MEMOIRS

QE THE

TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB

VOLUME XIII

SPECIES AND VARIATIONS

BIOTIAN ASTERS

WITH

PISCU

BY

EDWARD SANDFORD BURGESS

ae

p

UE
DE
oe

a ae eee ee ee EES ENE ee ENE E T E ee a TE

"COMETE Ny ee ae ees

STUDIES IN THE
HISTORY AND VARIATIONS OF ASTERS

PART Ll

SPECIES AND VARIATIONS
HOLAN ASTERS

WITH

DISCUSSION OF VARIABILITY IN ASTER

BY

EDWARD SANDFORD BURGESS
ILLUSTRATED BY 108 FIGURES

NEW YORK
THE TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB

ISSUED 15 MARCH 1906

-

STUDIES IN THE
HISTORY AND VARIATIONS OF ASTERS

PARTS PUBLISHED

Part I. Hisrory or PRE-CLUslAN BOTANY IN ITS RELATION TO
ASTER:
Vor. X or THE MEMOIRS OF THE TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB.

IssUED 22 NOVEMBER 1902

Part II. | SPECIES AND VARIATIONS OF BIOTIAN ASTERS, WITH Discus-
SION OF VARIABILITY IN ASTER:
Vor. XIII or THE MEMOIRS OF THE ToRREY BOTANICAL CLUB.

IssuED 15 MARCH 1906.

THE TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB
COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY, N. Y.

eee

—

PREFACE

The present volume of Aster Studies discusses the specific
limits, life-history and variability of Asters, and also begins the
systematic treatment of Aster species ; in fulfilment of investiga-
tions which commenced in 1886. The descriptions comprise the
Biotian section of the genus, a section confined to North America,
and including 84 species (58 of which are here first published or
characterized) * and 10 subspecies ; each of which is illustrated by
one or more figures ; in all 108 figures, 13 of which are heliotype
plates, the others being cuts in zinc. About 250 subordinate
forms are also briefly characterized.

In a former volume, the History of Pre-Clusian Botany in its
relation to Aster, t I have traced the progress of the monotype
conception of Aster from the Greeks onward through the year
1600. Distinct establishment of Aster as a polytype genus came
with Clusius, beginning with 1576 and culminating in 1601.
Rapid increase followed in the number of new species attributed
to Aster, species which have since been assigned to Conyza, Inula,
Pulicaria, etc. The next two centuries may be termed the Clusian
and the Linnaean periods of Aster history ; the former including,
and the latter excluding, numerous yellow-rayed relatives. To
dwell upon these periods is not at present pertinent, for the details
of Aster history, as previously remarked, are better presented,
after Clusius, group by group and species by species. The his-
torical matter in the present volume consists instead, Ist, of a sketch
of Aster as a genus with its segregations and recombinations since
1600 (pp. 51-58) ; 2d, a detailed historical review of the Biotian
group to date, with notice of authors, early collectors, etc. (pp.

59-80) ; and 3d, separate historical sketches of such species as
have already a history (p. 107, etc.).

* Of the species here first characterized, two, A. ambiguus and A. subcymosus,

nt names given to herbarium material by Bernhardi ; one, 4. viridis, is simi-
larly credited to Nees; another, Æ. sudinteger, similarly to Mr. E. P. Bicknell ; five
were formerly described by me as the varieties 4. divaricatus persaliens, A. curvescens

: eer Wes Ww edad visis eG macrophy lus excelsiorand A. macrophyllus

bifor
= Men. Torrey Club ,10:— den ;
a y

vi BioTIAN ASTERS

The genus Aster has long been reputed one of most pronounced
variability ; and of all Asters, perhaps the most variable are those
of the Biotian section ; some other groups, as Gray's G/azdulosi,
being quite stable in comparison. It is to their variant forms that
the Asters owe their supreme interest to the student of the evo-
lution of species; exhibiting a genus evidently engaged at this
present time in the development of new lines of descent. Many of
the latter show apparent stability and therefore demand recognition
as species ; a few seem unstable and rank merely as subspecies ;
and a much larger number are still too uncertain for absolute
rank, and I leave them under the indefinite term form.

Since these descriptions left my hand for the press, the world
has been enriched by the appearance of the monumental work of
de Vries on the origin of species by mutation. I have no doubt
that many if not most of the new species of Aster here described
are similarly mutants proceeding from dissimilar parents. Explicit
proof is not so readily attainable in Aster, however, owing to the
perennial habit and the number of years before flowering. Work-
ing without the opportunities of garden-sowing but entirely from
plant-colonies as established in nature, I have been forced to draw
my conclusions as to specific difference rather from collateral com-
parisons than from a series of lineal descendants. The length of
preliminary growth before blossoming, often seemingly seven
years, interferes decidedly with observations on aster-seedlings of
successive sowings. When the working life of a botanist passes
the century mark, then perhaps such a botanist can see with his
own eyes the successive generations of an Aster like the Upsalan
A. tardiflorus of 18 years before flowering.

Asters are urther complicated by remarkable responsiveness
to environment, producing an unusually wide area of variation-
range on each side of a norm or center of species-character, a norm
or species-type which may have been, in very many cases, of mutant
origin. With closely allied and parallel types, each with wide
variation-range, it is natural that many outliers belonging to allied
species should overlap and should present confusing characters.
If these individuals were regarded as forming such connecting links
as to invalidate species, close distinction of species would in many
groups of Aster become hopeless ; and itis in this sense that Aster

PREFACE vil

species may be considered to be separated by arbitrary lines ; arbi-
trary lines as regards a minor number of recalcitrant specimens ;
but natural lines nevertheless, in their broader interpretation, be-
cause doubtless representing real currents.of descent, currents in
an onward flow which continues as a mass to move forward, in spite
of the presence of cross-currents and lateral blending.

And yet, concerning some of the new species of Aster here
described, some authorities may question the title to specific rank.
It is indeed seldom that there would be entire agreement between
any two monographers of a long series of critical forms. But the
result which is of first importance is, that these forms, being clearly
distinct entities in nature, should be put on record and described.
I once myself suspected that certain of these species were but
forms assumed by A. divaricatus or A. macrophyllus when under
special conditions, and that they could not be relied on to show the
same characters in successive offshoots of the same colony. My
field studies since 1886 have been largely devoted to the deter-
mination of this subject, seeking for the limits of variation in un-
changed environment, and for the beginnings of new permanent
species. Many of the species here first published have been
watched in their natural environment for periods varying from
seven to ten years ; and without change of characters. I have not
spared expense or time or travel, while keeping selected plant-
colonies under repeated observation, in widely separated localities,
in New England, about Lake Erie, the Hudson Valley and the
Potomac. I have called on each form to show its permanence
while in unaltered natural conditions before according it the rank
of an independent species. I have often held back some remark-
able form from specific recognition (as I do still the obolarian form,
p. 113) with the thought that it must surely be but a passing phase
of the speeies, induced by the particular environment ; only as often
to meet the same form again in a new and distant locality, present-
ing not only the same characteristics possibly due to environment,
but also presenting identical additional characters apparently not
connected with its environment at all. Insuch casesI have thought
it better to describe such a type as a distinct species. How cautious
I have endeavored to be may be seen from the number, some 250,
of plant-types under observation which are listed here merely as

v BIOTIAN ASTERS

indeterminate forms, most of which represent not casual specimens
but forms which I have followed up year after year.

Iy plan of treatment, practicable only in an extended mono-
graph li e the present, is to present not only a full description of
each species, but also all that is known of its history and of its
conditions of.variation. The full descriptions given being neces-
sarily long, I preface to each of these a brief diagnosis, distin-
guished by lines differently spaced, and serving to condense into
few words some salient features which are instantly obvious and
distinctive of the species.

A similar but still briefer characterization of each species will
be found in the analytic key, pp. 89-99. The difference in the
case of the key-character is that it is so drawn as to emphasize
comparative features rather than the absolute ; with principal refer-
ence to distinctions between closely allied species. A yet briefer
single-line key with page references, for use as a first or trial clue,
will be found at the end of the volume, next preceding the general
index. :

Where a species has been described before, in order to present
its history fairly, I introduce the exact words of its original
description as an integral part of its history; and to supplement
this, I quote from subsequent descriptions such additional or
altered characters as make any real contribution to the original
description. I have been at much pains to follow out this treat-
ment, from the feeling that a monograph should not be merely a
series of references to scattered literature, but should instead bring
together into one convenient series, the substance of all previous
work on the subject.

Types of specimens of all the new species here described are
to be found in my own herbarium ; with a few exceptions, stated
under the respective species. Their locality is given with each
species. The locality-list following each description consists,
unless otherwise designated, of flowering specimens which I have
collected at the date and place given, and usually still retained in
my herbarium. In cases not of my own collecting, the name of
the collector and the herbarium is added.

I desire again to acknowledge the many courtesies received
from other botanists,* and especially the continued kindnesses ex-

* See Mem. Torrey Club, ro: 3, 4.

x Spe SNe NOU TN AC SD eS ? ? Red u SURAT Saree UNE
HR Oe A t SE AER RR ER AS Ln EC ANE E ML EUR ET Reh MES Sor RU CST

ix

! PREFACE
tended at Cambridge by Dr. B. L. Robinson, and at home by Dr.
N. L. Britton, Dr. L. M. Underwood, and Dr. J. H. Barnhart of
the New York Botanical Garden. Ex E

New York, Dec. 11, 1905.

ERRATA

Page 59, line 7, read “ consist of five of the six species.”

Page 59, line 9, read “ten, not “ eight."

Page 59, line 11, read ** including," not “also”

Page 68, insert “ A. nobilis, A. multiformis,” after A. roscidus.

Page 96, no. 55", read" Dover," not “ Downy.”

Page 127, near top; the first subspecies under A. divaricatus
should read “ 1b "" not “ 1a," and the four following subspecies ac-
cordingly ; reserving “ 1a” for the typical form.

Page 170, line 14, read “Dr. Samuel Boykin,” not “Dr.
George Boykin.”

Page 211, near middle, before A. chlorolepis, read “29”
not '* 20,"’

Page 265, read “ Fig. 60," not “ Fig. 45."

Page 323, near middle, read ** 55e" not '' 55d."

CONTENTS

VARIATION IN ASTER.
SPECIFIC LIMITS IN ASTER
General Distribution of Aster-species
Variation within the species
Variation between the species
Reasons for intermediate forms
Specific rank
Inclusive descriptions
Treatment adopted for subspecies, forms, hybrids, types, sub-
generic groups, etc.
NORMAL CHARACTERS
Coincident Leaf-forms
Consecutive Leaf-forms
InBorescence Stages. ces LU. ol a MU Eae eU es pe im di cta dbd
Sylvanism and other sources of change
Variability of Aster seedlings and of root-propagated plants .........
COMPARATIVE VARIABILITY OF ORGANS
Colony-forming Characters
Color-characters

Pubescence
Glands
Fragrance

Sinus-characters
Teeth of the leaf-margin
Texture
Veins
Wings
Bract-characters

Inflorescence development and corolla characters

Plasticity of characters
Primordial leaves as possible phylogenetic clues

MODERN SYSTEMATIC TREATMENT OF ASTER.

SKETCH OF THE LATER HISTORY OF ASTER
Recognition of Segregate Genera

Brief Bibliography for American Asters

Table of Increase in Recognized Species
xi

xii | CONTENTS

HISTORY OF THE BIOTIAN SECTION OF ASTER 59
Rank of the Biotian section 60
Comparative History of Biotian Species 62
First known collectors of Biotian Asters 69
First cultivation of Biotian Asters z2
European work upon Biotian Asters ; Nees 73
American work upon Biotian Asters 76

SYSTEMATIC DESCRIPTION OF ASTERS.

Introductory Explanations 83
Conspectus of Biotian Descent 88
ANALYTIC KEY TO BIOTIAN ASTERS 89
DESCRIPTION OF SPECIES AND VARIATIONS OF ASTERS 100
Generic Character 100
Section Character IOI
Subsection DIVARICATI »- IOI
Description of 4. divaricatus 102
History of A. divaricatus 107
Variants of A. divaricatus III
Subspecies of A. divaricatus y
Other Divaricati ......... 135
Carmesine Asters . 173
Tenebrosian Asters ai M
Claytonian Asters 212
Furcate Asters i 246
Subsection CURVESCENTES 249
Curvescent Asters 249
Glomerate Asters 260
Schreberan Asters .... ......... 273
Subsection MACROPHYLLI 297
Lavender Macrophylli 297
Description of A. irepl CS TO 298
History of A4. macrophylli ; 306
Variants of A. hiria 314
Its subspecies -319
Allied specie 27
Ianthine Macrophylli 350
SINGLE-LINE INDEX-KEY.............. os.) 405
GENERAL INDEX. 413 i

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

(For explanations see p. 83 and under each species figured. )

FIGURE. PAGE.
EDEN ie esi E eds E cater es Pa FL peri E 85
2. Conspectus of Descent 88
3. Plate 1, A. divaricatus 102
4. Obolarian form of A. divaricatus 113
5. A. divaricatus alatus 127
6. Plate 2, A. divaricatus cymulosus 130
7. Plate 3, A. divaricatus curtifolius 132
8. Plate 4B, A. divaricatus deltoideus 133
g. A. divaricatus fontinalis 134

IO. A. viridis 136
II. A. arenicola 139
12. A. persaliens I4I
13. A. atrovirens 146
14. Plate 4A, A. erectus 133
15. A. fimbriatus 152
16. A. fragrans 154
17. A. excavatus 157
I8. A subinteger peor ee 160
I9. A. sextilis 162
20, A. stiletiiformüs aL 2 eee ees 163
21. A. Parthianus 167
22. A. camptilis 169
23. A. Boykinii 171
24. A. flexilis 172
25. A. arcifolius 174
26. A. capillaris 176
27. A. virgularis i 178

28. A. rupicola
29. Some Biotian Leaf-forms — Deltoid, Scutiform, Caudate, Falcate,
Angulate, Pluridentate, Biacuminate ..

30. A. circularis 185
31. A. argillarius 187
32. A. aucuparius i IQI
33. A. listriformis 193
34. Plate 5, A. carmesinus . 197
35- A. castaneus 202
36. A. olivaceus i 205
37. A. tenebrosus ; : : 209

xiii

. A. chlorolepis .......
. Plate 7, A. Claytoni

. Brown-top form of A. Claytoni
. Verticil form of A. Claytoni
. Plate 8, A. Claytoni crispicans

‘i ae cia

. A. ulmarius ,
. A. furcatus
ae leptocaulis

. Plate 9, A. curvescens
Plate 10, A. curvescens, radicals ; A. oviformis, two radicals
. A. oviformis

. A. vittatus

. A. exacutus -

List OF ILLUSTRATIONS

ebeneus

mollescens

"esci m

ardens

scutiformis

A. arcuatus

DELLI

. Plate 6, A. sociabilis

s.s...

teen eee

Plate 11, A. bellif

A. Eriensis

A. glomeratus, small state

Schreberi, radicals, and all-reniform form

.

. rectifolius

.
4
—
z
Low
a
o
D

. subcymosus
4

. macrophyllus

macrophyllus pinguifolius

. excelsior

>>> >>> > >> > > > DD
5
7, 5
o
E
-
-j
o
^
m
z
RE
*
P]
3
n
S
[a
o
=]
un

A. biformis

Plate 12, A. biformis, trifurcate form
A. uni į i

niformis

A. Alleghaniensis

A. 0 sabulosus

. A. roscidu

. A. securiformis

. A. multiformis

. A. violaris

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

. A. quadratus

. A. densatus

s
. A. roscidus, development
x

. A. ampliatus

ertt t n n

DECRE sympodialis

. Plate 13, A. multiformis, arrest-form ......

. A. riciniatus

. A. elaeagnius
e
" , á

. A. ianthinus

. A. quiescens

Ly fee. PIaSHULOSUS oe a

. A. Jussiei

. A. decaphyllus

. A. Herveyi
. A. Herveyi variants

A. commixtus

A. mirabilis

VARIATION IN ASTER

a EE ERSAT ESIN E LEITER SET TUN SAINT Ce P E E S LAN IF EPE SEE PT TS EE yee ee TR

SPECIFIC LIMITS IN ASTER

Aster as now recognized forms a very large genus of over 300
species. It possesses remarkable solidarity and coherence within
the United States. Here the center of its distribution lies, cover-
ing especially the eastern half of the continent, where perhaps two
thirds of the known species of the genus are located. Northward
its species extend through Canada into Labrador and Alaska;
southward a few occur through Mexico and onward into the
Chilean Andes. Southern reputed representatives in the Old
World have not been able to retain their original position within the
genus Aster. Those of the Cape of Good Hope, of Australia and
of Tasmania, have been erected into small corollary genera. The
Old World Asters as now understood are thus confined to Europe
and Asia. Early species which had been described from China,
Madagascar and Oahu, were separated by Nees in 1832. Nees
still retained (besides the 5 North American Asters then placed
in his Euryóia) 102 species in Aster proper, a number now nearly
trebled. Of his 102, all but 20 were in the United States and
Canada; 6 others were from mountains of tropical America, in
Mexico and in the Andes from Colombia to Chile; the remain-
der included 1 from Japan, 1 from Siberia, 8 from Nepal, 2 from
the Cape of Good Hope, 2 from New Zealand. Many others
have since been added to the representation in Asia, including an
endemic species in Formosa, others in the Kuriles and on the
Amoor in Manchuria, several in Siberia, and others still in the Him-
alayan region.

The center of gravity of the genus however still remains in the
eastern half of the United States, where Aster seems not only to
exhibit its greatest number of species but also its greatest pro-
fusion of individuals, its greatest variability, its greatest size and
greatest beauty, and where, if the combination of these evidences
can show it, the genus is presumably not geologically an immigrant
but a native.

Memoirs Torrey Botanical Club, Volume 13.

4 VARIATION IN ASTER

Variation within the species. — Each species of Biotian Aster,
the most variable group (and to a large degree this is true of the
other groups also), is to be expected to develop quite a new aspect
in any or all of the following classes of modifications :

1. Branch-forms, plants which seek to replace a lost upper-
stem by unusual branch-growth; involving not only a changed
aspect by reason of the branching habit, but also many minor
details of growth, particularly in leaf-form.

2. Sprout-forms, which spring up when the whole original
stem is lost, and are usually unbranched and just the opposite
from the preceding in aspect.

3. Arrest-forms, when sudden or gradual arrest of leaf-develop-
ment or petiole-development, or of certain internodes or of certain
leaf-types, may effectually disguise the relationship of the plant
for a time.

4. Dwarf and luxuriant, condensed and expanded, smooth and
pubescent forms, and their intermediates ; dependent on nutrition,
shade, etc.

For all the above variations, which may be called regular
irregularities, allowance must be made when in the field and when
assigning value to specific characters. But I do not make allow-
ance for these variations in keys or in descriptions of species, my
plan being to describe the typical development of the species and
then to add references to its variants.

The large number of coincident leaf-forms simultaneously ex-
isting on the normally developed plant must also be taken con-
stantly into consideration. But a still greater source of misinter-
pretation is the remarkable series of consecutive leaf-forms (soon to
be described in detail) which are assumed in different years or in
different relations to light, moisture and crowding.

Variations between the species. — When the norm of a given
species has been satisfactorily determined — and in order to do
this I have felt it necessary to watch a given species in several
localities during several years of practically unaltered natural con-
ditions — there still remains beyond this norm, and sometimes in
every direction, a number of outstanding forms which often estab-
lish a perfectly graded connection to other neighboring species.
But we will not deem a species nullified because nature has not
yet extinguished all the light that could illuminate its descent.

ERIS rie e EER de oi nini a o Dc dci aid

INTERMEDIATE FORMS 2

Aster species must usually be limited by arbitrary lines. Type
specimens in As¢er are often remarkably distinct from each other ;
one inspecting an herbarium with but few representatives of each
species would gain no conception of the actual connections between
the species still existing in nature, made by thousands of interme-
diate plants, usually capable of such arrangement in gradual
sequence as to show a remarkable transition between species, with
no satisfactory dividing line. Taking asingle sequence from the
long-established species of Gray’s Synoptical Flora, A. macrophyl-
lus is thus gradually connected with A. Herveyi, A. Herveyi with
A. spectabilis, A. spectabilis with A. surculosus, both these with A.
gracilis, and all three with 4. radula.

In short, of the long-known northeastern species, there is
hardly one which does not afford intermediate forms to some other
within its own region, unless we except A. Novae-Angliae, A.
ptarmicoides, and A. subulatus ; it happens that these are species
which by certain botanists are, on other grounds, separated from
Aster. Doubtless when the southern and western species which
now seem more sharply defined shall have been studied equally
. thoroughly in the field, similar connecting forms will be found
between many of those also. Continuous experience in the field
over wide areas, and continued observation of the same localities
through a series of years, confirm me in the conclusion that a
sharply defined species of Aster is likely to remain an exception.

Intermediate forms do not invalidate species in Aster, Should we
admit that they do we must accept a series of reductions which
would not end till the principal bulk of the whole vast genus had
been reduced to one species. For instance, among narrow-leaved
species, Gray's group the Æricoidei included his A. Porteri, A.
polyphyllus and A. ericoides. Because of essential similarity and
multitudes of closely connecting variants, the advocate of reduc-
tion may unite all these into the one species, A. ericoides. If he
seeks for connecting forms in Gray's next group, the Mu/tiffor:, he
will find them, and he might similarly unite these into one species,
A. multiflorus. But between this and A. ericoides numerous addi-
tional connecting forms exist, so another coalescence would follow.
The next group, Gray's Divergentes, including A. dumosus, vimi-
meus, lateriflorus, etc., by the same plausible reasoning might be

6 VARIATION IN ASTER

merged into one species, and that itself shows such variants toward
A. multiflorus and A. ericoides that all would be found connected.
Next, the following group, Gray's Vulgares, including A. panicu-
latus, A. longifolius and A. INovi-Belgii, would prove impossible
to separate. In other words, the variants preserved in my own
herbarium link together all of the fourteen northeastern species
recognized by Gray as forming those groups, and if connecting
links were to invalidate species, would lead to such an absurdity as
the reduction of the whole fourteen to one, including such diverse
extremes as A. ericoides and A. INovi- Belgii. Nor would it end
there, for further variants would be found when looked for, leading
to A. foliaceus, A. puniceus, and other species. Similarly among
the broad-leaved species, a chain of variant links connects together
all of Gray's Heterophylli, and even his Patentes and Brachyphyllt.
A third group without definite natural demarcations is afforded by
the species now to be treated, the Bzotran series.

Intermediate forms ought to be expected between species of
Aster, because belonging to a youthful race. Aster being appa-
rently of recent origin considered geologically, it is natural that
it should present, as it does, these characteristics of a young and
vigorous race : ;

(a) Innate variability, or a strong tendency to vary independent
of apparent assignable cause.

(P) Responsive variability, or a strong tendency, in addition, to
vary in consequence of assignable cause ; 7. e., great adaptiveness
to environment; asters varying very promptly in response to
change of nutrition, soil, sunshine, shade, or contiguity of associ-
ated plants.

As the result, a multitude of transitional forms are developed,
species are difficult to limit, and there is opportunity for unusually
wide divergence of opinion as to the position of the arbitrary spe-
cific lines which must be drawn.

Because apparently still occupying their region of original distri-
bution, our asters of the northeastern United States may be ex-
pected to be prolific in intermediate forms. Like the Red Oak
section of Quercus, like Lechea, like Solidago, like Viola, Aster is

a genus in which multitudinous variants occur, which might have
been exterminated had great alterations in climate or geographical

EGE A ES Oe MENU. CIEN WO RIT ee

^
4
E
j
7
3
3

SPECIFIC RANK 7

form overtaken their habitat within their geological history, or had
they been forced by such changes to migrate into new and remote
regions. Consequently the expected dying-out of less-adapted
intermediates has not been as usual or complete in As¢er as in
most genera even seemingly equally recent in origin. That com-
mon criterion of species, the absence of intermediate forms, fails to
be of avail in this and the other genera cited.

Specific rank in Aster is indicated by continued development,
while remaining in similar environment, of a body of characteris-
tics which show a considerable degree of difference from the near-
est kindred. Cases are rare in Aster where a single character
alone distinguishes a species, however strong that character may

Cases are numerous where a number of slight characters, on
the other hand, mark, in their totality, a degree of difference cer-
tainly sufficient to require recognition as a species. An example
is A. vimineus as distinguished from A. lateriflorus; it is rightly
separated and by all recent authors; but more on account of a
fairly persistent combination of slight modifications than on ac-
count of any one single character.

Theoretically, each species of Aster is a family group, de-
scended from ancestors not very remote, and in habit and also in
less obvious characters distinguishable from the descendants of
some other related collateral.

We should limit the connotation of the idea of species to the
existence of strong difference rather than to impress into the word
species the explanation of the original difference. The word spe-
cies does not itself tell us how the species has become individual-
ized, whether by slow process of gradual modification responsive
to a new kind of environment; or by gradual modification due to
an innate variability acting in all directions at once, but of which
variants only those best adapted to the environment have sur-
vived; or by gradual modification due to an innate variability
acting only in a certain direction which constitutes the line of pro-
gressive change or evolution for that species; or by abrupt mod-
ification, a sport or mutation, coming in full vigor, though un-
heralded and unexplained; or, in the fifth place, by mixture of
race as a fertile hybrid. It is quite conceivable that a species
should originate in either of these ways, and however mise

2M pd pue it deserves to be called a rcs

8 VARIATION IN ASTER

Nor is the species-rank a measure of exact amount of difference.
The species is a unit which is recognizable and is permanent within
certain limits of time and environment. Given that permanent
difference, and we have specific rank; whether the difference
from its next surviving kindred measure five per cent. of differ-
ence or thirty. It is unreasonable to expect all the species of a
genus to be each equally unlike each other; evolution progresses
faster in one part of a race than in another. It is impracticable
and wholly undesirable to attempt to give the word species the
connotation of a certain and exact degree of difference. For instance
to use the term variety for the forms in which an observer sees two
per cent. of difference from each other, sz2speczes for those which
show five per cent., species for those showing ten per cent., super-
species for those showing twenty, etc., etc., would burden nomen-
clature, and would restrict and paralyze rather than enlighten.
We need a short expressive binomial for each species, not a long
trinomial or a phrase-name which shall locate its rank. Let
its rank, that is, the amount of its difference, z. ¢., the degree
of its relationship, be indicated by separate statement in its
description.

Some of the species described in these pages are, as I believe,
young and not as perfectly differentiated as they may yet become.
Such closely related species may be ignored by some because,
if species at all, * merely incipient species." Instead, they seem
to me of utmost interest and most desirable to describe and
name; to name rather than to indicate merely by number ; for it
is far easier for the memory to associate given characters with a
significant name than to attempt to cluster them around an abstract
and soulless number. In some respects such youthful species
possess a greater interest than those of old established habit which
have settled into a state of stable equilibrium. To capture a species
in the making is indeed one of the prime rewards of research. If
we are right in judging many of these new species of Aster to be
of such character (as A. umbelliformis, A. fragans, A. camptilis,
etc.) we shall find more than ordinary importance attaching to
them. Therefore we shall not grumble though we find their

limits uncertain, their characters sometimes baffling and failing in —
precision, their reversions innumerable, and the direction of their .

A aces manele Sota and

NEL REN ge ag Ba T TIERE

[
-
2
|
E
|
du
d

INCLUSIVE DESCRIPTION y

progress perceptible only after careful comparisons. All of this is
just what might be expected of species new-born.

Thoroughly inclusive descriptions of species are impracticable in
Aster, as in so many other variable genera. Aster descriptions
must be descriptions of types. It is vain to attempt to make
descriptions so broad as to include all variations. To attempt com-
pletely inclusive descriptions is to abandon distinctness, to sacrifice
all clear results, and to lose the salient features in a general
average of the inconspicuous. For instance, a typical plant of
A, divaricatus will produce leaves about twice as long as broad ;
but some variants may have them reversed and twice as broad as
long. Again its leaves typically are scarcely roughened at all, are
thin, are sharply and deeply serrated, are acuminate, are alternate,
are continuously cordate well up the stem ; but every one of these
characters is to be found occasionally reversed in plants otherwise
like the type, and not to be excluded from the species in classifi-
cation. The species may be described inclusively by stating that
its “leaves are usually but little roughened, though sometimes
very much so; leaves thin or thickish ; teeth sharp or often blunt,
directed outward or often forward or even backward," etc., etc.
Mere citation of such a mode of description is enough to ensure its
condemnation, for in losing point it loses utility. The plan I
adopt is, instead, to describe the species by the characters regarded
as normal to the type; afterward making separate mention of any
special lines of variation that may be observed.

Treatment adopted for species and forms. — My practice is there-
fore as follows :

I. To class as species, those which persistently repeat a certain
body of strong characters ; even though outlying forms exist con-
necting them with other species.

2. To class as subspecies, those which exhibit the above repeti-
tion of characters in a much diminished degree, and appear also to
be frequently varying back into the type or between themselves.
If there be doubt whether the plant should be classed as species
or subspecies, I term it a species, rather than add another cum-
brous trinomial.

3. Many subspecific groups display some character of their own
caliing for recognition, and yet seem too little known or too

10 VARIATION IN ASTER

unstable to warrant a formal Latinname. I have numbered these
by a small Arabic number following the species number ; 1! stand-
ing for the typical form of A. divaricatus; 1° for a variant ; as 1”,
an All-cordate form of A. divaricatus, 1* a Non-cordate form of
divaricatus ; etc., etc. My effort has been to give each of these
forms the badge of an informal descriptive English name.

4. Species or varieties (subspecies) already published I retain
as such if reasonably distinct, even though the degree of distinct-
ness vary considerably ; it is not to be expected that the species of
a large genus will all be equally distinct from each other. To
reduce the species of a previous monographer to varieties or sub-
species or vice versa, because some of them are evidently more
closely related than others, is to burden synonymy without giving
adequate benefit. The name is a badge, not a detailed inventory
of rank. It gives a hint of rank and relative importance; but
exact definition of the degree of difference involved, should be
given in the original description of the species.

5. As probable hybrids I have classed a few cases that repre-
sent individual plants which unite two or more somewhat contra-
dictory characters of their probable and near-growing parents.
Such cases are usually isolated individuals. Cases of wide or
abundant distribution, or of plants whose characters shade off
gradually into the nearest related forms, I have classed not as
probable hybrids but as intermediate forms.

6. Few single specimens in the genus Aster, especially within
the Biotian group, can be so preserved as to exhibit all the typical
characters: either for lack of space in the herbarium, or because
of disappearance of leaves before flowering, or still more from the
common habit of such asters to develop their typical characters
only in part upon a single plant, neighboring plants of the same
rootstock or colony supplementing these characters. It follows
that herbaria can seldom show single sheets which present complete
proper types of the species. The figures illustrating the species
in this volume are usually made from a highly representative
specimen in my own herbarium ; but if, in case of new species, this
specimen be called a type-specimen, it is not to imply that it is
completely typical in every way, for perhaps such specimens
hardly exist in Aster.

TREATMENT HERE ADOPTED 11

Nor is a completely typical character to be expected of each
observed specimen which I enumerate as examples of localities
and dates after each species.

These examples are cited especially to give serial dates for
colonies which I have kept under repeated scrutiny ; and to give
citations from herbaria in which I have seen examples which I
should refer within the limits assigned to the species in question.
Such examples when cited without special credit, were of my own
observation and are preserved in my herbarium ; although in a
few cases, for clearness sake, my own observation or herbarium is
specially indicated, and then by the abbreviation Bv.

The descriptions are written with regard to both growing and
dry states, which often differ greatly in roughness, color or aspect.

7. Instead of dividing the closely-linked chain of Aster-species
into formal subgenera, I have classed them as groups or sections,
informally named from a leading character or species — preferably
from character.

8. I not only write my own subspecific names without separ-
ating commas and without any prefix var., but I also so print
those previously published. I have given the nomenclature of
subspecific Latin names the same treatment as that of species,
recognizing that further evidence may at any time cause some
one to elevate a subspecies or a form into a species. I have not
deemed the same importance to attach to the nomenclature of
subvarietal forms, and I simply label these, as already remarked,
by an English name, seeking to embody in it as tersely as possible
some characteristic aspect of the particular form.

9. lalso endeavor in naming a new species to name it from
some strongly marked characteristic, using Latin form, but by
no means confined to Augustan Latin. The first object of
science is not to uphold a supposedly pure Latinity, but to use the
most expressive term. So I have occasionally drawn upon a
source in medieval Latin ; as carmestnus for crimson ; and in a few
cases in lack of a satisfactory and unused term existing in recorded
Latin, I have constructed a Latin term from the brief and more
definite Greek ; as zostemma, violet-crown, where I would not use
violaceus, which had been long before published by Pursh for an
Aster variety.

T2 VARIATION IN ASTER

No one without similar experience would imagine the difficulty
of securing a new name which shall be duly expressive and which
has not been already used as an Aster name, so many hundreds
of synonyms already existing. Yet I have usually succeeded in
naming from some characteristic, it may be in aspect, leaf-form,
time of blossom, habitat, etc. It is not to be assumed, however,
that the characteristics thus furnishing names are wholly restricted
to the species bearing them; these are also shared by other
species, but usually in less degree. Aster fragrans for instance
is not the only Aster species which is apt to be fragrant in early
blossom ; but it is more apt to be so, and to be lastingly so, than
are its relatives. So Aster fimbriatus is one of many species with
a tendency to fimbriate rays: but it possesses the tendency in
stronger degree than others. So Aster biformis is not alone in
having a sudden reduction of leaf-type from a large, lower leaf-
form to a small differently shaped upper leaf-type ; but this reduc-
tion, which is occasional elsewhere, seems in Aster biformis to
have become a fixed habit.

NORMAL CHARACTERS
COINCIDENT LEAF-FORMS

Aster leaf-forms normal upon a single plant.—Plants of the
genus Aster are peculiarly liable to mistaken identification on
account of their complex leaf-series. The principal steps in the
series are commonly the eight following :

(2) Primordial leaf (so termed by Nees, 1832), usually a single
leaf following a few more or less rudimentary scales. This leaf is
very commonly orbicular, is very much smaller than those follow-
ing, and different from them in surface and margin. It soon dis-
appears in most cases ; in A. roscidus, and in late shoots of other
allies of A. macrophyllus, it is sometimes persistent to the end of
the flowering season.

(4) Radical leaves; 2 or 3 ona shoot in A. macrophyllus ; usually
2 in A. Schreberi, A. multiformis; usually 3 in A. zanthinus, A. ros-
cidus ; often 4, sometimes several more, in A. nobilis; often 5 or
more in A. laevis, A. undulatus, etc.; often 10 or more in certain allies
of A. macrophyllus in their plantain-leaved stages. The presence

COINCIDENT LEAF-FORMS 13

of few radicals, and those small, is characteristic of Gray's Hetero-
plylt. Large radicals are often progressively different in form ;
as in A. multiformis, A. roscidus ; the smaller are all quite similar,
as in A. undulatus, A. Shortit, A. cordifolius, A. laevis, and allies.

(c) Lower cauline leaves ; the most characteristic leaves usually,
and usually also the predominant leaves, in so far as affecting the
eye most, and giving the plant its characteristic aspect. They are
apt to continue the form and size of the uppermost radical, now
usually perished. These and the entire radical series may be
classed together as dasa leaves.

(d) Middle cauline leaves; in most species transitional in shape
and other characters between the preceding and the next.

(e) Upper cauline leaves ; usually much smaller and of quite a
new form, often of the same form as the next but frequently
not so.

(f) Axile leaves; those at the base of primary inflorescence
branches, i. e., subtending the primary axils. According to their
diminution or enlargement they make the inflorescence seem naked
or leafy.

(g) Rameal leaves; on the primary inflorescence branches
(peduncles) ; almost absent in some but in others very conspicuous.

(2) Bractlets, belonging to the pedicels (ultimate branchlets) ;
little developed in Biotian species but very conspicuous in A. un-
dulatus, A. ericoides, A. dumosus, etc.

According as one or the other of the foregoing parts of the leaf-
series is more strongly developed, the plant will change its aspect
and may be mistaken for a new species, whereas it should not be
so accredited unless the new development be persistent.

CONSECUTIVE LEAF-FORMS

The normal individual aster may be expected, as a seedling or
offshoot, to develop radical leaves, and to remain as a tuft of radicals
for one or more seasons, then developing an erect flowering stem.
I treat both the normal and the less usual stages of life-history in
combination, following the order of succession of development,
distinguishing by number and by letter, the normal by the letter
N, the accidental or less usual by letter A. The normal stages are
to be expected in all genuine species of Aster, but are particularly
conspicuous in the Biotian group.

14 VARIATION IN ASTER

N'. First normal stage, seedling stage, developing a small root-
stock and usually 2 small radical leaves.

N?, Radical-tuft stage ; remaining often year after yearas a tuft
of radicals, storing up material, thickening and lengthening the root-
stock. In some, as often in A. /ateriflorus, these radical tufts may
develop into flowering stems the same year. In many species the
radical tufts remain commonly undeveloped but are occasionally
called out by unusual conditions; as in A. divaricatus. In A.
paniculatus and allies they are narrow and little conspicuous. In
most other species they are broader than most subsequent leaves,
at least in proportion ; as in A. azureus, A. Shortii, A. undulatus,
A. cordifolius and allies. Species in which they become large and
conspicuous include A. macrophyllus, A. Schreberi, A. spectabilis,
A. laevis and their respective allies ; the continued development of
their tufts soon covering the ground with the plantations which
are so familiar in northern woods, sometimes becoming very ex-
tensive and in A. macrophyllus and A. spectabilis often composed
of these leaves entirely exclusive of any foreign intermixture.

A'. Oval-topped stage; into this the preceding develops
when the normal radicals are topped out by a few additional
smaller non-cordate leaves, oval leaves often arising above cordate
ones, sometimes intermixed with them. These appear as the re-
sult of vigor, occurring in strong plants, in rich soil. These non-
cordate radicals are smoother and thinner than the others, less
uniform in shape, usually 2 or 3 times longer than broad, and
with both ends nearly alike, the outline being oval, elliptical or
oblong, sometimes spatulate or orbicular. Often the base is de-
current on one side of the petiole. A. macrophyllus, A. divaricatus,
and nearly all of their allies and varieties will occasionally show
this stage.

A?. Plantain-leaf stage; an extreme development of the last,
the preceding non-cordate leaves becoming those now chiefly de-
veloped, growing large, broad, rough, sometimes 10 to a plant,
and reminding one of the leaves of Plantago major. These seem
to be due to access of light and nutrition, suddenly, not gradually,
admitted. Favorable conditions for this development are afforded
when, after the plants have become thoroughly established in
deep rich soil, the trees are suddenly cut away. Examples are

eee ee ee

CONSECUTIVE LEAF-FORMS 15

seen in A. roscidus ; <A. divaricatus fontinalis and A. viridis are
similar.

N?, Cauline stage, the radical tuft sending up an erect leafy
stem, usually without passing through the last two stages, and
often without retaining its radical leaves, but developing three
principal shapes below the branches, the lower, middle and upper
caulines already described, these changing gradually into each
other, but their particular form being characteristic of the particular
species. But instead of taking this normal course of development,
N?, the plant may enter into any of the following seven stages
which I enumerate as accidental or less usual.

A’. Intercalary stage, when one or more little leaves are inter-
calated into the series, with much larger leaves above and below.
Occasional in Biotian asters, especially in A. Schreberi; the appear-
ance seeming like the exhibition by the plant of a rhythmic ebb
and flow in its energy ; possibly due to a short period of diminished
nutrition.

A‘. Arrested stage, when the gradually diminishing normal
series of cauline leaves meets sudden arrest from which it never
recovers, a succession of little leaves now continuing into the
inflorescence, making the inflorescence seem raised on a long
peduncle. Such an arrest is particularly apt to occur in late-devel-
oping or feebly nourished plants. It is frequent in the allies of A.
cordifolius, of A. macrophyllus and A. Schrebert. In a few species,
as A. multiformis, there is a marked tendency to adopt this habit of
growth. I doubt, however, if there is any case in which it has
become persistent enough to form by itself a valid specific char-
acter, except in A. biformis.

A*. Sprout-form ; due to development of a lateral bud near the
ground, either on the base of a vertical stem or on the rootstock
near it; occasioned sometimes by excess of vigor in the plant as a
whole, sometimes by the clogging of the main stem with age.
Sprout-forms usually have the leaves somewhat different from the
type, larger or smaller or very much narrowed or otherwise peculiar
in shape. All species are liable to them, as also to the next, and
their characters must be separately determined for each species.

A*. Ramifolial or branch-form, when after suppression of the
main stem, one or more branches rise to replace it; often due to

16 VARIATION IN ASTER

cropping by cattle or to the use of the scythe or bush-knife. The
newly stimulated branches differ from the normal in their angle
and direction ; their leaves are much larger and more numerous ;
but the leaf-form developed remains true to the branch-type for
that particular species, and is a shape different from the cauline
type, often thoroughly disguising the plant.

A’. Bifurcation, either in leaf or stem, arising not apparently as
result of accident but as a sport ; occasional in species of widely
remote affinity, as in A. macrophyllus, A. multiformis, A. nobilis, A.
tardiflorus, A. cordifolius, A. divaricatus.

A*. Opposite-leaf state, due to suppression of internodes, oc-
casional in many or all species, especially frequent upon abnormal
branches.

A’. Verticil form, 3 nodes brought together; frequent in the
inflorescence of Biotian species, and sometimes found in the leaves.

INFLORESCENCE STAGES

N*. Normally the next stage of development of an aster after
the cauline is that of aestivation or budding, when each species
presents a very different aspect from that before or after, and one
which often is wholly unlike what might have been expected of
the plant, notably in forms of A. cordifolius and A. divaricatus.

N°’. The flowering stage with pectinate heads which follows,
begins with the rays normally erect, terete, or soon tubular by invo-
lution, appearing as if a pectinate fringe to the flower-head, often of
a different color from that of their maturity. During its progress
the appearance of the plant is apt to change greatly according as
the following progressions become developed or not:

(a) Pedicels lengthen, changing sessile buds into long-pedi-
celled flower-heads, and changing dense bunches into loose clus-
ters; common in most species and occasional in all.

(4) Cymose development sets in to such extent that the outer
branches become greatly prolonged and far overtop the inflores-
cence proper; in some this is occasional, in others it tends to
become fixed and normal as in A. tenebrosus, A. nobilis,

(c) Rays flatten across, changing involutely-tubular rays into
boat-shaped pointed rays and finally flat with rounded ends. Com-
mon to most species.

iid

INFLORESCENCE STAGES 11

(d) Rays change position, erect in bud, in expansion sometimes
remaining upcurved for some time (A. divaricatus, A. erectus, A.
nobilis), normally soon horizontal and finally decurved, very com-
monly at length incurved into a close coil (A. patens, etc.). A
few forms tend to have the rays finally pendulous in straight lines
(in A. divaricatus, A. cordifolius and allies).

(e) Rays change color with age; sometimes bleaching out from
violet to white (A. versicolor, A. macrophyllus pinguifolius, A.
tostemma, A. tanthinus), sometimes by virescence passing through
an olivaceous stage from white to greenish-brown, often seen in
A. Schreberi and A. divaricatus, or sometimes by marcescence
passing from the normal color to brown-white, retaining more or
less horizontal position (sometimes in Biotian forms).

(f) Disks regularly change color from yellow to red, reddish-
brown or brown.

(g) Disks in all become elevated with continuous bloom,
changing from flat to dome-shaped.

(2) Pappus changes color from white to yellowish, or to dusky
(A. patens) or to reddish-brown ; the latter common among many
Biotian forms, especially after five or ten years in the herbarium,

AP". Enfeebled state ; after close cutting down one year ; when
the new stems rising from the same rootstocks the next year are
so different as to seem sometimes a different species, being often
shorter, less vigorous, weaker, with inflorescence scanty and of a
different form, the flowers often paler. A. paniculatus, A. violarts
and A. nobilis are species which suffer badly in this way ; A. ros-
cidus and A. multiformis are examples which seem less affected.

N*. Resting stage, when after the flowering stem has died
away, the rootstock continues year after year to develop radical
leaves only. This seems to depend largely on nutrition and
shade, especially the latter, sylvanism retarding growth of many
colonies as woods grow denser over them. |

N”. Surculous stage, when a lateral offshoot from preceding
rootstock develops, usually rising within 10 or even but I or 2
inches, and throwing up 1 or often 2 small leaves, ready with
further growth to enter upon the radical-tuft stage, N’, and renew
the round of life history again. Usually the connection between
parent and daughter-plant dies away long before the latter has
made much progress in developing large radicals.

18 VARIATION IN ASTER

It will be readily seen that a species must often assume a com-
plete disguise as it passes from one to another of these seven normal
stages, and if it happen to enter into one of the accidental stages it
may become still more unlike its proper self. Some species are
especially prone to prolong certain stages or to accentuate them
sharply. Specific distinctions are hardly to be found in the con-
stant absence or the constant presence of any of the less usual
stages, but rather in the relation which the plant bears to them
when they are found, the ease with which they are induced, the
shapes assumed when induced, and the speed with which they are
thrown off. The character may remain latent in the species as a
general thing, while circumstances have called it out in some indi-
vidual. Species must usually be decided upon balance of charac-
ters or total aggregate of features ; it is seldom that a single char-
acter in Aster will prove absolutely specific.

Sylvanism and other sources of change. — Many other modes
of variation are occasional. Some temporary stimulation may
have suddenly increased the internode lengths, so separating
the leaves sufficiently to produce a new effect. Sudden influx of
light or the cutting away of a neighboring tree may have induced
unwonted size and number of radicals or may have changed the
divergence of peduncles or pedicels. Unwonted shade may have
reduced the thickness, roughness or pubescence of leaf. Such re-
sults of sylvanism may be temporary, and may even affect but part
of the leaves or the inflorescence, or may not appear in the same
plant the year following ; yet they influence the aspect greatly, and
are among the chief factors in the uncertainty often felt regarding
aster species.

COMPARATIVE VARIABILITY OF CHARACTERS
AMONG ASTER SPECIES

VARIATION OF SEEDLINGS

In the lack of a garden, and having need to conduct my
observations in the time which could be spared from routine
work of instruction within the city, I have had little opportunity
to investigate the variability of aster seedlings as indicated by suc-
cessive sowings. Long-continued observations of this kind are

SEEDLINGS AND SURCULI 19

made difficult by the length of life of the individual aster, each
plant living without flowering it may be from three to seven years,
or in some cases even twenty or more. By each plant I mean not
only each seedling, but also each rootstock branching from each
seedling, many at least of which remain some years without
further growth than the development of radical leaves. My main
source of evidence as to variability of aster seedlings, as would be
true in case of most other perennials, is the comparison of simul-
taneously-existing colonies of the same species. Such colonies
can include but a slight range of generations, and many, some-
times all, belong to one. Careful comparisons of this kind may
give rise, however, to inferences as correct and as convincing as
any known to logic. I have made these comparisons, with this
inquiry in view, during the last seventeen years, and through a
region extending from the Androscoggin to the Potomac. My
conclusion is that while offspring is like parent in most cases, there
is relatively a very large percentage of sports in Aster ; relatively
large as compared with most other plants; though not abso-
lutely a large number, for it may be only one individual among
thousands.

VARIATION OF ROOT-PROPAGATED PLANTS

My most careful direct efforts have been devoted to determin-
ing how far and in what ways the members of a single colony vary
from each other. By a single colony I mean the plants descended
from a seedling and still bound together by a continuous system
of rootstocks or still indicating that origin by their position,
although many of the connecting rootstocks have been lost by
decay. Such a colony in the MJacrophylii may be very large, per-
haps a rod or more in diameter, and in case of similar compound
colonies of A. guiescens I have known the ground for 100 feet
radius to be practically occupied by the radicals to the exclusion of
almost all other herbage. Such a colony in the Curvescentes may
be of large size also, 2c feet or more; and among the Divaricati
sometimes the same, though more often not over three or four
feet. Among the other broad-leaved species colonies are smaller.
Among the narrow-leaved they are with great difficulty traceable,
because of the early decay of connecting rootstocks, making it

20 . VARIATION IN ASTER

impossible to say from how many seedlings a whole connected
field full of A. dumosus, A. paniculatus or A. ericoides may have
developed.

In attempting to determine how far the plants of a single
colony may vary from each other, I have made observations on
a series of widely scattered examples selected with reference to
continued opportunity of access, for periods varying from 3 to 8
years, chiefly the latter, and including the following localities :

Washington, D. C., on the Potomac, along Rock Creek, at
Terra, Cotta, etc,

New York city, in Central Park ; at Inwood; on the Palisades ;
in Van Cortlandt Park ; at Bryn Mawr Park ; at Hillview, Mosh-
olu, Neperhan, Grassy Sprain Lake, etc.

Western New York, in the Lake Erie region, in the Cattarau-
gus Indian reservation ; in Silver Creek ravine; at Swift’s Hill,
Silver Creek ; at Talcott’s Woods, in Sheridan; at Point Gratiot
in Dunkirk ; at Fredonia; in Niagara gorge; etc.

White Mountain region, about the Franconia Notch, the An-
droscoggin and Peabody Rivers, etc.

Taconic Mountain region, Mt. Washington, Mass.

Massachusetts interior, Charles River in Weston.

Martha’s Vineyard, at numerous localities.

These continued comparisons, together with less prolonged
observation at many other places, give evidence that, in Aster,
sports are apparently very common among seedlings, showing ab-
rupt divergence from type; and that gradual modification on the
other hand is very common among root-propagated plants, show-
ing rapid but not very abrupt adaptations to environment and
usually departing from the type rather in degree than in kind.

For example, in one large plantation composed wholly of
thousands of plants of <A. quiescens (watched for years on the
Palisades but now unhappily destroyed) while perhaps nine out of
ten plants conformed quite strictly to type, the following adaptive
modifications occurred, producing what might at first have been
taken in some cases for new species.

. Stump-fed plants, with great increase of folios and de-
crease of inflorescence where nourished from a well-rotted oak-
stump ; the naturally large basal leaves being somewhat larger,

aa

ADAPTIVE MODIFICATIONS AND SPORTS 21

the middle and upper leaves a great deal larger, the internodes
longer but weaker, the inflorescence narrower and more axillary.
Result of peculiar and rich nutrition; seen repeated in several
separated examples.

2. Impoverished plants, with little leaves and stems.

3. Taller-stemmed plants, growing close together.

4. Low subremote plants.

5. Petiole-flowering plants, where the main stem becomes
abruptly reduced, slight and short, resembling the preceding
petiole, but bearing a half-dozen scale-like rudimentary leaves and
a single head. Such a state occurs in similar conditions among
most if not all of the Macrophyili, and seems due to late develop-
ment (shaded usually by other plants of its own kind) a single
head being at once developed without completing the usual inter-
mediate stages.

6. Non-flowering plants in deep shade.

For similar details see the description of species following,
especially the adaptive variants of A. divaricatus L.

Variations seemingly of the nature of sports are not wholly ab-
sent from the root-propagated plants, however, though less usual.
For example, a certain colony of A. divaricatus in Central Park,
N. Y., remained in a state of nature undisturbed for the seven years
ending 1902 (the older central plants perished that winter, perhaps
from old age). It consisted of as many as one hundred plants, of
equal size and all alike in general as regards leaf, stem, branching
and inflorescence ; but differing as to the color of the rays. All
the plants were normally white-rayed, but the central plants had
their rays begin to turn a coppery red during early flowering or by
the end of the first week, becoming completely so in another week,
and fading somewhat in a week more. There were three grades
of plants in this colony as to color: a, those remaining a dingy
white throughout blossoming ; 2, the central plants, turning cop-
pery-red; c, a number of outer plants which partook of the copper-
color change to a less degree and more slowly. Throughout the
seven years the same plants kept true to character, the same por-
tion of the group remaining white each year, the same portion
changing completely, and the same portion changing partially.

There was no difference observable in the nutrition or other con-

29 VARIATION IN ASTER

ditions of growth of the different plants; except that the reddest
plants were in the greater shade, a condition usually unfavorable
to developing red rays in that species, and inducing me to class
these red-rayed plants as sports, or abnormal.

DIAGNOSTIC VALUE OF STRUCTURAL ORGANS

Diagnostic characters which prove serviceable in discriminating
Aster forms include the following, being characters which often
remain moderately true and distinct within one or more particular
forms.

Predominant leaf-form (of large radicals and of lower caulines).

Sinus when with cordate base.

Teeth and acumination of the leaf.

Upper cauline leaf-form.

Winged petioles, as to presence, position, form.

Leaf-color, texture, roughness.

Color of rays ; of stem ; of disks after turning.

Pubescence on under leaf-surface, on upper surface, on stem,
on petiole, on inflorescence.

Glandular hair, as to presence, parts affected, closeness, form,
odor and viscidity.

Angle of branching.

Inflorescence-form ; density at maturity ; outline produced in
nature, and again when flattened in drying.

Heads, as to shape and size.

Bracts, as to quincunx or triseriate maculation (green tips
prominent in 3 or 4 rows out of 5 rows of bracts), apex, breadth,
shape, substance, degree of taper, color, midrib, ciliation, puberu-
lent surface.

Rays, in shape and number.

Green tips, as to form, color, margin, persistence through the
head, etc.

COLONY-FORMING CHARACTERS

Colonies are patches due to root propagation by pale or bright
smooth slender surculi which become dark thickened rootstocks
gradually separating by decay. The colonies vary according to
the species in density, size, permanence and freedom from inter-
mixture. Within the species the colony habit seems little variable,

COLONY-CHARACTERS 2d

Most of the Macrophylli and Curvescentes form conspicuous colonies
with large leaves which remain throughout the season. Colonies of
the Divaricati have capricious or merely vernal developments of
radicals. The character of the colony depends much on the
length of the rootstock, which varies with the species somewhat,
and also within the species according to soil and position in rock-
cleft or swampy ground. A. guescens may cover the ground with
a dense colony for 200 feet; A. curvescens, A. Schreberi, A. um-
belliformis, A. multiformis, produce strong colonies; but it is re-
served for A. macrophyllus to cover the ground loosely with radi-
cals for many rods together, or even for the half-mile, as among
second-growth sprout-lands of the Cattaraugus Indian reservation.

Dense colonies. — A. sociabilis and A. ulmarius are remarkable
for their compact bunch-like colonies or stools formed by very
short rootstocks of one or one and a half inch in length.

Tsolation. —I have never found A. viridis growing as a colony,
which is remarkable considering the resemblance of its leaves to A.
macrophyllus ; this isolation of individual growth is one reason for
considering A. viridis to bea hybrid. Similar though not such abso-
lute isolation on the part of A. divaricatus fontinalis suggests a
possible hybrid origin for that form also. Isolation of the indi-
vidual on the part of A. macrophyllus sejunctus does not call for
the same interpretation, however, because it is unaccompanied by
any other character suggesting hybrid origin; the characteristics
of sejunctus are such as are presumably assumed by certain seed-
lings derived from A. macrophyllus which have happened to start
apart in grassy sward and which would, perhaps, in course of
years, become assimilated in their descendants to the normal A.
macrophyllus ; hence my classification of sejunctus as but a sub-
species.
= Characteristic length or shortness of rootstock seems to hold
fairly constant throughout most species, as in A. multiformis, A.
macrophyllus, A. divaricatus, where they are long and horizontal,
A. roscidus and A. carmesinus, where they are much inclined to
upturned or even vertical growth on account of preferred habitat
among rock-clefts, A. sociabilis and A. ulmarius where they are
very short but subhorizontal, A. undulatus, A. cordifolius and
relatives, where they are ascending points from the crown of the

24 VARIATION IN ASTER

last year’s stock, and in most of the narrow-leaved species, in
which they are apt to be of this latter description.

Slenderness or stoutness of rootstock seems quite constant within
the species, rather more so than the length. As a general thing
there is an increase in stoutness of rootstock through the suc-
cession of Biotian species in the order considered in this paper,
beginning with the slender Divaricati and proceeding to the stout
Macrophylti.

Succulescence of rootstock, a character which requires field ob-
servation, accompanies rapid growth and turgid stout rhizomatous
condition ; it seems to be always found in any species entering the
plantain-leaf stage (so in A. divaricatus fontinalis, A. viridis, A.
roscidus, A. decaphyllus).

Irrespective of that stage it seems to be regularly character-
istic of plants of A. violaris and A. quiescens, in which case succu-
lescence extends also to the stem and the leaves. It seems to be
frequent if not regular in A. multiformis in the same way ; not
frequent in A. zanthinus; regular in A. nobilis ; doubtfully pres-
ent in the other Macrophylt.

Position of rootstock. — Upright or suberect position char-
acterizes the short thick turionic rootstock of the plantain-leaf
stage of any species. Biotian rootstocks otherwise are horizontal
or nearly so, upcurving at the ascending end ; except where grow-
ing in crevices of rocks or among stones, when they may assume
any position, and are frequently erect (as sometimes in 4. carme-
sinus, A. Clayton, A. mollescens).

Position of rootstock is liable to so many chance modifica-
tions from immediate environment that it is only after extensive
comparisons that it can be used at all as a character.

COLOR-CHARACTERS

Color of rays. — This is sufficiently constant to be of decided
value as a character. White rays are as a rule dissociated from
glands; traces of purple accompany glands in Biotian species,
as in the more familiarly-known glandular species, Gray's G/az-
dulosi, etc.

In the Divaricati and Curvescentes, if a color is present in rays,
it is rose or rose-purple or crimson, or a copper-red; and not a -

T Mem TAMEO TTA ESL a RI. ee E ERE T S a A

COLOR-CHARACTERS 25

violet or lavender containing blue. Such reddening is occasionally
strongly marked in A. divaricatus, A. rupicola, A. listriformis,
A. aucuparius, A. carmesinus, A. Claytoni, and A. Erzensis, and
probably it is latent and may be elicited in any species of the
Divaricati or Curvescentes whatever, though I have not yet observed
it in a wide range of specimens of A. Schrebert, A. curvescens, A,
Jultanus, A. glomeratus and A. olivaceus,

Similar tendencies exist in many other ordinarily-white Asters,
asin A. ericoides and relatives, A. vimineus and relatives, in which
reddening occurs ; A. dumosus, A. paniculatus, etc., in which either
reddening or violaceous change occurs, but most frequently the
latter ; A. sagittifolius, with violaceous tinge, but its subspecies or
connate species, wrophyllus, with white rays only.

Among Biotian species, certain ones, as A. ardens, show a
stronger tendency to develop reddening than others; but no
specific or varietal distinction seems to be discoverable in the more
frequent occurrence of this reddening ; as indicated by the follow-
ing reasons :

(a) It is frequently found throughout certain heads and not
others, on the same plant; or even certain rays only, of a head.

(4) It often characterizes certain plants of a colony and not
others, though otherwise similar.

(c) Its occasional increase with the progress of the season sug-
gests an origin in such a chemical change in the cell-sap as may
be possible in all though not equally frequent.

Against the supposition that it is a normal color-change in the
cell-sap and associated with old age of the individual flower it is
due to mention the following observations :

(d) Where the heads are partly reddened and — not, those
not reddened are often equally old.

(e) Where the reddening is only partial in a single head, all
the rays are nevertheless of equal age.

Against a supposition that it is due to mere inequality of illu-
mination is the fact that in cases d and e the chance of illumina-
tion has seemed on inspection to be equal and well-diffused. Yet
that prolonged sunlight is a necessary factor seems indicated from
the following fact: (f), no reddening has been seen in the deep-
woods species or in deep-woods specimens of well-diffused spe-

26 VARIATION IN ASTER

cies; and is confirmed (g) by occasionally finding A. Clayton
and A. ardens and perhaps other species reddened in the sun on
surface of rocks while similar plants on the same rocks under
bushes were not so.

It may therefore be thought that continued exposure to sun
may produce more numerous reddened rays toward the end of
the flowering season. While a great many of the best examples
of reddening are September collections, there are a few of October
dates. Those of August, as the reddened 4. Erienszs, fall toward
the end of the blossoming-period for the respective species.

On the whole, species of the Divaricati and Curvescentes vary
greatly in their liability to reddening ; in some species the tend-
ency is certainly very much more easily excited than in others ;
it is not called out in deep shade; it is active in sunlight, whether
the unmixed sun of the open (A. Zvtensis, A. ardens) or the dif-
fused broken sunlight of thin woods (A. divaricatus, A. listrifor-
mis); it is more often observed after the height of the flowering
season, but it also occurs well-developed before the middle of
August; and I have found it persistent as much as seven years in
certain individuals of a colony and yet not developed in the other
offshoots of the same group and in the same conditions.

Full rose or pink coloration replacing white is much more
common in Aster than rose-color replacing violet or purple. The
latter has perhaps its most conspicuous occurrence in A. Novae-
Angliae roseus ; among others are occasional rose-red sports of A.
undulatus, A. cordifolius, A. junceus, A. Novi-Belgit.

Distribution of reddening over the surface of ray is usually
uniform, at least till toward the base, which is paler and remains for
some time whitish in many plants, A. dumosus, A. Novi-Belgii and
some Biotian species. In a very few sporadic Biotian examples
the red occurs only as a narrow margin around one or both edges
of the ray ; in a few others it colors the whole ray except the tip.

Blue in such mixture with red and white as to make violet,
is common in the rays of A. multiformis and relatives, and with a
large proportion of white, making lavender rays, it occurs widely
among these and the other Macrophylli. Nearly pure deep blue, but
with a little red in it, is common in A. zostemma and A. gremialis.

Deep violet turning whitish is common in the preceding and in A.

GLANDS AND VIOLET COLOR 21

danthinus, A. nobilis, A. quiescens and kindred. Sometimes deep
violet-blue and older white heads are to be found over the plant
at once, as in A. zostemma and in A, versicolor ; sometimes all the
flowers on a plant are of nearly even development and all change
together from violet to pale, often deceiving the collector as to
their identity. In general, presence of violet characterizes the
glandular Biotian Asters, and white rays (regular among non-
glandular species) are among them the result of fading. As an
exception, very little color is developed, even at the beginning, in
A. violaris and in A. macrophyllus pinguifolius.

Many of the other cases which we have described as pale lav-
ender might by some observers be simply termed whitish. In such
cases, however, the trace of blue is still present to my eye, and is
noteworthy as an indication of affinity with A. macrophyllus and as
an accompaniment of the glandular character.

Other groups in which violet or purple rays accompany glands
include A. grandiflorus, A. oblongifolius, A. patens, A. claviger, A.
spectabilis, etc., and so with A. Novae-Angliae, which is royal
purple. On the other hand, white rays are seldom found in the
above glandular species ; and the distinctively white-rayed species,
as A. ericoides, A. paniculatus, etc., are non-glandular.

Some other non-glandular groups, however, as A. cordifolius,
A. laevis, A. salicifolius and congeners, are blue or violet.

Pure blue rays are rare in Aster and do not occur in the Biotian
group; forms of A. azureus, A. cordifolius and kindred approach
close, however, to a pure blue.

Of the relation of glands and color, we can simply say that
glands never or very rarely occur among the white-rayed asters,
but do occur widely among the violet. It is yet to be proved
what chemical connection, if any, exists between the development
of these glandular secretions and the presence of violet color.

Yellow rays. — Their absence in Aster and presence in nu-
merous related genera was made the ground of generic distinc-
tion for Aster by Vaillant as far back as 1720. Asa Gray and
many other writers have since emphasized this as a remarkable
and valid character. Popular language has grown to reflect this
fact, unconsciously observed, perhaps, at first, until “a yellow
aster" has become recognized as a /usus naturae.

28 VARIATION IN ASTER

Nature, however, which will not allow us to think herself tram-
meled by hard and fast lines, varies sometimes in the direction of
yellow in the rays, and without actually reaching a full yellow, they
become decidedly yellowish in dA. viridis, A. Claytoni crispicans,
and in other forms of A. Claytoni, A. erectus, and A. ardens. One
very late-flowered plant of the second mentioned, gathered Novem-
ber 8, 1896, half way up the rock-front of the Palisades, growing
on a ledge, came quite near to clear, though pale, yellow.

Virescence.—W hite rays often become greenish with age. All
the Divaricati and Curvescentes seem subject to this, irrespective of
exposure or nutrition. The degree and kind of color and the
readiness with which it is assumed seems however to be, in many
cases at least, a valuable distinctive character; as in the following
white-rayed species :

A. olivaceus, rays apt to turn early to a pale olivaceous tinge.

A, divaricatus fontinalis, rays apt to turn cream-color and
sometimes even yellowish.

. Schreberi, rays apt to turn cream-color.

curvescens, rays apt to turn cream-color very early.
divaricatus, many forms, rays apt to turn cream-color.

. Soctabilis, rays cream-color and soon turning olivaceous,
slightly greenish with a little brown; universal or at least com-
mon in this species.

4. tenebrosus, rays sometimes like the last, but olivaceous tinge
assumed more rarely or more slowly.

A. castaneus, rays apt to turn cream-color.

A. axillaris, rays apt to turn cream-color.

Virescent rays are, as might be expected, rare. among the
Macrophylli and other species which show any trace of blue;
but are produced sometimes in late-flowering stages of those which
become pale or whitish, as A. densatus, A. securiformis, and A.
violaris ; also rarely, blended with purplish, in A. roscidus.

Color of dis&-flowers : normally deep yellow turning to some
shade of reddish-brown, and fading brownish. In a few varieties
the disks are pale, not becoming a deep yellow. The shade of
reddish-brown assumed is very characteristic and conspicuous.
Brown predominates over red in many forms of A. divaricatus,
including the typical form. Red predominates in many other

i i he

PS ee NY E MEI S

DISK-COLORS 29

forms, often amounting to a deep beautiful crimson. In others
the disks are apt to turn a pale olivaceous color ; sometimes almost
green, as in the green-disk form of A. divaricatus; and rarely to
a full green. But while it is generally possible to say of a species
that its disk is “usually crimson” (as A. rupicola) or “ usually
red-sienna " (as A. biformis) or “usually olivaceous brown " (as
A. sociatilis), it is not often that any species is wholly constant to
its predominant color, nor is it easy to find any cause for the
exceptions. For instance, side by side, in shade or in sun, the
kindred of A. divaricatus, though seemingly the same in leaf and
habit, may have disks turning crimson and others a pale olivaceous.
The heads of a whole plant however are all alike in their disks.
Color of pappus.—This is usually deepened in the herbarium,
becoming somewhat ecru ; sometimes deeply so, as in A. patens ;
among the Biotian species it is apt to become reddish, sometimes
purplish or slaty. Species seem to differ considerably in the
rapidity of this change, and in its first intensity ; and perhaps there
may be a difference among individuals within the species. Young
half-grown heads seem to deepen much more than those which
had become a little expanded before collecting ; especially in A.
nobilis and A. curvescens. In life the pappus is usually whitish, the
same hue throughout a species from the beginning, bright in 4.
subulatus, A. argillarius, etc., dingy in A. divaricatus, or even ecru
in A. macrophyllus. In A. curvescens I have seen a faint trace of
reddening already during life, and it becomes beautifully red in a
few years inthe herbarium. In A. umbelliformis and A. Schreberi,
I find it turning from ecru to a decided red in three years. The

. more remarkably red examples (except the above) are old speci-

mens which have been reddening in herbaria for forty to sixty
years, and which caused much wonder among collectors at their
inability to duplicate them in nature until it was perceived that
aster-pappus is widely subject to change of color.

Other asters of non-Biotian groups do not share this color-
change so conspicuously. But it is not absent from them, various
Calliastrum species reddening decidedly (as A. conspicuus); and
A, patens becoming a dark ecru or a well-marked brown.

Color of stem. — This is usually affected by sun or shade; the
same stem may be reddened on the sunny side and greenish-brown

30 VARIATION IN ASTER

on the others. Allowing for this, there often remains a color-ten-
dency which is specific. For instance, the stem of A. puniceus
tends to develop a deep purplish-red ; that of A. formis also a
purplish-red ; that of A. ebeneus, a deep red that is almost an
ebony black ; that of A. gremialis a slfining green ; that of A. ul-
marius, a pale brown; etc., etc. Most of the Drvaricatt show a
greenish stem with a little brown; A. macrophyllus and kindred,
brown with little green.

Color of leaves. — This is quite constant throughout a species ;
deep dull green in A. macrophyllus ; a brighter green in A. Schredert,
A. umbelliformis, etc., apple-green in A. macrophyllus sejunctus,
pale yellowish-green in A. mollescens, etc. A. violaris is apt to show
a deep blue-green but is sometimes pale; A. quiescens has a still
different tone of deep blackish-green. ;

Autumnal leaf-color is also moderately constant; yellowish
with some brown in A. divaricatus, A. Schreberi, A. violaris, etc.,
russet-brown in A. roscidus, and many others. Some forms tend
strongly to marmorate or irregularly spotted leaves, or leaves vein-
streaked with deep and lighter red; as A. rupicola. ©

Primordial leaves are apt to be strongly purpled, due to pres-
ence of sugar compounds, especially underneath; showing the
tendency to red common in opening maple and ash leaves. When
primordial leaves develop green color it is commonly paler than
in the later and higher leaves, as is to be expected from their com-
monly shaded position.

Etiolated leaves occur in any species when deprived of light, as
by a board or a woodman’s chips fallen on them. A. divaricatus
shows extreme examples.

Dark green species among the Biotian asters are apt to be those
of deep woodlands, as if the less light the more chlorophyll were
developed; as in A. atrovirens, A. tenebrosus, A. quiescens, A. ros-
cidus, A. decaphyllus. The cause invites inquiry ; for they seem
to antagonize the other observed result of complete lack of light,
etiolation.

Glaucous surfaces of leaf or stem are nearly confined to A. laevis
and relatives, and among Biotian species to A. excelsior, which has
a somewhat glaucous stem.

"PR et Ie ee RSEN ee ee

Forms or HAIR 31

PUBESCENCE

Pubescence is increasingly developed northward, as illustrated
in the Cordifolial groups, in some Biotian species, and many other
plants. But in many varieties and species it seems independent
of locality or exposure. About five different kinds of hairs occur;
all well developed in A. macrophyllus sejunctus ; distinguished as
follows.

Strigose hairs or weak multicellular bristles are a common
feature throughout most groups of asters; according to their
length, closeness or direction they may make the surface seem
velvety, downy, soft or merely hairy to the touch when in life,
while the same leaf may seem when dry to be decidedly rough.
Obvious hair, z. e., that which is observed by the naked eye, is
much less widespread among asters than minute hair, observable
only by lens.

Appressed bristles scattered over leaves, especially about one
to an areola over the upper surface, form a very characteristic
feature of the Macrophylli ; these are usually whitish, straight and
stiff and needle-like when dry, and point toward the apex of the
leaf. Their number, etc., is of considerable diagnostic value.

Ciliation is the rule with the bracts of a large part of the
Aster species ; and in many cases with the petioles,

An aculeus tipping each serration of the leaf-margin is a com-
mon Aster character and its kind and direction is fully constant
within a species.

GLANDS

Glandular hair, as regards its presence, form and extent, forms
one of the most important and constant of species-characters.
Absent from the Divaricati and Curvescentes, glands are always
developed in the other Biotian asters, unless it be in A. mzradilts.
It has been already noted that among Biotian as among other
asters, glandular hair occurs with violet rays; the few species in
which it may seem to accompany white rays are cases where the
white is presumably a precociously-bleached violet, or where it
is proven so by finding the earlier violet stages, as A. ferox, A.
macrophyllus pinguifolius, and the whole group of the Ianthine
species.

32 VARIATION IN ASTER

Glandular hair is most developed in A. rosczdus, where it makes
the young growth, in case of vigorous plants, clammy to the touch,
sometimes under the lens appearing gemmed as with little drops
of dew over all surfaces of stem, leaf and bract; from the top of
a plant four feet high in June completely to the ground, with ex-
ception of the older radical leaves which by that time have lost
much of the secretion. A

In diminishing order, the glandular secretion is also abundant
in the G/andulosi, and in A. commixtus, A. spectabilis, A. Herveyi,
A. tanthinus, A. uniformis; and then follow the other Macro-
phyla.

Perhaps a minimum of glandular development is that of A.
gremialis and of A. excelsior, in which it is sometimes confined to
the backs of the lower broader bracts. In A. multiformis, A.
nobilis, etc., it extends over the pedicels; in A. securiformis over
the whole inflorescence ; in A. biformis also over the upper part of
the stem; in A. macrophyllus well down the stem; in A. deca-
phyllus and A. Herveyi nearly to the base; in A. violaris and
A. tanthinus to the very base.

Similar glands may occur also on the petioles: along their
outer surfaces, as in A. zanthinus ; or only in their channeled upper
surfaces, as in A. multiformis and many others; or only where
that channel is continued into the midrib of the leaf, as in A.
biformis, etc.

The glands may occur also over the lower surface of the leaves
as in A. zanthinus, A. uniformis, and many of the Ianthine subsec-
tions; or over both surfaces, as in A. roscidus.

Where the glands occur they may be so thickly placed as to
conceal the stem, as in A. roscidus ; or may be so thinly scattered
as to average one for each areola formed by the veinlets of the
leaf, as often in A. zostemma.

Typical glandular hairs, as in A. macrophyllus, may be short,
stiff hairs tipped with a large globular gland, and standing out
straight, at right angles to the stem. In 4. biformis and the Ian-
thine asters the gland is usually but little broader than its stub or
stalk. In A. securiformis and others it is almost sessile. In most,
the gland is darker than its stalk and when well developed shows
the dark color to be a violet which is often almost black, and seems

Opors 33

to be the same as that which is developed in the rays; as in 4. vio-
laris, A, tostemma, etc.; and, with less violet, in A. macrophyllus
and many others. On the same plants the glands of the under-
side of the leaf, where they exist, are of a different and lighter
color, from whitish (as A. zanthinus) to straw color (A. roscidus),

FRAGRANCE

At least six kinds of fragrance occur among Biotian asters,
some of which are quite persistent through the species in which
they occur.

I. Bee-bread odor, in the disks, strongest when their color-
change is about half accomplished, when a luminous warm sienna-
brown has succeeded the yellow preliminary to the full reddening.
The pollen-masses are at this time opening, and insects arriving.
The odor is rather difficult to define by parallel, but is quite simi-
lar to that of bee-bread in the cells of the common bumblebee. It
appears not much developed in asters outside the Biotian group,
but it is very common in Solidago, especially S. serotina, and
S. gigantea, and in many other flowers, in early anthesis. I have
observed it highly developed, among Biotian Asters, in A. /zfez-
mis, A, roscidus, A. ianthimus, considerably so in A. violarts,
A. quiescens, A. Clayton, A. uniformis, moderately so in A. multi-
formis, A. macrophyllus ; also in A. ardens; so so in A,
divaricatus, at least in many instances.

.2. Nutty odor; derived from the glands, an odor somewhat
as of walnuts, especially of the glands of Juglans nigra and of
Hicoria tomentosa. Many glands widely diffused through the
vegetable kingdom diffuse this odor, which is subaromatic—but
very different from the aromatic odor of broken magnolia leaves ;
equally different from the more typical aromatic odors of spices
and not at all to be confused with the anisate odors of Arala `
racemosa and many Umbellifers. Of this nutty odor familiar exam-
ples among asters are A. /Vovae- Angliae, A. oblongifolius, A. gran-
difforus; among Biotian asters A. roscidus shows it in highest
degree, sometimes equal to A. Novae-Angliae. It is perceived in
those two species on approaching within a few inches of the pedicels
or bracts, where the odorous glands are particularly numerous. It is
faintly perceived in the same way in A. zanthinus, and A. Herveyi, as

34 VARIATION IN ASTER

also in A. spectabilis. It is increased by brushing the hand lightly
across the glands, thus breaking them open; in that way it is
made plain in any of the species from A. violaris to A. Herveyi
inclusive, and in A. macrophyllus. So much odorous matter ad-
heres to the fingers on lightly touching A. rosezdus in this way
that the fingers retain its fragrance for some time. Probably this
is the “ not-disagreeable odor” which Nees remarked upon, 1832,
in A. commixtus, the only previous mention of odor in Aster
which I recall in print.

3. A delicate true fragrance exhaled from the flowers of A.
fragrans, and sometimes in A. tenebrosus and some other Divaricatt ;
but not continuously found in every individual of those species. I
have been unable to find evidence to prove whether every flower
of A. tenebrosus diffuses this fragrance for some brief period and
then loses it; or whether it is peculiar to special conditions ; or
to special individuals. Plants in which I have observed it have
many flowers out at once, and these moderately close; are but
just fully open ; are either in the shaded positions normal to the
species, or perhaps a little more inclined to peep out toward the
wood border. It is not perceived until within six inches or so
from the flowers. Some other Biotian species not of the Divari-
cati have this same fragrance, as A. uniformis. Outside of Aster,
I cannot parallel the fragrance exactly, but think there is some
resemblance in that of the lily-of-the-valley.

4. An attar-fragrance, faintly suggesting attar of roses, is per-
ceptible in A. fragrans and in many of the Divaricati after press-
ing; chiefly from the dried inflorescence but also sometimes from
the leaves; sometimes perceptible two feet away, but more often
requiring as close a distance as an inch, when it becomes strongly
perceptible to any one. It does not appear to occur during life,
but is developed in drying, and in certain of the Divaricati selected
to test the rapidity of its development, in plants which were tested
when collected and which then did not possess this fragrance it was
already well developed in three days or as soon as they were dry in
the press. How long it lasts is uncertain ; certainly for three years
in case of plants lying unmounted between papers.

5. An anisate odor is perceived from the fresh, broken stem-
bases and rootstocks of A. roscidus, and in less degree of many

Opors 35

other Biotian species. Those of Solidago species generally possess
the same in a still higher degree; Aralia racemosa still more.

6. A very subtle saccharine fragrance is discernible from foliage
of many individuals among the Divaricati when growing rapidly
as in June, on approaching within an inch or two. The same
leaves will be found slightly viscid and glistening (above; and
perhaps beneath?) with a colorless exudation of saccharine sap
(honey-dew). I have found no diagnostic character in this, but
attribute it to conditions of individual growth. Perhaps similar
conditions produce greasiness of many leaves of A. macrophyllus
pinguifolius—which is however unaccompanied by odor or sac-
charine feel, and persists late, even till yellowing in October.

SIZE

After allowing for difference of nutrition, light and moisture,
each species is found to have a somewhat uniform characteristic
size. Aster nobilis and A. tostemma reach 5 feet; A. excelsior I
have seen 414 feet in Niagara gorge and at the time thought it
the highest of its section. Each species or variety has usually
quite a range of variation in this regard; A. excelsior averages
very high, however, perhaps 314 feet when growing undisturbed.
These Biotian species are surpassed sometimes in the undulatus
group, where I have measured 7% feet; the cordifolius group, 7
feet; the paniculatus group, 6 feet; and in A. Carolinianus, which
clambers over bushes in ponds for 12 and sometimes 20 feet.
These examples are of course extreme instances and an ordinary
aster height, whether in the Biotian or other groups, is 2 to 3
feet.

Largest leaves measured are perhaps of 4. macrophyllus
pinguifolius, 12 x 8 inches, with about 12-inch petioles, from
Niagara gorge.

Larger heads (and fewer) characterize most glandular species
as compared with the non-glandular ; reaching 1 17 inches diameter.

Cultivation, and accidental loosening of soil in the wild state,
is known to double the size of a leaf or head in a season, as in case
of A. biformis.

Size of flower-head is also influenced by number; among the
plants of a single colony of the Divaricati, an occasional plant may

36 VARIATION IN ASTER

put forth a very few larger heads instead of numerous smaller ones.
Sometimes the central head of one of the Dévaricati shows a
similar excessive size; and sometimes the terminal head of each
branch, as compared with the subsequent lateral heads. Some-
times this excess of size is merely apparent and proves on exam-
ination to be merely excess in number of rays. In either case
the first localization of the growth-impulse has had first and best
opportunity to absorb and make over the unfabricated plant
material into flowers.
SINUS-CHARACTERS

Other characters which are tolerably constant within the species,
when due allowance is made for development stages, are to be
drawn from the leaf-form and especially its relation to cordation.

Leaf-form, while at first seeming so variable as to be wholly
baffling, proves within certain limits for each species (indicated
with each description) to have great value as a distinction ; and it
possesses the special merit of being evident, and of giving to the
plant much of its characteristic general aspect. In cultivation it
does not alter as quickly as many other characters; size, for
example.

Sinus-character is the most important single feature of the leaf-
form. Sinus-characters are rather constant, but require very
cautious application from the transitions which a normal stem
develops, as the sinus is gradually or suddenly obliterated among
the upper leaves. Taking the best-developed sinus from among
basal cauline and radical leaves as the type for the species, we get
such results as these :

Sharp deep sinus, A. carmesinus.

Sharp shallow sinus, merely a notch, A. flexilis.

Narrow deep sinus, A. orbicularis.

Broad deep sinus, A. macrophyllus.

Broad shallow sinus, A. zanthinus.

Brace-sinus, or tricurve-sinus, such as the last but with the
center decurrent a little down the petiole, the entire sinus forming
the outline of a printer’s brace; a very frequent type, especially
characteristic of A. arcifolius and A. violaris.

Excavated sinus, one narrow at its entrance but enlarged cir-
cularly within; A. excavatus.

pe IR si NEC Eee TEE SUED Y»
UNT pad 5 zd Se aa a z
R a aN CE PUE E gees R OE "

SINUS-CHARACTERS aT

Square sinus; one with rectangular corners within; A. Zim-
icofa, A. Schreberi, some leaves of A. ampliatus and A. roscidus.

Securiform sinus; one with reéntrant angles within; the cur-
vature resembling a battle-ax with broad convex, sharp-angled
blade ; A. securiformis.

Absence of cordation in radical or basal leaves of the Biotian
species. This is frequent in sprout-forms and is usual in case of
the primordial leaf. It is continuous in the plantain-leaf stage of
any species, and it is therefore occasionally very conspicuous in
such species as show a strong development of this plantain-leaf
stage, as in A. decaphyllus or A. roscidus, A. Jusstet, A. viridis and
A. divaricatus fontinalis.

Besides the above, absence of cordation occurs sporadically in
various other species, or perhaps in all. In A. mirabilis perhaps
cordation may yet be discovered; in A. Hervevi it is but slight
and often disappears; in A. aucuparius and in A. castaneus it is
little developed.

TEETH OF THE LEAF-MARGIN

Teeth along the leaf-margins of the Biotian species are in gen-
eral coarser and stronger in the Divaricati. In all the other species
they are apt to be tipped abruptly with an aculeus; in the Divar-
icati each tooth is apt to be practically acuminate, the green mem-
brane continuing nearly to the point, instead of ceasing abruptly
as in A. macrophyllus. In A. mirabilis, and in slightly less degree
in A. macrophyllus sejunctus, the ending is a solid, sharp, short,
triangular, yellowish tubercle instead of a slender, needle-like
aculeus. In estimating the characteristic form of teeth for a leaf
the middle of the sides is most reliable ; toward the base the form
is often varied decidedly, or intermixed, crowded or greatly re-
duced. Almost all the leaf-borders become gradually entire be-
fore reaching the apex. Small leaves which are nearly entire
throughout are not unusual, irrespective of species ; sometimes in
A. macrophyllus pinguifolius and A. excelsior the teeth are almost
obsolete, even on very large leaves.
The form of the teeth on the leaf-margin is quite characteristic
usually, and among broad-leaved asters is often one of the most
available single characters to be found. The middle and lower

38 VARIATION IN ASTER

leaves of the stem are generally those which yield the most char-
acteristic teeth. See figure showing forms, under Terminology.

TEXTURE

Leaf-texture is highly characteristic usually ; the variations are
noted in the following descriptions ; thickness and thinness may
either of them be accompanied by great roughness or smooth-
ness. The thick leaf may be either flabby (4. macrophyllus, A.
quiescens) or firm (A. violaris) or coriaceous in substance. The
thinnest large leaves are perhaps those of A. oviformis, about
6-7 x 4 inches; the thickest perhaps in A. macrophyllus, the
most coriaceous in oval radicals of A. roscidus. Biotian leaves
which are smooth, firm and thickish nevertheless always come
short of the peculiar smooth feel of A. spectabilis (approaching it
nearest in A. Herveyt) and fall still farther short of the cool
smoothness of A. /aevis (except in a few sports or hybrids).

Texture is sometimes a notable feature of the petioles also;
crisp brittle subsucculent petioles occur in A. carmesinus ; limp
watery petioles (equally succulent) in A. Amicola ; stiff straight
petioles, as in forms of A. macrophyllus, etc.

Roughness of upper surface is usually increasingly developed in
sun. It is chiefly due to increased number or greater thickening
or hardening of the bristles normally present (A. macrophyllus) ;
or may be due to development of minute hard projections, or the
formation of a callus on each areola (granular roughening, in
A. macrophyllus pinguifolius, etc.) ; or even to stout minute spines
set closely over the whole upper surface (A. mirabilis). It may be
uniform over the leaf (A. macrophyllus commonly) or confined to a
marginal zone leaving the center smoothish (A. Schredberi often), as
noted by Nees, Gen. Ast. 1832, and habitually designated by him
as scaber ad margines.

This is a very different thing from the line of bristles or hairs
which forms a marginal ciliation upon most Biotian leaves, which
projects horizontally from the exact edge, lies in the plane of the
leaf, and is usually much rougher than the feebler bristles of the
upper surface just described.

Roughness may be developed in drying on a leaf which was
smooth in life; and in A. macrophyllus pinguifolius, two parts

LEAF-CHARACTERS 39

of the same leaf in the same exposure may be smooth and rough
either while living or after drying.

VEINS

Veins are much alike, but of some diagnostic importance ;
in 4. carmesinus, A. obolarius, A. castaneus, A. axillaris, and
perhaps others, they are remarkably succulent and stand out as
slender ridges beneath, little confluent with the leaf-membrane ;
as if an aftergrowth, applied to the leaf. In A. castaneus they
are apt to be depressed above and therefore retain dust and show
as pale dusty lines over the dark green leaf. In A. biformis and
in “ pale-streak ” forms of A. multiformis the same is true, per-
haps aided by some glandular hair.

Direction of veins: in some cases diagnostic, forwardly curved
like Cornus and Doellingeria infirma, in coriaceous forms of A.
divaricatus, in A. castaneus, etc. ; curved directly toward the mar-
gin in the dcech-twig form of A. divaricatus, in A. ulmarius, etc. ;
strongly outcurved in A. rupicola ; upward-curved in most species.

Trinervate leaf-bases characterize all deeply cordate Macro-
phyli and Multiformes, with the sinus bordered on each side of
the petiole by three veins, one primary bounding the sinus toward
the petiole, its lower branch bordering the outer corner of the
sinus, and a branch from that bordering the side of the sinus, at
least for a short distance.

Usually there are three pairs of primary veins given off quite
close together just above the leaf-base ; sometimes only two; the
two or more remaining pairs are quite remote.

WINGs

Winged petioles are common among many forms of the Dr-
varicati as well as among the glandular species. Strap-wings,
long broad wings of uniform breadth like straps, occur often in Æ.
divaricatus apricensis and are occasional elsewhere. Undulatiform-
wings, i. e., dilated gradually to a very broad base as in A. undu-
latus, are frequent throughout ; A. curvescens is particularly subject
to them. Half-wings, i. e., petioles winged along one side only
or chiefly, form a singular prevailing feature of one form of A.
divaricatus and are of sporadic occurrence in most species. But

40 VARIATION IN ASTER

the more usual wings are irregular as in A. divaricatus alatus, and
scarcely reducible to definite forms. Wings seldom occur on all
the leaves at once, or on the lower leaves; and the chance of their
occurrence is more and more probable upward. In fact the same
plant of either A. macrophyllus or A. divaricatus often shows all
the transitions in petiole-formation, from a sessile to a slender
petioled leaf, that are so remarkably manifested in A. undulatus.

BRACT-CHARACTERS

Bracts form one of the most helpful sources for discrimi-
nation of species after making due allowance for a certain range
of change which is to be expected. Characters may be drawn
from their number of rows or ranks, an optical effect due to over-
lapping, or to such successively increased height of inner bracts
as to produce the appearance of 5 ranks in A. biformis and some
other Biotian species. The other extreme, a single rank of bracts,
is produced when the outer, middle and inner ones are substan-
tially alike in length, as often in A. puniceus, A. INovi- Belgii, etc.

Triseriate appearance of bracts characterizes most of the glandu-
lar Biotian species, with the outer lowermost bracts broad-based,
and narrowed to an acutish but dark conspicuous point, as in A.
macrophyllus ; the tips of the second and third rows equally dark
and conspicuous ; those of the fourth narrow, pale and unobserv-
able ; few of the fifth now developed at all.

Quincunx pattern, with dark tips above the spaces below. The
dark tips of the 3 rows may make a bright conspicuous quincunx
or chequered pattern, usually among kindred of A. /aevis, A. cor-
difolius, A. undulatus, A. divaricatus and A. macrophyllus. Other
kindred species may have the bract-tips so little darkened as to
leave the involucre pale or nearly a monotone in color; as A.
curvescens, A. olivaceus, A. sagittifolius.

Scarious margins, wide and shell-pink or, later, colorless, in A.
fragrans, narrow in A. divaricatus, purple in A. biformis, and some
other species, are apt to be quite persistent through a species and
to be best developed on the middle bracts ; 7. e., excluding the lower-
most, which are seldom scarious-edged, and excluding the inner-
most, which are likely to be quite scarious in most species.

Ciliation of bract margins also forms a rather persistent spe-

BRACT-CHARACTERS 41

cific character. So does the presence of puberulence over the
back, or of webby hair (A. divaricatus, A. patentissimus), or stri-
gose hair (A. patens), or of glandular hair (the Macrophylli, etc.)

Sguarrose bracts with abruptly reflexing tips are highly distinc-
tive of A. mirabilis, A. Herveyi, A. spectabilis, A. anomalus. Such
squarrose tendency seems to be stimulated in the cordifolial groups
by trampling, when the heads are thrown into an unnatural pros-
trate condition and the bracts separate half-way down and become
so divergent as to be reflexed (fide plants at High Bridge Park,
"Y

This phenomenon seems somewhat akin to the greater acumi-
nation and outreach of teeth and leaf-apices on the part of pros-
trated Divaricati when growing in much shade, and perhaps in both
cases is due to the effort for light; but then why was not the
leaf-direction similarly altered? An entirely different explanation
must be sought for the squarrose-directed bracts of those species,
like A. spectabilis, which produce them normally in erect growth
in the open sun.

Coriaceous, succulent, all-herbaceous or part-herbaceous char-
acters are usually quite constant for the bracts of the species which
possess them. So also of the flatness or curvature of the back ;
or it may be keeled along the midrib; the midrib may itself be
obsolete (A. curvescens), or a faint dark line (A. oviformis), or a
broad, herbaceous, green band (A. vittatus).

The dark tips of the bracts, produced by a somewhat herbace-
ous or even pulpy expansion of the green tissue accompanying the
midrib, are of very characteristic form in many species, elliptical in
A. Novi-Belgii, rhomboid in A. laevis, long diamond-form, lanceo-
late, narrowly elliptical or of various other shapes in other species.
The middle bracts are those presenting these tips in best develop-
ment. Bracts with some aculeate hardening above the fleshy
" green-tip" occur among the Multiflores.

In all broad-leaved asters the inner bracts are as a rule suc-
sessively higher, longer, narrower, and more tapering, also
smoother, thinner, less colored, and less ciliate. But within these
limits each species tends to have its own norm. That norm can-
not be reliably established however by magnifying a single head
taken at random ; nor by taking any number of lateral heads with-

42 VARIATION IN ASTER

out also examining some terminal or earlier heads, which some-
times present a regular difference from the less vigorous lateral
ones.

Among Biotian asters large broad bracts are most conspicu-
ous among the Macrophyli, narrow tapering ones in A. curvescens
and A. olivaceus. From the narrowed tips of the chief bracts results
the conical form of the flower-bud in the Macrophylli ; from their
undiminished roundish tips results the subglobose or ovoid bud of
the Divaricati ; from the longer narrower bracts, the cylindrical
bud of the Curvescentes.

INFLORESCENCE-DEVELOPMENT

This is usually quite characteristic of the species. Each branch
is in certain Biotian forms so conspicuously cymose as to give a
characteristic aspect to the plant; with lateral heads subsessile,
yet while the central flowers are flowering on long pedicels, as
sometimes in A. roscidus; and in allies of A. Schreberi perhaps
representing Bernhardi's A. swbcymosus. Each branch is some-
what so in A. curvescens and many other examples; so most
forms of A. Schrebert.

On the contrary in A. umbelliformis, A. Eriensis, A. Julianus,
A. glomeratus, A. biformis and many others, the tendency is for all
heads on a plant to come into flower at once, and to cease at
once.

And on the contrary in A. nobilis the outer pedicels become
divaricated and greatly lengthened, at first suggesting a corymbose
branch, till it is observed that the real outermost pedicels are
still short and are deflexed underneath those which are older and
are more horizontally prolonged.

In A. umbelliformis numerous pedicels radiate from the top of
the peduncles. In A. excelsior and A. macrophyllus pinguifolius it
is frequent to find 5 pedicels so radiating. In A. macrophyllus it
is usual to find 3, making the trifurcate inflorescence long ago
noted by Nees.

Branching angle is apt to be rather characteristic, after making
allowance for occasional slight alteration due to crowded growth.

Rameal or ramular leaves: their presence, shape, direction or
closeness is often highly distinctive. In most of the Dévaricati

COROLLA-CHARACTERS 43

the branches usually have no rameals except as branchlets are
produced, and are subtended by these bracteals. In the Curves-
centes and in A. Claytont and relatives, a very peculiar habit of
growth occurs, a pair of nearly opposite bracteal leaves occurring
on the exterior branches at about two-thirds the distance toward
the last branchlet. In long branches sometimes several additional
bracteals follow ; so also in A. macrophyllus apricensis. At least
a pair of such bracteals, but alternate or at least less closely
opposite, occur usually in longer branches of A. macrophyllus,
A. roscidus, A. multiformis. Other asters are apt to have a num-
ber of much reduced bracteals on a branch, not simply a pair.

Number of rays: fairly constant within narrow limits ; certain
forms of A. divaricatus producing 5 or 6, others 6—9 rays; in the
five-ray form largely 5, in the Trientalis form largely 7; in A.
Claytont 6 ; in the Curvescentes about 10; in the Macrophylli about
I3; in A. nobilis apt to be 11; in A. violaris up to 15 or more;
the highest number produced in any frequency in a Biotian aster
seems to be about 20, doubled by A. Novae-Angliae, and some-
times so by forms of A. Novi-Belgit.

Numbers of disk-flowers : less often tested, and subject certainly
to somewhat wider latitude ; but within those wider limits seems
fairly constant. The green-disk form of A. divaricatus is perhaps
the minimum, with 4 disk-flowers repeatedly ; full disks show
20-25 (A. tenebrosus) and maximum disks 50 in A. macrophyllus,
A. roscidus, etc.

Number of nerves in each ray 5 and with little variation ; so of
the 5 lobes of the disk flower.

Number of teeth terminating the ray 2 usually, in the Divaricat
and Curvescentes, but with many exceptions, broad-ray forms
being likely to have 3, and some forms more. The number is rather
characteristic within the species, but not wholly so. In the Macro-
PÀyll it is more regularly 3 ; in A. modilis, none at all, and with
Sharp apex ; in A. excelsior, none, with rounded spatulate apex.

Depth of disk-lobes is a moderately permanent character; the
remainder of the disk-body is twice that depth in most Macro-
phylli, little more than equal to it in A. Jussiet, A. nobilis, A.
decaphyllus, etc., three times the depth in A. Claytoni and perhaps
four times in A. Ed De) Disk-lobes divided nearly through-

44 VARIATION IN ASTER

out the body of the tube I do not find, though relied on by
Cassini as a marked character for his A. /wssiez, nor do I find
i equal disk-lobes, such as he described, and I surmise that these
two points in his description relate to an accidental, not a regular,
condition.

Disk-flower form is very characteristic throughout a species ;
bell-shaped usually, narrowly so in A. Claytoni, moderately in A.
divaricatus, broadly in A. carmesinus and A. rupicola ; in all these
the stalk of the disk-flowers is abrupt. They are funnel-form or
gradually narrowed into the stalks in A. nobilis, A. Jussiet and
close congeners. Disk-lobes are erect in the latter examples, but
are widely spreading in most other species.

Achene variations are few among the Biotian species; usually
there is no pubescence; in certain species, as A. Clayton, scanty
pubescence often occurs, but almost as often does not, or is gone
at maturity ; in A. furcatus pubescence over the achenes forms a
marked character.

Receptacle characters I do not find very discriminating, for the
reason that through so large a number of species their receptacle
remains the same, foveolate (areolate with a little firm, thin,
greenish-white raised border around each areola), and fimbrillate
(having this border cut into five or more lobes). "When I was first
delighted with the beauty presented by this character, in examin-
ing A. divaricatus curtifolius specimens at Washington, D. C., in
1889, I supposed it diagnostic of that particular form. Later I
found it extending widely, if not continuously. Nees made much
of this character. Asa Gray remarked, on the other hand, that he
could make nothing of it, I think because working with herba-
rium material instead of living plants ; and he may also have con-
cluded that little difference is shown in different species. There is
this difference, however, that seems to show occasionally, that some
forms lack the fimbriae, some have but very shallow raised borders,
and some have an additional central tubercle in each areola, bear-
ing the base of the achene.

Annular thickening on the summit of the achene. Such a
thickening forms a whitish ring uniting the summits of the verti-
cal striae in many species, notably the Curvescentes. In some it is
much stronger than others, and in some it is decurrent between

READINESS TO CHANGE 45

the striae. In numerous examples seen such differences seem
fairly constant within their species.

PLASTICITY OF CHARACTERS

Comparative readiness of characters to change, under exposure
to changed conditions, especially of sun, shade or soil, seems to
rank in about this order:

Ist. Size and vigor of whole plant and of parts. First to change.

2d. Number of heads.

3d. Amount of pubescence.

4th. Direction and angle of branching.

5th. Thickness of leaf.

6th. Roughness of leaf.

7th. Depth of color of rays.

8th. Rigidity or weakness and consequent attitude of stem.

9th. Bracts.

roth. Glands.

11th. Leaf-form ; last to change.

But some varieties have their idiosyncrasies respecting such
changes, and transpose parts of this order; as A. macrophyllus
pinguifolius, which seems to be particularly susceptible to influ-
ence as to roughness and then as to size of leaf.

PRIMORDIAL-LEAVES AS CLUE TO ANCESTRAL LEAF-FORM

Can we read traces of the past history of Aster species in their
succession of leaves? Does the growth-impulse as it develops
one form of leaf after another on an uprising aster shoot, still pass
through some of the ancestral stages? Do some of the numerous
radical leaf-forms recapitulate for us in little the past history of
their race? The radical series is quite uniformly begun by an
entirely different shape from those following, entire and spatulate
in narrow-leaved species, subentire and nearly circular in the
broad-leaved. If we may see in this primordial leaf an evidence of
the leaf-type borne by progenitors of the asters, we may con-
clude that the development since has been in the line of produc-
tion of cordation, acumination and serration, 7. e., developing the
large serrate cordate acuminate leaves of the present time. If it
could be proved that this primordial leaf holds true phylogenetic

46 VARIATION IN ASTER

value, we might infer for Aster an ancestry with broad non-cor-
date, spatulate or subcircular leaves, little serrate or entire.

Granting the above, it would then become possible to explain
as reversions certain curious subcircular or broad-spatulate stunted
cauline leaves which occur perhaps among all asters as occasional
intercalations among the normal leaves. Such is the case with an
intercalary form of A. suócymosus where, after two or three fully
developed cordate basal leaves, the stem intercalates a little
roundish or oval entire leaf of the primordial type and then begins
again with the modern cordate type ; the nodes and the stem itself
being as usual above and below. Among numerous examples
of this species all apparently in the same conditions of shade and
nutrition, perhaps two thirds developed this intercalary leaf.

Such an intercalary leaf is sometimes produced by the allies
A. Schreberi, A. glomeratus, etc.

Very similar is the phenomenon of the interrupted-form
assigned here to A. Jussiei, with which it grows. A little oval
entire leaf appears suddenly halfway up the stem after a full series
of large cordate leaves. But here the cordate series is not resumed,
the oval leaf-type gradually enlarging and changing into greatly
augmented axiles and producing a leafy top.

A whole series of arrest-forms follows next for comparison,
forms occasional in most species and becoming typical in A.
biformis, in which sudden arrest of the series of proper cauline
leaves is followed by a continuously-small subcircular or broad-
spatulate series of little leaves without much increase in size up-
wards. Does the leaf-form assumed under this arrest of develop-
ment betray a trace of the ancestral type? Does the arrested leaf
stop at the stage of development from whence the modern leaf-
type has sprung ?

But another interpretation of all these facts may be offered.
The primordial leaf may owe all its characters to suppression of
growth due to rapid passing of the growth-impulse into the bet-
ter-illuminated higher nodes. The primordial leaf may stand in
the succession of rapid and unfinished partial recapitulations of
ancestral stages, but may yet fail to assume any definite or mature
ancestral form ; it is so brief a growth. Like the first little scale-
like rudimentary leaves on the seedling aster, so the larger first

PRIMORDIAL LEAVES 47

scale-like phyllodes on the surculi, and the more-definite more-
membranous primordial leaf as well, may all be held to possess
no atavistic value, because too unfinished and indefinite. They
may never reach the full expression of any one of their ances-
tral stages; like the rudimentary scales produced on the young
oak seedling before the first leaves. The very crude and scale-
like but already round-tipped or spatulate first primordials of A.
ericoides, A, paniculatus, A. puniceus, etc., may be adduced to
strengthen this explanation. Intercalated minute entire leaves may
then be explained (though very incompletely) as failures of vigor
due to temporary unfavorable conditions ; and so with the arrest
forms. By this explanation A. biformis becomes an example of
a transmitted arrest-impulse so strong as to hold even in favorable
conditions and so become measurably permanent.

MODERN SYSTEMATIC TREA
CENA S ASTER

ants eis cas la cea ala lag ash IS

MODERN SYSTEMATIC TREATMENT OF ASTER
RECOGNITION OF SEGREGATE GENERA

During the Linnaean period of Aster history, the steady en-
largement of knowledge had changed the total of 30 species pub-
lished by Linnaeus in 1753 to 107 listed by Nees in 1818. The
American representatives had increased not only numerically but
proportionally, from Linnaeus’ 20 to Nees’ 82, the latter number
being substantially anticipated by Muhlenberg, who catalogued 81
American species in 1809.

With the year 1818, Nees’ Synopsis and its 107 species marked
the culmination of the Linnaean period of the one cohesive genus ;
and the publication by Cassini of his Ewryza * in the same year,
1818, marked the distinct entrance upon an epoch of disintegration,
which we have already called the period of Segregation, because
marked by the recognition of segregates from Aster as distinct
genera. Cassini had already published well-founded segregations
like Agathaea, 1815, Galatella, 1817; but in 1818 his separation
of Eurybia was the beginning of a series of temporary cleavages of
certain Asters from the genus, segregations which have been
repeatedly united and separated since, a characteristic of this
modern period. -

Cassini's segregate genera, 1815—1829, established or recog-
nized by him, were the well-known Eurybia, Galatella, Calliste-
phus, Calimeris, Felicia, Agathaea, Munychia; also Printzia,
Zyrphelis, Chiliotrichum, Polyarrhena, Henricia, Brachycome,
Charieis, and Paquerina.

Lessing in his Synopsis generum Compositarum, 1832, estab-
lished several additional segregate genera, Gymnostephium, Lepto-
coma, and Rhinactina.

Nees’ Genera et Species Asterearum, 1832, followed immedi-
ately, and made a larger number of segregates than any author
before or since. He accepted Cassini's genera and Lessing's; he

*Cassini in Dict. des Sciences naturelles, 16. 1818.
51

52 MODERN TREATMENT OF ASTER

added, as new genera of his own, Sericocarpus, Machaeranthera,
Doellingeria, Mairia, Tetramolopium, Detridium, and Symphyo-
trichum ; and from other sources he adopted the Boltonia of
L'Heritier, Olearia of Moench, Diplostephium of Kunth, Aster-
omoea of Blume, and the Amellus of Linnaeus. The last genus,
Amellus, was an inappropriate and high-handed transfer of the
name Amellus from the classic plant, to a group of South African
species; a misapplication upon which Adanson's substitution * of
the name Amellus for the whole genus Aster, was but little
improvement.

De Candolle's Compositae in his Prodromus, 1836, retained
with modifications most of Cassini's genera, and Nees' Sericocarpus,
Machaeranthera, Mairia and Calimeris ; and also separated Biotia,
Heleastrum and Tripolium ; as well as a number of small or less
important genera of Siberian and of southern latitudes.

Rafinesque, who had been, as he says, “ waiting to see what
De Candolle would do," now hurried forth with his own disinte-
gration of Aster, which had been begun by him in MS., as far back
as 1815, the year that Cassini begun his series of separations in
Europe. Now Rafinesque proceeded to change the genus-name
Aster (or what remained of the genus after Rafinesque's with-
drawals) to Asteriscus (Wew Flora in 1836); and in his Flora
Tellurtana, part 2, p. 41+, in 1836, he published a group of
ill-founded genera, all segregates from Aster, viz., Leiachenis,
Diplactis, Fimbristima, Virgulus, and Venatris. In the same year,
1836, he issued two other Aster-genera, Myctanthes and Bindera,
in his Vew Flora, p. 22 and 71 respectively.

Nuttall, in publications 1818-1841, was the next American
author of segregate genera, establishing Dieteria, Eucephalus, and
Xylorhiza, and recognizing Tripolium.

Torrey and Gray's Flora of North America, when treating the
Asters, May, 1841, reunited most of the Astereae of the United
States into the one genus Aster ; including within Aster the groups
Heleastrum and Tripolium, since separated by some; and includ- .
ing Biotia, which has since remained undisturbed in Aster; but

* Adanson adopted Ame//us as his name for our genus Aster, and separating
Tripolium, he must needs bestow the name ds¢er upon that. Necker also was not con-
tent without changing the name of the genus Aster, which became his genus inardia.

PRESENT LIMITS 53

not including Sericocarpus ; in which again their judgment has
been uniformly approved since.

If we ignore the whimsical and universally rejected mésalliance
of Aster with Solidago and other genera by Kuntze in 1891, little
alteration in the bounds of the consolidated genus Aster remains
to mention, until the work begun in 1896 by E. L. Greene in his
Pittonia, resulting in his separating or recognizing Doellingeria,
Eucephalus, Machaeranthera, Tripolium, Heleastrum, Oreastrum,
Leucosyris, Leucelene and Ionactis.

The limits for the genus Aster which my own judgment ap-
proves are those adopted in Britton and Brown's Illustrated Flora,
in 1898, retaining two of Greene's new genera, Leucelene and
Ionactis, and recognizing Machaeranthera and Doellingeria as well
as Sericocarpus and Brachyactis. My contribution of Aster-species
to Small's Southeastern Flora, 1903, also follows these limits.
With the exception of the segregate genera named in this para-
graph, Asżer now includes in America nearly all the species which
have ever been accredited to it; disregarding a few species which
stood so near the debatable lines between Solidago, Aster and
Erigeron, that they had occasionally crossed over the lines in
earlier times.

54 MopDERN TREATMENT OF ASTER

BRIEF BIBLIOGRAPHY FOR AMERICAN ASTERS

1635, Cornut, J. P. igneis plantarum . . . historia. Paris, 1635.
1640, Parkinson, J. "Theatrum botanicum. London, 1640

1680, Morison, R. Plant n syy üe... Fms IL Osiek , 1680.
1686, Ray, J. Historia sine London, vol. 1, 1686 ; d 2, 1688 ;

1687, E P. Horti Lugduno Batavi catalogus. Leyden, 1687.
1691— Peewee L. Pisa aphia. ee 1691-
Y m

1696, pA estum. London, 1696; its ae 1700.

1705, cae rs Fu NUM London, 1705.

sido ermann, R. Paradisus Batavus. Loin peer edited by Wm. Sherard.

1700, Tou ei J. P. de. Institutiones. Paris, 1700.

1710, Boerhaave, H. Index plantarum quae in .. . Lugduno... Leyden, 1710;
ed. 2, 1720.

1718-22, Vaillant, A Etablissement de nouveaux caractères des . . . Corymbi-
feres. . . Paris, 1718-

1728, Martyn, J. idein plantarum centuriae ape NDS whe

1731, Miller, P. Gardener’s dictionary. Zon sd. t, (729% ed. 2, 1733;
etc., to ed. 8, 1768, edited by Miller; ed. 9, Boc, edited by Thos. Manius
1732, eso is J.J. Hortus Elthamen nsis. London, 1732 ; ed. 2, Leyden, 1774.
1737, aeus, C. Hortus Cliffortianus. Amsterdam, 1737.
1739, in J. F. Flora aie Leyden, Ist rags 1739; 2d, 1743; ; ed.
2, 1762; all eque descriptions of asters by Il Clay
1740, Royen, lorae Leydensis prodromus. ey i 1740.
£751, "aisi C. Species plantarum. Pi a. 1, 1753; ed. 2, 1763;
Vienna, ed. 3, 1764.

1771, Fani J. R. Flora Americae Septentrionalis. London, 1771.
1783, r M. Seni of the vegetable productions growing in New England.
Phila., Ds

3.
1783, Lamarck, J. B. de. Encyclopédie méthodique, Botanique, vol. i. Zaris,

"1788, Walter, T. Flora Caroliniana. London, 1788.

1789, Aiton, W. Hortus Kewensis, Zozdoz, 1780, ed. 1, Dryander editor ; ed.
2, 1810-13, W. T. Aiton editor-in-chief, Robert Brown supplying the Asters

1796, pom M. MS. Aster descriptions, 1796-1804, etc.; in libr. Bot. Gard.,
Kaige

s Pore F. Flora Boreali-Americana. Paris, 1803.

Hos Willdenow, C. L. Linnaeus’ Species Plantarum, ed. IV. Berlin, 1795-
1830 ; vol. 3, part 2, containing the rod 1804.

in. Eddy, C. W. Plantae een: (near E b. j A. Y., 1807.

1809, Willdenow, C. L. Enumerat . Hort. Berol. Berlin,

1811, LeConte, J. E. Pon of Mice Island. N. F, a 1811 (in Am.
Med. and Philos. Register, 2: 134-142).

1813, Muhlenberg, H. Catalogus plantarum Am. Sept. (completed pad ed.
I, Lancaster, Pa. (printed Nov. 1812-July 1813) 1813; ed. 2, Phila., 1818
1814, Bigelow, T. Florula Bostoniensis, Boston, ed. 1, 1814; ed: 2, ias ed.
840.

3,1

. BRIEF BIBLIOGRAPHY 55

1814, Pursh, F. Flora Am. Sept. London, 1814

1815, Barton, W. P. C. Florae Philadelphicae e Phila., 1815; and ed.
2, or Compendium, 1818.

1817, Eaton, Amos. Manual of Botany, N. Am. Albany, 1817+, ed. 8, 1841

1819, Torrey, John. Catalogue of Plantsof N. Y. (Made public 1817), priciiad
Albany, 1819.

1818-25, Cassini, H. Dict. des sci. naturelles, vol. 16, and vol. 37.

A 8.

1818, Nees, C, G. Synopsis... Asterum. Er/angen, 181
1824, Elliott, S. Sketch of the botany of S. C. Ga. Charleston ; vol. t
began Yogi in 1816, complete 1821 ; vol. 2, d the Asters, 1824
Darlington, W. Florula Cestrica. West Chester, Pa., 1826
t Nees, C. G. Genera... Asterearum. Breslau, 1832 ; and diede:
1833.
1833-40, Hooker, W. J. Flora Bor.-Am. London, vol. 1, 1833; vol. 2, 1840.

1836, De Candolle, A. P. Prodromus, ii 5 (including e asters and tint).
farts, 183

1836, APRI b S. New flora... of N. Am. Ai/a., 1836.

1836, Rafinesque, C. S. Flora tiit, part ii. Phila., 1836.

1841, Torrey & a Flora N. Am. N. ES vol. I, 13538-41407 vol. II (the
oe pt. I, including the asters, ome 1841; pt. 2, Apr., 1842; pt. 3, Feb.,
1843.

1843, Torrey, John. Flora of the State of N. Y. Albany, 1843.
1848, Gray, Asa. Manual of botany, No. U. S.; with many Piin iiec
1860, Chapman, A. W.. Flora of So. U. S., ed. 1, N. F., 1860;

i

1873 +, Gray, Asa. Papers on Compositae, etc., publ. chiefly in Proc. of Am.
tea of Arts & Sci., especially the issues for 1873, 1874, 1879, 1880, 1882, 1883.
, Gray, Asa. Synoptical flora of No. Am.; vol. I, pt. 2, including Com-
o Vedi e vol. 2, pt. 1, 1878; 2d edn., including the two parts and supple-
ment, Washington, 1886.
1898, Britton & Brown. Illustrated flora; vol. 3, W. Y., 1898; including the
asters by N. L. Britton and E. S, Burgess.
1901, Britton, N. L.. Manual, WV. Y., 1go1.
sa Small, J. K. Southeastern flora; with the asters by E. S. Burgess.
mention of other descriptions of asters see the appropriate species; especially
for Pls numerous references from American local floras, from state and government
reports, and from periodical mg as ils Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club,
Botanical Gazette, Pittonia, e

56 MobERN TREATMENT OF ASTER

TABLE SHOWING INCREASE IN RECOGNIZED ASTER SPECIES

It is difficult to construct a perfectly graded table for compar-
ison of the growth of the genus Aster, because the limiting lines
of the genus have varied so much at different times. Approximate
uniformity is reached however, it is believed, by the plan adopted
in constructing this table, which is to take as standard the Aster
species of today as recorded in part in Britton and Brown and in
part in the Flora Germanica. Species published by earlier authors
under other genera than Aster are included * in this table if they
have been included within the Aster limits recognized in the two
standard authorities adopted. Biotian species, for example, are
counted in under whatever name published. For Aster Amel/us
L., the symbol A. A. is occasionally entered.

Number o
Author Date Number of Aster-species these still so
recognized
IX - 65 A. D. t= Aster Amellus L.
- I1IO 1 = Eryngium
demi - 1525 I Les spinosa (L.); (and
perhaps also — Tragopogon
in part
Valérius Cordus - 1535 I — Aster Amellus L.
Gesner 1561-+- 5 — Pallenis, TNT :halmum, etc. ;
with A. I
V. Cordus, as edited 1561 3-— Pallenis; A esi A. A. I
Matthioli ror ci 2 = Pallenis, A. A. I
1576 8 — Pallenis, etc. o
Clusius 1576 Ls 8 . A. A., A. alpinus L., etc.
1583 J
Dodoens 1583 3A UE ete. I
Cesalpino 1583 A AC A alt. I
Dalechamps 1587 JO =A. A., A. alpinus, etc. 2
Tabernaemontanus 1588 5 — Pallenis and Inula sp. o
Colonna 1592+ Bos A. rad Helianthus, etc. [o
Gerarde 1597 If P x ; I
C. Bauhin, Zizazx, 1623 Jyek A. rs acti z
Cornut 1635 2 A American, A. didis ete.) I
Parkinson 1640 20 (6 American, doubtful from
scanty descriptions)
J. Bauhin 1650 IO (none American)

* Excepting Aster Trifolium L., which had been a fairly uniform segregate from
first.

NUMBER OF RECOGNIZED SPECIES 57

Author
Morison

Ray
Hermann, i Lugd.

he rad, Batav.

MS Fiore

s. of Aix.
Bu ib adi)
sin Hort. Pisa
Boerhaave, Hort. Lugd.
Miller, Dict., 2d ed.
Linnaeus, Hort. Cliff.
Cla ea M ; PL S I

ce

Linnaeus, Sf. pl.. rst T
layton ; Gronovius, jr.

Linnaeus, , 2d ed.
Miller, Dict., 8th ed.
Forster ýr m

L nis

Allioni, 77. Ped.

Bigelow, B

ursh An.

Barton, Prodr. F7. Phil.
y CURE n Te

A
Brereton, 77. olenbigie
Nees, Genera Ast.

Number

American
4
4
3
5
17
Md.” t4

chiefly **Fla." 17
7

o

Santee R. I4

35

Mass. 17

j S- 89

(15 Cape G. H. ) 66

Flushing, L. I. 5
U. S.

81

Manhattan I. 5
Boston I4

78

Phila. 25

N. Y. City 22
Phila. 28

(15 cape 6. H.) E
So Ca

rol. 4I
Boston 20
16

Washington, D. C. 13
IO

But if we include Nees’ eras a Eurybia, Tripolium, Mac-
phyotri Nees

present genus Aster; American, I20.
of which the American are I27.

155 corresponding to the
Nees’ e 1 Aigo are 230 (in 33 genera);

58 Mopern TREATMENT OF ASTER

: Number

Author Date Number recognized American

Hooker, 77. Bor. Am. 1840 50
De Candolle's Aster and Biotia 1836 155 138
Eaton, Manual, 7th ed. 1836 94
Torrey and Gray, Flora 1841 131
Gray, Synoptical Flora 18 124
Britton and Brown, ///. 77. . 1898 Northeastern U. S. 8o

Seventy-two species in Aster and eight in allied genera are included in the last.

Britton, Manual I9OI NE U.S. 86
Chapman, S$». Flora 1860 S. E. U. S. 48
Chapman, 24 ed. I SE: U, 5. 49
Small, S. Æ. Flora 1903 S, E U & roz

HISTORY OF BIOTIAN ASTERS

THE BioriAN SECTION

Two species of Biotian Asters were recognized by Linnaeus
and by Asa Gray; A. divaricatus and A. macrophyllus. Six were
recognized by De Candolle in 1836; previous to my own work
some 27 different names for species or varieties had appeared, 11
of which represented plants now regarded as genuine Biotian
species. The species described in the present monograph con-
sist of the six known to De Candolle, two others before named
by Bernhardi and one by Cassini, two species named by Asa Gray,
eight which I published in Britton and Brown’s Flora in 1898, one
more in Britton’s Manual, 1901, seven others in Small’s South-
eastern Flora in 1903, and about 56 in the present volume ; also
one now first published, A. suóznuteger, named by Mr. E. P. Bicknell.
The number of Biotian species here admitted would be much
more increased were it not for my holding back all the less dis-
tinct forms, some 60 of which I here describe under A. divaricatus
by provisional English names. Between one and two hundred
more are also listed merely as forms under the species following.

As a rule, other sections of Aster either do not equal the Biotian
in their number of variant forms or have been already more fully
described ; no such great increase in species recognized is to be
expected in most of the other groups.

Biotian Asters are like the Heterophylli and unlike other Asters
in producing some cordate leaves. They are distinguished from
the Zeterophylli by their broader, thicker, more coriaceous bracts
and their more corymbose and less floriferous inflorescence. From
these and all other Asters the Biotian section is distinguishable by
certain indefinable characteristics of aspect, including the following
as frequent factors aiding to produce the complex result :

I. Larger basal leaves.

2. Greater diminution and diversity from the basal leaves up
the stem.

3. Tendency to form large, leafy, sterile colonies.

59

60 MopERN TREATMENT OF ASTER

4. Tendency to harsh, or thick, or flabby texture.

5. Tendency to an inflorescence of larger well-separated heads,
or if the heads be small, to a corymbosety flat-topped arrangement,
rather than a panicle.

But these tendencies, though pervasive, are none of them abso-
lute, and each finds as remarkable departures from itself within the
Biotian group as without it.

I have not recognized this Biotian group as a genus, for it
grades too imperceptibly into Aster species of the spectabilis group,
especially in involucre, the chief character by which it had been
separated.

The last to recognize this Biotta or Eurybia as a genus was
Hooker, in his Flora Boreali Americana, 2: 14 (1840), though
under protest, remarking under his Euryza, ** I follow the learned
Nees von Esenbeck in the adoption of this and other genera of his
Asterez, but I must confess that I think the character is much
too slight, and the difference in habit by no means sufficient
to warrant such a separation."

Torrey and Gray made Biotta a formal subgenus under Aster ;
and Hoffmann in Engler and Prantl’s Pfanzenfamilien, 1894, so
continued it, but as a section* rather than a formal subgenus. -

I have not entitled the Biotian group as a subgenus, deeming
formal subgenera of doubtful utility. If the distinction is sharp
enough to require organization into a formal subgenus, why not
constitute it as a genus at once as the more direct and simple
treatment? It is in vain to hope to make all genera the expres-
sion of an exactly equal rank ; their degrees of difference can never
be exactly alike throughout a family.

Treating the Biotian Asters as an informal group or section,
z. e., without technical name in Latin form, I retain the use, in that
sense, as an appellative of the name now almost 70 years famil-
iarly and happily associated with them, which would be compul-
sorily replaced if the Biotian Asters were erected into a genus,
Biotia as a genus-name having been invalidated by its earlier use
by Cassini.

* His second section, consisting of ** A. corymbosus” and ** A. macrophyllus” ; pre-
ceded by his first section, aiite consisting of a single species, Gray's poo
astrum Shastensis, from Cal

DUE aa A E NOT

joo tios ale C Res A

deos Te AA

THE Genus BioriA 61

The name Biotia commemorates the French chemist, physi-
cian and botanist, Jean Baptiste Biot (born and died in Paris,
1774-1862), whom De Candolle had called in 1836 *' clarissimus
amicissimus Biot, qui ex Astrorum studio ad botanicam physio-
logicam feliciter migravit."

Biotia was first published as the name of a genus by Cassini
(Dict. des sci. nat. 34: 308) in 1825, with one species, his Bioria
viscosa, the Madia viscosa of subsequent botanists. In 1836 De
Candolle observed that Cassini’s description had been founded on
a teratological form of the Pacific- American genus Madia, remark-
ing, “ Biotia Cassinii est monstruositas Madiae ” (Prodr. 5: 264).
Instead of dropping the name Avzotia, however, De Candolle pro-
ceeded to revive it for that section of the genus Zurybia of Cassini,
which is of North American habitat; retaining the name Lurydia
for the Tasmanian species which Cassini had first assigned to it
— species which are unlike the Biotian section in their shrubby
habit, with coriaceous leaves usually tomentose beneath.

The genus Eurybia had been constituted by Cassini in 1818 *
and distinguished from Aszer by having “ bracts perfectly straight
from base to apex," as he remarks; t “ instead of being more or
less spreading as in Aster." This distinction, the recognition of
which is ascribed to Adanson by Cassini (/. c.), does not hold com-
pletely when applied to certain Biotian species with recurving
bract-tips, nor to numerous Heterophyllous species with straight
erect bract-tips.

Cassinis Eurybia was originally meant for the Tasmanian
group of shrubby species which De Candolle retained in it;
species enumerated by Cassini in 1820 as Eurybia quercifolia, E.
fulvida, E. viscosa, E. microphylla, all of which had been originally
described as species of Aster by Labillardiére. In 1825 Cassini
added [ E. Zrata, E. argophylla, E. Jussiei, E. macrophylla, E.
corymbosa, and at this point left it. Of these 9 species only the
latter 3 properly belong in Aster.

* Bull. de la Soc. Philom., Nov. 1818.

f When repeating and enlarging his account of Zuryéza in Dict. des sci. natur-
elles, 16 : 46 (1820).

1 Dict. des sci. nat. 37: 487. 1825.

62 MODERN TREATMENT OF ASTER

COMPARATIVE History or BIOTIAN SPECIES
The succession of descriptions of Biotian Asters tabulated
below presents a synopsis of the different modes of presentation
of these species. For sake of comparison, a few brief descriptions
are quoted entire, in italic. Equivalence is given as recognized in
the present monograph.
VaILLant, Mémoires de l'Académie Royale des Sciences de Paris,
1720: 411. 1722
Aster Canadensis foliis imis amplioribus cordatis et serratis
= A. macrophyllus L.
Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 873. 1753.
Aster divaricatus L. (confused with Doellingeria infirma, to
which belongs Linnaeus’ description but not the speci-
mens) = A. divaricatus L.
CLAYTON, original description written 1759?, printed 1762, follow-
ing the next citation.
Aster serotinus, floribus in umbellula .. . ., etc., no. 767 = A.
Claytoni Bu.
Gronovius, Flora Virginica ed. 2. 125. 1762.
Aster foliis cordatis, . . . etc. = A. Claytoni Bu.
LINNAEUS, Sp. Pl: ed, 2. 2: 1226. 1763.
Aster divaricatus L.
Aster macrophyllus L.
Forster, Catal. Plants No. Am. 51, 52. 1771.
Aster divaricatus L.
Aster macrophyllus L.
Hovurtouyn, Linnaeus’ Pfl. Syst. 9: 377, 391. 1783.
Aster macrophyllus L.
Aster divaricatus L.
LAMARCK, Enc. Meth. 1: 307. 1783.
Aster macrophyllus L.
Arron, Hort. Kew. 3: 207. 1789.
Aster corymbosus Aiton = A. divaricatus L.
Aster macrophyllus L.
Succeeding writers who merely repeated Aiton’s names of
1789 are omitted from this catalog except as introduced for other
reasons.

Bae i oa MALLA YT : - » a

BIOTIAN SPECIES 63

MicHaux, Fl. Bor. Am. 1803.
Aster macrophyllus L.
Aster cordifolius L. (perhaps included A. divaricatus L., at least
fide herbarium).
WiLLDENOW, Sp. Pl. 3°: 2036. 180r.
Aster. corymbosus.
Aster macrophyllus.
a. A. corolle radio ceruleo = A, macrophyllus L.
B. A. corolle radio albo = A. Schreberi Nees.
MUHLENBERG, Cat. Plantarum Am. Sept, written 1809, printed
Nov. 1812~July 1813; enumerates as blooming in July in
Pennsylvania,
Aster corymbosus = A. divaricatus L., with blending, fide her-
barium, of A. umbelliformis Bu.
Aster macrophyllus.
BERTERO,* in his ‘‘ Specimen,” 1811; or in MS. before 1831,
Aster elatus t Bertero = A. divaricatus L.
Aiton, Wm. TowNsEND, Hort. Kew. ed. 2. 5: 57. 1813.
Aster corymbosus.

a. caule purpureo. Purple-stalked corymbed starwort [may
have been a transient state of the next].

B. caule viridi. Green-stalked corymbed starwort = A. di-
varicatus L., which in typical development has a green
stem, or greenish brown ; but is sometimes. purplish,

Aster macrophyllus L.

a. foliis radicalibus oblongis cordatis, Large-leaved white
starwort = A. Schreberi B Nees ; probably.

B. foliis radicalibus ovatis cordatis, Large-leaved blue star-
wort = A. macrophyllus L.

Pursy, Flora N. Am. 2: 552. 1814.
Aster corymbosus Ait.
Zn shady woods, Canada to Florida. y. Aug —Nov. v. v.;

* Carlo Giuseppe Bertero, born in — 1789, died at s sea vesper Tahiti —
Chile, 1831; was author of ‘* Specimen .
eas," Turin, 1811; 36 p. He was ates author ofa a. of plants he observed in
visits to Chile, of which a translation appeared in the American Journal of Science, vol-
umes I9 and 20; in this however no Aster appears.
1 Fide Steudel, Nom. ed. 2. 154. 1841.

64 Mopern TREATMENT OF ASTER

v. s. in Herb. Banks et Lambert. A foot or two high;
flowers white, larger than the preceding | A. cordifottus
L.] = A. divaricatus L.

Aster macrophyllus L.

In shady woods about rocks; Canada to Virginia. — M.
Sept.-Nov. v. v.; v. s. in. Herb. Banks et Lambert. A
foot or two high; flowers above the middle size, rays
white, and sometimes blue. = A. Schreberi Nees, and
A. macrophyllus L.

BıceLow, Florula Bostoniensis, ed. 1. 1814.

Aster corymbosus Ait.

Barron, WM. P. C., Prodromus Fl. Phil. 1815; and Compend.

1818.

Aster corymbosus Ait. = A. divaricatus L.
var. alatus Barton = A. divaricatus alatus (Barton) Bu.

Aster macrophyllus L. = A. macrophyllus L.

Torrey, Cat. Plants within 30 miles of N. Y. 1817, publ. 1819.

Aster corymbosus Ait. In woods. Aug.—Sept., white.

Aster macrophyllus Ait. Rocky, shady woods. Bloomingdale,
Aug., white or pale blue.

NurrALL, Genera N. Am. Plants. 1818.

Aster corymbosus Ait.

Aster macrophyllus L.

Nees, Synopsis Asterum, 1818; repeated by Sprengel, Syst.

Meg, 2: §32.° 1826;

Aster corymbosus Ait.

Aster macrophyllus L.

Aster Schreberi n. sp.

BERNHARDI, as cited from his letters, herbarium, Nees, Ast. 1832,

or DC., etc. (lived 1774-1850; wrote 1799-1834).

Aster glomeratus, in litt. ad Nees; who so edited it 1832 —
A. glomeratus (Bernh.) Nees.

Aster subcymosus, in hb. Günther; an ally of A. Schrebert
Nees ; printed as its synonym by Nees, 1832 = A. sub-
cymosus Bernh.

Aster ambiguus, in Hort. Vratisl. ex Hort. Erfurt. A red-
stemmed ally of A. Schreberi, fide Nees’ plant in hb.

BIOTIAN SPECIES 65

Gray. Printed as synonym by Nees 1832 = A. ambiguus
Bernh,
Aster glutinosus (where published ? in the 7huringische Garten-
| zetung or the Allgemeines deutsches Gartenmagasin ? which
Bernhardi edited, 1815-1824. Known by its enumeration,
DC. Prodr. 5: 250, (as a synonym of Botta glomerata
DC. ; but incorrectly so ? for Bernhardi’s species g/omeratus
seems wholly non-glandular) see zz/ra.
ErLiorr, Sketch, Bot. of S. C. and Ga. 1821-4.
Aster corymbosus Ait. = A. riciniatus Bu. ?
BiGELow, Florula Bostoniensis, ed. 2. 1824.
Aster corymbosus Ait. = A. divaricatus L.

Aster macrophyllus L. = A. macrophyllus L. and A. tanthinus

Bu.
Torrey, Fl. Northern and Middle States, 1824; also in his Com-
pendium, 1826.
Aster corymbosus Ait.
Aster macrophyllus L.
Cassini, Dict. Sci. Nat. 37: 437. 1825.

Eurybia corymbosa (Ait.) = A. divaricatus L.

| Eurybia macrophylla (L.) = A. macrophyllus L.
Eurybia Jussiet n. sp. = A. Jusstet.

l DEsFoNTAINES, Catalogus Plant. Horti Regii Parisiensis, ed. 3.
1829.
Aster corymbosus Ait.
Aster macrophyllus L.
Aster latifolius Desf. name only, without description = A.
macrophyllus pinguifoltus.
Nees, Genera Ast. 1832.
Eurybia Schreberi.
a, reniformis cordatis, etc., typical; = A. Schreberi Nees,
1818, and so accepted here.
B, ovatis cordatis, etc., included forms of our A. Schrebert
or allies, early bent as A. latifolius, A. discolor, A.
subcymosus, A. ambiguus, etc.
Eurybia glomerata — A. glomeratus Bernhardi in Nees.
Eurybia macrophylla = A. macrophyllus L.

66 MopERN TREATMENT OF ASTER

a, all-cordate form.
P, sessile leaf form.
7, Cove Valley form, from Penn.
Eurybia commixta = A. commixtus (Nees) Kuntze.
Eurybia corymbosa = A. divaricatus L.
De CaANDOLLE, Prodromus, 5: 264-265. 1836.

Biotia Schreberi = A. Schreberi a Nees.

Biotia latifolia = A. macrophyilus funguifolius Bu.

Biotia glomerata = A. glomeratus Bernhardi in Nees.

Liotta macrophylla = A. macrophyllus L.

Biotia macrophylla divaricata* = A. divaricatus L.

Biotia commixta = A. commiatus (Nees) Kuntze.

Biotia corymbosa = A. divaricatus L.

Biotia corymbosa alata = A. divaricatus alatus (Barton) Bu.

Since De Candolle s Frodromus, Biotia has not been recognized as a
genus, the foregoing plants being relegated to Aster ; but three
other species have at various times been temporarily enrolled
as species of Biotia, as follows :

Biotia crenata Steudel, Nom. ed. 2. 154. 1841 = Matiria 3
crenata. This was the Aster crenatus of Lessing, Syn. d
Comp. 166. 1832. :

Biotia discolor Maximovicz, Primitize Fl. Amurensis, 146.
1859 — Aster scaber, Thunberg (Fl. Japon. 316. 1784) —
Doellingeria scabra Nees, 1832. Some would still sepa-
rate B. discolor of the Amoor from typical D. scabra of
Japan. The representatives of Maximovicz's Btiotia dis-
color in American herbaria are certainly very different from
American Biotian Asters, and this plant does not appear to
belong within Aster as now understood. 4

Biotia? Japonica Miquel, Prolusiones Florae Japonicae, 102.
1866-7. Notthe same with Aster Japonicus Lessing ex :
Nees, Gen. Ast. 33, 34. 1832; which is Jaula dubia
Thunb. Fl. Jap. 318. Miquel was very doubtful when
writing his description in the Pro/uszoues as to the proper

* A variety founded by De Candolle upon a misconception regarding such speci-
mens of 4. divaricatus L. as have a leafy inflorescence. Such were classed correctly
by Linnaeus under 4. divaricatus, but by Nees were assigned to A. macroph //us L.,
which led De Candolle to constitute them a variety of the latter species.

BioriAN SPECIES 61

place of this species, finally publishing it as ** Bzozra ?" with
the remark : “ Perhaps a new genus ; but it agrees in many
characteristics with Brotia discolor," e. i., with Doellingeria
scabra Nees. That Miquel's plant was not a Biotian aster
seems indicated by its outer involucral scales, described as
but little shorter than the inner ones. Probably this species
and the preceding when fully studied will be found not
members of Aster at all.

TonRREY AND Gray, Fl. N. Am. 2: 103-105. May, 1841.

A. corymbosus Aiton — A. divaricatus L.

A. macrophyllus L., . . . rays white or purplish. The “ pur-
plish” plants = A. macrophyllus L. proper; the “ white ”’
ones were probably in part the same in older bleaching
condition ; and in part were rougher larger-leaved forms
of A. Schreberi Nees.

B. stem and leaves nearly smooth and glabrous ; heads usually
smaller ; A. Schreberi Nees. = A. Schreberi Nees in smoother
states ; and A. umbelliformis Bu. and perhaps other smooth-
ish allies.

y. exterior scales . . . broadly ovate or roundish oval” instead
of acute. This seems the same with a rare round-bracted
form or ally of A. macrophyllus L.; see infra.

“ Varies with the heads somewhat glomerate on short pedicels and
the rays shorter; an accidental state, Eurybia glomerata
Bernhardi iz Nees Ast. Biotia glomerata, DC. Biotia
Schreberi, glomerata, and latifolia, seem to be merely slight
forms of this species. Biotia ( Eurybia Nees) commixta DC.,
ts of doubtful origin, but perhaps it is only a form of this
spectes," T. & G.

A. mirabilis T. & G.

Torrey, Fl. N. Y. State. 1843.

A. corymbosus Aiton.

A. macrophyllus L.

PRovaANncHER, Flore Canadienne, 1: 305. Quebec, 1862.

A. corymbiforme, A. corymbosus, Ait. Aout.

A. à grandes feuilles, A. macrophyllus, L. Petouane, Sept. At
St. Joachim, where Provancher collected both species, he

68 MODERN TREATMENT OF ASTER

thus records this name Petouane or Little Tobacco for this
plant, from its radicals.
Gray, Syn. Fl. N. Am. 1884.
A. corymbosus Ait.
A macrophyllus L.
A. mirabilis T. & G.
A, Herveyi Gray (first described in his Manual, 1867).
Peck, N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist. Annual Repts. 46: 45. 1893.
A. Herveyi intermedia = A. macrophyllus L.
Burcess in Britton and Brown, Illustr. Fl. 3: 356-361. 1898.
. carmesinus N. Sp.
. tenebrosus n. sp.
. divaricatus L., with varieties cymulosus, deltoideus, curtifolius,
fontinalis ; also persaliens, now made a species, infra.

m om n

A. furcatus n. sp. |

A. Claytoni n. sp., with variety crispicans.

A. macrophyllus L., with varieties pinguifolius, sejunctus, velu-
tinus ; also biformis, and excelsior, here made species, infra.

A. roscidus n. sp.

A. ianthinus n. sp.

A, violaris n. sp.

A. curvescens n. sp., with varieties oviformis and umbelliformis,

here made species, zz/fra.
. Schreberi Nees.
. glomeratus Bernhardi in Nees.
. Herveyi Gray.

Hà Bs Hh

Burcess in Britton's Manual, 1901. The preceding species and
A. leptocaulis n. sp.

Bunczss in Small's Southeastern Flora, 1210-1213. 1903.

divaricatus L.

tenebrosus Bu.

stilettiformis n. sp.

excavatus n. sp.

castaneus n. Sp.

chlorolepis n. sp.

Boykinii n. sp.

flexilis n. sp.

mom. m. moms moon

BioriaN. COLLECTORS 69

. multiformis Bu.

riciniatus n. sp.

A, macrophyllus L.

A. commixtus (Nees) Kuntze.
A. mirabilis T. & G.

First Known COLLECTORS oF BIOTIAN ASTERS

I. SAGARD. Father Gabriel Sagard, a French missionary to
the Hurons, a Recollet or reformed Franciscan monk, who went
from Paris to Canada in 1624 and spent two years in the country
of the Hurons, publishing his Grand Voyage du Pays des Hurons
and his Huron vocabulary, in 1632, and enlarging these in 1636
to the “ Histoire du Canada et Voyages que les Freres Mineurs
recollets y ont taits pour la conversion des Infideles," in four
books, of which the third treats of natural history. Tuckerman,
in Archaeologia Americana, 4: 119, remarked that he thought
Sagard to have been the first collector of a number of Sarrasin's
plants; z. e. of species which Sarrasin, nearly a century later, de-
scribed or sent to France. Certainly, Sagard, from the region
where he traveled and the acute observation he displayed, must
have become familiar with Aster macrophyllus in Canada, and he
is perhaps the earliest writer of natural history who saw the plant.
In fact, his descriptions * of flowers seen by him in the Huron
country includes one which suggests a violet Aster macrophyllus ;
for he says it is “of a violet color, of the form of a star, and size
of a small narcissus " ; all of which might be said more appropri-
ately of one of the Macrophylli than of almost any other plant in
his region. He also remarks that its leaf is “ very like our Mug-
uet," a name then f and now used in France for our lily-of-the-val-
ley, Convallaria ; making it probable that the leaves of Sagard’s
Huron plant were those of CZiuftouia, abundant there, and extremely
suggestive of Convallaria. With leaves of C/intonia he may per-
haps have confused the flowers of an Aster. Possibly his refer-
ence was based on a memory of autumn, with broad leaves of
Clintonia and of Aster macrophyllus covering the ground, and with

* In my copy of Chevalier's reprint of Sagard's Grand Voyage (Paris, 1865), on
page 234; in the original of 1632, page 332.
+ Muguet = Convallaria, fide Lobel, in 1576.

70 MODERN TREATMENT OF ASTER

no flowers then but the violet-colored star-like Aster blossoms.
Curiously enough, even his comparison of leaves to “ Muguet”
has a glimpse of Aster in it; for at the time of Sagard’s life the
standard French name for the Aster of Europe, Aster Atticus,
was Petit Muguet.*

Perhaps his Huron Maio a is wholly based + on a C/iutonia ;
but possibly it is based for the leaves on C7/ixtonia, and for the
flowers on an Aster macrophyllus, tanthinus or multiformis.

Later botanists record the name for Aster macrophyllus among
the French in Canada of **Petouane," or ''Petune," { or Little
Tobacco, from a custom of using its leaves as substitute for the
tobacco leaf. Such uses were commonly learned from the Indians.
Sagard in his Huron vocabulary, 1632, gives Testena and other
names as the Huron for Petun or tobacco, and Satéya and Ataya
as the equivalent for Petune. If he used Petun and Petune with
the same distinction that is now maintained, it follows that his
Huron Indians called Aster macrophyllus Ataya, or with prefix,
Satéya ; signifying, apparently, Tobacco-smoke-plant = “ what we
smoke

2. SARRASIN. Dr. Michel Sarrasin of Quebec, born and died
in France 1659-1734, was while living at Quebec, a member of
the superior council of the French colony; contributed many
scientific papers to the society memoirs of the day, including des-
criptions of the beaver (1704) and muskrat, and the plant Sarra-
cenia on which Tournefort bestowed his name. The historian
Charlevoix on arriving in Canada expressed surprise at “ finding
so learned a man in the colony,” says Tuckerman.

To Vaillant in Paris, Sarrasin sent, before 1720, many of the
Canadian Compositae, including A. macrophyllus L. (Vaillant’s no.
28) 3 other asters (Vaillant’s nos. 31, 38, 46) and asmany golden-
rods, with Artemisia Canadensis and related species.

Later Sarrasin returned to Paris and was there honored as

* Petit Muguet — Aster Atticus, fide Fuchs, 1551, and Jéan Bauhin's Historia
plantarum, 1650

T Sagard's reference is as follows : Le Muguet qu'ils ont en leur pays a bien fueille
du tout semblable au nostre, mais la fleur on est toute austre ; car outre qu'elle est de
couleur tirant sur le violet, elle est faicte en facon d'Estoille grande et large comme
petit Narcis." Sagard, page = of C edition of 1632.

i Provancher, Flore Canadien

$
i
;
fr

BIoTIAN COLLECTORS ri

physician to the king, Louis XV ; was keeper of the king's seal,
and a member of the Académie Reville des Sciences.

He has been ascribed to the distinguished race of physicians
which produced Jean Antoine Sarrasin, or Saracenus, Antwerp,
editor of Dioscorides, whose father, Philibert, the physician at
Lyons, espousing the Reformed faith, sought refuge in Geneva in
1550. Jean’s sister, Louise, famous as a linguist, was twice
married to a physician. Jean's two sons were physicians, one of
them, Jacques Sarrasin, 1594-1663, being physician to Louis XIV.
Should it be proved that our Michel Sarrasin at Quebec was ofthe
kindred of Philibert Sarrasin, he will be found to have merely
maintained the family traditions when he became Médecin du Rot
to Louis XV in 1733-4.

The name Sarrasin is still occasional in France, due originally,
it is claimed, to the appellative of one who, as Crusader or other-
wise, had returned from Saracen lands.

A sketch of “ Sarrasin à Québec” is recorded as published in
French at Quebec, by L'Abbé Bois, in 1856, forming a pamphlet
of 12 pages.

3. Crayton collected Aster Clayton, his Aster . . . cum umbel-
/ula, in mountains of Virginia, along the tributaries of the upper
James or Rappahannock, Neun in or before 1754. See zfra,
under A. Clayton.

4. MANASSEH CUTLER was searching for A. macrophyllus L.,
in Essex Co., Mass., in or before 1796, as is indicated by his MSS.,
but does not appear to have found it then, his plants proving to
belong to A. undulatus. Bigelow and Oakes, a few years later,
were more fortunate in that county, obtaining there A. macro-
phyllus and also A. divaricatus. The latter Cutler must have seen
also (at Chebacco Pond, for instance, where I find it abundant, and
where he mentions obtaining other asters), though I do not find
it mentioned among his surviving memoranda.

5. Collections of A. macrophyllus L. and A. divaricatus L. were
made soon after 1800, by Michaux, Pursh, Rafinesque, Muhlen-
berg and Barton, the exact localities for which are, however, un-
recorded. After this the species became common in botanical
collections. Of other early collectors, Elliott and Gibbes in South
Carolina, Oakes and Boott in Massachusetts, Shuttleworth in Penn-

T2 MopERN TREATMENT OF ASTER

sylvania and Lapham in Wisconsin, were among those whose field
work added something to our knowledge of Biotian Asters.

6. There were other collectors early in the nineteenth century
who furnished Biotian species from New York, New Jersey and
Pennsylvania, to European herbaria, especially to that of Bern-
hardi and to Günther's Mora Pennsylvanica at Breslau. The most
active of these collectors was Eduard Friedrich Póppig, who col-
lected in Pennsylvania in 1824. He was born in 1797 at Playen,
in Saxony, made botanical collections in Cuba, in 1822; Pennsyl-
vania, 1824; Chile and Peru, 1826-1832; became Professor of
Zoology at Leipsic in 1833; was author, with Endlicher, of
** Nova Genera" of Chilean and Peruvian plants, and died 1868.

Poppig sailed from Matanzas for Philadelphia on April 24,
1824, and then collected plants through Pennsylvania all that
summer and fall. At Connellsburg, in southwestern Pennsyl-
vania — or '' Conelsburgh," as Poppig calls it — he spent the
winter of 1824-5; he was for some time at Baltimore, into the
next fall apparently ; while in this summer, of 1825, he sent over
his collection of 12,000 Cuban and North American plant speci-
mens to his friend, Dr. Radius,* of Leipsic.

Poppig seems to have been the source of the Aster specimens
from “Cove Valley, Penn.," which Nees received and cited in
1832; including Nees’ Aster macrophyllus y, founded on a speci-
men from Cove Valley in Günther's Flora Pennsylvanica. See
that plant, zz/ra.

After leaving Baltimore, Poppig was in 1826 in Valparaiso,
there beginning his distinguished career as South American
traveller and botanist.

First CULTIVATION OF BiOTIAN ASTERS
Aster macrophyllus L. is referred to in cultivation as follows:
1739, Kew; under name 4. macrophyllus, fide Philip Miller's
Gardener s. Dictionary, ed. 3, vol. 2, no. 23, pub. 1739; probably
introduced into Kew after 1733, when Miller's second edition was
published without mentioning it.
1750? Paris; about the middle of this century or later, A.

* Justus W. M. Radius, born 1797 in Leipsic, professor there 1825, physician to
the Georgenspital 1832-53; died 1884. — 4ilyemeine Deutsche Biographie, 26: 422.

BIoTIAN CULTIVATORS T3

macrophyllus was cultivated in the Paris garden as A. Acadiensts,
fide Lamarck in 1783.

1809, Berlin; Willdenow enumerates Aster macrophyllus as
cultivated in the Berlin garden, in his Enum. Hort. Berol. 2: 882;
probably some white-flowered plants of A. ScAreberi Nees were
mingled with it, as in Willdenow's description of 1804.

1819, Hort. Hafniensis, Copenhagen.

A. macrophyllus pinguifolius seems to have been cultivated
under the name A. /atifolius in the Paris garden, fide specimens,
1814 + , and fide Desfontaine's Catalogue, 1829.

Other allied but uncertain forms were early in the gardens
of Paris, Berlin, Erfurt, Erlangen, Breslau, Hamburg and Bonn,
and were so mentioned by Nees, 1832; including A. sudcymosus,
A, ambiguus, and others.

Aster Schreberi seems to have been cultivated in the Ley-
den garden between 1762 and 1766; at Paris before 1783? ; at Berlin
before 1804; at Erlangen, whence Nees described his type, before
1810; at Turin before 1821; an allied form was the A. discolor of
the Hamburg garden, as cited by Nees, 1832.

Aster divaricatus was cultivated near London by Peter
Collinson in 1765; in Hort. Jenensis before 1792, by the name of

_ A, divaricatus (fide Nees, Gen. 142); at Berlin before 1809, under

name A. corymbosus.
See the respective species for details.

EUROPEAN WORK UPON BioriAN ASTERS: NEES

Nees, in his monograph on the Asters states expressly that he
gives more detailed treatment to the species since known as Biotian,
because some doubted their validity. This fullness of detail in-
cluded extended description, attention bestowed on the quick-
perishing primordial leaves, and care in distinguishing varieties.
Consequently the sketch of Biotian history is the appropriate place
for some notice of Nees, the great European student of the Asters.

There were two brothers Nees, botanists, natives of Reichen-
berg near Enbach in the Hessian Odenwald ; the younger was the
short-lived professor at Bonn, Theodor F. L. Nees von Esenbeck,
1787-1837, mourned in 1838 “ by his friends" in a pamphlet of
40 pages, issued at Breslau, doubtless through the means of his

74 MODERN TREATMENT OF ASTER

brother already located there. Theodor Nees wrote especially on
medical plants, was early at the botanical garden of Leyden, and
in 1833 on becoming director of that at Bonn, began the publica-
tion of his valuable illustrated ** Genera" of Germany, which was
continued by other hands till 1860.

The elder brother was the monographer of the Asters, Christian
Gottfried Nees von Esenbeck, born 1776, who died at Breslau,
1858, aged 82. His productive period was 1814-1841, writing
on a great variety of botanical subjects ; beginning with freshwater
algae, fungi, mosses and hepatics ; with monographs on grasses and
Lauraceae besides Asters among higher plants. He was also a
writer on entomology and philosophy. Nees was president of the
Leopold Academy, professor 1818 of natural history at Erlangen,
1819 at Bonn, 1830 at Breslau. His first work on Asters, Synop-
sis Asterum, * was published during his brief period at Erlangen,
1818, and sketched the outlines of the species then known to him
and for which he was planning a more extensive treatment. During
his eleven years at Bonn, although publishing many other dissim-
ilar works meanwhile, he continued the work on the Asters, and
its completion followed closely upon his beginning his career at
Breslau, being printed there 1832 under title Genera et species
Asterearum, + an octavo of 323 pages. He continued twenty-two
years in his Breslau professorship, when he was removed in 1852
for political reasons, and lived but six years longer; the last we hear
of him is his giving certain aster-specimens to Schultz Bipontinus in
1856, which found their way into the hands of Dr. Asa Gray at Har-
vard. As to disposition made of Nees’ herbarium in which further
representatives of his Asters should be sought, Gray made unavail-
ing inquiry. Quite a considerable part afterward appeared in the
Herb. Cosson, Paris, and in the Herb. Klatt, an herbarium recently
added to the collections of the Cambridge Botanical Garden, from
which numerous asters given by Nees to Schultz Bipontinus had

Qd ynopsis specierum . . . Asterum, a thin quarto of 32 pages (Erlangen, n
rare in America; copies are in the libraries of the Gray Herbarium and of Dr. J. H
Barnhart.
f Genera et species Asterearum, Breslau, Gruson, 1832; reissued, Nuremberg,
eee 1833; its preface is signed by Nees, Breslau, Jan. 1832. To the reissue belong
rly American copies, that of William Boott, given to Gray, and two of Dr.
aedi: ; besides others like mine obtained later.

TOPIC Pe

E

NEES’ MONOGRAPH 75

already been secured by Dr. Gray. Many other specimens from
among Nees’ asters which went to Schultz have latterly been
added to the British Museum collections.

Nees obtained part of his material from his own and other bo-
tanical gardens and a part from native pressed specimens sent or
submitted to him by friends, especially by Bernhardi, director of
the botanical garden at Erfurt (see zz/ra). Among those aiding
him were Link and Schlechtendal; Meyer and Besser; Nestler and
Mougeot at Strasburg; Chamisso at Berlin; Lehmann at Ham-
burg; Günther, ‘medical assessor” in the medical college of
Breslau; Kunz at Leipsic; Doellinger at Munich, and Steudel at
Esslingen. All of these, together with Beilschmied, whom he
styles his ** friend," supplied abundant material from their herbaria.
Living rootstocks from such as were cultivated in their botanical
gardens were also sent by Hooker from Glasgow, Heller from
Würzburg, Otto from Berlin, Wiegmann from Brunswick, and
Zeyher from Baden.

Nees’ Astereae included 33 genera, some of which, as Olearia
and Felicia, have received great enlargement since; one, Symphy-
otrichum, was apparently ill-founded; this and five others were
Nees’ own creation, including the now well-established genera
Sericocarpus, Machaeranthera, and Doellingeria. A few are not
now recognized as so closely allied to Aster, as Boltonia, Brachy-
come, Paquerina. Erigeron was not included by Nees. Nees dis-
tinguished his Astereae from the Baccharideae by possession of
rays; from Solidagineae by absence of yellow rays; from true
Bellideae by absence of scapiferous habit. Nees’ Astereae or As-
terinae is in the main the Asterinae rather than the Astereae of
Engler and Prantl, 1894, in which Hoffmann's treatment makes
39 genera of Asterinae, of which 13 were formed later than Nees'.
Of Nees' 32 Astereae, 24 survive, under the same name or incor-
porated in Hoffmann's Asterinae ; Hoffmann's additional genera
are mainly small or monotypic.

Nees’ Astereae included in their 33 genera, some 230 species,
of which 127 were American. In his genus Aster were 127
Species, 107 American. Within the limits assigned to Aster by
Gray, Nees had 155 species, of which 120 were American.

76 MODERN TREATMENT OF ASTER

AMERICAN WORK UPON BIOTIAN ASTERS

Biotian Asters were rather slow to make their appearance in
writings about American plants. Their region of principal growth,
and the scope of the work accomplished, made it less remarkable
that they failed to appear in the work of Thevet, 1558, on French
America ; or in that of Monardes, 1596, on Spanish America; or
in the works of Catesby, 1731+, and the less extensive ones of
Brickell, 1737, and Walter, 1788, on the Carolinas.

But it was remarkable that Cornut, 1635, writing of the plants
of Canada, made no mention of them; they would not have been
left unmentioned surely, had he himself visited America. That
Josselyn, in his New England Rarities, 1672, said nothing of them,
does not perhaps indicate that he did not observe them; for he
had a keener interest in plants of unfamiliar shape, like the
Impatiens, which he took pains to figure. That Cadwallader
Colden, in his Plants of New York, 1743-1750, did not mention
them, was due to his total failure to complete his catalog, as it ex-
tends but through the first 12 Linnaean classes. Meanwhile plants
of A. macrophyllus had been noticed and had been sent abroad to
France and to England not far from the same time by Sarrasin
from Quebec to Vaillant at Paris shortly before 1720, and by
some one in the British colonies to Philip Miller, 1733-1739.
Aster Claytont followed early, perhaps in 1754, from Clayton’s col-
lections in mountains of Virginia ; and a little earlier, from Collin-
son or some other source, specimens of A. divaricatus reached
Linnaeus, to receive their well-known mingling with Doe/Zzgeria
infirma in his description of 1753.

With that century’s close Manasseh Cutler, who must have
been familiar with several Biotian forms abundant in northeastern
Massachusetts, seems to have been endeavoring in vain to fit
European descriptions to them. Others succeeded little better ;
as Michaux, who was mingling together the heart-leaved A. cordi-
folitus and A. divaricatus.

Rafinesque, in 1807, had begun, he remarks, “to reform” *
the Asters, saying that “ Solidago, with Erigeron, Inula and Aster,
were in utter confusion, the determination of species hardly attain-

* Rafinesque, Flora Telluriana, 2: 41. 1836.

——— n

AMERICAN BIOTIAN STUDIES T7

able" ; but he did not publish till 1836, “ waiting," with unusual
reticence, “ to see what De Candolle and Torrey will do." * When,
in 1836, he published his long-delayed remarks on Aster and
Solidago, he observed (New Flora, 7) that ‘many species of
Aster and Solidago are found chiefly in October, and therefore
had escaped the attention of our botanists, who chiefly botanize
or travel in the summer." But even this year, in revising the
Compositae, Rafinesque states that he is “leaving most of the As-
ters for further inquiries" ; which explains why this genus is not
more complicated by synonyms of his introduction. As it is, he
had determined on the separation from Aster (his Asteriscus) of
several new genera. One of these was to contain the Biotian
Asters ; he called it Letachenis, characterizing it by having smooth
achenes and simple pappus. Under this in a subgenus Dodecalis
he proposed to class the species with appressed bracts and about
I2 rays; which was to include the Biotian plants, “A. corymbosus,”
as he says, etc.; but was also to include such dissimilar species as
A. dumosus, and illustrates the danger of relying on a single
character.

At about the same time with Rafinesque's beginnings, or by
1809, Muhlenberg, with his usual careful observation, had collected
the plants of southeastern Pennsylvania, and seems to have been
the earliest to take notice of A. umbelliformis, which the fragments
of his herbarium include as one of his unnamed forms of “ A.
corymbosus."

Barton, who in addition to A. macrophyllus and A. divaricatus,
had made known his variety a/atus of the latter as early as 1815,
seems to have been the first recorded as watching an Aster colony
for several years to determine its normal range of variation. It
was in that way that he satisfied himself that his variety alatus was
genuine,

Slightly later, some new forms appear in American descrip-
tions ; A. riciniatus may have been what Elliott described as A.
corymbosus, about 1824; A. tanthinus that which Bigelow, also
1824, described as 4. macrophyllus ; A. orbicularis and securi-
formis seem to have been collected under the latter name by

* Rafinesque, New Flora, part 4, page 69. 1836.

78 MopERN TREATMENT OF ASTER

Oakes in the same region ; A. zzraiZis,* since not rediscovered, was
collected by Professor L. R. Gibbes in 1835, near Columbia, S. C.

One of the zealous seekers for the Asters in this period was
Wm. Boott,t an acute student of the flora of eastern Massachu-
setts, who was so fortunate as to secure a copy of Nees’ Genera
Asterearum, later passing as a part of Boott's botanical library, to
the library of the Gray Herbarium. As the result of these studies,
plants still exist in the Torrey herbarium, which had been referred
by Dr. Torrey to Mr. Boott for identification, and bear the names
given by him, 1836 or later, after receiving De Candolle's modi-
fication of Nees’ Asters ; including his Bzotza macrophylla and his
Diotia Schreberi, which seem to be the plants Nees intended ; and
his Szotia glomerata, which was a less successful venture, the
specimen being a young and therefore subsessile plant of A. mac-
rophyllus, which would not have remained glomerate at maturity,
and which presented longer and differently-shaped leaves from
those Nees’ description called for.

Later than the effort of Wm. Boott no other serious attempt
to identify all the European descriptions of Biotian Asters is
known to me, prior to my undertaking it at Washington in 1886.

The interval was broken by the active collecting by Shuttle-
worth in Pennsylvania; and by the discovery by E. W. Hervey in
Massachusetts of the species named for him by Gray.

Perhaps many other Biotian forms would have been recorded
during the half century, 1836-1886, had it not been for the extra-
ordinary dictum of Torrey and Gray's Flora, in 1843, that “ there
are certainly but two species of Biotia indigenous to the United
States." Although giving in most respects an excellent descrip-

ii On the doubtful line between the Aiotian and Spectabilis groups.

illiam Boott, 1805-1 ; born in Boston, lived later in Medford, Mass.;
studied at Exeter Academy and at Harvard ; stadied medicine at Dublin and Paris;
soon returning to America, turned to botany, doing special work on Isoetes, the
Grasses, and certain tribes of the Cyperaceæ. His only written work was ‘‘a shor
oe paper" mm in assistance of his brother.—Asa Gray in Am. Jour. Sci.
III. 35: 262. Wm. Boott was youngest brother of the well-known specialist on Carex,
Dr. ipn Boott, oras of London, but born in Boston, and in 1816,
Tuckerman, an explorer of Mt. inary and its flora, the southeastern arm of that
resins Boott’s Spur, bearing his na Their cousin, Francis Boott the composer,
of Cambridge, Mass., continued the family name in America lli his death, 1904, at the
npe. age of 9I. —Zr. B. L. Robin

COLLECTION OF VARIANTS 79

tion.of A. macrophyllus and A. divaricatus, the Flora of 1843 had
added to the difficulty of disentangling A. macrophyllus by empha-
sizing wife as its prevailing color. Willdenow, who first distin-
guished the “blue” and “ white" elements in the Linnaean 4.
macrophyllus, made the ue (i. e., pale violet) his leading form.
But Torrey and Gray's color phrase “ white or purplish," gave the
white forms (A. ScAreberi, curvescens, etc.) the precedence, and it
might be inferred that the species would ordinarily produce white
rays. Torrey’s Flora of N. Y. said of it expressly “ rays white,
sometimes pale blue’; and white flowers continued to be the first
color-character for A. macrophyllus, including the Synoptical Flora,
1884, and the description of A. macrophyllus to accompany an
illustration in Garden and Forest,* in 1891. This tendency to
esteem the rays white was increased by the necessity under which
so many labored, of working from herbarium material, in which
condition much of the blue or lavender has left the flowers. Asa
result, white-flowered plants came so far to monopolize the 4.
macrophylius of American botanists that presently the occurrence
of a purplish or violet A. macrophyllus form occasioned much sur-
prise and an attempt to bestow it under 4. Hervey.

Keen observers, however, had begun to query if A. macro-
Phyllus had not been made to include too much. Dr. Vasey and
Prof. L. F. Ward had noted the unlikeness of the white-flowered
forms (A. curvescens, etc.) ascribed to it about Washington. To
Dr. Vasey I brought Washington plants of A. curvescens, as a
peculiar glomerate-flowered macrophyllus form in 1887. I found
that he had himself distinguished this form mentally for years,
because of its smaller heads and different bracts from the
northern macrophyllus. But the latter to him was still a white-
flowered plant.

Observations next appeared in the Hudson River region, Mr.
E. P. Bicknell collecting variants about New York City (4. Schre-
beri chiefly) and Professor C. H. Peck about Albany, etc. (A.
Schrebert and A. glomeratus), both remarking their “intermediate
position " toward “ A. corymbosus.”

On the other hand, the latter observers noted another opposite
tendency in their collections toward the highly glandular and

* Gard. & For. 4: 88, 89. 1891.

80 MODERN TREATMENT OF ASTER

deeply violet 4. Herveyz. A series of such specimens from the
Adirondack region was actually separated and published as a va-
riety zztermedia under A, Herveyi by Professor Peck in 1893, but
was soon remanded by him to 4. macrophyllus, where I think they
belong.

At last, after multitudinous comparisons, I established the gen-
eral law for Biotian Asters, that when a blue element (producing
violet, which often speedily changes to white) is present in the
rays, it is accompanied by glandular surfaces. It was only on
full recognition of this law that separation and classification of the
tangle of macrophyllus forms became possible. Glands had been
observed in certain of the species in German gardens by Nees
before 1832, and perhaps earlier by Bernhardi in his A. glutinosus ;
but without reaching the perception of their absence from the
whole white-flowered complex of species formerly assigned to 4.
macrophyllus.

SYSTEMATIC DESCRIPTION OF

INTRODUCTORY EXPLANATIONS

FIGURES

A number of plants are illustrated by full-page plates (thirteen
in number, showing fourteen species or varieties, from drawings by
Mrs. C. D. Henline), exhibiting the whole plant reduced, with
separate representation of a single head, series of bracts, a disk-
flower and a rayflower.

Most species are illustrated by smaller figures, 92 in number,
representing drawings from the specimens, by Miss Evelyn G.
Flynn, and Miss Else H. Seringhaus, and by the author. These
figures are intended to indicate characteristic leaf-form and bract ;
also characteristic habit. No adequate representation of the
rays is attempted; and in certain species they have been wholly
omitted. The rays would require drawing in the field to bring
out their slight but interesting differences satisfactorily ; and the
rays are of little importance in distinguishing species in the her-
barium. The uniform lettering adopted for these figures includes:

(a) Whole plant or large portion of it, to show habit.

(6) Characteristic leaf-form ; with comparative reduction added,
as 1 if represented natural size, or 1, $, etc. Usually the position
of this leaf on the stem may be seen from figure a.

(c) Characteristic bract ; usually not a lowermost nor an inner-
most bract.

Any other letters occurring are explained with the particular
species.

TERMINOLOGY

Genus. An assemblage of somewhat closely-related species ;
but itself of somewhat varying degrees of difference from other
similar groups or genera.

Subgenus. Not used.

Section. A less definite subdivision of a genus, informal and
permitting English name ; used to express a certain degree of nat-
ural affinity, or to combine miscellaneous species for convenience.

Species. A group of individuals indicating their common

83

84 SYSTEMATIC DESCRIPTION OF ASTERS

ancestry by continued development, while remaining in similar
environment, of a body of characteristics which show a consider-
able difference from their nearest allies. A distinct group which
continues its kind; either observed not to revert quickly to a
diverse parent form, or sustaining such a comparison with other
better known species as to make non-reversion probable.

Subspecies. More easily or frequently passing back into its
parent form than does the species.

Variety. Not used; better referred to horticultural use.

Form. Indefinite group-term not predicating rank ; and thus
applicable to species, subspecies or subordinate form.

State. Useful occasionally when speaking of less separable
groups which seem so plastic as to be of doubtful permanence,
their characters seeming assignable to the immediate environment.
Can be used of a slight variation without implying that it is not
to be classed under the typical form.

Condition. Useful occasionally in speaking of a temporary
stage of growth or activity during part of an individual life-his-
tory as ‘‘a prostrated or an impoverished or a floriferous condition
of an axilliferous state of Aster divaricatus.”

LIMITATION OF OTHER TERMS

Pedicels, the ultimate branchlets, each supporting a single head
of flowers.

Bractlets, leaves on pedicels, whether minute or not.

Bracteals, any leaves closely investing or subtending the in-
florescence or a part of it, whether they are homologous with
bractlets, rameals or axiles.

Bracts, the involucral bracts or scales.

Tips, the dark portion of the bracts just within the apex,
usually thickened with green cellular tissue.

Apices, the apices of the bracts. Chanfer or bevel-tip bracts,
those with apex cut off at the sides, 7. e., terminated by a broad
low triangle.

Bases, the bases of the leaves.

Wings, the wing-like dilation of certain petioles.

Primordials, early-developed and soon-perishing little leaves on
radical shoots, preceding the genuine radicals and usually succeed-
ing a few transient phyllodes.

erie,

—q

LEAF-MARGINS 85

Radicals, leaves on radical shoots or tufted about the base of
the stem.

Caulines, stem-leaves.

Axles, leaves at the base or axil of primary branches.

Rameals, leaves on primary branches.

Leaves, as in ordinary language; the blade or lamina as dis-
tinguished from the petiole.

TERMS USED FOR LEAF-MARGINS

a 2.2 s TEST er s WE, Foris.
SEA 1. lvo Lor qe CC lll. AÀ divaricatus.

Doubly-serrate .... . e Mle: Sigs a ae E

Btsenwie oo ia. k o o — MÀ iu. A. uberes
lemons. uo cwn enn LL e A. rupicola.
Aquilineserrate . . . . . FUU L . ... . Some A, rupicola.
Crenate-serrate ..... ene” oo 0s o A, macrepylius.
Curvescent-serrate Moa DUM usn mscr Cn. curvescens
Couchant- serrate ho llle A, persaliens
Hack-serrate ...... AD per Lain, upper leaves.
Excavated-serrulate . . . 4,,—4, Aiai - - . . . some A. roscidus.
Cienste-apiculdie -e vw eec Lern a A uo.
Cremate .... NNO ee some dd. excebior.
Close-crenate -o = unnar rare E e e o on onn A. biformis.
Crenulate rr: UL + MISCERE raw Sac So als.
Repánd .. ... 25. . ten = » ol Patchs, priipardials.
Denti GNE our xd AAAA AAAA AAAA A. multiformis, in some form
Bene 2 252.02. AON NE NAA a a e ur o s a, ie
aa as 2 2-4 22€» p^ aa a a a a E o E

Crispicant, with teeth alternately or irregularly directed upward
and downward, or with one tooth horizontal and the next tilted
up; asin many thistles ; and in A. Claytoni crispicans and in occa-
sional specimens of many species.

Strap wings, the dilation of uniform breadth.

Undulatiform wings, the dilation greatly enlarged below, as in
A. undulatus, and narrowing toward the leaf-base.

Cuneate wings, somewhat straight-sided, widening toward the
leaf-base. :

86 SYSTEMATIC DESCRIPTION OF ASTERS

ABBREVIATIONS USED IN LOCATING PLANTS.

N. Y. vic., for localities near or within New York City.

W. N. Y., Western New York ; as, near Lake Erie.

N. Y., elsewhere in New York state.

D. C., implies occurrence in adjoining parts of Md. and Va.,
as well as in the District of Columbia.

M. V., Marthas Vineyard, Mass.

L. £., Long Island, N. Y.

S. £ Staten Island, N. Y.

Hort. = Hortus ; so used of European botanical gardens.

hb, = herbarium.

hb. Colu. = herbarium of Columbia University.

Bu. = collected by E. S. Burgess and represented in his her-
barium.

Bi.— collected by E. P. Bicknell and represented in his her-
barium,

COLOR-TERMS AS HERE USED

Lilac. — Like lilac-blossoms ; a pale reddish pave: such as
produced by color-disks 1 ultramarine, } vermillion, 4 white; as
in A. macrophyllus often, and with more red, and more latidhosfts,
in A. concolor.

Lavender. — The preceding but still paler, the vermillion re-
duced to 4!; by replacing with white; as in A. violaris rays.

Violet. oe blue that is placed BAN increased illumination ;
or with a trace of red; as the bluest petals of Viola cucullata; as
V. odorata; as A. tostemma, A. ianthinus and young A. multiformis.

Blue = Some A. cordifolius.

Purple. — Between violet and crimson; the red being 4, 4 or
even 2; as A. Novae- Angliae.

OTHER ABBREVIATIONS

Special words and special phrases which must recur constantly
in treating of Asters are sometimes abbreviated as a gain in space
and in clearness of effect ; as the following will indicate :

early = early flowering.

Jlrs. = flowers.

lus. = leaves.

inf. = inflorescence.

ben. = beneath.

So

EXPLANATIONS 87

res. = resemble.

hds, = heads.

obvious, used of hair, etc., when readily seen to be present with-
out magnifying.

Comparative degree refers to preceding statement of the same
rank, whether description or conspectus-heading, without continued
repetition of the correlative.

Phrases such as “continuously,” or ‘ persistently petioled."
Here, where the adverb is not liable to mistaken application to
time, I use it to indicate that the tendency to develop a petiole is
not only characteristic of the base of the stem (as in most species),
but continues above, the production of petioles persisting well up
to the top of the main stem (as in few).

Au. Se. Oc., used for the chief months of Aster-flowering, in-
stead of the longer abbreviations, because constantly recurring.

Dimensions stated as “ 5 x 3'” are to be read “ Leaves reach-
ing 5 inches long by 3 broad” ; and ** stems 2°” = 2 ft. high.

Measurement equivalences: approximately,

I metre =~ 30-27 qum — 3 feet 3.37 inches.
I decimetre — 3.94 inc

I centimetre — 2 on Io lines.

t millimetre — 4j. inch = Z line.

I inch = 25 millimetres — 214 centimetres.
I oot = 30 centimetres — 3 decimetres.

CONSPECTUS
OF THE HYPOTHETICAL DESCENT QF GROUPS OF
BIOTIAN ASTERS
Anteceden

tear iii ra

Subsections | Groups, and number of species
mass of ancestor
plants

XU Mi QUE CANT DNE NM SED er A i ROTEN

CE MM MIC EM CDM EET uU Aa AN RS

Daum o
a. HS [Uu OF ee A i

m . . di uuo . ur NE RUE. -
. E . . E eS i sw" B . ^
. - . - e- vw 9 € . . -
A Ei REE- 5 . * t
. . . * 4
5 `
^. D . LI . — et = »

Coss

E cc. Ri. os

.
MINE WP LE a du ue NL E Mi

LM CL ud. Ze Wubi Er.

Re ee : Nmicibilis . -—

88

eH

E

ANALYTIC KEV* TO THE BIOTIAN ASTERS

GENUS ASTER
SECTION I, BIOTIAN ASTERS

Broad cordate leaves present t; upper cauline if cordate are
petioled (not clasping as in A. undulatus and other Diversifolial
Asters); dilated petiole-bases occasional only, and then not con-
spicuously clasping (unlike A. undulatus); coriaceous bracts pres-
enti; radical leaves more strongly developed than in other
Asters; phases of life-history more strongly accentuated than in
other Asters ; variability at its height.

Includes the non-fruticose portion of the genus Eurybia of
Cassini, 1818, and of Nees, 1832, which portion became the Brora
of De Candolle, 1836.

SussEcrioNs DIVARICATI AND CURVESCENTES. White rays; noglands; in-
volucre not large, usually 1 in. high or less; rays usually under 12, chiefly
“bidentate ; thin soft smooth leaves prevalent; rootstocks chiefly rather slender ;

ow
DJVARICATI. Radicals few and Ba ae seldom produced ; involucre

soon cylindrical ; ramification somew te (subpinnate in 30, 31, A

flower-buds ovoid ; chief bracts apt to remain iir to or toward the a

Y^. 1-79.
CURV ESCENTES. Radicals usual, numerous and large; involucre narrowly
abri flower-buds priva ; chief bracts apt to be narrow ; leaves often
arge and thickish. 40-5
SuBsECTION MACROPHYLLI. Violet rays, and glands, present. Sf. 55-84.

DIVARICATI
DIVISION A DIVARICATE ASTERS proper. Thin n pc
ranous leaves, in polymorphous series on the s Disks turning
dan ird brown or full-brown. Teeth sharp, sig "hoc aie
te or chanfer-obtuse. Stem chiefly green.

* Compare, also, the single-line key placed for reference-use at end of volume.
f There are species in which cordation, however, is rare and slight, as in 4.

aucuparius, A. Herveyi, and A. commixtus ; it is perhaps still more so in A. mirabilis.

shoot.
t Like the other broad-leaved asters ; which have usually narrower bracts, however,
89

90 SYSTEMATIC DESCRIPTION OF ASTERS

SUBDIVISION A. STEM assurgent, repeatedly flexuous, brittle.

. Chief leaves prolonged ovate-lanceolate, incurved-acuminate.
I. A DIVARICATUS : coarse teeth; moderately broad and deep sinus; pedicels and
petioles slender, divergent or divaricate ; rays 6—9 ; outermost bracts pepe
middle ones chanfer-obtuse (7. ¢., bevel-tipped), inner ones rounded, all very

ciliate.

I'-?, A, DIVARICATUS variants (of doubtful stability, and not recognized here by Latin
names, 7. ¢., as species or Subspecies) include the following forms likely to be
sought in this key. For other less-marked forms, in this and other species, see
descriptions.

Tuberous form: stem bases conspicuously thickened.
Mitchellian form: conspicuous small rameadls, oval-obtuse and subentire; like
leaves of Afitchella repens.
Tobyhanna form : ‘strict stems and branches.
Flabellate ier: deeply branched
Green-disk form : disk pale- yellow turning greenish.
Circaean form: dwarf communities, few-flowered, Circaea-like.
Leaves highly diverse, much shorter (except the last two forms).
Mixed-leaf form : some upper cauline /eaves half-size and paraboloid.
Obolarian form : some upper cauline /eaves quarter-size and sudcircular.
Russet-tuft forms : shorter ovate [eaves, dull-green, turning russet.
Cupreous form : dull ovate leaves ; much ciliation ; rays turn copper-red.
Prune-stem form : taper-lanteo olate leaves ; stem prune-color
pondus form: dark MT NE leaves; disk very pale; flower-heads
-like.

tb. i DIVARICATUS ALATUS : Jarge strongly-cut leaves; add petioles ; broad slight

nus; bracts paler; only the outer ones obtuse

Ic. A. DIVAR. CYMULOSUS : pma PRINT Soia leaves ; crowded heads;
short rays ; small, sh

Id. A. DIVAR. CURTIFOLIUS : pono rounded leaves, obtuse or acute; close sharp

little te

Ie. A. DIVAR. DELTOIDEUS: small triangular-ovate leaves, acute; small remotish
teet

If. A. DIVAR. FONTINALIS : tufts of /a7ge thin radicals, oval.acute, chiefly ; bracts
blunt-tapered.

pen
2. A. VIRIDIS: inflorescence aS of A. divar.; but heavy thick radicals as of A.
peras n large oval-rhomboid tinal:
1 . ARE LA: leaves oblong ovate, acuminate, pale, small, low-serrulate; sinus
oin narrow ; disk reddish-brown ; bracts pale, narrow-oblong ; rays about II.

c. Leaves. prolonged, and attenuate, but unlike 4. divaricatus.
* Braets obtuse or Chanfer, linear; teeth very sharp, outflung; sinus
road; rays dingy-white. Virgate.
4. <A. PERSALIENS ; /eaves si lanceolate, taper-based ; many remote couchant teeth ;
some heads with acute bracts,
49. Rounded-base form: most ya broad-based ; teeth less pronounced.
4°. Jagged-leaf form : most leaves trunca'e-based; tee nger, Crowded.
5. A. ATROVIRENS: dark; aves sriangular-acuminate; long close slender A: ;
many leaves wh deep broad sinus; heads small, iat. lea fy-subtended.

—— —

Hy season en

ANALYTIC KEY 91

6. <A. ERECTUS: leaves ovate or lanceolate, incurved-acuminate; many couchant
teeth ; sinus broad, shallow; bracts narrow ; rays thickish, remaining a long
time cut: heads rather € e, close.

7. A. FIMBRIATUS : Zeaves longer ; large couchant teeth ; broad-brace sinus; broader
bracts; many il rays

xXx p * Aa Bh 11 d dg d; + ih HT , sharp

8. A. FRAGRANS : Zeaves lanceolate peu a broad base, very yr sinus sha llow ;
heads loosely massed, delicately fragrant ; pedicels long; éract-margins white
or pinkish.

9. <A. EXCAVATUS: Zeaves oblong-lanceolate; sinus narrow, deep and enlarged
within ; most bracts thin and pale

* Bracts more uniform, with dark broad rounded tips; teeth few or
w on the upper leaves.

IO. A, SUBINTEGER: dark and slender; “eaves /amee-triamgular ; heads few,

divergent
* Bracts triangular-acutish ; teeth of slit-serrate type.
II. A. SEXTILIS : low, early ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, closely slit-serrate, often cau-
date ; sinus slight ; heads sma
SuppIvision B. STEM weak or decumbent.
12. A. STILETTIFORMIS : /eaves long, narrow, linear-oblong, straight-acuminate ; close
straight-backed teeth ; but little sinus or petiole ; lingual bracts.
123. Dentifolial form : leaves delicate, more oblong and cuneate-based.

124, Jag-edge form: leaves heavier ; teeth irregular, some of them reflexed.

I3. A. PARTHIANUS: leaves ovate-lanceolate, incurve-acuminate, serrulate; many

eflexed ; little sinus; short narrow petioles ; bracts narrow, many obtuse.

I4. A. CAMPTILIS : leaves oblong-acuminate, ese; winged petioles common ; bracts
uniform, subacute ; inflorescence flattish

15. A. BOYKINII : Jeaves oblong- or ovate-acuminate, st ly serrate; narrow petioles

common; bracts multiform ; impiis lax and exitu.

I6. A. FLEXILIS : ar, ovate-acute, go short narrow petioles common ; sinus
narrow ; bracts uniform, narrow

Division B. CARMESINE peng “‘Thinnish firmer leaves of shorter types.
Disks senec n to a more definite red or finally to a deep crimson.
Stem ere dice or wandlike.
koci A: LOWER BRACTS acutish.
17. A. ARCIFOLIUS: wide-branching; /eaves short-ovate, acutish ; with órace-base
Sinus, very -— and shallow.
I8. A. CAPILLARIS : high-bran iie ; leaves ovate- or oval-acute ; sinus moderate ;
pedicels imd lied? kon ; rays long ; erect upon rocky slopes.
SUBDIVISION B. CH y BRACIS obtuse or chanfer, diverse.

I9. A. VIRGULARIS : little ic. leaves ovate-acuminate to oblong-acuminate ; sinus
sharp; close sharp ou i

I9?. Tangle-tuft form : teeth coarser, fewer ; long entangled pedicels.

19%. Linear-oblong form: teeth slight, remote; many upper leaves deflexed, narrow
oblong.

19t. Crimson-tassel form: leaves verging toward A. divaricatus; rays short; disks

igh, deep crimson.

19. 7i iiiar form : leaves triangular-lanceolate ; rays twisted near the base.

20. A. RUPICOLA: Mies small, firm, rough when dry, ly ovate-acuminate, spike-

toothed ; sinus large, broad ; veins prominent, upcurved.

92 SYSTEMATIC DESCRIPTION OF ASTERS

20t. Angulate form: leaves irregularly abruptly angulate
20°. Pluridentate form: subcircular part of the /eaves increased ; buzz-saw teeth ; larger
heads.

20°. Rock-dwarf form: leaves more ovate, thickened, serrate.

21. A. CIRCULARIS : Žaves smaller, firm, and with a broad sinus, but more circular-
— in close-teeth curve-backed ; veins obscure, more outcurved.

visioN C. BRACTS uci rounded at tip, nearly all alike in
shape, isch ise gree

22. A. ARGILLARIUS : leaves very small, ovate-acute, with but little sinus, and with two

ore short teeth, a petioled, firm, rough when dry; plants almost dwarf;
naan obconical.

221. Pale-disk form: leaves more cordated, more acuminate; teeth often obsolescent.

225. Linnaea-leaved form : leaves very small, thickish, roundish, crenate.

22°. Pinnated form: leafy pinnately-corymbose inflorescence

227. Rock-seam form: leaves darker, thinner, larger.

23. A. AUCUPARIUS: leaves oval-acuminate, with rounded or subtapering dase, all
petioled or upper with cuneate sessile base; a few lower leaves with a slight
sharp sinus; inflorescence convex, Virgate. ;

23?. Truncate-base form : leaves shuttle-shaped.

24. A. LISTRIFORMIS : Zeaves oval-obtuse, bus trt spade-li&e, cuneate-winged; axiles
larger, prolonged, ovate-triangular, acuminate ; branches long or whiplike, lax

d foliose.

24?. Helioscopian form : bracteals suborbicular, in threes.
243, Refracted form: bracteals chiefly ovate-triangular.
24*. Virescent form: bracteals limp, oval, enlarged.
245. Trowel-leaf form : — chiefly ova iis triangular
249. Round-leaf form: many Sin leaves roundish, valued.
"^ Little-spade form: many small subentire listriform leaves.
. Shuttle form: most leaves EA obtuse.
25. A. CARMESINUS : /eaves oval-acute, crenate-serrate, crisp, all with short slender
petioles ; sinus deep, narrow ; inflorescence shallow, widely divergent, segregated.
25°. Parchment-leaf form: leaves firmer, granular-roughened.
257. Syncopated form: heads subsessile, in leafy-subtended clusters.
258. Green-aw/ form: rays crowded, open-filiform, erect, virescent.
Division C. TENEBROSIAN ASTERS. Thinnest smoothest leaves. Disks
with less red or none.
SUBDIVISION A. BRACTS obtuse, very n
26. A. CASTANEUS: eaves ovate-lanceolate, serie, seri. dull, roughish when
dry, without sinus, a few smaller lower leaves ovate-acute with small sinus;
dis& soon dull yellowish-brown then sienna or chesteut-colored ; ; inflorescence of
— separated loose convex cymules; bracts linear, truncate-obtuse; rays

li o
27. A. OLIVACEUS: Žaves ovate-acuminate, coarse-serrate, with strong broad PES
-green ; disks greenish, then brown; cymul
separated, pehee inner bracts many, scarious and very taper: rays ia
linear, about 7-9.
Suspivision B. BRACTS acute, very broad-triangular; the inner oblong,
obtusish.

28. A. TENEBROSUS : leaves oblong-ovate, incurved-acuminate, large, coarsely acumi-

Vr a

|

"T Ww

ANALYTIC KEY 93

nately serrate; sinus very large and broad; axiles long, lanceolate, subentire ;
inflorescence proliferously overtopped; rays long, narrow, usually 10-12
SunpivisioN C. BRACTS rounded, short and iiid scale- anie all alike.
29. A. CHLOROLEPIS: /eaves large, resembling A. tenebrosus, but with sharp, deep
sinus; rays en ; bracts with little hair; bracteals AE serrate ; disk
verging to deep
Division D. CLAYTONIAN 1 egve firmer Jes nega
when dry, chiefly ovate-acumin large, nor very narro
very long ; petioles oa not ada ae mec * Disks high, vir
fragrant of bee-bread, golden-yellow, soon Peer a warm rich brown.
Petioles short, not rapidly ping below
SUBDIVISION A . BRACTS narro alee: leaves chiefly smooth in life ;
s cord-like beneath, ie
30. A. vmi. Se ovate-incurved, short-acuminate, coarse-serrate, with broad
strong sinus ; axiles CPE IAT h triangular-acute ; bracts oO a lower-
most acutish, the rest nearly alike, tapered slightly to an obtusis ; rays
short, chiefly 8; disks iij sienna ; inflorescence with strong cii stem,
not quickly a ice in typical 4. "aha n when pressed pinnate,
with lony-stalke nvex, umbellulate cymu
307. Branchy-base Eos: a i branched from th sexa ; heads large.
30%. Brush-top form: profusely upwardly branched above ; S small.
309. Bright-eye form : small dissolved inflorescence; disk glowing
30V. Brown-top form: bushy- bun qu ; chief leaves taper- vim brownish, oblong or
spatulate ; heads many, s
30H. Catskill form : cinereous, high- none dense-topped.
30”. Cliff-clinging form : clusters dense, remote, making an ovoid-oblong outline.
Rh Flagelliform form : heads subsessile and dense on long swaying branches
305. Rock-cleft form: very dark green; leaf-bases broad
30". Verticillate form: much-branched inflorescence, with many nodes bearing 2 or

=

even 3 leaves.

30b. A. CLAYTONI CRISPICANS : leaves ovate-incurved, caudate; teeth close, smaller,
acuminate, crispicant (alternately elevated and depressed); axiles subpetiolate
more of the utish

SuBDivisioN B. BRACTS lingual (except 34); leaves thicker, rougher ;
or subsucculent (32, 33); veins a involucre very small and
narrow ; plants less massed in loo

31. A. EBENEUS : Zeaves oblong-acute to ovate- us thicker, rougher, lee tuli cete

ark-green; stem deep-red or black if in the sun; heads small, profuse
branches very numerous, rather short ; sinus a broad brace, or in lowest eps
narrow ; disks soon :

32. A. MOLLESCENS : “eaves ovate, subsucculent, little serrate, pale-green ; stem pale;
heads small and crowded, from many axiles; sinus shallow ; disks pale-yellow,
finally pale-brown ; bracts narrow-lingual.

325. Papin form : many upper leaves broad-reniform.

33- DENS: /eaves triangular-ovate, acuminate, sharp-dentate ; stem red, smooth,
itining rigid and brittle, paniculately decompound ; bracts pale, broad-lingual,

3 disks t becoming a glowing reddish-brown or soon crimson,
Kt fuu los
33*. Broad-bush form : iin xuriant, flaccid ; rough when dry.

94 SYSTEMATIC DESCRIPTION OF ASTERS

33°. Small-tangle form : small sharp-based tangled inflorescence.

34. A. SCUTIFORMiIS : lower leaves scutiform (somewhat cordate-acuminate, with very
shallow, broad, tricurve sinus), serrate; upper leaves oblong-lanceolate, va
petioled or wing-based ; stem reddish-brown; veins strongly cornaceous; brac
chanfer php oct disks dull reddish-bro

342. Sesstli aic form: leaves thicker, denser, en hei,

visION C. BRACTS broad: leaves of dense, firm texture: plants in

stools.
35. A. ARCUATUS : leaves broad and short, low-serrate, deep-green and rough, with
road deep subtruncate sinus ; stem brittle, decurved from radiating tufts ; bracts
ounded or truncate; disks chiefly maroon

36. A. SOCIABILIS: Zeaves ovate-acuminate, close salient-serrate, short-petioled, with
deep strong simus; stems erect, close-cespitose, chiefly green; bracts broad;

isks soon à
37. A. ULMARIUS : Zeaves oblong-ovate, crenate-serrate, dark-green and dull, with
narrow sinus; stems erect, close-cespitose; bracts broad ; disks soon purplish-

brown.
Division E. FURCATE Negras Bracts acute or acutish, large, flattish.
Small scattered plants about I ft. high.

38. A. FURCATUS: Zeaves ovate-triangular, straight-acuminate, the upper elliptic-
oblong and sessile ; a few basal are ovate with small deep sinus ; all hispidulous
both sides when dry; teeth long, straight, forward-directed ; bracts triangular-
elongate; heads large and few, remote, on stout prolonged forking pedicels,
turbinate ; ae purplish-bro

39. A. LEPTOCAULIS : /eaves pisi or ovate-lanceolate, little roughened, dense-
pubescent ane bracts verging to the obtuse; stem green, smooth and
shining.

CURVESCENTES

Radicals usual, numerous and large, forming conspicuous colonies; involucre
narrowly cylindrical or terete, and the flower-buds cylindrical; rays white,
sometimes turning rose-color but not violet ; disks turning brown or sienna, not
crimson ; pedicels not tomentulous all over as in 4. divaricatus and kindred,
but bearing its pubescence in lines; zo glandular hair present ; inflorescence

subpinnately ramified rather than furcate.
Division A. CURVESCENT ASTERS proper. Bracts chiefly scarious and
very narrow and attenuate, tapering-obtuse. Leaves large, thin.

ays narrow.
SUBDIVISION A. INNER BRACTS very thin, without obvious midrib,
olor, or
40. A, CURVESCENS : Jeaves diode. curvescent-serrate; inflorescence small,
convex-topp omed when pressed, its pedicels radiating outward and
upward ; rays 8, very narrow, ioni Sa
SuBDIVIsION B. INNER BRACTS with obvious midrib.
4I. A. OVIFORMIS : /eaves oviform or pinta with wait e D a large
but excessively /Azm ; inflorescence more irregular, flattish-topped ; near-
oblong ; bracts broader, obtuse.
42. A. VITTATUS: leaves ovate- — — acuminate-serrate, the lowest with
broad shallow sinus ; i me ; most brac
obtuse, with green ——! band and whitish edges,

75 very long attenuate,

icone

ANALYTIC KEv 95

43. A. UMBELLIFORMIS : Å / ate with deep sinus, crenate-serrate, smooth,
becoming thickened i in the fall and the lowest ones roughish when dry ; inflores-
cence decompound, each branch M lower and middle bracts with
green tips, the lowest subcoriac

DIVISION B. GLOMERATE AND SCHREBERAN gorse Bracts highly

aceous, chiefly pale and obtuse, with green tip and midrib
Pie SION A. GLOMERATE ASTERS. Inflorescence rather dense,
quite regular, not very large ; radical colonies not very conspicuous.

* Bracts glabrate, but little ciliate, acutish or attenuate-obtuse ; teeth
close, sharp, outflung ; leaves almost glabrate.

44. A. EXACUTUS: ower large leaves few, acuminately-serrate, triangular or with
rounded base; other leaves numerous, long, sessile, serrulate, elliptic- PAK.
heads small, 4 inch high; pits branches slenderly fastigiate.

45. A. ERIENSIS: leaves oval-acute, very firm, slit-serrate; axiles conspicuous; rays
longer than in the next, often reddening ; inflorescence convex, close; lower

bracts acutish.
** Bracts ciliate; teeth of crenate-serrate type; heads in a domed mass,
compact ; texture coarse and
46. A. GLOMERATUS : leaves orbicular- Pd firm, rough, Phim pc eau with
broad deep pu pilose beneath ; rays E heads short, often subsessile ;
bracts — w plants, branching at a w gle.
* Bracts ciliate ; teeth of crenate-serrate type ; heads doti into a
igh-convex or cylindric mass; texture coarse and t
47. A. JULIANUS: leaves ovate-acute, crenate-serrate, with broad inis sinus and
scanty hair, drying smooth or roughish; bracts obtuse, the inner narrow ; ta
plants, iugis at an acute angle
SusBDIvIsoN B. SCH REBERAN ASTERS. Inflorescence looser, more
‘eae ; rather flattish-topped ; texture firm; radical colonies usually
very conspicuous; plants larger.
* Radical leaves large, in extensive colonies, thin, very broadly cordate.
f Narrow petioles (of radicals) long, ciliate; middle petioles winged ;
upper caulines broadly sessile; radical leaves ovate- licit
extremely large and thin, crenate, apple-green
48. A. LIMICOLA: cauline Zeaves chiefly ovate, middle ones CS sinus, with
pie and heads small, K in. high; inflorescence-branches short,

482, ME. form : leaves small, dark, broadly ovate-deltoid.
tt Narrow petioles continuous up nearly or quite to the branches.
|| Radical leaves reniform, or deltoid-orbicular, large, thick, roughish.

49. A. bi pug most cauline /eaves broadest mea? dhe base, curvescent-serrate ;
brac ick, obtuse; heads large, about !4 in. high.

49?. T tibi form all leaves broadly reniform

MI Radical eei id ree mode ee stem tall, robust.
50. A, RECTIFOLIUS : t straight-stded, crenate, acute,
deep broad sinus; sci winged ; leaves sigs ; beads smaller, about
7s in. high; s about 1 cts o sige a and rigid.

51. A. AMNICOLA : Tn: omen slant-sided, som t triangular-elongate and
falcate, curvescent-toothed, narrow sinus, soft and thinnish, erre be.
ne ; rays about I4, very uc often olivaceous; head ut 45. in. high;
bracts acute, the inner attenuate and scarious, much as in p poe

96 SYSTEMATIC DESCRIPTION OF ASTERS

** Radical leaves ovate-cordate, smaller, thin but firm, dark-green
52. A. SYLVICOLA : leaves small, cordate with square sinus, acute, very dark, firmer
m villous beneath; stem slender; rays about Io, short; bracts
E.

shallow-c
53. A. AMBIGUUS : /eaves small, EENS with broad and rather shallow sinus,
light-green, p or nearly so; bracts shallow-chanfer or acutish; lateral

54. A. SUBCYMOSUS : fw broader in the middle, very firm and thin and smooth, with
harp curvescent or aquiline teeth, cordate-ovate, suddenly slender-acuminate ;
h

heads $; in. high.

MACROPHYLLI
Violet present in the rays. Glandular hair present. Involucre larger and
icker, $ t ; rays usually about 13, tridentate at apex; plants
larger than in the preceding (excepting some Curvescentes) in rootstock, stem
a eaf; colonies of radicals extensive; tex often very thic ry rough
or very rigi renate teeth often pes ; bract ts less ciliate ; tomentum

centes, often entirely replaced u Sedis stubs; disks soon edid -red or
roon; inflorescence tending more often to trifurcate than to subpinnate

pedicels.
Division A. LAVENDER MACROPHYLLI. Lilac rays slowly turning lav-
ender, peer becoming pale, dull and whitish; at length brown. ( Divi-
rule develops more strictly violet heads, changing to purer

Division A; though occasionally, plants of Division A will produce an-
equally deep-violet head.) Radicals heavier and shorter- aa than in
ften less numerous, chiefly 3, but usually forming larger
SuBDIVISION A. LEAVES thick, heavy, not firm in life, but Mrs “Teeth
road, crenate-serrate ; em ular hair chiefly confined to pedicels and
bracts and upper part of s
* Plants stout, rather tall, "am 3 ft., with sprangle-top inflorescence ;

bra ais ee rphous.

55. A. MACROPHYLLUS: leaves cordately clin -ovate, acute, harsh but only sparingly
hairy ; sinus broad, deep, nis cas unequally overlapping ; upper leaves broadly
oblong-acuminate, taper-based or winged; bracts thick, the lower triangular-
acute, others oblong, obtuse; green tips conspicuous, Stem rough-hairy in most

ical forms.

5510. Glabrate form: leaves more serrulate, rough ; stem glabra

55". Xid-finish form: leaves smoother, thinner , firmer ; ane when dry.

5512, Hetchel form: leaves very rough and irregular.

5513. Triangle-hetchel form : leaves sr deii inm apt to show 5-forked pedicels
and violet rays.

5514. Tall-to form: lateral branches later and shorter; apt to be 5-forked, but lilac.

5515. Aculeated form: radicals blackish-green, triangular-cordate, aculeate-serrate.

5516, Bunch-tof form: glabrate; heads small, dense, livid.

55V. Downy form: downy, serrulate, flat-topped, itle leased,

$518, Dextscilite form: dark-green, subrepand, with pale vein

$519. Round-bract form: serrate ; heads dense, Meinen

55b. A. MACR. APRICENSIS : /eaves oval-acute, with strap-wings, very flabby, few with

Rte eT Pee Fe) OL ane A

55c.

S

ANALYTIC KEY 97

sinus; inflorescence deep-branched, floriferous; roughness extreme, but hair
scanty ; plants in sunny cleari

A. MACR. SEJUNCTUS: Zeaves soft, more hairy, both sides rough and — when
dr he lower cordate-ovate ; stem hairy ; plants subsolitary, in gras

we
Lad

ry;
. A, MACR, VELUTINUS: leaves smaller, firmer, closely short-pubescent p
cuminate

. A. MACR. PINGUIFOLIUS: eaves broad-cordate, greasy, often very large and sub-

orbicular; Zar almost absent; inflorescence wide-branched; heads larger,
er.
** Plants taller, smooth and glabrous, with convex or diffuse inflor-
escence ; bracts lingual, acutish.
A, EXCELSIOR : /eaves nid many cordate-oblong, smooth; sinus deep, broad ;
hair — absent; stem purple-red or glaucescent, tall.
* Plants decal with compact bunch-top inflorescence; bracts lingual,

obtusish.

A. ORBICULARIS: Zeaves small and numerous, cordate-suborbicular to oval-oblong ;
sinus strong and deep, often zarro:w ; veins pale, strongly rectangular; plant
apt to be rough-pubescent and leaves strongly apiculate.

A. BIFORMIS : leaves few and small, cordate-oval, acutish, close-crenate,; sinus
deep, narrow; plant glabrate. Little leaves of a new type abruptly succeed
the few lower characteristic leaves

SUBDIVIsION B. LEAVES firmer and less polymorphous than in A; strong-
serrate, but the teeth not very deep; stem strong but a ge
some strigose hair ; plants usually glandular all over when young

* Plants not tall, with convex inflorescence; chief bracts eae heads.
lavender.

A. UNIFORMIS : eaves thinnish, broad, of deltiform type, abruptly short-acumi-
nate, the middle ones long-acuminate ; Teak lavender, paling soon, with a deli-
y

A. ALLEGHANIENSIS : leaves thicker, less broad, of ovate type, broad-based, few
cordated, greatly reduced upward; plant strict, low ; heads lavender and pink,

nsely narrow-bunched.

A. SABULOSUS : Zeaves thicker, ovate acuminate with cuneate wing, few cordated,
all small but sof greatly reduced upward; plant stiff, low; leaves erectish ;
heads densely shallow-bunched.

A. QUADRATUS: Pus thickish, of quadrate type, with slight broad sinus; the
radical suborbicular and ovate, with deep sinus; plant strict, low ; heads laven-
der or when dry of a leaden-blu

** Prants be with jane convex inflorescence iue or soon becoming
ffuse (64) ; chief bracts lingual, rounded

A. DENSATUS : Mid thinnish, firm, of orbicular type, slowly a he upward in
size and shape ; plant rough-pubescent, with intermixed capitate glands all over.

A. ROSCIDUS: spits thickish, firm, of quadrate type, with sudden broad obtuse

apiculation; much smaller and round-oval above; plants densely covered with
viscid cepit zem all over, at least while young; more glandular and less
sc e last; rays more lila
SUBDIVISION c. LEAVES thinner, ab doubly-serrate ; plant low, with
strigose hair.

A. FEROX: radical leaves very large and asymmetrical; caulines small, chiefly
slender and petioled ; from doubly-serrate below to entire above; heads pale,
diffuse.

98 SYSTEMATIC DESCRIPTION OF ASTERS

Division B. IANTHINE MACROPHYLLI. Violet rays t pale or
white. Radicals apt to be smoother and longer-stalked than in 55-65; or
very numerous and short-stalked ; colonies apt to be smaller ( except in 4.

Suppivision A. PLANTS il: tsp SE often or more; radicals
large, 8 in. or less; glandular and strigose bait b developed below

the rescence.
* Inflorescence somewhat deeply-branched, rather regular and convex-

topped.
T Violet of the rays often almost blue but quickly becoming white.

66. A. IOSTEMMA: characteristic leaves ovate-acuminate, with faper-wing base,
crenate-serrate,; rough; radicals about 4, cordate-oblong, finally incurved-
acuminate ; stem brownish.

67. A. GREMIALIS : uiii leaves auth upper and axile) od/ong-/anceolate,
elongate, with taper-wing ; radicals about 5, cordate-orbicular ; plant very
mooth ; stem green and shining ; rays narrow, ifn deep blue-violet ; margins
crenulate or subentire, or the radicals pect he ser

672. Fedian form : on leaves short, oblong-oval,

iolet and subsequent white of “ie rays on less pronounced.

68. A. NOBILIS : pe earn upper and axile /eaves oblong-lanceolate, soon broad-
based and sessile, often acutely serrate ; radicals about 4, cordate-ovate, acute or
cont uncanny serrate or crena! t stem HON, green ; leaves rough

i and upper broad cal ;
uen about 4, um ues ons p sradualy Mioi fusum basal
Jobes; margins dentate, crenulate or subentire; leaves thinnis

** Inflorescence Te pies very irregular, deny and narrow,
of the rays moderate or pale

70. A. SYMPODIALIS: middle er upper ias ovate-oblong with strap-wing or with
taper-base; radicals about 3, broadly cordate-ovate; margins low-crenate ;
leaves thicker.

SvsDIVISION B. PLANTS smaller, chiefly 2 feet or less; radicels fewer or
smaller, chiefly 3, chiefly 5 inches or less.
* Inflorescence with flattish top; hair usually little developed; glands
minute, less widely distributed ; so firm, thinnish.
T Inflorescence deeply Meuse E

71. A. SECURIFORMIS: middle and u aves seras k petioled, reduced ;
radicals cordate-acuminate ; nes ae "UH forwardly directed ; sinus broad
and deep, sharply recurved (securiform).

&
6
>
>
“E
5
Dx
i]
ul
TE
a.

tt Inflorescence shallow V-shaped, wide-spreading ; plants lo
72. A. MULTIFORMIS: cauline /eaves of multiform types, cordate, piunt oval,
Macri ovate, oblong, and lanceolate ; radicals about 2, cordate-oblong, short
e, /ow-serrate, rough, full green; stem purpled ; inflorescence ne

qus.
73. A. RICINIATUS : caulines fewer and guichkly diminished ; radicals about 2, cordate-
triangular, acute, smaller, dentate; plants low, glabrate, fale; bracts narrow

c m EH Pim
apre Heh

ANALYTIC KEY 99

** Inflorescence more irregular or diffuse.
T Leaves thicker, rougher ; hair often downy, or when dry, bristly.
74. A. ELAEAGNIUS : radicals about 2, orbicular-ovate, acutish, with slight sinus;
caulines multiform, characteristic middle ones deltiform-acute ; /eaves very
dark n

75. A. MASARDIENSIS : characteristic /eaves Hia elongate the ends abruptly and
somewhat equally acuminate; other | with rounded base; /ee/A strong,
curvescent and aquiline ; pub light green, pau its lines and branches in

weeping curves; outer and inmost bracts acute, middle ones rounded.

76. A. IANTHINUS : radicals about 3, suborbicular, firm or thick, low-serrate with

broad sinus; characteristic middle leaves oval-orbicular with strap-wings ;
bracts oblong, with rounded apex ; per of the rays often particularly full and
clear, soon fading ut "es to a dingy-wh
eaves thickish, with edid UA surface, but with little hair,

77. A. VIOLARIS: radicals small and broad, often numerous, rentform-apiculate,
sharp-serrate, with broad shallow sinus and long slender petioles ; characteristic
middle leaves oblong-oval, acuminate, s/ender-petioled ; inflorescence apt to
deep and narrow, short-branched, with oblong-lanceolate bracteals ; bract-tips
prince: rays pale-violet to dingy whit

78. A. QU ENS: radicals eem Mm heavy, dark green, crenate, with
deep pan rp sinus, often with pendant dilated lobes ; inflorescence irregular and
often rather scanty ; hun acute; rays eni violet or lavender, or dingy white.

79. A. GRANULOSUS: radicals ovate-oblonz, with deep sinus; others chi id ovate-
acuminate with truncate base and slender petiole; all leaves small, intensely
granular-roughened ; most bracts bevel-tipped; the inmost are -acuminate.

SUBDIVISION C. PLANTS of moderate ics often ft.; radicals

erate, 5 in. or less; many non-cordate radicals and caulines ;

glands abundant pir all over ; leaves not extremely Afi nor very
thick; disk-flowers deep-slit, funnel-form ; violet of t s dee

8o. A. JUSSIEI : radicals impete some radicals and lower caulines Pepene
with narrow sinus, serrate, and acuminate; inflorescence PERTE
irregular, proliferous ; stem smooth, green; leaves rough ; rays narrow, tapered.

81. A. DECAPHYLLUS: characteristic /eaves me -ovate, incurve-acuminate, sub-
crenate or serrulate ; often with many (often 10) oval radicals, smooth and

rm; caulines chiefly taper-winged, oval-acuminate; stem smooth, low and
e, or robust and red-brown or ebony ; bracts acute, with narrow white edges ;
occi lance-oblong, sessile ; Zeads very numerous in flat-fop inflorescence.

i 82. A. HERVEYI: leaves ovate, thinnish, high-petioled, the radical large, low-

crenate, about 4; heads subremote, reaching various levels; outer bracts sie
often with broad squarrose dilation ; chief bracts erect, appressed, obtuse
bevel-tipped or mucronulate.
SuspivisioN D. PLANTS smaller, 13 or 2 ft.; lower leaves 3 in. or less;
cordation almost absent; bracts squarrose; leaves thick, very rough.
nt; bracts narrow, acute.

83. A. COMMIXTUS : /eaves oblong-acute or ovate; a few, lower and soon-perishing.

have a sharp sinus; inner bracts subulate, id the apex squarrose-recurved,
** Glands nearly or quite absent; bracts broad, subtruncate.

84. A. MIRABILIS: Zeaves oval, crenate, spinulosely hispid above, and minutely so
beneath, when dry ; the lowest short-petioled, others sessile by a rounded base ;

loosely subremote; bracts very deans squarrose.

SPECIES AND VARIATIONS OF ASTER
ASTER L,

Perennial, branching, glabrous or pubescent herbs, various in
habit, but only in a few species annual, unbranched, shrubby or
spinescent. Leaves alternate, pinnately veined, broad or narrow,
often cordate at the base of the leaf-blade or clasping at that of
the petiole, non-dissected, chiefly serrate, but sometimes entire.
Rootstock usually strong and horizontal, sometimes short and
erect, usually bearing for several years a subterminal tuft of leaves
(radicals); these are often smaller, often larger than the somewhat
dissimilar leaves (éasa/ leaves) which finally clothe the base of
the rising stem. Lower, middle and upper cauline leaves poly-
morphous, often gradually transitional to each other in form, often
of sharply dissimilar types. At the axils of the branches the sub-
tending leaves (axi/es) are gradually reduced from the upper leaf-
form of the stem, but on the branches themselves the leaves
(rameals or bracteals) are usually profoundly modified or are
abruptly of a new type.

Heads with both tubular and radiate flowers, either corymbed,
racemed or panicled, and borne on erect, spreading or secund
ultimate branchlets ( pedicels), rarely solitary. Involucre campan-
ulate, turbinate, cylindric or hemispheric ; its components (bracts)
imbricated in several series ; the outer sometimes enlarged and folia-
ceous, but usually smaller and shorter than the inner, and somewhat
herbaceous or otherwise much modified at or toward the apex
(this modified portion constituting the green tp), which is itself
either erect, spreading or squarrose. Receptacles flat or convex,
alveolate or foveolate and often delicately fimbrillate. Ray-flowers
pistillate, with white, pink, purple, blue or violet ligules (rays).
Disk-flowers perfect, numerous, consisting of a tubular base (the
tube) swollen above into the shape of an erect bell, urn or funnel
(the de//), bearing a short, five-lobed spreading or erect border ;
disks typically yellow, usually. changing to red, brown or purple.
Anthers obtuse and entire at the base. Stigmas flattened, their
appendages subulate, lanceolate or ovate, acute. Achenes com-

100

BIoTIAN SECTION 101

pressed or fusiform, sometimes terete, either glabrous or slightly
pubescent. Pappus typically composed of one series of numerous,
uniform, slender, straight, white bristles, capillary and minutely
roughened, the inner tips sometimes thickened.

Section r. BIOTIAN ASTERS

Cordated strongly surculose colony-forming Asters with broad
firm coriaceous close-imbricated bracts and non-floriferous corymbose
inflorescence, chiefly with white or lavender rays and reddened disks.

ordate-leaved Asters with greatly developed rootstocks of
strong and persistent vitality, producing large subterraneously
connected colonies; unlike the other heart-leaved Asters (the
Heterophyllous and Diversifolial sections), among which the
rootstocks are diminished in size, robustness and duration of life.
Rays either white, reddened, purple, violet, or almost blue, some-
times greenish or yellowish with age, chiefly 6-13, finally droop-
ing; seldom circinately inrolled as in many other groups. Disk-
flowers usually 20—30, yellow, soon turning reddish-brown or
even maroon or crimson, becoming brown in age or sometimes
yellowish-green or greenish-brown. Involucre somewhat cylin-
dric, compactly imbricated in 3—5 rows. Bracts coriaceous (or
even scarious) close-appressed, short-ovate to linear-acuminate,
green or pale; with the margins similar (or even white, purpled or
yellowish), chiefly ciliate, on the back either puberulent, glandular
or glabrous, not herbaceous at the tip, but usually with a small
soft green subterminal thickening (the green tip of botanists), the
apex either rounded, truncate, obtuse or acute; the back plano-
convex, or sometimes even cymbiform, sometimes even flat.

Leaves broad, at least the lower and radical, EREA of
cordate-ovate type, membranous, smoothish or harsh, pubescent
or glabrous, persistently petioled, with wie spreading
veins.

Heads numerous or few; plants seldom very floriferous, not
producing heads by the hundreds as in the Heterophylit.

Inflorescence of corymbose aspect, cymose in development,
chiefly produced by the formation of a terminal arrest on each
stem or branch, this arrest-region consisting of two or three nodes,
each with its leaf and bud, these buds developing into pedicels or
branches which are at first so little separated as to simulate verti-
cillate branching during early growth ; later separating slightly or
considerably, but usually retaining a repeatedly trifurcate aspect.
As in allied Compositae, though the central or terminal head of
each stem or branch develops first, the central disk-flowers develop
last, being long preceded by the rays and by the outer disk-flow-

102 DESCRIPTION OF ASTERS; DIVARICATI

ers in successively blooming circles. But great variety "ei with
regard to the degree of difference in development, and in some

species or varieties the heads are all in flower at once, men even
all the disk-flowers in a head at once.

Pappus white or dingy, often reddening in the herbarium.

Achenes subfusiform to terete, slightly compressed or not at
all, finely striate, generally glabrous at maturity, but sometimes
with fine upward bristles on the striae ; the bristles, if present, are
often early deciduous.

Radical leaves more strongly developed than in other Asters ;
phases of life-history also more strongly accentuated ; variability
at its height.

Subsection A. DIVARICATI

Low white-rayed plants with globose or ovoid buds, ciliate broad-
tipped bracts, salient teeth, and tomentulose pedicels ; typically with-
out glands, radicals, or violet color.

Rays white, under 12; if colored, the color is reddish, pink,
rose or coppery ; not violet, purple or bluish. Glands absent.
Buds ovoid, or at first globose. Bracts ciliate, chiefly rounded or
truncate. Leaves thinnish, membranous, typically smoothish and
sharply-toothed, not very harsh nor rigid, not radiately veined at
the base. Crenate teeth rare; salient teeth common. — Pedicels
loosely covered all over with minute curly-crisped tomentum ;
not hairy in lines as in the Curvescentes nor covered with capitate
glands as in the Macroph ylli. Radicals few, inconspicuous, seldom
produced.

Division A. DIVARICATE ASTERS PROPER

Species I-16

Thin smoothish prolonged membranous leaves, polymorphous
on the single plant. Teeth sharp and salient. Stem chiefly green.
Disks turning dull reddish-brown or brown. Bracts subtruncate
or bevel-tipped.

Subdivision A. Stem assurgent, repeatedly flexuous, brittle.
Sp. I-11.

Species 1.* ASTER DIVARICATUS L. White Wood-Aster.

Low assurgent Aster filling thin northeastern woodlands ;
with slender divergent pedicels, 6 to 9 rays, truncate and bevelled

* This species deserves to be placed first because it is a generalized form. Species
which appear to form varying radiations from this, are to follow successively until
with species 40, 4. curvescens, another generalized form of equal rank is reached, to
be followed in turn by variants, etc., etc. It is obvious tbat the linear order imposed
upon descriptions of variants does not represent the actual irregularly radial order of
their real relationship.

(EL E Mu EM
EU AE

Mem. ToRREY CLUB,

13

PL.

ASTER DIVARICATUS 103

strong-ciliate bracts, and long thin smoothish ovate-lanceolate
coarse-serrate leaves, chiefly slender-petioled, about one third of
them cordated.

Name, L., appropriate to the widely AT branching and pedicels ; and
especially to sie squarrose spreading upper axiles, two or three of which — make

nc
IG. 3 (= PLATE 1), from a N. Y. plant in hb, Bu., with 4 bracts, of m. outer
and three inner types, the 2d representing the normal truncate form, and the 3d the
chanfer- or bevel-tipped type.
ster divaricatus L. Sp. pl. 873. 1753; sa Pris ag from Gronovius
and Plukenet, which are of We “ei (Michaux) Gre
ot ital is Lam. Dict. 1: 305. s which, pra i Jussieu, is 4.
acil. Michaux (so Gray, S. Fl. 19 on
t A. divaricatus Poiret, Enc. méth. Suppl. 1: 498, n. 82. 1810 which is Doel-
Sina infirm
Not PR ce S. Veg. 3: 529. 1826, which Nees deemed to be
his oe amygdalt
Not 4. divaricatus T. & G., Fl. N. Am. 2: 163. 1841 (the Zrifolium divari-
catum of Nuttall), which is 4. exilis ix
Not 4. divaricatus Raf. ex DC. Prodr. 5: 241. 1836, which is 4. divergens
Aiton,
Not A. divaricatus Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 318. 1891 = Aflopappus divaricatus A.
Gray.
But = Fut macrophylla divaricata DC., Prodr. 5: 265.
and = A. divaricatus L., Bot. Club Check List, N. Am., 323. 1894.
and = A. divaricatus L., Br. & Br. I. Fl. 3: 357. 1898 and vc following.
E = A. cordifolius Michaux, Fl. 2: 114. 1803 in part fide her
A. corymbosus Dryander in Aiton, H. Kew, 3: 207. 1789; s ed by Will-
dente Nees (1818), Poiret, Sprengel; and in America by Bigelow (1814), Pursh,
Torrey and Gray, and American authors generally till 1894. Not 4. corymbosus
ms Meth. Suppl. 250. 1802, which is 7zz/a germanica
rybia icc poya: Dict. des sci. nat. 37: 487. 1825 ; followed by
832

Ham: Sm Ast 143. 1832; uh Bot. Reg. 24, 532. 1832; Hooker, Fl. Bor.
Am., 1840; Darlington, eee ON so, 1837.
2k Aa corymbosa DC., Prodr. 265. 3

Plants low, assurgent, dun and acutely flexuous, brittle,

4 to 24 ft. high, g glabrate at maturity, nearly smooth to the touch,
ae cespitose. Rootstocks slender, the small delicate radical
leaves rather seldom produced, coarsely serrate, 1 in. long or less,
oval-acute. Stem terete, usually green, occasionally purplish-
tinged or brownish, soon glabrous. Leaves thin, smoothish, in-
curved-acuminate, ovate-lanceolate, full green, fading yellowish,
4 x 2 in. or less, regularly diminished upwards. Lower caulines
with a broad deep sinus, so continuing for about 4 of the stem,
passing into rounded leaf bases and finally into a few sessile ones.
Petioles slender, or sometimes a few upper ones broad-winged, of

104 DESCRIPTION OF ASTERS ; DIVARICATI

moderate length, neither very short nor very long, chiefly 1 to 3
in., usually shorter than the leaf-breadth. Teeth sharp, coarsely
salient, nearly even, projecting outward 1 in. or more.

Leaves of the inflorescence small, short, ovate-acute to orbic-
ular, subentire. Inflorescence: a broad corymb, flattish, and re-
peatedly forking, the slender peduncles and pedicels long and
broadly divergent, several chief peduncles contiguous and with
conspicuous divaricate axile leaves. It is to these peduncles and
especially their axiles that the specific name is most appropriate.

Heads about 2 in. broad, sometimes more. Rays chiefly 6 to
9, especially 6, finear-oblong, white, at first erect and involute-
terete, soon horizontal, minutely bidentate, toward night deflexed,
finally often deflexed by day, at last withering brown. Disks
yellow, changing to a dull reddish-brown.

Bracts broad, oblong, coriaceous but thin, obtuse, truncated
or chanfer-obtuse at the greenish erect slightly-thickened ap-
pressed tip, highly ciliate, especially at the tip. Inner bracts
linear, obtuse, thinner, tapering slightly, with a narrow white
scarious margin. A few outermost bracts are sometimes broadly
and very slightly pointed, involucre 1 in. high or less, changing
from turbinate to somewhat narrow-bell-shaped during flowering.
Achenes light brown, finely multistriate, glabrous, little if at all
compressed, clavate-terete, slightly constricted at top.

n open woodlands and thickets, in rather dry soil,
Canada and Manitoba to Georgia and Tennessee. Sept. chiefly ;
a few in Aug. and in Oct.; with stragglers in Nov. about the
Potomac and the Hudson.

Very abundant in Piedmont and hilly districts of the Middle
States. Absent from the eastern Laurencian region? ‘ Occurs
from the western part of Quebec to the Kawinistiquia R., west of
L. Superior,” Macoun, 1883. Absent from wide stretches of the
Adirondack plateau and of the White Mts.; as also from the
coastal plain in New Jersey, and southward, to which it descends
along the great rivers, as toward Washington along the rocky
banks of the Potomac wherever covered with deciduous trees.
Nearly or quite absent however from many ravines where it
should be sought; as the Niagara gorge. Macoun remarks that
in Canada it is much less abundant than is A. macrophyllus.

Extends south along the Appalachians, as at

NC. ae: pens Se. 9, '97, coll. Biltmore hb., and Biltmore, open woods,
Au. 98, no. 34, in hb. N. Y. Bot. Gar.; Biltmore,’ 96, no. 283663in hb. U. S. Natl. Mu.

N. C., Salem, Schweinitz (who d. 1834) in hb. Phila. Acad. Sci

Ky., Cumberland R., Bell Co., Se. 1893, T. H. Kearney, Jr., no. 535, in N.
Y. Bot. Gar.

Ni RiggiS, a e TR e rS RU e i.

haa ee
BE

ASTER DIVARICATUS 105

Ky., ** moist E (CURE and hillsides of Licking R., fl. Se.; no. 7, C. W.
Short," in dnd Phila.
jut pates in ‘the canyon, Se. 2, '94, Small in hb. N. V. Bot. Gar.
p a, Clay Co. 9e. 23, '97, F. S. Earle in lib. N. Y. Bot. Gar.
Older Herbaria db these representatives :

Herb. Linnaeus, in London, a leafy inflorescence of 4. divaricatus.

Herb. Nees, fide specimen of Nees's certification, cultivated in Hort. Breslau ;
given by Nees to Schultz Bipontinus, and in 1885 by Klatt to A. Gray ; now in hb. Cam-
bridge Bot. Gar. Otherspecimens from hb. Nees represent vars. cymulosus and deltoideus.

Further remarks. Rootstocks Lone EU often 21 in.
in. thick, slightly
1

i16
a

the base of the one plant, all purplish at their ascending tips

Puberulence moderate on midribs and principal veins beneath,
increased to a minute tomentum over the pedicels, but little devel-
oped over the involucre. Strigose hairs very slightly developed
on the upper surfaces, most prominent as a ciliation upon bract-
margins. Puberulence sometimes viscid when fast-growing in
early summer ; but no true glandular or capitate hairs present.

Radicals usually not developed except as small transient ovate-
lanceolate basal leaves with much purple beneath, soon perishing.
Walking daily for ten years in Central Park among thousands of
plants more or less closely typical, no persistent radicals were seen.
When developed these are usually few, small and inconspicuous,
hardly raised into the light, glabrate, purplish-tinged, orbicular-
acute, finely serrulate. More strongly developed persistent radicals
have been observed in dry rock-clefts, in dry woods, among dead
leaves of beeches (Ct. ; vic. N. Y.; and W. N. Y.), and also under
hemlocks, a less usual habitat. They suggest the resource of slow
growth, holding over in spite of unfavorable conditions. They are
very thin, glabrate, cordate-oval, acutish or sometimes obtuse,
2 x Id in. or rarely more, with broad, open sinus, about 5-7
coarse sharp teeth on each side which project forward and are com-
monly crenate or at least dorsally convex and elongated, much as
in A. macrophyllus, and unlike the subsequent cauline leaves of A.
divaricatus. They suggest that the common original for the two
species had a strong crenate tendency. When most developed
(beechen hills of W. N. Y.) such radicals form a rosette of 6—9
dark nearly prostrate uniform leaves with very slender glabrous
amc of nearly their own length.

b commonly about 6 in. broad and 6 in. high; but

cine twice this. Pedicels often 1 in. high.

Heads round-topped in bud, on account of the obtuse bracts ;
"eps of 4. MOMS tyllus are sharp-conical on account of acute

racts.

106 DESCRIPTION OF ASTERS; DIVARICATI

Rays linear, slightly narrowed at the ends, about 1 in. long,
often 1 as broad.

Disk- flowers often about 25, their lobes cut about halfway
down the body, which is broad funnel-form, tapering into a stout,
pale greenish tube. The tube expands slightly at its base, and is
about 2 the length of the disk-flower.

mip yellowish-white in bud, then white, becoming dingy
after flowering and slightly tawny in the herbarium within a year,
often reddening finally ; seen a fine salmon-red in 10 years, and
still deeper in 20.

Receptacles convex, alveolate, the socket of each flower stel-
lated with a sharply 5-pointed membrane. Each alveolus rises in
its center into a hollow conical tubercle or foveolus on which the
achene stands

Involucre usually but faintly triseriate-chequered from the
green tips.

Bracts with their sides whitish (in the middle and inner bracts)
the narrow midrib distinctly precurrent, greenish or brownish, and
slightly clustered, inner bracts often without any green.

Internodes lengthen greatly during flowering, changing the
aspect totally. The inflorescence is prominently bracteate in the
bud, the subglobose young buds often remaining for some time in
sessile clusters among their triangular- ovate bracteals, suggesting
little Carpinus bracts (July 11-25, in W. N. Y., etc.).

Development ; as noted about Washington; D.C, 1 in. high,
3 leaves unfolded, Apr. 17; on May 17, 15 in. high, 7 leaves
full grown, one of them already dead; on July 17, near Dunkirk,
N. Y., same height and number of leaves but with the flower-buds
becoming distinct.

In full flower, Dunkirk, N. Y., at 500 ft. elevation, and
Taconic Mts. at 1,600 ft., last week of Aug. and first week of
Sept. ; vic. N. Y., Sept., into first week of Oct.; Washington, D.
C., last week of Aug. through Oct.

Some flowers remain till frost, especially from sprouts ; late
flowers collected about N. Y., Nov. 3, 5, 8; about D. C., Nov. 8.

Young radicals about N. Y. have been found to reach $ in
long by Apr. 12, 21 in. by Apr. 25.

—_—

HISTORY OF THE DESCRIPTIONS OF ASTER
DIVARICATUS L.

First description, LINNAEUS, Sp. pl. ed. 1, 2: 873.
1753.

** Aster ramis divaricatis, foliis ovatis serratis, floralibus integerrimis."

This brief and indecisive character may have been drawn from
a plant coming to Linnaeus directly or indirectly from some one of
his American correspondents, as Cadwallader Colden in N. Y., John
Clayton in Va., John Bartram in Pa., all of whom sent plants to
Collinson at London, which found their way to Linnaeus. If this
supposed specimen was that which became incorporated with the
Linnaean herbarium and which still remains there as type of A.
divaricatus, it was, fide Gray, 1882, ‘the upper part of a speci-
men of A. corymbosus Aiton, wanting the cordate petioled leaves,
and with open inflorescence unusually foliolose." But however
unlike his specimen may have been, Linnaeus (** who did not well
know his Asters,” said Gray), confused this plant of Aster divari-
catus with our Doellingeria infirma, specimens of which had been
sent by Clayton as his No. 143 to Gronovius. Linnaeus himself
was at Leyden in 1738 assisting Gronovius on Clayton’s plants,
and doubtless handled the izfirma specimens. At all events,
Linnaeus in his Sp. p/. of 1753 adopted the Virginian zzfirma
plants of Clayton and their description by Gronovius of 1739 (as
Aster caule infirmo, etc.) as equivalent of his own Aster divaricatus,
and also adopted Gronovius’ synonym from Plukenet’s Alma-
gestum.

Linnaeus’ originai presentation of his A. divaricatus in 1753
consisted therefore of the brief description I have cited, followed
by citation as synonyms, of Gronovius’ and Plukenet’s descriptions
of Deellingeria infitma. Because of its composite character Gray
decided, 1882, that the Linnaean name divaricatus ** should sub-
side.” Its reinstatement was not till 1894, in the Botanical Club’s
Check List, in deference to the Linnaean specimen.

Linnaeus’ original description was retained by him in his Systema
Naturae, ioth edn., 1759. In 1763, in his Species plantarum, ed.

107

108 DESCRIPTION OF ASTERS; DIVARICATI

2, 2: 1226, he added to it the words (applying to the foliis floral-
ibus) obtusiusculis amplexicaulibus ; an afterthought doubtless due
to noticing the foliose inflorescence. In this strengthened form
the Linnaean description long remained, as in Sf. p/i. ed. 3, in
1764, and in Syst. vegetabilium, ed. 14, in 1784. Houyttuyn's
German translation of 1783, Pfl. Syst. 9: 377 added the German
translation-name Awsgebreitete Sternblume.

AITON’s DESCRIPTION, Dryander in Ait. Hortus
Kewensts, 3: I
** Aster corymbosus. Aster foliis cordatis glabris acuminatis omnibus argute ser-
ratis petiolatis, petiolis simplicibus, ramis fastigiatis, caule glabro."

WILLDENOW's DESCRIPTION, Sp. f. 3°: 2036.
1804. Arranged as character and description,
as follows :
** Aster corymbosus. Aster foliis ovatis argute serratis acuminatis, inferioribus
cordatis Duci nudis, caule supern OSE ramis pilosis, calycibus

i.
** Habitat in America boreali, perennis (v. v.
lis glaber purpureus aut viridis superne ramosus, ramis corymboso-fastigiatis
pilosis. Folia inferiora cordata petiolata serrata glabra, quandoque ad venas pilis raris
obsita, petiolis nudis, superiora acute argute serrata petiolata, summa ovate acum minata
subpetiolata et subserrata. Ca/yx oblongus imbricatus, squamis scie obtusis
arcte adpressis. Corod/ae radii albae,

To the above, Schulze, editing Willdenow, added, p. 128.?

Folia nostri pilosa.

BicELow, Florula Bostoniensis, ed. i, 202. 1814;
and ed. ii, 314.
** Aster corymbosus Ait. Corymbed Aster [Willdenow’ s character is quoted, with

upper ones ovate, acuminate, subsessile. Flowers Mns in a large flat-topp ed
corymb, the branches of eon are bie icai pubescent. Woods and shades, Roxbury,
Brookline. — Aug. — Perennia

Barton, WM. P. C. Prodromus Florae Philadel-
Phicae, 81. 1815; and Compendium Pl. Plut.
2t Iia 8
* p Aster corymbosus Ait. Corymbous-flowered Aster. From 14 in. to 2 ft.
high. owers white, in a large corymb. On the shaded rocks baiati e
ad. ; in shaded woods and thickets, everywhere common. Perennial. July.’
[For the variety a/a/us which he adds, see infra.]

d
Be
:

j
S

ASTER DIVARICATUS ; 109

NEES, Genera Asterearum, 143. 1832.
** Eurybia corymbosa, Cass
. foliis ovatis, inferiori ibus cordatis, serratis rper caule dichotomo-corym-
boso, periclinii foliolis imbricatis obtusis, exterioribus ovatis
Crescit in sylvis umbrosis a Canada usque " Meise Flore ab erga in
Novembrem ; apud nos in Septembre ineunte. X. . V. C. et sicc. spont.
** Habitu quodam proprio inter jaan distincta. Caulis gracilis, sehn pur-
pureus, nitens, glaber, apicem versus ramosus ; rami apice corymbiflori ; superiores ipsi
saltem corymboso-fastigiati. Folia primordial minora, subtus purpurea, cordato-ovata ;
reliqua cordata sinu rotund ginali cincto (trinervata), acuminata, inaequal-
iter grosse patenti-serrata, ut in urtica; quorum inferiora utrinque, superiora in facie
superiori omis setuloso-scabra. etioli longi, canaliculati ; inferiores sparse
ciliati, basi pu In centia arcuato-dichotoma, foliosa, ramis trichotomis,
basi nudis, apice bi. wrens inferior us superiores plerum que excedentibus. Calathia
mediocris magnitudinis. Periclinium ovatu am, arctissi me sp ditur ats peni obtusis,

perangusta, haec quidem tota membranacea, omnia autem pallida, nervo gef sur-
sum modice dilatato divisa, longe ciliata. Radius periclinii longitudine, pauciflorusa
albus ; "m lanceolato-linearibus. Discus periclinium excedens, e flavo purpuras,
n veolorum clinanthii dentes parvi, subulati. Achaenia lineari-cuneata, glabra-
ecostata. Pappus scaber, inaequalis, rufescens
** Adnot. varietatem caule humili, vix folia, quae pleraque sunt radicalia, superante,
ex horto Parisiensi, in herb. cl. Mougeot vidi. [Probably a sprout from a tuft of radicals. ]
LINDLEY in Botanical Register, A. 7532. O 1832.

A good representation of typical Aster divaricatus, the plate
drawn by Drake, engraved by Watts, and published by Pickering.
Lindley furnished two pages of accompanying text, consisting
chiefly of Nees' description of 1832, with the following remarks :

** Very common in [botanical] gardens, 1-2 ft. high, Aug. to Sept. ; from shady
woods, Canada to Virginia; wild it bears only 6-10 heads [in fact often 40] but
numerous heads when cultivated, as shown in the figure [which has about 30 heads
X in. broad]

** By favor of M. Achille Richard we possess a specimen from the herbarium of
Michaux from which we have ascertained that this 4, corymdosus is his 4. cordifolius.
We have received it under the same name [4. cordifolius) from Dr. Torrey ; and it is
probably that of other American botanists, not however of Nuttall, who evidently, by
pei, it [4. cordi Sar, with A. heterophyllus, was aware of the true [relation-

p of] A. cordifofius." J. L

De CaNpoLrE, Prodr. 5: 256. 1836.
** Biotia corymbosa, caule glabro gracili ae laxe corymboso, foliis petiolatis

serratis. acuminatis subtus secus nervos subsetosis, infer. petiolatis cordatis, mediis
ovatis, sup. alato-petiolatis aut subsessilibus, cantata m apes invol. squamis imbri-
catis obtusis, exter. ovatis, ligulis invol. dupló longioribus. n sylvis mon-

tanis à Canada ad Aw OMNE B. alata dum r; Phil. 2: 114) pesoi latius et fre-
quentius alatis. Varietas ex cl. auct. permanens.

110 DESCRIPTION OF ASTERS; DIVARICATI

TORREY AND Gray, 7Z. N. Am. 2: 104. My 1841.
er corymbosus (Ait.): Stem slender, often flexuous, terete ; leaves membrana-
ceous, co enam or incisely and unequally serrate with sharp spreading piis conspicu-
ously acuminate, all but the uppermost cordate and on slender naked petioles, ovate or
ovate-lanceolate; heads loosely corymbose; involucre shorter than the aui the ex-
terior scales roundish-ovate ; rays (white) 6-9. [Repeated in Torrey's Fl. N. Y. 1:
335. 1843.]
Dry woodlands, Canada and Northern States! To the middle country or moun-
tains of the Southern States! July-Aug. Stem 1-2 ft. high, glabrous, or pubescent
towards the summit, where it branches into a loose (often somewhat leafy) corymb.
Leaves very thin and membranaceous, 2—4 or 5 inches long, strongly serrate with sharp
and spreading rather distant and irregular teeth, which are tipped with conspicuous
mucronate-acuminate points, glabrous or sparsely-hairy above, and often hairy on the
idrib and veins beneath, as also the slender petioles, varying from broadly ovate to
ovate- cme iy but all except the uppermost cordate; the upper rarely with margined
petioles ; the uppermost sessile and sparingly serrate. Heads smaller than in the fol-
lowing species, the outer scales of the involucre (smooth, except the ciliate-pubescent
margin) rounder and less rigid. Pappus tawny. Achenia neatly glabrous when mature
Repeated, condensed, in Torrey's Fl. N. Y. 1: 335.] Lindley cites the Aster cordi-
folius of Michaux as a synonym of this species, on the authority of a specimen communi-
cated by A. Richard; but if we mistake not, an chief specimens of his proper herba-
rium accord with the Linnaean A. cordifolius.'

CHAPMAN, Southern Flora, ed.i, 198. 1860; and
edatia 3.

** Aster corymbosus sii Stem slender, smooth ; leaves on slender petioles, thin,
coarsely serrate, sconto $ ; the lower ones cordate, the upper oblong; involucre
shorter than the disk, the Sim obtuse; rays 6-9, white. Shady woods in the upper
districts, Georgia and northward. Sept. and Oct. Stem 1-2 ft. high, leaves 2 to 4
n, long, corymbs loose.

Gray, Syz. F7. N. Am. Y: 174. 1884.
** Aster corymbosus, Ait. Stem slender, 2 ft. high, sometimes flexuous, terete ;
leaves membranaceous, much longer than wide, gradually or very prominently acuminate
and acuminately serrate; involucre only one fourth inch high, little surpassing the rather
broadly ripe teres — akenes: rays 6 to 9, white.— Woodlands, Canada to
upper part of Georgia
1888, Oct.-Dec. My preliminary survey of the
Aster divaricatus forms about Washington, D. C., written at this
time, distinguished 50 forms ; but instead of publishing, was held
for verification in the field, and was so tested during 1889-1894,
while still residing at Washington. The result was that perhaps
half of the forms were determined to be no more than forms;
about 12 were held over to be tested further (one of these a
ing as species in the present work for the first time, A. ebeneu
and one in Small’s Southeastern Flora, 1903, A. stiletti formis)
The other 13 were published as species or varieties, in the

VO TEE n a EER A OAN EA eg

ASTER DIVARICATUS 111

trated Flora, 1898, including the new 4. curvescens and varieties
oviformis and umbelliformis, A. Claytoni, A. divaricatus cymulosus,
curtifolius, deltoidens, persaliens, and fontinalis, A. macrophyllus
E and the revival of the 4. Schreberi and A. viridis of

1898. BRITTON AND BurGess in Britton and
Brown’s Illustrated Flora, 3: 357
** Aster divaricatus L. White Wood Aster. Figure 3,737 [showing top of small
typical plant, and a lower leaf]
** Stems tufted, assurgent, flexuous, brittle, terete, 114-2 ft. high, aatis at ma-
turity. Leaves thin, smoothish, slender petioled, ovate-lanceolate, closely dentate with
sharp teeth, or the basal ones coarsely serrate, acute to acuminate, cs basal sinus

heads 9 to 12 lines broad ; rays chiefly 6-9, linear, white, disk turning brown; bracts
of the involucre broad, ciliate, the rounded tip with an inconspicuous green spot
n open woodlands and thickets, in rather dry soil, MEN 2: Manitoba, Gogia
and Tennessee. Variable ; rays rarely rose-purple. Sept.—Oct
[With 5 new varieties, cymulosus, curtifolius, deltoidens, per — fontinalis, and
with notice of 4. viridis Nees; for all of which see infra. |

VARIANTS OF ASTER DIVARICATUS

s an extreme case of the variability possessed by Asters, I
describe the 60 following forms in special detail. The first 8 or 9
are transient states; the others may be more or less permanent
forms, but have not yet given sufficient evidence of permanence to
warrant their present recognition as species. Using the Arabic

number these variants as 1*, 1%, 1*, etc., reserving the form ta,
14, Ic, etc., for subspecies.

* TRANSIENT STATES

1? RosETTE state, an adaption with tufts of radicals for hold-
ing over in unfavorable shaded conditions ; see description, supra.

I" SPROUT-FORMS ; these tend to have more leafy inflorescence ;
stem shorter, more reddened; lower leaves small, with subtrun-
cate base; the next leaves sive the more conspicuous, ovate or
narrower, rougher, shorter, and more bulky than in the type, also
less serrate, and often sessile ; upper leaves (axiles) lanceolate —.
Collections (in vic. N. Y., Sept. 29-Nov. 1), were seemingly due
to either of these conditions

a, loss or injury of the main stem ;

4, new stimulus late in the season, after the work of the main
stem is done; as the stimulus of new drainage, new supply of
nutrition, or newly loosened or comminuted soil ;

112 DESCRIPTION OF ASTERS; DIVARICATI

c, simple continuance of late sunshine and warmth.

1* BRANCH-FORMS, or ramified state, where cropping of the top
of the main stem has caused an upgrowth of prolonged flowering
branches from the upper or even lower axils, producing on the
branches leaves of the rameal type, narrow oblong-lanceolate,
sessile with a narrowed base, rather elongated toward the acute
apex, and but little serrulate. Examples:

N. Y. vic., Bryn Mawr Park, Oc. 1, '98, etc., shaded rocks.
W. N. Y., SZver Creek, Au. 98, etc.

1* TuBEROUS-FORM, with tuber-like thickenings of the base of
stem due apparently to cropping just above ; from which swellings
short upright stems rise a foot or less, with small concentrated
inflorescence. Pedicels short, suberect and stretching up into
the light. Bracts scarious-edged, bevel-tipped, with very definite
dark-green tip.— Many plants, in "got. on mountain road,
Hunter Mtn., Catskills, Se. 6, 18

* * ARRESTED STATES

1° PEDUNCULATE state; appearance as of whole inflorescence
raised on a peduncle, above the proper leaf-series and below the
lower branches; due to partial Pune of the upper leaves.
Occasional ; example, wW ¥, vie, Oc. E Bi.

1’ SYNCOPATED state ; pedicels suppressed or nearly so, the

flower-clusters; most peculiar in appearance, but due apparently
to some non-hereditary cause sara arrest only in the indi-
viduals UR affected. Examples
vic., Bryn Mawr Park, Se. 1 » '97, shaded roadside ; and Se. 17, '98,
in mud- id of dried pool; Caryl, Se. 29, ’98, shaded roadside, Bu.; Woodlawn
woods, Se. 21, aie Bi.
, Phoenixville, W. id Fisher in hb. Bu., Au. 26, '96, from ^ rather
moist Kies in qu of young bushes.’
1° BUNCH-LEAF state, an arrest or suppression of lower or
middle internodes causing an abnormal centering of large leaves
together:
"s Y. vic., Pelham, Se. 20, '98, woodland.
QN. Ya Silver Cr. gen, Au. 44,798,
1° MIXED-LEAF states. Ver singular states; some leaves,
mixed in among the others, sustain an arrest of the terminal half
or third, the apex becoming obtuse or rounded (or sometimes
remaining acutish) ; the general leaf-type being lanceovate-acumi-
nate. The arrest-leaves are short-oblong or variously suboval,
mingled irregularly among the normal leaves, chiefly among the

ASTER DIVARICATUS 113

upper ones, sometimes alternating with them, sometimes replacing
them for two or three nodes in succession. Such arrest sometimes
appears on several of the stems from one clump, but seldom from
all of a colony. The arrest-leaves are often smaller than the nor-
mal in all dimensions, but are still more often unchanged in breadth.
I have sought with little success for evidence of similar arrest-
leaves from the same rootstocks during successive years ; but have
found them produced continuous seasons from the same colony
within a few feet at least of the previous years' examples (under
chestnuts by Palmer Av. and paths, T Mawr Park).

Compared with arrest-
leaves in the Cwrvescentes
and the Macrophylli there
is this great difference, that

tion of fungi is apparent.
served very often in

various years.— As ob-
served in Central Park, N.
a City, this form is late to
Start in the spring, and its
broad, roundish and irreg-
ular leaves reach 17 and

Cc
24 in. long by Apr. 20, Obolarian form
when those of typical A, Fig. 4, from plant of Bryn Mawr Park, N.
divaricatus reach 2 in Y. vic., Se. '96, in hb. Bu. with typical leaf
I" OBOLARIAN form. and bract

spect,
with normal ovate-acuminate and lanceolate leaves —
sate oe with reniform, orbicular and cordate-rotund lea
, thin, smooth, delicate green-stemmed plants, : I MP 114
ft. high, differing from A. divaricatus L. especially in their sub-
circular upper leaves, which suggest the form of a penny or of a

114 DESCRIPTION OF ASTERS; DIVARICATI

Greek obol. In the preceding mixed-leaf states only a minor part
of the caulines manifest arrest ; in many plants of the present form
all or nearly all of the leaves do so from the middle of the stem
upward, the leaf-succession changing abruptly from the ovate-
acuminate serrate lower leaves 312 x 2 in., to the small sub-
circular upper leaves, about 11% in. long and broad, in parts
repand denticulate or entire. Occasionally one of these leaves
escapes the arrest-tendency and becomes long like the lower
leaves. On the other hand, sometimes some of these small leaves
become reniform and more than twice as broad as long.

Petioles narrow, very slender; the lower petioles longer than
the leaf-breadth, the upper ones becoming shorter and often nar-
rowly cuneate-winged. ona rather small and close, the
heads and bracts nearly as the

Nothing else suffers sia except the upper leaves. The
same cluster of some 40 plants has been watched for 10 years
without change in character except that during the last four years
vitality has seemed low, the stems shorter, and the whole group
of rootstocks dying out

I do not describe it as a species because it seems uncertain if
it perpetuates itself.

or any indication of an external cause of arrest we look in
vain ; it is not due to local conditions of soil, shade or crowding,
as a half-dozen other divaricatus-forms grow with this under the
same chestnut tree without showing the same arrest-tendency.

The bright, smooth surface, and clear green of the arrest-
leaves has year after year indicated their own healthy condition,
quite equal to that of the non-arrested plants in their company.

To the inquirer as to the cause of the arrest which terminates
a stem by the development of a flower, this obolarian form is of
great €— ges cases being equally inherent.

. Y. vic., Bryn Mawr = rk at Palmer Av., chestnut, typical
baag hae Pico xx 4), 1896-190 905 ; brook-bank, Se. 17,'98 ; under SM Rocks, Se. 25,
,'98; Park Hill, Oc. 10,'98; Mosholu, 8 in high, Jun. 26, 1905.

**"*SPORTS

Individual plants displaying some remarkable and unexplained
peculiarity ; perhaps different examples are to be interpreted as

a, reversion to an ancestral character ; or,

6, saltatory variation, involving points of new departure from
the type; due to unusually intense action of the tendency to
variation [written in 1897, before mutations had become so well
accredited as now]; or, to

c, hybridization ;

d, alteration due to insect-puncture ;

—

ASTER DIVARICATUS 115

e, alteration due to fungal attack ; or,

J, alteration due to some other unobserved local condition
affecting the individual but not its neighbors. Such sports are the
rare cases with one or more leaves bilobed ; or opposite ; or three
at a node, e

eit sports are not however the subject of the following
enumeration of forms, which consist instead of numerous examples.

pr dyoga STATES, developed in rich or loosened soil ;
arked by characters as follows

u Large ia even to 6 x 3% in. SEE,

T Floriferous branches.
1? Great branches, long or straggling.

* Great heads and narrow rays.

? Great heads and broad rays (growing among plants with
ie tbe heads).

* Leafy inflorescence; otherwise normal; occasional ex-
amples
1" Broad-wing petioles ; the upper, or even all of them ; the
wing irregular and asymmetrical, or sometimes undulatiform ;
Jr dice where.
: Mass. (Middlesex Fells, Au.,'98; Tashmoo Spr., Au. 11,790);
N Y. vie, ge i W. N. 3 95, etei DG. (Oc. 24, gi).
***** DIMINISHED STATES due to exposure
1? Ska-swEPT state, exposed on dry hills to sun and swept by
the sea-wind.

M. V., Harlock’s pond "uis rising but one inch from the grcund, with
about 6 short Mene leaves 1 X 24 and with about 4 heads nearly normal, but su
sessile and with narrower ick Sidi hairs broader than in the type. Au. IO, '92.

1? SuNBURNT state; erect plants, roughened and thickened,
with longer leaves and bracteals, and increased puberulence.
Roadsides, etc., common with the type.

* * * * * * DIMINISHED STATES, IMPOVERISHED, and due
apparently to poor soil or imperfect nutrition
1” Little-leaf state, occasional; whole succession of leaves

nearly alike, sometimes reduced to 2 x I in., but otherwise typical ;
foliage unlike A. argillarius, in which the little leaves are gener-
ally still smaller, are unes than in the type and are differently
toothed, oss mple

N. Y. vic., S. Z., New Dorp, Britton in hb. Colu.

D. C, A Fade Branch road, Oc. 13, '89, Bu.

1" Little-head state, otherwise typical, but with small inflor-

HiG DESCRIPTION OF ASTERS; DIVARICATI

escence of heads 1% in. high, 54 in. broad; the involucre á in.
high or but little eae, deep-green chequered. Examples
N. Y. vic., 1830? Torrey in hb. Colu.; N. Y. vic., Se. 14, '98, Bz.
1? Dwarf long-leaf state, plants otherwise typical ; occasional.
15 Dwarf broad-leaf state; plants 6—9 in., high, with acute
leaves 117 x I in., obtuse radicals, purple disks and stems, and
large heads 1 in., across, with rather narrow bracts. Examples:

N. Y. vic., Zzwood, Se. 27, '97, halfway up the north slope of Dyckman
Av. rock.

* k * * * * * DIMINISHED STATES CHOKED by growth
in dense masses
1? Slender state otherwise typical, occasional.

1” Pauciflore state, of wet woods, in excessive shade ; grow-
ing tall and narrow, though not always i in dense masses ; flowers
of full size or more with about 8 rays: disksturn purple; stem
very slender, greenish, highly zigzag ; leaves well separated, nor-
mal below, soon greatly diminished and lanceolate, subentire and
subsessile.

N. Y. vic , Mosholu 21 fn *96 ; so continuing ' 97,'98, etc., and 1905.
S.L. Prince
IX €. Pss Mill A d ci 16, "9r.

1 Monocephalous state, a modification of the last and often
growing with it, with more flexuous stems, tall and persistently
leafy with little diminution to the single head; in dense patches
in rich dark wet woods: plainly the result of mutual interference ;
the virgate stems ascending 15 in. toward the light to bear a
single flower-head; or varying to a single little cluster seated
among the long terminal leaves. Examples:

N. Y. vic., Mosholu, Se. 30, '96 ; Woodlawn woods, Se. 16,'98.
W. N. Y., Pt. Gratiot, Au.’97,’98, etc. ; Fredonia, at Marsh's woods, Au.
'97, and Wiley’s brook, Au. 9, 98.

** * * ** * EXPLICABLE MISCELLANEOUS STATES, assign-
able to definite cause, but not y increased
or diminished in siz
1” Slant-stem state; plants leaning xum into the sunlight
from growth about the base of bushes or about fence rails ; angle
about 30° from the vertical. Common along roadsides, especially
W. N. Y., where it usually shows an increase of hair and rough-
ness, giving it a dusty appearance due in fact less to roadside
dust than to puberulence — sometimes all the plants filling thin
woodlands will assume a uniform slant at this angle of 30?, appar-
ently in consequence of a prevailing wind.

ASTER DIVARICATUS 117

1” Etiolated state; with pallid leaves and disks, long weak
assurgent or decumbent protracted stems and capillary pedicels ;
plants under wooden steps, etc., seeking li

1? Subscandent state; tall, narrow but not virgate; leaves
thin, smooth, apple-green, of normal form or some lanceolate.

N. Y. vic., Z»zvood, Se. 24, '96, etc. ; numerous plants growing out of cracks
in perpendicular faced gneiss and growing straight up along the rock wall, with remote
inflorescences along the stem from the middle and lower axils; in sun

1? Depressed state; prostrate, decumbent or geniculate, due
to growth after trampling, in pastures ; and in clearings, after the
work of axmen.

W. N. Y., Fredonia, Au. '97 5; Silver Cr., Hanover Centre, etc.

N. Y. vic., New Rochelle, etc.

**** ***** UNExPLAINED FORMS of Aster divaricatus La of
uncertain permanence, inexplicable by the preceding expla-
nations, and evidently due in part at least to a tendency to
vary independently of the immediate environment ;
the plants not being individual sports but of
numerous examples. To be classed as
Leaf-variants, Stem-variants and
Inflorescence-variants

— Leaf-variants ; forms varying in many ways, but in which
the variation in the leaves i is particularly conspicuous

1* Arr-conRDaTE form ; leaves cordated to the small inflores-
cence; otherwise norma

N. Y. vic., Mile-Square road, spring, Oc. 26, '87.

1? Non-corpaTe form; leafy and floriferous ; stem purple-
black, 2 ft. high ; leaves somewhat ovate, acuminate, coarsely and
remotely slit-toothed, and nearly as much so to the cuneately
attenuate base ; bracts greener, mostly acutish, little ciliate ; heads
larger, pressing into a large dense dome.

. Y. vic., Gunther Park, on rock-pile by roadside, Midland Av. corner of
Mile-Square road.

19 OBLONG-LEAF form; slender long-leaved irregular plants, ea
to produce a few flowers and leaves in the lower axils. ĻLeav
oblong-acuminate, often 4 x 1% in., straight-serrate or ae
serrulate, dark green, slender-petioled. Axiles 3 x 34 in. or less,
lance-acuminate, tapering straight from near the short-winged or
sessile base. Almost all bracts bevel-tipped.

N.Y X. NIG, d opposite Sleepy Hollow cemetery, numerous and strag-
gling among bushes, Se. 24, '98.

118 DESCRIPTION OF ASTERS; DIVARICATI

1* OBLONG-OVATE form; thinnish firm oblong-ovate leaves,
finally oblong-lanceolate, nearly uniform in size and shape to the
small bunchy inflorescence. Leaves 5 x 2% in.; or 3 x I in.
on smaller plants; not deeply toothed, not much acuminate ; all
nearly sessile by short broad wings at the rounded base; or only
the upper ones so, and the others with increasingly long slender
petioles, or sometimes with a narrow strap-wing 2in.long. Heads
well-pedicelled. Sinus well-developed, or at least vestigial at the
base of the stem. — Scattered plants, in woods.

T. Y. vic. * Ve pu i Hleights,’97; Yonkers, n. w. corner of Palmer Av.
Rocks, Se. *- tbe . Z., Grant City flatwo xr. E C X7, 06,
W. , Laona, springy bank, Au. 22, '96

P" aA pe form. Narrow-leaved slender subpinnate
plants with slit-toothed attenuate conduplicate axiles. Slender
plants, about 2 ft. high. Leaves peculiar, all small and nearly
alike, 2 x 34 in., oblong-acuminate with brace-base and short-
slender petiole; a few above lose the cordation, having an abruptly
rounded base, with short broad wing. Axiles similar, numerous,
linear, acuminate, 2 x 4 in., or finally shorter, not quite sessile,
remarkable for their continuous conduplicate tendency, clasping
and concealing the peduncle. Margins persistently and finely slit-
toothed, or in some very lowest leaves more irregularly serrulate.
Inflorescence somewhat pinnate, with prolonged axis from which
the long lower branches rise into a broad convex cyme. Bracts
narrow, with little color, polymorphous, the apex truncate,
ee bild acute, or tapering.

.» Gayhead at Blackwater Knob, Se. 6, '98, among huckleberry bushes
in pure Sach over cla ay

1° RussET-TUFT form. <A short-leaved much-branched form,
dull-green turning russet, forming masses in thin woods on gneissic
rocks, with brown or pale stems, long flagellate and leafy ascend-
ing branches, short ovate leaves, and widely divaricate small dull
heads.

Stem 2 or 2% ft. high, pale or brownish, ascending, seldom
strictly erect. Branches irregularly flexuous- -ascending, sometimes
as many as 20 and bearing in all as many as 150 heads ; often half
a dozen branches are 6 to 10 in. long — before their own branch-
lets begin. Sometimes qao heads have been found on a single
piant.

Leaves not large nor ionic ovate, E E, but little
incurved, the lower 6 or so with slender petioles and moderate
cordate base with prominent sinus. Middle and upper caulines
ovate without sinus, their petioles short and broadly winged.
Axiles similar to the last, even in size ; but sessile, 3 x 1% in.
or less.

ASTER DIVARICATUS 119

Rameals broadly sessile, ovate-triangular, acute, 1 14 x 34 in.
or less, very conspicuous and numerous. = Ramulars inconspicu-
ous, ovate to suborbicular, small and subentire, clustered closely
together at the base of long subultimate branches

Teeth conspicuous on all but the last, acutely salient, chiefly
aquiline, rather close-set

Leaf-substance firm, sometimes slightly roughish, color dull
brownish-green ; the autumnal change to russet or to dull brown
occurs all over the leaf or in patches. Radical leaves thin, agi
or roundish, cordated, strongly toothed, 277 x 214 in. or les

Bracts not truncate, chiefly narrow-lingual, pale, little nane,
smooth-backed, the green tips slight and indefinite. Lower bracts
broad, rounded, a very few acute, innermost bracts prolonged,
narrow, obtusish, men attenuate.

Heads small, 3 to i in. broad, jj in. high. Pedicels long,
slender, distinct, 1 in. to lin. long. Rays thickish, dull white,
becoming dingy. Disks turning reddish-brown and soon fully brown.

ian w, broad-branched plants of dull brownish-green aspect,

rather late flowering and conspicuous in October ; partial to thin

soil over gneiss, under moderate shade of high or thin trees, tend-
ing there to form patches occupying the ground to the exclusion
of anything else; also scattered in clefts of gneiss boulders, and
upon sandy spots among rocks and quarries. Rootstocks pale ;
young spring-growth deep purple, as the under side of the ovate-
acute radicals long remains. Most typically developed on the
Potomac banks, as to russet-changes, roundness and non-ciliation
of bracts ; and abundance of large rameals. Intermediate in many
respects between A. divaricatus, A. arcifolius, and A. ardens.
Examples

N. Y. vic., Central Park, Se.' 95-1903; Inwood, Se. 22,’98; Ft. Wash-
ington, Se. 30,’98. Yonkers, Hillview rocks, Se. 15, '97 ; Dunwoody, culv

I3, '9 3, sometimes showing great? masses of beautiful dull Nie in aioe
bloom ; EPER opposite Kuykuit; and along the Bedford road near the Law
place, 2 4, 798.

N: J., Ondercliff, Se. 12,98.
Va., Potomac bank, Oc. 20, '88; opposite Analostan I., Oc. 15, '88, in
patches, my original locality ; Windy Gap road, Oc. 2, '88; Spout Run, Oc. 2, '88,,
Oc. k^ '88, Oc. 9, "or.
T STAL ALE- LEAF form; plants of moderate size and inflor-
escence, their leaves continuously petioled well up to the inflor-
escence or within it.
NUNG Catskills, Hunter, Se. ' 99.

1* ATTENUATE form, all parts long and attenuate, plants
weak and wandlike or decumbent, internodes as well as leaves
greatly lengthened

N. Y. vic., Sleepy Hollow road, opposite cemetery, Se. 24, '98.

120 DESCRIPTION OF ASTERS; DIVARICATI

1" LoNG-LEAVED STRAIGHT-TOOTH form. Numerous long nar-
row sage-green leaves, narrowly ovate-lanceolate, incurved-long-
acuminate ; sinus slight and short ; slender petioles persistent ; teeth
long, straight- backed, forward- directed, almost continuous from
sinus to apex. Heads very many and small ; bracts rather narrow.

N. Y. vic., Bryn Mawr Park, Se. 19, 99.

0 SHORT-LEAF BROAD-SINUS form, intermediate to A. arci-
folius. Numerous dark short and small leaves of cordate-ovate
type; apt to be asymmetrical, and with short decisive acumi-
nation; sinus broad and excavated, then brace-bases succeed,
sometimes with a few narrow sinuses ; upper caulines rounded or
truncate at base; petioles short, persistent; narrow wings fre-
quent; texture a little thickish ; inflorescence small, with early
arrest of main axis; bracts rather narrow.

N. J., Palisades, numerous ; Undercliff, Se. 14, ’99.

!' BROAD-HEART form. Leaves dark dull green, of broad
short cordate type, merely acute or in less distinct plants slightly
caudate; sinus deep, broad, rounded or almost rectangular ;
texture thickish ; upper caulines lanceolate with short wing ; in-
florescence small, dense ; heads small; rays 8 or more, even to
13, short, 5n in. long ; disks soon brown; bracts very stiff and
with no scarious margin.

NY r Park, Se. 16, '99-1903, on jah Av. Rock, a
dense little patch n now almost ee (Se. 1904) ; Inwood, Oc. 13,’

W. N. Y., Fredonia at Cascade Brook, '98.

P Birma form: plants more slender and wiry-
stemmed than typical 4. divaricatus, with rather large, smooth,
bright green, long-acuminate leaves of very thin firm texture and
hard shining surface

Va., Potomac, Spout Run, etc., Oc., '88.

1? SLEEK-LEAF form; weak-stemmed or decumbent plants
i dark green oblong- acute leaves of peculiar soft smooth cool
texture.

. V. vic., McLean Av ples Caryl, Se., 98.

* LIMP-LEAF form ; small assurgent plants with brownish-
mess sires forward | pine „leaves which are flaccid when
fresh, with brace-sinus (except some lance leaves), long ieee
acumination ; and with remotish clusters of subsessile heads,
which " resembles A, divaricatus — SUS.

, Phoenicia, thicket on Esopus Cr., Se.:9, '98.

* * kkk***k** DNEXPEAINED STEM VARIANT FORMS in which
some character of stem or habit is conspicuous

5 CrRCAEAN form. Small thickly congregated plants, resem-
bling Circaea alpina in size, leaves, habit and habitat, in mucky

RAP ee ee rain

ASTER DIVARICATUS 121

soil under trees. Leaves pale green, often approximate, very thin.
Very little hair. Disks pale yellow turning brown. Rays about 6.

Y

N. Y., Chautaugua Co., Pawpaw grove in Sheridan, Au. 15, ' 96, '97, 98,
etc., type locality, with hundreds of gregarious plants 6-9 in. high, each with 3 or
little long-pedicelled heads or sometimes a close cluster, and 3 or 4 long-petioled large
eaves 4 X 214 in. or less. Not seedlings, but closely cespitose on account of the
shortness of the rootstocks, which rise into the erect plant after a growth of 4 or 5
nodes in little over an inch.

W. » Hanover, Rosebrook woods, Au. 1900; Dunkirk, Pt. Gratiot,
Au. II - Z1. OF

Ny YS y Co., Niskayuna woods, Se. 11, '89; a Mt.
near Hunter, ray 9,'99. thaca, '84, Coville, no. 296231 in U. S. ? Ib.
. vic., Van Cortlandt Pk., Se. 1903.

N. i Palisades, Undercliff, Oc. 5, '99, 1900.

oe

15 BEECH-TWIG form. Small plants with stiff zigzag brown stems
(about 1 ft.), and firm broadly ovate leaves, with winged petioles
above, the lower leaves with deepsinus. Teeth shallow, remote,
directed forward. Heads small, obconic, in a few small axillary
and terminal clusters. Hair nearly absent. Bracts few, nearly
uniform, pale, thick, the lower acute. Bracteals of the discule type,
A e., , reduced to little flat or crisped circular disc-like bractlets, about

brown, their veins darker, general effect much like a beech-twig ;
to which effect the shape and uniformity of leaf, denticulate form
of teeth, and an occasionally conduplicate leaf, all contribute ; as
well as the narrow straightish veins, prominent on the upper side,
and not so strongly curved as in most congeners. A sport? or
a depauperate and temporary condition ?

D. C., Rock Cr., deep woods above Blagden's Mill, Oc. 12, '88.

1" PnuwE-sTEM form. Small wandlike scattered or clustered
[lants of middle September, with small domed long- pedicelled
inflorescence, taper-lanceolate high-petioled leaves, and swaying
flexuous prune-colored stem. Leaves very pale beneath, the
upper distant, narrow, long- tapering, obtusely serrulate. Inflores-
cence small, rather close, with convex top and small heads.
Bracts obtuse, the inner narrow and often purple-edged, the back
igi sand puberulent ; the tip indefinite, pale, slightly developed

or often n

Differs from typical A. divaricatus in its prune stem, its wand
effect, its small close inflorescence, its tendency to long pedicels, its
less suddenly acuminate leaves, its smaller and closer teeth.

Differs from A. divaricatus cymulosus especially in its long ped-
icels and its longer narrower more taper leaves. Resembles the
last, to which it is intermediate, in its small and somewhat close
ure. inflorescence.

122 DESCRIPTION OF ASTERS; DIVARICATI

Resembles A. olivaceus in its tendency to purpled scarious
inner bracts of long narrow form. Differs in having long pedicels,
^ obtuse roundish-topped outer bracts, triangular-lanceolate leaf-
form, and single-dome inflorescence-form.

This Prune-stem form may include the native original of A.
corymbosus & Aiton, Hort. Kew., ed. 2, 5: 57. 1813, there
characterized simply as “caule purpureo. Purple-stalked cor-
ymbed Starwort," in distinction from his var. J, “caule viridi,"
which probably represents typical A. divaricatus. (See supra,

65.

"rhe types of both a and #3 are preserved in Herb. Brit. Mus.
(Nat. Hist.), and Mr. Edmund G. Baker, in litt. 1898, remarks of
a that “ Clayton's 767 [A. Claytoni ] resembles « in that it has a
purple stem, but the heads of flowers are slighty larger and the
character of the inflorescence is different. In 4. corymbosus Aiton
4, the capitula are nearly all turned upward, while in the Clayton
plant they, or some of them, turn downward."

The above characters, purple stem, smaller heads and nearly
all turned upward, are strongly characteristic of the Prune-stem
plants.
Examples (chiefly in woodland borders and paths) :

Ct., Eas? Windsor Hill, 1878, Rosa B. Watson in hb. Bu.

N. Y. Cy., Washington Heights, Oc. 10,'98; June 26, '97, one foot high,
in leaf.

N. Y., Catskills, Kaaterskill Junction, in Augue Se. 7, 99.

W. N. Y., Silver Cr., frequent, ' 97-1

N. J., Palisades, tides abundant, Se. I ri * 97.

° FLABELLATE form. Main stem weak and deliquescent, rap-
idly diminished from node to node after giving off about 4 branches.
Branches erect, ascending, longer than their parent-stem, slender
and of quite uniform length. The whole inflorescence presses into
a convex top with deep acute base. Stems smooth, sometimes
shining, purplish-red. Leaves broad-based, somewhat ovate, with
little cordation, rather small, their teeth very uniform and rather
slight. Slender petioles continue into the inflorescence. Upper
axiles and rameals oblong-lanceolate, sessile: ramulars oblong-
elliptic or oblong-acute, with long low minute teeth ; some axiles
develop short broad wings. Leaf-texture firm, nearly smooth to
touch.

N. Y. vic., Bryn Mawr Park, at Split Rocks, Se. 17, 98, unstimulated plants
in hard thin soil, 1 to 174 ft. high, with subremote heads. Stimulated plants, Oc. 21,
'98, in loosened gravel by a newbuilt house, close to the preceding en showed
interesting effects in their greater inflorescence and more &. These
plants were not traceable distinctly the next season or rward ju» were probably
trampled out. Virescence was strong by Oc. 21; jes rays ais greenish-yellow and

|
I

ASTER DIVARICATUS 128

their disks were fading brownish from olivaceous ; many rameals were without flower-
heads and were of short oblong-acute form, with about 3 low teeth on each side. In
other plants which made a later start, the same quick suppression of axis was observed,

ut the short branches growing each only about twice the length of its axile leaf, the
effect became pinnate rather than flabellate : producing a long narrow inflorescence, of
8 or 9 suberect axillary clusters each about 4 in. high.

Comparing the stimulated vii with those in hard thin unloosened soil:
stimulated show greater size and vigor, much more prolongation of branches and inter-
nodes, more redness of stem, more Medo, and closer teeth. Both show the leafy
convex inflorescence with early suppression of axis.

Other forms of 4. divaricatus may occasionally produce flabellate plants, where the
fan-like branching is due to accidental suppression of the main axis, and to the rise of
several branches in its stead. Flabellate pedet. f in these plants is the heiss and
suppression of the axis an accident; but in the flabellate form both seem the rule.
'The virescent rays were probably a late autumn result which might not Pas become
conspicuous in a succeeding autumn of different weáther

I" AXILLIFEROUS form. Small subsessile or loose inflores-
cences in the axils, descending well down the stem ; terminal in-
florescence much larger and earlier, the others seeming like a
downward retreat of the impulse to flower: nearly normal other-
wise. — Examples:

N. Y. vic., Bryn Mawr Park, Se. 17, '98, Oc. 1, '98, '99 — 1903 near
Palmer Av.
W. N. Y., Pt. Gratiot, Au. 29, !96.

1? ToBYHANNA form. Plants with prolonged slenderness of
the strict stems, branches and pedicels, small crowded heads in a
flattish or irregular corymb, and lingual bracts with definite and
conspicuous green tips. Unlike 4. divaricatus L., in often show-
ing a flatter top, a high angle, for branches of 70° or 80°, and in
its more uniform bracts. Involucre often quincunx- -chequered.
Stem often purplish, 2 ft. or less, smooth. Leaves small, serru-
late, glabrate, with narrow short-petiole which is soon obsolescent
among the branches. Caulines broad cordate- oblong to lance-

c
Branches and pedicels attenuate, heads approximate, small, Lf in.
high and 7 in. broad or less. Rays 8 or less, linear-oblong.
Disks turning brown. Pappus « ecru at first, and 16 years later, in
1897, had become ferruginous. Bracts glabrate, pale brown with
large definite dark green tips, these constituting an important dis-
tinction between this form and its congener the Prune-stem
form.

nn., LM Falls, Monroe Co., Au. 22, 1881, 7: C. Porter in hb.
Penn., a Col . Bu., etc., — at first as A. corymbosus rails n. var., later
cionis gras oa = strictus (a name already bestowed on an Aster in 1874 by Pursh)
and later again to a/tior. In 1900 Prof. Porter remarked that he no longer thought the
orm to deserve rank as a variety.

124 DESCRIPTION OF AsTERS; DIVARICATI

KK KK GG EX DTNEXPTAINED. INFLORESCENCE-VARIANTS ;
forms not due to immediate environment, and having
some strong peculiarity in the inflorescence.

! Bgoap-RAY form. Plants with broad, short, dark, coarse-
toothed leaves, broadly divaricate inflorescence, and broad heads
with unusually broad rays and bract-tips, the latter mostly abruptly
truncate. Rays about 7, over % in. broad.

N. Y. vic., Bryn Mawr, Se. 6,’99, on Palmer Rocks.

1? 'THREE-RAY form. Peculiar plants with few large thin
smooth dark-green leaves, an attenuately forked inflorescence
with many large lanceolate bracteals ; and very imperfect heads
occasionally of 6 rays but usually with about 3 long rays and the
others wholly or partly abortive. Leaf-form oblong-cordate, in-
curved-acuminate, with very large broad brace-base, the upper
truncate, the axiles lance-oblong, tapering almost equally to the
sessile base. Otherwise the petioles are very long and slender.

N. Y., Kaatersksll Min., Se. 7, ’99, in shade.

* Five-ray form ; a small little-leaved form with small heads
chiefly 5-rayed ; the first head of each branchlet bears 6, the one
or two lateral heads 5. Plants cespitose, 114 ft. high, glabrate.
Leaves thin, apt to be continuously petioled. Rays oblong,
blunt at the minutely three-toothed apex.

Ms., Zaconics at Sky Farm, Se. 5, 1903.

* CANALICULATE form. Rays horizontal, linear-canaliculate,
their sides being early and continuously upcurved. Leaves thin,
sinus and petiole continuing well up to the loose inflorescence.
Bracteals rather large, ovate-acute. Bracts very abruptly trun-
cate or bevel-topped, broad and short, thin along the pale edges,
thickened along the middle and the short dark tip. Stem apt to
be pale m 2 ft. or less, and zigzag.

N. X 15 MM awr Park, common in rich shade, forming loose patches ;
Se. 16,’99, hens I9ot, ; increasing, 1904.

— Many other oca of the Divaricati and Macrophylli occa-
sionally lose the flatness of the rays with age, the margins becom-
ing upraised; but in this present form the canaliculate stage is
the principal one, the rays remaining flat for scarce any time, per-
haps from greater delicacy of their thin texture.

1? Cupreous form. Rays persistently change from dull-white
to coppery-red year after year. Stem strong, greenish, highly
zigzag, about 2 ft. ; branches stiff, wide spreading ; bracts highly
ciliate, mostly truncated obtuse, as in A. divaricatus type. Leaves
(except in larger size, earlier growth and deeper color) like those
of the Russet-tuft form, with which it grows and from which it

ASTER DIVARICATUS 125

may be a derivative. Disks deep red-brown in nature, deep crim-
son in drying. Copper-color in the rays appears in about a week
after expanding, and remains two or three weeks, when the rays
become marcescent ; and even in this shrivelled state they retain
much of the copper-red color. — For color comparison, see also
pp. n
Y. City, Central Park Ramble, peace or pae De-
— P! Apr. 6 (1900, and so 1899), basal leaves I in. long, pg M
maroon beneath, somewhat so above ; much darker Pd more died en than ad-
joining similarly shaped leaves of the Russet-tuft form, and of typical 4. divaricatus. In
O days 26, the red had faded entirely from these leaves above and was dis-
appearing beneath; the leaves were now full grown, 2 and 2% in. long, with broad
excavated sinus, For seven years that this group was under observation it maintained
its characters exactly, standing out year after year with copper-colored heads though
surrounded with white ones. After ei iat in 1903 most of the colony died, espe-
cially the central cupreous plants; only one or two sprouts from the cupreous form
came up in 1904 (and again sen hm feeble and faintly cupreous inflorescence.

5 WHITE-DISK form, with disks whitish or after drying pale
cream-color. Stem very dark plum-color, flexed, slender, 12 to
15 in. Leaves long, dull dark green, firm, dense, opaque,
smoothish. Leaf-form oblong-lanceolate, the 4 or 5 lower ones
so, abruptly rounding into a broad shallow sinus, the small close
teeth continuing upon the long acumination. Other leaves oblong-
elliptic or lance- elliptic. Narrow petioles continue into the inflor-
escence, quickly diminishing, the lowest ones 1 inch long, most
others only 1 or Lin. Leaves serrulate, subrugose beneath while
fresh, not so when dry. Inflorescence small, few-flowered, about
IO divaricated heads on capillary pos + to $ in. long, with
linear bractlets. Heads very small, 4 iin. high, £ in. broad or less ;
disks finally turn a dingy pale brown. Rays 6, sometimes "
oblong, milk-white ; pappus very white. Bracts uniform, smooth-
backed, rounded at apex, white-ciliate all around, with a dark
definite crescentic tip; the inner ones pale, scarious, without
green

NUM. , Bryn Mawr Park, Summit Rock, Se. 16, ’99, many plants.
Ms., Fae et Bashbish stream, Se., 1903.

1” GmREEN-DISK form. Small plants with pale yellow disks
turning pale greenish or olivaceous ; pedicels capillary, long and well-
separated ; stems often green ; heads a little above medium size.

HN. Y. , Bryn Mawr Park, Se. 25, '97, with Doellingeria infirma ;
Mosholu, Oc. 2, S Central Park Ramble, Se. 18, '97, small flowered plants with
disks iam 4-flowered.

* STELLARIAN form ; scattered white star-like flowers on a
iui background of close broad deep-green leaves, suggesting a

126 DESCRIPTION OF ASTERS; DIVARICATI

star the more because the small and pale whitish-yellow disks do
not change to purple and blend in color with the rays. Leaves
uniform, short, roughish, dull deep green, with broad brace-bases ;
veins much darker than the leaf. Inflorescence of few scattered
heads ; or of more; diffuse, and on long filiform pedicels often 34
in. long. Bracts narrow, long, obtuse, chiefly with broad white
scarious-frilled margins; ciliation and tip moderate. Surculi
yellow or almost orange.

N. Y. Cy., Zt. Washington, Oc. 16, '98, Bi.

Ms., Zaconics, near Bashbish R., glen below Parnassia meadow, Se. 5, 1903 ;
alt. 1,500 ft.

1? PURPLE-PAPPUS state; pappus purplish or deep vinous-
Wert (in herbarium) instead of ferruginous or salmon-red, as is
usual. Leaves very smooth and thin; otherwise nearly normal.

, L. George, 95, Mrs. Watrous in hb. Colu. ; Catskills, ’80, C. H,
Peck FER ^i St. herb. ; Catskills, Balsam L., Au. '86, Mrs. C. Van Brunt, in hb. Colu.
Va., Potomac R, east of Holtzman’s Landing, Oc. 29, '88 (then deemed a

hybrid with 4. curvescens ; from its smoothness, etc. ).

1? LoosE-FLOWERED form; plants in sunlight, where any
explanation of the diffuse pedicels as due to reaching after light is
disproved by the presence of close-flowered plants in the same
patch amid the same conditions and equally mature.

IN. Y. vies jos go en Oc. 19, 796.
S. L, Glove 5;

.C. , Piney mae, oe 22, '88, the “intermediate form A’’ of my pre-
ge^ study of * 88.

' MITCHELLIAN form ; similar in other respects to typical A.
PARU: L., but with conspicuous g growth of Mitchellian bracteals,
1. €., bracteals resembling leaves of Mitchella repens in size and shape,
i. ¢., the normally ovate-acute bracteals fail to develop their apical
portion, about one third of the leaf, and become oval with obtuse or
rounded apex, and remain subentire. Occasionally plants with both
kinds of bracteals are found ; but generally only one kind is pro-
duced on a plant and all plants from the same rootstocks are alike,
while plants otherwise similar and growing within a foot or two
produce the normal bracteals. Similar Mitchellian bracteals are
occasionally developed in other varieties, and in beautiful profusion
by A. divaricatus deltoideus. They are commonly darker, firmer
and of richer tissue than the normal acute bracteals, and more con-
spicuous though hardly half the size. I have not been able how-
ever to prove them developed a second year from the same root-
stock. It is doubtful if they are properly cases of arrested
development. They seem never to occur on plants of the Mixed-

ASTER DIVARICATUS ALATUS 121

leaf states, on which they would be = if due to similar
arrest. Widely distributed ; examples

S: 4 Grant Gily, Oc. 17, 796.

W. N. Y., Silver Cr., Au. 96-1

Va., Potomac, east of Holtzman’s, yd 29, '88; Spout Run, Oc. 9, "9r.

12. Aster divaricatus alatus (Barton) Burgess
BARTON'S ASTER
Deep-cut wing-leaf plants with narrow bracts, the large leaves

soon taper-based and sessile.

Name, L., from the frequent winged leaf-base

FIG. 5, pisai from near Yonkers, N. Y., Se. 23, '99, in hb. Bu.; b, its charac-
teristic cauline form, Z, a frequent modification.

T sibs alatus Barton, in Wm. P, C. Barton's Prodromus Florae Phila-
delphicae, e iud repeated in his Compendium Florae Fhíladciphicse, 2:114, 1818.

a corymbosa alata DC. Prodr. 5: 265. 6.
mus. 2—3 feet high,

apt to be dark green and
rather closely cespitose.

often roughish,their mar-
gins coarsely gashed
with strong sharp broad
teeth, each tooth bearing
the usual aculeus of the
Biotian species. Sinus
broad, soon lost, the
middle caulines at least
being without it, their
bases tapering into a
conspicuous irregular

soon oblong-acuminate,
finally oblong-lanceolate
and sessile.

Inflorescence branch-
ed at a wide angle, with
many little oval or oval-

chiefly pale, long, nar- T^ pd. 5.

128 DESCRIPTION OF ASTERS; DIVARICATI

the outer bracts according with the type for A. divaricatus L.;
these outer bracts obtuse, and with conspicuously dark tips; the
tips soon become small and often reduced to a medial line. Rays
about 8, dull white. Disks soon purplish brown. Hair little de-
veloped. Heads small, 1 in. or less broad, apt to be quite closely
clustered, their pedicels not long, usually exceeded by the head.

Differs from typical A. divaricatus L. in its narrower and pale
bracts, its broad wings and its slight cordation. Winged forms
of A. divaricatus L. having broad bracts, connect the two.

Forms rather dense clumps, by stone walls or in rather damp
half-shade. L. Erie and the Taconics to Philadelphia, and prob-
ably to be found accompanying the type through a wider range.
Examples :

Ms., Mt. ML eir ett near Bashbish R., Se. 1903

N. Y. vic., Washington Heights, 97; Vault Hill, p S. Z., Grant City,

17, Sli iig Lonesome on ses Rock, Oc. 23, ’99; Champenois
Pinch, stone wall, 1901; Hillview

Wed geet springy bank on iuda ay Cr. 22, 796.

Penn. ; Pitia., Barton, fide his bum and nace and fide speci-
men (top of a Slant quein with Barton's label (reading ** B. alatus mihi "") in
his Herb., Pg grt with the Phila. Acad. of Sci., as examined by me Nov. 1898.

Potomac opp. Washington, Se. '87.

1a? GASH-WINGED form of alatus; tall plants 3 ft. high, or
weak and effuse; with many broad short gash-toothed wings —
along most of the petioles. Rays 5 (less often 6) narrow and
elongated; unlike the broad short rays of the Five-ray form o
A. divaricatus recorded p. 124. The numerous thin leaves reach
5x 3 in., the large size continuing well up into the inflorescence.
The inflorescence itself is sometimes very large and the bract-tips
very green. Examples:

N. Y. vic., Vault Hill, Oc. 18,'96, Bi. — Yonkers, Palmer Av. rocks, Se. 26,
'96; Mott woodroad, Se. 26, '96 ; and twin tree near the last, Se. 17, 98; Stony
Lonesome, Se. 23, '99.

Va., Potomac, Roslyn at Aqueduct Br., Se. '87.

History OF A. DIVARICATUS ALATUS.

The naturalist Benjamin S. Barton (1766-1815), does not
seem to have recognized this form, though he collected the type,
A, divaricatus L. on the Blue Ridge in Penn., in 1802; his her-
barium (deposited with the Phila. Acad. of Sci.) containing a
specimen of the latter, labelled by him “ A. corymbosus, North
Mountain, 1802,” fide Krout.

Eu MU I i a dL LI ru ui. 0 ee re apes

ASTER DIVARICATUS ALATUS 129

His nephew, Wm. P. C. Barton (1786-1856) seems to have
observed the plant alatus for some years before 1815, near Phila-
delphia, and the specimen in his herbarium (Phila. Acad. Sci.),
bears the printed label:

* var. 3 alatus [mihi], alb., foliis profunde et acuminate serratis, longe
acuminatis, petiolis alatis; Septembri."

The same words also formed his description in his Prodromus
Florae Philadelphicae, 1815. In 1818, in his Compendium Florae
Philadelphicae, 2: 114, his description appears in English, as
follows :

‘© B alatus. Leaves deeply and sharply serrated, long acuminate ; petioles with
broad wings, B.* — A. corymbosus 3 alatus, Bart. Prodr. Fl. Ph. This isa permanent
variety of the preceding, which I have constantly observed, not only in this vicinity
but in other parts of the U. S. Grows with No. 15.¢ July.”

The next appearance of the variety in print was in 1836, in
DeCandolle's Prodromus, 5: 265, as follows :

“B alata e asi, m phil. 2, p. 114) petiolis latius et frequentius alatis.
Varietas ex cl. auct. perma

With the cree reference of DeCandolle the variety seems to
have disappeared from notice. That its name a/atus had not been
already used between 1753 and 1815 is perhaps remarkable ; the
nearest approach to it before 1753 seems that of Cornuti, 1635,
who described Helenium autumnale as Aster luteus alatus.

It is to be noted that in 1815 and earlier, Barton regarded his
variety (as well as the type) as a September bloomer ; as indeed we

Still find it. In 1818 he changed his original date of September

to July. He had probably discovered some July-blooming relative
and thought it the same as his original September blooming
plants. Very likely the July-flowering species was our present
A. umbelliformis, which was already collected in that part of
Pennsylvania, occurring as it does in Muhlenberg's herbarium,
and labelled by Muhlenberg as “ A. corymbosus.”

That Barton’s original a/atus of 1815 was not founded on one
of the slightly toothed July- and August-blooming curvescentes
is indicated by his own character of 1815,

** profunde et acuminate serratis,'

* B. was appended by Barton to his original descriptions.
t A. divaricatus L.

130 DESCRIPTION OF ASTERS; DIVARICATI

and also by his flowering-time, “Septembri.” Itis confirmed by
the specimen in Barton’s herbarium so far as it goes. The speci-
men is an inconclusive fragment, some eight inches of the top of
a small plant, unlike the curvescentes in the little oval rameals
borne on its short branches. These, together with its other
characters, agree with the occasional widely distributed narrow-
bracted wing-petioled form of A. divaricatus L. with which it is
here identified.

16. ASTER DIVARICATUS CYMULOSUS Burgess
Small plants with dense heads, short broad rays, and shorter
less pe leaves.
G. 6 (= PLATE 2), a small N. Y. specimen in hb. Bu., with some lower
leaves bids as usual at flowering time
. divaricatus cymulosus — in Br. & Br. Ill. Fl. 3: 357. 1898; as
follows :
** Smaller, bearing a single dense corymb about 4 in. broad, or
several smaller ones ; the branches short, suberect ; acumination

reduced ; rays short, broad, chiefly 3' — 4’’ long, sometimes

Stem erect or flexuously assurgent, about 1 or 1% ft. high.
Leaves serrulate ; or when sharply serrate, the teeth are few,
coarse and rather straight, not upflung nor couchant. Sinus mod-
erate or narrow. Inflorescence crowded into a single dense mass ;
or less frequently compound, its well-separated cymules then
brought nearly to a level. Bracts with long white terminal cilia-
tion. Sept.—Oct.

Differs from typical A. divaricatus L. and from the other varie-
ties of that species, in its smaller and more dense-clustered heads
and shorter broader rays.

Differs from vars. deltoideus and curtifolius in its longer leaf-
form, with more incurved-acuminate apex; differs also from var.
alatus in its smaller leaves and less frequent wings ; and from var.
fontinalis in habitat and lack of radicals as well as the foregoing
characters.

Hisrory. The earliest known specimen seems to be that cul-
tivated by Nees in his botanical garden at Breslau, and preserved
before 1856, in his herbarium, whence it eventually passed to the

13

TORREY CLUB,

MEM

OO a er a ae a a

` Little Indian Falls, Au. 13, '9 ih Brace Bay, Au.
'g Boss Gr

ASTER DIVARICATUS CYMULOSUS 131

Gray Herbarium, Cambridge. This specimen formed a part of
Nees’ Eurybia corymbosa, being probably regarded by Nees as a
small and unusually regular form of his typical coryméosa.

When I first distinguished plants of this variety in MS. in 1888,
I supposed them the 4. glomeratus of Nees, because of the con-
densed inflorescence. Later I observed that their bracts, slender
petioles, thin leaves, etc., could not be reconciled with Nees' de-
scription of A. glomeratus.

This variety seems next to have been distinguished by Prof.
C. H. Peck, in 1890, fide specimen in N. Y. State Herb., of which
he wrote in N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist, 34th Report, 54 (publ.
Oc. 1893):

“In the Catskills there is common with the type of A. corym-
bosus, a small form in open grassy places which has a dense
corymb of small heads with short broad close rays sometimes
exceeding 9."

Range. Probably accompanying the type throughout ; failures
in reports of collectors may be from its being passed by with
the impression that it is merely a poorly developed state of the
type. I have collected it from Maine to Va., most abundant near
N. Y. and Washington. Examples:

Me., Gilead, Se. 1902.
N. Sers re Gorham, Se. m

Vt. *^ roct '99, £. Brainerd.
Mx. à New piekn Clark’ s Neck, near the original glen locality for 4.
Herveyi, Se. 11,'97. Middlesex Fells, Au. 1900. Taconics, to 1,600 ft., Au. Igor

1903.
Ct., Salisbury, ih Lakeville, Au. 18, 1903. Stratford, Se. 13, ^71,
W. DeF. Day in hb. Can

TG Y. vic; Pare AN St., Oc. 6,'98; Mosholu, Furtherwoods, Se. 23, '98,

Bi.; Song Sparrow we ue 22,'98. Yonkers, Dunwoody Seminary wall, Se. 26,
1900; Hillview wall, Se. '98; Stony uo Oc. 3t, '97, '98
Bryn Mawr Park by aaas a -tree, Se. 14, '98, Se. '99, Se. 15, oe e. E.

1902, 1903; Stonewort Hill, Se. 15, 1900; Violaris- pen Se. 22, 1900; brook- sos
Se. 17, '98; Split one house, Oc. 21, '98; Bu.; woods, Se. 4,'98, Bi. L.I.
Richmond Hill, Se. 27,

N ¥ adem sail Junction, Se. 7, ’
Shokan, Se. 90, C. H. Peck. Tarrytown, Slee poi Hollow,
Sand L., and Dresden, Au., C. H. Peck in hb. N. Y. St.

W. N. Y., Silver Cr., Au. 23, 99, Au. 1905 Little Indian bank, Au. 24, 97 ;
5,'96; Sheridan, '96; Fredonia,

; Phoenicia, Se. 9, '99
Se. 24, '98. Catskills,

atiot, 97, e
-» Guttenberg, ree Se, 12, 98.

132 DESCRIPTION OF ASTERS; DIVARICATI

Pa., Phoenixville, '96, W. K. Fisher; Susquehanna, '97, Jas. A. Graves.

Md., Sugarloaf Mi., Se. 23,93.

D. C4, Rock Cr., Se. 29, 190, Oc. 26

Va., Potomac batik opposite Analostan " , original type locality, Oc. 20, '88;
n of Biofirm s, Oc. 29, '88 ; above Chain Br., Oc. 9, ’88. Carlin Spr., Se. 18.
793; Rhododendron Run, Se. 12, '86, Æ. W. Ee

Va., Stony Man Mt, Se. 2, 1901, E. S. Srei in N. Y. Bot. Gar. hb.

Hat, Pog 1856, ex A Nees, in hb. Gray.

Hort. Berol., 1839, in hb. A. Gray.

NY. (eit Albany xong Se. "99, C. H. Peck m hb. N. Y. St.

Ic. ASTER DIVARICATUS CURTIFOLIUS Burgess

Roundish-leaved blunt-dentate plants with strong erect red
stems and larger heads.

Hie. 7 (= PLATE 3), 8 € e typical, though less robust and erect and
hardly as py leaved
divaricatus curtifolius psum in Br. & Br. Ill. Fl. 3: 357. 1898, as

follows :

“Stem erect, reddish, smooth, sometimes glaucous ; leaves
small, dull green, firm, ovate and orbicular to reniform, the sinus
broad, rounded, the apex obtuse or apiculate ; inflorescence loose,
flattish ; disks turning purple ; rays about 5 lines long ; green tips
of the involucral bracts conspicuous. In moist woods, N. Y.
to Va."

Leaves smoothish or but slightly roughish, very pale beneath,
blunt-dentate, the small apex often early withering or altogether
obsolete (whence the name, L. curtus, cut oft), often 1 14 x 1 in.,
their petioles short and slender. Axiles ovate, tapering to a nar-
row sessile base. Rameals oblong-acute from a broad sessile base.
Ramulars apt to be very greatly reduced, suborbicular, often only
4, in. across, close beneath the flower heads. Heads large,
loosely borne; disks bright yellow, turning reddish purple ; bracts
very obtuse or truncate; receptacle finely fimbrillate ; achenes
smooth, faintly striate.

For differences from other short-leaved allies of A. divaricatus
L., see A. circularis, A. rupicola, A. argillarius ; also the Obolarian
form of A. divaricatus, p. 11

pment. Young plants seen May 13 (99), had all leaves
still subsucculent and one little reniform primordial remaining.
Erden ;

N, Y. vic., Hudson R., foot t 165th St., Se. 30, '98 ; foot of 17oth St,

Oc. 6,798; below In pta Oc. 16,'98, Bi., Yonkers, Bryn Mawr woods, Se. 4, '98,
Bi., Park Hill, Oc. 10
N. p.244 fundis e Undercliff, Se. 29, °97; one with 5 radicals, nearly
qun) ues 2 cm. long ; and 3 secondary leaves, oval-acute, with narrow sinus,

1% x

Mem. Torrey Crus, 13

j IS a l
A A hred W »
A A S N 7 EAS y

ASTER DIVARICATUS CURTIFOLIUS

in

Ste ae:
ra UNT at

pins
“a

TU es MEER SE aes

Mem. Torrey CLUB, 13 P

x a

anoo an

ASTER ERECTUS . ASTER DIVARICATUS DELTOIDEUS

ASTER DIVARICATUS CURTIFOLIUS ise

W. N. Y., Pt. Gratiot, Jul. 21,96, in bud, unusually large jos plants, with
purple glaucous POM leaves large, 314 X 3 in.; Au. 21, '96, with rays broad
8 or Io.

Va., Potomac, at Spout Run, Oc. 2, '88, type in hb. Bu. ; among bushes near
the river-bank ; also east of Holtzman’s Oc. 29, '88, leaves to 3 X 24 in., and oppo-
site Analostan I., Oc. 15, '88, in thicket,

Id. ASTER DIVARICATUS DELTOIDEUS Burgess

Fragile dark green plants with subdeltoid leaves and sharp
remote teeth.
Fic. 8 (— PLATE 4, B) showing plant from gc "à Y., in hb. Bz.
Aster divaricatus roban. Burgess in Br. & Br., Ill. : 354. 1595; as
follows :
“ Delicate, 1 14 ft. high or less ; lower leaves triangular-cordate
with a broad sinus or subtruncate ; the apex incuitved-acuiainate:

forward; heads nearly as in the preceding did [curti ifolius |.
In moist shady places, N. E. to N. Y., Va. and
Typical subdeltoid leaves 1 14 x 1 in. ; sinus ordi recurved ;
veins delicate but conspicuous, in the longer leaves suggesting
Cornus in curvature.
Unlike acute-leaved plants of var. curtifolius in its leaves with
deeper remoter teeth and incurved-acuminate apex
An early-flowering variety of cool brooksides, and moist shade,
becoming much larger and more profuse-flowering southward,
often represented in herbaria. Probably occurs with typical A.
divaricatus throughout its range ; its range in N. Y. State extend-
ing from L. Erie and L. Champlain to Long Island ; specimens
seen e Now Me, CL Ne YT D, Md, D Gu VÀ,
Ky., Ten
Forde a part of the A. corymbosus as known to Nees and was
so cultivated early in Hort. Bonn, fide specimen in hb. Gray ex hd.
Nees.
Examples :
Ms., M. V., W. Tisbury Troutpond, Se. 4, '97; Mark's Valley, Se. 6, '97;
Tea ped Se. 6,97.
N. Y. vic., Mosholu station, Se. 30, '96 (type, figured), Se. 21, '98, Bi. ;
Yonkers, Deawoody culvert, Se. 13, '97, Se. 16, '98; Hillview, Oc. 19, '97 ; Park
Hill, Se. 14,’96: Bryn Mawr, Se. 23, 99.
Pa., Phoenixville, Bucks Co. Au. 26, '96, W E. F.
C., Woodley Bridge, Se. 21, '88; Oc. 22, '88; Mt. Pleasant brook,
k d

Va., Potomac, thickets opposite Analostan I., Se. 27, '
o 7, fide specimen in hb. Gray pino to wies ioo by Nees
as E urybia alec

134 DESCRIPTION OF ASTERS; DIVARICATI

Ie. ASTER DIVARICATUS FONTINALIS Burgess
Solitary plants of moist places with large thin tissuey radicals,
sharp teeth, and narrow smoothish bracts.

Name, L., from its frequent occurrence in springy places.

Fic. 9, plant from Rock Cr., D. C., Oc. 5, '87, in hb. Bw. ; 6, its character-
istic radical.

A. divaricatus fontinalis Burgess in Br. & Br. Ill. Fl. 3: 357. 1898, as fol-
lows:

“Plants solitary ; basal leaves often numerous, tufted, thin,

smoothish, sharply serrate or dentate, 6 x 4% in., or smaller,
broadly oval, acute, the base subcordate or rounded : inflorescence

U
D

i
N
Auf S LP
UP WAS V
— (QU WA
Leas a
2 Uy
Jd

y C
| Aster divaricatus fontindis

. Fic. 9.

usually ample, the long virgate branches with numerous small
oval-oblong leaves; involucre turbinate; its bracts with definite
green tips. In springy places, and grassy ditches in open sunny
situations, N. E. and N. Y. to Va."

3

1
E
a
4
Mu
&
ji

à

i
4
E

ASTER DIVARICATUS FONTINALIS 135

Radicals, while very thin and of a tender tissue-like texture,
are occasionally roughened with scattered bristles on the back.
Their teeth are close and mostly outflung or couchant, but some-
times straight-acuminate ; each vein is forward-dissected and at
length incurved ; unlike the somewhat similar late sprouts of A.
umbelliformis and A. curvescens, in which the radicals are of a
thicker denser texture, their veins more straight and outward bent,
their teeth more remote, curvescent or even crenate, In either
case an additional cluster resembling radicals is sometimes borne
high above the ground

Caulines little developed, mostly as the radicals, or a few cor-
date in outline with strong sinus and teeth. Rameals ovate-oblong
or triangular-oblong, often quite large.

Bracts of coriaceous texture, narrow, rather uniform; unlike
those of late sprout-forms of A. umbelliformis in having a little
vestigial ciliation, the back curved (not flat), and strongly lined by
the narrow midrib, and a blunt-tapered apex (not sharp and
straight-tapered). They have much less color at the green tip,
and are so stiff as to be always erect.

Perhaps all specimens of fontinalis owe their large radicals to
hybridizing with A. umbelliformis which sometimes grows with
them. If such a hybrid, A. divaricatus must be strongly prepotent
in it. Other possible hybrids between A. divaricatus and A.
umbelliformis also occur, both at my Connecticut locality and
also on the Potomac; but this second set of hybrids shows a
greater likeness to A. umbelliformis than to A. divaricatus and will
be referred to under the former species.

Examples :

Conn., AMianns R.. at Riverside, grassy ditch by r. r., sete i15
N. Y. , Inwood, grassy bank of Hudson R., Oc. 16, '98, Bi., m 13, "00;
Bu. Yonkers, ‘Hillview , Oc. 26, "97, Oc. 22, 1900. S. {a raid bank, Oc. 17,
'96. Glenpark, Él lia roadside, edge of woods, a 25,'98, Bi, '* with heads
I2 to 16 exe ac
:5 pom Onteora Mt., Se. 18, '91, 4. M. Vail in hb. N. Y. Bot.
Gar.; iha Se. 7, '98,
S MDC at Kirk: Gold mine, above Great Falls, ccm Oc. EL, "90.
D. C., Rock Cr., parapet, near Pierce's Mill, Oc. 5, '87

2. Aster viridis Nees in herb.

Plants resembling A. divaricatus in inflorescence-characters,
stem and stem-leaves, but bearing many large coarse rough radi-
cals like A. macrophyllus and usually with numerous large oval-
rhomboid rameals like neither species.

156 DESCRIPTION OF ASTERS; DIVARICATI

Name, L., probably from the escaping green s als.
FIG, 10, "ivi plant of Lobelia Run, D. C., Oc, 22,788, in hb. Au. a, b, c
d, e, from Alexander, Pa., 1849, 7. C. jiu in hb. Pn b, characteristic radical,
etc., from Nees’ type in hb. Gray.
. viridis Nees ; in his hb., sheet now in hb. Gray.

Radicals forming a dense tuft, mostly 6 x 3 in., or even 10
a

UN
A

ANKE ofl

Fic. IO.

Margins very coarsely and irregularly crenate-serrate or on smaller
leaves deeply aquiline-serrate. Veins pale, often conspicuously
so. Leaf-form prominently acute, little or not at all incurved
below the apex. Sinus deep and broad, ~ highly asymmet-
rical; seeming narrow in pressed speci due to overlap-
ping. Petiole about the length of the leaf breadth, strong and
thick, without margins. Sometimes a few smaller radicals are

SS a ee ee Pe ae ee i ee RT

ASTER VIRIDIS 137

nearly orbicular, 1 to 2 in. in diameter.—All the above characters
seem derived from A. macrophyllus.

Stems I or 1% ft. high, brownish, smooth and glabrous,
slightly flexuous, brittle, forking above into a wide loose inflores-
cence with slender divergent branches and irregularly corymbose
top, the whole often 8 in. broad and 6 in. deep. Caulines small,
8 or so occurring below the similar axiles, about 2 x 1 in., ovate-
triangular, low-serrate, acute with narrow sinus and short slender
petiole. Upper axiles soon show short wings and then become
abruptly sessile.— Characters allied to A. divaricatus.

Rameals of two types, oblong-acute and serrulate, derivable
from the norm of A. divaricatus; and oblong-rhomboid, obtuse
and crenate, derivable by prolongation from the oval Mitchellian
rameals also produced on A. divaricatus. Both types may exist
together on the same plants, either one being predominant and the
other reduced to a few exam

Head 1 in. broad or slightly less, resembling A. divaricatus ex-
cept that most bracts are thinner, narrower and sharper; but
thicker than in A. Schreberi ; a many sore are as rigid and as
blunt and almost as ciliate as in A. divaric

Differs from A. owed fentinali posee in its rameals,
bracts, its larger coarser radicals and in the presence of many gro-
tesque flowing teeth

First printed, Burgess in Br. & Br. Ill. Fl. 3: 357. 1898, in
the remark

** 4. viridi; Nees, remarkable for its coarse, rough basal wie? and spen oval
rhomboid rameal ones, occasional from N. Y. and Pa. to Va., may to be a hy-
brid between the preceding |4. divaricatus L.] and A. macrophyllus LO z
success in finding other examples since writing the above, leaves the para E of its
hybrid origin unchanged.

Habitat, especially: in sandy and gravelly roadsides in deep
loose soil toward ditches, in full sun, forming small scattered
clumps.

Examples :

N. J., West Orange, grassy brookside, in deep sandy soil, in open sun below
Orange Mt., Oc. 24, '96.

| Asn Huntingdon Co., 1844, T. C. Porter as ** A. corymbosus
no. 2," in b, 2
Ca Lobelia Run, sunny roadside in sand, Oc. 22, '88, several plants.

ae hb., ex 44. Nees, from a cultivated plant probably in Hort. Breslau,
Stich seems to have been labelled 4. viridis firstin Nees’ herbarium and then labelled
A. viridis again in the handwriting of

Nees' plant has tufted long-pedicelled turbinate heads, large
bracts with blackened tips, the outer ones acute, the middle

138 DESCRIPTION OF ASTERS; DIVARICATI

rounded and finally lingual. The leaves are smooth, not ex-
tremely thick, but very heavy and coarse in texture. Some
cauline leaves are broadly, short-cordate. No glands are present.
The rays are large and white, chiefly 8.

That the foregoing are merely luxuriant states of A. macro-
phyllus consequent upon stimulating soil seems disproved by the
totally dissimilar inflorescence. The plants have a strong sugges-
tion of hybrid origin despite their wide distribution. They are,
however, very different from many other intermediate forms pre-
sumably hybrids of similar parentage, and they are most con-
veniently referred to by having a name of their own. I therefore
retain for them Nees’ herbarium name, A. viridis, a name appro-
priate to an aster which derives its great distinction from its lux-
uriance of vegetation. I think them more conveniently enumerated
as a species than otherwise ; and who shall disallow a species be-
cause it is of mixed blood or shall say how many crosses may
not have occurred in the past in the ancestry of some of our most
familiar and most accredited species ?

The foregoing A. viridis and the preceding A. divaricatus
fontinalis are, however, the only presumable hybrids which I have
enumerated as species or variety, and these because already so
named. Other presumable hybrids I have described without
name, under the indication of their supposed parents, as A. um-
belliformis x A. divaricatus, infra.

3. Aster arenicola sp. nov.

Small delicate plants in sheltered bushy places near streams,
in sands near the coast; with narrow bracts and small oblong-
ovate acuminate leaves, low-serrulate and pale.

Name, L., — sand-dweller.
Fic. 11, plant from West Tisbury, M. V., Au. '96, in hb. Bu., with charac-
teristic leaf and bract.

Stem chiefly green and about 10 in. high, inflorescence 4 in. or
often only 2 in. across. Puberulence present slightly over the
stem and the serrulate leaves. Coarse teeth few. Flower buds
globular, profusely webbed by the long ciliation of the bracts.

Differs from typical A. divaricatus L., with which it often
grows, as follows: its long leaves are not so long, and are serru-
late, not coarse-serrate ; its teeth are not so sharp nor large, are

ASTER ARENICOLA 139

more numerous and closer; bracts narrow, often without green
tips, more uniform throughout a head; heads fewer, smaller,
closer, on more ascending pedicels; rays more numerous, about
II; maximum-sized plants, 117 ft. high, increase the tendency of
the species to narrowness of bracts, the principal ones becoming
more attenuated. Their small close and even teeth have a projec-
tion mostly of about qù in. instead of ;°,. Perhaps the pappus

Aster arenicola C
Fr IL

reddens more slowly also; being still whitish tawny in plants four
years in the herbarium, slight salmon-colored only, in plants of
15 years, full red only in an Albany specimen of about 60 years.

Somewhat resembles A. divaricatus deltoideus ; differs as fol-
lows: smaller in all parts ; teeth not remote ; leaves not dark but
light green ; heads not large; leaf-bases not so truncate but bi-
curved; sinus narrower, more pointed inward.

Varies toward A. argz//arius; differs in its much larger leaves,
diminished upwards and more acuminate, its narrower bracts with
chanfer-obtuse tip, its shallower inflorescence, etc.

140 DESCRIPTION OF AsrERS; DIVARICATI

Becomes the prevailing form of the Divaricati in many sandy
localities on approaching the sea. The stem-leaves curl involutely
in continued dry weather, and the plants almost disappear entirely
in prolonged drought.

Lata: first week. Mass. to Va. Examples:

, Middlesex Au. ’98; Norumbega tower on Charles R., and in
esto: "tac di Au. '98, '99, 1900 ; Chebacco Pond, A ndi ; Brockton, Au. 787, etc.
Merit ue 2; dunes p A in hb. N. Y Pi
M. s istown, Se. ; West Tisbury, con dad; fish-way, Se. '96,
'97, 98; 1900; eT e. v4 Hill bridge, abundant, Se. ’95, '96, '97, 1
not to be found during the drought of 1900; west of vni site, abundant, '97, °
not found 1900; Gay Head, Blackwater Knob, numerous, Se. '98, not found iia
Ct., East Widin fill, Au. 82, Roda B. Watson.
N. Y., Albany, before 1840? G. M. Tracy in hb. Torrey, and Dr. L. C.
Beck in hb. Torrey; endorsed (fide Dr. John Torrey) by Dr. Boott, ** If this is Biotia
corymbosa (A. divaricatus L.] it is a remarkable state. An sp. nov.?’’ These plants
while nearest to the typical 4. arenicola still verge toward normal 4. divaricatus L., as
probably do all je growing so far inland as Albany.
ONLDON. i Heights, ’97 ; Ravensdale Road, Oc. 19,96; S. Z,
Clove L., Oc. 1 ge
D. is dif Br., Se. 88.
Va., pond bank, d "86, '88, etc., Carlin Spr., Se. 18, '95.

4. Aster persaliens sp. nov.

Virgate small-flowered plants of deep shade, with thin taper-
based lance-like hack-edged leaves, stiff bevel-tipped bracts (acuter
on central heads), maroon disks and flat-bunch inflorescence ; the
couchant teeth very sharp and salient oh the name).

Fic. 12, plant from Bryn Mawr Park, vic. N. Y., Se. 26,'96, in hb. Bu.,
with one of the obtuse linear inner bracts, and one of the eiim leaves with uc
multifarious teeth.

Aster divaricatus persaliens Burgess in Br. and Br. Ill. Fl. 3: 357. 1898, with
descriptio

és Bien s virgate, 214 ft. high, or less; leaves extremely thin, firm, chiefly lanceo-
late-acuminate, long and narrow, the teeth very slender, salient or recurved ; the lowest

P

[i. e., the primordial leaves] ovate with a eie narrow sinus ; disk maroon. In dee
ides, N. E. and N. Y. to Va, and Ky.

Stem erect, very slender, green or brownish, 274 ft. or less,
wholly straight or with continuous slight flexuosities.

* My first observed specimens of this very distinct Aster, D. C., '87 and '88, were
from Rock Cr., and in Va. opposite, then recorded as ** Tiai vo. with
variants as ** A. corymbosus, intermediate form A," and A. corymbosus X A.—.
Further scrutiny so impresses me with the distinctness and permanence of 4. paccm
that I feel it misleading to continue it as a subspecies.

ASTER PERSALIENS 141

Leaves extremely thin but firm and tough, without obvious
hair, very smooth to the touch during growth, on the upper sur-
face minutely granular-roughened when dry. |

C Eod

Aster persalienz
Fic. 12.

Leaf-form lanceolate, attenuately elongate and taper-based,
quickly or cuneately contracted into a short slender petiole; the
prolonged straight or falcate apex entire for an inch or more.
Margins elsewhere sharply toothed, as if hacked by a knife, the
teeth very salient and slender, occasionally close and straight-
backed; but usually long, remote, and rising from a gentle curve
into a sudden upflung backward-curved (i. e., couchant) tooth,
suggesting the couchant position with head thrown up, familar in
coat-armor.

Sinus lacking entirely in the predominant and characteristic
leaves, broad shallow and recurvate in the few lowest caulines, or
small and narrow in the soon-vanishing ovate and oblong-ovate
Primordial leaves. Leaf-form of the basal caulines (succeeding

142 DESCRIPTION OF ASTERS; DIVARICATI

the primordial) cordate-ovate, acuminate ; those next above, ovate-
acuminate with rounded base, 4 x 2% in. or more ; then oblong-
lanceolate, long-acuminate, with rounded base, 5 E 2 in. often.
Predominant typical leaves follow, being the middle and upper
caulines, sometimes including also lower caulines and axiles.
These show the characteristic leaf- form, and are 5 x 1% in. or
4X I in. or smaller ; upper axiles becoming sometimes still 2 x %
in., the upper leaves becoming sessile by a sharp cuneate base ; or
at last, directly sessile.

Rameals lance- linear, sessile, slightly tapered at the rounding
base, 34 x %4 in., or less; or minutely petioled. Ramulars tiny,
ovate or circular; even these are often minutely petioled ; some-
times they replace the preceding, 7. e., occur along primary as well
as secondary branches. Radicals seldom seen ; those observed
are triangular-cordate, acute, with both straight and couchant
teeth, 377 x 2 in,, or less ; apparently preceded by a small circu-
lar crenated form.

Inflorescence flattish-convex, usually a single branch, moder-
ately close, its sia e ł in. or less, the small heads nearly simul-
taneous in bidon, $ jg in. high, }2 in. broad, or little more. Rays
dull white or soon becoming so, oblong, irregularly crisped in
drying, chiefly numbering 9 or 7; rarely, fimbriated. Disks
rather high and narrow, soon reddish-brown with a vinous-purple
tendency, usually deepening to maroon.

Bracts multiform, coriaceous, convex-backed, moderately
ciliate, gradually darkened upward into a broad deep green tip.
They are chiefly chanfer-obtuse, 7. e., bevel-topped without becom-
ing definitely acute. With these are many acute basal bracts, and
the middle bracts are often also acute on the central or earlier
heads at each inflorescence-branch. Inmost bracts linear, obtuse,
with narrow green back and pale scarious margin, which is gener-
ally faintly or minutely present in the other bracts.

The scarious margin of these bracts is not as white or broad
as in A. fragrans, nor does it occur through so large a part of the
involucre; but is more nearly the same as in A. divaricatus L.
The involucre of A. persaliens as a whole resembles that of A.
divaricatus more than most other species do, but its acute bracts
are more numerous, its truncate bracts are fewer, and all have
rather less color, ciliation, and puberulenc

In young rapid gr rowth (as Jun. 19, on the middle cauline
leaves and those immediately below, have a soft subglutinous
surface. When coy smelled they piove. to have a faint delicate

ASTER PERSALIENS 143

but I have not observed its presence to the same degree. — A
bee-bread fragrance is exhaled from the young disk-flowers, as
from many Biotian species.

Plants of considerable shade, usually in deep woods, growing
commonly in small loose clusters, either on slopes or flat lands or
in thin soil upon gneissic rocks.

Latter half of September. Widely diffused through the Ap-
palachian region, N. H., to Va. and Ky. Specimens seen include

H. Ms», CL, N X, N. D, Pa, MED C, Ya, Ex ae
pecially :

M. V., Davistown, woods, Se. 4, '97.
N. Y., Albany, Loudonville, in Hughson's Glen, Se. 11, '89. Catskills,
Kaaterskill Mt., Se. 7, '99, near summit; Hunter Mt., Se. 5, 99, flat rock near
Lossy Brook.
N. , Ft. George, Se. 24, 96; Inwood, Se. 22, Car Mosholu woods,
ë 20. 7908; F^ - Kings bridge, rich woods, Oc. 9, '98, Bi., as 4. divaricatus var.
Yonkers, early planis i in rich woods west of Grassy apti dou Se. 12,798, Biz, 25
E Mawr Park, Se. 17, 93, Bu., just vobi: Se. 26, '96, Se.
18, '97, Se. 16, 99, Se. 15 and dp 1900, Se. 1901, 1902, 1903.
Pa., ** Easton, ES , 86, in deep shade of woods, late-flowering, leaves
thin," 7. C. Porter, in hb.
D. C., Lack Crs sei sae Mill, Oc. 12, '88, Oc. 5, '90; Mintwood
Bank, Oc. 22, '88; Mintwood Brook, Oc. '88; Lanier Heights Brook, Se. 24,
'88, Oc. 6, '87; d Bridge, Bes 21, m. Lobelia Run, Se. 7,'86, W.
Henshaw in hb. W. Deane.
n near Spout Run, Oc. 29, '88, Rhododendron Run, Se. 5, '86,
H. W. psi in hb. W. Deane
‘N, C; mins, i^ querit ue ae in hb. U. S. N. Mu., No. 327,642.
Ky., Licking R., C. W. Short in hb.
Fa. Mone ae oe on Jas. A. Graves.

4! Brancu Forms develop small suborbicular and rhomboid
leaves enlarging upward, usually with three slight teeth toward the
front, otherwise entire.

* Aster

Variant forms of A. persaliens include :

4° AxiLLIFEROUs form; bearing nearly as much inflorescence
in Kum of the 6—8 upper axils as at the summit; several different
localities in woodlands near Bryn Mawr Park, N. Y. (esp. Palmer
Av. rocks).

Se. 25,97; Oc. 1, '98, Se. 16, ’99, etc.

4' LoNG-PEDICELLED form ; differs from the type in its larger

heads loosely borne on longer pedicels over 14 in. long, sometimes

-

144 DESCRIPTION OF ASTERS; DIVARICATI

. Y. vic., Bryn Mawr Park, Se. 26, '96, Se. 18, '97, etc. ; Mosholu Av.,
Oc. 2," "n Mashalá Sta., Se. 30, '06.
, Potomac at Spout Run, Oc. 9, ’9I.

5 FEw-FLOWERED form ; low clustered foliaceous plants hav-
ing great breadth of leaf; heads few, large, close-clustered, often
exceeding 1 in. broad; rays milk- white, linear-oblong ; upper
series of ‘leaves little developed, but usually showing one or more
leaves of the characteristic form of the species; from which, how-
ever, further observation may yet indicate this form to be distinct.

N: Y. vic., Mosholu Av., Oc. 2,'97 ; S. Za Grant City, Oc. 17, 96.
Va., Potomac, Aqueduct Br., Oc. 3, 9

4° RoOUNDED-BASE form; most leaves broad-based, but taper-
acuminate, the middle and upper ones abruptly rounded at the
base, not taper-based as in the type; teeth also less typical,
small and less pronounced. Intermediate to A. divaricatus L.,
and widely distributed.

N. Y. vic., Bryn Mawr Park, Se. 26, ’96, Se. 18, ’97, Se. 17, '98, Se. 16,
99, to p
SN E eo: 95-1904. Sheridan, Clear Spring, July nls xa
plants hen 16i in. high and beginning to form flower heads. .Sz/ver Cr., '95-19
., Potomac, Ma Gap, Oc. 1, '89.

4 hoe form; leaves broad and truncate at base;
the shallow broad sinus, typical for lower leaves, here continues
well up the stem; teeth closer, stronger, slenderly bristle-tipped,
toward the base of the leaf much crowde

ic., **rich woods, Kingsbridge, Oc. 9, '98, A. divar. var." Bi. ;
Bryn e jue Se. 16, "99, Ju.
Va., Potomac, Windy oa Oc. '86, Bu., abundant and highly developed ;
the ** Denis form" as then record

POSSIBLE HYBRIDS include :
4° A. persalieus x A. excavatus. Teeth greatly developed,
irregularly crowded, projecting in all directions, and including
couchant, curvescent, aquiline, and also straight-backed forms.
Sinus deep and narrow, occurring in almost all leaves to the
axils. Inflorescence small, with bracts nearly as in A. excavatus.
Unites in the leaf the sinus of A. excavatus with the teeth of A.
persaliens ; the leaf-form is more that of A. excavatus, but less
slender than in either probable parent.
N. Y. vic., Tarrytown, opposite Sleepy Hollow cemetery, Se. 24, '98, Bu.
Woodlawn Woods, Se. 25, '98, Bi.
4' A. persaliens x A. umbelliformis. — Leaf-form of A. per-
saliens ; teeth remaining sharp and conspicuous, but more forward-

Ai De ca i RT EB

“soo 1 a ie peal at ne i

ASTER PERSALIENS 145

projecting, px incurved, narrowly elongate and falcate or con-
cavo-conve With these occur also, couchant and curvescent
teeth as in p persaliens. Winged petioles frequent, even through
the middle of the stem. Like .4. aja its leaf-substance
is thickened, and curvescent teeth are common. . Inflorescence-
form particularly like that of 4. tober each long flagelli-
form branch bearing a convex or dome-topped subumbelliform
long-pedicelled cluster. Bracts semble those of A. persaliens.
Rays become olivaceous, and disks purplish.

vic., Yonkers, Tuckahoe road, two large tall plants, 3 and pit ft. high,
with inflorescence 9 and 8 in. across, Se. 19, '96. Pelham, west of r. r. sta., 214 ft.
high, S
. oe, plants 2 and 1 ft., Oc. '88, then deemed ** A. corymbosus X A.
macrophyllus.”

5. Aster atrovirens sp. nov.

Long-leaved tall wand-like plants of moist woods, the margins
closely slashed with long slender teeth, the small heads crowded
in a small leafy-based convex inflorescence often continued down
several axils, new heads long continuing to develop ; plants of
weedy aspect and deep green (whence the name, L., blackish-
green).

Fic. 13, from plant of Jerome Av., vic. N. Y., Oc. 2, 1901, in hb. Bu.; with
bract of the extremest obtuse type ; and eed sek leaf from low down the stem.

Stem green or brownish-green, 2% ft. or less high, very leafy,
nearly straight, erect or assurgent.

Leaves very dark green, paler beneath, thin but rather firm,
smoothish : petioles chiefly rather short and slender, not equal-
ling the leaf-breadth. Leaf-form somewhat triangular and ovate-
acuminate, sloping below into narrow lobes, with a broad moderate

sinus, the teeth close, long, sharp and slender, their bracts
straightish or at least not so continuously and strongly curved as
in A. persaliens. Lower caulines cordate-ovate, acuminate, 5 x

in., their coarse teeth often 49; in. deep and 1⁄4 in. long ; their fal
sinus rather shallow, vesci in the middle. Middle caulines
Ovate-acuminate, 5 x 2 in., or 3% x 1%, the slender petiole I in.
or less. Upper si ' lance- acuminate, 3 A x IM in. with
short broad wing base, and long entire acumination. Axiles like
the last, usually retaining the short broad wing ; commonly be-
coming triangular-linear, finally only 1 14 x 14 in. at an inch or so
from the top xd the stem. Rameals few or remote, ovate, ‘entire,

. or nearly so, 34 in. long

Heads small, leaty-subtended, closely branched or subsessile,

146 DESCRIPTION OF ASTERS; DIVARICATI

in a convex or narrow inflorescence ; pedicels y% in. long or
only 4!;; heads 5$ in. broad, 2 high, very dissimilar in develop-
ment, many new heads
developing among and be-
low those already opened,
many developing but par-
tially, and still more
blasting altogether.
Bracts straight-sided,

obtusish, not so diverse
on the same involucre as
in A. fpersalieus; the
green tip short, not dark
nor definite, shading off
| gradually downward.
Some lowest bracts are
triangular-acutish, and
many middle ones are
chanfer-topped.
Rays narrow, about
7,at first suberect, slowly
il

flattening, finally invo-

lute-filiform or twisted ;

their color dull white, not

clear, often becoming vir-

escent. Disks funnelform,

tapering insensibly into a

Figen a slender threadlike stalk ;

Fic. 13. the lobes spreading,

shorter than the bell be-

low, which itself is but about !4 as long as the stalk. Pappus
very fine and soft, reaching to the base of the lobes.

— Dark or damp woods, often filling extensive levels of thin
clayey soil, growing not in close clumps or stools but rather uni-
formly diffused. Chiefly observed near New York City, through-
out September, especially the latter part of the month.

— When its inflorescence continues well down the stem, it may
resemble A. Claytoni, but unlike A. Claytoni, the axiles are petioled,
not sessile, and with rounded, not truncate, bases. Its leaves are
also thinner, smoother, longer and much larger.

— Passes into A. erectus, which is usually lower, has smaller
leaves, and develops couchant teeth and larger heads with the rays
quite persistently erect. Passes also into A. persaliens, which has

rx a COPE edo ae See a END SSUNS

ASTER ATROVIRENS 147

fewer sinuses, much more taper bases to the middle and upper
caulines, and more naked inflorescence more thoroughly simul-
taneous in blossom (though not so completely simultaneous as in
A. fragrans).

From the other principal long-leaved congener of deep woods,
4. tenebrosus, A. atrovirens is distinguished, among numerous
other characters, partly by its smaller denser heads, lack of pro-
liferation and of large acute bracts, and by its different leaf-form
and inflorescence.

— Fimbriation sometimes occurs ; split rays were found in all
the plants of one community at ifudiob Heiphts, N ]5 5e. 12,
'98 ; these were unusually vigorous large-leaved plants, otherwise
typical, and with the usual seedy condensed-dome inflorescence.

ieg :

"ibi , Inwood, Se. 27,97, Se. 22,'98, Bu., Kingsbridge, rich woods,
ree 9, 68, E Jus Duyvil, wooded bank, Se. 22, '98, Bu., Mosholu, Oc.
97, Bu., Oc. 21,98, Bi., Indianfield, Se. 2, 1900, Su., Golf-links woods, Va
Goes Pk, Au. 24 es z, be Bi. Jerome Av., near Lincoln Park, filling Nos
woodlands by the million, Oc. 2, 1900, as 1902, Bu. Mosholu Av., near Jerome
Av., in dark murky thicket, on 22, 99, Bu. Pelham, Se. 20,’98. Yonkers, Lincoln
Park, Se.,’98, Belmont, Se.,'99. Bryn ilb Park ; buds beginning to be visible July
28, ' 99. Mile Sq. Road, Se. 25,’
N. J., Palisades, Hudson a pe 12
Ohio, ** Pomeroy, Meigs Co.,

(seems to be a late-flowering plant of this disc
Md., Cumberland, ' 96, Howard Shriver in hb. Colu.

^98.
; "98, W. A. Kellerman, Aster — ?

6. Aster erectus sp. nov.

Small dark-green plants, with short ovate-acute leaves, mod-
erate teeth, broad pale-margined obtuse bracts, filiform pedicels,
crimson disks, and suberect rays crowded in a tangled single-bunch
inflorescence.

Name, L., because the rays are apt to remain for a long time suberect.

Fic. 8 (= PLATE 4, A), from plant of Bryn Mawr Park, vic. N. Y., Oc. 2, 96;
a plant of common slender form; but extreme forms have broader leaf-form, stronger
teeth, and more numerous heads, more densely packed together and with more con-
Spicuous and longer rays.

Stem low, 1 14 feet usually, green or blackish-green, erect.
Hbotirocks yellowish, uniformly about 33, in. thick, some 7 inches
in length still remaining undersized. Plant without obvious hair.

Leaves broad, rather short, ovate-acute or short-acuminate,

148 DESCRIPTION OF ASTER; DIVARICATI

firm, slightly roughened, at least when dry, dark green, pale
beneath, yellowish in autumn. Sinus moderate, soon shallow,
followed by truncate bases along the middle stem, and above by
rounded bases. Teeth not conspicuous, chiefly low-curvescent,
irregular, with short and long and occasional straight-backed
teeth intermixed. Petioles slender, short, shorter than the leaf-
breadth ; some upper or axile petioles are often narrowly winged.
Axiles few, oblong-linear, acuminate, usually sessile by a rounded
base. Rameals minute, discoid. Radicals subcircular, low-cre-
nate, 1'% X 1 in., with a broad shallow sinus.

Characteristic leaves (lower caulines) usually 4 x 2% or 3 in.;
lowest leaves smaller, 21% x 2, etc., less toothed or even entire ;
primordial leaves below these usually deciduous early, sometimes
3, subentire, cordate-acute and oval-acute, 34 in. broad and long,
etc. Upper caulines lance-acuminate, either incurved or straight-
sided, 237 x I in. or less.

Inflorescence small, crowded, convex; typical pedicels fili-
form, Z7 in. long or more, erect and tangled together in a con-
fused mass.

Rays remaining erect or suberect long after opening, usually
about 7, remote, thicker in substance than in many allied species,
flat and dull white while erect, their form oblong but often a little
broader toward the tip. The rays presently become deeply can-
aliculate and long remain so ; finally completely involute and oliva-
ceous, by this time usually horizontal and but } their original
breadth. Virescence and involution are sometimes HEN devel-
oped erui still vei Rays when but little involute measure after
drying 4*; in. long, ṣẹ broad, or more

Disks early turning crimson or maroon (while the rays are
yet erect), and often very dark. Stigmas at first whitish, becoming
purplish-crimson

Bracts rather broad, thin, broadly white-scarious margined,
truncate or rounded at the apex, toward which the sides taper
somewhat ; a few lowest are acutish; the inmost, attenuate-linear,
obtuse, with but a narrow green midrib; the rest all with a broad
green medial stripe, expanded abruptly into a very short and
broad green ti

Earlier heads on strong plants have very often 10, sometimes
13, rays, and with increased breadth toward the apex.

— Erect position of rays perhaps is associated in part with their
thicker texture. In the Divaricati, as a rule, the rays are erect in
daylight only while terete or tubular-involute, before the disk
flowers begin opening ; and by the time of flattening the rays have
not only become flat transversely but are horizontal. In A. erectus.

ee, ee ee cx

ASTER ERECTUS 149

the suberect position is not due simply to dense crowding of heads,
or if so it has since become fixed as a character, for the position
still holds in the many diffuse variants in which the inflorescence
is no longer crowded enough to cause any erecting of the rays.

— Other closely allied species often show occasional similar
examples of erect but flattened rays; observed in A. persaliens, A.
fragrans, A. stilettiformis, A. excavatus, and A. atrovirens. In
these cases most of the rays on a plant may be suberect, and all
the plants of one cluster alike ; but still these cases are exceptional
in their species; unless in A. atrovirens, where it is quite common ;
but in A. erectus it is the rule.

— Species unlike others in its dense single-bunch inflorescence ;
except 4. divaricatus cymulosus, into which it perhaps passes, but
which A. erectus is commonly unlike in its longer rays, suberect
rays, redder disks, and broader, thinner, whiter bracts. It is also
akin to A. fimbriatus in leaf-form, etc., and often grows with it, but
is unlike it in its less sharply-toothed margins, its seldom fimbria-
tion of rays, etc. Its bracts are perhaps nearest akin to those of
A. fragrans, which is usually a larger plant, with larger more
sharp-serrate leaves, longer narrower thinner rays, etc. It is per-
haps closest to A. atrovirens, which however usually has longer
leaves, more sharp-serrate, and smaller more segregated heads
with different bracts. From its other near allies, A. st:/ett:formts,
A. excavatus, and A. persaliens, it is readily distinguished by leaf-
form and serration.

— Scattered through moist rich woodlands near New York
City; usually in small clusters; sometimes massed upon rock-
shelves, in rich soil upon gneiss. Middle of September or earlier ;
reaches its prime one or two weeks earlier than A. divaricatus
cymulosus and A. fimbriatus when they grow beside it.

Examples :

N. Y. vic., Zn:woo4 ; May 22, ’97, then 6 and 8 in. high, with 4 or 6 leaves

well developed; in late flower, Se. 27, '97, Se. 1903; Bedford Park, Se. 1903;
Jerom

e Av., Se. 26, 1900, Oc. 2, 1900; Mosholu Av., Oc. 2, '97; Yonkers, Bryn
Mawr Park, in this woods by nd Age —— by the aggressive spread of
"niei a monoica ; in flower Se. 26, 96, Oc. 2, !96, Se. 13, '97, Se. 18, '97,

25, '97, Se. 14, '98, Se. 16, '99, Se 15, ati mainly dispossessed, Se. 1901,
1902, but with survivors, Se. 14, 1903, Se. 1904.

6' Divaricated form ; connecting A. erectus with A. divaricatus

150 DESCRIPTION OF ASTER; DIVARICATI

L. ; differs from A. erectus type in its divergent pedicels, produc-
ing loose flattish or convex inflorescence with well-separated heads ;
but their flattened rays remain still erect or suberect, although
with abundant room for taking horizontal position. With the
d gia

. Y. Vic, Znwood, Se. 25,'97 ; Jerome Av., Oc. 2, 1900; Mosholu Av.,
Oc. 2, Ti Bryn Mawr Park, Se. 96, '97, 98, '99, 1900, 1903.

7. Aster fimbriatus sp. nov.

Small scattered woodland plants with long incurved-acuminate
leaves, laterally-ciliate rounding bracts, large couchant teeth,
broad-brace sinus, and a small loose inflorescence with some or
many rays terminally fimbriate or even slit to the base (whence
the ind

G. 15, a plant from Bryn Mawr Park, vic. N. Y., Se.’97, in hb. Bu., with
PINO leaf and bract; 4, face-view of an unusually fimbriate head ; as drawn
in the field, fimbriae surviving collection but a few minutes.

Stems slender, about 1 ft. high, in swamp muck or in damp
shade; exceptional stems approach 2 ft. Leaf-type rather long,
ovate-incurved-attenuate. Teeth sharp, the larger strongly out-
flung, often of couchant form.

Veins very inconspicuous, subcircular in section. ripen
long, loose, forming a small few-flowered open inflorescence, com-
monly of 10-30 heads, flattish-convex, and almost ik
bractlets. Disks turn deep vinous-pur

Bracts thin-coriaceous, slender, ane with broad truncate-
rounded apex, laterally ciliate, with large spatulate deep green
tips, rather definite, on paler involucres becoming short-triangular
or crescentic. Lowermost bracts triangular-acutish. Green tips
obsolescent in the inner bracts. Most bracts have narrow scarious
and incurved edges.

Rays pure vine, oblong ; in many heads some or all of the
rays are fimbriated at the tip, or even slit once or twice to the

ase.

In moist rich, shade, especially about standing water; or
among tangles of plants along swamp borders, near Yonkers, N.
Y., Sept., chiefly the 2d and 3d weeks.

— Differs from A. divar. cymulosus in having usually longer,
more incurved-acuminate leaves, sharper narrower outflung teeth,
long loose pedicels, no dense-bunched inflorescence, darker green
thinner leaves, and broad open very shallow sinus.

ASTER FIMBRIATUS 151

Differs from A. erectus in lacking the dense-bunched inflores-
cence of that species.

— Occasional fimbriation of rays probably may occur in any
ally of A. divaricatus L., and I have actually observed it in the fol-
lowing, though in none is the tendency to its development strong
or continuous :

A. divaricatus L. typical ; obolarian form; mixed-leaf form; prune-stem form ;
axilliferous form ; and in many inconclusive variant forms. A. divaricatus cymulosus,
a few plants.

A. persaliens, jagged-leaf form, in many plants.

A. erectus, more often.

A. fragrans, often.

A. fenebrosus, a few plants.

In the above, fimbriation seems to occur sporadically ; in A.
Jimbriatus as a settled habit. The first plants of A. fimbriatus
noticed, grew around the edge of a temporary pond which dries
away every year in July and leaves a black-muck bottom. Some
of the next plants observed grew about the margin of another
similar adjoining pond. At first it seemed that there might be
some connection between fimbriation and growth along standing
water; especially in view of a tendency to slit-margins among
leaves on depressed stems of related species (4. tenebrosus, A.
gremialis, A, nobilis) when sometimes growing in mucky pockets
holding standing water. Subsequently I discovered scores of
plants of A. fimbriatus growing, not closely adjoining water, but
on piles of stones or wooded slopes. I was forced to abandon the
hypothesis of a habitat necessarily located at the edge of standing
water. The conclusion which remains applicable to all specimens
is that they show a marked preference for moist rich shade.

I searched in vain to find indications of abnormal conditions
which might promote fimbriation, or any insect- or fungus-attack,
or any unhealthiness of the plant.

Heads of A. fimbriatus are apt to be all in flower at once. But
in the few heads in which it could be determined, fimbriation had
already begun in the bud; and I have found rays slit to the very
base while yet in the bud, z. ¢., while involutely involved and erect.

Comparing the same group of plants year after year, I have
found the fimbriation and the leaf-characters repeated without
intermission for nine years 1896-1904. Fimbriation increased

152 DESCRIPTION OF ASTER; DIVARICATI

Cols

Aster fimbriatus

FIG. I5.
1897 and 1898 ; the only plant seen on which the fimbriation ex-
tended to every head was a plant of 1898. Heads in which every
ray is not merely fimbriate but even slit to the base into three capil-
lary rays, are rare but do occur occasionally. More often, some one

>

ASTER FRAGRANS 153

or more rays will retain the usual bidentate apex. Unfortunately,
pasturage and invasion by Amphicarpaea monoica have latterly
interfered with the typical locality; and in Sept. 1903, plants
were few owing to submergence.

— Cases of fimbriate rays also occur among plants less closely
connected with A. fimbriatus :

Solidago bicolor; so seen 1896-8 at Bryn Mawr Park, N. Y. Aster laterifiorus ;
Taconics, Mt. Ethel, moist meadow along wood- -edge but the plants in the sun, Se.
1903, at 1,600 ft.

8. Aster fragrans sp. nov.

Green-stemmed weak glabrate scattered or loosely cespitose
plants with dark broad-based long-acuminate leaves, shlient teeth,
anda loosely-massed uniform inflorescence with prolonged pedicels
and rays, lance-ovate bracteals, pink or white-margined narrow
and highly scarious bracts, and much fragrance both living and
dry. j

16, a viria id Bryn Mawr Park, vic. N. Y., Se. 15, '96, iu hb. Bu., with
iei pen leaf and b

Stem smooth, terete, obscurely flexuous, 134 ft. or sometimes
2 ft. high, almost wholly without hair, not very strong, sometimes
partially decumbent. :

Leaves thin, firm, smooth to touch, deep green. Sinus present
nearly to the first branch or above, broad and deep in lower leaves

(these leaves usually soon perishing), broad and shallow in middle

leaves, or reduced in most into a truncate brace-base. Petioles

Leaf-form triangular- cordate or oblong-ovate, suddenly long-
acuminate, 317 x 2% in. or more, quickly changing upward in
diffuse plants into lance-acuminate axiles 3x Iin. and elliptic-ovate
rameals of about 1 in. length. Teeth sharply outwardly salient,
rather large and conspicuous, curvescent or couchant ; or often
closer and their backs with but a single curve. Radicals seldom
seen ; those observed are short, suboval with truncate brace-base,
crenate-serrate ; produced in rather dry situations.

nflorescence loose, irregularly subglobose or convex ; or, by
repeated lateral proliferation, becoming extremely lax and often
one-sided, especially on subdecumbent plants. Heads nearly all
» bloom at the same time (unlike its ally A. atrovirens) 1 in. to
$ broad, 5^. in. high, well-separated by their prolonged divergent
pills pedicels, 1 to 1 in. long. Involucre small, pale, the

154 DESCRIPTION OF ASTER; DIVARICATI

heads really small, their id ae magnitude due to the great
length of the rays, each ray 4 or $ in.
Bracts pale, uniformly narrow and long, with conspicuous thin

tip only slightly enlarged and
thickened, the margins tan-
gled-ciliate, and the scarious

UE ae and 4 to - 16

brown, narrow, deep-lobed,
tapering into the thread-like
Astep fragrans stalk. '
Eu di Flowers often of a delicate
j and delicious fragrance when
fully open, changing as soon as dry to the different fragrance of
sandalwood, still perceptible even after 3 years in the herbarium.
Neither of these fragrances is wholly peculiar however to this spe-
cies ; the sandalwood fragrance is nearly as well marked in many
of the Divaricati, and the former, the fragrance in flower, seems
sporadic in several species, as occasional A. divaricatus, A. tene-
brosus, A, sociabilis and perhaps others. A somewhat different
fragrance is that of the opening disk-flowers in A. Claytoni, A.
ardens, etc., present also in many of the Macrophyth. The aro-
matic odor so widespread in the Macrophylli is wholly different
again, and is due to the glands. See also
Distinguished, among other characters, from A. divaricatus L.
by bracts with broader and whiter scarious margins ; inflorescence
less divaricated, more a single mass; leaf-bases more abrupt,
truncate, chiefly with but shallow recurvate sinus.

r ae q—

ASTER FRAGRANS 155

Similar to A. fragrans in their long narrow rays are A.
tenebrosus and A. capillaris ; but they differ in lacking its white
bract-margins. A. tenebrosus is also readily distinguished by its pre-
dominantly acute bracts. A. capillaris has much longer and more
divaricated peduncles, and longer, darker, deep-crimson disk-
flowers. Long-leaved variants of A. fragrans verge toward A.
persaliens, which still differs from them in its bracts and its shorter
pedicels, smaller heads and shorter rays. Irregularly developed
inflorescences of A. fragrans sometimes verge toward A. atrovirens,
which is usually more ragged in inflorescence, longer-leaved and
smaller-flowered. From all allied species Æ. fragrans is distin-
guished, when typically developed, by its albo-marginate scarious
bracts, and loose-massed inflorescence. The tendency to fragrance
it shares with others but possesses in greater degree. Pale scarious
margins it shares with A. divaricatus, A. atrovirens, A. olivaceus,
etc., but those of A. fragrans are broader, more numerous an
whiter at maturity.

Habitat, scattered along wood borders in grassy places or in
turf on rocks, the Taconics and L. Erie to Virginia and Ohio.

Middle of September, late developments lasting a month later.

Examples :
Ms., Zacenics, Mt. Ethel, in bud Au. 11, in full flower Se. 8, 1903. Sky
Farm, Au. 31, 1903, Merchant’s pes on Bashbish R., Se. 1903. Two weeks
later than 4. tenebrosus which grew it.

Ct., Salisbury, Au. 18, ae especially abundant near Wochocastinook
Brook.
. Y., Round Lake, Se. 99, C. H. Peck in hb. N. Y. St.
| Y. vic., Znwood, Se. 27,97 ; Van Cortlandt Pc Oe, 2, Ti Spr aes
Se. 25, 1900, Oc. 2, 1900; Spuyten Duyvil Cr., wooded bank, Se.
Av. near Lincoln Park, Oc. 2, 1900; Pelham, Se. 20, '98 ; podedes = Fails,
Se. 24, 1900; Mt. Vernon Glen, Se. 14,’97; Yonkers, Kimball Av., Se. 14, ’97 ;
Dunwoody grove, Se. 26, 1900; Bryn Mawr Park, Se. d s Se. 26, vé. Se. 15,
'97, Se. P ' 98, Se. 16, '99, js Aa ee Se. 15, 1500, e
N. J., Palisades, Se.
wW. N Va Sr CG par s on Ai Hanover Center, Aster-bank, Au.
17,’96; Sheridan, An ak
Penn., PAZ, vic., Au. 30, pue 3 i Redfield as A. cordifolius in hb. Mo.
Bot. Gard.
Ohio, Oreton, ‘Vinton CUL ae. 39, 1895, W. A. Kellerman as A. divaricatus.
D. C., Piney Branch, Se. 22, Louie) ,as ** A. corymbosus, intermediate form
A.; heads dide as large as A. macrophyllus.
Great Falls at Kirk Mine, Oc. 11, 1891, Bu., as “A. corymbosus
X A. macrophyllus.”

VARIANT FORMS of A. fragrans include :

8! Sunburnt form; leaves thickened, lengthened; more hair ;
bracts less scarious ; rays olivaceous with age.

156 DESCRIPTION OF ASTER; DIVARICATI

N. vic., rand, Se. 27,97. Yonkers, Grassy Sprain road, corner of
pets Hed, Se.

Ne Je, ae T up at Undercliff, Se. 14,99.

8? Short-leaf form; more widely and closely branched ; more
bracteate ; leaves shorter, less long-acuminate ; with crenate round-
ish-acute radicals

N. Y. vic., Ravensdale, Oc. 8, 98, bank of the Hudson, Bi., as A. divari-
cafus var. x.

8* Scorpioid form ; inflorescence continuously proliferous upon

one side ; rays and disk olivaceous with age, the disk finally umber.
N. Y. vic., Van Cortlandt Par£, Oc. 2,'97.

8* Axiliferous form ; inflorescence descending irregularly far
down the axils, chiefly one-sided; this and the warm shining disks
and thickish leaves suggest that it is hybrid with A. C/ayton, which
grew near ; teeth closer, less salient.

N. Y. vic., Znwood, Se. 27, !97.

8* White-saucer form. Strong-stemmed erect plants with large
broad rays persistently upcurved at the apex, giving to the head,
for a considerable time, the form of a shallow saucer ; ; especially

the base. Finally the head at full expansion resembles a flat
circular plate. Leaves sharply serrate, the broad base strongly
curved into a prominent sinus. Inflorescence passing from single-
bunch form in early state to that of a diffused panicled corymb in
occasional large and vigorous plants. Disks broad, chiefly brick-
red. Sept., frequent in rich rocky woods near N

Y. vic., Yonkers, Bryn Mawr Park, about Se. 20,96, zm '98; then chiefly
destroyed by clearing and strangled by the greatly stimulated grow nan dst
but many plants were again flowering Se. 14, 1903. Stony ja onesome, Se. 0;
colony uprooted by a tornado 1901 ; a few surviving, 1903.

9. ASTER EXCAVATUS Burgess
Slender apple green plants with long uniform smooth leaves,
numerous small sharp teeth, persistent narrow sinus, and some-
what segregated inflorescence with thin, pale, acute and obtuse
smoothish bracts.

Name from sinus, seeming as if cut out from the oval leaf-base as if by after-

thought ; A excavatus, hollowed out.
G. 17, plant from Bryn Mawr Park, vic. N. Y., Se. 16,99, in hb. Bu. ; with

more alc leaves than usual; or rather, many plants bear many oblong-lanceolate
leaves above the triangular

A. excavatus M c in Small's Southeastern Flora (1903) ; with original
description :

Du NEN n

ASTER EXCAVATUS 157

“Stems as in A. divaricatus L. ; leaf-blades thin, smooth, all
nearly alike, oblong-lanceolate, with rounded base abruptly exca-
vated into a deep narrow sinus; their margins continuously low-
serrate with curvescent teeth; petioles very short and slender,
shorter than the leaf-breadth, replaced by short broad wings at
the principal axils; the upper axils often clasped by divaricate
triangular-linear bracteals. UM
Heads forming convex
clusters borne on long sub-
erect branches or reduced
to a few distant enlarged
heads. Bracts ciliate,
smooth - backed, pale and
thin, short-oblong and ob-
tuse on some subsolitary

and without green tips.
Rays white, or sometimes
reddened; disk broad, turn-
ing usually purplish-crim-
son.—Resembes A. divari-
catus L., but the narrower
less attenuate more uniform
leaves differ in outline, sinus
and teeth.—In mountain
or hillside woods, N. Y. to
N. Car. and Ga. — Early
fall. — Type, Yonkers, N.
Y., Se. 16, ’99, Burgess in
hb. Bu."

Aster excavatus

Rootstocks seen are Me 32
pale yellowish brown, short is
and thick. Stems chiefly pale, suberect, growing in close clumps
of few or sometimes of many stems.

Leaves thin, apple-green or paler, somewhat paler beneath.
Leaf-form narrowly oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, broadest an
inch or so above the base, then contracting into two narrowly
rounded basal lobes which often overlap across the deep narrow
sinus; size chiefly 3 x I in., sometimes 7 X 3. Teeth close and
continuous, even into the sinus in many leaves, sharp but not
greatly projected, chiefly curvescent ; toward the leaf bases, fal-
cate, aquiline, crenate-serrate and straight-backed teeth inter-
mingle. Sinus sometimes an inch deep, generally conspicuously
excavated within.

158 DESCRIPTION OF ASTER; DIVARICATI

Petioles very slender, very short, and very persistent ; still
slightly present in the lanceolate rameals. No obvious hair; but
abundant, by lens, over the pedicels, though scanty elsewhere.
Bracteals often triangular-linear, with clasping base, sharply
serrulate

Inflorescence irregularly convex, of somewhat separated
clusters, borne on rather long rues branches at a high angle.
Heads rather large, I in. eM WE ;in.high, or less. Bracts rather
broad, with pale scarious cds ‘of moderate breadth and brown-
ish or yellowish tinge, their midrib a narrow elevated line, their
green tips rather dark and CM.

Rays oblong, rather broad, jj in. long when dry, about 9 in
number, sometimes 7 or 6. Disks full and broad, sometimes
virescent before reddening.

— Resembles 4. fersaliens, and sometimes accompanies it ;
like it in its long narrow leaves; unlike it in their less attenuate
acumination, their broader base, their narrow sinus persistent well
up the stem ; and in their greatly reduced teeth.

— Resembles A. fragrans somewhat more, in its bracts; but
its leaves differ in almost every respect.

Habitat in half shade or wood-borders, Catskills to the Great
Smoky mountains, descending to 300 ft., when approaching New
York City. Chiefly in the first half of Sept.

Specimens include :

N. Y., Z. George, '95, Mrs. Watrous in hb. Colu.
. Y., Catskilts ;. Kaaterskill Mt., Se. 17, '99; Hunter, wood-fringes of
e E Chair Mt., Se. 6, '99; higher, and lower, on Mossy Brook, Se. 5, '99; to
2500

Y. vic., Yonkers; : pereas “rich high woods tuward Grassy
Sprain L., Se. 17, '98, Aster —— i., many plants; Se. 22, '99, Bu., chiefly
out of flower. Vermilye’s ER Bu t., Se. 23,’99. Bryn Mawr Woods, Se. 4, '98,
Bi. ; Palmer Av., Se. 16,99, Bu., typical locality ; also Se. 16, 1900. McLean Av.,
west of Caryl, ro Se. '99; Dunwoody, ** woods north of St. Foih fyran Qc.
2; 09," BL

N. J., Palisades, at Alpine, Se. '99.
Va., Salt Pond Mi., Au. 25, '99, Stn and Maxon in hb. U. S. N. Mu.,
No. 357,127.

N. Car., Highlands, 1888, G. H. Boynton, No. 18,950 in U. S. Natl. Herb.
Ga., White tefield Co., rich shady woods east of Dalton, on Oostanaula ros
gie alt. 720 ft., Se. 7, 1901, A. M. Harper, no. 1,286, in hb. N. Y

. C., Andrews Bald, Swain Co., Au. ’91, alt. 6,000 ft., Beardsley and
Kofoid, ed Long Knob, Heller; both in G b.

9! Branch-forms have small soror and narrow biacuminate
subsessile leaves.

ASTER EXCAVATUS 159

9* Sprout-form (or perhaps a hybrid of A. excavatus with A.
tenebrosus, which grows in its region). Unites the narrow sinus
and short rounded golden-brown bracts common in A. exeavatus,
with the large teeth and long rays of A. tenebrosus. Bracts
nearly oval, with but very slight ciliation, thin and finely
wrinkled when dry. Leaves all cordated, not large, ovate to
oblong lanceolate. Rays few, remote, very narrow; tapering to
both base and apex, partly perhaps due to imperfect unrolling.
Heads large, 1 1% in. broad, or less, remote, a few also on long
straggling pedicels in several upper axils. Rameals oval-acute.

ome broken stimulated branches show enlarged branch-form
leaves, oblong-lanceolate with long remote prominent coarse
straight-backed low teeth and short broad cuneate wing-base.
Collected by II. C. Beardslee and C. A. Kofoid at 6,000 ft., on Andrews’
Bald, Swain Co., N. C., Au. 1891 ; in hb. Mo. Bot. Gard.

? — Tubular form. Expanded heads still retain many tubular
but horizontal rays, mingled with others which are canaliculate
and some which are flattened. No obvious hair; but peculiar
hair is visible under a lens, on petioles and pedicels, the hairs
numerous, stiff, ascending, somewhat flattened and broadened
toward the tips, often with dark tubercle-bases.

N. Y, vic., Yonkers, ** N. E. of St. Joseph's Seminary, Oc. 2, ’98,’’ Bi, on
a steep wooded bank sloping to a pond, in deep shade, 3 plants together.

10. Áster subinteger Bicknell, sp. nov.

Dark slender allies of A. atrovirens, with lance-triangular
leaves, greatly reduced serration and cordation, and small diverg-
ent inflorescence.

Name, L., from the nearly entire upper leaves.
Fic. 18, plant from Yonkers, Se. 25, '98, in hb. Bu.

Stem slender, brown and green, slightly flexuous above, curv-
ing at the ground into a tough brown short thickish horizontal
rootstock, at the top of which a short purplish surculus rises up-
ward at an acute angle, within a half inch of its base bearing 1 or 2
oval primordial leaves.

Primordial leaves 14 in. long or only half as long, nearly equally
broad, with 3 or 4 shallow teeth along each side ; base suddenly
tapering without cordation into a slender petiole of the length of
the leaf; apex either truncate or slightly acute. :

Lower cauline leaves somewhat cordate-lanceolate, with broad
shallow bract-sinus, giving the base of the leaf a subtruncate
aspect ; teeth moderately sharp, slender-tipped (rarely couchant),
becoming rather salient and close toward the middle of the leaf

160 DESCRIPTION OF ASTER; DIVARICATI

and then quickly ceasing, the leaf incurving into a long narrow
entire acumination. Such leaves are 2% x r4 in., with slender
petioles 1 in. or less long, 12 such or less, about 1% in. apart.
Upper cauline leaves are the most characteristic, and give the
plant its subentire aspect; 8 such or fewer, 3 x I in. or less,
slenderly lanceolate with rounded or very slightly tapering base,
sometimes wholly entire,
often lined their whole

Wu Qua NE
BWA Wy? length with long low shal-
(i Wa low incurving teeth, % to

|

1; in. long, these teeth
quite peculiar, with exca-
vated notches, often slight-
ly convex-backed, the
green aculeus rising with-
out preliminary basal swel-

ing.

Middle caulines few,
transitional, truncate-based.
All leaves dee reen
above, pale beneath. Axiles
few, similar to the upper
caulines, entire, lanceolate,
sessile, 217 x 1 in. or less.
Rameals sometimes incon-
Spicuous, sometimes very
numerous and I x Z4 in.
or less, ovate, acute. Ram-
ulars similar, only half or
a third as long.

Inflorescence small;

C © heads 76 in. broad, some-
Aster subinteger times I in., 34 in. high, or
Fic. 18. only 1% in early flower, the

small involucre itself hardly

more than half this. Pedicels and peduncles show hair in lines,
though none remains at maturity below. Pedicels widely forking,
usually 14 or 44 in. long, very slender, bearing at the middle a
minute straight linear bractlet which sometimes becomes obovate.
Rays about 10, rather blunt, sometimes with even as many as 4
teeth. Disks turning brown with a little light purple cast. Bracts
in 4 or even 5 rows, quite uniform, with dark broad rounded tips.
—Occasional in wet stony levels of shady woods, near N. Y.
City. Examples:

ASTER SEXTILIS 161

N. Y. wie APA bank of the Hudson to the south, Oc. 16, '98, Bi.
vinci de Glen Park woods, Se. 25, '98, Bz. Mayflower —— Se. 17, *98, Bw.
, Palisades, enixa Oc. 17,'98, Bu.; one of these plants on the
talus S n in deep shade, showed repeated Danai and crowded internodes, 27
leaves of size 2 X 24 inches, occurring within 3 inches of stem.

1. Aster sextilis sp. nov.

Low smoothish early-flowering plants with oblong-lanceolate
closely slit-serrate leaves, pale acutish subciliate bracts, small
heads and slight sinus, tending to growth in the axils, to con-
tracted caudate acumination, to pale short-petioled stiffly-directed

leaves and reddened stems.
gs L. sextilis, of sii from its early blossoming, chiefly ne ig.
I9, plant of Woodlawn Woods, N. Y. vic., July 31, '98, in M.,
l by: E P Bicknell ; 4, its ves lef; d, broader-based more spear- UM
leaf-form, frequent on more scattered plants, Au. IT, '98.
lant narrow, often so closely clustered as to produce elong-
ated branchless stems, soon leafless below, but foliose or florifer-
ous in the upper axils. Radicals not seen. Stem smooth, slen-
der, continuously slightly flexed, terete and reddened.

Leaves thin, usually apple-green or yellowish green, mostly
stiffly ‘oie their petioles very short and slender, or sometimes
winged a

Leaf ihn oblong-acuminate from a broad base, incurved or
sometimes straight-tapering, usually produced into an entire cau-
date extension, sometimes almost a bristle. Teeth slender-acumi-
nate, very close, forward-directed. Sinus sharp and slight, orin a
few middle caulines broad, shallow and brace-based. Veins rather
closely pinnate. Rameals usually sessile, inconspicuous because
so narrow, but often an inch long. Lower caulines early lost,
FERRARE short and broad compared with those seen at
flowering tim

Heads PA AR S close- papra or finally divergently separ-
ated, very small, often but 17 in. broad. Rays apt to be short and
few, 5 or 6. Disks dull yellowish, soon turning brownish. Bracts
resembling those of A. divaricatus L. in being thick, coriaceous
and oblong, but paler, tangled-ciliate, with little green at tip, nearly
smooth-backed, and chiefly acutish, the lower sharply triangular-
acute, the second broad, the others prolonged-triangular. In
young globose buds the bract-margins are white from their ciliation,
with a slight purple margin within.

In grassy wood-borders or half-green spots. Taconics to
Lake Erie, chiefly in August or even in July.

162 DESCRIPTION OF ASTER; DIVARICATI

M W Su

JW
MSS Aes,

egest
YF v^

Aster sextihs

Fic. ig.

Ms., 7: d Bashbish R. above Merchant's Br. last of Au. 1903.
MS , Woodlaw Vect July 31, bs Bi, “lower odi fallen away ;
no basal a a cie cluster, in cleared woodlan
; oder Gr, Swift's Hill, Au. 1 et '96, close clump grown tall and
virgate, stu rd: Au, II, 98, grassy woodborder; Au. 31, '99, Au. 1903, etc.
Hanover, Tompkins’ woods, Au. 28, '99; Little-Indian bank, Au. 24,’97. Perrys-

ASTER SEXTILIS 163

burg, Dawley woods, borders and roadsides, abundant, Au. 19, '96. Sheridan,
Talcott woods, Au. 15, '96, Au. '97, '98, '99.

11? Pigmy-head form. Peculiar little plants in close clumps
with aspect of Acalypha, — partly due to dull gray-green coloring
and partly to foliose growth in axils. Heads a dozen or less,
close-crowded, about 8, in. high and but twice as broad. Stems
chiefly green and 6 to 8 in. high. Leaves serrulate, oblong-ovate,
strongly caudate, chiefly with abrupt truncate base; sometimes
slightly cordated, or auriculate by extension of basal lobes at the
outer angle; some upper leaves lanceolate; all caudate and
slender-petioled. Disks soon brownish.— Very strange plants,
perhaps owing some of their peculiarity to growth as choked
seedlings.

W. N. Y., Fredonia, Marsh's woods, Au. 20,96; edge of cave, Wintergreen
Gulf, Au. 13, '97; west branch of Canadaway Cr., Au. 14, '97; Cascade Brook, Au.
'97; Pt. Gratiot wood-edge, Au. ’97.
SUBDIVISION B oF DivARICATE ASTERS.
Stems weak or decumbent. — Sp. 12~16
12. ASTER STILETTIFORMIS Burgess

Much-branched plants with slender green or brownish-green
often decumbent stems, long narrow linear-oblong leaves, straight-
backed, sharp, close conspicuous teeth, lingual bracts, rather large
flowers, and little development of sinus or petiole.

Name from the straight-pointed upper leaves and axiles.

Fic. 20, plant from Hunter, N. Y., Se. 7, '99, in hb. Bu

Aster stilettiformis Burgess in Small’s S. E. Flora, 1211. 1903; with origi-
nal description :

“Stem greenish, slender, weak and often decumbent. Pre-
dominant leaf-blades deep green, often roughened above, linear-
oblong and long-acuminate, with subtruncate base and short
petiole, and closely set with conspicuous sharp straight-backed
teeth ; some lower leaves broader, ovate-acuminate with moderate
sinus and with double-curved or couchant teeth; axile leaves
divaricate, straight-tapered from a sessile truncate base, every-
where closely slit-toothed, suggesting a barbed stiletto. Inflor-
escence remotely diffused, but with short pedicels ; bracts lingual,
nearly uniform, green or mostly so ; rays often 7, sometimes red-
dening at the tips; disks turning brownish-red. Differs from 4.
divaricatus L., especially in leaf-form, bracts and stem. — On
shaded banks, Ms. to S. C. and Tenn. — Fall. Type, Hunter,
N. Y, Bu, Se. 7, 'go, in hb. Bw."

164 DESCRIPTION OF ASTER; DIVARICATI

Occasional strong plants grow erect. Few leaves have any
sinus. The leaf-form is best seen in the upper caulines, which are
hardly to be duplicated among related species ; these and the lower
leaves are often deflexed in case of bankside plants. Veins often
very strong, depressed above, projecting beneath. Rays often

Asten stilettiformis
F16. 20.

become acuminate by conduplication. Disks become brownish-
red or crimson, sometimes Venetian-red, or wine-color.

— Perhaps a recent derivative from A. persaliens, as suggested
by its lowest cauline leaves. Resembles A. persaliens in general
appearance; differs from it in having very much narrower upper
leaves, with straighter sides ; in its truncate-based long sharp sessile
axiles ; in its slit-toothed margins, the teeth chiefly with straight
backs and rarely couchant ; in its round-tipped green bracts with
but few of the inner ones narrowed. It tends also to the develop-
ment of a weaker stem and broader more diffuse inflorescence.

ASTER STILETTIFORMIS 165

From 4. virgularius, which its smaller form resembles, it differs
in its broader, rounder, greener bracts, in its truncate-based sessile
axiles, and its far more salient teeth. It is usually a much larger
plant, and its typical leaves are narrower.

It resembles both these species in the prominence of its teeth,
and A. virgularius in their form. It differs from both in its slit-
toothed straighter-sided leaves, its bracts nearly without white or
scarious margins, and its axiles nearly without petioles, with trun-
cate base and long closely-slit straight sides, suggesting a stiletto.

Habitat, scattered in loamy half-shade, often on steep banks,
in little clusters or solitary. Mass. to S. C. and Tenn. Examples :

cA 4, Middlesex Fells, Cascade, aes Sta., Au. 27, ' 98.

. V., Davistown, woods, Se. 4, '97.

i: Shuttle Meadow, Se. "s E E Shepard in hb. Bu.

N. Y. vic., Zmwood, Se. '96; Mosholu, Se. 30, ’96, on steep clay banks ;
Indianfield, Se. 18, '98, with crimson rays ; "pd Manor, Se. 20,'98; Yonéers,
Hillview, stepping stones, Se. 15,’98; Park Hill, Se. 14, ’96; Bryn Mawr Park,

Pool, S

B 4 0, ! 96, Se 1903 ; roadside, Se. 14, 1903 ; Palmer Av. rocks, Se
26, '96, Se. 18,797; Violaris path, Se. 14, '98, with crimson on its rocks, Se.
18, '97 ; lanthine rocks, Se. 14, '97, crimson rays; Split nice Se 18, '97, Se. 25,

'98, Se. = 1903.
N. J., Palisades, Undercliff, tip, Oc. 17, 98.
W. N. Y., Fredonia, spring-bank toward Laona, plants with navicula-like
rays, Au. 22, '96; Sheridan, oe grove, Au. I3, '95, in bud and in first flower ;
anover, ng sinn Falls, Au. 31, ’99.
IY. owes eus es 7.99.
Jeasant, book, ie 2, '88; Lanier Hts., brook, Se. 24, '88;
Rock Cr., above Renee s Mill, : ds. Mintwood Bank, Oc. 22, '88, Oc. 5,
'89, a principal soe now ao oye SER
a., Potomac bank, opposite Analostan I., Se. 27, '88; east of Holtzman's,
Oc. 29, '88; above in Br., Oc. 9, '88; Spout Run, Oc. 2, '88; Carlin Sgr., Se.
xà S, C., * Table Rock, Se. 30, Gibbes in hb. N. Y. Bot. Gar.

Variants. 12? Branch-forms of A. stilettformis have shown a
tendency to large elliptic-acuminate rameals, often opposite by
non-development of internodes, both N. Y. and Va.

12° Sprout-forms ; those seen are small and but little differ-
entiated.

E Dentifolial form. Slenderer plants with many cuneate leaf-
Leaves delicate, small for the plant, oblong-acuminate,

bt addidit: few furnished with sinus, pedicels long, loose,
capillary, ascending. Internodes irregular, some of them longer
than the leaves. With A. divaricatus and A. arenicola, in Marthas

166 DESCRIPTION OF ASTER; DIVARICATI

M. V. ps rich woods, I,'89. West ete ne: Au.
'96, '97, in bud, Au. 1900. REL Mora Valley, in bud A 1900, de-
layed by drought; x ps Au. 97,'98. Gayhead, Blackwater Knoll, ps 6,'98;
in bud Au. 26, 190o, delayed by drought.

12° Jag-edge form. Teeth very close, irregular, some of them
reflexed. Leaves of heavier, firm texture, more of them oblong-
acuminate. Late flowering. The most abundant form of the
species observed in the Potomac region, including plants collected
Oc. 1—15, 1888, as “A. corymbosus, dentate or jagged-leaf form.”

13. Aster Parthianus sp. nov.
Small geniculate plants of rock-faces and clay-banks, with thin
ovate-lanceolate serrulate deflexed leaves, dark-tipped obtuse
strongly-ciliate chief bracts, and small terminal inflorescence.

Name from the sharp back- "ee leaves, suggesting Parthian arrows.
Fic. 21, plant from Silver Cr., N. Y., Au. 17, '96, in hb. Bz.

Plants growing outward and then bending dou or some-
times suberect; some or many of the leaves stiffly deflexed or
directed backward ; such leaves mostly ovate-lanceolate, strongly
incurved-acuminate, many of them becoming caudate, finely ser-
„rulate, with rounded base and short slender petiole. Axiles
similar, few, gradually reduced. Lower leaves broader, not much
longer, with rather close sharply acuminate teeth, and with broad
open sinus. Radicals seen are chiefly elliptic

Inflorescence a small and irregular loose cluster. Heads
small or of medium size ; bracts various, in some broad, short and
truncate, highly ciliate (derivatives direct from typical A. divart-
catus?), in many others pale, smoothish, more uniform an
moderately acute (derivatives from A. divaricatus much further
differentiated, or perhaps blended with other strains of descent.
In some otherwise similar plants the leaf-form suggests blending
with A. persaliens, A. stilettiformis, and A. rupicola. Apparently
conditions of growth, especially those involved in reaching out for
light and air from crevices of rocks, have caused descendants
from a number of allied sources to converge into one composite
group from which many of the differences and traces of descent
have already disappeared. Most typical plants show the following
characteristics :

Stems slender, strong, brownish, flexuous and usually abruptly
geniculate once or twice at nearly a right angle. Rootstock
short, thick, curving, its nodes excessively shortened, and long
continuing enwrapped with petiolar expansions. The whole root-

ASTER PARTHIANUS 167

stock is often but 1 in. long, while including 12 to 20 nodes and

I

¥ in. thick or more.

Leaves numbering about 8-12, within as many inches; all

Asten Parthianus

Pic. 21.

deflexed, or more often in part deflexed, in part divaricate and a
few ascending; their petioles slender. Leaf-bases broad, the
prominent sinus deep and narrow, or moderately so.
Ovate-acuminate, soon narrowing to lance-acuminate; margins

168 DESCRIPTION OF ASTER; DIVARICATI

subentire, serrulate, or serrate, the teeth straight or couchant.
Axiles soon cuneate at their sessile base, lance-acuminate. Leaves
rough or very slightly so. Puberulence not obvious, but abun-
dant over whole stem and petioles as well as leaves

Inflorescence loose, irregular. Heads medium in size, about
I in. broad. Bracts triseriate, with much deep green from the
acutish or apiculate tip half way down, darkest at the tip and
margins. Rays narrow, about 9, their apex narrowed and entire.
Sometimes the tendency to twist manifests itself in spiral rays of
many turns. Disks turn purplish-brown. Achenes dark brown,
smooth, clavate-terete.

T banks and cliffs, Mass. and L. Erie to Va.

a Lane, Au. 29, !93.
: ae pai Duyvil Cr., Cock Hill, Se. 22, ’98. Inwood, Dyckman

rock, Se. 24, M^ Indianfield, P 6, '98. Mosholu, clay bank, Se. 30, '96.
Woodlawn Sua swamp, Se. 16, ai: Bryn Mawr Park, Palmer Av. Pool, Se
17,'98. Palmer Av. Rocks, da 26,'96, Se. 18, 97, Se. 17, '98 ; the latter with
spiralled rays; a ean had fallen on it below the flowers, causing a huddled growth
of cop anges Abs by long pedicels. Hillview, Se. 19,97. Fordham, rocks
north of, Se.

W. a x , Silver Ph het High Br., Au. 17, '96, type; Au. 10, ’98. Little
Indian Falls, on rock wall, 13,98. Pt. Gratiot, Au. 29, ’96.

D. C., Mintwood x Oc. 22.88.

I4. Aster camptilis sp. nov.
Arcuate weak-stemmed smoothish small-flowered plants of
wooded banks, with thin oblong-acuminate serrate leaves, slight
sinus, lanceolate axiles, and uniform pale subacute bracts.

Name, Z. camtptilis, bent, from the bent or decurved stems.
Fic. 22, plant from Silver Cr., N. Y., Au. 17, '96, in hb. Bu.

Stem green or brownish, terete, irregularly and slightly flexuous,
toward the top gradually recurved or strongly bent downward.
Occasional stems however become stronger and nearly erect; but
in other kindred species growing with it on shaded slopes, the
erect stem is the rule, not the exception.

Leaves quite uniform, 3 x 1 17 in. or less, very thin, rather
dark green, pale beneath, oblong-acuminate in type, the lowest
ones ovate-acute and much shorter, the axiles sessile but still pro-
longed and lance-acuminate, the rameals the same or oblong-
acute, very much shorter but much broader in proportion.
Petioles short, slenderer, cuneately winged above. Teeth moderate,
continuous, of serrate type, with some curvescent and dentate ones
intermix

ASTER CAMPTILIS 169

Inflorescencewith axis strongly decurved, but the heads up-
turned and small, often 24 in. broad, Y/ high. Bracts quite uni-
form, pale with distinct p tips, sublingual or oblong-linear,
rounded above into a slig
ly acutish apex, kiss nd
ciliolate, suggesting those of

cate, and a little less rigid.

Habitat on banks or lean-
ing out from rocks, growing
with other related Asters of
the Divaricati which do not
lean. Occasionally it is to
be found hanging over slight
depressions in moist flat
ground in woods where other
related Asters are growing
erect. — Aug. and Sept.

— Among species char-
acteristically arcuate, A.
camptilis has an oblong-acu-
minate leaf-form with slight
sinus; A. Parthianus ovate-
lanceolate and more cordate,
with rounded base in the a Aster camptilis
principal leaves; A. arcua- Wit. 3.
fus broad - cordate, abrupt
and short, with large deep square sinus. In all these, the arcu-
ate tendency seems connected with inherent weakness of stem
as compared with rigid plants of A. divaricatus, A. ulmarius, etc.,
growing side by side.

Range, observed Mass. to L. Erie. Examples :

Jie Mt. P hanging —— into uec ncm Se. 10,
1903.

C

Ms.

1903; Bashbish,

Y. vies, pott Se. 23, 1903. Indianfield, Se. 25, 1900. dct rocks
to north, Se. 1903. — YonZers, Bryn Mawr Park, Se. 19, '99, 13-rayed ; hanging out
from the virer Split Rocks, Se. 18, '99, Se. 18, 1903; valley edge, Se. = 1903 ;

it rock, Se. 16, 1900, stimulated to overplus rays, I0, I1, and even 13, b

in rich den stump ; not the same with a 13-rayed form or ally of 4. Pekan
L., which grew near, but which has persistently broader shorter leaves broad

170 DESCRIPTION OF ASTER; DIVARICATI

rounded bracts, and grows in dense clumps while 4. campéi/is grows few and scattered
or loosely.

N. J., Palisades, Se. '98.

N. Y., L. Minnewas£a, C. H. Peck, Se. 1,'99, in hb. N. Y. St., **inlow place
in woods, surrounded by rocks; with long weak slim stem arcuate by nature, and
could not have been trodden on ; with long limp branches, many of them 10 in. long,"
6 A

V. N. Y., Silver Cr., gorge, Aster-bank, Au. 17, 96, Rosebrook woods,
Au., I900, I9OI, 1902

15. ASTER Boykini1 Burgess

Slender and weak axil-flowered, all green plants of irregular
straggling aspect, their leaves oblong-acuminate with enlarged sinus
and strong teeth.

Name from Dr, Geo. Boykin of Milledgeville, Ga., its early collector of about
1840, ‘‘ pioneer botanist '" in Georgia, a correspondent of Torrey and Gray, and source
of many of their southern specimens (as Aster War osi etc.) ; commemorated in
Nuttall’s genus Boykinia, ally of ela from the North Carolina mountain

FIG. 23, plant from Ga., 1840? Boykin in " olu.

A. Boykinii, Burgess in Small’s Southeastern Flora, 1211 (1903); with
original description :

“Stems slender, greenish and glabrate, much flexed ; leaf-
blades ovate to oblong-acuminate, with broad enlarged sinus, set
with strong and somewhat outflung teeth; petioles slender ;
inflorescence lax and irregular, composed of short branches given
off at a wide angle, often continued in clusters among the lower
axils ; the upper axils often conspicuous with ovate or subcircular
sessile bracteals ; disks turning reddish-brown; rays shorter than
in its ally, A. divaricatus L., from which it differs especially in its
more straggling habit, narrow irregular inflorescence and less
coarsely toothed, less prolonged leaves.—In the mountains,
Georgia. — Summer. Type, Ga., Boykin, Au. 1840, in Herb. C.
A Ba

Stem often decumbent, 1% or 2 ft. high. Leaves thin and
rather variable. Small oval low-serrate radicals are sometimes
produced.

Inflorescence often as well-developed in the lower axils as at
the tip. Bracts with thin wrinkling margins, oblong. Disks turn
brownish-red. Achenes smooth, not enlarged upward, fusiform,
rather strongly striate-ridged.

Unlike the next species, A. flexilis (with which it sometimes
grows), in its brighter green, its thinner, longer leaves, broader
sinus, more numerous and lax heads with longer pedicels, and its
thin-edged acuter bracts. The teeth are much larger, longer and
more outflung than in A. fexilis, though less so than in A. divari-

d
|
1

ASTER BovkiNit

Fic. 23.

cafus. In inil
the two specie
Examples :
a., ** A. corymbosus (the Southern loose form), Geo. Boykin, Gray scr.,
b

orescence and leaf-form it is intermediate between
S

about 1840, in Torr. hb.
a., ‘mins. of Ga., Aug., 1841, S. B. Buckley scr. in Torr. hb. ; to which

Gray added, ** appears to be an outlandish form of A. coryméosus, The leaves not so
coarsely toothed ; as also other Southern specimens. I have not mentioned it’? (on

old label of T. and G. Fl. N. A.
ickamauga Cr., near Ringgold, Catoosa Co. ; alt. 800-900 ft. Au.
l

Ga., Ch
6-12, 1895 ” J. K. Small in hb. Cola.
Tenn., Knox Co., Au. 8,'9o, T. H. Kearney in herb. U. S. Natl. Ma.,

no. 306,972.
16. ASTER FLEXILIS Burgess

Small slender dull-green plants with little ovate-acute leaves,
sharp narrow sinus, short petioles, subcrenate margins, narrow

obtuse bracts, and scanty inflorescence.

172 DESCRIPTION OF ASTER; DIVARICATI

Aste Pp flexilis
Fic. 24.

Name, L., from the flexed or subdecumbent stem.

Fic, 24, plant from Ga., about 1840, Buckley in hb. Torrey.

A. flexilis, Burgess in Small’s Southeastern Flora, 1212.
description :

1903; with original

ASTER FLEXILIS 173

“Stem low, slender, smooth and virgate: leaf-blades small,
short, thin, dull, dark green, ovate-acute with the broad double

rounded base bisected by a deep sharp sinus; margins crenate-

serrate with low obscure teeth; petioles short ; inflorescence
scanty, tuftlike, or of a few slim-peduncled heads : bracts narrowly
linear, obtuse, quite uniform ; plant almost destitute of hair (under
lens); otherwise nearly as A. divaricatus L. Differs from A.
Boykinit (with which it grows) especially in its smaller shorter
dull leaves, the sharp sinus, crenate margins, and obtuse bracts.
— In the mountains, eastern Tennessee, Georgia, and Alabama.
— Late summer and fall. Type, Buckley, 1840, in Herb. C. U."
Further remarks. Tends to small size, flexed and unbranched,
with small sinus continuously developed. Axiles oval or short-
oblong, leaves finely rugulose, with dark impressed veinlets.
Teeth shallow, close and uniform. Bracts highly coriaceous ,short-
ciliate, finely puberulent over the back ; a few lower ones acutish.
Examples :
Ga., “a starveling 4. corymbosus, Mts. of Georgia, in a parcel from Buckley,
Feb. 1, 1841," Gray scr., in herb. Torr:
Ga., ** A. corymbosus,’’ Mts. of Georgia, apiid in herb. Colu
Ga., Ringgold, Catoosa Co., Au. 6-12, 1895, alt. 800-900 ft., J. K. Small in
hb. N. = Bot. Gard.
, Whitfield Co., along brook in rich woods at east base of Taylor’s ridge,
alt. 975 x Juv. s Eni Roland M. Harper in hb. N. Y. Bot. Gard.
r Co., among rocks, east slope of Pigeon Mt., án. I, 1900, alt.
1,550 ft., d Mion in hb. JV. Y. Bot. Gard.
Ala., Cullman D Sept. is om, M: PEN with little crenate penny-like
radicals. Hob. og Y. Bot. Gar
Messi UR a Tennessee R., Se. '98, Albert Ruth, in hb. N. Y.
Bot. ow -
Division B. CARMESINE ASTERS.
Thinnish firmer leaves of shorter types. Disks turning soon to
a more definite red or finally to a deep crimson. Stem erect, stiff
or wand-like.
Subdivision A. LOWER BRACTS ACUTISH.
Species 17 and 18.

17. Aster arcifolius sp. nov.

Stiff purple-stemmed brace-based short-leaf plants, of triangu-
lar-ovate leaf form and firm texture, with about 8 rays and these
often crimson, the bracts chiefly lingual and uniform, slightly
ciliate, obtuse or acutish.

174 DESCRIPTION OF ASTER; DIVARICATI

Name, L., arcus, a bow, from the brace-base character of the leaves, a double
curve, suggesting a bow.
Fic. 25, plant from Hunter, N. Y., Se. 8, ’99, in hb. Bu.

Growth cespitose, forming loose patches sometimes extending
a rod without intermixture. Pale brown rootstocks occur with
internodes about 1 in. long, much thickened and shortened toward
the ascending stem. Stems
usually 177 ft. high, chiefly
of a purplish wine-color (ex-
cept in case of occasional
exterior plants); usually ap-
pearing the more slender and
tapering on account of the
gradual reduction in size of
the upper stem-leaves. Rad-

d

lar - ovate, slender - petioled
and serrulate.

Leaf-type triangular-
ovate, not long nor large,
broadest at or near the brace-
like base, irregularly and
doubly serrate, firm, rough-
ish when dry, dark green,
slender-petioled, about 2%
x 2 in. in size.

Lower caulines slightly
incurved-acuminate; middle

and upper caulines and axiles

BY ^ often taper straight from the
4 b : C base; wing-bases occur with
Aster arcifolius the first axiles ; upper axiles
Fic. 25. sessile. Teeth of very great

variety, couchant, curves-
cent, aquiline, straight-serrate, etc., mingled. Veins slender, pale,
strongly upcurved toward the apex, chiefly external, as if laid on
or applied beneath.

Sinus very broad, open and shallow, continuously developed,
nearly or quite to the axiles. Sometimes a deeper sinus occurs
below or a narrow one intermixed above.

Inflorescence usually a small and rather close convex cyme ;
or with several branches, each bearing such a cyme ; after long
flowering, each becomes diffuse and widely forking. Axis semi-
percurrent only or obsolete. Typical heads small, 3% in. across,

ASTER ARCIFOLIUS 175

or only 4 in., with 6 to 8 short broad rays which are often crim-
son-tinged, sometimes quite deeply so. Disks becoming brownish,
but usually previously crimson. Pedicels 5 in. long or usually
as long as the head, inflorescence small and often peduncular when
growing in close communities, wide-spreading and forming a loose
convex mass when growing in loose patches.

Bracts chiefly lingual, obtusish or acutish, all much alike, but

including some acute, obtuse, truncate, bevelled or rounded T
The oblong type with lingual-acutish tip seems most common
cluding a third or more of each head, the inner third being iet
linear and tapering-obtuse. Green tips but moderately developed ;
bracts otherwise mostly pale and thin-coriaceous, their central
green line very slender. Ciliation moderate, whitish, chiefly
upward.
Impoverished plants show 6 broad rays repeatedly, and nar-
rower lance-triangular leaves; they resemble small plants of 4.
divaricatus L. closely. Shaded plants show less crimson or none,
and often develop quite conspicuous bracteals. Better-nourished
plants of the same cluster show broader looser branching, 8 rays
repeatedly and in some heads 11, occasional Pe I in. broad,
and sometimes a leaf 4 x 2 in. or even 7 x 234

Habitat, grassy open levels, in rather moist a ; especially
low grounds near brooks and swamps ; sometimes in slight shade ;
L. Erie to the Taconics at 1,600 ft.

Examples :
Ms., Taconics, on Mt. l, Se. 8,
N. y.y ee hen id e 16, "b. pt Indianfield, Se. 16,798; Se:on
Falls, Se. Pegs Pu ers fragrant on pH: and while drying.
"d ea s ; Undereliff Oc. 17, *98.

2C aa KNER Brook at Hunter, Se. 8, '90, type ; P) in Anger
Hollow, Colonel’s Chai ;: BE: 102 ^00; eg rock, Mossy Brook, Se. 6 b.
Minnewas "ie Ne '99. c. rn Pe ck in hb. E:

Nor deni Brace's tin Pd 15,'96; Hanover, Gardner's Brook,
Au. I9, d dA 9, '96.

— Aster pac resembles A. divaricatus deltoideus in its
leaves; but its leaves are more acuminate, more finely serrate, the
teeth more outflung, and the bracts more acutish, not strongly ob-
tuse. Resembles A. C/aytoni in a slight tendency to a permanent
axis, but much less so and only seeming so when young, the axis
becoming lost or much overtopped at complete flowering. Re-
sembles A. Claytoni and the Curvescentes in its frequent develop-
ment of two contiguous sessile ovate-serrulate rameals at two-thirds
distance upward on each otherwise-naked branch ; but these appear
only on highly developed individuals.

176 DESCRIPTION OF ASTER; DIVARICATI

All specimens when dried, of one year or several years, possess
a fragrance reminding one of sandalwood though more delicate.
It has been likened also to the ‘‘ straw-mahogany " of cigar boxes.
It seems also somewhat attar-like. The odor seems independent
of poisoning by immersion in alcoholic solution of corrosive
sublimate, occurring in plants with or without poisoning. I
doubt however if it ever survives gluing in mounting. It is
particularly weu developed in A. fragrans, and many others of the
northern Divaricati possess the same in moderate or slight degree ;
as well as more distantly connected composites. All others to
whom I have submitted examples of it have agreed with me re-
garding this delicate but doubtful fragrance, one pronouncing it
“exquisite and one of which I could never tire.”

18. Aster capillaris
sp. nov.

Small stiff slender
plants with ovate-acute
leaves; long low or curv-
escent teeth, moderate per-
sistent sinus, crimson
disks, long narrow rays,
and bracts rather uniform-
ly somewhat thin and-
acutish.

Name from the slender rays.

Fic. 26, plant from Silver

Cs, N: V., Au, 27, '96.

Stem terete, somewhat
flexuous, deeply forked at
an acute angle (about 35
degrees), brownish or red-
dish. Somewhat like 4.
divaricatus, in its moder-
ately flexuous terete
brownish stem; like A.
persaliens in its many
curvescent teeth some of

which become couchant; its long narrow rays; its bunched or

ASTER CAPILLARIS 177

widely-separated inflorescence (according to age); its crimson
disks; and the leaf-form of its axiles. Like A. glomeratus in the
numerous strigose hairs of the stem, and of the veins beneath ; in
the convex-topped dense young inflorescence; the ovate-acute
cauline leaf-form, the dry and crumbling leaf-texture, and winged
axiles. Like A. oviformis in form and thinness of radicals; and
somewhat so in cauline leaf-form.

Possibly this isa hybrid of A. oviformis and A. persaliens ; but
I do not find evidence enough to warrant describing it as such,
for it is unlike both those species in the remarkable deep-forked
tendency of the inflorescence, with branches chiefly about 35° i
angle. Itis also unlike both in its large size of heads, and the
thinner texture of the chiefly acutish bracts.

N. Y., Silver Cr. ravine; growing out of the shale-wall of the gorge, near
its base, with pies 4X 1% in. or less, Au. 17, '96. A. oviformis was then grow-
ing within a rod, and 4. persaliens may have been near, certainly various allied Di-
varicati were so.

Subdivision B. CHIEF BRACTS OBTUSE OR CHANFER, DIVERSE
Species 19-21.

19. Aster virgularis sp. nov.

Small wand-like plants with little taper acuminate leaves of
elegantly bicurve base, moderate or sharp sinus, closely serrulate
or minutely slit-toothed margin, pale narrow bracts and reddish
disks.

Name, from L. virgula, t € wa
Fic, 27, plant from Bryn Mawr MA. vic. N. Y., Se. 2$, 97; in hb. Bu; à,
characteristic lower leaf; d, a upper leaf.

Stem slender, chiefly about 1 ft. high, wandlike, erect and
reddened ; growing in loose clusters.

Leaves somewhat ovate-acuminate in type, incurving into a
long acuminate termination from a broad base abruptly rounded
into the moderate sinus.

Radicals and lower caulines broad-scutiform, the latter sud-
denly long acuminate, small, 1% x 1 in. chiefly, elegantly curved
in broadly sweeping bicurve base to a small brace or incurved
sinus. Large leaves scarce, but sometimes reaching 21% x 134 in

Middle caulines narrow-scutiform, with straightish or slightly
incurved sides, and also with elegant bicurve brace, but the sinus
sharp.

r caulines and axiles narrow, triangular-lanceolate, with
atraightish sides from a single-curve round base, the sinus having

178 DESCRIPTION OF ASTER; DIVARICATI

vanished. Upper axiles caudate-triangular, very attenuate, incon-
spicuous but numerous.

All leaves but the last have very short filiform petioles ; fol-
lowed sometimes by 2 or 3 short broad-wing petioles. Direction
often erect, with some deflexed and some horizontal. Leaves

Aster virgularis

FIG. 27.

very rough and firm though thin ; their teeth minute, close, sharp,
of serrulate type pod in larger growths, chiefly finely slit-
toothed, especially abov

Inflorescence small, alicia but not dense, nor very short-
pedicelled. Heads small. Disks turn reddish.

Bracts rigid, somewhat oblong, narrow, the inner very taper,
and becoming convex-backed ; the basal broad-oblong, almost
all roundish at apex and broadly white-margined, or with pale
brownish margins and little green. Bracts less truncate than in
A. divaricatus, and with but few chanfer-tips.

— Differs from A. scutiformis in having fewer scutiform leaves,

ASTER VIRGULARIS 179

and in its smaller more delicate plants and leaves, and in lacking
the tendency to produce decurrent leaves which is common in J,
Scutiformis.

Differs from A. sZ/etiformis (which it approaches in its narrow
slit-toothed upper leaves) in the less prolonged lower leaves, the
closer teeth, and the more universal persistency of the petiole-
base.

Resembles A. rupicola and A. scutiformis in its basal scutiform
leaves but above these leaves it differs in almost all respects.
Stem more rigidly erect than A. rupicola and inflorescence more
stiff, less separated.

abitat, rocks and rocky hills, Lower Hudson apes : to Manhattan;
the type locality, Bryn Mawr Park at Split Rocks, Se. 1896—' 97, '98, destroyed by
building. Rediscovered nearby, Se. 14, 1903 ; Se. 1904.

19? Tangle-tuft form of A. virgularis. Teeth coarser, fewer.
Flowers loosely borne in a small tuft in which the long pedicels are
entangled; the tuft often centrally depressed, 7. e., with shorter
central pedicels. .

Tarrytown, N. Y., Sleepy Hollow, Se. 24, ’98.

19° Linear-oblong form of A. virgularis. Teeth less developed,
more remote, chiefly forward-directed, of low slit-serrulate type,
and straight-backed. Leaves less curved, the upper less rapidly
diminished, more of them deflexed, their type narrowly oblong
with somewhat tapered base.

Grassy slopes under half-shade on gneissic rocks, in small loose patches, Lower
Hudson valley; Manhattan I. at Inwood; Yonkers at Dunwoody and Bryn Mawr Park.

19* Crimson-tassel form; verging toward A. divaricatus in leaf

form, especially in larger plants; bracts narrowed to slender but

short; disks very conspicuous, deep crimson. Develops some
couchant teeth, like 4. persalens, but its leaves are much broader-
based

In Yonkers, N. Y., at Bryn Mawr Park, Se. 26, 96, then abundant, but locality
soon after destroyed.

^ Turbine-wheel form. Delicate wiry plants with loose irreg-
ular inflorescence. Leaves between those of A. divaricatus and
A. virgularis, bright apple-green, very soft and smooth when
fresh, roughened when dry, but without obvious hair. Leaves
chiefly triangular-lanceolate with broad brace-base, the lower
triangular-ovate with narrower sinus, the axiles stilettiform or
lance-linear and long-acuminate, the latter 2 x % in. or less.
Teeth sharp and close. Heads widely separated on capillary

180 DESCRIPTION OF ASTER; DIVARICATI

pedicels, very remarkable for their twisted rays; the rays all hori-
zontal in general position, the rays flat at base and then all turned
one way, as if following the hands of a clock ; the twisted part of
each ray standing He pr ar. producing the effect of a e
wheel. Rays 6, 4 in. loni, y is in. wide ; or in many heads 5;

a few larger heida 7, and 5% in. long. Disks turning cheat
Bracts narrow, chiefly bevelled, and scarious-edged, sparingly
ciliate.

A dozen such plants grew in a row, all alike, at Split Rocks, near Yonkers, along
the rock base at corner nearest new dwelling ae Se. 16, ’99. Similar plants with-
out torsion grew near, burgi in exactly the same conditions ; but in this particular

all the h dh on the plants exhibited this peculiar twist. No plants showing
ane torsion were paren there at other years, 1896-1903, although the spot was under
careful scrutiny. The plants might be thought to represent a colony through which the
torsion-character passed as a temporary wave, affecting a single year ; but more prob-
ably the colony disappeared through the building operations near. — A few less distinc-
tive plants, at two or three localities near, Se. 1904 ; also, Stony Lonesome and Mile
Square Road, 1904.

20. Aster rupicola sp. nov.

Small wiry rock-loving plants, with crimson disks, thin firm
rough spike-toothed broad little leaves, big broad sinus and
up-curved veins.

Name, L., **a rockdweller," from the habitat.
Fic. ya plant from Indianfield, N. Y. City, Se. 15, '98, in hb. Bz.

Stems wiry and swaying ; not stiffly erect, as in A. virgularis ;
usually red or ebony-red, chiefly 1 ft., seldom 1% ft. high.
Radicals seldom produced, cordate-oval, rough, 234 x 2 in. or
more, irregularly oval, closely crenate-serrate. Leafy shoots of
4 to 6 inches high produced in numbers, arcuate, with broad
scutiform leaves as in A. scutiformis.

Leaves small, thin, firm, roughish in growth and finely

glabrate. Veins numerous, close, slender, strongly upcurved,
slightly darker than the leaf-tissue, often reddening earlier than
the surrounding tissue in autumn and forming guiding-lines for the
red and yellowish-green mottling which often beautifies this species.

Leaf-type broad and rounded, suborbicular; acuminate with
the sinus deep, broad and disproportionately large. Sinus in the
lower leaves much excavated, becoming shallow above the middle
of the stem, and finally forming two slight notches at the wing-
base of some upper caulines; beyond which are usually a few
rounded bases without cordation. Leaf-form quite persistent
upward, finally passing in upper caulines into an ovate-acuminate

ASTER RUPICOLA 181

type, or narrower. Acumination abrupt, entire, narrow, propor-
tionately long, as 17 inch in a leaf of size 2 x 1%.

Teeth very sharp, close, outflung, large for the leaf; projection
1$ inch or more, the back slightly curved, the front nearly straight
or reentrant; producing a buzz-saw effect. Toward the apex the
teeth become more forward-projecting, and such are all the teeth

C

Aster rupicola
Fic. 28.

upon the upper caulines. Toward the sinus or even into it they
continue much further than is usual even among strongly-toothed
varicatt.

Hair not obvious, and very slightly developed, scanty under a
lens on midrib and veins beneath, most developed on the inflores-
cence-branches

láflorescence small, convex-tufted, the small heads well-
separated, their capillary pedicels often 24 in. long. Bracteals
inconspicuous, ovate or oval, to linear, % in. long, or less. Heads

about 76 in. broad, 14 in. high.

182 DESCRIPTION OF ASTER; DIVARICATI

Bracts thin, obtuse-chanfer, and oblong or almost lingual and
roundish at apex, with rather strong ciliation and 2 whitish
scarious margins. Green tip thin and broad or absen

Rays rather narrow, about 10 or I2, linear- Jes with the
sharp or truncate apex nearly equally divided into 2 or 3 small
blunt teeth. Disk flowers numerous, soon deep crimson, with
broad bell, deep narrow widespread lobes, and slender threadlike
stalk, the stalk sometimes three times the bell in length, sometimes
but just equal. Achenes slender, fusiform, the minute hair gen-
erally absent from the striae at maturity.

— The foregoing typical form is very distinct from other
species ; than carmesinus and argillarius and other small species
it is much sharper-toothed : than wirgularis, stilettiformis and other
sharp-toothed species, its leaves are much rounder.

Habitat, forming loose patches, either in half-grassy or nearly
bare situations, in thin soil, over gneissic or slaty rocks or among
stones derived from them. Mass. to Va

Ms., ee coll. E. L. Sturtevant, Au. 16, '89; in hb. £x.
a. V. E x noia dam, Se. 3,97 ; Davistown, Constant-Luce
woods, Se. 4, "ar in iidem
t., Manus, stones em wall near Coscob, Oc. 15, '96.
N, Y, vies, | Pndianfel, Se. 16, ei Inwood, Dyckman Rock, Se. 27, '97, to
1904, up the n. w. slope in thin grass, many plants 8 or wd 4 in. high, those flower-
ing chiefly 10 in. ; rays chiefly 8. A. Park Hill, Oc. 10, '98 ; Hillview, Se. 15,
'97 ; rocky woods north of St. Joseph's Seminary, Oc. 2, "i HC ; Bryn Mawr Park,
palmer Ave. Rocks, on m Se..20, "96, Se. 26, '96, Se. 15, '97; near TUM Rocks,
in ur Se Bt 97. town, Sleepy Hollow cemetery, Se. 24, '98.
N. J., Palisades, ege iff, top, Se. 29 and Oc. 23,97; d to north, Oc.
23, '98.
S Y., Catskills, Phoenicia, along Esopus Cr., Se. 9, '99.
. N. Y., Dunkirk, Pt. Gratiot, Au. 15,'96; Silver Cr., Lighthouse Pt., L.
Erie Tw ee in grass under de Au. '96
s C. n '94.
, Potomac bank iue Chain Br., Oc. '94.

20! Branch-forms. Developing branches chiefly, these bearing
a new type of leaf, chiefly ovate-acuminate, less sharp-toothed,
mostly forward-serrulate: as,

N. J., Palisades, Oc. 13, '98.

20? Sprout-forms. Late; inflorescence more widely branched;
chief leaves oval and ovate, slightly serrate, becoming longer up-
ward and finally lanceolate and close-serrulate. Disks deep, crim-
son or sometimes purplish-red.

N. J. vic., Hillview, Oc. 26,97.

ASTER RUPICOLA 183

The preceding examples are plants otherwise nearly or quite
normal. Variants are also common, in which the leaf-form, bract-
form, and habit are all surprisingly modified, though seeming to
belong here by balance of characters; including the following
forms :

20' Angulate form. Leaves usually a little longer in propor-
tion, their teeth more narrowly. acuminate, the outline not a con-
tinuous series of curves as in the type, but disturbed by irregular

Deltoid

and abrupt projections. Intermediate to 4. divaricatus L. For
a typical leaf of this form see Fic. 2
aprons : |
M. V., Zashmoo tien Au. 11,’90; West Tisbury, Trout pond, Se. 4, 797;
Davistown, Aip e.
N. ^ perii) Under Se. 30, '97 ; full height again, June 15, '98.
WY vie, Fi r Pars, central rocks, Se. 98, '99.

20° Plate um (Fic. 29 shows its characteristic ki:

184 DESCRIPTION OF ASTER; DIVARICATI

form.) Middle and lower leaves broad, subcircular or oval, then
suddenly incurved into a long straight or falcate acumination,
doubly and very sharply toothed; the teeth very salient, slender
and bristle-pointed, either couchant, aquiline or straight-backed,
continued well into the sinus. Upper leaves and axiles nearly
typical for A. stilettiformis. Heads often larger, with conspicuous
milk-white rays, a single bunch or segregated in long-stalked
clusters. Bracts often a little acutish.

Ms., d E. L. Sturtevant, in hb. Bu., Au. 16, '89.

M. V., Tea Lane Brook, Se. 6,97.

N. x vic., Inwood, Se. 27, 2. Mosholu, hill, Oc. 22,98; Bryn Mawr Park,
Se. 26,96 ; Se. 14,98; Se. '99; Black Pool, under Fimbriate tree, Se. 15, 1900;
Ianthinus rocks, Se. 15, 1900, Se. 15, 1

Wie IN, T sd Babes, Au. 29, ’96.

DCs, pe Cr., Oc. 5, '90

20° ee Intermediate to A. divaricatus L., with

more ovate leaf-type, forward serrate, and heavy thick rough
leaves paler beneath ; in rock crevices and the little leaves browned
in the sun, I in. long or less; plants chiefly 7 in. high ; some-
times twice that.

N. Y., vic., Zuwood, Se. 24,'96 ; rocks foot of 165th St, Se. 30, '98 ; Ft.
George, Se. 24,796 ; Yonkers, rocks at Caryl, Se. '98.

9,

21. Aster circularis sp. nov.

Small delicate wand-like plants with little firm subcircular
acute leaves, broad sinus, close short sharp curvescent-serrate
teeth, few close heads, and pale chanfer and obtusish bracts.

a from the leaf-form.
G. 30, plant from Tarrytown, N. Y.; Se. 24, °98, in hb. Bu.; 4, charac-
teristic ie form ; d, occasional lower leaf.

Se terete, very slender, stiff, usually reddened, 16 in. high,
Or

Pull form circular-acute with very abrupt and short acumina-
tion, very broad conspicuous sinus, and notably close sharp short
teeth with curving back. Leaves mostly 114 x L in., with delicate
petiole shorter than the leaf-breadth but continuously developed
well into the inflorescence. Sinus also continuing far up the

s
longer, and show the ovate-acuminate type from which this species
‘was doubtless derived. Such leaves have longer shallower teeth
and are intermediate to A. excavatus,

Inflorescence small, irregular, very short-branched though not
compact. Bracteals ovate, small and inconspicuous. Heads
small, 36 in. high, short-rayed, little over 34 in. broad.

| 2 aes d 2i
idR XI s. leu a E

ASTER CIRCULARIS 185

4 ell

Aster circularis
FIG. 30.

Bracts pale, narrow or linear, somewhat obtuse, usually
chanfer, the green tip slight.

Grows in loose patches, on rocky slopes, under thin shade or
among bushes; lower Hudson valley. Sept. Examples:

186 DESCRIPTION OF ASTER; DIVARICATI

N. Y. vic., Tarrytown, Sleepy Hollow, summit, Se. 24,’98. Yonkers, Bryn
Mawr Park, Se. '96—'99. Mosholu, at full height June 26, 1905.
N. J., Palisades, Se. '97, '98.

A, circularis differs from obolarian plants of A. divaricatus in
its closer, i ie teeth, firmer texture, and deeper and more per-
sistent sinu

From A divaricatus curtifolius it differs in its thinner, smaller
leaves, narrow bracts, and more continuous sinus, short rays and
smaller, fewer heads.

m A. rupicola it cone in its smaller shorter leaves and
more Biet curve-back teeth.

From A. argillarius it differs in its more slender leaves, more
outflung teeth, and paler bevel-tip bracts.

All the above species make an approach to a subcircular leaf-
form, but A. circularis approximates to it most closely.

A. circularis is also unlike the others in having all leaves
cordate.

SUBDIVISION C

Bracts lingual, sashes at tip, nearly all alike in shape, nearly
all-over green. Sp. 22-25.

22. Aster argillarius sp. nov.

Small, stiff, brittle, close-clustered plants, with little ovate-
acute subuniform leaves, little hair, almost no sinus, short petioles,
obconic inflorescence, and lingual rounding-tipped bracts.

Name from its partiality to clayey soil, L., argilla, clay.
Fic. 31, plant from Palisades, N. J., Se. '97, in hb. Bz. ; e, charac-
teristic leaf; /, a lower-leaf form; 4, an upper-leaf Fa g, radicals.

Stem browned in half-sun, green in shade, slightly and repeat-
edly flexed, erect, stiff and brittle, very slender and delicate in
aspect, chiefly 1 ft. high, sometimes 1 9.

Leaves (the cauline), very small, nearly uniform, 1 x 34 in.
or sometimes I 14 x I in., ovate-acute, or slightly incurve-acumi-
nate, thin, firm, of peculiar silken texture when fresh, rough when
dry, full green, serrate with moderate straight-backed teeth, or
with some curvescent or aquiline teeth intermixed. Sinus slight,
rather sharp in a few lower caulines, quite open in the lowest.
Petioles all short and slender, continuing to the first axils.

Radical leaves when developed often form quite conspicuous
little tufts, 3 or 4 inches removed from the stem from which their
rootstock springs. These radicals are often 5 to 10 together, in
size 114 x I in., oval-oblong, with small sharp sinus, with a
shorter filiform petiole, rather dark-green, their apex acute (not
acuminate), their teeth crenate-serrate.

E i a oa

ASTER ARGILLARIUS 187

Aster arpillarius
FIG. 3i-

Axiles ovate-acute or narrower, sessile by a rounded base or
the lower ones slightly petioled, sharp-serrulate.

Rameals gradually smaller and blunter in apex and teeth,
often mostly oval-oblong, obtuse and crenulate, sometimes all
subcircular.

188 DESCRIPTION OF ASTER; DIVARICATI

Hair not obvious, but under lens it is seen minutely present on
leaves beneath and on some pedicels and petioles, and slightly on
bract-margins

Inflorescence with straight stiff filiform branches, loose and
convex-topped ; on pressing forming a distinctly obconic deep
sharp-based figure. In smaller plants rather close and broad, in
large plants it becomes a foot broad and equally deep, or three
times the usual measure for the species.

Heads small, 34 in. broad, 1% in. high, half of which is invo-
lucre. Involucre rather straight-sided and sharp-based, cylindrical
in life, nearly obconic when pressed, pale and smoothish.

Bracts lingual, abruptly rounded at the broad pale apex, with
broad scarious thin golden-brown and paler margins, and a narrow
obscure greenish median stripe, the ciliation irregular, scanty and
tangled. A few lowest bracts are often acutish and elongated-
triangular. A few innermost are wholly pale, much narrowed
and prolonged, but still obtuse. Green tips on the predominant
bracts are sometimes developed and are then broad, convex above
and fading out and indefinite below.

Rays 6 to 9, short, thinnish, with slightly curved sides, and 2
or 3 minute teeth at the roundish apex. Disks turning brownish-
crimson, with sharp wide-spaced lobes; the bell short, 44 or 1%
the length of the filiform stalk. ^ Achenes narrow, smooth, with
contracted base. Pappus soon tawny, within one year; hardly
more so after three years.

— Development: Radicals just starting, 34 in. long, Apr. 18,
'99; a few 114 x 34 in. by May 10, '99. About 3 such radicals,
preceded by 3 or even 4 tiny reddened primordials, only 14 x %
in. or less. All leaves thin and without obvious hair. Plants 8 in.
by July 9.

— Delicate close-clustered plants of clayey levels or banks, in
half shade, growing especially in company with Liquidambar
sprouts or young chestnuts (about N. Y.); also occurring on
clay knolls of sandy admixture, among Gaylussacia bushes (E.
Mass. and M. V.); and extending into crevices of gneissic rocks.
Near the coast, Maine to New Jersey. Sept. and early Oct.

Me., S. Berwick, York Co., dry open woods, Se. 26,797. M. L. Fernald
in hb. mer iiie hb. Bu.
Ms., N. Bedford, Clark’s Pt., Se. 11, 97, B
M. V., Gay Head, Blackwater Knoll, Se. 6, 95 obliterated and locality over-
grown ms sila. Se. t T Tea Lane, Mark’s Valley bridge, Se. 6,'97 ; failed o
account of drought, 1 istown, woods, Se. 4, '97.
Ne Y. view; rir nie rock by Fern-swamp quarry, Se. 25, 1900. Bathgate

| SSS ere Mu

ASTER ARGILLARIUS 189

woods, rock by Jerome Av., near 2d brook, Oc. 2, ee Yonkers, Park Hill, wet
sandy bg Oc. 10, ’98. Bryn Mawr Park, Se. 14, 1903.

Filed, Cliffside Park, Se. 12, ‘98. Underci in clay, typical locality,
Se. 29, fee. Oc. '97, Se. and Oc. 7,98, Se. 14 and Oc. 7,'99; few surviving Se.

6
EO
o

9 ouse
at Hottonia brook, in clay-bank, Se. 14, 1900, destroyed by turfing park. — Also,
woodland between the last two stations, Se. 14, '99.

22? Branch-forms. Giese more irregular; rameals
enlarged, taper-based, subentire or obscurely crenulate. Heads
somewhat larger than in the type—as often occurs in other
branch-forms.

Observed chiefly at the Palisades, Oc. 7, ’98, etc.

22° Sprout-forms, occasional, with the preceding. Short
winged petioles frequent; confused series of various leaf-types
developed in rapid succession, orbicular, cordate, oval-oblong,
elliptic, € E. , within the space of 5 inches, ascending the
stem in the order

N. Y. vic., Larchmont, Oct. 28, ’98.

22* Pale-disk form, verging toward A. divaricatus L. Red in
the disks less developed ; leaves more cordated and more acu-
minate ; inflorescence more irregular, teeth often obsolescent ; all
parts still small.

N. J., Palisades, Se. 14, and Oc. 7, '99, hundreds of plants forming a loose
mass under half shade ; pen pale and leaves rough in growth ; some surviving parking,
Se. 1

22? Linnaea-leaved form. Very delicate plants with a long
succession of very small roundish crenate leaves, resembling those
of Linnaea, chiefly 34 in. long, or even all of them only 7 in.,
with the filiform petiole half the leaf-length. Leaves thickish,
acute, with acute sinus or soon with rounded base. Axiles pecu-
liar, oblong, abruptly acuminate, suddenly contracted into a sessile

ase, the margins slit-serrate ; verging toward the cauline leaf-type
of the Dentifolial form of A. stilettīformis — which also grows (but
some ten miles distant from this Zzzzaca-leaved form), on Martha's
Vineyard. Inflorescence irregular, few-flowered, 10-20 heads
or less.

M. V., Davistown, woods, Se. 4, '97.

N. J., Palisades, Undercliff, at type locality for 4. argillarius ; Oc. 7, '98,
Se. 14, '99 ; survivors trampled out by builders, Au. 1600

22° Pinnated form, verging toward f Claytont. Branches
continued from the middle axils, producing a pinnately corymbose
effect in herbarium ; inflorescence 4 in. across at the rather full
rounded summit, 6 to 10 in. deep, straight-sided and sharp-based
as in the type, but more leafy, each branch bearing several little

*

190 DESCRIPTION OF ASTER; DIVARICATI

oblong subentire rameals and dividing only at the summit to pro-
duce heads, thus suggesting the inflorescence-form of A. Clayton,
which species the leaves occasionally equal in roughness. Re-
tains the bracts and other characters of A. argi//arius, and seldom
exceeds it in size.

M. V., Gay Head, Blackwater Knoll, Se. 6, '98; not developed Se. 1900.

22! Rock-seam form, growing in lines in narrow crevices of

gneissic rocks, and spreading to adjoining slopes. Differs from
type in having less brown on stem and bracts, more curvature and
irregularity in inflorescence, and darker thinner leaves, chiefly
11⁄4 x Iin. In deep shade.

IN. Y. e rni cus near quarry, Se. 25, 1900. Bathgate woods, near
Jerome Ave., Oc. goo

23. Aster aucuparius sp. nov.

Wand-like dull green plants, with small, short, ovate-oblong,
thickish leaves; with sharp, remotish notchy teeth, slight sinus,
wide-forked slender branches, broad coriaceous dark-tipped bracts,
and a leaf-type suggesting a leaflet of Pyrus aucuparia (whence
the name).

Fic. 32, plant from Palisades, N. J., Se. 29, ’97, in hb. Bu. ; 4, characteristic
leaf ; d, frequent upper leaf; /, little leaf occasionally replacing ¢, and otherwise often
present at base of stem.

Stem erect, stiff, slender, wandlike, terete and smooth, slightly
and repeatedly zigzag, pale, brownish or slightly reddened, 2 or
2 1 ft. high.

Leaf-type ovate-oblong, acute or short-acuminate, with rounded
base and short slender half-inch petiole, regularly notched with
rather remote, long, sharp, forward-projecting teeth. Teeth mainly
straight-backed, sometimes curvescent, extending into the basal
curve well toward the petiole. Such leaves constitute the middle
caulines or the upper also, and sometimes extend into the inflores-
cence. They measure often 2% x 114 or 212 x 14 in., some-
times 3 X 1%.

Lower caulines short, cordate-ovate, very short mie
with moderate sinus or few with any, 3 x 2, or sometimes 4 x 3
in., serrate. Axiles, and Nabe nii the upper caulines, abi
lanceolate, sessile by a rounded bas

Texture firm rm, dense, not as cde as in its ally A. carmesinus,
soft, while fresh, except as it is roughened with scattered hai
above; in most leaves granular-roughened also, when dry.

Radic als seldom produced, very small, cordate-acute, sub-

|
|
|

ASTER AUCUPARIUS 191

entire, ! in. long, nearly as broad; or broader and reniform ;
becoming yellow and perishing often in July.

Leaf-color dull opaque green, brownish green when dry ; au-
tumn color becoming soon deep umber. Leaves pale beneath,
their veins obscure. Petioles usually narrow, but sometimes de-
veloping a cuneate wing, 14 or 44 in. long, and then resembling

2
£X de

}

|

Aster aucuparias

FIG. 32.

its ally A. Zszriformis. Rameals not very prominent or charac-
teristic, ovate, often minute.

Inflorescence loose, flabellately forked in well-developed or
mature growth, with irregularly convex top from a deep sharp
base, with long internodes; peduncles leafless and often 4 or 5
in. long ; pedicels often 1 in. or more, and diverging widely at
end of flowering though short and tufted closely at first opening.

Angle of chief peduncles 25 to 30? from the vertical. Heads
56 in. broad or less and 36 in. high, of which the involucre is half.
Involucre pale, rather sharp-based, obconic in pressing.

192 DESCRIPTION OF ASTER; DIVARICATI

Bracts broad, heavy and coriaceous, nearly uniform, rounding
to a truncate or acutish ciliate apex, smooth-backed, and little
ciliate elsewhere. Green tips short, abrupt, broad and blunt, soon
disappearing inward with a brief change into a few longer spatu-
late paler tips. Bracts otherwise pale, of a slightly brownish

tinued well up the series; but often none such are developed at
all. Inmost bracts inconspicuous, narrowed, pale and taper-
obtuse, with some scarious and purple edges.

Rays white, sometimes crimson, chiefly 10, 11 or 12, rather
broad, rounded at the minutely bidentate apex, very thin and
quickly withering. Fimbriation sometimes occurs, some rays
becoming deeply bifid while yet erect and involutely terete. The
whole plant presents sometimes a similarly bifid aspect, as if cleft
almost to the ground into two long parallel ascending stems.
Disks maroon or dull crimson, the sharp lobes about equal to the
narrow bell, and about 1% the length of the short thickish stalk.
Achenes smooth.

— Scattered plants, or in little clumps, in half or three-fourths
shade, in rich soil near rocks. Albany and the Hudson valley to
the Potomac.

Well-developed plants are highly unlike other Divaricati,
sometimes almost without a cordate leaf, and usually with few or
none at flowering. They are also readily distinguished by their
ovate-oblong leaf-form from their congeners A. carmesinus and
A. listriformis, both of which are also of thinner texture.

A. aucuparius seems nearest of kin to the shuttle-form of A.
Iistriformis, and sometimes develops a single truncate-based non-
tapered leaf of the sad-iron type, among those of its own.

Examples :

N. sy , Albany, in Hughson's Glen near Ludlowville, Se.

N. Y. vic., Æt. Washington, foot of 1 70th St., Oc. P 98. cis swamp-
border, Se. i '98. Bryn Mawr — Se. 26, 96; - 3,796; under chestnut
tree opposite first house, Se. 18, '97, Se. 14, 1903.

N. J., Palisades, Undercliff ; at 2v a dob most extremely developed
plants, Se. 29,'97, etc.; with well-grown age 18 in. high. July 9, 1900, but trampled
out in Aug. by builders; one surviving, Se. dci was chiefly in bud. No further
traces till Oc. 1904, when several plants sus

a.,near inris as “ A. cordi Side: — - Phila. ," in hb. Bernhardi, now *
in hb. Ms Bot.
prose R., on Conn I., above Great Falls, Oc. 11, ’go.

2 xd Truncate-base form ; verging toward A. virgularis. Leaf-

di cer

mw Bh eos Ca Peas es > i

ASTER LISTRIFORMIS 193

angles especially the basal, more cornered, less rounded, shuttle-
shaped. See Fic. 32

N. Y. vic., Znwood, Se. 27,’97; Ft. George, sunburnt dwarf on rocks, Se. 24,
'96. Staten /., Princes Bay, Oc. 10,'96. Yonkers, Yonkers ave. swamp, chief form
growing about Stanford Spr., Se. 22, '99.

24. Aster listriformis sp. nov.

Red-stemmed diffuse plants of shaded rock-crevices, with listri-
form or spade-like winged and truncate crenated caulines, long
triangular sharp serrate axiles, rich maroon disks and rounded
lingual bracts.

Name from the leaf-form, L. from Gr. Aiotpov, a spade.
Fic. 33, plant from Bryn Mawr Park, vic. N. Y., Se. 25,'97, in hb. Bu., b,
characteristic leaf-form ; æ, typical lower leaf-form.

Stem strong but brittle,
slender, terete, smooth,
nearly straight, deep red or
almost ebony (but in some

tough yellow surculi.
Characteristic leaf-type
spade-like or listriform,
being the truncated half of
an ellipse, with acute or
obtuse apex, and with cu-

are the principal caulines
remaining at blossoming-
time, and usually cease
abruptly with the first axil.
They are closely and even-
ly crenate-serrate, or with
some straight-backed
teeth, or often with nearly

all the teeth aquiline. Di- c C Aster listeifoems
mensions often 24% x 134 Fio, 3%

in. Sometimes a few
wings are oval with constriction above and below; and some
petioles remain slender and unwinged.

194 DESCRIPTION OF ASTER; DIVARICATI

Lower caulines early deciduous, less toothed, the teeth couch-
ant or straightish ; the form varying, often ovate-lanceolate or
ovate-triangular, with truncate brace-base and narrow slender
petiole.

Lowest caulines sometimes like the last, but often of a new
type, paraboloid with rounded i ae rounded swelling basal lobes,
and broad rounded or bicurve sin

Axiles very long, truelliform or trowel-shaped, 7. e., lance-tri-
angular with straight sides and rounded truncate-base, acuminate,
sharply slit-toothed, witli short broad cuneate wing or sessile ; often
much longer and larger than the caulines, and in original type
about 3 x 14%. Rameals or the lower ones, lance-oblong, acute,
obscurely slit-serrulate. Ramulars soon suborbicular, !4 in.
broad or all much smaller, entire or nearly so, often approximate
in threes, giving, especially in much refracted inflorescences, a
suggestion of verticillate development.

Leaf-texture very peculiar, firm, thinnish, very smooth to the
touch during growth ; minutely roughened above when dry, with
short scattered close-appressed hair. Leaves apple-green, much
paler beneath, turning fawn-color and yellowish in Sept. or Oct.

Hair almost absent; under a lens the stem commonly shows
none, the petioles merely a few ciliations ; beneath, the narrow
imposed veins bear scattering hairs ; on the ‘pedicels some puberu-
lence, and a little ciliation on the bract cts.

Inflorescence diffuse, in well-grown plants very copious, 2 ft.
or more broad, neat and clean in habit, semi-nude, repeatedly sub-
orbicularly tribracteate, with long straight filiform pedicels and
peduncles, which are widely divergent or often highly refracted.
Pedicels sometimes 1 % in. long, but more of them 1% inch.

Bracts lingual, coriaceous, with broad and deep dark green
tip, otherwise pale green; all nearly alike, often with a minute
acute point at the otherwise abruptly rounded apex

Rays clear white, eight or sometimes more, soon reflexed and
pendant, often quickly becoming deep rose-purple. Disks warm
honey-yellow, soon deep maroon or rose-brown or rich crimson.

— The type, combining in one all the above characters, was
abundant beneath the south end of Split Rocks, near Yonkers,
1897, but was nearly exterminated by trampling and clearing in
1900, though a number of plants were reasserting themselves,
Se. 1903 and 1904.

More commonly, examples by omitting some one or two of its
peculiar leaf-forms and by enlarging others, assume widely variant
aspects, giving rise to some of the forms enumerated below ; many
such occurring near the type, 1897-1903.

]
E

ASTER LISTRIFORMIS 195

— Springing out of rich crevices in gneissic cliffs under deep
shade, or in rich soil of banks or glens, near N. Y. City in N. Y.
and N. J.,in late September. Profuse-blooming plants sometimes
produce from 100 to 200 heads, all simultaneously in flower.

N. = vic., Eastchester, Seton Falls, Se. 24, 1900. Bryn Mawr Fark, wooded
summit, '98, '99, 1900, 1903. Split Rocks, south end, Se. 25, '97, ; b nkside,
north end, Se. 15, 1903, Hillview, Se. 22, 1900. Vault Hill, nearly ii basta: June

1905.

N. J., Palisades, Undercliff, Violaris-corner, Se. 29, '97, Se. 12, 98, young
patch of very many plants, destroyed by mowing soon after.

24° Helioscopian form, with inflorescence (in parts or in whole)
continuously sympodial and repeatedly suborbicularly tribracteate,
suggesting in effect the inflorescence of Euphorbia Helioscopia. The
most extreme form of the species, highly refracted, and usually with
the listriform leaves numerous. The sympodial inflorescence
sometimes follows upon accidental loss of the main stem but more
often consists of continuous arrest of the growth-impulse, appar-
ently independent of any external influence. Repeated growth of
this kind causes many inflorescences when pressed to resemble
Mollugo verticillata. Stimulus of light from above acting on a
plant, growing at the base of a cit: between the cliff and trees,
accounts for this only in part, as it did not similarly affect nu-
merous other examples of the Divaricati growing in company with

this.
Vith pae iraque 2 feet high, near Vonkers, N. Y., beneath Split Rocks,

24° Eur form. Peduncles and pedicels excessively wide-
spread, refracted as in the preceding, the inflorescence in one
plant (springing from rich soil lodged in a stump) becoming 2 ft.
broad and 2 ft. high. Branching often quite largely sympodial.
Unlike the preceding in developing few listriform leaves or sub-
circular bractlets
N. Y, vie. pow Mawr Park, at several places; beneath Split Rocks, south
end, Se. 25, 97; middie, Se. 28, 1900; north end, Se. 15, 1900; Slab-stump, Se. 19,
; Hillview, Se. 15, 97.

24* Virescent form. Dark green, with green stem, and leafy
inflorescence : result of overfeeding or of loosened soil, producing
numerous enlarged limp sabori. rameals, some of which oc-
casionally develop into the axile leaf-form, — except that the
base continues rounded or somewhat tapering. Late-flowering
pants, and, perhaps in consequence of this, apt to lack crimson

n rays and disks, and developing some green in the rays instead.
N. Y. vic., Yonkers, Park Hill, Oc. 10, '98; Bryn Mawr Park, Oc. 21, ’98.

196 DESCRIPTION OF ASTER; DIVARICATI

24° Trowel-leaf form. Often dark green; the axile type of
the typical form here becomes the predominant cauline leaf-form ;
- lower caulines ovate-triangular with deeper sinus. With the type
at all localities, and persisting longer, the type seeming to turn to
this when depauperate.
N. Y. vic., Eastchester, Seton Falls, Se. 24, 1900. Yonkers, Hillview, Se.
19, 97; Bryn Mawr Park, Oc. 21, '98, Se. 28, 1900, Se. 15,

24° Round-leaf form. ode: toward A. ee curti-
folius: teeth less developed; many lower caulines suborbicular
and quite large, 31% x 3 in., with deep broad sinus and apiculate
base
Beneath Split Rocks, Se. 25, 97, not found the three following years.

247 Little-spade form. More slender plants with reduction of
leaf-size, serration and color, and with perhaps still less hair than
in the type. Lower leaves ovate-acute, low-serrate, with rather
deep broad square sinus, soon becoming shallow. Listriform
leaves suddenly follow (or sometimes gradually), with truncate
brace-base or sometimes a notched base ; they are subentire and
thin, very minutely crenulate or denticulate ; ; obtuse or rounded at
apex; and usually a pale yellowish-green. A few are acute and
a few are entire; sometimes they are quadrate and crenate with
pronounced pendant basal lobes. These leaves often numerous,
but occasionally only 1 or 2 on a plant, and are usually 34 in.
long, rarely 1 in. Slender, undulatiform, orbicular and cuneate
petioles, all occur. The axiles are less prolonged than in the
type, often 114 x 34 in., ovate-acute, moderately straight-serrate ;
the inflorescence small, shallow, often more condensed, and short-
pedicelled, 2 to 4 in. broad, with some rounded and some chanfer-
tipped bracts.

N. Y. vic., at the bri for the type, also at d at Inwood and
Ft. gern on Manhat .; and probably widely diffus

See ponas pelis with the type 4. road from the sam
source with m carmesinus, and A. divaricatus, and apparently not attaining ond
stable equipoise as to transmit very definite die? a fluctuation-variant perhaps
rather than a species.

24° Shuttle form. Middle and upper caulines not typically
listriform but longer in proportion, resembling a shape seen in
many shuttles ; z. e., somewhat oblong with straight parallel sides,
truncate square-cornered base, and at the end abruptly sloped into
an obtuse or very slightly acute apex. Such leaves are about
1% x I in., and have less rounded corners than the listriform
type, besides being much more tardily narrowed toward the apex.
Lowest caulines and the axiles nearly as in A. divaricatus in form,
the lower leaves 2717 x 114 in. or less, the axiles 117 x 34 in. OF -

eet ee oe ye: i ae,
DUUM " MS roo b p =
olin Sue EL E ee acid

XN aw = 1 i l f

hae
ue mecs
iM i

Mem. Torrey CLUB, 13 Pris

ASTER CARMESINUS.

amr — PE aae ———qQA"

ASTER CARMESINUS 197

less, the latter lanceolate, serrulate, less truncate-based than in
typical . A. lstriformis. Leav ves in general thickish, apple-green,
straight-serrate, some of them often subentire. Bracts more varied,
narrower, sometimes acutish. — Widely distributed, in scattered in-
dividuals or small clumps, in rich soil near rocks, in little shade,
N. Y. to Va. — Unlike A. aucuparius in lacking acuminate leaves.
Unlike A. carmesinus in having few cordated leaves. Unlike A
divaricatus curtifolius, toward which it verges, in its straight-sided
leaves, more wand-like aspect, etc. Unlike any in its character-
istic leaf-form, which may however be a peculiar modification of
that of A. Zistriformis.
Examples of this shuttle-form :

N. Y. vic., Znwood, on Dyckman Rock, Se. 27,'97 ; Se.'98; Se. 23, 1903.
Ft. Washington, Se. 30,'98. A. opa Se. 24, °96. Yonkers, Bryn Mawr Park,
Se. 1900, Se. 15, 1903; Split Rocks, Oc. ’97. Staten I., Princes Bay, Oc. Io, ’96.

N. J., Palisades, above underdliff Se.-29, "97.

Va., Potomac R. banks, Spout Run, n 2, 38.

25. ASTER CARMESINUS Burgess

Small rock-loving plants with crenate-serrate crisp leaves, per-
sistent short slender petioles and small deep narrow sinus, widely
divergent peduncles and shallow inflorescence of segregated
cymules with deep crimson disks (whence the name, Late Lat.
carmesinus, crimson).

34 (= PLATE 5); plant from Bryn Mawr Park, Se. 29, '96, in hb. Az. ;

with aa rony of Se. 23, '99 ; characteristic leaf-form is seen in the lowest leaf of
the dep sten

4. carmesinus Burgess in Britt. & Br. Ill. Flora, 3: 356. f. 3.735. 1898.
Original distro

“Stems erect, delicate, closely tufted, 1 or 2 ft. high, glabrous,
reddish brown, terete. Leaves all petioled, glabrate, very thin
but firm and crisp, the lower and basal ones oval, rounded or with
a small deep and rounded sinus at the base, bluntly acute or short-
acuminate at the apex, crenate-serrate, the upper ones sometimes
ovate-lanceolate, the uppermost short-elliptic. Petioles €
the uppermost sometimes winged. Inflorescence 5 in. broad, o
less, usually of about 5 convex glomerules, each often of 10 to i
short-peduncled heads, its branches spreading, 3 in. long or less.

* Rays.chiefly 6, white; disk at first golden-yellow, finally deep
purplish-crimson ; florets broadly bell-shaped. Outer bracts ob-
tuse, ciliate, pale with a green tip. Achenes glabrous.— On
shaded rocks, near Yonkers, N. Y. Peculiar in its dense glomer-
ules subtended by large hose leaves [this character proves to

198 DESCRIPTION OF ASTER; DIVARICATI

belong not to the typical form of the species but to the less usual
syncopated form]. September.

Leaf-form cordate-oval, acute or short-acuminate, crenate-
serrate or curvescent-serrate, with small but rather deep and
narrow sinus, best developed in the lower half or two thirds of
the stem

Radical leaves dark green, small, an inch long or less, cordate-
oval, obtuse or acutish, a few still smaller ones sometimes sub-
orbicular. Their crenations are long, shallow, about 6 to the side
of a larger leaf 2 x 1% in. Sudden access of light, accompanied by
loosening of soil, produces very nlarged and multiplied radical
clusters, with coarser more serrate i more oblong leaves some-
times 4 x 214 in. Elevated rosettes of large oval radicals each 2 in.
long or more, are sometimes raised on an erect turionic rootstock
4 or 5 in. high (or from the side of the stem at the same distance
above the proper base) when upward growth in a cranny has
denied room for radicals below. Rootstocks not in crevices are
yellowish-brown and short, about 3 in. length.

Lowermost caulines hardly show the typical leaf-form, a few or
I or 2 nodes bearing smaller shorter broader more quickly acu-
minate leaves with broader sinus

Lower and middle caulines typical, apple-green, about 3x 277
in., smooth to the touch when growing, nearly so when dry, their
petioles very slender, t in. or less lon

Upper caulines ovate-acuminate or lanceolate, still with short
slender petioles or with moderate wings, continuing as muc
diminished sessile axiles.

Inflorescence shallow, broad, usually small, 4 to 7 in. broad,
consisting of rather widely separated cymules or divisions segre-
gated by their long wide-spreading peduncles. Pedicels slender,
not much elongated, a half-inch long, sometimes an inch. Heads
small, usually $ in. broad or less, about 2 in. high. Rays moder-
ately truncate or at least blunt, bread 3 ig in. or more in length.
Disks soon deep crimson, with broad short bell abruptly con-
tracted into a slender stalk.

Bracts very broad, short, uniform, rounded at the apex. Green
tip hatchet-like, broad and short. A few bracts may vary ; some
ower ones may be triangular-acute ; some of those following are
sometimes chanfer-oblong with slight acutish tip, decurrent into
midrib ; some inner ones are narrowed and without green tips,
having only a green midrib with pale nearly white margins. Bracts
of 5 ranks, of which about 3 are of the predominant form, pale-
green, subscarious, nearly smoothish, with ciliation very long, soft,
tangled and pale. Achenes smooth.

— In the lower Hudson region, in thin woods on high ridges,

ASTER CARMESINUS 199

rising from crevices among gneissic rocks when filled with rich
black leaf-mold ; or straying slightly into neighboring loose mica-
ceous soil. Stems clustered rather closely, under half-shade, as
of chestnut trees, forming a loose mass which sometimes covers a
whole rock to exclusion of other forms. Rootstocks best devel-
oped in the wood-earth of rock-crevices, there becoming thick and
heavy and contorted, blackish or dark brown, with very close and
prominently ridged nodes, a length of about 3—4 in. remaining sound
and often 14 in. thick, sometimes with short stubby branches, some-
times with a few branches nearly as long as itself. One old rootstock
of 1899 had on it the scars or the bud-points for the growth of
1894-1903, or the epitome or possibility of 9 years of connected
growth.

Old rootstocks seem about twice as thick and corrugated and
closely stoloniferous as in case of A. divaricatus or A. rupicola or
subspecies cymulosus, when these by growing in similar rock-
crevices have become specially contorted and thickened. Young
surculi in such situations are short, yellowish-brown, uprising into
new radical tufts within about a half-inch of the main plant. In
neighboring loose soil surrounding rocks, they become somewhat
more slender, and longer.

Examples :

N.Y. wie; ics dpi Ap Rock, 5e. 27, 'g Miri M. ew near
quarry, Se. 25, 1900. Yonkers, Bryn Mawr Park, Split To Se. 26, 96, "Bi;
Se. 98; EA atori building; Diller Rocks, Se. 25, °97. Stony ee
above St. Mary's Cem., Se. 23, ’99, Oc. 6, 1900, Oc. Igo, Se. 1902, Se. 22, a

e. 1904, Grassy Sprain, reservoir rockwall, Se. 23, 99. Mile Square road,
Bu. Rocky woods n. e. of St. Joseph's Sem., Oc. oli 98, Bi. ostii, nd
Hollow Cem., Se. '98, many plants having crimson

pe oue Undercliff Se. 29, '97, ge

À rose r
Pa., Bethlehem ? Schweinitz in hb. Phila. Acad. Ang pm Aster thyrsi-
Jorus by Schweinitz; and by Nuttall, sein about 1810-1819, Biotia thrysifiora ;
apparently from the somewhat den es. Later labelled ‘ is Pagi i on
incorporation of the de Schweiult: gd ca of the Phila. Acad. — Schweinitz did
not indicate ad ; his own herbarium is however Md to ee his col-
lections about Bethlehem, Pa., and Salem,
Allies. ee deep crimson = occur in A. rupicola, 2
“istriformis and A. virgularis ; and to a less degree, in A. fragran
A, aucuparius, A. argillarius, A. stilettiformis, A. ‘camptilis ; ^ iain
sometimes in A. divaricatus when the plant is otherwise nearly
typical.
Plants intermediate between A. carmesinus and A. divaricatus

200 DESCRIPTION OF ASTER; DIVARICATI

occur over a wide range, observed from L. Erie to Connecticut and
the Potomac. But these seem to be variations in the direction of 4.
carmesinus which still do not quite reach it, except in the Hudson
region. Other intermediates of A. carmesinus occur in the Hudson
region also, notably toward A. rupicola, A. listriformis, A. aucupa-
rius and probably others.

ariants. 25! Branch-forms bear little oval or oval-oblong
subentire leaves gradually increased into long low-serrate acumi-
nate upper leaves. Rameals suborbicular, well separated, fol-
lowing abruptly upon the long upper caulines and axiles.

Sprout-forms occur with all the leaves very small, non-

cordate, oval and suborbicular to lanceolate.

25* All-cordate form, all leaves or almost all, cordate to the in-
florescence, shorter than in the type ; still acute, but nearly cordate-
orbicular. Thin, green-stemmed, with narrow bracts, little ciliate,
more apt to be eye HUE:

NS Y. , Ft. Washington, Se. 30, '98; Inwood, Dyckman rock, Se. 27,
Ld ee Daye Cr., rocks of Cock Hill, Se. 22,’98. Yonkers, Bryn Mawr Park,

'97. “Rocky MN north of St. Joseph's Sem., A. carmesinus? Oc. 2,
s d dus

25° Broad-ray form: much larger plants, with green stem;
heads a full inch broad, the rays broad, about 7 in. long.
Cauline or axile leaves enlarged; disks still crimson but bracts
greener.

N. V. vic., Bryn Mawr Park, Palmer Ave. Rocks, Se. 26, '96.

25° Parchment-leaf form, sunburnt, in open gravelly places,
leaves firm, thickened, in drying having a fine granular roughness ;
crimson of the disks intense.
Ct., Mianus R., ditch, Oc. 15, '96.

25’ Syncopated form, peculiar and rare extreme state, with
subsessile heads in involucrate clusters, owing to syncopation of
pedicels and development of unusually large subelliptic rameals.
Bracts broader, rounder, paler. Crenation more appressed.

v , Split Rocks, Se. 26, '96, about 15 plants; locality destroyed
summer of '97, by beilding: ; others seen on Stony Lonesome, Se., 1903.

25° Green-awl form; virescent plants with small crowded
heads, scarcely involucrate, peculiar in their greenish awl-shaped
open-filiform erect rays ; filiform by involution, erect on account
of crowding. Teeth often sharper, but bracts and crimson disks
mf remain normal. In small clusters, in half-shade.

iU. , Stony — with the type, Se. 27, '99; absent, Oc. 2>
1900. pets ses lion, Ot. I3

ASTER CASTANEUS 201

Division C. TENEBROSIAN ASTERS.

Thinnest smoothest leaves. Disks with less red or none.

Subdivision A. BRACTS OBTUSE, VERY NARROW.

Sp. 26, 27; A. castaneus and A, olivaceus.

26. ASTER CASTANEUS Burgess.

Wand-like swaying dull-green plants with many ovate-lanceolate
caulines and rameals, minutely roughened texture, inflorescence of
fastigiated arch-top branches, the pedicels prolonged, filiform and
upcurved, the rays quickly pendulous, long remaining snowy-
white, the disks dull rose-brown becoming chestnut-color (whence
the name, L. castanea, the chestnut-tree).

Fic. 35, plant from Hillview, N. Y. vic., Se. 15, 97, in hb. Bu. ; 4, char-
acteristic leaf-form ; d, occasional lower leaf.

A. castaneus Burgess in Small’s S. E. Flora, 1211. 1903, with original de-
scription :

“ Stem glabrate, terete, graceful and wand-like, reddish-brown
or greenish, with about twelve delicate straight darker striae, and
becoming sinuous in the inflorescence. Predominant leaf-blades
remote, very thin, of a dense and hard texture, minutely granular-
roughened when dry, ovate-lanceolate, closely slit-serrate, often
unequally decurrent upon the short slender petiole; the lowest
leaves much shorter, ovate-acuminate, coarsely serrate, and with
a moderate sinus; rameal leaves lanceolate-acuminate or often all
crescent-like and decurved, sessile by a short cuneate base. In-
florescence nearly naked, narrow, composed of several upcurved
slender unequal branches bearing close convex clusters, all in
flower at once and very short-lived. Pedicels long, filiform, up-
curved, sometimes bearing small circular bracteals or discules.
Bracts narrow, linear-obtuse, pale, with bright-green tips. Rays
. often 9, linear, snow-white, excessively thin and soon pendulous.
Disks soon turning to rose-brown, sienna or chestnut-color. Re-
sembles A. divaricatus L.; differs in all the above characters,
especially in form of inflorescence, bracts and leaves. — In clayey
spots amid swamps, near N. Y. City, also Conn. and L. Erie to
No. Car. Early fall. — Type, Hillview, N. Y., Se. 15, '97, Bu.

u ” *

Supplementary remarks. Stem 2-3 ft. high, often decumbent,
normally forming swaying masses where each stem supports the
other. Rootstocks short, deep, pulling up with difficulty. :

Leaf-form characteristically ovate-lanceolate with rounded

202 DESCRIPTION OF ASTER; DIVARICATI

base, without sinus, closely slit-serrate but with entire acumination.

m are most caulines and the first axiles; about 3 x 11% in., or

1. Lowest caulines on large plants sometimes 2 wx 2x in;

s first ones apt to be remarkably small and broad, 11% x r in.
or less.

Teeth sharp, conspicuous, rather close, but not large, chiefly of

slit-serrate type, everywhere continuous except on the acumination

Cb
Aster castaneus
FIG, 35.

and sometimes on the ultimate rameals ; becoming in the inflor-
escence mostly remotely low-serrate, and in the lowest broader
cordated leaves becoming coarser and outflung.

Leaves very apt to be decurrent down their petioles on one
side ; even the rameals are so occasionally ; some plants choked
under tall tangles of blackberry and smilax show still stronger de-
currence into long cuneate wings, 1% in. long or more.

Inflorescence deep and narrow, very peculiar when character-
istically developed, pressing into a convex or flattish top of sepa-
rated branches each of which repeats the general structure, the

-" ME

LT cu J

2 3 DNE ETT ME TIS

ASTER CASTANEUS 203

whole suggesting a series of white arch-segments thrown up
loosely to outline a larger arch. Heads $ in. broad, 5, high.

Bracts truncate-obtuse, a few of the inner ones much attenuate,
or of the basal ones acut tish. Green tips spatulate or irregular.
Involucre narrow, very short, sharp-based

Rays not large, excessively thin, apt to be 9 on vigorous heads,
7 in many, and 5 on impoverished heads or on whole plants

Obvious hair lacking ; under a lens some white ciliation shows
on bracts, a little on pedicels, and minute puberulence on pedicels.

— Drier clayey spots in swamps or near water, or in clayey
pockets about stumps of trees; especially struggling upward
through tangles of smilax, blackberry and other thickety growth ;
about Se. 10-20.

In a season of prolonged drought it becomes greatly altered,
the pedicels shorter, stouter, less curved, the inflorescence much
more contracted, often but a single bunch.

In the sun, fewer ovate leaves and more numerous cordate
leaves seem to be produced.

In case of interruption to its accustomed conditions, with drying-
out of swamp lands (draining or clearing, or laying out streets),
shorter leaves are developed which are of stunted little acuminate
form with many cuneate wings.

— Grows in company with A. ardens and A. Claytoni ; from
the source of these it is apparently a recent offshoot. When
typically developed, it has less percurrent axis, fewer cordations,
thinner and larger leaves, than A. Claytoni, with narrower inflor-
escence, and leaves and more forward-directed teeth than either
that or A. ardens.

Specimens include :

CE » Riverside, Mianus R., Oc. 15, ’97.

N. Y. `, Inwood, Se. 27 bai Van ignia — links, Oc. 2, ^97.
Yonkers, ari swamp, Se. 15,’ a, S e. 798, Se. '99, Se. Fam a ge
but obliterated by building, 1901. Bank beneath Split mde Se. '98;
Lonesome, with 4. carmesinus, Se. 1903.

WN Yy r., glen, Se. 8, ' 96.

NC. pid tt Herb. Biltmore, no. 34, ‘‘ Aster —,” in hb. N. Y. Bot.
Gar., etc.

Pa., Bethlehem, in hb. Schweinitz ; two non-cordate fragments which seem to
be of this ESSE and id so, the earliest specimens perhaps preserved ; Schweinitz wrote
on his label, ** A. —?"' and later, in a blacker ink added ** 4. brachiatus Ly.”
later hand substituted « * 4. corymbosus.”’

26? Branch-forms ; similar, with shorter leaves.

204 DESCRIPTION OF ASTER; DIVARICATI

26° Sprout- bas similar with ovate fewer-toothed leaves, and
with some ovate radicals ; in flower as late as Oc. 26 near N. Y

26! arii ues d Fonda form. Leaves long, narrow, to
5x I4 in.; the short petioles 1 in. or less; all of the middle and
upper ones 'margined, but on one side only or chiefly ; the rounded
base of the leaf also singularly decurrent down the petiole on one
side, overpassing the other side by 1% or % in. The leaf which
is decurrent on the right side is followed by one decurrent on the
left, and so forth ; this being true of all the plants from a group of
rootstocks.

N Y. vic., Bryn Mawr Park, Se. 17,98, rich shaded brook-bank, with nu-

merous non-decurrent forms of 4. divaricatus L. growing everywhere near

27. Aster olivaceus sp. nov.

Tall pale wand-like plants with thin tissue-like ovate acuminate
leaves, strong teeth and sinus, narrow rays and long tapering
inner bracts, slender upcurved naked branches, widely separated
dense-flowered involucrate cymules, and disks finally brown but
fora long time light greenish yellow or olivaceous (whence the
name).

Fic. 36, plant from Dunkirk, N. Y., Au. 21, 96, in hb. Bu. ; d, younger
cymules in bud ; of same

Stem tall, very slender, somewhat wand-like but not rigid, 2 or
2% ft. high, erect and nearly straight, pale and olivaceous or
light purplish or vinous-brown.

Leaves very thin, of delicate tissue-like texture, light-green
or yellow-green, smoothish above in growth, finely roughened
when dry, and quite downy beneath. Leaf-form nearly as in A.
divaricatus L., but more triangular-ovate, coarse-serrate, commonly
not large, 212 x 1% in., but sometimes 5 x 2% in. Sinus deep,
broad and strong, continued well up the stem unlike A. castaneus.
Teeth strong, either curvescent, couchant or of low-serrate type.
Incurved acumination little-developed. Petioles slender, persis-
tent into the inflorescence ; winged petioles occur seldom, but some-
times slightly among lower axiles.

Axiles few, lanceolate, with short acumination and short peti-
ole or sometimes a little wing-base, only slightly serrulate ; some-
what like those of A. tenebrosus, but light or full green, not dark
and not nearly so long or so entire. Bracteals similar, gradually
shorter and sessile, chiefly conduplicate around their branches,
especially the secondary branches, often 1 x is in. Radicals
resemble the lower caulines, being ovate-acuminate, but smaller
and less serrate.

a

pis re Sys e ee Lh dr o WU eS IE

ASTER OLIVACEUS 205

Internodes of the stem long and continuing for a long time to
lengthen ; those of the long pale-sienna slender rootstock are very
short and close.

Stem generally forking into about 3 main branches, near its
top, which rise at an acute angle into an upward curve and become
erect or nearly so; their own branches are given off at a wide
angle, bearing well-separated cymules which remain for a long

Sr

p» ;

Aster. olivaceus
Fic. 36.

time dense with 10-12 crowded heads in an irregularly convex-
topped cluster, which is involucrate and for some time enclosed
by 1—3 broad ovate-lanceolate partly conduplicate bracteals.

Pedicels tardily developed, white tomentulose and often but
z5 in. long when the rays are already beginning to flatten, finally
filiform and often 1 in. long at length. Great time-difference
also exists between central and lateral blossoming, buds contin-
uing to push out centrifugally while older heads are in pappus;
unlike the somewhat similarly upcurved branches of A. castaneus,
which are all completely in flower at once.

206 . DESCRIPTION OF ASTER; DIVARICATI

Heads of all sizes at once, but chiefly moderate, some a little
over I in., but many on the same plant never reaching nearly that
breadth. Involucre rather sharp at bas

Outer bracts rather pale, puberulent “all over, of about 3 rows,
with narrow midrib forming a green line, oblong or shut tle-
shaped with the sides nearly straight, obtusely pointed or the
lowest acutish and more ovate

Inner bracts very much longer, much narrower or attenuate
but hardly acute, smoothish, often purpled all over or on the
margins, of about 2 rows, the pale greenish tip disappearing with
the innermost row.

Rays milk-white or dull white, often olivaceous-tinged, repeat-
edly 8, but sometimes 11, long and narrow, widest near the middle,
curving to a narrow acuminate end, with persistently upcurved
sides, the apex entire or but very obscurely toothed. During

these tips, and in drying they quickly become involute-acicular.
When flattened they show no channels, but 4 fine M lines.
Rays when well developed "ur be l in. long, 4l in. broad,
usually inrolled and not over 4 in. broad when dr

Disks pale or but moderately yellow, soon olivaceous or
greenish brown, finally dingy brown, seldom passing through any
decidedly reddish brown stage.

In damp hollows in beech woods, etc., best developed on
clayey soil of Lake Erie bluffs; also observed near Boston and
N. Y. City ; apt to form small rather loose clumps.

Examples :

Ms., Weston, near Charles R., Au. 28, '98 ; radicals and young stems of 6 in.,
May 7, 99; radicals still remaining, stems now 20 in., but lacking 2 weeks of blossom,
though about 2 weeks earlier than neighboring 4. tenebrosus and A. divaricatus, Au.
8, 1900.
V , Bryn Mawr Park, brookbank, Se. 17, '98. Pelham Manor,
in loosened qued, js 20,"

W. p Pt, Gratiot, Au. 29,'96, Au. 21,97, Au. 19,’98, Se.
'99, Au., psn, I9OI, 1902, 1903, 1904. Fredonia, Marsh's woods, Au.,’97. be.
i 5,'96. Hanover, Aster-bank in Silver Cr. gorge, Au. 17, '96
Silver Cr., Talcott’s woods, Au. 23, '99 ; Swift's hill, Se. 1, ’99, Au., 1900. Cat-
taraugus reservation, Little Indian banks, in tussocks s among cattails, Au. 20, ' 96, and
Au. 24, '97; Tompkins woods, Au. 28, '99, on mound in low bushes; Skidway
clearing, Au. 31, '99.

— A. olivaceus is distinguished from A. divaricatus especially
by its inflorescence, not freely diffused but of few remotish cymules
which long retain a dense contracted habit. Its bracts are less
truncate and ciliate, more puberulent, the inner ones more taper-

NEUE M, mmm. vss c CERE Cu. e SE

—D—— Qn

ASTER TENEBROSUS 207

ing, more purple-tinged. Its leaves are paler, shorter, less long-
acuminate. The sinus is broader. The cymules in case of small
plants are all in one mass, but in most they become separated on

. pale bare slender upcurved branches. 4. divaricatus occasionally

has its disks turn olivaceous without preliminary reddening, but
not with the predominant regularity of A. olivaceus.

A. olivaceus resembles A. divaricatus cymulosus in having seg-
regated cymules, but differs in many of the just mentioned
particulars and in its whole habit, taller, slenderer stem, etc. The
rays of cymulosus are notably shorter, broader, dense, more apt to
be tridentate, its disks are reddened, its sinus not so broad and
shallow, its cymules little involucrate. Both A. divaricatus and
its variety cyuudosus, when growing with A. olivaceus, are chiefly
in blossom two weeks later or more.

A. olivaceus is distinguished from A. tenebrosus by its rougher
leaves, much narrower inner bracts, fewer and less developed rays,
paler color, etc. My supposition at first sight that it was an
immature or a drought-condensed stage of A. tenebrosus was dis-
proved on watching its development the ensuing eight years.
Like A. tenebrosus, its leaves are extremely thin; but are not so
sleek ; they are broad-based and salient-toothed, but not so much
so, nor so large; the outer bracts paler, the inner ones of different
shape, and the subsessile heads are much more segregated.

A. olivaceus is distinguished from A. fragrans, which has very
thin leaves of somewhat similar shape, by its subsessile heads,
greenish disks, pale leaves, and very different inflorescence.

Suspivision B. Bracts acute, very broadly triangular; the
inner ones oblong-obtusish. Sp. 2

28. ASTER TENEBROSUS Burgess
Tall wide-branched dark-green plants of deep shade, with large
thin sleek leaves, strong teeth, acumination and sinus, loosely
forked inflorescence with numerous long rays and axiles, and
acute green bracts.

Name from its home in the shadowed edges of thick woods; L., = accom-

panied by t
G. 37, pon from Dunkirk, N. Y., Au. 29, 96, in hb. Bz.; showing small
TTE branch, a lower cauline leaf (not ib so large in proportion to the:

208 DESCRIPTION OF ASTER; DIVARICATI

others as is common) an upper cauline leaf, and an axile leaf of occasional but less
typical form.

A. tenebrosus Bu. in Br. and Br. Ill. Fl. 3: 357. f. 3736. 1898, with
original description :

“Stems solitary or scattered, glabrate, striate, about 3 ft. high.
Leaves very thin and smooth, slender-petioled, broadly oblong,
coarsely toothed with remote acuminate teeth, abruptly long-
acuminate at the apex, the basal sinus broad, rounded, shallow,
except in the lowest ones ; leaves of the inflorescence lanceolate,
subentire, sessile, sometimes 4 in. long. Inflorescence broadly
corymbose ; heads about 4 lines high, often 144 broad, rays
usually 9 to 12; disk pale yellow, becoming purplish brown, the
florets funnel-form with a long slender tube; outer bracts chiefly
elongated-triangular, acute, green ; the others linear, obtusish, the
green tips lance-linear ; achenes generally glabrous. — In moist
dark woodlands, New York to Virginia. Peculiar in its large
dark leaves with coarser teeth than in the next species [ A. divari-
catus |. u
Sud plenis y remarks. Stems green, or greenish brown,
erect but easily made decumbent, and often repeatedly geniculate.
Leaves rather pale beneath, the larger ones often 6 in. long, an
2 or 3 in. broad, or sometimes even 4 in., very thin and tissue-
like, usually smooth when dry, and in growth having a smooth
surface like dressed kid.

Sinus, where best developed, in a few lower caulines, broad,
deep, somewhat rectangular. Most leaves have a brace-base
with double curve and almost truncate.

Leaf-form oblong-ovate with strongly incurved and entire
acumination. Teeth chiefly coarse, strongly outflung, mostly
between curvescent and couchant in form, with occasional typical
examples of both, and with aquiline teeth appearing toward the
rounding base, or sometimes all along the margins.

Petioles slender, distinct but not long in proportion to the
leaf, being commonly less than half the leaf-breadth. They con-
tinue well into the inflorescence.

Axiles and rameals low-serrate, ovate-lanceolate to lanceolate,
their petioles often becoming winged. Finally the bracteals be-
come sessile and sometimes wholly entire, while still remaining
long, conspicuous and streamer-like ; 30 such on a large in-
florescence being seen, about 2% in. long, and ¥% in. or more
broad.

Inflorescence subject to early arrest at main stem and subse-
quently at main branches, each soon overtopped irregularly by
proliferous branches, the whole sometimes 16 in. broad and high.

maller inflorescences and those of only a few heads, often, how-
ever, remain level or convex-topped.

Soe ETE mnn
ww v

ASTER TENEBROSUS 209

Ad A
Fee T

Fic, 37.

t Bracts chiefly very acute, the green tip very dark and large,
broad-based, triangular-elongate. Middle bracts becoming oblong,
diminishing in breadth above their middle, then chanfer-acute or
acutish, chiefly pale, with slender brown marginal lines and midrib.

210 DESCRIPTION OF ASTER; DIVARICATI

Inner bracts pale, linear, tapering at the end to a rather obtuse
point. Ciliation rather strong on the outermost bracts; their
backs smooth or with some scattered tangled hair.
Rays long and narrow, their white often dull or slightly vires-
cent, very variable in number, sometimes only 6, but often 12.
Heads terminating each main branch. Form at first a small
dense glomerule, usually soon widely and unequally separated by
development of simple or branching pedicels.
In deeper shade than A. divaricatus, Mass. and L. Erie to
North Carolina. Late in August. Specimens include :
M. V., Mark’ s-valley Road, on side-hill in bushes, Se. 7, ^98; leaves much
maller in sea-air and sand than leaves of inland correlatives, but larger than in the
essa A. m of that sea-coast
N. ; Bryn Mawr pas Se. 4,798, Bi. Mile-Square road, Se. 25,

N. pu c€— Kaaterskill = Se. 7, °99.

WOON Yo , Pt Gra E Pu, Au. 21,'96, Au. 29,'96 —
bloom), Au. 3 and 11, '97 pa un edes A u. I9, 798, Au. 22, 99, Se. 2, '99 ; July
I9, 1900 (young buds); nearly Sued out, IgOI-1903. Fredonia, Se. 1, '96, Se.
11, 96, etc. eridan, Au. 15,796. Silver Cr., Au. 15,'96, to’97, 98,99, 1900-
1903. Hanover, near High Br., Au. 17, '96 ; near Little Indian Falls, zu 41,799.
Cattaraugus, Indian reservation " ** 1saac? rq > Perrysburg, Au. 19
En a., Phila. vic., Au. 30, '69, G. H. R. as ** A. cordtfolius,”’ in e Mo. Bot.

ard.

Va., Potomac bank, above Washington ; c Run, 788.

P» Sera Co., alt. 5,000 ft., pm 'gr, H. C. Beardslee, A. corym-
6osus,"' in ag U..S. N. Mu, as no. 18
ee, s Bald, alt. 6,000 I ’91, Beardslee, as 4l. corymbosus, in hb.
Mo. Bot. dum

28? Sprout-forms show broader rays, smaller leaves, and many
leaves of ovate shape with non-truncate rounding bases; inflores-
cence still proliferous but small, segregated, the little cymules less
readily becoming diffuse. Su ch persist in clearings and often
flourish well although prostrated by trampling.

28° Condensed forms, either in sun or shade, resulting two
successive seasons, '99 and 1900, from unusual prolonged drought.
They showed the effect chiefly in the inflorescence, only their
main branches developing and their heads remaining subsessile or
but little separated in their remotish cymule

Au. 23, !99, Se. 2, '99, Au. 1900, in W. N. Y.

28' Bushy form, with bronzed leaves, stout erect stem, and in-
crease of leaf-substance making them membranous rather than
tissuey, and roughish in drying. More in sun. Disks purpled
or maroon ; intermediate to A. divaricatus alatus.

W. N. Y., Hanover, Au. 17, ' 96,

deu
"da 234

Mem. Torrey CLuB,13 : PL. 6. ,

eth "a
7 $^». PN

AS ot N
AA CM SELLE
IMA R/S AN i. add
TN E ga NI
ORS X}

_ ASTER SOCIABILIS | | E

ASTER CHLOROLEPSIS 211

28° Hybrid? A. tenebrosus x A. glomeratus? Grew with both
species, Au. 10, '97, Darby Switch on Canadaway Cr. near Cas-
sadaga, W. N.. Y. Pale yellowish-green, hoary with pubescence ;
bracts narrower. Like A. ¢encbrosus, it shows acute bracts, long
narrow rays, long lanceolate axiles, long flexile branches, and
lower leaves somewhat typical also. Like A. g/omeratus, it shows
much obvious hair on bracts, leaves and stem, yellowish green
color, rough surface, membranous texture, and especially a less
diffused convex-topped inflorescence with each branch bearing a
dense glomerule at its summit. In moderate sun.

Suppivision C. Bracts rounded, short and broad, scale-like,
all alike. Sp. 29.

20. ASTER CHLOROLEPIS Burgess

Dark large-leaved, long-rayed plants resembling A. tenebro-
sus, but having a sharp deep sinus, crimson disk, moderate serrate
bracteals, and rounded bracts.

Name from the prominent green scale-like bracts. Gr. y2opoz, greenish,
Aeríc, a scale.

Fic, 38, plant from Grandfather Mtn., N. C., Her, no. 1290, in hb. Colu.

A. chlorolepis Burgess in Small’s S. E. Fl. 1211. 1903, with original
description :

“Stem strong, glabrate, brownish, terete below, angulate-
striate above. Leaf-blades large, smooth, very thin, brownish

flung teeth ; sinus deep and sharp ; petioles short, slender; axile
leaves also large, oblong lanceolate, serrate with long forward-
directed teeth, the upper ones sessile. Inflorescence loose and
irregular; heads large, long-peduncled, inclined to be widely
separated ; rays nearly twice the length of the involucre ; bracts
quite uniform, thick, broad, short and scale-like, with very little
ciliation or hair, chiefly golden-brown with a short, broad, dark
green rounded tip; disks turning crimson. Resembles A. fene-
brosus in its large heads, leaves, teeth and bracts; differs espe-
cially in having the sinus sharp, and bracts rounded, and in the
absence of greatly prolonged entire bracteals. — In the moun-
tains, N. Y., W. Va., and N. C., reaching altitudes respectively
of 300, 1,000 and 1,850 gei Fall. — Type, Grandfather Mt.,
N. C.. Heller, no. 1290, in hb. C."

Also, W. Va., Aurora, dps Au. 26, E. S. Steele in hb. N.
Y. Bot. Gard.

212 DESCRIPTION OF ASTER; DIVARICATI

Division D. CLAYTONIAN ASTERS.
Thickened firmer leaves, rough when dry, ovate-acuminate in
principal form or broader; not large nor very narrow nor very
long. Disks high, very fragrant of bee- bread, golden-yellow, soon
becoming a warm rich brown (exc. nos. 33-35.) Petioles short,
not rapidly lengthened below.

\ NES S
SEEN 2 ye
— SS

Sy >

Aster chlorolepis
Fic 38.

Subdivision A. BRACTS NARROW, OBLONG.

Leaves chiefly smooth when fresh. Veins cord-like beneath,
pale. Sp. 30.

30. ASTER CLAYTONI Burgess. Clayton’s Aster.

Pinnately percurrent 6-rayed plant, with sharp teeth and
sinus, roughening leaves, broad-based axiles, long suberect pedun-
. cles, small, subumbellate heads, attenuate inner and beveled outer
bracts, and glowing sienna disks.

Mem. TonRREY CLUB, 13

say

TA; e
XS X

y

j

S
T K

S
"m
ie /)

ye
NS

Ñ

ASTER CLAYTONI.

ee ee eee Dai

ASTER CLAYTONI 213

Name from John Clayton, of Virginia, its first observer, 1755 or earlier.
Fic. 39 (— PLATE 7) ; plant from Inwood, N. Y. City, Se. 24, ’96, rei Be.

Aster serotinus, floribus in —€— Wa . « +, 20. 707. Clayton in FI.
d. 2,125. 1762; so written id Clayton 1755 or vetlel. ; see p. 221 ; fide Clayton’ nin
specimen in hb. Br. Mus. ( Nat. mi ) sec p. 225. à
Aster foliis cordatis. . . caule subfruticoso, Gronovius, Fl. Virg., ed. 2, 125.

1762.
A. Claytoni Burgess in Br. and Br. Ill. Fl. 3: 358. f 3,740. 1898, with
original description.

“ Similar to A. divaricatus, stems red, tough

“ Leaves chiefly ovate-lanceolate, not large, rough, thick,
slender-petioled, coarsely serrate, pale, or dull, the apex incurved-
acuminate, the upper spreading or deflexed, sessile by a broad
base, lanceolate-triangular, serrulated. Inflorescence high, with
percurrent axis, the long suberect branches each bearing a small
umbelliform cluster of heads ; peduncles filiform, as long as the
heads, 3"—4" long; bracts pale ; rays short, narrow, chiefly 6,
snow-white ; disks at first golden-yellow, finally sienna-brown ;
florets about 20 ; achenes [when young ; sometimes when mature]
densely short- hairy.

“In sunny or e shaded rocky places, New York to the
mountains of Virginia. September.’

OTA remarks. Stem usually about 2 ft., without
obvious hair, dull red or reddish-brown, tough, terete, erect but
slightly sinuous above.

Leaves about 314 x 2 in. or smaller, rather uniform, very
slowly diminished ed often all are about 2 x I in.

eaf-texture thick or thickish, compared with A. divaricatus
L., strongly roughened when dry; often roughish when fresh,
but as often smooth, even sometimes so when in the sun

Leaf-form ovate-acute to ovate-lanceolate. Petioles short,
slender, mostly less than half the leaf-breadth, finally forming a
short concave wing, and usually disappearing with the axiles.

Sinus strong, quite persistent, chiefly sharp; broad and deep
in one or more lowest leaves, broad and shallow sometimes in one
Or more upper ones, and then replaced by truncate or finally
rounded bases. Teeth sharp, moderate in size, curvescent or with
back of a single-curve, irregularly spaced. Apex incurved-acute
or short acuminate.

Axiles lanceolate-triangular, broad based, sessile or almost so,
deflexed or spreading sharp-serrulate. Rameal similar but Mee
denly and greatly reduced. Ramulars form little discules, 4} in.
broad or less often none.

Veins inconspicuous above, very slender and cord-like Beto
forward-curved, chiefly 6 pairs, sparingly strigose-hairy.

214 DESCRIPTION OF ASTER; DIVARICATI

Leaf-color dull apple-green, very pale beneath, fawn-color on
their autumnal turning, by end of September.

Inflorescence high and convex-topped, with percurrent axis,
and long slender suberect peduncles each bearing small convex
umbelliform cluster of small heads, 5; in. high or less, borne on
filiform pedicels of similar length.

Rays snow white, chiefly 8 and 6, oblong, short, rounded at
the apex, often reddening with age.

Disks full, broad and | high, of about 20 florets, on expanding of
a warm golden yellow and exhaling a bee- bread fragrance, soon
turning a glowing sienna-color, and on withering a dull brown.
Usually scarce any red is developed, but sometimes it occurs,
replacing the sienna-color.

Achenes clavately fusiform, sometimes at maturity retaining
close short hairs along the numerous fine striations, but often
losing them early and becoming smooth before maturity.

Pappus ecru and after drying becoming faint fawn or slightly
tawny after 4 years.

Radicals very rarely produced, perhaps 3 clusters in the many
hundreds of plants observed; a group found Se. 15, "97, showed
6 similar cordate-orbicular leaves, usually 3 x 214 in., with sharp
crenate teeth.

Habitat. Rock-loving plants in sunny or slightly shaded
places ; N. Y., to the mountains of Virginia, about the middle of

Stems loosely scattered, usually several together from one
rootstock-cluster ; occasionally these clusters are near enough to
each other to fill rocky spaces or slopes. The plant seems to be
partial to dry rock slopes covered with thin soil and also to the
drier places in rocky swamps, where tufts of the plant grow just
above wet clayey mud; as Clayton indicated in his original
description, 2” saxoszs aut lutosts.

Altes. For distinctions from A. mollescens see that species.
From A. divaricatus into which it passes, typical A. Claytoni is
distinguished readily by its shorter smaller rough coarse leaves,
sessile truncated axiles, and pinnated inflorescence of subumbellate
clusters borne along a percurrent axis. It is usually paler, has
less red in its disks, and has smaller heads. From A. ardens, one
of its near allies, it is distinguished partly by smaller size, narrower
and tapered bracts, and very different inflorescence. A. ardens
has also usually an intensely bright deep-red stem and deep-
crimson disks.

ASTER CLAYTONI 215

A. ebeneus, another near ally, has usually thicker blunter less
sharp-toothed leaves, axiles taper-based not truncate, and darker
stem, apt to be more percurrent and more numerously branched.

id ae of A. vici include :

ing sia Sky Far
E any Co., at poses Se. 709; C. H. Pek in N, Y. St Herb.
Catskills, Hune z 5, 99, p
, Znwood, Dyckman Av. rock, Se. 24, '96, Se. 24 and 27, ’97, Se.
22. 'g8. Se. 14, on Se. 1900, I901, 1902, 1903, 1904 ; by gie, Oc. 15, "39;
late-blooming and virescent. Bank of the Hudson below Inwood, Oc. 16,'98, Bi. Ft.
Washington, Oc. 16,'98, Bi.; 165th St. rock, Se. 30, '98, "m foot of 170th St. Oc.
,'98, Mosholu, Se. pall '96. Ft. George, rocks, Se. 24,’95. /ndianfield, Se. 18,
98. Yonkers, Hillview swamp, among rocks, Se. 15,'97, Se. 13,'98, Se. ’99, Se. 23
1900; nearly dics Se. 1901-1905 ; late-blooming, Oc. 26,'97. Park Hill,
rocks, Se. 14, ’96. Bryn Mawr Park, Se. '99 ; Split Rocks, Se. 25,'97, Se. 17, '98,
Se. 16, '99, Se. 1900, Se. 1903. Woods n. e. of St. Joseph's Seminary, Oc. 2, ’97,

Bi. ronx R. or near, Fordham and Woodlawn, Se. 1903 arrytown, Se. 24,'98.
N. J., Palisades, Woodcliff, Se. 12, '98 ; Pe Lee, Oc. 17,’99; Underchff, ids

Se. 14, = > 14, 1900, Oc. 17, ’99; in bud, Au. 8, '99; halfway up, Se. 14
I YS - Sew, High Pr. “leion, P A An. 17, 96. Beskoi,

Marsh’ s hon Se. I, 96 ; Canadaway Cr., rocky bank, Au. 22, ’96, just opening.
Va., Potomac R., Spout Run, Oc. 2,'88, Bu. Blue Ridge region, before
1755, Gaston, no. 767, now in hb. Br. Mu. Nat. Hist.

Variants include :

30° Branch-forms. More irregularity of leaf-form, even with
oboval and triangular-lanceolate upper leaves, and sometimes

of nodes. Large cuneate-based elliptic rameals are sometimes
developed.

N. Y. vic., Zzwood, Dyckman Av. rock, Se. 24, '97, '98, ’99.

30° Sprout-form (seldom developed?) shows less regular in-
dence and less symmetrical leaves ; rameals oval to oblong-
ovate.
N. Y. vic., Z//view, Oc. 26,'97, etc.

30* Arrest-stem form; upper part of stem not pir
inflorescence seeming as ‘if seated in leaves; plants small;
florescence bens widely and repeatedly branched, and full of
little oval leaves

N. Y. vic., /nwood, gota Oc. 13, '99.
W. N. Y., Hanover, High Br., Au. 17, '96.

30° Arrest-leaf form. Sudden arrest or reduction in size
affects all the leaves above the first few; plant consists of a small
single-bunch inflorescence raised on a pedunculate axis which is

216 DESCRIPTION OF ASTER; DIVARICATI

clothed with little ovate leaves following upon a few much larger
basal ovate leaves. The same effect is “produced regular
biformis, and in occasional plants by other allies of A. Mi idée
but is infrequent in the Dzvaricatz.

N. Jy Palisades; Ft. Lee, Oc. 17, '99 ; lake to south, Oc. 17, '99.

30° Axilliferous form, differing from the type in having shorter

peduncles and such extending well down the stem. With the type.
N. Y. vic., Znood, Se. 22, '98; /ndianfield, Se. 18,’98; Split Rocks, Se.
i7,'99.

30' Branchy-base form ; plants repeatedly branching widely
and divaricately near the base and upward ; often within 3 in. o
the ground ; sometimes with branches lying on the ground though
stiff and strong ; plants becoming in this way sometimes about 2 ft.
broad and 1% ft. high. Unlike the proper branch forms of the
species, this seems not the result of cropping, but develops its
main axis in full. Proper truncate-based sessile upper leaves of
the species first appear in this form on the secondary branches,
instead of simply subtending the base ofthe primary. The cauline
leaves are all, or nearly all, axiles, and with a strong broad deep
sinus. Rameals ovate, elliptic or lanceolate. Ramulars truncate-
ovate, TANE

N: Y. ; NAM, shallow grassy ditch by roadside below Dyckman Ave.
Rock, Se. 24, 106, p^ ^97, 5e. 22; sà Se. 14, 96, 900.
NE. P down Se. 27, '97, Se. 14; '99.

,

o

30° Brush-top form. Very proliferous profuse inflorescence of
small heads, from long ascending peduncles, overlapping into a
dense pinnate or corymbose mass, with rather long suberect
pedicels. Cordate bases few and slight; upper caulines ovate,
rather large, wing-based; rameals often large and numerous,
oblong, sessile, passing from taper-based to truncate-based ; bevel
bracts common. Late, with the type ; seems sometimes to be pro-
duced as an abnormal growth from the type by strangulation with
Amphicarpaea, by overcrowding, entangling with other plants, etc.
N. Y. vie, ae Oc. 6,'99; Woodlawn Heights, Se. 25, 1900 ;
Hillview, ditch border, Se. 22, 1900.
N. J., Palisades, Yi dae. Oc. 17, ’99.

30” Bhightéye form. Differs from type in smaller size, and
dissolved inflorescence, which is not so remotely pinnate, and is
intermediate to A. ardens, Each branch bears not an umbel-like
corymb with upper internodes syncopated, as in typical A. Clay-
tont, but a stiffly divaricate corymb of remotish spreading branch-
lets, each of these bearing an umbellule or instead a miniature
corymb. Leaves smooth and soft in life, rough when dry. With

ee a

ASTER CLAYTONI 217

particularly bright glowing golden disks. — In half sun, in thin
grassy turf on rocks. Frequent near N. Y. City, with the type;
examples :
. Y. vic., Znwood, Dyckman Ave. Rock, Se. 27, '97, etc. Ft. Washing-
ton, foot of 170th St., Oc. 6, "98.
N. Y., Palisades, Woodcliff, Se. 12, '98. Ft. Lee, Oc. 17, '99. Undercliff,
Se. 16, 'g9.

Bro own-top form
of Aster Claytoni
FIG. 40. .

a

30? Brown-top form.
Fic. 40, from plant of Orange Mt., N. J., Oc. 24, '96, in hb. Bu.

Low, bushy-branched, small-flowered, floriferous brownish
aen with very numerous large oblong or spatulate taper-based

meals. Stem green or brownish, often beginning to branch
ree at the ground. Branches green, numerous, long and
ascending, sometimes 12-20 on a plant and vien 8-12 in. long,
themselves soon similarly and repeatedly rami

Leaves brownish green, much blotched with deeper brown in
autumn, their veins often paler and whitish beneath. Caulines

218 DESCRIPTION OF ASTER; DIVARICATI

and lower axiles few or none at flowering time, cordate-ovate,
rather small, 234 x 134 in., with coarse and rather remote teeth
which are irregularly couchant ; the sinus shallow, and petioles
slender or the upper winged.

Upper axiles and rameals peculiar, sessile, obtuse, elliptical
spatulate or oblong, strongly tapered toward the base: 212 x 14
in. when elliptical, or if spatulate- -oblong narrowed to 2⁄4 X 34 in.

Inflorescence often 6 to 10 in. across, sometimes 16 i € Heads
very small and numerous; large ones be in. broad, 45, in. high;
on more floriferous plants $ in. "broad, 4 fg in. high, with hundreds
such on the plants. Rays dull white. Disks soon brown, becom-
ing a conspicuous dark umber in many extreme plants, occasion-
ally with some red. Bracts indefinitely green-tipped, not very
ciliate, apt to be truncate-obtuse with a slight central point.

Late-flowering plants of gravelly spots or crevices of rocks.

N. Y. vic., Bedford Park, Se. 10, 1903. Yonkers, McLean Av., Se. 29,98.
N. J., West Orange, Eagle Rock, Oc. 24, '96.

Va., Potomac bank above Aqueduct Br., Oc. 15, 787.

D. C., Washington, Vasey, '87, nos. 18,955 and 18,956 in U. S. Natl. Hb.

30" Catskill form, intermediate toward A. divaricatus L.
Early-flowering high-cordate dense-topped cinereous plants with
small close sharp teeth, and thickish leaves. Bracts all of a uniform

somewhat triangular. Stems closely cespitose, dark prune- -color,

much bent and sinuous, chiefly 1 ft. high.

A On sunny banks, above Schoharie Cr., at Hunter, Greene Co., N. Y., Se.
» 99.

30" Cliff-clinging form. Growing out of narrow ledges or
crevices well up the side of cliffs, and rising almost vertically in-
stead of divergently outward as in many plants in similar situa-
tions, or instead of curving upward as in A. Parthianus or curving
downward as in A. arcuatus. Inflorescence of about 6-8 well-
separated clusters which flatten as a whole into an ovoid-oblong
outline from the failure of the lower peduncles to elongate far, the
axis continuing high; a direct result of situation and access of
light; the kindred typical plants of A. Claytoni on the top of the
same rock display a much broader-topped inflorescence. Clusters
denser than in type, and more convex.

e of rocks crowned with the type above, at Inwood and Ft. George on
Manhattan I., at Split Rocks near Yonkers, on the Palisades, and also in Chautauqua
Co., N. Y., at Fredonia.

30° Ltiolate form, blanched by growth under new building, soft,
smooth, decumbent and elongate, with capillary tendril-like whitish

UCTCCODTENE GIL MER

ee Se

ASTER CLAYTONI 219

pedicels 1 and almost 2 in. long; no kinship to A. Claytoni would

be guessed from these, but from the same rootstock grew a short

erect rough condensed plant nearly typical for A. C/laytoni, retain-

ing its characters because happening to project into the sun.
Mosholu, N. Y., Se. 30, ’96.

30% Flagelliform form. Very remarkable in appearance from
its many long swaying flagelliform branches, each bearing a little
dense cluster of heads, with — pedicels.

N. V. vic., Tarrytown, Se. *93.
N. J., Palisades, face of the E above Undercliff, Se. 14, '99.

30? Rock-cleft form. Very dark green, but leaves wholly
different from other dark green Divaricati, and in shape agreeing
with A. Clayton ; roughish a little on account of scattered hair in
life, more so when dry; disks reddish brown; rays about 12,
sometimes 13. Partial to clefts of rock, where it grows in lines
or scattered clusters ; iis in loose stony soil in their venen

N. , Park Hill, , 96.
N. $ nia sir dee i I4, 1900.

30" Thin-leaf form. Verges toward A. divaricatus, the leaves
not = pbs when dry ; but quite firm and of a dense texture.
Y. , Yonkers, Hillview rocks, Se. 15,'97; near woodborder, Se. '97;
Park "n Se. 14, an
30" Vertici form.
Fic. 41, top of plant of Bryn Mawr Park, N. Y., Oc. 21, '98, in hb. Bu.

Strong much-branched rigid a with many strongly divari-
cate verticils each with 3 (or sometimes only 2) leaves and branches.
Rigid ; stem greenish, angulate ; leaves cordate-ovate, short, small,
dark green, with broad base. Inflorescence profusely branched,
greatly divaricated, many of the upper nodes giving off the charac-
teristic verticillate or opposite leaves and branches. These cases
are unlike the normal inflorescence of the Devaricati in retaining an
early suppression of internodes, which in others becomes partially
obscured by slight separation during development. Examples:

N. Y. vic., Pelham, Se.’99. Bryn Mawr Park, in loosened soil, Oc. 21,
"98, some plants with as many as I2 2-3-leaved verticils ; their rays chiefly virescent.

— Extreme plants of this form are exceedingly distinct, so
much so as to seem in habit to indicate distinct generic position.
Yet I have not felt warranted in assigning even specific rank, for
the following reasons: Ist, variants grew with it connecting with
typical A. Claytoni,; as also with A. divaricatus and its flabellate
form. I would deem this but a slight argument against specific

220 DESCRIPTION OF ASTER; DIVARICATI

rank in Aster, if it stood alone; but it is here reinforced, 2d, by
the failure to observe other similar specimens, though searched for
in the original locality, 1899 to 1905; and 3d, by the nature.
of the building-operations by its side, leading to the conclusion
that it was a stimulated form, altered by a sudden loosening of its
soil and by rich accession of material ; the spot being abandoned
by builders, luxuriant growth set in.

The tendency to verticillate development seems a freak ; no
fungus or insect-swellings appear associated ; and the possible ex-

Verticil form
of r laytoni
Fic. 41.

E

planation of suppression of upper internodes because of a sup-
posed drought seems unsatisfactory, because, 1st, other neighbor-
ing plants of A. divaricatus were not so affected, and 2d, because
e presence of at least 3 successive verticils would on that hypo-
thesis call for the improbable alternation of as many periods of
drought and moisture.
l The smoothness of the leaves points to A. divaricatus, but
their shape and the form of the inflorescence-clusters indicate a
nearer affinity to A. Claytoni.

M els ore eT

ASTER CLAYTONI 291

Intermediate forms or perhaps hybrids of A. Clayton with other
species include :

30" A. CZ. A. divaricatus ; inflorescence and leaf-form verg-
ing toward the latter, bracts nearly gin broad like the former and
sublingual. Paltsades, Se. 14, '99,

Sot opo. rupicola ; some A leaves like the latter
in leaf-form and with broad shallow curving sinus ; upper part of
the plant resembling the former. Palisades, Se. 14, '99.

30" A. CL A. argillarius; little leaves Vesta the
latter; bracts as in the former. Palisades, Se. 14, '99, etc.,
numerous,

307 A. CL A. mollescens ; with habit, yellow rootstock
and narrowed inflorescence, of latter species ; but sharp sinus, and
non-succulent leaves of the former. Split Rocks, Se. 18, '97, Se.

27, '97, Se. '98, '99, 1900; formerly abundant; July 3, 1900,
ioni 11 leaves on stem 9 inches high; and Saar leaves,
Pg in. high, oval-orbicular ; with later radicals oval, 1 x 3% i

30" 4. C1. > A. ardens ; profuse diffused habit ; large ets
about midway between the two types; Bryn Mawr Park, grassy
ledge, Se. 25, 97; at another rock, Se. 16, ’99; Split Rocks, SG

25, '97.

30" A. CL A. atrovirens ; all peduncles abbreviated ; but
pace as any A. Claytont. At Ft. Washington, Oc. 6, '98.

* A. CL. > A. ebeneus ; leaves like the latter, but with the
narrow sinus of A. Claytoni; with both. Ft. Washington, Oc. 6,

Oo? A. CL > A. divaricatus deltoideus ; leaves dark green, with
more truncate base than normal to A. Claytoni ; occasionally JV.
¥. wie.

30” A. Claytoni x A. lateriflorus; probable hybrid. Late
plant of Nov. 4,’96, on Palisade rock-face, near the top; with
long oblanceolate sharp dentate radicals resembling A. /ateriflorus ;
and heads, bracts and branching somewhat of A. Claytoni ; rays
yellowish, by virescence.

HISTORY oF ASTER CLAYTONI

1755. It was apparently in this year that the type specimen of
A. Claytoni was forwarded as “no. 767," with description, by
Clayton to Gronovius at Leyden, resulting in its inclusion, 1762,
by the younger Gronovius in the 2d edition of the Flora
Virginica. Clayton seems to have failed, on account of his
locality, near the sea, to discover this or any very near ally in
time for publication in the Flora Virginica, Part I, 1739, or in

222 DESCRIPTION: OF ASTER; DIVARICATI

Part II, 1743, which contained respectively 12 and 2 species de-
scribed as Aster. After that publication the elder Gronovius is
said by his son Theodor (Fl. Virg., ed. 2, preface) to have awaited
arrival of *another not less abundant instalment . . . from
Virginia" for “almost 16 years," when “at last there came a
small bundle." Probably the type specimen A. Claytont was in
this bundle. It is fortunate that it was not in that large collection
sent by Clayton soon after, which “ perished,’ says Theodor
Gronovius, “at the hand of truculent pirates, who would not
spare even our studies." Apparently the 16 years before the
arrival of the ** small bundle," were counted by the son from his
father's first publishing, in 1739, making the date of arrival 1755.
Within the next two years, or during 1757, the elder Gronovius
seems to have finished working up the species in this bundle, for
the son, writing 1 Jan. 1762, says in his preface to the 2d edn. of
Flora Virginica, that “now four years have passed” since his
father prepared this ** Part 3d." |

Clayton, the correspondent not only of Gronovius but of l-in-
naeus and Collinson, and rightly styled by the latter “ the greatest
botanist of America," was John Clayton, Jr.; born at Fulham,
London, 1686, who came with his father 1705 to Virginia, where
the father became attorney-general and the son was for 51 years
clerk of Gloucester Co., dying 1773, aged about 87, just in time
to be spared the grief of seeing his botanical MSS. and his her-
barium destroyed in the burning of the New Kent County court-
house in the Revolution.

Clayton had sent to Gronovius a map of Virginia to show his
botanical journeys ; probably in 1755, as it was published in the
1762 edition. Clayton stated in label-description, that he obtained
this particular plant no. 767, among the mountains ; which might
have been, judging from his journey on the map, in the Blue
Ridge region, among the tributaries of the James or the Rappa-
hannock, both of which he followed into the mountains.

1762. Original description, Gron. Fl. Virg. ed. 2, 125. 1762.

ASTER foliis cordatis acutis serratis petiolatis, summis ovatis amplexicaulibus :
caule subfruticoso, [Written by Jan Frederik Gronovius, apparently 1

6-7
Aster serotinus, floribus [7. e., of a single branch] in umbellula tenui laxa flavis
sh in 1 taft à P ik H

£. e.. vellowi 1:semi

»7 5 rl 2 r 4
flosculis in radio niveis acuminatis [probably young and acuminate because not yet fully

TE AEST ey gan PES oe oe ee = hv a E

ASTER CLAYTONI 223

expanded]: foliis inferioribus acute cordatis [in outline; cordażis here describing not
simply the base but the general shape] serratis petiolatis alternis, supremis minoribus
amplexicaulibus [so the truncate-based sessile axiles seem in growth, investing the stem
somewhat conduplicately], caule ramoso subligneo fusco. Crescit saxosis lutosis et
umbrosis, plagis occidentalibus montosis solummodo inveniendus. Initio Septembris
floret. C/ayt. n. 767." [Written by John Clayton, apparently in or before 1755.]

This description may have been meant by Clayton to cover
forms which would now be classed as A. divaricatus L., in addi-
tion to A. Claytoni for which alone it is exact and accurate. But
the type specimen points to the latter species.

For a long time this no. 767 remained unidentified by modern
botanists. Perhaps some would have referred it to A. divaricatus
L., but for the fact that Clayton's no. 143 (which is Doellingeria
infirma Greene) had been by Linnaeus (Sp. 77. ed. I. 873. 1753)
confused with his own A. divaricatus and cited by him as its
synonym.

Perhaps Clayton's description of the stem by the adjective sub-
ligneo may have helped to defer the identification. It seems to
have led Gronovius into the mistake of calling the species suf-
Jruticose. But for what stems does Clayton use the term Zzgzueus ?
We find him writing caule ligneo of Aster rigidus |i. e., single head
plants of Jonactis linariifolius (L.) Greene] and of Artemisia cam-
pestris L. These stems are slightly more woody than in A. Clayton,
and 4. Claytomi is slightly more so than many other Asters. In
short, Clayton did not apparently mean *'suffruticose"' but “ con-
taining obvious woody tissue," which is not inappropriate to this
very brittled-stemmed Aster. Ina similar way Clayton describes
(ed. 2, p. 126) Helenium autumnale as “frutescens annua."

Features in Clayton's description which are especially appro-
priate to the plant A. CZaytozi include the following :

1. “ Floribus in umbellula tenui laxa," This is graphic for the
characteristic habit of each branch of the plant, as distinguished
from the more corymbose and more divaricate heads on any
similar branch of A. divaricatus L.; assuming as I do that
Clayton's meanin as, ' Heads borne in loose and somewhat
umbelliform little clusters, on slender pedicels." — Some might
object that Clayton may mean here by foribus “ disk-flowers,”
in opposition to his following semiffosculis, * ray-flowers." But
Clayton's descriptions of Asters use flores to mean heads, as is
proved by his descriptions no. 741 and no. 9, both with fore unico
or “a single head." When he wanted to mention disk-flowers,

224 DESCRIPTION OF ASTER; DIVARICATI

he wrote “ flosculi in medio” or “ in disco." — Others may object that
Clayton meant to say that all the heads on the plant constitute one
little umbel. But to construe him in this way, applying the same
method to his A. grandiflorus, would make him say of that species,
“ It bears a single handsome head," whereas it is evident that he
meant by his flore specioso, “ with handsome heads." So of our
common thoroughwort, Clayton wrote “flore albo," and thus to
put the singular for the plural was with him a frequent elegance.

2. Semiflosculis . . . niveis describes well the snow-white rays
of A. Claytoni as distinguished from the dull white of A. ericoides
or A. multiflorus for which Clayton uses simply albus.

3. Amplexicaulibus is used of the axiles, from their truncate
and at first conduplicate bases which seem when young to be
Mei

ule ramoso subligneo fusco; because the stem of A.
Ue oiii branches deeper down than most of its allies, is less often
green, and is tougher, z. e., a little more woody.

5. Crescit saxosis lutosis ct umbrosis ; for A. Claytoni seems to
require three essentials in its habitat, rock, clay and (moderate)
shade.

6. Initio Septembris floret. On the other hand, A. divaricatus
flowers more in October than in September in the Potomac and
Rappahannock latitudes.

1771. Here occurred the first identification of Clayton’s plant
no. 767; and the only identification which I find in print prior to
mine of 1898. — This occurs in Johann Reinhold Forster's Florae
Americae Septentrionalis — or a catalogue of the plants of North
America, printed in his translation of Bossu’s Travels, London,
1771, where, p. 51—53, he enumerates 21 Asters, first of which
he names A. divaricatus apparently intending the name as Linnaeus
used it, and including both A. divaricatus L. and Doellingeria
infirma. Lastly he mentions A. macrophyllus, adding as a refer-
ence *' Gron. A. Virg., p. 125? <A. foliis cordatis, acutis. serratis,
petiolatis, summis ovatis, etc." ; i. e., suggesting that Clayton's no.
767 may be A. macrophyllus. This identification we could not
admit for Clayton's description required snow-white rays. Forster
was no doubt led to his reference of 767 to macrophyllus by the
following considerations: (1) No other Claytonian species could
be referred to A. macrophyllus. But Clayton may never have seen
A. macrophyllus at all; or if he secured it in his trips to the Blue
Ridge, it may have been one of the plants in his last ill-fated col-

——

ASTER CLAYTONI 225

lection destroyed at sea and so never published by Gronovius. (2)
A, divaricatus L., is a reference Forster might have thought of for
767, but that species was not yet disentangled from Doellingeria
infirma, a non-cordate plant evidently remote from the cordate
no. 767 sought.

1831 +. A specimen, apparently of A. C/aytoni, collected near
Pittsburg, Pa., by Voltz, 1831, and now in the hb. Br. Mu. (Nat.
Hist.), was made the type by Shuttleworth of his new MS. species
Biotia stricta; fide Mr. Edmund G. Baker, who remarks zz (itz.
“it must approach this Clayton plant [no. 767] very closely,” and
who cites its similar inflorescence and its scabrid serrate leaves.
Shuttleworth's name seems not to have been published, and had
been long antedated by an Aster strictus of Pursh and by three or
four others.

1897. My identification of my plants of A. Clayton with Clay-
ton's type specimen for his no. 767 rests upon comparisons kindly
made for me by Mr. Edmund G. Baker, of the Natural History
section of the British Museum, in 1897, with Clayton's type speci-
men there preserved in the Gronovian herbarium. I sent to him
five native forms which in one way or another suggested Clayton's
description 767. Of these, two were forms of A. Schreberi and
two of A. umbelliformis. The fifth was a plant of A. Claytoni grow-
ing on Dyckman Ave. Rock, Inwood, Manhattan I., and concerning
it Mr. Baker wrote, Aug. 10, 1897, “ no. 5 seems to match the Vir-
ginia Clayton plant much the best, and must be very close toit if not
absolutely identical.” Mr. Baker further remarked that the other-
wise similar pappus in the Virginia plant was darker and now rust-
colored (the normal effect of age, as he himself queried) ; and that
“ we had provisionally referred Clayton's no. 767 to Aster corym-
bosus Ait. in our herbarium.” At the time when he wrote, 1897,
A, corymbosus Ait. was certainly the nearest published species to
which to refer any plant of A. C/aytoni.

306. ASTER CLAYTONI CRISPICANS Burgess
Plants unlike A. Claytoni in having sharper-bevel bracts, more
attenuate acumination, more petioled axiles, more rounded bases,
more shallow sinuses, closer narrower kerf-edge teeth.

Name, L., crispi. ising up and down like successive waves; in allu-

226 DESCRIPTION OF ASTERS; DIVARICATI

sion to the frequent alternation of assurgent and deflected teeth along the margins ;
constituting a kerf-edge, or such as in setting the teeth of a saw will cut a wide
*Cherf"

Fic. 42 TE 8), plant from Siver Cr., N. Y., Au. 27,96, in hb. Bu.
aytoni vipium Burgess in Br. and Br, Ill. Fl. 5: 358. 1898, with fig.
and TN descriptio

** Basal leaves often not cordate, deeply incised ; those of the
stem long-acuminate or even caudate, sharply serrate with large
acute close teeth, some of which are suberect; chief bracts of the
involucre acute. — On rocky banks, solitary or in small clusters,
Maine to N. Y. and N. J."

Radicals rare ; those seen are variable, sometimes suboval and
crenate-serrate, sometimes oblong, sharp serrate and without sinus.

Hair more developed than on most A. C/aytoni, on bract edges
and pedicels, and on leaves beneath.

Leaves quite uniform in size, often about 2 17 x 14 in; or all
narrower, as 312 x I% in

ays short, oblong ; clear white, remaining for some time acute
at the strongly flattening apex

Bracts bevelled, few lingual, some of them tapering and acutish.

Resembles typical A. Claytozi in leaf-texture, smoothish, fresh,
highly roughened when dry, with cord-like veins obscure above ;
and in lower leaf-bases, with strong sinus. Upper ones or axiles
less truncate, more petioled; truncate axiles are finally reached
high up the inflorescence. Unlike A. C/aytoni, the shallow sinus
form of leaf-base is here predominant, or at least throughout the
middle stem. Like A. Claytoni in the fragrance of its glowing
golden-yellow just-opened disk-flowers; which quickly become
light sienna-brown.

— Grows in close masses occasionally, along roads, in sun, or
in thin woods; but is most characteristically developed when in
little solitary clusters, projecting from rocky slopes or even from
nearly vertical cliffs. Seems to take the place of A. Clayton
more and more toward the north, as about L. Erie. Collected in
flower, Au. 10 to Se. 10, W: N. Y. to N. Y. City; in prime the
last ten days of August. All the W. N. Y. plants grew on shale,
those from near N. Y. City on gneiss, schist or basalt. Examples:

, York Mere ** dry bank by roadside and wall ; rough puberulent stem,
leaves and panie" ' while fresh, Au. 20, ’96, Bi.
, Jaconics, dece Hollow, Au. 22, 1903.

x ic., Washington Heights, Bryn Mawr Park and Palisades, Bu.,
also Noodlavwa woods, Au. 7, = West Woodlawn, Se. 5, '98, and Jerome Av.
near Gunhill road, Se. 1o, ’98 ;

W: N. Y. Shoe Cr., gorge at Crenated Falls, Au. 17,'96; Hanover, Rose-

Mem. Torrey CLUB,

13.

ASTER CLAYTONI CRISPICANS.

ASTER CLAYTONI CRISPICANS 221

brook wood, Au. 3, '97, already budded; Cattaraugus reservation, Little Indian Cr.,
Au. 20, '96; Au. 13, '98, budded ; Big Indian Cr., Au. 3, 97, budded ; Indian-line

'98; Campanula Valley, Au. I9, ore Fillmore's orchar WFO,
96; Burning Spr., Au. 13,’96. Perrysburg, Dawley woods, Au. 19, ’96. Sus,
Herrick's woods, Au. 12, '96, Dunkirk, Pt. Gratiot, Au. 29, '96. Fredonia, Marsh's
woods, Se. I, '96; Dunn's Mill, on shale cliff, Au. '96.

302 Rose-ray form ; numerous t ith their rays roseate ;

Fredonia, N. Y., se everal places, '96.
of A ch crispicans x a. glomeratus. Probable hybrid, in
general like the former parent, but with heavier leaf-texture,
rougher and with more hair, shorter leaves and shorter pedicels ;
dense glomerate clusters ; as if derived from A. glomeratus.
W. N. Y., Pomfret, Canadaway ravine at Darby switch, Au. 10, 796.

Subdivision B. BRACTS LINGUAL OR WITH BEVEL-TOP (except
no. 34).

Leaves thicker, rougher or subsucculent. Veins cord-like.
Involucre very small and narrow. Plants loosely cespitose. Sp.
31-34

31. Aster ebeneus sp. nov.

Stout dark-green plants with ebony-red stem, with thick oblong-
ovate leaves, short-petioled bases, sharply crenate-serrate margin,
and harsh rough crumbling texture (when dry); with deep profuse
subpanicled inflorescence of small heads.

Name, L., from the color of stem.
Fic. 43, plant from Ft. Washington, N. Y. City, Oc. 8, ’98, in hb. Bu.; 4,
characteristic leaf-form ; d, e, occasional additional forms.

Stem of a red so dark as to seem almost black ; or greenish
pira at the base; stout, brittle, about 2 ft. high, or sometimes
3 d even then nearly wholly inflorescence; continuously
slight-simous but erect, with no obvious hair.

Leaves thick, soft and with some appressed hair when fresh,
rough when dry, becoming excessively harsh, and of a brittle
crumbling texture, hispid with scattered appressed bristles above,
and hispidulous beneath; the cord-like veins bearing weaker but
more numerous hairs. Sometimes the leaves are almost velvety
in growth and hardly rough when dr

Leaf-form ovate-obtuse to oblong-acute, sometimes more
acuminate and becoming oblong-lanceolate, with brace-base and
short slender petioles, quite uniform, persisting with little change
of size and shape into the lower axils, then becoming broad-ovate
and finally triangular-elongate, with broad truncate base. Lower
leaves with deep narrow sinus ; and in some cases this persists far
up the stem; in others it is ‘soon replaced by a broad shallow

228 DESCRIPTION OF ASTERS; DIVARICATI

sinus of very gentle curves. Petiole usually less than half the
leaf-breadth.

Leaves very dark green, with still darker veins, finely areolate
under a lens with blackish veinlets, the under surface paler and
apple-green.

Rameals oblong, triangular, serrulate, sessile.

Radicals suborbicular, crenate, with brace-base.

Aster ebeneus e. |
Fic. 43.

Inflorescence profuse and very floriferous, its numerous closely
ascending branches rising at a high angle from near the base, or
in smaller plants from near the middle of the stem. Large inflor- a
escences are sometimes 2 ft. high and 1 ft. broad; more usual
ones, I ft. by 7 in.

Heads small, about 24 in. broad, about 1% in. high, loosely
borne on rather long filiform divergent corymbose pedicels, the
branches leaving the stem like those of A. C/aytoni, but closer
and more numerous, more repeatedly divided above, and not um-
belliferous in aspect but corymbose-paniculate. Rays white,

og ge uL ps

ET IES itl cao Foe sae

ASTER EBENEUS 229

about 8, oblong. Disks turning brown with little red, the short
disk-flowers borne on very long slender stalks. Achenes smooth
at maturity.

Bracts oblong, straight-sided, broad to the bevelled apex, pale
with slight or short and broad dark tips. Inner bracts a little
tapered, acutish.

Habitat, on rocks and ledges and especially on sloping banks
immediately beneath large rocks, especially on Manhattan Island,
also on the Potomac in Virginia ; late Sept. and first week of Oct.

Examples :

N. Y. vic., 77. Washington, 165th St., rock, Se. 30, ’98, numerous ; foot of
170th St., Oc. 8, '98, abundant; also Se.’05. Yonkers, Park Hill, rocks, Oc. 10, '98.
- J., Palisades, Woodcliff, Se. 12, '98, in bud. Undercliff, top and also on
the rockface, 8-rayed, Se. 14, '99, abundant; also Oc. 23, '97, when some were 3 ft.
s Va., Potomac R. bank, Spout Run, Oc. 2, ’88, then deemed a hybrid of A.
divaricatus. `
32. Aster mollescens sp. nov.

Small yellowish-green erect plants growing in lines from fissures
in gneissoid rocks, with thickish ovate subsucculent leaves, very
shallow sinus, very slight serration, pale yellow and brownish disks,
pale narrow-lingual uniform bracts, and small crowded heads from
many axils.

Name, L., from the flaccid subsucculent leaves.
Fic. 44, top of plant of Split Rocks, N. Y., Se. 25, ’97, in hb. Bu., 24 natl.
size; 5, characteristic leaf-form ; d, axile form.

Stem stiff and erect, short, often 1 14 ft., not straight but irregu-
larly slight-sinuous, terete, green, or brownish in the sun, with no
obvious hair. à

Leaves thickish, smooth when fresh and subsucculent, flaccid
and often drooping, slightly rough when dry, nearly uniform.
subtruncate base and very broad and shallow sinus continues well
up the stem.

Leaf-form ovate-acute ; all small, 3 x 13% in. or less; teeth
low and remotish, very little developed, but of serrate type ; veins
cord-like, very slender. Petioles short, slender, tough.

Plants predominantly pale, as to stem, leaves, bracts and disks ;
the leaves yellowish-green ; disks at first whitish, soon pale yellow,
then pale brown. Leaves becoming pale brown in autumn. Yel-
low color prevails in the young surculi; old rootstocks become
pale brown.

Axiles elongated oblong, somewhat tapered at base and apex,
2% X 1 in. or less, with short slender petiole or cuneate-wing.

230 DESCRIPTION OF ASTERS; DIVARICATI

Axillary inflorescences dense, irregularly convex, continuing
throughout or half down; in shorter little-developed plants,
merely terminally clustered; and borne on short stiff peduncles
which do not much exceed the uM. leaves; pedicels of
quite irregular lengths, chiefly -? $% in. or less, with sessile buds
intermixed. Branches given off at a high angle.

Heads small, about 34 in. broad, 1% in. high. Rays chiefly 6,
sometimes 8, oblong, the breadth 14 the length.

Bracts quite uniform, narrow-lingual; an acutish lowermost
bract or an attenuate innermost bract being seldom developed;
their ciliation moderate ; color confined to the narrow green mid-
rib which expands but slightly at the tip.

— Growing in long lines out of narrow fissures in gneiss, in
part shade, and spreading to neighboring rock-ledges and to
meadow-borders, near N. Y. City, last half of piedad

Examples :

N. Y. vic., Zuood, Se. 27,'97 ; Se. 22,798, Se., 1903, Se. '04, °05. /ndian-

es, Se. 16,798. Central Park, Ramble, Se. 27, '98. Yonkers, Park Hill, Oc. 10,

. Bryn Mawr Park, esp., Split Rocks, Se. 25, '97, Se. 17, ’98, Oc. 21, '98 (late

survivors with rays turning crimson but disks still inconspicuous), Se. 16, '99, Se. 28
1900 ; no survivors could be found, 1901-1905.

Variants include :

32* Synucopate form ; M og um almost suppressed and heads
very densely crowded. h type, Split Rocks, Se. 17, be DE;
16, '99, Se. 28, 1900; ie replaced by a garden, 190

42° Reniform form, derived from 32? evidently, and ib
with it, but extremely dissimilar, many or most of the upper leaves
being broadly reniform, 134 in. broad, 34 in. long or less, with
broad shallow sinus, and with convex front, with or without a
minutely apiculate midrib.—Split Rocks, Se. 19 "95, OG £6
'98, etc.

Affinity. The descent or relationship of variant forms in A.
mollescens seems very plainly traceable in the Split Rocks plants,
or was for 4 years until building interfered. The typical form is
there the most abundant form, and originally formed several narrow
lines of plants in fissures at top of a partially shaded cliff; with
many other allied Asters near, but less numerous. Surrounding
these rocks, A. mollescens was still the prevailing species in '97 and
'98, but its characters becoming less distinct with distance and
presently verging toward A. C/aytoni into which remote individuals
seemed finally to pass. Some of the rows in the typical locality
had become modified into what I have called the Syncopate form

ASTER MOLLESCENS 231

by syncopation of pedicels ; this was not a dry-weather shorten-
ing of some single season, but was shown by the plants from the
same rootstocks successively in ’98, '99, and 1900. Some of the
Syncopate form had become still further modified into the Reni-
form form, the tendency to shortening now affecting the leaves as
well as again increasing in the inflorescence, and producing as

Ud
SRY

Ay Uz) Via d
3 Re RA Yy w pa"
Gee * or N
x x ye '

FiG. 44.

distinctly reniform leaves as are to be found in any North Ameri-
can aster.

The balance of characters, and its limited occurrence so far as
yet observed, suggest that A. mollescens is a specialized branch
derived from the prolific stem of A. Claytoni in not a very remote
past. Weakening of vitality seems to have attended (or caused ?)
its own derivatives, the Syncopate and Reniform variants, and I
should have expected them to die out, irrespective of building
operations which have hurried them toward extinction in their
original locality.

232 DESCRIPTION OF ASTERS; DIVARICATI

Distinctions between A. mollescens and its ally A. Clayton are
as follows : Sinus in A. mollescens broad, shallow and slight; not
narrow, deep and strong as in A. Claytont, which may have shallow
and slight sinuses among the higher leaves only. Bracts in A.
mollescens narrow-lingual, uniform, but little tapered ; but in 24.
Claytoni diverse, chanfer- or taper-obtuse, the inner very much
narrowed. Axiles, again, are chiefly petioled, elongated-oblong,
with non-truncate rounded or taper base ; not, as in A. Claytont,
sessile, elongated-triangular, with broad truncate base. Differs
also from A. Claytomi in its paler leaves and disks, more limp
succulent texture, slighter teeth.

33. Aster ardens sp. nov.

Stout floriferous paniculately decompound plants with smooth
shining red stem, sharp-dentate oft subsucculent leaves, triangular-
ovate-acuminate leaf-form, multiform sinus, broad lingual uniform
scale-like rounded bracts, diffuse prolonged pedicels, and warm
luminous crimson or reddish-brown disks.

i L., ardens, glowing, from the transient A of the disks.

Fic. ren from Bryn Mawr Park, N. Y. vic., Se. 25, '97, in hb. Bu.;
à, Varah: BOPE d, frequent upper leaf or lower j ; e, frequent upper
axile.

Stem rigid, brittle, usually 2 ft., sometimes over 3 ft., moder-
ately percurrent throughout the much-branched inflorescence ;
terete, smooth and bright red, dull and somewhat angulate when
dry ; about 14-striate.

Leaves full-green, chiefly yellow in autumn, of a dense firm
texture, smooth and often subsucculent while growing, roughish
both above and beneath when d |

Leaf-form (seen in most caulines and lower axiles) triangular-
ovate-acuminate with base suddenly rounding into a short wing-
petiole.

Lowest caulines (and in some plants, all leaves) broad and
short, iua PM acute, with deep narrow sinus; rather small,
3x2 in.

Succseding et caulines larger, 414 x 3 in. or less, slender-

leaf-outline triangular-oblong with strong incurved acumination.
In some plants these leaves predominate over the preceding form,
and over the next.

SUC eS

EAEN ae St

Saat ee a

pum eg eer Rao enn

ASTER ARDENS 209

Predominant caulines however in strong vigorous plants are
triangular-ovate-acuminate with winged base, already mentioned
as typical; 4 x 214 or less.

Axiles oblong-lanceolate, incurved into a sessile or a short-
wing base, often developing a peculiar subcircular dilated wing,
separated from leaf and stem by an abrupt contraction. Axiles
remain large, 375 x 2 in. or less.

Rameals similar, smaller from the first, 134 x 34 in., persis-
tently the same in size, sometimes 8 or 9 such on each of a dozen

SS

b
J~ E - fli

Fic. 45.

long ascending branches, the upper ones sessile by a broad base.

Ramulars at once smaller, triangular-elongate with a broad
sessile base, resembling the upper axiles of A. Claytoni ; or many
of them ovate ; a half-inch long or less, and subentire.

Teeth sharp, dentate or repand on lowest leaves, the points
becoming more and more forward-directed and acuminated as the
leaves ascend, the principal axiles and rameals being slit-serrate.
Little curvature appears, but a few curvescent teeth occur on
middle caulines. z

234 DESCRIPTION OF ASTERS; DIVARICATI

Petioles usually shorter than half the leaf-breadth. Veins
slender, cord-like beneath, impressed above or slightly elevated
when dry. Obvious hair absent, and but little to be found by
lens except on pedicels.

Branches numerous, long, rigid, ascending in straight or
irregularly slight sinuous lines, each branch very loosely corym-
bose or in larger plants pinnately branched with corymbs on the
branchlets only.

Inflorescence in well-developed plants paniculately decom-
pound, very profuse, strongly pinnate in effect on pressing; the
panicle often somewhat urceolate by outcurve at the base of up-
rising branches. Still stronger plants rise higher, the inflorescence
forming 24 of the plant or more; and assuming an elliptic or
oblong form, more than 2 x t ft. long; of its dozen branches several
becoming as much as 20 in. long.

Pedicels (ultimate branchlets) filiform, stiff, 1 in. or 14 in.
long, either with subtending linear or discule bractlets, and divari-
cate widely or slightly according to number, their bases usually
corymbosely separated, not umbelliform or subradiate as often in
A. Claytoni. 3

Heads very small, about 5g in. broad, 1% in. high, the involucre
when dry being 1$; or in less floriferous plants all heads may be
larger, 3$ in. high, 34 in. broad, etc.

Involucre narrowly urceolate, contracted above during early
flower, appearing as if pinched together just before the expanding
summit, as also to some degree in A. Claytont.

Bracts in general character lingual, very broad, rounded and
scale-like, very uniform, with little herbaceous or green growth,
reddened, especially at the edges, or straw-color throughout, with
but slight ciliation, otherwise smooth; the pale green midrib
abruptly terminated by a broad shallow inconspicuous crescentic
green tip, absent from the inner half of the series; or the green
tip subdeltoid and with no green color decurrent into the midrib.
A few lowest bracts are sometimes slightly acutish ; a few inmost
are slightly tapered to an obtuse apex.

Rays dull white, sometimes reddened, persistently 8, oblong,
tapered somewhat to both ends, obscurely tridentate at the apex;
Some vigorous plants produce 10 rays; more often some.rays are
missing.

Heads very subject to malformation, many of them blasted in
small plants, or with only a few rays and half the disk developed.
Disks rather full, glowing, 20-flowered, the lobes very acute.
Achenes often copiously hairy when young, seldom so at maturity;
Pappus soon slightly reddened in the herbarium, decidedly so
within 3 years.

ASTER ARDENS 235

— Rich rocky woods, filling cleared or half-open spaces, form-
ing dense tangles ; reaching greatest development when growing
more separately out of deep rich rock crevices; near N. Y. City,
on gneissic rocks, at its prime Se. 15, two weeks earlier than
most A. divaricatus plants close by ; and often forming circles
around rocks and stumps. Examples :

N. Y. , Inwood, Se. 27,’97; Yonkers, cip Mawr Park, summit rocks
and Split ege Se 26, '96, Se. 25, '97, Se. 14 and 17, ’98, Se. 16, ’99, Se. 15, 1900.
Se. I4, 1903, Se. '04, ras with late plants Oc. 26, '98, Nov. 3, '96, etc. ; develop-
ment, IÓ in. high o n July 13, with 12 leaves, besides half as many already gone. ions
** Bryn Mawr Park, woods, high rocky spot, Se. 4,'98," Bz.,as “A. Claytoni var. ??
, 98, Bi. ; Glen i woods, Se. 20, '98, 47. ; Cheilanthes rock, Ge:
16, ’98, Bz. Hillview swamp, I5, 97, in drier rocky spots and thicket-covered
ad banks along ditches; so i P '98, Se. '99, Se. 22, 1900; then destroyed by
clearing.

Allies. From A. divaricatus, A. ardensis in part distinguished
by its pinnated floriferous inflorescence, its leaves, which if simi-
larly strong in sinus are short, if similarly long are scutiform and
brace-based, if winged are apt to have the wing semi-circular and
margins slit-serrate. Its broad rounded bracts, red stem, and little
pinched-urn heads, are other differences.

From A. Zstriformis, with which it grows, A. ardens is dis-
tinguished by absence of listriform leaves, by stronger coarser
texture and habit, brighter red stem, less red in rays and disks, etc.

Compared with A. C/aytoni; both have warm glowing golden
disks, but in A. C/aytoni they develop little red, and turn sienna-
brown ; in A. ardens the sienna is soon developed into red or crim-
son. Both show red on the stem, strengthened sometimes into
ebony ; in A. C/aytoni dull, in A. ardens very bright during growth,
and of a more purplish cast ; in the similarly dark A. ebeneus there
is less red, more brown or black. All three species have a pin-
nated inflorescence branching deeply down the stem, each branch
somewhat radiately and briefly divided at its summit in A. Clay-
toni, corymbosely and very loosely compound in A. ardens, very
densely in A. ebeneus. All may be smoothish to touch during
growth ; A. ebeneus is much rougher when dry than A. Clayton
and that more than A. ardens.

Another congener, A. sti/ettiformis, is suggested by the slit-
serrate upper axiles of A. ardens and by its broad bracts. The
two grow together, and perhaps pass into each other—as what

236 DESCRIPTION OF ASTERS; DIVARICATI

Asters do not ? — but the similar axiles are broader and more curv-
ing in A. ardens, and less often truncate-based. Their cauline
leaves are quite unlike in detail.

From A. scutiformis, which A. ardens resembles in sometimes
developing scutiform leaves, it is distinguished by their usually
fewer number with very different habit p inflorescence surmount-
ing, with broader more obtuse braets, e

From A. castaneus, A. ardens ma its broader bracts, thicker

to leaf-bases, developing often on a single stem all of the types which
have separately become more fixed and continuous in its various
congeners. It develops vast numbers of intermediate plants in
lines of variation tending toward each of the foregoing species.
Unfortunately the three best localities for it, Hillview Swamp,
Bryn Mawr Summit Rocks and Split Rocks, have all been invaded
by the progress of suburban improvement, cutting short my notes
on its development, though not till eight years’ observations had
been rescued from oblivion

Variants include : 33? Sprout-forms show narrower taper-based
elliptic leaves, low-serrate and often asymmetrical, similar crenated
ones being developed also as radicals; collected as late as Nov. 3-

33° Broad-bush form, an altered condition where the plant is
assuming the attitude of a weed in cultivated ground, and around
house walls, especially under the eaves. Leaves chiefly of the
oblong-acuminate wing-based type; few cordate leaves produced ;
branching beginning near the ground, profusely ramified and pro-
ducing a hemispherical or almost spherical plant of about 2 ft.
diameter, with many small imperfect heads and still more numer-
ous blasted ones. Leaves flaccid when fresh, quite rough when
dry, surprisingly altered then from their sleek growing condition.
Abundant near Split Rocks, N. Y., Oc. 1, '98, '99, 1900; a few
survivors remaining Se. 1903 and 1904-5, though nearly run
out by stronger weeds.

33* Small-tangle forms; filling woodland clearings on rocky
hills ; inflorescence small, sharp- based, forming a somewhat convex
cyme, usually very irregular and patchy ; ; but glowing beautifully
in the sun when the golden disks are first opened. Branches
given off at a very high angle; when much entangled among
bushes they become prolonged and bracteose. Usually with all
leaves small, Eo with uniform aquiline teeth; rays 6,
rarely 8 ; heads but 24 in. broad; disks turning chiefly toa pale
brown ; many hire er bracts produced. With the type, Bryn
Mawr Park and Hillview swamp.

ASTER ARDENS 247

33° Refracted form, with copious inflorescence subdichoto-
mously divaricate and refracted ; highly disculiferous, 7. ar with
most of the ramulars reduced to minute subsessile discs ig in.
broad. With the type, Inwood and Bryn Mawr Park.

6° A. ardens x A. axillaris; a probable hybrid "with succu-
lent leaves, most of them still smooth when dry ; deliciously fra-
grant; its short axillary inflorescences from the latter parent? its
short broad leaves and very deep golden prominent disks from
the idee parent ?

yn Mawr Park, down Maple Av., Se. 16, '9g9.

x3" Fa ardens x A, roscidus ; a probable hybrid with heads,
rays and involucre resembling the former; in most other char-
acters resembling the latter, including the following: Leaves
small, broad cordate, with the narrow or winged petioles thick,
spongy when dry, crenate-serrate, the upper ones and rameals oval
to orbicular. Branching resembles chiefly the former parent. Hair
scanty, occasional strigose hairs blackening and thickening at the
tip, as if inheriting from the glandular hairs of A. rosczdus which
grew near. Rays 6, in larger flowers 7, milk white; heads larger
than in A. ardens, % in. across when fresh. Two plants, Bryn
Mawr Park, Se. 16, '99.

34. Aster scutiformis sp. nov.

Cespitose slender plants along old stone walls or rock-slopes,
with reddish-brown stems, serrate often decurrent-based leaves pale
beneath, strong cornaceous cord-like veins, single-bunch or pin-
nately-segregated inflorescence, chanfer and attenuate bracts, and
scutiform lower leaves with broad tricurve base.

Name L., scutiformis, shield-shaped.
Fic. 46, plant from Mianus R., Ct., Oc. 15, '96, in hb. Bu.

Stem reddish-brown, smooth, nearly erect, only moderately
straight, terete, chiefly 177 ft. high, cespitose, sometimes filling
extensive spaces.

Leaves soft and smooth in earlier growth; becoming harsh
and when dry minutely roughened, spongy-thickened and very
firm ; deep green above, beneath a little whitened; its pale cast

Lower leaves scutiform, z. e. escutcheon-shaped, somewhat cor-
date-acuminate, with very shallow and broad tricurve sinus; the
sides too much curved to be oblong; the greatest breadth a little
above the base. Upper leaves oblong-lanceolate, short-petioled

238 DESCRIPTION OF AsTERS; DIVARICATI

or wing-based. Teeth strong and sharp, aquiline or at least curv-
ing-backed; but with straighter-backed teeth intermingled.
Inflorescence usually small, dense or tangled, irregularly con-
vex, with wide-spread repeatedly-divaricate short branches, the
ultimate pedicels short, 1% in. long or so. In occasional larger
plants the inflorescence becomes pinnately segregated ; in other
colonies, hundreds of plants will show but scanty rudiments of
heads.
Heads always rather small, 34 in. broad, and with about 7

Aster scutiformis
Fic. 46.

dull-white rays. Disks turning reddish-brown. Achenes fusi-
orm, often retaining some minute bristles.

Bracts rather pale, narrow-oblong, chanfer-obtuse or even trun-
cate; rather suddenly changing to very attenuate and numerous
inner bracts which form about one half of the whole series.

ves in autumn (middle of October, N. Y. City) uniformly
suffused with soft reddish-brown, or at first pink-veined or soon
purpled all over.

ASTER SCUTIFORMIS 239

Cespitose, in half-shade or slight-shade, on ravine banks or
rock-slopes or along stone walls; sometimes with stems close and
half-supporting each other. Near N. Y. City; first half of Sept.

Examples :

Ct., Mianus R., near Riverside Sta., along a stone wall in slight shade,
Oc. 15, bo
, Inwood, in a Se. 23,03; '05; Yonkers, Belmont ridge,
e. I5, vn ii ditch, Se. 15, 97; Bryn Mawr Park, Se. 26, ’96; ap D
isl bank, Se., "9 McLean's Pond, stone wall in slight shade, Oc. 22, 1900;
few still "nn "EN Nov. 3, 1900; Gunther Park, Se. 14, ur. "adn,
Oc. 17, 1905.
N. Y., Shokan, Ulster Co., Se., '98, C. H. Peck in hb. N.
N. J., Palisades, Pleasant Valley Brock; top of cliff, Se. iu '99.
lites. Species with which A. scutiformis is most likely to be
confounded are A. virgularis and A. castaneus, possessing as it
does lower leaves somewhat like those of the former and upper
leaves like the latter. From A. castaneus it is distinguishable by
its thicker, larger leaves, different denser more-tangled inflores-

virgularis it differs also in its spongy-thickened leaves with the
lower surface more whitened and with more cord-like veins.
Comparing typical plants of A. scutiformis and of A. virgularis,
A. scutiformis has an inflorescence which is more a dense bunch,
with short pedicels, not a loose tassel with long pedicels ; has tri-
curve bases, not bicurve; has more reduced and curving teeth,
not so sharp and slit-serrate ; has more sessile upper caulines ; and
has more difference toward the tips of the veins between the veins
and veinlets.

A. rupicola when its leaves approach this species has sharper
and closer outflung teeth; it is also a smaller plant and more
delicate.

Variants.

34° Sessilifolial form ; intensifies the typical characters of
thick leaves, dense texture, whitened under surfaces, projecting
narrow cord-like veins. Soutien leaves less fully developed.
Upper leaves and axiles sessile by narrow or semi-truncate base.

the type, near Yonkers, at Hillview, Se. 15, '97 ; Seminary Corner, Se.
14, 1905; and especially studied at Split Rocks, Se. 18, '97, Oc. 20, '98, Se. 16,'99,
Se. 15, 1905, Se. 16, 5

Subdivision C. BRACTS BROAD. LEAVES OF DENSE FIRM TEXTURE.
PLANTS IN STOOLS.
Species 35-37.

240 DESCRIPTION OF ASTERS; DIVARICATI

35. Aster arcuatus sp. nov.

Small rock-loving deep-green tufted plants with short broad
leaves, moderate serration, broad deep subtruncate sinus, small |
heads, broad rounded and truncate bracts, about 8 rays, and brittle
half-reddened arcuate stems.

Name, L., arched
FI ant nag po N. Y., Se. 14, ’99, in hb. Z»., the arcuate
stem but little more closely bent than in natu

Stems several or many in a P about 2 ft. in length,
variously arching by sweeping curves, or geniculate at the base

AS MER S TES ape EF i Ae Eel oe ca a]

2 |
cf 1 D AY :

Aster arcuatus
Fic. 47.

and then ascending, or continuously flexed and finally drooping
from the face of rocks. Stems partly reddened, generally greenish
toward the summit ; without obvious hair, slender, brittle, terete,
rather leafy.

ASTER ARCUATUS 241

Leaves deep-green, thickish, roughened when dry; veins
inconspicuous ; teeth of serrate type, of moderate size, extending
well around the basal lobes, reduced to slight serrulations on a
few lowest leaves and on numerous small upper caulines.

Leaf-form orbicular-acuminate or broadly ovate-acuminate ;
with deep broad sinus often truncate-based within ; always strongly
incurved before the short sharp acumination. Such leaves are the
lower caulines, about 3 or 4 to a stem, larger than the others and
giving the leaf-series its characteristic appearance ; about 2 x I
in. upon sun-reached plants, 4 x 24 in. heavily-shaded plants, then
thinner and usually not rough till d

Lowest caulines longer in proportion and less remarkably
broad, more like those of A. divaricatus L., smaller, 12 x I in. in
sun, 4 x 2 in. in shade, subentire, with sinus not so larg

Middle caulines broadly ovate-acuminate, little id from
the characteristic lower caulines in size but much reduced in sinus,
which has now become shallow and broad and then slight and
sharp; 3 or 4 such leaves are usual.

Upper caulines numerous, quickly or abruptly much reduced,
ovate-acuminate with truncate or chiefly with rounded base, 1 x $
in. or less, finally tapered into a short-wing base.

Axiles sessile, similar to the preceding in shape and size.

Bracteals few and inconspicuous, ovate, oval, subcircular or
reduced to discules.

Petioles slender, very various in length, in the lowest leaves
longer than the leaf-breadth, in the next lower leaves longer than
half the leaf-breadth, in the remaining, shorter, disappearing halfway
up the upper caulines, where short wing-petioles continue for 3 or
4 more little leaves.

Inflorescence small, rather compact and tangled, ip dun n
convex, with widely divergent DONC pedicels about 3 i ^

Heads very small, 3 ie broad, 4 in. high, chiefly with 6 rays.
Remoter heads become { in. broad, 2 in high, with 8 rays. Rays
small, straight-sided, and oblong with slightly tapered apex, deep
opaque white, soon becoming dull white, finally often virescent.

Disks reddening, and finally maroon ; or with little red in the
shade, where many change directly to brown, which in some is a
ined raw umber, in others of the same clump, a deep maroon
um

di broad, rounded or truncate at the darker apex but green
almost all over, thinnish, moderately ciliate. Inner bracts nar-
rower, somewhat tapered but still obtuse, without green tips.

— Remarkable for its very broad lower leaves, and their broad
deep sinus ; for its numerous much-reduced upper leaves, and for

242 DESCRIPTION OF ASTERS; DIVARICATI

its arcuate stems. On the flat summits of granitic and basaltic
rocks, or more commonly springing from cracks and ledgesin the
face of such rocks; in which case a few stems are assurgent, but
most spread downward and radially outward from the face of the
rock. Their neighboring outliers on the top of the same rock
show all the same directions and also produce many erect but
weak stems.

Apparently modified from weak-stemmed plants of A. Claytoni
by place of growth, but seems to have now acquired the arcuate
habit so thoroughly as to reproduce it often where unnecessary
or even prejudicial ; and seems to retain the weakness of stem per-
sistently.

Range. White Mountains to the Palisades, and probably else-
where ; first half of September.

Examples :

N. ^ praeses Flume, Au. 30, '98, and Se. a ipm

N. , Yonkers, Stony Lonesome, Se. 23, ’99; Bryn Mawr Park, Se.
'99; Split eee r^ eb 1900, Se., 1901, Se., 1902, x 15, 1903, Se. 16, 1905;
Seminary Corner, Se. 1905.
MUS above Undercliff, Se. 29, '97, Se., '98, Se. 14, '99, Oc. 7,
'99, Se. 14, 1

Allies. Comparing other arcuate congeners, 4. camptilis has
a more oblong and narrower leaf-type, and very much narrower
slender bracts ; and so far as observed, is partial to banks and soil
above shale

A. stilettiformis is sometimes almost equally decumbent, but is
then easily distinguished by its very conspicuously slit-serrate
axiles. A. Parthianus lacks the breadth of leaf, sinus and bract
which distinguish A. arcuatus.

Variants,

? A. arcuatus x A. aucuparius, a probable hybrid ; orbicular
tendency strong below as if from the former parent, oval-oblong
tendency strong above, as if from the latter; but all leaves very
small, 16 or more being only 1% or 11% in. long; stems over 2
ft. ; inflorescence increased and more branched. — With both sup-
posed parents, Palisades, Se. 29, '97.

36. Aster sociabilis sp. nov.
Rigid-stemmed erect plants with small roughened ovate-acu-
minate leaves, short petioles, salient teeth, deep strong sinus,
broad lingual and diverse bracts, small high-angle or all-axillary

ASTER SOCIABILIS 243

inflorescence, and short-branched rootstocks, from which the nu-
merous stems sprout up closely, and make dense stools.

Name, L., ** close-connected in companionship.”’
Fic. rA plate 6; plant from Palisades, N. J., Se. 12, '98, in hb. Bu.

Stems slender, but strong, continuously slightly flexed but
erect, greenish- brown, about 2 ft. high or even 3 % ft. in thickets.

Rootstocks dark ‘brown, intertwisted into a nie coe mass,
sprouting so closely that stems stand but an inch apart

Leaves dark, thickish, rough dry, and somewhat so occasionally
when growing, rather small, all much alike, continuing on short
and narrow petioles well into the inflorescence.

Leaf-form ovate, incurved-acuminate, about 317 x 214, with
deep conspicuous sinus. Leaf-substance firm or harsh. Petioles
slender, and chiefly sharply ascending, slightly or strongly erected.
Teeth rather close, the back a single curve or less often somewhat
couchant. Sinus deep and conspicuous, continuing well up or
almost to the inflorescence.

Inflorescence small, loosely convex-topped or few-flowered,
with smaller clusters on short axillary branches 2 in. long or
diminished to subsessile heads ; entire inflorescence 4 in. broad and
6 in. high when pressed, or in most-narrowed plants 2 in. broad
and 8 in. high. Heads Spe when remote or solitary) with
short broad-based involucr

Bracts rather few, riber broad, lingual and obtusish in pre-
dominant effect, diverse and presenting 3 or rhore types, the inner
ones taper-obtuse with green medial stripe and pale thin scarious
edges, the inmost narrow and acutish. Some lower bracts are
usually very short and broad, rounding at the apex. Often som
truncate and some broadly bevelled acutish middle bracts also
occur. Green tips very irregular, sometimes either slight or
broad and conspicuous in the Segre row of bract

Rays rather short, broad, 41. in. broad and p in. long, when
dry (or larger in solitary heads), about 8 or in some colonies chiefly
5 or 6, rounded or but slightly diminished at the apex, the curve
of which is entire or contains I or 2 minute notches. Rays often
virescent, especially late in the season.

Disks turning purplish or themselves sometimes also virescent,
the lobes deep, the bell narrow, with abrupt base and borne on a
very slender thread.

Achenes fusiform, pale and smooth ; the narrow annulus deep
red, a peculiarity which seems also to be shared by A. Claytoni
occasionally, and perhaps by other species.

— Grows in dense stools a foot or two through, or even 3 ft.,

244 DESCRIPTION OF ASTERS; DIVARICATI

the young colonies forming merely a tuft of a few stems, older ones
showing 20-100 or more ; the stems close and parallel, but the
lower leaves usually quite persistent. Narrowest forms are those
which are themselves surrounded and overtopped by other virgate
plants, as Solidago rugosa; or which occur in mixed thickets. —
Distinguished from similarly cespitose congeners as A. arcuatus by
erect position, and from that and A. w/marzus by leaf-form.— On
rocks or near them, in part shade of trees, N. Y. to Va., early in
September.
Examples :

. Y. vic., Yonkers, Bryn Mawr Park, Palmer Ave. rocks, Se. 17, '98, Se.
16, 1905, Bu. ; rocky woods, Se. 4,98, Ai. ; Grassy Sprain Reservoir, Se. 4, '98,
Bi.; Hillview, Se. 13, '98, Bu. ; Lincoln Park, Se. 1904-5; Staten J., Clove L.,
Oc. 17, '96, late survivors.

N. J., Palisades, the most sang iy growths; Woodcliff, Se. 12, '98;
Ft. Lee, Pag LZ '98 ; Undercliff, Oc. 7, late survivors.
., Potomac, Great Falls vic., a 15, 91, late.

37. Aster ulmarius sp. nov.
Dark green dull plants with oblong-ovate crenate-serrate
leaves, with narrow sinus, broad_bracts, purplish-brown disks, and
close-cespitose stems, inhabiting dark woods.

Name, L., ** resembling the elm," from the form of the leaf.
Fic. 49, plant from Silver Cr., N. Y., Au. 17, ’96, in hb. Bu. ; 4, charac-
teristic leaf; @, cordated lower leaf; e, occasional radical.

Stems greenish-brown, generally acutely flexuous, growing in
dense, erect clumps, consisting of many short, dull-green plants,
I 14 ft. high or less.

Leaf-form oblong-ovate, with the deep sinus of the lower
leaves soon disappearing upward. Teeth remote, rather small, of
crenate-serrate type, sometimes almost obsolete. Form, color,
serration and arrangement of leaves all combine to make each
plant suggest a twig from an elm tree. Veins also somewhat
elm-like, strongly marked, somewhat straight, about 5 or 6 pairs.
Leaves much thicker than in many Divaricati, slightly roughish,
somewhat puberulent beneath all over. Apex obtuse, acute or
short-acuminate. Lower petioles narrow, 2 in. long or less, middle
and upper ones chiefly strap-winged, 1 in. or less, usually half
that length.

Larger leaves 314 x 2%; a few unusually luxuriant plants
reach 2 ft. high, with about 6 large leaves 6 x 3% in., and bear-
ing as many as 20 heads; most plants hardly exceed 1 ft.

ASTER ULMARIUS 245

Radicals, a few small ones seen, cordate-orbicular, with shal-
low sinus, 24 in. across.

Heads $ in. broad, 2 high. Inflorescence sometimes reduced
to 3 or 4 subsessile heads in each of the uppermost axils.

Rays ¥ in. long or less.

Disks turning purple ; and the whole plant becoming deep crim-

NY

Lf CU
A '
- L^ Aster ulmarius

FIG. 49.

son or maroon in late autumn, with the veins darker and clouded,
the whole leaf often beautifully marmorate.

Paths and dark banks of streams and moist cold woods, not
Owing its character to that situation alone, however, as it may be
found surrounded by forms almost in contact with it which are
tall, arcuate, decumbent, profuse-flowered, large flowered, smooth-
eaved, pale-leaved, solitary, or long-surculose ; to each of which
characters A. u/marius is the opposite.

246 DESCRIPTION OF AsTERS ; DIVARICATI
Examples :
Ms. geao Mt. Ethel, vp in deciduous forest, at 1,6co ft., Se., 1903.
W.N. Y., Silver Cr., Swift ill, Au. 15, ^96; Aster-bank, numerous, Au.

17; T Si 34985 bos Indian Cr., pa 20,'96. Chautauqua, Assembly grounds,
Au.

je Ca ise Cre, P» s Mill, in deep shades of laurels, Oc. 12, '88.
Rack Cr., Oc. 9," b 2p

Md., bcd near ded Falls, at Kirk's Mine, Oc. 11, "o1.
Tenn., Knoxville, shaded hills, Oc. '94, A. Ruth in hb. Colu.

Division E. FURCATE ASTERS.

Small scattered leafy plants a foot high ; bracts triangular-ob-
long, large and flattish. Species 38—39. i

38. ASTER FURCATUS Burgess
Small plants with long harsh ovate-triangular straight-acumi-
nate leaves, little sinus or petiole, long straight teeth, triangular-
elongate bracts, and large remote turbinate heads with prolonged
forking pedicels (whence the name).

Fic. 50, top of plant of Oregon, Ills., M. B. Waite in hb. Bu., Au. '84:
à, characteristic TE cauline: g, characteristic radical and lower cauline.
catus Burgess in Br. and Br. Ill. Fl. 3: 358 (1898), with fig. 3738,
and siga isnt :

“Stem leafy, 11% ft. high, or less, loosely forked above. Leave
hispid above, hispidulous beneath, firm, saliently cut-toothed, the

upper sessile, with broad laciniate winged bases, often 5 in. long
by 2% wide, the uppermost elliptic-oblong, often 3% in. long ;
teeth long and low, sharp. Heads few (5—20), slender-peduncled ;
involucre turbinate to campanulate, with a truncate or. rounded
base; rays 3-toothed ; disk turning brown, the florets funnel-form
with rather broad lobes; pappus long, straight; achenes pubes-
cent, subangular, not constricted at the summit. — In woods,
especially on shaded cliffs, Illinois and Missouri, Aug.—Oct.”

Rootstock producing several strong reddened surculi at once.

Stem green, assurgent from a geniculate base, subangular,
rough with minute short spreading hairs.

Leaf-surface above like shagreen with innumerable minute
close spinescent bristles, or when very much shortened, with mu-
cronate tubercles ; margins not otherwise ciliate. Leaves beneath

aos SS dd

ip Ea ee Mag face eI

ASTER FURCATUS 247

hispidulous, with a fine rough subappressed whitish pubescence,
which becomes spreading on the veins. Texture firm, thickened.
Color pale green, veins paler still. Petioles slender and 174 in.
long or less, for the lowest cordate leaves; for the middle leaves
usually broadly winged, often 34 in. broad and long, deeply
gashed, contracted at the stem and again at the leaf, finally in the
upper leaves merging gradually into the leaf. Teeth conspicuous,
chiefly long, shallow, sharp, dorsally straight; occasionally cur-
vescent, sometimes short, irregular and salient.

Aster furcatus L al

Fic. 50.

Involucre chiefly turbinate with straight divergent sides from
a small distinctly rounded base, conspicuously quincunx-cheq-
uered, little pubescent but with strong ciliation. Rays % in.
ong, 4l, in. wide, when dry. Achenes sometimes still quite pu-
bescent at maturity, covered with short upward-directed silky brown
hairs especially on the angles and intermediate striae. Pappus
golden-ferruginous in 10 years, ecru in 5.

Plants long confused, vibrating in collections between “ 4.

corymbosus” and A. macrophyllus, sometimes even appearing in the

248 DESCRIPTION OF ASTERS; DIVARICATI

same herbarium under both names, sometimes first labelled 4.
corymbosus because white-rayed and sharp-toothed ; and then re-
labelled A. macrophyllus because hispid and large-flowered ; in
reality highly unlike either. The plant also resembles A. con-
spicuus somewhat in aspect and leaf-form, in size of heads and rays,
and in roughness ; but differs in developing a cordate base (though
such leaves are apt to be gone at flowering time).

Shaded cliffs and woods, of rare occurrence.

Examples :

Ill., Oregon, Ogle Co., woods, M. B. Waite in hb. Bu., Au.,'84; a number
of plants, iie rays € xc uut tinged.
Ill, Fou nebago , M. S. Bebb in hb. Candy; with 6 sub-
cordate we Pp nly one as ined ; "qe a Fes plant almost 2 ft. high,
from the same place. "M sieut ex hb. S. Bebb,’ now No. 141893 in
herb. U. S. Nat. Museum ; sag ta lls., ry Pis ?' in same.
ed coll. Brendel in ry no. 18912 in hb. U. S. Wat. Mu.
, ‘* Shannon Co., shaded cliffs, rare, Oc. 21, ’93, e F Bush" in hb.
Colu., hb. tir hb. Bu. and hb. Mo. Bot. Gar
, ** Jefferson Co., shady woods, bedki of the Meramec R., Se. 6, 1886,
H. Bari in hb. s also, ** banks of the Meramec R., Se., 1886, H. Eggert,”
in hb. Harv., hb. Can
$1596 poe Co., shady cool Lagu at Allenton, Se., '75," G. W. Letter-
man in ik pir now in hb. JZ, . Gar.

39. ASTER LEPTOCAULIS Burgess

Plants resembling A. furcatus, but taller, and more leafy, the
leaves oblong-acute or ovate-lanceolate, little roughened or nearly
smooth, and dense-pubescent beneath, the bracts somewhat obtuse,
the shining ids stem very smooth (whence the name).

Fic. 51, plant from Milwaukee, Wis., Dr. H. E. Hasse in hb. N. Y. Bot.
Gar. ; b, dapi leaf-form of this and of plant of Milwaukee, Wis., Z. A.
Zobén, Au., 1842, in hb. Mo. Bot. Gar

Aster poate Burgess, in Britton’ s Manual, 950 (1901), with original
description :

* Stem slender, smooth, 4 dm. high or more, the branches
puberulent, erect-ascending, leafy to the inflorescence. Stem-
leaves lanceolate or the lower ovate-lanceolate, the large 1.5 dm.
long, thin, slightly rough above, finely and densely pubescent
beneath, long-acuminate, sharply serrate nearly or quite to the
base, the upper sessile or very nearly so, the lower petioled and
cordate or subcordate at the base, inflorescence corymbose, leafy ;
peduncles slender, 1—2.5 cm. long ; ; involucre turbinate-campanu-

a

E. xau a

naa

ASTER LEPTOCAULIS 249

late, about 8 mm. high, its bracts obtuse or obtusish, ciliate ; heads
about 2.5 cm. broad. — Milwaukee, Wis., collected by Dr. H. E.
Hasse,”

Subsection 2. CURVESCENTES.
Radicals usual, numerous and large, forming conspicuous colo-
nies ; involucre narrowly cylindrical or terete ; rays white, some-
times turning rose-color but not violet; disks turning brown or

E
Aster léptocaulis

Fic. 51.

sienna, rather than crimson ; pedicels not tomentulose all over (as
in A. divaricatus) but bearing pubescence in lines ; no glandular
hair present. Zzc/udes Divisions A and B, species 40-54.

Division A. CURVESCENT ASTERS.

Bracts chiefly scarious and pale, very narrow and attenuate,
tapering-obtuse. Leaves large, thin. Rays narrow.

250 DESCRIPTION OF ASTERS; CURVESCENTES

Subdivision A. INNER BRACTS WITHOUT OBVIOUS MIDRIB,
COLOR OR HAIR, AND VERY THIN.

Species 40.
40. ASTER CURVESCENS Burgess

Deep green broad-leaved plants, with orbicular-cordate leaf-
form, curvescent teeth, smooth narrow involucre, attenuate bracts,
strong-linear rays; the small convex inflorescence flattening into
a dome with divaricate branches ; the whole plant outlined in flow-
ing curves (whence the name).

Fic. 52, P 9, plant from Lanier Heights Brook, Washington, D. C.,
24, '88, in hb. Bu. ; and plate 10 its radicals, a single head, bracts and disk- iin
A. curve cens Pii. ar in Br. and Br. Ill. Fl. 3: 359 (1898) with fig. 3741,
and original description

* Dark green, chiefly glabrous; rootstocks often 10 in. long ;
stem pale green, striate, delicate, 1 14 to 2 ft. high. Basal leaves
tufted, conspicuous, these and the lowest stem-leaves with a broad,
shallow sinus tapering into a petiole 1-2 times as long as the blade,
abruptly incurved-acuminate ; middle leaves ovate, short-petioled,
rounded at the base, the upper lanceolate, slenderly acuminate,
often falcate. Leaves firm, smoothish, the teeth broad, curved.
Inflorescence small, convex, 3—5 in. broad, its short filiform naked
branches widely ascending ; heads 4 or 5 lines high; lower bracts
short, obtuse, the others longer, nearly uniform, scarious, shining,
linear, often acute, usually glabrous; rays about 8, cream-white,
about 5 lines long; disk becoming purple-brown; pappus early
reddening ; achenes slender, glabrous.

** — In loose, moist shaded soil, New England and New York
to Virginia. Aug.— à

ootstocks strong, rather slender, sometimes pulling up for
IO to 20 in.

Young shoots bearing two small suborbicular primordial leaves,
J4 in. across, brownish-green, and nearly opposite (nearly ready
to fall away, Apr. 21, at Washington, D. C.) Above these
occurs a small deltoid-orbicular crenate leaf with truncate brace-
base, which also soon perishes. Proper radicals follow, 2 or
sometimes 3, nearly alike in size and shape, 4 or 5 x 4 in., some-
times 6 x

I:eaf-form cordate-orbicular with broad and rounded base, in-
curved-acuminate, the brace-base sinus very broad and shallow,
recurved conspicuously at the petiole. Petioles very long and
slender, the radical 6-8 in., the lower cauline 2-3 in; middle
cauline petioles often broadly winged and tapering upward.

Mem. Torrey CLUB, 13 à PL. 9.

Sa oo ee EEP

ASTER CURVESCENS

ASTER CURVESCENS 251

Middle leaves ovate, remaining leaves to the inflorescence
. hardly at all shorter but progressively narrowed to lanceolate,
serrulate. Axile leaves rapidly reduced in size and soon obsoles-
cent; the rameals few and minute, the inflorescence thus seeming
naked.

Teeth even, rather close, on the radicals chiefly 1% in. long,
projecting onte d ¥% in. or less, much more shallow on the
cauline leaves ; characteristic form curvescent, or slightly convex
on the back, concave in front, tipped at the front projection with
a long slender abrupt aculeus which is green and membrane
margined.

Inflorescence usually semicircular on pressing, 3 in. across by 2
in. high, orless. Heads 25 or less, small ; branches widely patent,
but not at right angles as in best-developed plants of A. glomeratus ;
pedicels 14 in. long in flower, capillary, minutely strigose in lines.
Principal bracts very narrow, little seriate, slenderly linear-atten-
uate from base to acutish apex in most inner examples ; most outer
ones obtusish or seeming acute by infolding ; all smooth or with
mere trace of ciliation or hair, glume-like and scarious through-
out, without midrib or green tip ; except in the few short incon-
spicuous outer bracts, which are ovate and thickened.

Rays bidentulate, quickly deciduous, persistently 8, rarely 10
Or 12, disks about 20, purple-brown or black when

Achenes deep brown, smooth, the darker striae conspicuous
but delicate, slender- fusiform, with conspicuous pale terminal
annulus marked by short truncated grooves.

Habitat, loose, gravelly soil and steep banks, near streams,
especially in narrow ravines, in shade, chiefly in the Middle States.

M à

, Sullivan Co., Meriden woods, between Grantham Mt. and Connecti-
cut R. res Wood, as A. corymbosus, in hb. Can
Ms., Zaconics, Bashbish ravine and its iani to 1600 ft. alt., I9gOI, 1903,
I904, Bu., and x Farm, Au. 1903, 1904.
N. Y. vic.? in Torr. hb., early determined by Boott and Torrey as Svotia
Schreberi and dg md as A. macrophyllus
N. V. vic.? in Gray hb., dating lion Gray's studies with Torrey, at first
labelled by Guy ** intermediate between 4. — MÀ and A. macrophyllus? by
Gray am gey as ** Boso ie PEREN OPMS
——, Topping, be no. Ln in U. E Nat. Hb.
x Mg Cais, aen Cha , grove; to IO alt, Se., hos Bu.
"NX ey, as A oS (iu: hb. Mo. Bot.
W.N. Ya Choo Co., irn Ledge, '73, Bu., Sheridan, Reed’s Shanes,
Au. 797; serch High Br.
untingdon Co., aeia er 1844? T. C. Porter in hb. Porter, and
Mani '50? hb. Porter.

252 DESCRIPTION OF ASTERS ; CURVESCENTES

Pa., Allegheny Co., Canonsburg, '63, ogee in hb. Porter.

Pa., Bucks Co., Phoenit ville, Au. 14, '96, W. K. Fisher in hb. Bu.

Pa., Lancaster Co., near Steelville, July u 9o, Jn. K. Small in hb. Porter ;
Octoraro, Small in hb, A. Ride n.

y Coll, A. €. Fori” icd no. vidi in U. S. Nat. Hb.
, Newcastle, W. M. Canby, i . Can

xn Mt. Cuba, Se. 24, 95, Jos em See iste hb., in hb. M. Y. Bot. Gar.

D. C., streams ; typical locality in present Zoological ai near end of Lanier
Hts. Brook, Se. 24, '88, etc., some plants still surviving Apr. 21, 1901, then just
opening : their first radicals and about to lose their primordials; Bu., in hb. Zu., and in

Ga ars Run, near Rock Cr., July 12 and 19, '86, Æ. W. Henshaw,
in U. S. Pu

D. i near Washington, m 19, '86, Z. F. Ward in hb. Bu.
Md., Cumberland, ’94, coll. Frank Schriver in hb. N. Y. Bot. Gar.
Va., Potomac i near rast Run, Zz.

Va., Stony Man ; Se. 4, 1901, E. S. Steele in hb. NV.

Kyi, Sy seated ? ah C. W. Short as ** A. icol: in I Buckley,
now in hb. Mo. Bot. Gar.
Ohio, 2 de Richardson, no. 217620 in U. S. Nat. Hb.
5» c le Rock, Se., 1850, Z. R. Gibbes, hb. N. V. Bot. Gar.

History. Plants of this species were collected early in the 19th
century and united by Boott with his specimens of A. Schredert ;
were similarly classed by Torrey and Gray, together with A.
Schreberi as A. macrophyllus 8 (Fl. N. Am.); fide Torrey herba-
rium ; were so classed by Canby ; and by others later were merely
consigned to A. macrophyllus in general.

In 1881, Prof. L. F. Ward remarked of this species, under the
name of A. macrophyllus, in his Flora of the District of Columbia,
p. 88, “The form [A. curvescens] found here differs from the
northern from [4. macrophyllus] in the size of the leaf and heads,
and in the number of flowers in the heads, and seems to be inter-
mediate between that and A. corymbosus.”

Dr. Geo. Vasey said of this form to me in 1888, “ It surely is
a different plant from A. macrophyllus, and intermediate on account
of its smaller heads and form of inflorescence and different bracts.”

I had myself regarded it as distinct since beginning its study
in 1886, but until 1898 deferred publishing it, in order to com-
pare its development in other localities.

Variants :
40° Rotundate form. Small plants differing in their conspicu-
ous we caulines which are broadly oval, and slender-petioled.
th the type, near Washington, D. C., Bu.

Mem. Torrey CLUB, 13 PL. 10.

ASTER CURVESCENS 253

40° Pedunculate. Tall stiff slender plants, differing in thei

numerous small ovate short-stalked upper caulines ; by this arrest
of leaf-size the upper part of the stem becoming a bracteose pedun-
cle in appearance.

With the type, near Washington, D. C., Bu., Phoenixville, Pa., W. K.
Fisher, etc

o. A. curvescens x A. divaricatus, a probable hybrid; like

the pe in its leafy-bracteate enlarged inflorescence, flexed stem,
more salient teeth ; otherwise chiefly like the preceding.

Va., Potomac bank, Spout Run, Oc. 9, ’91, and Violet Rock, Oc. 17,’91, Bu.

. curvescens X A. macrophyllus, a probable hybrid,

chiefly like the former parent, but with its thick hispidulous leaves,
its bracts, inflorescence form and abundant large truncate rameals
seemingly due to the latter.

At the localities of No. 404.

Subdivision B. INNER BRACTS WITH OBVIOUS MIDRIB.
Species 41~43.

41. Aster oviformis sp. nov.

Slender plants with large, thin, dark, oval-acute leaves, close-
crenate and with sharp sinus, and irregular flattish-topped inflor-
escence, linear-oblong rays and bracts.

Name, L., from the leaf-form, like an = sag! one = gradually reduced.
FIG. 54, m from Yonkers, N. Y., - 3, 99, hb. Su., % natl. siz
a ie Are shown in jail group, 5 2i in sat and middle aati.
rrant ra
IG. x Jb IO, radicals and single head, etc., from Potomac R., '98, in
hb. Bu.

A. curvescens oviformis Burgess in Br. and Br. Ill. FL, 3: 359 (1898), with
original fend:

“Stem about 2% ft. high, leafy ; leaves dull green, not acumi-
nate, very thin, but rough, ovate, cordate with a deep narrow
sinus, 8 in. long by 4% wide, or smaller; some of the bracts
broader and green-tipped ; inflorescence smaller and less [re gu-
larly] branched [than in A. curvescens]. Range of the preceding."

Teeth very shallow, crenate with stiff abrupt mucro.

Leaves extremely thin and tissue-like, lightly-pubescent on the
veins beneath ; the much-appressed bristles above, very slender,
sharp and delicate ; the sinus commonly overlapped. — Leaf-devel-
opment shows the unfolding leaves much narrower and much more

254 DESCRIPTION OF ASTERS ; CURVESCENTES

acuminate than they remain ; the hairs at first whiter, almost floc-
cose on the midrib below.

In first development, a few thin triangular bracteose scales are
succeeded by 1 or 2 little primordial leaves, these by about 3 sub-
orbicular leaves respectively about 1 in., 214 in., and 4 in. across,
the first subcordate, the second somewhat hastate at the deep

a EE L À ote "e
SR CIT r oviformis
FIG. 54.

narrow sinus, the third similar, but with the basal lobes thrown
wide apart. The characteristic leaf-form, resembling an ostrich-
egg, is then assumed by about 3 leaves, and in diminished size by
2 or 3 more. Then follows the first axile leaf (often the ninth
permanent leaf on the plant), this and 2 or 3 more being ovate-

ASTER OVIFORMIS 255

lanceolate ee winged. Then follow 7 to 10 lanceolate subentire
axiles, 1% in. lon

eene long, narrow, delicate, 3 or only 2 in., the radical 7
in. or les

Packs linear-oblong, with the narrow obtuse apex slightly
darkened. Pedicels slender, short and crowded.

Differs from A. curvescens especially in leaf-form, thinner sub-
stance and crenate teeth. Intermediate between A. curvescens and
A. Schreberi in its bracts.

Blooms in W. N. Y. from end of July through first week in
August chiefly ; Sept. and Oct. collections on the Potomac repre-
senting late flowering colonies.

Examples :

N. Y. vic., Yonkers, McLean Av., Au. 3,99; McLean's Pond, Au. 3, '99.
W. N. Y., Silver Cr., Fern Glen, bank Walnut Cr., at summit; near High
Br., Au. 6, n
Cattaraugus Resn., inae cornfield corner, near Burning Spr., Au. 9, 797 ;
Indian pis: ok upra. Au. 9, '97 ; Big Indian Cr. mouth, July 31,'96. Hanover,
Rosebrook woods, oo.
NY. pieni near cst Au. I,'98, N. £L. Britton, in hb. JV. Y. Bot. Gar.
N. J., Millington, Morris Co., Au. 19, '92, C. V. Nash in U. S. Nat. Hob.,
18904.
Md., ** Baltimore, Dr. Furman, A. macrophyllus,’ in U. S. Nat. Hb.,
No. 18916. icd pple Se. 23, 793, Bu., with the sinus often broad.
, Lanier Hts. Brook, Se. 2 '88,'etc.; leaves just opening
April 21 ; full dien: inl 21. Woodley Br., Oc. '88.
Va a., Potomac bank, west of Holtzman’s, ae 26, !88, Oc. 22, '89.
dote

41? A. oviformis x A. divaricatus ; a probable hybrid, m
the first parent in having irregular salient teeth, gashed and cut, a
single tooth sometimes 11 in. long, and projecting 1 in. ; the leaves
very thin and very large, reaching 10 x 6 in. or less.

N. Y. vic., Yonkers, Troublesome Brook, Oc. 28,96, Bu.
D. C., Rock Cr., at Lobelia Run and at Pierce's Mill, '88, Bu.

I? A. oviformis x A. glomeratus ; probable hybrid, combining
the leaves of the former and the inflorescence of the latter; bracts
highly triseriate and with deep bright-green tips, near both parents.

W. N. Y., Cattaraugus Resn., on ao Cr. An. 3°96: Ser Cr.
ravine at Crenated Falls, two plants, Ae. I7,

t A. oviformis x A. ctia . probable hybrid, chiefly
like the former parent but with the upper leaves and minute glands
of the latter; near both.

N. Y. vic., Yonkers, Troublesome Brook, Oc. 28, ’96.

256 DESCRIPTION OF ASTERS ; CURVESCENTES

I* 4. oviformis > A. curvescens ; an intermediate in leaf-form,
shorter and broader than the former, and not so dull green.
W.N. Y., Silver Cr., near High Br., Au. 6, ’97.

42. Aster vittatus sp. nov.

Small plants with ovate-acuminate leaves, close sharp teeth,
broad shallow sinus below, loose-domed inflorescence, and long-
attenuate obtuse bracts with whitish scarious edges and upright
green medial band (whence the name).

coi

7 Aster vittatus Cc A
Fie, 55.

Fic. 55, plant of Colonel’s Chair Mt., Catskills, Se. 6, ’99, in hb. Bu., %
natl. size, with radicals Hs à, characteristic leaf-form, radicals and lower caulines.

rii Ey UC NEST

ASTER VITTATUS 257

Rootstock reddish-brown ; finally black, with very short nodes.

Stem deep red, or green when under shade, smooth, continu-
ously sinuous, about 13 ft. high, finely striate when

Leavesfull green, firm, smoothis ly narrow- v-petioled,
acuminate-serrate with very close slender teeth, and with broad shal-
low sinus. Radicals oblong-acute, with truncate base and straight
sides ; or sometimes cordate-triangular. Lower leaves character-
istic, ovate-incurve-acuminate. Middle caulines ovate-acuminate
rounding into a wing-petiole.

Inflorescence a loose dome, with branches upward-curved.
Bracts of two kinds, the outer acutish or bevel-tipped, slightly
ciliate; the middle and inner bracts very thin and smooth, non-
ciliate, very long-attenuate, with whitish margins and with a very
characteristic long narrow green medial band continuing without
enlargement, to the obtuse apex.

Habitat, grassy banks and lower mountain slopes, Schoharie
Valley in the Catskills ; on Colonel’s Chair Mt., Hunter, flowering
the middle of August, passing out of flower Se. 5.

Distinguished from the similarly domed A. curvescens by its
more green-banded and less-attenuate bracts, looser upcurved
inflorescence branches, usual red stem, smaller more ovate leaf-
form, and different teet

Distinguished from A. ambiguus near which it grows, by its
shorter non-cylindric simultaneous-flowered inflorescence, its darker
red stem, and its narrower more sharp-serrate leaves

Unlike A. Schreberi in its curves of stem, leaf, inflorescence top
and branches ; also in its narrow green-banded bracts.

43. Aster umbelliformis sp. nov.
Large plants with smooth, orbicular ovate leaves, deep sinus,
crenate-serrate margins, decompound inflorescence with tall sub-
umbellate branches, and many bracts thickened and green-tipped.

Name, L., from the inflorescence-divisions, small corymbs with the pedicels

brought vy xi a common bas
G. 56, plate 11, Va dus Hillview swamp, Yonkers, N. Y., July, 798, in

hb. Bu.

A. coryméosus (in part) Muhlenberg, Cat. ed. 1; 1813, fde traces in his her-
barium ; and hence his statement of /z/y as blossoming time for ** 4. corymbosus.”

A, escens umbelliformis Burgess in Br. and Br. Ill. Fl. 3: 359 (1898),
with original pins ription

“ Stem very sardo: deep [green, or] red [in certain forms],

robust, straight, sometimes 3% ft. tall; leaves apple-green,
smooth when dry, sparingly toothed, inflorescence symmetrically

258 DESCRIPTION OF ASTERS ; CURVESCENTES

umbelliform, decompound; sinus of the lower leaves rather dee
and narrow. In grassy woods and thickets, Conn., and to Virginia."

Stem terete, non-flexuose. Radicals 1, sometimes 2, wit
very long, erect petioles, twice the leaf-length, even 12 in. long.
Leaves thin, firm, light green, satiny, smooth and glabrous in
growth, and remaining smooth when dry, except sometimes the
very lowest leaves. Leaf-form cordate acuminate, or cordate with
abruptly short caudate apex ; middle caulines large, ovate-acumi-
nate with broad wing ; upper caulines and axiles oblong-lanceo-
late, rounded into a short, broad wing. Rameals often large,
2 x 14 in, or less, lance-oblong, sessile; in extreme cases about
3 such, an inch apart, crown the top of the long smooth branch,
naked for 7 inches below.

Teeth of serrate type, fine and regular, shallow, nearly straight.

Inflorescence decomposite, its numerous branches each bearing
an umbelliform cluster with radiating pedicels or in some clusters
resuming the corymbose type by developing short internodes.
The total inflorescence in small plants has a shallow convex top
about 5 in. broad ; in large plants a loose rounded dome, 10 in. or
more across.

Pedicels very slender, often 17 in. long; lateral buds of each
cluster are apt to be sessile for some time, the pedicel often de-
veloping so much later as to make the whole cluster half-circular
when fully in flower.

Rays 8, tapering slightly to the 3-toothed apex ; a little more
so to the base. Disk-flowers about 25, becoming rdi cen -brown,
taper-funnelform, the short lobes forming not over 2 of the body.
Achenes smooth and even, fusiform, dark greenish brown, with
double striae, with a white terminal ann ulus which is decurrent on the
striae and thus becomes triangularly denticulate downward. Recep-
tacle foveolate, developing conical tubercles, on which the achenes
were seated ; but alveolae and fimbriae are obsolescent or absent.

mong allies which bear somewhat similarly umbelliform
branches, A. améiguus is smaller and more slender, A. Claytont
very much shorter; A. curvescens only produces similarly con-
spicuous colonies of broad radicals, and differs in darker, harsher
leaves, more predominantly curvescent teeth, narrower rays, etc.
A. limicola sometimes grows near, but differs in leaf-form, ciliate
petioles, larger, rougher, thinner, more numerous radicals, crenate
teeth and later blossoming.

Habitat, wet woods and river banks, Mass. and Ontario to Va.
and Illinois, late July.

Examples :

Ms. Montague, July 25, '87, and Au. 6,'87, Walter Deane in hb.
Ontario, Welland, July 12, 1901, Macoun in hb. N. Y. Bot. Gar.

Tort Mu 47 ie m TREES k
a EE ‘ E aye
ES a sgl cake nee Sie ee A Ce, SARS Re Ne HE a all

Mem. Torrey Crus, *3 PL. 11.

DTA m NR eg eo Sa Se en RM Ee ee ee ee

mee a

ASTER UMBELLIFORMIS.

|
|

ASTER UMBELLIFORMIS 259

Con M proe ii rich open woods, not common, Au. 20, '98, C. H. Bis-
sell, in hb. N. Y. Bat. Gar
Conn., C. Wri right as A. corymbosus in | hb.
hee , Meriden z West Peak, Au. 27 miy rien Shepard in hb. Bu.
N. Y., 0 neida at Oneida Falls on Oneida Cr., Au. 14 and Se. 10, '99,
Gerrit S. xai i nh
N ‘ocum’ s ri at Evans Mill, Au., '81, Mrs. L. F. Ward in hb. U.

vt

S. Nat. pent

» Yonkers, Lincoln Park, Tul. 26, '96, Bi., Hillview, swamp, Jul.,
*goc ds P dar. Ave., spring, Jul., '97, '98, '99, 1900, 1901, 1902, 1903, 1904,
1905,

‘Oh io, Cincinnati, '80, Lloyd, in hb. Mo. Bot. Gar

Ills., T shaly, rocky ravine, Au., '91; rare a” Frank E. McDonala
in hb. W. Dea

a Sond Lake pip 'gr, Sandberg, no. 18908, in hb. U. S. Nat. Mus.

Del M? Cuba, Se 5t, '95, Prin coms in hb. U. S. Nat. Mus.

Ix 6. pce e 4. Smith i

D. C., ** Washington, A. cT ree Pas; no. I8915, in C. S.
Nat. Mus.

D. C., Lobelia Run, July 19,'86, H. W. Henshaw in hb. W. Deane.

Va., Potomac, bank, Violet Rock, Oc. 29, '88, Spout Run, Oc. 2, '88, Bu.

Va., Nick's Cr., Au. 5, '92, 7n. K. Small, in hb. Colu., hb. Porter, hb. IF.
Deane, etc.

Vai, ace Co., near Bucklin, ’92, coll. Pollock in hb. Mo. Bot. Gar.
rnhardi as pu pate mca and mounted on sheet with a frag-
ment of that species; in hb. Mo. Bot.
Hb. Bernhardi rad a ipu va as ** A. Phila. Aim, and ** A. niveus, no.
6,” and as ** Aster 1709 V [iget] July."

Hb. Berol., specimen reported by Dr. L. M. Underwood ; the sheet endorsed
in the hand of Willdenow ** 2 Aster corymbosus an etiam macrophylius. Muhlen-
berg misit." To which Gray added when examining the sheet in 1880, ‘‘ Forma
intermedis sed ad macrophyllam mt.

Candelabriform plants accompany the umbelliform or typ-
ical plants and produce a more irregular inflorescence with strong
branches Erered outward and then upward. Conn., Yonkers,
Eva

P cde plants also accompany these, with the outcurved
e n becoming incurved upward and recurved at the top.

43*. Red-stemmed plants occur as late-flowering outliers in the
sun, sometimes of very robust as and over 4 feet high ;
as at Yonkers Ave. swamp, Oc. 3, 91, Bi.

43°. A. umbelli, iformis x ok lus ; probable hybrid, dif-
fering from preceding in having hispidulous lower leaves, pubes-
cent branches, and stalked glands.

N. Y. vic., White Plains,’ 87, Miss P. A. McCabe in hb. Torrey Bot. Club.
43°. A. umbelliformis x A. divaricatus ; probable hybrid, un-

260 - DESCRIPTION OF AsrERS; CURVESCENTES

like the former parent in having sharper, stronger teeth, and upper
caulines and large axiles resembling lanceolate leaves of the latter.

Va., Potomac bank, near Washington, Spout Run, Oc. 2, '88.

Division B... GLOMERATE AND SCHREBERAN ASTERS.

Bracts highly coriaceous, chiefly pale and obtuse, with green
tip and midrib. Species 44—54.

Subdivision A. GLOMERATE ASTERS.

Inflorescence rather dense, quite regular, not very large.
Radical colonies not very conspicuous. Species 44-47.

* Bracts _ glabrate,
but little ciliate, acutish or
attenuate-obtuse, teeth close,
sharp, outflung ; leaves almost
glabrate.

44. Aster exacutus sp. nov.

Slender wand-like plants
with about 3 triangular-ovate
slit-margined radicals and as
many similar lower leaves,
followed by 12—18 small ellip-
tic-acute caulines and many
small heads in a flat-topped
corymb.

harn

Name, L., — very much p
ened; from the very acute teeth and
leaf-apices.

FiG. 57, from plant of dry

wooded bank of the Hudson near Hast-
ings, N. Y., coll. A. in hb. Su., re-
' duced to % nat. size; rays omitted ;
4, characteristic leaf-form ; d, common
radical form ; e, primordial leaf.

: Stem about 2 ft. high,
greenish-brown, smooth and terete, its nodes about 2 in. remote
below, 74 in. or less above.

. 3Leaves deep green, of thin and dense texture, of two distinct
types, the triangular-ovate radical and lower cauline 4 or 5 in.

Fic. 57.

ee ee ee eee ee EE EX TEE eee
a E

ASTER EXACUTUS 261

long, about 3 in. broad, with long slender petioles ; their broad
sinus open and shallow or closed by overlapping ; the basal lobes
elegantly rounded. Upper and lower caulines are typically elliptic-
acute or oblong-lanceolate, numerous and close, spreading and
horizontal, nearly or quite sessile, 3X Lin. or becoming finally half
that size, ‘sharp- -serrulate or finally subentire. Axiles steadily
diminished from the last. Rameals small and inconspicuous,
rather numerous, lanceolate or oval-oblong.

Teeth of slit-serrate type, remarkably uniform throughout the
plant, very close, long-acuminate, directed outward on the best
developed lower leaves, directed forward on the middle and upper
caulines.

Leaves glabrous, their upper surface rough, the lower smooth.
Petioles to the radicals exceed the leaf-length and are notably long
and slender. Radicals of typical development are usually pre-
ceded by a small subcircular primordial, 1 in. or more broad,
with crenate teeth or shallow sinus.

Inflorescence flat-topped, a typical compound corymb of high-
ascending successively-lengthened branches, nearly simultaneous
in flower, with small heads ¥ in. high.

racts coriaceous, rather cli, somewhat keeled along the mid-
rib, somewhat short- ciliate, pale, but with small deep-green tips,
all narrow, mostly linear-attenuate with obtuse apex. Rays nar-
row, creamy, about 8. Pappus becoming ferruginous.

With A. Schrebert, from which it seems a very distinct offshoot.

N. Y., vic., Hastings, dry loose soil, wooded bank of Hudson R., July, '97,
Bi. US July; "075 Die *
near Marvin, Smyth Co., July, '92, Jn. K. Small.

45. Aster Eriensis sp. nov.

Small plants with smooth firm slit-serrate oval-acute leaves,
conspicuous axiles, close convex inflorescence, with white or red-
dened rays and acutish lower bracts. .

Name from occurrence, near the southern shore of L. Erie.

F 8, plant from L. Erie, Rosebrook woods, Au. 2, 1900, in hb, Az.
natl. size; 6, characteristic leaf-type ; 4 and e, radicals (Au. 14, '96). Rays omitted.

Stem low, 1 or 1% ft, Hiep UL. smooth and terete,
widely and loosely branched abov

Leaf-form oval-acute, with pe deep sinus, and finely
slit-serrate margin, not large, about 3x 2 in. or less, with conspic-
uously narrow-shouldered base. Texture dense and firm, smooth
when fresh and almost so when dry.

Petioles rapidly diminished, narrow and weak, the lower ones

262 DESCRIPTION OF ASTERS; CURVESCENTES

longer than the leaves, the middle ones hardly as long as the leaf-
breadth, and ceasing with the axiles. Veins usually smooth be-
; neath, pale above.

Sinus becoming finally
shallow and broad in the
upper caulines, which are
deltoid or are lilac-like and
soon apt to become short-
acuminate and much re-
duced in size.

Hair almost absent,
even from the bracts.

Inflorescence composed
of a number, 3—6, of densely
glomerate clusters, the

C1 ^7
Q

Y [an
AWET E
D = i",

^"

conspicuously so in large
plants

Heads small, subsessile;
involucre j5;-in. high, bracts
rigid, brownish, obtuse, or
the lower acutish, chiefly
with diamond-shaped

Wi Aster Feiensis

green-tips.
Pappus copious, soon.
Fic. 58. dark, tawny within three

ears.

Rays 6-8, but very often partly dicit. dull white, rounded
at apex, often drooping, sometimes rose colored in the sun.

Habitat, low grounds in slight shade of thickets or thin trees,
L. Erie shore in Chautauqua Co., N. Y.

Examples : i

- N. Y., Sheridan, Reed's swamp, Au. I, 1900. Hanover, Rosebrook
woods, July 31 and Au. 2, 1900. Silver Cr., Talcott’s Brook, Au. 15,’96, Pomfret,
Glasgow, Au. 14, '96. Cattaraugus Resn., Big Indian Cr., July 31, '96; Indian
Twin brook, Au. 5, !96.

from A. glomeratus which it most resembles, in its
earlier blooming longer rays ; smoother leaves with almost no hair
beneath, even on the veins; bracts more apt to be acutish, and
almost wholly non-ciliate; axiles much larger; stem more red-
dened; teeth about twice as close, of slit-serrate type. Diffe

ASTER GLOMERATUS 263

also in its growth more in the sun, and more inclined to form
roundish clumps of many close stems.

** Bracts ciliate ; teeth of crenate-serrate type. Heads
in a domed mass, quite compact ; leaves of coarse heavy texture.

46. ASTER GLOMERATUS Bernhardi in Nees.
Small rigid plants with little firm rough roundish leaves, close
crenate teeth, broad deep sinus, pilose veins or under-surface, short
rays, subsessile heads, obtuse bracts, and wide-angled branching. :

Small state. of Aster Moon
defex Hb Paris che from L. Erie
Fic. 59.

Name, L., from the inflorescence.

Fic. 59, small states; d, e, f, the ancient 4. glomeratus specimen of the Hb-
Mus. Paris, as drawn in 1900; and a, 4, c, corresponding native examples from Can.
adaway Cr., near L. Erie, Au. 10, ’96, in hb. Bu.

Fic. 60, plant from L. Erie, Rosebrook woods, N. Y., Au. 31, '99, coll. Bu.
in hb. Bu.; 4, characteristic leaf-form, lower caulines; 4’, of middle caulines. One
fifth natl. size.

264 DESCRIPTION OF ASTERS ; CURVESCENTES

A. glomeratus Bernhardi in litt. ad Nees; cited, Nees, Gen. Ast. 139. 1832.

Eurybia glomerata Nees, Gen. Ast. 139. 1832, with original description ;
see infra; p. 270.

Biotia glomerata D. C. gene io : 3583. 1836.

Aster ewes Bernh. [fide D.C., Prodr., 5: 250]. But perhaps this was by
Bernhardi meant for a uiis menie in young state and therefore with subsessile
buds. Such a specimen of young subsessile 4. macrophyllus was not long after this
identified by Boott in N. Y. or N. England as Biotia glomerata ; fide specimens so
labelled in Torrey herbarium. Whether 4. g/utinosus Bernh. really represented one of
the Macrophylli or was correctly relegated by DeCandolle to his g/omeratus, the name

in any case invalidated, an Aster g/utinosus of Cavanilles, 1790-1801 (later becoming
Grindelia pagan Willd.) already existing. Another Aster g/utinosus, of Roxburgh,

as b rred to Commidendron rugosum. See also 466, infra.
A. a Anii (Nees) Bernhardi; Burgess in Br. and Br. Ill. Fl. 3: 358.
1898, with fig. 3739, and description as follows :

“ Loosely clustered, dull green. Leaves not large, mostly
short-pilose beneath, thickish, rough above ; basal leaves present,
these and the lower stem-leaves cordate with a deep narrow sinus,
the teeth sharp, rather close and small; petioles slender, ciliate ;
upper leaves much smaller, ovate, truncate with a short broadly
winged base, or the uppermost ovate to lanceolate, sessile, entire ;
inflorescence compact, of many glomerate clusters, round-topped ;
heads about 4 lines high; bracts pubescent, obtuse, green, the
inner twice as long as the outer; rays about 6, cream-white, short,
soon deciduous; disk turning brown.— In moist thickets or
swamps, especially in ravines, N. Y. and Penn. July.”

all plants in loose colonies with a moderate development of
radicals, which are chiefly 2, and nearly equal, cordate or cordate-
oblong, with a deep full sinus, their size reaching about 4 x 3 in.,
or even 5 x 4; often with 2 or 3 additional smaller leaves, 2 in. long
or less, elliptic, broad ovate or without any sinus. Occasionally a
particularly strong rootstock will produce as many as 6 radicals
and all without sinus. Their naked slender petioles equal the
leaf-length. Usually a single subcircular primordial leaf persists,
sometimes about 1 in. long, remotely toothed, with a narrow pet-
iole about 1 77 in. long.

Lower caulines small, 4 or 5, nearly alike, short rounded-cor-
date, 3 x 2% in. or less, short-acuminate or abruptly apiculate
with obtuse apex, with a broad deep conspicuous sinus and slen-
der naked ciliate petiole; chiefly with sharp crenate-serrate teeth.

Middle caulines diminished rapidly through subcordate or trun-
cate-ovate to ovate, with short petioles equalling 1% the leaf-length
and distinctly winged.

Upper caulines ovate-lanceolate, often subentire, with a broad
short wing.

Axiles oblong-lanceolate, prolonged, chiefly sessile, entire.

R

i ASTER GLOMERATUS
S C MB ZA
m SANS

: E SN SS

A. Sg —

5 A sten glomeratus
FiG. 45.

266 DESCRIPTION OF ASTERS; CURVESCENTES

Rameals shorter but broader, developed only at the top of
each branch.

Leaves all nearly symmetrical, apple-green. Texture thickish,
firm, rough above while fresh, much more so on drying. Under
surface obviously downy, at least on the chief veins, and through-
out upon the lower leaves ; in extreme cases bristly. Venation fine
and close, the rather uniform areolation conspicuous beneath under
a lens, because of the darker veinlets. Teeth subcrenate, finally
of slit-serrulate type above ; the lower leaves with occasional aqui-
line, curvescent, or slit-serrate teeth intermixed.

Inflorescence convex and irregular, 3-5 in. across, compact
and bunchy, with the 20-40 small heads so numerous and close
as to overlap thickly on pressing, in bud sessile and conical, then
globose, finally with pedicel 1% in. long or over

Bracts pale, with heavy dark-green s strongly ciliate,
smoothish-backed, suddenly obtuse ; the lower broad, acutish or
obtuse, the inner ones twice as long, nsu oleis Involucre
greenish, close-imbricated, 1% in.

Rays about 6, sometimes I0, very short, very deciduous,
cream-white, bidentate or acute. Disk- flowers. about 20, yellow
turning brown, short-bell-shaped, drying narrow-oblong. Ach-
enes thick-fusiform, about 14-striate, usually well- WE with
dense short tawny hair when ripe; more so perhaps than any
other Biotian species. Annulus broad, pale, not decurrent.

Pappus whitish, ecru at end of flowering; soon faintly rufes-
cent; the apex thickened.

Pubescence of three forms when fully developed :

I. Strigose pubescence, causing much roughness ; long, stiff,
sharp, pale, few-celled bristles, appressed and pointing forwards ;
over the upper surfaces and along pe i and in some bristly
plants occurring also over the under surface

2. Scurfy pubesence, scattered d and covering the midrib
and principal veins thickly on the upper

3. Soft pubescence, making the shies ides downy to touch
when fresh ; brown, spreading hairs, much longer, tangled when
dry, commonly 10—20 (sometimes 40), cells long, constricting and
twisting at the cell-ends, not beaded by any conspicuous condensa-
tion of cell-contents at the cell-bases. These are also abundant
over bracts and pedicels. Such hairs also occur, but much
reduced, in A. Schreberi.

Habitat, in grass and low districts with moist, loose soil, near
streams or in swamps, especially in ravines. N. Y. and Ohio to
Georgia.

TET MET

andre ud ET CUTS ne Cece Nn Rete. oe
PURA ae ORE Nee SNe NAIR 1 o e 3 T2 dade i ghee Fa Vice EVER E alone PR Nr ANE OR ge ty A Ves REGIT AT aC A e T6

BEY ar pred p ELA

NS.
AU TE cot ck heel rc que

ik
Fe gre Bie N eee Pe Sp oP Se a Ui EET

MUSAE ke cota

ASTER GLOMERATUS 267

Examples :
N. Nay — Kaaterskill an Se. 7, Mh Bu 4.
N. Y., Albany C JN Pond, r Albany, in N. Y. Sta spa peoill
1870-80 jid sigs C.H. P “A. ma latis Mid ‘mall petiolate se

N.Ya ‘Sandee x i nA n Conhocton R., in N. Y. State Hb.,
"93, 6 P Pac as “A. macrophyllus, form approaching 4. corymbosus.”
Sb gu. sica Co., Persia, at Forty Hollow, near Gowanda, close to
iade Cr., Au. 29, '96, , passing out o
W. pr dida C». , Silver Cr. at Wimer’s Clearing, Au. 21, ’97, in
Geet in full "n and passing out ; plants not found there since, though searched for,
'99-1902 anover, Rosebrook woodi , wide-branched plants standing erect and bushy,
out of flower, Au. 31,’99. Pomfret, Darby Switch, full flower, Au. 10, ’96; some
surviving '98.
^ Phoenixville, Se., '96, W. K. Fisher.

n. ; perhaps it was from the Cove Valley, Pe , Pa., where Póppi
botanized dn. and whence he supplied ea to Werben "€: Bett? s original
Specimen came, published by Nees in 1332

; perhaps it was also from Bo that Michaux's specimen came, now
in the hb. Mickeus (in hb, Paris): the plant Age o" Pus d e i
io, near Sandusky, E. L. Moseley in h
Ga a., Madison abe H. W. Ravenel in hb. pie A ne by Gray at

me of writing the Synoptic Flora, as ‘‘ extreme form of A. macrophyllus, var.
bini labelled by Ra 2 ** Biotia commixta ? DC. Sept. Low grounds near
Madison Springs, Ga., legit ZZ. W. R.” — Plant not A. commixtus, for it has no glands ;

has short hair on stem and leaves beneath, e on achenes; young heads subses-
sile, older with % in. pedicels. Seems a loose-flowered, non-cordated plant of 4.
glomeratus, but has more slender inner bracts than are normal.

Ga., Beyrich, in hb. Bernhardi, now in hb. Mo. Bot. Gar.; original label
** Aster cor. sani Ait. Georgia, 1833, Beyrich.”’ d similar to the last, with
little ovate caulines, only one with slight stipe: ; the wing petioles conspicuous ;
very rough and coarse, but almost glabrate.

The usual occurrence of A. glomeratus is in small patches of 10
to 100 plants, their stems a foot apart or more, remarkably uni-
form in bloom, and of brief duration, the rays being quickly decid-

year and returned to examine it another year only to find it obliter-
ated ; as if its flowering exhausted the vitality of its rootstocks. I
have then repeatedly visited the spot to see if new growth from old
rootstocks did not appear, and have found no trace for years
together; although the land remained uncultivated and undisturbed.

ose who search for it will not find the glomerate character
so marked in nature, it being best brought out in pressing. The
original which suggested the name was itself a pressed specimen, now
apparently lost, none under this name remaining in the herbarium
of Bernhardi; nor in the herbarium of Nees as represented in the
British Museum (Nat. Hist.), and in the Gray Herbarium.

268 DESCRIPTION OF ASTERS ; CURVESCENTES

Allies. Its nearest affinity seems A. Erzensis, which differs in
its glabrate leaves almost without hair on the veins, in its non-
ciliate bracts, its compound inflorescence of separated cymules,
etc. A. Schreberi and the other Schreberan species differ in their
larger and more numerous radicals. A. Julianus has a taller
inflorescence, thinner leaves and less pubescence. Most typical
plants of A. glomeratus are almost unique among Biotian asters in
their small bristly crenate rounded-cordate apiculate lower caulines ;
but numerous variants diverge from these toward the species above-
named and toward A. divaricatus.

Variants :

46? Globular form, the extreme of condensation ; branching

miniature. With the type at Chautauqua, Cattaraugus and Albany
county localities.

46° Expanded form; the opposite extreme; sometimes 200
beide with inflorescence 8 in. across and 9 in. high ; Hee reach-
ing 4 in. high, rays 8 to 10, the lamina 45 in. long, =; broad.
Localities in W. N. Y.

46* Pedunculate form ; leaf-form not, as in all the preceding,
diminished gradually to the top of the stem ; but with the leaf-
series suddenly arrested after about 3 lower leaves, the numerous
remaining leaves small and bractlike, 1 in. long or less, with very
short winged petiole, all nearly of one size. Common with the
type, W. N.

46? Pomarial form, orchard-like plants resembling little loosely-
globose apple-trees standing at little spaces apart with grass or
radicals only between; smallest of the Curvescentes, 1 or sometimes
1% ft. high. Radicals often 6 and all without sinus ; caulines all
remarkably small. Leaf-form ovate-triangular, obtuse. Texture
heavy, flabby, a little rough while fresh, hispidulous when dry
above and bristly beneath. Teeth sharper but bracts more rounded
than in type. Inflorescence a dome-like top quite large for the
plant, 6-8 in. across ; not densely flowered.

W. N. Y., Hanover, Rosebrook woods, Au. 31,'99; the type growing near.

465 A emia xA. macrophyllus pinguifolius ? a probable
hybrid, both assumed parents growing in the vicinity. Leaves
smooth, thick, flabby ; upper caulines oblong, with truncate base
and shallow teeth ; lower caulines shallow-crenate ; rootstock
stout. Tends to glutinous hair and pedicelled glands, as in A.
macrophyllus ; but shows all the inflorescence-characters of A
glomeratus, and also its leaf-form. — Bernhardi’s A. g/utinosus, if
it were recoverable, should be compared with this.

W. N. Y., bankside thicket near the mouth of Big Indian Cr., July 31, '96.

ASTER GLOMERATUS 269

46! A. glomeratus x A. macrophyllus ; probable hybrid ; both
assumed parents growing in vicinity ; differs from A. glomeratus in
showing upper leaves of A. macrophyllus.

W. N. Y., Zndian Twin Brook, within a mile of 4696; Au. 3, ’96.

46° A. glomeratus x A. divaricatus ; probable hybrid ; both
assumed parents growing in the vicinity ; differs from the former
in its slenderer flexuous stem, larger, sharper, more salient teeth ;
as in the latter species. Very thin smooth elliptic-lanceolate leaves
predominant.

. Y., with 465; probable hybrids of the same species but with Æ. divari-
catus prepotent, ies occur; for another, A. oviformis X A. glomeratus, see no. 41°,

History. Bernhardi’s Aster, Aster glomeratus, was first so
named by Bernhardi, of Erfurt, in letters written to his friend Nees
between the dates of Nees’ two monographs on the Asters, 1818 and
1832, sending Nees a specimen with this name, and the assurance
that numerous other examples of the same had arrived from dif-
ferent parts of North America, all very different from A. Schreberi,
the nearest congener recognized by Nees.

Perhaps this original Erfurt plant of 4. glomeratus was one of
the Biotian Asters collected by Poppig in Cove Valley, Perry Co.,
Pa., in 1824; specimens forwarded the next year to Dr. Radius, of
Leipsic, presently finding their way into the herbaria of Bernhardi,
Günther and Willdenow.

Johann Jakob Bernhardi was born in Erfurt, in Prussian Saxony,
7 Sept., 1774, and died there 13 Mar., 1850; was professor of the
medical faculty of the ancient University of Erfurt, director of
its botanical garden, and an important author on the flora of

rmany. He published a catalog of the Erfurt Garden, 1799,
an extensive descriptive flora of the Erfurt district, 1810, a general
handbook of botany in 1804; he wrote on lichens and ferns, and
gave much time to the more purely horticultural side of botan
till 1824 editing journals devoted to gardening, the 7huringisches
Gartenzeitung and the Allgemeinen deutschen Garten magazi
It was doubtless largely due to that Erfurt became a city
famed as widely for its horticulture as it had once been as the
temporary residence of Luther.

To the student of Asters, Bernhardi is of special interest as the
source of very many of Nees’ original specimens, as credited in the
successive pages of Nees’ Genera Asterearum. In his Synopsis
Asterum, 1818, Nees had already expressed his great indebted-
ness to Bernhardi for information, adding that he had received
specimens of most species from their native soil, and that Bern-
hardi was his special source.

270 DESCRIPTION OF ASTERS; CURVESCENTES

If Bernhardi travelled and collected in America himself,

experience would account for the fact that Bernhardi was Nees’
special informant respecting. the experience and practice of Ameri-
can collectors,* e. g..

Ws do. p. 77, ei a tells ie ee American botanists knew as

ds Ee ie neni which Nees called A. oblig
65, Bernhardi informs Nes that Neg xad of the New World ” call
by the name A, hyssopifolius the species which Nees sailed Galatella dracunculoides.
Bernhardi's own original aster species were four, and all fall
close together in the Biotian group, A glomeratus, A. subcymosus

ably a form or ally of A. macrophyllus. Of these A. glomeratus
best commemorates Bernhardi, being the only one given specific
rank by Nees in his monograph. Unfortunately no specimen
bearing any of these names survives in the Hb. Bernhardi as now
preserved at the Missouri Botanical Garden
Nees’ original description of A. glomeratus, Gen. Ast. 139, i
as follows :
2. Eurybia glomerata Bernh.
E. folii iis inferioribus sinu nis porius alate Peces Segre ovato-ellip-
I n ambitu subtus ad costas scabris, caule glabro
apice thyrsoideo, periclinii arcte deren foliolis ovatis be fon vix ‘periclinium
acqua

i pieni aod ipe Bernh, i
Jp sitione (Berahardi . Vidi exemplum spontaneum siccum, a ab
amiciss. Heic rdio traditum. Accedit ad Eurybiam Schreberi, a qua quidam inflores-
centia compacta floribusque minoribus facile Setihiroitur. Cask is A r glaber,
o api isus. Folia ra i exemplo desun

erjecti ra
pollicares, in apice caulis approximati, erecto-patuli, angulati, ad _angulos pubescenti-
scabri, basi nudi, apice foliis l que su ubs essilibus
agglomeratis praediti. Calathia — 6 circiter lineas lata.
duplo brevius, ovatum, pubescen ; fo li ola arcte im mbr ricata, obtusa ; inferiora ovata, medio
, margine

d maj
linearia, tota membranacea, purpurascentia. Clinanthium planiusculum, alveolatum,
marginibus alveolorum in dentes breves acutos solutis. Flosculi disci lutei, demum

*Still more frequently Bernhardi was Nees' authority for habitats; for Pennsyl-
vania in case, p. 107, of A. ericoides — as well as for A. glomeratus; for New York in
case, p. 88, of a form of A. eminens, p. 110 of A. Mes p. 114, of A. pendulus ;
for Virginia, p. 83, of a form of 4. luxurians, one of many specimens furnished by
Bernhardi to the hb. Günther; for Carolina, p. 67, for a je ed form of A.
— in Bernhardi's herbarium ; and p. 139, for North America as the source of A.

"dL -

ASTER GLOMERATUS 271

pasci vui glabri, p pi tubus sensim in gens — 5er laciniis an-

obtusis. Antherae prominentes, Stigmata subulata, hirta, Radii ligulae paucae,

aides laoai, vix periclinii pp arei? apice os albae. Pappus pluri-

serialis, vow rufescens, scaber. chaenia linea

ip ag sibi esse exemp 0, è p eta rais septentrionalis parti-

bus s a tum se maxime congrua, ab — Schreberi exemplis
Americanis dee. d litteras me edocuit E Nubes

3

Subsequent history. DeCandolle, Prodr., 5: 265, repeated parts
from the above quoted description, adding (in Latin): ‘ An aster
in the garden of Paris 1818, cultivated under the erroneous name
of A. corymbosus, seems to belong here, but has ligules a little
longer than the involucre, not shorter." Rays longer than the
oee seem the rule with native plants.

Wm. Boott, a careful student of the asters, and who
Pis about this time with a copy of Nees’ recently published
Genera Asterearum now preserved in the library of the Gray Her-
barium — sought to identify native plants to correspond to Nees’
descriptions. He came closer to it in A. Schrederi, but in A.
E his identification proved to ide on a young subsessile
e of A. macrophyllus, a species which, unlike A. seals si
is hen glandular. The specimen, which is in the Torr y her-
barium, still bears Dr. Gray's peremptory correction, M S the
ordinary A. macrophyllus.”

Boott’s identification failing, Torrey and Gray seem to have con-
cluded that no native plants were to occur, and remarking that the
species A. glomeratus was apparently an accidental state, they
omitted the species from the Flora of North America, 1841-3,
since which it has remained unrecognized till my republication in
Britton and Brown’s Illustrated Flora in 1898

I began searching for its native counterpart about the Potomac
region in 1886 and onward, but the allied form occurring there
which possesses glomerate heads (A. curvescens), has very different
bracts and much larger, broader more curving leaves than indicated
in Nees’ description ; and I could never find a representative wholly
satisfactory for the true A. glomeratus of Bernhardi until 1896,
when searching for Asters on the continental watershed close
south of Lake Erie near the source of Canadaway Cr., when a
score of fine plants suddenly looked out upon me from the grassy
edge of bushes at the foot of a high bank of crumbling shale.
Similar secluded ravines have often disclosed its presence since.

Various unrecognized collections of this species by Beyrich and
Ravenel in Georgia, by Professor C. H. Peck in several places in
New York state, etc., had meanwhile occurred, and probably it will
yet be found throughout the intermediate Appalachian region.

* * * Bracts ciliate ; teeth of crenate-serrate type; heads in
high-convex or cylindrical mass, loose ; texture coarse and thin.

272 DESCRIPTION OF AsTERS; CURVESCENTES

47. Aster Julianus sp. nov.
Slender plants with thin, ovate-acute, subcrenate leaves, with
broad, deep sinus, scanty hair, acute-angled branching and obtuse
bracts.

Name, L., ‘‘ belonging to July ” ; its frequent flowering before the end of July
being unusually early among asters.

Fic. 61, from plant of Cattaraugus Cr., July 30, 1900, in hb. Bu., 14 natl.
size, with two radicals ^ ; rays omitted ; 4, characteristic radical leaf-type ; second
cauline leaf figured shows the chief cauline type.

Stem smooth, terete, brown and straight, 3 14 ft. high or less.
Rootstock for some distance slender and horizontal, and then
arising in a stout and vertical
portion continuous with the
stem.

Leaf-form cordate-ovate,
acute, broadest slightly above
the strong deep sinus, with
rounded and somewhat semi-
circular basal lobes, curvescent
teeth, and long, slender peti-

least when fresh), dull green
and paler beneath.

Radicals 5 x 3 in. or less,
of scraggly and unkempt
aspect, slightly roughened
towards the margins, and
with a very little hair on the
veins beneath, their petioles
10 in. long or less, terete and
brittle, brownish green.

Caulines numerous, rather

with petioles of equal length.
Middle caulines broader, with
shallower, broader sinus,
subcrenate, their slender peti-
oles equalling half the leaf-breadth. Upper caulines becoming
ovate-oblong with truncated or somewhat rounded base and short,
broad wing. Axiles lance-oblong with short wing, finally lance-
acuminate and sessile for the uppermost 4 or 5 inches, these remain-

ASTER JULIANUS 273

ing about 1% x 3$ in., either serrulate or somewhat crenulate.
Rameals about 8, or less, ovate-acuminate and sessile or narrower,
all produced near the top of the slender branch, leaving about 4
in. below wholly naked.

Inflorescence obtusely conoid or somewhat cylindrical, becom-
ing a high dome with flattish-convex top, its chief branches ascend-
ing, about 12 of nearly equal lengths, 5 or 6 inches long, 1—2 in.
apart down the stem, the whole inflorescence often 1 ft. high by
L4 foot broad. Each branch bears a somewhat umbelliform
corymb about 2 in. broad, of 6-15 heads.

eads 3$ in. high or less, subsessile but becoming rather
a pedicelled, very dissimilar in their time of flowering.

racts narrow, obtuse, pale and coriaceous, with moderate
green tips, the inner quite acute. Rays about 8, narrow, acutish.

Hairs on veins beneath very slender, with about 10-cells, some-
times 15, hardly enlarged at the base.

Habitat, wet soil of swamps or ravines, especialy around
decaying logs, forming small evanescent colonies intermixed with
other weedy plants : Western New York, in Erie and Chautauqua
counties, end of July.

Examples:

W. N. Y., Fredonia, Cascade Brook, July 30, ’97; plantation ip Sp by
lumbermen next winter, only a few radicals remaining Au. 9,’98. Cattaraugus Resn.,
near Versailles bridge, in swamp on Halftown hill overlooking Puts Cr., July
30, 1900, in its prime of blossom.

Allies. This species seems closely collateral with A. glomeratus

d A. Eriensis, but is taller, slenderer, with taller, looser sub-
cylindric inflorescence, different leaf-form, thinner smoother texture
and sharper teeth.

Subdivision B. SCHREBERAN ASTERS.

Inflorescence loose, more irregular, rather flattish-topped ; tex-
ture firm. Species 4

* Radical leaves (ds. in extensive colonies, thin, very broadly
cordate. Species 48—54.

f Narrow petioles (the radical) long, ciliate ; middle petioles
winged; upper caulines broadly sessile. Radical leaves ovate-
orbicular, extremely large and thin, crenate, apple-green.
Species 48.

48. Aster limicola sp. nov.
Plants with numerous large thin rough crenate-serrate radicals

of ovate-orbicular type, with long ciliate petioles; with ovate and

hi,

274 DESCRIPTION OF ASTERS ; CURVESCENTES

triangular caulines and winged petioles, short spreading branches
and small heads.

Name, L., ** "augetur the plant pp T ied p in din

1G. 6 t of Mosholu, N. Y. City, 30, ’96, i y Bae,

reduced to 1; 4 pi an js form, of lower caulines, p of seat yos:
group of May 18, 14 natl. size, showing one primordial, e.

tem green or pale, slender, 2% ft. high or less. Radicals

large and very thin, apt to number 3, sometimes 4 or 5, seldom

| q
Aster limicola kje

Fic. 62.

only 2; 10 x 6 inches or less; their petioles ascending, 6-9 in.
long, ciliate with two rows of long spreading remote but conspicu-
ous multicellular hairs. Primordial cordate-triangular, acutish,
about 34 in. long and broad, with broad conspicuous curving sinus,
and slender petiole twice its own length, soon perishing (yellow-
ing by May 18, N. Y. City). Rootstock short, dark and thick,
with very short condensed nodes, ascending 1 or 2 in. from that
of the previous year.

Lisci Dose

————————— ara ge

*

ASTER LIMICOLA 275

Leaf. surface roughish from long weak scattered bristles. Leaf-
form ovate-orbicular, broad well to the apex and toward the much-
narrowed base, usually asymmetrical. Teeth coarse and irregular,
long or shallow, of crenate-serrate type, often 14 or 24 in. long on
the radicals. Sinus deep and securiform, much enlarged within,
usually with two strong reéntrant angles each side of the petiole,
but in growth commonly overlapped by the basal lobes ; rectangu-
lar and soon shallow in the lower caulines, and then quickly ceas-
ing, the plant being remarkable for its large proportion of wing
petioles or of subsessile leaves with truncate or rounded base.

Middle caulines ovate-acuminate, rounded into a short broad
wing. Upper caulines and axiles sessile and lanceolate. Apex
in lower caulines of apiculate type, very abrupt and acute, % in.
long; in other leaves rather gradually straight-acute, not ve
long acuminate. Color full green or rather pale. Hair little, even
beneath; but acicular appressed bristles occur remotely on the
upper surface of the radicals, very slender and delicate and scarcely
thickened at the base.

Inflorescence flattish, 4—5 in. broad, irregular and rather dense,
or often scanty, the wide-spread | branches very different in length
but nearly simultaneous in flow

Bracts rather narrow, eo T the middle and inner ones
quite tapering, almost scarious and acute.

—Grows sometimes in similar situations with A. umbelliformis
and with similar large plantations of radicals; the leaves are much
broader and coarser than in A. umbelliformis, the teeth broader
and coarser, the petioles pilose, ciliate, the leaves more numerous
to one radical shoot, often 4 or 5 or more, and a little longer
in proportion to breadth.

Habitat, wet woods and banks.

N. Y. vic., Mosholu, Se. 30, '96, many in flower, large colony, continuing the
next nine years with scanty blossoming or none, but abundant radicals ; in wet muddy
levels in deep shade of small, close-growing, bur qe trees. — Also seldom-flowering,
Yonkers, Nermilye's Ridge near Grassy Sprain L. c. Ludlow, s 27; !9£, Di
Riverdale, Jesi 26, '93, Bi., in early flower.

N. J., Palisades, various places along the summit.

Va., Potomac bank, near Washington, July 27, ^77, Z. F. Ward in hb. Bu.

48° Lilacifolial form, small dark green plant with little broadly
ovate-deltoid leaves but without cordation, much like a lilac lea
in size and shape; allied in its wing-petioles to the above.

W. N. Y., Indian Twin brook, Oc. 20, '96.

tt Narrow petioles continuous up nearly or quite to the axils.
|| Radical leaves reniform or deltoid-orbicular, larger, thickish,
roughish. Species 49.

276 DESCRIPTION OF AsTERS; CURVESCENTES

sa ANS se ene ia E - EOS gna Lm
Exe EIE EP I TUNES RETE LANE PY CERE RITE RR TERRE UR EE e eno

;
E
à
i
Ds
5
e
:
a
^c
ie
i
el
M
i
d
i
T
E
E:
E.
im 4
oe
E
b
VM
e
S
d nt
;
‘
i

ASTER SCHREBERI 277

49. ASTER SCHREBERI Nees.
Large ample-leaved plants forming conspicuous colonies, with
most radical and cauline leaves broadest near the base; with
rounded curvescent-serrate margins, and broad or rectangular

sinus, thick obtuse bracts and moderately large heads.

Aster ane DA

Fic. 64.

Name from the botanist von Schreber, Linnaean editor, professor and director
of the botanical garden of Erlangen, who was the source of Nees’ type specimen; see
p- 281.

Fic. 63, with facsimile of the name Aster Schreberi as written in Nees’ hand :
d, the oldest known herbarium specimen, one of the Mus. of Paris of 1828, hb. Gray,
$ natl. size; 2, the common native type corre nite from Yonkers, N. Y., near
Caryl, Au. 3, '99, reduced to 4, with its radical e, 44, natl. size. Rays omi itted.

Fic. 64, 4, — nius. tipa as AEDn on May 21, '88 ( Rock
Cr, D. Cy i natl. si: a, Al th typical radicals; Schoharie Cr.,
wr yr > to natl. size.

: A. Schreberi Nees, Syn. Ast. 16. 1818, with brief description, see infra.

278 DESCRIPTION OF ASTERS ; CURVESCENTES

Eurybia Schreberi Nees, Gen. and Syn. Ast. 137. 1832; with first full de-
scription, cited zzfra, p. 281 and 282
Biotia Schreberi D. C., Prodr., ji pei 1836.
prodi macrophyllus B, T. & G N. Am., 2: 105. May,
r Schreberi Nees, ges in E and Hr IL Fig: en agb with
COR as Ell

“Stem stout, 2—3 ft. high, with long internodes. Basal leaves
often in extensive colonies, thin, dull green, firm, rough above,
with scattered slender appressed bristles, pubescent beneath on the
veins, reniform-cordate or cordate-triangular, often 7 in. long by
5 in. wide, the basal sinus when well developed rectangular, 2 in.
across and 1 in. deep. Upper leaves ovate-oblong to lanceolate,
with a short broad basal wing, or sessile. Petioles of the lower
leaves long, conspicuously ciliate when young [in certain forms].
Inflorescence decompound, flattish, or irregularly convex, 6 to 12
in. broad; heads about 5 lines high; bracts greenish, mostly
obtuse, tips and midrib dark-green, ciliate; rays usually 10. —
In borders of woods and along fence-rows in partial shade, N. Y.
to Mich. and Va. July-Aug."

Stem greenish or brown, nearly smooth. Radicals chiefly 3,
thickish and firm, thicker than in preceding ; thinner than the similar
radicals of A. macrophyllus, and roughish above with flatter ap-
pressed pale remote bristles. Rootstocks brownish, strong but not
very much thickened. Primordial rather large and persistent, sub-
orbicular, 2 in. across, with long pendant lobes and narrow sinus.

Leaf-form reniform-cordate or deltoid. Sinus typically broader
than in the last, closed by overlapping in growth, when flattened
showing one straight line across within, and forming an oblong
figure, not polygonal as in A. /imicola.

Middle caulines still subreniform or deltoid, the sinus becoming
broad, shallow and irregular. Upper caulines ovate-acute without
sinus, with slender petiole. Axiles ovate-oblong, slightly tapered
at the sessile or winged base ; the upper axiles lanceolate, usually
with short wing. Rameals also often all short-winged, short and
oblong-ovate. Pubescence strong on veins beneath, almost lack-
ing elsewhere.

Inflorescence a very irregular broad corymb of several sharply
ascending branches different in length and rising therefore to vari-
ous heights. Some lateral patentee often surpassing the inner,
but all nearly simultaneous in flowe

Heads about ~% in. high, or Sahib pappus, sometimes 45;
in.; rays chiefly 10, fis arog 8 or 12, shorter, broader and less
tapering than in A. curvescen

Bracts greenish, ciliate, GRUPO TENE with prolonged green
tips, obtuse, only the innermost essentially more pale or narrow.

ASTER SCHREBERI 279

Achenes coarsely striate, glabrate at maturity or wholly with-
out hair, a little twisted and constricted at the summit. Pappus
slow in reddening, about equally tinged in plants of 1, 5 and 10
years, but deeply so in plants of presumably 70 years.

Habitat, in slight shade, among thickets and bushes, along
fence-rows, brook-borders, rocky ledges or wood-openings, Middle
States from the Hudson to Detroit and the Potomac.

Examples, usually originally labelled either A. corymbosus or
A. macrophyllus or A. macrophyllus var.

N. Y., Cats£i/ls, Hunter, ** A. cnin SI, d " in hb. Mo. Bot.
Gar.; E along the Schoharie Cr., Se. 5, 6, 7, '99, Bu., and at Kaaterskill Junction,
Se. 7, : Quick’s bridge on the He an Se. 7,99 (with plants closest known

Nees' Folie Colonel's Chair mountainside, Se. 6, '99
Mi e rk in Aug., C. H. Peck in hb. N: Y. Sr.
= Ly psa 9I, H. H. Rusby in hb. Colu., with very large heads.
onkers, Troublesome Brook, heads in seed, Oc. 28,'96;
I "ea ane pia ^ ledge, Au. 1,'98; Mott Farm, Au. 1900; podia
905.

N.Y ts da in hb. JV. Y. State, 1837-43.

N. rd Puce SOF:

Pa., Easton, T C. Porter, ’88,’92,’95, 96; Bushkill Gap, 7yler, '96;
Bloomsburg, Heller, '89, in hb. Porter; Millvale, Allegheny Co., Curtiss, in hb.
Porter,

Mich., Ft. Gratiot, 1849, Dr. Pitcher in hb. Torrey (Biotia Schreberi,
scripsit E

C., Lobelia Run, July 16, '86, not yet in flower, 77. W. Henshaw,
Asarum Rus, '85295, Bu. Broad Branch, ‘‘ Au. 15, "96, a very late date," 77. W.
Henshaw, Lanier Hts., Brook, '88, B.
Va., Front Royal, kiwi me dry bank near Cedar L., at 500°, July 18,
'97, Gerrit s. us ee in his
slain ni
5 Paris, Pe A. Schreberi, Nees," in Gray hb. to which Gray
scripsit ate ares

Hortus Sen 1832? ** Eurybia Schreberi, Nees," in Gray's hand, in
Gray hb.

Hortus Erlangen ? 1820? ** A. Schreberi Nees,” in hb. Bernhardi,

Hortus Breslau ? 1830-53, specimen of Nees’ in British Museum.

Variants :

49° All-reniform form. Leaves all reniform to the branches
or nearly so; instead of losing the reniform character after the

; some leaves nearly identical with those of A. violarts.
With the type, of which this is an extremely accentuated state ;
Catskills, Quick's rg over the Schoharie, near the head of
Stony Clove, Se. 7, '99.

280 DESCRIPTION OF ASTERS; CURVESCENTES

49° A. Schreberi x A. macrophyllus ; probable hybrid. Re-
sembles the first-named parent in decomposite inflorescence, with
long, stringy branches; and long, slim pedicels; and in general
aspect. Resembles the second parent in thickness of the rough
leaves, coarse heads and bracts, with some rays lavender and some
glandular hair present on the pedicels.

. C., Broad Branch, Au. 15,86, H. W. Henshaw, in hb.

Hortus Berlin, 1839, in Gray hb., Er in Europe Biotia nd D. C3
and by Gray ** A. virgen B T. & G., Fl. N. Am.," and again by Gray, later,
** A. macrophyllus Syn. Fl.

Hisrory. 1762-6. The earliest specimen of A. Schrebert
traced, was a plant, assignable to this species according to DeCan-
dolle (Prodr. 5: 264), cultivated in the ancient botanic garden of
Leyden as Aster macrophyllus var., and so labelled by the director,
the elder Van Royen ; doubtless soon after Linnaeus' publication,
1762, of the name Aster macrophyllus; and presumably before
1766, when De la Roche, in whose herbarium the plant was pre-
served, published at Leyden the result of his studies there, in his
Descriptiones.

The director, Adrian Van Royen, 1705-1779, had already

published in 1740 a Flora* of the Leyden Botanic Garden, one
of a long series of publications emanating from that garden, which
had begun as early as Paaw, 1591. It had been from.this garden
that Hermann had described Aster Novi Belgii for the first time
in his Paradisus, and that Linnaeus as a young man worked with
Gronovius in editing Clayton's descriptions of Virginian plants
in 1738.
The other Leyden authority connected with A. Schreberi, Daniel
de la Roche, was a young physician originally from Geneva, and
only 23 years of age when he published his Descriptiones t at
Leyden.

—1783. The next to possess specimens of A. Schrebert may
have been Lamarck, who had before 1783 some plants of this
subsection, it would appear, referred to $ by Lamarck under A.
macrophyllus as varying in having a stem ** quelquefois trés lisse,”
or "sometimes very smooth." Nees in 1832 assigned these
smooth-stemmed plants to A. Schreberi, a determination rendered
probable by Lamarck’s color-description for A. macrophyllus as
“ white or very pale violet" ; Lamarck's white plants belonging
probably in part to A. Schrebert or to A. subcymosus.

* Flore Leydinensis diorum exhibens AES que in horto acad. Lugduno-
Batavo aluntur. Lugd.-Bat. 1740, 8vo., 518 p.,

+ Descriptiones IRS dique novarum. Ta -Bat. 1766, 4vo., 35 p., 5»
tab. col.

3 Encyclopédie Méthodique, 1: 307. 1783.

ASTER SCHREBERI 281

1783. Houttuyn, editing Linnaeus’ Systema Vegetabilium,
distinguished between white and blue components of the species
i. macrophyllus. — Pfl. Sys tem, 391 (1783

—1804. Willdenow in Berlin may an had A. Schreberi in
cultivation and may have intended that by his variety described*
1804 under 4. macrophyllus as

* 3, corollae radio albo,"

adding below that this differs from the blue-rayed (genuine lilac-
rayed A. macrophyllus) in showing linear rays not oblong, and
bracts oblong and obtuse; all of which distinctions point to 4.
Schreberi. Willdenow also added that the rays are longer than the
involucre, which was probably the special cause of Nees’ remark

1832 that Willdenow had confused the characters of 4.
Schrebert and A. macrophyllus badly.

10-1818. Before 1810, the time of his death, the director
von Schreber f of the botanical garden at Erlangen near Nurem-
berg, had brought there the type plant of this species, from some
unknown source. The plant does not seem to have been noticed
by Martius, who catalogued the garden in 1814 ; but C. G. Nees ab
Esenbeck succeeding as director of the garden in 1818, observed
the plant, recognized it as distinct from A. macrophyllus, named it
in honor of its first cultivator, and described it that same year as
Srt

hreberi, n. sp. Foliis reniformi-cordatis serratis, caulinis in petiolum alatum
Pigs dun raged caule decomposito-corymboso, calicibus arcte imbricatis. a
* In m acad. Erlangensem a beato Sdbeiuma illatus est; frigus fert nostri
coeli. Perenn. Fl. med. albi.
1826. Sprengel accepted the above and republished it in his
ee of Linnaeus’ Systema Vegetabilium, 3: 585, no. 12

32. Nees, publishing his Genera Asterearum, described the
ioi anew, p. 137, as Eurybia Schreberi, with the following de-
Scri n

s bia Schreberi N. a
E. iue reniformi- ic serratis, radicalibus trinervatis, caulinis in petio-

* Sp. pl. 33, 2037. 180.

fJohann Christian Daniel von Schreber, b. in Weissensee, Jan. 16, 1739; d. at
Erlangen, 10 Dec., 1810; commemorated in the genus Schrebera Roxb. Schreber,
celebrated Linnaean editor, had ciate in youth under Linnaeus at Upsala, had be-
come, at 30, professor of medicine and of botany at the Univ. of Erlangen and director
of its botanical garden in 1769. Schreber was author of botanical works, 1764-1792,
writing, not on Asters, but on the Musci, the grasses, a Flora of Leipsic; Icones and
descriptions of less known plants in 1766, etc. His 8th edition of Lino. Genera
plantarum appeared at Frankfort, 1789-1791.

f Nees, Synopsis Asterum, 16. Erlangen, 1818.

282 DESCRIPTION OF ASTERS ; CURVESCENTES

lum alatum contractis glabris supra in ambitu scabris, caule decomposito-corymboso
glabro, periclinii arcte imbricati foliolis oblongis obtusis, radio periclinio longiore.
(Characteres specierum in isto genere [Eurybia] paulo ampliores dedimus, scilicet ut
iis quoque inserviant, quibus genus Eurybisze ab Asteribus sejunctum non probetur).

a. Foliis radicalibus reniformi-orbiculatis, radio ro pappo ferrugineo.

Aster Schreberi Synops. Ast., p. 16 [1818]. Spr. S. Veg., III., p. 535, n. 128.

[So far all applies to du original 4. Schreberi Nees, of 1818, which alone is
retained under that name in this present monograph. Nees now, 1832, adds a second
variety, 2, including at least two types which I restore to specific rank, A. subcymosus
and 4. ambiguus.

8. Foliis radicalibus saepe ovato-orbiculatis, caulinis magis acuminatis, ple-
risque longe —— petiolatis, radio elongato, pappo albo, calathiis minoribus.

Ast Eimer Bernh., in Herb. Sie (Var. ramis apice cymosis. )
[This 4. icti. s I recognize as a speci o. 54.

Aster sentier asec dh lisse ” Lam. Enc. méth., 1., p. 307.
[Same in fact with the preceding ?]

Aster ambiguus Bernh. Horti Vratisl., ex Hort. Erfort. [For this see

species 52.]

Aster discolor Hort, Hamb, [An uncertain form, which must remain a
synonym of 4. subcymosus in lack of evidence. Its name has been since used for £7o/7a
discolor of Manchuria, so called from the contrast of the leaves above and beneath.

if it had such a contrast between the two leaf-surfaces, as to suggest the name, or if it
had two colors as lavender and white in its rays, it would be sufficiently unlike other
Schreberan species to call for separation. Perhaps it was a case like A. Ertensis in
w ys are occasionally part deep rose-color in the otherwise white head. If
its name merely alluded to the rays and disk being of unlike colors, or to the: disk
changing from yellow to a perfectly new color later, all that would be true of any Aster. ]
Cre escit in America septentrionali. iive di.) Floret apud nos Septem-
bre. Per V. v. c. et sicc. spont. [7. e., Nees = seen his original 4. Schreberi
of 1818 pone at Erlangen during the yes that he was director of its botanic
garden. Now in 1832, at Breslau, he has 4. ambiguus in cultivation and it blooms
with him in September as it does with us in the Catskills. e had dried specimens he
identified with 4. Schreberi, sent from Bernhardi? or referred to others seen by him in
Breslau in the Günther herbarium sent from rerit by Póppig. ]

diu foliis supra magis minusve scabris, sed praeterea glabris, tenui-
oribus, long caulinis Sila cordatis, in ee longe petiolatis, sum-
mis, — fulcientibus, parvis Se — A mpositi ramis ramulisque tenui-
oribus, bri isla evibus aut subtilissime striatis

a sequente cim facile disfinguitat. [94 e, ita. A. glomeratus ; the particulars above
Which really are strong contrasts both to Nees' descri ription of 4. glomeratus and to our
native 4. iie atus specimens, are as follows: A. Schreberi has long-petioles pre-
dominant, instead of short; it has smoother leaves; it has more slender-acuminate

iles. ]

Folium primordiale pollicare, ovatum, subinaequale, acutum, glabriusculum,
margine scabrum, in medio mucronato-serrulatum, petiolo trigono canaliculato purpureo
sparsim ciliato ; tum 1-2 cordato-suborbicularia, 9-10 lin. longa, obtusa cum mucrone,
dense iticurid-estrita; sione Vieni petiolo duplo longiore margine ciliato ;
reliqua per cordata lata pilosa in cordata angustiora glabriuscula vel glabra transeunt.

ASTER SCHREBERI 283

Costa saepe hirta perstat, Basis trinervata in superioribus foliis. [So far applies fairly
well to 4. Schreberi as now mantained.] In varietate 3 folia inferiora quandoque in
ambitu he et petioli eorum longe ciliati deprehenduntur ; post pauca autem folia
diminuuntur isti pili ambitus et petiolorum evaduntque haé partes, extra folii margines,
glabrae. [This quick loss of size, roughness and hair, is true of A. subcymosus as now
maintained, and as representing 4. ScAreber? 3.]— Periclinii foliola margine albida
ciliata, dorso viridia, obtusa, inferiora ovata, media oblonga, intima lanceolata angusta
tota membranacea. [This applies well to the bracts of A. subcymosus ; by changing
tota before membranacea to read saepe, or by reading ** somewhat," it would apply to A.
Schrebert. e character of whitish margins and sean back is still more intensified
in A. vittatus, a Schreberan ees em peter Nees never saw.]
rai fA

dA

Schrebert

of 1818 both ? and avtabieg to say that the Jength of the rays surpasses the height of
the involucre, as he had said in his general character for the species already, and as
would be abundantly true for both species], anguste lanceolatae [apt for 4. subcymosus
and A. ambiguus], albae. Caulis saepe purpurascit [apt for A. ambiguus, not for the
other species blende

Adnot. In ETD Asteris macrophylli apud Willdenovium Lurybza
Schreberi et E. macrophylla promiscue traduntur [see infra, under Bie

1836. DeCandolle, Prodr. 5: 264, prey the plant as
Biotia Schreberi, appropriately mentioned the decompound-corym-
bose inflorescence, coarsely-serrate, leaves minutely roughened

misunderstanding the material from Nees, who had sent a living

into the lettuce-leaf stage, with a tuft of non-cordate leaves in-
stead of the few normal cordate radicals. Or what Nees printed
in 1832 may have been misinterpreted. Nees, Gen. Ast. 137-8,
had distinguished his two varieties of A. Schreberi by the char-
acters

* Foliis radicalibus reniformi-orbiculatis," and
** Foliis radicalibus saepe ovato-orbiculatis.”

By these expressions Nees meant general outline irrespective
of sinus. He did not mean that cordation was lacking, for both
varieties were comprehended under his preceding general char-
acter

“ Foliis reniformi-cordatis.”’

But in some way missing this last statement, DeCandolle pro-
nounced A. Schreberi to be non-cordate, and that mistake prob-
ably long prevented its identification with any native plant of the
United States.

So the species A. Schreberi dropped out of further recognition
until 1898, except as Boott identified plants as belonging to it

284 DESCRIPTION OF ASTERS ; CURVESCENTES

here, and as Torrey and Gray mentioned it as an equivalent of
their A. macrophyllus 8 in 1841, in their Flora of North America.
Most subsequent collections have appeared under the name A.
corymbosus, but some as A. macrophyllus.

1898. Revived as A. Schreberi, in Br. and Br., Ill. FI.

oh pipe ee aaa of A. Schredert claimed for herbaria
Hb. Mees; now in hb. Brit. Mus. qi gk scis s tirada about 4$, in. high;
called Schreberi by Nees and by Schultz ; — d Sch
Hb. Mees, now in hb. Gray, was from ageret s type of 4. TET at
Erfurt and Breslau; was by Nees labelled a variant of 4. Schreberi and by Gra
macrophyllus; was given by Nees to Seana, by him to Klatt, by him to Ts :
ad

s small, =>; in. high ; == 4. ambigi
. Be VEA. now in hb. pes Bot. Gar. Pad labelled 4. ScAreberi;
a red-stemmed plant with dense dome of heads; heads +, in. high ; — A. ambiguus.
Hb. ZernAardi, a different species on same s shad, adgindite labelled 4. cor-

datus, and then endis Schreberi ; heads remote, 19 in, high ; = 4. macrophyllus pin-
gutfolius.

** Hort. Paris, 1828," in hb. Gray, originally labelled Biotia Schrebert ; =
A. Schrebert.

** Hort. Berlin, 1839,” in hb. Gray, cult. in Berlin as Biotia Schrebert DC.; by
Gray deemed 4. veta is B; 2 glandular plants, perhaps hybrid and — A4.
Schreberi nm macrophy.

b. Zorrey, ** aem Schreberi fide Boott," scr, Torrey ; from Dr. Pitcher at

Ft. ues Detroit, 1829; — A. Schreberi ?

Hb Pie ** Biotia Schreberi fide Boott,’’ scr. Torrey, apparently from
near N: Y.; — A. cu

I|] Radical leaves dieci eun moderately veis of rather
thick texture, with tall, stout stem. Species 50 an

50. Aster rectifolius sp. nov.

Robust plants with some lower leaves large and with some-
what straight parallel sides, crenate margin, acute apex and deep,
broad sinus; with winged axiles, small heads, pale oblong-acutish
bracts and about 10 rays.

Na ie L., from the tendency to parallel sides in some lower leaves.
G. 65, from plant of Yonkers, N. Y., near Caryl, Au. 3, '99, in hb. Bu.,

reduced to p natl. size; rays omitted ; 4, characteristic leaf-form, seen among both
lower caulines and radicals; 4, radical group; e, e’, primordia

Stem smooth, purplish-brown or greenish, 2-3 ft. high or less,
terete. Rootstocks and surculi strong and robust, with long inter-
nodes. Primordials ovate-cordate, 1⁄4 in. or P in. long, aquiline-
crenate. Radicals about 4, quite uniform, 6 x 4 in. or less,
strongly resembling those of 4. macroph hyllus (which is glandular,
while this its counterpart is non-glandular), with short-acuminate

aiii

ASTER RECTIFOLIUS 285

abrupt apex, crenate-serrate margins, and deep, broad securiform
sinus, the sinus overlapping in growth, with unequal pendant basal
lobes of lop-side effect.

Leaf-form rather narrow, oblong-cordate, short-acuminate, with
deep broad sinus, the sides parallel or somewhat s o, in extreme
cases parallel from the bottom at the basal lobes for two-thirds the
length; or often with swelling sides not properly parallel, slightly `
curved from just above a more rounded base; the upper third of

ee 4f
X9 Aster rectifolius
Fic, 65.

the last somewhat triangular and straight-acute. Some radicals
and several similar lower caulines develop this form completely,

others approximate it, passing soon into oblong-ovate and to cor-
date-triangular, still retaining a broad shallow base ; axiles oblong-
lanceolate, acuminate, closely low-serrate, thin, 4 x 2 in., or less,
with truncate base and winged petiole 1 in. long passing rapidly

. to ovate-lanceolate and lanceolate, m sessi taper base 2 or 3

in. by 24 in. Rameals 3 or 4, iri y elliptic-lanceolate, serru-

e

286 DESCRIPTION OF ASTERS ; CURVESCENTES

late, 114 x 34 in. subterminal. Ramulars inconspicuous, oval-
acute.

Leaves light green, firm, mostly smooth and but slightly thick-
ened, but the lower ones much thickened and roughened, especially
when in unusual sun; the leaves and whole plant glabrate or
almost without minute hair even on the pedicels.

Petioles chiefly long and slender, the lower cauline and radical
petioles not so long as the leaves, however; each base enlarged
into a small close-clasping dilation extending two-thirds around
the stem.

Veins of highly pinnate aspect, about 6 pairs, strongly out-
curved, followed by several shorter upcurved pairs, darker than
the leaf above, beneath paler and only very slightly projecting.

Inflorescence deep-branched and at an acute angle, a leafy
corymb sometimes 12 in. high and 8 in. broad, centrally flattish,
the lower branches much pieni in developing and not reaching the
uniform level. Heads about 4. to 4*. in. hi

Bracts rigid, pale or eR their green tips not very strongly
developed, their straight parallel sides suddenly terminating in a
short or bevelled acutish apex.

Pappus rufescent in 3 years.

Habitat, wood borders and grassy roadsides in slight shade,

N. Y. vic., Yonkers, Ludlow, Se. 24, '91, late pay ah plants, even
with 300 heads, Bi. McLean Ave., Au. 3,'99, and 16, — also
1905, Bu. ; sii Au. 3, '99, under red oak; FES Brook, thicket, s
Hillview, Se. 22, '99, hickory. Bryn Mawr Park, rock ledge, Maple Ave., Au. I,
'98 ; dense patch flowering only once in the years ’97—1905 ; its rootstocks after grow-
ing as leafless surculi 8 or 9 inches, produce a clump of radicals year after year for a
least six years before flowering, each year adding about !4 of an inch to the length or
height of the gum end of the rootstock.

N. degree Schoharie Creek, roadside near Quick's Br., Se. 7,
. , Cattaraugus Resn., opening above mouth of Indian Twin [es
Au. 9, P.

, Zoological Park, Lanier Heights Brook, eed: early development by

May 21, a I 5 in. high, with 4 large lower leaves full gro

51. Aster amnicola sp. nov.

Tall virescent plants with narrow oblong acute leaves, curves-
cent teeth, narrow sinus, webby hair beneath, soft thin texture,
acute thin and attenuate bracts and about 12 prolonged narrow
rays.

ASTER AMNICOLA 287

ame, L., — river-dvweller ; from its occurrence at the stream-margin.

. Fic. 66, from plant of Schoharie Cr., Se. 7, '99, of 4j natl. size; 4, char-
acteristic cordate-quadrate cauline leaf-form ; 4, part of a radical group of 6 small
leaves and 4 large, the one large leaf 1 natl. size and showing the characteristic narrow
leaf-type. Rays I2 or 14, only 2 drawn.

Stem 3 ft. high or even more, greenish, rather slender, glabrate.
Radicals several, or in vigorous plants as many as 6 large leaves
reaching 6 x 3% inches, and as many others narrower and of half

that length. Primordials not seen. Rootstocks stout, brown,
very copiously fibrous.

-form narrow, asymmetrical and falcate, oblong-ovate,
acute or short-acuminate, serrate, and with deep and rather narrow
sinus; as seen in the large radicals and some lower caulines.
Middle cauline type cordate-quadrate, still asymmetrical ; becom-
ing cordate-ovate ; upper caulines ovate with truncate base ; axiles

„elliptic with winged base, finally lanceolate. Smaller radicals often

oe and non-cordate.

288 DESCRIPTION OF ASTERS ; CURVESCENTES

Leaves very soft and thin, very quickly wilting, dull green,
glabrate above, villous or webby-hairy beneath, firm when dry an
the lowest somewhat roughened.

Teeth curvescent-serrate, long and coarse below, close and
approaching the slit-serrate type on the middle leaves, slit-serru-
late above.

Petioles pale green, slender, villous, being loosely covered with
long webby hair but not ciliate; about the length of the leaf till
the upper caulines are reached, then smooth and shorter

Sinus very irregular, deep and enlarged within, narrow, but
becoming broad an d Dii in the middle caulines. Basal lobes
highly unequal, narrow and rounded, overlapped, with strongly
lop-side effect

Veins about 7 pairs, strongly upcurved, dark above, pale below.

Inflorescence a flattish-convex corymb, about 8 in. high and
broad or less, quite denuded, its slender longer branches elegantly
upcurving and suberect, their bracteals very inconspicuous, lance-
linear and long-acuminate.

Heads the largest of the Schreberan species, 7, 8 or even 9
sixteenths of an inch high.

Bracts rather pale, the lowest triangular-oblong and acutish,
the middle oblong and truncate or obtuse, the inner ones more
conspicuous and numerous, attenuate and silvery-scarious. Green
tips rather strongly developed.

Rays 12 or even 14, very long and narrow, greenish-white,
nearly flat, recurving with age, with 4 narrow faint greenish longi-
tudinal lines, and with 3 sharp teeth at the attenuate apex.

Disk-flowers about 40, pale yellow, soon virescent and be-
coming dark greenish or olivaceous-brown ; the 5 linear lobes very
long and divaricate, distinctly greenish like those of A. umbellatus.
The long thread-form tube gradually enlarges, with a slight swell-
ing just below the lobes. Achenes long, fusiform. Pappus rufes-
cent in 3 years.

Habitat, stream-banks close to the water's edge among over-
shadowing bushes, seen at various places along the Schoharie in
the Catskills ; as

unter, east bridge, Se. 5, '99; central island, Se. 6, 99; near head of Stony
Clove, near Quick's bridge, Se. 7, '99.

Allies. A. amnicola seems collaterally akin to A. rectifolius,

cence, to falcate-acute leaf-form, etc. Inner bracts resemble those

|
l
|
|

ASTER AMNICOLA 289

of A. curvescens, and inflorescence-form that of A. umbelliformis,
both not really very closely akin. A. vittatus is its intermediate
to A. curvescens. A. sylvicola is its correlative, of mountain wood-
land depths. All of these are, however, markedly unlike A. am-
nicola in appearance and in many important minute characters.

When straying beyond its habitat of best development, under
riverside bushes, into the open sun, A. amnicola produces truelli-
form thicker and more rigid leaves, smaller, but still palish green,
and strigose beneath ; remaining still unlike any other of the Cur-
vescentes.

** Radical leaves smaller, ovate-cordate, thin but firm, dark
green. Species 52-54.

52. Aster sylvicola sp. nov.
Upright plants of clearings in woods, with small dark suben-
tire cordate leaves, square sinus, villous veins, shallow-chanfer
bracts, and about 10 rather short rays.

Name, = forest-dweller; from its habitat, as opposed to 4. amnicola,
to which it is ri deditos

Fic. 67, plant + tian Hunter Mt., Catskills, Se. 6, 799, in hb. Bu., 4 natl,
size, with radical groups 1. Only external rays indicated

Stem erect, terete, brownish-green, 2 ft. high or less, smooth
and glabrous. Radicals a violiform tuft, about 5, cordate, with
deep narrow sinus, 3 x 2% in. or less.

Leaves all very dark green above, very pale or whitened be-
neath, of subentire aspect, but really low- serrate, with petioles at
first much longer than the leaf, still as long as the leaf in the
middle caulines

Leaf-form cordate, elegantly and symmetrically curved, merely
acute; the upper caulines becoming reduced, passing from cordate-

ovate, acuminate with broad shallow sinus or truncate-base, to
lanceolate with winged base, or to short-oblong.

Inflorescence irregularly convex, loose, with long suberect
branches, and inconspicuous or larger oval-elliptic axiles and
rameals,

eads not many, convex-topped, small and delicate, on very
long tenuous pemved pedicels, quincunx with very deep green-
tipped bracts, -5 js in. high.

racts more i Ant and more sharply contrasting than in
many allies, the pale portion being variegated by the long acute
green-tip. Rays not so long as the last, § in. or less.

290 DESCRIPTION OF ASTERS ; CURVESCENTES

Habitat, in forest clearings.
Examples :
NY. ae oia in Mossy Glen, Se. 6, ^99, in a mountain clearing,
cut, it is said, 100 years
Nie Wie, ee, ding McLean Av., Au. 13, ’99.

Allies. A. sylvicola seems to represent the descendants of the
original Schreberan type after adaptations to mountain woodlands
have become fixed, the best specimens occurring in a clearing, up
a mountain wood-road of a century's use. As compared with all

LN
Aster sylvicola
Fic. 67.

the many Schreberan types of the more open slopes and pastures,
it is much darker; the teeth are almost obsolete; villous of
downy hair is increased ; its leaves are. smaller and of a new
shape, more typically cordate ; its stem is straighter and slimmer,
its bract-tips greener, its pedicels longer and fewer. Like A.
Schreberi it is continuously petioled, even through the inflores-

ASTER AMBIGUUS 291

cence; and acumination is but little developed i in its leaves. It is

lous beneath; bracts with abrupt shallow-chanfer apex ; petioles
persistent.

53. Aster ambiguus Bernhardi in Nees.

Slender smooth sparse-leaved plants with bright red stem,
broad-cordate leaves, broad and persistent sinus, and heads suc-
cessively developing laterally and downward into a cylindrical
inflorescence of subequal umbelliform loose-flowered branches.

Name given by Bernhardi, doubtless from its then uncertain affinity, and
originally, BAFE merely as a botanical garden
Fic. 68, e, f, g, A, the type-plant of Pa igi nd Nees as represented in
hb. Gray ex dn Nees ex hort. Breslau ex hort. Erfurt, there cultivated under the name
A. ambiguus and originally perhaps from Pa. in 1818—1820, e, upper half of plant, f,
young shoot, with scales, primordials and radicals, g, a lower cauline, 4, a separated
radical, dcin omitte
En c, d, a similar native plant, from bankside fence-row above east
bridge over Schoharie Cr. at Hunter, N. Y. Se., 5, '99; d, cluster of radials
. ambiguus Bernhardi, Horti Vratisl. ex Horti Erfurt,’’ Nees, T Ast.
138. es

Stem 1% ft. or less, or sometimes 2 ft., very slender and erect,
nearly straight, bright red, without obvious hair, with long inter-
nodes, especially upward, slightly striate, and EU except for
minute hair in lines about the axils and on

Leaves nm apple-green or paler, firm and "Hichdy thickish,
finely serrulat

Leaf-form on re oo obtuse or soon acutish, with the broad
sinus.at first deep but soon reduced ; such leaves continuing (finally
with narrowed sinus and short narrow petiole) characteristically to
the inflorescence ; or sometimes passing upward through a succes-
sion of cordate-acuminate, ovate, elliptic and oblong leaves with
short winged petioles. Ax<iles lanceolate, entire and sessile, or the
lower axiles truncate with short petiole. Rameals ovate-oblong,
sessile, 2, 3 or 4, much reduce

p when fully developed in large plants, cylindrical-
convex, composed of 10 or 12 subequal slender branches, the
upper ones bearing heads in a dense convex mass or a high dome,
with several nearly equal lateral branches below. In all branches
the few heads are borne in a loose terminal cluster of subumbellate
form, the central heads much earlier, and flowering while the sur-
rounding lateral buds are yet very short-pedicelled or sessile.

292 DESCRIPTION OF ASTERS; CURVESCENTES

Aster ambiguus
Fic. 68.

ASTER AMBIGUUS 293

Diversity of flowering-time is much more marked in the remoter
lower ignit which therefore assume each more the proper
form of a corymb.

buda pale, but the dark-green tips conspicuous. Bracts
acutish at apex or broad-bevelled, broadly scarious along the
margins, smooth-backed but retaining some ciliation along the
margins.

The allied species A. vittatus resembles this in having also a
smooth red stem. A. ambiguus differs in its broader leaves, differ-
ent bracts, long upper internodes, straight stem, straight high-
angled branches, a sinus continuing 24 the distance up the stem,
not 44; more ciliate-bracts, with broader scarious margins, and
more determinate blossoming, many heads being but sessile buds
when their central heads are in flower.

Small plants within thick woods may develop but a single con-
vex tuft of heads, but retain the red stem and remoteness of the
small upper leaves (Yonkers and Dunkirk).

Habitat, wood-borders and fence-rows, Catskills and L. Erie
to the Potomac, chiefly in late July and in August.

Examples :

Y. vic., Yonkers, Diller rocks, in woods, July, '97, strangled by Amphi-

carpaea since ; open crags near, 1903-5.
N.: Y., Catskills, rape bankside, fence-row, p" east bridge over Scho-
harie Cr., Se. 5 99; uplands of Colonel's Chair Mt., Se. 6, '99; near Kaaterskill

Junction in head of Stony mum Se. 7, 99.

W. N. Y., Dunkirk, Pt. anos, center of woods, July, '99. Cattaraugus
Resn., Indian Twin Brook, Au. 3, '96.

Pa.? probably was the source (like many others of Bernhardi's plants) of the
Erfurt-Breslau plant of 1818-1821 or earlier, from which came Nees' specimen in hb.
Gray; see p. 294; and probably the existing Bernhardi specimen in hb. Mo.

Gar. and the Turin plant of 1821.

D. C., near Washington, July 29, '79 and '80?, Z. F. Ward as A. macro-

AAyllus in hb. Bu.

History. The first knowledge of a specimen of Aster ambiguus
leads us to the botanical garden of Erfurt, in Prussian Saxony, where
the plant was cultivated by the director Bernhardi and was named
by him Aster ambiguus, probably because of doubt as to its affinity.
Probably the date was later than 1808, or the plant would have
appeared in the bat part of the catalogue of the Erfurt garden

at year. Perhaps its non-appearance in 1818 in the Syxopsis
Asterum of Bernhardi's friend Nees, indicates that it did not come
to Bernhardi's observation before that year. It must, however,
have been very soon after it, if not before, for Bernhardi's Aster am-

294 DESCRIPTION OF ASTERS ; CURVESCENTES

biguus as well as his A. suócymosus appear * as cultivated in the
garden of Turin in Capelli's catalog of 1821; the source being
probably cuttings from the Erfurt plants. The source in America
of A. ambiguus may have been Pennsylvania, like so many of
Bernhardi’s plants; but the original collector cannot have been
Póppig, whose coming to Pennsylvania was in 182

One specimen which may be referred to Bernhardi's A. ambiguus
survives in his own herbarium as now preserved in the Hb. Mo.
Bot. Gar., though under t label A. Schrebert, to which species
Nees had. asigned it.

In 1832, Nees (p. 138 of his Genera et Species Asterearum),
describing his new variety 8 of his A. Schreberi, grouped under
that variety four garden-names. The third of these citations was
that of this Breslau specimen, derived from Bernhardi's plant of
Erfurt, the citation reading

* Aster ambiguus Bernh. Horti Vratisl., ex Hort. Erfort."
Probably it was the red stem of this plant, unlike the greenish-
brown of most other Schreberan allies, which caused Nees now to
add to his description of A. SeAreberi, "Caulis saepe purpurascit."

In Jan., 1899, while working, through kindness of Dr. B. L.
Robinson, over the Asters received by Asa Gray from Nees, now
lodged in the Gray herbarium, I discovered among them a sheet
representing this forgotten species, so labelled by Nees himself,
and mounted apparently at a time between 1818 when Nees pub-
lished his A. Schreberi and 1825 when Cassini published its cognate
A. macrophyllus as a peo of Eurybia; under which genus Nees
now newly labelled it

Nees' label reads

“ Aster iran H [or]t. b[ot.] Vr[atislavensis], nomine
A. ambigu[u]s "
with the addition above, of its new name,
* Eurybia Schreberi.”

Gray with his wonted broad-minded care for the personal re-
lation of plants, noted on this label that these words were in Nees'
own hand, and I find that they agree with other known examples
of his writing.

Shortly before Nees’ death, he gave this specimen, in 1856,
to Hohenacker; so Hohenacker wrote below the previous label,
Gray continuing that it was “ obtained by Klatt of Hohenacker, in
1870 [and] given to A. Gray, 1885."

* P. 12, of Catalogus stirpium que aluntur in regis horto Taurinensi. Augusta
eee 1821, 8vo, 67 p.— Carlo € 1763-1831, was physician to the
ces 1792-1811, agai of medical botany at Turin, cs collator of

he Flore eni, and author of the above Catalog of the Turin Garden

ASTER AMBIGUUS 295

Gray added that he himself classed the specimen as a “form
of A. macrophyllus” — to which species he had long before united
A, Schreberi and its allies.

By such a long series of steps, through life in Pennsylvania,
Erfurt and Breslau, and through the hands of Bernhardi, Nees,
Hohenacker, Klatt and Gray, descended this single frail specimen ;
a specimen which fortunately proves what it was which Bernhardi
denominated A. ambiguus, and which by its coincidence of char-
acters establishes the identity of a widely distributed ally of A.
Schrebert which had long been clamoring in my herbarium for a
name.

54. Aster subcymosus Bernhardi in Nees.

Plants with leaves broader in the middle, very fine-textured
thin and smooth, with sharp curvescent or aquiline teeth, suddenly
slender-acuminate, cordate-ovate ; with heads about 55, in. high.

Name, L., somewhat cyme-like, in application to its SMS a yn segregate
inflorescence of cymose development terminating each ascending branch (as also i
Schreberi, A. esca and, with umbel-like apa ie in A. umbelliformis) ; fide
Nees’ remark that A. swdcymosus varies fro . reberi in its branches cymose at the
apex, *' var. ramis apice cymosis,"" Gen. A 138.

1G. 69, from plant of asians ie Indian Twin brook, Au. 9, '97, in
hb. Bu., i nat. size; rays omitted ; b, characteristic leaf-form, lower cauline, and 4’,
radical ; j frequent Tri radical form

A. subcymosus escheat in Capelli, Catal. hort. Taurinensium, 1821, fide
DC. Prodr. 5: 264.
A. subcymosus Bernhardi in hb. T vue by Nees, Gen. Ast. 138. 1832.
- peut Hort. Hamb., in Nees 138.

. Schreberi B in the main, Nees, Ps pos p

ps in DC., in part, at least as to non-glandular B. /a/ifo/ia plants

. of hb. Mus. Paris, 1869 (in hb. Gray).

Stem terete, glabrate, greenish-brown, often 2 ft. high, some-
times 3. Radicals ovate-orbicular, thinner than in A. Schredert,
smooth except toward the margin, sometimes 8 by 4 or 5 inches.
Caulines more long-acuminate, abruptly so ; sinus less rectangular,
broad and shallow, and then broad and elegantly recurved, then
obsolescent, next leaves (upper caulines) truncate and the next
rounded-tapering, all having long slender petioles.

eaf-form ovate-orbicular in radicals, cordaté: ovate and in-
curved-acuminate in caulines, all with moderate sinus, unusually per-
sistent petiole, coarse Friard: directed teeth, and smoothish surface.

Heads smaller than in A. Schreberi, & is v Senex ; inch high,
rather short pedicelled. Rays long, n

Bracts of two very distinct types, e gute and middle oblong,
pale, with distinct green tips, abruptly acutish and moderately

296 DESCRIPTION OF ASTERS; CURVESCENTES

coriaceous ; the inner long, attenuate, scarious,
color without green tip or midrib; much as
A, amnicola.

shining and straw
in A. curvescens and

Rays typically 8, rounded at the apex, broader than in its allies
Habitat, wood borders and open thickets, Conn., N. Y., and
southward ; last of July and early August.

Ct., New Haven, 59, D. C. Eaton as ** A. corymbosus” in hb. Mo. Bot. Gar. l

W. N. Y., Hanover, varai woods, Au. 2, 1900, nos. 25, 26, 27, under |
Carpinus; a d bte A.

W. N. Y., Cattaraugus resn., Indian Twin Brook mouth, July 31, '96;
mostly out of 22 and the rays fallen, Au. 3, '96, Bu. — Buffalo, C. F. P. in hb
Mo, Bot. Gar.

X.
E 9

yt subcymosts ofl

Fic. 69,

Pa., oes Jacob Wolle, 1846, and Clinton Co., M. M. Minn, Jr., in
the hb. Mo. Bot. Gar. ; Nat. Hb.

, E. Wilkinson in hb. Ohio St, Univ.
ashington, ag "n in UJ. .S. Nat. Hb., no. 18917.

D. C., Washington, L. F. Ward in hb. Bu.

ASTER SUBCYMOSUS 297

Va., Potomac shore, near Washington, ji "i 175, i F. Ward in hb. Bu.
. Hb.

W. Va., Bucklin, '95, Pollock, no. 26 i. S.
st Hort: Fo XB Biotia latifolia ne P are Hb Ter n Paris label ; dins
in Hb. Gray, assigned by Gray to 4. macrophyllus L. Other garden spec ur-

porting to be the B, /atifolia of DC. appear to belong to the A. macrophyllus esaet
of the present monograph; but this one is without glands, and very different otherwise,
and appears to belong to the 4. Schreberi 3 of Nees, the A. subcymosus of the present
monograph,

54^ Flexicaul form, dark-green, smaller, or equally tall but
slenderer and more delicate, with curving flexuose stem and sub-
sessile heads.

W. N. Y., Rosebrook woods, Au. 2, 1900, and 1901-1904, with the preceding.

54° Lateral-bud form; long attenuate pedicels, the late lateral
buds then still sessile ; heads thus very diverse in development in
flowering-time and the blossoming very uneven. Sinus very vari-
ve broad and shallow, or deeper and overlapping. With the

Ct., Shuttle Meadow, Se., '89, Jas. wi hei in hb. Z
W. N. Y., Cattaraugus Resn., Indian Twin brook, ax 35.965.
| C., near Washington, July 29, !79, Z. F. Ward in hb. Bu.
nies Aioni form, even cordated to the inflorescence.
- Y., Indian Twin, Au. 3, ’96.

SUBSECTION 3. MACROPHYLLI.
Violet, lilac or lavender rays, pale or whitish in fading.

Rays usually about 1 3, tridentate. Plante larger or coarser than
the preceding (unless it be nos. 61, 73, 84) in rootstock, stem, leaf
and heads. Colonies of radicals extensive (even more so than in A.

Schreberi). Texture often very thick, very rough or very rigid.

Crenate teeth commonly predominant. Bracts less ciliate ; tomen-
tum of pedicels less crispate, not ranged in lines, either diffused or
entirely absent. Disks soon purplish-red or maroon.

Divison A. LAVENDER MACROPHYLLI.

Lilac rays slowly turning lavender or finally becoming pale,
dull and whitish, at length brown. (Division B as a rule develops
More strictly violet rays, changing to purer white ; the color of the
rays contains more blue in Division B, more red in A; but occas-
sionally an equally violet head will be found in plants of Division

-) Radicals heavier and shorter stalked than in B, often less
numerous, chiefly 3, usually forming larger colonies.

E

298 DESCRIPTION OF AsrERS ; MACROPHYLLI

Subdivision A.

Thick heavy leaves, not firm but flabby. Teeth broad, cre-
nate-serrate ; glandular hair chiefly confined to pedicels and bracts
and upper part stem.

Species 55—58

* Plants stout, rather tall, often 3 ft. tall, with sprangle-top
inflorescence ; bracts polymorphous.

Species 55

55. ASTER MACROPHYLLUS L.

Stout rough-hairy August-flowering plants of extensive colonies
on shaded banks, with coarse harsh flabby texture, cordate-oblong
lower leaf-type, oblong-acuminate upper-cauline type with broad
taper base, 10-13 lilac rays and broad triangular-acute principal
bracts.

Name, L., from the large radicals.
Fic. 70, piak of Cattaraugus reservation, Au. 13, '98, i ; 6, char
acteristic leaf type, seen in radicals and lower-caulines; d, d ann pis dn
e.

Fics. 71, 1-6, plant from Nees’ herbarium, now in hb. Gray; with facsimile
of its name in Nees’ hand, Aster ipeo Wie written by Nees on the label probably.
before 1825 when Eurybia became its generic name to him; plant representing, frag-
mentarily, a part of Nees’ Mice of this species; 3, 4 and Em radicals; 6, a
young pant shoot with 2 primitive scales and 2 intermediary sc

S. 71, 7-8, ** A. macrophyllus” as understood by uin fidelabels of
Bernhardi hrid in hb. Mo. Bot. Gar. 8 is an arrest-form of frequent occurrence,
with shortened stem and with the transitional leaves reduced or suppressed between the
slender-petioled lower type and the wing-based upper type; two such arrest-form repre-
sentatives occur in the Bernhardi hb.; and Engelmann’s Hort. Salzwedel plant of 1825
is enr een
S. 71, 9, IO, radical leaves of the ** A. macrophyllus”’ of ** Hort. Salz.
wedel, Maia: 1825," in hb. Geo. Engelmann, now in hb. Mo. Bot. Gar
A. canadensis, filiis in imis amplioribus cordatis serratis. Vaillant, Act. 583. 2.
A. Acadiensis, coronae solis folio, H. R. —i, e, * S i er gd with leaf
resembling that of sunflower” [large, broad, subentir rse];
cultivated under this name in the Hortus Regius of Paris (and so named by i its di-
rector Antoine de Jussieu, as far back as his activity there in 1718?). Cited as its Paris
garden name, Lamarck, Encyc. méth., 1: 307 (1783); Lamarck frequently citing the
garden-labels of Jussieu
A. macrophyllus L., ‘Se pl., ed. 2, 2: 1232 (1763); and continuously so of most sub-
sequent authorities, as Lamarck, Aiton and Willdenow in a Link, nde Sprengel,

crophyilus a, a Sp. pl. 33: 2036 (1804); not his var. B, which
taps preter tenis

ASTER MACROPHYLLUS 299

A. macrophyllus B, Aiton, Hort. Kew., ed. 2, 5: 57 (1813); not his var. a, which

covered white-flowered forms.
urybia macrophylla, Cassini in Dict. des sc. nat. 37: 487 (1825); so Nees,
Gen. Ast. I40. 1832.

Biotia macrophylla DC., Prod. 5: 265. 1836.

Aster macrophyllus L., of T. and G., Fl. N. Am., of Gray's manuals, of his Synoptic
Flora. and of American botanists to 1898 ; but in part only, being blended with many
nonglandular white and glandular violet-rayed species.

A. Herveyi intermedia, C. H. Peck, Rept. N. Y. St. Botanist for 1892, p. 46
(1893). Not A. intermedius Turcz., ex DC. Prod. 7 : 272. 838-9.

A. macrophyllus L., in Br. and Br. Ill. Fl. 1898, and works subsequent.
Names other than Latin; translation names, etc.

Grossblattrige Sternblume, Willd. Sp. pl. 33, 2037. 1804.

Great-leaved Starwort, Forster's Cat. of Plts. of N. Am. 1771.

Broad-leaved Blue Starwort, A/artyn’s edn. of Miller's Gardener's Dict. 1807.

Large-leaved Aster, Muhlenberg, Cat. of Plts., 1813; so, Bigelow, Fl. Boston,
I814, etc.

Astere à grandes feuilles, Lam. 1 : 307 (1783); so Provancher, Fl. Canadienne
(Quebec, 1862), adding, **it is known as

** Pétouane ; its leaves dried are sometimes used as Tabac to smoke; from
which without doubt the common name Pétouane, which is derived from getun.” ’— The
Indian name Petun for tobacco occurs as early as 1630, when John Taylor wrote of
“the hearb . . . petun alias necocianum”’ ; it was the source of Jussieu’s name of 1803
for the Petunia; and is said to be still used in some parts of Canada for tobacco.

Figured (or an allied plant transitional to 4. uniformis), Gard. and For. 4: 89.
1891. Figured, Br. and Br, Ill. BLÉ33

Stem stout, erect, brownish, glandular-hairy above, minutely
roughened below by short strigose hairs or their remnant bases or
finally becoming smooth below ; about 214 ft. high; with rather
long internodes (often 2 in.); usually not quite straight, and with
I or 2 flexures. ;

Rootstocks strong, dark brown, with long reddened surculi,
forming large colonies sometimes confluent so as to cover thinly
wooded banks for half a mile continuously, as on the Cattaraugus.

af-type cordate-oblong, acute or very short-acuminate, with
strong unequal basal lobes, deep strong asymmetrical sinus com-
monly overlapped, coarse crenate margin, and long robust narrow
petiole; seen in most radicals and a few lower caulines. Texture
thick, rough, coarse and flabby ; variable on the same plant, but
hardly firm in life; after drying, rigid and very rough. Strigose
pubescence moderate, present at least on the veins beneath (and
on the branches : usually on the upper part of the stem also).
Leaf-color deep green, changing in fall to bronzed umber or
russet; drying brownish-green or blackish.
tadical leaves usually 3, not very dissimilar to each other,
but only one of fully typical form; this the largest, 7 x 5 in.

300 DESCRIPTION OF ASTERS ; MACROPHYLLI

Aster macrophyllus cÀ f

Fic. 70.

ASTER MACROPHYLLUS 301

or less; another narrower and another shorter. With them some-
times I or 2 small broad subentire roundish additional leaves are
interspersed, 1 in. long or less, with or without sinus; as shown
in radical cluster 2, Fig. 70. Primordial leaf cordate-quadrate or
reniform, very veiny, with broad-wing petiole, soon perishing; e,
Fig. 70,

Lower caulines of typical form. Succeeding caulines slowly
diminishing upwards, serrate or serrulate, 3 x 277 in. and soon
becoming narrower and with reduced sinus and receding round-
based lobes, the petioles still wingless and now shorter than the
leaves. Middle caulines pass from broad-ovate to ovate-oblong,
subelliptical, lance-oblong or ovate-lanceolate; the short narrow-
winged petiole soon developing a basal dilation (undulatiform),
then becoming uniformly dilated to the leaf (forming broad-winged
petioles) and in the next leaves merging with the tapering base.
Final upper cauline type quite characteristic, oblong-ovate, rather
gradually and prominently acuminate, slowly contracted into a
broad clasping basal portion ; often 3 x 114 in.

Axiles oblong-ovate to lanceolate, sessile, clasping by a broad
base, 2 x 34 in. or less, acutely serrulate or nearly entire.

Rameals little developed except in cases of extensive inflores-
cence ; then usually a subopposite pair about one-third below the
first branchlet, sessile, chiefly triangular-ovate, acuminate, obso-
letely serrulate ; those subtending the branchlets become narrowed,
finally passing into narrow canaliculate investitures to the ultimate
pedicels, which are otherwise naked.

Veins not very conspicuous, about 4 pairs, not incurved nor
greatly upcurved, lost toward the margins, and till then somewhat
parallel and equidistant. General and minute venation quite in-
conspicuous. Trinervate bases resemble those of A. Schrebert.
eeth low, broad, rather irregular, remotish, curvescent and
crenate-serrate, with some shorter subdentate teeth intermixed.
Predominant curvescent teeth are apt to be 10 mm. long and 1 as
high. The aculeus terminating the tooth is little obvious, green,
broad and flat, continuous with the leaf-membrane.

Sinus broad, irregular, rather deep, enlarged within, usually
unequal and lop-sided, but commonly nearly closed in life by the
assurgent basal lobes.

Hair of about 4 kinds; rst, ciliation on the larger exposed
bract-margins and tips; 2d, strigose hair over under surfaces and
on the stem, slender, hardened but scarcely thickened, 8- to 12-
celled ; 3d, stiff short sharp bristles occur over the upper surfaces
of the leaves ; these are pale, appressed, directed forward and out-
ward, highly detentive to the touch when dry, about 2 times their
own length apart, very slender and scarcely enlarged at the base ;

302 DESCRIPTION OF ASTERS ; MACROPHYLLI

ASTER MACROPHYLLUS 303

4th, glandular capitate pubescence, mingled with the strigose
hairs, much shorter but more extensively distributed, more abun-
dant and persistent; best developed on the branches and branch-
lets, but continuing well-down the stem, typically to within 6 in.
of its base. Glands quite odorous, subspherical, purplish,2~3-
times the breadth of their stalks, or less. Stalks one-celled, dis-
tinct, 4~6 times the length of the gland, straight, stiff and divari-
cate. Similar but shorter and closer glandular hair covers the ex-
posed backs of bracts, sometimes, however, with but few glands
remaining. On petioles and lower leaf-surfaces smaller paler
shorter-stalked glands are scatteringly developed, at least when
young; but much less so than in A, zanthinus and some other
violet-rayed allies.

The preceding. leaf-types all gradually pass into each other;
only the lower and upper caulines are markedly characteristic ;
and the lower is often duplicated in the form in the non-glandular
A. Schreberi and both the lower and the upper in A. swdcymosus.

Inflorescence of vigorous plants a compound, uneven, deep-
branched corymb rising to different levels, with stiff pedicels often
I in. long, the plant bearing sometimes as many as 80 heads.
Smaller and perhaps more common plants produce a broad flattish
expanded corymb usually not large and with rather few remotish
heads, 15—20, on stiff stocky pedicels, % in. long or more.

Pedicels and branches given off at about the same angle, about
40°, nearly straight or slightly upcurved at the base, and some-
what clavate or thickened toward their summits, terete. Their
characteristic grouping is in 3’s, making the branches seem trifur-
cate, additional subsessile lateral buds developing subsequently.

eads about % in. high and 1 in. broad, or slightly more.
Involucre campanulate, broad-based, triseriately chequered, about
ig in. high, subtended by a rather closely appressed bracteal
which is cymbiform, oblong and obtuse, and usually deciduous.

Bracts stiffly coriaceous, broadly triangular-acute in aspect,
pale, with somewhat oblong-triangular thickening at the green tip,
the exposed surface densely covered with short stiff glandular
hair. Bract-forms principally 3, changing gradually in breadth
and shape and apex ; Ist, basal bracts, acute, short-triangular, the
lowest much broader than high; the next triangular-ovate, sub-
ciliate, brownish-green and close-puberulent all over; 2d, middle
bracts, about two rows, oblong-ovate or broad-oblong, obtusish,
more ciliate and green-tipped ; 3d, upper or inmost bracts, taper-
oblong or linear-oblong, obtuse, thinnish, subciliate, with little
green or none.

Rays about 16, or only 13, about ;f; in. long, linear-oblong,
not so broad or narrow as in various allies, tridentate at the

304 DESCRIPTION OF ASTERS; MACROPHYLLI

slightly contracted apex, lilac-lavender, having more red in their
composition than in the violet rays of the ianthine group, paling
somewhat and then turning brow

Disk-flowers about 50, mom lobed, yellow turning reddish-
brown, fragrant, soon forming a convex mass.

Pappus long, ecru, soon brownish (in one apia and later be-
coming highly rufescent, becoming first so in the

Achenes smooth, dark brown, jeep slightly compressed,
much smaller and slenderer than in the Curvescentes. Vertical
striae faintly double, Hin Sra at the kits of the achene into

n abrupt narrow brownish annulus which (unlike the conspicuous
ipie of A. umbells formis) is little whitened, is not double, and
is not decurrent on the s

Odors include a haaat fragrance from the disk-flowers ;
and a nutty odor from the glands when rubbed, not so marked,
however, as in the Ianthine group.

Typical native plants of the species as thus restricted are broad
in all their lines; both radical and lower cauline leaves showing
broad-cordate outline and a broad enlarged and curving sinus, the
inflorescence broad and shallow, the teeth broad and crenate or
curvescent, the middle and upper petioles widened into broad
wings. This type seems to represent the species as first fully
described by Nees and as preserved in the herbarium of Linnæus
and as early cultivated in Kew. From this type are removed
many extraneous elements at various times blended with it; on
the one hand various white non-glandular representatives of the
Curvescentes, and on the other hand, various violet-rayed highly-
glandular plants of different leaf-form ; members of both classes
being joined with it by Willdenow and by Torrey and Gray.

Typical plants of A. macrophyllus, as now defined, do not show
any distinct violet or predominant blue, as in the Janthine group ; no
rays with rose, carmine, crimson or predominant red, as in some
Divaricati, and in A, Alleghaniensis ; no spongy or crumbly leaf-
substance, as in A. biformis, A. orbicularis, etc. ; no very conspicuous
prolonged or narrow or incurved acumination of leaf, as inso many
Divaricati ; no great jagged-edge teeth, as in A. viridis, A. ferox ;
no complete gradual transition from basal to axile leaves with little
difference of size or petiole or shape, as in A. uniformis, A. Alle-
ghaniensis ; no such abundance of glandular secretion as to make
all surfaces clammy to touch when young, as in A. roscidus ; and

wie see

i
i
5
2
tA
X
Li
H

ASTER MACROPHYLLUS 305

after the bud-state, no close-bunching of mature subsessile heads,
as in A. densatus and allies.

Habitat, in considerable shade, especially on the drier slopes of
river banks and along their summits, widely through Canada to
Manitoba, in the United States from Maine to Minnesota, and
southward through the Appalachian region to North Carolina, but
leaving the sea-coast at Staten Island. Its northern range was
given by Hooker in 1840(Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 14)as “from L. Huron,
Dr. Todd, to Norway House on the Saskatchewan, Drummond,”
i. e., to L. Winnipeg.

Examples include :

Canada, Sandwich, Pon 27, 19OI, Macoun, in hb. N. Y. Bot. Gar.
Southampton, L. Hur I9OI.

n, Macoun, Au. 21
ova n H valine E [^t 'ard.
New Brunswick, ** woods and borders of fields" ; Fowler's Cat.
Maine, Orono, Dions Co., recently burned aei Au. 24, "97; M:
^. Fernald in hb. Bu. Sumner, Au. '86, J. C. Parlin in hb. Firmini,
'96, C. H. Knowlton in hb. Bu. Mt. Desert, rocky woods at Seal yp MR w 15,757,

Redfield in hb. Canby. Gardiner, Se. '99, coll. A. M. Richards, in hb. N. Y. Bot.
Gar.
, Monkton, ' 79, Ao no. 18922 in U, S. Nat. Hb.
Mia , Meriden, '59, D. C. Eaton in hb. Mo. Bot. Gar.
, Jaconics, A R., Au. 28, 19ot, Au., 1903 ; Guilder Hollow, Au.
22, 1903, Ba j^ Pap e Clark’s Neck, Se. 11, ’97.
m ondacks, Au.,? 73, A A Beni in hb. Cazóy; No. Elba, Au., ks
ene ere Pony à ,793, and pres Auw,'gs C M PE Y.
Blue Mtn. L., Aug., C. H. Peck, do.; Albany Co., arora Stendén Co. pra
boneville and pA Co., Salamanca, C eo St. H5.
AN. Y. , Woodlawn dr Se. 18, rs di in hb. Bu. Tarrytown,
Sleepy Hollow, ea end, Se. 2

z
<

is pec Au. $ ie no. from Hottonia water; JV. Brunswick, Se.,
1831, Torre in hb.
Menta Hits. Au. 21, '75, Ruger in hb. Candy.
N. Y., Niagara k Whirlpool woods, near brink of gorge, ko P: 98.
Siver Cr. pet Bao ay Au. 11, 98-1904. Glenwood sae > 96-1904. sebrook
woods, Au. 3, !96, ’97-1 ; Clymer, a Panama,'73; Cattaraugus resn., joe
road, Au. 9, beds Indisn-tine road, 13, '98, typical nc '9g9-1902 ; Little
Indian, Au. 24,'97 ; Bu.
a onm Se. 20, '97, Jas. A. Graves.
, Aurora, alt. 3000 ft., Au. 24, '98, E. S. Steele in hb. M. Y.
Bot. Pied
Wis., ** Milwaukee,” hb. Dr. H. E. Hasse, in hb. N. Y. . Gar
Minn., Amodar, Chisago Co., Au. 18, ’92, coll. B. C. hot now in J. S.
Nat. Hb., no. 201952.
Hb. Bernhardi, one fragment of inflorescence with axiles, fairly typical ; ; its label,
** Aster macrophyllus,” seems to be in the handwriting of Nees. Now in hb. Mo.
sheet.

Bot. Gar., a half-

306 DESCRIPTION OF AsTERS ; MACROPHYLLI

Hb. Bernhardi, also now in hb. Mo. Bot. Gar., a whole sheet, with parts of two
plants, and old — * Aster cordifolius,’’ ** Aster macrophyllus"" and ** Aster macro-
phyllus Hort. Hamé.’’ See fig. 71.

Hb. Engelmann, now in hb. Mo. Bot. Gar. with Engelman's label **4s'er
"iur rey Hort. Saltswedel, Frankfort, 1825." See fig. 71.

Hb. Nees, plant now in hb. Gray, and figured here, fig. 71. It bears a label
s Aster vri aie in Nees’ hand, as attested by Gray. The fact that Nees
named it Aster, not Eurybia, seems to indicate its date as before 1825, when Cassini

T

published Kis genus Eurybia he specimen was given by Nees to Schultz Bipon-
tinus, who wrote a new label diig * Eurybia macrophylla Cassini; Nees, Aster, p.
140,” etc., adding **e herb. Neesii cum ejus autographo, Sz. Bip. Next it seems to

have gone to Hohenacker, from him to Klatt, and from him, in 1885, to Asa Gray,
who at one time queried if the plant were not Biotia commixta, "um again added that
it “is the * Eurybia commixta Hort. Petrop.’ spec. Hb. Kew, perhaps from con-
sideration of the non-cordate radical on Nees’ c: but pn um radicals occur
occasionally in nature in 4. macrophyllus as well as in A. commixtus and in all other
Biotian species. Perhaps the well-known glandular character of Biotia commixta was

c

Aster macrophylius proper having been long overlooked. Nees’ poses however,
noted that Aster macrophyllus has short glandular and odorous hairs mixed with the
longer strigose hairs, even as low down as the lowest radicals. So has his specimen,
all over the younger parts, petioles, pedicels, under side of upper stem-leaves, and o
the separate radicals both above and beneath. Nees’ specimen is wholly unlike die
Bernhardi plants of Aster commixtus (none of Nees’ seem to have survived). It ap-
pears to be a proper specimen of 4. macrophyllus, although in fragments and without
the characteristic radicals and caulines. It agrees with th i
considered to be 4. macrophyilus "m which is the nucleus of the Æ. macrophyllus
representation in most American herbaria, in its abundant capitate glands, in their
location, in its crenate-serrate and curvescent teeth, its large broad-triangular acute
p ki large heads, and the form of its axiles.

Mus. Paris, in hb. Gray, obtained as representative of the Biotia macro-
pts s the Paris i quibua. in 1369. is plant is true to 4. macrophyllus in its glan-
dular and strigose hair on d and upper foot of stem, and on the leaves

neath ; also in its bract form; but i unlike 4. macrophyl/us in its rectangularly
divaricate pedicels and close sharp (i.

History oF Aster macrophyllus. Being closely entangled in the
past with A. divaricatus, and descending to us in lines parallel to
it always, the outlines of their common annals are already given
in tracing general Biotian history ; page 62+. In those pages
I have mentioned the first European botanical traveller to notice
A, —— as probably Sagard in 1624-6, the first collector
kno it abroad as Sarrazin, before 1720, the first to
eka it as "Vaillant, writing 1720, the first known to cultivate
it as Philip Miller in or before 1739, the first to give it proper
description as Nees in 1832. It remains to formulate here the
successive steps of development of its description.

Appearing first in print as a polynomial, the Aster Canadensis,

ASTER MACROPHYLLUS 307

etc., of Vaillant in 1720,—who had his specimen from Sarrazin,—
it seems next to have been termed A. Acadiensis by Jussieu under
whom it was so cultivated in the Paris garden, fide Lamarck’s
citation in 1783. Meanwhile its first binomial description had ap-
peared at the hands of Linnaeus, 1763, and the successive in-
crease of definiteness up to the full description of Nees in 1832 will
be indicated by quotation ;
LINNAEUS, Sf. f/., ed. 2. 2: 1232. 1763.
A.] macrophyllus. 34. Aster foliis serratis; radicalibus trinervatis cor-
datis maximis, caulinis ovatis sessilibu
ster canadensis, foliis imis px cordatis serratis, Vai. act. 583.
Habitat in America septentriona QM
Folia Radicalia magna, boum cordata, serrata, trinervata ut in Fetasi-
tide. Ramea parva, ovata, sessilia, serrata. Pedunculi ad apicem conferti, sepe trifidi.

[This description remained unchanged as far as 1784, in the
ed. 14 of the Systema vegetabilium. |

Lamarck, Lucyc. meth., 1: 307. 1783.

2 à grandes feuilles.
A. foliis radicalibus petiolatis, cordatis, serratis; caulinis ovatis sessilibus ;

caule Korean N [obis].

cadiensis, coronae solis folio. Æ. A.
"i Canadensis, foliis imis amplioribus cordatis serratis. Vail. Act. 583.

Lamarck, after his character and two synonyms as quoted
above, added, in French, the following description :

‘Its stem is about 2 ft. high, terete, pubescent, sometimes very
smooth [such cases were by Nees deemed to be his A. Schreberi p,
and were probably later included in part in De Candolle's B. /azi-
folia] and furnished on its upper part with branches disposed in a
corymb. Its radical leaves and those at the base of the stem are
petioled, decidedly large, cordiform, pointed, toothed, hairy under-
neath ; and are not only 3-nerved as says Linnaeus, but are furnished
with many oblique nerves which proceed from each side of the
midrib. [But Linnaeus knew this; his ''trinervata" meant,
having among its strong pinnate veins, two basal ones so much
stronger than the rest as to give, with the midrib, a 3-nerved effect
to the sinus.] Other leaves of the stem are oval- lanceolate, and
sessile or almost amplexicaul. The flowers are terminal, white or
a very pale violet, their involucre imbricated and close-ranked ;
and are in a corymb.—This plant is native of North America and
is cultivated in the Jardin du Roi. Perennial, v. v.'

Ariton, Hort. Kew., 3: 207. 1789.

A. foliis serratis oblongis, supremis ovatis sessilibus, caulinis cordatis petio-
latis, petiolis superioribus alatis.

308 DESCRIPTION OF ASTERS; MACROPHYLLI

WirLbpENow, Sp. p/, 3°: 2037. 1804 [see p. 281]; what
Willdenow says himself is as follows :

. foliis ovatis petiolatis serratis, summis ovato-cordatis sessilibus, inferioribus
cordatis petiolatis, petiolis submarginatis, caule ramoso diffuso, calycibus cylindricis,
arcte imbricatis, W.
a. A. corollae radio caeruleo, W. [W. next citing Linnaeus’ 4. macrophyl-
lus and Vaillant’s A. Canadensis, en . as synonyms] [= 4. ate ra Se
. A. corollae radio albo, W. [= A. Schreberi Nee
V sint foliis radicalibus ovato- dien et oblongo- siis — radio caeruleo et
plantis radio caeruleo instructis, corollae radii sunt oblongae longitudine
ani MNA squamis ovatae acutiusculae; in plantis radio albo, corollae radii
lineares calyce longiores, calycis squamae oblongae obtusae, W

The Willdenovian herbarium still preserves 7 sheets labelled
A. macrophyllus, as kindly emi for me by Dr. L. jo Bigi
wood, of these nos. 3, 4, 6, may be 4. macrophyllus L., PT
5, A. tostemma, and no. 1, A. pear iformis ; fide ves dest and
drawings by L M. U.

ARTYN, in his edition of Miller's Gardener s Dict. (1807), quot-
ing A. macrophyllus as described by Linnæus, adds as its English
name, ‘‘ Broad-leaved Blue-starwort," using “ blue ” for lavender,
and showing that the plant then cultivated at Kew of which he
s white variety but the var. «. The
Kew plant aside from the Linnaean herbarium, was doubtless the
best representative of what Linnaeus’ original A. macrophyllus had
been.

Martyn refers to L’Heritier, SZirpes nov. 2: t. 66 (1784-5), as
a figure of A. macrophyllus ; but the figure proves to be an Kea.

SCHULTES, Observationes Botanicae in Linnei Species plantarum
ex editione C. L. Willdenow ; 178 (1809).

Def. Ait. Kew. optima. Folia me sed in illo qui saii albis est, non
trinervia, [If the plant Schultes had was 4, Schreberi, it may have failed to show
radical leaves; otherwise his plant must ee ber en some non-trinervate re linear-
rayed white relative of 4. Schreberi: like A. curvescens while young and unflattened. }
Mira foliorum subcarnosorum vix describenda varietas. Petala linearia acuta. [The
second sentence refers apparently to a plant of 4. macrophyllus pinguifolius ; and per-
haps all three clauses do.

Nees, Synopsis Asterum (1818), though with but brief char-
acters, first separated the white component of the A. macrophyllus
of Willdenow, naming it A. Schreberi.

Cassini in 1825 wage te E as Eurybia macrophylla,
in Dict. des Sciences nat., 487; having published his genus
Eurybia (= broad- ataie in Sa Bull. philom. 166, and
again, Dect. des Sciences nat. 16: 486

PES LIE Tons avo ae

ASTER MACROPHYLLUS 309

SPRENGEL in the 16th edition of Linnaeus’ Systema Vegetabiliunt,
, 8: 532 (1826), described A. macrophyllus rather confusedly, but
contributed to the growing mass of recognized characters, these
that “ the corymb-branches are rigid," and “ the bracts appressed.”
He included both colors, saying “ radius caeruleus seu albus";
although also recognizing A. Schreber?.

NEES, Gen. Ast. 140. 1832.

3. Eurybia macrophylla Cass.

E. foliis cordatis ovatisve, radicalibus subtrinervatis, caulinis in petiolum
alatum contractis serratis scabris subtus hirtis; caule hirto rariusve glabro patulo
corymboso, ramulis rigidis, periclinii arcté imbricati foliolis oblongo-lanceolatis obtusis.

Variat: a. Foliis radicalibus cordato-subrotundis, caulinis inferioribus cor-
dato-acuminatis petiolatis, superioribus cordato-ovatis amplectentibus (huc 4. cordi-
fous Hb. Beilschm. ex Ht. Ber. ). eon rently Nees did not intend this var. a as
the typical form of his species; when he did so intend, he frequently omitted any var.

` a beginning with 3 ; but was not i. his typical or name-conferring form of a spe-

cies sometimes seeming to be listed not as a first variety but as a third or fourth. — This
present a could agree in A. orbicularis sometimes, when the cordation continues
even through the upper es.]

B. Foliis areren cordato-ovatis acuminatis, caulinis omnibus ovatis acumi-
natis in basin amplexicaulem contractis. [= Small plants of 4. excelsior ? such often
agree with this remarkable description; which involves a stem without a cordate leaf.
Large plants of 4. excelsior, like other Macrophyllan species, have some cordation in
a few basal leaves. ]

y. Caule glabro, foliis caulinis plerisque cordatis longe egens laxiusculis
minus hirtis, summis ellipticis argute serratis basi attenuatis, corymbo terminali depau-
perato, ramis bi-unifloris. In umbrosis rupestribus Cove Valley, AIS Aster
corymbosus Fl. Pennsylv. in Herb. Giinth.*

* The ** Flora Pennsylvanica’’ was contained in the herbarium of Güntherat Bres-
lau and in the Royal Herbarium at Berlin. Günther was an author of a Flora of Sil-

esia, 1824 ; and was ** Medicinal Assessor ” at Breslau, where he died, 1833, aged 64.
his ** Flora xiv eae was often cited by Nees for his Aste gt species
collected ** in the woods of Tuscarora,” ‘‘ along hedges in Cove eap “in swamps

of Lower Cove,” « eind along Cove Cr.,’’ ** in Pennsylvanian thickets,’’ or as in our
example above, ** growing on shaded rocks in Cove Valley." The specimens seem to
have been collected in part by Póppig, in part by Günther himself aud perhaps in part
also by Bernhardi, who at least contributed specimens.

* Cove Valley” and **the woods of Tuscarora’’ seem to take us to Perry C

Susquehanna just above the village of Marysville, and the Tuscarora Mts., the next
long parallel range to the north, below which stretches for 30 miles or more the Tus-
carora Valley, watered by Tuscarora Cr. forming the west half of Juniata Co., x
now threaded by the Tuscarora Valley branch of the Pennsylvania R. R.
south, beyond the Cove Mts., rises the Blue Ridge; before which one still "d -
** Cove Station” and the ** Cove Forge Station" on the Pennsylvania

This was doubtless the region where much of Günther's Flora Peya was
collected. Perhaps it was here that the original specimen of 4. glomeratus had i

310 DESCRIPTION OF ASTERS ; MACROPHYLLI

Crescit [species D d. in sylvis umbrosis circa ^h per Canadam ad Vir-
giniam usque. Floret a S in Novembrem usque [7. e., so reported probably
by Póppig to Nees, from See observation of ichs. forms and sprouts,
and such Sept. and Oct. flowering species as 4. curvescens]; apud nos saepe jam ex-
eunte Augusto oed that Nees had our genuine pesca -flowering 4. PM
in cultivation]. Peren Vidi e exempla culta et sponta
Similis Euryéie prem z, sed differt: caule paie hito, foliis subtus, ad
cos cipue, hirtis, s supra setis sparsis hirto-scabris ; ramis rigidioribus paucifloris,
foliis aie brevioribus acutiusculis vel etiam ARTEN Sina th FORM Ned
bus, radio plerumque lilacino, rarius albo [and w white, usually due to fadi
metimes to malnutrition] ; achaeniis nervoso-striatis, in iege s pubescenti RUE
aetate glabris aut setulis sparsis ; periclinii foliolis ovato-oblongis saepe acutiusculis,
magis hi md clinanthii alveolis amplioribus, marginibus aeai repandis, neque
evidenter dentatis.
uamae pa eee x growing upturned end of the young surculus] duae,
latae, ovatae, aridae, tem cingunt ; sequuntur duae consi-
miles V uti chiefly petiala with small get imperfectly developed], purpureae:
sursum angustiores et hac parte, ceu iolo, laminam exiguam lineae dames
ro M. acutam ferentes; tum irai bn folium 1 (- 2 bi-trilineare, acutius-
culum, serrulatum, orbiculare, in petiolum triplo longiorem basi squamatim vaginantem
transiens. Quod proximum est folium [shorter radical], pollicare, in petiolo poll. 2%
longo, cordatum, obtusum cum mucrone, dense incumbenti-serratum, undique cu
petiolo hirtum immixtis pilis income capitatis glandulosis odoris [the first mention
of glands upon 4. macrophyllus, an important character not emphasized till 1898].
Reliqua folia [larger ee and basals] circum caulem inferiorem semper petio-
né igen cordata, cordata, ovata, latiora vel angustiora, 4-6 pollices longa, 3-5

ata, acuminata, crenato-serrata serraturis mucronatis, penninervia ; quae
reform joey pievumque intra sinum un ervata ; rarius autem occurrunt inter haec;
uam in Astere Schreberi, folia reniformia suborbiculataque; caulina infima [lower
sine fadicalibus similia sunt, diia: Ronan longe angusteque petiolata, reliqua
e [middle and -— caulines] sessilia invenies, alia basi ad speciem petioli
lotissimi contracta, alia et pleraque ovata vel ovato-oblonga, basi cuneiformia [the
Mom e me canine type], superiora Peres] denique ovata amplexicaulia,
us m folia ramorum [rameals
inora, üsinitscula vel obtusa, ovata, amplexicaulia, integerrima sien Ligulae
radi longitudine periclinii, lineari- lanceolatae ; discus periclinium adaequans, e flavo
ivaricati lanta spo

specimens], calathiisque paucioribus ornata, laxior quoque ; caeterum cultae simillima.
Asterem macrophyllum Lin. ob ** folia caulina ovata sessilia" ad hanc
adduxi speciem ; reliqua autem definitionis etiam ad Æurybiam Schreberi, et majori

birth ; here certainly grew the third variety or Cove Valley form of Nees’ Aste macro-
phyllus.
Cove Valley plants cited by Nees include his 4. macrophyllus y, in hb. Günther ;
Doellingeria =. Spe hed by Póppig to hb. Günther; A. pAlogifolius ; A.
prenanthoides ; A. glabellus 8 and A. cyaneus B.
rs in in Hb. Günther include A. subcymosus, A heterophyllus, A.
luxurians B, A. ericoides, A. ‘dba B, and about a dozen more, which Nees cites,
many of them originally furnished by Bernbardi.

ASTER MACROPHYLLUS Sil

fere jure, referri possent, [At least 3 respects, however, may be noted in which
Linnaeus’ description applies better to Nees’ 4. macrophyllus than to his A. Schreberi ;
Ist, the ovate sessile serrate caulines; 2d, saepe trifidi, said of the trifurcate peduncles ;
3d, the comparison to Petasites is suggested by the very aspect of 4. macrophyllus but
by A. Schreberi only after scrutiny.} Aster divaricatus Lin. Eurybiae macrophyllae,
absque foliis radicalibus infimisque consideratae, praebet LC ; synonyma autem
eidem adscripta, imm ad Doellingeriam humilem pertinen

Adnot. 2. Ante draginta annos hanc speciem in do botanico Jenensi
Asteris divaricati sub nomine iind vidi et exemplum ibidem lectum apud me servo.
Folia radicalia, solo sicciore per aestatem pereuntia, humiliorem tum relinquunt caulem
pauciflorum, corymbo divaricato you omnibus ovatis Linneanis characteribus il
verbum respondentem. [So Nees deemed his specimen of the 4. divaricatus of Hort.
Jena of about 1792, to be a depauperate 4. macrophyllus without radicals. Reading
this may have helped to cause DeCandolle in 1836 to add his videt divaricata
(infra) to the species macrophyllus. ]

DECANDOLLE, Prodromus, 5: 265 (1836), gave the following
highly generalized description of Aster macrophyllus :

Biotia arte caule plùs minis hirto apice patulo-corymboso, foliis radi-

calibus petiolatis co ore A caulinis alato-petiolatis sessilibusve ovatis, omnibus su
Scabris serratis. acuminatis, capitulis pedicellatis, invol. squamis arct wear uisa
sceau Pe [only the inner ones are typically "rss ligulis elongatis.
Pere In Amer. bor. umbrosis rupestribus à Canadá a Virginiam.— Ast. sacr
Mer Lim. ve 1232. Michx. fl. bor. am. 114. Euryóia macrophylla Cass. dict. 37.
P- 487. ast. 140. n ! hort. Par. ed. 3. p. 176. A. cordifolius hort. plur, —
Folia dats a cuta.—(v. s.) E
B divaricata, foliis ii Poit rotundatis. Perennis, in Amer. bor. (Linn.). 4s.
divaricatus Linn. sp. 122 [So far this var. 8 represents Linnaeus’ description of
A. divaricatus ; the identity of which with the 4. mace of Aiton was unsuspected
by DeCandolle.] 4st. macrophyllus carneus hort. angl. ex herb. Linn. obs. Lindl.
in adn. mss, [Perhaps this carneus of which Lindley wrote was simply a designation
for the typical 4. macrophyllus of Nees as distinguished from the whitish-flowered
Schreberan plants often confounded with it.]

— Since 1836, and for some years before, the additions to de-

are of American origin. Earlier writers on American plants had
not noticed it, except that Forster catalogued it in 1771, and
Michaux, Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 114 (1803), described it as

A. macrophyllus L. Aster universe pubescens: foliis radicalibus imisque am-
plissime cordatis, petiolatis; omnibus arguto serratis asperis : corymbo floribus majus-
culis. ab. in Canada.

MUHLENBERG, Vor am Pl. Am. Sept., 73 (1813; but written
1809) listed it as “A. macrophyllus, alb. caer., perennis, "- the
* large-leaved " Nass flowering in Pennsylvania in “ July.’

Punsu, Fl. Am. Sept., 2: 552 (1814), repeating Willdenow's
description, added

312 DESCRIPTION OF AsTERS ; MACROPHYLLI

In shady woods about rocks ; Canada to un Perennis. Sept.-Nov. [mis-
led in dates by confusing his own notes?] v. v. : v. s. in Herb. Banks et Lambert. A
foot or two high ; flowers above the middle size, rays w etin and sometimes blue.

Barton, Compendium Fl. Phila. 2: 115 (1818), gave the first
description in English, as follows :

17. A. macrophyllus. Leaves ovate, petiolate, serrate, rough; upper ones ovate,
cordate [a mistake], sessile, lower ones cordate, petiolate ; petioles submarginate ; stem
branched, diffuse; calices cylindric, narrowly imbricated; scales oblong, acute. —
Willd. and Pursh.

Large-leaved Aster, about 12 or 15 in. high. Flowers bluish [this suggests that
his plants were of 4. guiescens], in the shady woods above the falls of Schuylkill, west
side, abundant. Perennial, September.

NUTTALL, Genera, 1818, simply enumerates this species.

Torrey, “Cat. of Plants” for N. Y. City, 66 (1819) lists it as
"ie, macrophyllus, Ait. Rocky shady woods, Bloomingdale
[site long since destroyed by building]. Aug., white or pale-blue."

BicEtow, Fl. Bost., ed. 2, 314 (1824), adds A. macrophyllus to
the species he had described in the first edition, translates Willde-
now’s character, and adds

The root-leaves are uncommonly large, heart-shaped, serrate and acute, rather

smooth. Stem furrowed, scarcely rough. Upper leaves sessile, ovate, a little hearted
at base ird To clasping the stem]. Scales of the PE closely appressed.
Ray pale. blue s. — September. — Perennial. [Perhaps Bigelow’s specimens

were of 4. aa typical 4. macrophyllus plants would not have been ** rather
smooth,’’ nor ‘scarcely rough,’’ nor flowering in ** September."']

Torrey, Compendium, 299 (1826), included 4. macroph nyllus,
remarking of it, “ white or pale blue ; scales oblong, acute.

TonREY AND Gray, Fl. N. Am., 2: 105 (May, 1841); as fol-
lows, excluding synonyms:

A. macrophyllus (Linn.); stem stout, somewhat striate-angled, roughish-pubes-
cent above, the corymbose branchés also rigid; leaves thickish, scabrous, closely ser-
rate, somewhat acuminate; the radical and lower ones sdb ica ener on slender
petioles; the upper sessile or on margined petioles; h bs; involucre
iae d the length of the disk; the exterior scales Heid, oloni i or BiTA ; rays
(white or purplish) 1

. stem and leaves "ie smooth and glabrous; heads usually smaller. — Aster
Seireberi Nees, synops. p. 16; Spreng. syst. 3. p. 535. Eurybia Schreberi, Nees!
Ast. p. 138. Biotia Schreberi, DC. / Z. c. (Varies, with the heads somewhat glomer-
ate on short pedicels, and the rays shorter ; eA an accidental state. Eurybia
glomerata, Bernh. in Nees, Ast. 1. c erata DC./ Lc

y. exterior scales of the involucre botdi, ovate or roundish-oval; otherwise as
in a. pe 55%]
oodlands, Canada! (from the Saskatchewan!) and Northern States! Aug.-
Finem 114-3 feet high, usually broadly corymbose ; the upper portion, as well

+ Cs

ASTER MACROPHYLLUS ae

as the pedicels and involucre, clothed with a close puberulence which appears glandu-
lar or viscid under a lens, often with roughish hairs intermixed; below, as also the
petioles, either smooth or with a rough pubescence. Radical leaves 4-10 inches long
and 3-6 in width, varying from roundish-cordate to cordate-oblong, serrate with broad
and short mucronate teeth, often sparsely hirsute, and usually hairy on the midrib and
strong veins beneath ; the petioles 4-12 inches long; cauline leaves smaller, ovate or
oblong ; the upper closely sessile; the lower abruptly narrowed into a margined or
winged petiole. Heads mostly large; the involucre about half an inch in diameter ;
the exterior rigid scales pubescent-ciliate, acutish or obtuse; the innermost much larger
and membranaceous. Pappus tawny, or reddish. Achenia linear, obscurely striate,
almost glabrous when mature. — There are certainly but two species of Biotia indi-
genous to the United States. B. (Eurybia, ees) commixta, DC. is of doubtful
origin; but perhaps it is only a form of this species.

GARDEN AND Forest, 4: 88-89 (1891), figured A. macrophyllus
and added a brief description, stating, in substance: ‘‘ Radicals
sometimes 8 or 10 by 4 or 5 inches, broad-ovate or reniform-cor-
date ; stem 3—4 ft. high, angled, bearing corymbose cymes.— Canada
to Manitoba, to mountains of Carolina and Georgia." The figure
and some features in the description seem drawn from a plant
which would now be classed as A. uniformis, or as a transitional
between A. macrophyllus and that species; as the description of
the leaves as “sharply serrate.”

— Since Torrey and Gray's Flora, Aster macrophyllus had been
accepted by American botanists for a body of forms, with white,
lilac, lavender, or violet rays, but alike in producing colonies of large
radicals; and under this name all the asters with large radicals
were lumped together. Among the first to perceive that there
was something wrong in this were Dr. L. F. Ward, Washington
City, as indicated in remarks in his ora of D. C., 1881, and Dr.
Geo. Vasey, as indicated verbally to the author in 1888 and to Dr.
Ward earlier (vide p. 252); forms of A. curvescens and allies, with
White rays and smaller heads, had aroused their suspicions and
seemed to them separable. Meanwhile along the lower Hudson,
Mr. E. P. Bicknell was perceiving cause for separation at the other
extreme of *‘ violet-rayed plants with camphoric odor” as labelled
by him in the field, 1896, and Prof. C. H. Peck at Albany observ-
ing similar violet-rayed plants was at first inclined to class them
in A. Herveyi (because that is a violet-rayed glandular species),
leaving the body of white-rayed plants in A. macrophyllus. The
true line of cleavage along the development of glands had yet
to be made out by combination of careful field-study and com-
parison of herbaria. Meanwhile Prof. Peck, pp. 45, 46, of his
Annual Report as State Botanist for 1892, published indepen-
dently the following review of the situation as known to him
(N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist. Annual Repts. 46: 45, 46. 1893):

314 DESCRIPTION OF ASTERS; MACROPHYLLI

A. Herveyi Gray. di ders of woods, Blue Mountain Lake [Adirondacks], and
Voorheesville [Albany Co. |, August and Septemb
anual this is indicated as an NL species," approaching 4. macro-
phyllus. Itis indeed liable to be mistaken for that species at least in some of its forms,
if I rightly understand it. In the N. Y. specimens, the branchlets and peduncles a1 are
anand and the involucral scales are glandular and the rays are violet as
A. Herveyi, though in some instances the color is pale violet. On the other hand, iba
leaves are not always aa, but are sometimes ovate and distinctly serrate.
they should be understood to be in 4. Hervey’, and also roughened]. They are also
rough and rather thick as in 4. AEN in But this species [A. macrophyllus] as
described in the N. Y. St. Flora, has a reddish-tawny pappus while in our violet-rayed
specimens the pappus is white or whitish [because young], which is an additional
reason for separating them from 4. macrophyllus if this should prove to be a reliable
character. It seems best, therefore, to consider them as a variety of 4. Herveyi, and
to indicate their character thus
. Herveyi Gray, var. intermedia Peck. Branchlets and peduncles glandular-hairy ;
heads large; rays violet; involucral scales glandular, erect, all or all except the longer
and more pointed inner ones, green or with green Sus; pappus white or whitish; leaves
rather thick and ek ovate or lanceolate, the lower on naked petioles and more or
less cordate, the upper sessile, the radical leaves nine broadly ovate-cordate, rough,
on long naked petioles. Apparently intermediate between typical 4. Herveyi and
[white] 4. macrophyllus. With this it has probably been confused, but from it it may
be separated by the larger heads, color of the rays and pappus and glandular peduncles.

d

All the foregoing derived its pertinence from the fact that the
*' lilacine " A. macrophyllus of early writers had fallen into obscur-
ity and the whiter plants they had left associated with it had en-
grossed attention. Now that the wholly dissimilar white plants
have been removed, forming the Curvescentes, the reason for Prof.
Peck's var. intermedia disappears, and on conference later he
agreed with the author that this variety is a synonym for typical
A. mac: pA

Vari nts of A. macrophyllus.

Sp rout-forms tend to develop flowers rather than foliage ;
leaves more uniform, smaller, nearly alike in size, 2 x 1 in., sessile
by a broad subcontracted base ; or a few lower ones have a wing-
base or short narrow petiole ; the leaves being mainly of the form
which is typical of the axiles of the normal plant. In sprouts 2 ft.
high, about 12 such leaves may be produced below the inflorescence,
and are continued as axiles and rameals with little change except
reduction in size and development of broader base and more ten-
dency to conduplication ; as would be expected from rameals on
the normal plant. Heads not eus 20 or less, ede gutes all
much larger than in the type, and 1 1$ in. high instead of $, 1 34 in.
broad instead of 1 in. Compared with branch-forms, the lower
leaves are apt to be broader, nd to oblong-lanceolate, all
sharp-serrate or serrulate. Common; examples include:

a bos RRS:

ASTER MACROPHYLLUS 315

Ct., Meriden Hills, Se. 28,'58, D. C. Eaton in " Mo. Bot. Gar.
N. Y., Plattsburg, L. Champlain shore, Au. 31, ’97.

55° Branch-forms ; where the branches are excessively devel-
oped from lower axils to replace a weak or deficient axis. Such
branches usually show the rameal type of leaf, greatly enlarged,
preceded by several small oblong-spatulate subentire leaves, 2 in.
by 24 in., or less, somewhat resembling Erigeron annuus; fol-
lowed by larger more normal oblong-acuminate leaves, 5 x 174
W, or more often 3 x I.

55! Arrest-form, with little leaves. The 2 or 3 medium-sized
basal leaves are followed abruptly by an arrest of leaf-producing
vigor, the remaining nodes bearing a series of much smaller leaves,
all much alike in size though differing in shape, petiole and base.

uch plants may resemble A. biformis or arrested states of A.
multiformis and other species; but are of the thick texture of A
macrophyllus, and often occur in patches of normal macrophyllus
plants. They are unlike the similar arrest-forms of other species

in their radicals or their strigose hair, roughness, glands, or inflor-
escence.

ry common, and seen in plants of early European cultivation, as of hb. Bern-
hardi, p of hort. Salzwedel in Frankfort, 1825 ; see fig. 71.

55° Other arrest forms ; with certain middle nodes of the stem
concentrated ; occasional.

55° With axiles and rameals minute or absent ; occasional.

55° /nutercalary form. With one or two small middle caulines
intercalated between ordinarily large leaves, occasionally; L.
Champlain; L. Erie; hort. Erfurt in hb. Bernhardi ; etc

55° Eccentric forms or sports; with gibbous or simular leaves
ommige the normal ones; W. N. Y.

55° Trapezoidal middle caulines occurring ; W. N. Y.

55" Glabrate form ; mostly typical, with coarse flabby leaves,
but with persistently smooth stem, minutely glandular above;
roughness of leaves moderate; teeth more serrulate ; middle
bracts acuter. Transitional from A. M hyllus L. to the next
form. Castine, Me.; L. Erie, very commo

959! Kid- finish lone mie ee do to Pa m. pinguifolius in its
smoother thinner firm leaves, of the texture of undressed kid when
growing, but not greasy like pinguifolius ; the same leaves becom-
ing roughish usually on dryin

Unlike A. multiformis in its greater leaf-breadth, and usually

a taller stronger plant, often 214 ft., but like it in dark-green leaves
and violet rays.

N. Y. vic., Yonkers, Palmer Av., Se. 25, 96, Se. 13, '97, Au. and Se., '98,
"99, 1900, 1901, 1902, 1903, 1904, 1905

316 DESCRIPTION OF ASTERS; MACROPHYLLI

, Niagara, Whirlpool Woods, brink of gorge, radicals becoming even
Ya c T. e over sinus 2% in. D Au. 17,796. Silver Cr. Cemetery,
Ans, 796; Fr» 24497; ,'98, Au., '99-19

No sufficient explanation of this form is to be found in shade
or in richness of soil, the type growing with it in the same condi-
tions. Such variants may form the whole of a loose plantation ;
or be outliers from a colony of the type; or be stray individuals
or stand as individual sports in the midst
of a colony of the type; hence I do not separate this form as a
subspecies but regard it as a transient manifestation of that ten-
dency of the variable type which when much stronger in develop-
ment produces the form pinguifolius, the ancient Azotia latifolia.

55" Hetchel form. Some pubescence ; shapes very irregular
but mainly as the type, of which it is but an extremely harsh
form ; leaves very rough in life, like sandpaper when dry ; “ rough
as a hetchel," people call them ; abundant in W. N. Y., etc.

55? Triangle-hetchzl form. Lower leaves not large, triangu-
lar-cordate, rather obtuse, very thick and rough; leaves slowly
diminished up the stem ; stem glabrous, deep purple-red ; inflor-
escence cylindric-convex, becoming 12 in. high by 6 broad, or in
smaller plants short-convex, apt to have their pedicels forking in
5's, instead of trifurcate. Some reniform lower caulines or radicals
occur. Rays often full violet rather than lilac. Bracts chiefly
rigid, brownish, acute, with little hair. — Appears intermediate be-

ween A. macrophyllus and A. multi (formis ; and probably un-
stable. Highly developed plants appearing very distinct, led me
to look for evidence subsequent years to determine whether or
not it should rank as a separate species ; but it seems sporadic.

Mus N. Y., Sheridan, Herrick's woods, Au. 12, '96; Silver Cr., Swift s Hill
Au., ; gorge at Aster-bank, Au. 17, '96; Fredonia, Cascade brook, Au., '96;
d Pure incisis in Mo sun, Au. 29,96; Cattaraugus resn., Little In-
dian Cr., bank, Au., '97, Au. 13, '98.

SE ER form. With narrow tall inflorescence, its lateral
branches late and much shorter; the distinct roughness of the
broad-cordate leaves increased upward till the axiles are like sha-
green. Inflorescence like the last in form, and in frequent 5-fork-
ing umbelliform ee but leaves and rays like A. macro-
phyllus. With the type.

W. N. Y., Cattaraugus resn., Big Indian Cr., prevailing form on steep bank-
side, in thickets id also on open gravel "E p x '96.

Pa., bible ig field, ter

Minn., Chisago Co., Amodar, poa" a ie Taylor in hb. C

N. C., Swain Co., in ons Smoky Mts., Au., ’91, Beardslee id Kofoid in
hb. Gray.

d BUT

E
E
F
&
H
43 H

ASTER MACROPHYLLUS - M

55^ Aculeated form. Close-colony form with short root-
stocks, very peculiar in aspect from the dark blackish-green leaves
held stiffly outward at a straight slant continuous with the rigid
blackish or purple petiole. Leaves very rough in life, and firm,
somewhat triangular-cordate. Teeth long ine coarse, often over
i in. long, sometimes even i in., with is projection, usually
dorsally straight, though sometimes curvescent, with a strong
aculeus which is very salient in life and points upward, giving the
leaf its characteristic aspect. Radical petioles short, stout, succu-
lent, enlarged at the base, not at all erect, but slanting at about 30?
instead of 75? as usual. Radicals 3, sometimes 4, of which the
2 last are nearly equal, and the 1 or 2 first are very much smaller,
a little more acuminate and asymmetrical than in the type. Lower
caulines 3, cordate-oblong, suddenly incurved-acuminate, sharp
serrate. Stem smooth, blackish purple, its many leaves sometimes
chiefly small, subentire, sessile and narrow oblong. Bracts short,
more rounded than in type. Inflorescence rather small and dense.

W. N. Y., Silver Cr., Au., under observation 97-1900, then giving way to
bushes and grass, acd not reappearing 1901-2-

55^ Bunch-top form. Small leafy plants about 124 ft. high

or less, with smooth stout ascending stem brownish and subsuccu-
lent in life, glabrate and reddish with age. Leaves not large, only
moderately rough ; radicals acne those of A. multiformis,

2, narrow-cordate, short-acuminate, rather symmetrical,
aculeately forward-serrate. Some wing-based oblong-acuminate
caulines are more as in typical A. macrophyllus, as are the lilac
rays, which however tend to assume a livid or slaty-lavender cast,
and to fade whitish. Inflorescence small, densely convex. B
thinner, longer, and less puberulent than in typical 4. "aps ur
highly ciliate. Heads small, about 34 in. broad, 36 in. In
small well-sunned colonies with grass between, under esolated
trees ; sometimes 100 plants within 6 ft. with slanting stems about
I5 in. high, and with the radicals overtopped by intermixed grass-
blades

Can., from veii as A. macrophyllus, in hb. Mo. Bot. Gar.

a3 , Plat E 3f, 97.

N, P B yo i '98.

Wah. Ka Gratiot, ied edge near woodland, Au. 19, '98, retaining
similar iei six years under observation ; showing in the outermost plants, most
in light, a high-top or convex inflorescence, in the next a high broad-top, the inner

VIN OM. Sedan
to 1903. quidcm resn., below skidway opening, Au. 13, ’98; Little Indian Cr.,
Au. 24, 97, with tough rootstock 1 ft. long, nodes I in. long, bearing very many heavy
fibers; Maybee road, Au. 9, '97.
Also 1888, H. H. Babcock in U. S. Nat. Hb. no. 18913.

318 DESCRIPTION OF ASLERS ; MACROPHYLLI

55" Dover form. Pubescent little-leaf plants with more dense
flat-top inflorescence, and more uniform bracts. Glands abundant
to base of stem. Villous hair clothes many leaves and petioles.
Teeth small and close.

Me., Piscataquis Co., gravelly thicket at Dover, Au. 6, '95, M. Z. Fernald,
in U. S. Nat. Hb.

55 Denticulate form. Dark green plants with denticulate or
subrepand oblong-acuminate lower leaves. Veins pale, about 6
pairs, forming gray lines across the leaf.

W. N. Y., ZT. Gratiot, Au. 11, '97, etc.

55? Round-bract form. Serrate rather than crenate. Heads
close. Unlike type chiefly in its bracts which are chiefly rounded
and very obtuse, even the outermost so; as in A. divaricatus L.
Perhaps as near to A. densatus, p. 341, s to A. macrophyllus ; but
with leaf-texture of the latter. remediate to A. roscidus.
Rounded bract-tips occur also in Torrey and Gray's A. macrophyllus
y, — see supra, p. 312

WN. Y. ee ONE nd Horseshoe Pond, near Tupper's, St. Lawr. Co., August;
C. H. Peck in hb, N- E Stat
W. Va. vole. ds. 24, '98, E. S. Steele, at 3000?, inhb. U. S. Nat. Mus.

55? Nierescent form. Dark leaves; smooth green stem;
texture thinner, smooth and slightly succulent in life, not harsh
till dry ; pedicels strict and elongated; rays violet, fading dingy
white. Otherwise like A. macrophyllus type.

N. J., Palisade Park, Se. 14, 1900, very many plants with big radicals, n
w. of Supt.'s house.

55" Refracted form. Branchlets greatly divaricated and re-
fracted, on short distant branches in a high narrow inflorescence.
Stem pale-green, smooth. Petioles continuous, soon narrow-
winged, at the branches with broad short wings. Leaves apple-
green, ovate-oblong, entire and smooth to the eye, actually
irregularly denticulate. Sinus almost none even in basal leaves;
bases chiefly truncate. Radicals small, deltoid-ovate, in small tufts.
Bracts obtuse-rounded, oblong, ciliate. Rays 13-16, close to-
gether, violet, soon whitish, round-tipped with 2 or 3 excessively
minute teeth. Disks golden, soon dull umber to maroon, fina
a dingy greenish-brown. Glands very minute, whitish, capitate,
continuous to base of stem.

N. J., Palisades, patch on clay-bank by Hottonia outlet, Se. 14, 1900.

Se ead scq E mieten se

ASTER MACROPHYLLUS APRICENSIS 319

55b. ASTER MACROPHYLLUS APRICENSIS Burgess
Glabrate profusely-branched sprawling plants of sunny open-
ings, with rough leaves, little or no cordation and long broad
strap-like wings.
Name from L. apricum, a sunny opening.
Fic. 72, plant from near Cattaraugus Cr., N. Y., Au. 20, 96, in hb. Bu.
showing a stem with a few of its long branches.

A. macrophvllus apricensis Burgess in Br. and Br. Ill. Fl. 3: 360. 1898,
with original description :

** Glabrate, branched from near the base, the branches numer-
ous, often 18 in. high ; heads small, numerous ; rays short, pink-
ish lavender ; leaves broad,
oval to ovate, the teeth and
sinus little developed ; peti-
oles often expanded into a
long wing, sometimes 3 in.
long and ¥ in. wide; upper-
most leaves short-oblong
with a narrowed sessile
base. In clearings and
open gravelly or sandy
places, N. Y. and Pa."

Stem and branches ro-
bust, pale, green or pur-
plish, smooth to eye and
touch, apt to become de-
pressed, with about 5 broad
ridges below, becoming
multisulcate upward. Very

$0024,
oss E Z
Mm o

ground into several or
many long diverging bran-
ches, which are often 15-18
in. long and bear each an c

abundant loose rounded- A

E
ay + E

Aster macrophyllus apricensis SS Lo
Fic. 72.

Leaf-type broad, ovate, i

with little development of teeth or cordation. Axiles often the

predominant leaves, large, oval or ovate, usually with rounded

base and long strap-like amplexicaul petiole. Rameals numerous,

sessile, somewhat oblong, often 2 x 1 in., sharply set, especially

320 DESCRIPTION OF AsrERS; MACROPHYLLI

toward the apex, with broad shallow aculeate teeth directed for-
ward; the apex either rounded or acute on the same branch.
Leaves finely granular above, rough when dry. Minute downy
and glandular hair on the upper six inches of branches and on
the leaves beneath. Heads numerous and small with narrow im-
poverished rays ; or fewer and larger, to ṣẹ% in. high.

Examples

Ms., Zaconics, Mt. Ethel, Au., 1901, 1903; Mt. Everett, Au., 1901 ; Guilder
Hollow, mes I9OI, 1903.

UNS Y. y Rathboneville, Mi nd Con Ang., Ferk in JV. Y. St. Hb. Catta-
raugus resn., Little Ind an Cr., Au. 20, ’96, great hemispherical plant radiately branched
from the ground ; dosha road, n Š Li ew line road, Au. 13 Au., ’98-
1903. yes Co., Silver Cr., cud 6.

Pa. rcersburg, 1845, Dr. "ous in hb, Porter, with raves! long branches
18 in. Mir: B Dieii Au. '95, and later; 4. Pun ryeyt,' fas. A. Graves

hanna, Kotz's newly cleared land, Se. 4, 96," Jas. A. Graves in hb. Forter (** A
macrophyllus, but peculiar," 7; C. P.), with branches to 15 in. length, Swsguchanna,
same locality as the two last, Se. 10, '97, /as. 4. Graves in hb. Bu.

55c. ASTER MACROPHYLLUS SEJUNCTUS Burgess
More pubescent plants, subsolitary in grassy borders, with
shorter broader more slowly-diminishing leaf-type.

tage: L., separated, from the subsolitary habit.
». 73, plant from Perrysburg. N. Y., Au. 29,'96, in hb. Bu.; 4, character-
istic leaf ; m occasional acuminate leaf.
A. macrophyllus sejunctus Burgess in Br. and Br. Ill. Fl. 3: 360. 1898,
with original description :

* Strigose-pubescent; glands numerous; leaves apple-green
above, pale beneath, chiefly cordate-orbicular, abruptly short-
acuminate, thick, spongy, commonly minutely-wrinkled ; basal
leaves few ; bracts narrow, obtuse; peduncles slender ; inflores-
cence dense, convex, 4-8 in. broad, not leafy ; rays ‘lilac. In
open grassy places, Me. to Pa. and Wis

Leaves soft, dry, becoming excessively brittle and even hispid
after pressing. Sinus little deve loped. Long strap-like wings
frequent. Upper caulines sessile. 5 ew radicals seen.

Pubescence includes: First, minute surface-hairs, appressed,
very short, whitish, all over the under surfaces. Second, long
strigose hairs or weak bristles, spreading, slender, whitish, project-
ing in all directions from the veins beneath, multicellular and
flexuous, making the leaves PS to the touch when fresh;
some also on the stem. Third, stiff bristles; much appressed,

— get a EEA AS N
ee opa ne

"

ASTER MACROPHYLLUS SEJUNCTUS 321

forward-curved, set uniformly over the upper surface, one to each
areolation, not more than their own length apart. Fourth, stout
aculei or serrature-points, broad and yellowish, triangular, thick

ae Aster macrophyllus sejunctus C

FIG. 25.

and indurated, one terminating each tooth. Fifth, scurf, brownish
and powdery over the chief veins above. Sixth, short stiff glandu-
lar hairs, rigidly projecting at right angles from the stem, and
clothing it densely almost from its base, but almost imperceptible
to the eye, increasing in length over the inflorescence, and there
becoming mixed with short strigose hairs; the minute globose
gland little thicker than its stalk.
Examples include :
x De Se. '72, H. G. Jesup in hb. Canby.
, Hamilton Co., Blue Mtn. L., Au., and Steuben Co., Rathboneville,

An, C. d Piin N FS In.

W. N. Y., Niagara above gorge, Whirlpool woods, Se. 7, '96, '97, '98.
Gowanda, Pt. Pa. Au. 29, °96. Perrysburg hills, Au. 29,'96. Cattaraugus resn.,
Little Indian Cr., Au. 20, 796.

322 DESCRIPTION OF ASTERS;

E Gardner's Brook, Au. 19, '96.
Fa Bucks Co., T. C. Porter in hb. P.
Wis. pei Co., C.mp Douglas, Se. 13, '90, Edgar A. Mearnsin hb. Colu.

MACROPHYLLI

Dunkirk, Pt. Gratiot, Au. 29, ' 96.

55d. ASTER MACROPHYLLUS VELUTINUS Burgess

Submontane plants with smaller firmer subtriangular short-

.

Name, L., = velvety or dow

Fic. 74, sl TR orbus N. M.
istic leaf-form ; d, frequent modification of ^; e, r

acuminate leaves downy beneath.

, Àu. dn '97, in hb. Zz.; 2, character-

radica
A. ma capa ake Burgess in Br. we Br. Ill. Fl. 3: 360 (1898);

with original descriptio

“ Smaller; leaves small, ovate-triangular, slender-petioled, often

truncate at the base, about 2% in. long b

Aster CR docs
Fic. 74.

QR

A

in. wide, sometimes
none d them cordate ;
glands fewer ; NEUE

als little developed. Pu-
bescence abundant, pale
and velvety, on all leaves
beneath or on radicals or
upper leaves only; often
becoming rough and his-
pidulous in the herbarium.
bud include :

ntario, JVzjigom, near
mouth og Nipigon R., at L. Su-
perior, Se. 12, '96; and Lake
disais at North Bay, Au. 24,
"955 ¢ S. Miller, Ji., in his
h '89, JN.

lu.
Orono, Se. 6, 93, M. L. Fernald in hb. Gray ; Mt. Desert,’87, Red-
field in ide hb., and Se. 8, ’91, Theo. G. White in hb. Colu.; E. Livermore, 79,

ASTER MACROPHYLLUS VELUTINUS 323

Kate Furbish in Gray hb.; Ft. Fairfield, near mouth of Aroostook R., on gravelly
wooded a , 9e. 9, '96, M. L. Fernald in aii ray hb.
| Mt. Adams, Se. 24, 78, E. G. Knight in hb. N. Y. Bot. Gar

* , Adirondacks, iege Mi., at 2,400 ft., Se. 9, '94, Britton ii in hb,
Colu.; North Elba on Ausable H. Pech, Au, OF pe '98, in NW. Y. State hb.
Alder L., Au. 15, ' 91, Rusby in in; McKeever, on Beaver R., Au. 28, ?97, and
Photius. Au. 31, 97, Bz, in hb
ec Mcd L., Au. 25, '84; flowers deep blue, pap-
pus not tawny; 4. macrophyllus var." ; T. C. Porter in hb. P.; in '97 its pappus had
become Loris d SF, ; but some "e were still deep

W. Va., Augusta Co., Mt. Rogers, 2,000 to 4,473 ft. Au. 9, !93, Heller in

E A
~
Lad
eo
i
N
=
&
ES

hb. Cou.

55d. ASTER MACROPHYLLUS PINGUIFOLIUS Burgess
Glabrate plants with large broad subsucculent or greasy leaves,

wide-branched inflorescence and pale-lavender or whitish rays.

Name, L., from the frequent git leaf surface.
Fic. 75, 1, 2, 3, from plant in Gray herbarium, derived from the Paris
garden, caivated as 4. latifolius in d fide its label in Hb. Gay; bought in 1870
by Hooker and later obtained by Dr. Asa Gray. Reduced to}; I rue 2, n aum
xi apa 2 an inflorescence. Smooth fleshy blistered went glands abundan
G. 75, 4, from the specimen still MALA in Hb. Mus. dps, rein labelled
Biotia boue and said to date ** from Michaux ” ; reduced to 4; from drawings by
Miss Ida L. Miner, Paris, 1900, by permission of the late Mons, Francke
Fic. 75, a, 4, c, native plant similar to m from Bear L., re
Co, N. Y, ak reduced to 4^; nat. size; in hb.
A. la atifolius Desf., Cat. Hort. Par., ed. 3, Bea 1829.
Bictia latifolia DC., Prodr. 5: 264. 1836, with first description :
** Caule glaberrimo apice corymboso, foliis m radicalibus caulinisque infer.
lolatis alato sedla sessilibusve, omnibus serratis acuminatis,
REN dI MET invol. squamis arcté imbricatis CORR UNE LE etm ligulis
ngatis, In Amer. bor. ( Desf.!) ad PR Alleghanys (Raf.!) et circa Bos-
tiem (Lindl.! ! herb. ). Aster latifolius Desf.! cat. h. par. p. 176. Aster marii
Raf.! ! in litt. Eurybia macrophylla y Nees » 140? forté suad. Lindley B.
v. &.).!

i
"A
b]
e
d a
w
z
^

Not 4. latifolius Mill. Gard. , ed. 8 (1768).
A opun pinguifolius Sanip in Br. and Br. Ill. Fl. 3: 360 (1898), with
descript

“Stems stout, leafy, glabrous, about 2 ft. high; basal and
lower leaves large, forming extensive patches, deep green above,
very pale beneath, many of them appearing greasy, some rough-
ening in drying; petioles fleshy, sometimes 9 in. long ; inflores-
cence broad, flat-topped; heads large; rays lavender to almost
De: only the kc leaves sessile. Borders of woods, Conn.

dL. I. to Minn

A)
nO
UN

*
eure, — |
c A m

Hb. Par
‘latifolia’

^

ifolia" ||
Hort. Pavis |

t

DESCRIPTION OF AsrERS; MACROPHYLLI

Ņ Aster macrophyllus pinouifolius

Fic. 75,

ASTER MACROPHYLLUS PINGUIFOLIUS 325

Stem brittle, pale green or brownish, leafy. Leaf-form cordate-

overlapping. Largest leaves seen (Niagara gorge) reach 12 x 8
in., subentire, with a very fleshy dark-green petiole of 9 in. More
frequent size 6 x 5 in. Radicals often 4, the rst small, reniform-
cordate, 217 x 21% or less, the rest nearly of one pattern, the
sinus increasingly close

exture that of undressed kid, with some portions unctuous
and others finely granular. Sometimes all leaves of a plantation
are unctuous and smooth ; sometimes on the largest plants only ;
sometimes true of the surface on one side of a midrib while the
other side is already roughish in life. Smooth and even greasy
leaves often roughen in drying, especially if under but light pres-
sure. Sometimes some plants of a smooth patch not different in
other ways will be rough all over in life; but usually such plants
are smaller-leaved. These differences in this variety seem inde-
pendent of shade.

Inflorescence broad, rather level and wide-angled when full-
grown. Heads subsessile when young, some often still subsessile
when most pedicels have attained an inch length. Heads rather
larger; if numerous they are widely separated.

Rays pale lavender, quickly becoming very pale, and soon
whitish ; perhaps in cultivation sometimes full white from the first,
but usually at least a tinge of lavender shows at the base of the
young ray while erect and involute before expansion.

Cultivation perhaps increases the leaf-breadth and size when in
rich soil, and develops the unctuous tendency ; the native plants
which show these characters grow in richer soil than neighboring
harsh A. macrophyllus plants. On extending into less favorable
more open and more hard-baked soil, native plants become more
condensed in inflorescence and develop only moderate leaves which
are firm hard and minutely granular-roughened on drying; the
heads forming subsessile clumps, widely bracteate by close sub-
tending axiles: the rays pale lavender in bud, white on flattening.
These bracteate plants (observed in one grassy woodroad for five
years) owe their chief difference from the type to the suppression
of pedicels, though that produces a great disguise; but some of
them on obtaining more shade in later years proved to develop the
typical characters.

—Development. Well-developed radical leaves May 13 (99),
all very smooth or even unctuous; some petioles show slight

326 DESCRIPTION OF AsTERS ; MACROPHYLLI

glands; many petioles transiently villous, but the hair already
passing. Strong short radical-bearing branches of the rootstock
opposite, both now with 4 leaves, and a sth rolled in bud, the Ist
leaf or primordial quadrate-orbicular with slight sinus, the others
all rather large, cordate-orbicular with broad deep recurvate sinus
and distinct short acumination.

Conn., ** ^ ew Haven, 1858, A. macrophyllus foliis laevibus," D. C. Eaton

in hb, —
729 e Ton St. Ronan’s Well, July, °86, Bisky in hb. Cole

K Ys , Yonkers, Troublesome Brook, thicket, out of flower, p 28, '96 ;
Bryn Mawr pk s wood d. '97, 798, '99, 1900; Stony Lonesome, middle hol-
low, 97; Sunny oo 97.

N. dian R., Au. 6,°79, L. F. Ward in hb. U. SS. Nat. Mus.

W. N. Buffalo, in hb. = Niagara R., brink of eg ree woods,
Se. t '96, '97, a Devil's Hole, Au. 25, '96 Duces Flat (Canada), Au. 29, '96,
Se, oncom ii d Siver Cx., gen 33, "ð, Au., '97-1903 (and “ene plants
at ln Hil , 98-1903); Bear L., Au. 10, ‘96; Herrick's Cr., Au. I2,
'96; Little sae + Au. 20, ’96, Au. 13, '98; Pt. Gratiot, Au, 29, '96 ; Maybee
road, Au. 9, '97 ; Wintergreen Gulf, je ,796: Bu. Jtha:a, late sprout, Oc. 7, 84,
FK. F. i no. 296234 in U. S. Nat. Hb.

Reading, at "rape Hill, in hb. Univ. of Penn., ex. hb. 7. Burk.
Wis. š wig TF ale. e. in hb. Mo. Bot, Gar.
Minn., St. Paul, Se., '68, in hb. Canby.

History. The flabbiness of leaf common in Aster gei A inn
L., seems to indicate a latent capability of developing the succ
lent petiole and unctuous leaf-surface of this subspecies pinguifolius
It may well be that cultivation will bring out this quality in cer-
tain plants still more than in nature. Richness of soil, in either
native or cultivated plants seems to increase the leaves in breadth

and in general size, and this coinciding with the development of
succulence, brings into combination the characters which consti-
ute this variety pinguifolius. When typically developed, they
make the plant seem a wholly different species from A. macro-
phyllus ; but probably it is quite unstable. This is indicated by
the difficulty of finding the plant in successive years in the same
place, and were it permanent it is probable that its history in Eu-
ropean botanical gardens would not be so uncertain. My conclu-
sion is that the form cannot be given more than subspecific rank,
and that it will easily pass back again into the type.

The first recorded observation of this subspecies may have been
that of Lamarck, 1783, when he said of some of the plants at
Paris accredited to A: macro iyllus, that, unlike the type, it was
sometimes *'*tres lisse

The first clear record of its pinguid tendency seems to be that

ASTER MACROPHYLLUS - PINGUIFOLIUS 327

of Schultes, 1809 [see citation, Ti p. 308] in the remark re-
garding certain plants assign ned o A. macrophyllus LO "Min
foliorum subcarnosorum vix eiie varietas

Its separation. as a species, latifolius, early made in the Paris
garden, appears in print first in Desfontaines’ catalogue, in its
third edition in 1829, based on a plant known only to have come
from North America. DeCandolle’s description, 1836, as Béotia
latifolia, was founded on this as type.

e synonyms and the other localities quoted for Biotta lati-
folia by DeCandolle may belong in the main to this subspecies so
far as appears ; except the last two; Eurybia macrophylla y seems
to have no kinship with this but ‘its smoothness ; and Lurydia
Schreberi is probably more complex

Herbarium specimens credited to A. latifolius include the fol-
lowing :

Now in hb. Gray; plant originally labelled ** Biotia latifolia DC. Cult. Paris
1814” ; forming part of the herb. of J. Gray purchased by Hooker in 1870; labelled
A. macrophyllus by A. Gray. Figured, Fig. 75; 1,2, 3. Plant fuugus.blistered ;
highly-glandular glabrous fleshy-leaved representative of pinguifolius.

Now in hb. Gray; plant from Hort. Ware, 1861, near London; ‘‘cult. as Biotie
latifolia DC. ; = pure white; overlooked when [Synoptical] Fl. was written and
printed" A, Gray scr. — This specimen may represent a very white and only slightly-
pcs state of p gutfolius.

ty; plant from Hb. Mus. Parts, usage ** Biotia Minor DC.

x. Pari sore and by A. Gray, ** A. macrophyllus L.’’— This plant, having no
glands, vita de white rays, smooth leaves, no jm hair, nd plentiful
in lines along the pedicels, seems rather to belong af the Eurybia Schreberi B of Nees,
Aster hla Bernhardi of the present monogra

n Hb. Mus. Paris, in hb. Michaux, p Monsr. Francke; small plant
Niger : x o latifolia,’? which may have come from Desfontaines’ plant? and
seems a small plant of pingutfolius. F aeta Fig. 75, 4

n Hb. Mo. Bot. Gar. from Hb. Bern ndi: a plant perhaps assignable
here, vie in very battered condition, its old German label (A/yssum ereticum) mis-
placed in mounting.

Now in Hb. Mo. Bot. Gar. from Hb. Bernhardi; a plant originally labelled A.

speciosus.
** Plants taller, smooth and glabrous, with convex or diffuse
infloresence; bracts lingual, acutish. Species 56.

56. Aster excelsior sp. nov.

Smooth, tall, stout, purple-stemmed plants of shade with large
thin narrow leaves, oblong-oval lower leaf-form, sessile-oblong
cauline type, broad copious inflorescence, broad round-tipped lilac
or violet rays, narrowish bracts, and little development of glands,
sinus or teeth.

328 DESCRIPTION OF ASTERS; MACROPHYLLI

Name, L., from its tall robust attitude.
Fic. 76, a, plant from Niagara gorge, Au. 27, '96, in hb. Bu.; 4, charac
teristic leaf-form ; c, leaf of its rumicial form of Se. 9, ’99.
Fic. 76, i ee ded of the common form per from Niagara gorge ; plant
from Cattaraugus Cr., N. Y., A uh Icoo, in hb. Z
urybia uL á N ees
macrophyllus excelsior are in Br. and Br. Ill. Fl. 3: 360 (1898),
with original description

“Stem robust, glabrous, often 4 ft. tall, purple or glaucous ;
leaves mostly very smooth, pale, numerous, narrower, cordate,

d
p

2

i Aster excelsior M f i |
Fic. 76.

oblong to ovate-lanceolate, chiefly sessile ; rays deep lilac to vio-
let. Along paths and borders of rocky woods, Ontario and W.
N. Y. to Mich."

Stem terete, glabrous and glaucous, stout but not rigid and,
therefore, often decumbent, sometimes 41% ft. high. Radicals on
long petioles, borne high upward, not forming flat patches; triangu-
lar-ovate or xs dm with sudden short acumination, crenate-

ASTER EXCELSIOR 329

serrate. Cauline leaves gradually pass from this type to oblong
and lanceolate-sessile, subserrulate or entire subclasping leaves,
smooth or nearly so even after pressing. Upper leaves have a
strong tendency to be erect, especially on young plants. Wing-
petioles few.

Glands few, sometimes only on the back of a few bracts.
Strigose hair little developed. Teeth slight and close, or none.

Bracts all narrow, merely subciliate, the lower triangular-acute,
middle ones becoming ovate-obtuse, the inner ones oblong-ob-
tuse; but not very unlike each other. Inflorescence a diffused
dome, expansive or somewhat segregated in large plants. Rays
about 13, much narrowed toward the base, swelling into a rounded
tip, from deep or pale reddish lilac to purplish-violet.

Occasionally a leaf develops a little roughness above or a little
hair (under a lens) beneath.

Habitat, rich soil under half-shade or more, on shale, especially
in gorges and rocky woods.

Examples :

Canada, Niagara gorge, Foster's Flat, there the prevailing form of das in
patches pug 4 thickets, abundant, Au. 25, 27, 796; less and less so, '97, '98, ’99.
., Niagara, jen of Whirlpool woods, scattered and less pakat
An; ey piscibus Hel '96; Perrysburg hills, fence-row, Au. 29, '96. Sheridan,
Herrick's Cr., Au. 12, '96; Talcott’s woods at br., '93, Au. 15, '96, Au. 21, '97, Au.
'98-1903 ; Silver Cr., Swift's Bi, '96-1903; Indian-line road, Au. 13, '98; Bear
L., Au. 10, ' 96.
Mich., Keweenaw Co., rocky woods, Au., '89, O. A. Farwell in hb. Gray.

56 Dwarf ane resembles A. sabulosus but the leaves not
eau cea and more usually sessile. Common with its
type. Cattaraugus Reservation.

56° Rumicial form, low, with very narrow leaves; resembling
a crispus at least in some larger radicals of Niagara Glen, see

ig. 76

56! Long-ovate form, leaves elongated ovate, not large ; plants
of moderate size, roughish, i. Ls when dry; intermediate to A.
macrophyllus. Silver Cr.,

56° Sun-darkened bins or violet rays, in grassy sunny
openings, the great inflorescence wider and more deeply and irreg-
ularly branched. Silver Cr., N. Y

*** Plants smaller, with compact bunch-top Notcueaces
bracts lingual, obtusish. Species 57—58.

330 DESCRIPTION OF ASTERS; MACROPHYLLI

57. Aster orbicularis sp. nov.

Low, purplish-stemmed plants with small spongy rugose leaves
downy beneath, broad short leaf-form, subserrulate teeth, deep
narrow sinus, pale-streak close-parallel wide-spreading veins,
gradually transitional leaf-series with apiculate apex, short peti-
oles; high-dome inflorescence, high-angled branching, and green
ovate-oblong chief bracts.

Name, L., from the leaf-form, suborbicular or at least broad and short.

Fig. 77, from plant of L. Champlain bluff below Plattsburg, N. Y., Au. 31,
'97, in hb. Bu.; d, radicals from plant of Bar Harbor, Me., Au. 26, ' 99, coll. Bick-
nell, in hb. Bu.

Stem terete, stout, brittle, glabrate below, above densely

clothed with glandular to-

AE. mentum or with the same

E UR much surpassed by downy
ap. and ves hair.

EN P Leaf-form orbicular or
^| p at least broad and short,
N l small, 3 to 4% in. long and
broad, apiculate by a sud-
den obtuse or sometimes
acute contraction, the sinus
deep, narrow, somewhat
overlapping, slightly or not
at all enlarged within, its
depth often 1% the length
of the leaf. Texture thick,
dry and spongy; slightly
roughened above when dry
and rough-bristly beneath.

Radicals either of the
normal leaf-type or often
with broad shallow sinus
and deltoid-cordate outline ;
others in more luxuriant
growth are elliptical and

Aster orbicularig 5:9 A non-cordate
FiG. 77.

w^ |,

Acum

Veins remarkably pale,

showing as pallid streaks

on the apple-green leaf, very close together and directed from the

mid rib strongly toward the margin. Glands dark, capitate on
stalks 3—10 or even 15 times as long as the gland-breadth.

ASTER ORBICULARIS Sol

Teeth small and inconspicuous, of subcrenulate or serrulate
type, often doubly serrulate, on upper caulines becoming inconspic-
uously slit-serrulate.

Petioles of the radicals slender and much longer than the
leaves ; of the lower caulines hardly the leaf-length, and quickly
diminishing into a long series of short strap-wings.

Middle caulines passing from orbicular-apiculate to ovate-
oblong ; upper caulines and axiles oblong and sessile, these and
the lanceolate rameals often amplexicaul and conduplicately-
sheathing their branches.

Inflorescence rather close, broad and high-convex, its branches
subequal, spreading upward at a high angle, 45° or often more.

Bracts very much alike in shape, the outer acutish, and ovate-
oblong, and all over green, the middle similar but straight-sided
and obtusish, the inner with broad whitish scarious sides and broad
green medial band ; all with sudden short triangular dark-green tip.

Rays still lilac or purplish.—Some plants of “ A. macro-
phyllus" Hort. Berlin as represented by specimen of 1839 in hb.
Gray (labelled by Gray as “ fere 8," i. e. nearly same as A. Schre-

ert, because so smooth to touch) may have belonged here, having
nearly orbicular lower caulines with deep narrow sinus, obtuse or
with slight apiculation, subentire or faintly denticulate; with few
glands and little hair.

Habitat, rocky shores and borders, in considerable sun ; Maine
to L. Erie.

Examples :

e., * Bar Harbor, dry thicket, Au. 26, '97," Di; in hb. Du., ** with
camphoric odor on sweeping the hand over the upper part of the plant; abundant in
edge of woods and in grass near; not forming plantations but separated.”

N. Y., Z. Champlain, open bluff-edge below Plattsburg, many plants, Au.
31, 97.

W. N. Y., Niagara gorge, Whirlpool woods, Se. 7, '96, Au. 27,97. Han-
over, Gardner's Brook, Au. 17, '96. Indian-line road, Au., '97, Au., '98, Au., '99,
Au., 1900, Au., Igor, I

58. Aster biformis sp. nov.

Small stocky plants with thick roughish spongy leaves and
dense convex corymb, growing in small sunlit grass-mixed patches,
the few basal leaves cordate-oval and closely crenulate, an abrupt
series of little ovate-oblong leaves following above.

says L., from this double leaf-type.
78, a, typical plant of Whirlpool woods, above Niagara Gorge, Se. 7,’ 96;
4, its T Ace leaf; d, its petiole-flowered form (cf. that of 4. iss fig.
4)

332 . Description OF Asters; MACROPHYLLI

Fic. 79, plate 12, plant of Silver Cr., N. Y., Au. 17, '96, in hb. Zz.; un-
usual in its trifurcate habit.
A. macrophyllus biformis Burgess in Br. and Br. Ill. Fl. 3: 360; with

original description

“ Small, stocky, with 3 or 4 small oval closely crenate spongy-
thickened lower leaves with long slender petioles, the sinus deep,
narrow, the teeth triangular to semi-
circular ; stem-leaves crowded, much
reduced, subentire, ovate-oblong,
i inflorescence nearly

grassy sunny situations, forming
small patches, Maine to Ontario
and L. Erie.”

Stem rigid, chiefly 1 ft. high,
somewhat zigzag, reddened, gla-
brous below, covered above with
short stiff glandular stubs.

Leaves apple-green, much red-
dened in fall, impressed-venulose

beneath under a lens. Leaf-form
oval-acute with deep rather narrow
sinus ; these leaves 3, or sometimes
2, 4 Or 5, about 3 x 2 in. or less.
a) é Petioles stiff, fleshy, naked, not
Aster biformis f widened below but continuing terete
Fic. 78 to the stem, all erect and succes-
cui sively shorter, the first much longer
than its leaf; resulting in bringing the large leaves nearly on a
level, just elevating them above the grass-sward. In plants not
closely surrounded by grass the leaves are separated and spreading.
Little leaves 8-10, sometimes 16, crowded in small plants, re-
motish on well grown plants (occupying then 6-8 in.), On the
less-usual branching individuals these little leaves continue on
each branch.
Corymb dense, flat or convex; its stiff straight leading
branches and their pedicels all given off at an angle of 50°-60°.
Heads large for the plant, nearly 1 in. across; involucre 45; or
ig in. high, minutely glandular.
Bracts narrow, somewhat lingual and uniform, reddened on the
edges, whitish with a distinct narrow green median line but hardly

Pt. 13.

MEM. Torrey CLUB, 13

ASTER BIFORMIS

ASTER BIFORMIS ado

green-tipped: the chief bracts oblong-obtuse ; the inmost, taper-
linear; all with rounded subciliate apex.

Distinguished from arrest forms of A. macrophyllus, A. mult-
formis, A. roscidus, and other species, by its oval-acute leaf-form,
narrow-sinus, crenulate margins, glabrate stem, bunch-top in-
florescence, lilac rays and lingual bracts. | Examples include :

Canada, Ottawa, ’82, pone in hb.

Me., Prospect Harbor, Se. 9, 89, H. oe Smith in hb. Bu.

N. Steuben Co., Tgk viie and Albany Co., Voorheesville, Ll
C. H. Peck in hb. N. Y. St., Greene Co., Catskills, Koran Mt., to 3,000 ft.,
7,99, Bu.

W. Y., Niagara gorge, Whirlpool woods, Se. 7, '96, Se., '97, '98.
Devil's Hole, Au. 25, '96; Canada side, at Wintergreen flat, on the brink of the
prehistoric cataract, Au. 27, '96; and forming great plantations, thinner and nearly
sterile, under 1 shade on the Dufferin Is., Au. 27, '96.

W. , Perrysburg hills, Au. 29, '96; Dunkirk, Pt. Gratiot, Au. 29,
'96; Silver TN rg 15 na "i '96; Lighthouse Pt., Se. 9, '96, beautifully red-mar-
morate ; Rosebrook woods,

Pa., Susguehanna, x 20, '97, Jas. A. Graves.

Variants. —In the type-locality, near DeVeaux College,
Niagara Whirlpool, growing with A. azureus and A. ptarmicoides,
the plant grew originally by the hundreds, not in large patche
but in little families of a few plants each, in the open sun, at ee
near the brink of the gorge. A few rods away, at the wood-
border, it becomes larger, taller, thinner, smoother and more
leafy ; but does not really extend into the woods. Dwarfs flower-
ing at 6 in. are abundant; they do not omit the series of little
leaves but simply reduce and crowd them. Average plants reach
I ft. Maximum plants are stump-fed and occasional, reaching 2 1
ft, where enriched from a decaying stump; also when forced up-
ward to rise above neighboring low bushes.

Subdivision B.

Leaves firmer and less polymorphous than in Subdivision A ;
Strong-serrate, but with teeth not very deep; stem strong but
slender, with some strigose hair; plants usually glandular all over
while young. Inflorescence dense, convex. Species 59-64.

* Plants not tall; chief bracts acutish. Species 59-62.

59. Aster uniformis sp. nov.

Low, loosely-cespitose, apple-green, villous, fragrant plants,
with elegantly-curved broad thin leaves, chiefly with falcate-acu-
minate apex and broad open sinus, the leaf-series very gradually
diminished upwards, the bracts villous, thin, flat and broadly

334 DESCRIPTION OF ASTERS ; MACROPHYLLI

scarious-margined, white and green with purple edge, the rays
lavender.

Name, L., from the persistence of the leaf-type far up the stem.

Fic. 80, plant from Randolph, N. H., Au. 12, 1902; 6, typical leaf; c, a
modification of 4; d, radicals.

Plants little inclined to form large or sterile colonies, growing

in small loose full-flowered masses in half-sun. Stems chiefly
green, terete, glabrate or downy, 2 ft. high or less. General

Z Aster unifoomis M f |

Fic. 8o.

color a pale bright green. Texture thin and firm, soon limp on
gathering, drying rough. Teeth of moderate size, acuminate,
often falcately so.

Leaf-type cordate to orbicular-deltiform, with long and usually
falcated acumination, with broad open sinus, upcurved slender veins,
serrate or curvescent teeth, and long petioles.,

Radicals less acuminate, about 3, often 4 x 3 in., with upright
slender petiole of 6-7 in.; their sinus rather deep.

ASTER UNIFORMIS 335

Middle caulines slowly tapering into a longer acumination,
often very elegantly falcate, with sweeping brace-base sinus.

Upper caulines resembling those of A. curvescens, being elliptic-
ovate, incurved-falcate-acuminate, abruptly tapered into a broad-
wing petiole, finally elliptic-oblong with short cuneate-wing petiole.

Axiles few and inconspicuous, lanceolate, usually still petioled.

Petioles longer than the leaf, concavo-convex in section, set
along the edge with bayonet-like bent hairs, and lined with short-
stalked, dark-purple, minute, capitate glands with pale stalks.

Veins pale-green beneath, showing as narrow purple impressed
lines above. .

Inflorescence convex, about 5 in. broad, in its prime about Au.
15, and then exhaling a delicate and delicious fragrance sometimes
suggesting that of Linnaea rather than of an aster. The disk-
flowers exhale the different fragrance of bee-bread, as is common
among the Compositae.

Bracts of 3—4 rows, uniform in shape, lightly ciliate with white
hairs, obtusish, oblong-triangular or oblong with the sides slanted
at the top, quite thin, green, downy and glandular all over; the
inner with broad white scarious margins and narrow green median
band, the inmost similar with addition of dark purple along the
delicate white border. Involucre cylindrical.

Rays a beautiful low-violet, delicate, narrowly linear, broader
forward and minutely 3-toothed, about 13, sometimes only 9, soon
fading white. The rays open slowly, long remaining slightly
channelled; they wilt quickly, hanging in limp curves.

Disks turn dull reddish-brown. Heads Z4 in. high.

Pedicels long, slender, terete, green or purpled, slightly en-
larged upward, given off at a high angle.

Glandular hairs everywhere developed, over leaves beneath,
and over the stem half way or wholly to the ground. They are
short pale stubs, distinct below, but on the pedicels becoming very
long, still pale, with the pale or whitish glands very slightly broader
than the stalk

Among glandular species this is a counterpart in superficial
resemblance, to A. curvescens among the non-glandular.

Habitat, borders of woods, rivers and roadsides in the White
Mtns. to 2,000 ft ; and northward.

Examples :

Me., Gilead, Au., 1904, Bu.; Mattawamkeag R., Penobscot Co., Au. 23,797;
JM. L. Fernald in hb.

N. H., Randolph, near Ravine House, Au. 12, 1902, 1904. Gorham, Au.
10, 1902, at the Androscoggin river-edge. Peabody R. valley and up Mt. Washington
from the Glen along the road for the first mile, Au., 1902, 1904. Shelburne, Au.,

336 DESCRIPTION OF ASTERS; MACROPHYLLI

1902, 1904; also coll. there by Walter Deane, Au. 7, '85, hb. Deane; Franconia
Notch, near Flume, Au., ’99, Au., 1900. North Woodstock, near the. Pemigewasset
R., and Woodstock, Au., 1900.

60. Aster Alleghaniensis sp. nov.

Low strict plants with small thick rugulose leaves, with broad
base and ovate outline, few cordated, many erect and investing the
stem ; and with narrow densely branched lavender and pink inflor-
escence.

Name from the mountains on which specimens grew in Bedford Co., Pa.

Fic. 81, plant from L. George, N. Y., Au. 31, 1900, S. H. Burnham in hb.
JN. Y. Bot. Gar.

Stem strong, 1 to 1% ft., smooth, sti pale reddish-brown
with much purple-red like
thak rain n of A. puni-

ee reduced to 114 X I
in. wer leaves ovate with
dci cd base, ser-
rate to dentate, sometimes
with a strap-wing petiole, 2
in. long and ¥ in. broad.
Upper caulines lanceolate
with sessile tapered base,
sharp-serrulate, nearly erect.
Leaves thick, finely rough-
ened. Teeth chiefly short-
curvescent.

trigose hair on the veins

inflorescence-branches and
the medial part of the bracts.
Strigose ciliation occurs
along the slender t occasionally on the stem and slightly on
the lower outer bra

Much x ad (like that of A. puniceus) occurs on the full-

bU 2 of
ies Alleghaniensis >
Fic. 81

i3 jc ARES o ctae ierit ——— are

ASTER ALLEGHANIENSIS 337

grown stem, on the leaves and especially the veins beneath, and
particularly on the bracts producing continuous broad purple mar-
gins. The pappus also becomes strongly reddened.

Inflorescence forming a dense club-like top. Rays about 13,
¥ in. long, lavender while young and while still of navicular form,
turning white in flattening.

Bracts uniform in shape, lingual, in about 4 rows, not greatly
thickened nor greened at the ti

Capitate glands are abundant beneath the strigose hair on the
pedicels, over the middle of the bracts, and down the stem for at
least 8 or 9 in

Habitat, inicie N. Y. «and Pa.

Examples include :

N. Y., Z. George, summit of Black Mt., at 2,600 ft., Au. 31, 1900, S. A.
Burnham in hb. ka Y. Bot. Gar

Pa. yeso Springs, pe 6, ’92; three plants in hb. Univ. of Penn., ex.
hb. gc H. Sm
tps etm Polk Co. ’97, R. C. Townsend in hb. U. S. Nat.
Mus., no. 341 "x about 12 short E fuma no cordatio

61. Aster sabulosus sp. nov.
Little-leaved smooth-stemmed plants with great rigidity of
stem, leaf and pedicel, and much purple on stem and bracts, tend-
ing to produce ovate-acuminate uniform suberect leaves of extra-

ordinary roughness, and a small loose flattish inflorescence.

Name, L., MR a dry gravel spot ; from the preference of the plant for
dry open on place
c. 82, i A" Cattaraugus Cr., N. Y., Au. 13, '98, in hb. Bu.

Stem about 1 ft. high, dark purple or reddish-brown or at first
paler, subangularly terete, glabrate but sometimes granulose-
roughened. Growth in scattered or loose groups, with long
slender rhizomes and profuse cord-like fibers from the base of the
stem.

Radicals small, chiefly 3 x 21% in., asymmetrically cordate-
ovate, crenate, with full deep sinus, a little apiculate.

Cauline leaves of very uniform shape and size, chiefly with
straight-taper acumination, ovate-oblong leaf-form, cuneate-wing
base, low-serrulate margin, and firm thick granular-roughened
texture i in — the upper surface like sand-paper when dry and
almost —

iilis spreading, with slight sharp sinus and narrow
petiole, sigas ; usually only 2 such. Other caulines, 8—12

338 DESCRIPTION OF ASTERS; MACROPHYLLI

of them, ascending or erect, soon subsessile. All leaves pale be-
neath, without obvious hair.

General foliage-color brownish-green, commonly profusely
brown-maculate with circular fungus-spots, much more so than

WRN SE.

the

aL

Torn a 1 Aster sabulosus

Fic. 82.

other allied species growing with it, in this and in its pale under-
surfaces resembling d. e/acagnius.

Inflorescence a shallow corymb, 3 or sometimes 4 in. across,
forming a single irregular compact top or sometimes slightly
separated and convex.

Bracts triform, subacute, a little narrower than in A. macro-
phyllus, quite green-tipped, the middle and inner broadly scarious-
margined, the scarious portion pale or whitish with reddened edge.

Heads 4$, in. high, of which the involucre is two-thirds.

Rays lavender, of short duration.

Glands chiefly found on upper half of stem ; resembling those
of A. macrophyllus.

H

aaa nter i

ASEARA mes

ASTER SABULOSUS 339

Differs from A. macrophyllus not only in size, which taken
alone might have suggested its rank as a dwarf of that species ;
but also in leaf-form, continuous leaf-series, erectish leaf-direction,
and scarious bracts. Of forms of A. macrophyllus most liable to be
mistaken for it, sprout-forms are usually larger, leafier, fleshier and
broader ; branch-forms have obovate rameals; bunch-forms have
more hair, less purple, paler rays, more regular and convex inflor-
escence, larger more spreading leaves; subsp. apricensis has oval
leaves with long straight strap-wings ; subsp. velutinus has more
hair, more cordation, etc.

Differs from A. Alleghaniensis in its broad looser shallow in-
florescence ; from A. e/aeagnius in its smaller suberect leaves and
its lack of obvious hair; from both in its uniformity of leaf-type -
and its almost spinescent surface.

Differs from A. granulosus in its leaf-form, and small dense
inflorescence.

Habitat, sunny gravel spots and sands, Maine to L. Superior.

pasa £

e., Orono, ** recently burned papi Au. 24, '97, m lavender, M. Z.
Fernald, in be. hb.; ddp re '96, C. Knowlton, in Gra
Ms., Zaconics, Mt. Ethel, clearing, Se e. Sy 03:
W. N. Y., Cattaraugus resn., Little-Indian road, P 20, ’96; path beyond

Straw-tree, Au. 24,'97 ; Indian-line road, Au. 13, '98, Au., '99, 1900, I9ot, 1902.
ich., Manitou T., Au., 1840, Dr. Geo. Baseline in hb. Mo. Bot. Gar.;
b.

Va, TNR Pond Mt., A. macrophyllus var., Au. 25, '99," Pollard and
Maxon, in hb. U. S. Nat. Mu

62. Aster quadratus sp. nov.
Small plants with thickish large quadrate leaves with slight
broad sinus, suborbicular radicals with deep sinus, triform bracts,
and close domed heads with thin strap-like leaden-purple rays.

Name, L., from the lower cauline leaves.
Fic, 85 lant from Big Knob, N. Y., Au. 29, 1900, JV. L. Britton in hb.
N: F, Bor. r.

Stem stocky, 134 feet or less, green and glabrate, sinuously
curved above and roughish, the lower part straight and merely
minutely roughened.

Leaves much thinner and smoother than in the two last spe-
cies, but still thickish and somewhat roughened. Smaller elliptic

340 DESCRIPTION OF ASTERS ; MACROPHYLLI

caulines with strap-wings soon succeed the few lower caulines of
quadrate-orbicular type.

Leaves serrate with rather coarse teeth, firm, full-green, paler
beneath.

Minute capitate glands occur close together all over, and oc-
casional strigose hair also nearly to the base.

Inflorescence a rounded dome of close heads; rays very thin,
much crinkled and purple or leaden-blue in drying, some remain-
ing sky-blue ; their form oblong and strap-like.

Bracts of three types, the outermost triangular-ovate-acute, the
next outer resembling those of A. divaricatus in their rounded trun-

1

: E
Aster quadratus — c
G.

cate apex and flat green backs. These both are narrowly scarious-
margined, and the latter have the upper edges of the spatulate
green-tip much darkened. Chief bracts follow, very much longer
and thinner, oblong with taper-acute apex, with small dark linear
green-tip pale-margined below, the brown midrib narrow an

green-bordered, followed by a broad scarious portion, the inner

f

ASTER QUADRATUS 341

part of which varies from cream to bluish-purple, the outer part
pale or colorless; making three colored stripes Wa side of the
narrow brown midrib, all changing to crimson at the t

- Y., Adirondacks, Big Knob, at 1950 ft., Au. 29, 1900, and Chilton L.,
Au. 28, Sh Dr. N. N. L. Britton in hb. N. Y. Bot. Gar.,—** well distributed in the
Mt. Marcy region in upper mountain clearings.’’

** Plants tall, with profuse glands throughout, and chief bracts
lingual with rounded Men Species 63, 64.

63. Aster densatus sp. nov.

Rough hairy plants with thin but firm texture, orbicular leaf-
type large and slowly diminished, coarse-dentate margins, dense
rounded-convex inflorescence, rounded scarious-edged bracts and
long curve-bordered green-tips. -

Name, L., from the dense pee:

Fic. 84, yin from N. Y. vic.,in hb. Bu., E. P. Bicknell coll.; $, charac-
teristic leaf; æd and e, radical groups.

A. macrophyllus y, T. & G., Fl. N. Am., 2: 184, may be founded on this ; its
only Cep is that of eoi bracts.

Stem 3 ft. or less, finely roughened with remnants = close hair
when mature, stout, erect and terete, greenish or brownish.

Leaf-type cordate-orbicular passing into broad comes allio
Sinus large, deep and sécuriform, in radicals sometimes 2 in.
across and 1 in. deep ; or overlapped and polygonal, with propor-
tions reversed, 1 in. broad and 2 in. deep. Teeth of dentate type,
large and projecting, the longer ones becoming curvescent with
long outward-directed aculeus, the shorter ones toward the leaf-
base often merely aquiline, or simply dentate or serrate, those
toward the apex low-serrate, on upper leaves sharp-serrulate.

Color dull apple-green, pale or rusty beneath. Veins close,
each straight-out and finally upcurved, projecting strongly beneath
and conspicuously brown and strigose. Petioles of radicals about
as long as the leaf, of the chief caulines about half their leaf-length
and all slender, of the upper caulines reduced to short broad
cuneate wings.

Radicals about 2,6 x 6 in. or more. Lower caulines remot-
ish, abruptly short-acuminate. Upper caulines ovate-triangular

with subcordate or finally truncate base, still short-petioled.

Axiles sessile, triangular-lanceolate, soon inconspicuous. Ra-
meals short-triangular-ovate, acuminate, squarrose, resembling
those of A. triangularis.

342 DESCRIPTION OF ASTERS; MACROPHYLLI

Inflorescence about 6 in. across, a compact dome, with a few
remoter shorter lower branches added. Heads coarse and large.

Bracts with thin pale scarious margins and thick green back
enlarged into a long curved-bordered green tip, nearly all alike.

Rays pale lavender, linear-oblong. Pappus soon deeply fer-
ruginous, very long and full.

Resembles A. roscidus in broad outlines and wide diffusion of
glands; but retains a dense inflorescence, lacks pendent .leaf-
bases, has a different sinus and much thinner, more dentate, more
hairy leaves, the radicals of dissimilar more orbicular outline.

Examples include :

N. Y. vic., £. P. Bicknell.

Ohio, Ailbuck, Se. 14, '95, W. A. Kellerman, in hb. Ohio St. Univ., —a
smoother sprout-plant but seemingly referable only here

4. ASTER ROSCIDUS Burgess.
Stout, odorous plants, densely viscid-glandular all over when
young, with firm, thick, broad leaves, large and heavy dark-green

cece UES

ASTER ROSCIDUS 343

jo Oy

Fic. 85.

344 DESCRIPTION OF AsrERS ; MACROPHYLLI

cordate-ovate, low-serrate radicals, caulines passing from short-
cordate to orbicular-apiculate and oval, and large, wide-spread,

lilacine inflorescence.

ame, L., dewy, from the frequent covering of small glandular drops over
the whole pa when young.
a, plant from Bryn Mawr Park, N. Y. vic., Se. 14, '97, showing the
usual full voted at the left some frequent 5-headed or subumbellate branches;
at 4, characteristic leaf-form. Plant 4, a small depressed and assurgent form with
divergent inflorescence. Plant e, a Pide Plant /, showing the typical inflorescence
in bud, July 20, ?98.
'IG. 86, rootstocks and radicals, from same place ; 4, old woody rootstocks
with primordials, May 13; Ø, three sets of radicals still connected by surculi, May 13;
C, usual radicals, well developed, May 30; D, radical cluster of Nov. 8, in lettuce-
leaf stage, with many non-cordate winter s recently grown, the cordate radicals of
May now limp and depressed.
A. roscidus areni in Br. and Br. Ill. Fl. 3: 360. 1898, with Fig. 3744
and original description :

* Clammy-hairy, odorous, copiously glandular when young,
somewhat so at maturity. Stem 3 ft. high or less. Basal leaves
in close colonies, coriaceous, the earlier ones cordate-quadrate,
low-serrate, the sinus deep, narrow; the later or winter leaves
elliptic, long-petioled, often prostrate, often 5 in. lon tem-
leaves chiefly orbicular and not cordate, with short, broadly
winged petioles, rarely slender-petioled. Inflorescence convex,
sometimes irregular ; involucre hemispheric, its bracts chiefly with
rounded ciliate tips, rays s MA broad, clear violet; disks at first
golden-yeliow, soon turning red; pappus long, white, copious.
— In slight n and rich cleared woodlands, Me. to Penn. and
Mich., Aug. ae

Roe black, thick and contorted, with short internodes.
Surculi from them are mog and vigorous ; old ones are brown and
comparatively. slender, 8, in. thick or less, pulling up for 12 in.
or less ; young runners are white or slightly purplish, succules-
cent, growing 8 or g in. long in one season, with nodes about I
in. long. Runners just forming, while only half an inch long, are
sharply acuminate. Root-fibers also reach 8 or 9 in. long. When
growing among rock-clefts the horizontal rootstock becomes
deeply buried and slight, the principal part a thick vertical ppi
rising I or 2 in., or sometimes even 5 in. above the soil, =f; in.
thick or less, fleshy and purplish.

Stem brown, terete, roughened till late with close remnant-
bases of short glandular and strigose hairs, deeply and profusely
branched.

Leaf-type broad and short, low-serrate, full green, pale,

ASTER ROSCIDUS 345

brownish and slightly pubescent beneath, apiculate with an abrupt
broad short obtuse projection, nearly orbicular otherwise, with
rounded base and cuneate-wing petiole. Such leaf-form is best
developed through the middle caulines. Lower caulines 34 x 3
in., with full deep sinus and narrow petiole almost as long as the
leaf. Upper caulines oval-acute with broad-wing base. Avxiles
numerous and longer, elliptic-oblong, sessile, soon oblong-acute
with truncate subamplexicaul base. Rameals progressively like

Development of $

B
n Aster voscidus" AT ALA
Fic. 86.

each axile type, but much reduced, less than half the axile length
from the first, often in pairs, often 4 pairs on the middle and upper
part of a branch before the inflorescence begins. These or the
smaller similar ramulars sometimes all replaced by subcircular,
entire shorter leaves, like those of the Mitchellian form of 4.
divaricatus L. or like those of Mitchella repens. ;
Leaf-texture soft till after maturity, somewhat resembling felt,
the radicals finally leathery and rough. Middle and upper leaves

346 DESCRIPTION OF ASTERS; MACROPHYLLI

a true green, the lower ones a deep dull green with a cabbage-blue
tinge. Radical leaves very glutinous in May, little so by the mid-
dle of June; bracts then already glutinous and overspread with
small capitate hairs, and beginning to show white margins.
Inflorescence copious, a widespread convex corymb 6-8 in.
across in fairly-developed plants, in larger ones becoming high,

with sharply ascending branches at angle of 50? to 70? ; and heads
of diverse development, each branch beginning as a reversed
raceme with long-pedicelled buds down its sides below the terminal
blossoming head, but later becoming highly irregular by the greater
lengthening of occasional Md pedicels.

Heads of moderate size; 3; inch high, 1 or 1% in. broad or
less. Involucre hemispheric or finally with truncate base, ṣẹ in.
high. Pedicels long, when dry clavate-thickened to a marked
degree, when fresh slender, % to 1% in. or even 3 in., nude at the
base, their subtending bracteals being very small, elliptic-ovate.

Bracts lingual and nearly alike in size, color and shape, nearly
all-over greenish when dry, with increased thickness and green at
the large spatulate green-tip, broadly ciliate all around, coriaceous,
minutely puberulent except over the broad pale brownish margin.
Occasional variant bracts are bevel-topped, and a few slightly
acutish. Upper bracts are apt to show pinkish-purple margins ;
or often all are purpled throughout. At first flowering (July 1, in
’97), the 3 chief rows of bracts are nearly equal in length, and the
outer bracts do not show midrib or green tip, but are increasingly
thickened and fleshy to the obtuse incurved and somewhat hooded
apex.

Rays broad-oblong with rounded apex, 14 to 16, beautiful clear
lilac, by evening light amethystine, in age more purplish-violet,
drying nearly blue. Young rays purplish-red, their color seen
already strong in 1897 by June r9, but not expanding till the
month following.

Disks broad and golden, soon full red.

Pappus extremely long and copious, becoming twice the disk,
whitish or ecru in growth, rufescent within 3 years after drying.
Achenes slender-fusiform, brownish, sparsely clothed with weak
deciduous ascending bristles during growth.

Viscidity of the copious glandular hairs reaches its extreme
among Biotian species here, all young and growing surfaces mak-
ing the fingers sticky and odorous at a touch, such glands remain-
ing still present though less viscid over nearly the whole stem and
upper surface of leaves at maturity.

Odors present include a delicate fragrance from the flowers, a
bee-bread odor from the disks, and, more conspicuous, a nutty

ASTER ROSCIDUS 347

odor resembling that of the black-walnut and that of Aster Novak
Angliae, derived from the glands as in most other Macrophyili, but
here intense enough to be perceived without touching. dor of
the broken stem, and less so of the broken leaf, resembles that of
wild spikenard, Aralia racemosa. Of the odor of black walnuts
from the glands, one collector remarked “ “It smells as slippery-elm
tastes, and a very soft elusive smell it is

Pubescence of 4 principal kinds :

Ist. Strigose hairs, long, whitish and multicellular, forward-
curved, very slender, scattered under the midrib and chief veins,
rising above a forest of short glandular hairs, perhaps 1 to 100
such. A few occur on the stem. Shorter upward-curved similar
hairs make the leaf-edges ciliate.

2d. Cobwebby hairs, occasional long and still more slender
ones, gluey from contact with capitate glands, over the upper sur-
faces, etc., ascending or deflexed or detached.

3d. Indurated hairs, very short, thick and sharp, without green
membrane. Such form the aculei terminating the teeth.

4th. Capitate glands, short and pale, 3 or 4 times as high as
broad, standing so close as to touch and forming a short dense pile
over the bracts, branches and veins; over 3 ft. or so of stem they
stand about their own length apart ; over the leaves, about 5-8 to
an areola, above and beneath, making the young leaves clammy.

Development ; radicals full-grown by middle of May, or in late
development, by end of May; these radicals chiefly 3, low-serru-
late, full-green with pale close wide-spread veins, full broad deep
sinus, long pendent rounded basal lobes, acute or short acuminate
inconspicuous apex, 2 of cordate-ovate or cordate-quadrate outline,
the other cordate-oblong, 5 X 3 in. or less. About 2 primordials
precede these, quadrate or orbicular, with brace-base or simply
truncate, with crenate margin and obtuse apex, % in. long or less,
with little or no green, but fuscous and downy; their flat smooth
strap-wing petioles 2 in. long or more. About 2 phyllodial petioles
precede these, with similar sheathing base and with slightly devel-
1 oped lamina.
| Throughout the summer the 3 radicals remain notably of a
It dark bluish or finally blackish-green, losing pubescence and glands,
H increasing i in stiffness and harsh surface, finally in late autumn pale
or almost whitened underneath and roughened like shagreen above,
their broad sinus now narrowed and deepened by the continued
growth of the pendent basal lobes. Such rough brownish-green
radicals sometimes remain as winter-leaves, made subbitüculat by
loss of the original apex, and lying nearly puree

Plantain-leaf forms are assumed by the type on sudden ac-
cess of light by timber-cutting; in which case numerous large

348 DESCRIPTION OF ASTERS; MACROPHYLLI

elliptic radicals form a rosette, subtended by a few normal radicals.
These elliptic radicals are alike acute at both ends, with remote low
teeth, and harsh heavy texture very rough on drying ; 8-10 such
sometimes crown one rootstock, varying to oval and obtuse and
to lance-oblong, reaching 5 x 3 inches. Only a few are pro-
duced the second season after such access of light has begun, and
none the five following years where observed without further
change of light conditions. When most characteristic these ellip-
tic leaves are leathery and apple-green, radiating and semi-prostrate,
remaining after the other radicals have decayed late in November.

Habitat, rich woodlands on or near rocks.

Examples include :

N. H., Meriden Ledve, A. Wood in E
N. Y., Fulton, Oswego Co., in hb. Clin
X Y. vic , Yonkers, Spi Rocks, July, jen and Se., '97-1905
, Alexandria, ‘at Stryker's clearing, 1844; 4. SUC Pra Na 2,”
Porter in hb. Mercersburg, Au. 9,'50, Porter in hb.
li, * Huh, A. iaci var., ex. coll. D. Clarke” in hb. pk.
be scares Se., '98, Albert Ruth, no. 345785 in hb. U.
Mus., seems to be a small form of this

64? Sprout-forms. Leaves really rameal in origin and therefore
following the rameal type, the sprout or sucker being a sprout-bud
from the base of the primary stem and following the leaf-system of
an inflorescence-branch; they are elliptic-oblong, sessile and
amplexicaul, mouse-ear like, soft, thick, obtuse, and erect-ascend-
ing, 13 x $ in. or less, entire except for 3 or 4 little remote
aculeate shallow teeth toward the apex. Late sprouts seen Nov.
3, '96, were bearing 6-7 heads each, lilac-colored and with a faint
fragrance

64? Peduncular form. An arrest-form where the upper cau-
lines for 4 to 10 inches suffer an arrest of full growth, and are so
small as to make this part of the stem seem a peduncle. Such
leaves are narrowly oval, 11% x 3 in. or less, eges or na sud-
den short narrow wing- base. With the type, N. Y. v

Subdiviston C.
Leaves thinner, coarsely and saliently double-serrate.
Species 65.
65. Aster ferox sp. nov.
Roughish apple-green plants with very large, fiercely-toothed,
asymmetrical radicals, thin cordate-ovate, deep-serrate leaf-type,
multiform sinus, short upturned branches and pale diffuse heads.

een ae toon MIDI eee m

i

ASTER FEROX 349

, L., from the savage bristling age of the sharp cut leaves,
oh 5. plant from Hastings, N. Y. ; Se. 5,'98, in hb. Zu coll. E...
Bicknell.

Stem 2% ft. high or less, greenish, terete, retaining, usuall
throughout, a minute roughness of glandular stubs and remnants
of strigose hair.

Leaves rough above, villous on veins beneath, with scattered
strigose hair elsewhere, with veins dark or brownish. Leaf-form

AN Aster ferox
Fic. 87.

cordate-ovate, briefly but sharply incurved-acuminate, with deep
sinus, broad or seeming narrow by overlapping assurgent lobes.
Leaf-texture thin, firm, roughened minutely but decidedly.
Radicals 2, nearly alike, very large, two pairs of such sometimes
reaching 8 x 4 in. on one branching rootstock, highly asymmetrical
or falcate, their huge teeth still 1 in. long and of 3$ in. projection
when dry, shorter teeth of buzz-saw type crowding the unequal
lobes, low curvescent teeth lining the acumination. —Petioles

equalling the leaves, unusually slender.

350 DESCRIPTION OF ASTERS; MACROPHYLLI

Lower caulines retaining the same leaf-type, or becoming
symmetrical, gradually reduced and with greatly shortened narrow
petioles. Middle and upper caulines ovate to lance-oblong, becom-
ing long-acuminate, taper-wing based and serrulate. — Axiles
lanceolate, sessile, elongated. Rameals similar but abruptly
smaller.

Inflorescence convex, dense or soon diffuse, its short rigid
branches widely up-spreading.

Bracts somewhat lingual, much as in A. roscidus, but with
more curving sides, tending to be ovate-oblong, obtuse below, the

middle becoming bevel-tipped, the inner narrow-oblong with
slightly tapered, rounding apex.

Rays pale lavender or soon white.

— Leaves and inflorescence suggest a hybrid origin from 4.
persaliens and A. densatus ; but against this supposition is the fact
of numerous plants so occurring, all alike, and all vigorous, and
their radicals unique in size, margins and details.

From A. viridis, which it resembles in suggesting hybrid origin,
it differs in much thinner, sharper-toothed leaves and wholly dif-
ferent inflorescence.

Habitat, dry openings along rocky woods, Maine to N. Y.

Examples :

Mai ** North Berwick, York Co., rocky open woods, Se. 26, '97 ; rays
white’’; M. js Fernald in hb. Bu.
. vic., Hastings, **edge of woods opening on dry field, Se. 5, '98,"
Bicknell in hb. Bu., in thinly grassy soil, numerous plants, with lavender rays; also,
Hastings, dry shaded bank near Amackassin, some virescent rays remaining, Oc. 17,
1905, Bu.
Division B. IANTHINE MACROPHYLLI.

Violet rays, turning pale or white. — Radicals apt to be
smoother and longer-stalked than in the lilacine Wacrophyllt ; or
otherwise very numerous and very short-stalked. Colonies apt to
be smaller than in A. macrophyllus (except in A. quiescens).
Leaves seldom of extremely rough or of flabby type, chiefly
moderately rough and firm; usually not very thick in comparison
with A. macrophyllus and A. roscidus, Glandular hair mostly of
stub-form and less broadly capitate, more abundant than in A.
macrophyllus, less so than in A. roscidus

Subdivision A.
Plants tall and robust, often 4 ft. or more; radicals large, 8 in.

or less; aaja and strigose hair little developed below the
inflorescence 66-70.

ASTER IOSTEMMA 361

* Inflorescence somewhat deeply branched, rather regular and
convex-topped. Sp. 66-60.

f Violet of the rays often almost blue, but evanescent and
quickly becoming white; the same plant therefore often showing
blue-violet heads and white heads at once. Sp. 66, 67.

66. Aster iostemma sp. nov.

Tall strong plants with smooth brown stem, granular-rough-
ened elongate leaves, crenate-serrate or subentire margins, and pro-
longed cordate-oblong radicals ; the characteristic caulines ovate-
acuminate with truncate and rounded base and taper-wing petiole,
broad irregularly-compound high-angled inflorescence, the outside
and lowermost heads successively flowering, the young dark blue-
violet rays and the older white rays simultaneous in bloom side by

side.

Name, Gr., = violet-crown, this s iet representing an extreme case of the
dark violet rays docui among some Janthine aster:

Fic. 88, plant from Little-Indian Cr. Te Y., Au. 24, 95, in hb Jas $,
characteristic cauline leaf-form ; c, AEROS ilicis; d, less developed radicals.

Stem terete, erect but with continuous slight flexures, with
long internodes, sometimes 41% ft. tall

Radicals 2, 3, or often 4, unusually long and narrow, glabrate
and chiefly very smooth in life, still smooth or partly granular-
roughened when dry ; cordate-oblong, and straight-sided, 9 x 4%
in. with equal petiole; or in less pronounced development much
incurved toward the apex, short-scutiform and 5 x 4 in. or long-
scutiform and 8 x 4 in.; their teeth low-curvescent with but
slight aculeus, but with their sinuses somewhat excavated. Peti-
oles slender and smooth ; even 13 in. long sometimes. Surface
sometimes almost as unctuous as in A. macrophyllus pinguifolius.
Sinus E and open, usually shallow and producing a recurving
brace-bas

Caifas of ovate type, serrulate, at first with truncate i
base ; then rounded into a truncate base without cordation, and
with ' short, cuneate wing, these being its most etarik
caulines. Axiles follow which are ovate-lanceolate, longer acumi-
nate, with irregular wing, finally almost sessile

eins darker above than the full-green leaf, paler below than

the pale-green tissue surrounding, few, strongly upcurve

Leaf-substance firm, only moderately thick, highly roughened
above, somewhat so beneath when dry: Weak pale strigose hairs
cover the veins beneath.

352 DESCRIPTION OF ASTERS; MACROPHYLLI

Inflorescence often 1 ft. broad, 1% ft. high, its angle of branch-
ing very high, apt to be 70°, its branches subequal, springing from
remote nodes and bearing their loose corymbs at different levels.
Involucre somewhat hemispherical, with straightish sides.

Bracts not very green nor very thick, narrow and of many
rows, of 3 types, the outer curving, ovate-triangular, acutish,
puberulent, the chief bracts (middle ones) oblong-lingual, becoming
more narrowed and almost acutish. Bracts with green-banded

Fu Sika
Fic. 88.

center, and thin, rigid, pale-brown, scarious border, the latter
becoming progressively wider inward, till the inmost bracts are
wholly scarious except the green-line of midrib. —Ciliation moder-
ate on outer "s middle bracts, then s

Involucre $ high, or a little mo

Rays of nicdium breadth, dije. with straight sides, broader
than in the next.

But little hair on leaves, stem or inflorescence, though more
than in the succeeding species. Glands abundant upward; on the
stem toward the ground they become subsessile.

ASTER IOSTEMMA 353

— This species A. zostemma perhaps includes a part at least
of the plants of which Gray remarks, under A. macrophyllus L.,
Syn. Fl. 175:

“ A robust form, with large heads, more glandular involucre
and peduncles, upper leaves ovate and sessile, lower and petioled
cauline leaves all rounded at base, and most of the radical ones
little cordate (A. macrophyllus of Willd. herb. chiefly, the rays per-
haps violet), comes near the next following." Of the 7 speci-
mens labelled “ A. macrophyllus” in the Willdenovian herbarium,
kindly examined for me by Prof. L. M. Underwood, Nos. 1, 2 and
5 may belong under A. iostemma ; some others seem to belong to
A. macrophyllus verus.

Of the “next following " group (A. mirabilis, A. Hervey, A.
spectabilis, etc.), A. Herveyi, the only one which could lead to
confusion with 4. zostemma, is much lower and more slender ; its
heads are fewer, broader, longer-pedicelled, more remote ; its
leaves are of a different duller green; its cordation is far more
rare and slight, no well-defined brace-bases occurring.

Habitat, rich shaded banks, clearings and half-shaded road-
sides, New Hampshire to N. Y. City and L. Erie.

Examples include :

N. H., Gorham, 900 ft. alt., near Shelburne line, at Q. Evans’ farm,
Androscoggin DS Au. 9, 1902, in early flower ; obliterated in 1904.
Ms dm. "ER, cleared woodland, 4 and 414 ft. tall, in great
profusion ; epee Pul ar white and ly violet on iB us NE July 31,98," £. P.
Bicknell in hb. Bu. Yonkers, Grassy liprin L., in deep shade, Se. 17, ig Moran
late sprouts of the same, thinner, smoother, darker green. Bryn Mawr , below
Cohosh Bluff, mass of tall early plants with narrow rays, near woodroad nnw. aug Maple
` Av., July, '98; well-developed long radicals May 13, '99; 40 plants in P blossom,
July 28, 99; a few plants 1900-1904 ; obliterated p
W. N. Y., Cattaraugus resn., 600-800 ft. alt. ; Little-Indian slopes to east

and north of Straw. de. Au. 24, tok; à many ie powie up out of leaf-mold covered
yet with dead leaves; type locality. Si/ver Cr., Swift's Hill, pani narrow-radi-
cal plants, rather low. Salamanca, Au., C. H. Peck in hb, ES.

67. Aster gremialis sp. nov.

Tall robust plants with smooth green stem, broad roundish
or orbicular-ovate sharp-serrate lower leaves, broad deep sinus,
long taper-based lance-acuminate subentire broad-winged axiles,
loose broad inflorescence, weak slender branches, and long dark
narrow blue-violet rays.

354 DESCRIPTION OF ASTERS; MACROPHYLLI

Name, L. — bosom-nourished, from its flourishing so remarkably when spring-
ing from the decay of a log or stum

Fic. 89, a plant from Silver Cr., N. Y., Au. 21, '97, in hb. Bu.; 6, its char-
acteristic lower leaves; d, its radicals; e, its biculminate form, f, its fedian form.

Stem assurgent, nearly straight, often leaning forward out of
thickets, often 4 ft. high.

ower leaves large, orbicular and about 6 x 6 in., or orbicu-

lar-ovate and 6 x 5 in., their slender petioles much shorter, their

i ZA” ® |
a 2% Aster gremialis CAI
Fic. 89.

teeth large, sharp, of double-serrate or of aquiline-acuminate type
(but occasionally inconspicuous); large examples 14 to 24 in. long.
About 5 such radicals and about 4 such lower caulines are com-
mon. Their sinus is rectangular or deeply polygonal, their apex
suddenly acuminate and entire.

Middle caulines ovate-acuminate, rapidly reduced from 6 x 4
to 4 x 2 inches, one or two with brace-base, others with rounded-
base and taper-wing, becoming low-serrulate with forward-crouched
t teeth. :

ASTER GREMIALIS 355

Upper caulines and axiles highly characteristic, oblong- -lanceo-
late, long-acuminate, slowly tapered into a very conspicuous broad-
wing base; the margins low-serrulate or subentire; 6 x 2 in. or
less. Axiles similar, gradually reduced, all constricted Or tapered
suddenly at the sessile, base, the upper ones still 2 x 24 in. and
lance-acuminate.

eaves very thin, very firm, deep green, oe and glabrous
in life, commonly g granular- roughened when

Veins narrow and inconspicuous, distant, ioe outcurved and
soon upcurved, or after the lower leaves, directed upwards from
the

Hair is found by lens on chief veins beneath, stad scanty ;
slight glandular puberulence occurs in the lower brac

nflorescence broadly convex at first, soon iam m the
lateral heads considerably later in growth and finally overtopping
the central ones. Heads sometimes over 77 in. high, 1 4 in. broad,
on pedicels often 1 in. lon

Bracts narrow, chiefly smooth and pale, the middle and inner
ones scarious, the outer green and triangular-acutish, the middle
oblong-acutish, the inner more taper and with only a narrow median
line of green.

Rays long and narrow, almost acuminate, deep blue-violet,
sometimes reaching the nearest to a full deep blue perhaps of any
northeastern aster, fading whitish, sometimes becoming a peculiarly
lustrous white. Disks early a deep red.

Glandular hairs often (or always ?) very few, often undiscover-
able on the smooth bracts and pedicels when dry, though some
viscidity is present in life.

Remarkable for the contrast between its lower sharp-serrate
short broad leaves, and its upper subentire elongate taper-based
leaves. A. nobilis, which resembles it, tends to reverse this con-
trast, having longer little-serrate lower leaves and shorter sharp-
serrate clasping or truncate upper ones.

Habitat, under shade among thickets or in damp levels ; spring-
ing from decaying logs and stumps ; W. N. Y

W. N. Y., Silver Cr., Talcott’s woods, Au. 19, '96, Au. $t 197, Xu. ZX, "97;
a few continuing, Ai. , 98-1904; Dunkirk, Pt. Gratiot, Au. II, '97.

67? Biculminate form; an arrest-form dee the size of leaf
after sudden reduction at or below the middle-stem, reaches
gradually a second (though much smaller) culmination, just below
the inflorescence. See Fig. -

67° Fedian form; upper leaves and axiles short, entire,
oblong-oval, contracted at base, resembling leaves of Fedia or

356 DESCRIPTION OF ASTERS; MACROPHYLLI

` Valerianella. With the type; and with dwarf, ae and
biacuminate-leaved forms of the type. See Fig. 89,

Tt Violet v un white of the rays usually less pro-
nounced. Sp. 68, 69. :

68. ASTER NoBiLIS Burgess.

Tall, robust, spreading plants with large cabbage-like sub-
villous radicals, cordate-ovate leaf-form, sharp or narrow sinus,
crenate or subentire margins below, sharp-serrate above, lance-
oblong broad-based axiles, deep high-angle branching, and pro-
liferous inflorescence, long continuing to develop sessile closely-
lateral buds, all finally divergent and long-pedicelled.

Name, L., from the stately aspect.

Fic. go, plant from Silver Cr., N. Y., 15, '96, in hb. Bu. ; 4, its basal
leaf ( DERC large), c, its radicals, d, a irate but frequent E T

A. nobilis Burgess in Br. and Br. Ill. FI. 3: 361. 1898, with Fig. 3748,
and original description :

** Tall, minutely glandular above, stem shining, bright green,
4 to 5 ft. high. Leaves thin but firm, smooth in growth,
roughened in drying, minutely puberulent beneath, dark green ;
basal and lower leaves large, the blade often 9 in. lon by 6 in.
wide, about as long as the stout petiole, sharply toothed, the sinus
deep, broad, or the lobes overlapping. Stem-leaves similar, the
upper oblong-lanceolate, sessile, inflorescence irregularly cymose-
paniculate, with small subulate recurved leaves. Bracts long, acute,
green. Heads 6 lines high or less; rays 13-15, violet-blue
or [more often] pale violet; disk-flowers not numerous, their
corollas funnelform with a long capillary tube. — In leaf-mold, L.
Champlain to L. Erie, Au

Stem bright green and shining or slightly browned in the sun,
naris and smooth, stout and erect, 3 or 4, sometimes nearly 5 ft.

Radicals usually 4, divergent, large and similar, often each
7X 5 in., rising at an angle of 45° on strong petioles at least
equailing their own length, apple-green, cordate-ovate with sub-
entire or indistinctly crenate margin, deep narrow or sharp sinus,
the apex merely acute or suddenly short-acuminate.

Caulines, after a few of the preceding characteristic type,
become chiefly oblong-ovate, strong-serrate, short-acuminate,
truncate-based or finally rounded, with short irregular broad
wing ; spaced at regular intervals of 3 in., or in smaller plants

ASTER NOBILIS 9351

about 2; measuring usually 7 x 4 in., or less, and gradually
diminished upward.

Axiles oblong-lanceolate, broad to the sessile base, slit-serrate,
often prominently and aculeately so, often conduplicate around
the subtended branch, 4 x 124 in. or less.

Rameals few and remote below, 1 or 2 subopposite pairs a
little below the heads, oblong-acuminate with sessile clasping base.
Bracteals among the pedicels very peculiar, subulate-recurved,

strongly conduplicate, triangular-acuminate, with an enlarged con-
cave base and narrowed channeled recurved portion.

Villous hair weak and soft, confined to veins beneath or shorter
and downy between them. Glandular hair sparse; subsessile
glands occur over all midribs, and, though minute and few, on the
pedicels and bracts.

Petioles green, fleshy, channelled, smooth and stout.
Inflorescence cymose-paniculate, when well developed very

358 DESCRIPTION OF ASTERS ; MACROPHYLLI

broad and very irregular, its 12-15 long straggling branches
smooth and green, mostly about 9 in. long, each breaking into an
irregular compound cyme with divaricate or divergent branches
and heads ; these heads at first close-clustered, finally remote and
long-pedicelled, the pedicels lengthening a half inch while the bud
enlarges before flowering. Tendency strong to proliferous g growth,
side-branches and branchlets soon far surpassing their axis.

Involucre in the bud. very green and smooth, globose or ovoid,
becoming thick-urceolate in flower, and seeming hemispherical on
pressing, not large, 1% in. high.

Bracts all mores with definie broad-triangular green tips i
otherwise chiefly pale and subscarious, flat and slightly ciliate in
life.

Rays violet, 13-15, oblong, ue closely set, not nearly
so narrow as in the previous species, nor so blue

Disks few, quickly becoming purple- ded by the time the rays
are open, and becoming brownish as the rays reach full maturity.

Disk-flowers very slender, PEN funnel-form, tapering into
a long thread-like stalk, the stalk 2, body 1, and deep narrow
lobes }, of the whole length ; the color of the stalk green, abruptly
changing to yellow or purple at the bell. Achenes small, little
longer than the disk-lobes. Pappus bright white, soft and copious,
much overtopping the disk and already dingy by the end of flower-
ing, rufous in two months after drying

— Each plant apt to be oled, or growing three or four
together, such little groups occurring scattered widely through
the woodlands in which they abound. Rootstalks little developed,
pulling up for 2—3 inches, beyond which they are found decayed.
Radicals and also basals usually lacking on flowering plants.
Surfaces smooth while fresh, usually roughish on drying. All
leaves thin, and the upper ones as thin as in A. divaricatus. Ten-
dency strong to blasted buds, and in other cases to lose the ovaries,
eaten out by larvæ before the bud has opened, causing the bud
to become ovoid-conical and acute, and finally to wither on its
stalk.

Habitat, among bushes in woodlands and clearings, then usu-
ally not over 3% feet high; or in deeper shade on slight hum-
mocks in wet woods, especially on soggy ground on a clay sub-
stratum over shale, then reaching almost 5 ft.; N. E. and Lake
Champlain to L. Erie; in neither case on the immediate lake-bluff,
but in the heart of such woodlands as front on the bluffs.

ASTER NOBILIS 359

Examples :
N. H., Gorham, on Pt. Lookout, at 1,400 ft. alt., Au., pe Mt. Wash-
ington, at 2000 ft., Au., 1902; Shelburne, Baldcap Mt., Au, 4
Mass., Zaconics, Mt. Ee erett, Au., Hen Mt. Ethel, eta , 1901, 1903.
sm , Salisbury, Au. 18, 1903.
. Y., L. Champlain, bluffs below pa Government woods, Au. 3I,
'97, Bu. Cod '99, Sand Lake, Au., 99, C. H. Peck in hb. N. Y. St.
N. Y., Silver Cr., Talcott’s woods, Au. 15, '96, Au. 3 and 21, '97, Au,
'98-1904. Pt. Gratiot, Au. 29, '96, July 29, Au. 11, Au. 21, '97; leaves only, '98—
I904. nua vesn., Indian-line road, abundant, Au. 13, '97, Au. '98-1902.

Variants. Cabbage-like leaves with merely serrulate axiles
scem to be developed best in loose gravelly soil. Smaller lower
leaves and strongly aculeate-toothed axiles seem to be the result
of moister more clayey soil; the latter producing much more in-
florescence and much longer branches.

69. Aster ampliatus sp. nov.

Large but weak and spreading plants with pale smooth fleshy
stems, broad, polymorphous leaves with gradually dilated pendu-
lous basal lobes, dentate or subentire margins, thin sleek leaf-sub-
stance, cordate-oblong radicals, elongated petioles, short ovate-
oblong upper caulines and axiles, close convex or irregularly
profuse inflorescence, narrow-oblong rounded silvery-green scari-
ous bracts, angular branches and long pale-violet rays.

Pang L., broadened, from the widened basal lobes of the misc leaves.
G. 9I, plant from Catskills, Kaaterskill Mt., Se. 7, '98, 74, nat. size, in hb.
Bu. ; &, its nS ae leaf-form with amplified lobes; c, occasional polymorphous
radicals ; 4, 4!; natl. size, its more usual radicals.

Stem green or brown, terete, 3 ft. or less, stout and succules-
cent, upper parts and branches becoming irregularly shrunken and
angular in drying.

Leaf-form polymorphous; the most characteristic type being
cordate-ovate-obtuse with sides increasingly broadened downward
into expanded pendent basal lobes, and with the usually acute
apex early lost, resulting in a liver-like shape.

Leaf-type large, thinnish, glabrate, asymmetrical, with irregu-
larly crenate or dentate margin, unequal deep many-curved over-
lapped sinus, apple-green color and inconspicuous slender brown
veins. Texture sleek in life, granular-roughened when dry.
Weak pale strigose hair grows on all veins beneath, is permanent
over the inflorescence, and early in the season occurs scatteringly

360 DESCRIPTION OF AsTERS ; MACROPHYLLI

over the whole stem, persistent remnants being visible by lens to
the end. Glandular stubs clothe the whole stem and inflorescence,
and all but the inmost bracts; they are just perceptible to touch,
but leave the stem. smooth to the eye. Recurved pale short slight
glandular hairs occur quite closely over all leaf-surfaces beneath,

FIG. 91.

with whitish glands not very readily seen by a hand-lens; as in
other Ianthine species. Petioles, as well as sinus and leaf-form,
are polymorphous.

Root-stock brown, thick, extensively assurgent.

Radicals apt to be 5; their very long weak assurgent smooth
succulent petioles drying straw-like, much exceeding the large
leaves, and reaching often 8, sometimes 16 inches long. Of 5
radicals, all may be nearly alike in size, 8 or 9 by 5 inches; or
only one or two may be fully developed and the rest may be shal-
low-reniform with deep broad and elegantly-curved sinus and no
distinct apex. Other radical shapes include cordate-quadrate (seen
7 x 6 in), oblong-ovate (9 x 5 in.), oval-quadrate, truncate at

ASTER AMPLIATUS 361

ends (3 x 2% in.), cordate-acute (6 x 5 in.), cordate-oblong,
acute (517 x 314 in.), etc.

Caulines begin with the characteristic obtuse and ampliate form
in large size (to 7x 5 in.), or with broadly cordate-acute leaves
of similar size, all with long weak slender petioles, these shorter
however than the leaf-length. Smaller plants sometimes show
only narrower cordate-oblong lower caulines.

Middle and upper caulines oval-oblong, broad, irregular and
asymmetrical, sharply dentate, with expansive broad-wing gash-
toothed base (as often in A. divaricatus alatus) or in smaller leaves
with an entire undulatiform wing (as in A. undulatus). Apex of
these leaves obtuse retuse or acute.

Axiles like the last (4 x 2% in.), or broad, biacuminate, ser-
rulate (3 x 1% in.), and sessile.

Rameals often numerous and conspicuous, obovate or oblong-
Nee nans by a broad base, acute, minutely slit-serrulate or
suben

Ecos broad and irregular, of several or many leafy-
stemmed, shallow corymbs, each convex-topped and composed of
8—40 loose heads, with slender, but rather short, pedicels.

Bracts lingual, rather narrow, rounded at apex, all nearly
alike but progressively thinner, EC more scarious and more
silvery-green toward the inmost serie

Rays rather thin, violet or pale- violet involutely-wrinkled on
drying.

Habitat, Catskills, at 2,500-3,000 ft. (Grand-View, E. front of Kaaterskill
Mtn., Se. 7, '98, in numbers, at several places).

* * [nflorescence sympodially proliferous, very irregular, deep
and narrow.

70. Aster sympodialis sp. nov.

Tall, robust, scattered plants, with thickish, ample, regular,
low-crenate leaves, broad cordate-ovate leaf-type ; about 3 radicals ;
numerous caulines, chiefly ovate-oblong with strap-wing or taper
base; high-ascending or erect branches, each successively over-
topping its axis, producing a straggling long-pedicelled inflores-
cence; and with numerous (14-20) long, narrow, fragrant rays
with obtuse apex and tapering or pedicelled base, violet fading
white.

Name, L., from the strong tendency of lateral branches to surpass Fus axis.
Fic. 92, plant from Maple Ave. bank, near Yonkers, N. Y., Se. 6,99, in

hb. Bu., zp nat. size; with narrow inflorescence ; 4, its characteristic radical and
. lower cauline Bon. 1 nat. size; d, radical group, with primordial, ,';; z, broader
ouameanes 15; f sympodial developments, 4, nat. size.

262

DESCRIPTION OF AsrERS; MACROPHYLLI

AS f A

/ Aster sympodialis

Fic. 92.

|

.
Pe Ae LU a aan VENE o m o

ASTER SYMPODIALIS 363

Stem 3 to 4 ft. tall, terete, pale or dark brown, glabr ate, erect
and leafy. Rootstock- -runners become 9 in. long, H6 in. thick,
very uniform, of a dingy yellowish-brown, with nodes 3$ in. apart,
bearing a crescentic scar halfway round. Ascending turionic
branches of these rootstocks become 4 in. thick, deeper brown,
i finally black, and bear larger and more numerous radicals with
successive years
E Radicals usually 3, often 2, sometimes 5, crowning a very
short, thick, black rootstock, which decays close to its assurgent
end.

Leaf-type broad-cordate to cordate-ovate, 7 x 5 in.,6 x 4 or
less, with low-curvescent margin, broad, deep, enlarged, squarish
| or many-curved sinus, and simply acute or very briefly-acuminate

ape Leaves thickish, somewhat succulent when young, full
green above, very pale and glabrate beneath, yaa veins darker
above and paler beneath than the surrounding tiss

Radical petioles longer than the leaf, j ke with dark
glandular hairs within, ciliate and strigose-hairy without; as the
veins beneath.

Fine close tomentum of brownish glandular stubs clothes the
stem and infloresence, though worn away from the lower stem at
flowering-time. No obvious hair anywhere then

ower caulines similar to the radicals or exceeding them.
Middle caulines elliptic or ovate-acuminate with rounded or ene
cate base ; and a broad cuneate wing, I in. long or more.
caulines similar or oval, d as the axiles, which with the
rameals, become oblong-acumina

Inflorescence long- ae. at first leafy and loose, form-
ing a broad rounded corymb with violet rays ; later very proliferous,
irregular and dingy-white. Lateral ascending branches alter its
appearance altogether, clothing the upper foot-length of the
stem with a succession of erect few-flowered corymbs of 4 to 6
heads each; or with repeated suppression of axis, the lateral
branch overtopping its axis and its own summit overtopped in
turn by one of its lateral buds, and so on repeatedly.” Continuous
lateral development of this kind is not usually balanced on both.
sides but tends to a sympodial form, with wholly one-sided over-
topping; reaching an extreme in a stem 6 times suppressed and
continued by an arising lateral branch at the left, within an inflores-
cence of 22 in. high.

Pedicels often over 1 or 2 in. long, very slender and threadlike
but stiff and erect, as are the secondary peduncles, which may
reach 3 or 4 in. long ; ; both are subtended by inconspicuous sup-
pressed subulate bracteals.

leads large, 1,8, in. broad or less, deliciously fragrant, the

K

364 DESCRIPTION OF ASTERS; MACROPHYLLI

involucre bright green at base, cylindrical or urceolate in flower,
broadly turbinate when pressed.

Bracts thickened, oblong to linear-attenuate, triseriately
chequered, very unequal in length, obtuse and close-appressed,
all green with pale edges and dark tips in life; the middle and
inner ones silvery green and with mingled brown at the midrib
when dry, now So esi but still obtuse, subciliate, and
with very narrow scarious brownish margin; the very lowest
bracts puberulent and ae acutish, all laterally-expanded at the
concealed base

Rays greatly tapered or pedicelled at the base, entire or but
obscurely notched at the rounded apex, 13-20 in number, repeat-
edly 18 or r9 on central heads, changing from deep violet to
whitish. Of five heads on one branch at once, the youngest was
a beautiful full violet; the next pale violet, with reddish-brown
disk ; the next two with but the merest trace of violet, and begin-
ning to recurve; the disks a pale reddish brown; the oldest was
hung with collapsed flat drooping and curling rays, now white.
with their disk pale brown. Old heads are remarkable for the
diverse way in which each straggling ray projects and droops.
Rays in the best developed cases reach $9, in. long and 4 in.
broad, meeting each other or slipping under at base, all ‘paler
towards their base and at first making a perfectly flat pale halo
within the violet (as in A. Novi-Belgii) around the perfectly flat
yellow disk of the same level. Disk much elevated with age, but
remarkable among its allies for attaining only a pale degree of the
usual reddish-brown.

— Unlike A. iostemma in its sympodial tendency, silvery chief
bracts, and details of leaf-form. Unlike A. nobilis in these partic-
ulars, with much more glandular hair and-much less strigose hair.
Unlike A. roscidus beside which it grows, in having rays narrower
but more numerous and longer, heads % to 1% in. broader, but
flowering later; nutty odor and glandular viscidity comparatively
slight even on young surfaces ; rootstocks not stout nor woody
nor closely-branched ; radicals later in spring ; teeth shallower ;
leaf-form, texture, and color, different and paler.

— Development. Young radicals well-developed, quite roscid,
roughish to touch, and 10 inches high by May 13 ('99), and at
that time with some hair under the leaves, and with petioles glan-
dular and subciliate. Primordials remarkable for rounded ends,
thick, still green or slightly browned, oblong or cordate-oval,
about I x 34 in., or half that size, finely denticulate-crenate. One

ASTER SYMPODIALIS 365

radical group of this date had been producing radicals without
flowering for 6 preceding years, fide its leaf-scars ; and had made
only 3 inches growth in that time.

Habitat, rich shaded banks, near TORENS, WOY.

Examples :

Bryn Mawr Park, scattered p north of sta., near railroad, Se. 5, '98,

Bi, in hb. Zz.; and de above Mayflower-brook, near poto OE 5. 760. Bi
typical diy: ; scattered plants, with ibd 5X3% in y 13; continuously
in abundant bloom, '99-1904 ; mostly Piet by zealous fiver: 905.

Subdivision B

Plants smaller, chiefly 2 ft. or less ; radicals fewer or smaller,
mostly 3, chiefly 5 in. long or less. Sp. 71-70.:

* Inflorescence with flattish top ; hair usually little developed ;
glands minute, less widely distributed ; leaves firm, thinnish. Sp.
71-73.

f Inflorescence deeply V-shaped; with high and slender
straight branches.

71. Aster securiformis sp. nov.

Plants of moderate height and breadth, with straight glabrate
slender stem, long smooth slender petioles, cordate-acuminate
leaf-form, firm thinnish roughish texture, close sharp teeth, broad
deep sharply-recurved or securiform sinus, cordate petioled middle
leaves, oblong-acute sessile upper leaves and axiles, and sharply-
acute pale uniform bracts.

Name; L., — Ji£e a battle-axe, from the sinus.
Fic. 93, plant from Rock Cr., near Washington, D. C., Au. 25, '76, Z. F.
Ward in hb. Bu.; with characteristic leaf and radicals.

Stem 21% ft. often, pale brown or sometimes dark, from a long,
stout, dark and very fibrous rootstock.

Radicals cordate-acute, sometimes 7 x 5 in., with sinus I in.
broad and deep.

Leaf-type cordate-ovate, incurved-acuminate, with elegantly-
curved symmetrical sides and diminished rounding bases, apple-
green, thin but firm, glabrate but with strigose hair on the veins

neath, crenate or serrate with strong forward-directed aculeus.
Sinus-type securiform, or bounded by three curves meeting at a
Sharp, reéntrant angle, an inch deep ea broad or less, of square
aspect or soon more shallow and o
Lower caulines and middle ones anum or passing into ovate-

366 DESCRIPTION OF ASTERS; MACROPHYLLI

acuminate leaves with merely rounded base. Upper caulines
oblong-lanceolate with short wing-base. Axiles oblong-acute
with broad sessile bas

Inflorescence broad and loose, si broad and shallow, about

. broad and 3$ in. high;

ub about r5, narrow, violet
soon becoming whitish ; or
fewer, as I2

Bracts very uniform, pale,
with triangular green -tips,
smoothish, all acute, the lower
triangular-acute, the others
narrowly oblong with gradual
taper to sharp apex. A few
similar sharp bracts occur at
the base of the involucre in A.
macrophyllus ; but to have all
bracts acute is hardly true of
any other near ally.

Glandular hairs stubby and
minute, very numerous and
slightly capitate on the inflor-

Colonies of radicals not
much seen ; colonies of flow-
ering plants (as on Goat I.,
Niagara) form.a straggling
group of erectish stems rising
among brush and weeds in
gravelly openings in woods, with loose-topped whitish and dingy
appearance.

Habitat, half-shade.

suis include :

n

Mas Tupe Oakes in hb. Zorrey, ** deep-colored,’’ Oakes; ‘‘ A. macro-
phyllus pay magn.”

, L. George, De Nai Se. '82, no. 18921 in hb, U. S. Nat. Mus.

N. vic., ** Tuckahoe, dry woods, 2 18, '96 ; rays violet," Bi. in hb. Bu.

NT, Palisades sprouts, Oc. 7, ’99.

W:N Y., PI. Gratiot, Au. 2, fe dig ila on Goat I., large aia in
full flower and now faded almost white, Au. 25, '96; ** Buffalo, Aster ——," Clin-
ton, in hb. Buff. Nat. Hist. Soc. Cattaraugus resn., Little Indian Cr., Au. 24, "973
Silver Cr., Swift's Hill, Au. 12, '98.

ASTER SECURIFORMIS 367

Va., Potomac, Rock Cr., , Au. 25, '96, L. F. Ward in hb Bu.

Mich., Grand Rapids, Ps bs eet, no. 18920 in bh. U. S. Nat. Mus.
Minn., Au., '89, coll. F. F. Wood, no. 18919 in hb. U. S. Nat. Mus.
Wis., Devil’s L., bluffs, Au. 5, '97, L. M. Umbach in hb. U. S. Nat. Mus.,

due no. 339114.
| | tt Inflorescence shallow-V shaped, wide-spreading, plants low.
Sp. 72 and 73.

72. ASTER MULTIFORMIS Burgess.
Small deep-green plants with smooth slender stem, narrow-
cordate lower leaf-type, polymorphous caulines and bracts, serrate
margins, deep and rather narrow sinus, firm texture rough when

dry, glandular stubs above, strigose hair on the veins beneath,

and about 13 violet rays with rounded apex.
Name, L., from the many shapes of leaf usual on the stem.
Fic. 94, plant from Pt. Gratiot on L. Erie, July 29, '99, 1 nat. size, in hb.
A Bu.; 6, its characteristic radicals; a, radical development of May 10; e~A, variants of
[E Ang: 14, zy nat. ; e, f, petiole-flowering form; g, 4, dwarfs.
FIG. 95, ped 13, plant also from Pt. Gratiot, Tuly 29,'99, with greater arrest
of leaf-developmen
A. messin sie Burgess in Br. and Br. Ill. Fl., 3: 361 (1898) with Fig. 3747,
and original description :
“ Deep-green, minutely glandular. Stem erect, slender, 1 to
2 ft. high, angular-striate in drying. Basal leaves usually 2,
large, thick, cordate-oblong, often accompanied by later smaller
oblong ones ; stem leaves very thin, sharply serrate, rough above,
minutely puberulent beneath, the lower, ovate, acuminate, usually
with a narrow sinus, the upper oval to ovate-lanceolate, petioled,
the uppermost elliptic-lanceolate, serrulate, sessile or nearly so.
Inflorescence small, its branches upwardly curved ; heads about 7
lines high ; rays about 1 3, rounded and retuse at the apex ; bracts
green; glands few, almost hidden by the minutely strigose pubes-
. cence of the peduncles. —In moist shaded places, Me. to W. N.

———— E eg"
a: á denn

, Penn. and Md. — July—Aug.’

Stem terete and succulescent when fresh, drying wrinkled and
angular, usually ascending but seldom perfectly straight and erect,
and often decumbent : color viro with purpled base, or some-
times a bright purple red throughou

Rootstock long and slender, finally becoming for a short dis-
tance thick, contorted and ey ; the whole cortex of stem and
rootstock tending to peel off in

Radicals quite characteristic, ates but 2 (or 2 large and I very
small and broader), oblong-acute, 734 x 3 in. often, with narrow
or little-developed sinus, ARa coarsely serrate or shallow-

DESCRIPTION OF ASTERS; MACROPHYLLI

368

li

—anÓ il
tiformis

Aster mul

Fic. 94.

PL. IX
Mem. Torrey CLUB, 13

f Nes

7 R N

ASTER MULTIFORMIS

———————

—

- CURE re set ere ct — a pe

3 La Tf d gia Te ge fee pup mere iM ; MM
Ue pr y me

ASTER MULTIFORMIS 369

serrate, thickish with clumpy and one-sided aspect, one basal
lobe being much longer than the other and one leaf broader than
the other. Upper surface rough with sharp appressed acicular
bristles.

Between these larger radicals additional small subentire leaves
are occasionally developed in luxuriant plants (the Lettuce-leaf
stage of this species), of suboval or elliptical form, finally excavate-
toothed or crenate-serr

di nds leaf obicia, crenate, green, 34 in. long, with slight
open sin

Leaf- pan transitions when gradual include the following:
Lower caulines sharp-serrate, with long slender petioles ; typical
forms (all these leaves sometimes replaced by oval leaves without
sinus), —

. Ovate-acuminate, cordated narrowly, often 5 x 2 in. ;
about i suc
3. Ovate- acuminate, subcordate with shallow open sinus.
3. Oval-acuminate, with rounded base

Middle caulines sharp serrate, with short petiole: gradually
or Kes much smaller ; types,

. Ovate- lanceolate, with don taper base; 2 or 3 such,
often 3 pi 11, in
a Elliptic-lanceolate, with broad-wing base ; a few.

Upper caulines sessile and serrulate ; typical shape, —

6. Oblong-lanceolate, sessile by a broad or a narrow base;
several so; sometimes 12, half of them axiles.

Abrupt transitions of leaf-form or omission of some terms in
the above series often occur

Inflorescence flattish, shallow, loose, with its branches up-
curved at a wide angle, in a somewhat eaten manner.
Pedicels threadlike, greatly lengthened, often 1 i

Heads usually 47, in. high, about 1 in. nt. nvolucre quite
green in life; on drying and pressing remarkably acute and pale
in aspect, triseriately chequered with large triangular green-tips.

Bracts triform, only the lower really acute, these triangular-
oblong, cymbiform, coriaceous, slightly puberulent. Middle and
chief bracts oblong, diminished upward as if to form an acute apex
but usually obtuse, with pale scarious margins. Inner bracts
much more ee but still obtusish, the green reduced to a
Narrow medial

Rays 11— "hs medi about 13, narrow with entre end and
retuse or erose-toothed within a central notch ; about 4$. in. long,
deep violet, becoming pale. Intensity of this deep violet i is greatest
in the first heads developed, or where in monocephalous shoots, a

_ Single head receives the strength of the plant.

370 DESCRIPTION OF ASTERS; MACROPHYLLI

Pappus soon rufous, even within two months after drying.
Habitat, moist shade, thriving in wet woods along their borders
or by woodroads, especially on drier spots among pools with a |
thin clay substratum resting on shale (L. Erie and L. Champlain).
Examples include : 1
sia Mount Riga, Au. 18, 1903.
, L. Minnewaska, Au., '99, C. H. Peck in hb. N. Y. Sz. i
> ., L. Champlain, bluff near Plattsburg, Au. 31, '97, Bu. Ausable f
Z4 Au. i0, hes Addison Brown in his herb.; Westport, Se. 16, 1900, JV. L. Britton — i
in hb. M. Y uot. Gar: |j
NY. Yonkers, Troublesome Brook, sprouts, Oc. 28, '96; Bryn Mawr "
Park, under chestnut near station, Se. 26, '96; group kept under observation 10 years j |
each spring, summer and fall ; with little change of size or vigor and none of other
characters; its environment also remaining unchanged; late flowers paling, Se. 24,

1905.

z oe og EIS Pes ison Brown in his
b n , Pt. Gratiot Park, ln locality, kept under observa-
tion 9 d qe Piin gea with hundreds of plants but finally much trampled
out; early bloom, july 21, '96, July 29,'97; profuse bloom, Au. 11-21, '97; Au-
29,'96. Niagara, den d , Au. 25, !96 ; Fredonia, Marsh's Woods, Se. 1,'96 ; Cas. |
sadaga, Fern I., Se. ’96; Silver CN. peri Woods, Au. 15, 96; ap apes Au.
3,796; Little Indian ayia Au. 20, '96 ; Sheridan, Herrick’s woods, Au. 12, '96; |
Perrysburg, agis 29,
No aide to near cattail swamp, sprouts, Oc. 23, '97; Un der
coh several spots near Hottonia brook, late ere eh Tig Se, 06; Hase
iced ly, '89, Geo. V. Nash in hb, N. Y. Bot. Gar
Semen d soil, open woods, Se. ro, M Jas. A. Graves, in hb. :
Bu. panier. n, Bedford Co., Au. 19-23, 90, jn. K. Smail in hb.
Blue Ridge, ied on Md. line, 1886, Za/na// in Gray hb., of which
Gray wrote ** A4. NOMEN, var. (violet rays) toward Herveyi," and again ** why
not corymbosus ?
Md., einge fall of '96, hb. 7. A. Sm
E. Ten , Mountain streams, Se.,’97, A. x in hb. N. Y. Bot. Gar.;
Cocke Co., along Wolf Cr. , Se. 2,97, Thos. H. Kearney, Jr., no. 780in hb. N. Y. Bot. |
Gi prago near Gregory Bald, 9e., °98, A. Ruth, no. 594 in hb. W. Y. Bot. Gar:
W. Va., Stony Man Mt., alt. 3400 ft., E. S. Steele in hb. N. Y. Bot. Gar.
Allies. Tall plants of A. multiformis connect with A. nobilis
and A. zanthinus, though their proper types are very diverse. A.
securifornus forms the intermediate term to A. macrophyllus: or, in
the Adirondacks, such a transition is afforded by A. elacagnius. A.
riciniatus perhaps finally replaces A. mutti iformis in the mountains
southward. Unlike A. multiformis, A. biformis has chiefly but
one form of leaf, or at least but one reduced size, above the lower
caulines ; A. uniformis has less variety of form and has that
masked under a continuance of large size up the stem ; A. riciniatus
is bes broader and dentate; A. quadratus broader and redder ;

ASTER MULTIFORMIS 371

A. elaeagnius pale and scurfy beneath with more strigose hair, and
more irregular in leaf-form and inflorescence; A. Masardiensis is
much taller as well as downier, of different color and leaf-form.
Other species of the Macrophylli are still more conspicuously
different

72° Arrest-forms. Arrest of leat development is very common
in A. multiformis, the suddenly diminished little leaves above pre-
senting quick transitions from slender-petioled and wing-petioled
to broad sessile bases.

72° Petiole-flowered form. A peculiar arrest-form or a dwarf
state, in which the few heads (or single head) seem to spring from
the middle of the petiole of the upper leaf; that petiole continuing
the direction and form of the stem exactly, while the real con-
tinued-stem breaks away from the petiole at an angle and with
diminutive branch-like aspect, extending then for an inch or two
and bearing 6-12 dwarfed little leaves (chiefly of form 3, or 5, p
369. Similar development is occasional in A. biformis ; see p. 331.

W. N. Y., Pt. Gratiot, ' 96-1904, every year, with the type.

72* Biculminate form. Large lower leaves are followed by little
leaves which increase upward to the inflorescence, there forming a
second culmination of foliage. The smallest leaves thus appear
at the middle of the stem; they are usually oval or orbicular.
Leaf-form as a whole broader than in the type.

SN Mg PM sii July 20, Au. 29, '96; July 29, Au. II, 21, '97.
Silver Cr. , above Aster-bank, Au. 17, '96.
N T Ch E near Plattsburg, Au. 31, 97.

N. ak , vic. Staten J., Erastina, with balloon-like obovate axiles, Se. 4, ’90,
Hulst in hb. Cou.

72° Acutifolial form. Thin; most leaves incurved-acuminate
into a straight caudation; radicals various, large and long, broad
and small, regular or lop-sided, their teeth big and remotish or
very remote. Leaf-texture very thin, very rough, very hirsute to
touch, not firm nor dense. Hair abundant, often obvious all over
the stem and over the leaves beneath. Glands very few, mainly
near the top. Bracts resemble those of A. divaricatus, being green
and thin, roundish cuneate, with pale edges. Inflorescence com-
posed of segregated clusters. Resembles A. divaricatus deltoideus
and A. persaliens. A possible hybrid?

N. Y., vic. Woodlawn Woods, Au. 7,'98, Bi.; Bronx Park, Se. 11, '98.

72° Rubicund form. Intermediate to A. macrophyllus L., hav-
ing greater thickness and roughness of leaf, broader outlines, and
more red in rays and bracts, the erect tubular young rays con-
tinuing red till a brief duration of violet comes at expansion: in
this redness agreeing with the next species. Dunkirk.

372 DESCRIPTION OF ASTERS; MACROPHYLLI

72' Trapezium-leaved state; some upper caulines resemble the
leaf of Adiantum trapeziforme in size and figure. Silver Cr.

72° Pallid-leaf form; both leaves and stem pale yellowish-
green, the leaves small and short, the stem erect and virgate.
Rays narrow, this fact and the taller stem ir E admixture
with 4. zoszemua, which sometimes grows ne

Mt. Ethel, Ms. (in Taconics), Se. 5, 1903; L. pene y ap

July 21, '78, hb. NW. L. Britton in hb. N. Y. Bot. Gar. Silver Cr., N. Y., 1896-
1903.

3. ASTER RICINIATUS Burgess.

Small plants with low-toned colors, dentate margins, pale gla-
brate leaves, reddened stem and bracts and rays, cordate-triangular
leaf-form, few and quick-diminished caulines, narrow lingual bracts
and small subsessile widely-diffused glands.

Name, L.,—cad in a veil;
from the ded iiia. of the
plant when dry, its red and green
both seeming as if seen through a
veil or enge by a glazed surface.

Fic. 96, plant from Cedar
pa Lx 2. bsp Au. 24, 797, in hb.

niatus Burgess in

Small’s - E dun 1212 (1903)
with original description

" Stem a ip red,

terete, often 3 dm. high;

radical leaves usually two,

unequal; blades deltoid-

ceolate or oblong, with ses-
sile tapered base; leaf-mar-
gins dentate below, becom-
ing sharp-serrulate above ;
petioles slender, or with
narrow, strap-like wings: inflorescence a small loose terminal tuft,
with slender ascending pedicels ; bracts uniform, lingual ; rays rose-

riciniatus

ASTER RICINIATUS 373

purplish and then transiently violet, soon turning whitish, linear-
biacuminate. Plant very smooth and pale; much purplish-red
occurs on stem and veins and especially along the bracts ; glandu-
lar-pubescence very short, with small ene glands, continuing
down the stem to the base ; strigose pubescence discoverable by
lens on the upper leaves. Resembles A. iiri n ; but the
whole plant smoother and paler, with more red and less violet ;
leaves smaller, shorter, and often dentate; bracts narrower and
more uniform ; its colors neither sharp nor dull, but as if seen

— Type [N. C., ‘Cedar Cliff Mt., coll. Au. 24, 1897.’], Biltmore
Herb., no. 44°, in Herb. N. Y. B. G”

** Inflorescence more irregular or diffuse. Sp. 74-79.

T Leaves thicker, rougher; hair often villous or downy, or
when dried, bristly. Sp. 74-76.

74. Aster elaeagnius sp. nov.

Small harsh dark-green plants with orbicular-ovate radicals,
serrate margins, slight and open sinus, irregular tufted inflores-
cence, blue-violet rays, glumaceous and silvery inner bracts and

. woolly outer ones, large triangular green-tips, and polymorphous
caulines with some leaves broad-deltiform and many elliptical, all
pale and villous beneath, with gray or brown-scurfy aspect.

Sr from the Elaeagnus as ae of w bon deni leaves,
97, plant from McKeever, N. Y., Au. 28, '97, in hb. Bw. ; 6, charac-
teristic test "tie petiole broken off ; 4, radicals.

Stem erect but not rigid or straight, slender and continuously
slightly bent, pale above, deep purple-red below, sparsely villous,
and overspread with short pale glandular stubs.

Rootstock black, of moderate thickness and length. Radicals
usually 2, ovate-orbicular, acutish, crenate.

Leaf- rather firm, harsh above, granular-roughened and
hispidulous Suc when dry, dark dull green or brownish-green,
serrate, with open or shallow recurvate sinus, continuously petioled,
narrowly acuminate, villous and pale beneath with peculiar gray
or brown-scurfy surface, due to long pale or ecru or straw-colored
hairs and to brown veins and close veinlets, and often greatly in-
creased by brown spots of alie s or other fungus, the hairs
in those cases brownish on these spo

DE ad leaves broadly beech asthe, or triangular-cordate,

soon losing sinus and becoming truncate, longer than their slender
petioles, not large, 5 x 4 in. or chiefly tx e

374 DESCRIPTION OF ASTERS; MACROPHYLLI

Middle caulines quite characteristic and numerous, elliptic or
oval, with truncate, rounded or finally tapered base, all incurved
into a distinct narrow acumination, serrulate, and wing- petioled ;
the two ends of the leaf nearly alike. eae RE

Upper caulines oblong-lanceolate, tapering to the sessile base.
Axiles similar but narrower ; as are the rameals when developed.

nflorescence a single terminal tuft of long erect pedicels ; or in
well-developed plants, an irregularly branched paniculate corymb,

6 in. across or more, with scattered short branches from the lower
axils.

Heads 47, in. high, about 1 in. broad. Involucre turbinate
with broad base, triseriate-chequered with conspicuous dark-green
tips, otherwise pale or silvery.

Bracts passing from ovate-oblong and acute to narrow-oblong
and obtuse, finely downy with glands intermixed, the outer woolly
and convex, the middle and inner ones partly scarious and flat,
white or gray margined and often with additional red edge.

i ee | a See ec ie ee eis
2 3 paisa EA

ASTER ELAEAGNIUS 315

Rays rather narrow, typically of a dull blue-violet before fading,

Habitat, river thickets and wood-borders, Maine to Minne-
sota and northward.

Examples include :

P acu Orono, Penobscot Co., Se. 3, Se. 6, '93, low woods, M. L. Fernald
in hb.

le^ Y., Z. Champlain, near Plattsburg, Au. 31, '97. Adirondacks, Beaver R.,
at McKeever, Pun 28,97, type locality, and Clearwater, Au. 28, '97, Bu. ; North Elba,
Au "95 C. AL Peck in tb. V. Y. St

Minn., N. P. Junction, Se. 1, ’91, J. H. Sandberg, nos. 18906 and 18907
in hb. U. S. Nat. Mus.

Allies. A. elaeagnius resembles A. macrophyllus L., but is apt
to show these differences : radicals chiefly 2 ; leaves chiefly elliptic,
gray-backed ; stem apt to be deep red; inflorescence irregularly-
flattish, scattered; bracts quite scarious-edged ; rays blue-violet ;

much closer, inconspicuous and crenulate. It resembles A. macro-
apes L. and differs from many other species, in having very
rough harsh eon tecti bracts, dark dull-green leaf-surfaces
above, and roughis
Unlike A. ce cie velutinus in its larger form and leaves,
fewer more separated heads, and larger non-triangular leaves.
Unlike A. multiformis in its more irregular inflorescence, more
blue-violet in the rays and of a harder tint, and its broader bracts.
Unlike A. guadratus in its inflorescence, bract-form, bract-
margins, and leafform ; in having obvious hair; and in its more
scattering growth.
These five Adirondack forms seem well differentiated when the
specimens are brought together.

75. Aster Masardiensis sp. nov.

. Wandlike soft villous plants outlined in sweeping curves from
greatly-thickened russet-brown rootstocks, with sharp slight sinus,
sharp-serrate and aquiline margins, slender petioles, wing-base
axials, large remotish heads, thin subscarious involucre, and triform
type of leaves and bracts, the leaves successively cordate-acumi-
nate, oval-acuminate and lanceolate, the bracts ovate-acute, linear-
obtuse, and then attenuate-acute.

Name from its type locality, Masardis, Me.
Fic. 98, plant from Masardis, Me., Se. 8,'97, in hb. Bz.,coll. M. Z. Fernald

Stem green or somewhat browned, 2% feet high or less, sub-

376 DESCRIPTION OF ASTERS; MACROPHYLLI

decumbent, rising in sinuous curves, roughish when dry, with long
villous hair.

Rootstock long and finally becoming 34 in. thick or more.
Radicals (N. H. plants) large, with broad subtruncate base, the out-
line broad-oblong.

Lower leaves cordate-ovate, incurved-acuminate, with elegantly
rounded symmetrical basal lobes and small sharp sinus, roughish
when dry, aculeately aquiline-
serrate, full-green, of firm thin-
nish texture, 4x 3 in. or less.

iddle leaves the most
characteristic, long and num-
erous, Oval and incurved-acu-
minate, 5 x 214 in., with sub-
truncate or well-rounded base
and short slender petiole.
Teeth very inconspicuous and
shallow, crenate-serrate, be-
coming very shallow and de-
pressed.

per leaves and axiles
ovate-lanceolate, lance-oblong
and finally linear-lanceolate,
their bases strap-winged, cu-
neate-winged and then sessile,
3x 1% in. to IZ x &% in.
Rameals continuing the last
type in more oblong and half-
reduced pattern.

Leaves dark, thinnish, re-
| markably soft and downy to
| es touch when fresh.

fats Masaru [| | Inflorescence fragrant, a
is "loose flattish or convex

; corymb, 8 in. across or less,
with high-ascending curving branches at an angle of 60? or more.

Heads rather large, 74 in. high, over an inch wide. Involucre
hemispherical, ciliate, rather pale, the exteriors green and glandu-
lar puberulent, minutely downy, the interior portions scarious, pale
and silvery, with purpled margins, or with bluish margins golden-
brown at the edges in large examples. Pedicels 1 to 2 in. long.
Rays beautiful clear violet (or lavender) long and narrowly
linear, 10 or more, paling into an olivaceous tint.

Disks full and broad.

Habitat, northern thickets, Maine, New Hampshire and Quebec.

Fic. 98.

ede ra Er Uem
DEMO MERUA se ON I

tase

ASTER MASARDIENSIS 311

Examples :
Epis Gatineau R., Se. 3, '94; vraie in hb. Mo. Bot. Gar.
H., Gorham, near Androscoggin R., Au. 9, 1902
= aine, Masardis, Aroostook Co., caus river kki rays ira M. L.
Fernald, Se. 8,’97, in hb. Bu.; Orono, Penobscot Co., low Da Se. 6, '95, do.
W. N. Y., Cattaraugus resn., in, 31, '99; plant seemingly referable to this
species ; or a sport of 4. zostemma.

76. ASTER IANTHINUS Burgess.

Tall wandlike plants with smooth pale brownish-green stems,
broad suborbicular leaf-form, firm roughened texture, downy or
villous under-surfaces, ubiquitous minute glands, conspicuous wing-
bases, close convex inflorescence, oblong and rounded bracts, and
violet rays soon turning to dingy white.

ame, L., cio/et-colored, the violet of the rays being sometimes transiently ex-
traordinarily clear and deep.

IG. 99, plant from Silver Cr., N. Y., Au. 17, '96, in hb. Zz.; 2, charac-
teristic radical or lower cauline leaf; v, bract; 4, radical group, e, primordial of May
10, ! 98

A. ianthinus MES in Br. and Br, Ill. FI., 3: 360 (1898) with Fig. 3745
and original ponent

“Glandular, dark green, slightly strigose pubescent. Stem
erect or decumbent, 2—3 ft. tall, leaves thinnish, rough, the lower
and basal ones orbicular to oblong, 5 in. long or less, abruptly
acuminate, low-serrate or crenate ; the sinus broad, open, shallow ;
upper leaves sessile by a narrowed base, crenate-serrate. Inflores-
cence open, nearly naked; peduncles slender, divergent; heads
large ; rays 10-13, long, very deep violet or sometimes pale, 4 to
6 lines long; bracts green-tipped, little pubescent. — On shaded
banks and along woodland paths, Me. to L. Erie and W. Va.
July-Oct."

Stem stout but not strong, often decurved, or if erect, arising
in long undulatory curves.

Radicals chiefly 3, one cordate-deltoid and rather narrow, 4 1 x
3 in. or less, with broad shallow sinus somewhat as in A. violaris ;
the others large and equal, 7 x 6 in. or less, of the typical form,
granular-roughened when first mature, nearly orbicular, abruptly
short-acuminate, with conspicuous broad rectangular sinus, and
serrate dentate orcrenate margin. Often an earlier smaller orbicu-
lar leaf is present, crenate with perfectly-curved even teeth.

Lower caulines similar to the last or sometimes to the first,
somewhat remote.

Middle caulines very characteristic, oval-biacuminate, the cen-

378 DESCRIPTION OF ASTERS; MACROPHYLLI

tral part nearly orbicular and abruptly rounded into each tapering
end, serrate, the short broad winged petiole of strap, cuneate or
undulatiform shape. These pass above through elliptic-biacumi-
nate and sessile to oblong-acute forms.

Axiles oblong-subulate, canaliculate and enwrapping round the
branch, falcately decurved at apex.

P
Teeth include crenate-serrate, dentate and excavated-serrate as

the prominent forms, aquiline-serrate or entire toward the petiole,
denticulate often, and sometimes with a few curvescent teeth
intermixed.

Veins numerous, and close, widely outcurved, pale brown
beneath and villous, the surface between usually downy or subvil-
lous, and with numerous minute pale weak-stalked odorous glands.

Inflorescence remarkably open and nude, with widespreading
short close branches, at angle of 45? to 30?, these branches cov-
ered very densely with a short glandular plush.

e
im]
uu
1

E
|
|
uj
u
|

a

d

|

Oe el ee E S I M
3 NS

Mani

ASTER IANTHINUS 379

Bracts coriaceous, oblong or lingual with rounded apex, nearly
all alike, with little pubescence or ciliation.
Rays long, full clear hong, becoming pale and soon whitish.
Disks deo, purplish brow
General leaf-color deep full green, the radicals often paler and
yellowing early in fall.
Habitat, wood roads and borders, New England and Ontario
to Alabama and Tennessee.
Examples :
Mass., Great "edis cari on Great Hill, near waterworks, Se. 20, '94,
Addison orm in his her
SS., incen Se. 3, '95, in hb. U. S. Nat. Mus., Wilbraham, Au.,
'99, "e. P Gill
Mass., Mitac fells, top of rocks under thin trees, Au., ’98,
N. Ya eorge, 95, Mrs. Watrous in hb. Colu. E Champlain near
Plattsburg, Au. 3h’ 97.
NY R Bryn Mawr Park, flat stones, Se. 13, '97, Se., ’98-1905 ,
opposite ig JAN Se. '975 by path, Se. 26, '96.
a Mis. Undereif Se "97s
d . Y., Sztiver Cr., Aster-bank, Au. 17, ’96, in je deep violet bloom, a
dense patch wa iif: heads IM in. across; type fain in faded niggers
bloom, Au. 24, ’97 ; gara, Goat I., Au. '96; Buffalo, ues n hb. Buf. Ne
Hist. Soc Fb, Pt. Gratiot PE. Mos 21, '96, Au. 29, ' 96, Jal 29. °o7, Am IK,
"02:3 TRETEN Se. 4, 796 dariy Marsh’s Woods, Se. 1, 796.
Pa., Pocono rd b p 'gr, 7. C. Porter in hb. Pey Susquehanna, Se.
20, '95, fas. A. Graves in hb.
Va., Mt. Rogers, "i u^ Heller, in hb. Porter
Tenn. Wolf Cr. Cocke Co., Se. 2, "99, Ze B. dins ]r, in hb. US
Nat. Mus., no. 313088.
la., Auburn, Lee Co., Se. 18, '97, Earle and Baker, in hb. Colu. ; very
few glands, ok on the bracts.
76° Refined form. Delicate plants with slender, glabrate,
rather weak greenish stems 114 ft. high ; small, broad, deep green
leaves smoothish in life; and few-flowered, long- pedicelled, small
inflorescence, fragrant and with long, deep violet rays of surprising
beauty ; in depths of cool woods. No radicals or few. Repeatedly
observed isolated, a single plant in a place, with little slender root-
stocks, perhaps seedlings from the zanxthinus type and made gla-
brate from sylvanism ; but perhaps not properly assigned here.
Stems in shade with hardly any hair, and leaves smooth to touch,
but rough in a few seen at the wood-borders.
Examples include :
Ontario, Pr. Abino, L. Erie, by swamp back of the Pines, heads even 1
in. across, pe E '96; Niagara, Foster's Flat, a few plants, Au. 27, '
2: anes Aster-bank ips and below, above «id below the

peli, Pu in edge of open ‘‘slashing,’’ '96. Fredonia, Se. 1, 796;
Cus "96.

17,
a, Se. 4, '96; Cattaraugus resn. near vn eis Cr, An.

380 DESCRIPTION OF ASTERS; MACROPHYLLI

T + Leaves thickish, with peculiar granular-roughened surface,
but with little hair. Sp. 77-79.

77. ASTER VIOLARIS Burgess.

Small, broad-leaved, dark-green plants with numerous reni-
form-apiculate radicals, these radicals sharp-serrate, with broad
shallow sinus and long slender petioles; with pale violet rays,
deep, short-branched, leafy inflorescence, rounded bract-tips, and
oblong-oval, slender-petioled middle caulines.

Name, L., = having the leaf of the violet ; from the shape.
Fic. 100, plant from Palisades, N. J., Se. 24, '97, in hb. Zu. ; 4, a charac-
teristic mn ved d, radicals, with primordials and delet as developed May 10.
laris Burgess in Br. and Br. Ill. Fl., 3: 361 (1898), with Fig. 3746
and ve Biss ;

“ Caudex thick, fleshy ; plant glabrate, bluish-green, minutely
glandular. Stem slender, erect, or assurgent, 2 ft. high or less;
basal and lower leaves broadly reniform, abruptly acuminate or
apiculate, often 3 in. long by 4 in. wide, their slender petioles 6 to
8 in. long, the sinus very broad and shallow ; middle stem-leaves
similar, not cordate; the upper numerous, long-elliptic, chiefly
with narrowed bases, all thin, firm, rough above. Inflorescence
leafy, small, loose, rather narrow and high, paniculate corymbose,
nearly level-topped, its slender branches with nearly opposite,
oblong leaves; heads 6 lines high, or more; rays 12—13, pale
violet, narrow. — In shaded moist places, sometimes in leaf-mold
among rocks, N. Y. from the Hudson to L. Erie. Sept.-Oct."

Stems slender, greenish, 2 ft. high or less, from a thick black
contorted rootstock ; in very old vigorous examples the rootstock
sometimes reaches 1 in. thick, with numerous short parallel up-
right offshoots ; each of which produces 2, 3, 4 or more leaves,
making sometimes a dozen or more radicals in a close cluster.

Radicals exhibit the typical leaf-form, being singularly violet-
like or violarial, very broadly reniform-apiculate, sharply and
doubly serrate, or closely aquiline-toothed, rather small, 4 x 4 in.
or less, very commonly 3 x 3, broad shallow examples sometimes
2 in. long by 314 broad, thin, dull bluish-green and opaque, with
about 5 pairs af close wide-spread but much up-curved brown
veins. Sinus broad, open and shallow, recurvate conspicuously

down the petiole. ‘Apex abruptly and notably apiculate with a _

long narrow entire acumination which becomes successively longer
as new radicals develop; becoming 1 in. long. Teeth also
acuminate, with forward or outward-directed aculeus, sometimes
incised curvescent, sometimes of excavate denticulate or pure cre-

-——— —á————————— pan! ———

ASTER VIOLARIS 381

nate type. Petioles 9 in. long often and very slender ; smooth and
glabrate, as is usually true of the whole leaf. Veins shallow-de-
pressed, soon blackening or filling with dust-particles adherent to
the blackish glands.

Occasional variant radicals are longer than broad but otherwise
similar. Sometimes oval-acute non-cordate leaves occur between ;
these are smaller and on shorter petioles. The caulines repeat
these types regularly in the order mentioned, the basal violarial,

Aster nasi. as

then similar but longer, the next losing cordation and becoming
oval-acute, all these on narrow petioles of about the leaf-length.

Upper caulines oblong-acuminate with short narrow-winged
petioles. Axiles similar, narrower, qued Rameals, when de-
veloped, shorter and broader, sharply ac

Primordials two, similar, small and dicens y in. long
or less, yellowing and ready to fall by middle of May. A larger
quip leaf of intermediate character, finely downy and

382 DESCRIPTION OF ASTERS; MACROPHYLLI

aquiline-toothed, occurs above these, followed by the pe radi-
cals, which by that time have attained about L ZZ in. squa

Surface smooth when dry occasionally, hispid- Pih ipsi usu-
ally.

Inflorescence 4 or 5 in. across, sometimes 8, leafy in aspect
from the large axiles, and sometimes from the rameals, muc
deeper than broad, with stiff branches arising at an angle of about
65°. Heads Z in. high or more ; pedicels twice as long or less.

Bracts rather uniform and pale, narrow and linear-obtuse, in life,
acute by infolding of scarious-edges when dry, somewhat ciliate.

Rays 12-15, narrow and remotish, pale violet or lavender, 1$
in. long or less, entire or with 2 or 3 minute teeth.

Disk-flowers funnel-form with very long capillary stalk, three
times the length of the body which is itself 3—4 times the length of
the short erect lobes.

Pappus long-exserted, soon rufescent.

Glandular hairs short, at first colorless and clavate, becoming

black and capitate, developed from the translucent veinlets of the
minutest reticulation ; such cover the leaves beneath ; similar glands
but nearly sessile, occur on the upper surfaces ; similar and blacker
in the midrib and channelled petiole.

Habitat, moist flat places in rich soil, in considerable shade or
edge of woods, sometimes in deep leaf-mold between stones.

Examples include :

Ct., Salisbury, Au. 18, 1903.
- vic. , Hastings, late oge faded, Oc. 17, 1905; Yonkers, Bryn Mawr
Park, path ; Pal almer Av., roadside, Se.,’97, woodpath, near urs Se. 26, ' 96, Se. 25,
97; Y persistent but s i» om s Towering at all, ' 98-1905. , Flushing, St. Ro-
's Well, Farley in hb. y, July, '87.

N. OR Piei puce. old trolley-bend, Se. 24, '97, '98, colony per-
sisting but reduced and flowerless, 99-1901, then destroyed by parking.

N. J., Palisades, Bicknell, ** Se. 6, ’92, approaching 4. ZZerzeyi," from the
violet rays and om. eat upper leaves which suggest those of 4. spectabilis.

N. Y., ** Steuben Co., Rathboneville, Au., C. H. Peck, in hb. N. Y. St.
N. Y., Niagara, Goat I., Au. 25,’96. Cattaraugus resn., Little Indian

4 &

W.
Cr., Au. "98,
78. Aster quiescens sp. nov.

Low plants of tough, heavy texture, subsucculent in life, very
rough when dry, with dark green, cordate-oval, pendent-lobed
leaf-type, crenate margin, deep sharp sinus, irregular, scanty in-
florescence, acute bracts and pale lavender rays.

Name, L., from the long time during which large colonies remain without
flowering.

eer E «yee aie aoe ee

ASTER QUIESCENS 283

IG. IOI, plants from Palisades, N. J., in hb. Bu.; e, ordinary quiescent
plant, a radical cluster, Se., '97 ; 2, a flowering stem arisen late from such cluster, Nov.
I; zg, early development, May ro, with one primordial ; Z, such a radical cluster as de-
veloped June 30; f, young leafy shoot of June 1o, such as might flower in August, with
inflorescence like 2, but with more heads.

Stem low, 114 ft. often, glabrate, pale green, angular in drying.
Leaf-type heavy, strong and tough, pinguid and smoothish or
roughish in life, very rough when dry, dark green or apple green,

glabrate and thickish, with excavated-curvescent or shallow-cre-
nate teeth ; outline cordate oval with apiculate apex soon obtuse
by breaking, and tending to produce dilated pendent basal lobes,
conspicuous deep narrow sinus, often closed by overlapping, but
enlarged within.

Radicals commonly 3, the first one of violarial form ; or triangu-
lar with large sinus and larger pendent lobes ; or orbicular-cordate ;
or reniform-apiculate with pendent lobes, or reniform and pointless.
The two following radicals are commonly of the typical leaf-

384 DESCRIPTION OF ASTERS; MACROPHYLLI

form (as one or two lower ane broad cordate-oval, and rather
large, often 6 or 7 by 4 or 5 % inches.

Primordial triangular- sense. or half an ellipse with truncate
base, excavate-crenate, long-petioled, preceded by 2 or 3 phyllo-
dials with long broad petiole and little roundish lam

Caulines, the lowest commonly of the sled A others
chiefly long scutiform, with long slender petioles ; upper caulines
oblong-lanceolate, finally wing-based and serrulate. Axiles simi-
lar, narrower and sessile. Rameals minute, somewhat subulate.

Inflorescence small, irregularly paniculate-corymbed, or re-
duced to a mere tuft. Heads moderate, involucre 5; in. high.

Bracts narrow-oblong, obtuse, rounded or bevelled at apex,
pale and with narrow spatulate green tips, the lower spreading or
reflexed in dry

Rays lav Nu. soon turning dingy-white, and in larger more
diffused plants seemingly dingy-white from the inia but in out-
liers and occasional few-flowered sprouts, deep-vio

Disk turning reddish-brown. Pappus ecru still after four or
five years.

Development: Charles River plants, May 7 ('99), 5 in. high,
covered (leaves and petioles) with obvious villous upright hairs,
which are viscid but tapering : with pale or amber glands between,
subsessile over the leaves beneath, more stalked above ; spots o
viscid smear occur on the leaves beneath also. Some root-
stocks 2 ft. long. Earliest growth shows 3-scales; then a little
quadrate pinon, 14 in. ; 2 radicals follow, with petioles of 5 in.,
themselves 2 x 134 and 1 x 2 in. long. — Palisades, plants 6— 8
in. high, on May 10, 99.

Habitat, woods near water, forming large flowerless dense
colonies sometimes for several rods and finally flowering scantily
around the edges (after 5 years in one case). — Mass., N. Y. and
Penn.

Examples include :

Mass., Charles R., in Weston, Au., '98, radicals fully up May 9, '99; in
flower E 1900

. Y. vic., Yonkers, Dunwoody, Seminary us Au., ’98-I905 ; a few

late ius in pale flower, Se. 14, 1905; Woodlawn, '98.

N. J., Palisades hore Undercliff, hundreds of plants in luxuriant condition
'97-1901, till destroyed bed

Pa., near Phila., sreg y

Pa., Willow Gree, epus Co., Oc. 14, '94, J. Bernard Brinton, M.D.,
in hb. Phila. Bot. Clu

78 Sprout- d Lower leaves coils petioled or winged or
S DT these or the next above them small and orbicular

ASTER GRANULOSUS 385

or oval. Other caulines and axiles sessile, obovate or short-ovate,
clumpy shallow crenate or subentire. Palisades, Dunwoody, etc.

78° Stump-fed form. Similar to last but all foliage very large
and luxuriant and rays dark. Palisades, decaying stump.

79. Aster granulosus sp. nov.

Little-leaved granular-roughened brownish-green glabrate
plants with short winged or narrowed petioles, small sharp sinus,
low-crenate margins, diminished lobes, obtuse acumination, brittle
stem, widely diffused and forking inflorescence, narrow lavender
rays, bevel-tipped bracts, broad short radicals and small scattered
rootstocks.

, L., from the strong ppc to Adae roughness, chiefly on the

upper ses a" Pm o on lower surfaces an
Fic. , from Palisades, N.£J., Oc. 7, '99, in hb. Bu.; a, normal plant, 4,
its Fidem ie lend c, its bracts, d, its radicals as seen Oc. 7; e, as developed May

Io, with one primordial ; f, sprout form ; 4, dwarf, with its radicals, winter-leaves, 7;
g, little-leaf form, tall plant with all leaves alike small.

Stem brown or greenish, terete, slender and brittle, with short
close internodes

Radicals 3, or in luxuriant plants even 5 large ones, 5 x 317
in. or less, with 3 small ones of similar shape, 1 in. long or so, and
4 little non-cordate elliptic or obovate ones, still smaller.

Leaf-type polymorphous, the caulines prevailingly narrow, the
radicals broad and short ; substance thin, firm, opaque dull green,
as in A, quiescens, soon brownish-green. Veins pale and almost
white beneath, up-curved from the first. Teeth mostly excavate-
crenate (with single dorsal curve only) or excavate-curvescent
(with double curve), shallow and inconspicuous. Petiole short,
half the leaf-breadth usually, narrowly margined or becoming
cuneate-winged above. Sinus sharp, narrow and short, soon be-
coming shallow, broad and recurvate. Apex taper-acuminate with
obtuse end or soon becoming so by breaking. Surfaces granular,
roughened or hispidulous, more highly and extendedly so than in
such allies (A. gazescens, etc.) as also partake the granular surface.

Primordial quadrate-oblong, excavate-curvescent, very obtuse,
minutely cordated, with much red above and along margins, with
narrow-margined petiole twice its length, somewhat ciliate and with
5 or 6 pairs of uniform, straight, parallel, opposite veins, all at an
angle of 65? to the midrib, yellowing by middle of my. ix 5 in.

second similar but larger primordial may reach 23 x 13 in.,

become green and serve as a radical foliage-leaf by May 15.

386 DESCRIPTION OF ASTERS; MACROPHYLLI

ET a

| XT IE. BIPWNCESTI ST. D EAE. due cs

Co
(Sprout form. s

ASTER GRANULOSUS 387

Radical primary type (and in lower caulines) ovate-lanceolate
with narrow, deep, sharp or overlapping sinus, as if cut out of the
diminished ovate base, much as in A. excavatus among Divaricati ;
4 X 2% in. or less; the veins spreading, alternate, 6 pairs, but of
widely diverse direction ; 2 or 3 such leaves, their bases tardily
unrolling from the involute shallop-like bud

Radical secondary type, seemingly predominartt in radicals of
later start or of forced growth, broad and short with sharp, small,
slight sinus, closed and appearing sharp by overlapping, with
coarser but similar teeth and veins, with somewhat oval-acute or
triangular-short-ovate leaf-form and larger size, 414 x 3% or
2% x 21⁄4 in., and slender petiole slightly longer; 4 such and as
many small ones occurring from one rootstock, and becoming
highly detentive-hispidulous on both surfaces.

Lowest caulines like the primary or secondary radicals, but
much smaller, as in plants with the 6 lowest leaves all only
2x.

Middle caulines elliptic-acuminate, abruptly tapered into a short
cuneate- -wing base; 3 x 2 in. or in smallest leaved plants all
114 x 76 in.

Upper caulines and axiles sessile, oblong-ovàte or elliptic-
biacuminate or oblong-lanceolate.

Rameals sessile, oval- acute or ovate, with truncate base, or
smaller and obovate

Inflorescence very wide-spread, remotely-forked and diffuse,
becoming 1 ft. high and as broad, the long slim pedicels often 1
or 1% in. long, all nearly simultaneous in flower, often forked 3
from a node, more often 2. Involucre pale, sub-turbinate or
hemispherical.

Bracts polymorphous, oblong, the lowest seemingly obtuse
with an acutish centre, the next and most numerous bevel-tipped
and acute, the inner oblong-lingual and decidedly obtuse; the
inmost linear-tapering and still obtuse.

Affinity, apparently a mutation from A. guescens, but with very
unlike aspect and without transitional forms.

` Habitat, dry rocky woods, Conn. to Penn.

Examples :

n., Meriden Hills, Se. 25,58, coll. D. C. Eaton, in hb. Mo. Bot. Gar.

Conn., Groton, **dryish rocky woods, w. of Cedar Swamp, Au. 28, '99,"
C p. Grovesi in hb. £z.
, Yonkers, Seminary corner, Se. 14, 1905.
N. "s Palisades, Undercliff, 1897, id "do. 1900, type locality, and with
abundant sprout forms, Oc. 7, '99 ; obliterated by parking, Igor.
a., Nockamixon, Bucks Co., rocks, Oc., '78, a late growth, then in young

and aes blossom, 7: C. Porter in hb. Bu.

388 DESCRIPTION OF ASTERS; MACROPHYLLI

Sprout-forms show chiefly obovate cuneate-winged caulines and
oblong-acute sessile axiles, with larger heads.

Dwarf-forms often 1 foot high, with 20 heads, and perhaps 18
little leaves uniformly 1 + 7 in. [see Fic. 102], their radicals simi-
larly small, oval and noncordate. — Palisades and Dunwoody.

Subdivision C.

Plants of moderate height, often 3 ft.; radicals moderate, 5 in.
or less ; many non-cordate radicals and caulines; glands abundant
nearly all over; leaves not extremely rough nor very thick ; disk-
flowers funnel-form and deep-slit ; violet of the rays well-developed.
Sp. 80-82.

80. Aster Jussiei (Cassini) Burgess.

Slender dark-green plants with multiform radicals, lanceolate
sharp-serrate long-acuminate leaf-type, some lower ones and radi-
cals lanceolate with narrow sinus, all leaves thin glabrate and
roughish, the inflorescence very irregular, a deep-branched corymb
becoming proliferously panicled, with narrow tapering rays and
acutish bracts.

Name from A. L. de Jussieu, in whose herbarium Cassini found the original
specimen.
IG. 103, a, reduced to ;,th nat. size, plant from Cattaraugus reservation,
Au. ; 4, characteristic leaf from same; 4, j!; nat. size, smaller broader prolif-
erous ibn sli from Pt. Gratiot, Au. 21, '97.

Stem green or brown, slender and terete, erect and nearly
straight, poe and very smooth to touch even when dry, 3 ft.
high or les

Pri characteristically lanceolate-acuminate with distinct
short petiole, sharp aculeate-serrate, some with short sinus, all
thin, smooth ve life, roughish or almost smooth when dry, apt to
stand suberec

Radicals sm lowest caulines erect or spreading, either lanceo-
late ovate or oblong-cordate with deep narrow sinus, usually a
few leaves of each form on each plant, 4 x 2, 6 x 3% or 7 x 3%
in. or less.

. Middle caulines suberect, lanceolate and prolonged-acuminate,
the base successively truncated, rounded, or tapered, the short
petiole narrow-margined or cuneate-winged ; 4 x 1% to 2 x I in.

Axiles similar, narrower; rameals oblong-lanceolate, sub-
sessile only, the short petiole being unusually persistent.

Inflorescence at maximum reaching 1 ft. across and 2 ft. deep,
some lower branches 15 in. long, outer branches very slender,

|

ASTER JUSSIEI 389

ascending at a rather high angle, usually greatly overtopping the
central corymb and finally forming an irregular loosely- -paniculate-
decompound tangle, most confused in plants of moderate size.
Heads 3$ in. high or the
central ones 1 in., their pedi-
cels slender, straight, thick-
ened at the summit, develop-
ing during flowering to 1 in.
long or more
Bracts conspicuously tri-
serate with prominent large
lancetriangular green-tips, all
alike at the acutish or almost
obtuse apex, the outer ovate-
oblong, others oblong-subu-
late or linear, mostly with thin
scarious reddened margins.
Rays long, narrow, I 5—20,
often 18, linear and tapered
to an entire apex (so often,
but occasionally 3-toothed),
deep purplish-violet.
Disk-flowers with
narrow linear acutish lobes (all
equal and alike, so far as ob-
served), the lobes twice as long
in proportion as is usual in
the Macrophylli ; body "mni

X ia y»

lobes form 1; to % the a
of the bell.

Glandular pubescence minute, sometimes almost absent from
the stem ; other pubescence little developed, scantily on leaves be-
neath while young.

Habitat, rich woods and abandoned clearings, Western N. Y.

Fig. 103.

Examples :
W. N. Y., Cattaraugus resn., Indian-line road, Little Indian Cr., near last
field, Au. 13, "o8. Dunkirk, Pr. Gratiot, Au. 29, 96, Au. 21, '97, Au. 11, '97;

cornfie

Fredonia, Marsh's woods, Se. 1, ^96; Si/ver Cr., Aster-bank, Au. 17, '96; Talcott's

I] in. broad, ,*, in. high, Au. 15, ’96; Swift's Hill, Au. 15, '96
anada, Magara, at Foster's Flat, Au. 25, '96.

Allies. Unlike A. commixtus in being taller, slender, thinner-
leaved, lanceolate rather than oblong oval in predominant leaf

390 DESCRIPTION OF ASTERS; MACROPHYLLI

type, much more sharply serrate, much less viscid, with larger,
narrower rays, and more tendency to proliferous inflorescence.
Unlike A. Herveyi, which in its cordated leaves tends to ovate
form and subentire margin.
Unlike both in its strictly- erect appressed bracts.
Unlike A. decaphyllus in being thinner, narrower, taller, etc.
ants

ar.
80° Lingulate form. Decumbent often, with long weak green
stem, the upper leaves or axiles lingulate or prolonged oblong-
acute, sessile and very dark green, with low serrate teeth aculeately
acuminate and with the aculeus upturned as well as forward-turned.
Pt. Gratiot T9 Au. 29, '96, not again developed ' 97-1903, its locality much
interfered with by parking.
o Biculminate form. Cor i ERP in leaf development to
the se ami form of A. multiformis, q. v
History. This species rests originally on an unnamed specimen
found by H. Cassini in the herbarium of A. L. de Jussieu (1748—
1836), of unknown origin but doubtless ia the northern Atlantic
States. Cassini thought it remarkable, among other reasons, on
account of its elongated cordate- ea leaves, panicled in-
florescence, long narrow taper-point rays, and deep- slit disk-flowers.
He therefore described it as a new species, in the Dict. des sciences
naturelles, 37: 487, in 1825, in which he was then incorporating
is botanical observations ; giving to the plant the name of Jussieu,
and placing it in his genus Eurybia, which included our Biotian
Asters. His description is as follows ; with accompanying remarks :
Nous avons trouves, parmi les plantes innommées de l'herbier de M. de Jussieu,
une nouvelle espéce d' Sa que nous pouvons signaler ainsi,
Eurybia fussiei H. Cass. Feuilles longuement pétiolées, ovales-oblongues, pres-

que lance ies. échancrées en coeur à la base, aigués au sommet, grossiérement dentées
en scie, gla aed calathides disposées en panicule: péricline égal aux fleurs
du Stt im é de ames réguliérement Wrote appliquées, obtusiuscules,

es, subcoriaces, épaissies au sommet : les extérieures ovales, les interieures

ddos clinanthe alvéolé ; couronne à edes tres-longues, rubanaires, étrécies
supérieurement, non dentées au sommet, disque jaune, à corolles divisées par des in-
cisions fm et trés-profondes en cinq m trés-longues, linéaires.
Cette espéce, assez remarquable par la longueur des divisions des corolles du
disque, est PASA aux Aster macrophyllus et corymbosus, qui sunt aussi des
urybia, Il fat pporter au méme genre Z’ Aster liratus (Bot. mag.) et P Aster
argophyllus, Labill.; ce dent a, comme l'Eurybia Jussiei, les corolles de disque
icio presque jusqu'a la base du limbe, en cinq lanières ; les filets de l'aigrette ont
le sommet épaissi et comme barbelle, c'est-a-dire tres courtement plumeux ; le disque
est nec d'environ cinq fleurs blanches, — le clinanthe est petit, nu ; le
— est are ie tres-inferieur aux fleurs du disque.
In genr se trouve ainsi, quant, vance t, composé de neuf espéces,
ommées, paneer Jumaa, viscosa, microphylla, Juil, spots Aai,
: nite argophylla,

ASTER JUSSIEI 391

Nees, Gen. Asterearum (1832) cites Cassini's Eurybia Jussiei as
similar to Nees’ own Eurybia commixta but pr obably distinct not-
withstanding. Nees’ eee bases s description in the form of a
Latin summary, as follow

Eurybia Jussiei, Liane pine a nostra specie [ Æ. commixta Nees], h
hic addimus

loco saltem debet intrare; cuius descriptionem auctoris verbis Folia
longe petiolata, ovali-oblonga, fere Mi c basi cordata, apice acuta, grosse serrata,
glabriuscula. Calathia paniculat Periclinium discum :equans, foliolis concinne
imbricatis appressis obtusiusculis uninerviis subco iaceis apice incrassatis, quorum
exterioribus ovalibus, interioribus linearibus. nanthium alveolatum. Radii ligulae
longissimae, lineares, apicem versus angus s apiceque integerrimae. Disci flosculi
lutei, Magus profunde quinquefido, rpm inaequalibus linearibus longis. — Specie

haec, laciniarum flosculorum discoidalium ee distincta, maxime affinis est
Asteribus SEUA et coryméoso, qui et ipsi Eurybiae sunt.

The original specimen seeming to have parer and none
other to have been hitherto discovered, the species rests on Cas-
sini's description, which was rightly interpreted by Nees as sug-

esting a somewhat different plant from the latter's comizata.
Lanceolate leaves with sinus are rare in Aster, or indeed in other
genera. Paniculate inflorescence is also unusual in the Biotian
group. Long narrow disk-lobes are much less common than
short ones. Entire tapering terminations ending narrow rays are
still rarest of all among the Macrophylli. This is the combination
of four unusual characters presented by Cassini's description, the
counterpart of which I have sought in nature through various parts
of the Middle and New England States for eight or nine years.
I find very few Biotian forms which show any of the four charac-
ters, and the one form which I do find, which shows them all, I
have described above as the representative in nature of Cassini's
plant.

81. Aster decaphyllus sp. nov.

Dark deep-branched paniculate-corymbed ascending or de-
cumbent plants with rosettes of thick, coarse-serrate oval radicals,
reddish-brown stems, cordate-ovate, reniform and elliptic-acuminate
leaf-series, taper-based caulines, oblong-lanceolate axiles, deep
violet-rays, deep-slit disks, and oblong-acute white-edged bracts.

Name, L. from Gr. — ten-leaved, from the frequency of rosettes of about ten
leaves.
Fic. 104, plants from Little-Indian Cr., N. Y., Au. 13, 798, reduced to $
nat. size; e, small half-grown plant; 4, schadet HIN leaf; d, another radical
uster.

kd * Search for i it was ee iden in my iib ae in '99 piss Mons. * nein of re
tanique, Jardin des Plantes.

392 DESCRIPTION OF ASTERS; MACROPHYLLI

Stem profusely branched from near the base, terete and stout,
undulately-ascending or often partially decumbent, glabrate and
smooth, often 2 or 3 from one root-cluster, subsucculent like the
leaves, 3 ft. or less.

Surculi pale or purplish, long and stout, with scales which are
themselves often 14 or 15 in. long and 1% in. apart

Radical clusters of lettuce- like aspect when strongly developed,
then of about Io or 12 leaves, of about 3 types; Ist, 1 to 4 cor-

dated ovate or oblong acute leaves, 4 x 2%, 3 x 134, etc., with
small sharp sinus; 2d, 1 or 2 violarial leaves, 3 x 214 in. or less,
broad and reniform, apiculate or obtuse, with shallow brace-base
sinus; these sometimes not developed, or replaced by little or-
bicular forms; 3d, about 10 non-cordate oval or elliptic-oblong
longer more- conspicuous leaves, 5 x 2 in. often, or oval and
4 X 3, the latest ones apt to be oblanceolate with long cuneate-
strap petiole, often 6 x 2 in., including 2 in. of petiole; the other
radicals slender-petioled. — Sometimes the radical rosette is borne

i
|
|
3
|

ASTER DECAPHYLLUS 393

an inch or two up the flowering stem as if grafted on; but usually
it crowns the rootstock closely, not to be followed by the flower-
ing-stem till another year.

Leaf-type thick, firm, subsucculent, glabrate, very dark green,
very rough above when dry, very smooth when fresh, minutely
rugulose with impressed veinlets, and thus closely areolate above,
each areola having 2 or 3 whitish papillae and many pale scurf-
like d ots.

Glands scattered over the leaves beneath are minute, spherical,
subsessile, colorless or amber-like ; such granule- glands continue
over the involucres, branches and upper stem, on the pedicels
mixed with scanty minute puberulence.

Lower caulines include some sharp-cordated ovate-acuminate
or lanceolate leaves with narrow petiole ; and a non-cordate round-
based oval or ovate-lanceolate type with long undulatiform petiole.

Middle or chief caulines oblong-elliptic or ovate-oblong,
acuminate, close-serrulate, 317 x 1% in., with a taper strap-wing
often forming an additional inch.

Jpper caulines and rameals oblong-lanceolate, with contracted
sessile base.

Teeth closely aquiline-serrate in 1st and 2d radical forms, long
straight-serrate or coarsely crenate-serrate in chief radicals, ob-
scurely serrulate in caulines

No obvious hair present.

Inflorescence branches given off at a high angle, 70°-80°,
prolonged and leafy, seldom rising to a uniform level.

Bracts oblong-lingual, quite uniform, with acuted apex but
obtusish at its termination, with green or reddened medial band
and pale or white thin scarious mar

Rays oblong, of a beautiful m pom or blue-violet, paling
slowly ; of nearly uniform breadth, about 7; in. long, slightly up-
raised along the edges, appearing entire at the rounded end, but
minutely tridentate under a lens.

Disk-flowers composed 24 by the filiform, greenish tube, rather
gradually swelling into the upper %, which forms a narrow purple-
brown bell with its lobes 17 or even 24 of its e as in A. /usstet.

Achene cylindrical, faintly about 10-striat

Pappus rufous in 5 years.

Habitat, rich openings and clearings in deciduous forests, Maine
and the Taconics to L. Erie.

Examples :

Maine, Cumberland, Se. 15, '85, J. Blake in hb. T. C. Porter
ass., Zaconics, Mt. Ethel, oak-clearing, near Melius’ corner, Au. t5-Se. 5,
1903 ; flowering-stems without radicals ; abundant radical rosettes set for next year’s
flowering ; but not visible yet May 1, 1904.

394 DESCRIPTION OF ASTERS; MACROPHYLLI

nada, Avugston, dry woods, Se. 23, 1901; Toronto Junction, Se., 1905,
A. B. Pw in hb. Bz
. N. Y., Cattaraugus resn., toward Little Indian Falls in basswood-clear-
ing, Au. r3, '98, filling the woodland ; most of these plants failed to flower again the
August following

82. AsTER HERVEY! Gray.
Slender, glabrate, remote-flowered plants, with thin, ovate

roughened leaves, little sinus or acumination, the radicals about 4,

large, low-crenate and long petioled, the caulines ovate to lance-
oblong and sessile; with upcurved lengthened pedicels, long
narrow blue-violet rays, and thin flat bracts, with broad, obtuse
viscid green-tips, the inner pale, scarious and shining, and some of

them oe or spreading.

Name from the cpl
Mr. E. Williams Hervey, of New

ford, Mass., eon sent the first ster
mens to Dr. Asa Gray in 1866,
who still it dns out the orig fue
colony to me at the aes on Clark?
Neck, New Bedford, 897.

Fic. £0§, dx. from original

type locality, Se. 11, ^97, in muc
» py nat. size; ó, characteristic
leaf-form, radical or lower cauline ,
young radicals, as developed May 6;
e, radicals as developed Se. 11, '97.

Fic. 106, plant from thinner
shade, !4 nat. size; æ, e, its radicals;
f, plant from pes roadside; all of N.
Bedford, Se.

Peace she, no. 3784; Br.
and Br. Ill. Fl. 3: rede and in Garden
and Forest, 2: 473 (1

Stem 2 14 ft. w^ or less,
green and terete, slender, erect
from a long slim rootstock of
half-inch internodes.

one shoot! x 2 in., form the
usual radical cluster. All or
some of these have a slightly overlapped, asymmetrical rounded

se, with or without f sharp sinus: their margins low-

D Ug. EN US

"POP Cen UNE C CMT DEG IEEE WIS Ee S ashe RE. IUE

ASTER HERVEYI 395

crenate, their veins inconspicuous, remote, upslanted from their
base, their petioles very long and slender, sparsely villous, pale
reen. Primordial suborbicular.

Caulines ovate or with rounded base and strong slender petiole,
soon ovate-triangular, then lance-triangular and obtusely acuminate
and with taper-wing petiole, then lanceolate and sessile. Axiles
lance-oblong, sessile by a broad clasping subentire base ; rameals
similar but only half-length or less.

Leaf-type thin, membranous, full deep green, pale beneath, gla-
brate, but much roughened above when

Inflorescence sparse but showy, the wide-spreading branches
forking once or twice into long stiff upcurved pedicels, 1 in. or
1% in. or even 2 in. long. Heads hemispherical, 1⁄4 in. high,
114 in. or even I Z4 in. broad, apt to be closely subtended by an
obovate recurving bracteal.

Bracts thin, pale below, the outer with broad conspicuous deep
green tips, very obtuse and rounded, at least the upper tips often
spreading or decidedly squarrose. Inner bracts scarious, pale an
shining, linear-attenuate but obtus

Rays long, narrow, remotish, about 14, deep blue-violet, soon
Bed and palin

Achenes long, uS fusiform, nearly smooth and brown.

Spring developme nt as seen in Cambr. Bot. Gar. May 2, 99:
very roscid-glandular; leaves 11% and even 2 in. long, about 3 to a
shoot and this now 3 in. high ; two-thirds of the radicals show
cordation in a slight or a definite notch. Leaves dark green, leav-
ing the fingers odorous.

Habitat, thickets and half-shade, wood-borders near the coast,
southern New England.

Examples :
Mass., JV. Bedford, glen on Clark's Neck, original type-locality, Æ. Weil-
liams Her Rs there discovered by h im 1866, still flowering there substantially un-
changed Se. 11, '97; specimens in hb. Gray, hb. Colu., hb. Bu., 86, etc. Also

9
Ee DE within the er some blocks from the other station, in
thinner shade, with more truncate-based caulines, more rit slightly cordate, total
aspect more like other A/acrophylli; see Fig. 106. Se. OF:
Mass., Blue Hills, Milton, Se. 18, '94, /. R. vui, E in hb. Gray, etc. ;
West No. ae Be 15, '85, E. Faxon in hb. W. Deane and hb. ten ray; Brookline,
E. Faxon, Au. 19, '9o, in hb. Gray and hb. Colu., and Se. 9,'99, in hb. W. Deane ;
iere Pond ipo Boston, Se. 20,57, Æ. Faxon in hb. Gray; Brookline, at Put-
am, pe 12, '84, E. Faxon in hb. Gray.
, N. London, ' 97, E. Williams Hervey, in his hb.
iiec A. Herveyi as here recognized is unlike A. commixtus
in having obtuse, not acute, bracts; unlike A. decaphyllus and A.
Jussiei in having thinner texture, and wholly different bracts and

396 DESCRIPTION OF ASTERS; MACROPHYLLI

branching. Gray described A. Hervey as having erect bracts,
relying on the dried specimen, which would have been an impor-
tant distinction from A. commixtus, described by Nees as having
squarrose bracts. But I find A. Herveyi has many bracts squarrose
when growing, on examining them in the field, though most of

S ld e

CO NÉ E |
(FD WIA Heeni "UL
IG. 106.

E
Fic.

them seem to flatten on pressing, as do many of those of A. com-
mixtus.

Variants :

82? A. Herveyi x A. spectabilis? Thicker-leaved small plant
growing near both parents Se. 11, '98, at New Bedford, with
biacuminate leaves, elliptical to ovate-lanceolate; leaf-form an
size more as in the latter species; texture more of A. macrophyllus
L., which also grew near; leaves much thicker than the forms of
A. Herveyi following. Figured, Fic. 106 f. A form of A. Herveyi
collected by Sargent at Tiverton, R. I. (with other forms), seems
the same as this supposed hybrid.

ASTER HERVEYI 397

82° A. Herveyi x A. spectabilis? Oblong-leaved plant, another
intermediate, or a probable hybrid, much narrower and slighter in
all its parts than the last, but with a wide-forking, paniculate
corymb ; the small, narrow leaves more oblong, very similar to
the oblong leaves of a narrow form of 4. spectabilis which grew
with it, but the lower ones with slender petioles and broadened
bases, as in A. Fferveyi ; with pale green stems, glabrate ; leaves
rough when dry ; some bracts somewhat squarrose. Glen, New
Bedford, Ms., Se.

82* L jobs form, perhaps also a hybrid; smaller and
slenderer than the type; its radical, lower and middle cauline

n
oblong, strap-like, usually toothed toward the apex, and continu-
ing broad to the sessile base, instead of entire and tapering to
base and apex, as in true A. spectabilis. Grows with the type at
the New Bedford, Milton and West Roxbury localities, and more
abundant if we may trust herbarium material. Specimens also
p
äss., Readville, Neponset R., Au. 13, '93, 7. KR. piii in hb. W.
Deane ; bu Park, Muddy Pond — and hills, C. Æ. Faxon, 26, '87, and
Oc. 12, '87, in hb. Cox. ; Oc. 10, '85, and Oc. 9, '88, in hb. Gray. ys Hill, rocky
woods near summit, Se. Ir, '85, Æ. Faxon in hb. Gray. Bract tips enlarged and
squarrose.
I., Tiverton, C. S. Sargent, Au. 17, '79, in hb. Gray and hb. Candy.

History. First described by Asa Gray, Manual, ed. 5: 22
(1867) as follows :

A. Herveyi, n. sp. Stem slender, 1-2 ft. high, nearly smooth, the summit and
peduncles of e several corymbose heads minutely glandular-pubescent; leaves thin-
nish, roughish, obscurely Wien: d very wig all i the uppermost
taper-pointed, and also tapering bel nto a narrowed e or winged petiole ; heads
small (less than % in. ae exclusive of the narrow Pod involucre between bell-
shaped and top-shaped ; the scales uii, glandular, linear, or the short outer ones
oblong, with greenish appressed tips; achenia linear, slightly pubescent. — Borders of
oak woods, in rather moist soil, New Bedford, Mass., Æ. W. Hervey, Sept. to Au. —
An ambiguous member, and the smallest-flowered, of the section [Calliastrum].
Pappus whitish, finer than that of the preceding.

Gray, Synoptical Flora:

Slightly scabrous, the corymbose branches and short peduncles glandular-puberu-
lent; leaves minutely or obscurely serrate ; radical and lowest cauline ovate on slen-

der naked petioles; upper voisines een loosely corymbiform-cymose ; involucral
bracts all Bas [chiefly so in most pressed specimens, all so in some, but many bracts
squarrose in the field, as the discoverer iie me before I. verified it, N. Bedford,

1898] and with less distinct close tips, pulverulent-glandular ; the short outer oblong-
linear; rays 15 to 24, narrow, halfinch long, lilac or violet. — Man. ed 230.

398 DESCRIPTION OF ASTERS; MACROPHYLLI

Eurybia commixta, Nees, 143. Biotia commixta, DC. Prodr. 5: 265 (excl.
syn.?), is a robust cultivated pad of this, on has long been in the gardens, of un-
known origin. — Borders of oak woods, E. Mas:. and R. I., near the coast, Hervey,
Sargent, etc. Grows in company with r oo and A. igi evidently
most related to the former, both in foliage and inv ac

Br. and Br. Ill. Fl. 3: 374 (1898), with fig. dos

Stem roughish, at least above, slender, simple or pel iin 4 branched, rarely
paniculate, 1-3 ft. high, the branches glandular-puberulent. - Leaves firm, rough
above, pubescent on the veins beneath, the basal and ias ones on slender naked
petioles, ovate, dentate with low, usually distant teeth, acute at the apex, narrowed,
rounded or rarely cordate at the base, 2-6 in. long, 1-3 in. wide; upper leaves sessile,
or narrowed into winged petioles, smaller, entire or nearly so; heads I to 1% in. broad;
involucre turbinate or campanulate, its bracts appressed, or sometímes spreading, densely
pe oblong or spatulate, obtuse or mucronulate ; rays 15-25, violet, 5 to 7 lines
long; achenes minutely pubescent, striate ; pappus nearly white. — In dry soil, eastern
Maik, and R. I. Apparently hybridizes with 4. spectabilis. Ai -Oc.

Subdivision D.

Plants usually 1% or 2 ft. high; lower leaves 3 in. or less;
traces of cordation almost absent; bracts very squarrose ; leaves
thick and extremely rough. Sp. 8

* Glands abundant; bracts narrow, acute or acuminate.

83. ASTER coMMiXTUS (Nees) Kuntze.

Small plants with oblong-acute or ovate leaves, paniculate-
corymbed, wide-spread inflorescence, small heads, narrow, acute
principal bracts, the inner ones subulate-acuminate, some lower or
inner ones subsquarrose or recurved.

Name from the appearance as if of hybrid origin.

Fic. 107, 1 nat. size, a, specimen (the top of plant only) the most complete
of the two plion in the hb. Bernhardi labelled ad ERNER s own hand?) Aster
commixtus; c, its Ve -form; d, a Apu purporting to belong with it; e, a lower
cauline from young plant ibaie y A. Braun as p aen commixta, Nees, hort.
Carlsr, "o ” 5 all these now in nm p Bot. Gar.

Eurybia commixta Nees, Gen. Ast. 142. 1832.

Aster ornatus Hort. Po "ni DC. Prodr. 5: 265.

Biota commixta DC. 265.

Aster. commixtus Kun rna Ra Gen., 1891, and so written by Nees before
1825? but not published ; so written by Bernhardi in his herbarium; so published, Bur-
gess in Small’s S. E. Flora (page 1212), with description :

“Stem 5—6 dm. high, rather Que glandular-pubescent over
the upper half and strigose above. Leaf-blades rough, thick, dull
green, paler beneath, ovate-acute in type, low-serrate or with
curvescent teeth, and with slender petioles; only the basal leaves,
if any, NUT cordate ; upper leaves diminished, finally lanceolate

Ser eae

LES el of. 22$ M Me
WE n

ASTER COMMIXTUS 399

and sessile; bracteals oval, small and few. Inflorescence loosely
corymbose, with long-ascending pedicels ; bracts narrow and acute
or subulate, ciliate and minutely puberulent, the apex squarrosely
recurved ; rays palé violet becom
white: disk becoming copper- pa
From its congeners A. mirabilis and
the northern A. Herveyi, this is distin-
guished by the long acumination of its
squarrose bracts; and from A. ra-
bilis by its capitate glands. — In dry
woods, Georgia and Alabama. Late
summer and fall."
Known specimens :

I. Ga., ‘* Upson Co., dry woods, at the
base gi oe Mt., Au. 28, t901,” A. M. Harper
in hb. Y. Bot. Gar.

2: Aln, (€ Osanippe Cr, Lee Co. dry
ground, Se. 6, us S. Earle, no. 2206.

3. Hort. Bonn, Nees' original specimen,
puces vial from the Atlantic coast of the

** brought Bonn without a name" re-
marks Nees, cn Ari before 1825? Were Bern-
hardi's specimens taken n this? No specimens
from the herbarium of Nees are known

Hb. Mo. Bot. Gar. et hb. Bernhardi,

wo sheets each with similar specimen ini of plant)

ua. labels reading “ Aster commixtus.’’ Each d
has a second specimen accompanying it viia ap-

peared to belong to A. macrophyllus verus; and Aster commixtus

the best developed plant has also two oval-acute

serrate non-cordate EE it radicals

Mdh purport to Prep. to it; see figure 107, a, c,

5. Hb. Bot. Gar. ex hb. A. Braun, a young plant coming into flower
without TNI pet “ Eurybia commixta Nees, hort. Carlsr[uhe], 1943, A.
Braun.’ Fig. 107, e represents its lower cauline iat Aye

6 ex Hort. Paris, iris in ult. as Ziofía commixta, and brought to Bot. Gar.
of Harv. Univ. 1871; so wrote A. Gray on its label in hb. Gray.

7. ex hb, Mus. Paris, ex hort. Paris, ** B. commixta D.C.," 1869, in. hb,

us

Fic. t07.

ipn x hb. Nees, as Eurybia commixta, cult. in hort. Breslau; given to Schultz
Bipontinus ; in hb. Gray

History. Nees’ original description was based on a plant of
the botanical garden of Bonn, where he was director, 1819-1830;
a plant which, he remarks, was “ brought there without a name."
He may have found it there on his accession in 1819. Perhaps
he named it in the garden and in his herbarium Aster commixtus,
and transmitted specimens under that name to his friend Bern-

400 DESCRIPTION OF ASTERS; MACROPHYLLI

hardi. If so, this would account for the old label ‘‘ Aster com-
miatus" on both of Bernhardi’s specimens (now in hb. Mo. Bot.
Gar If Nees gave the name to the plant at first in this form,
Aster, etc., it may have been before 1825, when Cassini's genus
Eurybia appeared ; at all events, when Nees came to publish his
new species it was as Eurybia commixta, and with allusion in com-
parison with Cassini's Æ. /ussie? which Nees thought similar but
probably distinct, as its characters, smoothish leaves rather than
rough, sublanceolate-cordate lower leaves, appressed obtusish
bracts, etc., indicated. Nees’ description of his commixtus is as
follows :

4. Eurybia commixta N. ab E.
E. foliis ovatis, caulinis superioribus oblongo-lanceolatis sessilibus serratis viscido-
scabris, caule ohh orymboso, periclinii foliolis imbricatis squarrosis acutis
Eurybia fussiei Cass. in Dict. des sc. nat. XXXVII, p. 487? [but see su-
pra, p. 390 ag
Crescit . . . In Hortum Bonnensem illata est, absque nomine. Floret Septembri,
Perennis.
lis patie circiter, teres, inferne glaber, superne pubescenti-scaber, subvis-
ieri Folia radicalia petiolata, ovata, acutiuscula, appresso-serrata, utrinque scabra.
Petioli angusti. Caulina inferiora pariter petiolata, iach -ovata, serrata, petiolo
exicau

tie glands]. pex caulis abit in corymbo compositum ; rami patuli, 5-8-flori,
mulis simplicibus, rarius 2-3-flori, foliis aliquot lanceolatis patentibus subserratis
Mom. Calathium fere Lurydiae macrophyllae. Periclinium ovatum, foliolis im-

bricatis oblongo-lanceolatis ciliatis scabriusculis apice acuto viridi squarroso-patulis.
Radius angustus linearis, lilacinus, periclinio parum longior. Discus periclinium non-
nihil superans, primum luteus, dein cupreo-fuscus. Clinanthium alveolatum, alveolis
acute dentatis. — Achaenia lineari-cuneiformia, nervoso- (10)-striata, setulis exiguis
scabra. we pallidus

Differt a binis praecedentibus [.4. glomeratus and A. macrophyllus]: foliis radi-
calibus sgn rameis serratis, corymbo magis composito, periclinio-squarroso,
pube glut [The last word does not imply that Nees thought of 4. macrophyllus
as gE for he iod already said, p. 141, that its leaves are glandular-hairy
all over

DeCandolle's description adds only the sug ep that prob-
ably it was of North American origin; and that he had seen it
formerly cultivated in. England under the name A. ias De-
Candolle seems to have had no specimen ; his description, “which
was condensed from Nees, is as follows:

** 5. B[IOTIA] coMMIXTA, caule inferné glabro superné pubescenti-scabro patulo-
corymboso, foliis ovatis serratis, radic. petiolatis, caulinis super. oblongo- lanceolatis ses-
silibus viscido scabris, capitulis pace invol. squamis imbricatis subsquarros sis
acutis, ligulis elongatis. Perennis: patr. ign. verisim. Amer. bor. Lurybia com-

Tall Arh Ef

;
A
a

We
2
in

ASTER COMMIXTUS 401

mixta Nees ast. 142. An Æ. gee Ta dict. 37, p- 487? Ligulæ lilacinæ.
(v. s. c. olim in hort. angl. sub nom. 4. ti.)

Other botanical gardens began to cultivate somewhat similar
plants under the name of commixta, as that of St. Petersburg, a
specimen from which at Kew, “ Eurybia commixta, Hort. Petrop,"
was seen by Gray and likened by him to his representative
(figured supra, p. 302) from Nees’ herbarium of A. macrophyllus ;
probably on account of the widespread branching, coarse rough
texture and a non-cordate radical; Gray at one time also query-
ing if this particular macrophyllus specimen of Nees was not the
same with DeCandolle's Azotia commixta, at a later time on pub-
lishing the Synoptical Flora, definitely adopting this conclusion
(though afterward reconsidering it), and also making this com-
mixta a synonym for his A. Herveyi. Gray's treatment as
printed Syn. Fl. 175, is in the following words under A. Herveyi -

“ Biotia commixta DC. Prodr. v. 265 (excl. syn.?) isa vee cultivated form of
this, which has long been in the gardens, of unknown origin.’

Probably Gray's union of Biotia commixta DC. with his A.
Herveyi (which should have invalidated his name A. Herveyz, had
it been substantiated) was largely due to Gray’s field acquaintance
with A. /Zervey? as a noncordate species, and as the only non-
cordate Aster species of Biotian affinity which he recognized. So
he sought to identify with it the European Biotian plants with the
non-cordate character. But A. Herveyi was thin, extremely so,
and the European plants were thick-leaved and broader; hence
his designating them as a form with “ robust ” habit.

Taking either Nees’ description or Bernhardi’s specimens of
A. commixtus, several distinctions appear which abundantly separate
it from A. Herveyi, although the spreading inflorescence has much
similarity ; distinctions including these; A. commixtus has much
thicker leaves, much coarser teeth, much rougher surface, much
acuter bracts, etc.

Confusion was early increased by the cultivation of a dissimilar

broad-leaved “southern form” of A. radula Ait. in the Berlin
Garden in 1839 as Biotia commixta var. stricta ; as noted by Gray,
Syn. Fl.

Pesto d the original 4. commixtus of Nees’ garden at Bonn
was itself a southern form ; for one specimen according well with
Nees’ character was discovered by Roland M. Harper in Georgia
in 1901.

fae plants of this obscure species should be searched for
further in that region

** Glands nniy or quite absent; bracts broad, subtruncate.

402 DESCRIPTION OF ASTERS; MACROPHYLLI

84. ASTER MIRABILIS T. & G.

Small plants with oval crenate leaf-form, hispid on both sur-
faces and sometimes spinulosely so above, with loosely subremote
heads, and strongly squarrose broad-tipped lingual green bracts.

Name, unexplained ; probably from its uniting squarrose bracts like those of
A, spectabilis with Biotian leaf-characters.

Fic. 108, ages = nape by Prof. Lewis Reeve Gibbes at Columbia,
S. C., 1835, now in the Gibbes herb, at N. Y. Bot. Gard.; 4, a radical preserved on same
sheet.

. mirabilis Torr. and Gray, in Fl. N. Am., 2: 165 (1841), with original
description : ( with the prefatory remark that the species reached the authors too late for

insertion in its proper gus. which should stand as the first species ** in section Calli-
astrum, before 4, radula’

130 mirabilis : dete scabrous; stem simple, sparingly woe abi
paniculate at the summit ; leaves I. strigose-scabrous above ; the lowest (and ra
cal?) abruptly narrowed into a petiole ; the others sessile, rather acute ; those of n
branches small, roundish; involucre ies mispherical, shorter than the disk ; the scales
regularly rip in 4-5 unequal series, oblong-linear, with conspicuous squarrose-
recurved obtuse herbaceous tips; rays (about zm elongated ; achenia linear, scarcely
cae abe ponie glabrous (minutely hairy under a lens when yon striate.

Columbia, S. C. (proba ably in dry soil), Professor Gibbes !

Stem more in height, apparently simple, clothed n a close and
rather rough pubescence, which i is scarcely if at all viscid, sparingly branched towards
e summit ; the branches bearing solitary or Td scattered heads, or sometimes 4 Or 5
heads, somewhat crowded at the summit. ves thickish when old, rather strongly
pinnately veined and more or less Excel all serrate from the base to the apex
with close and short mucronate teeth ; the lower surface less scabrous and more pubes-
cent than the upper, often somewhat hoary ; the cauline 1—3 in. long, uniformly ovate,
but the upper gradually ae in size, all but the lowermost closely sessile, not
clasping ; those of the branches similar but much smaller, obtuse, and nearly round ;
the lowest cauline eis narrowed into a margined petiole, or rarely almost cordate ;
the proper radical leaves wanting. oS nearly as large as in 4. spectabilis, sabe
bose. Involucre minutely pubescent ; the scales between chartaceous and coriaceous
in texture, whitish, closely ae with rather short, but conspicuous, squarrose or
reflexed herbaceous tips. Rays large, thrice the length of the involucre, blue or violet.
chenia narrow and slender, — somewhat shorter than the rather rigid
(brownish or ferruginous) gius. ual pappus ; the innermost bristles of which are mani-
festly thickened towards the a Appe dde of the style subulate-lanceolate, and
at length recurved or reflexed, as in Biotia [within which seems its proper position].

— This very interesting species furnishes additional evidence of the propriety of
reuniting Biotia with Aster; being exactly intermediate in character and appearance
between that group and our subgenus Calliastrum. We have received it only from Pro-
: fessor Gibbes of Charleston, South Carolina, who collected it at Columbia in the year
1835.

The Biotia pepe a plant of unknown origin i sentis in the European
gardens, which is to have a squarrose involucre, has (fide descr. Nees) oblong-
lanceolate and lube clasping upper leaves, a very compound corymb, glutinous pubes-

coa.

ASTER MIRABILIS

à
|i

b

S

CL
Aster mirab

Fic. 108.

403

404 DESCRIPTION OF ASTERS; MACROPHYLLI

cence, and an involucre resembling Aster macrophyllus, as long as the disk ; the scales
oblong-lanceolate, acute, etc.

The species remained without additional knowledge till the
acquisition of Prof. Gibbes’ herbarium by the N. Y. Bot. Garden
brought to light the original and much larger specimen, followed
i my description in Small’s Southeastern Flora, p. 1213 (1902),

13. Aster mirabilis T. and G. Stem 3-7 dm. tall, sparingly branched above,
nasil pubescent, the branches and especially the .branchlets closely and finely
pubescent: leaves various, the basal and lower cauline little known, the upper cauline
Bae remote ; blades ovate to oblong ovate, 2.5-9 cm. long, or those on the branchlets
seri mostly acute, firm, serrate with ek subcrenate teeth, mainly sessile,

-pubescent, pera ressed scattered hairs, those of the upper surface fewer,
sty oten e escent: heads solitary or few in terminal clusters: involucres 8-10
mm, high; qim linear-oblong to linear, pubescent without and ciliate, the
rani tesi broadly-obtuse tips pubescent on both sides: ray-flowers about

; ligules violet, 1.5-3 cm. long: achenes about 3.5 mm. long, glabrous or nearly so,

dine than the tawny pappus whose inner bristles are thickened at the apex.

esembles A. multiformis Burgess, but the bracts squarrose and leaves hispidulous

dau ; cordation seems barge but will probably yet be found on some basal leaves.
— Near Columbia, S. C. Fall.’

— The original specimen or specimens of A. mirabilis were
found by Prof. Lewis R. Gibbes, of Charleston, S. C., at Colum-
bia, S. C., Se. 20, 1835. He sent a small fragment to Torrey
and Gray which is in the Torrey herbarium in N. Y. Later, Prof.
Gibbes divided his own specimen with Gray, Nov. 23, '83, fide
Gray's notes; thus furnishing the fragment in the Gray her-
barium. The remaining part was found in Prof. Gibbes' own her-

m, 18

Botanical Garden. This proved to be much the better represen-
tative, showing a radical leaf of strong Biotian aspect though with-
out cordation, the leaf-curve at the base having just stopped short
of an actual sinus. Probably when further specimens are found,
slight cordation will sometimes show. The chief reason for hesi-
tancy in placing this species within the limits of the Biotian group
(instead of exactly halfway between A. macrophyllus and A. spec-
tabilis as Gray placed it in 1843, or on the spectabilis side of the
line as he placed it in 1884) is the apparent absence of glands.

was however not quite sure that glandular viscidity was
altogether absent from his plant when examining it in 1843 ; and
perhaps when fresh specimens are found, glandular viscidity will
Show itself. If the species actually has none, it will be excep-
tional among the Macrophylli, although A. excelsior and A. multi-
formis and A. nobilis lead up to it in this particular, their glands
ei s sometimes so few as to pere much searching.

LP }

we ——

SINGLE-LINE INDEX-KEY TO THE BIOTIAN
ASTERS.
For fuller Conspectus or Analytic Key see pp. 89—roo.
Abbreviations occurring below include : acum. acuminate, “et cg cte br.
bracts, cZar. characteristic, «i chief, Ads. heads, /azceo. lanceolate, /vs. lea
lower, zar. narrow, o ig. oblong, ped. pedicels, ov. ovate, pet. pet iun 2o radical
leaves, ser. serrate, sz. sinus, Z. teeth of the leaf-margins, /r/azg. triangul
White rays; no glands; rays usually under 12. Sp. 1-54.
Subsections 1 and 2, DIVARICATI and CURVESCENTES.
Subsection 1. DIVARICATI. Radicals few, small, seldom
seen; exc. I¢ and 2
Div. A. DIVARICATE ASTERS proper. Thin lon
smoothish polymorphous leaves ; reddish-brown disks.
Broad-tip bracts. Salient teeth.
Subdiv. A. Stem assurgent, repeatedly flexuous, brittle.
a. Chief leaves prolonged ovate-lanceo., incurved-acum.

I. A. divaricatus: coarse t.; br. ciliate, and truncate, chanfer, or

rounded.
b. Chief leaves diverse, much shorter.
Ia. A. d. alatus: large lvs. & t.; wings ; br. less obtuse. 127
1%. A. d. cymulosus : lvs., t. & rays reduced ; heads crowded. 130
Ic. A. d. curtifolius : small rounded lvs.; close sharp t. 132
id. A. d. deltoideus : small deltoid-acute lvs.; remotish t. 133
Ie. A. d. fontinalis : tufts of large thin radicals, oval-acute, etc.

134
2. A. viridis: tufts of large thick radicals, cordate-oblong, etc.
I

3. A. arenicola : lvs., t. & sinus small; br. nar.-oblong. 138
c. Chief leaves long-attenuate, but unlike A. divaricatus.
* Bracts obtuse or chanfer, linear; sharp out-flung

teeth ; sinus broad. Virgate
4. A. persaltens : lance-lvs., taper-based ; remote couchant t. 140
5. A. atrovirens: chf.lvs. triangular-acum.; close slender t. 145
6. A. erectus: lance-acum. lvs.; couchant t.; suberect rays. 147

406 InDEX-KEy
7. A. fimbriatus : larger t.; broader bracts; many slit rays. 150

** Bracts truncate and rounded, scarious edged with
white or pink ; teeth small, sharp.
8. A. fragrans: lvs. lanceolate from a broad base ; si. shallow.
153
9. A. excavatus : lvs. oblong-lanceo.; si. enlarged, nar., deep. 156
*** Bracts more uniform ; teeth obsolescent above.
10. A. subinteger : lvs. lance-triangular ; hds. few, divergent. 159

**** Bracts triangular-acutish ; teeth slit-serrate.

—
i

. A. sextilis: lvs. oblong-lanceo., caudate; si. slight. Early.
161

Subdiv. B. Stem weak or decumbent.
12. A. stilettiformis: lvs. nar., straight-acum., slit-serrulate. 163

13. A. Parthianus : lvs. lance-ovate, deflexing, serrul.; pet. short,
narrow. 166

14. A. camptilis: lvs. oblong-acum., serrate; many wings. 168

I5. A. Boykin: lvs. obl- or ovate-acum.; ser.; si. strong;
Southern. 170

16. A. flexilis: lvs. ovate-acute, subcrenate ; si. slight ; Southern.
17

Div. B. CARMESINE s Erect. Thinnish, firmer,
shorter lvs. Disks deep re

Subdiv. A. Lower bracts i

A. arcifolius : lvs. short-ovate ; brace si.; wide-branching.

—
aa

Lon]
9

A. capillaris: lvs. oval-acute ; fair si.; high capillary ped.
176

Subdiv. B. Chief bracts obtuse or chanfer, diverse.
. 4. virgularis: lvs. ovate-acum.; sharp si.; close sharp t. 177

. A. rupicola: lvs. broader, shorter, rougher; broad si;
Spike-t. 180

tQ m=
Q- 9

N
font

. A. circularis : lvs. small, roundish, acute; close curved t.
I

Subdiv. C. Bracts rounded, lingual, more uniform.

22. A. argillarius: lvs. tiny, ovate-acute, slight si. & t.; rough
when dry. 186

INDEX-KEY 407

23. A. aucuparius: chf. lvs. oval-acum. with rounded base, pet.
narrow. 190
24. A. “striformis: chf. lvs. obtuse, crenate, spade-like ; wings.
193
25. 4. carmesinus : lvs. oval-acute, crenate-serrate, pet. nar. 197
Div. C. TENEBROSIAN ASTERS. Thinnest, smoothest
leaves. Disks hardly red.
Subdiv. A. Bractsobtuse, very narrow. Cymules remote,
26. A. castaneus: chf. lvs. ovate-lanceo., slit-ser., taper-based.
20I
27. A. olivaceus: lvs. ovate-acum., coarse-ser.; si. strong. 204
Subdiv. B. Bracts acute, very broad-triang.; exc. inner.
28. A. tenebrosus: lvs. obl.-ov., large, coarse-ser., axiles long.
207
Subdiv. C. Bracts rounded, short and broad, scale-like.
29. A. chlorolepis: lvs. like last, but si. sharp ; disk more red. 211
Div. D. CLAYTONIAN ASTERS. Thickened firmer lvs.,
roughish when dry, not large. Disks high, soon
brown. Lvs. chiefly ovate-acuminate.
Subdiv. A. Bracts narrow, oblong; lvs. smooth, fresh ;
veins cord-like beneath.
30. A. Claytoni: lvs. short-acum.; t. strong; axis percurrent. 212
306. A. CL crispicans: lvs. caudate ; teeth close, nar., crispicant.
225
Subdiv. B. Bracts ism (exc. 34); lvs. thicker ; veins
cordlike ; hds. narro
31. A. ebeneus : lvs. oblg., ee dark, crenate-ser.; stem dark.

32. A. mollescens : lvs. ov., alm. fleshy, little ser.; disk, lvs. and
tem pale.

33. A. ardens : lvs. triang.-ov.; t. sharp; disk and stem bright
red. | 232

34. A. scutiformis: lr. lvs. scutiform, ser.; disk and stem dull.
237
Subdiv. C. Bracts broad. Texture dense, firm. Plants
in stools.
zi. A. arcuatus : low-ser.; lvs. & si. broad, subtruncate ; stem de-
curved. 240

408 INDEX-KEY

36. A. sociabilis: lvs. ov.-acum.; t. close, salient; si. strong. 242
37. A. ulmarius : lvs. oblong-ov., crenate-ser.; si. nar. 244

Div. E. FURCATE ASTERS. Bracts acutish, large,
flattish. Plants small, scattered.

38. A. furcatus: lvs. ov.-triang., hispidulous both sides; hds.
remote. 246

39. A. leptocaulis: lvs. oblong-acute, little rough, dense hair ben.
248

Subsection 2. CURVESCENTES. Radicals usual, in con
spicuous colonies ; white rays, at times pink but not
violet ; disk sienna, not red ; pedicels with lines of hair,
not all-over tomentulose ; no glands.

Div. A. CURVESCENT ASTERS proper. Rays narrow.
Chf. bracts thin, pale, attenuate, taper-obtuse.
Subdiv. A. Inner bracts all-scarious, without obvious
midrib or hair.

40. A. curvescens : lvs. orbicular-cordate ; curvescent ; rays 8.
2

Subdiv. B. Inner bracts with obvious midrib.
41. 4. oviformis : lvs. oval-acute, close-crenate, thin ; si. sharp.
253
42. A. vittatus: lvs. ov.-acum., sharp-ser. firm, br. striped;
si. shallow. 256

43. A. umbelliformis : ivs. orbic.-ovate, subcrenate, large ; si. deep.
2

Div. B. Bracts highly coriaceous, pale, obtuse, with green
tip and midrib.
Subdiv. A. GLOMERATE ASTERS. Hds. close, radi-

* Bracts glabrate, little ciliate. acutish or taper-
obtuse ; teeth close, sharp, firm.

44. A. exacutus: fastigiate; lr. lvs. larger, few; many elliptic,
entire. 260
45. A. Eriensis: low-convex; lvs. oval-acute, glabrate, small.
261
* * Bracts ciliate; teeth subcrenate; texture coarse

and i

leavy ; sinus large
46. A. glomeratus: domed ; lvs. orbic.-acute, small, pilose ben.
: 263

INDEX-KEY 409

* * * Bracts ciliate; teeth subcrenate ; texture coarse
and thin ; sinus large

A. Julianus : high-convex; lvs. ovate-acute ; hair scanty. 272
Subdiv. E SCHREBERAN ASTERS. Heads in looser,

neven masses ; radical colonies usually very ex-
ies and plants much larger.
* Radical lvs. large, thin, firm, very broadly cordate.
T see petioles (of radicals) long, ciliate, few ;
iddle lvs. winged, upper sessile.
| Radicals ovate-orbic., large, thin, crenate.

a».

M

[o]

48. A. limicola: chf. stem-lvs. ovate, winged; hds. small, close.
2

t t Narrow petioles continuous up the stem
| Radicals reniform or deltoid-orbicular, large,
thick, rough.
49. A. Schreberi: chf. stem-lvs. broad-based ; hds. large, V in.
high. 277
|| || Radicals oblong-cordate, large; stem tall,
robust.

50. A. rectifolius : some Ir. lvs. straight-sided, rough ; hds. small.
284

. 51. A. amnicola: chf. lvs. slant-sided, soft, webby ben.; rays long.
286

* * Radical lvs. ovate-cordate, smaller, thin but firm,

dark green
52. A. sylvicola : lvs. cordate, subentire, villous ben.; si. square.
8

53. A. ambiguus: lvs. broad-cordate, glabrate ; si. shallow ; late.
291

54. A. subcymosus: larger; lvs. cordate-ovate, glabrate, thin; t
sharp. 2
Subsection 3. MACROPHYLLI. Violet rays. Glands. In-

volucre larger, broader than in 2. Pedicels tomentulose
or at least not hairy in lines. Bracts but little ciliate.
Radicals conspicuous. Sp. 55-84.
Div. A. LAVENDER MACROPHYLLI. Lilac rays first

turning lavender and then pale; seldom full violet

Subdiv. A. Thick, heavy, flabby lvs., rough when un ; cre-

nate-serrate teeth.

* Stout. branching irregular; bracts polymorphous.

410 INDEX-KEy

35. A. macrophyllus : lr. lvs. oblong-ov., acute, harsh ; si. large.
298

336. A. m. apricensis: branched ; lvs. oval-acute, strap-winged.
31

55c. A. m. sejunctus: lr. lvs. cordate-ov., soft-hairy, bristly dry.

5d. A.m. velutinus: \vs. smaller, subtriang.; close short hair ben.
322
55e. A. m. pinguifolius: whitish ; broad-cordate, greasy, glabrate.
323

** Plants taller, glabrous; bracts lingual, acutish ; inflor-
escence convex or diffuse ; sinus broa

56. A. excelsior: lr. lvs. cordate-oblong, large ; stem purple-red.
32

*** Plants smaller ; bracts lingual, obtusish ; inflorescence
bunchy, compact ; sinus narrow

57. A. orbicularis : hairy ; lr. lvs. cordate-suborbic.; sinus narrow.

339

58. A. formis: lr. lvs. few, cordate-oval, acute, crenulate,
glabrate.
Subdiv. B. Lvs. firmer, less polymorphous; strong-stem ;
serrate ; very glandular.
* Not tall; lavender rays; chf. br. acutish ; inflor. convex.
59. A. uniformis: lvs. broad-deltiform, abruptly acum.; downy.
333

60. A. Alleghanieusis : lvs. ovate, thicker; few cordated ; strict.
336

61. A. sabulosus: lvs. still thicker, rougher, ov.-acum., suberect.

337
62. P quadratus: lr. lvs. subquadrate, si. shallow; radical si.

eep.

** Tall; lilacine rays; chf. bracts lingual, rounded at apex.
63. A. densatus : lvs. thin, suborbic., quite uniform, rough-hairy.
341

64. A. roscidus : lvs. thick, subquadrate or rounded, apiculate.

Subdiv. C. Lvs. thinner, savagely double-serrate ; plant low,
strigose ; radicals large, asymmetrical.

= FSi — Seer) =

INDEX-KEy 41]

65. A. ferox: caulines soon small, subentire ; heads pale, diffuse.

348

Div. B. IANTHINE MACROPHYLLI. Violet rays turn-

ing white; glandular hair chiefly not broad-capitate, mostly
reduced to stubs.

Subdiv. A. Tall, robust, often 4 ft.; radicals 4 or 5, large,
often 8 in. long ; glabrate.
* Inflorescence somewhat deep-branched, rather regular.
t Violet of the rays often almost blue, but soon white ;
upper leaves narrow-based.

66. A. iostemma: char. rad. oblong; cauline ov.-acum., sub-

crenate. 351

67. A. gremialis: char. rad. orbic.-cordate; cauline oblg., sub-

entire. Ja

i tt Violet and subsequent white of the rays usually less
: pronounced ; upper leaves broad-based.

68. A. nobilis: char. rad. cordate-ov., downy ben., cauline lance-

r oblg. 356

69. A. ampliatus : lr. lvs. dilated at basal lobes, often dentate. 359

** Inflor. irregular, deep, narrow, sympodially proliferous.

70. A. sympodialis : lr. lvs. thick, broadly cordate-ov., crenate.
361

Subdiv. B. Plants smaller, often 2 ft.; radicals few, smaller.
i: *Inflor. flattish ; glabrate; glands minute ; lvs. firm, thinnish.
: f Inflor. high-branched ; sinus securiform.
71. A. securiformis : radicals cordate-acum. ; teeth close, sharp.
365
tt Inflor. low-branched ; plants low ; rad. about 2.

72. A. multiformis : rad. cordate-oblg., ser., rough ; si. nar.

ON
I

mee

73. A. riciniatus : rad. cordate-triang., dentate ; sinus broad.
i 3172

** Inflor. more irregular or diffuse.
t Lvs. thicker, rougher; hair downy, when dry bristly.
. A. elaeagnius: dark; gray ben.; lr. lvs. orbic.-ov. ; some
triang. 373
. A. Masardiensis : pale ; some lvs. elliptic, abrupt-biacuminate.

=

375

412 INDEX-KEY

76. A. ianthinus : often blue-green ; Ir. lvs. suborbic., firm, low
serrate. 37

tt Lvs. thickish, granular-roughened, with little hair.

77. A. violaris : lr. lvs. reniform-apic., sharp-ser. ; si. shallow.
380
78. A. quiescens: lr. lvs. oval-acute, heavy, crenate, dark ; si. deep.
382

79. A. granulosus : lr. lvs. ov.-oblg., others ov.-acum., all small.

Subdiv. C. Many non-cordate lr. lvs. and radicals ; disk-flow-
ers deep-slit, funnel-form ; glands abundant.

80. A. Jussiei: char. radicals oblg.-lance., ser., with nar. sinus.
388

81. A. decaphyllus : oval radicals, often 10; char. lr. lvs. cordate-ov.
391

82. A. Herveyi - lvs. ov., thin., subentire ; many bracts squarrose.

Subdiv. D. Cordation almost absent ; bracts very squarrose.
* Glands abundant ; bracts narrow, acute, or subulate.

83. A. commixtus : lvs. oblg.-acute or ov. ; si. rare, sharp. 398
** Glands obsolescent ; bracts broad, subtruncate.

84. A. mirabilis : lvs. oval, crenate, hispid above and beneath.
402

—

id

Fidi dier SE ZR doin er tke :

GENERAL INDEX

EXPLANATIONS

All classes of entries are here ranked in one alphabetical series — as in index to
Part I. ofthese Aster Studies — observing the following distinctions :
ubjects and miscellaneous entries are in Roman type ; also English plant-names,
English names of forms, etc. ( with abbreviation f. for form
Species and higher group-names are in italics
N of authors are in small capita
Page-numbers first cited refer to more nd treatment, if of higher rank than the
number following ; e. g., in the reference Aster orbicularis 330, 77, 97, the species will
be found described in full at page 330, but there may be only a mere mention a
Abbreviations, 86 characters, 22, 19; color-characters,
Aculeated f. of A. macrophyllus, 317, 24; pubescence, 31, 320, 347; gland
9 31; fragrance, 33; size, 35; stem-
Acutifolial f. of A. multiformis, 371 characters, 36; leaf-margins, 37, 85;

DANSON, 52, 61 texture, 38; veins, 39; 9, 95;
m haea, 51 bracts, 40; inflorescence-develop-
ON, 54, 57, 62. 63, 108, 307 ment, 42; primordial E 45

ut. -cordate f. of A. carmesinus, 200; Aster Alleghaniensis, 336, 9
of A. divaricatus, 117 Aster ambiguus, 291, 64, E 96, 282

ALLIONI, 57 Aster amnicola, 286, 95

All-reniform f. of A. Schreberi, 279,95 prius ampliatus, 359, 98

Alternate-decurrent f. of A. castaneus, Aster arcifolius, 173, 91
A

204 ster arcuatus, 240, 94
Amellus, 52 Aster ardens, 232, 93
ANGUILLARA, 56 Aster arenicola, 138, 90
Angulate f. of A. rupicola, 183, 92 Aster argillarius, 186, 92

Aster, generic character, 100; species- Aster atrovirens, 145, 90
characters, 102-402; geographical Aster aucuparius, 190, 92
distribution, 3; specific limits, 4; Aster biformis, 331, 97

cific names, II, 12; sports, 114, Aster Boykinii, 170, 91
20; hybrids, 10; subspecies or varie- Aster camptilis, 168, 9
ties, 8, 9, 10, 11; forms or minor Aster capillaris, 176, 91
al E cA EO: + rI; etes pos carmesinus, 197, 92

or subgenera 59; lo- Aster castonens, 201, 92

tinued Uain 20; explanations ster circularis, 184, 92
tre e 0]

o ted, 9, 83; ter- Aster ytoni,

inology adopted, 83; incident er Claytoni crispicans, 225,
leaf-forms, 12; consecutive leaf- Aster commixtus, 398, 66, 99, 306
form: 18; - Aster SCENS, 250,

13; S, 94
variability of colony- Aster decaphyllus, 391, 99
413

414

Aster
Aster
Aster

densatus, 341, 9
divaricatus, 102, 62, 63, 90
Aster
Aster
Aster divaricatus deltoideus,
Aster divaric

Aster ebeneus
Aster

atus fontinalis,

ferox, 348

`

i ussiei

» £ ranas ormis

93;
Viata, p ES 63, 67,
» 72, pa

macrophyllus apricensis, 319,
macrophyllus pinguifolius, 323,

97
macrophyllus weeds 320

a F 97
rs gea lutinus, 322, 97

| Aster quiescens, 382, 20, 99 -

GENERAL INDEX

Aster
Aster
Aster
Aster
Aster
Aster
Aster

rectifolius, 284,

rmis, 23
RAM dade a » 98
sextilis, 161,
sociabilis, 242, 94
stilettiformis, 163, 91, 110
cymosus, 295, 64, 65, 96, 282

subinteger, 159, 91

9

tenebrosus, 207,

ulmari 244,

umbelliformis, ai 77, 95
9

, 63
A. corymbosus A 129, 64, 127
A. curvescens oviformis, 253
A. curvescens umbelliformis, 257
A. discolor, 282, 65
-

divaricatus, 102, 103
A, divaricatus persaliens, 140 i
A. elatus, 63 a
A. glutinosus, 264, 65 3
A. Herveyi intermedia, 299, 314, E. E

A. infirmus,
A. latifolius, 323. 327
4A. m Daum us piata un
A. ma acrophy

3I
A. perii Midas: d

t
Aster ea,
Att f d A. divaricatus, 119

Axiliferous E of A. Claytcni, 216;

GENERAL INDEX

of A. divaricatus, 123; of A. fra-
grans, 156; o . persaliens, 143
Barton, BENJAMIN S., 128

BARTON, WP. C, 129; 55, 57,5. 64. 71,

Beech-twig f. of A. divaricatus, 121
BERNHARDI, 269, 59, 64, 293

BICKNELL, 59, 70, 313

Biculminate f. of A. gremialis, 355 ; of
A, Jussiei, 390; A. multiformis, 371

BIGELOW; 54, 57, 64, 65, 108, 312

Bindera,

Bror, 61
Biotia, 59, 52, 61, 66; first collectors
of, 69; first cultivation, 72;

detailed sindy, 73; description, 101;

Biotia corymbosa, 66

Biotia corymbosa alata, 127, 66
Biotia crenata,

Biotia discolor, 66

6

macrophylla, 299, 311,

macrophylla divaricata, 311,
66

Schreberi, 278, 283

66

Boltonia, 52, 75

ott, WM., 78, 71, 271
Brachyactis, 53
Brachycome, 51, 75
Branch-

ch-forms, 112, etc.
Branchy-base f. of A. Claytoni, 216, 93
BRERETON, 57
BRICKELL, 76
Bright-eye tp of A. Reges. 216, 93
Britton, 55, 58,
BRITTON AND vede 55.58. 68,
anii f; of A. ardens, 236, 9
; Broad-heart f. E A. divaricatus, 120

TEX

415

. of AQ
divaricatus, 124

ace f. of A. Claytoni, 217, 93

Brush-top f. of A. Claytoni, 216, 93

Bunch-leaf f. of A. divaricatus,

Bunch-top f. of 4. macrophyllus, 317,

96
Burnish-leaf f. of A. divaricatus,

Broad-ray f carmesinus, 200;
f A.

112

120
Calimeris, 51, 52
Callistephus, 51
Canaliculate f. of A. divaricatus, 124

Candelabriform f. of A. umbelliformis,

P sid 294

CASSINI, D 55, 59, 61, 65, 308, 390

CATESBY,

epi E ps A, Claytoni, 218, 93
ESALPINO, 56

CHAPMAN, 55, 5% IIo

arieis, 51

Chiliotrichum, 51

Circaean f. of A. divaricatus, 120, 90
CLAYTON, 222, $7, 62,

Cliff-clinging f. of A. Lee 218, 93
CLU

NNA, 56
E 22, 19, 86
Conduplicate f. of A. s, 118
Corpus, 56

CORNUT, 54, 56, .76

Crimson-tassel f. of A. virgularis, 179,

QI
Cupreous

Curvescentes, 89, 94, 249
CuTLER, 76, 54, 57, 71, 76

f. of A divaricatus, 124, 90

DALECHAMPS,
DARLINGTON, 55, 57
De CANDOLLE, 52, 55, 58, 61, 66,
283, 315,
maar a A. macrophyllus, 318,

109,
Denial f. of A. stilettiformis, 165,

91
DESFONTAINES, 65
Detridium, 52

416

Dieteria, 52
DILLENIUS, 54
Diminished states of A. divaricatus

Drosconrpzs, 56

Doellingeria, 52, 53, 66, 75, 107, dos,

225
Dover f. of A. macrophyllus, 318

Eaton, Amos, 55, 58

C. W.
ELLIOTT, 55, $7, 65, 71
ENGLER AND PRANTL, 60, 75
Erigeron, 75
Etiolated state of 4. divaricatus, 117;
of A. Claytoni, 218

xplanations of treatment, 9, 8

Fedian f. of A. gremialis, 355, 98
Felicia, 51, 7

ew-flowered f. of 4. persaliens, 144
Fi er. ih ISI
Fimbr

Five-ray es oe di divaricatus, 1
divari.

GENERAL INDEX

GIBBES, 2 78, 404
Glabrate f. of 4. Wai lisse 315, 96
bas f. of A. glomeratus, 268

Y, ASA, 95, 58. 68;
caste f. of A. carmesinus, 200, 92
Green-disk f. of A. divaricatus, 125, 90

Gymnostephium, 51

Heleastrum, 52, 53
Helioscopian f. of A. listriformis, 195,

92
Henricia, 51

Hervey, E. W., 78, 394
esperastrum, 60
etchel f. of A. macrophyllus, 316, 96

HorFFMANN, 60, 75

Hooxer, W. J., 55, 58
HourTTUYN, 62, 108, 281
Hybrids,

. arcuatus X A. aucuparites, 242

e 7
. Claytoni X A. lateriflorus, 221
. Claytoni crispicans X A
eratus, 22

A. curvescens X A. divaricütus, 253
A. curvescens X A. macrophyllus,

3
A. glomeratus X A. divaricatus, 269
A. glomeratus X A. macrophyllus,
2

glomeratus X A. macrophyllus
Pinion pa
A. Hervey . spectabilis, 396,

397
A. oviformis X A. divaricatus, 255
A. oviformis X A. glomeratus, 255
A. oviformis X A. macrophyllus,
em

A. persaliens X A. excavatus, 144
E XA. wail iformis,

|. macrophyllus,

KARP a R E E

GENERAL INDEX

A. umbelliformis x A, divaricatus,

25
A. umbelliformis x A. macrophyl-
lus, 259

Inflorescence-development, 42
Inflorescence-stages, 16

Intercalary f. of 4. macrophyllus, 315
Tonactis, 53, 223

Jag-edge f. of A. stilettiformis, 166, 91
Jagged-leaf f. of A. persaliens, 144, 90
JOSSELYN, 76

Keys, 89, 4
Kidfinish f. 2 A. macrophyllus, 315, 96
KuNTzE, 53

LAMARCK, 54, 57, 62, 280, 307
“Shap f. of A. Herveyi,
LAPHAM,

à Laas heat f. of. A. subcymosus, 297
| Leaf-forms, 12, 13, 36

1

397

Leaf-margins, 37, 85

m
%
£ a
g
%
3
A
un
e

Leucosyris, 53

Lilacifolial f. of A. limicola, 275, 95
Limp-leaf f. of A. divaricatus, 120
LINDLEY, 109

Linear-oblong f. of A. virgularis, 179, 91
Lingulate f. of A. Jussiei, 390
Linnaea-leaved f. of A. argillarius, 189,

92
LINNAEUS, 54, 57, 62, 107, 307
Little-head state of A. divaricatus, 115
Little-leaf state of A. divaricatus,

Little-spade f. of A. listriformis, 196,

BEL, 56
Localities under continued observation,

20
Long-ovate f. of A. excelsior, 329

Long-pedicelled f. of A. persaliens, 143
Loose-flowered f. of A. divaricatus, 126
Luxuriant states of A. divaricatus, 115

417
PE. S
X s ‘Bo, e 297
Madia, 61
Mairia, 52

MARTYN, 54. 308
MarTHIOLI, 56
pring 54, 57, 63, 71, 76
Miter, P. 54, 57, 72
Moses f. of A. divaricatus, 126, 90
Mixed-leaf f. of A. divaricatus, 112, 90
Monarp 76
Mo cocks f. of A. divaricatus, 116
Mortson, 54,
UHLENBERG, = 57, 63, 71, 77, 129,
Paige aT
Myctanthes, 52

NECKER, 52
NEES, 73, 51, 55, 57, 64, 6s, 109, 281,
308, 309. 391, 400
Patadas f. of A macrophyllus, 318
Non-cordate f. of A. divaricatus, 117
UTTALL, 52, 64, 312

f. of A. divaricatus, 117

Oblong-ovate f. of A. divaricatus, 118

Obolarian f. of A. divaricatus, 113, 90
learia, 52, 7

Oreastrum, 53

Paaw, 280

Pale-disk f. of A. argillarius, 189, 92

Pallid-leaf f. of A. multiformis, 372

Paquerina, 51, 75

Parchment-leaf f. of A. carmesinus,
200, 92

PARKINSON, 54, 56

Pauciflore state of A. divaricatus, 116

Peor, C. H., 79; 68, 131, p 313

Pedunculate forms, 112

Kies qoas f. of i ME

NIE = 68, 70, 299

Pinardia, 5
Pinnated f. Ke A. des aque P 92
PLUKENET, 54, 5

Pluridentate f. x A. rupicola, 183, 92
Polyarrhena, 51

418

epe f. of A. glomeratus, 268
OPPI 309

ae Sunt 45

Printzia, 51

PROVANCHER, 67, 299

Prune-stem f. of A. divaricatus, 121, 90

Pubescence, 31, 320,

Purple-pappus f. of A. divaricatus, 126

PussH, 55, 57, 63, 71, 311

Rapius, J. W. M., 72
RAFINESQUE, 52, 55, 71, 76
RAVENEL, 271
Ray, 54, 57
Red-stemmed state of <A. umbelli-
ormis, 259
Refined f. of A. ianthinus, 379
Refracted f. of A. ardens, 237; of A.
listriformis, 195, 92; of A. macro-
phyllus, 31
Reniform f. of A. mollescens, 230, 93
Rhinactina, 51
DE LA, 280

Rose-ray f. of A. Claytoni crispicans,
227

Rosette f. of A. divaricatus, 111

Rotundate f. of 4. curvescens, 252

R -bract f. of A. macrophyllus,
318, 96

Round-leaf f. of A. listriformis, 196, 92

Rounded-base f. of A. persaliens, 144,
90

RovEN, 280, 54

Rubicund f. of A. multiformis, 371

Rumicial f. of 4. excelsior, 329

Russet-tuft f. of A. divaricatus, 118, 90

SaGARD, 69
SARRASIN, 70
SCHREBER, 281
ScHULTES, 308
corpioid f. of A. fragrans, 156
-swept state of A. divaricatus, 115
SERAPION, 56
Sericocarpus, 52, 53, 75.

GENERAL INDEX

Sessilifolial f. of A. scutiformis, 239,

94 :
Short-leaf f. of A. fragrans, 156
Shuttle f. of A. listriformis, 196, 92
SHUTTLEWORTH, 71,
Slant-stem state of A. divaricatus, 116
Sleek-leaf f. of A. divaricatus, 120
SMALL, 55, 68
Small-tangle i of A. ardens, 236, 94

Stalk-leaf f. of A. divaricatus, 119
Stellarian f. of A. divaricatus, 125, 90
Subscandent state of A. divaricatus,

Sunburnt state of A. divaricatus, 115

Sunburnt f. of A. fragrans, 155

Sun-darkened f. of A. excelsior, 329
Symphyotrichum, 52, 7

Syncopate f. of A. mollescens, 230

inpr f. of A. carmesinus, 200, 92

TABERNAEMONTANUS,

Tall-top f. of A. dca 316, 96
Tangle-tuft i of A. virgularis, 179, 91
Terminology,

Tetramolopium, 52

T

Thin-leaf f. of A. Claytoni, 219

TILE, 57

phase ae f. of A. divaricatus,
Tobyhanna f. y^ A, divaricatus, 123, 90

Torrey, 57, 04, 65, 07, 312

TonREY AND GRAY, 52, 55, 58, 60, 67,

I0, 312
Pon diet 54;
Trapezium-leaved í of A. multiformis,

Tra f. of A. macrophyllus, 315
"nae f. of A. macrophyllus,

Adá
ig £ d A. listriformis, 196,

92
Truncate-base f. of A. aucuparius, 192,

92
Tuberous f.
Tubular f.

of A. divaricatus, 112, 90
of A. excavatus, 1

GENERAL INDEX . 419

Turbine-wheel f. of A. virguiaris, 179, Pom 24, $7,:76
Warp

» 79, 313
ct E of A. divaricatus, 125
White-saucer f. of A. fragrans, 156
WILLDENOW, 54, 57, 63, 79, 108, 281,

Urceolate state of A. umbelliformis,
` 259
VAILLANT, 54, 57, 62, 70

Xylorhiza, 52
Haas A of A. Claytoni, 219
Virescent f. of A. listriformis, er i: Zyrphelis, 51
Virgulus, 52

MEMOIRS OF THE TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB

A series of technical papers on botanical subjects, published at irregular intervals.
Price $3.00 a volume. Not offered in exchange.

ol. 1, No. 1; price, $1.00
Bailey, Liberty Hyde. Studies of the types of various Seales af the genus Carex:
Pages 1-85. 25 My 1889.
Vol. 1, nee not furnished: separately
artindale, Isaac Comly. e algae of the New su rm and adjacent -
waters of Staten Island. ens pde 24 Àu un

Vol. 1, No. 3; price, 75 cents
Spruce, Richard. /zfaticae Bolivianae, in Andibus _Boliviae orientalis, annis
1885-6, a cl. H. H. Rusby lectae. Pages 113-140. 20 Ja 1890.
Vol. 1, No. 4; price, 75 cen
; Boitrvant. Edward Lewis. On seedless fruits. pea 141-187. 30 My 1890.
Vol. 2, No. 1; beg peres hirci n
Byron David. Reserve i buds and surrounding parts:
Pages 1-26, plates r, 2. 10S edet
Vol. 2, No. 2; price, 75. cents :
ail, Anna Murray & Hollick, Charles Arthur. Cou&ibetions to the Tu of.
Virginia. Piel a 27-56, plats 3, 4- 23 D 1890.
Vol. 2, No. 3; not e
Holm, Hermann Theodor. Contributions to ene ul f the > of
some North American plants. Pages 57- zu pn e. 15 Ap 189r.
Vol. 2, No. 4; price, 75 cen
Efner. The genus Polyga/a in monk America.

Wheelock,
132. 30D 189r.

oh .. Vol. 3, No 1; not furnished separately :
Small, John Kunkel & Heller, Amos Arthur. Flora of western
: uinea EE ecd Pages 1-39- RET

: y pu A Vol. 5; price . , $3.00 : 2 di
t T List of PR dori and Sermat without cultivation in northeastern —

ophyta growing wi
Pages 1-377. 4 D 1893-31 D 1894.
Vol. 6, No. 1; price, $1.25:
- Rusby, Henry Hurd. An enumeration of the plants collected in Bolivia by Miguel
Bang. Part 3. Pages 1-130. 17 N 1896.

Vol. 6, No. A price, 50 E For]
Grout, Abel Joel. A revision uf the North American /sothecia and BracAythecia. >- E
Pages 131-210. 30 Jl 1897. se |
; ^ 2 > No. 3 3 xe 50 cents :
| .—. Hazen, Tracy Elliot. e history of Sphaerella lacustris ( Haematocoectis:
"© phaviahs). es 21 diee xs 86, 6 27 (colored). 8 ee 1899.
: Vol. 6, No. 4; price, 50 cen e
. Und d, Lucien Marcus. A review of the genera ee ferns EG prior to: ccce
d: 1832. Pages 247-283. 1 D 1899.

+

> Vol. 6, No. 5; price, 25 cents:
“Pink, Bruce. Notes on the lichen distribution in the upper Missio Valley.
Metas qur 1 D 1899.
Vol. 7; price, $3.00
Vows Marshall Avery. The Hepaticae and Wa oes of California. Pages _
ia plates 88-122. 5 Au 1899. see
Vol. 8, No. 1; price, $1.75 :

Francis Ernest. The comparative embryology of the Rudiaceae. Part I
es I-26, plates 1-4. 26 Au 1899, Part II. Pages 27-112, pilates 5-15.
1902.

_ Vol. mas No. 2; price, $1.00
The Lejeuneae , of the United States and Canada:
85, 2 are 15 F 1902.

VA 8, No. d; pice, 75 cet: ee
Gertrude The life history of.
me mer plates 23-3. 30 Au 1902. z
Vol. 9; price, $3.00: ue

‘monograph of the he Erysiphaceae. Pages 1-292, plates

Vol. 20: price, $3.00:
anog of Fre-Clüsian pup. in its relation tod: "A