at No. 4 The infide is rough at the centre, and has the circular griftle-like part that is in each of the other valves. Other particulars are fo well exprefled in the drawing, as to need no elucidation. It may not be amifs to remark, that the Bu//a is deftitute of an operculum ; and there is certainly. no occaf ion for one, as the far greater part of the animal is on the outfide of the.fhell, and can- not, on account of its gizzard, contract itfelf fo as to retire within it: but as it refides in deep water, it is perhaps as fafe there from fifh, crabs, and other depredators, as thofe are who live nearer the fhore, and barricado the mouths of their fhells with their opercula. : I am, Sir, Your obliged and moft humble fervant, i GEORGE HUMPHREY. Albion-ftreet, Surry end of Black- Fryar’s Bridge, 1ft Dec. 1789. LJ ? * Cu? ai medi ases M wil d pi #8. er (C E Account ap the Difference of Strutture in th Flowers of fix Species of Pafffira. By Mr. James Sowerby, A L. S. 4 . Read. F Mos $; 1790: YONSIDERING the Pif T in Sc as one of the moft | beautiful tribes of plants yet known, I conceived a defire to col- leét drawings of them; but having been diverted from my intention by different and hécéifiry purfuits, I have made but trifling pro- grefs. Neverthelefs, from a partiality in their favour on contem- plating fo much ‘variety in one flower, and the wonderful, and doubtlefs ufeful, organs of which fome of them are compofed, I have been led to inveftigate with fome care fuch as have fallen in my way. “It muft be owned I had long paffed over a prin- cipal beauty in the Paffflora cerulea, viz. the double row of hori- zontal, threadlike, radiated neétaries, if 1 may fo call them. If the parts to which I allude be properly the neétary, furely many flowers in this genus have that organ in greater abundance than, any other flower, as well as in greater variety : hence I was induced to pay attention to the néétaries in particular, and was much en- tertained with the diftinguifhing differences in the fpecies. The larger fpecies, as far as I have feen, have conftantly two rows of . principal radiated nectaries; the fmaller commonly but one, and but half the number of divifions in the corolla, viz..only five, whereas the othcts have from ten to twelve. The repofitory for the honey alfo differs much in different fpecies, and is a part very Da diftin& 20 Mn. JAMES Sowergvy’s Account of the diftinét from thofe above mentioned, which perhaps may ferve as conduétors, or help to fcreen or fecure that juice. Their particu- lar ufes remain, as far as I know, to be inveftigated, and probably may be among the arcana of nature. There is alfo another fort which ferves as an operculum under various forms, fometimes plaited, or plaited and fringed, befides a kind of imperfect rays in different fituations and fhapes, which have not yet been noticed, and might afford good fpecific diftinétions. Even Profeffor Jacquin has left his P. minima undetermined for want of the fructification, which I prefume might have perfectly fettled it; for I have a fpecimen (which I cannot get pofitively determined) that refembles itin general appearance, with a plaited ruffle between the germen and the filaments, which I have not yet feen in any other Pafi- fora; but it cannot from the figure be known whether his minima has this ruffle or not. Perhaps I fhould not have been thus particular, if there had not been fo much difficulty in finding a character to diftinguifh the quadrangularis from the alata. It is well known that fome good gar- deners and botanifts did not know the differences, and even thought them one and the fame plant. They are certainly very much alike as to general appearance before bloffoming, excepting the leaves in the quadrangularis, which have generally twice as many fide veins, by which it is diftinguifhed in the Hortus Kewenfis; yet who that ‘has not feen both can with certainty determine them? The flower- bud even at a diftance will diftinguifh them pretty eafily, the qua- drangularis being rather compreffed and never oblong, as that of the elata always is; the former being alfo deftitute of awns: upon a nearer infpeétion the difference is more obvious, and I will en- deavour to make it clearly underftood. I was once told that the guadrangularis had the narroweft leaves. 1 have feen it in different plants and places with narrower and 2 broader mere e. 3. fe. 21. ae Stang. Ade CA sum PERRET A LEE) T Difference of Structure in the Flowers of fix Species of Paffflora. 2% broader leaves than the alata, In general, the glands on the pe- tioles are faid to be fix in the quadrangularis, which is fometimes true; but it is not conftant, and I have feen fix in the alata, feem- ingly by chance. The peduncle affords a moft certain diftinétion, with which I therefore begin my defcription of the characters of thefe and two: or three others: in the mean time it may be obferved, that the co- lour of the plant will not diftinguifh them ; nor can the colour of their flowers, though they differ in this refpect, be allowed to form a decifive diftinétion. — — $ : Paffiflora Haine Linn. TAB. 3. fig. a. — The quadrangularis is perhaps the largeft and. moft beautiful of the Pafffloras, apparently containing the greateft number of parts, which I will endeavour, with the help of a drawn diffection, to de{cribe under the folawing heads: ; i Sov a otitall of the fructification.. P Peduncle, or 2. Involucrum, or - Calyx. 3. Pedicle, or "Flower ftalk. 4. Petals, Or rather fegments of the Corells. 5. Principal rays, Radiated nectaries. | 6. Imperfeét rays, Small, commonly irregular, protube- ] rances. | Z Imperfeétoperculum, Cover to an anti-neétary. 2:68. Operculum,. — the neétary. | - | 9. Nectary, Which contains the honey.. * . Pedunde Triangular. * 2. Involucrum Of three large, concave, oval-leaves, fer- rated towards the bafe. 3. Pedicle 22 Mz. James Sowzn2Y's Account of the 3. Pedicle Cylindrical, rather more flender at the -— | infertion into the concave bafe of the flower. o 4. Petals Ten or twelve, the outer five or fix thick and fomewhat fpongy, a little concave, broad, ending obtufely and without awns, the inner five or fix thinner and Ímaller. c, Principal rays Two rows clofe to each other, alike, awl- fhaped and ftanding perpendicularly, . or nearly at right angles with the ~ _ petals, which they exceed in length. 6, Imperfect rays Four or five rows of irregularly-fituated | protuberances, neatly conical, very imall, on an inclined. or defcending plane. "3 7. Imperfect operculum* SM Wc into rays which ® r tips reft on a thickened part Er column fupporting the fruc- tification. 8. Operculum | | Horizontal and flattifh at the end, which is edged with two rows of little im- perfect or irregular teeth, nios on . the column. -o Neary _ Round the concave bafe of the corel lay with a protuberating half partition. - on the fide fartheft from the EE © This om oe pr more shai in any her Pao. ~ Paffiflora Difference of Structure in the Flowers of fix Species of Pafliflora. 23 Paffiflora alata, A, Hort. Kew. F. 5. 306, T'as. 3. fig. b. is very like the former at firft fight: the open flower has alfo. a general refemblance, till we come to examine and make comparifon,. when I prefume we fhall find facient diftinétions. t | | 1. Peduncle Cindrea | 2. Involucrum ~ Three divifions, fmall, lanceolate, with e gs glandulag, ferratures. | 3. Pedicle Thickeft at the infertion into the con- me vex bafe of the flower. 4. Petals The outer five or fix oblong with an awn,, the inner longer. 5. Principal rays The outer thinneft and fhorteft. 6. Imperfe& rays A double row; below and diftin& from: them, a fingle row. 7. Imperfect operculum Wanting. 8. Operculum Partly horizontal and partly turning up: to the column, then folding backward down again embraces the column *. 9. Neétary | Round the column, confined by the bafe of the flower. - - - ® This is fo connected with the column that it appears infeparable, but is not joined: wt aru gz to it. + The column comes to the bottom of the neétary, which is not the cafe in the quadrangularis.. A Paffiflora 24 Mr. James Sowersy's Account of tbe Pafliflora laurifolia. Linn. ‘Tas. 4. fig. c. This perhaps is fufficiently known, and diftinguifhed by its ge- neral appearance; yet it is fo remarkable in many particulars, that - I could not leave it unnoticed: its beauty alío feems to demand attention. I. Peduncle The lower part cylindrical, becoming tri- angular at the infertion of the in- volucra. 2. Involucrum Three large, concave, obovate leaves, ferrated towards their extremities with large glands, ending in two or three fimple ferratures. 3. Pedicle Almoft conical, narrowing into the deep bafe of the flower. A Petals e > Six outer lanceolate with an awn, the | inner fmaller. 5. Principal rays Two fets the outer íhorteft, fpread- ing diagonally, bafe cylindrical, apex abrupt and irregular, flattifh; the inner nearer upright, fome a little clavated, - others bluntly awl-fhaped*. 6. Imperfect rays T'wo or three rows irregularly fituated. 7. Imperfeét operculum None. : 8. Operculum An horizontal plane, touching the bafe of the column, which confines it by fpreading a little over the edge. 9. Neétary | Below the bafe of the column, round the concave bafe of the flower. * This fhews the double row of nectariferous rays plainly. Paffiflora Cu ters ranas V. tab 4, po 24, Diference of Structure in the Flowers of fix Species of Pafffora. 25 Paffiflora cærulea, Linn. TAB. 4, fig. d. however common, is very curious in its conftruétion, differing in many particulars from all that I have feen. This beautiful flower is generally efteemed; and, if we examine the parts of wit it is compofed, it will luii add to our admiration. I. Peduncle Cylindrical, fwelling a little at the bafe. 2. Involucrum "Three ovateentire leaves, a little concave. 3. Pedicle Cylindrical, thickening at each end. 4. Petals The outer five or fix a little flefhy, ob- long, rather obtufe; inner narrower and thinner, about the fame length. 5. Principal rays Two rows, horizontal, threadlike, a little pointed, nearly alike, under each other. 6. Imperfect rays One regular row, with roundifh heads, on little footftalks, ftanding ere& on an horizontal elevated plane at the bafe of the principal rays: within thefe imperfe& rays are a very dif- ferent fet, entire at the infertion, di- vided into threads about half way down, and inclining againft the co- lumn. On the under fide is a protu- berance which catches the margin of the operculum. 7. Imperfect operculum None. 8. Operculum Spreading from the column under the aforefaid rays. Round the bafe of the column, with a thick protuberance* round the fide of the lower part of the flower, on which refts the operculum, and which almoft divides it into two cells. 9. Nectary * This protuberance feems to form an antichamber to the neCtary. | VoL. Il. E Pafliflora 26 . MR, James SowErsy’s Account of the Paffiflora lunulata. Smith, Ic. Pici. t. 1. TAB. 5, fig, e. . This is a much fmaller flower than thofe already defcribed, and is remarkably different in having but one row of principal rays, very different alfo in their form, which is quadrangular. The oper- culum or cover of the neciary is very different, being curioufly plaited; and this is à common cafe with the ftill fmaller ones. But I proceed to the different parts, continuing the former order; and " as it has fewer in number, we {hall of courfe find which are want- ing, as well as the variation in thofe which it poflefles. 1, Peduncle Cylindrical. . 2, Involucrum Three very fmall, lanceolate, and en- tire leaves. 4. Pedicle Cylindrical, thickeft at the infertion into the flattifíh bafe of the flower. d Petals Generaly ten, the outer ovate, rather lanced, the inner fhorter. 5. Principal rays . One row, fpreading, quadrangular, and : thinneft at each end. 6. Imperfect rays One row, regular and &lubbed. 7. Imperfect operculum None. 8. Operculum Regular, and plaited. 9. Nectary Round the bottom of the flower neareft the outer part, confined by a protu- berating or thickened bank, arifing from the bafe of the flower, gradually - defcending round the column, and making a trench about it. Paffiflora Difference of Structure in the Flowers of fix Species of Paffiflora. 27 { Paffiflora minima. Linn. Tas. 5, fig. f. This has been fuppofed the fmalleft of the tribe, whence its name, though there are others nearly if not quite as fmall: it is how- ever very pleafing to fee how perfect the parts of fructification are, and how nearly they refemble each other, infomuch that the fpe- cies fecm not yet perfectly diftinguifhed; though I prefume, when carefully exaniined, they will be as diftinguifhable as the guadrangu- lari; and alata. Y have not feen many; but among what I have feen, they are in a fimilar predicament with regard to the ftalk and fo- liage. In this I have fome reafon to think that the ruffle under tlie germ (ro) will mákeit diftinét, and perhaps the fringed edge of - the operculum may affift: in other refpeéts two or three fpecies of the fmall forts feem to be exactly the fame, or not to be eafily known from each other. I fhould have obferved, that they are many of them deftitute of the involucrum, in thofe that I have feen, though there is a joint between the peduncle and pedicle where we fhould naturally expect it: they alfo have but five petals, confequently have not any thing that ferves as a calyx: but to proceed to the nectaries, &c. I. Peduncle Cylindrical. 2. Involucrum ' None. 3. Pedicle Cylindrical, curved a little, thickeft at the flat bafe of the flower. A. Petals Five, lanceolate, turned back. 5. Principal rays Cylindrical, fpreading, curved back. 6. Imperfeét rays Moftly clubbed, fometimes bifid. 7. imperfect operculum None. | 8. Operculum Plaited and fringed at the edge. 9. Neétary The fame as the laft, except thatat the ridge of the protuberating bank are fome fmall, regular, roundiíh glands, or imperfect rays, if I may fo call them. E 2 It 20 Mr. JAMES SowERBY's Account, &c. It may not be amiís to obferve here, that, in addition to the various forms in this genus, we are generally captivated with the beautiful difplay of their colours. In the quadrangularis, we cannot but admire the principal rays, from. the colour being fo regularly difpofed in rings round them*, which is more diftinét in the alatas making it vie with the former in beauty; in the /aurifolia it is fimi- lar; it adds much alfo to the beauty of the cærulea. The fmaller ones in general have yellow rays. The different parts are commonly fpotted, or otherwife coloured; in moft of them. * 'Thefe rings are red towards the bottom of the rays, alternately relieved with white, upwards becoming purple, terminating in a rich ultramarine or fmalt blue towards their tops ;: this blue is the more like fmalt, being partly powder, which if dufted on white paper we might miftake for fuch, VI. Defirip- d Pd VI. RMS of two new Britz jf Fuci. By Thomas a vu ward, Ei F. L. $$. Read Ms 4, 1790. X. Fucus afparagoides, Tas. 6. AULE tereti ramofiffima, foliis fetaceis, fruétificationibus globofis pedunculatis alternatim oppofitifolus. The frons is extremely tender, of a bright red colour, very much branched, and appears to be about fix inches high; but whether the few fpecimens hitherto found are entire plants, or branches only, cannot be clearly afcertained. The ftem and branches are round, the latter appearing inclined to an alternate order. The leaves are fetaceous, red, « or greenifh, ec ad thicker than a hair. The fructification confifts of globular veficles, or capfules, the fize of the feeds of poppy, fupported on fhort fruit-ftalks, equal in length to the capfule; me cu whole one-third of the length of the leaves. This fpecies may be placed in the Syftema Vegetabilium in the fixth fubdivifion of Mr. Hudfon Maec tereti) next to Fucus pe- dunculatus. This beautiful plant was MAT by Mr. Wigg, an Affociate of this Society, among the rejeétamenta left by the recefs of the: tide on the beach at North Yarmouth, and does not appear to have been figured Or defcribed by any author. i 2. Fucus: 2 Ir. Woopwarp's Defcriptions 3 2. Fucus Hypoglofum, TAB. 7. Caule alato ramofiffimo, foliis lineari-lanceolatis integer- rimis coftà proliferis. The frons is membranaceous, extremely thin, bright red, about two or three inches high ; divided immediately from the root into numerous branches, growing without order, and winged on each fide with a thin membrane. The leaves are linear-lanceolate, very entire, feffile or on very {hòrt footftalks, growing without order, and arifing from the nerve, which runs through every part of the frons : from the nerves of thefe leaves arife others proliferous, from two to fix on each leaf, and from thefe again others ftill {maller ; the extreme ones lanceolate. _ ; The fructification appears to be dicecious—The male confifting of veficles, the fize of the feeds of muftard, of. a. much deeper red colour than the frons, fituatéd on the nerve near the extremity of the leaves— Female, numerous very minute grains fcattered near the nerve on each fide of the leaf. > Such is the appearance, if. we are to conhaer the fru&ification of thefe plants as dicecious; but as this is a matter of great doubt, it is pofhble thefe different appearances may be accounted for by fuppofing that the red veficles are real capfules replete with feeds; and that the granular appearance proceeds from the cap- fules having burít, and difcharged their feeds, which adhere to the furface of the frons, until that decaying, they are depofited in the place proper for their vegetation. Upon this fuppofition, the capfules are of courfe deciduous, and difappear uke the feed-veffels _ of other known plants. This fpecies may be placed in the Syftema Vegetabilium next to Fucus alatus in Mr. Hudfon’s third fubdivifion, Alati, f. fronde plane, ftipite medium folium percurrente, 6 A fpe- of two new Britifh Fuci, 31 A fpecimen of this elegant plant is preferved in the Herbarium of Sir Jofeph Banks, and has been by the late Dr. Solander named as above mentioned; but his papers on the genus Fucus being un- fortunately loft, it is unknown whence it was procured. Some time finçe it was found by Mr. Wigg amongft other rejeétamenta on the beach at Yarmouth, and from him I was favoured with fpecimens in fruétification ; it was afterwards found: by Mr. Crowe, F. L. S. at Cromer in Norfolk, growing on the rocks; and it-has alfo been found by the Rev. Dr. Goodenoogh d in various places on the fouth= ern coaft of England, VIT. An Eaa) VII. An Efay towards an Hiffory of the Britifh Stellated Lycoperdons : being an Account of Juch Species as bave been found in the Neighbour- hood of Bungay, in Sufolk. By Thomas Fenkinfon Woodward, Efq. PS. Read April 5, 1791. INTRODUCTION. HE Stellated Lycoperdons are undoubtedly to be confidered as fome of the moft curious plants in the whole order of Fungi, both as to their external appearance, and their mode of vegetation. And as the author of this Effay has been in the habit of making obfervations upon them for feveral years, and has had an opportunity of thoroughly examining them in all the ftages of — their growth; the ftellatum Linn. and its fuppofed varieties being very common, and the other fpecies by no means uncommon in this neighbourhood; he thinks an account of his obfervations may not be unacceptable to the Linnean Society: the more efpe- cially as he hopes to be able to throw fome new light upon the fub- ject of thefe curious, and, in general, fcarce plants; and to correct Íome errors which have been made public relating to them. I. It appears very extraordinary that thefe plants fhould have been totally overlooked by the older authors, no notice being taken of any of them in Bauhin's Pinax; though the common puff-ball (Lycoperdon bovifta Linn.) is there mentioned. Tournefort, Inft. R. H. 563, mentions one fpecies, quoted from Boccone's Mufeum, and has figured it t. 331; but this figure reprefents an old and decayed Hiflary of the Britifh Stellated Lycoperdons. 33 decayed fpecimen, the head being irregularly torn and broken. Ray, Syn. ed. 2da, app. alo defcribes one fpecies, found by Doody 1695 ; and in ed. 3fia, two fpecies. Of thefe, one is the common Lycoperdon ftellatum, of which Dillenius has there added a fig. t. I. f. r. and the other is referred to the plant of the 2d edit. and to the fig. of Tournefort before mentioned; but this is defcribed by Ray, p. 28, coli inflar perforatus, which does not at all agree with the figure of Tournefort, arid feems too remarkable a circumftance not to have been noticed in the Inft. (hort as the characters there given are. Micheli, Nov. pl. gen. p. 220, has enumerated, and has figured, t. 100, five fpecies, under the expreffive generic name Geafter. Three of thefe are referred, but doubtfully, to the authors - before mentioned; and all of them feem reducible to Lycoperdon ftellatum Linn. or to the fuppofed varieties of that fpecies. Morifon, Hift. Oxon. tom. 3. p. 641, mentions the ftellatum, but this is quoted from R. Syn. and not given on his own authority. 2. 'The firít mention of the fpecies fince called by Mr. Hudfon Lycoperdon fornicatum, appears to have been under the fanciful name Anthropomorphus, by Sterbeck, Theatr. fung. and Seger, Eph. nat. cur. where a clufter is figured, with human faces drawn on the heads! Which of thefe authors was the original, and which the copier of this abfurdity, is hardly worth enquiring ; but as Sterbeck's book was publifhed in 1675, and the £^. nat. cur. began in 169o, it moft probably belongs to the former. Mor. Hf. Ox. tom. 3. p. 641, mentions the Anthropomorphus, and its authors, but it is only to exprefs his admiration at the abfurdity. Seg. Eph. nat. cur. ann. 4. two years after the firft, gives a tolerably good figure of Lyc. fornicatum, a folitary fpecimen. The firft notice of this plant by any Britifh author is in the Phil. Tranf. va. xliii, p. 234, where an extremely good figure and an account are given by the late Sir Wm. Watfon. After this an excellent reprefentation was given by Vor. Il. F Black- 34 oMr. Woonpwanp's Effay towards an ` Blackftone, Spec. botam: p. 24. t. 2. The firt mention made by Linnæus of the Lycoperdon ftellatum appears to be in Hort. Chiff. ann. 1737, after which it is mentioned in Fl. Suec. and Sp. pl. ; but in the lateft editions of the works of this illuftrious author.no notice istakén of any other fimilar fpecies. «It is-from this probable, that, ifany other had fallen under his obfervation; he confidered them as varieties of the ftellatum not worth noticing; it. being well known that this order of plants obtained but a very {mall {hure of his at- tention.» Haller Hift. Stirpe: Helv, tom. 3.2174, quotes Lannzus's Lyc. ftell. and has referred to Watíon Phil. Tranfand Blackftone Sp. bot. for (what he-confiders as) a flight variety of it; but informs us that he had never {een this plant. He- alfo refers to Eph: nat..cur. for Anthropomorphus; but he has quoted the fame work ann. 4. obf. 9o. for ftellatum, which he could. not shave done had he actually. confulted it before’ he had made his. rez ference. '-3. Other more recent authors* muft be paffed over to come to = ingenious countryman Hudfon, who deferves the warmeft thanks of all Englifh . botanifts, for having firft completed an Engliíh Flora, in which he has with admirable fagacity adapted the Sy- nopfis of our immortal. Ray to the Syftem of the illuftrious Lin- nzusj a work in-which the errors are fo few, that, inftead of cavil- ling at them, it muft be matter of furprife, to all fuch as are com-- petent to judge of the difficulty of the undertaking, - that they are not much more numerous.: This author, in his firft edit. 1764, has enumerated, along with the other fpecies of the genus Lyco- aM two which are = viz. the ftellatum Sen to ut It may à Bn sheer, that Lightfoot Fi. Scot. 1068, takes notice that the = Li. fell. Linn. had not: then been found in Scotland ; but that it probably would, as it was found i in Sweden, which was farther north. This opinion has been fince verified, as it was s found near Edinburgh by our Prefident, ann. 1782. which Hifory of ihe Britifh Stellated Liycoper dons. 35 which, he has/quoted the fpecific character given in Sp. pl; and the: plant mentioned in. the Phil. "Traní, and by Blackftone, |to which he has given the éxpreffive trivial name of fornicatum, and has adapted to it a fpecific charaëter which clear ly diftinguithes. it fróm the other fpecies. In this edition no other authors are referred 'to.for this plant, but thofe juft mentioned; but in ed. 2da, 1778, the figures of Batarra and Schæffer are quoted, and an additional place of growth is mentioned from Mr. Tofield. | 4 The two fpecies, Lycoperdon ftellatum and ikai as -Charaéterifed by Linn. and Hudf. were confidered by all Britifh botanifts as clearly diftinguifhed: and pointed out, till the publica- tion of à pamphlet a few years fince* by Mr. Charles Bryant, of Norwich, entitled; © An Hiftorical Account of two Lycoperdons! "This work has met with many admirers, even ámóng(t" botanitts ‘of eminence, but who have not had an opportunity of examining thefe plants in their native places: of growth, where only, as the “author juftly- obferves, © an accurate acquaintance with their mide of vegetation and different charatters is to be obtaixed;' and have confe- quently been mifled - by the fpecious arguments and decifive ftyle of this publication." But though T obje& to the work, T am ready to'do thé author the jüftice bf declaring, that I know him to be ‘ati indefatigable and, in moft inftances, anaccurate obferver and inveftigator of botanical fubjects; and am confident, that-he had no other view in this treatife, than that- of communicating to the world fuch. obfervations:as he ‘himfelf was convinced were juft, and'confequently uféful:inafcettaining fome doubtful: andlittle- known plants. I have neverthelefs but little doubt that it will be made appeat, that thefe fpecies, Lycoperdon ftellatum and forni- he Si as iu Au TA — "—— are ey pem T DRG 2104 LLB . : B ff 1 1 " was titted at. Norwich t bit has not. i dis of the year. F 2 à . two a v £6 Mr. Woopw ARD's Effay towards an two fpecies can be; and that Mr. Bryant has totally confounded what he meant to elucidate. This has happened from his forming a theory for himfelf, and then torturing the account of the different fpecimens he has met with, to make them accord with this theory. 5. It has been obferved before, that Linnæus mentions but one plant of this kind, to which he has given the appofite trivial name of ftellatum; and has charaéterifed it in the following words: Lycoperdon ftellatum—Vo/va multifida patente, capitulo glabro: ore acuminato dentato. Sp. pl. 1653.— FI. Suec. No. 1277. To this Hudfon in his Fl. Ang. added another, under the name of fornicatum, which he has thus charaéterifed. Lycoperdon fornicatum—Volva quadrifida fornicata, capitulo glabro: ore obtufo ciliato. Fl. Ang. ed. 1ma, 502. ed. 2da, 644. This perfe&ly diftinguifhes it from the ftellatum of Linnzus, without the neceffity of making any alteration in the fpecific cha- racter of that plant; a circumftance which very frequently becomes neceffary when any new fpecies is introduced into a genus. It is to be obferved, that no notice is taken of the pedunculated head; this being at that time unneceffary, as Dillenius's figure of ftellatum, R. Syn. ed. 3tia, and the figures of fornicatum referred to in Fl. Ang. reprefent the plants with peduncles. 6. Mr. Bryant, diffatisfied with this arrangement, from having met with a ftellated Lycoperdon having a feffile head, was imme- diately impreffed with an idea, that this circumftance was the only . proper one to form a fpecific diftinction (p. 10). He therefore directly concluded, that all fpecimens which had the head fupport- ed on a peduncle, muft form one fpecies; and all thofe in which the head was feffile, another. And as it was abfolutely impoffible, 8 that Hiftory of tbe Briri/b Stellated Lycoperdons. 37 that more than two’ fpecies of ftellated Lycoperdons could exift, he direétly arranged all which he met with under one or the other of thefe fpecies. The fornicatum of Hudfon happening, unfortu- nately for this theory, to have the head fupported on a peduncle, as well as the plant figured in R. Syn.; this difficulty could no otherwife be difpofed of, than by making that plant, notwithftand- ing its totally different appearance and habit, a variety of his new- formed: fpecies. of fornicatum. But as the fpecific characters of Linnzus and Hudfon, though he thought proper to retain the names, would not by any means fuit this difpofition, he was under the neceffity of forming new ones, which he has done as follows : Lycoperdon ftellatum—Radice Jubcampanulata*, volva multifida patente ; tunica exteriori tenui. fragili, ca- pitulo albido Jef : ore lacerato: Bryant’ s Hift. Acc. &c, p. 14. To this are quoted as fynonyms, Scop. fl. carn. 1. p. és n. 2. (a) — Hall. Hifl. n. 2174.—Buxb. cent. 2. 45. 1. 49. f. 3. Lycoperdon, fornicatum— Radice fibrofa *, volva multifida fornicata; ; tunica exteriori flamentofa, capitulo ni- gricante pedunculato. Br. Hift. Acc. &c. P. 14 : quadrifidum—B.—volva quadrifida. The "NE B. has introduced the roots to form part of his fpecific characters, and he may be right i in his defcription of the campanulated root of his ftellatum, though I have never feen any other roots than fuch as were fufiform, terminated by a few fibres; and a root broken in the ground would neceffarily put on fomewhat of the appearance which he de- Ícribes. Perfons converfant with fea plants know that fuch roots are common amongft the fuci; but they alío know that the moft received opinion is, that the roots of thefe plants are no more than fulcra, or points of fupport ; and that the plants do not derive any nourifhment by their means. We can have no doubt but the roots of thefe Lycoperdons are defigned to afford nourifhment to the plant, whilft in a growing ftate; though feam the peculiar mode of vegetation, they are loft as foon as the plants arrive at ma- turity, 38 «Mae, WoopwaARD's Effoy towards an .TEhé fynonyms sare; Scép. fo capa Y. p. 647 (b) accedit Gfed: Fung fos: vo oar) wis Ri Sj 27. tor fi 1+ Neitlier Einnasfs nor Hudfon is quoted, though: undoubtedly their fpecies wore füp- pofed: to. belong to one or the other; and: Hudfori's fornieatam is acknowledged; taibe his (B. Yquadiifidums 24 dasiq 963 əs [ovr 2 -biy iet ny bótatift c compare thé concifes defcriptive, and' diferi minating characters; By Linnæus and Hudfon 'beforé mentioned, with thefe'prolix, vague, and indecifive charaëters * of Mr. Bryant ; - and determine whether if be ‘poffible: to miftake the plants pointed out ‘by the former, ¢ or to diftinguifli thofe meant by the latter? But Mr. Bryant fags; the rays of the ftellatum fplit i into an indeterminate number of fegments, and therefore it is an improper fpécific dit- tinction? and this would certainly: have great weight, if all the other fpecies did the -fame x but it i$ exprefsly contrafted with the fornicatum, where:the rays aré. defetibed quadrifid, and therefore is highly: proper.. Again, he p the diftinétions ‘ore acuthinato turity, when they no longer want their affiftance. It is difficult to conceive how any nou- tifhment can be derived. by\a root of the. kind Mr. B. fuppofes; and I do not know that any analogy from any other part of the vegetable kingdom can fupport this idea. At any rate, the philofophy of botany inftfuéls | $ not to form fpecific charaéters from roots, unlefs others are not to be found; but fachi not the cafe here; and from the peculiar El the roots of thefe plants are particularly inadmiffible. c * Exclutve of the i impropriety ol of the roots being. made ufe of, for perg tapes the outer coats are, not eafily. fo be examined when the plants. are expanded. ; T tinclions, E capitulo allidoy and * capitulo nigricante, are not founded i in fact ; as the heads | dw ve LI S denlatoy - OR D 1 iit ve Hiftory of the. Britzfb Stellated Lycoperdons. 39 dentato, and“ ore obtufa cilrato, are futile: (p:x5)5 becaufe the appear- ances of the mouth;:and its teeth or ciliæ, vary according to the age and ftages of:decay of the plant. This would alío have weight, were it confiftent with fact; but the real truth is, that the ciliæ fur: roundingithe mouth-of ftellatum: Linn, whether opening to dif- charge the duit or not; have always 4 degree: of :convengency; and confequently fomewhat of an acuminated appearance§ though this is much: more evident im-íome varieties. than.in others, as in fome: thefe ciliæ form: a. fharp cone*, and in others, one fo blunt as to‘be nearly fat. The fornicatum of Kudfon:on.the contrary, | when full: grown, has-always the mouth: openj and the cilia! /fur- rounding it forming a (hort cylinder; and when ANNA in age thefe cilia are fometimes even reflected. 8. From thefe confiderations, it 1s afferted! by Mr. Bryant, that Lyc. fornicatum of Hudfon is nothing" more than: an accidental and flight variety of the plant figured in’ R.»Syn:.; and.that the lower volva; or bag as it is called, is never feen but when the plant sin a ftate of decay, p. 36. : This he attributes to the feparation of the thin outer coat from.decay; and from grafs; mofs, or móuld, in- finuating itielf fo as to caufe it to fall from the other, and form the bags p- 27: And again, p. 28 * dy tbe fun and drying winds getting in, and caufing the two frins to flake from each other, -and:mould con- z een getting: ic nee He Hine fame: i 5d aser ots 2H12 DAR: ? 29 14 bag leoi T * A variety of delatum. Lian. and Firmen in Me Rép. canna: l a lh et ferved here, and every where ate: here the tes is “meritioned by that author, that it is his own fpecies which he means, viz. the plant figured in R. Syn. and therefore here, and whercver he is endeavouting ta biroliliatki fhet fpecific character of Hudfon’s fornicatum, he is defcribing one plant. by. another; and. this unattended to. bas. been the caufe of the confufion his, pamphlet h has occafioried. "t is not to be wondered at, that he fhould call the diftin€tions of the mouth futile, when nis fpecies forricátüni 4 includes. plants having the cilia forming a cone, and others where they form a-cylinder. | ES yal manner 40 Mr. Woopwarp’s Efay towards an manner is the arched appearance of the rays accounted for; * dy * the fle/by coat which is very thick upon the fhoulders, as foon as it begins * fo fhrink, prefing fo forcibly upon the rays as to caufe them to contraët in * an arched direëtion. P. 27. But fo far is this from being the fact, that this thick coat, in all the other fpecies as well as in this, is def- titute of any fuch force at all; and if the plant be left undifturbed, as foon as it begins to fhrink, cracks, and peels off, or, if it remain on, dries to a mere thin cruft; which proves its nature to be too moift and fucculent to poffefs any elafticity whatfoever. It will befides be fhewn hereafter, that, if the rays of this plant contract at all, it is in breadth, and that at the fame time they increafe in length ; and it would be very difficult to conceive how this elaftic force (if any fuch there were) or preffure fhould act fo as to produce this double effect, If the freíhly-opened plant of the ftellatum Linn. and Hudf. be taken from its native place, and carried into a dry room, the thick coat will dry upon the rays without peeling off; and in this cafe it does indeed fomewhat contract them, but this merely from its fhrinking. When this happens, it is fo far from acting to occafion an arched appearance, that it only. increafes any tendency the rays may have had, from fituation, to contract irregularly; inftead of being incurved, as thofe of ftellatum always become in age, and after lofing this thick coat, if free and uncon- ftrained. This fpongy coat in the recently-opened plant entirely hides the peduncle, and the head appears perfectly feffile; and this - appearance fometimes continues when the plant is immediately re- moved from its place of growth, and fuffered to dry very flowly. This may perhaps account for fo many authors having defcribed the ftellatum with a feffile head; and the figures of Scheffer, t. 182, feem to anfwer to this, they being evidently taken from plants juft opened. That fuch is the fact is very likely, as very few of the defcriptions or figures of thefe authors accord perfectly with the Lyco- Hiftory of tbe Brüifb Stellated Lycoperdons. 41 Lycoperdon hereafter to be defcribed, which has really a feffile head. 9. That Mr. Bryant's method of accounting for the double volva, and arched appearance of the rays of fornicatum of Hudfon (to fay nothing of the improbability, or nearly impoflibility, of a fixed and permanent effect, proceeding from vague and accidental caufes), is merely conjecture, and not founded on a&ual obfervation or folid argument, every botanift who has been in the habit of obferving plants of the order of Fungi muft readily allow ; and if they recur to the pamphlet itfelf, they will fee that the obfervations and ar- guments are not miftated. If therefore it fhall be made to appear, that, fo far from being caufed by age or decay, the appearance of this plant, as to the principal facts, is the fame throughout all its ftages; and that it is fubjeét to as little variation as almoft any other plant, and to much lefs than by far the greater number of this order of vegetables—if it fhall be demonftrated, that the pe- culiar appearances cannot originate from the caufes affigned, no -doubt will remain as to the propriety of Hudfon’s arrangement; and his fpecies of Lyc. fornicatum will be fully re-eftablifhed in the rank from which it has been endeavoured to be degraded. : Io. Mr. Bryant afks, p. 39. ‘ Jf the quadrifidum be a diftinét fpe- * cies, how comes it to pafs that it is fo very * fcarce; when the head of € a fingle plant (if the dufl be allowed to be the feed) is Juficient to pro- € duce thoufands; and yet a perfon who fearches on purpofe, where thefe * How truly philofophical and conclufive is this argument againft the fpecies, drawn from the fcarcity ! and yet this, curious asit is, is exceeded by another. We are told, p- 38. that Mr. B. found a quadrifid plant on the top of a bank, on the flope of which fe- veral of the ftellatum of Linn. or Ray’s plant grew; therefore there was no doubt but they muf have originated from the fame feed. Xf this argument be allowed, one may undertake to prove, that the Onopordum Acanthium, and Carduus marianus, certainly proceeded from the fame feed, becaufe they have frequently been found on the fame bank. — Vor. II. G © plants B - \ 4 Mr. WoopwarD's Effay towards an : plants have been reputed to grow, may not meet with one in a whole feafon?" —He has not then met with it very frequently near Norwich; but though certainly a rare fpecies, it happens to be by no means. very fcarce in this neighbourhood; there being feveral fpots in which it is every year to be found, and fome of thefe four or five miles afunder. For fome years paft that I have attended to thefe plants, I have never failed meeting with this in fuch of thefe places as have been vifited; and in this refpect it is much more certainly to be found than the ftellatum Linn. which, though much more common, is rarely met with two years on exactly the fame fpot ; and for this a reafon will be prefently given. In one place not lefs than ten of the fornicatum Hudfon or quadrifidum Br. have been found within a few yards of each other; and of all, which in the courfe of feveral years I have obferved in different places, not one varied in the arched form or number of its rays*. But if there were a plant accidentally difcovered with five or three rays, it would no more difprove the character of the fpecies, than finding the Paris quadrifolia with five or three leaves, which is not very un- common, would difprove the identity of that plant. A fpecimen, it is true, has been {hewn to me with three rays; but on exami- nation, it was found that one ray, both of the upper and lower vol- Va, Was as broad as the remaining two; and they had begun to fplit at the points, which were feparated for a {mall {pace in each. This plant was therefore accidentally prevented from taking its proper form, and yet the arched appearance was preferved, though not * Some of thefe plants flood on the flat furface of the fummit of a bank, others on fiopes of very different angles; fome amongft bufhes, others on grafly banks entirely ex- pofed; all which different fituations Mr. B. fays muff occafion different appearances, and different expanfons of the rays (pp. 37, 38, 39); and yet every one of thefe pladis when fully grown correfponded with Blackftone's fig. except in fize. perfectly Hiftrory of the Britifb Stellated Lycoper dons. 43, perfectly regular, and the upper rays ftood upon the tips of the lower. In this cafe therefore, evidently, exceptio probat regulum. 11. The Lycoperdon ftellatum Linn. and Hudf. with its fuppofed varieties, and the L. coliforme of Dickfon fafc. 1. remain a confider- able time in their egg * ftate; during which the top is nearly level with, or but little elevated above, the furface of the ground; and they have a root by which they are fixed, and by means of which they derive the nourifhment neceffary to their growth. When fully ripe, the volva burfts at the fummit into an indeterminate number of rays; the plant is turned infide out, what was before the upper and outer furface becoming the under and inner; it is raifed en- tirely out of the ground, and refts on the expanded rays of the volva; the root, no longer of any ufe, being by this expanfion broken off, and left in the ground. ‘Thus far my obfervations agree with thofe of Mr. Bryant; but it is by no means a fact, as that author afferts (p. 17), that they have iben a tendency to raife them- felves on the tips of their rays; or any prehenfile quality, by which they endeavour to lay bold of the grafs, mefs, or whatever ts in their wayt. "The plant being by the procefs juft defcribed abfolutely liberated from the ground, unlefs accidentally detained, it depends entirely on the ftate of the atmofphere whether it remains flat or is con- tracted. If the air be moift, it will probably remain for fome time * This term is ufed to exprefs the unopened volva, which fomewhat refembles an egg. A plant of coliforme remained in this ftate apparently unchanged in fize or figure near four months. ‘This fpecimen, the fineft and largeft hitherto difcovered of tbat curious | ‘paume, d is in the mufeum of Sir J. Banks, P. R.S. + Though Mr. B. is fpeaking here of his own ftellatum, which is a different plant from that of Hudfon, it makes no efiential difference as to thefe obfervations. Whether his plant remains flat or not, depends equally on the ftate of the atmofphere; but his plant changes its appearances repeatedly with the changes of the air from moiít to dry, and Hudfon's when once contracted preferves its form and is never again fully dilated. G2 - flat; 44 Mr. Woopwarp’s Effay towards an flat; but if that be dry, the rays will be fpeedily divefted of their fpongy coat, which will foon crack and peel off, and then they will foon contract; and, if nothing impede their natural tendency, will be incurved, and confequently raifed fomewhat upon their tips. It is evident that if grafs, mofs, or even loofe mould, fhould be under the plant at this time, fome may be caught up and retained by them, In dry weather the thick fpongy coat foon cracks, and puts on that teffelated appearance which is reprefented by Mich. t. 100. f. 6. and in Mr. Bryant's plate f. 4. in which ftate it has been confidered by fome authors as a diftinét fpecies: but this appearance is of {fhort duration, being only the prelude to that coat's peeling off; after which the plant becoming very light, 1s frequently removed by the wind far from its native place; which accounts for this fpecies being rarely found two years together on the fame fpot. I2. Such is the mode of vegetation common to Lycoperdon ftellatum and coliforme ; but the fornicatum of Hudfon is of a very different nature. This plant arifes from a round or egg-fhaped volva, which is of a thicker fubftance than that of ftellatum, and like that is fixed in the ground ; but which it does not, like that, quit upon opening. The fornicatum when ripe fplits at the fummit into four equal, or nearly. equal parts; the head, with a correfponding number of rays, is by the opening of the volva raifed from within . its cavity; and the rays in a fhort time acquiring firmnefs * *, are fixed in their arched fituation, each refting on its correfponding * The fpongy coat is not nearly fo thick in this fpecies, on the rays of the plant, as on the ftellatum of Hudfon, though thicker than on the ftellatum of Bryant; and its pe- duncle is obfervable when the volva firft burfts. And here it is neceffary again to caution the reader to remember, that the fornicatum as defcribed by Mr. B. is confidered as a different plant from that of Hudfon, which I am here defcribing; and that if it be proved that the latter is not a variety of the former, as he afferts, his defcription of the one plant has nothing to do with the other, and all his arguments deduced from fuch de- rem mutt fall to the ground. fegment Hifiory of tbe Britifh Stellated Eycoper dons. 45 fegment in the lower volva. In this procefs there is no actual turn- ing infide out, as happens to the other fpecies; and the lower volva being undifturbed, the plant remains attached to its fituation, un- lefs {fome much greater degree of force be applied to it than is fuffi- cient to remove the ftellatum. - They are therefore but rarely found loofe, or blown about by the wind; and from this, their being found for years together on the fame, or nearly the fame, fituation is to beaccounted for. Their heads are alfo of a much firmer tex- ture, and do not difcharge the duft or feed with fo much freedom as the ftellatum ; and to thefe circumítances their greater degree of fcarcity may reafonably be attributed. The root of this plant is rarely found adhering; for though the volva does not reverfe itfelf, as in the ftellatum, it is evident that the fplitting and opening of the rays may break off the root; or if not, the plant foon after opening, arrives at its full growth. and perfection, and the root confequently decays, and is left in the ground when the plant is taken up. That fuch is the mode of vegetation, I can affert, from having found a plant very recently opened, in which the head had arifen from the lower volva, and the rays were acquiring their arched fituation on the tips of the lower rays. This plant was perfectly white, and much refembled the figures in Scheffer, t. 183. f. 1, 2; but on vifiting the {pot again two or three days after, it had acquired the perfect fhape of the fornicatum, as reprefented in Blackftone’s figure; the fpongy coat had dried, and was beginning to fcale; and the whole plant had acquired a deep fufcous colour. That the figure of this plant did not happen from decay is evident; and that it was not forced into fuch a fhape by the accidental fall- ing in of mould, &c. between the coats of the volva, is certain, be- caufe it grew on a flat furface under the fhelter of a bufh; and nei- ther grafs, mofs, nor any other fubítance was found in the cavity of 46 .— Mr. Woopwarn’s Efay towards an of the volva, or inferted between the arched rays fupporting the head. 13. That the volva of this plant lies deep in the ground is very true; that is to fay, the top of the unopened volva is ufually even with the furface, or perhaps funk juft beneath it; and this very circum- ftance, which Mr. Bryant adduces as a proof òf its being a variety; is, from its concomitant circumftances, a moft convincing one of its being a real fpecies. The opened volva, if the plant has been undif- turbed, and is not actually loofened and rolling about, which is fel- dom the cafe, is always buried nearly or quite to its tips in the eround. From attending to this, it will appear evidently impoffible that it fhould open in the fame manner as the ftellatum ; which by its fplitting at the top, and the rays abfolutely reverfing their fitua- tion, is raifed entirely out of the ground. But Mr. Bryant fays (p. 38) that, after having raifed themfelves out of the ground, and actually ftanding on the tips of the rays, the lower fkin fepa- rates, and forms the bag; € owing to the fun and dry winds getting “in and caufing the two fkins to flake from each other; tbe confequence of — * which 13, as the upper cuticle contraëfs, it muft recede from the under, * and fland upon its tips” It is evident, from this mode of account- ing for it, that, as the lower volva is always buried in the ground, the under coat muft recede from the upper, and, by fome unknown power, again plunge itfelf into the earth, which it had fome time before fprung out of; for as it is ufually empty, and clear of any mould or other matter, it is impoffible that any run of a bank fhould occafion this immerfion : befides, it is often found, as has been before obferved, on a flat furface, or on banks covered with grafs or mofs, in either of which fituations it is utterly mp that any run of the mould could take place. 14. Again: itis evident, that if two plants of the ftellatum ftand | 8 nearer Hiffory of tbe Britifo Stellated Lycoperdons. 47 nearer each other than the amount of the femi-diameters of the circles formed by the expanfion of their refpective rays, and thefe plants open nearly together, the rays of the laft which expands muft lie imbricated over the rays of the firft. Or, if they fhould open at the fame inftant, the rays muft be prevented from their full ex- panfion, and remain fupported by each other; in which cafe the heads muft be below, or on a level with the tips of the rayson that fide, whilft on the other the plants would be fully expanded *. The fame appearance muft happen to a fingle plant, if in confe- quence of meeting with any obftruétion it is permitted only to open partially; of which inftances are given by Mr. Bryant (p- 30—32), and reprefented in his plate, fig. 16, 17. A ftill ftronger inftance is given in the fame place, of a plant, which from growing in a hole was prevented from expanding at all, and remained confequently with the rays furrounding thehead. Fig. 2. of his plate, though not given with that defign, well reprefents this; and, with the others juft quoted, will fully explain and exemplify what is here allerted; - . … I5. It feems not very uncommon for the Lycoperdon fornica- tum to grow in pairs, forming a kind of twin plantt.. I have fe- veral times met with fuch, and in one particular fpot have for three fucceflive years found fpecimens anfwering that defcription, One of thefe, which was gathered in the laft autumn (1790), I have now the honour of laying before the Society. Thefe plants grew on the flope of the north fide of a fteep bank, abfolutely free from any — bufhes or briers, and covered entirely with grafs and mofs, which prevented the foil from running. The Aa of the ground E Vide Schæff. t. 182. f. 2. where this is well exemplified. - _ 4 Batarra, app. p. 74. mentions receiving a twin plant: of this Lycoperdon from a cor- refpondent. - on 45 Mr. WoopwARD's Effay towards an on which thefe ftood, fhould, according to Mr. Bryant (p. 39). have occafioned an irregularity in the plants. The lower volvæ, though not abfolutely coalefced, are fo united, that they cannot be feparated without fome force and damage; it is evident therefore that they grew clofe together before opening; and from the foil which ftill adheres, it is farther evident, that they were fixed in the ground to the tips of the lower volvz. Therefore, had thefe plants opened in the manner in which the ftellatum is known and acknowledged to expand, they would have been in the fitua- tion which is defcribed in the foregoing feétion ; and the heads muft have been mutually covered or fhaded on the fides where they touch, by the unexpanded rays, as reprefented in the figures 16. and 17. there referred to: or rather, as the earth in which they were funk muft have prevented their expanfion on the fides op- pofite to thofe on which they touch, they would have been re- prefented by fig. 2, fuppofing another exactly fimilar figure joined to it. But as the arch of each is fully and regularly formed, and the volvz regularly divided ; and as from the fituation on which they grew, none of the accidental caufes fuppofed by Mr. B. could ope- rate upon thefe plants; it is evident that the heads, and quadrifid arched rays, on which they are fupported, muft have arifen from the volvæ, and fixed themfelves in their prefent form. A careful infpeétion of the fpecimens, and comparifon of them with the figures, and with what is here afferted, will, I truft, convince any unprejudiced obferver, that fuch muft be the mode of growth of this very extraordinary plant. | 16. The lower volva (or cafe as it really is) is of a thick and rigid fubftance, extremely different from the thin outer coat of the ftellatum of Linn. and Hudf. as a bare infpeétion will evince; and the bottom of this, in the fully-expanded and perfect plant, is gene- rally y ee 4 ti E] A a a ti Hiflory of the Britifh Stellated Lycoperdons. 49 rally fattened; the rays are ufually fplit fo far, and are broad and fhort; whilft thofe which fupport the head are much longer and narrower, equally fplit to within about half an inch of the head, and always convex outwardly, and concave inwardly, which occa- fions them to form rounded angles. The interior furfaces of both upper and lower volva are fmooth, and fhew no traces of having been forced afunder: on the contrary, a bare infpeétion muft con- vince any one, that though they undoubted]y muft have been in contact, they fhew no appearance of having been united, except at the tips, where they fo ftrongly adhere, that fome confiderable force would be neceflary to feparate them *. At this time the actual meafurements, of what Mr. Bryant fuppofes correfponding parts, by no means accord; and it would be beyond the art of man, by moiftening or any other procefs, to bring the upper and lower rays to be commenfurate with each other. From what caufe it is, that this growth or extenfion, and this arched form of the upper rays take place, we know not; but the fact is the fame in all fitua- tions. It has been fufficiently proved, that this cannot be occa fioned by the caufes to which Mr. Bryant attributes it; and fo far from having the appearance of being accidental, the whole looks much more like a work of art than of nature, and is ufually taken for fuch by perfons unaccuftomed to botanical fubjeéts. This fur- prifingly fingular conformation has been looked upon to be the re- fult of accident and blind chance! * If the fingular appearance of this plant be owing to the accidental feparation of the coats of the volva, from decay, and the other caufes to which it is attributed in the pam- phlet, how happens it that they fo regularly feparate to the tips of the rays only? and why do not the fame caufes operate to feparate them entirely? It would extremely puzzle the author of the pamphlet to anfwer this queftion fatisfactorily; and "e whole might be . refted on this fole argument, were it neceflary. Vor. IT. ; LE 17. À MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN. 50 Mn. WoopwaAnp's Effay towards an 17. A fufpicion has been before hinted, that Mr. Bryant has been led into thefe miftakes by finding a ftellated Lycoperdon with a feffile head, which he with reafon thought muft be a different fpe- cles from thofe which had pedunculated heads; notwithftanding Linnzus has quoted as fynonyms to his ftellatum, authors who have defcribed plants both feffile and pedunculated, without even allowing this peculiar circumítance to form a variety. This ap- peared the more likely, as it can hardly be fuppofed, that fo patient and accurate an obferver could have defcribed as having feflile heads, plants which are never found without the peduncle; de- ceived by the thicknefs of the interior (apparently exterior) fpongy coat of the rays, which it has been before obferved completely hides the footftalk of the ftellatum of Linn. and Hudfon, when frefhly opened, and even for fome days, if the plant be foon after expanding removed into the houfe*. It is therefore not unreafon- able to conclude, that the plant called Lyc. ftellatum by Mr. Bryant is actually the fpecies mentioned f. 8, and which will prefently be more fully defcribed ; as this is the only ftellated Lyco- perdon with a feflile head which has been met with by other bo- tanifts in this country, and as the defcription and figures of Mr. Bryant’s ftellatum perfe&ly accord with this plant. That this is a perfectly diftin& fpecies from the plant of Ray's fyn. and confe- . quently from the L. ftellatum of Linn. and Hudf. will not admit of a doubt; and the fmall variety, which is excellently figured in Mr. Bryant's plate f. To. is the plant, the rays of which are fo pe- culiarly fenfible to the effects of moifture or drynefs in the atmo- fphere. This circumftance has occafioned that author to give thofe * I have repeatedly brought home recently opened fpecimens, the heads of which have appeared perfectly feffile, and which have retained that appearance for two or three days; till, by the drying of the fpongy coat, the peduncle has appeared. fanci- Hiftory of the Britifh Stellated Lycoperdens. SI fanciful defcriptions of the animal nature of thefe plants (p. 4r et feq.); an idea which is of itfelf fufficient to convince the cool na- turalift of the readinefs with which this otherwife ingenious bota- nift is apt to catch at any thing which interefts his imagination, To the variations of the atmofphere are alfo to be attributed the contraction and dilatation of the teeth or cilie furrounding the mouth in the different fpecies, which remain as long as any duft is contained in the head; though this circumftance Mr. Bryant alfo attributes to the animal nature of the plant, and fuppofes to be . voluntary as long as the plant has life. But unfortunately for his arguments, which prove rather too much, the prehenfile property of the claws (for fo are the rays called) is fuppofed to continue even after death; as one of thefe plants has held an unfortunate fornicatum of Hudf. * im its mercilefs gripe’ for feveral years in a drawer of the author's cabinet (p. 45). There can be no neceffity for entering into any arguments to prove, that thefe appearances are entirely owing to the coriaceous nature of thefe plants, and that they are acted upon by a moift or dry air, exactly in the fame man- ner as any other fubftances of the fame kind. It was neverthelefs neceffary to take notice of it, as the author builds part of his fyftem upon it, not only baving an idea, that in the plants juft mentioned it is fpontaneous; but alfo (p. 17, 18) attributing a furprif- ing degree of natural elafticity to the rays of his ftellatum, from the circumftance of one of them difengaging itfelf with great force from a couple of pens, with which he had endeavoured to expand the incurved rays, to take a drawing of it*. It evidently appears that this proceeded entirely from the fame caufe, and not from any {pontaneous elafticity naturally inherent in the plant, which had * "The circumftance here mentioned affords an additional proof, that this ftellatum of Bryant is really the plant mentioned in the beginning of this feétion, and f. 8. H 2 | been 52 Mr. Woopwanrp's Effay towards an been removed from its natural fituation on (probably) a moift bank, and directly brought into a dry room and placed upon a table. 18. This effay has been drawn out to a much greater length than was at firft thought of, and for this fome ,apology may-be neceffary: but it muft be confidered, that a principal obje& of it is to eftablifh the Lycoperdon fornicatum of Hudfon as a fpecies ; and that it was impoffible to do this effectually, without anfwering the objections made by the author of * the Hiftorical Account of two Lycoperdons It muft be farther underftood, that thefe objections are fcattered through 52 octavo. pages, and that the correfponding obfervations and arguments are frequently to be fought for at many pages diftance; and it may then ceafe to be furprifing that it could not be comprifed in a fhorter compaís, and that fome flight repeti- tions may have unavoidably crept in. But though already much too long, indulgence muft be requefted for a word or two more upon Mr. Bryant's plate, which is abfolutely neceffary before it is concluded. The figures in this plate from r to 10 inclufive, are all referred to L. ftellatum,. and from 11 to 20 to fornicatum ; but it is to be obferved, that the fornicatum of Bryant* is the ftellatum of Ray's fyn. 27. t. 1. f. 1. and that all thefe figures, except 15 and 20, are profeffedly different appearances of Ray's plant. How much all thefe differ from the figures in Phil. Tranf. and Blackf. Sp. bot. and alfo from Sch. 185. will be eafily feen by comparing them together. All Mr. Bryant's figures, except 15 and 20, fplit into an uncertain number of rays; and thefe vary in their fepara- tions, as to the diftance from the head, and form extremely acute angles with each other. The figures 15 and 20 are declared to be intended as reprefentations of the fornicatum quadrifidum, or for- nicatum of Hudfon; and though I would not willingly acufe Mr. Bryant of having mifreprefented the fpecimens to fupport his own * Vide antea. Notes to f. 7 and 12. {yftem, idia a aia STE NOTE TER TS -" oP RET SL ee ee ee Eu qe PEG "m " by LI Hiftory of the Britifh Stellated Lycoperdens. 53 fyftem, I am under the neceffity of faying, that they do by no means reprefent the plant fairly. Let a comparifon of thefe figures with fpecimens be made; and at the fame time a comparifon of the figures and fpecimens with the figures in Phil. Tranf. and Blackft. Sp. bot. and the truth of my affertion will evidently appear. Mr. . Bryant's fig. 15, which i is intended to reprefent a perfect quadrifi- dum, exhibits the lower rays, or divifions of the volva, equal in length and breadth to the upper, and fplit abfolutely to the centre. The upper rays are figured flat, forming acute angles at their junc- tion, and touching the. lower only. at fome fmall diftance from ir tips; they are alfo curved in a direction never feen in this plant, cus recently opened, as figured in Sch. 183. 1. but this is profeffedly an old fpecimen in a (tate of decay, and rolling about, the fport of wind and weather (p. 28). From thefe circumftances, I fhould have been led to fuppofe that Mr. Bryant had a&ually never feen and examined the real Lycoperdon fornicatum, had I not been fhewn a fpecimen received from him, which correfponded exactly with mine, and the figures I have quoted. The only con- clufion I can. therefore draw (for I am very far from accufing, or even thinking Mr. Bryant capable of wilful mifreprefentation) i is, that he may have met with a fpecimen or fpecimens of Ray's plant, in which fome of the accidents defcribed may ‘have taken place, and caufed fome variation in the appearance of the plant, and fome refemblance of the double volva. 'The fpecimen from which fig. 14 was taken, which feems to have been partially buried in the ground, may have been of this fort; and with the help. of a warm imagination, of which ftrong inftances have been given, and a violent paffion for forming a theory, would afford fufficient ground for this author to work upon. This is the more probable, as he has defcribed the Lyc. fornicatum, B. quadrifidum, or fornicatum of Hudfon's Fl. Ang. to be a plant of extraordinary rarity. But fuch. 54 : Mn. WooDWARD'; Effay towards an fuch a circumftance, if it really did happen, would prove nothing againft the arguments brought in favour of the fpecific character of that plant. ENUMERATION. IT now remains to enumerate the different fpecies of ftellated Lycoperdons which have been found in this neighbourhood; and thefe are prefumed to be four. Of thefe, the ftellatum of Linn. and Hudf. and the fornicatum of Hudfon have been fo amply treated of in the foregoing pages, that little more remains necef- fary, than to apply to them fuch fynonyms as really appear to be- long to the refpective fpecies. This will be an eafy tafk in refpe& of the fornicatum, which has been mentioned but by very few au- thors; but great difficulty arifes in adjufting fuch as belong to ftellatum. Many authors have defcribed a plant of this fort with a feflile head; and their defcriptions are in general fo vague, and their fynonyms fo confufed, that it is impoffible to afcertain with certainty, whether they mean the ftellatum of Linnaeus and Hud- fon; the Lycoperdon which I fhall call after Schmiedel by the trivial name of recolligens ; or fome other plant which may be dif- ferent from both. For thefe reafons I fhall be very fparing of ap- plying fynonyms to both thefe fpecies. The Lycoperdon coliforme of Dickfon’s 1ft fafc. makes up the number fpecified. en ftellatum—Volvà multifidà patente; laciniis i Inequa- libus, capitulo pedunculato glabro; ore acuminato dentato. Linn. Sp. pl 1653. Hud. FL Ang. 643. ' Drag. — "— Hiftory of the Briti/h Stellated Lycoperdons. 55 Diagn. The volva is irregularly fplit into an uncertain num- ber of rays; the head nearly globular, and fupported on a pe- duncle; the mouth farrounded with ciliæ, converging into a cone; . and the whole plant of a dirty white generally, but the head fome- times tinged flightly with grey. As Linnæus has quoted Ray, there can be no doubt but his ftellatum is the fame as Hudfon's; but fome of the fyn. quoted in Sp. pl. and his other works are doubtful, the head in them being defcribed feffile. Fungus pulverulentus crepitus lupi diétus, coronatus et inferne ftellatus. R. Syn. 27. 1. 1. f. 1.— This is the beft reprefentation of this plant I have hitherto feen. Lycoperdon fornicatum. Bryant's Hifi. Acc. of two Lycoperdons, jf: 12. 13. 14. 16. 17. are undoubtedly to be referred here from his own authority. Lycoperdon fornicatum. Relhas Fi. Cantal. 981. rejecting the fyn. of Hudfon, Scheffer, and Batarra. Schmiedel Ic. pl. 46. certainly belongs to ftellatum. P4 43. exactly refembles Schaef: fig. t. 182, and is therefore doubtful. © Pollich. palat. 1197. exa@tly copies Linnæus. The above are all the authors, which have fallen under my obfervation, that I can fafely quote to this fpecies. Schaffer t. 182. Thefe figures extremely refemble our plant re- cently opened, and before the peduncle becomes vifible, but the head is defcribed as feffile; and yet the author refers to Raï fyn. and the fig. of Dillenius, which makes it probable that he had not well confidered, and had not very clear ideas of thefe plants. It may poffibly be fome fpecies which has not yet fallen under my ob- —. fervation. Hall. Helv. 2174. Lye. cortice exteriori revoluto ítellato. No notice is taken by this author, whether the head be pedunculated or 56 Mr. WoopwAnp's Effay towards an or feffile; and the fyn. are fo contradictory, that nothing can be made out from them. He quotes Eph. nat. cur. ann. 4. obf. 92. which is Lyc. fornicatum Hudf. for this fpecies. Mich. t. 100. f. 6. with the teflelated rays is alfo mentioned as a variety, and alfo the plant with the rays again divided, f 5. | Scop. carn. 1633 and 1634, enumerates two fpecies, of which the firft from the fpecific character fhould be recolligens; but the diagn. contradicts this, and his fyn. will not help the difficulty. He quotes Hamb. Mag. tom. 5. p. 411. f. 1. for this fpecies, and f. 403. J: 5. for coronatum; but thefe figures, which are very bad, repre- fent the fame plant. : The references for coronatum are quite con- tradi&ory 5 as it is impoffible that Sch. 182. 1. Bat. 30. 1. and Mich. 100. 3. can all reprefent the fame plant, and Sch. 182. 1. and 182. 2. differ but in fize from each other. The coronatum is defcribed as growing on decayed trees, for fo I muft underftand * 7s truncis* to mean, and none of our ftellated Lycoperdons are ever found in this fituation. Mich. nov. gen. 220, 1. 100. f. 1—6. Geafter. This author has defcribed and figured fix fpecies. One of thefe, No. 3. f. 2. is de- fcribed as having a fhort peduncle; but neither defcriptions nor figures point out whether the heads of the reft are feffile or pedun- - culated, No. t. f. I. is doubtfully referred to R. fyn. but from the number and regularity of the rays, the form of the head and mouth, and the apparent tendency of the rays, as reprefented in the plate, to turn upwards, it more refembles recolligens. No. 4 f. 4. exa@ly refembles f. 1. except that it has fix rays only ; . and the mouth is quite naked; a circumftance which prevents its being fafely referred to any Britifh fpecies. No. 3. f. 2. fomewhat refembles the fmall variety of ftellatum; but the head is {carcely flat enough, and the peduncle is not foras: No. 2. f. 3. feems to be really —— No. 5. f. 5. refembles ftellatum with the rays - 2 fplit, ee 7 : à sé sel suc dédie à PROP »- UMEN. PRE NT TP ETS Hiftory of the Briiijb Siellaied Lycoperdons. s. fplit, but the mouth of this is alfo naked; as is f. 6. which from the number of rays and fhape of the head might be otherwife recol- ligens. None of thefe can therefore be fafely quoted for ftellatum, Bocc. Muf. t. 305. f. 4. is very doubtful. Buxb. Cent. 2. 1. 49. f. 3. is fo bad a figure that it cannot be quoted with any certainty; it approaches neareft to ftellatum of Sch. 1. 182. Dalib. Paris. 390. is impoffible to afcertain, as he has neither defcription nor Here L 347.619. quotes R. fyn. t. 1. f. x. and Mich, t. 100. K 1,2, 3. ki is P therefore uncertain whether his plant be ftellatum Linn. and Hudf. or not. Tourn. Inf. R. H. 563. t. 331. is referred to Boce. Muf: The figure is fo bad, that it cannot be at all determined. Vaill. Paris. 123. Lyc. veficarium ftellatum is referred to Tourne- fort without any defcription. FI, Dan. 360. may be fome new fpecies; it certainly M not at all refemble our ftellatum. l Glediifth. p. 15T. has feveral varieties : but his fpecies is probably to be referred to ftellatum; though, as he gives no figures, it is doubtful. Obf. When frefh opened the head is ufually more orlefs depreffed, and often fomewhat oval ; but when the thick coat is either peeled off, or dried upon the rays, the head ufually becomes globular, and ` refembles the figure in R. fyn. and the plant then appears fo different, that a perfon unaccuftomed to obferve. them would fcarcely be- lieve it could be the fame. The peduncle is generally thickened at the top and the bottom, and fmalleft in the middle, or, as it may be called, doubly club-fhaped; but fometimes it is cylindrical. " From thefe different. appearances, this plant has been differently Vor. H. I defcribed 58 Mr. Woopwarn's Effay towards an defcribed by various authors; but probably the fame, or fome flight variety, has been intended by the greater part of them: . ANGL. Star puff-bail—An various places near Bungay in the fpring and autumn, and the winter if it be mild. 8 minor—The only permanent variety I have met with here, and which certainly is not diftinét, may be characterifed—capitulo juperne plano, ore acuminato, ciliis. longioribus, See Bryant s. Hifl. Acc. J- 19. the head only, but admirably well expreffed. - This elegant little variety grows on dry banks, ufually amongft ivy, and feldom exceeds an inch or an inch and half in the dia- meter of its expanded rays. The colour is dark brown; the head flat on the top; and the mouth furrounded with long ciliz, form- ing a very fharp cone; the peduncle is longer in proportion to the fize of the plant than in a. Mich. t. 100. f. 2. may poffibly be this plant. It is found in Ditch- . ingham, Earíham, and other places near Bungay. : Lycoperdon recolligens — Volva multifida patente, /acinits aqui libus; capitulo depreffo - fphærico, Jeli; ore acuminato. Diagn. Rays of the volva equal, 5 to 7, rarely more; when dry, reflected over the head; head feffile. Lycoperdon volvans recolligens. Schmiedel Icones plant, 27, 28. J. 20 to 31. rejeéting the fyn. which are doubtful. The defcri tion. is extremely good; but the plant is figured and defcribed with rays from 5 to20, equal or unequal, entire and fplit, which cir- cumftances do not entirely accord with the Englifh fpecimens; and poflibly the author may have confounded two fpecies together. He fays ot the head, ‘ * Capitulum. feu globulus volvæ medio firmiter innafci-. * tur, Je effilis, abfque. pedunculo a aliquali + which perfectly agrees with our plant. Lycoperdon ftellatum.—Bulliard, Plantes de la France, 1.238 2 Lyco- Hyfory of the Britifh Stellated Lycoper dons. 59 Lycoperdon ftellatum—Bryant’s Hif. Acc. of two Lycoperdons— J- 39 4 5, 6. 10. The fpecific character of Mr..Bryant’s Lyc. ftell. * capitulo albido fefili” fo entirely agrees with this fpecies, and his fig. 10. is fo excellent a reprefentation of the fmall fpecimens, and the others here quoted very good ones of the large ones, with which the account, p. 43, 44, alío well accords, that F can have no doubt in referring his plant here. + Lycoperdon ftellatum—Re/ban FJ. Cantab. 980. admitting only the fyn. of Bryant and Micheli. Mich, 1. 100. perhaps 1.46 Off: The volva is ufually divided into 5, 6; or 7 rays, which are equal, or nearly fo, of a chefnut colour on the upper fide when ex- panded, and filvery white beneath. The head fpherical, confider- ably depreffed, perfectly feffile, of a yellowiih white or pale ftraw- colour; the mouth ciliated, and. ufually furrounded with a circle of a paler colour; and a fimilar circle is often obferved on the up- per part of the rays furrounding the head. The rays when moift are regularly inflected, as reprefented in the figures of Bryant and Bul- liard; but when dry are reflected, and entirely cover the head. If they are kept in a dry place, they will at any time undergo thefe changes, by placing them in a faucer with a fmall quantity of water, and again drying them; but the changes are quicker, and more certain in the fmall plants, than in the large ones. The diameter of thé expanded rays varies from one inch to three or four, and the fize of the head from that of a pea to an inch diaineters 0o tpi | AnGeL. Higrometric puff ball —Ditchingham and Earfham, Norfolk; Mettingham, Suffolk, near Bungay. Spring and autumn. Lycoperdon coliforme—Volva multifida patente,capitulo depreffo- fphærico, pedunculis ofculifque nume- rofis. Dickfon, Fafe. plant, crypt. 1. 24. t. 3. f.4.—Witb. Bot. arr. ed. 1. 783%. . * Ed. 2. vol. 3. 460. I 2 Fungus 6o ~ Mn. WoopwAnp's Effay towards an - Fungus pulverulentus coli inftar perforatus. R. fn. 27. rejecting the fyn. of Tournefort. | : - Diagn. Thevolva multifid, rays irregular, mouths and peduncles numerous. . Off. The head is in the large fpecimens confiderably depreffed ; in the fmall ones nearly fpherical; of a whitifh colour, and covered with a thin tunicle of a moft beautiful filvery grey, peculiar to this fpecies, but fimilar to that which forms the outer coat of the re~ colligens. The mouths are numerous, flightly elevated, and fringed with fine hairs. The peduncles, which do not appear till the thick fpongy coat dries or peels off, are numerous, woody, filiform or ftrap-fhaped; and appear to bear fome kind of propor- tion to the number of the mouths, though there are no correfpond- ing cells. In the fmall fpecimens the mouths and peduncles are few. It has been doubted whether thefe mouths might not be ac- cidental, and formed by infeéts after the expanfion of the plant. But this (not to mention their regularity, and that each is fur- rounded by its border of ciliæ) is clearly difproved, from the marks of the projections formed by the mouths being feen on the expanded rays, when frefhly opened, as reprefented in Dickfon, 7. 3. Sf: 4 ad litt. b. 1 have likewife found an abortive plant, in which the feed did not ripen; but which had numerous projecting papillæ on the head, where the mouths fhould have been formed. The volva of this Lycoperdon is funk deep into the ground, the fummit being on a level with, or very little elevated above, the fur- face. On taking one up, it was found to be nearly globular, but flightly depreffed ; of a dirty white, wrinkled and fcaly; with a fhort thick root terminated by a few fmall fibres. When cut open, this confifted of a foft coriaceous coat, within which was another thicker, and of a much tougher fubftance, filled with a white curd- like fubftance, of a very difagrecable fmell. This was fo young that t | Tug RS D ee ay en SIR n ee SMe a PTE ee I NON nae | i Hifiory of the Britifh Stellated Lycoperdons. 61 that theré was no appearance of the head. They remain a confi- derable time in this ftate, appearing to ripen flowly: one which was difcovered about the middle of Auguft, remained unchanged to the end of November; when it was found fully expanded, and refting on the furface of the ground, i in which it had been before buried. "This had been vifited the preceding day, and not any alteration had been then obferved in it. It appears therefore, that when ripe, the change is very fudden ; and that the head, prefling againft . the interior part of the volva, and probably aflifted by the action of the fun fo "on which-it expanded was remarkably bright ‘and fine), the outer coat fuddenly gives way, is fplit into an - indeterminate number of rays; the root is broken off, and left in the ground; and the plant being turned infide out, is neceffarily raifed upon the furface, what was before the outer and upper part of the volva being now next to the ground. This, which has been before (f. 11.) defcribed as the mode of expanfion of the ftellatum, is alfo common to thefe with the recolligens. Ancr. Cullender puf-dall.—Gillingham and Earfham, Norfolk ; Bungay, and Mettingham, Suffolk. In the autumn. I have never met with a frefhly opened fpecimen of this fpecies at any other feafon. Lycoperdon fornicatum—Volva quadrifida fornicata; capitulo pe- dunculato, glabro; ore "WES ciliato. Hudf. Fl. Ang. 644. Diagn. The volva quadrifid, and remaining in the ground when opened. The head globular, pedunculated, and elevated upon four arched rays, refting on the tips of the divifions of the volva; the mouth open, and furrounded with ciliæ, forming a cylinder; the frefh plant white; but the whole foon changing to a dark brown. Geafter volvæ radiis et operculo elevatis, Wat/ox Phil. Tranf. vol. 43e f» 234- f. 2. f. 11 and 12. Fungus ős Mr. WoopwaARD's Effay, &c. Fungus pulverulentus turriculam fornicatam referens, B/achf. -Sp. Bot. p. 24. f. 2. a very good figure, but larger than the plant is ufually found. Fungi monftrofæ ac infolitæ forme. Rayger. Eph, nat. cur. dec. I. ann. 4. obf. 90. : Lycoperdon coronatum Sch, ¢. 183. exceedingly good figures of the plant recently opened, and before it changes its colour. The defcription is tolerably accurate; but the fyn. are all to be rejected except Batarra. Xx | Geafteroides. Batarra fung. app. 74. t. 39. f. x and 4 excepting the root; f. 3. feems imaginary. A twin plant is mentioned by this author. Lycoperdon fornicatum B. quadrifidum. Bryant's Hf. Acc. f. 18. L. feneftrati var. 8 andy Bat/ch. El, Fungor. 243. t. 29. fv 168. a. b. ANGL. Turret puff bal]. —Earíham, Ditchingham, Brome, and Gil- lingham, Norfolk; Bungay; Suffolk.—In the autumn. Postscripr. It was at firft intended to add, by way of appendix, fome obfervations upon the Lycoperdon Carpobolus; which, if really a Lycoperdon, more properly belongs to this, than any other divifion of the genus. The prefent paper has, however, extended to fo much greater a length than was originally thought of, that the author muft referve what he had to offer upon the Carpobolus for fome future leifure, if the prefent communication fhould be thought worthy of the notice of the Society. VI, À I 01 J E E | VIII. A new. Arrangement of Papilios, in a Letter ta the Profident, By Mr, William Jones; F. L. S. Read Yuly 5$, 1791: : Dear + side AY I prefume to offer to the confideration of the gexticitien of : the Linnean Society fome remarks upon Linnzus’s divifion of the genus of Papilio, and to point out obvious diftinétions by which they may be claffed with :more certainty? From the fhape of the wings, a’ principal charaétér with Linnzus, though various, yet in that variety fo gradually approáching each other, I find it impoffible' to draw the diftinguifhing line: I therefore apply to anatomy for fuch charaéters as may with certainty diftinguifh each family from the others. The fpecimens that had been infpeéted by that great obferver of nature were few in proportion to thofe fince known; it was difficult therefore to afcertain, with the precifion neceffary, thofe diftinétions that a further and more extenfive acquaintance with a far greater number afforded ; and yet, though his charaéters ` . were not: fufficiently marked, they have gone far to lay a founda- tion for a more correct divifion ; and that, fo far from raifing new difficulties, I think points out the very fcheme.more clearly which Linnzus himfelf had adopted, and would have further elucidated, had. he feet more on the fame fubjeét ; for it may be prefumed he was: acquainted: with very few miord:than he had in his laft edition : of his Sytema defcribed, only 274 Papilios; an inconfiderable num- aoa | | : ber 64 MR. JoxEs's new Arrangement of Papilios, ber if brought in comparifon with what I have feen, viz. above 1000, in the various cabinets in London, and above 400 more in various plates publifhed by different authors: it is not to be wondered that he had not entered into the minutiæ of thofe diftinétions which appear evident upon a farther infpection to feparate the particular fami- hes. .The great leading outlines therefore only ftruck him, and thefe have occafioned the miftakes that he has run into refpeéting fome of the Achivi, which when reétified, with a few others in the - other divifions, his arrangement will be clear and decifive. But without attending to thefe remarks it is liable to error, as may be feen by Fabricius, who happening to defcribe a Papilio from two different cabinets, placed it once with the Equites and once with the Danai Feftivi, with either of which it might be claffed by adhering only to Linnæus’s indefinite characters. I am confirmed in my fentiments hereon by obferving what both Linnzus and Mr. Yeats fay of Papilio Apollo, viz. that the larve of this Papilio have two horns fituated on its neck like thofe of many of the Equites, with which family I place it; clearly fhewing that the families may not only be diftinguifhed in the perfect infect, but have frequently, if not generally, a diftinguifhing character in the larvæ alfo, and that thefe diftinétions are not imaginary, but certain and fpecific. I have therefore given in the following re- marks, Linnzus's characters, adding only what will more certainly fix the limits or marks of each family. Equires. The upper wings are longer from the pofterior angle to the point, than to the bafe: the antenna often filiform. ; Correéted by faying the upper wings are longer from the pofterior angle to the point than tothe bafe, occafioned by having four nerves inftead of three, vifible in every other family— 5 Eaui- E: ie s » Vor. II. Mn. JoNEs's new Arrangement of Papilios. 6$ the palpi frequently only a brufh—under wings with a conne&ing nerve in the centre, and without an abdominal groove. "T hefe diftinétions will evidently preferve this family from all others by having charaéters peculiar to itfelf, but will occafion the removal of Teucer, Idomeneus, Menelaus, Achilles, Neftor (with Patroclus, which I have my doubts of being a Papilio), and a few more from the Achivi, to the Danai and Nymphales with — XMhiehrthéy more propetly ought to be arranged. It will alfo bring to this divifion from the Heliconi, Apollo and Mnemofyne; and from the Nymphales, Rumina, Panope, Diffimilis, and perhaps one or two more. —— I remark there is not one arranged with the Troes but what is truly an Eques. Upon looking over Cramer, I obferve, ho had been “under equal difficulties with myfelf; that he had added to the Equites, Panope, Diffimilis, and fome others, as I have done; from the Achivi he had feleéted many, and formed a new divifion called Argonauts, which feems compofed of fuch as truly belong to the Nymphales, and have been placed with the Achivi, ap- parently only for their fize and beauty. Defcribing Xiphares (which Mr. Fabricius has placed with the Achivi), he fays “ Selon la divifion de Mr. Linnæus celui-ci, comme le Pap. Jafon, Pyrrhus, & plufieurs autres qui les refemblent, appartiendroient aux Cheva- liers Grecs: mais le caractere diftinétif & . fufmen- tionné des pattes, les font ranger, felon moi, dans une autre, ou dans une famille ne des Papillons diurnes.” | K HELI- 66 Mn. Jones's new Arrangement of Papilios, Heziconiu. Wings marrow, entire, often naked. or deprived of {cales; the upper wings long, the inferior fhort—* Add, with a connecting nerve in the centre; very flightly grooved, to admit the abdomen, which is in general long, as are alfo the antenna, Danai. Wings entire— Add, the under with a conneéting nerve in the centre, and a deep abdominal groove; palpi projected. As I before remarked under the Equites, that the Troes had each of them the character aífigned to the Equites, it was neceffary the Achivi fhould have the fame. So in the Danai Candidi, as every fpecimen de- fcribed by Linnæus has the fame character, viz. the ' connecting nerve, it is neceflary alfo that the Danai Feftivi fhould have the fame. NYvMPHALES. Wings denticulated— Add, the under without a conneGting nerve in the centre, and With a deep abdominal groove, palpi projected. N. B. The terms of fubintegerrimus to fome of the Danai, and fubdentatus to fome of the Nymphales, approach fo near as to confound the one family with the other; but the conne&ing nerve in the centre of the wing is a certain diftinguifhing character between the Danai and Nymphales. PLEBEI, Small. s Rurales—Spots on the wings pbbs: | Urbicole—Spots on the wings for the moft part tranf- parent. ym Mn. JoNzs's new Arrangement of Papihos. o6; As fize can be no diftinétion to form a character, each family being of various dimenfions, it is neceffary to point out à character which others do not partake of, and which may eafily be done, having even been noticed by Mr. Yeats in his Inftitutions of Entomology, p. 132, yet al- together not quite fufficiently—his words are as follows : ** The family of the Plebeii is very inaccurate, and con- “ tains infeéts very different from one another, at the & fame time that they refemble, and have all the cha- € ractere-of fome or other of the preceding ones, under € which many of them, I think, might be properly arrang- ** ed, The remaining Plebeii would compofe a family very ** diftin& from all the others, and which might be formed * into two feétions ; the firft containing {mall butterflies, & having longand flexible or weak tails, (lender bodies, and * clubbed antenna, as Cupido, Marfyas, Boeticus, &c. * the other diftinguifhed by the fhortnefs, thicknefs, or € breadth of their head, thorax and abdomen, and by ni Æéthéfhape-of their. upper wings, which in thefe laft are “ pointed at their extremity, and long in proportion to «€ their width, as the Proteus, Phidias, &c. & The antenna in this laft divifion are generally un- «€ cinated or crooked at their extremity; fome of them * have likewife tails, but thefe are very broad and “ ftrong, and are always ciliated, or edged with a fringe & of hairs, as in the Proteus, &c." : They may therefore be thus divided : PLEBEI Rurales Thorax and abdomen flender; under wings without a connecting nerve; antennæ clubbed. —with long, weak, flexible tails. —without tails, wings entire. K 2 Prz- 68 MR. Jones’s new Arrangement of Papilios. Preggit Urdicole—Thorax and abdomen fhort, thick, or broad; | under wings without a connecting nerve; antennæ uncinated or crooked at the extremity. —with upper wings pointed at the extremity, and long in proportion to their width. —upper wings lefs extended, and together with their under wings more rotund, with their margins entire. Thus far nearly agreeable to Lannzus; yet there remain a few that cannot (if the foregoing directions are ftriétly attended to) be ranked with any divifion before mentioned,; for which it is ne- ceffary to invent à new term, and to arrange feparately, immedi- ately after the Equites, as partaking more of that divifion than any other. I therefore call them. : RoMANI. By fo doing I take from the Equites all that have filiform antennæ, Their characters ftand thus: Size in general large, without an ab- dominal graove ; no connecting nerve; their antennz generally acu- minated; the veins of both upper and under wings going from their root to the extremity, nearly in ftraight lines. To this di- vifion I bring from Linnzus's Equites, Leilus, Orontes, and Patro- clus; and from Fabricius's Danai Feftivi—Licas, Syphax, Evalthe, and Cochrus, and a few others not yet defcribed. 'Thefe few re- marks can leave no doubt to what divifion any Papilio fhould be referred, ‘The connecting nerve is the moft important character of all. ANTENNE Mr. Jonus’s new Arrangement of Papilios, 69 ANTENNE PALPI pers ALE clubbed - - - uncinated or crooked . acuminated or filiform projected - - - - a bruh - = - - fuperiores 3 nerves: - - 4 nerves - - «- - nerves nearly in ftraight E Vou som inferiores, with a groove flightly grooved - - nogroove - - - - with a connecting nerve without a connecting- "THoRAx and Aspomen flender - - i i 4 | er © oc 1€ 1 J| [les is^ AUE e} f} © » | © bo - Fi EEE | ol ge l'E | Slate DA EISI #) 212 |] B EA, oy oly | aie | y te AIM ILIAIZ ipa — * —À — "Ts en ja 1 fhort, thick or broad - See Tas, VIIL EX. Deferip- (78. 3 IX. Defcriptions of feveral Specieh of Pancratium. By Richard Anthony | eren Efz. F. L. 5. ijt i Read Nov. 1, ji EX Pancratii fpecies apud noftrates cultas, non folummodo ab auctoribus invenio confufas, verum enimvero earum characteres communes in differentia fpecificà adduétos ; quas ergo iterum ad- umbrare necnon paulo fufius defcribere, operz pretium videtur. Maritimum. Tab. Q. 3 I; P. foliis linearibus glaucis: corolle tubo cylindraceo, /uperne angulato; laciniis tubo brevioribus, patenti-recurvis, lineari-lanceo- latis, bafi corone adnatis : coronz finubus groffe 2-dentatis. Pancratium maritimum. Cav. Ic. v. i p. 4x. f. 56. mala. Pancra- tium verecundum. S»/and. in Ait. Hort. Kew. v. i. p. 412. Pancratium . maritimum. Linn. Sp. pl. ed. 2. p. 418. Pancratium carolinianum. Linn. Sp. pl. ed. 2. pe 418. Lilio-narciffus polyanthos, &c. Cafefb. Hift. Carol. v. 2. append. pe $. t. s. Hemerocallis valentina. CY/. Hifl. pl. lib. 2. p. 167. cum Ic. Sponte nafcentem infra Montpellier littoribus arenofis abunde legi anno 1786. Floret fine Juli, Augufto. Planta ri-pedalis. Folia 6 vel 7, 2-faria, bafi ipfà vaginantia, mou plus minus tortuofa, linearia, integerrima, obtufa, SE 6 utrinque RN i iK i ei ee ———— CLITLAE PRAUDPPA J’ Mr. Saurspury’s Defériptions, &c. —— i utrinque glabra cum rore aliquo, paululum ftriata, planiufcula, car nofa. Flores fuaveolentes, Fafciculus 6-10-florus. Pedunculus 1, dilute glaucus, ab uno latere inter folia radicalis, ere&us, com- preffus, obtufus nec anceps, levis. Bra@ex congenerum. Ger- men pedicellatum, ovale, 3-gonum. Corolla—Tubus dilute viridis, cylindraceus, fuperne ungulatus—Limbus niveus, tubo paulo bre- vior, patenti-recurvus: Laciniæ difco ufque ad medium coronz ad- natz, lateribus inferne rcflexis, lineari-lanceolatæ, integerrimæ, ob- tufe mucronate—Corona (Nectarium Linn.) nivea, limbo paulo brevior, infundibuliformis, apice patula, finubus groffe 2-dentata— levis, marcefcens. Filamenta breviffima, vix dentibus coronz al- tiora, incurva, fubulata. | dee: Cultum rariffime florét : iconem noftram fub fole ardente incom- mode delineavi ; plerafque notas fideliter exhibet, attamen rudis eft, ` & parum admodum mihi placens. $ Wano + Lot mn CTub ao... Lors 2. P. foliis lanceolatis, glabris: corolle tubo teretiufculo denfe frriate ; laciniis tubo longioribus, recurvis, linearibus, egualiter conca- vis: coronz finubus /igulé z-fidå. Pancratium excifum. Linn. fi. MSS. Pancratium declinatum. Jacq. Hort. Vind. v. 3. p. 31. t. 10. Narciffus americanus, &c. Com- mel, Hort. Amp. v. 2. p. 173. t. 87. In Guiana forte fpontaneum. D Floret bis anno, cito poft equinoéha. Planta 2-pedalis. Folia 9— 12, viridia, 2-faria, bafi ipfà vaginan- tia, recurva, lanceolata, integerrima, obtufiufcula, utrinque glabra tenue ftriata, canaliculata, bafi carinata, carnofa. Flores fragrantes, Fafciculus 10o-15-florus. Pedunculus 1, dilute glaucus, inter folia interiora, quibus paulo: brevior, radicalis, primo erectus, poft flo- refcentiam deflexus, valde compreffus ancepfque, glaber cum rore, ftri- ge 72 Mz. Sazispurv's Defcriptions of ` ftriatulus, folidus. Braéteæ congenerum. Germen lete viride, feffile, ovale, 3-gonum, glabrum. Corolla —'T'ubus dilute viridis, t-pollicaris, teretiufculus, denfe ftriatus — Limbus niveus, tubo + longior, recurvus: Laciniz fubæquales, lineares, integerrimæ, ob- tufe mucronatz, expanfione æqualiter concavæ, lateribus bafeos paululum conduplicate—Corona nivea, limbo paulo plus quam 3 brevior, infundibuliformis, bafi tubo contractior, finubus in ligulam fepius 2-fidam producta, rugofula, tenuis, levis, marcefcens. Fila= menta corona bis altiora. | Cum plures fpecies pedunculo in fructu zque declinato gaudent, nomen Jacquinianum non retinui. Fragrans, ‘Tab, 11. 3. P. foliorum petiolis latis: corollæ tubo 6-angulo, efiriato ; laciniis tubo longioribus; recurvis, linearibus; alternis concavioribus : coronæ finubus repando-emarginatis. Narciffus totus albus latifolius, &c. Mart. Decad. p. 27. cum Kc. . Narciffus totus albus latifolius, &c. Sloan. Hif. Fam. v. 1. pi 244? Ex Inf. Barbadoes fæpius accepi. Floret circa equinoétia. Planta 1:-pedalis. Folia 7— 10, viridia, Meer ende lati, bafi vaginantes, patentes, femiteretes—Laminæ petiolis multo longiores, recurvæ, lanceolatæ, integerrimz, obtufz, paululum canaliculatæ— glabra potiffimum fupra, carnofa. Flores valde fragrantes. Fafci- culus 7-12-florus. Pedunculus r, dilute glaucus, inter folia interiora, quibus paulo brevior, radicalis, poft florefcentiam verfus terram de- flexus, compreffus, anceps, glaber cum rore, ftriatulus, folidus. Bra&ez congenerum. Germen late viride, breve pedicellatum, ovale, 3 gonum, glabrum cum rore. Corolla — Tubus dilutiffime viridis, 2 j- pollicaris, 6-angulus angulis alternis anguftioribus, non ftriatus yt in aliis— Limbus niveus, tubo: longior, recurvus: Laciniæ lineares " * " " d i x 3 1 * € Í T + à 4 i [ i \ ^ He : id \ 4 Y : E f M \ : à ie d i! il \ / i oe PI i u 4 ji EURE | Hn à oan Se hy j: + u fi f d wi d cog 1 I LIP E ji À i f : 2 1 : tt h 4 : ae | E : ; : se y LI ni å ; ae a nt 9 à i E Eos ce n ue i: ! , : ` a & : Ae a 3 3 J { Es Several Species of Pancratiutte 73 lineares, intezerrimz, obtufe mucronatæ, exteriores parum angul- tiores et multo concaviores—Corona nivea, limbo 2 brevior, infun- dibuliformis, bafi tubo contraétior, finubus repando-emarginata, quandoque attamen in ligulam 2-fidam producta more præce- dentis, rugofula, tenuis—levis, marcefcens. Filamenta corona 4 altiora. [^ | CIE Ex fynonymis citatis dubiis, et Commeliniano quod antecedentis, fuum Pancratium caribeum propofuit Linné, | Spectofum. Tab. 12. 4. P. foliorum petiolis angu/fis > corollz tubo 3-angul rare frriatoy laciniis tubo longioribus, patenti-recurvulis, linearibus, alternis conca- Vicribus ; coronz finubus /igu/4 2-fidd. Pancratium fpeciofum. Linn. fi). MSS. Floruit hactenus in noftro caldario tantum menfe Oéobris. Planta 1 $-pedalis. Folia 9—12, viridia, 2-faria— Petioli angufti, . bafi dilatatà vaginantes, recurvi, lineares, femiteretes, fi upra plani— Lamine petiolis 3-plo longiores, recurve, lanceolatz,. integerrimæ,, obtufz, ftriatz, concaviufculæ, verfus bafin. carinate—fupra glabra, fubtus Iævia, carnofa. Flores fragrantes. Fafciculus T1-15-florus, denfus. Pedunculus 1, dilute viridis, inter folia inferiora quibus paulo brevior radicalis, multo latior quam in aliis, fub florefcentià erectus, poftea declinatus, compreffus, altero latere planiore, anceps, glaber, tenuiflime ftriatulus, folidus. Braéteæ interiores valde late, cæte- rum congenerum. Germen pedicellatum, fubovale, 3-angulum, gla- brum. Corolla—Tubus 3-pollicaris, cylindraceus, 3-angulus, rare ftriatus, melle inundatus—Limbus niveus, tubo 2 longior, patenti recurvulus: Laciniæ latitudine fubæquales, lineares, integerrimæ, exteriores longiores & concaviores, magifque mucronatæ— Corona nivea, limbo 2 1 brevior, infundibuliformis, bafi tubo contractior, medio finuum in ligulam cuneiformem fæpius 2-fidam producta, rugofula, tenuis—lævis, marcefcens. Filamenta corónà 1 : altiorá. Vor. II. 3 L Dig- æ 74 MR. SALISBURY’ Deferiptions of Dignofcas primo intuitu latitudine bractearum interiorum. Littorale. Tab. 13. 8e P. foliis lineari-lanceolatis, glabris: corolla tubo 3-angulo, 7-8-pollicari; laciniis tubo brevioribus, bafi coronæ adnatis, recurvis; linearibus; coronæ finubus repandis. Pancratium littorale. Fac. Hort. Vind. v. 3. p. At. t 75. bona. . Pancratium littorale. Yacg. Hifi Amer. p. 99. t. 179. f 94. Pan- cratium foliis enfiformibus, &c. Trew Pl. Select. p. 6. t. 27. bona. Sponte nafcentem in Inf. Tierra Bomba, littoribus arenofis copiofe legit Nic. Jot. Jacquin. | Floret Octobri, Novembri, | = Planta 3-pedalis vel plus, Folia 9-12, bifaria, baf ipfà vaginan- tia, erecto-recurva, lineari-lanceolata, integerrima, obtufiufcula, utrinque glabra, convexa, verfus bafin carinata, carnofa. Flores fragrantes. Fafciculus 7-10-florus. Pedunculus r, dilute glaucus, inter folia inferiora quibus paulo brevior radicalis, fub florefcentia erectus, poftea declinatus, compreffus, anceps, glaber cum rore cæfio, {triatus, folidus. Braéteæ congenerum. Germen feflile, oblongum, . 3-gonum, glabrum. Corolla — Tubus dilute viridis, 7-8-pollicaris, obfolete 3-gonus, ftriatulus — Limbus niveus, tubo ; brevior, re- _ curvus: Laciniz fubæquales, lineares, integerrimz, obtufe mucro- natæ, bafi coronz adnatz, concavz— Corona nivea, infundibuliformis, bafi circiter diametro tubi, apice l bus repanda vel erofa, rugofula, tenui menta corona 1: altiora. In Sp. PI. cum fequente mixtum: hinc et quibufdam Pancratium illyricum male audit. limbo 4 brevior, ate patens, finu- s—lzvis, marcefcens. Fila- Stellare. Tab. 14. i pn 6. P. foliis /patulaformibus glaucis : corolla tubo 3-angulo; la- ciniis tubo Jongioribus, patentiffimis, /anceolatis: coronz finubus pro- fundé 2-fidis, in Sellam patentiffimis. Pan- 2 4 tara. ll. tad 43 fe yt € —HÓÜáÓ—Á— i ———ÀMÀ ———— € Cul oos Several Species of Pancratium, 75. Pancratium illyricum. Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. 2. p. 418, Pancratium’ {patha multiflora, &c. Ph. Mill, Ic. v. 2. p. 32. t. 97. Narciflus illyricus liliaceus. Seb, Thef: v. 1. p. 17. t 8. f. 1. Lilio-narciflus Hemerocallidis valentinz facie. Cuf. Hif. PI lib. 2. p. 167. cum Ic. Sponte Es prope Rochelle littoribus arenofis fecundum Mo- rifon. : Foliatur April. Floret Yunio. Defoliatur fine dugufi. Planta pedalis vel plus. Folia fæpius 6, glauca, 2-faria, bafi infra terram vaginantia, ereéto-recurva, angufte fpatulæformia, integer- rima, obtufa, glabra cum rore, tenuiflime ftriata, concava, fucculen- tula. Flores fuaveolentes. Fafciculus 7-15-florus. Pedunculus pallide glaucus, inter folia ab uno latere radicalis, folitarius, quan- doque ex diverfà axilla alter, erectus, admodum compreffus et anceps, in fructu declinatus, Germen pedicellatum, ovale, 3-angulum. Braétex congenerum. Corolla—Tubus dilute viridis, 3-angulus— Limbus albus, tubo longior, patentiflimus: Laciniæ lanceolate, pla- niufculæ, interiores anguftiores—Corona alba fundo flavefcente, in ftellam pulchre expanfa, bafi tubo contractior, limbo multo brevior, finubus profunde 2-fida—levis, marcefcens. Filamenta coroná circiter duplo altiora. Sub dio late viget et floret. iso X. Some © gh X. Some Account of the Mufta Pumilionis of Gmelins Edition of, the Syf. Nature. By William Mar klick, Efg. F. L. S. With additional Remarks by d. Marfbam, Efq. Sec. L. S. | Read Now. Y, 1701. Y, ARLY in the courfe of the laft fpring fome fields of wheat in the neighbourhood of Battle appearing to be much blighted, a friend of mine difcovered it to be caufed by a {mall infe&t of the grub or caterpillar kind, lodged in the centre or very heart of the ftem, juft above the root. About the latter end of March I pro- cured fome of the wheat, examined it, and found in moft of it a "Ímalllarva or caterpillar alive; but in fome it was already changed . into the chryfalis ftate. | Being exceedingly anxious to determine the fpecies of this ap- parently deftru&ive animal, I planted fome of the difeafed roots in my garden under a hand glafs, where they flourifhed very much, and threw out ftrong fhoots on each fide (the middle fhoot wither- ed); but whether the flies efcaped through fome hole in the glafs, or whether they were devoured by a colony of ants which made their neft under the glafs, I cannot tell, as I did not fucceed in this attempt; for when I pulled up the wheat and examined it, there was an empty chryfalis in each plant. However, I had better luck in my next attempt: I placed feveral of the difeafed roots of the wheat in a fmall flower-pot filled with bran, and covered it over clofe with gauze; in fuch a manner that no infeét could get in from the Mr. Mankwick': Account, &c. : , 7 the outfide, nor could any efcape from within, On the 14th of May three. {mall flies were difcovered fitting on the infide of the gauze. [See tab. 15. fig. d, D.] A few days after three more of the fame flies appeared; there were in the flower-pot of bran fix roots of difeafed wheat, which produced fix flies : on examining the roots afterwards, I found an empty íhell of the chryfalis in each, fo that I think there can be no doubt of the identity of the infeét in quef- tion. .. lmentioned that the larva and chryfalis were always found de- _pofited on the. principal ftem juft above the root, This ftem it- invariably deftroyed, which gave the crop a moft difaftrous appear- ance, fo that there was {carcely a hope of any produce: but after the larva had changed into its chryfalis ftate the mifchief ceafed, and the root was not fo. materially injured as to prevent its throw- ing out frefh fhoots on each fide, or ftocking itfelf as the farmers term it; as È experienced. by thofe which I planted in my garden.’ In fhort, at harveft time I was moft agreeably furprifed to find a good crop-of wheat, and the ears large and fine throughout the. whole.field. My friend thinks it the beft crop on his farm, and fup- pofes he fhal! have about three quarters and a half of threfhed corn _ from each acre, -~ I hope fome other gentlemen of the Linnean Society have had . opportunities of making their obfervations upon this fubje&. I do not pretend to any very great fkill in Entomology; I only relate facts, and have endeavoured to be very accurate in ftating them. During my obfervations upon this infect, a variety of thoughts fuggefted themfelves to my mind. It was hinted to me, that poffibly this was what has been called the Heffian fly, whofe depredations ‘in America have been fo notorious. If fo, a little good Englifh huf- bandry, by keeping the ground in heart, and thus enabling the wounded fhoots to repair themfelves by ftrong lateral ones, prevents sur being alarmed to fo great a degree. I had my doubts how and E - what " 78 Mn. Manxwicr’ s Account m the Mufca Pumilionis what time the egg of the caterpillar was introduced into the field. It was imagined it might have been carried on in the manure; but the only manure applied to this field was lime, and I do not under- - ftand that to be the receptaculum of any of the genus of mufca. The kind of wheat fown was a white wheat, lately introduced here from Surry : my friend could not recolleét with certainty its name, but thought it was called white Zealand wheat. None but what was fown early, about the latter end of September, or the beginning of October, was affected by this infeét ; and in one field, where a part of it was early fown with white, and the other with red wheat. -atthe fame time, the white wheat was much affected, and the red but very-little. The reafon why the early-fown wheat only was affect- ed is, I fhould imagine, becaufe the cold at the approach of winter deftroyed the fly before the late-fown wheat was fprung out of the ground : confequently it could not lay its egg in that. The foil is rather ftiff with a gravelly bottom. I fhall be very glad to meet with the obfervations of fome other of our fcientific friends. I can fearcely flatter myfelf that our inveftigation of this infe& will be productive of fo much benefit to the public, as to find out a re- medy for the evil by deftroying it effectually ; but it is with fome fuch view that I trouble the Society with thefe obfervations. ] have made as accurate a drawing as I was able of the infect in all its ftages of growth, and the fituation in which it is found in the principal fhoot or ftem of the plant. CATSFIELD, Aug. 29, 1791. EXPLANATION of TAB, rz. a. The caterpillar of its natural fize, as it is found in the centre of the green wheat juft above the root. | b. The pupa in the ftem. c. The pupa of its natural fize. C. the fame magnified, d. The fy of its natural fize. D. the fame magnified. E. The wing magnified. IN Kano are M td 48 p pe ef Com "s Edition of the Sy}. Nature, 79 IN addition to the foregoing accurate and valuable obfervations of Mr. Markwick, it may not be improper to obferve, that the ` larva of this fly was fent feveral months fince, with fome of the roots of wheat that were attacked, to Arthur Young, Efq. who being apprehenfive that they were the larva of the Hefífian fly, fent the roots of wheat to Sir Jofeph Banks, enclofed in a glats phial, for his opinion. Upon examination, it was found that the in- fe& was ftill in the ftem or principal fhoot of the plant, in its pupa ftate. Thefe being carefully preferved, the fly appeared in a few days; and Sir Jofeph Banks determined it to be the Mufca Pumi- lionis of Gmelin's Syftema Naturæ, and by letter communicated this information to Mr. Young, accompanied with an engraving of the fly, both of which were Rubens in the grft number of the Annals of Agriculture. The following CUR of the fly i is given by Gmelin, taken from the Swedifh. Tranfactions. Mufca Pumilionis—nigra, fubtus, capite, "fhoracti que duabus lineis flavis, halteribus albis, pedibus cinereis apice nigris. Habitat, larva, capite acuto apice nigro, in Secalis culmis adeo incremento eorum noxia, ut vix I, 2, 3 polli- cum altitudinem aflequantur. An account of this fly and its deftruétive properties was firft publifhed in the Tranfaétions of the Royal Academy of Sciences at Stockholm for the year 1778, by Mr. Ol. Bjerkander; who difco- vered it on the young fhoots of the rye in the month of May, at the lowermoft joint, which ftopped the growth of thofe fhoots, and made them appear as dwarfs; which circumftance fug- cefted the name Pumilionis. He defcribes the larva to be white, two lines in length, compofed of 10 rings, the Head pointed at the end, 6 fo Ma. Marxwicr’s Account of the Mufta Pumilionis end, black, and refembling a V. They paffed into their pupa ftate the 25th of the fame month. The pupa was yellow, fhining, rather more than one line in length, and compofed of rings.— The flies ap- peared thé r2th of June and the following days; the perfect ani- mal is#well defcribed above. At what time thefe eggs are depofited in the rye, that gentleman . obferves, is not yet determined. The larvæ were fmall on the 23d April, and full grown the 25th May: on the fides of the ftems were {een no holes, from whence he conjeétures that the eggs. or larvae. muft enter at the top of the leaves. The fly, when tan forces. its way upwards, and flies out of its neft. The dwarf ftems Mr. Bjerkander obferved began to erow yellow and decay the 14th June, and were in fuch abundance, that in fome fields, 8, 12, or 14, were found in a fquare of two feet; from whence he concludes that great injary is done to the rye, and ftrongly recommends that the ftems fhould be pulled up and burnt, while the infect is in the larva or pupa ftate; and by ‘this means he thinks one or two perfons might deftroy many thoufands of them in a day, he himfelf having picked up 350 ftems in a few hours. - It will certainly be a pleafing fatisfaétion to the public in general, and to the farmer in particular, to know, that this infect is not the Heffian fly of America; and alfo, from the careful experiments of Mr. Markwick, to find that its deftruétive properties are not of that magnitude as were at firft apprehended, or as Mr. Bjerkander fup- pofed; though perhaps an increafe of the fly may render it a for- midable enemy. It is therefore much to be wifhed, that fuch gen- tiemen as have leifure and opportunity would pay fome attention to this fubje&, and, with Mr. Markwick, purfue his experiments with a view to difcover all the particular properties and natural ceconomy of this animal. Now, as this fly is bred here fo early as May, it is probable there is more than one brood in the year; for having been favoured with two or three of the flies by Sir Jofeph Banksy he E of Gmelin’s Edition of the Syf. Nature. 8x Banks, I find that they are not uncommon, having frequently found them in autumn on-umbelliferous plants; and infeéts of this order feldom live fo long in their perfect ftate, and are rarely feen abroad fo late in. the year as the latter end of October: indéed, if there are two breeds in the year, a queftion will arife, upon what plant is the fecond brood nourifhed? for wheat fown the latter end of September, or the beginning of October, muft be fome time before it appears above ground. And yet I cannot believe that the egg is carried there either by manure or by any other means than by the parent fly, from this fingular property, that only one latva is found on each plant, and that always in the principal ftem; for. although the Mufcæ in general depofit a number of eggs in one fpot, it is always where plenty of food is at hand to nourifh the young larvæ immediately on their being hatched. I am therefore defirous to offer the following hints for obfervation, hoping that fome gentle- man will take up the fubject, and examine it ftill more clofely. When it appears evident that a fly has attacked a field of wheat, rye, &c. watch carefully the animal through all its ftages, but more efpecially when the fly takes wing, obferving on what plants it fettles, and whether it is partial to any particular plant; and if thia can be determined with precifion, attend to fee it depofit its eges, carefully examining whether it lays more than one at a time. If . afterwards the larvze appear on thofe plants, obferve in what man- ner they feed, continuing the remarks till the perfe& infect appears, when it muft be again watched with attention, and traced to its next place of depofiting its eggs, to determine whether wheat or rye be its natural food in fpring, or whether its attack on thefe plants be only in particular feafons when its own natural food may have failed ; for Mr. Markwick takes notice, that it was only the early fown wheat that was affected. From the ee obfervations of Mr. Markwick, that the Vo. H. - ; M dií- 82 Mr. Markwicr’s Account, &c. difeafed plants, inftead of being loft, produced a number of lateral fhoots, and the crop in the field of wheat in which the fly had made fome havock turned out exceeding well, it follows that Mr. Bjerkander's advice of picking up and burning the ftems that are infefted, would be highly prejudicial; but perhaps pinching the central leaves, juft above the crown of the root, where the infe& is ufually found, might effeétually deftroy it, and leave the plant in a ftate to throw out its lateral fhoots. If, however, a method could be difcovered to deftroy the parent animal, it would vatem. be the moft efficacious. Nov. 1, 1791 ; . THOMAS MARSHAM. XI. De- (973 - XL "— of Pafpalum ffoloni perlite By Mr. Louis Bife, F. M. L. S. Read Dec. 6, 1791. e a Trot uid Spiculis fpicatis, TIBI "et ne bei rx fiu fecundis, œ caule geniculato; bafi proftrato ftolonifero. H. in Perua. ` Graminée vivace, à chaume folide. Racine fibreufe, blanchátre. B^ ' Tige rameufe, articulée, flexueufe, glabre, cylindrique, procom- -bante à la bafe, haute de deux pieds, foucu nt des racines par TER fes neuds. Rameaux alternes, . s Feuilles vaginées, lanceolées, glabres, legerement ftriées, un peu ondulées en leurs bords, fouvent longues de trois pouces et larges de 8 lignes. La gaine un peu plus courte que l'entreneud où elle fe trouve, ftipulée et rougeatre à fon fommet. Chaque gaine renferme prefque toujours outre fa tige qui lui appartient le bourgeon d'une nouvelle tige, qui fe dévelope à fon tour. Stipule trés-court, cilié, blan- chatre. j - Epi terminal, fimple, de la longueur de 5 à 6 pouces. Pedoncule commun rachidiforme, alterne, membraneux, undulé, cilié en fes bords, long de 7 à 8 lignes et largé d'une ligne, portant fur face inférieure jufqu'à 18 fleurs alternes et diftiques. M 2 Pedon- LI Pd 84 Mn. Bosc’s Defcription of Pafpalum Stoloniforum. Pedoncule propre applati, à peine long d'une ligne. Calice de deux valves égales, rougeatre. Les valves ovales, ob- longues, ciliées à la pointe, fortement ondulées fur les cótés, princi- palement à la bafe. La fupérieure convexe, l'inférieure concave. Corolle de deux bales égales, ovales, membraneufes, incolorées, un peu.moins longues que le calice. La fapérieure convexe, l'inférieure concave. | | Etamines au nombre de mU fidens attachés à la bafe du gerrhe et deux fois plus longs que la corolle; antheres alongées, dydimes, rubefcentes. ` Piftil. Germe oval, très-petit, très-glabre. Deux ftiles de la lon- gueur de la corolle. Stigmates à peu près de la même longueur, blancs . et extrêmement hérifés. Ils fortent et fe recourbent des deux côtés de la fleur au moment de la fécondation. Semence unique, recouverte par la corolle et même le grandeur et couleur qu'elle. Elle eft tronquée de braies au fommet du côté -convexe et un peu fulcée du côté applati. La fubftance eft cornée, demi-tranfparente. Ce graminé ne s'écarte des caractéres du genre de ENS de Linnéus que parce qu'il a la corolle plus courte que. le calice, et les filaments plus longs que la fleur. Il eft originaire du Pérou ,d'oü il eft pafíé en Efpagne. MM. Boutelou frères, qui en ont recu la fe- mence deleur pére jardinier du Roi à Aranjués, l'ont cultivé avec fuccés à Paris. Les femences qu'ils ont recoltées étoient en partie avortées ; mais cette plante étant vivace, et fes neuds pouffant faci- -lement des racines loríqu'ils font couchés fur la terre, nous avons = efpérance de la conferver de drageons. Elle paroît propre par la hauteur et la multiplicité de fes tiges, par la largeur de fes feuilles, et par la fucculence de toutes fes parties à fervir de fourrage. Ex»Li- en € Mn. BosC’s Defcription, &c. 85 ExpLicATIoN de la PLANCHE, Tab. 16. _ A . Le Pafpalum ftoloniferum de grandeur naturelle, Un epillet de grandeur naturelle vu en devant. . Le méme grofi. — Le méme vu „par derrière. Un pedoncule commun grofi. Une fleur epanouie attachée au pedoncule commun. Le calice vu en deffus. . SOAS oo wp © Le même vu en deffous. I. La corolle. K. Le piftil et les étamines, L. La fcchence vue en deflus. M. La même vue en deffous, XII. OZ. XII. Od/ervations on the Structure and Oeconomy of Rum curious s Species of Aranea, By Ms ass F. M. iy Se er Read m 2, 2702. mince 1na& solid OMME lAraignée aviculaire (Aranea avicularia L.), qu'on nous porte d Amérique fous le nom d’Æraignée crabe, eft la plus groffe efpèce que nous connoiffions de ce genre d'infectes, & que chez elle les parties font très developées; j'ai profité de cette circon- ftance pour examiner plus facilement les caractères génériques des araignées fondés fur les parties de la bouche fuivant le fyftéme en- tomologique de Mr. FABRICIUS, ce qui m'a donné lieu d'examiner aufi les parties génitales du mâle, qui, d’après pluficurs obferva- teurs, font "aes fur les antennules. Ma première furprife a été de ne trouver dans aucun individu les machoires, maxile*, qu'on obferve pourtant dans la plüpart des autres efpéces. J'ai vu a leur place un article qui dans d'autres efpèces fert de bafe aux antennules & aux machoires en méme tems, & qui ne differe dans celle-ci des premiers articles des pattes, qu'en ce que la partie antérieure a un angle moins arrondi & moins . velu. J'ai voulu voir fi d'autres araignées me prefenteroient le méme caractère; je l'ai retrouvé dans /‘araignée maconne, que je décrirai ci- - * Nous prenoris ici ce mót d le fens qué lui donne Mr. FAsR1CIUs, qui diftingue les füschosrcs d'avec les mandibules. a a Ns 4 à deffous, " —— a SLR Mr. DorTHES Obfervations, &c. 87 deffous, & dans quelques autres efpéces qui par leur configuration externe fe rapprochent de Paraignée aviculaire. Afin qu'on puiffe com- parer la différence qui éxifte à cet égard entre l'araignée aviculaire & les autres efpéces, je joins ici des figures des parties de la bouche de l'araignée aviculaire & de Varaignée domeftique (tab. 17. figure I. & III.) Je conclus de cette première obfervation, que la préfence des ma- choires ne peut point étre comprife dans les caractéres génériques des araignées, & qu'à cet égard la méthode de Mr. Fagricrus peut être redifiée, quoique d'ailleurs elle foit la pos füre que nous con- noiflions jufqu’a préfent pour nous conduire à la connoiffance des familles naturelles. - Jai vu enfuite prefqu'à l'extrémité des crochets des matidibules (fig. I. lettre b.) une ouverture eflentielle qui a échappé aux obfer- vations de la plüpart des entomologiftes modernes. On peut voir ce qu'ont dit à ce {ujet dans l'Encyclopédie méthodique; MM. Mavouir & OLIVIER, qui avouent que malgré toutes leurs recherches, ils n'ont pu trouver aucune ouverture fur ces parties (voyez l'Ercychp. méthodique. Infectes au môt Araignée, pag. 186, & dans les difc. prélim.). SWAMMERDAM lui-même, qui a porté tant de fcrupules dans l'ana- tomie des infeétes, dit aufi qu'il n’a pu voir aucune iffue fur les man- dibules des araignées (voyez Biblianature, p. 49). Mr. Georrroy lesa cependant apperçues: il n'en a parlé, à la vérité, qu'en paffant, mais affez pour nous faire comprendre qu'il les connoiffoit bien ; voici tout ce qu'il en dit. * Ces mémes pointes lui fervent auffi de bouche; * quoique leur extrémité foit fort aigue, elle eft cependant percée vers & Je bout, & le dedans des tenailles eft creux, en forte que l'araignée & fucce par là les humeurs de la mouche ou de tel autre iniecte * qu'elle a faifi."—( Hi. abrég. des Infeëles, t. 2. p. 633.) C'eft fans doute à caufe de leur analogie avec celles d'autres infectes qui ne fe nourriffent qu'en fucçant avec des inftrumens de cette forme, que Mr. Georrroy penfe de cette manière; mais il weft point afluré que t 88 Mn. DortHEs’ O/érvations on the Struëture que cela fe faffe ainfi;. j'ai vu plufieurs fois des araignées avaler peu à peu des infeétes dont ils rejettent quelques fois les débris en pelotte aprés les avoir confervés pendant quelques momens dans l'intérieur dela bouche. D'un autre côté, j'ai fouvent irrité avec la lame d'un couteau de groffes araignées telle que la Tarantule (Aranea Taran- tula L.) que nous avons ici trés-commune dans les champs arides ; en pincant le tranchant de la lame, elles laiffent échapper trés- | promptement, par l'extrémité des mandibules, des gouttelettes d'une humeur limpide fans couleur que je me fuis affuré être leur venin;. comme je le rapporterai ailleurs. Il y a donc apparence que ces ouvertures ne font deftinées qu'à laiffer échapper le venin de laraignée. Elles font allongées, & fe trouvent chacune à la partie antérieure de l'extrémité du crochet au point défigné dans la figure ] I. par la lettre b. . Aprés avoir reconnu l'emplacement de ces ouvertures dans l'araignée aviculaire, ik ne m'a point été difficile de les retrouver dans les autres cípéces de ma collection, & il n'en eft aucune cbez qui je n'ai pu la voir par le fecours d'une forte loupe. Quant aux antennules de l'arazgsée aviculaire, voici ce qu "elles m'ont prefenté de fingulier. Elles font compofées dans les mâles d'un article de plus que dans ` les femelles. C’eft dans cet article que font contenues, à ce qu'on croit, les parties génitales, dont on n'a point déterminé jufqu’a pré- dent la configuration. Il eft prefque rond & placé à l'extrémité de lantennule; il a en deffous une rainure au milieu de laquelle fe trouve logé un crochet confidérable qui jouit d'un mouvement de charnière. Lorfque l'articulation eft fermée, le dos du crochet fe loge dans unc-autre rainure fituée en deffous du fecond article, La figure IL e, donnera une idée de cette fi ngulière. firudiure. Cet article manquant dans les femelles, l'antennule fe termine chez elles comme les pattes. Voyez fig. I. c. c. | 2 ! | Du A MM MNMMMNUUKMNRReRERRK-—m——— nm and Oceconcmy of Jome curious Species of Aranéa. 89 Du refte on ne peut appercevoir fur les crochets ni fur le dernier article de ces antennules aucune ouverture par laquelle puiffe ; s'échapper la femence; il faut cependant qu'il y en ait une, s'il eft vrai, comme on l'a obfervé, que les antennules des araignées mâles contiennent les parties génitales. Ce dernier article manquant aux femelles des araignées en général, chez elles l'antennule fe termine comme les pattes, ce qui fournit un moyen de les diftinguer d’avec les males. J'ai obfervé un moyen auffi für pour diftinguer les fexes chez l'araignée aviculaire: c’eft que la femelle n'a point au cinquieme article de la première paire de pattes les deux crochets immobiles qu'on voit chez le mále, comme l'indique la figure II. lettre f. t. J'ai comparé les antennules de l'araignée aviculaire mâle, avec celles de plufieurs autres efpèces, j'ai trouvé une grande variété de formes entr'ellesdans la partiequ'on adit contenirles parties fexuelles. Ces formes pourroient fournir des caractères dans les efpèces diffi- ciles à diftinguer. Je me contenterai dans ce moment de donner la defeription & la figure de l'antennule de l'araignée domeftique mâle, dont la conformation eft des plus bizarres. Le dernier article eft un ovoide dont la partie la plus étroite eft très-allongée, & forme l'extrémité. La partie la plus large eft creufée en cuillier. «Au milieu de la cavité eft fixé un appendice dont la bafe eft globuleufe; il fe termine par divers prolongemens, dont on peut prendre une idée par les figures III. IV. V. & leurs explications qui y font jointes. : Zu - Je terminerai ce mémoire par la defcription de l’ araignée maçonne . (figure VI.) dont les mœurs fingulières ont été décrites par Mr. l'Abbé Sauvaces dans l’Hiftoire de l'Académie des Sciences de Paris, mais qui n'a point donné une defcription fuffifante de l'ani- mal, ce qui eft caufe que Linne & Fagricius n'en ont point parlé. | Vor. II. : N Elle go Mr. Dorruss’ Olfervations on the Structure Elle reffemble en petit à araignée aviculaire: fes yeux, placés fur une verrue au nombre de huit, ont la méme difpofition (voyez figure VIL): elle a comme elle une cavité tranfverfale au milieu du corcelet, qui cependant eft un peu plus allongé. Elle manque comme elle de machoires ; fa couleur eft gris-brun ; le deffus du ventre eft parfemé de points irréguliers noiratres, difpofés en fix-a fept rangs de chevrons, dont la pointe qui occupe le milieu du dos de l'abdomen fe dirige vers le corcelet. Elle peut être décrite de la manière fui- vante dans le ftile Linnéen. ` ARANEA SAUVAGESII, grifeo-brunnea, thorace convexo centro tranf- verfe excavato, abdomine ovato atomis atris adfperfo.. . Aux faits nombreux rapportés par Mr. l'Abbé Sauvaces fur les mœurs étonnantes de cet infecte, j'en ajouterai queque pas qui ne font pas moins intéreffans. J'ai trouvé plufieurs fois dans la même habitation le mâle & la femelle avec ‘une trentaine de petils. On voit par là, qu'elle eft plus fociale que la plupart des autres efpéces, qui fe dévorent entr'elles. Si M— on met dans un méme vafe plufieurs de ces araignées, & qu'on ne leur fourniffe aucune nourriture, elles s'entretuent, & fe dévorent. Le fond de leur habitation contient des débris de diverfes pice d'infe&es, méme de coléopteres affez gros. Ce n'eft que de nuit que ces araignées courent aprés leur proie, & qu'elles travaillent à leur habitation. Si on fixe avec une épingle l'opercule de terre qui ferme leur demeure, on voit le lendemain, qu 'elles ont fabriqué pendant la nuit une nouvelle porte à cóté. De méme fi on enleve cet opercule, on en trouve un autre le lendemain à la méme ouverture. : Expire + , E MA = ä HT * + - à | | * = aa " 5 ™ incision: * s -w TEENE AB NI p dan e and Oeconomy of fome curious Species of Aranea. gr EXPLICATION des Ficures. Tas. 17. Figure I, Parties de la bouche de l'araignée aviculaire de gran- deur naturelle, 4 E ur a. Mandibules | Tt b. Extrémité de la pince des mandibules oü fe trouve une ou- verture. ; c.c. Antennules de la femelle. d. Premiére articulation. des mandibules, qui, dans plufieurs efpèces, fert de bafe aux machoires qui manquent dans celle-ci. e. Premier article des pattes. < f£. Lévre inférieure. | g. Patte antérieure privée de crochets dans la femelle à l'article note *, tandis que le mâle en eft pourvu comme on le voit à la figure II. f. +. | h. Naiffance du ventre. | E Figure II. a. Corcelet de l'araignée aviculaire. b. Verrue fur laquelle font pofés 8 yeux. c. Mandibules. d. Antennules du mále. e, Dernier article de l'antennule du mâle portant des crochets . qui jouiffent d'un mouvement de charnière dans une rainure pratiquée dans cette articulation, £ Patte antérieure du mâle, portant à l'article noté +, deux cro- chets immobiles qui ne fe trouvent pas dans la femelle. g. Naiffance des pattes. h. Naiffance de l’abdomen. Figure III. Parties de la bouche de l'araignée domeftique mâle groffies à la loupe. a. Machoires. b. Levre inférieure, c.c, Antennules. os : N 2 Figure 92 GS NIE Don russ Obfervations &c. - Figure IV. Les mémes parties rabaiffées pour laiffer voir l'intérieur ... dela bouche & les mandibules. .&. Mandibules. b. Corps charnu mameloné, placé dans l'intérieur de la botha. Figure V. Extrémité de l'antennule vue encore plus groffe pour diftinguer le$ appendices qui y font contenus. a. Derniere articulation de l'antennule creufée en cuillier, b. Appendice fupporté par un globule fixé dans la cavité. Figure VI. Araignée maçonne. Fi igure VII. Corcelet de l’ araignée miagonne defliné Plus grand que | nature pens v mieux voir la difpofition des yeux. t = . XIT, Account SEE D S po thai ire ip Rat "T we UN UNE Pr té ons un on * ( od ME a Figs Eun Me Sud. By Mr.. Fo by, Surgeon | in are, Communicated by Sir * jp Banks, Bart. P. e S. and H. M. L. S. ; ds ge — Read d » 1792. — Speech ap c | ; T was not generally known many years ago-that ferns bore- any feed, hence the notion of its power of rendiering whomfoever poffeffed it invifible* ; and it does not appear that the writers on Natural Hiítory are yet very well acquainted with the real feeds of ferns, or from what particular part the-young plants are produced. ~ ee « In the Encyclopedia Britannica, 3d edition, where good information might be expected, we have this account of the fru&tification of ferns: ‘The flowers, whatever be their nature, are, in the greater number of genera, faftened, and as it were glued to the back of the leaves; in others, they are fupported upon a ftem which rifes above the leaves, but in fome are fupported on a flower- ftalk as already mentioned: the ftamina are placed apart from the | {ced-bud in a genus termed by Mr. Adanfon Palma filix: in the other ferns, where we have been able to difcover the ftamina, they are found withinthe fame cover with thefeed-bud+.” While ftudying medicine at Edinburgh, I had good opportunities of getting acquaint- ed with the frucuhication of ferns, under the direction of my worthy * « We fteal as in a caftle, cock fure; we have the receipt of fern-feed, we walk invi- fible.” SHAKESPEARE. t Vide Filix in the article Botany. i friend 04 Mr. Linpsay’s. Account of the friend and patron Dr. Hope, late profeffor of hobisi there. But I did not then learn that any of thofe parts which I had feen were the real feeds, or capable of producing new ferns. I underftood that this point was ftill uncertain. = When 1 came to Jamaica, I obferved great numbers of fmall young ferns rifing after the rains in marle and gravel pits, and on - the fhaded banks of rivers which had been broken down by the floods; and indegd in every place where the earth had been dug into, and left fhaded and untouched for a few months, numbers of young ferns of different kinds generally began to appear. This I confidered as a fair opportunity of afcertaining from what part the young fern arofe. I had fome fpare time, which with pro- priety I could dedicate to that purpofe, being affiftant to my good - friend Dr. Clarke, botanift for the ifland, and I had the opportu- nity of a good microfcope, The minutenefs of the feeds rendered every attempt to difcover them, by fearching at the roots of even the imalleft vifible plants, entirely fruitlefs. I then thought of fowing the powder or duit, which falls from the fern leaves when drying, in a flower-pot, of keeping them in my room, and of ob- ferving their progrefs. ‘To enable me to do this with eafe and cer- tainty, I mixed fome of the powder with fome of the mould it was to be fown in, and by the help of the microfcope was foon able to diftinguifh readily the different parts of the powder, or fructification, from the particles of the mould in which it was fown. Having collected the duft of fome of thofe ferns which, from the number - of their young ones rifing every where, promifed to grow readily, _and fown it in a pot filled with the fame kind of mould in which the young ones grew, I placed the pot in a window of my room, wa- tered it daily, and every day or two examined a {mall portion of the mould by the microfcope. I could always readily diftinguifh he gun or feeds from the mould, but p no alteration till about ES Germination and raifing of. Ferns from the Seed. | 95 about the 12th day after fowing, when many of the {mall feeds, - reprefented at 6 in the annexed plate, had put on a greenifh colour, and fome were pufhing out their little germ, like a fmall protuberance, the rudiment of the new fern, as at 8. This little protuberance gradually enlarged, and fucceflively put on the ap- pearances at 9, 10, and 11. They had acquired -fmall roots, and the remains of the little feeds were ftill difcernible where the roots of the infant plant commenced. Although the young ferns were now very confpicuous by the microfcope, the naked eye could fee nothing _ but a green appearance on the fürface of the mould, as if it were covered with fome very fmall mofs: this was the numberlefs young plants from the quantity of the feed fown. In fome weeks this mofs began to appear to the naked eye like fmall fcales, as at 13, which gradually enlarged, as at 14: they were generally of a roundifh figure, fomewhat bilobate, but fometimes more irregular; they were of a membranous fubftance, like fome of the fmall /ichens or liver- — worts, for which they might readily be miftaken, and of a dark - green colour. At laft there arifes from this membrane a fmall leaf, different from it in colour and appearance, as at 15, and fhortly . after another ftill more different, as at 16, Now each fucceeding leaf grows larger than the laft, till they attain the full fize, and are 5 complete in all theparts and difcriminatin gcharaéters of their refpec- tive fpecies. Some of the above obfervations appearing to me new, I communicated them to Dr. Hope. He judicioufly offered a few queries, founded on the deceptions to which obfervations made by high magnifiers are often liable: thefe I endeavoured to anfwer; he was fatisfied, and promifed to lay the obfervations before the Royal Society of Edinburgh.— But that city foon after loft an ami- able member of fociety, and I a friend, whofe memory will be dear to me while Ilive. Engaging in the praétice of medicine foon -5 I thought no more of the fubjeét, till I had the honour of a very LI 96 Mr. Linpsay's Account of the ` very polite letter from Sir Jofeph, Banks, Bart. P, R. Si dated. March 29, 1789, where, after mentioning fome other plants, he obferved that ferns would be particularly acceptable. In anfwer I obferved, that the rifk of carrying many of the ferns alive fuch a diftance was great, and propofed to fend fome of their feeds, which, being properly fown, I had reafon to believe would grow. He very foon informed me that, if I could furnifh the means of making the ferns of this ifland grow in England from the feeds, I fhould have the credit of making a very valuable difcovery, and requefted I would fend him fome feeds, with my notes on this fubjeét, by. the firft opportunity. Being now. more convinced that the feeds, and progrefs of the germination of ferns, were ftill but little known, I collected the feeds of 16 or 18 different forts, and (owed them in a flower-pot i in my room, of about 10 inches diameter, each in a fe- parate fpace, and marked. I kept the pot in my room, and watered them duly. They all appeared between the roth and 2oth day, in the form of a fmall green mofs on the furface, and at length were. putting on the membranaceous, form, when they were all deftroyed by being expofed to the fun in a dry hot day. _ I repeated the fow- ing of nee feeds in the flower-pot ; and alfo fowed others in the ~ mouth of a marle pit, fhaded from the fun's rays, where no ferns of _ the fame kind had grown before. They are all now growing; and thofe i in the flower-pot have made fome progrefs in the membra- nous form; and in the marle pit they are beginning to put out the leaves peculiar to their fpecies.—Having now pointed out the feeds, or that part of the fru&ification, from which the young plants -= of this beautiful and curious tribe of vegetables, the ferns, arife, and fhown the beginning of their germination and progrefs of their growth ; it remains to fay a. few words iconçentny the gathering and fowing of their feeds, : o The feeds of ferns may be procured Mb, panels and cafe by = —, 2 | s P takin g Germination and raifing of Ferns from the Seed. D rd taking thofe frondes or leaves on which the fruétification is copi- ous, fair and confpicuous; which are of full growth, have a healthy appearance, and are more expofed to the free air than confined in fhade. Thefe leaves, laid on clean paper in a dry place, foon fhed their feed in the form of duft or fine powdcr, of colour varying from black or brown to yellow: the groffer part of this powder is the empty capfules, and that very fine part which adheres clofely to the paper is the feed. The feeds thus procured ` may be fown immediately, or kept in paper in a dry place. How long they will retain the principle of vegetation I cannot fay. I have kept fome above three months, which grew well enough when fown; but they feemed to be rather longer in vegetating than thofe frefhly gathered. There are doubtlefs many fpecies of ferns, which, like other vegetables, require a foil and fituation pe- . culiar to themfelves, yet we often find the fame fpecies growing in different foils : hence the propriety of attending to the foil and fitu- ation of each fpecies is pointed out, and at the fame time there is room left for trying a general medium.—I took equal parts of brick mould and good pit marle, at fome depth below the furface, to avoid the feeds of other plants, mixed them well together, and with this filled the flower-pot, moiftened it properly, and made the furface very fmooth : I then divided it into {mall fpaces, according to the number of the different kinds intended to be fown in it; and laftly ftrewed the feeds lightly on the furface, which may be moift- ened with a little water juft before they are fown: they require no co- vering. They fhould now be placed in a heat correfponding to that of their native climate, in a place rather moift than too dry, freely open to the light and frefh air, but fo fhaded that the direct rays of the fun {hall not reach them. All ferns feem to grow beft in moift and fhaded places; and although many of them will bear the fun's rays very well when grown up, few of them, I believe, will do fo Vor. II. O when 93 Ma. Linpsay’s Account of the when very young. They fhould be daily moiftened with water in . the moft gentle manner poffible, and the pot may be kept in a bafon with a little water in it. Great care is requifite to keep them from all forts of vermin ; covering the mouth of the pot with a net- work of fine brafs wire anfwered this purpofe with me.—1n about Io or 15 days, or perhaps later, the furface will begin to look green, as if fome fine mofs were beginning to grow on it: this will gradually increafe, and the progrefs will be nearly as I have de- fcribed.—W hat relates to the tranfplanting of them, after they have acquired a little ftrength, will eafily be judged of by every one accuftomed to the raifing and tranfplanting of other plants; and the rearing of them afterwards will be beft underftood by attending to the foil, fituation, and climate from which they have come. What . {pace of time may be required between the fowing of their feeds and their acquiring the leaves proper to each fpecies, I cannot rea- dily point out; in different forts it may be different: the fhorteft I have obferved has been almoft three months, fometinies more ; but this may be varied no doubt by various circumftances. Having thus given an account of the germination and progreflive growth of young ferns, it only remains to give fome defcription of the fruc- tification, which I fhall do i in a few words, Dc" by the annexed ee | EXPLANATION of Tas. 18. hé 1. reprefents a leaf of the Polypodium lycopodicides, and the dots the little clufters of fruétifications. Each clufter is genea rally* covered with a thin membrane or fcale, commonly called the + ach, if not moft fpecies of the genus Acroftichum, and this, with feveral other .. fpecies of Polypodium, want this membrane or calyx. This difference therefore, Flores - caliculati, et non caliculati vel nudi, mo be ufeful in diftinguifhing the numerou fpecies of this extenfive genus. calyx. LA A 22772772 ’ Germination and raifing of Ferns from the Seed. 99 calyx, and confifts of a number of {mall globules or capfules: each capfule is girt with an elaftic and | pparently articulated ring, which when dry, breaks fuddenly, rends the capfule, and fcatters the feeds in the form of a fine duft *.—2. One of the capfules and its elaftic ring magnified.— 3, 4, and 5. Different views of the capfule burfting and difcharging the feeds.—6. The feeds highly magnified appearing full of dots, as if they contained another fe- ries of bodies within them: this has been alleged as a proof of their not being the real feeds. —7. The feed burft by being bruifed when moift, its contents giving the appearance of {mall grains mixed in a tranfparent mucilage.—8, 9, 10, and 11. Different degrees of progrefs in the germination, to be feen only by being highly magni- fied.—12. A whole capfule prevented from burfting by moifture, with the feeds vegetating, and making their way through it.— 13. The firft appearance of the young fern in the form of a {mall thin fcale; thefe may be feen by the naked eye.—14 The fcales gradually becoming larger, and appearing like {mall /chens or liver- worts.—15. The firft appearance of the firft true leaf of the fern. —16, 17. Ferns with the fecond and third leaves beginning to take the form of their proper {pecies. 2 ETN S EE TEIN HAVING now given fome ufeful additions to the hiftory of this beautiful tribe of plants, the Ferns, I fhall conclude with ex- preffing my hopes that fome additional light will foon be thrown on the fruétification and germination of thofe curious vegetables the Mufci or Moffes, and others of the clafs Cryptogamia, by men of abilities, and {hall give an inftance in proof that the hope is * With the anthera, or what is analogous to it, I am yet unacquainted; it has been fuppofed to be the elaftic ring, but I do not know if with good reafon. O 2 not 100 — Mn. LiNDsAY's Account, &c. mot ill founded.—1 have very lately fown that fine farina or duft contained in the anthera of a fpecies of the genus Bryum, vis. Bryum cefpiticium, or one very like it, and alío the farina of the Lycopodium cernuum. "There is a vegetable growth taking place where they were fown, which I hope will prove their young plants.— If this fhould be the cafe, that which has generally been called the anthera, muft be confidered as the true capfule or feed-veffel, and the antherz muft be fought for anew. XIV. Addi. C Jor) XIV. Additional Obfervations relating to Foféuca adicea and Anthox- antbum. paniculatum, By James Edward Smith, M. D. F. R. 8: and P. L. S. C c ) Read Feb. 7, 1792. N a paper which the Linnean Society have honoured with a place in the rft volume of their Tranfaétions, page 111, [have endeavoured to elucidate the botanical hiftory of the Feftuca fpa- dicea and Anthoxanthum paniculatum of Linnzus, concluding thefe graffes, from all the means of information then within my reach, to be one and the fame plant. That no poffibility of doubt might remain, nor the fynonyms of this obícure fpecies want any certainty that could be procured, I laft fummer requefted Profeflor Thunberg to compare one of my fpecimens with that in Burfer's Herbarium at Upfal, which is the only pofitive authority for afcer- taining what Linnæus meant by his Anthoxanthum paniculatum. In a letter dated Dec. 28, 1791, the Profeflor affures me there is no doubt of their perfe& identity. Knowing myfelf to be the fole author of this elucidation, the progrefs of which is detailed in the paper above mentioned, it is not without fome furprife that I read in Profeflor Vahl's 2d fafciculus of his Symbole Botanicæ, page 22, the material parts of my difcovery given as his own in tbe following words. — Feftuca fpadicea—Linn. S. V. pag. 118. Gouan illuftr. p. 4. Anthoxanthum paniculatum—Linn. S. V. p. 73. fide Herbarii LiNNÆI. Poa Gerardi. Allion. Fl. Ped. No. 2201. Variat calycibus 3-five 5-floris. Now 210 Dr. SmitH’s Additional Obfervations, &c. Now the manner in which this is expreffed implies that the author had, from the Linnzan Herbarium, learned Feftuca fpadicea and Anthoxanthum paniculatum to be the fame plant; whereas it is fufficiently manifeft, from my former paper, he could never have difcovered from that fource what either of thofe plants was; there being nothing in the Herbarium to reprefent the latter, and of the former only an imperfe& anonymous fpecimen, placed at the end of the genus of Feftuca, which could never have been af- certained but by the peculiar train of circumftances which led me to the knowledge of it, and which was certainly never known to be Feftuca fpadicea till it was announced as fuch before this So- ciety, Oct. 5, 1790, that is, about five years after Profeffor Vahl faw the Herbarium; fill lefs had any botanift in Europe till then - fuppofed the fame Feftuca to be Poa Gerardi of Allioni, * * XV. Piante "nr tré (€. 103 -) E XV. Plante Eboracenfes; or, A Catalogue of tbe more rare Plants which grow wild in the Neighbourhood of Caftle Howard, in the North Rid- ing of Y: i difbofed according to the Linnean Syflem. By Mr. Robert Teefdale, F. L. S. Read Feb, 7, 1792. URING the time I refided at Caftle Howard, in the county : of York, fome of my leifure hours were employed in her- borizing: my bufinefs not admitting of long excurfions, it enabled me to take the more painsin the collecting of the plants of my own neighbourhood. The woods about Caftle Howard are extenfive, and the bogs near Terrington produce many valuable acqnihope to the curi- ous — The downs called the Wolds are likewife Bir sth of fome . good plants, I feldom extended my rides, or walks, upon thofe botanical excur- fions, more than ten or fifteen miles from homes and upon fumming up the plants that I had obferved, and collected, they amounted to nine hundred and fixty. This I prefume, will be thought a great number to be found, in fo fmall a fpace of country, by one collector; as the learned Dr. Martyn tells us, in his Plantæ Cantabrigienfes, that with the indefatigable labours of Mr. Ray, 8 Mr. 104 Mr. 'TEEspALE's Catalogue Mr. Lyons, himfelf, and doubtlefs many other refidents of the Uni- verfity, they have made their catalogue amount to eight hundred and twenty-nine only. In the following lift, moft of the plants which are common in every part of our ifland are omitted, excepting in the Cryptogamia clafs. . Notwithftanding I have found fuch a number, I have no doubt but, upon a more nice inveftigation into the minutiz, with fuch accuracy and knowledge as my friend Mr. Dickfon pofleffes, many more plants may be difcovered. To the more rare ones I have added their habitats, by which means the travelling botanift may the more readily find the plant he may wifh to add to his Herbarium. Monandria Monogynia. Hippuris vulgaris - - in rivers and rivulets, not very common, Diandria Monogynia. Veronica montana - - in woods at Caftle Howard. Pinguicula vulgaris - - upon moft moift heaths. Utricularia vulgaris re S Jin a peat mofs called Terrington Car, Circea alpina + = - in the woods near Kirkham. Triandria Monog ynia. Schœnus compreflus - upon Welburn Moor—but rare. : Marifcus =- in Terrington Car—but rare, albus - : CA "imt IM nigricans | he above Car. Scirpus of Plante Eboracenfes, tos Scirpus cæfpitofus -7 i acicularis = - (upon Stockton Common, Terrington Car, fetaceus = - f and many other watery heaths. fluitans - -~ fylvaticus - - near the Abbey at Kirkham, and in | Pretty-wood at C. Howard. Eriophorum vaginatum upon a heath N. Weft of Terrington. Digynia. s Milium effufum — - in woods at Caftle Howard, but rare. Agroftis Spica-venti in Bulmer corn fields, but is fcarce. Aira montana ~- = in ftony woods and heaths about Caftle Howard. . Poa compreffa | - = upon old walls at Caftle Howard, but not common. Feftuca ovina =- - upon dry heaths. -vivipara = - upon Hambleton hills, but rare. Bromus arvenfis - - in Bulmer and Malton corn fields. pinnatus - - near Nunnington, and other places. Arundo Calamagroftis - }in woods at Caftle Howard, the latter epigejos - t very rare. Lolium temulentum — - amongft corn, but is not common. Hordeum fylvaticum — - in the woods at Caftle Howard. Tetrandria Monogynia. Afperula cynanchica - upon Langton Wold near Malton. Galium montanum - upon dry heaths. uliginofum in Terrington Car. fpurium . - - in Malton corn fields, boreale - = near Helmfley, but very rare. Cornus herbacea - - in a place called Hole of Huckham, a near Pickering, abundantly; - firft found there by my father. Alchemilla minor - - in woods at Caftle Howard. Voz. II. : P Tetra. X06. _ Mz. TzEsDALE's Catalogue Tetragynia. Potamogeiton compreffum in a rivulet at Hovingham.. saeni in the fith ponds at Caftle Howard. Pentandria Monog ynia. Litliofpemom officinale in {tony woods at Caftle Howard.. Cynogleflum officinale near Mowthorpe Dale. Symphytum officinale upon the banks of the river Derwent.. Primula farinofa - - upon heaths near Hélmfley. Menyanthes nymphoides in the lake of Caftle Howard abundant- à ly, where I planted it—I believe it is . not a native of that neighbourhood.. Atropa Belladonna - in ftony places at Caftle Howard, and in the neighbourhood. Samolus valerandi - - upon-Stockton moor, by the fide of the: turnpike road. Campanula latifolia - in Slingfby lanes. Trachelium | in Heflerton woods.. hybrida - in Malton and Bulmer corn fields; ; | Digynia. Gentiana Pneumonanthe . in Terrington car, and Stockton common; | campefiris - üpon Terrington common, rare. amarella - upon the wolds and dry heaths. | Cuícuta europea - - this is not common in tlie north, though fo abundant in the fouth of England.. Bupleurum rotundifolium i in the corn fields near Malton and à Slingfby. "Tordvlium nodofum - ; = Caucalis leptophylla - Ln Malton fields. Heracleum anguftifolium in Caftle Howard woods, but rare. Sifoninundatum. = =- in watery places, not uncommon. Pen- — ef Plante Eboracenfes. 107 Pentag vuia. Linum perenne — - in Bulmer field, at the end of the avenue » which leads to Caftle Howard. Radiola - Terrington common. Drofera rotundifolia in Terrington car. longifolia — - P the above, but the laft fpecies is anglica -Hudf. rare. Polyg ynia. . Myofurus minimus — - in fields fouth-eaft of Welburn. 4 Hexandria Monogynia. i Allium arenarium - - in a meadow called Santines at Caftle Howard, very fcarce, and I never found it in any other place. oleraceum - in plowed fields near Hovingham moor. Ornithogalum luteum near Stitnam, but rare. Trigynia. Triglochin paluftre — - . in Terrington car. Heptandria Monog ynia. Trientalis europea - - upon the moors near Helmfley. Octandria Monogynia. Epilobium anguftifolium in Bilídale, above pou Vaccinium Oxycoccus ... in Terrington car. Daphne Laureola - in woods—common. Trig ynia. in moift meadows. Polygonum Biftorta Jetragynia. — Adoxa Mofcatellina in fhady places near Kirkham. Paris quadrifolia - - in moft of the fhady woods. C A P2 Ennez _ 108 Mz. T'£EspALE's Catalogue Enneandria Hexag ynia. Butomus umbellatus - in the river Derwent, at Howfham. Decandria Monog ynia. Pyrola rotundifolia - in woods at Helmfley. Dig ynia. Chryfofplenium oppofiti- in Mowthorpe dale, and in moift (hady folium lanes and woods. alternifolium near Hornby, but is very rare. Scleranthus annuus ~- in Bulmer field, but rare. Dianthus deltoides about Scampfton. 1 Trigynia. | Stellaria nemorum by rivulets, and fhady moift woods. Arenaria tenuifolia ^ - upon Barton heights, near C. Howard, Peniagynia.. Spergula nodofa =- - upon moift heaths. Tcofandria Polyg ynia. Rubus idæus | - - in the woods at Caftle Howard. + | faxatilis - - in ftony woods, but rare, Potentila argentea - in rocky woods, at Caftle Howard and. verna -~ Hovingham. — Geum rivale - - in moft woods, common. Comarum paluftre = -in Terrington car. Polyandria Monog ynia. Actea fpicata — - = at Hilderfley, and in Hovingham lanes, Papaver hybridum Argemone in Malton corn fields. dubium : Nymphæa alba - - nearSheriff Hutton, andinthe river Fofs, | 2, = Hexa of Plante Eboracenfes. | 109: Hexag ynia. Stratiotes aloides. - = I planted this in the lake at Caftle How- ard, where it has increafed fo much: that one can hardly get a drag net through it. Polygynia.. — Ranunculus Lingua. - in Terrington car.. parviflorus. — in Malton fields. Trollius europæus.. = in Hovingham woods, near Holley-hill. Helleborus viridis - in the hedges near Stonegrave, but is- . {carce. Didynamia Gymnofbermia.. Mentha piperita- - by the fide of a rivulet at Lutton upon the wolds. Galeopfis tetrahit = amongft the corn, frequent; in Terrington car. Scutellaria minor. . | Angiofbermia. Orobanche major in Malton field. Lathræa fquamaria -- in the woods near Kirkham, at the foot: of fome rocks. . Tetradynamia Siliculofa, Iberis nudicaulis =- - in Bulmer fields. Siliquofa. Turritis glabra - - in the lanes near Thirfk: Cardamine amara - - by the river Derwent at Kirkham, and in many other places. Monadelphia Decanaria. Geranium fanguineum in Malton fields. ie | Polyandria, IIO | Mn. TEESDALE'S Catalogue Polyandria. Malva Alcea - - p Malton artd Bulmer corn fields, by the mofchata - hedges. Diadelphia Decandria. Lathyrus Aphaca - in Malton fields. Vicia fylvatica = = this beautiful vetch grows in Slingfby “wood; and Coneyfthorpe banks, near ! — Caftle Howard. Ornithopus perpufillus in fandy corn fields. ' Aftragalusarenarius,Zz4/. upon the wolds near Birdfall, and by : the road from Malton to Settrington. Polyadelphia Polyandria. ‘Hypericum montanum in woods at Caftle Howard. — elodes , - in Terrington car. Syngentfa Polygamia equalis. Hieracium paludofum fubaudum in woods at Caftle Howard. umbellatum Bidens minima — - - in Terrington car. Polygamia Juperflua. Gnaphalium dioicum upon Bulmer and Wilburn moors. fylvaticum in various places. Inula Helenium - - in Mowthorpe dale. Anthemis nobilis ; “ upon Terrington common: BRE E Monogamia, - ^ - Viola paluftris =- -- in Terrington car, and other bogs, lutea Š -. upon the wolds, and I have fometimes found itwith large purple flowers. aiec TAR T Gynan- Qe Cape rar tm arte AE MP ata ne à EL i VON CAR ULNAS ARE Orchis bifolia ` maícula morio : latifolia maculata x Ld |» pyramidalis uftulata conopiea Satyrium viride fufcum albidum. Ophrys Nidus-av fpiralis - ovata cordata. mufcifera apifera. Serapias latifolia var. f£. y. 1S longifolia: Zannichellia paluftris Chara tomentofa hifpida flexilis — vulgaris | of Plante Eboracenfes. rir Gynandria Diandria. - | FA woods and meadows at C. Howard. > Howard. P dry ftony meadows, about Caftle- in dry meadows and pére; the lat- } ter is rare. : - upon the mountains north of. Helm- fley; rare. i - in Coneyfthorpe banks, an extenfive . fhady wood near Caftle Howard. - ‘in dry paftures at Whitwell, but is fcarce, - in woods. - I found this elegant little ae amongft the heath upon Hornby hills.. - near Hildenlay ftone-quarry, but not : frequent. - in Raywood: var. y. in bogs at the bot- \ tom of Prettywood, at C. Howard. - inawood called Cum Hag a at Ges Howard, rare. ites Monocecia Monandria. | in. fith ponds at Caftle Howard. in the new-river at Caftle Howard. - in old marle pits, near Sheriff Hutton. - in Terrington car, - in all ponds. D i (TT +12 Mr, TEESDALE’s Catalogue | Diandria. Lemna minor - «= trifulca = = polyrrhia > not very common. Triandria, Carex dioica - - pulicaris d brizoides «c3 Vin Terrington car, but very rare. mofa - = } upon Stockton moor,and other heaths. Fu paniculata AF difticha = = L leporina = = [| vulpina = - muricata - pilulifera = lupon various heaths, woods, &c. in the flava E cub neighbourhood of Caftle Howard. cæfpitofa - diftans incu) faxatilis E panicea. = ~ pallefcens - fylvatica - 1 acuta - = b: - ira 5 à pin various places, not uncommon. veficatia = . - j Tetrandria. Littorella lacuftris - upon Stockton common, and Terring- ton car. Dhioecia Triandria. Empetrum nigrum = upon Earfley moor, and above Helmfley, Tetran- in rivers and ponds, the two latter are OS of Plante Eboracenfes. 113$ Tetrandria. Vifcum album | =" = it is very common in the Welt Riding misg of Yorkfhire, but is hardly to be met with in the North and Eaft Ridings. LAUS n D à Sa Filices, C Equifetüm hyemale. - in fome dry woods at Caftle Howard, and Kirkham, not common. Ophiogloffum vulgatum in fome meadows at Caftle Howard, but : rare. Ofmunda lunaria - upon the Maufoleum-hill, and near the Pyramid at Caftle Howard. Acroftichum Thelypteris in Terrington car; l never met with it in any, other place. Afplenium Scolopendrium 7 Yi ; Trichomanes ! Minor EDIDI, Ruta muraria ee Adiantum nigrum J Polypodium vulgare E ET aculeatum Filix mas ein woods, common. Filix foemina criftatum , . Phegopteris in the ftone quarry at C. Howard, and : Dryopteris } in woods at Hornby and Helmfley. - Oreopteris, Dickf.,fafc. in woods at Caftle Howard and Hornby. 'Though the late ingenious Mr. Lightfoot does not take notice of this elegant fern in his Flora Scotica, it was not unknown to him, as fome letters paffed betwixt him and me concerning it. At firft he infifted on its being the Acroftichum Thelypteris; but I con- Ner. II. Q vinced 114 Mr. TEESDALE's Catalogue vinced him of the contrary. And he afterwards thought it might poffibly be the Polypodium marginale of Linnzus ; but Mr. Dickfon fays, upon comparing it with that plant in the Linnæan Herba- - rium, it is found to be very different. 'The leaves of this Polypody have a very agreeable fcent, which I have not obferved in any other of the Englifh ferns. Perhaps the Polypodium fragrans of Hudíon may be only a variety of this. Pilularia globulifera - upon Stockton moor, Terrington car, and other watery heaths. Mufti. Lycopodium clavatum upon Earfley moor. 1 À whe ne e Terrington car, and upon Welburn : moor, inundatum Sphagnum paluftre — - in all bogs. alpinum - Terrington common. I never found it in fructification. arboreum - upon trunks of trees in a wood, at Caftle Howard, called Mount Sion, but very rare. | Phafcum acaulon Bop ; mit | in the fandy part of Bulmer field. . Fontinalis antipyretica in rivers and rivulets. . minor - in rivulets at Hornby and Helmfley. Splachnum ampullaceum at the eaft end of Terrington car, I never found it in any other place, and always upon cow's dung. . Polytrichum commune upon heaths and in woods, common. nanum - upon heaths - alpinum - on the eaft fide of Raywood at Caftle Howard, near the octagon temple, rare, Poly- of Plante Eboracenfes. Il5 Polytrichum ftriatum = ] $^ 8 Dill. mufe. t. 55. É Q. upon trunks of trees, old paling and y Dill. 432. t. 55. f. 10. jik rocks. 2 Dill.t. 55. f. 11. | Mnium pellucidum — - jin em woods at Caftle Howard, but androgynum } not common. paluftre-. =. in Terrington car. ~ i trichomanis + SRT: : Jin fhady woods. Jungermannia in Terrington Car, amongft the Sphag- num paluftre; I never faw the fructi- 9H. s] | fications. Bryum apocarpum - upon rocks, trunks of trees, and roofs of houfes. pomiforme: '.-. in Bulmer fields, o o fontanum: ...- in Terrington car, and 1 near : rivulets and. {prings. pyriforme - “I always found it upon moift heaths. extinétorium - upon walls, rocks, arid fandy banks, but / not common. fubulatum - in woods and fhady places. urs ELE common. rurale sa - truncatulum - viridulum - - Japon dry fandy banks. paludofum ^ =- in Terrington Car, and upon ftones in Raywood ; but very rare. undulatum in woods, and under hedges. glaucum - = "upon heaths; I never could find this mofs in fruétification. hypnoides - upon Terrington moor. var. of do. - feveral. | Q 2 Bryum 116 Mr. TEEspALE' Catalogue Bryum fcoparium - - in woods and upon heaths. heteromallum - upon heaths. : tortuofum - - upon the rocks at Hornby. virens Dickf. fafc. upon rocks at Hornby and Helmfley— but rare. CUTACHED ra common in fandy grounds. purpureum è - | imberbe =- - upon rocks, at Hornby. unguiculatum - upon fandy foils. | tenue barbatum, fo-) lus anguftioribus & rarioribus, Dill. _ t. 48. f. 49. J fimpl =- = PU M a the fides of ditches, on Slingfby in ftony places, at Caftle Howard. carmonm i moor, and other heaths; but rare. hornum = - in woods, common. annotinum - in Terrington car, and by the fides of rivulets in other places. aureum - - upon rocks at Hornby and Helmíley. argenteum - common, . var. D. - - is Tare. hygrometricum capillare - . cæfpiticium — - pulvinatum - ferpyllifolium - proliferum - Jia fhady woods. common. undulatum - punétatum — - in bogs. cufpidatum -~ near fprings and rivulets, Hypnum ee ee ee pan of Plante Eboracenfes. 117 Hypnum bryoides. -. - taxifolium - denticulatum fylvaticum pennatum, Dickf. faíc. t. 1. f. 8. adiantoides - complanatum - lucens - = undulatum. - crifpum - trnquetrum. - rutabulum do. varieties - filiforme - filicnum - - proliferum - prælongum parietinum E plumofum - Crifta caftrenfis compreflum = cupreffiforme aduncum = Ícorpioides: viticulofum | - in fhady woods, frequent. upon trunks of trees in Raywood, but } very rare. in Terrington car, not common. upon trunks of trees. in fhady woods near Helmfley, but is- rare to be met with. in Raywood, not common. upon rocks at Hornby, but feldom in fructification. in woods, and under hedges. } common. upon trunks of trees, not common. . in boss, and near fprings. Common upon rocks, and in ftony places. upon thedrieft rocks, and likewife in bogs. upon trunks of trees, rocks, and in: } {tony places. - in Terrington car. - - in Terrington car; I never found it any where elle in the neighbourhood: it flowers in March. upon rocks, and trunks of trees, in Mow- - thorpe dale. Hypnum : Hypnum fquarrofum L B Mr. TEESDALE’S eee q : ; m woods, hedges, &c. common. loreum =- = : dendroides - in Terrington car, and fome boggy parts of woods. alopecurum - in fhady woods. curtipendulum ^ upon rocks and trunks of trees. purum =- = upon heaths. riparium - upon ftones in rivers and rivulets; this Hypnum varies very much. ` cufpidatum - in bogs and woods. a r 1 lupon trunks of trees, and ftones. ferpens - - upon ftones, is readily diftinguifhed by | the white calyptra's. fciuroides - upon rocks and trees, not common. myofuroides - upon trunks of trees. ftramineum, Dickf. ys Terrington car, amongft the Sphag- fafc. 6. t. 1. f. 9. num paluftre. paluftre - - upon ftones by Crambe-beck Bridge, but rare. ornithopodioides, Hudf. gracile, | $upon trunks of trees, rare, Lightf. -. - | clavellatum ^ - upon ftones, uncommon. ftellatam, Dickf. ). v z fafc. t. 1. É 7. lin Terrington car. Dill.t.39.f.42. upon rocks and ftones near Crambe- beck, Dil. t E f. 33. in Rem car. Ake, RS CL tnm T of Plante Eboracenfes. 119 Alge. LI = fi l . id peso EHIE = hin woods at Caftle Howard. lanceolata - by the rivulet at Hornby. - “bicufpidata - in woods and fhady places. ` inflata - in Terrington car, and upon moft heaths. RU bidentata ^ - in fhady woods, and under hedges and walls. polyanthos - in a wood at Caftle Howard, called Cum-hag, not common. culofa, Dickf.? . praem $ ; ^e So fome fhady woods at C. Howard, t. 71. f. 22. Ret nu nemorofa - in the abOve woods, not common. refupinata - in the fiffures of rocks at Hornby and | . Helmfley. reptans - - in bogs and moift places, not unfrequent. albicans - in Raywood, and other woods. undulata =- in bogs; and fhady woods. P se Dicki. at the eat end of Terrington car, - aft; 2. p. 15. t. 5. f. 9. amongft the Sphagnum paluftre. Sphagni -= in the fame place as the above; I never faw it uf fructification. platyphylla in Mowthorpe dale. tamariícifolia dilatata - - apon trunks of trees, common. complanata Jungermannia 120 Mr. TEESDALE’S Catalogue Jungermannia ciliaris - I found this beautiful and rare fpecies varia epiphylla ing uis = ping as mulutda pufilla - furcata by the rivulet at Hornby, and in a boggy part of Caftle-Howard park, near the keeper's lodge. in Terrington car, and in woods. in moift and íhady places. r in fhady woods, bogs, and by the fides of ditches. in the fame places as the above. I found this rare and minute Junger- mannia in September 1767, in the fhady gravel walks in Raywood, and never faw it any where elfe; it begins to flower in the Autumn, and con- tinues until the end of March. upon rocks and trunks of trees. I have likewife gathered fpecimens which have the habit of this, but are very hoary; I gave fome to my ingenious friend Mr. Dickfon, who probably may, by and by, give them a minute examination : I could not find any in fructification, though I have exa- mined them very frequently and at different íeafons, and the J. furcata às well known to be often met with in flower. Anthocerospun&atus - amongft the grafs by the fide of the lake Marchantia polymorph a Do. var. - - 2 at Caftle Howard; but very fcarce. lin moift and fhady places. Marchantia om name ire ADS of. Plante Eboracenfes. I2I Marchantia conica .- = by the fides of rivers, and ditches. hemifphzrica | in Terrington car, and upon moift rocks at Hornby and Helmfley. Riccia glauca. - : = in fhady parts of Raywood. minima . - . - with the former, but rare. fruticulofa, Dickf. } upon the trunks of trees in Raywood. I - fafc. p. 8. - never met with. this beautiful mofs any where elfe. . Lichen fcriptus - - 7 carpineus = - | | E ra fagineus - - upon trunks of trees. ‘fubfufcus - - rugofus = | - upon heaths. . upon rocks at Hornby. 'ericetorum E la&eus " caleareus - - upon heaths. - | IpheeroidesDickE-- } upon barren heaths, and rocks. faíc. p.9... - 1 5 canefcens, Dickf. |. | falc. p. 9; lupon trunks of trees. candelarius — - upon walls and trees. tartareus - : - upon rocks about Hornby and Helmfley, ae but rare. rufus -.,- upon heaths. afer o b - upon trunks of trees, and old paling. parellus - - = upon heaths and rocks. pailefcens - : - upon trees. laxatis +: ^ 3 parietinus - ^ Lupon trunks*of trees and rocks. olivaceus - -~ r ftellarns - - Vor. II. R Lichen 122 Mn. TEESDALE’s Catalogue Lichen granulatus amongft rocks; rare. omphalodes ^ - upon the rocks at Hornby and Helmfley, but rare. upon the park pales of Caftle Howard, but not frequent, phyfodes - ciliaris - - perlatus - pulmonarius = farinaceus - - . prunaftri - - fraxineus - - À} Sos glaucus = - upon the park paling at Caftle How- furfuraceus - { ard, but rare. - iflandicus - - upon Terrington, Stockton, and Earfley AS moors. | hifpidus, Lightf. with the above: verrucofus, Hudf. dE trees in Coneyfthorpe banks, ñ. e. Ícrobiculatus, Lightf.} a large wood at C. Howard, rare. Lichenoides hifpidum minus et tenerius, fcutellis nigris, je trees and. pales. Dilt.20.5.406. - - | calicaris - — - upon old paling, but very rare. tremelloides - amongft the mofs upon rocks at Horn- by, not frequent. caperatus = - upon trunks of trees, particularly the beech and afh. fafciculatus, Lin. upon old gravel walks at Caftle How- | ard. : upon trees, common, CNN |. fylvaticus -~ [AOM Lichen cos ner de o ef Planiæ Eboracenfes. 123 Lichen horizontalis = miniatus = = cocciferus - = cornucopioides pyxidatus - fimbriatus - gracilis - digitatus - ventricofus - cornutus = = difformis - - rangiferinus - fylvaticus =- - globiferus - - uncialis = « fubulatus = = plicatus =- - DNUS ‘= « floridus - - Tremella Noftoc - - Auricua - - Ulva cornuta cer al Ulva terreftris .tenerrima: viridis crifpa, R. Syn. Conferva rivularis - - canalicularis gelatinofa - 14 upon ftones in rivulets, rare. in woods, not common. upon rocks in Mowthorpe dale. : "upon heaths. — } in woods, and upon heaths, upon rocks in Bilfdale, rare. lupon heaths. upon trees; I gathered fpecimens of this in cenare banks, near two feet long. upon trees. upon trees, but rare. }in {hady places. - }in rivers, common upon the ftones in the rivulet at the bottom of Caftle-Howard park. R 2 - Byflus 124 Byffus incana laétea velutina and many others. Agaricus chantarellus integer mufcarius lactifluus piperatus campeftris vifcidus clypeatus _ androfaceus quercinus pectinatus - Boletus verficolor: albus s igniarius bovinus luteus - = Hydnum imbricatum Elvela Mitra - Phallus efculentus Peziza lentifera punétata -~ Acetabulum cyathoides Ícutellata Mn. 'TEESDALE' Catalogue : Fungi. Jin Raywood. | ] = - | E i common, » a? I B Resa under the large beeches in Raywood, rare. 2 dt with the above, rare, generally under afh trees, ~ common, Clavaria —€————— of Plantæ Eboracenfes. 125 Clavaria piftillaris ophiogloffoides digitata hypoxylon coralloides ^». . mufcoides Lycoperdon Bovifta pedunculatum ftellatum - = upon fandy banks near Ganthorpe, but rare, XVI. Oba as. an6 sh XVI. Odfervations on il Britifh Species of Carex. By the Rev. Samuel Goodenough, L.L.D. F. R. S. Tr, dae Se o: | — Read April 3, 1792. ` HE plants arranged under the genus of Carex, feem always . to have laboured under fome degree of obfcurity and diffi- culty. They were generally ranked, by the older botanifts, under a very unmeaning name, Cyferoides; and having no ftriking vir- tues to recommend them, they were fpoken of in an indiftinét method, and were in a manner paffed over as things unworthy of laborious inveftigation. In the third edition of Ray's Synopfis, Cyperoides, including Cyperus, anfwers to our genus Carex; the thing likened including and referring to itfelf for its original! The general character is, Caules triquetri in omnibus, & in plerifque etiam femina: a defcription very indefinite. Morifon and Scheuchzer, to whofe confummate accuracy his Agroftographia will be a monumentum are perennius, obferve, with refpe&t to our genus of Carex, nearly the - fame method as Ray. I fay nothing of the more ancient writers, efpecially Gerard and Parkinfon ; for their works, being in Englifh, _ are not fo univerfaly known. All thefe authors purfued in fa& nearly the fame plan; and thus fome fpecies of Scirpus, Schænus and Cyperus, and all the fpecies of Carex (fo vague was their generic character) were comprifed under one name, Cyperoides, and formed one jarring family. we 2 In meg rtm yr 7 — True tes EC —— EUER COMMEATU Dr. GoopENovucn's Ob/fervations, &c. 127 In the beginning of the 18th century, Ruppius, Monti, Fuffieu, and Michelius, divided the Carices of Linnæus into two families. Miche- lus, who deferves moft confideration, divides them into Cyperoides and Carex. Under the former divifion he claffes the Linnean fpe- cies which have /picas exu diffinétas, and under the latter thofe which have /picas androgynas: but, in doing this, he ranks Carex dioica under the former. I {hall have occafion prefently to fpeak of this divifion more particularly. * Tournefort, intent upon the corolla, gave a decifive character taken from that interefting feature. He fpeaks however only of twenty-three fpecies, of which almoft all are of the order Sexu dif- tine. But even in this arrangement he offends againft his own generic charaéter: for he defcribes his genus (which he ftyles Cy- peroides) as having its terminal fpike barren, and the inferior ones fertile; a defcription by no means according with the androgynous Ípecies. - | | buie X Linneus thought it needlefs to extend his generic character to any farther degree of minutenefs than what the nature of the flowers called for. The fituation of the flowers was difregarded by him: it was fufficient for his purpofe that the prefence of male and female flowers determined their place in the clafs Monecia of his fyftem, and the parts of fructification determined the genus Carex. : | Whether Linnæuss generic character be fufficiently exact, and whether, from the multitude of modern difcoveries, it may not be advifable to reftore the old divifion into two families, may poflibly admit of fome doubt. Linnæus defcribes the N ectarium (by which he means the capfule or tunica enveloping the feed, for he alludes indifferently to all thefe three terms) as flatum tridentatum, and the ftigma astrifid. Suppofing /riemiatum to be an error of the prefs for Aidentatum, ftill even then a large portion of the family wilk | not 128 .— Dr. GoopENOUGH's Olfervations not accord with either of thefe charaéters. Perhaps the fault lies in including thofe with androgynous fpikes, and thofe whofe fpikes are diftin& in point of fex, in one family. But this carries me back to Michelius, one of the firft who made a feparation between fheiii 5 It is true that Michelius, by dividing and fubdividing his familiés into fo many orders, rather obfcured the fubjeét by his laborious particularity. But ftill his primary divifion into two families me- rits fome confideration ; for it feems a natural one. For, inde- pendent of the fituation of the different flowers, all the an- drogynous fpecies, except C. pauciflora, have their ftigma bifid; and the reft, except three or four, trifid. Perhaps Linnaeus, though aware of this circumftance, had not carefully attended to it in form- ing his generic character. Be that as it will, this conftant differ- ence of the principal part of fructification, together with their out- ward habit (certainly very difcordant), might have warranted their being retained as diftinét genera; for the moft ingenious artificial 1yftem appears to moft advantage when moft confonant with nature. What affinity is there in appearance between C. dioica and riparia, C. vulpina and capillaris? Nothing can be more diffimilar in habit, . in nature, and ceconomy. We all allow how impolitic it is to multi- ply genera without a fufficient caufe. Equally impolitic is it to -overload any genus with numerous fpecies, which would naturally divide themfelves into diftinct families. Perfpicuity is the end of fyftem ; and that is beft attained by avoiding each extreme. I have not, however, ventured to feparate them into two families. The Britifh fpecies, though numerous, do not abíolutely require it: but I can eafily conceive, that when all the known fpecies of the world are brought together, fome fuch divifion will contribute very much to the neatnefs of the fyftem, and eafe of the ftudent. I throw out thefe hints, not prefuming to direct, but wifhing rather to excite and — à on the Britifb Species of Carex. 120 - and colle& the thoughts of fuch as may be willing to turn their minds to this fubje&t. But however it is not fo much to my prefent purpofe, to enter very minutely into the generic character; that is a point to be re- ferved for future confideration: I am rather anxious to define the fpecies of this family. When I firft began to ftudy them, I met with more difficulties than I had reafon to apprehend. In the adop- tion of fynonyms, Linnzus himfelf has made fome blunders of con- fequence : Mr. Hud/on's C. /picata, is the C. muricata of Linneus— but L;zweus, in quoting his fynonyms, feleéts fome expreflive of Mr. Hudfon's fpicata, and others of his muricata: fo alfo, thinking . them to be the fame, he quotes Mori/on’s figure of recurva to his cafpitofa. I could mention more inftances of the fame kind. Again, there has always prevailed an idea of the many varieties of the feveral fpecies; a fuppofition by no means well founded.— Thus Linnaeus makes /ylvatica, veficaria and ampullacea varieties of each other. Thus alfo, riparia, paludofa, and acuta, have moft unaccount- ably, by many authors, been looked upon as partakers of the fame origin. The accurate Mr. Curtis firft noted their refpeétive limits. As Linneus, not always having the whole plant before him, cd -not form any difcriminating charaéter from the root, fo few of his followers have done it; whereas, in many of the fpecies, it is of importance to know the root. Thus, when we know that dioica has a creeping root, and $wicarzs a fibrous one, we are at once en- abled to diftinguifh them in any ftage of growth: their fpikes at their firft formation are often fimilar. But the greateft perplexity to be met with arifes from the Lin- nean divifion into fpikes feflile and pedunculated: cultivation, or, in a natural ftate, a cafual luxuriant growth, does away the whole diftinétion. Thus C. difaxs always has its fpikes on long footftalks; Vor. II. S = at Mo n Dr. GoopzNOUGH's Obfervoations but thefe being embraced by the petiolus or vagina of the foliace= ous braéteæ, gave occafion to Linneus to ftyle them fubfeffile. But the leaít i to the vagina would difcover the footftalk, and per- plex the young ftudent Teya defcription. This latter difficulty principally induced me to have recourfe to a new mark of difcrimi- nation, which appeared to be lefs liable to variety than moft others: I mean the proportion which the petiolus or vagina of the foliace- ous bractea, in the orders /picis fexu diflinétis, bears to the footítalk on which the fpike is fupported. This mark will always hold out fomething worthy of obfervation ; for if the footftalk be unufually long or fhort, in confequence of the luxuriance or barrennefs of the foil, the vagina will be found to be affected fomewhat in the fame proportion. In general, the proportion between the parts in the animal and vegetable kingdoms is lefs liable to variation than moft other. cir- cumftances. Obferving, therefore, how conftant the length of the vagina was to that of the footftalk, I determined to take my leading character from it. Having begun to do fo in fome inftances, I at length became compelled to adopt it in all; idem enim in omnibus no- tandum of. And I beg leave to offer this principally as my apology for conftructing new defcriptions throughout. Spikes being faid _to be feffile which were not fo, called neceffarily for new defcriptions: this led on to a change in the defcription of their affinities, and thence onward, fo that there was no ftopping. 3 It is not to be expected, neither is it neceffary, or indeed poffible, in the fhort fpace of a fpecific defcription, to comprehend all the niceties of difcrimination which a more leifure furvey will point out; and yet many of thefe muft {trike every obferver, and muft be very ferviceable to him in the purfuit of his enquiries. I will beg leave to fuggeft a few of them. Although fome Carices are faid to have one male fpike only, and others more than one, yet fome c£ the on the Britifo Species of Carex, — 131 the former order will be found moft frequently to have two, as is the cafe particularly with //r/Zavand filiformis. . The fhape of the fpikes is worth attending to. Obferving C. pilus lifera with round female fpikes, we in moft ftages of growth can leparate it from C. $recox : fhould any doubt be ftill entertained, as may happen in their infancy, the thin male {pike of pilulifera will make an appearance quite different from the obovate or rather club-fhaped one of $r«cox. The filiform flender female fpikes of C. acuta make us wonder how it ever could be claffed with the cor- ` pulency of C. riparia. . The fhape of the glumz, or, as they are often called, fquamæ, affords, in many inftances, a very characteriftic mark, in none more {fo than in C. rigida. The pendulofity of the fpikes is alfo an interefting circum- ftance, However, in the judging of this circumftance, the ftate of the fructification muft be confidered: for many whofe {pikes are defcribed to be pendulous, betray that circumftance only in the advanced ftate of fruétification, as C. recurva: fome only in the early and not in the riper age, as is frequently the cafe with C. acuta. As Linnaeus founded his fyftem upon the parts of fruétification, it may feem ftrange that he was not more particular in noting the variation of the number of the fligmata. Perhaps his defcribing from dried and imperfeét fpecimens occafionally prevented him from examining into this circumftance. Thus, C. rigida is readily difcriminated from frecox by its having only two ftigmata. The digynous appearance in the flowers of acuta, is its primary mark of feparation from C. paludofa. :1 mult obferve, when Linueus dee Ícribed his c«/pito/a in the FI. Suecica, he referred to a plant.in Scheu- ebzer, which had three ftigmata. He excluded this fynonym after- wards in his fecond edition of S5. Plant. In all plants the fruit is a leading circumftance. The capfule, S 2 or, e 132 Dr. Goovenoven’s Obfervations or, as it is often called, but I doubt whether with propriety, the nectarium, muft be often called in to aid the defcription of Carices. The capfule is oblong, as in 2a//zfceus; round, as in pilulifera; rof- trated, as in P/eudo-Cyperus; fmooth, as in panicea; downy, as in. precox; villous, as in fiiformis and hirta; divided at the fummit,. as in muricata; entire, as in _/tellulata, In a few fpecies the foliaceous bractez have little auricles at each: fide of their bafe, as is particularly obfervable in /frifa, ce/pitofa,. rigida, and acuta. The length of the foliaceous bratteæ is incon- ftant, and therefore muft be admitted into defcriptions with ex- treme caution. C. arenaria of Linnæus, and C. divifa of Mr. Hud- fon, are defcribed by picis foliolo longiori infiruétis; whereas nothing is more common than to find them with exceedingly (hort bractez, and fometimes with none at all. E But above all modes whereby the diftin&ion of plants is beft dif- covered, cultivation and attention to the progrefs of their growth isthe moft ufeful. Beyond almoft all other plants, our patience is re- quired in the inveftigation of the graffes. When Carices are found in unnatural fituations, it is impoffible almoft to be aware of the ap- pearances which they will put on. On the high ground above Virginia water, I found C. ovalis with one male oblong fpike, neither could I learn its name till I had cultivated it. C. præcox, on Hanwell heath, appeared with only one terminal female fpike. Thefe are irregularities which cultivation alone can detect. A good botanift . will not be fatisfied till he can afcertain his plants in all their ftages. It is not lefs ufeful than fatisfactory to know the graffes, even independent of their flowers: C. Jimofa not unfrequently pro- duces no flowers; in this ftate, it has the fingular property of _ throwing out long, branching, trailing fhoots, which may be made to produce new plants by layers, or even by cuttings. Many more niceties of the fame kind might be mentioned, but I forbear left I ' fhould feem tedious. S | Of on the Britifb Species of Care. 133 Of the ufes of this tribe of plants all authors almoft are filent. The older botanifts declare themfelves ignorant of any good to be derived from them: perhaps they looked only to the fattening of their cattle; but here it muft be allowed, Nec bos pinguefcat malè carice paflus acuta. Linnaeus, in his F7. Lappon. adds an entertaining note to his defcrip- tion of C. /ylvatica, wherein he tells us, that the Laplanders comb: and drefs this grafs, as we do flax : when it is thus made foft, they ftuff their gloves and fhoes with it, to defend them from the pierc- ing cold of their fevere winters : fo effe&ually are they fecured by. this covering, that chilblains are not known amongft them. In fum- mer alfo: the ufe of the fame material is retained.. The Laplander,, unufed to every fpecies of luxury, having his fhoes made of fkins;. not leather, is defended by this means from the bruifes which he would receive: in his travels, as he tends his flocks ;. and moreover, efcapes the inconvenience of the heat—/udorem enim pedum arcet. It is not this. grafs only, but a variety of grafles are worked up in this manner. Lus however obferved that they. were chiefly Carices, and of the Carices chiefly the C. /y/vatica: . Mr. Lightfoot, {peaking of C. riparia, which he calls acuta, ob- 'ferves, that “in Italy its leaves are ufed by the glafs-makers to bind their wine flafks, by the chair-makers to bottom chairs, and by the coopers to place between the junétures of the timber in the heads of their cafKs, in the fame manner as the leaves of the Typha are ufed in the fame country, and the ftalks of the Scirpus dacuftris in England." FY. Scot. p. 566. The young foliage and the flower-ftalks of thofe: Carices which grow on heaths, and where there is an: abundance of cattle, are obferved to. be eaten off; of courfe they are not wholly without ufe. All Carices affeGt a very moift fituation, and of courfe, in all. pro- Gex* c Dr. Goonenoucx’s Obfervaiions probability, will yield an early foliage, and ‘in times-of drought a fure one. There may be countries where this circumftance may be worthy of confideration: the large coarfer forts might be Worked up in all countries, with other materials, for thatching, and for the coarfer purpoles of covering and protecting againft wea- ther. All thofe Carices which have creeping roots, are admirably well qualified to give ftability and firmnefs to the furface of quak- ing bogs. Many of this fort alfo grow by the fides of ditches and rivers, and occafion a tenacity in the banks, fo that they can re- fift the violence of currents. Cattle are not fond of thefe; perhaps fortunately fo, that man may more furely, as Linnæus has remark- E receive benefit from their growth in places of this nature. I do myfelf the honour of laying thefe, Sec Rene before tbe Linnean Society, anxious to facilitate the knowledge of this difficult genus; hoping atthe fame time that others wil] improve upon, them, and at length conftruét characters more diftinétive than mine. They are the obfervations of folitary walks, and of hours which, through the prevalence of modern fafhion, feem as it were privileged to be {pent in nothingneís.. But the contemplative phi- lofopher, even in thefe, finds the moft folid delight in dwelling — upon the works of the Almighty; and while he views ‘ the things . that are made," he confirms himfelf (and it 1s the true end of the ftudy of nature) in the belief “ of his eternal power and godhead,” and of the revelation (for it is a natural deduétion) which he hath pen of his will, Obférvation 1. Having, for brevity's fake, xatzoduced a new term— Wa agna —into many of my defcriptions, E beg to define it thus: À di. Vagina di bafis Frene PO EU | The t> on the Britifh Species of Carex. 135 The culm of moft grafles has what Linneus terms folia vaginantia. Some authors have called leaves of this fort petiolated leayes, but I think improperly: they are better defined /heathing leaves, for they embrace or inclofe the ftalk at their bafe. This fheath or vagina in the Carices ufually bears a regular proportion to the length-of the foot-ftalks of the fpikes: I call it, either eguans, when of the fame length as the foot-ftalk 5 dimidiata, when half of the length ; abbreviata, when of a quarter of the length. OH. 2. I have purpofely omitted mentioning the feed, not hav- ing as yet been able to examine it in a frefh ftate, in all the fpecies. Oëf. 3. Where a.plant is faid to have vaginz, the {pikes are neceffarily on foot-ftalks (for the application of that term is to the floral leaf embracing the whole or part of the foot-ftalk or pe- duncle); and therefore no mention of. that circumftance. is neceks fnr in the feveral fpecific defsintions., ! " — iD SYNOPSIS SPECIERUM. Spicd unicá fimplici. i. C. dioica. Spicà fimplici dioica, capfularum marginibus ferru- latis. | | z2, C. pulicaris. Spicà fimplici androgynà fupernè mafcula, cap- fulis divaricatis retroflexis utrinque acuminatis. 3. C. pauciflora Spica fimplici androgyná, floribus feemineis fub- ternis remotiufculis patentibus ; mafculo fub-unico terminali. * Spicá compofitá androgynas 4. C. fellulata. Spiculis fubternis remotis, capfulis divergentibus acutis : ore indivifo. | 5. C. curta; - 136 Dr. GoopEnoucn’s Olfervations 5. C. curta, Spiculis fubfenis ovatis remotiufculis nudis, nere ovatis acutiufculis capfulà brevioribus. 6. C. ovali. Spiculis fubfenis ovalibus approximatis alternis, fquamis lanceolatis acutis capfulam æquantibus. 7. C. remota. Spiculis axillaribus folitariis remotis fubfeffilibus, foliolis longiffimis, capfulis apice indivifis. 8. C. axillaris. Spiculis axillaribus fubternatis remotis feffilibus, foliolis longis, capfulis apice divifis. 9. C. incurva. Spicà conicà fpiculis plurimis congeftis feffilibus compofità, involucro nullo, culmo incurvo. 10. C. arenaria. Spica foliofà oblonga acutiufculà ; fpiculis pluri- mis: terminalibus mafculis: inferioribus foemineis, culmo incurvo. Yr. C. intermedia. Spica oblonga obtufà; fpiculis plurimis: infimis ter- minalibufque : fœmineis intermediis mafculis, culmo erecto. 12. C. divifa. Spica ovata fub-decompofità, foliolo erecto ine ftructà, fpiculis fubconfertis, capfulis adpreflis, radice re- penti. | 13. C. muricata. Spica oblonga fub-decompofita, fpiculis diftinctis, 3 capfulis divergentibus: ore divifo, radice fibrofà. 14. C. divulfa. Spica elongata decompofità bafi fub-ramosa; fpi- culis inferioribus remotis: fummis contiguis, capfulis fub- erectis. 15. C. vulpina, Spica fupradecompofita coarctato-ramosá obtusa ; fpiculis fuperné mafculis, capfulis divergentibus, culmi an- gulis acutiffimis. X6. C. seretiufcula. Spicà fupradecompofità coarétato-ramosá acu- tiufculà ; fpiculis fuperné mafculis, capfulis patentibus, culmo teretiufculo. #7. C. paniculata, Spicá fupradecompofità paniculato-ramosi acutà: ramis alternis remotiufculis, capfulis patentibus, culmo tri- quetro. = * C. atrata. ** Spicis a* ne RS —" PART RU on the Britifh Species of Carex. 137 ** Spicis fexu diftinétis: mafculd unicd : braëteis membranaceis, 18, C. digitata. Bratteis membranaceis fubaphyllis vaginantibus dimidiatis, fpicis linearibus erectis; mafculà breviori, Cap- | fulis diftantibus. 19. C. clandeflina, Bracteis membranaceis fubaphyllis vaginantibus, Ípicis foemineis oblongis remotis vaginam vix exfüperan- tibus. ERE : —: | e bradles cC Soliaceis, 8 plerumque vaginantibus. 20. C. pendula. Vaginis longis fubæquantibus, fpicis cylindricis longiffimis pendulis, capfulis ovatis acutis. 21. C. ffrigofa. Vaginis longis fubæquantibus, fpicis filiformibus | laxis pendulis, capfulis oblongis fubtriquetris acutis. 22. C. pracov. Vaginis brevibus fubæquantibus, {picis approxi- „matis; mafculà fub-clavatä; foemineis ovatis, capfulis fub- . rotundis pubefcentibus. 23. C. filiformis. _Vaginis brevibus fubæquantibus, fpicis mafcu- lis fub-duabus linearibus; foemineis ovatis remotis, capfulis hirtis. 24« C. flava. - Vaginis brevibus fubæquantibus foliolo date: fpicà mafcula lineari; foemineis fubrotundis, capfulis roftra- - to-acuminatis. 2 " C. extenfa. Vaginis breviffimis æquantibus foliolo fub-reflexo, fpicis confertis; fcemineis fubrotundis, capfulis ovatis acutis, 26.:C. fulva. Vagin& infimá fubdimidiata; fuperioribus fubæquan- tibus, fpicis foemineis duabus oblongis acutis, capfulis rof- ~ trato-acuminatis. | 27. c. diftans, Vaginà infimà ferè dimidiata; fuperioribus fub- +.» -æquantibus, fpicis oblongis remotiflimis, capfulis acutis. Vor. II. T 28. C. 138 . Dr. Goopenoucx's Od/ervations ‘28. C. panicea, Vagina infimà fub-dimidiatà; fuperioribus fub- æquantibus, fpicis linearibus remotis, capfulis inflatis fub- diftantibus obtufiufculis. | 29. C. capillaris. Vaginis dimidiatis, fpicis foemineis oblongis laxis; fructiferis pendulis, pedunculis capillaribus, capfulis acu- minatis. 30: c. depauperata. Vaginis plufquam dimidiatis, fpicis fæmineis remotis paucifloris, capfulis inflatis ovatis roftrato-acumi- natis. ; i n 31. C. fylvatica. - Vaginis abbreviatis, fpicis filiformibus laxis pen- dulis, capfulis ovatis ariftato-roftratis. 32. C. recurva. Vaginis abbreviatis, fpicis foemineis fub-cylin- dricis pendulis, capfulis rotundato-ovatis, radice repenti. 33. C. pallefcens. Vaginis abbreviatiffimis, fpicis foemineis fub- cylindricis; fruétiferis pendulis, xe d fubrriquetris ob- longis obtufis. 34. C. limofa. . Vaginis abbreviatiffimis fub-nullis, fpicis éérninéie ovatis pendulis, capfulis ovatis compreffis, radice repenti. 35 C. Pfeudocyperus. Vaginis fub-nullis, fpicis foemineis cylindricis . pedunculatis pendulis, capfulis nervofis oblongis ariftato- - roftratis fub-divaricatis. 46. C. airaja. Vaginis fub-nullis, fpicis omnibus androgynis, pe- dunculatis: fructiferis pendulis, capfulis ovatis acutiufculis. 37. C. pilulifera. Vaginis nullis, {pica mafculà fub-lineari; foemi- ^ neis confertis fubrotundis feffilibus, culmo debili. — ~ 38. C. rigida. Digyna, vaginis nullis, fpicis oblongis fubfeffilibus, . . foliis fub-recurvis rigidis. , ' 30. €. cæfhitofa. Digyna, vaginis nullis, fpicis fabfefüilibus fub-cylin- dricis obtufis, foliis erectis molliufculis. — 40. C. iria, Digyna, vaginis nullis, fpicis fubfeffilibus cylin- dricis acutis ; mafculis — foliis erectis ftrictis. REE Spici ss tnt * on tbe Britif Species of Caren. . 139 FRE Spicis fexu diftinétis, mafculis pluribus. - 41. C. riparia. Spicis oblongis acutis; mafcularum fquamis lan- ceolatis: foeminearum ariftato-acuminatis, capfulis ovato- lanceolatis apice furcato-dentatis. 42. C. paludofa. Spicis oblongis fub-obtufis; mafcularum fquamis obtufis: foeminearum lanceolatis, capfulis ovato-lanceolatis apice fub-dentatis. 43. C. acuta. Digyna, fpicis filiformibus ; foemineis inflorefcentibus nutantibus: fructiferis erectis, capfulis acutiufculis apice in- ~ divifis. 44 C. veficaria. Spicis mafculis linearibus; foemineis oblongis pa- - tentibus, capfulis inflatis oblongis rofirato-acuminatis pa- tentibus. EC ampullacea. Spicis filiformibus; mafculis tenuioribus ; foemi- neis teretibus erectis, capfulis infiatis globofis ariftato-roftra- tis divaricatis. | 46. C. birta. Pilofa, fpicis omnibus oblongis; foemineis remotis ' vaginatis : vaginis hinc lanato-villofis, capfulis hirtis. * C. filiformis, firicla, recurva; & quedam alie, que aliquando [picis mafculis duabus, fed. raris. funt notabiles. I.-CAREX.DIOIC A. e er Spicà fimplici dioica, capfularum marginibus ferrulatis. Buddle Horts Sic. p. 3% n. 5. Gramen cyperoides minimum fpicà fimplici caffà. Hit. Ox. III. 244. Í. 8. t. I2. f. 22. mas. Gramen cyperoides minimum ranunculi capitulo rotundo. ‘H; jj. Ox. IIL. 245: f. 8. t. 12. f. 36. femina. T 2 . . Cyperoides 140 Dr. Goopenoven’s Obférvations Cyperoides parvum, n. 1 & 2. Mich. Gen. p. 56. t. 32 RAT Scheuchzer, 497. t. 11. f. 9 & 10. FY, Suecica, n. 833. Fl. Angl. p. 401. Fl. Dan. 369. mas & faemina. F1, Scot. 541. Withering, p. 1026. Habitat in paluftribus fpongiofis. Junio. Drs. Radix-repens, perennis. Folia fetacea, fub- triquetra, intus canaliculata, ereéta, culmum floriferum fub-æquantia, glabra. Culmus tenuis, ere&us, triqueter, angulis acutiufculis, glaber, 4—10 uncialis, foliis demum paulo longior. Spica mafcula ob- . longa, braéteà brevi ovata fufcà in mucronem definenti, I—1 un- cialis; fquamis oblongis | acutiufculis fulvis, nervo dorfali obfole- tiufculo viridi, Filamenta tria; antheræ lineares flavæ. Spica fœ- minea oblonga demum fubcylindrica, fquamis ut in mafculà, capfulà "brevioribus. Cap/ule fæpius fub-diftichæ, patentes, ovate, acute, marginibus-apicem verfus minutiffimé ferrulatis, ore integro. Stig- mata duo. So great a fimilarity prevails between what are called C. dioica and capitata, that no author has as yet flruck out a conftant fatisfaétory difference of character. Mr: Hudfon's introduction of Linneus's C. capitata into the catalogue of Britifh plants, has ex- cited an enquiry into the reality of that fpecies, and in particular with refpe& to its being a native of Britain. Indeed the difference between them at moft feems very trifling. In C. capitata the fpike : is round, and fomewhat (owing to the male flowers at the top) conic: in the female C. disica, it is ovato-oblong. The capíules feem broader in capiiata. In dioica the ‘capfules are moft minutely ferrated towards the point; in capitata they are entire. In diea the capfules are ftriated with nerves, which can fcarcely be faid to appear in the very few fpecimens of capitata which I have feen. 1 have rer ae the male diosa with a female flower on the Britifh Species of Carex. 141 flower or two at the bafe of the fpike, the capfules of which very much refemble thofe of the Swedifh capitata. In Uvedalès Herba- rium Rayenum, vol. 12. fol. 68. n. 5. and in Mr. RAI TER rium, to which I had accefs, through her Majesry’s moft graci- ous condefcenfion, who is now the poffeffor of it; are fpecimens of the female dioica, with feveral male flowers at the top of the fpike. "The leaves in both fpecies are exactly the fame; the ftyle in each has two ftigmata. I have feen capfules in paca where there is no vifible ferrulation on the edges. Swedifh fpecimens of capitata are in the rich herbaria of Sir 57/655 Banks and Dr. Smiih. All my ideas of the:plant are taken entirely from them. The fynonyms of Ray and Morifom, which Linneus quotes for capitata, are undoubtedly to be referred to C. dizica. He himfelf re- ferred them to it in F7 Sueczca. In the places fo particularly men- tioned by thofe. ep C. dice and that only has ever been found. se + wy -The different figures. of Michelius Mens led. into fome error.—I do not hefitate to fay, that the female figure No. r. is carelefsly drawn: its being reprefented with three ftigmata, inftead of two which it ought to have (as is evident from a fpecimen in Mr. Lighifoot’s herbarium), is a fufficient proof of it. This is that Irifh variety mentioned by Ray, in his Synopfs, p. 425, n. 66. In Michelius’s figure, n. 2. no male flowers are to be feen at the fummit: neither are they in Morifon’s figure, n. 36. Thefe figures are both very de- cent repréfentations of the female dioica : they bear no fimilarity to the fpecimens of capitata mentioned before. | Scheuchzer’s figure feems like pulicaris, rather than diea. It is poble he may have confounded the t two together, as any one might do in their infant ftate. _ Upon the whole, therefore, I can fee no reafon why C. chars fhould be continued as a Britifh fpecies, and therefore have ex- cluded it, I do 142 Dr. GoopExovcn's Obfervations I do not pretend to be the #rf difcoverer of the difference of the capfule in capitata and dioica, as mentioned above.—Dr. Smith, long before I had the happinefs of his acquaintance, had, unknown to me, communicated it to fome of his friends. As his herbarium muft be confidered as the fountain-head of all botanical authority, I was particularly happy in the coincidence of his opinion, and, in deference to it, added to the fpecific defcription of C. dioica, capfu- larum marginibus ferrulatis. : 2. CAREX PULICARIS. Spica fimplici androgyna fuperné mafcula, capfulis divaricatis re- troflexis utrinque acuminatis. Uvedale, Herb. Rayan. vol, 12. p. 68. n. 3. | | Carex minima. Mich. Gen. 66. t. 33. f. 1. Gramen cyperoides minimum, &c. . Morif. Hif. Ox. IIT. p. 244. f, 8. t. 12. f. 1. Pluk. Ab. t. 24.4. 10. Fl. Lappon. n. 339. Leers, 198. t. 14. f: 1. Fl, Ang. 402. Fi, Scot. 543. FI. Dan. 166. Habitat in paludibus turfofis & limofis. ' Junio. Radix fibrofa, perennis. Folia fetacea, faturaté virentia, rigida, glabra, erecta, culmo breviora canaliculata, hinc convexiufcula & nervofo-angulata. Cu/mus erectus teretiufculus glaber 3-12 uncialis. Spica fimplex, cylindracea, terminalis. Flores mafculi plurimi fu- periores, foeminei circiter totidem inferiores laxé imbricati. Squamæ fubfufcæ, ovatæ, acutæ, capfulà breviores, nervo dorfali viridi, de- cidux. Cap/ule ovate utrinque acuminate, trigonz, glaberrimæ, mox divaricatz, demum pendulz ore integro. Filamenta tria; an- there lineares flava. Stigmata duo. Obf. Squamz florum mafc. obtufiores quam fœmin, -This plant is fo very diftin& in itfelf, and is fo well diftinguifhed = on the. Brith Species of Carex. 143 by all authors, that there is no neceflity of adding to the general mafs of defcription. | He who would wifh to Sel: good defériptiône of it, would do well to confult Mr. Lighifoot’s Flora Scotica, and Mr. Leers s Flora Herbornenfis—a book which ought to be in the hands of every botanift who wifhes to enter into a praétical ftudy of his fubjeét. The figure in Morifon is extremely characteriftic. — Leers gives ‘the plant i in both a young and mature ftate, together with all the parts of fruétification.— Michelius’s figures i in general are to be de- pended üpón—but he is nôt faultlefs in his adapting of fynonyms: he quotes Mor. figure 22, which is the male dioica, to this plant. 4 CAREX PAUCIFLOR A. C. fpicà fimplici androgyna, floribus foemineis fubternis remotiuf- culis patentibus ; mafculo fub-unico terminali, Light ifoot, Fi. o Sete $43. fab.vk FR 2. C. patüla. Hudf. Fi. Ang. 402. Withering, p. 1027. | Habitat in ericetis montofis. , Ihave néver had an opportunity of cultivating this INL or of feeing it alive, or even in a frefh ftate. Mr. Hudfon «nd Mr. Lightfoot have both defcribed this plant, Their defcriptions, although they differ in their mention of the number of the flowers, yet agree very well in fetting forth the ge- neral habit of the plant, and the fituation of the male and female flowers. Mr. Lightfoot has given an excátidt figure. As his publication was prior to Mr. Hud/fon's, and as his name is more expreffive (and that is no flight object), I am an advocate for reftoring the name pauciflora. I ZA 144. Dn. GoopENovGR's Obfervaiions I take the following défcription: from fpecimens in Sir Fo/eps Banks’s herbarium, tranfmitted by Mr. Lighifoot. Mr. Lightfoot favoured me alfo with feveral fpecimens, which entirely accord with Sir Fofeph's. Radix Folia erecta, glabra, triquetra, culmo breviora. Culmus 3-5 uncialis, preterquam ad bafin nudus, triqueter, glaber. Spica androgyna, fimplex, laxa, floribus circitér quinque, quorum ul- timus mafculus. Squamz elongate, lanceolate, acute, longi- tudine capfularum. Capfule Styli tres. An hoc femper? ^& CAREX STÉLLULATA — C. fpiculis fub-ternis remotis, capfulis divergentibus acutis, ore integro. Buddle Hort. Sic. p. 32. Uvedale Herb. Ray. vol. 1a, p. 68. n. I. Carex fpicis ternis echinatis, glumis lanceolatis, capfule mucrone .. fimpliti. Haller Hifi. 1366.—Raii. Synoff. 424. n I2.. Gramen cyperoides echinatum minimum: Park. 1272. Mori jf. Hif. -. Ox. VI. 344 f. 8. t. 12. f. 26. Eerst. 14. f. 8. opt. —Scheucbxer 495. t. 11. f. 3. Carex muricata. Hudf. FI. Angl. 406. Fi. Scot. 549. Fl. Dan. 284. With, 1034. Habitat in paluftribus. Maio, Junio. .- Radix fibrofa, perennis. Folia pallidè viridia, erectiufcula patula, ad margines carinafque, precipue apicem verfus afpera, angufta. vi fub inflorefcentià circiter 3-uncialis erectus foliis duplo 6 brevior, Lame RSA on tbe Britifh Species of Carex. 145 brevior, triqueter,angulis obtufiufculis obfoletè afperiufculis, mox pe- dalis & foliis longior. Spica compofita androgyna, fpiculis fub-ter- nis, remotis, ovatis, feffilibus: ad fpiculam inferiorem fæpius brac- tea, bafi ovata, in foliolum fetaceum culmo brevius definens; ad ceteras oblonga eft, membranacea, fufca, aphylla. Fres inferiores maículi laxius imbricati, fuperiores foeminei plures. Squamz ovatæ, acutz, fufcæ, margine membranaceo albo, nervo dorfali lato viridi, capfulà maturà breviores. Cap/ula oblonga acuminata, hinc plana, illinc convexiufcula, divergens, apice acuto fub-indivifo. Filamenta tria, antheris linearibus flavis. Stylus: ftigmatibus duobus. This little plant is well known to every botanift. It ftands in competition with none of its fraternity, and therefore cannot be miftaken. It varies in height from three to ten inches, according to its foil and fituation. On the Brecknockthire hills I have c it above a foot high. A floral leaf fometimes, but by no means conftantly, fubtends the loweft fpicula.. It is well obferved by Halter, that th? fpecies differs from murz- cata, by having the point of the capfule acute, and not bifid. 8. GAREX.CURTA. C. fpiculis fub-fenis ovatis remotiufculis nudis, fquamis ovatis acu- tiufculis capfulà brevioribus. Gramen cyperoides fpicis curtis divulfis. Loefl. Pru. p. 117. it 22. C. elongata, Leers, p- 200. t. 14. f. 7. C. canefcens, Lightfoot, FI. Scot. p. 550. C. brizoides, Hudf FI. Angl. p. 406, C. cinerea, Withering, p. 1033. Voz. IL - U Habitat, 146 Dr. GoopENovcn's Obfervations Habitat, fed rarius, in paluftribus & aquofis. Junio. Radix fub-repens, perennis. Folia pallida fub-glauca, ad mare gines carinamque afpera, erecta anguíla. Culmus pedalis aut pauló altior, foliis pauló longior, ereétus, triqueter, angulis acutis afperiufculis. Spica compofita androgyna, fpiculis fex & ultra, erectis ovatis feffilibus alternis; ad fpiculam inferiorem braétea, fed rarius, foliaceà fetacea, ad. cæteras ovata alba tenera membranacea. Squamae albæ membranaceo-fericez, ovatæ, acute, concave, nervo. dorfali viridi, capfulà pauló breviores. Flores inferiores mafculi. Capfula ovata, acuta; hinc plana, illinc convexiufcula, fub lente punctulatiffima, marginibus integris, ore indivifo. Fi/amenta tria, antheris linearibus flavis, Siylus ftigmatibus duobus. That this Carex fhould have occafioned fome difficulty is not to be wondered at, when Limneus himfelf feems to have forgotten his own original determination upon the matter. In Sir sph Banks herbarium there is a Carex named érizoides, which anfwers entirely to the Linnean defcription ; % Spicé compofitd pisticHA nudå, fpiculis androgynis oBLONGIS CONTIGUIS, culmo nudo,’ in the Sp. Plant, p- 13815 to the fynonym of Haller; and to the figure of Mi ichelius, t. 33. f. 17. there quoted. _. In the Linnean herbarium, the plant I am now {peaking of is Bu brizoides by Linnæeus. himfelf, and it accords with. the fynonyms of Ray and Morifon quoted in the Sp. Pl, under brizoides. - Still, however, as the figure of Michelius is a more pointed autho- rity than the verbal defcriptions of the authors juft mentioned, I cannot but think that the plant in Sir Yo/eps’s herbarium is what was originally defcribed and intended for brizoides : : accordingly I fhall beg leave to accept it as fuch, and name this anew. For, at all events, it cannot anfwer to the defcription of Linnaus, for the {pike 7 is on tbe Britifb Species of Cares. 147 Ts never diftich, the fpiculæ are never oblong or contiguous. Hence has arifen frequent error: Mr. Lightfoot, amongft the reft, rejected the idea of this being brizoides, and called it canefcens. But the C. canefcens of Linnæus is fimilar in fhape to curta; fo much fo, that the figure in Loe/z/ is as applicable almoft to the one as the other: but when they are brought together, the wideft dif- ference prefents itfelf. The curta is fmaller in all its parts; then _the fquamz are filvery, and very tender: in the cazefcens they are membranaceous and hard, as in the reft of the genus, and are brown with a white edge, which gives it a real hoary appearance. We may gather from this circumftance, how neceffary coloured figures are to mark the nicety of diftinétion requifite to afcertain fome fpecies in natural hiftory. It is true, it makes the ftudy very ex- penfive; but it muft be allowed, that unlefs very accurate de- fcriptions accompany the uncoloured print, a difficulty of afcertain- ment may after all fubfift. The cap/ules, together with the /quamæ of this fpecies, are very early deciduous: I know not any Carex in which this impoverifh- ment takes place fo early, except in C. //riiz. The whitenefs and tendernefs of the fquamz in this fpecies are ftriking circumftances. Thefe qualities are not to be found in any other. The root, though it cannot be called directly creeping, has a tendency to increafe itfelf fomething in that way. The brizoides of Sir Fofeph Bank's herbarium has evidently a creeping root. As it is the only fpe- cimen that I have ever feen, I will beg leave to fubjoin a defcrip- tion of it. | | < Radix repens, perennis. Folia pallide virefcentia, tenuia, culmo lon- giora, ad margines carinamque afpera, inferiora (uti fæpius accidit) breviora, & culmi bafin obveftientia. Cu/zus triqueter, angulis acu- tis afpetis, erectus; nudus. Spica androgyna—Spiculz circiter fep- tem, teretes f, oblongiufculæ, fub-diftiche, approximate, fæpius Uá contiguæ, 148 _ Dr. Goopenoven’s Obfervations contiguæ. Flores inferiores mafculi. Squamz oblongæ, acute, pallid, nervo dorfali viridi, teneriufculæ, margine albo tenerrimo, capfulas fub-æquantes. Cap/ule oblongz, acute, glabræ, marginibus ferru- latis, fub-triquetræ, hinc plan, ore divilo. Filamenta tria—Siylus ftigmatibus duobus. - As I take it for granted that C. curta is not the brizcides of Lin- næus, and as the names of fubfequent authors are not expreflive of its diftin&ion, I have reftored Loefél’s name, curta. Linnaeus ap- plies this figure of Loefel to his canefcens, but, I have always thought, without fufficient authority; and I am happy in being counte- nanced in this idea, by our worthy Prefident's remark in his edition of the Flora Lapponica. See n. 332. The true C. brizoides is very properly dei bed by Scbreber, in his Spicilegium FI. Lipf. p. 63. n. 675. 6 GAREA OVALIS C. fpiculis fub-fenis ovalibus approximatis alternis, fquamis lanceo- latis capfulam æquantibus. Buddle, Hort. Sic. p. 31. n. 2. Pet. Hort. Sic. vol. 1. p. 163. n. 2. | Gramen cyperoides majus fpicà divulfa. Mori if. Hif. Ox. III. 244 LECTIET X Gramen cyperoides fpicà e pluribus ic mollibus compofità. Scheuchzer, 456. t. 10. Is. 7 C. leporina. FY. Angl. p. 404. FI. Scot. 547. Pollich, n. 874. cujus defcriptio bona. Leers, 199. t. 14. f. 6. quoad formam. fcilicet, at non fitum forum mafe, S femin, Withering, 1029. 3 ! Habitat in paluftribus & pratis humidis. Junio. Radix fibrofa, perennis. Fz/ia faturatè viridia, ad oras carinafque afperiufcula, angufta, culmum fub-æquantia. Culmus erectus, pedalis, tri on the Britifb Species of Carex. 149 triqueter, angulis acutis, afperiufculis. Spica androgyna compofita, fpiculis fubfenis approximatis alternis fub-ovalibus. Ad bafin fpi- culz inferioris bractea bafi ovata in fetam ípicule fuz longitudine definens, ad ceteras bractea oblonga eft & aphylla. Fres infe- riores mafculi pauciores, cæteri plures foeminei. Sguamæ ovato- lanceolatz, acute, capfulam æquantes, fufcæ, margine albo, nervo dorfali viridi. Cap/u/e oblongæ acuminatæ, hinc plana, illinc con- vexiufculæ, ereétæ, ore integro. Filamenta ut in cæteris—Stylus ftig- matibus duobus. It has been lately difcovered, that we have all along been mif- taken in this very common plant. The error perhaps reíts with Linneus himfelf, who joined the plant, he originally named /eporiza, with this we are now treating of. The miftake took place even fo early as the publication of 77. lapponica, as appears from his quot- ing Moerz/ows figures. The original /eporina, now prelerved in Dr. Smiths (the Linnean) herbarium bas only three ipikelets, is a plant much fmaller, and differs in many refpeéts. C. ovalis is diftinguifhable in all its flages from others by the number of the fpiculz, the acutenefs of the fquamze, and the fitua- tion of the male and female flowers. In this the male flowers are at the bafe of the fpikes, and few in number; the female ones nu- merous, and terminal. - Leers defcribes his /eporima as having the terminal florets male, and the inferior female. Although therefore his figure is a very exact reprefentation in other particulars, the fituation of the male and female flowers muft not be taken from his defcription. aen "or 7. CAREX Lo. Dr. Goopenoucn’s Obfervation: 7 CAREX REMOTA. C. fpiculis axillaribus folitariis remotis fubfeffilibus, foliolis longiffi- mis, capfulis apice indivifis. Buddle, Hort. Sic. p. 31. n. 5. Carex anguftifolia, caule triquetro, capitulis pulchellis ftrigofioribus compaétis, inter fe diftantibus, & in foliorum alis feffilibus. Mich. Gen, 70. t. 33. f. 17, 16. Gramen cyperoides anguftifolium fpicis parvis feffilibus in foliorum alis... Mor;f- Hif. Ox. Il. 243. f. 8. t. 12. f. 17. Leers, t. 15. f. 1. FL Cantab. n. 683. Fi. Angl 407. Withering, 1035. Pollich, n. 878. FL Scot. 549. F1. Dan. 370. Habitat in fylvis humidis, & ad ripas udas foffarum. Maio, Junio. Radix perennis, fibrofa. Folia radicalia anguttiffima com- prefa, marginibus omnino, at folum apicem verfus carina afpera, culmo fub tempore inflorefcentiz longiora— Caulina, que & braéteæ dicantur, ad bafin fpicularum fita (fcilicet ad omnem fpicam unicum feffile anguftiffimum\ duo infima culmum fere femper catera ali- quando fuperant, carina marginibufque afpera. Cu/mus tenuis, de- bilis, erectus, triqueter, angulis acutis fuperné afperis, infra braéteam inferiorem glabris. Spica compofita androgyna, fpiculis circiter 10, ovatis axillaribus folitariis remotis fubfeffilibus—Flores mafculi in- feriores. Squame ovate, acute, fufcefcentes, membranacez, nervo dorfali viridi. Caf/ule ovate, acute, hinc plang, illinc convexiu{culæ, lateribus apicem verfus ferrulatis, apice indivifo. Filamenta & anthera utin ceteris. Sty/us ftigmatibus duobus. "There is no difficulty in determining this fpecies— There is only one in the whole family which has any affinity to it, viz. C. axil- laris; but that is readily diftinguifhed by having three or more fpikelets at the bafe of each bracteaceous leaf. 8 CAREX on tbe Britifo Species of Carex, ISI 8 CAREX AXILLARIS. Tas. 19. fy. 1. C. fpiculis axillaribus, fubternatis, remotis, feffilibus, foliolis longis, capfulis apice divifis, Præcedentis (remote) infignis varietas, fi non fpecies diftinéta. Buddle, Hort. Sic. p. 31. n. 6. Habitat prope Putney— Dom. Curtis, inter rariores. Maio, Junio. . Radix perennis, fibrofa—Folia radicalia angufta, compreffa, margi» nibus omnino, carina circiter dimidiam partem afperis, culmo etiam fub inflorefcentià brevioribus : Caulina, quz & bractez dican- tur, ad bafin fpicularum fita funt, Ícilicet ad omnem fpicularum ag- gregationem unicum, feflile, quorüm infimum culmo longius, cæ- tera breviora; omnia marginibus carinâque afperrima. Culmus erec- ‘tus, firmus, ftrictus, triqueter, angulis acutis, etiam infra braéteam inferiorem afperrimis, 1—fere 3-pedalis. Spica androgyna interrupta, . fpiculis axillaribus, inferioribus fub-ternis, quandoque quaternis, quinis, ad bafin foliorum caulinorum f. bractearum, oblongze, fefliles, ageregate—F lores inferiores mafculi—Squamz ovata, acute, fuíceí- centes, membranacez, nervo dorfali viridi, capfulam fub-zquantes. Caplule ovate, acute, hinc planz illinc convexiuículz, lateribus apicem verfus ferrulatis, apice divifo. Filamenta ut in caeteris. Stylus ftigmatibus duobus. | The great difference between this and remota, to which it feems moft allied, is, that axillaris has a ftrong and rigid culm, remota a foft, thin, and weak one. Æxfllaris has its fpicule in the bafe of the leaves by threes, fometimes by fives, particularly the lowermoft. The 152 | : Dr. Goonenoven’s Obfervaiions The remota. never has more than one fpikelet at the bafe of each leaf. Remota has its capfules entire at the apex—Avillaris bifid. Linnæus, in his Sp. PL. feems to have defcribed C. remota twice over, under the names of axillaris and remota. Whether he had feen this fpecies, or whether he defcribed remota twice through mere inad- vertence, I know not. No perfon, I believe, has noticed this {pe- cies, except Mr. Buddle, who very properly queftions the propriety of its being claffed with remota. I am indebted to my very intelligent friend Mr. Curtis for roots of this plant, who firft found it near Puiney. 9 CAREX INCURV A. C. fpicà conicà fpiculis plurimis congeftis feffilibus compofità, in- volucro nullo, culmo incurvo. Lightfoot Flora Scot. p. 544. pl.24. 7. Dan. 432. Carex juncifolia. AHioni FI Pedemont. 2296. t. 92. f. 4. Having never had the good fortune of feeing this plant growing; and having only imperfect fpecimens of it, I muft refer to Mr. Lightfoor’s defcription and figure. Mr. Lighffoor’s figure reprefents | the plant in flower: in its feeding ftate it lofes fomething of its conic form, and becomes obtufe. The capfules are fomewhat oblong and acute, and a little longer than the fquamz, which are ovate, and fomewhat acute. W hen honoured with permiffion to confult her Majeh s Eebe- rium, | faw Mr. Lighifoor’s original fpecimen. Fearful of doin any injury, by handling it, I forbore taking a minute defcription of it. It ranks next to C. arenaria, from which it is fufficiently diftin&, by its conic and compact ipike. - 4 10. CAREX on the Britifh Species of Carex. 153 % to. CAREX ARENARIA. Spica foliosà oblonga .acutiufculd, fpiculis plurimis; terminalibus mafculis ; inferioribus foemineis, culmo incurvo. Buddie, Hort. Si. p. 31. n. 7. Mich. Gem p. 67. n. 1 & 2. f. 3. quoad figuram fpica, & f. 4. Carex arenaria. Leers, t. 14. f. 2. FJ. Suec. n. 835. Fi. NM p. 404. Fi, Scot. 545. Withering, 1029. Habitat in arenofis maritimis. Junio. Radix valde repens, craffa, ramis divaricatis. Folia angufta, nigro-viridia, ad margines carinamque afperiufcula, variantia culmo breviora, longiora. Cu/mus incurvus, 4-12 uncialis, triqueter, an- gulis acutis fcabriufculis. Spica compofita fpiculis circiter 7-16 ob- longis, androgynis, furfum imbricatis, inferné remotiufculis, brac- teatis, bracteis foliaceis, inferioribus brevibus, in folium tenuiffi- mum definentibus; fuperioribus ovatis membranaceis fub-aphyllis. In omni fere fpiculà flores terminales mafculi—Spicule inferiores fub-foeminez, fuperiores fub-mafculz. Squamæ ovate, acuta, (longo fæpiùs acumine), capfulas maturas æquantes. Cap/ule ovatz, acu- minatz, hinc plane fulcatæ, illinc carinatz, apicem verfus utrin- que alatæ f. margine membranaceo, ore bifido. Filamenta & antheræ ut in ceteris. Stylus ftigmatibus duobus. Mr. Lightfoot’s defcription of this plant is very well drawn: but I have fpoken fufficiently of it under C. intermedia. It is not ufually found but in the vicinity of the fea-fhore, and there, for the moit part, in loofe fand. I have been told that it has been found in the inland parts of Germany, in fand, which evidently appears to be the fame as what we call fea-fand, and, perhaps, before the difavian wreck of the world, had its place on the fea-fide, Vor. II. X ] have 154 Da. GoopENoUGu's Obfervations I have often brought roots of it into my garden, but they would never flourifh handfomely. They exift indeed, but fcarcely ever produce flowers, and fhew every token. of diftafte and difaffec- tion. I have fcarcely a doubt but that Michelius was deceived in the fpecimens fent him, and drew his figure t. 33. f. 3. (which is quoted under C. difficha of Mr. Hudjfon) from an old dried fpecimen of C. arenaria, as any one may judge who will compare the fpecimens of that plant, which he will find withering in the months of Auguft and September. Had the culm been reprefented incurved, I could have had no doubt. Michelius received his fpecimens from London and Paris. 11 CAREX INTERMEDIA. C. Spicà oblongà obtusà, {piculis plurimis; infimis terminalique -~ femineis; intermediis mafculis, culmo ereéto. Buddle, Hort, Sic. p. 31. n. 4. C. arenaria, Leers, t. 14. f. 2. C. difticha, F7 Angl. p. 403. F7. Scot. 546. Withering, 1028. C. fpicata, Poilich, n. 875. Habitat in paluftribus. Junio. Radix valdè repens, craffiufcula, perennis—Fo/a faturatè viri- dia, erecta, ad margines carinamque afperiufcula, culmo fæpe bre- viora. Culmus erectus, firmiufculus, triqueter, angulis acutis afperis, pedalis & ultra, nudus. Spica androgyna, compofita, fpiculis 8-20 approximatis, furfum imbricatis, ovatis, circiter tribus infimis & terminah fub-feemineis, ceteris fub-mafculis—in foemineis fcilicet fepius flos unus aut alter mafculus, & in mafculis foemineus con- fpiciendus eft. Flores foeminei femper inferiores. Ad fpicam infe- riorem en the Britifh Species of Carex. 155 - riorem bractea bafi ovata, fuperné in foliolum fetaceum longiufcu- lum definens—ad caeteras, braétea ovata fub-aphylla. Squamæ fufcæ, ovatæ, acutæ, capfulas æquantes, nervo carinali concolore. - Cap/ula oblonga, acuminata, ore divifo, hinc plana, illinc convexiuf- cula lateribus (oculo bene armato), membrana fub-lacerà f. ferru- lata marginatis. Filamenta & antheræ ut in cæteris. Stylus ftigma- - tibus duobus. The name dificha (which by no means correfponds with its growth) being applied to this plant, has occafioned its being not well known: Pollich revolts at the idea, and calls it /picata. Mr. Lyons obferves, that the {pike is vix difficha. As the leading cha- racter in this Carex is its having generally the intermediate fpiculæ almoft entirely male, I have ventured to apply a name which has immediate refpect to this uncommon circumftance. : The C. intermedia and arenaria approach fo nearly to each other, that I fcarcely know what to make of the defcriptions which {fome authors have given of them—I apprehend that they have trufted too much to their place of growth: no dependance can be placed on that matter. Although C. intermedia does not grow in fand, yet it is by no means unufual to find arenaria in meadows by the fea-fide. Mr. Lightfoot had not a correét notion of intermedia (his dficha), for he fays it differs from C. arenaria by not having a creeping root, whereas in fact no Carex is more ftrongly endowed with this injurious quality. Po//ic/s defcription is not accurate, for he takes no notice of the female terminal fpikelet. Leers, always accurate, rightly attends to this prominent feature: no one can miftake his figure. Some of the fpiculæ in this fpecies, and in arenaria, being purely male, and others female, would almoft juftify the clafling of them amongft thofe fexu difiincias—but it is not conftant enough to war- LT rant 156 Dr. GoopENovaon's Obfervations rant fuch a ftep asthat; befides, the habit is altogether that of the androgynous ones. For although Leers fays he found the inter- mediate fpikelets purely male, yet in almoft all of them two or three female flowers are to be feen at the bafe; and thus in the fe- male fpiculæ, male flowers from 1—3 at the fummit. A few fpi- culz are truly androgynous. After all it muft be allowed, that intermedia and arenaria are very nearly allied. Notwithftanding the obfcurity thrown over thefe plants by the confufion arifing from wrong fynonyms and imper- fe& defcriptions, yet there is character enough peculiar to each. In intermedia, the root creeps deeply under ground, and in a very ir- regular manner. In arenaria, it creeps juft below the furface, and while the main fhoot runs in a ftraight line, fide-fhoots ftrike off at right angles; it makes a beautiful appearance by this means, form- ing, with the fhoots it fends up, parterres, &c. which become at once its ornament and diftinétion. In znfermedia the culm is erect, in arenaria incurved. In intermedia, the {pike (the terminal fpicula be- ing feminine) is obtufe: in arenaria (many of the terminal fpiculæ being almoft entirely male) it is acute. In intermedia, the capfule has its margin entire; in arezaría, it is marginated on each fide towards the apex with a broadifh membrane. : I have never met with the variety @ of Mr. Hudfon. I have obferved indeed, occafionally, fome of the fpikes with very few fpi- cule; but I never found any plant throwing up all its culms in pie with fo few fpiculæ as are reprefented i in Plukenet’s figure. Dr. Withering fuppoles this as to be a reprefentation of Mr. Hudfor? s C. brizoides. Leyfer can fcarcely bẹ fuppofed to know Mr. Hudfon’s C. difticha; for he fays, Nulla laudabilis figura bujus Caricis quantum novi extat, Marif. Hift. 3. £ 8. t. 12. f. 32. iHi quodammodo fimilis. See Ley/er’s Fi. Hal, C. difficha, * But on tbe Britifh Species of Carex. 157 But Leers’s figure is moft excellent, which work he quotes. See Carex acuta, Fl. Hal. n. 959. I2 CAREX DIVISA. Ta. t9. fg. 2. Spicà ovatà fub-decompofità foliolo erecto inftruétà, fpiculis fub- confertis, capfulis adpreffis, radice repenti. Buddle’s Hort. Sic P. 31. n. 3. F7. Angl. p. 405.—Withering. p. 1033. ; Habitat in paluftribus maritimis. Maio, Junio. _ Radix valdé repens, craffa, perennis. Fo//a faturaté viridia, erecta, ad margines carinafque afperiufcula, culmo longiora, angufta, apicem verfus tenuiffima. Cu/nus erectus, debilis, pedalis & ultra, ad fpicam foliofus foliolo fæpiùs longiffimo (variat autem & brevi, immó bre- vilimo) tenui, ere&o, triqueter angulis acutiflimis (variat etiam obtufiufculis) afperiufculis. , Spica compofita eft ubi nec raró de- compofita, quippe ad bafin fpicæ divifio fit, unde decompofitio oritur. Scilicet ramulus breviffimus, fi fas fit hoc nomine appel- lare, fpiculas quafdam ovatas confertas gerit. Sub omni fpiculà bractea fufca, oblonga, inferius lata, apice in fetam brevem definens, fubtenditur. Spicule ovatæ, fub-contiguæ, erectz, floribus termina- libus mafculis. Squamæ fufcæ, ovate, acutiffimz, capfulà longiores. Capfule ovate, acute, hinc fub-cavz, illinc gibbz, arétè imbricatæ, rachi appreffz, nec minimé patentes, apicem verfus fub-membra- nacco-marginatz. Filamenta ut in cexteris—Sty/us fligmatibus duobus; & iifdem, fepiüs prz maritos tardos exfpectando, longi-. oribus. | I have not ventured to adduce any fynonyms from Lobel, Gerard, or Parkinfon. The fimilarity between this and miuricata is in fome ftages of. growth. and fituations too clofe to be kept apart by fuch de fis : rude bgures This. mme 458 Da. GoopEenoven’s Ob/ervations . ‘This plant varies very much—fometimes the culm is triquetrous with very fharp angles, fometimes it is rather blunt; fometimes the erect floral leaf is extremely fhort, fometimes it is extended to a great length: but the root is always very thick and creeping; the leaves very narrow and ereét; the culm very thin, and has the habit of a Scirpus.—The fpike has its fpikelets fub-contiguous, often crowded ; and the capfules are clofely imbricated, and rather turning inward, not at all {preading or opening. The male flowers, which in this fpecies terminate the fpikeleti, appear very late, which often occafions a confiderable elongation of the ftyles waiting for their impregnation. Perhaps this circum- ftance might be urged as a collateral proof of the truth of the fexual fyftem. 14 CAREX MURICATA. Spica oblonga fub-decompofita, fpiculis diftinétis, capfulis diver- gentibus ore fiffo, radice fibrosâ. Buddle, Hort. Sic. p. 32. n. 3 Petrver. Hort. Sic. vol. 1. p. 166. n. 4. Gramen fylvaticum tenuifolium rigidiufculum. Morif. Hifi. Ox. III. LÉ Gt 19, L27 Gramen cyperoides minus. fpicis minoribus minufque compaétis. Scheuchzer, 488. t. 11. f. 5. Carex nemorofa, fibrosá radice, anguftifolia, minimá caule exqui- fitè triangulari, {pica brevi interruptà. Michel, p. 69. t. 33. f. R, and fig. 14 Fi, Suecica, n. 839. C. fpicata. Flo. Angl. 406. Withering 1032. Flora Scot. 548. Habitat in fylvis & pratis humidis. Maio, Junio. Radix fibrofa, perennis. Folia amoené viridia, angufta, ad oras carinafque afpera, culmo longiora. Culmus erectus, pedalis & ultra, triqueter, —————— me o bin Sans — el on the Britifb Species of Carex. 159 triqueter, angulis acutis afperis. Spica androgyna, compofita, fæpe decompofita: fpiculæ circiter decem, infernè remote, fuperné con- tiguæ, ovate, fefliles, apice mafculæ, braéteatæ bra&eà bafi fub- ovata, fuperné in foliolum fetaceum hifpidum definenti—hee bractea ad inferiores fpiculam fuam longé fuperat—Squamæ ovatz, acute, capfulà breviores, fufcæ, margine membranaceo albo, nervo dorfali viridi. Cap/ule ovate, acute, hinc planz, illinc convexa, glabræ, ad margines fuperné hifpidiufculæ, fub-divergentes, ore. bifido. Filamenta ut in plerique. Stylus ftigmatibus duobus. The Linnean herbarium countenances my differing from the authors of our country in the naming of this plant C; muricata; for it ftands there fo infcribed by Linnæus himfelf. Indeed the little plant which is ufually called mwricata, by no means juftifies.the accu- racy of appellation for which Linneus was fo remarkable. On the contrary, this plant fully correfponds with the appearance which might be expected from that name. I am very fully perfuaded that Limneus, and after him the Swedifh botanifts, confounded the two plants. This appears pretty evident from the figures quoted by L;zmeus; and it is but fair to imagine that they thought it varied from foil and fituation. Haller, i in his hiftory, n. 1366, fays he received Mr. Hud/on's muricata from Sweden under the name muricata. This circumftance, and Linneus’s nam- ing this plant of which I am now fpeaking muricata alfo, confirm. me in my idea. C. muricata differs from vulpina, by never having its fpike Seti decompofite, nor the culm enlarged beneath the fpike. It differs. from C. divifa of Mr. Hudfon, by its fibrous root, and by having its. capfules diverging, and no erect leaf under the fpike. It differs. from flellulata, by its numerous and contiguous fpiculæ, and its.cap- - fules divided at the fummit, Var. 460 Dr. GoopENoven’s Obfervations Var. f. There is a variety rather flenderer in its form, with its {pike rarely decompound—The culm is not fo rough on its angles, . and towards the bafe it is roundifh, infomuch that many havetaken it for divifa of Hudf inclined fo to do by his fpecific defcription, and by Parkinfon's fynonym. Michelius, te 33. f. 12, and Scheuchzer, t. II. f. 5. are rather reprefentations of this variety. A plant of Jt is preferved in vol. 12. of Uvedak’s Herb. Rayanum, p. 72. n. 2. 14 CAREX DIVULS A. Spicà decompofità elongata -bafi Gibsrepapils {piculis inferioribus remotis; fummis contiguis, capfulis fub-ercétis. Buddle, Hort. Sic. p. 32. n. 4. Pet. Hort. Sic. p. 166. n. 2. and p. 167. n. 1. Carex nemorofa, fibrofà radice, caule exquifité triangulari, fpicà longa divulsà feu interruptà, capitulis folitariis, praeterquam ultimo. Mich. Gen. 69. t. 33. f. 10. Withering, 1035. C. canefcens, F7. Ang. 405. Habitat in nemorofis humidis. Maio, Junio, Julio. Radix perennis, fibrofa. Folia faturaté viridia, fubangufta, carina marginibufque afperis, culmo longiora. Culmus pedalis, fefqui- pedalis, debilis, fub-reclinatus, triqueter, angulis acutis afperiuf- culis. Spica interrupta, elongata, bafi fub-ramofa, androgyna— Spiculz inferiores remotz, plurimæ, ovate, feffiles, bracteis fetaceis . hifpidis; fuperiores contigua floribus mafculis terminalibus. Squamae membranacez, albæ, ovatz, mucrónatz, nervo dorfali viridi qui in mucronem exit, capfulis longiores. Cap/u/a ovata, acuta, hinc plana, illinc convexiufcula, erectiufcula, ore bifido. Stamina tra. Stylus brevis, ftigmatibus duobus. I : pum The RE Bae RRR y eoe WU terne penser on tbe Britifo Species of Carex. 161 The figure of Mrcbelius is too accurately drawn to admit of any doubt in the application of it: neither would this plant have ever come iuto difpute, had not Loe/el’s figure t. 32, been adduced to reprefent it. How that miftake arofe I know not—It feems to have origi- nated with Mr. Ray* himfelf. See Ray Syn. p. 424. Loefél’s figure aptly enough reprefents Linnæus’s C. canefcens and Hudfon's brizoides, particularly the latter, for the outline of both is nearly the fame: - but it has nothing to do with C. Z/vul/z. Carex d/vul/a has a weakifh reclining culm, a long interrupted fpike, with one or two branches at the bafe; the fpikelets are re- motes and the capfules, though ftanding loofe and a little fpread- ing, yet are not diverging. This laft circumftance is worth attend- ing to, as it keeps it diftinét from thin ftarved fpecimens of Carex vulpina, as figured by Leers, t. 14. f. 3. 153 CAREX VULPINA. . C. fpicá fupra-decompofità coar&tato-ramos4 obtusa, fpiculis fupernè mafculis, capfulis divergentibus, culmi angulis aomtiffimis. Buddle Hort. Sic. p. 32. n. I. Carex paluftris major, radice fibrosà, caule exquifité triangulari, {pica brevi habitiori compacta, Mich. Gen. 69. t. 33. f. 13., Gramen cyperoides paluftre majus. Park. 1266. Morif. Hifi. Oxon. III. 244. f. 8. t. 12. f. 24. Leers, t. 14 f. 5. With. 1030, where fee an account of the feveral varieties of this fpecies. FJ. Dan. t. 308. Pollich. n. 876. Fi. Suecica, n. 838. Fl. Angl: p. 404. * Mr. Ray was in general fo very accurate that it may be queftioned whether later writers have not miftaken him. Loe/e/’s figure is fo plain and chara&teriftic, that it may be doubted whether Rays fynogym does not aCtually relate to Lee/el, that is, to our C. curta. Vor. II. ¥ | Habitat 162 |... Dn. Goopenoucn’s Obfervations Habitat paffim in paluftribus, & ad ripas foffarum & fluviorum. | Maio. Radix fibrofa, perennis. Folia faturaté viridia, latiufcula, ad oras carinafque afpera, culmum fuperantia. Cu/mus erectus, firmus, rachi fpicæ multo auctior, pedalis, bipedalis, triqueter, lateribus fub-exca- vatis, & inde angulis acutiffimis, afperis. Spica androgyna, fupra- decompofita, coarétato-ramofa, oblonga, obtufa, ramis diftanti-. bus rigidis. Ad bafin omnis rami, braétea bafi ovata, fuperné in foliolum fetaceum hifpidum definens—Spiculæ fefliles, ovato-ro- tundz, fuperné mafculæ—Squamæ ovatz, acuminate, fufcæ, mem- branaceæ, nervo dorfali viridi, capfulis paulo longiores. Cap/ule oblongæ, acuminatz, hinc planæ, illinc convexiufculz, divergentes, ore bifido. Filamenta tria, antheris linearibus flavis. — Szy/us ftigma- tibus duobus. Of this well-known fpecies no doubt can be entertained.— The ftoutnefs of its culm, the clofenefs and rigid nature of the fpike, and its fupradecompgfition, mark it very ftrongly. Dr. Withering notes feveral varieties, but they all fall under the general defcription which I have given above. To diftinguifh it ftill more nicely from fome of its affinities, obferve—1. That the fpike is furnifhed with many braéteæ ending in a fetaceous leaf, and that the culm is moft fharply triangular, and the fides are hollowed, or fink in.—' Then the capfules are divaricated. Moreover, the culm is enlarged be- low the fpike, and feems fuddenly contracted when it meets the- rachis of the fpike. Hence it feems to be very different from muri- cata, to which it is moft nearly allied; and alfo from fereriufcula, which has its culm fomewhat roundifh. | E ` Leers fig. t. 14. f. 3. is a variety of this plant, and not Carex di- vulfa, as is evident from the diverging of the capfules. pL 16. CAREX -— on the Britifo Species of Carex. 163 * 16. CAREX TERETIUSCULA. Taz. 10. fig. 3. Spica fupra-decompofita coarétato-ramosâ acutiufculà, fpiculis glo- meratis fuperné mafculis, capfulis patentibus, culmo teretiuf- culo. | Habitat in paluftribus propé Norwich. Dom. Crowe. Maio, Radix fibrofa, perennis. Folia viridia, erecta, rigidiufcula, cul- mi feré dimidium vaginantia, vagina fuperà hinc membranaceà tranfverfim rugofà, bafi extus convexa, intus canaliculata, fupernè carinata ut in cæteris accidit, oris carinàque afpera, culmo florifero longiora—Folium fuperum cæteris longius evadit.—Cu/zus florifer folis + brevior, triqueter angulis acutis afperis, inter angulos autem quafi torus longitudinalis prominulus, adeó ut culmus tere- tiufculus vifus eft. Culmus tandem pedalis, fefquipedalis evadit. —Spica androgyna, terminalis, ovato-oblonga, acutiufcula, fupra- decompofita, bracteà infimä breviffimà, bafi dilatatä, utrinque mem- branacea fufcà, margine ipfo albo, in fetam definenti fpiculà fu& breviori. Spiculæ &fpiculellæ ovatæ, acutz, feffiles—Flores mafculi | fuperiores, plures; foeminei inferiores, circiter fex—Squamz fufcae margine albo membranaceæ, nervo dorfali viridi abbreviato, ovatz, acutæ.—Cap/ule ovate, acute, hinc planiufculæ, illinc convexæ, gibbæ, marginibus ferrato-hifpidis, patentes—Maturz fquamä fub- tensà + longiores. Filamenta tria, antheris linearibus flavis. Syg- mata duo. | I underftand that Mr. Crowe of Norwich is the difcoverer of this plant. It comes very near C. paniculata, but it is nearly twice as {mall in all its parts., X As 164 Dr. GoopENovGH's Obfervations As far as cultivating it three years will enable me tofpeak, I will beg leave to ftate a difference. Its fpike is never in the leaft panicled, but always clofe: its feeds are remarkably gibbous on one fide, which is not obfervable in paniculata: its culm is not triangular, like that of paniculata, but, owing to a prominent line running down the planes of the fides, roundifh—not but that it always retains fomewhat of a triangular form, with its angles rough. Its leaves are erect, and ufually incurved—Paniculata lias them al- ways-{preading. It differs in ceconomy alfo, not forming thofe large tufts of grafs for which paniculata is fo remarkable. It has no affinity to vulpina, for its capfules are never diverging, nor its culm enlarged beneath the rachis of the fpike. As the round appearance of the culm is an obvious mark of diftinétion, I reft the fpecific difference principally upon that cir- cumftance. The gibbofity of the capfule alfo is very conftant. - Mr. Curtis favoured me with roots of this plant. 17 CAREX PANICULATA. B €, {pica fupra-decompofità paniculato-ramosà acuta; ramis alternis remotiufculis, capfulis patentibus, culmo triquetro. Buddle Hort. Sic. p. 31. n. 1. Per. Hort. Sie. Vol. 1. p. 163. n. 1. both va- rieties ? Cyperus alpinus longus inodorus, paniculà ferrugined minus fparsà. Scheuchzer 499. prod. t. 8. Carex radice repenti caule exquifitè triangulari fpicà multiplici ferrugineà & fuícà. Mich, Gen. 68. t. 33. f. 7. Gramen cyperoides paluftre elatius fpicà longiore lax. Mori Hif. Oxon. MI. 244. f. 8.t. 12. f. 23. Sp. Plant. p. 1383. Leers; t. I4. f. 4 Pollich, n. 882. FY. Angl. 403. Withering 1036. s Habi- on the Britifh Species of Carex. 165 Habitat in paluftribus putridis & aquofis, Junio. Virginia Water. Radix fibrofa, perennis. Folia viridia, ad oras carinafque valdè afpera, culmo longiora, fub-angufta, canaliculata, exteriora brevi- ora. Culmus pedalis, 2-pedalis & ultra, inferné foliis obfitus, erec- tus, ftrictus, triqueter, angulis acutioribus afperis. Spica fupra-de- compofita, paniculato-ramofa, androgyna. Ad bafin cujufque ra- muli, bractea ovata in mucronem elongatum nonnunquam in fetam definens, fulva, membranacea, margine albo. Ad omnem etiam fpiculam unica ejufdem forme. Spicule infere remote, fuperæ congeftæ, ovate, omnes fefhles, floribus inferioribus, circiter qua- tuor fœmineis, fuperioribus pluribus maículis— Squamz ovatæ, concave, acute, membranaceæ, fuíce, margine albz, carinatæ, ca- rinà ciliato-hifpidà, nervo dorfali viridi, capfularum fere longitudine. Capfule ovatæ, acute, laxe, patentes, hinc planz, illinc convexz, ad margines ferrulatæ, acuminatæ, ore bifido.. Filamenta tria, an- theris linearibus flavis. S/ylus brevis, ftigmatibus duobus. The lax branchy difpofition of the fpike is a fufficient mark of difcrimination in this fpecies. As the term racemus compofitus, though fcientifically exact, and applicable to this fpecies, feldom occurs in the Linnean defcription, I have changed it for one of a more general and popular nature, /pica paniculato-ramofa. The branches are alternate, and fomewhat diftant from each other.—The capfules in this fpecies are fometimes fomewhat di- verging, and of the fame length as the iquama which guards them, —The whole {pike is triquetrous, oblong, and acute at its firft opening. . This Carex is admirably well qualified for planting in loofe boggy 166 Dr. GOODENOUGH’S Obfervations ‘boggy ground; its immenfe tufts forming firm fupport for the heavieft bodies. The Var. 8 of Withering, upon being cultivated in a rich wet foil, formed its {pike as branching as Var. a. IS "CARES "DIGITAT A. C. bracteis membranaceis fub-aphyllis vaginantibus dimidiatis, fpi- cis linearibus erectis : mafculà breviori, capfulis diftantibus. Gramen caryophyllatum polycarpon fructu triangulo. Loef. Pruf. p. 112. t. 27. | | Gramen caryophyllatum montanum fpicà varia. Baubin. Prodr. p. 9. Scheuchzer, p. 448. t. 10. f. 14. Cyperoïdes montanum nemorofum, caule triquetro, compreffo, fpicis ferrugineis tenuioribus inter fe diftantibus; capfulis rarius dif- pofitis, oblongis, turbinatis, trilateris. Mich. Gen. 65. t. 32. Kig: Lees, t. 16. f. 4. F Angl p. 409. Pollich. n. 884. Fi, Sunt n. 844. Withering, 1041. Habitat in fylvis & umbrofis propè Bath. D. Sok. Radix fibrofa, perennis; partes qua radici proximz, feu culmi five folia fint, omnes rubræ. Fo/ia nigro-viridia, culmo inflorefcenti longiora, marginibus ad bafin retrorfum hifpidis, ad medium levi- bus, apicem verfus antrorfum hifpidis, carina lzeviffimá. | Cu/mus - 6— 12 uncialis erectiufculus, obíoleté triqueter, angulis obfoletis, bafi - fquamis ftriatis vaginantibus in foliolum acutum breviffimum defi- nentibus obveftitus. Spice fexu diftinétæ, terminalis mafcula, tres aliquando duæ fubjeétæ fœmineæ, omnes lineares—Spica mafcula tenuis, fquamis rubro-ferrugineis, oblongo-ovatis, obtufis, nervo dorfali viridi Spice foeminez etiam tenues, circiter 7-floræ, pe- 4 dunculatz, on tbe Britifh Species of Carex. 167 dunculatz, bracteà membranaceà fub-aphyllà (rariüs fcilicet in fo- liolum breviffimum acutum definit) dimidium pedunculi cujufque ampleétenti; fuperior ad bafin fpicæ mafculæ fita eft, & eandem altitudine fuperat—cæteræ inferiores remotiufculæ. Flores laxé im- bricati, alterni, diftantes—Squamæ ut in mafculà capfulam æquan- tes. Caplule obovate, trigonæ, acute, pubefcentes, apice indi- vifo. Filamenta tria—Stigmata tria. 19 CAREX CLANDESTINA. C. bra&eis membranaceis fub-aphyllis vaginantibus, fpicis foemineis remotis vaginam vix exfuperantibus. Cyperoides montanum humile anguftifolium, culmo veluti foliofo {picis obfeffo. Scheuchzer, 407. t. 1o. f. x. Mich. Gen. 63. t. 32. f. 8. ex auctontate cel. Schreberi, Spic. fl. pf. p. 65. n. 1013. | Habitat in rupe Sanéti Vincentii dicta, propè Briftol. D. Sole. Radix perennis, fibrofa. Fola tenuia, culmo triplo & ultra lon- giora, canaliculata, marginibus carinàque apicem verfus afpera. Culmus brevis, erectus, teretiufculus, hinc planiufculus, glaber.. Spice fexu diftinte, una mafcula, tres faeminez, omnes remote, Spica ma/cula terminalis, oblonga, acuta, femuncialis, {quamis fufco- ferrugineis, ovato-oblongis, obtufis, margine lato, membranaceo, albo, nervo dorfali viridi. Spice feminee oblongiufculæ, paucifloræ, pe- dunculatz—Ad unamquamque fpicam braétea membranacea, fzpius aphylla, quæ non modo pedunculum, verum etiam fpicam ipfam, fæpius finu fovet. Hzc braétea nonnunquam in foliolum brevif- fimum exit.—Squamz ut in mafculà, capfulam fubæquantes. Cap- jila ovata, trigona, acutiufcula, ore indivifo. Filamenta ut in ceteris. S¥y/us ftigmatibus tribus, longis. If * 168 — Dr. Goopvenovcn’s Obfervations - If the very fingular mode of growth in the C. digitata and clan- deftina did not ftrike the eye of the moft incurious, the membra- naceous vagina would be a fufficient diftinétion. In this fpecies the {pikes are pedunculated, but ftill, in their lowering ftate, rarely exceed the length of the vagina. This en Taine: and the flowering culms themfelves being hidden among the leaves, induced me to call it clandefina. It flowers very early in the Spring, in the very beginning of Apri. He who cultivates it would do well to fhelter it at that feafon from froft and wet, which often prevent it from ripening its feeds, or indeed opening its flower. It thrives in the garden, almoft equally well in the com- mon border, or in a watery fituation. But all Carices certainly prefer moifture, This plant, as I am informed, ie been Poe of by Dick and other pupils of Haller under the name of argentea, and by Allioni un- der the name of profrata. It is the bumuilis of Leyfer and of Schreber. The leaves, which overfhadow the culms at their firft appear- ance, are thofe of the preceding year, which'ufually continue green till their fucceffors are enabled to take their place, and continue "e fyftem of protection. ! * 20. CAREX PENDULA. C. vaginis longis fubzquantibus, fpicis cylindricis longiffimis pendu- . Iis, capfulis confertiffimis ovatis acutis. Buddle, Hort. Sic. p. 28. n. 2. Uvedale, Herb, Ray, vol. 12. p. 65. À & B. Gramen cyperoides fpicà pendula longiore. Mori. Hif. Ox. III. 242. 1.8. t. 12. f. 4. FJ. Angl. 411. Withering, 1046. FI. Scot. 564. Curtis FI. Londinenfis. : Habitat in fylvis, & fepibus frequentius. Maio, Junio. » Radix on the Britifh Species of Carex. 169. Padi» fibrofa, perennis. Fola lata, craffa, rigida, nigrosviridia; fubtus glaucefcentia; ad margines carinafque afperrima, culmo breviora. Cu/mus 2—6.pedalis, erectus, firmus, triqueter, angulis inferné acutis, fuperné obtufiufculis, omnino glabris, nifi ad fum- mum ubi internodium unum aut alterum afperiufculum eft. Spice una mafcula, circiter fex fceminez. Spica mafcula triquetra, angulis acutis, fub-clavata, 2—4 uncialis, terminalis, fquamis ob- longis, acutis, fufcis, membranaceis, nervo dorfali viridi Spice foeminez cylindricæ, pedunculatæ, 4—6 unciales, pendulz, bracteis longé breviores, remotæ, floribus inferioribus remotis, fuperioribus arCtiüs imbricatis. Squamz membranaceæ, nigra, oblonga, acute, nervo dorfali viridi lato. Ad bafin omnis pedunculi braétea, f. folium vaginans longum, vagina plerumque pedunculi longitu- dine. Cap/ula ovata, triquetra, glabra, acuta, ore indivifo, fquamá fuà longior. Filamenta tria. Stylus ftigmatibus tribus. The great fize of this Carex, and its very long pendulous cylin- drical fpikes, enable the botanift to difcriminate it at a great dif- tance—It has remarkably fmall capfules for its fize. 21. CAREX STRIGOSA. Tap. 20, fg. 4 C. vagin : longis fubæquantibus, fpicis filiformibus laxis pendulis, capfulis oblongis fub-triquetris acutis. Uvedale, Herb. Rayan. vol. 12. p. 64. n. 2. Fh Angl, Att. Withering, 1047. Habitat in fylvis & fepibus—In fylvà Witham dicta, propè Oxoniam. Dr. Sheffield. Aprili, Maio. Radix fibrofa, perennis. Folia lætè viridia, lata, marginibus ca- rinâque afperis. Cu/mus erectus, 2-pedalis & ultra, triqueter, angu- lis acutis glabris, folis longior. Spice unica mafcula, circiter fep- Vor. Il. Z tem 170 Da. Gooptnoucn’s Ob/erwations tem fdminez, Spica mafcula terminalis, linearis, teretiufculus, biuncialis, recta, Squama pallidè virentes, ovato-oblongæ, acute, margine membranaceo, albo, nervo dorfali lato, viridi. Spice foeminez circiter feptem, omnes filiformes, teretes, remotæ, primo eredz, mox pendule, pedunculatæ, floribus laxé imbricatis; fu- periores fzpiüs floribus aliquot mafculis terminalibus. Squamz ut in mafculà. Ad bafin omnis pedunculi braétea, f. folium vaginans, fatis longum, vagina pedunculi longitudine. Cap/xla oblonga, triquetra, acuta, ore indivifo, fquamà demum fere duplo longior. Filamenta tria, antheris SEES pallide flavis. Stylus ftigmati- bus tribus. In Ray’s Sympfis P- 419. n. 11. there is a fhort, but very expreffive defcription of this plant. In noting however the affinity between this and C. /y/vatica, it is alledged that this has either none or very fhort footitalks ; and other authors have copied this error— It has in fact long footftalks, but they are concealed within the - vagina— This concealment led the old botanifts to defcribe it as having none. It differs from /y/vatica by its having its peduncles fcarcely longer than the vagina, and by its capfules being three-cornered and acute, but not with a long taper roftrum. My friend Dr. ohn Sibthorp, the learned Regius Profeffor of Bo- tany in the univerfity of Oxford, has lately difcovered this plant in another fituation in the neighbourhood of Oxford, 22. CAREX P R JE C O X. C. vaginis brevibus fubæquantibus, bi approximatis ; mafculA fubclavata ; foemineis ovatis, capfulis fubrotundis pubefcentibus. Buddle, Hort. Sic. p. 30. n. 6 & 8. Uvedale, Herb. Rayan. vol. 12. P: 63. n. 3. Gramen on the Britifb Species of Carex. 57% Gramen cyperoides fpicatum, Gerard. em. p. 22. Gramen fpicatum foliis caryophylleis, Park, 1160. acquis Fi, Aufiriac. 46, Withering, 1043. | Carex montana, FJ. Angl. 407. FI. Scot, 551. . Habitat in pratis & ericetis. "Aprili, Maio, Radix repens, perennis. Folia faturaté viridia, tenuia, ad mar- gines carinamque afpera, culmo breviora. Cu/mus erectus, 6— 12 uncialis, triqueter, angulis obtufiufculis glabris. Spice una maf- cula, tres foeminex, approximate propè fummitatem culmi. Spica . maícula femuncialis & ultra, oblonga, fæpius fub-clavata, triquetra, erecta, fquamis membranaceis, fub-ferrugineis, oblongis, acutis, nervo dorfali viridi. Spice foeminez ad bafin mafculæ, ovatæ, bre- viter pedunculatz, ereCtx, floribus denfiufculé imbricatis; fquamis ovatis, acutis, capfulas fubæquantibus. Ad bafin pedunculorum, © præfertim inferioris, braétea, f. foliolum vaginans, breve, vagina brevi, pedunculum brevem æquanti. Hoc foliolum nunquam aut rarif- fimè culmum fuperat. Cap/ula ovata, fub-triquetra, achtiufcula, ore indivifo, tomentofa, mox nigricans. Filamenta ut in cæteris, Stylus ftigmatibus tribus. This plant is very eafy to be diftinguifhed from the pilulifera and faxatilis of Mr. Hudfon, by its having its {pikes fhortly peduncu- lated, and its peduncles encompaíled by a vagina or fheath equal- ing them in length. Pilulifera and faxatilis of Mr. Hudfon have no vaginz. lf the vagina be attended to, it will foon be difcovered that no one of the Britifh fpecies bears any refemblance to this. C. præcox has a creeping root and an erect ftalk, with angles fome- what fharpifh. It is a very common plant, growing on moft of our heaths and in meadows. Z2 23. CARE X 172 Dr. GoopENovcu's Obfervations 23 CAREX FILIFORMIS. Tas. 20. fig. 5. C. vaginis brevibus fubæquantibus, fpicis mafculis fub-duabus h- nearibus; foemineis ovatis remotis, capfulis hirtis. Cyperoides fylvaticum anguftifolium, fpicis parvis tenuibus fpa- diceo-viridibus. Scheuchzer, 425. t. 10- f. 11. Fl. Suecia, n. 847. | Carex tomentofa, FI. Scot. p. 553. Habitat propé Eaton, in com. Salop. Rev. E. Williams. At the fouth end of Air Links. Dr. Hope. Junio. Radix repens, perennis. Folia tenuiora, erecta, in apicem tenuiffi- mum definentia, marginibus carinàque afperiufcula 1— 3 pedalia. Culmus erectus, tenuis, triqueter, angulis acutis hifpidis, foliis fub- equalis. Spice fepits duæ mafculæ, totidem foeminee—Mafcula fuperior 1:—2 uncialis; inferior vix uncialis; ambz lineares; f, filiforme’, erectz, fquamis oblongis, acutis, nigro-ferrugineis, nervo dorfali viridi. Spice foeminez fæpiùs duz (aliquando unica tantum fefe protrudit), ovate, erectx, breviflimè pedunculatæ diftantes.— Ad bafin pedunculorum braétea, f. folium vaginans, vagina per- brevi, pedunculum perbrevem omnino fere ampleéctenti— Vagina in foliolum abit culmo pauló brevius—Squamæ ut in fpicà maf- culà, capfulas fubzquantes. Capfula hirta, five lanato-villofa, fub-triquetra, oblongiufcula, ore hiante furcato.—Filamenta tria. Stylus fügmatibus tribus, villofis, craffiufculis. Of. Spica foeminea fuperior fæpè feffilis, Anxious to determine this fpecies, I folicited the honour of be- ing permitted to confult Mr. Lighéfoot’s herbarium, which is now, as on the Britifo Species of Carex. 173 as I have before obferved, in her Majesty’s poffeffion.—I am therefore enabled to pronounce, that this plant is Mr. Lightfoor’s Carex tomentofa. — It is readily diftinguifhed from all Carices in its very foliage. Its leaves are narrow, very long, oftentimes a yard; and they end in a long and very taper point, fomething like the American Dac- tylis cynofuroides. In fruétification it is equally diftinct, by having generally two male fpikes and never more, and capfules downy, almoft woolly. This is in the Linnean herbarium with the name filiformis infcribed by Linnæus himfelf, therefore we can have no doubt about its identity. It is fomewhat furprifing that Linnæns never mentioned the downinefs of the capfules— This omiffion naturally led Mr. Lightfoot, who otherwife fufpected it to be Lin- naus’s filiformis, to call it tomentofa. The narrownefs of the foliage being fo remarkable, I wonder that Linneus did not take the hint from Scheuchzer, and name it C. te- mufola. —— i; j : I am much indebted to the Rev. Mr. Williams of Eaton, near Shrew/bury, for roots and fpecimens of this plant. I received roots alfo from my friend Dr. Sibthorp of Oxford, who was likewife in- debted to Mr. Williams for them. Cultivated in a garden, it never, or rarely flowers. 24 CAREX FLAVA. C. vaginis brevibus fub-æquantibus foliolo divaricato, {pica mafcula lineari; fœmineis fubrotundis, capfulis roftrato-acuminatis. Buddle, Hort. Sic. p. 30. n. 11. Gramen cyperoides aculeatum Germanicum. Mor. Hif. Ox. III, 245. 1. 8. t. 12. f. 19. Gramen 174 |. Dx. Goopenoven’s Olfervations " Gramen paluftre echinatum. Ger. 17. Park, 1187. | Fl Suecica, n. 943. Leers, t. 15. f. 6. FL Dan. 1047. Fi. Angl. 407. Fi. Scot. 551. Withering, 1037. Habitat in paludofis paffim. Maio, Junio. Radix repens, perennis. Fota amoené viridia, ad margines cari- namque afperiufcula, culmo longiora. Culmus erectus, triqueter, angulis acutis, glabris, altitudine varius, uncialis, pedalis, & ultra, Spice una mafcula, tres fœmineæ—Spica maícula terminalis, fubli- nearis, ereéta, femuncialis-uncialis, fub-triquetra; fquamis ovato- oblongis, obtufiufculis, fulvis, nervo dorfali viridi. Spice fœ- minez modo omnes ad fummitatem culmi congeftz ; modo inferior remota, ceteris prope mafculam congeftis, modo, quod fæpe acci- dit, omnes a fe invicem remotz, fubrotundz, fed variant & præ- fertim inferior, oblongz, pedunculo vagina fuà pauló longiori. Squamz fere ut in mafcula, capfulà breviores—Ad bafin omnis pe- dunculi bra&ea, f. folium vaginans, vagina pedunculi longitudine. Veruntamen eft ubi pedunculus inferior, precipué cum remotus fit, vaginam fuam fere dimidio fuperat. Vagina in foliolum abit, culmo longius, divaricatum. Cap/ula fub-triquetra, ovata, roftrata, roftro fæpe fub-reflexo, ore plerumque indivifo, & ad bafin fpicæ, ex rotunditate f. contraétione receptaculi, deorfum fpeétans. Fi/a- menta ut in ceteris. Svy/us ftigmatibus tribus. Of. Variat fed rariüs fpicis mafculis duabus, tum culmi angulis afperiufculis. | The long divaricated foliaceous bractea is a very conftant difcri- minating mark in this fpecies : this, together with its round prickly heads, renuer the inveftigation perfectly eafy. It - en the Britifh Species of Carex. 175 It may however be difficult to keep it always diftinét from the two following, which have been confidered as varieties of it. The capfule is a good guide to diftinguifh it from C. extenfa, being in C. fava oblong, with a long taper point, and in C. exten/a ovate and acute. But the capfule is no guide in its feparation from C. fulva, being apparently the fame. C. fava has always three fe- male fpikes, and C. fu/va as conftantly two—Then C. flava has its bracteze divaricated ; C. fulva upright, particularly the loweft, The divifion of the apex of the capfule has always appeared to me confiant in C. fulva, but is by no means fo in C. flava. The ha- bit of thefe two plants feems very different. And the female {pikes in C, fulva are always acute, and never round. 25 CAREX EXTENSA. Tas. 2r. fig 7. E vaginis breviffimis æquantibus foliolo fub-reflexo, fpicis con- fertis; foemincis fub-rotundis, capfulis ovatis acutis, . Buddle, Hort. Sic. p. 30. n. ro. Carex flava, Var. B. Hudf. Flora Anglica, p. 407. Habitat in paluftribus, propè Harwich—On the marfhy part of Braunton Burrows in Devonfhire. Junio. Radix perennis. Folia radicalia fub-angufta, culmo bre- J. viora (qux autem culmi bafin amplectuntur, eundem fæpe æquant, fepe fuperant) fummitatem vertus marginibus carinaque afperiuf- culis. Culmus erectus, pedalis & ultra, triqueter, angulis obtufiuf- culis, glabris. Spice una (rarius dux) mafcula; duæ, fæpe tres, foeminez. Spica mafcula linearis, femuncialis & ultra (fi duz ad- fint altera quintuplo brevior) terminalis; fquamis fuicis, nervo dorfali viridi, oblongis, fub-obtufis. Spice fœminez fæpiès ad bafin 176 Dr. Goop£ENoUGH's Ob/érvations bafin mafculæ, confertiufculæ ; aliquando autem inferior remotiuf- cula, ovata (fuperiores fub-conicæ), acutiufcula; omnes ple- rumque breviter pedunculate ; fquamis ovatis, fufcis, nervo dorfali craffiufculo, qui in mucronem prominulum definit, capfula demum duplo brevioribus. Ad bafin fpicarum feeminearum braétea foliacea, quz vagina fuâ pedunculum totum, qui quidem omnino brevis eft, amplectitur: inferior longiffima, & culmum longiffimé fuperat: fuperiores breviores; interdum fuperior culmo brevior. Omnes denique reflexz. Cap/uie glabræ, patentes, fub-trigonz, nervofz, ovatæ, acutz, apice in denticulos duos divifo, roftro (fi roftrum fas fit dicere) breviffimo. Filamenta tria. Stylus ftigmatibus tribus. . This plant has always, I believe, paffed as a variety of Carex flava. However, the fruétification proves it to be entirely diftinét. In C. extenfa the leaves are narrower than in C. flava, and the whole plant is flenderer and taller. The fquamz of the female fpikes are ovate and bluntifh, with the nerve ending in a very fhort projecting point, and are fhorter in proportion to the capfule than in C. ffava. The capfules are rather acuminated, but by no means roftrated or beaked, and the fummit is flightly bifid. The braéteæ are ufually reflexed. The female fpikes have their pe- duncles only of the length of the vagina, and not longer. The capfules alío are patent, but very rarely divaricated. "This plant does not owe its height to being drawn up by the furrounding herbage, for I have always found it in open places. I have found it in the marfhy ground near Harwich, and in the maríhy ground on the welt fide of Braunton Burrows, in the north of Devonfhire. It is not a common plant. Oëf. The circumftance of the fpikes being cluftered together is very conftant in this fpecies, but it is by no means fo in C. flava, 8 26. CAREX on the Britifh Species of Cares. 177 20 CAREX FULYA. Tas. 20. fiz. 6. . C. vagina infimå fubdimidiatà ; fuperioribus fubæquantibus, fpicis fcemineis duabus oblongis acutis, capfulis roftrato-acuminatis. um diftans. Fi Dan. t. 1049. - Habitat propè Eaton, juxta Shrewfbury, in agro Salopienfi. Rev. E. Williams. Junio, Julio. à Radix repens, perennis. Folia erecta, anguíta, marginibus cari- nâque afperis, culmo breviora. Cu/mus erectus, tenuis, fub-pedalis, triqueter, angulis acutis, afperis. Spice, una -mafcula, duæ ple- rumque foeminex. Spica mafeula terminalis, fub-linearis, femun- cialis & ultra, acutiufcula ; fquamis flavefcentibus, margine albo, oblongis, modo obtufis, modo obtufiufculis. Spice foeminex fæpius remote, ovato-oblongæ, acutæ, inferior pedunculata, pedunculo longiufculo, fuperior _ fubieffilis ; ; fquamis oblongis, acutis, fæpe acutiufculis, capfulam fere. æquantibus. Ad bafin omnis fpicæ fœmineæ bractea f. folium vaginans; inferior erecta, culmum plerumque æquañs, vagina plufquam dimidium pedunculi am- ple&ente; fuperior fub-divaricata, culmo plerumque brevior, pe- dunculum, qui profe&to breviffimus eft, totum fere vagina occu- pans—interdum totum occupat. Cap/ele fub-trigonæ, nervis ftriatæ, oblongæ, roftrato-acuminatz, fquamas fub-æquantes, fepe exce- dentes, apicé divifo, patentes, nec divaricatæ, aut deorfum fpec- tantes.—Fylamenta tria—Stylus ftigmatibus tribus. Obf. Variat, fed rarius, fpicis foemineis tribus. ‘This plant is fcarcely removed from C. fave. However, it differs from it in having the angles of the culm fharp and rough. ‘The female fpikes are remote, oblong and acute, not round; the lowermoft is fuppoxted by a long footítalk, half of which nearly - Vos. II. Aa appears 178 Dr. Goon£noucx”s Ob/érvations appears above the vagina. Befides, it has fcarcely | ever more than two female fpikes. The lowermoft bractea is erect, and not diva- ricated. The capfules are not divaricated, but patent, and are flightly divided at the fummit. I regret that I have had no oppor- tunity of cultivating it. | I am indebted to the Reverend Mr. Williams of Eaton near Shrew/= bury for my knowledge of this plant as a native of Britain—I have received it from America and Newfoundland, but never underftood till very lately that it was an inhabitant of our country. 27. CAREX DISTANS. c. vaginà infima ferè dimidiatà ; fuperioribus fubæquantibus, fpieis oblongis remotiffimis, capfulis acutis. Buddle, Hort. Sic. p. 29. f. 5. Uvedale, Herb. Rayan. vol. 12. p. 66. n. 1. Gramen cyperoides paluftre, fpicis tribus fubrotundis vix aculeatis, fpatio diftantibus. Mor. Hif. Ox. 243. f. 8. t. 12. f. 18. Carex {picis parvis longe diftantibus. Scheuchzer, 431. Wuthering, 1049:..F/. Angl. 412. Fl. Scot. 561. Fl. Dan. 1948 Carex panicea, FJ. Sutcica, Var. a? > Habitat in paluftribus, przcipué maritimis. Junio. Radix fbrofa, perennis. Folia: pallidè virefcentia, marginibus carinaque afperiufculis, culmum floriferum fub-æquantia.. Culmus - erectus, triqueter, angulis acutis, glabris, pedalis, bipedalis. Spice, “una eu rarius dug; tres fæmineæ. Be maltais termina- «& ultra 5 mex fub-flavefcentibus, : nervo dorfali viridi, margini- bus albis, obtufis: Spice foeminez oblonga, -unciales’ & ultra, « P: M < Es erecta, MÀ em "en the Britifh Species of Carex. 179 recte, pedunculatæ, valdé remote ; fquamis acutiufculis, capfula "brevioribus. | Ad bafin omnis pedunculi bractea f. folium vaginans. "Vagina inferior. non pedunculi longitudine, tamen plufquam di. midium occupat; fuperiores pedunculos fuos æquant. Vaginæ in foliola abeunt fpicis fuis multoties longiora, at culmo breviorà—- Capfule fub-triquetræ, ovate, acuminate, ore fub-divifo. Filantenta ut in cæteris—Sfylus ftigmatibus tribus. The remarkable diftance at which the female fpikes ate placed from each other, is a diftinétion too obvious to admit of any doubt. C. birta has them fituated in the fame manner ; but the leaves are hairy, and the. capfules villous, in that {pecies—in C. difans they are both perfectly fmooth. | It ufually flowers in May: and nae pe 28. CAREX PANICEA. " C. vaginà Mid: fabdimidistà: fuperioribus fub-æquantibus ; fpicis ere&tis remotis, capfulis inflatis obtufiufculis fub-diftantibus. Uvedale, Herb. Rayan. vol. 12. p. 62. n. I. Cyperoides folis caryophylleis (caule rotundo-triquetro), fpicis e - rarioribus & tumidioribus veficis compofitis. Mich. Gen. t. 32. £ rt | FJ. Suecicay ae Var. f. Les t. 15 £. 5. FL Dan. at mala, Fl. Scot. (558. ern, 1044 Habitat in pratis & pafcuis RE Mio, Junio. : Radix repens, perennis. Folia glauca, marginibus carinâque af- periufculis, culmo breviora. Culmus ereétus; triqueter, angulis acu- -— glabris, fub-pedalis. Spice, una (rarius dux) mafcula, Aa2 circiter 180 |. Dr. Goopenoven’s Obfervarions circiter tres fœmineæ. Spica mafcula terminalis, oblonga; uncialis; Íquamis fulvis, oblongo-ovatis, acutiufculis. Spice foeminez om- nes a fe invicem remote, ovate, erectz, pedunculatze, floribus laxé imbricatis, fquamis oblongo-ovatis acutis, capfulà brevioribus, nervo dorfali viridi. —Ad bafin finguli pedunculi braétea f. folium vagi- ` mans, vagina inferiori circiter dimidium, aut paulo plus, pedunculi amplectente ; cxteris pedunculos fuos fere æquantibus. Hz brac- tez in foliola definunt culmo breviora, fpicis fuis longiora. Cap- fula pallida, fubovata, bafi compreffiufcula, fuperné inflata, obtufi- ufcula, ore claufo, indivifo. Filamenta ut in ceteris.—Stylus ftigma- tibus tribus. C. panicea, in its younger ftate, is very like the young fpecimens . ef C. recurva; but it is at once diftinguifhed by the vagina.— In panicea the lowermoft vagina is full half the length of the footftalk, in recurva about one quarter only. It is diftinguifhable alfo by its alternate diftant capfules; in recurva they are crowded jn a thicker fpike. 29. CAREX CAPILLARIS. C, vaginis dimidiatis, fpicis foemineis oblongis laxis: fruétiferis- pendulis, pedunculis capillaribus, capfulis acuminatis, Fi. Scot. p. 557. Fl, Dan. t. 168. Scop. Fl. Carniol. 1152. t. 59. Habitat in montofis Scoticis, Radix fibrofa, perennis— Filia tenuiffima, culmo fore triplo bre- viora, Culmus ere&tus, triqueter, angulis obtufiufculis, glabris, 2—5 uncialis. S ice, una mafcula, dua foeminez, omnes ad fummi- tatem Tnm on 18e Briti Species of Carem — tatem culmi. Mafcula erecta, oblonga, f. fub-linearis, flavefcenss Íquamz oblongæ, acutiufcule. Fœmineæ ambæ ex codem nodo prodeunt, pedunculatz, mox pendulz, oblongz, pauciflore—Brac- - tea f. folium vaginans dimidium pedunculorum, qui capillares funt, Occupat. Vagina in foliolum exit culmo paulum longius. Squamæ deciduæ, ovate, obtufæ, fub-fulvæ, capfulà breviores Capfula- ovata, roftrato-acuminata, ore indivifo. S#gmata tria. Of. Spica maícula admodum pauciflora. The diminutive ftature of this plant, its capillary peduncles, its- ‘female fpikes pendulous, lax, with few flowers, from four to eight. and the fquamz of the fame being deciduous, place it in too con/pi= cuous a light to be miftaken.. I never have had the good fortune to: fee this plant growing 3; I have taote iore SEA Mai ws to take my mone ane from dried. Ípecimens. — 30. CAREX DEPAUPERAT A. €. vaginis plufquam dimidiatis, fpicis foemineis remotis paucifloriss. capfulis ovatis inflatis roftrato-acuminatis. Cyperoides fylvarum anguítifolium caule trilatero, fpicis parvis, . capfulis rarius difpofitis, obefis, &c.. Mich. Gen. p. $6. t. 32.- f. 5. Withering, p. 1049. = Carex ventricofa. Fl. Londin, bona, Habitat in fylvà Chariton dictà—In fylvis prope Gedalmim in agro - Surreiano. Maio, Junio. ‘Radix fibrofa, perennis. Folia pallidé virefcentia, marginibus . carinâque afperis; radicalia ad bafin rufa, culmo breviora. Cu/mus. - erectus, pedalis, bipedalis, triqueter, angulis obtufiufculis, glabris. Spice, - EG Da. .GoopzNoUcE'r Offéruations - o» ‘Spice, una. maícula, ; terminalis, linearis,, fquamis, flavefcentibus, nervo dorfali viridi ovato-oblongis, acutiufculis. Spice, foeminex remote, longè pedunculatz, erecte, pauciflore—quaque {cilicet fpica circiter 3—6 flores gerit. Flores laxe. difpofiti. Squamæ flavefcentes, nervo dorfali viridi (qui nervus in mucronem definit), oblongo-ovatz, acute, capiula fere dimidio breviores. Ad bafin „omnis pedunculi braétea f. folium vaginans, quod circiter tertiam partem pedunculi, nec “dimidium, amplectitur. Vagina in folio- lum abit fzpiffim culmo longius. Capfula oblongo-ovata, inflata, fub-triquetra, erecta, roftrata, ore indivifo. Filamenta tria, antheris Tinearibus flavis. Szy/us ftigmatibus tribus. des Obf. Capfule fæpius bifariàm imbricata. bis do not hefitate to adduce the fynonym and gue of Michelias: It cer tainly belongs to this plant, as any one may fatisfy himfelf who will take the trouble to obferve how accurately the vaginz are reprefented. In the vefcariz, to which it has been applied, there are no vagine—In this they embrace almoft half of the peduncle er footftak. Micheliui’s figure plainly conveys this idea. Its diftant long-pedunculated fpikes, and few capfules, readily diftinguifh this fpecies from all others. This laft circumftance induced the late Dr. So/ander to name it in his MSS. C, depaupes rata, whom Dr. Withering firft followed. . Mr. Curtis has given us an excellent figure of it under the name of Carex ventricofa. I had the good fortune to find this fpecies in Charlton wood— Mr. Dickfon has told me that it is not unfrequent in dry Woods near Godalmin in Surrey. I apprehend, from the form of the Cap». fule, that it has been taken for a . ftarved variety. of C. Tficaria ; as. LEE I cannot en the Britifh Species of Carex. 18% Feannot think it poffible that a plant of this fize, in the neigh bourhood of London, could have efcaped fo long unnoticed. Pro bably the vagina was never attended to; 31. CAREX SYLVATICA. C. vaginis abbreviatis, fpicis filiformibus laxis pendulis, capfulis: ovatis ariftato-roftratis. Buddle, Hort. Sic. p. 29. n. 4. Uvedgle, Herb. Rayan, vol..12. p. 67. n. T: : p. 69. n. I. D« 735 De Tos Gramen cyperoides fylvarum tenuius fpicatum. —. Morif, Hift. Oxon. MI. 243. f. 8. t. 12. f. Qr- . Park, 1172. . Scheuchzer, 4986. ^ | s Leers, 15. 2. » Withering, 1047. Fl. Dan. 404, FL bal gir- FI. Scot. 562. Carex patula. Pollich. n. 896. ~ Habitat in fylvis paffim: Maio,- Junio. ` Radix fibrofa, perennis. Folia pallidè virefcentia, ad margines - carinamque fuperné hifpida, culmo breviora. Cw/mus bipedalis & ultra, erectus, triqueter, angulis fupernè obtufiufculis, glabris: Spice, una (rarius duæ) mafcula, circiter fex foeminez, omnes a fe - invicem remotz. Spica maícula terminalis, erecta, linearis, trique- tra, uncialis, biuncialis, atque etiam ultra. Squamz flavefcentes, bafi. albà, nervo. dorfali viridi, oblonge, acute. Spice fœmineæ longius pedunculatz, citò pendulæ, filiformes, floribus laxé imbri- catis. Squamz. flavefcentes, nervo dorfali viridi, ovate, acuminate, capi. breviores. . Ad.bafin omnis pedunculi braétea f. folium: vaginanss , £3: + 184 Dr: GoopzNovón's Odjervations “vaginans, cujus vagina circiter quartam partem pedunculi amplec- titur. Vagina in folium abit fuà fpicà pauló longius. Caf/u/a ovata, acuminata, roftrata, roftro tenul, ore indivilo. Filamenia ut in cæteris.—Sfylus ftiematibus tribus. None of the figures of this plant, except that of Leers, give its due character. The figures of Mori/on, Parkinfon, and F7. Danica, reprefent it in its firft (tage of flowering when the fpikes are ercét.. It does not long continue in this attitude; for the fpikes, by rea- fon of their thin and long footítalks, as foon as the impregna- tion of their flowers has taken place, are too heavy for their weak fupporters. It ufually produces five or fix female fpikes, and one male, very rarely two. Every one muft be furprifed at L/gzeuss joining this as a va- Flety to veficaria and ampullacea. 43. CAREX RECURV A. C. vaginis abbreviatis, {picis foemineis fub-cylindricis pendulis, cap- fulis rotundato-ovatis, radice repente. Buddle, Hort. Sic. p. 30. n. 3. 4. * ."Gramen nemorofum {pica fubnigrà recurvà. Mori jf Hif. Ox. 1. 8. tor. f 14 Cares limofa; Leers, Var. g. t.a 5. REM F1. Angl, p. At 3. Withers ing, 1050. Fl. Dan. 1051. LINT | Habitat in pratis, p nemoribus & ericetis. Maio, Junio. - Rai: repens, perennis. Folia glauca, pro magnitudine plantæ latiofcula, nareinibus carinâque afperrima. Cw/mus erectus, tri- queter, angulis acutiufculis, glabriufculis, foliis radicalibus longior, pan, Spice, una (fæpè dua, rard tres) mafcula, tres feeminez. I Spica on the Britifb Species of Carex. 185 Spica mafcula terminalis, oblonga, fub-cylindrica, plus minufve uncialis, fquamis nigro-ferrugineis, oblongis, obtufis, nervo dorfali viridi, margine membranaceo albo. Spice fœmineæ fub-cylin- dricæ, unciales, fefcunciales, longius pedunculatz, primüm erecta, mox maturiores pendulæ, remotæ Ad bafin pedunculorum . braétea, vagina abbreviata, f. vix quartam partem pedunculi am- pleétente, utrinque bafi auriculata, auriculà fub-rotundà. Vagina ~ in folium definit culmo fepé longius. Squamz oblongæ, acute, capfulà paulo breviores. Cap/ula ovata, fub-triquetra, obtufiufcula, ore claufo, primum viridis, inde gradatim flaveícens, ferruginea, nigra, fub lente fab-tomentofa. Filamenta tria. Stylus ftigmatibus tribus, crafliuículis, villofis. Although no Carex can be faid to vary more in fize and habit than this, yet to an attentive operum there will be no difficulty og it. Its cylindrical pendulous black fpikes, its glau- cous Ses, (hort vaginz; UR capfules, fmooth culm, and creeping root, are obvious diftinctions. ~ It feems ftrange that fo common a Carex as this is fhould have been fo little noticed by the old authors. I recolle& no old figure of it befide Morifons—that indeed charaéterifes it fufficiently. Leers’s figure is tolerable; he feems to have joined C. Zimofa his Var. a, and recurva his Var. @. in one—which is a confufion very unufual to his general confummate accuracy. I fhould almoft have apprehended that Mr. Lightfoot had intend- ed this plant by his C. cz/piio/a, Var. a. had he not exprefsly men- tioned that it had only two itigmata—whereas this invariably has ' three, and protrudes them in a manner not eafy to be miftaken, being thicker, longer, and more villous than | in the generality of this family. Vor. II. Bb 33. CAREX 186 . Dr. GooDENOUGH’s Olfervations 33. CAREX PALLESCENS C. vaginis abbreviatiffimis, fpicis foemineis fub-cylindricis : fructiferis pendulis, capfulis oblongis obtufis. - Buddie, Hort. Sic. p. 30. n. 5. Gramen cyperoides polyftachion flavicans, fpicis brevibus propè fummitatem caulis. Mich. Gen. O1. t. 32. f. 13. Pluk. t. 34. £o. 3 Sp. PI. 1386. Fi. Sec n. S525: Lers t. 16, fA BR Angl. 410. Withering, p. 1043. Pollich. n. 889. Fl. Scot. 558. Fl. Dan. 1050. Habitat in fylvis, pratis, & pafcuis humidis. Maio, Junio. Radix fibrofa, perennis. Folia angufta, pallida, ad margines carinafque fcabriufcula, culmo dimidio breviora, pilofa. Cul/mus erectus, pedalis, fefquipedalis, triqueter, angulis fuperné acutiffi- mis, infernè obtufiufculis, afperis. Spice, una mafcula, tres foemi- nex, omnes ad fummitatem culmi approximate. Spica mafcula terminalis, oblonga, triquetra, femuncialis; fquamis flavefcentibus, nervo dorfali viridi, acutiufculis. Spice foeminez fub-cylindrice, obtufe, pedunculatz, mox pendulæ; fquamis ovatis, acutis, cap- fulà paulo brevioribus. Ad bafin pedunculorum bractea, quz culmum longè fuperat, vagina breviffimà, ne quidem octavam pe- dunculi partem ampleétenti. Flores densé imbricati. Cap/ula pal- lida, viridis, oblonga, obtufa, ore integro,—Filamenta & anthera ut in cæteris.— Stylus ftigmatibus tribus. None of the figures give a good reprefentation of the female . {pikes in their mature ftate—at that time they are nearly cylin- drical, whereas in the figures here quoted we have only the ovate - form, in which they appear when firft in flower. 34 CARE X on the Britifh Species of Carex, 187 34 CAREX LIMOSA. C. vaginis abbreviatiffimis fub-nullis, fpicis foemineis ovatis pendulis, capfulis ovatis compreffis, radice repenti. . Cyperoides fpicà pendulà breviore, fquamis e fpadiceo vel fufco rutilante viridibus. Scheuchzer, 443. t. 10. f. 13. Flor. Suecic. n. 850. FI. Angl. 409. Withering, 1041. Pollich. n. 888. F/ Dan. 646. Habitat in paludibus turfofis, in comitatibus Eboracenfi, Lancaf- trienfi, Weftmorelandico, &c. paffim. Junio. Radix repens, perennis. Fola glauca, erecta, tenuia, marginibus carinâque afpera. Culmus erectus, triqueter, angulis acutis, afpe- riufculis. Spice, una mafcula, duæ foeminez. Spica mafcula ter- minalis, oblonga, fub-linearis;: fquamis flavefcentibus f. fubferru- gincis, oblongis, acutis. Spice fœmineæ longiüs pedunculatz, mox pendulæ, ovate, acutrufculæ; fquamis ovatis, acutis, fæpe mucrona- tis, fufcis, nervo dorfali viridi, capfulà paulo longioribus. Ad bafin pedunculorum braétea culmo longior, que vix ac ne vix quidem ullam partem pedunculi complectitur. Cap/xla fub-compreffa, nervofa, ovata, mucronata, ore integro. Fi/amenta ut in ceteris. Stylus ftigmatibus tribus. This plant has been confounded with recurva, from which it ss readily diftinguifhable by its very fhort vaginæ, by its ovate fpikes, and by the fhape and colour of its capfules, which are compreffed ; of a cæfous green colour when young, and brown when npe not round, ovate, and black as in recurva. Upon cultivating it, I obierved, that it frequently threw vp bar- ren leafy ftalks; upon cutting thefe off, and planting them in Bb 2 pots ~ ; * 188 Dr. Goor£Noven's Obfervations pots plunged in water, they readily tock root, and formed luxuriant plants. The name /r/onifera would have been peculiarly proper for it. This fpecies, when cultivated in a garden, rarely flowers. In a wild ftate I have never feen it with more than zwo female fpikes, | ufually with oze-only. 35 CAREX PSEUDO-CYPERUS. .. C. vaginis fub-nullis, fpicis foemineis cylindricis pedunculatis pen- dulis, capfulis ariftato-roftratis fub-divaricatis, Uvedale, Herb. Rayan, vol. 12. p. 65. C. Píeudo-cyperus; Ger. em. 29. Park. 1266. Gramen cyperoides {pica Rendula hseyiori, Mor. Hif. Ox. IL, 242, 1. 8. t. 132. f 5. Fl. Suecia. 854 Fl. Angl. 410. Fl. Scot. 550. Pollich. n. 891. Withering, 1045. - Habitat in nemorofis humidis, & ad ripas foffarum, Junio. Radix fibrofa, perennis. Folia pallidà viridia, lata, canaliculata, marginibus carinàque afperis, culmo feré duplo longiora, omnia longitudine ferè zqualia. Culmus pedalis & ultra, ad fummum ferè foliofus, erectus, triqueter, angulis acutis, afperis. Spice, una maf- cula, quatuor fœmineæ ; omnes lineares, tenues, pallida. Spica mafcula terminalis, fub-triquetra, bracteata, bracteà fetaceà, fpicà dimidio breviori; fquamis fub-fetaceis, pallidis, nervo dorfali viridi, ad apicem marginibué carinâque hifpidis. Spice foeminez pedun- culatz, pedunculo fpicà fuà longiori, teretes, fruétiferæ pendulz ; intermediæ geminata, cæteræ folitarie ; fquamæ ut in {pica maf- cula, capfulas fub-æquantes. Ad omnem fpicam foemineam brac- P 5 tea at en the Britifh Species of Carex. 189 tea foliacea, inferior culmum longè fuperans, cæteræ etiam culmum fuperantes; omnes fubfeffiles, aut bafin pedunculi, breviffimé qui- ‘dem, amplectentes. Cap/ulæ oblongæ, ftriatæ, medio fub-ventri- cofæ, roftratæ, roftro longo, tenui, apice divifo, f. fub-furcato, fub- divaricatæ.— Flament tria.—Sty/us ftigmatibus tribus, albis. Linnæus took his character of this plant from its having two peduncles rifing from each joint of the cu/m. However, that is fo very uncertain a mark, that it is not poflible to place any depend- ance upon it. The circumftance of its having no vaginæ, or at beft very minute ones, and caf/u/es nearly divaricated, and ending in a long point, reprefents it in a fufficiently-diftinguifhable light. The intermediate peduncles are not unfrequently found doubled. 36. CAREX ATRAT A. C. vaginis serol forcis ómnibus androgynis T pe- dunculatis: fruétiferis pendulis, capfulis ovatis acutiufculis. Cyperoides Alpinum pulchrum foliis caryophylleis, fpicis atris & tumentibus. Scheuchzer, p. 481. t. 11. f. x. 2. Fl. Suecica, 849. Fl. Anglica, 409. Fl. Dan. 158. Fl. Scot. 555. Withering, 1040. Habitat in montibus Cambro-Britannicis & Scoticis. PT Junio, Julio. Radix fibrofa, perennis. Folia lata, culmo breviora, carinata, marginibus carinaque afperis. Cu/mus erectus, triqueter, angulis acutis afperiufculis, pedalis; Spice non fexu diftinétæ, quippe fumma non mafcula, at plerumque foeminea, & ad bafii flores mafculos gerit, nec non quofdam hermaphroditicos fparfos, quod etiam I90 —— Dr. GoopeNnoven’s Ob/ervations etiam in ceteris quandoque accidit. Spicæ omnes oblong, acuta, fe- munciales, pedunculatæ, pedunculo longo, demüm pendulæ, appro- ximatæ. Squamæ ovatæ, acutæ, nigræ, nervo tenuiori dorfali, viridi, capfulà pauló longiores. Ad omnem pedunculum braétea foliacea; infima culmo plerumque longior, fed variat brevior, fubfeffilis: eft ubi inferior bafin pedunculi, at breviflimé, amplectitur. Cap/ule viridis, ovata, fæpe acuta, comprefla, apice breviter divifo. Filamenta duo, antheris linearibus flavis. Stylus. ftigmatibus tribus, villofis. | This fpecies with us has all its fpikes androgynous; in ftri& juftice, therefore, it fhould be arranged under the order Spicis.andro- gynis. But there is fomething in its habit fo perfectly conform- able to thofe ftyled Spicis fexu diftinélis, that rigid rule muft give way :—the fingularity in this fpecies is, that it has for the moft part only two ftamina, and a few hermaphrodite flowers. Its having no vaginz, or at leaft very minute oncs, and black. ovate fpikes, are marks fufficient to diftinguifh it readily from all others with which it can come in any competition. The fpecimen in the Linnean herbarium feems to be the fame as our Englifh plant; but that has its terminal {pike evidently male. Scheuchzer’s figure gives no bad reprefentation of the herma- phrodite flower. 3- CAREX PILULIFER A. C. vaginis nullis, fpicá mafculà fub-lineari, foemineis fubrotundis feffilibus confertis, culmo debili. Buddle Hort. Sic. p. 30. n. 9. Gramen cyperoides tenuifolium, fpicis ad fammum Salen feffili- bus globulorum zmulis. Puk. pb. t. gt. f. 8. Mor. Hifl. Ox. UL, 243. f. 8. t. 12. f. 16. | : C. mon- * coo à 35 9 SLT on the Britifb Species of Carex. Ig! C. montana. FY. Suecica, n. 845. Leers; t. 16. f. 6. C. pilulifera. Sp. PL 1385. FL. Angl. 408. Fi. Scot. 554. Withering, 1039. Fi. Dan. 1048. Habitat in pafcuis & ericetis humidis paffim. Aprili, Maio. Radix fibrofa, perennis. Fola ex flavefcenti amcené viridia, tc- nuia, culmo breviora, marginibus carináque „apicem verfus hifpida. Culmus debilis, incurvus, fæpiès recumbens, triqueter, angulis acutis fub-levibus, 3—6 uncialis, & ultra. Sica, una mafcula, & circiter tres fœmineæ, Spica mafcula terminalis, linearis, aliquando oblon- giufcula, tenuis; {quamis oblongo-ovatis, acutis, fufcis, nervo dorfali viridi, margine tenero albido. Foeminez tres, ad bafin mafculæ, approximate, oblongæ, acute, maturiores fubrotunde; duæ inferiores braéteà brevi, foliaceà, feflili, fubtenduntur; fuperior braéteà membranaceá, ovata, carinatá, quæ denuó in mucronem foliaceum definit; fquamz fere ut in mafculà fed pallidiores, cap- fulam maturam fubæquantes. Cap/ula mox nigricans, fubrotunda, fub-tomentofa, mucronata, mucrone brevi obtufiufculo, apice in- divifo. Filamenta ut in ceteris. Stylus ftigmatibus tribus. Off. In fpicis foemineis, flores terminales plerumque mafculi. Poft breve tempus hi decidui funt, unde {pice fzpiüs rotundæ evadunt. Spica inferior variat, fed rarius, breviter peduncu- lata. ; I own that I ftill hefitate what name I ought to add to this fpecies. Dr. Smith tells me, it certainly is the C. montana of the Linnean herbarium; and that, from the quotation of Plukeners | figure, we may be equally certain Linneus defcribed it from thence as his original C. pilulifera, without having a fpecimen in his col- le&tion, ~ 192 Dr. Goopenoucx’s Obfervaiions le&ion. It muft be confefled, that the plant in the Linnean her- “barium, afterwards gathered by Dr. So/ander in Lapland, and named pilulifera, is very different from this I am now treating of. It is very robuft and erect, the fpikes alfo are larger and more ' crowded, neither is there any male {pike to be feen. Probably it is the Carex alpina of the F7. Danica 403. It muft therefore be concluded that that was not the plant which Linnæus originally intended. I have no-doubt but he fpoke of one and the fame | plant under two names. I fhould think that in its more fruit- ful ftate, with three female fpikes, he called it pz/ulifera : in its more ftarved appearance, when produced on elevated and dry plains, where it has only two, and not unfrequently only one female fpike, he called it montana. - The figures in Plukenet and Morifon are very Bree: but are too erect. The roundnefs of the female fpikes happens from the terminal flowers being ufually male and deciduous: as thefe wi- ther away, the fpikes affume their round form, otherwife they are in general oblong. The capfules are fomewhat downy, as in C. precox, but the linear male fpike, the female ones fefüle, and . the reclining culm, mark its diftinétion in all ftages of its growth. . Mr. Hudfon having adopted the name pilulifera, and in NS quence that name having univerfally obtained with us, not to mention that it is more expreffive than montana, I thought it beft, upon mature deliberation, to continue it, 48. CAREX - en the Britifb Species of Carex. 193 28. -C A RE X RIGIDA; Tas. 22. fig. Io. C. digyna, vaginis kulis, fpicis oblongis fub-feffilibus, foliis fub- recurvis rigidis. ‘Cyperoides germanicum, foliis brevibus rigidis acutis, &c. Mich. Nov. Gen. p. 61: t. 32. f. 4. : t ow faxatilis. FY. Angh 408. se Habitat in fummo vertice montis Snowdon, Mr. Hudjin. T In alpibus Scoticis. Mr. Dick/on. Aprili, Maio. 44g 21145 Radix craffa, valde repens, perennis. Folia rigida, nigro-viridia, c farta ia one, Den, fins pee) rọ- fuze altitudinis craffus, rigidus. Spice, unica mafcula (rariüs dux), duæ, tres foeminez, ad fummum culmi approximate—Spica maícula terminalis, oblonga, acutiufcula, citciter 3 unc. longa; fqua- mis nigris, ovatis, obtufiffimis, margine membranaceo, nervo*abbre- viato dorfali viridi — Spice fœmineæ mari approximate, inferior remotiufcula, oblongæ, acutiufculz, feffiles (inferior fæpè peduncu- Jata), longitudine maris, floribus denfé imbricatis, flore uno aut altero terminali, precipué in fpicis fuperioribus, mafculo; fquamæ nigræ, ovate, obtufiffimz, &c. ut in mafculà, demum capfula dimidio.bre- viores. Ad fpicas foemineas braétea foliacea feffilis, bafi utrinque auriculatà—quz ad fpicam inferiorem fita eft, fpicà, {ua longior eft, & recurva—quz ad fuperiores, erecta, & fpicis fuis breviores, Vor. II. C c bafi 194 Dr. GoopENovcn's Obfervations bafi pariter auriculatæ. Cap/ula ovata, hinc planiufcula, glabra, obtufiufcula; variat autem producta, acutiufcula, fub-recurva.— Filamenta ut in cxteris. Stylus ftigmatibus duobus, crafliufculis, albis, pilofis. Oëf. Flores inferiores fæpè remotiufculi. Cap/ule ore indivifo. Braétearum auriculæ fatis magnæ, fub-rotundæ. This plant has often been confounded with the /zxariis of Lin- næus, and the montana of Mr. Hudfon. It differs from the montana, by its having no vaginz, two ftigmata, and fmooth capfules; from the /axatilis, by its being a thicker and much fmaller plant; and from both, by the great rigidity of its leaves and incurved ftalk. In Sir Fofeph Banks’s herbarium is a fine fpecimen collected by Mr. Hudfon, the culms of which are much incurved. I have culti- vated this plant, and find that the culm keeps the tendency to in- curvation. I fhould apprehend that the bleak expofure on the tops of mountains contributes to the incurvation obfervable in its wild ftate. The rigidity of its leaves, and their being fpread abroad, or, as it oftener happens, bent back, diftinguifh it from ce/pitofa, whofe leaves are upright and foft. : By the fame marks it may always be kept feparate from C. fra, which alfo is altogether upright. But the fructification of thefe three fpecies, efpecially in the number of ftyles, is very fimilar, It is poffible that the root leaves of this plant, arched back, and of a firm nature, may afford protection to many of the winged inhabitants of the windy tops of alpine fituations. Confidering the cold fituation of the natal foil of this plant, it 2 > feems on tbe Britifu Species of Carex. 195 feems fomewhat furprifing that, when planted in a garden, its leaves fhould wither at the firft approach of winter; but even in that ftate they retain much of their rigidity. I am indebted to that acute obferver, Mr. Dick/on, for plants of this fpecies brought by him from Scotland, where it is s frequent Spon the tops of high hills. 39 CAREX CZESPITOSA. Tas, 21. fig. 8. C. digyna, vaginis nullis, fpicis fub-feffilibus fub-cylindricis obtufi iy . foliis erectis molliufculis. Buddle Hort. Sic. p. 30. n. 2. Fl. Suecica, n. 855. _ Habitat in paluftribus, in nemorofis humidis, Maio. - Radix valdé repens, perennis. Folia molliufcula, amené viridia, fub-glauca, erecta, culmum zquantia, marginibus carinâque apicem verfus afperiufcula. Culmus erectus 4-12 uncialis & ultra, fub- debilis, triqueter, angulis acutis, afperiufculis. Spice, una mafcula (rarids duæ), tres foeminez. Spica mafcula erecta, terminalis, ob- longa, triquetra, 1-1 unciam longa; fquamis ovatis, obtufis—Spicæ fœmineæ duz aut tres, fub-cylindricæ, obtufæ, fub-feffiles—{ci- licet inferior breviter pedunculata, fuperiores feffiles... Flores ple- rumque fexfariam, rard o&ofariàm, denfè imbricati —Squamz ovate, . acutiufcule (fed variant nec infrequenter obtufæ), capfulà matura breviores, nigrz, nervo dorfali viridi Ad fpicas faemineas bractea Icon erecta, feffilis, i. e. culmum ne minimé quidem amplectens, "Ceca bafi 196 Dr. GoopeNouGi’s Olferuations bafi utrinque-auficulata; auriculd nigrà rotunda perfiftenti, culmums modo æquans, plerumque fuperans, interdum brevior. Capjula ovata, obtufiufcula, fub-compréfla, glabra, apice indivifo. Fila- menta ut in ceteris. Stylus fügmatibus duobus. Oëf. Capfülz perfiftentes, nec deciduæ, Having fpoken very fully of this plant in my remarks upom C. firiéta,1 have only in this place to fay, that this plant has been: generally miftaken in confequence of the various aflertions of au- thors who have written upon it. It was not til after repeated „and careful examinations of the Linnean herbarium, that f could . determine it; for the fpecimens there preferved feem chofen ones, and of courfe do not appear at firft fight to bear that exact re- femblance to the general habit which is obfervable with us. I was relieved from all doubt by Mr. Afzelius, who, from hjs inti- mate and accurate knowledge of the Swedifh plants, and not lefs. perhaps of thofe of our country, traced out to me certain marks of: fimilarity. - Obf. The capfules ufually adhere to the rachis of the {pike,, even in decay. In C. friéia, they are deciduous as foon almoft as ` . they come to maturity—C. cz/Pitofa comes into flower a very cone. fiderable time after C. on néarly or quite a month. 40. C AREA STRICT A. Taz, ar. fg: 9. C, digyna, vaginis nullis, fpicis fub-feffilibus cylindricis acutis; maf- culis fub-duabus, foliis erectis ee | EMO Gramer on the Britifh Species of Carex, Mee Gramen cyperoides paluftre fpicà pendula. Loef. Pruff. p. 116. t. 30. C. Eu Fl, Angl. 412. Fl. Scot. p. 560. var. B. Habitat i in palu ftribus. Propé Norwich. D. Pitchford. E | Aprili. Radix valdé repens, perennis. Folia glaucefcentia, erecta, reétif- fima, culmo breviora, marginibus carinâque afperis.. Cuémus peda- lis, bipedalis & ultra, erectus, triqueter, angulis acutis afperis. Spice mafcule plerumque duz, foeminez tres, omnes ereétæ, fub- cylindricæ, acute. Spice mafculz triquetrz 1—2 unciales, fqua- mis oblongis, acutiufculis, nigris, nervo dorfali viridi. Spice foemi- nee 1—2 unciales, infima breviter pedunculata, cæteræ feffiles, floribus mafculis terminate, & inde acute ; fquamæ oblong acute, | 1 » paulo breviores. Ad fpicas foemi- neas is, erecta, inferior. culmo. plerumque saul b cur (fed variat culmo longior, nécnon longé brevior), junior fæpiüs auriculata, auriculà oblongiufcula, citò elongata, mox evanidà=—fuperiores breviores, pariter auriculatæ, Cap/ula compreífa, ovata, acuta, glabra, apice indivifo. Filamenta ut in cæteris. _ Siy/us fügmatibus duobus, albis, crafliufculis, villofis. OX: Folia radicalia, que bafin culmi- amplectuntur, vaginam hinc membranaceam habent: membrana autem culmo luxurianti, miré difrumpitur, & quafi in filamenta. reticulato-connexa laceratur.. Capfula citiùs decidua.. io Blisherce. = This Carex has many particulars in common with. the ca/pitofa;. its upright culm and leaves, no vagina, feflile fpikes, and to appear- ance digynous flowers: hence many have thought them the. fame: 198 Da. GoopEnouGnh’s Obfervations fame fpecies. I am quite of a different opinion.—In the firft place, C. firita has the root-leaves which embrace the bafe of the culm, with the membranous part of the vagina, fplit into threads after the manner of open net-work: then the root-leaves and the brac- teæ are fhorter than the culm at the time of flowering. Add to this, the braéteæ, particularly the lowermoft, have either no auricles, or oblong ones, which are prefently fo elongated as to difappear, i. e. to lofe all form of auricles, The female {pikes are acute, owing to their having male flowers at the fummit. The fcales are all acute—their capfules are fet in eight rows, and two male fpikes for the moft part terminate the culm. On the contrary, C. c@/pitefa has the root-leaves, which em- brace the bafe of the culm, with the membranous part always en- tire.—The root-leaves equal the culm in point of length at the time of flowering, the bra&ez are longer—The braétex always have little round auricles on each fide of the bafe, which do not change their fhape: the female {pikes are obtufe, and have no male flowers at their fummit. The fcales (though fometimes they may be fome- what acute) are in general bluntifh, not unfrequently very much fo—The capfules are generally fet in fix, very rarely in eight rows, and it is feldom found with more than one male fpike; befides, it is every way a much {maller, weaker, and fofter plant. I fpeak here of the general appearance of thefe two fpecies. I have little doubt but Log// meant this plant, though he {peaks of it /picá pendulá ; I fuppofe he means with an inclining ftalk. He does not fay, fpicis pendulis—that would have been decifive againft me; but fpicé pendulé, i. e. as I interpret him, with that part of the culm which bears the fpikes, inclining: not that I ever fcarcely obferved it even fo, for it is in general remarkably upright in its ftature. Met pupebir Loefel drew his figure from a dried fpecimen. on the Britifb Species of Carex. ~ 199 fpecimen. However, the habit of the plant which he has figured, the fhortnefs of the leaves, and the apparent ftriétnefs of the culm, make me look upon it to be C. /riééa, Had it been drawn up- right, there would have been little or no doubt. I fhould fuppofe that Dr. Withering meant this plant for his «cf: pitoja: but in fome particulars the defcriptions do not accord; per- haps they are taken from cæ/pitofa and /fricíia promifcuoufly, on a fuppofition that they are the fame. The younger Linnæus once told me, that this was his father’s C. acuta, var. rufa. i. e. the var. à of the Flora Suecica, to which is. quoted Micbe//us's figure t. 32. f. 12. which is there faid to be exact. (We were examining a living plant in Kew-garden when this con- verfation paffed). Now that figure has the female fpikes with longifh peduncles, which I never have obferved the //riéfa to have. Had the {pikes been feflile, it would have been a very decent re- prefentation of it. It could not be the acuta var. & of Flora Suecica, for that is, as appears evidently in the Linnean herbarium, the C. gracilis of Mr. Curtis. Certainly the growth of this plant anfwers to the name of acuta better than any other, having all its parts erect and fharp pointed. I wifhed to have named it fo; but as the gracilis of Mr. Curtis is preferved in the Linnean berbarium under the name of acuta (by which means we are fure of one of the va- rieties), and as this has its title of acuta, var. rufa, only from a con- verfation held accidentally with the younger Linnæus, I do. not ven- ture to change the name upon this authority. There would, I own, be great propriety in calling this plant acuta, and fuffering Mr. Curtis's very apt appellation of gracilis to remain with the other. I muft confefs that I have but little doubt of this being the acuta var. rufa of Linnzus *.—It is the only” plant which accords with * Since the reading of this paper, the Baronefs d’Itzenplitz favoured me with a fight of fome Carices, fent her from Upfal, among which I obferved this plant named acuta. Mr. 200 Dr. Goodenoucn’s Obfervations Mr. Curtis’s gracilis, in the leading points-of the Linnean character: Spicis mafculis pluribus, floribus digynis. It is obfervable, that Michelius’s figure has the female fpikes acute, rendered fo by the male flowers at the top; which appearance no Carex has fo conftantly as this. ! Some years ago I received roots of this plant from Mr. Prich- ford of Norwich: I have cultivated it ever fince, together with €. cæfpitofa ; neither have I obferved either of them vary from e defcription given above. | (UM AREX. RIPARIA. C. fpicis oblongis acutis 5 mafcularum fquamis lines: SN nearum ariftato-acuminatis, capfulis ovato-lanceolatis apice fur- cato-dentatis. Petiv. Hort. Sic. vol. I. p.157. Buddie, Hort. Sic. p. 28. n. 3, 4. Carero aquaticum maximum, &c. fquamis in ariftam longius … productis, capfulis oblongis, bifidis. Michel Nov. Gen, P. 57. ot. 32. f 6, 7. ramen cyperoides latifolium fpicà rufa cle: maiak Mor. EA. Or Ml. 1. 8. .t.-12.- f. r. Carex acuta, var. a. Hudf. Fl. Angl. p. 413. FI Scot. P. sr Carex riparia, Flora Londin. & Withering, p. 10-6. Habitat ad ripas foffarum fluviorumque; in paluftribus, & pratis 7 humidioribus. Aprili, Maio. * Radix valdé repens, craffa, perennis. Folia lata, erecta, fupra pal- didiora, fubtus nigro-viridia, glauca, marginibus carináque afperri- : 5 mis, -æ on the Britifo Species of Caren 20r mis, culmum inflorefcentem fub-æquantia—quæ culmi bafin am- biunt, vagina nervofà, nervis pulchré reticulatis. Cw/mus erectus, firmus, triqueter, angulis acutiffimis, afperis, bipedalis & ultra. Spice tres mafculæ, totidem foeminez. Spice mafcule terminales oblongz, acutæ, triquetræ, angulis acutis, confertæ; fquamis lan- ceolatis, acuminatis, nigris, nervo dorfali viridi Spice foeminex oblongæ, & præ floribus terminalibus plerumque mafculis acute: una aut altera inferior pedunculata, pedunculo fæpè longiufculo, fuperiores fubfeffiles, omnes ere&tz. Squamz lanceolatæ, ariftato- acuminatæ, nigræ, nervo dorfali viridi, capfulà longiores. Ad {picas fœmineas bractea foliacea; una aut altera inferior culmum fepius longè fuperans, pedunculi bafin vagina breviflimä occupans : fuperiores fubfeffiles, bafi plerumque auriculatz, auriculatà rotun- diufculà, culmum aut zquantes aut paulo breviores, tenuiores. Cale ion imbricate, oblongo-ovatæ, acuminatæ, apice ie | tria, dcus linearibus Bern. * Stylus 1 Femaribus tribus. There is fcarcely a poffibility of miftaking this — for any other. Its black, triangular, acute male fpikes, and acuminated bifurcated capfules, muft ever point out a moft decided diftinc- tion. j He who would wifh to obtain farther information, would do well to confult the excellent figure and obfervations of Mr. Curtis in his Flora Londinenfis, or Mr. Lightfoct’s accurate déícription i in his Flora Scotica. It varies a little occafionally as to the robuftnefs of its ftature, and is met with fometimes with blunt male fpikes. Buddle’s No. 4. is an inftance of it. Yor 1i. ©: D d 42. CAREX ~ 102 Dr. GoopENovon's Ob/fervations 4. CAREX PALUDOSA, C. fpicis oblongis fub-obtufis ; mafcularum fquamis obtufis: foemi- nearum lanceolatis, capfulis ovato-lanceolatis apice fub-den~ tatis. Carex acuta. Fl, Londinenfis. Withering, p. 1084. Habitat in paluftribus, & ad ripas foffarum. Maio, Junio. Radix valdé repens, perennis. Folia circiter femunciam lata. glauco-viridia, erecta, marginibus. carinâque afpera, culmo brevi-- ora, bafi rubra. Culmus pedalis, bipedalis, erectus, inæqualiter tri- queter, angulis acutis afperis. Spice plerumque tres mafculæ, to- tidem foeminez. Spice maícule terminales, approximate, trique- tre, angulis obtufiufculis, oblongæ, obtufz ; fquamis fufcis, nervo: dorfali viridi, oblongis, obtufis. Spica foeminez oblongæ, fzepiüs obtufiufcule (fed variant obtufæ & acute pro præfentià aut abfen-. tia florum. mafculorum terminalium ;. ubi. enim. hi adfunt, acutæ: evadunt), ereétæ, inferior una aut altera. breviter pedunculata;. floribus arctim. imbricatis : fquamz lanceolate, valdé acutæ, fufcæ, nervo dorfali viridi, capfulà fæpè longiores Ad: omnem fpicam: fœmineam bractea. foliacea, inferior una aut altera culmo longior,. bafi pedunculum breviffimé amplectens; fuperiores aut culmuny &quantes, aut pauló breviores ; bafi rariüs auriculate.. Capfula Tub- ectofariam. imbricate, nervofæ, ovato-lanceolatæ, acutiufculæ, apice ante maturitatem. integro, demum denticulis duobus breviffi- mis con{piciendo.. Æilamenta ut in ceteris, Stylus. ftigmatibus. tribus.. = j This plant, which is fo common with us, does not appear to have been noticed by Linnaeus. It is often very variable in its. 5 : appears- on the Britifo Species of Carex. 203 appearance, and comes fo near riparia, that it is not to be feparated from it without a little clofe attention. The fcales of the male {pike will afford a conftant chara&er: they are always more or lefs blunt in this fpecies, and very acute in riparia. Its capfules are either not at all, or very flightly divided at the fummit, but not roftrated or furcated. From this circumftance I am inclined to add the fynonym of Michelius, t. 32. f. 6. to riparia—never hav- ing obferved the capfules of $a/udofa half fo deeply divided. 43. CAREX ACUTA C. digyna, {picis filiformibus ; foemineis inflorefcentibus nutantibus s fruétiferis erectis, capfulis acutiufculis apice indivifo. codi , Herb. Rayan. vol. 12. p. 61. n. beo Care GRE Var. 8. Fi. Succica, n. 8 57. Carex gracilis. Flora Londin—& Withering, 1053. Maio. Radix perennis, repens. Folia angufta, amcené viridia, erecta, apicibus pendulis, marginibus carinaque afperis, culmo breviora. Culmus altitudine mirè variat, pro folo & fitu, trientalis, pedalis, bipedalis & ultra, triqueter, angulis acutiffimis, afperis, fub inflo- refcentià fepiüs cernuus. Spice maícule duæ, raró tres; fœmineæ tres; omnes filiformes, tenues. Spice mafcula reétiufculæ, 1—3 unciales, fquamis oblongis, obtufis, nigris, nervo dorfali viridi, in- feriores breviores. Spice foeminezx fubfeffiles (eft ubi inferior una ` aut altera breviter pedunculata), fub inflorefcentià nutantes f. re- curve, maturiores erecta, floribus terminalibus fæpè maículis, & Dda inde 204 | Da. GoopENovcu's Obfervations | inde acutz. Squamæ oblongæ, acutæ, nigræ, nervo dórfali viridis. capfulà pauló breviores. Ad omnem fpicam foemineam braétea foliacea, feffilis, bafi fæpè auriculata, inferior culmo pauló longior, fuperiores aut æquantes aut breviores. Cap/ulæ Íub-octofariàm imbricatz, ovate, acutiufcule, compreífe, apice indivifoj claufo, arétim imbricate. Filamenta tria, antheris linearibus flavis. Stylus ftigmatibus duobus. Whatever were the other variety of C. acuta, mentioned in the feveral writings of Linnæus, we are quite fure that this was one, for it is now in Dr. Smith’s herbarium, fo: named by Linnaeus himfelf. Unfortunately the other is not preferved : however I can fcarcely have a doubt but it was C. //riéla, that being the only one which I know of, which bears any refemblance to Michelius’s figure, t. 32. f. 12.. I would not however wifh to appear to be pofitive upon this head, as there is not that exact refemblance in the figure, which, after the commendation beftowed upon it by Linneus, we have a right to expect.. The flendernefs of the habit of this plant in all its parts, its. filiform fpikes, pendulous when in flower, its having the piftillum with two ftyles, and the capfules of a compreffed form or flattifh, and undivided at the fummit, keep it evidently diftinét from all others. I have never feen it lefs than three or four inches high (and that only in dry ftarved land), and therefore ftate it as fuch. 3 | Mr. Curtis, Dr. Stokes, and Mr. Woodward, all (hewed: good judgment in long ago fufpeéting this to be the C. acuta of Linnæus. I derive my information only from feeing the plant fince in the Linnean herba- rium. Ido not therefore take any merit to myfelf, as being wifer than thofe refpectable gentlemen, but only deem myfelf more fortunate A on the Britifo Species of Carex, 205 in my opportunity. _ Linnæus evidently confounded two fpecies under the name acuta. As Michelius’s figure was faid by Lin- "neus to be an exact likenefs of his firft variety, and as there was no figure quoted to his fecond, Mr. Curtis, unable to reconcile this plant to Michelius’s figure, judged it to be a diftinét fpecies, (who would not have done the fame?) and called it gracilis accordingly. 44 CAREX VESICARIA. C. fpicis mafculis linearibus ; feemineis oblongis patentibus, capfulis inflatis oblongis roftrato-acuminatis patentibus. Buddle, Hort. Sic. p. 29. n. 2. Gramen cyperoides majus præcox, fpicis turgidis teretibus flavefcen- tibus. H. Ox. In. 242. f.8. t. 12 f. 6. 7 Suecia, n. O Po ich. n. - 895. Var. Be Leers, t. 16. f 2. TII. C. inflata. FL Angl. 412. Fl. Scot. 567. Withering, p. 1057. Fi. Dan. 647. Habitat in paluftribus. Maio. Radix repens, perennis. Folia pallidé virentia, culmum fub in- florefcentia fuperantia, marginibus carinaque afperis, angufta. Culmus bipedalis, erectus, triqueter, angulis acutiffimis afperis. Spice circiter tres mafculz, totidem foeminez. Spice mafculæ ter- minales, ereétæ, fuperior 1—2 uncialis, cæteræ breviores, lineares, fub-triquetræ ; fquamis oblongis, obtufiufculis, flavis, marginibus ; apicem verfus albidis, nervo dorfal: viridi, obfoletiuículo. Spica fœmineæ oblongz, pedunculatæ (inferior pedunculo fatis longo, faperiores brevioribus), 1—2 unciales, ereétiufculæ; f. fub- patentes, 206 Dr. GoopENovcn's Obfervations patentes. Squamæ lanceolate, anguftz, acutiffime, pallidæ, fub inflorefcentià capfulà ferè duplo longiores, demum fub maturefcen- tia iifdem ferè duplo breviores. Ad omnem fpicam foemineam braétea foliacea, feffilis, culmo longior. Bra&ea tenuis fpicas maf- culas etiam fæpiùs fubtendit; hzc culmo plerumque brevior.— Cap/u/e laxiufculé difpofitz, patentes, glabra, flavefcentes, nervofæs ovato-oblongz, acuminate, & quafi roftratæ, ore bifido, Filamenta utin czteris. $7955 ftigmatibus tribus. Obf. Capfulam C. dcpauperate refert, at fpicis foemineis oblongis multifiorts, & mafculis CMT diftinétiffima. Linnaus failed no where fo much as in defcribing his C. veficaria He makes this his firft variety, C. /y/vatica his fecond, and C. am- pullacea his third. Amidft fo much confufion, it, was {carcely poffible to find any union of opinion amongit the feveral authors who afterwards treated of the fame fubject. It was plainly to be feen that they were diftinét fpecies—the difficulty lay in deter- mining which was the original, and which the variety. Hence Mr. Hudfon (to whom we muft all be ever indebted, as being the firft author of a Linnean arrangement of the Britifh plants), and Mr. Lightfoot, judged ampullacea to be the original, and under that im- . preffion named this inflata. We are at length happily correéted as to thefe doubts by the herbarium of Linnæus, wherein this plant is named veficaria. Its yellow hue, narrow fhort Ícales, and inflated fmooth conic capfules, point it out beyond all danger of miftake. Scheuchzer gives a long defcription of this plant, p. 470. Li . 45 CAREX’ on the Britifh Species of Carex. 207 45 CAREX AMPULLACEA. C. fpicis filiformibus; mafculis tenuioribus; foemineis teretibus erec- tis, capfulis inflatis globofis ariftato-roftratis divaricatis. Buddle Hort. Sic. p. 29. n. 1, Gramen cyperoides medium anguftifolium, fpicis teretibus erectis flavefcentibus. Mori/. Hif. Oxon. Ill. 242. 1. 8. t. 12. f. 8. Carex veficaria. Fl. Angl. 413. FL Scot, 566, Pollich, n. 895. Var. a. Carex roftrata Withering, p. 1959. Habitat in paluftribus aquofis. Maio. laucay. erecta, — | Sulio fess ae apir beh iini ve magná ex parte afpera.— Culmus pedalis, bipedalis, erectus, triqueter, angulis acutis, fummum verfus afperis, fæpiùs autem infra fpicam inferiorem glabris. Spice duz aut tres mafculæ, totidem foeminez. Spice mafculæ ex li- neari filiformes; fumma fepits modicé incurva, uncialis etiam ali-- quando biuncialis, cæteræ breviores—Squamæ oblongæ, acutiuf- cula (variant etiam obtufæ), flavefcentes, nervo dorfali viridi,. margine tenero albo. Spice foeminez cylindricæ, unciales, biun- ciales, cre&tze, pedunculatz, pedunculis brevibus, inferiori longiore. Squamæ lanceolate, acutæ, flavefcentes, margine pallido, nervo: dorfali viridi, capfulà feré duplo breviores, interdum præ morbo quodam fortafle, æquales. Ad omnem fpicam, vel mafculam vel. foemineam, braétea foliacea, angufta, erecta; fuperiores culmo bre- viores, una aut altera inferior multo longior, omnes feffiles. Cap/ule artim octofariàm imbricate, inflate, globofæ, ariftato-acumi-- natæ;, -208 Dr. GoopEnoucn’s Obfervations natæ f. roftratæ, divaricatæ, ore bidenticulato, flavefcentes, ner- vole.—Filamenia ut in ceteris—Stylus ftigmatibus tribus. Obf. Folia radicalia que culmi bafin obveftiunt vagina hinc membranaceá, que mox in filamenta reticulatim connexa difrum- pitur, uti in C. frida accidit. LÀ As Linneus has diftinguifhed other plants which have their feed- veffels fhaped fomewhat like this, by the trivial name of ampulla- ctus, I have adopted that appellation, as being more expreffive than roffrata, which is a term common to many, viz. P/eudo-cyperus, de- pauperata, Jylvatica, veficaria, &c. &c. Befides we have the authority of Haller for this name, who had firft defcribed it, € ampul- latis rofiratis. - This fpecies i is not common near London; AA from the different authors which I have cited, it appears to be an inhabitant of many parts of this ifland. It is to be met with plentifully at Virginia water. Ido not know how to add Leers’s figure 16. 2. n. 2. becaufe he defcribes the female fpikes pendulous—a circum- ftance I do not remember ever to have feen. as CAREX HIRTA C. pilofa, fpicis omnibus oblongis; foemineis remotis vaginatis: va- ginis hinc lanato-villofis, capfulis hirtis. : Buddle, Hort. Sic. p. 30. n. 1. Gramen cyperoides polyftachion lanuginofum. Mor. Hif. Ox. III. aay £8. t. 12 f. To. Flor. Suec. 858. Leers, t. 16. f. 3, FI, Angl, 414. Fi. Scot. 568. Pollich. n. 897. FI. Dan. 479. Habitat on the Britÿfh Species of Carex. 209 Habitat ; in pratis & des humidis, in cade & pe ms | Maio, Junio. Radix valdé repens, perennis. Félia ferè femunciam lata, villofa,. ad oras carinafque hifpida, culmo fub-breviora. Culmus erectus, triqueter, angulis acutiffimis, afperis. Spice duæ mafculæ, tres. foœmineæ—Spicæm afculæ oblongæ, fub-unciales, erecte; fquamis ovatis, fufcis, margine albo, nervo dorfali viridi, pilofis, obtufis, & ex nervo prominenti breviffimé mucronatis. Spice fœmineæ {æ- pits valdé remote, oblongæ, erecta, inferiores longiüs peduncu- latz; fquamis villofis, ovatis, longiüs mucronato-acuminatis, mar- gine albido, nervo doríali viridi. Ad ominem fpicam foemineam bra&ea foliacea, quz ad fpicas inferiores ferè dimidium pedunculi occupat, vaginà hinc Janato-villoia. —Porro bractea una aut altera. ee ge ed | plate: n line nv hier alitor, roftro bifido, fquamis pauló longiores. Filamenta tria, antheris for didiufculé flavis. . S7y/us ftigmatibus tribus. The thick down which covers thie leaves, and” particularly the vaginæ and capfules of this fpecies, keeps it moft manifeftly dif-. tin& from all others. I have fpecimens of a Carex, given me by Mr. Lighifoot, which: he informed me he met with in Scotland; it is an androgynous fpecies, and nearly related to axillaris, if not the very fame. The terminal fpike is for the moft part, but not altogether, male; a few female flowers appearing at the bafe. The fpikes are feffile in the axillæ of flender braétex, which are longer than Von, Il. ' Ee the. d ID à : å 265 X Da. GoonENOUGH's Obfervations the culm; neither are they, except the lowermoft, remote from each other. I do not obferve any male flowers in the axillary {pikes.. The fcales are oblong and acute, with a {trong nerve on the back, which forms an acute point. The capfules are oblong and acute, and flightly bifid at the point, and do not appear to be. quite fo long as the fcales. The {pikes are all folitary. It is diftinét from remota by its bifid capfule.—It feems different from axillaris by all the {pikes being folitary: but this laft circum- {tance has raifed a doubt in my mind, whether the fpecific cha- racter which I have given axillaris, be juft: in particular, it pre- vented me from calling it aggregata, under which title my very {kilful and accurate friend and fellow-labourer, Mr. Curtis, has fpoken of it. As he has not yet publithed his obfervations, I take the advantage of confulting my fears, viz. that in bleak and bar- ren expofures it produces its {pikes folitary and not aggregate; and give it the name of axillaris, a name by which poffibly it was known originally to L;zz«us, though, perhaps afterwards thinking it the fame as remota, he rejected it as a diftinct fpecies. My fpecimens are too fmall and too much damaged to enable me to fpeak, with certainty, whether it be ax/Zar;; or not. They are fpecimens of the whole plant from the crown of the roots, but not of the root itfelf: they appear to be from four to fix inches high. I have thus the honour of laying before the Linnean Society, my obfervations upon the Britifh fpecies of the genus Carex. I have purpofely gone no farther into initíatenofi: ier inveftigation than appeared to be neceffary toa fufficient knowledge of the objects themfelves. I am aware, however, that the more minutely objects arc -Lem ment D- tube 19. spr th? 45: fe: pP JU : - f 4. 2. Ltt’. ft 437. ~ 2. M. PR p Ps 16, 2 Ue 3. M RI. ES 5 Dias, M, ye, po 2/0, £^ NA - | ? À y 6. C. fetva ft Vs oe 5.6. fliformes. p . 478. 15. MYO. fe. 169. > ttem E, a, À. 2/0, 4 SS SSS fe AGÉ. fr? J YD. oreet. PPS et ge Abe dun on the Briti/h Species of Carex. 21I are examined, the more ftriking are their differences. Still, how- ever, much is due to the confideration of practical ftudy—He is the beft mechanic, who produces the greateft effect, by the leaft given power: and thus, in a ftudy like ours, he who difcriminates moft plainly, be the plainnefs fimple as it may be, difcriminates moft laudably and fatisfactorily. _ There are four points of fome importance to the completing of the arrangement of the Carices, which I have fcarcely touched upon, viz. the defining with exaétnefs the true limits of the ge- © neric character—the fettling of the fynonyma—the colle&ing and fettling of the effential differences of the foreign fpecies—and the drawing out microfcopic defcriptions of the parts of fru&ification. My obje& is attained, if I have contributed at all to the knowledge of thofe of our own country, and that by means open to eafy ob- fervation. Before I conclude, I muft beg leave to return my particular - thanks to Dr. Smith for the opportunities he has given me of con- fulting the Linnean Herbarium ; and efpecially to Sir ¥o/eph Banks, whofe matchlefs library, and moft extenfive collections, fo liberally open to the perufal of all real lovers of Natural Hiftory, were of moft eflential íervice to me in the execution of this 'Tra&. Eez XVII. Oz ( 21.) times, under different Names, in Profeffo# Gmelins Edition of Linueus's Syflema Nature. By Jonas Dryavier, M. A. Libr, Ri $. and SM DE Spe Sa XVII. On Genera and Species of ses occur #wice or three Read July 3, and Oëtober 2, 1792. Page 5. MOMUM CURCUMA of Jacquin is the fame as . Curcuma longa, page 8. fo far as Linné by that name meant the officinal Curcuma, and certainly the fame as the figure of Regnault, which the Editor quotes for Curcuma longa, though that figure is not very good; nor does it differ from the Curcuma longa of Koenig, in Retzii Obf. Bot. 3. page 72, the flowers of which, fent by Koenig, preferved in fpirits, I have compared with . Jacquin’s defcription and figure, and found them to agree. This plant does not agree with the generic character which Linné has given of Curcuma in Mufa Cliffort. page I5, from thence copied in the different editions of his Genera Plantarum; but that charaéter was evidently drawn up from his Curcuma rotunda, the Manja-kua of the Hortus Malabaricus, a plant unknown to me, but which, to judge from Rheede’s figure, is very different in fruc- tification from the officinal Curcuma, Linné has no doubt been led into this miftake by the aflertion in Hortus Malabaricus, that ef the ae bi Mr. DnvANpEn's Remarks, &c. 213 the flower of Manjella-kua, or the officinal Curcuma, is like that of Manja-kua, and by the figure of a fingle flower of the natural fize given by Hermann with his reduced figure of the officinal Curcuma. This flower is exactly like that of Manja-kua in the Hortus Mala- baricus, but cannot be copied from thence, as Hermann's book was publifhed before the 11th volume of that work; I can no other- ' wife account for this fimilarity, than by fuppofing that Hermann had feen the drawing before the publication. The reduced figure of the whole plant, given by Hermann, is alfo erroneous, repre- fenting the {capus at a diftance from the leaves; whereas it ap- pears by the accounts of the Hortus Malabaricus, Rumphius, Koenig, and Jacquin, that the ícapus comes out between the leaves. ~ Page 6. Amomum fpurium, Zinziber fpurium of Koenig, is the fame as Amomum zerumbet, p. 5, as may eafily be feen by comparing gs defcription with Murray’s and Jacquin’s figures : and de- paons. There is an error of the prefs in the quotation from Koenig, which fhould be, p. 6o inftead of 59: in the latter page is found Koenigs Amomum Cardamomum, which the Editor has paffed over, though it is a different fpecies from Linné’s Amomum Cardamomum ; it is mentioned by Thunberg in his Flora Japonica, p. 15, under the name of Amomum Cardamomum javanicum. Page 7. Alpinia occidentalis of Swartz, and p. 8. Alpinia jamaicenfis of Gærtner, are the fame. Page 9. Tfiana fpeciofa, Bankfea fpeciofa of Koenig, is Cofus ara- bicus of Jacquin, Cofus /peciofus of Dr. Smith, in the firft volume of our Society's Tranfaétions, and Cofus arabicus of Swartz prodr. from whence the Editor has borrowed the differentia fpecifica of Coffus arabicus, in p. 7. — Page 16. Hippuris tetraphylla Linn. Suppl: and Hippuris lanceolata ef Retzius, are the fame. | Page 214 Mr. Dryanper’s Remarks on Page 23. Nyétanthes acuminata of the younger Burmannus is the fame as Nerium coronarium, p. 435, if we may judge from the fyno- nyms quoted by Burmannus, which all belong to the Nerium co- renarium of Jacquin. Page 26. Chionanthus compaéia of Swartz, and Chionanthus caribaea of Jacquin, are the fame. Ceranthus of Schreber is Chionanthus incraflata of Swartz, as the latter has informed me by letter. Page 27. Hebe of Juffieu is Veronica decuffata, p. 30. See Ta- bleau Methodique du Chev. de la Marck, p. 45. n. 182. Page 31. Pæderota cærulea of Scopoli and Linn. Suppl. is Pæderota Bonarota fp. pl. Pæderota lutea of Scopoli and Linn. Suppl. is Pederota Ageria Linn. Mant. Page 32. juficia fpinofa y. Fuflicia appreffa of Forfkähl is Bar- leria Prionitis, p. 959, according to Vahl, fymb. 1. p- 46. Page 33. J'ufficia lanceata of Forfkähl is the fame as p.960. Bars leria noéfifiora of Linn. Suppl. which I know both from Vahl, loc, cit. and from the comparifon of a fpecimen from Forfkáhl in Sir Jofeph Banks's herbarium, with fpecimens fent from Koenig of the Barleria noétifiora. ' Page 34. Jfuficia viridis of Forfkähl is Yufficia Echolium, p. 32. See Vahl, fymb. 1. p. 2. Page 38. Gratiola veronicifolia of Koenig and Retzius is the fame as Ruellia antipoda, p. 959. Page 40. Utricularia inflexa of Forfkáhl is not a different fpecies from Ujricularia ffellata of Linn. Suppl. in the opinion of Profeffor Vahl, fymb. 1. p. 6. Fagelia flavicans is Calceolaria pinnata, p. 39. a 49. Thouimia nutans, Linn. Suppl. is Chionanthus zeylanica, p.207 * Page 50. Pentagloffum linifolium of Fortkáhl is already in Reichard's edition of the Syftema Plantarum, given as a fynonym of Lythrum T hymifolia, p. 753. Page Profefor Gmelin’s Linné?s Syflema Nature. 21; Page 52. Orchis rubra of Jacquin is Orchis papilionacea Linn. Page 54. Orchis filicornis, and p. 58. Ophrys patens, are the fame. 5 : Page 56. Satyrium elatum of Swartz, and p. 59. Serapias Neottia; Neottia minor of Jacquin, are the fame: the Editor alfo quotes the fame figure of Plumier for both*. Page 76. Anthoxanthum paniculatum, Poa Gerardi, p. 179, and Feftuca fpadicea, p. 186, are the fame. See Dr. Smi/'s paper on this ` grafs, in the firft volume of our Society's Tranfactions. Page 77. Piper latifolium, and, p. 78, Piper metbyflicum, is the fame fpecies of Linn. Suppl. taken up twice with the fame differentia Ípecifica, but different trivial names. Young Linné had, in the Supplement, defcribed the Piper latifolium of Solander and Forfter, and miftaking it for the fpecies from which the intoxicating liquor Ava is md he pi to it the trivial name of methyfticum, : "6 41213 tter one; but on his coming to England, he was formed of his nite, and defired Mr. Ehrhart, who had the direétion of the printing of the Supplement, to rectify it, which was done by inferting in the laft page of the book a cor- reétion, to read latifolium for methyfticum, 4 Page 79. Piper flellatum of Swartz is, I believe, the fame as Piper verticillatum, p. 78; at leaft I can fee no other difference, than in the length of the fpikes, between Browne's fpecimen of the latter in Linné’s herbarium, and a fpecimen from Jamaica in Sir Jofeph Banks's herbarium, which D. Swartz has marked as his P. ftellatum. Page 97. Ficus vaffa of Forfkahl is Ficus dente P- 96. See Vahl, fymb. 1. p. 82. Page 71. Kofaria of Forfkähl is the fame genus as Dr/fenia, p. 265. Sce Lamarck, in AG. Soc. Hift. Nat. Parif. p. 85. It is very improperly quoted in Linn. Suppl. as a fynonym for Ocymum capitellatum. — ` Page 216 Mr. DRYANDER s Remarks on Page 105. Loeflingia indica of Koenig and Retzius has Pharaa=. ceum deprefum of Linn. Mant. for fynonym, but ftill occurs agains, p. 506, under the latter name. Page 106. Alternanthera of Forfkahl, is Zecebrum /efile, P. 427. See Vahl, fymb. I. p. 22. : Page 108. Ixia Lapeiroufia, La Peyroufia compreffa of Pourret, is. the fame as p. 111. Gladiolus anceps of Thunberg, and Linn. Suppl. Page 117. Morea fugax of Jacquin is the fame as, p. 116, Iris- edulis of Thunberg. | Page 119. 44///ea cyanea of Hort. Kew. and, p. 1175 Morea afri=. cana of Thunberg, Ixia africana, Spec. plant. are the fame. Page 125. Scirpus fiftulofus of Forfkàhl is Scirpus articulatus, p. X245. See Vahl, fymb. 1. p. 8. i | Page 126.. Scirpus niloticus, Scirpus bifumbellatus of Forfkahl, is. Scirpus dichotomus, p. 128. See Vahl, fymb. 1. p. 8. Profeffor Vahl alfo joins with them the Scirpus annuus of Allioni, which the Edi- tor, by a ftrange miftake, has arranged in the firft divifion of the- genus, p. 124, though it has umbella decompofita, . Page 128. Scirpus cyperoides is referred by the Editor himfelf, in: p. 122, to Kyllinga fumatrenfis, as a fynonym; and here he quotes, . as figure of it, Rottboell, tab. 4. fig. 2. which is Kyllinga um-. - bellata. Page 129. Cyperus. niloticus-of Forfkàhl is, in the opinion oi Ec: feffor Vahl, fymb. 1. p. 7. not a different fpecies from Cyperus. ar- ticulatus, | | Page 131. Cyperus ferrugineus of Forfkàhl is Cyperus fufcus, pe 133.. See Vahl, fymb. 1. p. 8. Page 136. Schoenus cyperoides of Koenig and Retzius is the fate: as Cyperus triflorus, p. 133. In p. 137. is a different Schoenus. cy-. ,peroides, from Swartz, —— | | 2 Schoenuss ss Profefor Gmelins Linn? s 3yfema Natura. 217 Schoenus odoratus is the fame as Kyllinga triceps, p. 122. See Rottb. defcr. et ic. p. 14: Page 143. Carex pendula of Hudfon and Curtis is the fame as, P. 145. Carex Agaflachys of Ehrhart, — Page 151. Axyris ceratoides is the fame as, p. 274. Krafchenninikofia latens, Krafchenninikouia Ceratoides of Güldenftædt ; and P. 424- Achyranthes pappofa of Forfkähl is alfo the fames fee Vahl, fymb. 1. pP. 76. "Page 152. Saccharum Koenigii of Retzius, Saccharum diandrum of Koenig, is, I believe, the fame as Lagurus cylindricus, p. 194. Page 153. Phalaris afpera of Retzius is probably the fame as, p. 167. Phleum panicilaium of Hudfon. Page 154. Phalaris difticha of Forfkahl is, by Profeffor Vahl, fymb. 1. p. 9. referred to Agroftis pungens, Schreb. gram. 2. p. 46. tab. 27, f; 3:5 : andi in Epraparinx Bits s figure with a fpecimen in Sir Jofeph Banks’s herba n Fc 1l, and another from Abbé Purre, of Ki Agroftis pungens, hich the Editor has taken up, p- 171. from Lamarck, I fee no reafon to doubt the identity of * thefe three plants. Phalaris velutina of Forfk&áhl is Panicum fanguinale, p. 159. See Vahl, fymb. 1. p. 8. Phalaris fetacea of Forfkàhl is Panicum polyftachyon, p. 156. See Vahl, fymb. 2. p. 18. Page 158. Panicum tetraflicbon of Forfkahl is Panicum colonum p. 157. See Vahl, fymb. 1. p. 9. 2 Panicum fluitans of Koenig and Retzius, and Panicum geminatum of Forfkähl, are the fame. See Vahl, fymb. 1. p. 8. Page 159. Panicum comprefum of Forfkàhl ts Cymofurus indus p. 185. See Vahl, fymb. 2. posh Page 173. Holcus exiguus of Forfkahl is Holcus halepenfis. Vahl, fymb. 1, p. 81. - Vor. II. Ff Holcus 218 Mr. DryANDER’sS Remarks om Holcus Durra of Forfkahl (mifprinted Duna) is Holcus Sorghum (mifprinted Sorybum). See Vahl, fymb. 1. p. 8o. * Page 182. Poa cynofuroides of Retzius, Poa madraftenfis of Koenig, is the fame as, p. 183. Uniola bipinnata, Poa multiflora of Forfkahl is Briza Eragrofis, p. 183. See Vahl, fymb. 2. p. 20. Page 183. Poa ficula of Jacquin’s collect. et ic. Briza cynofuroides of Scopoli, and, p. 185. Cynofurus ficulus of Jacquin’s obf. bot. are the fame; and the Editor quotes the-fame figure for the firft and the laft. It is the Triticum unioloides of Hort. Kew. and Triticum brizoides of Lamarck, encycl. 2. p. 561. Page 185. Cynofurus lagopoides of Burmannus fhould, according to the fynonym of Plukenet, be J//ecebrum Monfoniæ, p. 426; but as 1 cannot fuppofe that any botanift could miftake an Illecebrum for a grafs, I muft only conclude that a wrong figure has been quoted. Page 187. Feffuca dichotoma, and, p. 188. Fefuca lanceolata of Forfkàhl, are the fame as Triticum maritimum, p. 200. See Vahl, Íymb. 2. p. 26. Page 189. Bromus afper of Linn. Suppl. is the fame as, p. 190. Bromus montanus of Pollich, and Bromus birfutus of Curtis, whofe differentia fpecifica the Editor has copied, without quoting him, but referring to Hudf. Angl. 51, where it is true that this plant occurs, but under the name of Br. nemoralis, and with a different -fpecific defcription. To make the confufion ftill greater, Curtis’s figure is quoted under Br. ramofus of Linn. Mant. which is quite a different plant, and not found in England, Page 190. Bromus villofus of Fortkahl is Bromus madritenfs, p. 188. See Vahl, fymb. 2. p. 23. * Page 176. Melica Lobelii of Villars, and Melica uniflora of Retzius and Curtis, are ‘the fame, See Lamarck in AQ. Soc. Hift, Nat. Parif. 1. p. 85. Page 8. yrs o CO e i si ie RCM A a ll ce tee ———á— À'Ó—M Án m ee D Le . 7 Profefor Gmelins Linné’s Syflema Natura. 219 Page 191. Stipa arguens is the fame as Anthiftiria ciliata, p. Y94. Page 196. Ariflida lanata of Forfkahl is Arifida plumofa, p. x95. See Vahl, fymb. 1. p. 11. Ariftida paniculata of Forfk&hl is Arida adfcenfionis, p. 195. See Vahl, fymb. 2. p. 25. Page 197. Rottboellia corymbofa of Linn. Suppl. Ægilops exaltata of Linn. Mant. is the fame as Rottboellia punctata of Retzius. Page 198. Secale profiratum of Pallas is the fame as, p. 200. Tri- ticum profiratum of Linn. Suppl. Page 199. Hordeum imrinum of Forfkahl, and Hordeum genicula- tum of Allioni, are the fame. See Vahl, fymb. 2. p. 25. Hordeum fecalinum of Schreber, and Hordeum maritimum of Müller, are the fame, in the opinion of Profeffor Retzius, Fl. Scandin. n. 144. Page 200. Triticum bromoides of Wiggers is Bromus pinnatus, P ie ! - — us of Jacquin is the fame as Xyhe pbylla dati fola, 1 p. aor Page 206. Eriocaulon amplexicaule of Rottboll is the fame as, p. $70. Tonina fluviatilis of Aublet. Page 223. Protea brumiades of Linn. Suppl. and Protea corym- bofa cf Thunberg, are the fame. Page 227. Lidbeckia capenfis, Lidbeckia peétinata of Bergius, is Cotula frriéta, p. 1250. Page 230. Scabiofa altifima of Jaquin, which the Editor has taken up as variety £. of Scabiofa africana, is Scabiofa indurata,- Linn. Mant. Page 231. Crinita capenfis of Houttuyn is the fame as, p. 244. Pavetta caffra, Linn. Suppl. Page 232. Hedyotis americana of Jacquin is the fame as Hedyo- His rici which the Editor has borrowed from Swartz, prodr. 29. Ff2 without 220 iw Mn. DRYANDER’s Remarks on without quoting him, and without attending to the reference to- Jacquin. ; Page 233. Scabrita [cabra is certainly. the fame. as Nyéanthes * Arbor triftis, p. 23. i Page 235. Afperula calabrica Linn. Suppl. and, p. 243. Pavetta Jætidifima of Cyrillo, are the fame. Page 243. {xora alternifolia of Jacquin remains here, though the Editor has very properly quoted Jacquin’s figure under Cefrrum . vebertinum, p. 388. 3 Page 250. Buddleja. globofe- of. Hope. is the fame as. Buddleja- capitata of Jacquin. Page 254. Scoparia ternata of Forfkàhl is Scoparia dulcis, according - to Vahl, fymb. 1. p. 12. | ` Page 256. Cifus arborea of Forfkähl is Salvadora perfica, p. 280. See Vahl,fymb. 1. p.12. Rivina paniculata, pe 278. is alfo the. fame; it has remained in all the editions of the Syftema . Vegetabi-. lium and Syftema Nature fince the tenth edition, though it is rea- ferred to Salvadora perfica in Spec. plant. ed. 2. p. 178. Embelia: indica, p. 280. muft alfo be confidered as the fame, as the Editor has taken the character of it from. Retzius, whofe Embelia Groffularia is the Salvadora perfica. Embelia Ribes of Burm. ind. 624. Ri4 befioides Linn. Fl. Zeyl. 403, is a very different plant; it is by Gartner, fem. 1. p.. 189, referred to the genus of Antidefma, from its drupa nuce fcrobiculata. Page 259. Junghanfia faginea is the fame aS, D. 247. Relbamia. (read Relhania) faginea, Curtifia faginea of Hort. Kew. Page 260. Sceura marina of Forfkähl is P. 963. Sce Vahl, fymb. 1. p. 47. Sirium myrtifolium, and, P- 276. Santalum album, axe the fame.. Page 261. Ludwigia repens of Swartz is l/mardia palufris, P. 265. Avicennia Tomento[a,, => Page í Profeffer Gmelins Linns Syfema Nature, 225 Page 262. Azima mva is; 1 fuppofe, meant for Azima tetracan- tha of Lamarck, and then it is the fame as, p. 254. Monetia bar- lerioides of. L''Heritier- Azima diacantha of Lamarck is.only taken: from Plukenet’s figure, and confequently. doubtful. . Page 263. Oldenlandia mp and, p. 370. Dentella repens of Fore fter, dre the fames ^: + -+ =. Oldenlandia tenu ifolia i is ‘the ae as j; Aeg herbacea, p.232. Page 269. Urtica elongata, Urtica Japonica of Linn. Suppl is probably the fame as Urzica fpicata of Thunb, Japon. at leaft I cannot find there any other fpecies it can be; and it is natural to - füppofe that a plant from Japan, which young Linné had re- ceived from Thunberg, muft be found in the Flora Japonica of the latter., Page 272. Maprunea guianenfis of Aublet is Higopricon betulinum, P. 18. See Sgith ic. PARA 42 ge 275. sMef/charia æ is Teucrium Ioa, D 893. : See Vahl, noe rn .p E : Nigrina fpicata of Thunberg is certainly the Dae. as, p. 280... Chloranthus inconfpicuus of Swartz. The difcovery of the identity of them was made by Profeffor Swartz himfelf, on feeing the- Nigrina in Chevalier Thunberg's herbarium. Page 279. Nacibea coccinea of Aublet is certainly the fame genus - as Manettia, p. 277, which differs only from Cinchona in the number ofthe foliola calycina being double to that of the divifion of the corolla and of the ftamina. Nacibea alba, having the number of. the foliola calycina equal to the divifions of the corolla and the fta- mina, may be more properly referred to the genus Cinchona, as the mere difference in number cannot be fufficient to feparate genera. : Page 283. Morus tinétoria, and Morus Xanthoxylum, are the fame. Page 284. Laurembergia capenfis, Laurembergia repens of Ber- - gius, is the fame as Serpicula repens, p. 270. ! Page : par 222 Mr. DavANDER's Remarks on 3 Page 286. Gomoxia granadenfs is the fame as Nertera depreffz, p.282. See Smith ic. plant. 28. - : Page 314. Heliotropium coromandelianum of Koenig, and Heljo- tropium ovalifolium of Forfkahl, are the fame. See Vahl, fymb. r. pr. Page 318. taken up under Swartz's genus of Agt ia, to 1 "have not the fmalleft affi- nit ptm 359. Rondeletia bifora of Rottboll is the fame as, p. 334» Vireëta biflora of Linn. Suppl. | Page 366. Hamellia ventricofa of Swartz, and Hamellia grand/fora of L/Heritier, are the fame, Page 308. Lonicera media of Murray, known in the Englifh gardens under the name of L. glauca, is the Lonicera dioica of Linné, as appears from his herbarium. Page 371. Morinda mufcofa of Jacquin remains here in the genus Morinda, though the Editor has taken it up, p. 372, as Cephælis anufcofa from Swartz. Page 373. Lignonia of Scopoli is, by his own account, Paypay- rola o£ Aublet, which the Editor has taken up under that name, pP. 419. Page 424 . "Mr. DryAnver’s Remarks on “Page 382. Phyfalis limenfis of Retzius, I have no doubt, from -the defcription, of being the fame as, .p. 381. Phy/alis proffrata of LHeritier; but: how the latter came in the divifion of Perennes, I cannot tell. "He firft words in L'Heritier's deícription are: *€ Planta annua.’ Page 385. Solanum agyptiacum-of Forfkàhlis Solanum nigrum y villofum of Linn. according to Vahl, fymb. 2. p. 40. „Solanum memphiticum, Forfk. p. 46. n. 51. is, by Profeffor Vahl, loc. cit. referred to Solanum nigrum as a new variety n birfutum. . Solanum incanum of Fortkahl is Solanum fancium, p. 386. See Vahl, fymb. 2. p. 41. “Page 387. Sirychnos potatorum of Linn. Suppl. and Strychnos Tetankotta of Koenig and Retzius, are the fame. Tetan-kottz, which is probably the 'Tamul name of this tree, is quoted in the former place. Page 380. Lycium aponicum. of T hunberg, and Lycium fætidum of Linn. Suppl. are the fame; but more properly taken up as a diftin& genus by Juflieu under the name of Seriffa, by L’ Heritier called db, and by Loureiro, Dyfoda. Lycium heterophyllum of Murray is the fame as Lycium boerhaviz- folium of Linn. Suppl which the Editor has taken up, p. 303; under L’Heritier’s name of Ehretia halimifolia.. By a ftrange error of the prefs, the name which ought to follow the quotation, Suppl. p. 150, is to be found in the ES: page, between n. 6. and n. 7. Page 390. Placoma pendulum, and, p. 428. Plocama pendulum, i is the fame plant of Hort. Kew. taken up twice, with a fmall va- riation in the generic name, probably only from an error of the prefs. Page 391. Vallaris indica, V allaris — of Burmannus, is aoe glabra, p. 440. | 4 Meifleria Profefor Gmelins Linn?'s Syflema Natura. 225 Meifleria anonyma, Barreria of Scopoli, n. 767, (mifprinted 868.) is Poraqueiba guianenfis of Aublet; and though the Editor has taken the character effentialis, not from Scopoli, but from Aublet's gene- ric defcription, he ftill has the fame plant, in p. 331, under Aublet's name. ! - Page 392. Chironia dodecandra of Walter is meant for C. dode- candra of Species plant. as the trivial name is not printed in italics ; and then it is Chlora dodecandra, p. 618. Page 398. Rbamnus pentaphyllus, firt publifhed by Linné, un- der the name of Rhamnus ficulus, in the Appendix to the 3d tom. of the Syftema Naturæ, 12th edition, is the Argan or Olive- tree of Morocco (fee Hófts cfterretninger om Marokos, p. 284): as appears from the fpecimen in Linné’s herbarium, which has a ticket affixed with the name of Argan of Morocco, and which I have alfo compared with fpecimens in Sir Jofeph Banks's herba- feffion of Sir Jofeph Banks, it alfo appears, that the Argan was already taken up by Linné in the Hortus Cliffortianus, under the name of Sideroxylum fpinofum, though moft of the fynonyms are wrong, and confequently the locus natalis, which is taken from them. The fpecimen in Linné’s herbarium, under the name of Sideroxylum fpinofum, is without flowers, and fuch that it 1s im- poffible to tell with any certainty what it is; Clifford's herbarium is therefore the only authority by which this fpecies can be af- certained. Rhamnus ficulus pentaphyllos of Boccone, which is quoted as a fynonym for the firft, is a very different plant, having really folia quinata, and confequently not at all likely to belong to either of thefe genera. The fpecimen which Jacquin has defcri- — bed in his Obf. Bot. is now in Sir Jofeph Banks’s herbarium ; but having no flowers, only fruit, it is impoffible to deter- mine it. ; 7 -: Vor. II. Gg Page IMMO. Olli V. ccs 226 Mr. DryANper’s Remarks om Page 399. .The fpecimen in Linné’s herbarium, from whicte the differentia fpecifica of Rhamnus micranthus, and the defcription in Ameen. Academ. were made, is Boehmeria ramiflora, p. 267; but the fynonyms belong to a fpecies of Celtis, taken up in Swartz's prodr. under the name of micrantha. Rhamnus ellipticus of Swartz and Hort. Kew. and, p. 402, Ceanothus rechnatus of L'Heritier, are the fame; and the Editor quotes the fame figure of Browne for both. - Page 403. Me/a of Forfkahl is the fame genus as, p. 370. Bwo- botrys of Foffter ; Forfkahl’s plant is called by Vahl, fymb. I. p. 1% Bæobotrys lanceolata. Page 408. Rubentia of Commerfon and Juflieu is the fame as, p. 417. Eleodendrum of Jacquin. Page 409. Diofma unicapfularis of Linn. Suppl. is the fame as, p. 268, Empleurum Aioni, Empleurum ferrulatum of Hort. Kew. Disfma oderatifima of Montin, and Diofma latifolia of Linn. Suppl. are the fame. : ~ Page 418. "There is no reafon to fuppofe that Mangifera Amba of Forfkahl is different from Mangifera indica, in which Jacquin has found the ftamina fuch as Forfkàhl defcribes them in Amba, See ic. vol. 2. and collect. 4. p. 97. Page 422. Loghania of Scopoli; n. 1076, (mifprinted 1476,) is, by his own account, Souroubea of PM and confequently Ruy/chia Surubea, p. 407. So far I had written when I received the firft part of the firft volume of the 'Tranfactions of the Society of Natural Hiftory of Paris, in which M. Lamarck has given a memoire on this fubject s but not having had tease to examine this edition thoroughly, the M Profefor Gmelins Linné's Syfema Nature. 227 the inftances he gives of thefe duplications and triplications of ge- . mera and fpecies, are not fo many as they would have been, if he had extended his refearches farther. My firft intention, on peruf- ing M. Lamarck's obfervations, was to leave out in this paper all the inftances given by him; but, confidering that our Society’s Tranfaétions may fall into the hands of many who have not fo eafy an opportunity of feeing the French Actes, i {hall purfue my plan in the fame manner as I have begun it, and have alfo added, in notes to the former part of this paper, three inftances from M. Lamarck, which had efcaped my obferyation. Gartner has made a miftake in the trivial name, this tree being a native of the ifland of Madeira, and not of the Bahama Iflands. Bacca infera given as fpecific difference to the Anguillaria zeylanica of Gartner, by the Editor, is fo ridiculous a miftake that I can no way account for it, Page 433. Cerbera parviflora of Forfter is the fame’ as, p. 439. Ocbrofia borbonica, as Y learnt by the comparifon of a fpecimen from Forfter in Sir Jofeph Banks's herbarium, with a fpecimen of Gom- _ merfon’s in the poffeffion of Mr. Viborg; but Ochrofia maculata of Jacquin’s Icones & Collectanea is probably a different fpecies, having lanceolate leaves, longer and narrower than thofeof Cerbera parviflora. Page 434 Gardenia jafminoides of Retzius, and Gardenia fcandens of Thunberg, are the fame. M. Lamarck makes, in his me- moire, an obfervation, that Gardenia fpinofa and dumetorum are the fame; and he is very right that G. fpinofa of Linn, Suppl. is Ser. the 228 Mr. DryanDer’s Remarks on the fame as G. dumetorum of Koenig and Retzius; but I am in- clined to believe that G. fpinofa of Thunberg, from China, is a different fpecies, having the calyx externally, and the germen very hairy, which both are {mooth in the former. Page 439. -Amfonia Tabernamontana of Walter is certainly meant for Tabernemontana Amfonia of Linné, as the trivial name is printed in Roman character; and I think it highly probable that his Amfonia ciliata is the fame as Tabernemontana anguftifolia Hort. Ewe | Page 441. Cynanchum cordifolium of Koenig and Retzius is the fame as, p. 442, Cynanchum extenfum of Jacquin. Page 444 the limits of human knowledge, we cannot avoid perceiving that there are Howtidarien gh it never can exceed. Thefe boundaries are the limited faculties of the human mind, which, though fully fufficient to anfwer all the purpofes of com- mon life, are an infuperable barrier to the enquiries of fpeculative men. None feel more the truth of this obfervation, than thofe engaged in phyfiological enquiries; the operations of nature being fo complicated, and at the fame time carried on in fo fecret a manner, as to keep us ignorant of the moft common phæ- nomena. If phyfiologifts have been unfuccefsful in many of their enqui- ries into the animal ceconomy, they have been ftill more fo with refpect to vegetables: for how little do we know at this day of the courfe‘of their fluids, and of the power by which they are moved? Are we not in the vegetable kingdom where we were near two cen- turies ago in the animal, when the great Harvey withdrew the veil ? Mm2 The 268 Mn. Townson’s Oljettions againft the 'The many beautiful analogies exifting between the two organized: kingdoms of nature, their fimilar origin from egg or feed, their fub- fequent developement, and nourifhment by intus-fufception ; the power of continuing their fpecies, the limited time of their exiftence, and, when not carried off by difeafe and premature death, poffefling in themfelves the caufe of their own deftruc- tion—have been fo favourable to the fuppofition of the exift- ence of a complete chain of beings, that there appeared to the fa- vourers of this opinion nothing to be wanting to connect them, but the loco- motive faculty; for irritability, from phenomena in a few vegetables, had been granted them by fome. This loco-motive faculty, which is confidered as a confequence of volition, which is an attribute of mind, they fay * is manifefted in the direction of the roots towards the foil which affords them their moft proper nouriíhment, and in the direction of the tender fhoots and leaves towards the light, which is likewife neccflary to their well-being, Thefe facts are admitted, but not the confequences drawn from. them. Tt mutt indeed be allowed, that vegetables do on fome occafions act as though poffeffed of volition, avoiding thofe things that are | injurious to them, and. turning towards thofe that are beneficial 5. .thus appearing to act by choice, which muft be preceded by per- ceptivity, a favour that nature has granted I think to the animal world alone. The following are brought as. examplest : A plane-tree twenty feet high, growing upon the top of a wall, ftraitened for nourifhment in that barren fituation, directed its roots . down the fide of the wall, till they reached the ground ten feet below, It has been amply repaid, fay they, for its trouble ever fince, * Dr. Percival, Manchefter Tranfaétions t Manchefter, Tranfsétions, . | by Perceptivity of Planis, &c, 269 by plenty of nourifhment, and a more vigorous vegetation has been the confequence. On another occafion, a plant being placed in a dark room, where light was admitted only through an aperture, put forth its {hoots towards the aperture, which elongating pafled through it; and this likewife was rewarded for its trouble by pou of licht and free air. That appearances fo fimilar to thofe that are obferved in ani- mals fhould be confidered as proceeding from the fame caufe, viz. volition, is not to be wondered at, when fo many of the inferior orders of animals hardly poflefs fo much of the loco-motive faculty— . particularly by men of warm imaginations, who, prepoffeffed in fa- vour of an opinion, were grafping at every diftant analogy to fup- port it. Though, as I have faid, we are by no means acquainted with the courfe of their proper fluids (fucci proprii), or with the power b y which they à are movad, „nor even can fay by what h T s, which are its food, are taken in; yet fo far we know, that here, as in the animal œconomy, there is a con-- ftant change and evolution of their fluids, and that a conftant fi ply is neceffary, without which they foon perifh. This fish, o neceflary, muft be taken in by abforption; and it is this act of ab- forption that I fhall endeavour to prove to be the efficient caufe of thefe motions in vegetables, and thus exclude volition from having — anycaufation in thefe phænomena; foritis fromtheir not having been - explained upon mechanical principles that mind has been reforted to. Mind isin general our laft refource when we fail in explaining natural phenomena. I could wifh that phyfiologifts were agreed upon the kind of abforption which takes place here, whether it be by active open-mouthed veflels, which in the common opinion takes place in the animal ceconomy, or by capillary attraction, which i is the moft general opinion in the vegetable; but the theory 4 I {alt 270 Mr. Townson’s Objections againft the _T fhall offer to the maet of the Linnean Society will agree with either. The firft confideration 1s—'T'hat an inert fluid is in motion. Secondly— That, poffefling no motion in itfelf, it owes this mo- tion to the plant. Thirdly—That as action and re-aétion are equal, whilft the plant draws the fluid towards itíelf, it muft be drawn towards the fluid, and that in the reverfe ratios of their refpective re- fiftances. Now whether this abfor ption be performed by veffels sing as in the animal oeconomy, or by veflels of the nature of capillary tubes, is of little moment, provided only that an abforption be ad- mitted ; for it is evident, that if action and re-action be the fame, - the abforbed fluids, which poffefs no motion in themfelves, cannot be put in motion by the open-mouthed active veffels, without be- ing drawn in the direction of the abforbed fluids. But fhould we prefer the theory which explains this abforption by capillary at- tra&ion, which theory I think is the moft prevalent, we fhall ftill fid that the abforbing veffels are drawn towards the fluid. This is equally true as evident, whether applied to that fimple hydraulic inftrument, the ftraw, through which the fchool-boy fucks, or to the moft complicated machine of the natural philofopher. Thefe principles will, I think, be fufficient to explain thofe appear- ances in yegetables which -have ferved asa foundation, or have been confidered as figns of their perceptivity and volition, and which, as far as I have learnt, have never been attempted to be explained, viz. the direction of their roots towards the foil which affords them the beft nourifhment, and the young and tender fhoots towards the light: for here is an abforption of water and light. The abforption of water is eafily afcertained; but that of light, by its fubtlenefs, eludes our experiments, with probably many other fluids of great importance m Perceptivity of Plants, &c. 7t importance to the healthy ftate of the vegetable world. But to make the connexion more complete between the two organic kingdoms, it.has not only been found that plants move towards their food like wile and intelligent beings, but they likewife turn afide from thole foils, &c. which are injurious to them, or at leaít afford them but a fcanty noutifhment. This is a’ deception: it is only the immediate confequence of their motion towards their nourifhment;. for. when the root of a tree or plant changes its courfe, on account of meeting with a rock, or with a hard, füff, and barren clay, or other object that docs not afford it proper nourifhment, it is owing not to.any dereliction of thefe objects, but to no attraction from abforption aéting im that direction, but one from a more favourable foil. The fmallnefs. of the refiftance of thefe fluids cannot be urged againft this theory:. the 1 motion to be. ae is only the tendency of the nafcent oots; no-one -the folid wood could alter its. eO; it this power, ‘however fetis i is Awan acting. Iam not ignorant that thefe are not the only motions which are thought to announce the perceptivity of plants The motions obferved in the ftamina and other parts at the time of fecunda- tion, the fpiral direction of the ftems of fome*, theufe of the cirrhi of others, and the burfting of the capfules, have all, with many other powers, been thought to favour this opinion. Thefe are but powers nature has beftowed upon them for their prefervation and pro- * I have read, and heard it more than once afferted, that the Lonicera and other plants with the caulis volubilis, which are twifted either dextrorfum or finiftrorfum,, ean change this: natural direction ; fo that when two Lonicere, or two branches. of the: fame Lonicera; meet, the one turns to the right, the other to the left, that they may afford - t each other a better fupport. This is a miftake; and, if true, would only counteract the jntention of nature, which is a mutual fupport ; for this would prevent their uniting fo. firmly together, Some of the cirrhi of the Bryonia, &c. turn to the right, others to the left, but not to accommodate one another. wh VLE 7 duction, 273 Mr. Townson’s Objections, &c. duétion, which can no more be confidered as the confequence of volition, than the fall of their leaves at ftated periods, their growth and decay, which have never been confidered as the confequence of mind, any more than the increafe or deftruétion of animal bodies, the efficient caufe of which may for ever remain unknown. When all is confidered, I think we fhall place this opinion amongft the many ingenious flights of the imagination, and foberly follow that blind impulfe which leads us naturally to give fenfa- tion and perceptivity to animal life, and to deny it to vegetables; and fo ftill fay with Ariftotle, and our great mafter Linnæus— Vegetabilia crefcunt © vivunt animalia crefcunt, vivunt, & fentiunt. XXV. An ( 273 ) à XXV. An Effay on tbe various Species of Sawfifo. By Mr. Fe» i Latham, F. R. and A.S. S. and F. L. S. — Read Fan. 8, 1793. 'HE purport of the following paper is to endeavour to iden- tify, as different fpecies, the various kinds of Sawfifh,. which " have hitherto caufed much confufion, from being efteemed as mere ' varieties, or. r fexual, SIRE of one and the fame fpecies, with viev moting ier inveftigation of the fubject, which it is hoped this crude Eflay may pave the way to. The matter is more particularly interefting, as very little has been added of late years, or indeed from the time of Ben; who, if I miftake not, was the firft who gave a figure of any part of the animal*, In regard to place in the fyftem, moft authors have fixed the Sawffh in the Squalus or Shark genus, with which it muft be con- feffed it greatly coincides, excepting the elongation of the head into a beak or fnout, which part in fome meafures one-fourth, in others more than one-third of the whole length of the fith: how- ever, it cannot be denied, that it alfo refembles the genus of Raia or Ray in many particulars, which K/em gives for a reafon when he wifhes it to be placed between the two; though he hefitates to make it a diftinét one. In refpe& to myfelf, | cannot, but own, * Aquat. 1553. 8vo. p. 66. a figure of the (aont. Vor. II. Ha 2 CHE 274 Mr. Laruam’s Effay on | that were only a fingle fpecies known to me, as was fuppofed by the ancients, 1 fhould moft certainly join in the received opinion of placing it with the Sharks, though differing in fome particulars, rather than to form a new genus for it. It has been urged, that the difference of fhape and fize of the fpines in the fnouts of various fubjeéts may arife from age or ' fex: the latter I cannot deny, as far as relates to the two firft de- {cribed, as the fpines refemble each other more than thofe which follow; yet in regard to the firft two, whoever will make a fair comparifon will moft probably join with me in feparating them, till we have fufficient authority to unite them into one fpecies. The number of fpines alfo, were no other diftinétion manifeft, will of itfelf be fufficient to form a precite character for dividing the feveral fpecies. Klein obferves, that in the embryo ftate the fides of the fnout are as {mooth as the gums of a new-born infant; but, in this cafe, we are inclined to think that the fpines make their appearance not long after its exclufion, and that they grow very quickly; for in a fpecimen of the fecond fpecies, now before me, the total length of which I conjecture to have been about thirty inches, the {pines are full one-fourth as long as thofe of a nearly full grown fpeci- men in the Leverian Mufeum. Another obfervation may likewife be drawn from the comparifon of the fnouts of the fmaller fized with the full grown ones; for as fome have been met with which meafured only eight inches, and contained from thirty to thirty- four {pines on each fide; and others, of the very fame fpecies, of three feet in length, in which were found no greater number; may we not fafely conclude, that they do not increafe by being fhed _in the firft ftages of life, to be replaced by others, as in the jaws of the human fpecies, and thofe of quadrupeds ? The the various Species of Saxvfijb. 275 The ro/rum or fnout in every fpecies which I have yet feen has been ftraight, or at moft curved upwards in a very trifling degree, and the reprefentations of it, in authors who have eund it, lead us to think the fame; one inftance only excepted, wherein a fœtus of one with twenty-fix fpines in the roftrum is engraved, with that part bent in the form of a bow*: this furely muft be a fingular lufus nature; unlefs we can fuppofe it to have been bent while frefh, and fo dried, in order to enhance the value of the fpecimen by exciting the wonder of the naturalift. The Sawf/b is faid to be found both in the northern and /outhern parts of the world, and fome have been met with of our firft and {fecond defcribed of fourteen or fifteen feet in length, the fnout meafuring one-third of the total length. ‘The ancients had but a` Very imperfect knowledge of the fubjeét, when Pliny afferts, that are met with ir in the indian Sea of two hundred cubits in length t; ir er pl * calls it the mighty fifh called E I. The fame notion alio had Ædrovandus, when he figured an idéal one of a cetaceous magnitude, with a creft on the front, fpouting the water from tubes on the top of the head, in the man- ner of fome of the whale genus. The fame may alfo be feen in Gefner, Pifo, Marcgrave, and others, who have copied from one ano- ther. On a level with thefe ftands O/aus, who takes for granted, that the Sawf/b is able to divide a fhip in two with the frout §. However, to fay no more of fuch idle tales, it is certainly in the power of fifhes of this kind to be injurious to the more defencelefs, * Bloch. Fifch. DeutcM. t. 120. + Plin. Nat. Hifl. lib. 9. cap. 3. + Id. lib. 36. cap. 5. $ “ Te will fwim under the fhips, and cut them, that the water may come in, and he may feed upon the men when the fhip is drowned.” O/aus Magnus, Hifl. Goth. book 21. ch. 10, Nn2 Frefier EO | Mr. LaATHAM's Ejay on Freficr® (aw a battle between feveral Saw/ifhes and a Whale, when all of them attacking the Whale at once, foon became viéto- rious. It is too plain, by the very little I have been able to colle& of the natural hiftory of the fubjeét of this paper, that the ancients had paid but little attention to it: to elucidate the matter is re- ferved for the more enlightened naturalifts of the prefent day; and it is to be hoped, that no opportunity of examination may hence- forth be neglected by thofe who may be fortunate in having fpecimens, more cien recent ones, país under their ob- fervation. Thofe who may wifh to retain the whole of the following un- der the genus of Squalus, will have no difficulty in adjufting them according to their wifhes: on the other hand, fuch as agree with me in feparating them therefrom, will fee beneath an attempt to form a new one under the name of PRIS ELS. Caput roftro elongato plano, utrinque fpinofo. Spiracula 4—5 ad latera colli. | : Corpus oblongum, teretiufculum, cute afpera coriacea, Os fab capite. © | : Nares ante os, lobo membranaceo femitectz., Pone oculos foramina ovalia duo. Pinne ventrales approximate, & in mare circa genitalia pofi tz. Pinna anales nulle. » * Voy. de la Mer. du Sud. : : I. ANTI- the various Species of Sawff». -277 I. ANTIQUORUM. 4 Pr. roftro fpinis validis utrinque 18—24 Tab. 26. f. 1. Squalus Priftis, Lin, Syf. Nat. x. p. 407. 15. Faun, Suec. 207. Muf. Ad Fr. 1. p. 52. Mull. Lin. Th. 3. tab. II. f. 2. (fpin. 18.) Gmel. Lin. Y. p. 1494. 16. Fab. Fn. Grienl. pe 39. 91. Mull. Prodr. p. 38. 319. Klein. Mif. Pifc. 3. pe 12. No. 1X. fab 3. f. 1,2. (Pullus.) Pin. Nat. Hifl. lib. 9. cap. 2. Cluf. Ex. tab. I4. f. 136 (fpin. 20.) Aldrov. Cet. p. 692. Will. Icih. p. 61. tab. B. 9. fig. 5. (fig. Clufii) Raï Syn. Pife. p. 23. Olar. Muf. p. 4x. t 26. f. 1. k Rondel. Pift. 487. | F BeN. de Aq. t. in p. 66. (Langue de Serpent.) Valent. Ambon. p. 33. t. 19. f. 52. Bloch Fifch. Deutch. p. 37. PRET á 120. Du Tertre Ant, f 207. BED, Bonann. Muf. Kirch. Sp 289-77 binet de Ste. Gener 90. Brouf. AH. Par. "8o. 5. GF: (La Scie.) Pif. Tad Occ. $. 51. Marcgr. Braf. p 158. (Araguagua). Gronov. Zooph. p. 33. Arted. Syn. 66. » Syn. 93. Brown. Fam. 458. 1. Habitat in oceano, Totum corpus ad 15 pedes longum, fupra nigricans, feu leuco- phæo-grifeum, abdomine albicante.—Caput antice planum.—Roffrum ad 5 pedes longum, fpinis validis numero utrinque 18—24. Os dentibus granulatis inftructum.—Ocu/ magni inde aurea.—Pone eculos Meo duo oblonga.—Spiracula quinque. .— Pinna dorfalis prima ventralibus oppofita, altera inter primam & caudæ apicem media— P ectorales late longæque—Caudalis brevior quam con- generibus. | This fpecies and the following grow to the largeft fize of any 5 which. 278 Mr. LaTHAW's Effay on which have yet come under the infpection of the Naturalift, fome fpecimens meafuring fifteen fect in length. The head is rather flat at top, the eyes large, with yellow uides; behind each is a hole, which fome have fuppofed may lead to an organ of hearing*. The. mouth is well furnifhed with teeth, but they are blunt, ferving rather to bruife its prey than to divide it by cutting. Before the mouth are two other foramina, fuppofed to be the noftrils. The rofrum, beak, or faout, is in general about one-third of the total length of the fifh, and contains in fome eighteen, in others as far as twenty-three or twenty-four /pines on each fide; thefe are very ftout, much thicker at the back part, and channelled, inclining to an edge forwards. The fins are feven | in number—viz. two dor/al, placed at fome diftance from each — other—two préloral, taking rife juft behind the breathing-holes, which are five in number—two ventral, fituated almoft under- neath the firft dorfal—and-laftly the caudal, occupying the tail = both above and beneath, but longeft on the upper part. -The ge- neral colour of the bady is a dull grey, or brownifh, growing paler as it approaches the belly, where it is nearly white. 2. PECTINATUS. Pr. roftro fpinis anguftioribus utrinque ad 34 Tab. 26. fig. 2. Priftis feu Serra, Gefner Ag. fig. in p. 728. (fpin. 34.) Id. Ic. An. P. 17 1.— Muf. Befler. tab. 17. f. 3. (fpin. 28.)— 44. f. 1. (caput, fpinis 25.) Aldr. Cet. f. p. 692.— Fobnf. Pie. p. 8. 1. 111.— (ipin. 28.)]—B/af. Anat. p. 466. t. 49. f. 13—Bloch Deutch. f. 37. ^. 120. (roftr. arcuat.) Knorr. Delic. p. 56. 1. H. 4.— Ofear. Kunfi. p. 38. 1. 25. f. 1,—Pontop. Hifl. Norv. IL. p. 240. (fpin. 25.) Habitat in oceano. > * Nos foramina hxc meatus auditorios eiie credimus. Willughb. Corpus # RCE, Vp Phi ila terio uia the various Species of Sawfifh. 279 Corpus a priore non multum differt.—Rofri {pine longiores, & i minus validæ, numero variant a 25 ufque ad 34 — Pinne pofticæ | i magis excavate. | | This and the former fpecies have been confounded hitherto by | N aturalifts, nor are we certain that any others have b n- by them: and if we may judge by their figures of each, it fhould . feem that the firft defcribed was the moft plentiful. That figured in Gener is far from a bad reprefentation, and the one engraved t by Knorr in his De/ice is fufficiently accurate. This fpecies differs - from the firft, in having the /z more narrow in proportion at the bafe, and the whole of it more flender in all its parts ; whereas - the firft is very broad at the bafe, and tapers confiderably from thence to the point. The fpines on each fide alfo are longer and more flender, and vary from twenty-five to thirty-four in the different fpecimens: we > have indeed been informed of one which |. contained no lels than thirty-fix fpines on each fide of the {nout ; ; but we muft confefs that we have never been fortunate enough ta : | have feen fuch a fpecimen. This is fuppofed to grow to as great a = fize as the former, and in the general make and fhape of the body does not materially differ. 3. CusriDATUS. — Pr. roftro fpinis cufpidatis latis utrinque 28. Tab. 26. fig. 3- Habitat — — — ae - Rofirum huic per totam longitudinem latitudinis fere zequalis.— Spine abbreviatz, late, planæ, ad apicem. cufpidatæ. Of this fpecies I have only feen two fpecimens of the roffrum, one in my own colle&ion, the other in that of Mr. Parkinfon—the firft 280 Mn. Latuam’s Effay on firft is about a foot and a half in length, the other more than two feet and a half: in both of thefe are twenty-eight fpines on . each fide; but the diftinguifhing feature is in the fpines them- felves being particularly flat and broad, and fhaped at the point more like the /ancet ufed by furgeons in bleeding, than any other figure. We believe that no author has hitherto taken notice of this fpecies. | 4. MicroDON. Pr. roftro fpinis minutis vix roftrum exerentibus. "Tab. 26. -fig. 4. 3 | = Hehitat uoc ceca Corpus üt in congeneribus, 28 pollices longum. Roffrum planum, a bafi ad apicem modice attenuatum.—Spine utrinque 18, minus conípicuz. A complete fpecimen of this fifh is in the mufeum of Mr. Parkinfon, which is probably unique; the total length is twenty- eight inches, the /zout occupying ten; from the bafe of this to . that of the feéfora/ fins four inches; between the $ecfora! and ven- tral fins fix. The two dorfal fins occupy nearly the fame propor- tions in refpe& to each other; but the hinder one is the fmalleft, and all of them are greatly hollowed out at the back part, much, more fo than in the two firft fpecies. The /nout differs from that of every other, in feveral particulars: it 1s longer in proportion, ‘being more than one-third of the whole fifth. The /piies do not ftand out from the fides more than a quar- ter of an inch, and from this circumftance feem far lefs capable of doing injury than any other fpecies yet known. 5. CinRATUS. the various Species of Sawfif. 281 5. CIRRATUS. Pr. roftro cirrato fpinis longioribus : brevioribufque intermediis. Tab. 26. fig. 5. and Tab. 27. Habitat in Nova Hollandia. In hac fpecie rofrum fpinis circiter 20 acutis, modicé incurvis, munitum ; brevioribus a 3—6 interjectis—ad latera fubtus utrinque cirrus elongatus flexilis. - . Of this curious and fingular fifh we have only met with one : fpecimen, which was brought from Port Fack/on in New Holland, and is in the poffefhon of Thomas Wilfon, Efq. of Gower-flreet, who obligingly lent it to me, for the purpofe of defcribing and figur- It is a male, and the total length about forty inches: the Jour, from the tip of it to the eye, eleven: the /9ges widely different from any of the others; they are indeed placed, as ufual, on the edge, but are continued on each fide even beyond the eyes, as may be feen in the drawing. The longer ones are flender, fharp, fome- what bent, and about twenty in number; and between thefe are others not half the length of the primal ones, between fome three. or four, between others as far as fix; and in general the middle — one of thefe fmaller feries is the longeft: befides thefe, a feries of minute ones may be perceived beneath, at the very edge. In the fnout likewife another figularity occurs :—about the middle of it, on each fide, near the edge, arifes a flexible, ligamentous cord, about three inches and a half in length, appearing not unlike the beards at the mouth of fome of the Gadus or Cod genus, and no doubt as pliant in the recent ftate. The colour of the fifh is a pale brown: Vor. Il, Oo the 282 Mr. Latuam’s Effay, &c. the breathing apertures four in number: the mouth furnifhed with five rows of minute, but very fharp fee: as to the reft, as we have thought right to give a reprefentation of the whole fifh (Tab. 27.) a comparative view of the parts may be judged of without further : defcription. I do not doubt of the above fpecimen being a young one, as the Ínout feems to have fhrunk much in drying:—but, to determine this matter, it is to be hoped that future voyagers, who may chance to yifit that part of the world from whence this was received, will -pay ftri& attention to the natural hiftory of fo curious a produc- tion of nature. XXVI. De- Pie ere nare th 27. fr 282. ( 283 ) XXVI. Deferiptions of Four New Britifh Lichens, By the Reverend Hugh Davits FS Read Feb, 5, 179 3 I. LICHEN PILULARIS. Tas. 28, E A. L. cruftaceus cinereo-albidus, tuberculis pilulæformibus nigris, Pill Lichen. Species unknown to every author I have feen. In examin- ing it attentively, I find fome of the younger fru&tifications perfect fcutelle, with elevated margins of the fame colour; thefe are but few, and feem foon to lofe that form. The fruétification in decay changes into different fhades of brown. | Found in Bodowen-park, Anglefea. 2. L. SIMPLEX. TAB. 28. f. 2. L. ecruftaceus, tuberculis difformibus plicato-rugofis atris. Simple Lichen. THIS, hitherto undefcribed, fpecies has no ground, but confifts of bare, fmall tubercles, which, examined with a microfcope, ap- pear wrinkled, and of various irregular forms. It feems to affect growing upon a kind of grey flate, which it covers to the extent of - many inches together. gie —— < o ince _ 284 Rev. Mr. Daviss's Defcriptions Since the drawing of it was taken, I have likewife found it on a fand-ftone, and then, owing to the unevennefs of the furface, the fructification affumes a {till more irregular form, fome- times appearing in fimple lines, and fometimes coiled; in fome de- gree refembling the fruétification of Lichenoides, t. 29. f. 116. Dill. Hif Muf. Found with the former. 3. L. CONCENTRICUS*. L. cruftaceus albidus, fcutellis fubimmerfis confluentibus concen- tricis atris. Concentric Lichen. THE fcutelle are fcarcely raifed above the ground, depreffed in the centre, and have a margin which varies in colour, being fometimes white, fometimes black. I could have fuppofed this to be L. petræus, Jacq. Collect. T. 3. tab. 6. f. 2. litt. a. a. a. from his figure; but he refers to Michelius, ord. 34. p. 99. n. 53. and to Hall. Helv. nos. 2061 and 2062, whofe defcriptions by no means accord with this plant; particularly, as neither of thofe accurate ~ authors has noticed the confluent fru&ifications, which invari- . ably form concentric fegments of a circle, affording a moft diftin- .. guifhing charaéteriftic. - . Found in Whitford parifh, Flintfhire. 4 L. varians. Tas. 28. f. 3. L. cruftaceus albus, fcutellis atris nitidis : margine albo. Changeable Lichen. BY the feveral variations of this plant, — at the figures - A. B. C. D. it is evident that it varies exceedingly in refpeét of co- | * L. petreus, Jacq. Coll. v. 3. 116. t. 6. f. 2. lit. a. a. a. fynonymis dubiis. lour, A c Louve, aceto Vtt. 28, po. 28-4. P of Four New Brit Lichens. | 285 lour, and, with an inattentive obferver, might pafs for different fpecies. Its ftate of perfection is that defcribed in the differentia Jpecifica, when the ground is a fine polifhed white, and the frusti- fication a bright fhining black, with a white margin, fig. A. In its fecond ftate, it lofes that gloffy black, fig. B. In its more ad- vanced ftage, it becomes ftill paler; and in this ftate I have feen it in a collection under the name of L. rupicola, fig. C. As it ap- proaches nearer decay, the ícutelle affume an ochreous or buff- colour, very different from either of its former appearances, fig. D. In its laft ftage, which I had not obferved till after the inclofed drawings had been made, it affumes a ftill very different appearance; the difks of the ícutelle difappear, and there fucceeds a black duft, giving it in fome meafure the refemblance of a fphæria. The fingularly-various appearances of this plant afford an oppor- tunity of obferving how liable períons are to be deceived by plants of this tribe, whi ich. they have anot an opportunity of examining in their places of growt! h; | may ferve as a caution, that our zeal for difcovering new fubjeéts fhould not hurry us to create new fpecies out of imperfect fpecimens. Found on the S. W. fide of Anglefea. XXVIL An (0286 ) XXVII. An Account of Jome Plant cul difcovered in Scotland. By Mr. Fames Dick on, F. L. S. : Read Feb. 5, 1793. LTHOUGH a very great number of Britifh plants are defcribed in the Flora Anglica and Flora Scotica, yet no per- fon can expect in thefe a complete catalogue of the plants of this kingdom; for, though their ingenicus authors have done every thing in their power, yet, in a field fo extenfive, much muft ftill remain to be done. Large traéts in Scotland are ftill unexplored by any naturalift, and many plants being merely local, we muft wait for a more thorough and accurate examination of this king- dom, before we can fix the extent of the Britifh Flora. Indeed the operations of Nature are fo dark and intricate, and her works fo amazingly profufe, that it is much to be doubted whether we fhall ever be able, with the moft fcrupulous invefti- gation, to afcertain the number even of Britifh plants, when we defcend to the minuter tribes. The {pan of human life will be found too fhort to meafure the vaft field of creation. But thofe who intend to fearch for plants ought not to be dif- couraged at their number, nor defpair of fuccefs though they tread in the footíteps of fome former naturalift; for every practical botanift muft remember fome inftances of his difcovering plants 8 : in Mr, DrcksoN's Æcount, &c. | 287 in places he had often examined before; and the fmall plants are fo numerous, and often fo crowded together, that we need not won- der if they efcape our moft minute obfervation. Where a choice ef place can however be had, the wild and unexplored ought certainly to be preferred, though we fhould by no means over- look the land in cultivation. Numbers of plants, not formerly known to be annuals, are frequently found even among the ftand- ing corn: I once found in fuch a fituation five different genera upon a piece of earth half an inch fquare ; they were the Pha/cum Jubulatum, Phafcum axillare, Bryum truncatulum, Jungermannia angu- lofa, Riccia glauca, and. Blafia pufila. In England, where cultivation has made fo great a progrefs, we cannot expect to find fuch a variety of plants as in a wild moun- tainous conntry 5 yet, within thefe thirty years, fome additions have be been made to the Flora An gisa tho gh n not soul to to ths num As the Highlands of Scotland abound me fuch a variety of foil and fituation, with high fnowy mountains, deep glens, dripping rocks, torrents of water, and every other fcene that can attract the attention of the naturalift, we may reafonably expe& that, at fome future period, very large additions will ftill be made to the Flora of that country. I have frequently made a tour through the Highlands, and ne- ver without difcovering fome plants. I am forry their number is as yet fo {mall, but they may ferve as a fpecimen of the botanical riches of the country, and induce fome other naturalift to complete - what I have only begun. In a tour through the Highlands, in 1789, I difcovered the fol- lowing plants, which are mentioned in my Faft. Secund. p. 29. Veronica alpina. Linn. Spec. Plant, 15. In montibus propè Gar- avay Moor, et in Ben Nevis. i VERONICA 288 UN Mr. Dicxson’s Account of Veronica faxatilis, Linn. Suppl. 83. in rupibus: Ben Lawers. Puteum alpinum. Linn, Spec. Plant. 88. in montibus prope Gar- way Moor. Drasa ftellata. Facgu. enum. 256. t. 4. f. 3. Draba hirta Facgu. ` auf. 5. f. 15. t. 432. (non D. hirta Linn.) in rupibus: Ben Lawers. : Hieracium molle. Yacqu. auf. 2. p. 12. ?. 119. in fylvis Scotiæ auftralis. Hreracium villofum. Linn, Spec. Plant. 1130. in rupibus humi- — dis: Ben Nevis. 7 Higracium fpicatum. Alion. pedem. 1. p. 218. t. 27. f. 1. 3. in fylvis Scotiæ auftralis. -Ericeron alpinum. Linn. Spec. Plant. x211. in rupibus humidis: Ben Lawers. SALIX RETUSA. Linn. Spec. Plant. 1528. in rupibus ficcis: Ben Lawers. In a tour, in 1792, the following plants enriched my collec- . tion. Veronica bumifufa, racemo terminali, folus cordato-fubrotundis crenulatis, caulibus repentibus. Defer. Planta tota proftrata ; caules palmares et ultra, repentes, ra- dicantes, ramofi, : Folia cordato-fubrotunda, crenulata, fcabriufcula, approximata, inferiora petiolata, oppofita, fepe terna vel quaterna, fuperiora plerumque feflilia et alterna. Racemus terminalis brevis. Flores pauci, conferti, breviter pedunculati, latte czrulei. The above Veronica is that which is mentioned in the F7, Scotica, p. 72. for F. alpina, and in the App. p. 1138. for a variety of the V. ferpyllfolia: the firft it is not, nor do I think it can be the laft. V. bumi- Jome Plants difecvered in Scotland, ` 289 FK. humifufa Y never found but upon very high mountains, and under wet fhady rocks, where the 7. /erpyliifolia never occurs; be- fides I have cultivated them both together in the garden for three years, and they always kept very different. Ds. Gif: App. p. C7. has a V. nummulariz folio, and Pluk. Phyt. tab. 233. f. 4. V. pra- tenfis nummulariz folio, flore cœruleo; but I doubt neither of them is the X. humifu/a. EriopHoruM polyftachion. Culmis teretibus, foliis planis, fpicis pedunculatis. Linn. Spec. Plant. 76, Fail. Parif. tab. 16. f. 2. Leers Fi. Herb. t. x. f. 5. The figure given by Vaillant is a good one. E. polyfachion of Hudf. Lightf. Curtis, Withering, Se. is not the above. I four i this firít in bogs in North: mptonfhire, afterwards near Dunftable, ire, and in Yorkíhire, Cumberland, and very commonly in Scotland. EriopHorvm anguftifolium. | Culmis teretibus, foliis canaliculato- triquetris, fpicis pedunculstis. Hof. FJ. Deuchland. p. 19. Vaill. Parif. tab. 16. f. 1. Curtis, Flor. Lond. This is our common Eriophorum, and has been miftaken. for the E. polvfiachion of Linn. Linnæus, no doubt, confounds the two together, and refers to the figure in Fail. tab. 16. f. 1. only asa variety of his polvflachion; but if he had ever feen both plants to- gether, I have no doubt but he would have made them diftinct Ípecies. The following particulars may ferve to fhew in what this differs from the E. polyflachion. 1. The root of that is not creeping.—2. The culmasis very ereét.— Vor. 1I, Pp T tbe. 290 _ Mr. Dicxson’s Account of 3. The leaves fhort and flat. —4. The {pikes many, upon flender footftalks, and pendulous.—5. The involucrum fhorter than the Ípike. | ERIOPHORUM alpinum. Linn. Spec. Plant. 77. found by Mr. Brown .- and Mr. Don, in a mofs about three miles eaft of Forfar, in the fhire of Angus. A fpecimen of this was prefented to the Rate Society fome time ago by Mr. Zeafdaie. GENTIANA nivalis. Linn. Spec. Plant. 332... Ben Lawers. Sium repens. Yacg. FJ. Aufl. t. 260; Wet places im the fouth of Scotland. SEXIPRARA cernua. Linn. Spec. Plant. 577- E the rocks on . the fummit of Ben Lawers. STELLARIA ceraftoides. Linn. Spec. Plant. 604. Smith's Plant. Ic. t. 15. Ben Nevis. AsPLENIUM alternifolium. Murray, Syf. Vegetab. edit. 14. Fac. Mife, 2.t. 5. f. 2. Rocks in the fouth of Scotland. PoryPopruM dentatum, nova fpecies*. A figure and defcription of this will be given in my third Fafciculus. Rocky mountains -of Scotland. I found the following, not defcribed in the F7 Scotica, but in the Flora Anglica, * PHALARIS arenaria. Sea-coaft, near Preftonpans. LysimAcuiA thyrfiflora. Woods in the fouth of Scotland. Drosera anglica. Near Fort Auguftus. BARTSIA alpina. Rocks to the eaft of Malghyrdy. * P. dentatum Faft. Pl. crypt. 3. p. Y. th 7. f. t. CAREX fome Plants difcovered in Scotiana. | 291 Carex recurva. South of Scotland. Carex brizoides. South of Scotland. SAGINA apetala. About Invernefs. AcnosricHUM ilvenfe. Linn. Rocks of Ben Lawers. This plant- has been made a new Acrofichum by my friend Mr. Bolton, under the name of 4. alpinum; and by Dr. Withering, Poly- ` podium alpinum, Y believe itis a Polypodium, but at the fame time I am confident it is no other than the Linnean Æ. “eme: I compared it both at Sir Jofeph Banks's and at Dr. Smith's, and can find no difference but in fize, the Scotch plant being fomewhat the fmaller; but thofe who are acquainted with ferns will be {en~ fible how different they appear, according to their age or places of growth. I have no doubt, therefore, but the Linnean 4. z/vesfe - (Hud/on's) and that I found in Scotland are one and the fame. ier + à Pp2 XXVIII. Re- XXVIII. Remarks £n the Genus Dianthus, By Fames Edward Smith, M. D. F. R. S. and P. L. S. -— Read March 5, 1795. W HE i a tribe of plants has been kncwn from the earlieft times in which any plants were noticed at all, and has attracted the attention of all botanifts, as well as of every florift and gardener, one would éxpe& it fhould be well underftood, and that its fpecies and varieties fhould diftin@ly be known one from another. Unfortunately, however, for the acquifition of truth, the reverfe feems generally to be the cafe. The afliftance which the bulk of mankind lend to any difquifition requiring acute judgment or deep inveftigation does not always tend to elucida- tion, though infallibly in fome Way or other to confufion. Hence fuch an endlefs variety of opinions, obftinately maintained in pro- portion to the weaknefs of their foundations, upon fubjects on which moft has been thought and written; and hence in their turn new fwarms of writings arife from each variety of opinion. Happily for the advancement of natural hiftory, it has never been a very lucrative ftudy; otherwife even the multiplicity of folid - facts on which it is founded could fcarcely have prevented its be- coming as disfigured and obfcure as many others that are, 7 - Na > Dr. SurTrn's Remarks, &c. 293 No genus, except perhaps that of rofes, juftifies the above re- marks more than Dianthus; nor is fcarcely any one lefs under- ftood. This obfcurity does not feem to have arifen, as in the Gera- nium tribe, from a cafual intermixture of fpecies, either in a wild or cultivated ftate; nor does it, as in Rofa, originate in the fpecies being immenfely numerous, and very nearly refembling each other, though it muft be confeffed their fpecific differences are, like thofe of roles, very difficult to define by methodical characters. The chief fource of confufion has been the incorre& labours of authors. This genus, by the elegance and fragrance of.moít of its fpc- cies, as well as the frequent occurrence of many of them through- out Europe, has been noticed more or leís in every botanical publication. The older botanifts, emerging as it were from a thick cloud of ignorance and book-learning, to a view of Nature in broad daylight. eid not at once acquire tbe faculty of fceing ; {till longer have looked upon the face af Natus as e a balloon | in gi air. They could diftinguifh a foreft tree from a rofe bufh; they faw the earth was clothed with flowers, and one great us of their obfervation feems to have been, that fome were red, yellow; or blue, others white; they difcovered that the fields were green with grafs, but fcarcely noted that all grafs was not the fame ; nor did they dream there were tribes below that rank of vegetables, fcarcely lefs numerous than thofe above it, and no lefs accurately diftinguifhed, no lefs carefully foftered by the beneficent hand of Nature, than all the gorgeous ornaments of their own flower- gardens. When the fcience began to make a progrefs under the fuperintendance of fome rare genius of gigantic powers, as a Geíner or Cæfalpinus, while each of its footíleps was accurately noted and delineated by the fcrupulous fidelity of a Clufius, fa&s on faéts were gradually accumulated, and each new obfervation led 204 Dr. Surrn's Remarks led the way to many more. Happy if all had been made with equal fagacity, and recorded with equal exactnefs! but every ob- ferver was not a Clufius or a Gefner, nor every delineator of plants a Fabius Columna. The wooden cuts of that day, however wonderful in execution, and excellent for defcribing large diftinét plants, in tribes whofe forms are flender and delicate, and whofe line of difcrimination is fmall, are fcarcely of any ufe, efpecially as they are feldom of the fize of nature. | The genus of which I am about to treat, is one where figures have fucceeded the worft. They have confequently been mif- taken and erroneoufly quoted, more efpecially as not half the dif- tinct fpecies of Dianthus are figured at all in old authors, though their books contain numerous trifling and tranfient varieties of D. Caryophyllus, the favourites indeed of florifts, but which a bo- tanift would gladly refign for certain information concerning real fpecies, important in the œconomy of nature. The figures and accounts (for they can fcarcely be called defcrip- tions) of thefe plants in the earlier writers being therefore fo con- fufed, it is, much to be lamented that fyftematic authors have quoted them with fo little care. An erroneous fynonym is worfe than none at all. — Linnzus himfelf has been = in this refpe&. | Having ns wifhed for fome fixed ideas of a genus every day before one's eyes, and fome fpecies of which ftand, the opprobrium of botanifts, unnamed-in every garden, I have made it my bufi- nefs to collect all the fpecimens poffible, and to obferve every herbarium that it has been my fortune to vifit in different coun- tries; hoping to learn at once to diftinguifh one fpecies from ano- : ther, and what authors intended by their different accounts. I - had allo in view at the fame time the genus of Arenaria, {till more 3 intricate on the Genus Dianthus. 295. . intricate in {fome refpeCts; but its obfcurity I have been more ` fortunate in removing than that of Dianthus, It may in a future paper, if this Society fhould think it worth their acceptance, be illuftrated with fome minutenefs. I had deftined the fame pains to the genus of Dianthus; but, having found the confu(ion in herbariums and the defcriptions and fynonyms of authors inextri- cable, I am obliged now to content myíelf with offering detached remarks on the fubje&, like thofe on Veronica printed in the firft . volume of our Tranfaétions. I take the fpecies in their order, as in the fourteenth edition of Sy{t. Vegetabilium. - 3. D. ferrugineus, Mant. 563. Linnæus quotes in manufcript Miller's Icones t. 81. f. 2, which is undoubtedly the plant, tonis an ill- coloured indiftin& reprefentation, which would in etos QE: abont the Le 7. D. diminutus. OF this there is no fpecie in the Linien herbarium. All that I have ever feen fo named, were evi- dently D. prolifer, varying with a fingle flower in each com- mon calyx, as Linnæus himfelf feems to have been per- fuaded. =m ir D. rupefiris, Suppl. 240, is nothing elfe than D. virgineus, whofe hiftory I fhall gem in its place. 12. D. glaucus. What tases intended by this is sie little - white pink with a purple eye, to be found in feveral gardens, ^ and which many have thought a variety of deltoides; differing only in the white colour of its flowers, and in having four fcales to the calyx inftead of two, which is a variable circumftance. I confefs 296 Dr. Suites Remarks confefs myfelf unable to find a fpecific difference between them, and am perfuaded Mr. Hudfon is right in making 1t a variety in his Flora Anglica, for that it is what he intends by his del- toides f, I learned from himfelf, and his quotation of Dille- nius, fig. 384, evinces it. The laft mentioned author gives this as a Britih plant on report only ; nor do I know any certain inftance of its being found wild, except Mr. Lightfoot's autho- rity in Flora Scotica, where it is rightly given as D. glaucus of Linnæus. One cannot but wonder Mr. Hudíon íhould have applied this denomination, with its diferentia fpecifica, to another plant, the Chedder pink, at the fame time quoting Dill. £ 385, which has nothing to do with D. glaucus, and which. Linnzus, indeed, by no lefs an error, makes a variety of his D. virgineus. This point I have already cleared up in Enghíh Botany, t. 62, defcribing the Chedder pink as a new fpecies by the name of D. cæfus, of which therefore I {hall fay no more at prefent. #7. D. arenarius. For this little-known fpecies Linnzus is the only certam authority. The fpecimen: in his herbarium is from Sweden. The fynonyms of Bauhin and Clufius he has erafed from his own copy of Species Plantarum, and furely the zirmerius flos tertius of Dodonzus, p. 176, ought alfo to be flruck out. Nor do I find any good reafon to depend on the fynonyms of Le Monnier and Sauvages, Neither has this any right to a place in our Flora Anglica. Mr. Hudíon has affured me he meant, by his D. arenarius, the common pheafant’s eye pink of the gardens, which occurs fometimes apparently wild on old walls, and feems to belong to D. Caryophyllus, I9. D. wr- on the Genus Dianthus, k 207 19. D. virgineus. Linnezus having originally defcribed this in the firft edition of Species Plantarum from Burfer's Herbarium, pre- ferved at Upfal, without having any fpecimen in his own, I had no means of determining it with certainty but byapplying to Profeffor Thunberg, who very obligingly fent me a drawing of the original fpecimen, by which it clearly appears this is no other than the plant Profeffor Jacquin has rightly taken for virgineus, and figured in his Flora Aufiriaca, vol. 5. append. t. 15. I have it from himfelf. Linnzus, towards the latter part of his life, having had this pink in his garden at Upfal from the Alps, defcribed it afrefh, forgetting it was his own virgineus; and forgetting alfo that he had already named one Dianthus alpinus, he gave that denomination to this fuppofed few fpecies. The latter error however his {on corrected, publifhing it in the Supplement by the name adapts. But another fault occurs in that work à ynonym, Caryophylleus primus, C/z/. hif. p. 282, figura tenuis. Linnzus wrote it fgwré tenus, meaning that the figure, not the defcription, agreed with his plant. I beg leave however to affert that neither 1s by any means re- ferable to it. This is the very fame individual figure, printed. in Dodonzus by the name of Armerius flos tertius, above men- tioned. For what it was intended, I do not prefume to deter- mine ; unlefs it may be my cæfus, with which the defcription of Clufius agrees pretty well Yet here the weighty opinion of Dillenius in Hort. Eltham. is againft me. The fynonyms. of this genus form the moft inextricable botanical labyrinth I. ever yet entered. I gathered D. virgineus on the white limeftone rocks op- pofite the poft-houfe on Mount Cenis in Auguft 1787. The ftems were decumbent, not proftrate, and the flowers appeared to me inodorous. Linnzus remarks the contrary. It ought to. Vor. II. Q q be = LI 268 Dr. SwiTm's Remarks 20, _be removed tothe divifion of Flores /olitarii, plures in eadem caule. The fpecimen in Burfer’s Herbarium, being’ a meagre one, - fuBciently fhews why Linnæus placed it among thofe whofe {tems are fingle-flowered. I have reafon to think, from the information of my moft accurate friend Mr. Davall, F. L. S. this is commonly taken for D. Caryophyllus in Switzerland. What Haller has called it I do not yet know. * His account of this genus is as confufed as any body's. | D. arboreus. Of this Linnzus had no fpecimen, and he con- founds under it two very different fpecies... His fpecific charac- ter, folus fubulatis, agrees beft with the plant of Tournefort ; but in his own copy ofeSp. Plant. he has erafed that fynonym, iceming thus to intend Bauhin's for his real arboreus. Yet he _ has added as a fynonym, Caryophyllus arboreus fylveftris, Alpin. Exot. 39. +. 38, juftly obferving that the figure is bad. Indeed ío execrable is this figure, and fo incomplete the de- {cription, not a word being faid whether the figure be of the natural fize or diminifhed, which in this cafe would determine the point, that I cannot tell to which of thefe two moft differ- . ent fpecies it belongs. Suppofing it not to be a much dimi- nifhed reprefentation, it muft be Tournefort’s Caryophyllus creticus arboreus, juniperi folio, Coro//. 23. which I fhall here- after defcribe, and with which Alpinus's defcription of the « flender leaves refembling thofe of wild pinks, and the fmall flowers," agrees much better than with Bauhin's plant. The latter, which I venture to confider as the real D. arboreus of Linnæus, is very tolerably figured and pede in John Bauhin's Hifloria, vol. 3. 328. |. 21. D. fruticofus. Y am perfuaded, from Toutatis own {pecimens, this is only a variety of the laft mentioned arboreus, having 8 | . broader - on the Genus Dianthus. 299 - broader and obtufe leaves, but differing in no other refpe& from that of Bauhin. They are both very noble and orna- mental plants, and it is pity they are loft to our gardens. The prefent remarks, imperfect as they are, would be ftill more fo if I did not attempt to defcribe fuch new fpecies of this genus as are certainly known to me, as well as to reform the fpecific characters of the others, fome of which are at prefent quite infuffi- cient, and e¥en erroneous. Thofe whofe characters need no ‘alteration I fhall merely enu- merate by the Linnzan names. = ee gg ee a eee ee zpr I. D. barbatus. 2. D. carthufianorum, floribus fubaggregatis, fquamis calycinis ova- tis ariftatis tubo brevioribus, folus linearibus trinervus. . D. ferrugineus, . D. japonicus. Thunb, Fl. "Yap. 183. t. 23. 3 4 D. -Armeria, 5 6. D. prolifer. xl Flores folitarit, plures in eodem caule. 7. D. diminutus, anne varietas praecedentis ? 8. D. Caryopbyllus, floribus folitariis, {quamis pipi. fubrhom- beis breviflimis, petalis crenatis imberbibus. Qq 2 9. D. pome- 300 Dr. Smitru’s Remarks g. D. pomeridianus, flor. folitariis, fquamis calycinis ovatis acutis breviflimis; tubo apice tantum ftriato, petalis emarginatis fub- in tegerr imis. " This is the only fpecies I have ever feen whofe calyx is fmooth in the lower part, while the upper half is ftriated, and that very ftrongly and accurately. E 10. D. deltoides, flor. folitariis, {quamis calycinis ovato-lanceolatis acutis fubbinis, foliis obtufiufculis ae Sd petalis crenatis. j £. D. glaucus Linn. Varietas fquamis calycinis fepiüs quaternis, | foliis magis glaucis, fubinde glabris, limbo petalorum albo (nec | carneo) femper cum lineà tranfverfà purpurea ad bafin ut 1n æ 11. D. chinenfis, flor. folitariis, fquamis calycinis fubulatis patulis foliaceis tubum æquantibus, petalis crenatis, foliis lanceolatis. I have a plant from Mr. Sikes's garden at Hackney which feems a hybrid between this fpecies and D. barbatus. 12. D. monfpeliacus, flor. folitariis, fquamis calycinis fubulatis reétis tubo parum brevioribus, corollis multtfidis, caule erecto. d 13. D. plumarius, flor. folitarus, Íquamis calycinis fubovatis bre- viffimis obtufiffimis muticis, corollis multifidis. I4. D. crinitus, flor. folitariis, fquamis calycinis ovalibus mucro- natis fubdivergentibus tubo triplo brevioribus, petalis multifidis imberbibus. Caryophyllus orientalis, minimus, tenuiffimé laciniatus, flore purpureo. Tournef. Cor. 23. Habitat in Armerià. "Variat flore albo. | Zourzefor?, : ~ BE : Caules an the Genus Dianthus. 301 Caules {pithamei, leves. Folia linearia, anguftiffima, breviffi- ma, obtufiufcula, laevia. Flores duo vel quatuor in caule, ere&ti. Calyx tubo gracili, ftriato, dentibus lanceolatis rectis acutiffimis; {quamis ad bafin quatuor, exacté ovalibus, dorfo ftriatis, mu- crone brevi patente. Petala angufta, limbo ad bafin ufque i irre- gulariter multifido-capillacco, imberbi. 15. D. /uperbus, flor. folitariis paniculatis, fquamis calycinis bre- viffimis acuminatis, petalis multifido-capillaribus, caule erecto. 16. D. attenuatus, flor. folitariis, fquamis calycinis brevibus lanceo- latis acuminatis fubfenis; tubo apice attenuato, petalis crenatis. Caryophyllus maritimus, fupinus, foliis anguftiffimis, acu- leatis, multiflorus. An Caryophyllus fylveftris repens multi- Boras C. B. Prod. * ?— Herb. Tournef. Onati Brorfonet, Ex horto Habitat à in —M— an | regio Parifienfi etiam haber Caules diffufi, bafi lignofi, tortuofi, ramofiffimi; rami flori- feri adfcendentes, pedales, foliofi, teretes, glabri, apice in ra- mulis 2 vel 3 divifi, unifloris. Fofa fubulata, mucronato- pungentia, glauca, margine fcabra; caulina internodiis bre- viora. Flores carnei, inodori. Calyx fquamis fex ad bafin, . quarum interiores fepé margine membranacez ; tubo ftriato, apicem verfus fenfim attenuato, dentibus erectis, marginé n mem branaceis. Corolla parva, crenata, imberbis. | 17. D. fungens, flor. folitariis, caulibus paucifloris, fquamis caly- cinis breviffumis mucronatis patentibus; tubo gibbo, petalif integris. E * Nequaquam. Conf. D. virgineum. 18. D. ^ 302 . Dr. Smitu’s Remarks 18. D. virgineus, flor. folitariis, caulibus paucifloris, fquamis caly- cinis breviflimis obtufiffimis binis, petalis crenatis. D. rupeftris. Linn, Suppl. 240. Caryophyllus fylveftris repens multiflorus. Bauh. Pin. 209. Prod. 104. Herb. Burfer. vol. 11. f. 99. * * R Caule unifioro berbaceo. 19. D. cefius, caulibus fubunifloris, fquamis calycinis fubrotundis . ufcula, glauca, margine fcabra. * "brevibus, petalis crenatis pubefcentibus, foliis margine fcabris. D. cæfius, Sowerd. Engl. Bot. t. 62. — glaucus, Hudf. Fl. Angl. 185. Armerice fpecies flore in fummo caule fingulari, Rai Sys. 3 36.- Tunica rupeftris, folio cæfo molli, flore carneo, D. Hort. Elth. 401. 1. 298. f. 385. Habitat in Anglia. In Helvetia, Daval. Radix lignofus. Caules plures, fpithamei, erecti, fimplices, glabri, quadranguli, conjugationibus foliorum duobus vel tribus, unifloi, vix unquam biflori. Fa lineari-lanceolata, obtufi- Calycis Íquamz. tubo triplo breviores, ovato-fubrotundæ, obtusé mucronate, ftriate. Pe- tala carnea, obtusè duplicato-crenata, bafi lineata atque bar- bata. 20. D. alpinus, caule unifloro, petalis crenatis, fquamis calycis ex- terioribus foliaceis tubum fubæquantibus. Variat foliis obtufis & acutis. 2I. D: arenarius. RER Fry- on the Genus Dianthus. — 303 RR Frute/centes. ` 22. D. arboreus, caule fruticofo, foliis oblongis fubcarnofis, fquamis | calycinis numerofis obtufis arétè imbricatis breviflimis. Betonica coronaria arborea cretica, Bauk, Hif. 3. 328. f. 2. 4 E £. D. fruticofus, Linn. Caryophyllus graecus arboreus, Leucoii folio peramaro. Tourngf. It, v. I. 70, cum figurà.—Nullo modo ab a differt, nifi foliis brevioribus, parum latioribus, & obtufis. .23. D. juniperinus, caule fruticofo, foliis fubulatis, fquamis caly- | cinis fubquaternis obovatis mucronato-pungentibus patulis tubo OE : . duplo brevioribus. Caryophyllus creticus arboreus, Juniperi folio, Tourn, Cor, 23. + VC AT DO US. ASP. Pats Ch Fe 20 : Habitat in Cretà. Tournefort. Caulis fruticofus, cortice rimofo lacero, ramofflimus, ra- muli apice densè foliofi; floriferi elongati, cum oppofitioni- i | bus 2 vel 3 tantum foliorum, internodiis multo breviorum, | teretes, glabri. Folia fubulata, anguftiffima, mucronato- pungentia, canaliculata, margine levi. Flores bini vel terni in apicibus ramulorum, pedicellati, parvi. Calycis íquamz obovatæ, obtufz, vix ftriatæ, margine apiceque membra- nâceæ, mucrone pungenti, divaricato, brevi, terminatz, tubo duplo breviores; tubus ftriatus, dentibus acutis, margine | ^. haud membranaceis. Petala crenata & incifa. Styx exferti, Ss capillares. I have = - ; LA 304 Dr. Smitn’s Remarks, &c. I have taken the liberty of altering. the arrangement of the Linnzan fpecies in fome degree, introducing Pt new ones as much as poffible according to their affinities. D. pungens not being at all more fhrubby than many others, reckoned by Linnzus herbaceous, is moft conveniently placed near thofe fpecies, to which it is, in other refpects, naturally allied. XXIX. The XXIX. The/Hiflory and Defeription of a Minute Epiphyllous Lycoper- don, apn on the Leaves of the Anemone nemorofa. By Richard Pulteney, M. D. F. R. S. S. Lond. and Edin. and F. L. S. Read "fune 5, 1792. T 1s s many years fince I was firft acquainted with the produc- ion which | beg to lay a: an account before the Lin- nean Society. —-— “it had frequ ntly occurred to me, I had negleéted to give it an accurate examination by means of glaffes; having refted i in the opinion which I had met with in fe- veral modern authors, that thofe Tubercula, or Punéta, as they have been moft commonly ftyled, on the leaves of the Anemone nemorofa, were the eggs of an infect. .. An opportunity of feeing fome of thefe plants early this Spring, put it in my power to give thefe appearances a more exact fcru- tiny ; the refult of which convinced me, that thefe tubercles were themfelves a vegetable production of a parafitical kind, and of the order of Fungi: of which, it may be remarked, that very few fpecies are known to vegetate on the perfect and living foliage, although many inhabit the dead and putrid leaves, of plants. Before I defcribe more minutely the Fungus in queftion, I will briefly recite what I colle& concerning the plant on which it is Vor. II. Rr found ; 306 / Dan. Puzrenev’s Hifory and Defcription found; which, on account of thefe tubercles, has, by fome of thofe botanical authors who wrote foon after the reftoration of botany, been confidered as a diftinét fpecies. -Hence fome account of the plant becomes neceffary to illuftrate the fubfequent obfer- vations; fince, if I miftake not, fome errors relating to it have remained undetected for upwards of two centuries. - After confulting all the older authors which I have it in my power to refer to, | can find no one who notices the fingularity obferv- able in the leaves of the Anemone, prior to T'HALIUS, a phyfician of Northaufen in Germany; who appears to have been no inconfi- derable botanift, at the period when he wrote. He with great dili- gence made a catalogue of the plants of the Hartz, or Black Foreft, which was undertaken at the requeft of. CAMERARIUS, and pub- | lifhed by him after the death of the author, under the title of Sylva Hercynia, n 1588. In this work the author defcribes what he calls Ranunculus Martii tertium Genus Gorpr & Tract.’ This genus he divides into five kinds or fpecies, among which are included the Anemone nemorofa, and ranunculoides of LiNNæus, and the moderns, I have only to notice what he remarks of his Quintum Genus, of which, however, it is unneceffary to detail his defcription at large. It is fufficient to obferve, that he defcribes it as being always a /ferile plant, and concludes with the following characteriftic obfervation, which I give in his own words—“ Hoc autem præ reliquis hujus * ordinis generibus folia hzc peculiare obtinent, quod in dorfc ‘ frequentibus veluti ftigmatibus, feu punétulis protuberantibus * fint picturata exafperataque.” Sylv. Hercyn. p. 98. Cafpar Baubine, in his Phytopinax, p. 320. (which with refpeét to many of the plants is a more correct work than the Pinax itfelf) comprehends this variety under the fynonyms of the Anemone nemo- wes ane “ Eft et qui in dorfo frequentibus punétulis protube- * rantibus eo of a minute epibbyllous Lycoperdon. 307 | * Tantibus exafperatur:" which obfervation Yohn Baubme, his la- borious brother, repeats in the Hi/foria Plantarum, tom. iii. p. 413. Ca/par Baukine, again, in the Pinax itfelf, makes it his feventh fpe- cies of the Anemones fylveffres, under the name of Anemone nemorofa frerilis, foliis punétatis, p. 177. . 1 find other authors alfo charaéterifing this plant, as a variety of the Anemone nemorofa, by the epithets or trivial adjunéts /Zgma- toides, infeétorum vitium, &c. Such are Maurice HoFFMANN, in his Flora Altdorfina in 1662, and BromeLius, in his Chloris Gothica in 1694. But not having an opportunity of referring to thefe authors, I am unable to fay how far their obfervations extend. It feems, however, that HorrMANN was the firft who afcribed thefe appear- ances to the work of infects: but he does not fay they were the CBS Sut feems rather to confider them as the effect of pun&ures h [EN TZEL, in his Judex Nominum Migxau guiilag guis, printed in 1682, dnra it "under the name of Ranunculus n vs ofus figma- toides, p. 258. But, in his Pugillus rariorum Plantarum, he goes much farther, and caught the idea of its refemblance to a Fern. « Hic abfque flore crefcit, et folia fubtus tamque rubigine adfperfa, ** habet quafi in capillarem plantam degener." By this defcription it evidently appears, that MENTZEL had examined the plant in the mature ftate of thefe Fungilli, when indeed it bears a notable refemblance-to a {mall Fern. The root of the Anemone nemorofa is . known to creep in a horizontal dire&ion; and MENTZEL obferves, that, unlike to the flowering fpecies, which puts forth the leaf from the middle of the root, this frerile plant always fends up the {talk from one of the extremities, I mention this, fince a few ob- fervations of my own, made by digging up the roots, tend to con- firm the remark of this author. He notices further the length of the footítalk or petiole, which, with a palenefs of the leaves, Rr2 diftinguith 308 . Dnm.PvurrENEY's Hifory and Defcription diftinguifh thefe plants, at firft fight, from the-flowering plants of this kind. Among the writers of our own country, Mr. Ray firft records the plant as a variety under Ca/par BAUHINE’s name from the Pinax as above quoted; to which he adds, ** Anemones fylveftris fpecies c degener effe videtur." Hif. Plant. i. p. 624. Thus ftood the matter until the publication of the third edition of Ray’s Synopfs, by DiczENrus; when a leaf of this Anemone, laden with thefe tu- bercles, which had been found by DILLENIUs, in Bomam T's Hortus Siccus, had fo far impofed upon the Profeflor, that he judged it to be a new fpecies of Fern *, and introduced it into the Synopfs under the name of F7/x lobata globulis dv undique afper/as P 125. fab. 3. fig. I. Whether Dr. Hitt himfelf deteéted this error of Dillenius I am not informed; but as far as 1 know he was the firft who revealed it, in his Bri Herbal, publifhed in 1756, p. 12. and this with a füppancy of remark every where too confpicuous throughout that work, and which, in this inftance, does lefs credit to his own can- dour and ingenuoufnefs, than it detracts from the accuracy of Dil- lenius, whom he tacitly endeavours to ridicule, under the appear- ance of refcuing the memory of Ray from the imputation of this error, although he muft have known that no botanift could place itto Ray's account. ] make this obfervation, becaufe, in reality, it . is as little wonderful that the plant, without the help of glaffes, - . fhould, from thefe tubercles, have been miftaken for a Fern, if viewed when the Fung: were in their laft period, verging to decay, as that, in their younger ftate, they fhould be miftaken for the eggs of an infect, Dr. Hill himfelf probably might have feen the * Since the above was written I am enabled to add, by information from the prefent learned Profeflor of Botany at Oxford, that he has feen among Dillenius’s papers a cor- rection of the miftake by Di/niu: himfelf. June 1793. i plant of a minute epiphyllous Lycoperdon. 309 plant in the latter ftate, fince his detection of the error (if it was his own) was but partial; he having, after all, confidered the punéa as being effected by infeéts. He actually fays, that * a fmall winged * infect is apt to depofit its eggs on the under part of the leaves “ of this fpecies," (fpeaking of the Anemone nemorofa) * and they “ fomewhat refemble the round dots in which the feeds of fern * are lodged." What degree of credit is due to this account, will be manifeft from the fubfequent hiftory of the plant. | Although after this time neither Hupson, LicuTroor, Martyn, Lyons, RELHAN*, nor any other author takes notice of this Filix lobata, yet fome foreign writers of the moft refpectable note conti- nued to advance the old opinion relating to thefe appearances on the . leaves of the Anemone. “ Foliis ftigmatibus ex infeétorum ictu no- tatis," are the words of Harren, H;ff. Plant. Helv. tom. i. p. 64; and the accurate. PorLica in his H; Lior ia Plantarum P alatinatás electoralis, adds, when fpeaking of this plant ‘ariat quoque ubi folia mi- ** nora ac latiora erant, lobata, fubtus punctis nigris con{perfa, quz “ ab infectorum iétu nafcuntur.” After having thus traced the hiftory of this production down to the prefent time, I muft obferve, that, although it would be un- warrantable in me to affert that no infect ever depofits its eggs on the under fide of the leaves of the Anemone nemorofa, yet I fuf- pe& that the want of a precife examination of thefe juna -has been the fole reafon of perpetuating an error, and that thefe punéta, whenever found, have been in reality, not of animal, but of ve- getable origin: and I cannot help prefuming that the defcription I fhall give, and the reafons hereafter alleged, but above all a view of the plant itfelf, which I herewith fubmit to the infpection of the Gentlemen of the Society, will fufficiently eftablith this opinion, * Aecidium fufeum. Relh. Cant. Suppl. iii. 36. Before Li 310 Dr. PuttENEY’s Hjfory and Defcription : Before I had examined thefe appearances more minutely, and with glafíes, I had indeed doubted whether they were owing to the operation of, or were indeed the eggs of infects, from the circumftance, among others, of their being always found fparf- edly placed on the leaf, and not in the aggregated mode, as in- fcéts ufually depofit their eggs. A favourable opportunity, this Spring, of feeing fome of thefe leaves loaded with tubercles, con- firmed my fufpicions that they were not the eggs, the punctures, or even the work of infects, in any way whatever. Upon examin- ing them with one of Mr. Adams’s pocket leníes of three glaffes united, I obferved, that thele tubercles were not merely placed on the outer coat, but that they originated beneath the cuticle or ex- ternal film of the leaf; and that the young white Fungus might be difcerned through this thin green coat. Others were feen juft emerging with the'coat of the leaf lacerated, and fpread on the fide of the Fungus. On each leaf.they are very often {een in dif- ferent ftages of growth; fome juft appearing, others out, and with a puncture, or pore, juft difcernible on the top, which is the be- ginning of the aperture, that by and by enlarges, and the whole affumes a globular.cup-like form, with lacerated edges, the cavity being lined with white duft, among which minute fibres or. fila- ments may be difcerned. © When the Fungus fades, it becomes, from being perfe&ly white, firft yellowifh, then brown, and finally, each Fungus is refolved into a farinofe particle refembling the fruc- tification of a Polypody. This minute Fungus is fomewhat allied in its habit to the Lycoperdon epiphyllum Luxx æi, as found on the leaves of Colts-foot; but differs in not being aggregate, nor of an orange colour. ‘Some of them, at a certain ftage of 'growth, bear fome refemblance to the figures of the Carpobolus E:F. tab. tor, in the Genera Plantarum nova of Micuez: ; but the edges are lace-, rated in our Fungus, ane not in any pal cae divided into {mooth- VM edged, C LL raa of a minute epiphyllous Lycoperdon. 311 edged, recularly fhaped fegments, like thofe of the above-mentioned figures ; neither have I, as yet, obferved the appearance of a Volva, To this may be added, that, during all its ftate of growth, and at maturity, it preferves uniformly a white colour, changing when dead into a yellowifh brown. As far as my obfervations extend, I judge, that this Fungus is fel- dom found on full grown, vigorous, and perfect, or flowering plants; but on the leaves of feedling plants, or of the firft year’s growth. The plants on which it is found are ufually fmaller than the others, the leaves of a paler colour, and the footftalk more lengthened, the whole giving the idea of a weakened or morbid ftate: but whether thefe Fungilli render the plant always ferik, an epithet which Ca/par BAvmiNE and other ancient authors have applied to it, or whether they occupy it in confequence of its come morbid, diane not dci Having made my earl ieft obfervz — Fungus, when in its younger ftate of growth, and cup-like form, I hefitated whe- ther it fhould be ranked with the Peziza or Lycoperdon genus: but in marking its progrefs to its old and decaying ftate, there remained- no longer any doubt in which genus it ought to be claffed. I judge it may not unaptly be named and defcribed as follows : NOMEN. Lycoperdon, (Anemones) parafiticum fphæricum feflile difcretum album ; ore multifido lacero; polres albo. T Descriptio. A "Tubercula viridefcentia, difcreta, magnitudine inter fe nec mul- tum difcrepantes, intra folii cuticulam primum difcernuntur: mox erumpunt fungilli albi, mammiformes, poro in fummitate notati: * Mr. Relhan obferved the contrary. 8 fenfim 312 Dr. PurTENEY's Hiflory aud Defcription, &c. fenfim dehifcunt in cyathos urceolatos five orbiculatos albiffimi coloris; marginibus fubequalibus in lacinias numerofas fedis. Cavitas dum maturefcunt fungilli, pulpa, five lanugine filamen- tofa, pulverem album fundente, repletur. Vacuo per maturitatem demum cyatho, pulvis per totum folii difcum difpergitur. Sene- Ícens, flavefcentem, et per statem extremam fubfufcum, induit colorem : totus demum fungillus in cæfpitem quafi vel globulum farinofum, nigrefcentem, filicum, vel meme poly podii, fruétifi- cationem zmulantem, contabefcit. Lycoperdo epiphyllo Langi, in pagina died Tuffilaginis Farfare folii, crefcenti, affine, fed non idem; differt enim quod difcretum femper nec aggregatum. Color albus, nec aurantius ; quod cyathi margines nec in octo tantum vel novem lacinias fedi, fed plurimas et irregulares. * Locus. Habitat in dorfo Anemones nemorofe foliorum virentium. TEMPUs. Verno viget tempore, dum planta cui infidet, virefcit. Juniora folia plantarum forté annotinarum, potiffimüm videtur occupare hic fungus ; et plantam, ut fufpicor, fterilem effe reddit, Sparfim et fine ullo ordine, dorfo folii folum, innafcitur, inter omnes ejuf- dem generis, minimus hic fungulus ; neque confluens neque aggre- gatus, rarius enim duo contigui videntur. Decem, quindecim; vel viginti, immo etiam triginta fæpè P ad centum rarius, in uno foliolo numerantur. XXX. Era ( 313 } XXX. Extra of a Letter from Mr. Sohn Litdfay, Surgeon in a= maica, to Sir ‘fofepbh Banks, Bart. P. R. S. and H. MOL. S dated June 30, 1792. Read April 2, 1793. STR, N my laft letter I mentioned I had fown fome of the fine duft L or farina from the MISSIS of Lycopodium cernuum, and that from the capitula, generally called antherz, of Bryum cefpi- titium, or a fpecies very s it, pat I then thought their fuccefs fomewhat doubtful. 1 have fince repeatedly fown them both, andi in a proper fituation find they grow very readily. Encouraged by this, I fowed that curious part of the fruétifica- tion of Marchantia polymorpha, compofed of fine elaftic filaments: and {mall globules (commonly confidered as the male parts), where: none of thefe plants had ever been before. In a fhort time I found there feveral young Marchantia, which are now growing freely. I lament I could not get any of the genus Egui/etum, for a. fimilar trial; but am much inclined to believe that the farina,. from its fruétification, will likewife produce young plants. - From thefe inftances of young plants being prodüced from thofe parts of the fructification of Cryptogamous plants which ‘have been, as far as I have been informed, hitherto confidered: Vor. I.. Ss as; 314 Ma, Linpsay's Leiter te Sir "fofepb Banks, as the male parts, I have little doubt but it would be found on a fair trial that, in a very great proportion of Cryptogamous plants, the real female parts have been miftaken for the male. In this view thé Marchantia bearing feeds of another kind in fmall feflile cups, which alfo readily grow, may give the appear- ance of unneceflary fuperfluity; but in this refpect the Marchantia is not fingular. May not this daft kind of feeds be confidered as in fome meafure analogous to thofe luxuriant. productions of young plants in many vegetables (hence called Viviparous) in place of feeds, rather than as a neceflary part of the genuine fruc- tification? Such examples are frequent in the tribe of Graming, in the genus Æ/ium, and others, and alfo among the Cryptogamous plants. There is à fern here, feeming a Péeris, growing by the edges of ponds, which is plentifully propagated by the fall- ing of the leaves loaded with young plants into the water; yet this has its fruétification and feeds in the ufual manner, and the feeds readily grow. ADDITIONAL REMARKS, By James Epwarp SMITH, M, D. P. LS THE foregoing obfervations of Mr. Lindfay are highly worthy -of attention, as confirming the Hedwigian theory of the fructifi- cation of mofles; and the refult of his experiment on the Bryum was the fame with thofe made on the fame genus by Hedwig. The raifing of any fpecies of Lycopodium from. its farina has not to my knowledge been defcribed as practicable; Mr. Lindfay, | there- Additional Remarks by Dr. SMiTu. 315 therefore, has all the merit of an original obferver. It is not to detract from his due praife, but to do juftice to unoftentatious inge= nuity, that I now mention Jofeph Fox, a journeyman weaver of Norwich, as having made fimilar experiments upon Lycopodium Selago with the like fuccefs. He fhewed me, in the year 1779, young plants of this fpecies raifed from feed in his own garden. This humble obferver, whofe name has not yet appeared in any book, is the original difcoverer of many rare plants in the county of Norfolk, and it is with pleafure I commemorate his. former affiftance to. myfelf. S52 XXXI. De- { 316: ) XXXI. Defcriptions of Three New Species of Hirudo, By tbe Reverend William Kirby, A. L. S. With an additional Note by G. Shaw, M. D, F. R. S. and F. L. S. Read May 7, 1793. EING defirous of adding my mite to the treafures of the Linnean Society, I take the liberty of offering a defcription of three fpecies of Hirudo, which appear to me to be non-defcript, I. HIRUDO ALBA. H. depreffa alba interaneis fufcis ramofis, margine crifpante, extre- mitate acutiufcula. Defeription.—The H. alba is a fpecies off fingular beauty. Its colour is a moft delicate white, which is interrupted by the ele- gant ramifications of the vifcera, or interanea as Linnæus has termed them. * Thefe have the appearance of fome of the moft beautiful fuci. They begin a little behind the eyes (of which there are only two) in a point, and, proceeding as it were from a common rachis, grow gradually wider and wider till they arrive at the ovary where the rachis ends; but the ramifications parting off on each * This elegant appearance of the vifcera is loft when the worm is deprived of its proper nourifhment. It then becomes entirely white. fide Mr. Kirsy’s Defériptions, &c. 317. fide furround the ovary, behind which they unite again, and ter- minate in a point at the tail. : 'The ovary itfelf is of an oblong form, and generally MEA at the ends, In it are ufually two fpots which have a luminous appearance. It contains three or four roundifh eggs *. This fpecies affumes a variety of forms: when at reft it is famiewhat ovate, but when in motion it becomes linear. | The margin is white, and very tranfparent, affording an elegant contraft to the interanea. At reft it is ufually crifped, and fre- quently exhibits the appearance of many angular projections. Thefe are fometimes reduced to four, of which two form a kind of hunch, one on each fide, juft below the head, and two juft above the tail, which gives the little animal a very fingular form. At other times its contour is indented by jé finuofities. fo contracted 2 ar Tt: nisu When in motion it is ; ufually t between fix and rn lines in length, i Found amongft the Lemna gibba, in the Autémns in a “flow ftream. 2 2. H. NIGRA. H. depreffa nigra lincaris abdomine nigro. Defeription, ‘This fpecies is entirely black, of a deep rich cou like velvet, except that juft above the tail there i is operi à femi- pellucid fpot of a whitifh caftt. Me TP # Upon examining one of thefe eggs fub lente, I difeoyeted two black points upon it exactly, fimilar to the eyes of the old one: whence perhaps it was a axé and this nie cies viviparous. + The whole worm, when kept long in water in a glas, ins’ to incline to an afh colour; occafioned perhaps by the want of its proper food, : |I never 3 318 Mr. Kinav's Deferiptions of I never could difcover that it had any eyes. When at reft it is nearly circular, but when it moves it becomes linear; and then the centre of the head is ufually protended into an obtufe angle. Its motion (if I may fo exprefs myfelf) is beautifully {mooth and uniform; and it is a very amufing fight to obferve thefe little crea- tures, in a clear fhallow ftream, on a calm day, by myriads fmoothly gliding over its bed. At reft it is feldom above one line in length, but extends itfelf to three when it moves. Found in flow ftreams, I believe almoft the whole year, upon aquatic plants. 3. H. CRENATA. Tab, 29. H. fubdepreffa fubovata ftriata ftriis tranfverfis annularibus? mare gine crenulato. Defeription.—This fpecies is of a greenifh caft, fometimes in- clining to ath-colour. It is tranfverfely ftriated with annular ftriz, diim whence arife the crenatæ of its margin. Its upper furface is fomewhat convex. Its interanea are very vifible by means of its vitreous tranfparency; they appear like fo many feparate granula. Its excrements I have fometimes feen appended to the anus, its form. exactly refembling the interanea; they appeared to adhere to.the worm, and to each other, by means of a gelatinous tranfparent excretion, which hung in places in ob- long guttulz. : It has two eyes only, which are very much approximated: Its motion is very fimilar to that of the larvæ of the geometræs. and 1s performed by means of the adhefive property of the head and the tail. The tail being fixed to the fides of the glaís, it ex- . tends. Three New Species of Hirudo, 319 tends its head to a point at the greateít diftapce from the tail where it adheres; then bringing its tail into contact with its head, it contracts itfelf into a hemiipheric form, and by this mean moves very fait, | It has alfo another action in which it refembles the larvæ of the geometra, When difturbed, it fixes itíelf by its tail, and then, raifing itfelf perpendicular to the plane of pofition, moves its head from fide to fide, {upported merely by the expanded adhefive orb of the tail. I found this with the preceding, ones, but it feems a rarer qe Obfervaiton.—' The Hirudo a/ba and nigra, as alfo iid ridi of Dr. Shaw, appear to me not rightly referred to this genus, as they by no means agree with the Linnean definition. Corpus oblongum ore caudaque in orbiculum expandendis Je promovens. The motion of thefe three fpecies is uniform and equable, nor do they poffefs that orbicular adhefive expanfion of the head and tail which con- ftitutes the effential diftinétion of the genus Hirudo. Qu. Are they fufficiently diftin& to conftitute a new genus? ADDITIONAL NOTE, By Dr. SHaw. THE Hirudo nigra of Mr. Kirby I believe to be the Planaria fufca of Pallas and Gmelin, Syft. Nat. p. 390. The Hirudo alba of Mr. Kirby is probably the Planaria laëtea of Gmelin, defcribed by Müller in the Zoologie Danica; and in the Jt, Gothl, it is confidered by Linnaeus as a Hirudo 3 ^ 320 Additional Note by DR. SHAW. The Hirudo crenata of Mr. Kirby fhould feem by his defcription to be extremely near allied to the Hirudo geometra of Linn. and per- haps may be the fame fpecies in a young ftate. Mr. Kirby's obfervation relative to thefe animals forming a dií- tin& genus from Hirudo is unqueftionably right, for in fact they are real Planariæ ; and even the fpecies defcribed in the Linnean Tranfaétions by the title of Hirudo viridis comes fo near to the Planaria punétata, viridis, and Helluo, that it may be doubted whe- ther it be really diftinct, or a variety. TAF 29. Exhibits the Hirudo crenata, in feveral different views, of its na- icm E vun. two magnified, 2 0c XXE a ii ee ee éd fs ET a cmt ( 321 ) XXXII. Additional Ob/fervations, m Fucus Hypogloffum, p. 30. By T. T. Woodward, Ef. F. L. S. Read "fune 4, 1793. N the paper read before this Society, in which Fucus Hypoglofum A is defcribed, it is mentioned that this fpecies was fo named by the EIE ingenious Dr. Solander ; ; but that, his papers on the genus being loft, n c on from him could be met with on the fabje&. Since tar re thefe valuable manufcripts have been recovered by the diligence of Mr. Dryander and Mr. T. F. Foríter jun. and are. now fafely depofited in the library of Sir . Jofeph Banks. | It was not till after the fhect containing my account of this - Fucus was gone to prefs, that I received information of this difco- very; when Sir Jofeph Banks not only permitted me freely to examine and make extracts from thefe papers, but. allowed me to make fuch ufe of them. as might be neceffary to elucidate this or any other of the Britifh Fuci. In confequence of this permiflion, I now lay before the Society Dr. Solander's fpecific character and obfervations; premifing, that being in doubt whether the plant was dioecious. or not, the Doctor has defcribed it as two diftin& fpecies, but remarking, that they were probably to be confidered as male and female of the fame fpecies. Vor. IL T t Fucus 322 Mr. WoopwarD's Additional Obfervations Fucus Hypoglofum, Caule alato ramofo, foliis planis lanceolatis acutis è coftà proliferis,. fruétificationibus feriatis utrinque ad coftam difpofitis. Habitat in oceano Anglicano Cornubienfi, et propè Infulam V ectis.. Ruber, fæpè fpithamæus, tener, membranaceus. Cofta frondes. etiam tenerrimas percurrit uti in Fuco /ingulato Manufcripti, à quo. differt folus longioribus acutis, et precipue fructificationibus mi- nutiffimis, feriatim in lineas utrinque ad coftam difpofitis.. Fucus lingulatus,, Caule alato ramofo, foliis planis lanceolatis obtufis à coftà prolife- | ris, fru&ificationibus globofis folitariis coftalibus.. Habitat in oceano Anglicano: Cornubiam.alluente; et propé Ine fulam. Veétis.. Ruber, parvus, tener, membranaceus, vix palmaris. Caulis feu. cofta à radice per ramulos ultimaque folia existait € quà folia. feu frondes teneriores excrefcunt.. | Fru&tificationes etiam è cofta erumpunt. An foemina Fuci hypogloffi Manufcripti ? It is to be obferved, that the fpecific cliara&ers, as above given,. differ only in the leaves being acute or obtufe, and in the fruc-- tification; and at the end of the note on F. /ingu/atus, Dr. Solander expreffes his doubts whether this be not the female of F. Hypeglo/-. Jum. tis probable that he afterwards confidered it abfolutely as. fuch, as no fpecimen of F. Zzzu/atus is to be found in Sir Jofeph. Banks's Herbarium, unlefs a {mall one on the fame paper with Hire aim, but unnamed, be fuppofed to be what was originallÿ : called: LÀ LÀ | on Fucus Hypoglofum. 323 called fo; which fróm the circumftances Fam induced to think it was, and that the Doétor was afterwards fatisfied they were not diftin&t. This fpecimen has unfortunately no fructification, which, had it been prefent, would have cleared up all doubts, as the fpeci- men of Hypoglofum has the fru&tification defcribed in the ipecific . character. | Since my defcription was written, I have had occafion to obferve, that the leaves of F. Hypoghfum vary extremely in fhape; fome being almoft linear, whilft others are linear-lanceolate, or lanceolate ; and in tome fpecimens they are to be feen approach- ing to oval. I have now reported this matter to the Society, and requeft they will permit it to be printed in the prefent volume of their Traní- aCions, that the public may be informed that tlie manufcripts of Dr. Solander, which I had ftated to have been mifling, are now is I am the more anxious to do, left, from the ge- Weel cific character and defcription as given by Dr. dani is je my-« own, it gae be fufpe&ed. that I had made ufe of his notes, not only without acknowledgment, but for my own purpofes declaring them to be loft, when they were actually in exiftence. I am happy therefore in knowing, that, however flattering this coincidence muft be to me, the teflimony of. Mr. Dryander and Mr. Forfter will be amply. fufficient to ii ven me from any charge of plagiarifm. * Additional Note to the Effay on the Stellated Lente pbs referred to _ L. recolligens, at p. 58. By the fame. X d AT the time this Effay was written, the Hiftoire des Champi- ; gnons of Mr. Bulliard was not publifhed, nor was his pl. 471 extant, Ttg -where A 324. Additional Note, by the fame. 9 where this fpecies is excellently figured; MN reprefenting the fmall and more common, and L the larger, and (with us) fcarcer variety. The few and equal rays, and the depreffed feffile capitu- um, convinced me inftantly, on infpeétion, that the Lycoperdon. there figured could be no other than the recolligens; but had E doubted, the obfervation, tom. 1, p. 161, where the author fpeaks. : - of the hygrometric properties of his plant (to which the £L. /ed/atum has no pretenfions), muft have carried abfolute conviction with it. PL 238, of the fame author, I am now certain, reprefents the fame fpecies, though the figures are not fo good. Thefe plants had not, at the time of publifhing that plate, fallen much under Mr. Bul- liard's obfervation, or he would not have attributed the returning of the rays over the capitulum as exprefied fig. H. to decay through . age, Which his fubfequent obfervations informed him was owing to the hygrometric quality of the plant. This feems to be the only ftellated Lycoperdon at prefent known in France, and therefore it is not to be wondered at that he has confounded it with /fe/latum, XXXIIL Ad. ac ( 325 ) XXXII. Additional Remarks on the Wood Sandpiper, Tringa glareola, By William Markwick, Efq. F. L.S. Read Fune 4, 1793 HEN my defcription and figure of this bird were commu- nicated to the Linnean Society, and. which they thought proper to im ifh in the firft volume of their Tranfa@tions, I thought i the authority of Mefirs. Pennant and Latham, a diftinét fpecies, and a new w difcovery as a Britifh bird; but, having fince been favoured by Mr. Latham with {fome letters on the fubjeét, and alfo a dried fpecimen of the Tringa ccropus (a bird that I had not feen before), I have little or no doubt that the Tringa glareola is a mere variety of that bird; for, according to my recolleétion of the bird, and on comparing the Tringa ocropus with my defcription and figure, they appear to agree very nearly in fize and dimen- fions, the principal difference confifting in the colour of the plumage on fome parts, which may probably be occafione only by difference of fex or age. XXXIV. Bo- ( 326 ) f i XXXIV. Botanical Obfervations on the Flora Japonica. By Charles Peter Thunb&g, Knight of the Order of Wafa, Profeffor of Botany and Medicine in the Univerfity of Upfal, F. M, L. S. Read Oct. 1, 1793. NCRESCUNT quotannis Scientiz, emendantur quotidie et ad faftigium fuum optatum fenfim fenfimque, plurium virorum opera et ftudio junétis, feliciter properant. Deteguntur novz terre, novæque naturæ gazæ innotefcunt, atque humano generi utiles eva- dunt. Sic non parum aucta fuit, praeteritis et currentibus annis, Scientia Botanica, nec pauca funt, qux in ufum et commoda mor- talium indagarunt alacres peregrinatores.et Scientiz cultores inde- fef. Poftquam et mihi, plurium poft annorum itinera reduci, anno 1784, in Flora Japonica Plantas Niponiz defcriptas publici juris facere contigiffet, illas ulteriori examini, et accuratiori fcrutinio fubinde fubjeci atque plura in hifce emendanda inveni. Has a me fa&tas obfervationes, ne Scientiæ amatoribus lateant diutius, Illuf- tri Socictati, pro Hiftoria Naturali promovenda inftitute, deque illa dudum bene meritz, devotiflime offero. Orcuts radiata: bulbis indivifis, ne&arii alis amplioribus ciliatis, Orchis fufannæ. Flor. Japon. p. 25. LiMopoRuM falcatum: cornu filiformi longiffimo, foliis enfiformi- canaliculatis falcatis. Orcbis falcata. Flor. Japon. p. 26. : Limopo- — ——-. — wf osos e Profefor 'THuNBERG's Obfervations, &c. 327 LimoporuM monile: {capo tereti ftriato moniliformi-articulato fimplici, foliis linearibus acutis. Epidendrum monile. Flor. Japon. p. 30. _ Saponicd: Sekikokf et Fu Kan. Kempf. Am. exot.. fafc. v. p. 864. tab, 865. . Planta terreftris. Vagine foliorum pluribus coftis notatæ: .ErrpENDRUM xervefum: {capo angulato, foliis ovatis nervofis, la- bello integro reflexo.. Ophrys nervofa. Flor. Japon. p. 27.. EPiDENDRUM //riatum: fcapo angulato glabro foliis enfiformibus nervofis, petalis lanceolatis, labello oblongo plano. Limodorum ftriatum. Flor.. Japon. p. 28.. ta e DER à ear {triato,. € Icon. Sel. tab. 2. DRUM tereti levi, folus en abiormibus ftria- eB, petalis pr labelio recurvo anor Limodorum enfifolium. Flor. Japon. p. 29. Limodorum.enfatum.. Kempf. Icon. Sel. tab.. 3. Cornu huic nullum.. | Ficus. ereéfa: foliis oblongis acutis glabris fubtus reticulatis, caule decumbente ramis erectis, fructibus pedunculatis. | Ficus ere&ta. Differt. Thunb. de Ficu, p. 9. Kempf. Icon. Scb f 4. Ficus pumila. £. Flor. Japon. p. 33. Ficus fpulata: foliis oblique cordatis obtufis glabris, caule de- cumbente fquamofo. E Ficus ftipulata. Differt. Thunb. de Ficu, p. 8. Tuis japonica: barbata, foliis enfiformibus falcatis brevioribus gla- bris, fcapo compreffo multiftoro. Iris fqualens. Flor. Japon. p. 33. Faponice z LH à 328 Profeffor THUNBERG' Obfervations Faponied: Saga et Siaga. Kempf. Amoen. Exot. fafc. 5. p: 872. Scapus compreffus, articulatus, ftriatus, glaber, erectus, pedalis. Folia enfiformia, equitantia, falcata, nervofa, glabra, fcapo bre- viora, Spathe fub floribus foliis fimiles, obverfæ, fenfim breviores. Flores axillares ex axillis fpatharum. Corolle 1-petalæ, albæ, barbatæ. Iris orsentalis : imberbis, foliis linearibus, fcapo fub-bifloro tereti articulato, germinibus trigonis, corollis reticulatis. lris fibirica. Flor. Japon. p. 33. Scapus teres, ftriatus, glaber, articulatus, ren pedalis vel ultra, Folia radicalia, linearia, equitantia, nervofa, glabra, apice atte- nuata, fcapum æquantia. Spathæ foliis fimiles, fenfim breviores. Flores circiter bini, fubterminales. Corolla imberbis, fufco-reticulata. - Iris fibirica: imberbis, foliis linearibus, fcapo fub-trifloro tereti, ger- minibus trigonis. Iris fibirica. Linn. Syft. Veg. xiv. p. 9r. Faponice: Koots Tita. : Scapi et folia bafi cæfpitofa. Flores cærulei. - Iris exfata: imberbis, foliis linearibus, fcapo fub-bifloro tereti ger- minibus hexagonis. dris graminea. Flor, Japon. p. 34. Scapus teres, nec anceps. ` Germen hexagonum. SACCHARUM japonicum: racemis fafciculatis, petalis ciliatis: exte= . rioribus ariftatis. FE 7 ; Saccharum ue on the Flora Japonica. 329 Saccharum polyda&ylon. Flor. Japon. p. 42. exclufo fynonymo Linnzi. | Cencurus furpurafcens : racemo fpicato fimplici, flofculis circum- vallatis ariftis longiffimis, culmo erecto. Panicum hordeiforme y. Flor. Japon. p. 48. Culmus erectus, bipedalis. Folia culmo longiora. Racemus fubfpicatus, laxus, fpithamæus, pedunculis longitudine flofculorum diftiche patulis. Arie purpurez, flofculo fexies longiores. QUERIA #richotoma : floribus racemofis, caule trichotomo. Rubia fpicis ternis. Flor. Japon. p. 357. N° 44. inter obícuras. Viscum —— caule prolifero ramofo aphyllo: articulis tri- ru dichotomi : articuli trigoni, oblongi, compreffi, vix ungui- culares, fenfim minores, rugofi. FAGARA borrida: folis pinnatis: pinnis ovatis crenatis, fpinis ra- morum fpinofis. Fagara foliolis inequilateris integris. Flor. Japon. p. 350. N° 3. Faponenfibus : Sai katfi. Rami flexuofi, erecti, cinereo-purpurafcentes, elongati, glabri, fubfimplices. Spine fparfæ, rigide, purpurafcentes, patentes, pollicares, ar- mate Spinulis alternis, patentibus, minoribus. Folia è gemmis plura, pinnata: Pinne oppofitz, fableffiles, multijugæ, ovate, obtufæ, tenuiffime crenatæ, glabra, virides, + unguiculares. Flores et fruëtus non vidi. Vor. II. U u BoEMERIA 330 Profefor THUNBERG s Obférvations BoEMERIA /picata: foliis oppofitis ovatis acutis ferratis glabris, fpicis capillaribus interruptis. Urtica fpicata. Flor. Japon. p. 69. Urtica japonica. Linn. Supp. p. 418. Acalypha japonica. Houtuyn Nat. Hift. P. 2. tab. 72. Bormeria frutefcens: folis alternis oblongis cufpidatis fubtus niveis. Urtica frutefcens. Flor. Japon. p. 70. | Frutex urticæ foliis et facie, floribus cryftallinis. Flor. Japon. p. 367. N° 98. huc referendus. CoxvoLvvuLus Nil: foliis trilobis cordatis, pedunculis unifloris. Ipomea triloba. Flor. Japon. p. 86. - Differt ab Ipomoea triloba corolla campanulata, floribus folitariis, caule tereti, foliis pubefcentibus. T! LONICERA fexuofa: floribus fubfeffilibus, baceis diftinétis,. folus: ovatis integris glabris, caule flexuofo. Lonicera nigra. Flor. Japon. p. 89. Rami divaricati, flexuofo-erecti, teretes, villofi. Folia oppofita, petiolata, ovata, margine reflexo integra, nervofa, glabra, nervis parum villofa, pollicaria, fuperioribus mino- ribus. | | 3 Fores axillares, breviter pedunculati pedunculis vix lineam longis. Baccæ diftinétæ, ovatæ, acuminatæ, nigræ. LOBELIA radicans: foliis lanceolatis undulatis ferratis, caule de- cumbente radicante. Lobelia Erinus. Flor. Japon. p. 325. Caulis herbaceus, decumbens, radicans, ramofus, filiformi- angulatus, glaber. Rami | on the Flora aponica. 331 Rami rariores, erecti. Folia alterna, lanceolata, feffilia, decurrentia, undulata, fub- dentata, patula, glabra, unguicularia. Flores axillares, folitarii. Pedunculi uniflori, folio duplo fere longiores. LoseLtA campanuloides : folis fubpetiolatis lanceolato-oblongis den- tatis, caulibus decumbentibus, pedunculis elongatis. Lobelia erinoides. Flor. Japon. p. 326. Caulis decumbens, fub-fimplex, elongatus, filiformis, ftriatus, glaber, pedalis et ultra. Folia alterna, fubfeffilia, lanceolata, acuta, obfolete ferrata, glabra, patentia, fub-pollicaria. Flores terminales in ramis elongatis. WEIGELA € : foliis feffilibus ovato-lanceolatis. ame: Sima utfugi et N Pos ene Kempf. Am. Exot. fafc. v. p. 855. Folia feffilia, lanceolato-ovata, pollicaria. Petioli nulli. W EIGELA coræenfis : foliis petiolatis obovatis. ` Japonice: Korei utfugi. Kempf .Am. Exot. fafc. v.—p. 855. - Icon. Sele&. tab. 45. Rami decuffati, glabri, cinerei, ereéto-patuli. Folia petiolata, obovata, ferrata, acuminata, palmaria. _ Petioli amplexicaules, fub-pollicares. BLaDuiA glabra: foliis oppofitis ferratis glabris, caule eredo. Bladbia foliis ferratis glabris levibus. Flor. Japon. p. 350 Nt Differt ab hac Bladhia japonica, foliis ternis ferratis glabris, caule bafi decumbente. Uu2 CELAs- 332 Profefor TuunsEerc's Obfervations CzrAsTRUS fcandens: inermis ramis fcandentibus punctatis, foliis ovatis ferratis. - Celaffrus punétatus. Flor. Japon. p. 97. CELASTRUS dilatatus : foliis obovatis cufpidatis apice ferratis glabris, caule inermi. Evonymoides baccis parvis. Flor. Japon. p. 354. N° 26. Viris flexuofa: folis cordatis dentatis, fubtus villofis, caule flex- uofo, paniculis elongatis. Vins indica. Flor. Japon. p. 103. - Petioli filiformes, unguiculares. Panicule abíque cirrhis. VisunNUM phcatum : foliis ovatis obtufis dentato-ferratis plicatis. Viburnum dentatum. Flor. Japon. p. 122. Flores radiati, — TC — Folia magis rotunda, et dentes teneriores quam in V. dentato, CoMMELINA japonica: folis ovato-lanceolatis undulatis, caule erecto angulato pilofo, floribus paniculatis. Caulis fulcatus, erectus, pilofus, apice paniculatus, pedalis. Folia alterna, vaginantia, oblonga, acuta, undulata, glabra, in- feriora digitalia, fuperiora pollicaria, Flores in ramis paniculatis racemofi. LirivuM cordifolium: foliis cordatis. Hemerocallis cordata. Flor. Japon. p. 143. Faponice: Sjire, rectius Sjiroi et Osjiroi. Kæmpf. Ameen. Exot. fafc. v. p. 870. Icon. Select. tab. 46. Litium /heciofum : folis fparfis ovato-oblongis, floribus reflexis, corollis revolutis, caule ramofo. Lilium fuperbum. Flor. Japon. p. 134. Faponice: Kafbiako, vulgo Konokko Juri, it: Corei Juri. Kempf. on the Flora aponica. 333 Kampf. Am. Exot. fafc. v. p. 871. Konokko Juri, Kempf. Icon. Seleét. tab. 47. Lirium /ancifolrum : foliis fparfis lanceolatis, corollis ere&is fubcam- panulatis. Lilium bulbiferum. Flor. Japon. p. 134. Caulis angulatus, hirfutus, erectus, fimplex, pedalis et ultra. Folia alterna, feffilia, lanceolata, glabra, digitalia, fuperiora fenfim breviora. Corolle parvæ, unguiculares, alba. Axille foliorum fuperiorum bulbiferæ, LiciuM /ongiflorum: foliis fparfis lanceolatis, corollis tubulato-cam- panulatis, caule glabro. Lilium candidum. Flor. Japon. p. 133. 3 Faponice: Sjire, Sjiroi, Osjiroi et Siro Juri. Crepirs | postés inia Flore? Junio. Caulis teres, nodulofus, glaber, inanis, erectus, bipedalis. Folia fparfa, feffilia, lanceolata, integra, glabra, trinervia, bafi adpreffa, apice recurva, fefquipollicaria. Corolle albe, tubulato-campanulatz, palmares, erectz. Differt a Lilio candido : 1. foliis bafi latioribus, apice acutioribus; : ftrictioribus, reflexis, non undatis. | | 2. corolla triplo longiori, cylindrica. Lilio bulbifero: 1. corolla maxima, alba. 2. caule levi, tereti. — LinivM bulbiferum: folis fparfis lanceolatis, corollis campanulatis erectis, caule villofo. _ Lilium philadelphicum. Flor. Japon. p. 135. "Caulis fimplex, erectus, glaber, pedalis. Folia- 334 Profefor "UTnu NBERG's Obfervations Folia inferiora fparfa, fuperiora terna et fubquaterna, feffilia, bafi. lata, lanceolata, integra, glabra, nervofa, ereéto-fubimbricata, fefquipollicaria. Corolla terminalis, erecta, petalis lanceolatis erectis. Differt a Lilio philadeiphico: 1. foliis bafi latioribus. 2. corollis non revolutis. Lilium maculatum: folis fparfis et verticillatis lanceolatis glabris; corollis campanulatis intus maculatis: limbo reflexo. Lilium canadenfe. Flor. Japon. p. 135. Caulis teres, ftriatus, glaber, fimplex, inanis, pedalis, fuperne fubumbellatus. Fola fparfa et verticillata, feffilia, lanceolata, Sabre. multi- nervofa, erecta, digitalia, Flores fubumbellati, E - Pedunculi digitales, ere&i. - ———— Corolla campanulata limbo PA incarnata intus maculis pur- pureis plurimis adfperfa.._ | Differt a Lilio canadenfe : foliis bafi latis et corollis minus revo- lutis. ArrrRis farinofa: erecta folus linearibus falcatis glabris, flori- bus {picatis. | Hypoxis fpicata. Flor. Japon. p. 136. ScILLA orientalis: floribus erectis racemofis, foliis elliptico-enfi- formibu. |... Scilla bifolia. Flor. Japon. p. 158. Fola radicalia plura, inferne attenuata, Sa à co glabra, fpithamæa. = Scapus erectus, glaber, bipedalis, fquamis alternis fpathaceis Flores racemofi. 2 - HEME- on the Flora Japonica. 335 HEMEROC ALLIS /ancifolia: foliis lanceolatis feptemnerviis. Hemerocallis japonica. Flor; Japon. p. 142. HEMEROCALLIS japonica: foliis ovatis undulatis multinerviis. Hemerocallis japonica. Kempf. Icon. Select. tab. xr. Folia radicalia, petiolata, ovata, acuminata, undulata, multi- nervia, tranfverfim tenuiflime venofa, glabra, palmaria. Petioli alati, membranacei, palmares vel paulo ultra. ` Flores ut in Hem. japonica, $ TETRAGONIA expanfa: foliis fübcordatis ovatis punétatis, floribus. axillaribus folitariis. Tetragonia japonica. Flor. Japon. p. 208.. TERNSTROEMIA japonica: folüs acuminatis excifis. Cleyera japonica. Flor. Japon. p. 224. flexuofo: | Caulis teres, a foliis decurrentibus fubangulatus, flexuofus, gla- ber, erectus, bipedalis.. Folia alterna, petiolata, oblique cordata, ovata, cufpidata, du- plicato-ferrata, villofa, patula, bipollicaria. Flores in ramis terminales, lutei. ipidatis, caule. s Concuonus ferratus: foliis oblongis ferratis cufpidatis, ramis glabris. ! Caulis erectus, glaber, ramofus. Rami teretes, purpurei, glabri, erecti. Folia alterna, petiolata, oblonga, ferrata ferraturis magnis apice fetaceis, cufpidata, fupra tenuiffime villofo-fcabra, fubtus glabra, bipollicaria, patula. ConcHonRus /candens : foliis ovatis fetaceo-ferratis oppofitis, caule. ramifque flexuofo-fcandentibus. - Caulis 336 Profefor THUNBERG’s Obfervations Caulis- teres, {candens, ramofus. Rami oppofiti, fimiles, divaricati. Folia oppofita, breviffime petiolata, bafi rotundata, ovata, acus minata, ferrata ferraturis fetigeris, pollicaria. Files in ramulis terminalis, folitarius, flavus. Mimosa. /peciofa: inermis folis bipinnatis: pinnis oblongis glabris, glandula fupra coftæ bafin. Linn. Syf. KIV. p. O15. ‘Mimofa arborea. Flor. Japon. p. 229. Kempf. Icon. Select. tab. 19. Legumina compreffa, glabra, juniora villofa. BeEGoNIA grandi: foliis mæqualiter ferratis glabris, caule angulato. Begonia obliqua. Flor. PUn. p. Ag EURE Icon. LE . tab. 20. : Begonia grandis. — Act. Soc. Linn. Lond. vol. i, p. 163. 3 Macno xia obovata: foliis obovatis fubtus parallelo-nervofis reti- culatis. Magnolia glauca. Flor. Japon. p. 236. Faponice: Mokkwurèn. Kempf. Am. Exot. fafc. v. p. 845. Icon. Sele&t. tab. 43 et 44. it. Fo no ki. - Folia obovato-oblonga, integra, glabra; fubtus parallelo-nervofa et tenuiflime reticulata nervis villofis, palmaria ufque pedalia. MAGNOLIA £omentofa : folus-ellipticis fubtus tomentofis. Magnolia glauca, Flor. Japon. p. 236. Faponice: Mitímata; item Kobus. Kempf. Icon. Sel. tab. 42. Folia elliptico-lanceolata, acuta, petiolata, integra, fupra glabra, fubtus fericeo-tomentofa, palmaria. pedis breves, reflexi, fulcati, craffi, tomentofi. | CLEMATIS af on the Flora Japonica, i 337 CLEMATIS paniculata: foliis dilige vante foliolis cordatis ova- tis integris. <=" Clematis apa Flor. FE pP. 239. Jfaponice : Ikalifo. - Caulis flexuofus, fcandens, ftriatus, glaber. ` Rami alterni. Folia petiolata, pinnato-quinata : foliola petiolata, cordata, ova- ta, acuta, indivifa, integra, glabra, inferiora majora, fuperiora minora. Petioli flexuofi. Flores axillares, albi. Pedunculi triternato-paniculati, filiformes. ES Grew ere trifoliata: folis oppofitis ternatis glabris: foliolis ovatis repando-dentatis, caule {candente. *"THALICTRUM japonicum: feminibus Rib foliis eripinsiatis: pin- . nulis incifis ferratis. Didynamifia Salviæ fimilis. Flor. Japon. p. 364 N° 74. RanunouLus japonicus: foliis incifo-ternatis:: lobis. incifis dentatis, cauleque hirfuto. Ranunculus afiaticus. Flor. Japon. p. 241. Folia radicalia rotundata, fuprema fiffa, laciniis lanceolatis, om- nia trifida laciniis iterum incifis, dentata, acuta, utrinque hir- futa. ' Peiioli pollicares ufque pedales, hirfuti. | Caules ftriati, hirfuti, vix foliofi, flexuofi, apice ramofi in pe- dunculos. Arum ringens: acaule foliis ternatis, fpatha galeata receptaculo lon- giore. "Nor. HL : X Arum 338 Profefor 'T Hu NBERG's Olfervations Arum triphyllum. . Flor. Japon. p. 233. Folia ternata, omnino ut in aro triphyllo; fed cufpidata. Spatha galeata, ringens, cufpidata, fpadice feu receptaculo lon- gior, glabra, purpurafcens, digitalis. Receptaculum bafi craffum, inde teres, incurvatum, album. Arum ferratum: acaule foliis radicatis ternato-pinnatis + foliolis ferratis, receptaculo fpatha breviore. Folia vaginantia, radicalia, bina, ternata: foliolum intermedium folitarium, petiolatum ; lateralia pedato-pinnata; omnia ob- longa, acuminata, ferrata, glabra. Spatha receptaculo clavato duplo fere longior, acuminata. MELITTIs japonica; foliis alternis ovatis obtufis inzqualiter ee calyce villofo, Melittis meliffophyllum. Eon: Japon. p: 248. Caulis ere€tus, villofus, fimplex, fpithamzus. Filia alterna, petiolata, ovata, obtufa, inæqualiter et duplicato: ferrata, villofa, patula, digitalia. ` Petioli unguiculares.. Flores pedunculati, in axillis foliorum folitari.. Pedunculus hirtus, pollicaris: Calyces ftrigofo-hirfuti, cernui. . Ocymum /caërum - racemis fimplicibus erectis, foliis: ovatis.fubtus: punétatis.. : Ocymum punctatum. Flor. Japon. p. 249: Jusricia crinita: pedunculo- axillari folitario: fubquadñfloro; bracteis oblongis ciliatis... Diantbera japonica. Flor. Japon. p: 2m. Justicta lancea | floribus: verticillato-aggrecatis, folis integris lén- ceolatis. Radix: on the Flora Faponica. 339 . Radix fibrofa, annua. "Caulis herbaceus, erectus, tetragonus, uti tota planta tenu- iffime pubefcens, ramofus, fubpedalis. - Rami in inferiori parte fimiles, fimplices, patuli, breves. ¿Fola petiolata, inferiora ovato-oblonga, fuperiora lanceolata, acutiufcula, integra, patula, pollicaria et ultra. 1 Petioli breviffimi, amplexicaules. Flores in axillis verticillati, fubfeffiles, femper plures aggregati. Braéiee et calyces apice piliferæ. CARDAMINE /cuiata: foliis ternatis fcutatis crifpis, caule fubnudo. Cardamine trifolia, Flor. Japon. p. 260. JunIPERUS bermudiana: : Funiperus barbadenfis. Flor. Japon. p. ét JusiPERUA cariadeués: folis omnibus junioribus ovatis; fenioribus acutis. - Funiperus virginica. Flor. Japon. p. 264. DoricHos umbellatus: volubilis leguminibus fubcylindricis re&tis glabris. Dolichos unguiculatus. Flor. Japon. p. 279. - Caulis volubilis, ftriatus, villofus. Folia petiolata, ternata: foliola ovata, acuminata, integra, vil- lofa; laterala brevius, terminale longius petiolata, palma- ria. Flores fabumbellato-racemofi, pedunculis petiolis longiores, flex- uofi, palmares. Legumina cylindrica, re&a, glabra, pollicaria et ultra. Donicuos Airfutus: volubilis leguminibus compreflis hirfutis, fo- — liolis exterioribus bilobis. Faponice: Kudfu; it. Kadfune. Kempf. Icon. Sele&t. tab. 41. LT Caufis 340 Profefor 'Y nuxsERG's Obfervations Caulis volubilis tomentofus. | Folia petiolata, ternata: foliola lateralia breviflime petiolata,. biloba, fubrotunda lobis mucronatis, fubtus pallida, reticu-- lata, utrinque tenuiffime villofa, palmaria,. intermedium pe- tiolatum, indivifum, majus. Perolus communis fpithamzus,. intermedii folioli pollicaris. Flores racemofi, plurimi, purpurei. * Racemus fenfim florens, fpithamzus vel ultra. Pedunculi tomentofi, unguiculares, Legumina linearia, compreffa, hirfuta villo longo flavefcente;. cufpidata ftylo curvo perfiftente, digitalia. Differt a D: uncinato :. foliis lobatis, caule tomentofo, legumini-- bus compreffis. Doricnuos culiratus : "S leguminibus cultratis dorfo- carinatis, caule: fexuofo. Dolichos enfiformis.. Flor. Japon. p.. 279. Kzempf. . Icon. Sel.. tab.. 25. GLYCINE javanica : foliis ternatis, caule villofo, petiolis hirtis, brac=- teis lanceolatis minutis. Glycine javanica. Linn. Syft.. ha: xiv. p. 659. aponice : : Fajo Mame. Crefcit propè Nagafaki. - Floret Septembri, Octobri. Picris fexuofa: perianthüs hifpidis, foliis dentatis cordato-am-- plexicaulibus, caule fulcato hifpido. Caulis fulcato-angulatus, flexuofus,. fetaceo-hifpidus, fuperne ramofus, erectiufculus, vix pedalis. Folia alterna, omnia feffili-amplexicaulia, fubcordata, oblonga. villofo-fcabra, inferiora digitdltl. dm d fenfim mi-. fora, * Ehres | ""-— Jn * oni on the Flora Japonica. | 34r Flores in ramis terminales, folitari. Pedunculi feu rami alterni, fimplices, hifpidi. : Calyx duplex, hifpidus, inferior reflexus, Corolle luteze, pappo albo plumofo. Poryropium enfatum: fronde elliptico-enfiform™, gs integra;. — fru&ificationibus fparfis. Polypodium phyllitis. Flor. Japon. p. 335. Frons eliptico-enfiformis, acuminata, integra, erecta, glabra,. fpithamæa ufque pedalis. Fruëtificationis puncta fparfa, folitaria. juxta: coftam mediam. in apice, duo vel plura inter nervos in medio, orbiculata. PorvropiuM /ophoroides: frondibus pinnatis: pinnis enfiformibus. —— ferr aturis femiovatis nervofis, infima ferratura Polypodium ‘unitum. Flor Japon. p. 336. Frons pedalis vel ultra, pinnata, glabra: Pinne lanceolatz,. acute, incifo-ferratæ ; ferraturæ ovate, parallelo-nervofz,. mucronate, fæpe a marginibus revolutis fubfalcate; fer ratura infima in bafi a latere fuperiori longior. Pinna ter- minalis fimplex, incifo-ferrata. —PuzZz fructificantia juxta. margines incifurarum. Differt a P. unito, cui valde fimilis: pinnula vel ferratura bafeos. pinnarum a latere fuperiori longiori.. Dicxsonia /rigofa: frondibus. bipinnatis : pinnulis rhombeis pi-- lofis ferratis, fruétificationibus folitaris.. Trichomanes ftrigofum. Flor. Japon. p. 339. CAENOPTERIS japonica: frondibus. fupradecompofitis:: pinnulis. incifo-trifidis acutis. Trichomanes. japonicum.. Flor. Japon. p. 340. La : Aspire 342 Profefor THUNBERG’ s Odfervations, &c. ASPLENIUM incifum: frondibus pinnatis: pinnis fubrotundi incifis ferratis. - mr | Afplenium trichomanes. Flor. Japon. p. 334. Frondes è radice plures, ereétiufculi vel diffufi, pinnati, glabri, digitales et «tra. Pizse fubfefliles, alternz, fubrotundæ, dentato-ferratæ ; inferiores incifæ, fubtrilobæ ; femiunguicu- lares, fupremi minores. XXXV. De- —— a- (_ 343 ) XXXV. Deftription of Sagina ceraftordes, a new Britifo Plant difco- vered im Scotland by Mr. Fames Dickfon, F. L. S. By the Profit, . Read Nov, 5, 1793 SAGINA CERASTOIDES. „caule difufo dic joma f i5 f, giulaiis gi obovatifve recurvis, pedunculis wem ; o D 2 fruëli vferis- reflexis. " : — Habitat in arenofis maritimis et fiffuris rapium, in Bodotriz infulis. Junio, Julio. o ? Herba facie; Ceraftii, fed. floribus femper quadrifidis.. Radix fibrofa, annua ut videtur. . Caules. plurimi,. diffufi, fpithamei, teretes, foliofi; bafi attenuati, glabriufculi, alternatim. ramofi; fuperné magis pubefcentes, dichotomi, geniculis tumidiufculis, pallidis, ramulis diva- ricatis.. -Felia- óppofita, patenti-recurva, integerrima, acuta, mollia, utrinque pubefcentia; fubtus pallidiora atque nitidiora, ve- nulis- reétis, longitudinalibus ; inferiora fpatulata, longiüs petiolata; fuperiora obovata, feffilia ;. fumma ovata, Sripule nulle. . Flores 344 | De. Suirrü's Defcription Flores <è dichotomià caulis, folitarii, primo fubfefliles, ftatim pe- ‘dunculati; pedunculis stram. filiformibus, puueicntibis 5, fructiferis reflexis. = Calyx è foliolis quatuor, parum patentibus, lanceolatis, acutis, concavis, bafi obtusé carinatis, extüs pubefcentibus, intüs Jucidis; quorum duo oppofita anguftiora - dunt, faninegar membranacea, Petala quatuor, calyce ferè duplo breviora, cuneiformia, alba, tenu- iffima, apice bifida, lobis acutis, rectis. -Stamina quatuor, æqualia, petalis alternantia parumque breviora. Filamenta capilaria, alba. Anthere parve, fubrotundæ, lu- teolæ. Piflillum. Germen — longitudine ftaminum, palhdé Xi- Tefcens, glabrum. Sy% quatuor, breviflimi, ere&ti. Stig- mata recurva, villofa, alba. Capfula cylindrica, longitudine calycis, aureo nitens, apice de- hifcens denticulis octo, triangularibus, obtufiffimis. Semina numerofa, luteo-fufca, fubcuneiformia, depreffa, bafi emat- ginata, margine fcabriufcula. THIS plant was firft difcovered by Mr. Dickfon on the rocky and fandy fhores of Inch-Keith and Inch-Combe in the Firth of Forth, as well:as on the beach below Preftonpans. Its habit is altogether that. of a. Ceraffium, mot nearly retembling 4C. femidecandrum, pentandrum and vulgatum, Bug ats flowers being 4 | conitantly hte a ge ne aran à of Sagina ceraffoides. | E | eonftantly quadrifid, oblige us to refer it to the genus of Sagina, with which they exactly agree; more efpecially as the genera in this natural order are fcarcely to be difcriminated with- out taking into confideration the comparative number of the parts of fruétification. 'The flowers are fcarcely to be found expanded except in a funny afternoon. | E Yy XXXVI. An Vor. II. ( 346 ) XXXVI. Zn Account of two new Genera of Plants from New South Wales, prefented to the Linnean Society by Mr. Ti bomas Hoy, F. L. S. and Mr. John Fairbairn, F. L. S. By the Prefident. Read Nov. 5, 1793. : GOODENIA. EUM Pentandria Monogynia. Fi. menepetab, fuperi. Cuar. Gen. Caff. bilocularis, bivalvis, polyfperma ; diffepimento parallelo. Semina imbricata. Corolla fupra longitudinaliter fiffa, genitalia exferens; limbo quinquefido, fecundo. Anthere lineares, imberbes. Stigma urceolatum, ciliatum. HIS genus belongs to the order of Campanulacee of M. de : Juffieu, the firft fection, Antheris diftinétis, and ought to be there inferted between Cyphra and Scevola, and in the Linnean Syftem between the latter and Cinchona. It differs effentially from Scavo/a in its fruit, from Chris à in its corolla, and from Loëbclia in its ftamina. I have given to this new and moft diftinét genus the name of Goodenia, in honour of my worthy friend the Rev. Dr. Goodenough, treafurer of this Society, of whofe botanical merits it would be ex : | fuper- gsm rage rais cttm Dr. SurTH's Account, &c. 347 fuperfluous to fay any thing in a volume which contains his Dif- fertation on the Britifh fpecies of Carex In the conftruétion of this name T have followed the example of Yournefort, who formed Guzdelia from Gundelfcheimer, a word (like Goodenough) too long to be retained entire in: a generic name: I am poffeffed of eight very diftinét fpecies of this genus, of which I fhall give the fpecific characters, more particularly de- {cribing the firft, for which we are obliged to Mr. Hoy, who has it alive in Sion Gardens. 4 IY. GOODENIA ovata.. iique. glabris, íru&u lineari. “+. Doré Wem à EE y Oval joe Godna: : 3 Stem fhrubby, erect, angular, Ératiched, leafy. Leaves alternate, on footftalks, without ftipulæ, ovate, varying- a little in breadth, acute, ferrated with fine, fharp, fpreading, rather unequal teeth, of a bright green, veiny, fmooth on both fides, paler beneath. Focffalks channelled above, with a tuft of down in their axillz. Flowers yellow, from 3 to 5 in a dicliotomous panicle, arifing foli- tary from.each axilla of the uppermoft leaves, and above half as long as the correfponding leaf. Footfalks fomewhat angu- lar, fmooth, with 2 fubulate braéteæ at each fubdivifion. Calyx of 5 equal, fubulate, erect, fmooth leaves, permanent. Corolla tubular, the tue cloven on the upper fide from top to bottom, fmooth, greenifh and ftriated externally. Limb in 5 equal, obovate fegments, all directed forwards, yellow, mem- T3 branous, 348 Dr. SMITH’s Account of branous, with a thick greenifh plait running from the tube to the point of each behind. Stamina 5, fhorter than the tube, and projecting through its fiffure. Filaments inferted into the receptacle, equal, perfeétly diftin&. Anthere nearly linear, vertical, two-celled. Pifillum. Germen inferior, long, flender, fmooth, with 5 angles. Style fimple, fomewhat longer than the ftamina and ftanding out with them, fmooth. Sema large, cup-fhaped, bent down towards the ftamina, finely ciliated on the margin. Capfule oblong, crowned with the calyx, two-celled, and of two valves, which burft at the top, and then become revolute, the partition, which is parallel to them, remaining erect. Seeds, feveral in each cell, es lenticular, roughith, encircled with a groove. "This plant was — to the Society by Mr. Hoy in flower December 4, 1792. | A figure of it exifts among the hitherto unpublifhed plates of Sir Jofeph Banks. 2. G. albida. G. foliis obovatis dentatis corollifque glabris, ftylo cauleque pilofo. White-flowered Goodenta. For fpecimens of this and all the following, except G. paniculata, I am obliged to John White, Efq. furgeon at Port Jackfon, who gathered them wild in that country. 3 G. paniculata. G. foliis obovato-lanceolatis dentatis corollifque pilofis, caule nu. diufculo paniculato. Panicled yellow Goodenia. : = Soirée at Port Jackfon id Mr, David Burton” H. Bank. " : 4. G. bel- "d > u tn, iwo new Genera of Plants from New South Wales. 349 ade: Ge bellidifolia; G. foliis obovatis denticulatis carnofis, caule nudiuículo fpicato, corolla extus hirfuta, fructu quadrivalvi, Daify-leaved yellow Goodenia. - $. G. fria; G. foliis lanceolatis integris dentatifve carnofis glabris, corolla extus hirfuta, ftigmate ore contracto. Rigid blue Goodenia. . This grows naturally in marfhy ground, flowering in O&obér, 6. G, ramofiffima. G. folii TG bdentatis cauleque ipid tylo olla extus pilofa, — it « apice hirfutiffim TON Branching blue Goodenia. Flowers in Oétober. 7. G. heterophylla. G. foliis integris dentatis lobatifve pilofis, fruétu fubrotundo, co- : i nudiufcula. Various-leaved Goodenia. 8. G: hederacea, G. folis fubrotundis integris quinquelobifve, corolla extus lanata, caule proftrato, | Trailing Goodenia. Of the colour of the flowers in this fpecies and the preceding I have no means of judging. . : Tes PLATY- 6 350 Dr. SmirH’s Account of PLATYLOBIUM. Diadelphia Decandria. Stamina omnia connexa. Cuar. Gen. Calyx campanulatus, quinquefidus, laciniis. duobus: fupremis maximis, obtufis. Filamenta omnia bafi connexa, latere fuperiori diftinéta. Legumen pedicellatum, compreffum, dorfo € polyfper- mum. THIS genus belongs to the sth fection of M. de Juffieu’s order: of esc. ind may be GARE near Crotalaria in, à the Lin- nean Wiens cose å Its name I have deduced from æAarus broad, and Acbos a pod: The two large fegments of the calyx, and the flat upper margin of the pod, abundantly “pags ice it from all other - genera. We are hitherto acquainted. with only one certain fpecies of this genus, feeds and fpecimens of which have been. fent from New South Wales, and which may juftly be called ` PLATYLOBIUM formwofium Orange Jlat-pea. Stem fhrubby, four feet high. Branches oppone, round, FA ih, covered with leaves, and. ornamented with numerous flowers. p Leaves , swo new Genera of Plants from New South Wales. 351 Leaves oppofite, on very fhort hairy footftalks, cordato-ovate, entire, revolute; acute, with à minute fpine at the end, very veiny, rigid, "of a beautiful green, glaucoüs beneath. Szi- pulæ in pairs lanceolate, brown, membranous, ftriated, - "fmooth. Flowers folitary, from the axillæ of the uppermoft leaves, op- pofite, on fhort hairy footítalks. Braéfee feveral at the bafe of the footftalk, ovate, concave, and hairy, and two at . the top, immediately under the flower, which are fomewhat longer. * Calyx very hairy, campanulate, permanent, with 5 teeth; the 3 lowermoft of which are acute and fpreading, the 2 up- permoft very large, obovate, obtufe, clofe prefled to the Corolla papilionaceous. Standard twice as long as the calyx, fpread- ing, deeply emarginate, orange-coloured, ftriated almoft half way to the edge, with beautifully radiant crimfon lines, from a pale-yellow fpot at the bafe. Wings deep yellow, fhorter than the ftandard, femi-obovate, with a blunt incurved tooth on the upper fide at their bafe. Keel of 2 adhering petals, obtufe, as long as the wings, whitifh tipped with a rich crimfon, and furnifhed on each fide of the bafe with a tooth embraced by the incurved teeth of the wings. Siamina in one fet, feparated only on the upper fide, and cloven nearly half their length into ten equal filaments, which are curved upwards. Æntheræ 10, nearly orbicular, equal, verfatile. Pifillum. Germen linear, very hairy. Style incurved, fmooth. Stigma fimple, fharp. Pod 452 Dn. Smitn’s Account, &c. . ao about an inch and a half long and. half as broad, on a fhort footítalk, clothed with fcattered hairs, fomewhat (ícimetar- fhaped, perfectly compreffed, obtufe, with a fmall point, of one cell, and extended into a flat border along the upper edge, confiderably beyond the infertion of the feeds. Seeds 7 or 8, black, comprefied, each ftanding on a curved white pedicle. 'This fhrub blooms abundantly in its native country all the year through. It has likewife flowered in feveral gardens in England, Mr. Fairbairn prefented a living fpecimen to the Society laft fummer. A figure of this beautiful plant will foon be given in the work I have undertaken on the botany of New Holland, XXXVII Ex- "C 353.9 XXXVII. Exrracts from the Minute Book of the Linnean Society. June 1, HE Presipent read a letter from Aylmer Bourke 1790. Lambert, Efq. F. L. S. giving an account of An- dromeda Daboecit and Saxifraga umbrofa growing wild in the weft of Ireland; the latter on a hill called Crow Patrick, in the county of Mayo, the former on feveral other mountains in that county. vcn. ege corni cem NN CO e cM RM EE EE ML E , " ii. : ` CR a aa ee - * Fan. 44 1791.—The Rev. Dr. Goodenough exhibited a fpecimen of the Soland Goofe, Pelecanus Bafanus, recently fhot on the coatt of Suffex. July 5.—The Rev. Mr. Martyn communicated the following extract of a letter from Mifs Anne Welch of Ardenham hill near Aylefbury. re IM * In the year 1788 I removed feveral plants from Hampftead to “a garden I was then making near Aylefbury. The foil confifted * of deep clay manured with pond mud, fand, and dung in fome * parts; in others it was a compoft formed of the ruins of build- “ ings, and lime-ftone, mixed with a mould produced from a * variety of animal and vegetable fubftances. This compoft ** varied in depth, quality, and number of. materials. Vor. II. Zz “ My 354 Extracts from the MINUTE Book * My plants were firft placed in the clayey foil. Amongft * them was the Hemerocallis fulva, I never was poffeffed of the ** flava, till it was produced by accident as follows, from the cul- “ture of the only plant of the fulva that grew in my garden. The fucceeding year I divided my Hemeracallis, and planted part “ of it in a fhallow bed.of the compoft formed from the ruins, ** &c. taking care to move it with a large ball of earth at the * roots, which fhot very freely, fo that I was able to take off ‘ another part of the plant,- and the fame fummer I placed that “in the fame bed. When the laft plant flowered, I was agreeably * furprifed with the fight of an Hemerocallis flava. Laft year I .* had thefe plants varying in fize and colour, large and of a deep “tawny hue; {mall and abfolutely yellow; and alfo of a base “ tawny, and of a fize between the fulva and flava.” à This communication. was accompanied. by fpecimens of, the above-mentioned varieties. | wer NEN Mp acm dr Dec. 6.—The following mifcellaneous remarks from Mr. James -Hoy (now F. L. 5.) were read. ** Juncus articulatus 8 Linn. Flo. Suec. 113, mentioned alfo in « Lightf. Flo. Scot. 185, fuppofed by the former to be a viviparous: * variety, and by the latter to be a difeafe occafioned by an infect “ of the Coccus tribe, appears to be occafioned by the Chermes gra- * minis. For many years palt I have noticed this appearance, * but without any fatisfaétion till September laft, when among : « feveral plants of that kind which came in my way in the courfe * of a week, I picked up one upon which I found fome infeéts s that appeared to be the /arve of a Chermes, as they were covered over of the Linnean Society. 355 * over with the downy cotton-like fubftance, which chara&erizes * moft of that genus. Upon other fpecimens gathered about the * fame time and kept in water the fame infects appeared in a * day or two. At length fome of them having divefted them- *€ felves of their exuviz, were found to agree with Linnzus's de- * fcription of his Chermes graminis. This fpecies is faid by him “to live on the ira flexuofa, on which I have not yet found it, * though I fearched for it particularly when thefe infects were *€ moft plentiful upon the above Juncus. “There is no doubt therefore that the Chermes graminis lives upon * the plant in queftion, and is the caufe of its producing thefe leafy utricu/t inftead of ftalks and flowers. In the fame manner the * Chermes abietis caufes the tubercles found on fome branches of the * fpruce fir inftead of young fhoots and leaves; and as the trees * upon which thefe tubercles are found are not, upon that ac- ned varieties of the fpruce fir, fo the plants that have * fome, or even the whole, of their ftalks and leaves contracted ** count, reckone ‘ into {hort bunches, ought not to be confidered as varieties of the 6 Funcus articulatus." .** Mr. Lightfoot mentions in the Fra Scotica that he does not «remember to have found the Agaricus deliciofus in Britains: It * grows however plentifully in the fir plantations here, about the * beginning of October, and will therefore it is hoped have a place & in every future Flora Scotica*.”” "^ * Dr. Smith, P. L. S. found this Agaricus in Rivelftone wood near Edinburgh, 1782, and on the Marchionefs of Rockingham's lawn at Hillingdon, Middlefex, under fome fir trees, in OG. 1795. Mr. Hudfon mentions it as growing near Guildford. LZ 2 v Tt 456 Extracts from the MiNUTE Boog — —— 000 —— ** It is a general character of deer, that the females of every * fpecies except the rein deer, are deftitute of horns. À fingular in- * france to the contrary occurred herein September laft. A hind, « the female of Cervus Elaphus, was fhot by the Duke of Gordon, * which had one horn perfectly fimilar to that of a ftag three * years old. It had never had a horn on the other fide of its & head, for there the correfponding place was covered over by “the fkin, and quite fmooth. It did not feem to have ever pro- * duced a fawn, and upon diffection, the ovarium on the fame fide “ with tbe born was found to be fcbirrous." April 3, 1792. — Mr. Teefdale, F. L. S. prefented a wild fpe- cimen of Eriophorum alpinum found in n Scotland, though not before known to be a Britifh plant. == — Nov. 6.—A wild fpecimen of Pyrola uniflora, found plentifully in the fir woods near Brodie-houfe, in the county of er Scotland, was fent by Mr. James Hoy, F. L. S. cma Sam The Prefident read part of a letter from Dr. Swartz, F. M. L. S. dated Oct. 4, 1792, as follows. “ I am forry for the fault in the characterifing of Canella alba Des (Franf. of L. Soc. vol. i. p. 100). Notwithftanding num- “ berlefs obfervations on the fruit, I found too late that I had ‘ been deceived. Indeed moft plants require repeated obferva- * tions before they can be fully known. The germen has three .* cells. It is true, however, that in the ripe fruit one cell only con- “ tains feeds, the rudiments of the other two being rarely to be feen.” Tan. of the Linnean Society. 357 Fan. 8, 1793-—The Prefident prefented a fpecimen of Conval- laria verticillata, a new Britifh plant, gathered in the Den Rechip, a deep wooded gulley, from the hills in the Stormont, Perthfhire, about four miles north-eaft of Dunkeld, by Arthur Bruce, Efq. Se- cretary to the Nat. Hift. Society of Edinburgh. Feb. 5.—The Rev. Mr. Hugh Davies, F. L. S. communicated drawings of the Cancer Bufo, Herbft. t. 17. f. 95, and the Phalan- gium grofipes, Linn. both caught on the fea coaft of Anglefea. oA TEE Ps May 7.—The Prefident prefented a fpecimen of Trifolium fuffo- catum, found wild on the fands about Yarmouth, by Mr. Lilly Wigg, A LS. | FENIS. Dr. GoopENovGH wifhes to alter fome erroneous paflages in his paper, and to add the following note. Page 133, line 9, for them, read them/elves. Page 140, line 14, ftrike out the words /epius fub-diftichay which was an error in tranfcribing. In pages 137 and 169, Carex frrigofa fhould be defcribed /picis recurvis inftead of pendults. Page 155, line 7 from the bottom, read complete for accurate. Page 157, line 13, a femicolon fhould be pee after the word compofita. — 780, line rr, the Ayphen is an error of the prefs. ine ie. 13, auriculaté a an error of the pras for auriculg. There are others of lefs easi which it 1s needlefs to mention. manne 0. 09 ue Since my Obfervations have been printed, I have received from my friend Mr. Daval, fpecimens of the Carex defcribed by Scheuchzer P. 497, and figured t. rr. f. 9 and ro. quoted by Linnzus for C. dioica. It feems a diftinét fpecies, and will be the fubjeét of confideration when I come to treat of the foreign Carices. I have alfo received from my friend the Rev. Mr. Williams of Eaton near Shrewíbury, fpecimens of C. Airia, with fmooth vagine—I would therefore wifh the words vaginis binc lanato-villofis to be omit- ted in the fpecific defcription—and would beg leave to infert after . the long defcription—Plañta in aquofis variat vaginis glabris, ExeLANATION of the PLATES of Dr. Goopvenoucn’s Paper on . GARICES. PLATE I9. ous braétea, which iculæ, is by accident Fic. I. Carex axilaris.—N. B. The long f fubtends the lowermoft clufter of omitted. 2. Carex divifa.—' The fmall figure Rear the fpike at its firft appearance— The large one exhibits it in its more advanced ftate—Underneath is the germen with its gluma or {quama. 3. Carex teretiufcula.—' The {mall figure reprefents the fpike at its early appearance—Underneath it is a tranfverfe feétion of the culm, to fhew its roundifhnefs — The larger figure fhews it in its more advanced ftate, when the panicle feparates a little—The figure does not fufficiently exprefs the fupra-decompofition of the fpike— Under- neath is a capfule, placed fo as to fhew the gibbofity of the exterior part. Les aii PLATE 20. 4. Carex firigofa.— he fpikes reprefented as they appear before the ripe feeds weigh down their extremities. Underneath is the fruétification in its various ftages, with the glumz or fquame. 5. Carex filiformis—Reprefented in a ftate of fruétification, with the germen, ftamina and glumz underneath. 6. Carex fulva—In both its early and advanced ftage—Un- derneath are the ftamina and germen with their glumz —A ripe capfule is added, but the figure does not re- prefent it fufficiently beaked. PLATE 2I. 7. Carex extenfa.—Both figures are drawn from fpecimens in their moft advanced ftate—Underneath is a ripe capfule, with its gluma or fquama, EXPLANATION, &c. Fie. 8. Carex firiéla.—In the figure of the younger plant the leaves, which grow clofe to. the culm and parallel to it, are drawn open to fhew the reticulated filaments—Un- derneath are the ftamina and germen with the fquamz. 9. Carex ca/pitofa.—Both fpecimens in a ftate of inflorefcence . —Underneath are the ftamina and a capfule nearly ripe, with their fquamæ. PLATE 22. 10. Carex rigida—ln both its early and advanced ftage— Underneath are the ftamina and germen with their glumæ or {quamz—There is added a ripe capfule—It is very feldom fo abtufe as is reprefented in the figure here given. MM N. B. In p. 151, line 17, for oblonga fefiles aggregate read oblongis feffilibus ageregatis.