Te” “Ss oR oe ee oe wee

Missouri Botanical
Garden Bulletin

4 OUR! BOT, AN
LSE CElYV
Se Eye

VOLUME 1
WITH 28 PLATES AND 4 FIGURES™
1913

ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI
PUBLISHED MONTHLY BY THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES

Missouri Botanical
Garden Bulletin

Ce MB Ao her 1s ANU ARE. ACY Cos ee i More

| Contents gs .

ronment

sibs “Foreword Ue Ee ee ee a
"Report of the Officers of the Board :
a Vumaead a are! ER Mage cae

Missouri Botanical -
Garden Bulletin

Vol. I

St. Louis, Mo., January, 1913

No. 1

Foreword
Se: Missouri Botanical Garden

Bulletin will, until further notice,

be issued monthly throughout the

year. It is designed solely as a means
of communication between the Garden
and the public, and will be devoted
almost exclusively to informing the
people of St. Louis and vicinity what
can be seen and learned at the Missouri
Botanical Garden. With the comple-
tion of the new range of greenhouses
there will be announcements concern-

ing special floral or economic exhibits

each month, and it is believed that the
laboratories, library and herbarium will,
from time to time, furnish items of
interest. The Bulletin is in no sense a
scientific publication, and will not re-
place the volume hitherto known as the
Annual Report, which in the future
will be devoted exclusively to the results
of scientific research obtained in the
laboratories of the Missouri Botanical
Garden.

@_ The January number of each volume
of the Bulletin will contain the annual
reports of the Officers of the Board and

the Director.

REPORT OF THE OFFICERS OF THE BOARD.

SUBMITTED TO THE TRUSTEES, JANUARY 8, 1913.

To the Board of Trustees of the Missouri Botanical Garden:

We submit for your consideration the financial results for
the year ending December 31, 1912.

The earnings from rentals have exceeded those of the
year 1911 by $15,423.90, the result of securing tenants for
several buildings which were vacant during a portion of

1911-12, though we still have some vacancies, amounting to
about $200.00 per month.

*

As a large portion of our most valuable income property —

is under lease for long terms, we can hardly expect any
further increase in rentals for several years.

During the past year we were compelled to purchase a
piece of prone on Grand Avenue, adyoraitio some of our
most valuable residence property on Flora Boulevard,
thereby preventing the erection of an automobile gasoline
station, at a cost of $8,385.40.

Our expenditure for street improvements has been very
small, as some of the improvements mentioned in our last
os were postponed until this year, but we will be com-

e

pelled to pay for the following during the year 1913:
PW AVGNNE 85. ess eens cS Roadway 62-05. Gscene $13,500 00
Bhaw Avenns:: 3. as; Sidewalk | ..3 2.2 ;300 00
Motien Anoe .5 Sidewalk: 2 See 1,650 00
Arsene Btreet oi ois oe Lk Siw se DROW. ee Oks ee ees 950 00
City Block No. 4940............. Ps ee a. 1,257 00
Washington Avenue.............. ROnOwey 6 esa Sas 436 00
St Charles Street. ...........6.4. ROMGWRY Secs oe eS 545 00
Total iiss hes ng ae ee ee ee $19,638.00

The tract of land known as Lafayette Avenue Addition,
lying west of Grand Avenue, and which is fully improved
as far west as Lawrence Street, is being disposed of at satis-
factory prices, and already 6,713 front feet have been sold

(2)

°

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 3

for about $400,000.00, but there still remain 4,820 front
feet, and as soon as a major portion of the remainder is sold
_ We can improve portions of the balance of 20,000 front feet.
Nearly all of the lots sold have been built upon, at a total
cost of $350,000.

We have disposed of vacant property during the year, as
follows:

Lafayette Avenue Addition........ 1,668 front feet........ $149,628 00
Hiora Boulevard 06... Feo <a Ope ston ieeb....,... 25,164 00
Pennsylvania Avenue............. 150 front feet........ 750 00

_ _ The erection of the new plant house was begun in April,
1912, and will be finished in the early spring, at a total
cost of $153,000.00, of which amount $97,436.00 has already

been expended.

Other extensive improvements, alterations and repairs
have been made at the Garden, requiring a large expendi-
ture, as will be noticed under the head of Garden Improve-
ments, and for particulars you are referred to the Director’s
Annual Report.

The residence at the Garden, occupied by the Director,
has been found to be in a dilapidated condition, and the
Board decided to erect a new building, and a contract has
been let for a modern residence, to cost about $26,000.00,
which is now under construction, and will be finished during
the year.

The Library and Herbarium collections have received
additions by purchase and gift during the year, valued at
the following sums:

Worbariany 2s a SS 2,120 10

The Annual Bequests, pee for in Mr. Shaw’s will,
have been carried out only in part. The Annual Flower
Sermon and Annual Gardeners’ Banquet, but no Flower
Show was held or Trustees’ Banquet given.

By reason of the heavy poe one for Garden improve-
ments, all of the income of the Trust for the year 1912 was
expended and $94,424.41 of the surplus accumulated for
such purposes.

In February, last, Dr. William Trelease, Director, ae
pointed under the will of Mr. Shaw, in 1889, resigned, tak-
ing effect May ds 1912, intending to devote his entire time
to work. ‘

4 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

At a meeting of the Board, held February 19, 1912, the
following resolution was unanimously adopted:

RESOLVED, In accepting the resignation of Dr.
William Trelease, as Director of the Missouri Botanical
Garden, the Board of Trustees expresses its high appre-
ciation of the distinguished services rendered by him
during the twenty-two years of his Directorship. The
relations between the members of the Board and Dr.
Trelease have been most cordial and pleasant. The
Board earnestly wishes Dr. Trelease prosperity and per-
sonal and professional success.

The Board also voted Dr. Trelease a year’s salary from
May 1, 1912.
Dr. George T. Moore was elected by the Board to fill the

vacancy occasioned by the resignation of Dr. William Tre-
lease, and he took charge of the Garden on May 1, 1912.

RECEIPTS.
Rentele 2. Pe Pas eee tay he Eee $157,164 97
Interest and dividends.............05...... 8,180. 52
Garden Handbook sales... . 2... 0660.5 cnc 273 75
Pubheation asies 3 ee 13 00
Garden sales of material. ...... 00... 02-35 286 98
Total income receipts Ree SP ee eS $165,919 22
Sales of real estate under decree........... $ 97,787 40
Bills receivable account. of real estate........ 21,440 57
Shaw School of Botany rentals.............. 3,900 00
Insurance from loss by fire................. 447 80.
Episcopal Orphans’ Home, streets....... ‘.-+. 12,516 25 125,092 02
ROURE ROGUE. 2 oi oso aks Se ce Sas $291,011 24
Cash on hand December 31, 1912............ 15,113 28
$306,124 52
DISBURSEMENTS.
Garden Account:
pair “peprel es es $ 25,494 53
Students’ pay-roll ........ 1,981 “rs po :
Open Sunday pay-roll...... 425 1 ‘
Office assistance .......... 1,711 25 $ 29,612 50
Ruel 23 ee ee piv Cee cenieas 3,658 04
Waters 6663S ee oes a 1,146 40
Repairs and supplies. 2.25.2 cc.0ss eae 2,673 97
Stable and implements................. . 938 08
Planta and seeds... 2220 eee =«-:1,430 83

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 5

Herbarium Account:

TORNIION F565 00 gh eek cies on kak $ 1,080 00
Current expense and additions......... «. 1,062 43 2,142 43
Libtary Account: —
OPWAIBRION ck oe 4 ee ee ee $ 2,375 00
Current expense and additions........... 2,563 48 4,938 48
Garden Office Account: :
INNO a a es ok $ 6,307 50
AUT PONb, JORVORAG «55.66 hore s Pulriea 2 Os 950 33 7,257 83
Research and Instruction:
BRIATOO Bao oes ea Pr Sa $ 7,682 87
Current expense and instruments........ 1,551 35 9,234 22
Total garden maintenance.......... $ 63,032 78
Garden Improvements:
New plant house (partial).............. $ 97,436 46
Connecting all buildings with central
TORRID ANG oes a eee ae 15,838 87
General improvements and growing house. 2,500 00°
New service-road (partial)............. 392 75
GW DIGNUR 6605 5s an Cag Re eS 2,499 96
Director’s residence repairs............. 692 54
Director’s new residence................ 700 00 120,060 58
Total amount expended on garden.... $183,093 36
Property Account:
State, school and city taxes...........:. $ 37,321 18
Streets, sidewalks, sewers............... 4,601 00
SRAUPONGS eg Poe Rea ies See 4,463 70
NN oo os ons Base ks ke ES 7,279 21
aT ota de i ses Sev ameang ay Gram tices Site ng cig aco 2,512 00 56,177 09
Publication Account: ae
Twenty-second Annual Report........... $ 1,973 44
Twenty-third Annual Report (partial)... 682 79 “ 2,656 23
Bequests:
Annual Flower Sermon................. $ 200 00
Annual Gardeners’ Banquet............. 297 50 497 50
Sundries:
Ole expense 5 ee a $ 6,556 07
Legal and professional services.......... 1,537 50
RII IOMSONG 3 goes er ee CA ss 7,959 61

Repairs to buildings damaged by fire... .. 447 80
Testimonial to Dr. Wm. Trelease, late
POOR Cease en ies ein dS 5,000 00 21,500 98

Shaw School of Botany rentals.......... 3,123 15 $3,123 16.

6 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

Investments:

Real estate, City Block No. 4952.........$ 8,385 40
Bank certificates of deposit.............. 30,000 00 38,385 40

Total disbursements ................ $305,433 71
Cash balance December 31, 1912..... 690 81

$306,124 52

Respectfully submitted,
EDWARDS WHITAKER, President.

Attest :
A. D. CUNNINGHAM, Secretary.

TWENTY-FOURTH ANNUAL REPORT
OF THE DIRECTOR.

SUBMITTED TO THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES OF THE
MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN, JANUARY 8, 1913.

- Gentlemen:

I have the honor to submit herewith the Twenty-fourth
Annual Report of the Director, covering the eight months
sir! May 1, 1912, the date of my appointment, to January 1,
913. :

THE GARDEN.
IMPROVEMENTS AND CHANGES.

1. Heating Plant. The most important improvement
during the year has been the installation of a central heat-
ing plant. Replacing fourteen separate fires, it not only
saves much in labor and fuel, but likewise provides a con- .
stant and sufficient temperature throughout the various
greenhouses, a condition which it was impossible to main-
.tain with the old system. It has been found necessary to
replace practically all the heating pipes in the old houses,
and the plants, particularly the tropical ones, are already
showing the effect of the improved conditions. The office
and laboratory building, the museum, as well as the resi-
dence, are now all connected with the one heating system.

2. New Range of Greenhouses. Ground was broken for
the new greenhouses early in April, but owing to various
delays the entire range is, as yet, far from complete. The
north wing was sufficiently advanced to be used for the
chrysanthemums during the month of November, and floral
displays will be continued in this house throughout the

winter and spring.

(7)

F

8 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

3. Rose Garden. A large collection of hardy roses has
been installed south of the residence, replacing the old
vegetable garden. About 200 different varieties will be
grown, including a collection of ramblers, for which a per-
gola has been erected.

4, New Plants. A considerable number of rare plants,
including many of economic value as well as some of excep-
tional beauty, have been purchased to be grown in the new

lant houses. The delay in the completion of the new range

as made it impossible to display these, as yet. In fact,
most of them have had to be stored in a house in Tower
Grove Park, kindly loaned for the purpose. Shipments
from Java, Ceylon and Australia are now en route, and the
unusual opportunity of being able to secure large numbers
of rare and beautiful plants from the Franceschi collection
of Santa Barbara was made the most of. In addition a repre-
sentative collection of bulbs, which will afford an attrac-
tive display in one of the new houses, has been acquired,
and new bedding plants and shrubs of varieties too numer-
ous to mention are now being propagated for the out-of-doors
exhibit of next summer. :

5. Personally Conducted Trips. During the summer
and until the first of December, the Assistant Botanist, Mr.
Thompson, has been at the main gate at three o’clock every
Saturday afternoon for the purpose of pointing out the par-
ticular exhibits which were most interesting at the time, as
well as showing certain plants or collections for which
special inquiry was made. The number availing them-
selves of this opportunity constantly increased, and has
resulted in a more intimate acquaintance with the Garden
by the casual visitor. In addition, special appointments
have been made with Mr. Thompson, from time to time, by’
various schools, clubs and associations, who desired informa-
tion on certain subjects, and it seems probable that the use-
fulness of the Garden along such lines may be considerably
increased in the future.

6. Propagating Houses. Two new propagating houses -
have been erected and will afford aS needed space in
which to raise the various plants desired for bedding, as
well as for the special displays to be shown in the new plant
houses from time to time.

7. Herbaceous Tract. The old experimental grounds in
the herbaceous tract have been done away with and the
entire area given over to growing a large number of annuals,
either of economic importance or of value in the planting

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 9

of home grounds. A considerable variety of climbers was
also included this year. The old osage orange hedge was
blasted out, and the space reclaimed in this way will be added
to the herbaceous tract next year.

8. Pasture. A start towards reclaiming the pasture has
been made. About seven acres were in corn this year, and
an additional area has been fertilized with the idea of raising
all the feed for the horses on this land. Large amounts of
earth have been hauled in along the northwest border of the
pasture, and as soon as this can be covered with top-soil a
start toward the permanent planting of this part of the
Garden will be made.

9. Stable. . Three of the oldest horses have been disposed
of and a good team of mules purchased. Large quantities
of manure have been hauled, some months over 100 loads,
part of which, during the last few weeks, has been applied to
the various beds in the Garden and later will be used on the
pasture.

10. Telephone Exchange. The installation of a central
telephone exchange at the office has greatly facilitated the
direction of work in the Garden, as well as affording an
additional precaution in the case of fire. The office is now
connected with the laboratories, residence, Head Gardener’s
office, boiler house and main gate. A pay telephone at the
gate is much appreciated by visitors.

11. Plant Labels. Considerable progress was made dur-
ing the summer and early fall in correcting the names on the
labels of plants in the Garden. Labels are apt to be mis-
placed; or the original plant dies out and a new one creeps
in, thus, unless the collections are carefully checked, a sur-
prising amount of misinformation may be given the visitor.

e labels of the greenhouse plants are now being corrected
wherever it is found necessary. A new style of label has been
adopted and is now on hand ready for installation in the
spring. gor

12. Bubbling Fountains, Benches and Signs. Drinking
fountains have replaced the old wells, and some twenty-five
new seats have been added in the main garden. There have
also been provided about eighty signs, indicating the way
to, or giving a brief account of, the various collections
throughout the Garden.

13. North Boundary of Garden. The improvement of
Shaw avenue has necessitated considerable work along the
_ north boundary of the arboretum. In some places a fill of

10 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

from six to eight feet has been necessary, and along the line
of the new service road to the boiler house large quantities
of dirt have been used to raise the level of the fruticetum to
that of the road.

14. Trespassing and Pilfering. Special attention has
been paid to suppressing the depredations committed by
asiat ices or vicious individuals. In such cases as seemed
to warrant it, prosecutions have been successfully carried
through, with a noticeable effect in reducing petty, as well
as more serious, offenses.

PLANTS CULTIVATED.

Species or varieties to the number of 1,293 were added to
the living collections in the course of the year, and 916 were
lost or discarded, making a net gain of 377 and bringing
the total recorded as now in cultivation to 12,451.

These forms represent 1,875 genera belonging to 217 nat-
ural families, a net addition of 55 genera and 14 families.
— and seed additions for the year are tabulated as fol- _
ows:

Plants or Packets Value

PAPO pe Cs as es ey so ee nse ba TS ae Sa $3,571 08

Donated or presented... o.oo os. cae oe 5,271 512 00
Collected by employes

dee Ue RNG er Si eri eee 3,224 573 72

bo pda Se ee PG eas ee 509 50 65

46,160 $4,707 45

CORD PRION rs is oa cs Suk oh apey es .. 24,800 1,240 00 .

Uae TMOG ee ee es 58,300 2,915 00

i 129,259 $6,862 45

Classified as to hardiness and other features of gardening
interest the collection now comprises:

Thallophytes: (Aparicneeaa) <<. is hc cece ese ass as 7
BryOpnyes so ee a ty eee eee 15
Pteridaphytes oes PE rn ec ee 245
Spermatophytes
Gymnosperms
CYNE oe a ek ee es ee 38
COMMEND oy toes Sie ee ee 131
Angiosperms
Treee-and whrebe ss oe ae 1,795

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 11

Tender plants

Qvehids 0.651 SS deni wate ea 693
Other Monocotyledons ................ Lio).
PonreCdOne (eee Siw oe hers un oe 3,707 12,015

PLANTS AND SEEDS DISTRIBUTED.

_. The 1911 exchange seed list contained 1,539 species and
varieties. From this list 7,150 packets, valued at $715.00,
have been forwarded to various gardens and institutions, and
eine received in exchange 5,271 seed packets, valued at

Surplus plants have, as usual, been disposed of to schools,
hospitals and various charitable institutions to the number
of 11,550, valued at $632.00, an increase in such distribution
of more than 10,000 plants over last year.

SUNDAY OPENING AND ATTENDANCE.

The opening of the Garden on Sunday afternoon from
April to December has been a great success. Under the old
arrangement, with the Garden open but two Sundays in the
. year, the crowds were so great that it was necessary to enforce
certain regulations which prevented visitors from getting the
full benefit of the various displays and collections. Since the
first day of May most of these restrictions have been abolished
and I am happy to say that the crowds have been so well
behaved that it does not seem probable that the usefulness
of the Garden as an educational factor in the community
will have to be unduly curtailed by rules designed for its
protection. The ability to get to a plant and read its label
_ is much appreciated by the visitor, and we have been remark-
ably free from depredations of any kind. The public seems
to appreciate the freedom given, and to try in every way to
assist in protecting the Garden.

The attendance for the first four months of the year 1912
was considerably below the average for the same months in
former years; in some cases the number of visitors being one-
half or less that of immediately preceding years. In spite
of this handicap the total attendance for the year was greater
than at any time since the opening of the Garden—with the
exception of the year of the World’s Fair. A particularly
gratifying feature of the effect of opening the Garden on

unday is that the week-day attendance, irrespective of the

12 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

Sunday visitors, has in almost every instance equaled or
exceeded that of the corresponding month in former years.

The following table of visitors to the Garden for the last
four years will be useful for.a comparison of the effect of
Sunday opening:

1909 1910 1911 1912

QORURIY © oes 806 982 889 506
\ ca dent Je Pe ee 1,007 774 1,265 691
ech te RE EE Ee 1,684 4,066 2,764 1,114
PO esse Vaeeee eae 8,104 6,716 6,054 4,610
May ;

WORK GAT sh cin Set 6,919 9,436 7,942 12,534

BURGEY ccs eet ane ly ies ees) eee 8,606
June

Week days 0-0 es 10,470 ~~ —- 10,041 8,147 10,453
‘fat BUNGRY i555, fern ae oiss *18,379 *17,406 "7,794 14,537

"Week os See re pa sar 9,503 8,564 8,342 13,997

ROUGE. 5 Sn ee ae a ee es Ea 3,801

Werk. GAY Seek 11,208 13,197 12,927 14,155

ahs) Ge Rg cen tC ee ee a et ry 6,595 -

ber

WOE ORF i 9,112 10,041 9,385 7,036

ict e? ACER EE Caer ee eee *17,572 “2,297 “14,760 6,278
October .

idee) MES eee 9,822 6,674 6,845 11,958

ER ns hee ees ee Oe ee - 8,204
November

Week OGF ceive. » 15,738 20,549 3,003 13,339

Open nights during No exhibit
Chrysanthemum exhibit

cohtiannse fe Ke Er ay a aes eee 12,481
December Not open nights

WOR: GAS 5s ae ~ 424 874 1,126 2,177

Ce re ere 120,748 111,617 91,243 153,072

*First Sunday in June and September only open Sundays in former
years. :

THE GARDEN STAFF.

Changes in the Garden Staff have been chiefly in the re-
duction in number of both the responsible men in
of various departments and of the laborers employed. :
J. R. Schramm has been made Assistant to the Director, and
Mr. Adolph Jaenicke was elevated from the position of
Foreman to Head Gardener, there being no Head Gardener.
Mr, J. Burkhardt has succeeded the former gatekeeper. Mr.
Irish resigned as Superintendent on July first and the posi-
tion has been abolished.

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 13

GARDEN PUPILS.

The course for the garden pupils was completely revised
as outlined in detail to the Board in my July report. Mr.
Jaenicke, Mr. Thompson and Mr. Ohlweiler are now in
charge of the various courses required of these pupils, and
the practical work in the Garden is under the immediate
supervision of the various Heads of Departments.

All of the scholarships are now filled, they being assigned
to the following pupils: Carl Haltenhoff, Peter "Placnder,
Earl Reed, Fred Grossart, Carl Giebel, and Louis Culling.
Mr. Nestor L. Phillipi has been admitted as a pupil, paying
the tuition prescribed by the Board.

“RESEARCH AND INSTRUCTION.

Graduate. Professor B. M. Duggar, Ph. D., of Cornell
University, has been appointed Physiologist to the Garden,
and is in charge of the Gesdonis Laboratory. Dr. George R.
Hill, Ph. D., of Cornell University, holds the position of
Research Assistant. Mr. C. H. Thompson has been trans-
ferred from the Greenhouse oe to the new position
of Assistant Botanist. While Mr. Thompson is in charge
__ of excursions through the Garden and the checking of plant
- names, a considerable portion of his time is devoted to lines
of work properly considered as research, and he is attached
to the Research rather than to the Garden Staff.

The following hold Rufus J. Lackland Fellowships: J. 8.
Cooley, A. R. Davis, W. H. Emig, Margaret DeMeritt, and
L. O. Overholts. In addition the following are engaged in
research work, most of them candidates for higher degrees:
Mary gba Ruth Beattie, C. O. Chambers, George R. Hill,
Jr., F. B. Morgan, W. G. Nolte, W. W. Ohlweiler, M. D.
Renkenberger, J. R. Schramm, Mildred W. Spargo.

Undergraduate. No changes have been made in the
courses offered at the University this year. I have assumed
part of the lectures in Botany 1, as well as taking charge
of the five weeks’ work in Botany offered for the first time
in Zoology 1. I continue to give the course in Sani
Engineering as in former years. Assistant Professor Coulter
and Mr. W. W. Ohlweiler as Teaching Fellow have the re-
maining undergraduate work. The registration in the vari-
ous courses offered, both at the University and the Garden,
is as follows: Botany 1, 20; Botany 3, 5; Botany 7, 1;
_ Botany 9, 2; Botany 10, 3; Botany 11, 2; Botany 12, 2;

14 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

Botany 13, 7; Botany 16, 8; Botany 17,11; Botany 19,5;
Botany 23, 2; Botany 25, 8. eG

THE LIBRARY.”

All of the books, including the Sturtevant pre-Linnean
collection, formerly housed in the old museum building,
have been transferred to the main library building, where
they are more accessible and the fire risk is less. The library
has been entirely rearranged and some additional steel stacks
added, so that there is now provision for about five years’
normal expansion.

There have been 887 volumes, valued at $1,693.75, and
1,408 pamphlets, valued at $266.80, donated to the library.
The number of books purchased was 368 and of pamphlets
216, at a total cost of $870.75. 16,469 index cards have
been added, 9,314 of which were purchased at a cost of
$144.22. 2,188 cards were rewritten. The number of books
bound was 1,136, rebound 103, at a cost of $475.05.

There are now received 1,512 serial publications, of which
1,429 are in exchange for Garden publications, an increase
of 17 over last year.

Taking the figures from the Twenty-third Annual Re-
port, with the additions made in 1912, the library now
contains:

BOOKER ss eee 29,683
Pamphlets a0 toe once 42,099
TL 152s. waned AL ee $108,657 02
Maniscripte <0. v.26 333. ‘320. Valued at... .:..->5- 1,592 00 |
Teel oo ee $110,249 02
Wates: watee 60402 o 787,500..valued at ....<...2. 7,875 69
Total valuaiion <2. oS . $118,124 71

THE HERBARIUM.

Owing to a contemplated change in the policy of the con-
duct of the herbarium, no additions by purchase were made
during the year other than those ordered previous to May 1.
These amounted to 5,569 higher plants and 1,453 thallo-

hytes, valued at $1,053.30. In addition, there have been
abot 5,409 specimens of thallophytes. Notable among
the collections presented were those of Professor F. A.
Wislizenus, rich in desirable duplicates of soliag-niag F plants,
and the herbarium of fleshy fungi of the late Dr. Noah M

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 15

Glatfelter, presented by the Misses Glatfelter. The latter
is a particularly desirable addition to our collection, as it
contains such a large number of local specimens, carefully
determined and accompanied by voluminous notes. There
were 332 specimens collected by employes.

The herbarium now contains 553,489 specimens of higher
plants and 61,221 thallophytes, the total valuation of which
is $113,989.05.

Other material, supplementing the herbarium, comprises :

Wood specimens, etc., to the value of...............20.-0 0000 $280 00
PRLUPONCUG BIIMOR: CLG. 6G occ oo oy pee ges Ggclee e 410 00
$690 00

ANNUAL BEQUESTS.

The two annual events provided for in Mr. Shaw’s will
which took place in 1912 are:

The Flower Sermon, preached in Christ Church Cathedral,
St. Louis, by Rev. Z. B. T. Phillips, May 19, 1912, and

The Twenty-third Gardeners’ Banquet, held at the Wash-
ington Hotel on the evening of December 18, 1912, when
Mr. Richard Vincent Jr., President of the Society of Amer-
ican Florists, delivered an address on the recent Horticult-
_-ural Show at London.

Respectfully submitted,

GEORGE T. MOORE,
Director.

Mo. Bot. GARD, BULL., VOL. 1. PLATE 1.

FRONT ELEVATION, NEW PLANT RANGE.

Missouri Botanical
Garden Bulletin

Vol. I St. Louis, Mo., February, 1913 No. 2

THE NEW PLANT RANGE.

The new greenhouses now under construction will, when
complete, afford unusual opportunities for growing and
exhibiting rare and beautiful plants throughout the year.
Particularly in the winter time, when there is little or noth-
ing to be seen outside, the floral displays will provide an
attraction which, it is believed, will interest a large number
of the public, and make the Garden as desirable a place to
_ visit when snow is on the ground as in mid-summer.

Facing the main gate, behind the old stone wall (soon to
be removed), the superstructure now erected gives some idea
of the extent and magnitude of the principal range. This
is over 300 feet in length and 65 feet in height at the central
portion. It will be divided into three parts and instead of
the old formal type of greenhouses, provided with benches,
the interior will present an appearance which will be unique
in this country. The treatment will be that of a landscape,
and the planting, for the most part, will be directly in the
_ ground. A small stream, pools and a grotto are included in
the scheme, and color will be provided by setting in, from
time to time, flowering shrubs and other appropriate blos-
soming plants. A particular feature of these houses, not
usually provided, is the abundant overhead space which will
permit large palms, bamboos and tropical vines to be shown
to greater advantage. ;

At either end of the front range, coming off at right angles,
are two houses over 100 feet in length which will be devoted
more especially to floral displays. In the north house, now
open to the public, is at present to be found the exhibition of
cyclamen, cinerarias, etc., referred to élsewhere in the
Buiietin. When the entire range is completed it will be
possible to look down upon the ee in these houses as
one enters from the front range, and that the effect will be
unusually striking and beautiful all can testify who saw the
sear Heanor from this point of vantage.

(17)

a a [OQ] = ve

GROUND PLAN, NEW PLANT RANGE

NILATING NEGUVD IVOINVLOG TXNOSsSI SI

a

Mo. Bor. GARb. BULL., VOL. 1.

WEST ELEVATION, NEW PLANT RANGE.

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 19

The new central heating plant is an essential adjunct of
_the greenhouses, and will supply not only the new range, but
is now furnishing heat for all the buildings within the
Garden. — pees

Extending from the heating plant to the new greenhouses
and under the main range is a service tunnel which contains
‘all steam and water pipes and is of sufficient size to permit a
_ hand-cart to pass from one end to the other. By means of
manholes all dirt and trash from the greenhouses above can
be discharged into a cart in the tunnel, thus avoiding the
carrying of such material along the walks of the exhibition
houses. The most modern heating and ventilating appli-
ances are being installed, and a 50,000-gallon cistern will
furnish all necessary rain-water.

FLORAL DISPLAY DURING FEBRUARY.

Visitors to the Garden now have access to the floral display
in the north wing of the new conservatories, where more
than 3,500 flowering plants, in great variety, are on exhi-
bition. This is undoubtedly the largest exhibition of its kind
ever held in the city.

Entering the first section of the new houses (temporarily
accessible through the north door of the service tunnel), one
finds about 900 cinerarias in colors varying from white to
blue, pink, red, purple and lavender, with many new and
unusual shades. A small group of hardy plants of lilac, —
hawthorne, crabapple and Deutza gracilis, which have been
forced by the use of ether or hot water to bloom at an earlier —
period, are arranged in the center around a large specimen
palm (Acanthorhiza aculeata) and have attracted much atten-
tion. On the side stages are exhibited the various garden
varieties of azaleas (Rhododendron indicum), including
Simon Mardner, Hexe, Deutsche Perle, Mme. Van der
Cruyssen and Mon. J. Peters. Here also are South African
bulbous plants (Veltheimia viridiflora), with pink tubular
flowers on erect spikes; the belladonna lily (Hippeastrum
Johnsoni), and the Chinese lilies (Lilium rubrum and
Lilium album). The yellow poppy (Reinwardtia trigyna),
a native of the East Indies, Senecio Petasitis, with yellow
daisy-like flowers borne on paniculate spikes, and Primula
kewensis, the latter a garden hybrid between P. floribunda
and P. verticillata, with yellow flowers arranged in whorls
‘one above the other, add to the variety of colors shown.

20 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

In the second section, 1,500 Chinese primroses are the
predominating feature, occupying the entire middle stages.
The collection includes Primula obconica, which is grown
very extensively commercially, the color varying from
white and pink to faint shades of light blue. The pubes-
cent foliage is, with some persons, poisonous to the skin,
producing an effect similar to the poison ivy, only in a
milder form. Primula malachioides, the baby lavender-
flowered primrose, is displayed in quantity for the first time
in St. Louis. - Its small flowers are arranged in whorls similar
to the yellow Primula kewensis, but it is much more prolific,
as many as half a dozen whorls of flowers being borne on
each of the numerous spikes. A good selection of the varieties
of Primula sinensis, the habit of which is like P. obconica,
are included in the collection. Exhibited on the side stages
are 500 specimens of the alpine violet (Cyclamen persicum
hybridum) in various shades. These plants were raised from ©
seeds planted in September, 1911. After germination the
seedlings form a corm, or bulb, with a small heart-shaped leaf
attached. This growth gradually increases throughout the
year, finally producing flowers. The west end of the green-
house is occupied by the hybrid begonias, Begonia Cincin-
nati, with its masses of rose-pink flowers, Begonia Erfordii,
with white, pink and red flowers; calla lilies (Richardia afri-
cana), and the leadwort (Plumbago rosea superba), with tall
spikes of scarlet flowers.

Exotic Houses. The transfer of the flowering plants to
the new conservatories has partially relieved the crowded
condition of the plants in the old houses, thus allowing part —
of the masses of economic plants to be segregated into their »
respective groups. Entering the old range at house No. 12,
the collection of guavas are readily seen, including the lemon
guava (Psidiwm Guajava), Brazil guava (Psidiwm Araca),
mountain guava (Psidiwm montanum), pear guava
(Psidium pyriferum), Chinese guava (Psidium chinensis).

House 11 includes the tropical fruits and condiments.
Some of the interesting plants to be found here are the alli-

tor pear (Persia gratissima), mango (Mangifera indica),
oquat (Eriobotrya japonica), Mexican apple (Casimiroa
edulis), sapodilla plum (Achras Sapota), date plum
(Diospyrus montana), marmalade plum (Lucwma mamosa),
desert lemon (Atalantia trimera) and Tasmania currant
(Coprosma Baueri). The condiments include the cocoa
(Theobroma Cacao), coffee (Coffea arabica), the largest
specimen now bearing large red coffee beans, Bengal coffee

Vv
Mo. Bor. GARD. BULL., VOL. 1. , PLATE 3.

CENTRAL HEATING PLANT.

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 21

(Coffea bengalensis), Madagascar coffee (Coffea madagas-
cariensis), tamarind (Tamarindus indica), wild clove
(Pimenta acris), Paraguay tea (Ilex paraguensis), and
various species of pepper (Piper). On the side stages several
interesting notiginel lants may be seen, such as the
quinine (Cinchona officinalis) and strychnine (Strychnos
nus-vomica). 2

In house 9 the plants that yield perfumes are arranged
on the south side, one of which, the patchouli plant (Pogoste-
mon Heyneanus) is used by the Hindoos for perfuming
cashmere shawls. The middle stage is occupied by economic
plants used in various industries.

House 8 contains the collections of oils, gums and resins,
including the oil of cloves (Pimenta acris), olive oil (Olea
europea), camphor oil (Cinnamomum Camphora), tea oil
(Camellia Sesanqua), gum arabic (Acacia arabica), kutteeria
gum (Acacia Lupdekien). anime resin (Hymenexa Cour-

baril). On the side stage a few Mexican rondeletias are in
bloom, their pink flowers somewhat resembling the common
lantana. Entering the agave house a small group of the
“Crown of Thorns” (Euphorbia splendens) will be noticed,
their small scarlet flowers contrasting with the thorn-like
growths. In the desert house some interesting succulent
plants, “hen and chickens,” are on exhibition, their flowers
varying in color from white to orange red. An unusual cactus-
like geranium (Pelargonium echinatum), native of South
Africa, is blooming at the present time.

Acacia House. The two large specimens of the “bottle-
brush” (Calliandra Tweedii) are beginning to produce their
bright scarlet, brush-like flowers. ie close examination will
reveal the fact that it is the mass of filamentary stamens
and pistils which gives the bright color, and not the sepals,
which are insignificant and of a pale green color. Acacia
spadicigera, one of the mymecophilus plants, is producing
its new growth, including the bihorn-like thorns. These
thorns are frequented by ants in the plant’s native habitat of
Brazil, and the association is supposed: to be of mutual
benefit.

Bromeliad House. Aechmea Barleei-and several species
of Tillandsia have flowered, the bright-colored bracts at once
attracting attention. The vanilla beans are ripening rapidly
and give off an abundance of perfume.

Orchid House. A fine lot of orchids are in flower this
month, the most abundant being the showy, mauve, cattley —

22 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

orchid (Cattleya Trianxi), upwards of 250 individual
blooms having appeared. Thirty-two different varieties of
_ Burmese lady’s slipper orchids are in full flower, several
plants having as many as six blossoms. The rare species
Cypripedium insigne Sander, a native of north India, has
produced three flowers of a rich yellow color. Various other
interesting genera which are in flower are the Star of Beth-
lehem (Angrecum sesquipedale), with its ivory, wax-like
flowers, the long spur or nectar tube measuring 14 inches in
length; Angrecum Humblotii, with greenish white flowers
hanging down from its peculiar leaves; the bird’s bill orchid
_ (Oncidium ornithorhynchum), its small mauve flowers pro-
duced from pendant racemes; the yellow-flowered oncidium
(Oncidium splendidum), its large yellow flowers contrasting
with the golden fern beneath ; the butterfly orchid (Oncidium
Papilio), with mottled lateral petals resembling the wings,
and the linear sepals the antenne, of a butterfly ; Masdevallia
tovarensis, with pure white flowers, and Pleurothallis villosa, |
the hair-like bloom almost hidden by the ovate leaves. On
examining the tiny flowers, the lip will be seen to oscillate
with the least movement of the air. Various other species
are in flower, totaling 64 species and varieties for the month.

East Indian House. The bright red flowers of Anthurium
Reynaldsianum and the clusters of scarlet seeds of Schisma-
toglottis Rebelinii give a little color to the house. The bird
of paradise flower (Strelitzia regine) has been much ad-
mired, a series of eight flowers coming from a spathe-like
bract at intervals of about three days. The orange-colored
perianth resembles, in a general way, the wings, and the

sagittate lip the beak, of the bird of paradise. This plant is
- anative of Africa, where it grows to a height of 6 feet, and is
much prized by the Kaffirs, who eat the ripe seed.

Cycads. Several of the cycads are showing fruit, such as
Encephalartos Altensteinii, Ceratozamia mexicana longifolia
and Zamia chigua. The whole collection has been trans-
planted into tubs and removed to the new conservatories, ex-
cepting the two largest species of Encephalartos, which are
now in the Linnean House.

THE CURATOR OF THE HERBARIUM.

Dr. Jesse More Greenman has been appointed Curator of
the Herbarium and Associate Professor of Botany in Wash-
ington University. Dr. Greenman received the de of B.S.
from the University of Pennsylvania in 1893, where he was

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 23

likewise Harrison Fellow until he resigned to accept the
Assistantship at the Gray Herbarium of Harvard University
_ in 1894. He took his Master’s degree from Harvard in 1899 -
and the degree of Ph. D. from the University of Berlin in
1901. He held the John Thornton Kirkland Fellowship
from Harvard in 1899-1901 and was instructor in Botany in
that University from 1902-1905. Previous to coming to St.
Louis he was Assistant Curator, Department of Botany, of
the Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, and also
held an Assistant Professorship in Botany at the University
of Chicago. Dr. Greenman is a Fellow of the American
Association for the Advancement of Science, member of the
Botanical Society of America, the American Museum Asso-
ciation, Botanists of the Central States, New England
Botanical Club and Sigma Xi. He has published “Mono-
graphie der nord- und centralamerikanischen Arten der Gat-
tung Senecio ;” “Revision of Galium;” “New or Noteworthy
Spermatophytes from Mexico, Central America and the West
Indies ;” “Diagnoses of Spermatophytes chiefly from Mexico
and Central America;” “(New Senecionese from Cuba.” Also
in joint authorship with Dr. B. L. Robinson, numerous
papers on the flora of western and southwestern United
States, Mexico and Central America. He is recognized as
an authority in systematic botany both in this country and
abroad, and his specialization in the flora of the southwest
makes him particularly fitted for the development of this
field, which is contemplated in the near future by the Mis-
souri Botanical Garden.

_ THE HERBARIUM.

The herbarium, including all groups of plants, contains
approximately 700,000 mounted specimens. Its origin dates
from 1858, when Mr. Henry Shaw, the founder of the Gar-
den, at the instigation of Dr. George Engelmann, authorized
the purchase of the private herbarium of Professor Johann
Jakob Bernhardi, of Erfurt, Germany. After being fully
organized the Bernhardi herbarium was found to consist of
nearly 70,000 specimens ; and while the majority of the plants
are native European species, yet the collection contains a
relatively large percentage of American plants which were
obtained on early expeditions to this country in the latter
part, of the eighteenth and the early part of the nineteenth
century. The collection is, therefore, one of particular inter-
est to American botanical students.

24 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

Professor F. Lamson-Scribner, who has examined in detail
the grasses of the Bernhardi herbarium, writes as follows:
“This collection is especially valuable to American botanists,
as it includes a large number of American species and has
recently become even more interesting to the student of
American plants, as it embraces very many species of our
newly-acquired territory in the far east—the Philippine
Islands.” The plants to which Professor Scribner refers
are those cited in Presl’s Reliquie Haenkeane, and col-
lected by Dr. Thaddeus Haenke on his voyages of explora-
tion late in the eighteenth century, during which time he
visited the Pacific Coast of North America and made col-
lections of plants at various stations between Alaska and
Chili, as well as in the Philippine Islands. The type, or
original material, from which the descriptions of Presl’s
species were drawn, are at the Botanical Museum in Prague,
and duplicates were placed in the herbarium of the Uni-
versity of Vienna and in the Royal Museum at Munich. A
duplicate set also found its way to the Bernhardi herbarium.
How complete this set may have been or how extensively
the Haenke plants are represented in other groups than
the grasses is impossible at present to say; but concern-
ing this group Professor Scribner states further: “Of the
334 species of grasses described by Presl, 121 are repre-
sented in this collection. For all essential purposes these
co-types, as they would now be designated, have practically
the same usefulness for comparison and study as the actual
type specimens in the Botanical Museum at Prague.”

Among other noteworthy individual collections in the
Bernhardi herbarium, and of almost equal interest to Ameri-
can students, are a considerable number of Schiede and Deppe
plants, collected in southern Mexico in about 1828 and re-
ferred to by Hemsley in the Biologia Centrali-A mericana, the
Martius and the Blanchet plants of Brazil, which are cited in
Martius’ Flora Brasiliensis, thus rendering them of more
than ordinary value.

Soon after the Bernhardi herbarium was — a very
substantial addition was made to the Garden collections by a
most magnanimous gift from Dr. George Engelmann of his
entire private herbarium, comprising nearly 100,000 plants
which, to a large extent, were gathered from southern and
western United States. These two herbaria have formed the
basis from which the present Garden herbarium, through
generous gifts, purchases, exchanges and collections made by
members of the staff, has been developed to its present status,

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 25

ranking as one of the first four American herbaria, namely
along with Harvard, the New York Botanical Garden, and
the United States National Herbarium.

The Anal Report for 1912 enumerates several of the pri-
_-wate herbaria which have become a part of the organized Gar-
den herbarium as follows:

The George Engelmann Herbarium...... 97,859 specimens
“J. J. Bernhardi Nasco cai 68,134 *
“Henry Eggert ae ee are 26,704 vg
“J. H. Redfield Oh Steyn 16,447 :

* Sturtevant & Smith RL ge 7,446 ff
“Gustav Jermy ge, 6,177 i
“A. W. Chapman ES See ee 3,536 5
“ Julien Reverchon ill See PE ae 17,210 7
* Nicholas. Riehl Ce ey 3,359 &
“« A. F, Eby hee = ate yi 5,069 re
« §. M. Tracy nina rigor a 4,393 ‘s
“ William Trelease pia oa eer 11,000 e
SJ. 1. SOOr i ae 4,133 si
From other Boutees: 23 255 Ais es 427,239 os,
FLODA Le cil cae OOS ok 698,706 specimens oF

Of these the Engelmann, Eggert, Jermy, Joor, Reverchon,
Riehl and Tracy collections are largely from the lower Mis-
sissippi Valley and the southwest. And in addition to these
a few of the more noteworthy and representative series of
exsiccati from the same general region and extending into
Mexico may be mentioned as follows: Berlandier, Texas and
New Mexico; Gregg, northern Mexico; Lindheimer, Texas;
Parish, southern California; Abrams, southern California;
Orcutt, southern and Lower California; Pringle, Arizona and
Mexico; Blumer, Arizona; Bush, Craig, Davis, Letterman
and E. J. Palmer, Missouri; Wright, New Mexico; E. Palmer,
Arizona and Mexico; Parry and Palmer, Mexico; Wislizenus,
New Mexico and Mexico; Mumford, Texas; Lemmon, Purpus
‘and Wilcox, Arizona; Jones, Arizona and Utah; Fendler, ©
Greene, Heller, Metcalfe, Standley and Wooton, New Mexico;
Carleton, Kansas; Baker, Crandall, Hall and Harbour, Parry,
and Patterson, Colorado; Kellogg, Arkansas, and J. G. Smith,
Texas and Mexico.

A complete inventory of all the collectors whose plants are
represented in the herbarium would embrace the names
of most American botanists and others who have made collec-
tions of plants during the last seventy years; but those
names and collections mentioned indicate very clearly that
the herbarium has amassed a relatively large representation
of the indigenous plants of the southwest, re therefore affords

26 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

excellent opportunities for a detailed study of the flora of
that region.

While the growth of the Garden herbarium has been nat-
urally and to a great extent from the southern and western
parts of the United States, yet to the general collection have
been added important series of plants from all parts of the
world, resulting in a well-balanced herbarium and serving
the purpose of an institution of its kind, namely, to furnish
in permanent form the means for advancing a knowledge of
plants, particularly their identity, natural relationships and
geographical distribution.

THE EASTER BULB DISPLAY.

Although Easter week comes unusually early this year,
the Garden is preparing to exhibit a large and attractive lot
of plants suitable to the season. Over 500 Easter lilies will
be in bloom and thousands of the finest varieties of hyacinths
and tulips will be shown, including such novelties as the Tulip
Noire, the blackest of all tulips, even a shade darker than the
Sultan, and Viridiflora, a tulip with flowers of green edged
with yellow. Especially noteworthy will be the collection of
daffodils and narcissi, many of which have not been exhibited
in this country before. Among the varieties now about ready
to be brought into flower are the following: Yellow and sul-
phur-colored trumpet daffodils, white trumpet daffodils, bi-
color trumpet daffodils, large chalice-cup daffodils, short-
cupped daffodils, eucharis-flowered or silver-white fragrant
star narcissi, cyclamen-flowered daffodils, bunch-flowered or
polyanthus narcissi, true poet’s narcissi, and the hoop petti-
coat or medusa’s trumpet daffodils. In addition, calla lilies,
pears, spireas and primroses will be displayed in pro-

usion.

THE GARDEN OPEN EASTER SUNDAY.

By vote of the Trustees the season of open Sundays, instead
of beginning with the first Sunday in April, will be inaugu-
rated Easter Sunday. Consequently, from March 23 until
December 1, the Garden will be open on Sunday from 2:00
p. m. until sundown.

THE INTERNATIONAL FLOWER SHOW.

The Third International Flower Show will be held in the
new Grand Central Palace, New York City, April 5-12. The

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 27

Society of American Florists and Ornamental Horticulturists,
with some twenty-five other organizations, including the
American Carnation Society, American Gladiolus Society,
American Rose Society, American Sweet Pea Society and Per-
petual Flowering Carnation Society of England, will co-oper-
ate with the International Exposition Company to make this
the most notable exhibition of flowering and foliage plants
ever held. Numerous foreign collections will be represented,
and the American saoieers, beth private and commercial, are
making elaborate preparations for the show. The Missouri
Botanical Garden will exhibit several novelties never before
displayed, and in addition the Trustees have offered a prize ©
of $500 to be awarded for the most meritorious plant, either
flowering, foliage or economic, which is absolutely new to
commerce.

THE ENGELMANN BOTANICAL CLUB.

The following program of meetings to be held in the Grad-
uate Lecture Room of the Missouri Botanical Garden, Tower .
Grove and Botanical avenues, is announced by the Engel-
mann Botanical Club. They are open to the public, and the
Saturday afternoon sessions will include demonstrations in
the Garden.

Monday, February 10, at 8:00 p. m.

Dr. J. M. Greenman.—Classification with reference to
Herbarium and Garden Collections.

Mr. W. W. Ohlweiler.—Arrangement of Plants in the Mis-
souri Botanical Garden.

Monday, March 10, at 8:00 p. m.
Dr. Geo. T. Moore.—The Missouri Botanical Garden.

Dr. s M. Duggar.—Noteworthy European Botanical Gar-
ens.

Saturday, April 12, at 3:00 p. m.
THE CYCADS.
Dr. G. R. Hill.—Fossil Cyeads.
Mr. J. R. Schramm—Relation of Cycads to other Plants.

Mr. G. H. Pring —Geographical Distribution, Growing and
Garden Collection of Cycads.

28 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

Saturday, May 10, at 3:00 p. m.
AMARYLLIDACEAE.

Mr. C. H. Thompson.—Habitat and Distribution ; Botany of
Genera; Garden Collection.

Mr. M. Schiller—Growing of Succulent and Bulbous Plants.

Saturday, June 7, at 3:00 p. m.
ROSES.

Mr. A. Jaenicke.—Species and Distribution ; Evolution of
Hybrid Roses.

Mr. C. W. Garrett—Growing of Hardy Roses.
Mr. C. A. Haltenhoff.—Forcing Roses.

STATISTICAL INFORMATION FOR JANUARY, 19138.

GARDEN ATTENDANCE:
Total ‘numberof visitors. os 1,457

EXxcHANGE SEED DISTRIBUTION:
Total number of packets 35.25 a ss ss. 98

LIBRARY ACCESSIONS:

Total number of books and pamphlets bought.... 55
Total number of books and pamphlets donated... 166

HERBARIUM ACCESSIONS:

By exchange—
U. S. National Museum—amiscellaneous N. A. plants..... 604
U. S. Department of Agriculture—N. A. plants.......... 215
J. Fowler—Canadian plants ...................-..204. 235
George D. Butler—California plants................... 288
i. Hi. Hall—California ‘plants. ic. se ete
By purchase—
Aven Nelson—Plants of Idaho........ BS ENS Be a! 429
J. M. Holzinger—N. A. Mosses..:........ SNS es wees 27

Barlow—Plants of New Mexico ..................000-, 2

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 29

By gift—
C. O. Rosendahl—Minnesota plants...................5. 6
W. W. Jones—Montana plants..................00.008. 18
E. E. Sheriff—Tllinois plants..................00e eee 8
MH. Levellle-—-Onagracem 2.6 fob bee ce ren ew escc ee ete 12
A. M. Huger—North Carolina plants................... 4
From various sources—
C. H. Thompson—cultivated plants..................++. 32
Moses Craig—Missouri plants ............ 00.0 eee eee 17
MAIBCEHENOOUS 555 62 ee ss ea ec Seb ot tines Onin wes bee 118

The Garden is open to the public Sundays from Easter Sunday
to November 30, 2:00 P. M. until sunset. Week-days the year ’round
from 8:00 A. M. until one-half hour after sunset. Admission free.

Mo. BOT. GARD, BULL., VOL, 1. PLATE 4.

3

THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN.
BUILDING FOR ADMINISTRATION, COLLECTIONS, AND SCIENTIFIC WORK.

Missouri Botanical
Garden Bulletin

Vol. a St. Louis, Mo., March, 1913 No. 3

THE LABORATORIES IN THE MISSOURI
BOTANICAL GARDEN.

Botanical laboratories are the work-shops of those who
study plants scientifically. They are meant for research and
instruction, and are consequently a necessary part of any
modern botanical establishment. Other things being equal,
those laboratories are most favorably located which enjoy to
the fullest extent the facilities offered by such rich collections
of living plants as are maintained for scientific as well as for
exhibition purposes in the best botanical gardens. Generally
speaking, the garden feature of botanical work is appreciated
by the public, since the living plants are interesting in them-
selves; nevertheless, friends of the Missouri Botanical
Garden and of the scientific work may be interested in a brief
account of the development of the laboratories and of the
nature of the work for which they are being equipped.

Botanical Gardens Educational_—In the first place it is to
be remembered that the important botanical gardens of the
world are educational institutions, and for the most part they
represent much of the botanical endeavor of a state or uni-
versity — garden, laboratories and museum constituting.
what are collectively known as the “Botanical Garden,” or
the “Botanical Institute.” In the case of the Missouri
Botanical Garden, certain phases of the work are intimately
and appropriately connected with Washington University,
through the Henry Shaw School of Botany, in which all
graduate students working at the Garden are registered. This
affiliation, effected by the founder, and strengthened by the
development of research in the Garden, is obviously of the
greatest mutual benefit. The Garden offers its whole facili-
ties to serious students, and the University, charged with
the maintenance and development of rational educational
standards, encourages breadth of educational achievement.

The Laboratory Represents Instruction and Research.—
The popular concept of a botanical garden, unfortunately,

(31)

32 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

is often not distinct from “garden” or “park,” and thus con-
ceived it connotes merely an extensive plant display, ar-
ranged perhaps both in the open and in plant houses. It
may be assumed that the display is designed to give pleasing
effects, to disseminate the type of information which mere
contact with plants may afford, and perhaps to encourage cer-
tain more serious studies. Exhibits of blossoming or foliage
plants and displays of the natural groups of native and exotic
floras are, indeed, an important part of the broad educational
plan contemplated and carried out by modern scientific
gardens, but this is not all. These collections of living plants
facilitate instruction and stimulate research; but the serious
study of the incompletely known life processes of plants, or ©
the attainment of a better knowledge of form and structure
as a means of classification and further fundamental study,
are necessarily conducted in special laboratories.

In the broadest sense these laboratories must represent the
possibility of using apparatus and chemicals, books and her-
_ barium specimens, live material from garden or field and

cultures of microscopic organisms. The laboratory method
in physiological botany is distinctly experimental. Often the
experimental work must be carried into the greenhouse and
field, for we must grow plants if we are to know their require-
ments. Since experimental work in laboratories became a
feature of botanical instruction, fundamental scientific work
has moved by leaps and bounds. Applied botany has profited
correspondingly.

Applied Botany.—The training which men have gained
in the plant laboratory is that which has enabled them to
work out so satisfactorily in recent years many of the im-
portant problems in the plant industries, that is, in the appli-
cation of botanical science to floriculture, to fruit culture and
field work, to the encouragement of crop work under semi-
arid conditions, to problems of soil fertility, to the prevention
of plant diseases, and to numerous bacteriological problems.
Nevertheless, immediate application of scientific work is not
the chief end, for broad principles are necessary before accu-
rate individual diagnosis is attainable. Applied botany de-
serves always the fullest consideration and it likewise offers
many of the most interesting problems of the day; thus the
study of the bacteria and the determination of the function
of the root “nodules” of the clover family has allayed all fear
of a “nitrogen famine” in the soil, and the grower has a
logical basis for the Milenio of crop rotation; scientifically
a new conception of the relation of many lower organisms to.

Mo. Bor. GARD. BULL., VOL. 1.

4
EAST END OF CONFERENCE ROOM——HEADQUARTERS FOR GRADUATE STUDY AND MICROSCOPIC WORK.

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 33

nitrogen was made possible and thus, too, further new eco-
nomic possibilities were at the same time opened.

Laboratories Originally Contemplated.—The establish-
ment and equipment of laboratories and the assembling of a
staff of investigators at the Missouri Botanical Garden was
not only contemplated by the founder as a possible feature
of the work, but these things were expressly specified as a

art of the purpose of the establishment. By the terms of

is will and by plans which had a definite inception prior
to his decease, Mr. Shaw offered every encouragement to the
development of laboratories and the promotion of research,
both in the Garden and in the School of Botany.

With the appointment of Professor William Trelease as
Director of the Garden, in 1889, research was inaugurated,
meaning by this not only an adequate expenditure for the
maintenance of the Garden proper, but also for the augmen-
tation of the facilities of the library and herbarium, likewise
for the establishment of a laboratory, and the organization of
a research staff. An evidence of the expected attitude of the
Garden towards research is afforded by the address of Pro-
fessor Farlow at the first annual banquet, in 1890, where he
said, in part:

“Now you have here in St. Louis a garden with an endow-
ment far surpassing that of any other garden in America,
and possibly equaling that of the best gardens in Europe,
with a fund which may be and should be spent for the pur-
poses of investigation. Here in St. Louis, better than any-
where else, you are provided for doing abstract work. Trust
to research. Do not be afraid to go ahead and leave to in-
vestigators the work which in the end, and perhaps in a
comparatively few years, must give your garden a prominent
place amongst all the gardens of the world. Do not be con-
tent to say ‘We of St. Louis have here a beautiful garden
where we can go every day and examine the plants and ap-
preciate the beauties of nature,’ but do not rest until you
have established here a school of research, research in the
most difficult problems of botany, being assured that in the
end those problems will be of advantage not only to St. Louis,
to Missouri, but to the whole world. Once having made in
St. Louis a school of research, you will then take the lead in
practical horticulture as well as in more purely theoretical
science.”

The First Twenty Years.—To what extent those charged
with the execution of the will and the conduct of the scientific

34 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

work have succeeded in the encouragement of research, even
before special laboratories were set apart, is clearly shown
through the scientific contributions which have appeared in
the Annual Reports of the Garden and in other botanical
publications. The extent of the impetus for research during
the present year is made apparent by the fact that, including
graduate students, and exclusive of visiting botanists, no less
than fourteen persons at the Garden are now devoting some
of their time to investigation. Moreover, since 1889 the
library and herbarium have grown rapidly and now represent
a wealth of capital available to present and future botanical
and plant industry workers. The library, comprising about
70,000 books and pamphlets, is, perhaps, the largest botani-
eal library in the country collected in one building.

Up to 1903, however, it had not been found possible to
designate any building or room ially for experimental
laboratory work. In that year the basement of the museum
building was equipped as a plant pathological and chemical
laboratory, the equipment being provided through the co-
operation of the Bureau of Plant Industry, U. 8. Depart-
ment of Agriculture. Later co-operation was also arranged
with the Forest Service. It was known as the Mississippi Val-
ley Laboratory of the Department of Agriculture. The
laboratory was in charge of Dr. Hermann von Schrenk, and
as a result of his work, and that of his associates, important
contributions have been made to our knowledge of plant dis-
eases,—in fact, the work represents the first systematic study
of timber diseases in this country. Here also the important
problem of timber treatment received scientific attention.
Co-operation with the Department of Agriculture was dis-
continued in 1906, but Dr. von Schrenk was subsequently
appointed honorary pathologist to the Garden, and this labo-
ratory for plant pathology and chemistry has been main-
tained in the museum building.

The Laboratory Building.—A chief augmentation of the
facilities for research and graduate instruction was effected
when, in 1909, there was completed extensive fireproof
addition to the library and herbarium building, more than
doubling the size of the former structure. The south wing
of this structure was set apart primarily for laboratory pur-
poses. At the same time Dr. George T. Moore was appointed
to the hotest age Sie physiology and applied botany. In
connection with this professorship two research fellowships
were established, and in the following year three more were
added, all five being designated the Rufus J. Lackland Re-

Mo. Bor. GARD. BULL., VOL. 1. PLATE 6.

VIEW IN THE STAFF RESEARCH LABORATORY.

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 35

search Fellowships. It should be noted that the purpose of
these fellowships is to encourage young men and women of
ability, graduates of colleges and universities, and trained in
science, to enter upon investigation work in physiological and
other phases of botany. The Fellows may be called upon
to assist to some extent in both instruction and departmental
research. With a change of administration, in 1912, Dr.
__B. M. Duggar was appointed Professor of Plant Physiology,

to staagg his time to research and to the direction of graduate
work.

While the laboratories are arranged for any phase of
botanical study, special attention is being given to the re-
quirements of both physiology and taxonomy in their
broadest relations (see special announcement of the Shaw
School of Botany). The appointment of Dr. J. M. Green-
man as Curator of the Herbarium and Associate Professor
of Botany (noted in the previous number of the BULLETIN),
and the more recent designation of Dr. E. A. Burt as Mycol-
ogist and Librarian, make possible the rapid development of
the taxonomic side of the work.

The Laboratories and -the Equipment.—In the building
devoted to research and graduate instruction the first floor is
Shi aes by the office and lecture room. On the second floor
are found a staff research laboratory, a balance room, and a
large conference room which serves at present as headquarters
for study and microscopic work of twelve graduate students
—likewise as Seminar room. The third floor is given up to
general experimental laboratory work, being made up of
two smal] research rooms and one large laboratory. A spa-
cious basement is used for storage and rougher phases of the
work. In the pee) description no reference has been
made to the herbarium, this having been treated at length in
the last Buttery.

The equipment of the laboratories proper was begun in
1909 and has since been materially strengthened. Besides
microscopes, microtomes, — bath, and other apparatus
required in almost any p. of botanical work, there is a
complete bacteriological equipment. This includes transfer
rooms with steam connections for dust precipitation, one up-
right and one large Kny-Scheerer horizontal autoclav
steam sterilizers, dry ovens, incubators, ice chest, ete. The
equipment for special physiological study includes further
a spectroscopic outfit, photo-micrographic outfit, instruments
for the measurement of environmental conditions, a large

(36 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

four-chamber incubator, built especially for physiological
work, glass incubators for growing alge, a D’Arsonval gal-
vanometer and much smaller apparatus. Furthermore, facil-
ities for the development of the physiological-chemical side
of the work are being rapidly increased, and these include
apparatus for enzyme and general fermentation studies, in-
cluding a Hill pressure filter for extracting plant juices, a
nitrogen still, gas furnace, balances, the necessary glassware
and chemicals, as well as other general facilities required.
An effective water still with a capacity of seven gallons an
hour has also been installed.

The abundance of material in the Garden and greenhouses
offers special opportunities for the solution of diverse botan-
ical problems. Greenhouses are also maintained for the ex-
perimental work, but houses especially adapted to the needs
of experimental physiology and pathology constitute the
next important material advance in the development of the
research equipment. There is very close contact between all
phases of garden endeavor; especially is a spirit of complete
co-operation expected to prevail between the Garden work
proper and research and instruction. :

Investigation and Reports.—Besides the regular staff, the
assistants, Fellows, and other graduate students who are now
engaged in research are as follows: J. R. Schramm, A. B.,
Wabash College, Assistant to the Director; George R. Hill,
Jr., Ph. D., Cornell University, Research Assistant, formerly
Instructor in Plant Physiology at Cornell University; W. W.
Ohlweiler, B. S., Connecticut Agricultural College, Teach-
ing Fellow; J. S. Cooley, M. S., Virginia Polytechnic Insti-
tute, Lackland Research Fellow, formerly Assistant Plant
Pathologist at the Virginia Agricultural Experiment Sta-
tion; A. R. Davis, A. B., Pomona College, Lackland Re-
search Fellow; Margaret De Meritt, M. S., New Hampshire
College, Lackland Research Fellow, formerly Assistant in
Botany, New Hampshire College; W. H. Emig, A. B.,
Washington University, Lackland Research Fellow; L. O.
Overholts, A. B., Miami University, Lackland Research Fel-
low; C. O. Chambers, A. M., University of Indiana; A. G.
Nolte, B. S., Washington University; Mildred Spargo, A. M.,
Washington University.

Aside from the important work in the taxonomy of the
flowering plants now in progress, some of the problems which
are being investigated in the laboratories are the following:

Mo. Bor. GARD. BULL., VOL. 1.

ii

: 1
at i
Seiiea

SOUTHEAST CORNER OF CONFERENCE ROOM.

A CORNER OF THE EXPERIMENTAL LABORATORY NOW BEING
EQUIPPED FOR GRADUATE PHYSIOLOGICAL-CHEMICAL
INVESTIGATIONS,

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 37

_The role of soil conditions in determining the suscepti-
bility of certain plants to some important fungus diseases.

The effect of smoke upon various forms of vegetation, with
special reference to the determination of the comparative
injury to different plants, and the use of certain easily-in-
jured plants as indicators in determining areas affected.

A continuation of some studies upon the effect of certain
gases on fruits and vegetables; an endeavor to determine the
value of ventilation in the shipment and storage of fruits and
storage products; the effect of the wrappers on transported
fruits.

The relation between certain alge found commonly in
the soil and the fixation of free nitrogen ; an attempt to throw
further light on the relation of alge to certain phases of the
soil fertility problem. tae
_ A monographic study of the native polypores of Missouri.
The polypores are corky fungi, including many of the more
important organisms causing forest tree diseases and timber
decays.

A study of the physiology of the common damping-off
fungus of greenhouse cultures and seed beds, with special
reference to the conditions influencing the activity of the
parasite.

The pathological importance of wild species of yeasts. A
considerable number of yeast species have been obtained from
various sources and an endeavor will be made to determine
the possible relation of those to certain abnormal animal
growths.

A study of the life history and physiology of Chlamydo-.
monas, one of the most primitive organisms of the vegetable’
kingdom.

The toxicity of aluminum compounds towards plants.

The effects of conditions on the development of pigments
in plants, with reference also to the factors causing the in-
— tensification of coloration in certain structures.

The effects of certain fungicides and spray mixtures on
the physiological activities of leaves.

A new method for the bacteriological ans of air. In
the application of this study it is intended to determine

38 SC; MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

relatively the degree of pollution of air in closed public con-
veyances, in factories, etc., especially by the presence of cer-
tain common indicator bacteria.

A representative of the Illinois State Laboratory of Nat-
ural History, Mr. R. E. Richardson, has been spending some
months at this laboratory engaged upon a study of biological
material collected in the Chicago Sanitary Canal and Upper
oe aie River, preparatory to an extensive report upon that
subject.

In general it may be said that the field now covered by the
investigations undertaken at the Garden is a very broad one,
and the details of the work can only be apparent through the
articles published. It may be well to state that the general
attitude of the research staff toward the types of problems
for investigation is a broad one—no legitimate scientific
- prob! is too practical or too abstract. There is no reason

why an investigator connected with the laboratory should
not equally well study “How to produce a new rose” or
“Correlation and segregation phenomena in rose hybrids”;
“How to store vegetables and fruits” or “Respiration and
changes in tissues preserved at low temperatures.”

One evening a week is devoted to a Seminar comprising
members of the staff and graduate students, who report upon
their work and endeavor not only to correlate their efforts,
but likewise to follow and discuss the progress of cognate
studies in other scientific laboratories. The Engelmann
Botanical Club, which has been in existence more than a
decade, holds monthly meetings in the laboratory building,
and the membership of this body has increased during the
present year. This Club is designed to bring together for
mutual benefit all those in the city who have general pro-
fessional or scientific interest in botany.

HINTS ON LAWN-MAKING IN ST. LOUIS

No one thing so adds interest and charm to a landscape
_as a well-proportioned lawn. Given‘a good stretch, it is com-
music simple to add flowers and shrubs in pleasing com-
ination, but without the grass it is impossible to secure the
restful effect so much desired in any scheme of planting.
This principle is well known, and a lawn properly made and
maintained is re ized as being the key to the satisfactory
setting of any building, be it small house or most pretentious
public structure. The efforts of the gardener are not always

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 39

attended with success, however, and since the number of in- ©

quiries relative to the proper making and care of a lawn are
constantly increasing, it seems: desirable that a few of the
' fundamental principles of grass-growing be set forth for the
benefit of the readers of the BULLETIN.

_ Of course there are many different uses to which a lawn
may be put, and the character and treatment varies some-
what according to the specific end desired. The only kind of
lawn which will be discussed here is that which the house-
holder is anxious to secure, leaving the peculiar requirements
for golf links, parks and similar special localities to some
future time. .
THE SOIL.

The ideal soil for lawn grasses is one which, while remain-
ing moist, never becomes saturated with water. Thus a
clay or sandy loam, with a ¢lay subsoil, is much better adapted
to the purpose than a light, loose soil, which dries out rapid-
ly. Unfortunately, the land around a new house is not usually
well adapted for a lawn, owing to its being mixed with the
subsoil which has come from the excavation, or the undesir-
able earth which is hauled in for grading. It is often neces-
sary, therefore, to spend a year or more in getting the earth
into proper condition before seeding it for a permanent lawn.
While this may seem a waste of time, it must be remembered
that the life of the lawn depends to a large extent upon the
character of the soil, and that more can be done in one year
before the grass becomes established than in many years
afterwards. Nothing is lost and everything is to be gained
by as nearly as possible getting the soil into proper condition
before permanent seeding.

PREPARATION OF THE SOIL.

In making a lawn for the first time on light, sandy soil,
two or three inches of clay incorporated with the first four
to six inches of sand will be of the greatest benefit. Stable
manure at the rate of twenty to thirty loads per acre will
assist in furnishing the scighesngy Caption and if a crop of
legumes, such as cow-peas, can be grown and then turned
under, the beneficial result will more than pay for the delay
and expense. :

Practically all lawn grasses prefer an alkaline soil, and in
St. Louis, where, owing to the smoke, the tendency of the
soil is to become acid, it is a desirable to add some
form of lime. Air-slaked lime at the rate of from one-half

40 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

to a ton per acre may be used, or there are certain advantages
in applying crushed limestone rock at about double the pro-
portions employed for air-slaked lime. The rock remains
available in the soil much longer, and under ordinary cir-
cumstances gives up a sufficient amount of alkali to main-
tain the desired condition. Hardwood ashes at the rate of a
ton to the acre are sometimes used with good effect, as they
assist materially in correcting the acidity of the soil. Raw
crushed bone, five hundred pounds or more to the acre, may
be used in the original preparation for a lawn, and the usual
combinations of chemical fertilizers are all useful. Stable
manure is, for light soils, greatly superior to chemical fer-
tilizers, since it not only ide a sufficient amount of plant
food, but likewise improves the texture and water-retaining
capacity of the soil. It should be borne in mind that it is
impossible to get a soil too good for a lawn, and that there is
every necessity for taking great pains at first, since the grass
is to be a permanent crop.

WHAT SEED TO SOW.

The ideal grass for a lawn should have a creeping under-
ground stem with short joints, producing long, narrow leaves
in abundance, making a close turf. In addition, the color
should be pleasing and permanent, that is, not changing
radically through the seasons, and the more drought-resist-
ant it is, the better. In addition, it must stand repeated cut-
ting and should be adapted to as large a variety of soils as
possible. Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis), not Canadian
bluegrass (Poa compressa), undoubtedly comes nearer to
this ideal than any other single grass, and for this reason it
forms a part of practically all the mixtures used for the pur-
pose under discussion. Unfortunately, bluegrass does not
stand well the summers of St. Louis, and it is a fact not gen-
erally recognized that a good lawn from this grass alone can-
not be obtained under three or four years. It has been a
much-debated question whether bluegrass should be sown
with other grasses or not, but in this locality there can be but
one answer, namely, that some mixture combining several
of the standard grasses is far preferable to bluegrass alone.
It must be admitted at once, however, that there is no such
thing as a perfect universal lawn mixture. The conditions
under which grass has to grow in different localities and the
varying tastes of individuals has resulted in a number of
formulas being su d which may or may not prove suc-
cessful when used by different planters. Bluegrass not only

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 41

a ber several years in which to become thoroughly estab-
lished, but it does not grow as closely to the ground as some
other varieties, and in order to have a green lawn as soon as
possible it is absolutely necessary to use a combination of
seed. Furthermore, it is a fact that a thicker growth can be
obtained from a given area where several kinds of grasses
are growing than where one is alone.

A mixture which has been widely used and which, under
favorable conditions, gives satisfactory results, is the follow-
ing:

Fancy Kentucky bluegrass 0... oie i544 ag 50%
Fancy red top (Agrostis alba var. vulgaris).......... 20%
Rhode Island bent (Agrostis canina)................ 15%
English rye (Lolium perenne var. tenue)............ 15%

Such a mixture should be planted at about the rate of one
pound to every four hundred square feet, or one hundred
pounds (five bushels) to the acre.

English rye starts almost as soon as sown, and in a month
or six weeks will present a uniform green appearance. It is
not a long-lived grass, and will be obliterated during the sec-
ond season, but is worth while on account of the immediate
and satisfactory results obtained. \The red top stands hot
weather well, grows rapidly and is not easily killed out.
Rhode Island bent is the basis of the famous Newport lawns
and makes a strong turf which will stand tramping well. It
also acts as an admirable ‘“‘nurse” to the bluegrass.

Tastes differ as to the desirability of white clover
(Trifolium repens, var. perenne) in a lawn. Some think it
adds to the beauty of a greensward, and other strongly ob-
ject to its appearance, considering it out of place. In its
favor it may be said that white clover produces a dense, quick
growth, and will often make a green covering where grass
seed fails. It will not stand rough usage, however. If de-
sired in a lawn it should be sown sparingly, not over two to
four pounds to the acre, and separately, for, being heavy,
it will be distributed very unevenly if mixed with the other
seed.

Various other combinations of seed too numerous to men-
- tion might be referred to, but space will not permit. There
will be started this spring at the Garden a number of experi-
mental plots which, it is hoped, will furnish to those inter-

examples of various combinations of seed and
the resulting lawns. In addition to the stan mixtures,

42 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

special attention will be paid to lawns for wet, sandy, clay
and shady locations, as well as those for putting greens, fair
greens, etc.

TIME TO PLANT.

_ _The greatest difference of opinion exists as to the relative
advantages of spring and fall planting of lawns. Both
periods have been repeatedly shown to bring successful re-
sults, and it is largely a matter of the weather conditions
existing after the putting in of the seed which determines
‘failure or success. If one could be certain of the kind of
winter or spring which was to follow the making of the lawn,
it would be comparatively simple to decide upon the best
time to plant. As it is, seeding should depend upon conven-
ience, and chances must be taken on the result. In general, —
it may be said that(spring planting is more certain than fall
planting, unless, owl her conditions, seeding has.
to be delayed too long. Drought and heat are hard on young
plants which have not had time to form sufficient roots. It
is not advisable to sow seed during a dry period either in
spring or fall. A careful preparation of the land which in-
sures ready germination will sometimes offset the effect of
limited dry periods, but artificial watering should always be
resorted to if sufficient moisture is not present to force rapid
growth.
WATERING.

After a lawn is established, more harm than good is often
done by the methods of watering usually emp oyed. Mere
sprinkling has a tendency to cause the roots of the grass to
grow close to the surface of the soil, and consequently the
plants must be almost continuously watered in order to k
them alive. Land properly prepared in the first place will
induce deep root growth and, except in unusually dry sea-
sons, no water whatever is necessary. When watering must
be done it should consist of thoroughly soaking the earth
as deeply as it is dry. Another objection to light sprinkling
is that it induces the growth of wild grasses, which cannot
thrive under as dry conditions as the standard lawn varieties.

TOP DRESSING.

The most careful and thorough preparation of the soil
originally will not obviate the necessity for an occasional top
——* of fertilizer. Stable manure, thoroughly rotted, is
admirable for this purpose. Care should be taken, however,
to see that it is so completely decomposed that it contains no

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 43

weed seed and that it will break up rapidly in order that it
may be carried rapidly beneath the surface by means of rains
and snow.

As a spring top dressing nothing is better than powdered
sheep manure, particularly if it is mixed with lime to con-
serve the nitrogen, which may otherwise be lost. Apply at
the rate of about one ton to the acre. Bone meal and hard-
wood ashes in equal parts, at the same rate as sheep manure,
also produce good results. For quick effects, nitrate of soda,
used up to five hundred pounds per acre, is unexcelled. It
is usually better to divide the total amount to be applied into
three or four lots, applying each lot before a rain. In fact,
all top dressing should be put on as nearly as may be possible
before a rain in order to insure the washing in of the fer-
tilizer, as well as to prevent the discoloration of the lawn.

CONCLUSIONS.

Don’t underestimate the importance of a thorough prep-
aration of the soil before trying to establish a lawn. Most
of the failures supposed to be due to poor seed are really be-
cause of poor soil.

Don’t merely re-seed where grass would not grow before; .
probably the trouble is with the soil.

Don’t plant Kentucky bluegrass alone and expect imme-
diate results. In the course of three or four years a good
lawn may be secured, but this will be because of a peculiar
combination of good soil, proper treatment and favorable
weather, which is not likely to occur.

Don’t think you can get an English lawn in St. Louis by
importing the varieties of grass seed used in England. The
thing can’t be done. |

Don’t fail to use a heavy roller (a thousand pounds is not
too much) on a new lawn.

. Don’t cut a young lawn too close. Set the knives of the
lawn mower high and keep the grass about two inches above
the crown.

Don’t top dress with fresh manure. It introduces weeds
and is unsightly.

Don’t neglect a lawn because it was made right in the first
— Fertilizers are necessary to maintain the grass at its

44 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

Don’t spoil a new lawn with light sprinkling. If water
must be added, let it run in a full stream until the soil is
thoroughly soaked.

FLORAL DISPLAY.

As announced in the February number of the BuLLerin,
a large Easter display of flowering bulbous plants compris-
ing tulips, lilies, narcissi, daffodils and hyacinths, in almost
endless variety, will be shown in the north wing of the new
plant range. The collection will be in place on Easter Sun-
day, and may be expected to be at its best during the follow-
ing ten days or two weeks. Additional variety will be sup-
plied by spireeas, calla lilies and primroses. Following the
bulb display—beginning about April 10 to 15—the prin-
cipal attractions in the floral display houses will be spirsas,
calceolaria hybrids, matricarias, ornamental tobaccos, and,
somewhat later, roses and hydrangeas. It should be em-
phasized that at all times other flowering plants will be
shown which, because of their number, cannot be enumer-
ated, but which add greatly to the variety and interest of
the collections. Among these may be mentioned the glox-
inias, with their delicate shades of color, large showy flowers
and vivid green foliage, which will begin to make their ap-
pearance toward the end of April, though not becoming
prominent until May.

STATISTICAL INFORMATION FOR FEBRUARY, 1913

GARDEN ATTENDANCE:

Total number of visitors... 0.0 fa ee 1,683
SEED ExcHANGE:

Total number of packets distributed.................... 1,635

Total number of packets received...................... 415
LIBRARY ACCESSIONS:

Total number of books and pamphlets bought............ 17

Total number of books and pamphlets donated........... 105
HERBARIUM ACCESSIONS:

By Exchange—

U. 8. National Museum—Central American piants...3.-. 6

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 45

By Purchase— :
A. A. Heller, Oregon, Utah and Navada plants

Peers 750
E. Bartholomew—North American fungi............... 200°
I. Urban—San Domingo plants........................ 459
*By Gift—
is. Dewey-——Neonomic “plants. 2.0 3 ei ei es ee et 2
J. M. Greenman—Massachusetts, Michigan and Arizona
DINING Oo as pea a pais ata or eet a 7
From Various Sources—
MISUBUANCOUR 5 O05 oe ed 4
OVALS os he ie gr Pe ret ee Ok ee ne cee ag 1,428

The Garden is open to the public Sundays from Easter Sunday
to Nov. 30, 2:00 P. M. until sunset. Week-days the year ’round
from 8:00 A. M. until one-half hour after sunset. Admission free.

The main entrance to the Garden is located at Tower Grove
Avenue and Flora Boulevard, on the Vandeventer Avenue car line.
Transfer south from all intersecting lines.

Missouri Botanical
— Garden Bulletin

Sia’, os Geen aie oes FESR ae os : “No. 4 4.

- Plating and Care f Shade Tree iS. Louis
oon Floral Display for April and. a : ee oes
Soret heel Show = ge cee

Missouri Botanical
Garden Bulletin

Vol. I St. Louis, Mo., April, 1913 No. 4

PLANTING AND CARE OF SHADE TREES IN
ST. LOUIS.

St. Louis has many miles of streets planted with shade
trees, of which the city may be justly proud. There are,
_ however, many more miles of streets in which there are
practically no trees, or where the trees have been so badly
neglected, or are so badly injured, or where they occur so
infrequently that they are of little use for shade or orna-
ment. During the past five years a good deal has been done
towards the proper care and maintenance of trees in city
streets, as well as encouraging the planting of new trees,
but much remains to be done. There is no reason why the
streets of St. Louis should not be fully planted with shade
trees, particularly in the residence districts.

Certain species of trees grow very rapidly, and it is sur-
prising how soon good sized shade trees may be had. The
accompanying illustrations show four views, looking east
on Flora Boulevard, taken from the main gate of the Mis-
souri Botanical Garden. The first photograph was made in
February, 1900, the second and third about the same time, in
1906 and 1907, and the fourth in February, 1913. As in-
dicated in the first photograph, there were very few trees on
this street in 1900, and those actually planted were very
_ small. In twelve years this street has become one of the
most attractively shaded ones in the city.

In view of the fact that this season of the year is the
ideal time for planting new trees, some hints as to the kinds
of trees to plant and the conditions under which they should
be planted may be timely.

KIND OF TREES TO PLANT.

In selecting the kinds of trees to plant, consideration must
be given to several important factors, such as hardiness,

(47)

48 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

symmetry and shade-giving habit, immunity to the attacks
of fungi and insects causing disease, smoke and drought
resistance, cleanliness of habit, and longevity. There is prac-
tically no single kind of tree which will fulfill all of these
requirements.

The following tree species should receive consideration in
St. Louis: :

The sycamore is probably the best street tree for general
planting, especially the oriental variety (Platanus orientalis
intermedia). This tree has all of the vigor and hardiness
of the American sycamore, but does not shed its leaves in
the same abinolicabl way. It also has various qualities
desirable in the street shade tree, which make it more ac-
ceptable than most of the other species. It grows very
rapidly, has a straight trunk, forms a round symmetrical
head, is perfectly hardy, withstands the smoky atmosphere
as well as any other species, and is comparatively free from —
destructive diseases. At the same time, when properly
pruned, it gives a very dense shade.

Next to the sycamore the soft maple stands well in general
estimation. Its rapid growth and the readiness with which
it can be pruned to any desirable form have recommended
it. The wood of this tree is very weak, however, and during
severe wind storms, such as occur in the early part of the
year, many of its branches are broken. It is, furthermore,
very subject to the attack of various insect borers.

The Carolina poplar has been planted on many streets,
but is not a desirable tree except when used as a temporary
filler, to be removed when the permanent trees, planted on
either side, attain sufficient size. For streets located in the
outer parts of the city, a more general planting of oaks can
be recommended, especially the red or scarlet oak, both of
which withstand considerable drought. Norway and sugar
maples are also desirable. Tihe chief objection which can
be offered to these trees is their slow growth, but where a
ganar improvement is made, either of these trees will

found superior to the soft maple.

_ The tulip tree and white ash both do very well, except
in the more congested districts, and both of them are ac-
ceptable shade trees. Aside from the species enumerated,
with the possible exception of one or two others, such as the

, most other kinds will be found poorly adapted to
the St. Louis climate and atmosphere.

Mo. BOT. GARD. BULL., VoL. 1. PLATE gb

1900.

1906.

FLORA BOULEVARD LOOKING EAST FROM MAIN GATE OF THE
MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN.

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 49

The elm, which is frequently used as a shade tree in
eastern cities, suffers severely during the hot summer sea-
son and is also subject to the attack of bark diseases. On
that account it is not desirable to plant elms, except in the
out-lying regions, where they can be given very special care.

In making a selection as to the kind of tree to plant on
a street, consideration should be given to the varieties of
trees already existing there. Under an ordinance passed
several years ago, anyone desiring to plant a tree on a street
must obtain a permit from the office of the City Forester.
Under this same ordinance, as recently amended, permis-
sion is given to the property owners on any given street to
make a selection of a tree species, so that when plantings
are made on such street uniformity is assured, making it
a more attractive thoroughfare. The revised section of the
_ ordinance, as it is now in effect, reads:

“Tf the property holders along any given street, upon due notice
sa to do from the City Forester, shall fail to make the selection
provided for by Section 1254 hereof, within six months next after
notice has been given, then it shall be the duty of the City Forester
to select a variety of shade trees for such street or blocks of such
street which shail thereafter be the only variety which shall be
planted on said street or blocks of said street, provided, however,

that if thereafter 4 majority of the property owners on any two
or more contiguous blocks shall petition the City Forester to change
the selection so made under the provision of this Section to a more
suitable variety, and the City Forester approve the change, then
the trees planted thereafter on said street or blocks of said street

shall be the variety last so approved.”
WHEN TO PLANT.

Trees may be planted either in the fall or spring, but for
various reasons it will be preferable to plant in the earl
spring; that is, just as soon as the ground is in a workable
condition. This is usually the latter part of March and
early April.
WHERE TO PURCHASE TREES.

One of the chief reasons why many of the trees planted
in city streets fail to grow ies He that sufficient care

and attention are not given to the kind of trees purchased
and to the conditions under which young trees are trans-
planted from a nursery to the street. It is by no means
rare to see wagons driving along the streets in the spring
loaded with young shade trees, in which no attempt is made
to protect the roots from the sun and wind. Under such
conditions it is not difficult to see why these trees will not

50 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

grow satisfactorily. When a tree is moved from one place
to another the greatest care should be exercised to prevent
any greater injury to the roots than is absolutely necessary.
The best subsequent development will occur where the
shortest interval elapses between the time of digging up the
tree and resetting it. While, with proper precaution, trees
can be successfully transplanted when shipped from a dis-
tance, there is no doubt but that the best results are usually
obtained where trees are moved as short a distance as possi-
ble. It is, therefore, recommended that wherever possible
trees be purchased from nursery men in or near St. Louis,
so that the least possible time may elapse between the dig-
ging of the trees from the nursery to the actual setting in
the street. Prospective purchasers of trees should insist on
proper protection of the roots of trees which they purchase.
The roots should either be kept moist or enclosed in bagging
or other material, so as to reduce the drying out during the
time of shipment. :

HOW TO PLANT.

Before setting any tree the greatest care should be used
in properly preparing the place where the tree is to be set.
In many of the streets the soil is, unfortunately, not of the
best kind, particularly in places where the streets have been
filled with ashes and other rubbish. It will be advisable
in all cases, where the soil is poor, to dig a hole a good deal
deeper than is necessary for the particular tree, and to par-
tially fill this hole with good garden soil. In many of the
eastern cities holes 10 to 12 feet in diameter are frequently
dug and filled with good soil, so that the young trees when
set may start out under the most favorable conditions.

Before setting the tree all roots should be carefully ex-
amined, and any broken or bruised ones carefully cut off
with a sharp knife. At the same time the branches should
be pruned. It is frequently not understood that in trans-
planting a tree the fine roots are injured and in many cases
destroyed entirely. Until a new set of fine roots is formed,
the amount of water absorbed by the tree will be very small.
In order that this small amount of water may be sufficient
it is necessary to prevent an excessive production of leaves.
The extent of the pruning of branches for this purpose, which
should be done before setting, will depend upon the num-
ber of fibrous roots which are still present. A rule frequently
used is to cut off about four-fifths of last year’s growth from
all branches. Maples and sycamores need not be pruned

Mo. Bort. GARD, BULL. VOL. 1. PLATE 9.

1907.

1913.

FLORA BOULEVARD LOOKING EAST FROM MAIN GATE OF THE
MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN,

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 51

as much as oaks, ash or gum, but it is usually safe to over-
prune rather than to under-prune.

After the hole has been prepared the tree should be set
so that, when finally planted, it will stand in the ground
approximately the same depth that it did when growing in
the nursery. While filling the hole, care should be used to
spread the soil in such manner that it fills all of the spaces
between the roots. After the tree has been set, the ground
should be carefully and thoroughly tamped. The larger
the tree, the more important the final tamping is.

In many streets the soil exposed around a tree is very
limited, and the amount of water which can get to the roots
is thereby reduced. In such cases it will be found desir-
able to put in some sort of irrigating system. This may be
either in the form of a grill or a tile drain. The use of
grills is particularly desirable in places where there is much
traffic on the streets. Tile may be installed either by lay-
ing a number horizontally to one side of the tree, about
a foot and a half under the ground, with a branch tile lead-
ing to the surface, into which water can be poured; or a
less expensive scheme is simply to put one piece of tile about
two. feet from the base of the tree, extending down into the
ground. Two or three such vertical tiles, depending upon
the size of the newly-planted tree, may often be used to
advantage. It will be desirable to cover the opening of such
tile with a cap to prevent clogging.

After the tree is planted it should be supported in some
way. It is all important that the roots be kept fixed, par-
ticularly during the two or three months immediately fol-
lowing planting. Small trees may be joa kee either by
driving a good strong stake into the ground at some distance
away from the trunk and firmly tying the tree to such stake.
In the case of larger trees guy ropes or wires should be at-
tached in such a manner that the tree may stand firm when
the wind blows. All young trees which are standing close
to the street line should be provided with some sort of guard.
Probably the greatest injury to city shade trees is caused by
the gnawing of horses, and unless protected by a guard, the
life of the newly planted tree is likely to be materially
shortened. Young trees should not be wrapped with bur-
lap or other cloth, except under special advice.

CARE OF TREES AFTER PLANTING.

From year to year all shade trees should be carefully in-
spected Seeder io keep them free from disease and to see

52 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

that they are properly pruned and sprayed. No person
should undertake to prune or spray, or in any way to attend
to shade trees, unless fully competent to do so. St. Louis has
an excellent Bureau at the present time, whose services are
free to every citizen. Five years ago a City Forester was ap-
pointed, one of whose duties it is to prune and look after
all trees planted in the city streets, and to give advice as
to the care and attention which should be given trees in
streets and on private property within the city. Reference
made below to the activities of the City Forester’s office will
indicate to what extent this department is caring for the
trees of the city. One of the chief reasons for the establish-
ment of this office was to prevent indiscriminate pruning of
shade trees. Too much stress cannot be laid upon the fact
that unscientific pruning does more harm than good. The
object of a not only to do away with branches which
interfere with the general symmetry of the tree, but also
those which retard its proper development. The only one
who should undertake pruning is the thoroughly trained
man. That which has been said for pruning applies equally
well to spraying.

It is true that the force of the City Forester is as yet la-
mentably small, and only a small portion of the city can
be carefully attended to. This does not justify private ef-
fort, however, in connection with the pruning and spraying
of city trees. In fact a recent ordinance specifically pro-
hibits, under heavy penalty, the pruning, spraying or other
interference with city trees, except by special permission of
the City Forester. Vigorous effort should be made on the
part of all citizens to indorse this act as well as to emphasize
the necessity for more extensive work on the part of the
city, so that ultimately the City Forester shall be in a posi-
tion to care for all city trees.

INJURY.

Among the agencies which injure trees in St. Louis, a
few of the more notable ones may be mentioned. As al-
ready indicated, horses inflict lasting injuries on young trees,
and on this account all trees should be carefully protected
by — Under an ordinance approved February 13,
1911, any person who injures, defaces or damages any trees
in any way, including the hitching of horses or other animals
to a tree or tree-box, shall be deemed guilty of a misde-
meanor and, upon conviction thereof, be fined. Under this

Mo. Bort. GARD. BULL. VOL. 1. PLATE 10.

TRUNKS OF YOUNG MAPLES INJURED
BY THE MAPLE BORER.

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 53

same ordinance it is the special duty of the police to enforce
this particular section. Everyone, therefore, who sees trees
being injured by horses or other agencies, should report same
to the nearest policeman. A vigorous enforcement of this
ordinance would do much to increase the respect for shade
trees in the city.

BORERS.

Probably the most serious enemy of shade trees is the
maple borer, which attacks all species of maples. A recent
examination made of a number of trees in the western part
of the city showed evidence that: practically every maple
tree in a stretch of about ten blocks had been attacked by
this insect. In a recent report on this borer, Dr. Felt, of
the New York State Department of Entomology, says:
“While other pests cause much injury, the fact remains that
the sugar maple borer (Plagionotus speciosus Say) is quietly
and unobtrusively carrying on its deadly work, and in a
series of years probably kills more of these popular shade
trees than any other insect pest.” According to Dr. Felt, the
maple borer attacks trees in full vigor. He says: “The
powerful legless grub confines its operations largely to the
inner bark and sap wood, and as it runs a burrow several
feet long in one season, and as one borer will frequently
work transversely half around a tree some eighteen inches
in diameter, the dangerous character of this pest is at once
apparent.” The parent insect is a beautiful stout beetle
about one inch long. It is black, brilliantly marked with
yellow. The insect lays its eggs in the period from June
until August, the favorite place for depositing them being
near the base of the limbs. ‘The young borer starts work
during the early fall and passes the winter in a shallow ex-
cavation in the sap wood. In the second year the borer
works extensively, building burrows in an irregular way
up and down and around the tree. When the borer is about -
sixteen months old, it rnakes a deeper hole, and in this hole
transforms to the pupa and then to the beetle. Where two
or three borers are working in a tree, they very frequently
girdle the tree entirely, resulting in its rapid death. The
burrows of the insect can usually be recognized as slight de-
pressions on the surface of the trunk. In St. Louis the borer
is especially active on young maple trees. Plate 10 shows
ate of the trunks of two trees; the left hand one, planted
ast year, with several marked burrows; the right hand one
an older tree in which the serious injuries due to the borer _
are beginning to heal over. The only practical way of com-—

54 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN :

bating this insect is to find and “dig him out”; the “dig-
ging out” will rarely do more injury than the borer would
otherwise cause.

A precautionary measure, which frequently does con-
siderable good, is to spray the trunk and larger branches in
the spring and again during June and July with a wash
made as follows: Thin one gallon of soft soap with an equal —
amount of hot water and stir in one pint of crude carbolic
acid (one-half pint refined carbolic acid) ; let it stand over
night and then add eight gallons of soft water. Only the
most vigorous care and attention, particularly during the
months from April to September, will save trees from the
disfigurement and eventual destruction by this dangerous
insect.

Aside from the borers there are numerous leaf-eating in-
sects which do considerable damage to trees. Chief among
these are the bagworms. During the fall and winter the
small bags hanging in thousands from the trees in the city
are objects readily visible to anyone. Many of these bags
contain eggs which hatch out about the time the first leaves
begin to form on the trees. The young caterpillars quickly
attack the leaves, and before the tree is fully leaved may, in
some seasons, entirely defoliate it.

The most effective method of guarding against these in-
sects is to collect the bags in the winter time and burn them.
In the spring, after the larvae have appeared, they may be
controlled by spraying the trees with a solution of arsenate
of lead. This solution may be prepared as follows: Acetate
of lead, 12 ounces; arsenate of soda, 4 ounces; water, 15
to 20 gallons. Dissolve the two salts in separate vessels,
using small quantities of water, and pour the two solutions
etuliensonaly into the tank containing the 15 to 20 gallons
of water.

f Various forms of web worms destroy. the leaves of shade
{ trees during the latter part of the summer. These insects

i
f
\

can be destroyed by cutting out the twigs in which the nests

| of the caterpillars are located and burning them. It is al-

ways better to cut out the twigs than to burn them while
on the tree.

During the last few years the soft maple trees in St. Louis
have been very frequently attacked by the cottony maple
scale. This insect attacks the soft maple in particular.
During the winter the females are oval, brown, disk-like

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 55

objects, found on the under side of twigs and branches. In
the spring they start to excrete a mass of white cottony
material. ‘These scales will usally be found several in a
cluster, and later on many hundreds of them may be found
on a single leaf. The insect can be attacked by spraying
with whale oil soap (one pound to two gallons of water
when used in the winter time; one pound to four or five
gallons of water when used in the summer). The most
_ efficient way is to brush the scales from the trees whenever
they are noted.

Fungous diseases of trees are apparently not very preva-
lent in St. Louis; the few serious forms of leaf fungi not
appearing until the latter part of summer. Wood-rotting
forms are more common. Their attack usually takes place
through wounds caused by improper pruning or by
mechanical injuries due to various causes. Where a tree
shows hollows or rotten places, the City Forester’s office
should be notified, so that proper preventive measures may
be applied.

RULE OF THE CITY FORESTER’S OFFICE.

During the last year the City Forester’s office had an
appropriation of $26,725.00. The number of men em-
ployed was one forester, one assistant forester, one clerk,
two inspectors, four overseers, sixteen laborers, four teams
and one spraying machine.

The number of trees cared for on selected streets was
33,828. The number of trees handled during the year, aside
from spraying, was 63,022. The number of trees sprayed
against leaf-eating insects was 4,749.

The field hands of the Forester’s office carried on general
pruning on selected streets (meaning by this, streets on which
citizens had selected special species of trees). They treated
trees for borers, so far as the limited facilities would per-
mit, on all streets where the trees were sprayed against leaf-
eating insects. They cultivated all young trees on selected
streets, removed low-hanging branches and dead and danger-
ous trees from all streets; inspected trees and shrubs on pri-
vate as well as public property on request of property owners,
and supervised the trimming of trees to clear wires while
work was being done by the wire-using companies.

56 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

The number of permits issued by the City Forester’s office,
since 1908, is as follows:

SS acai wal, Ae ee ewe ne 5,468
I9003010. ss es Lge Ses 5,320
WGIO-TOL Es ae a es 4,668
ROSIE os aes 4,659
SOUR O sec ere ieee 5,929

The increase in planting during the last year is attributed
largely to the work done by the Forester’s office in advising
people to take advantage of favorable planting conditions
at to the ordinance quoted above, allowing property owners
to make a change in the selection of the tree species.

During the coming year the number of trees planted in
the city ought to be many times that of preceding years.
Those who are interested in the more detailed study of the
planting of trees are referred to various text books on this
subject, especially to a volume on “Shade Trees in Towns
and Cities,” by Wm. Solotaroff, and to the “Care of Trees,”
by B. E. Fernow.

FLORAL DISPLAY FOR APRIL AND MAY.

Cold and cloudy weather caused the flowering period of
the Easter bulbs to be somewhat lengthened and during the
first week of April the tulips, hyacinths, lilies and narcissi
were the main attractions, while Eupatorium ianthinum,
Primula obconica, Primula veris (the English primrose),
Primula kewensis, spiraeas and Euphorbia jacquinaefola
were used to fill in the gaps left as the bulbs were taken out.

With the removal of the bulbs, the lilies excepted, the stages
were filled with potted roses, while on the side benches
clumps of the new French hybrid hydrangeas were displayed.
The 500 roses exhibited comprised the finest of the hybrid
perpetuals, the hybrid teas, and polyantha sorts. Some of
the best of these are the following: Dean Hole (pink), red
and white baby ramblers, Mad. Ravary (cream or flesh
color), Killarney (pink and white), Blumenschmidt (yel-
low), Captain Christ y (soft pink), Magna Charta (red),
Etoile de France (dark red), Frau Karl Druschki (snow-
white) and Farben a (red pink). The hydrangeas
in colors of red, blue, pink and pure white, are an improve-
ment on the usual nhouse type. These colors come
naturally and are not induced by any special process of feed-

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 57

ing or any other artificial conditions. This is without doubt
the finest collection of exhibition hydrangeas ever shown in
St. Louis.

Two flowering palms in the center of the first house, while
not particularly showy, are of general interest because not
usually seen in flower. These are Chamaerops humilis, the
dwarf fan palm, and Phoenix canariensis, one of the date
palms. An unnamed species of Beschorneria, belonging to
the same family as the century plant, with tubular vatlow
green flowers, is also in bloom.

A number of dwarf potted fruit trees in flower, that have
recently been imported from Europe, form part of the dis-
play. These include apples, cherries, pears, peaches, nec-
tarines and grapes. Fruit has set on all of these little trees
and when ripe the plants will again be placed on exhibition.
The trees have been trained into pyramids, fan-shapes and
gridirons and are attracting considerable attention.

The latter part of April and the early part of May there
will be exhibited plants that for variety, at least, will sur-
pass the Easter display. The roses and hydrangeas will con-
tinue to be shown as long as they last and the following
eros now coming into flower will be added: 200 cineraria

ybrids in red, white, blue and various combinations of these
colors; 300 tobacco hybrids in red, purple, pink and white;
100 Felesia amelloides (the blue daisy), blue with yellow
centers; 200 calceolaria hybrids in all combinations of color;
600 hybrid gloxinias mostly in solid colors; 200 Nicotiana
sylvestris, a tobacco plant with small pure white flowers;
200 Primula veris (the English primrose); Primula chi-
nensis, and quite a number of large marguerites (Chrysan-
themum frutescens).

These will not all be shown at once, but will follow each
other very closely and several visits to the Garden may be
necessary to see all of them. However, the special attrac-
tion to be expected will be posted in the greenhouses for the
convenience of those who are interested.

The foregoing are all being shown in the north wing of
the new conservatories, but.in the old greenhouses many
rare and interesting plants are also in flower. The follow-
ing are the most important: Aristolochia gigas Sturtevantii,
the goose plant, in the bromeliad house; Musa sapientwm
rubrum, the red banana, in the front palm house; Coffea
arabica, the coffee, in the front range; Oncidiwm Papilio,

58 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

the butterfly orchid; Selenipedium Ainsworthu, the slipper
orchid; Chysis bractescens, the wax orchid; the various
other species of orchids, including Epidendrum patens, On-
cidium ampliatum, Oncidium sphaceolatum and Lock-
hartia pallida, all in the orchid house.

Out of doors the main display for spring effect, as in
years past, is the tulips. The parterre and adjacent ground
has been planted with over 30,000 bulbs and during the
blooming period will be a blaze of color. They will be at
their best the last two weeks of April. The varieties particu-
larly worth while are the following: Kaiser Kroon (red and
yellow), Chrysolora (yellow), Cottage Maid (pink and
white), La Reine (white), Yellow Prince (yellow), Belle
Alliance (red), Cramoisie Brilliant (red), Pottebakker
Scarlet (scarlet), Crimson King (crimson), Jusst von Von-
a wo red with white stripes), and Pottebakker White

white) .

Just in front of the main entrance is an oval bed of nar-
cissus containing over 1,200 clumps. This bed was made
from bulbs transplanted this spring, an unusual proceeding,
but made necessary by the improvements in other parts of
the Garden where they were formerly growing. They are
doing well and make a brilliant show of yellow color.

INTERNATIONAL FLOWER SHOW.

The International Flower Show, held in New York City
at the New Grand Central Palace, April 5-12, was a decided
success. It is estimated that a quarter of a million dollars
worth of plants and blooms were exhibited, and certainly
this country has seen no such single show of flowers. On
the other hand, with the exception of a few collections of
| fine plants or single specimens of rare or new

orms, the indoor floral displays at the Missouri Botanical
Garden throughout the twelve months far exceed in quan-
tity, variety and quality the exhibition crowded into one
week at New York. In spite of the various exhibitors from
this country and abroad, of tulips, hyacinths and daffodils
the display could not be compared with the Easter show at
the Garden. None of the novelties which attracted so much
attention in St. Louis were to be seen in New York and the
Garden displayed a dozen varieties of daffodils and tulips,
any one of which was superior to anything of its kind shown
at the International Flower Show. 3

‘

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 59

The prize of the Missouri Botanical Garden for the best
new flowering plant was awarded to Adolph Lewisohn, Esq.,
Ardsley, N. Y., Mr. J. Canning, Gardener, for a particularly
fine and striking jewel flower (Impatiens). The size of the
plant with its exceptionally large and abundant flowers and
deep rich red color, marked it at once as being unusual and
after a careful consideration by the judges it was unani-
mously given first prize.

The prize for the best new foliage plant was given to
John Wannamaker, Esq., Mr. John Dodds, Superintendent,
for a variegated pandanus. Although entries of economic
plants were received from as far away as New Orleans, none
of the specimens were considered as being up to the stand-
ard and no award was made.

NOTES.

About twenty-five members of the St. Louis Section of
the American Pharmaceutical Association visited the Garden
on March 18th. While not much could be seen in the out-
door medicinal garden because of the early season, the mem-
bers found many plants of interest to the druggist in the
plant houses.

Dr. George T. Moore, Director of the Garden, visited the
International Flower Show, held in New York City at the
New Grand Central Palace, April 5-12. In addition to see-
ing the exhibits in the interests of the Garden, Dr. Moore
acted as judge in some of the sections.

On oes 1, Carl Haltenhoff and Earl Reed each com-
pleted the four years’ course as Garden Pupils and were
granted diplomas after being examined by the Garden Com-
oon of the Board of Trustees and the Director of the
Garden.

Mr. A. R. Davis, Rufus J. Lackland Fellow in Botany in
the Shaw School of Botany, will spend the summer in the
Marine Biological Laboratory at Woods Hole, Mass., as as-
sistant to Dr. B. M. Duggar.

On March 20th, Dr. B. M. Duggar, Plant Physiologist to
the Garden, delivered a lecture before the St. Louis Bio-
logical Club on “The Production of Enzymes in Certain

ilamentous Fungi.”

60 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

Dr. Wm. Trelease, Professor elect of Botany in the Uni-
versity of Illinois, and former Director of the Missouri Botan-
ical Garden, Dr. H. J. Webber, Director of the Graduate
School of Agriculture at Riverside, California, Dr. Wil-
helm Miller, Associate Professor of Horticulture in the Col-
lege of Agriculture, University of Illinois, and Dr. George
-M. Reed, Professor of Botany at the University of Missouri,
visited the Garden during March.

Thirty-five members of the McKinley High School class
in Physical Geography visited the Garden for a study of
the distribution of plants in connection with their work.

Dr..George R. Hill, Jr., Research Assistant, has accepted
the Professorship of Botany in the Utah Agricultural Col-
lege. Before entering upon his new duties, in September,
ae ae will teach plant physiology in the Cornell Summer

ool.

Dr. E. J. Durand, Assistant Professor of Botany at Mis-
souri University, spent several days at the Garden consult-
ing the mycological herbarium.

Dr. J. M. Greenman, Curator of the Herbarium, delivered
a lecture before the Tuesday Club, on April 15th. The sub-
ject of Dr. Greenman’s lecture was “Trees.”

Dr. B. M. Duggar, Plant Physiologist to the Garden, ad-
dressed the St. Louis Academy of Science, on April 21st,
on the subject of “The Significance of Color in Plants.”

Contrary to the usual custom, the April 12th meeting of
the Engelmann Botanical Club was held in the afternoon.
A discussion of the cycads from three standpoints, by Dr.
George R. Hill, Jr., Mr. George H. Pring, and Mr. J. R.
Schramm, respectively, formed the program of the meeting
together with an inspection of the Garden collection of
cycads.

Mr. Slavin, of the Rochester, New York, Park Depart-

ment, visited the Garden on his way to Texas, where he
will do some collecting. :

About one hundred and thirty-five students from the
College of Pharmacy, in charge of Dr. Whelpley, visited the
Garden on March 25th. .

In response to requests directed to the Garden, Mr. Thomp-
son, Assistant Botanist, has talked before the Neighborhood
House and Boyle Memorial Center on “The Construction,

Preparation and Planting of a Window Box.”

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN: 61

STATISTICAL INFORMATION FOR MARCH, 1913.

GARDEN ATTENDANCE:

Total r1iiniber (Of “VIsIGONS 5s eee ee ae ee 15,297
SEED EXCHANGE:

Total number of packets distributed.................-. 2,755

Total number of packets received................-..44. 1,628
LIBRARY ACCESSIONS:

Total number of books and pamphlets bought........... 26

Total number of books and pamphlets donated.......... 94
HERBARIUM ACCESSIONS:

By Exchange—
N. Y. Botanical Garden—Utah plants..................-- 76
By Purchase—

Miss J. E. Tilden—South Pacific Island plants........... 300

E. Bartholomew—North American fungi................- 200

B. Gile—Atrican planta. pe ye a he es 155

' By Gift— :

H. von Schrenk—Louisiana plants .............-..--.-- 4

T. C. Brandegee—Mexican plant ..............--..505; 1

C. R. Oreutt—Texas and Mexican plants.............-..- 86

E. W. D. Holway—Mexican and Porto Rican fungi........ 3

Moses Craig—Missouri plants ............--.2+++--++5: 12

W.-H. tmip—-Cuitivated plant... ies ee a ee eet 1

St re Oe ere ee rt ee eee 836
°

The Garden is open to the public Sundays from Easter Sunday
to Nov. 30, 2:00 P. M. until sunset. Week-days the year ’round
from 8:00 A. M. until one-half hour after sunset. sion Free.

Personally conducted trip through Garden every Saturday afternoon
from May 1 to Nov. 1, starting from the Main Gate at 3:00 P. M.

The main entrance to the Garden is located at Tower Grove
Avenue and Flora Boulevard, on the Vandeventer Avenue car line.
Transfer south from all intersecting lines.

Missouri Botanical |
Cnet RN

Vel Teo a SAY, 1913 . A Wee Se

- Contents mae
Garden Improvements’. = -© ©- =) =) ie = BS
Floral Display for April and May .§-. - =< .-.=- 7

63
76.
Notes aoe Na ee ee oe Ben,
Statistical Information 4 = © - = = 80

Cee) aa ae

Missouri Botanical
Garden Bulletin

Vol. I St. Louis, Mo., May, 1913 No. 5

GARDEN IMPROVEMENTS.
MAIN GARDEN.

The February number of the BULLETIN called attention
to the large additions in the greenhouse equipment of the
Garden. ‘Their location, massiveness and importance have
made necessary many changes in the treatment of the grounds
in the vicinity. While the old greenhouses have been the
keystone of the formal treatment maintained for so many
years, the location of the new conservatories behind the wall
and at right angles to the axis of the old houses made it essen-
tial that the Garden be so altered as to properly conform to
both the old and the new houses. It is also evident that an
formal arrangement must be made subservient to the build-
ings themselves and should in no way detract from their im-
portance in the general scheme. The formal garden is now
confined to a small area in front of the new range. South of
what was formerly the parterre, a large area has been changed
from a formal into a natural garden and, in a great measure,
serves to bring into harmony the various elements entering
into the present Garden plan.

It is the purpose of this BuLLETIN to give in detail the
object of all the important changes that have been made in
the landscape of the Garden this spring and to briefly outline
the principles governing the same. It is perhaps not generally
known that the landscape gardener, in laying out work, is
governed by rules of procedure just as much as any other
artist, and that failure to properly take into consideration
various elements results in an unnatural effect. It is ho
that the explanation here given will help to make the Garden
more attractive and interesting to visitors this summer.

Walks.—No se thing is so essential in oviee. Fo collec-
tions and ouses in a garden open to the public as easy
and comfartable access. Poor walks invariably detract from
the pleasure that one might otherwise get. Over 3500 feet of
new walks have been built in the Garden this spring, which

(63)

64 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

are ideal in every way. These are 18 inches deep, having one
foot of 2-inch rock, four inches of %-inch rock and two
inches of screenings. Each layer was thoroughly rolled and
subsequent rain and use have made them smooth and hard.
These walks, in most cases, do not cover the same route as the
old ones, which, with a number of the smaller walks, have
been dug out and filled with soil. The major portion of the —
new walks are twelve feet wide, a few of the shorter connect-
ing walks being eight feet in width. Beginning at the Flora
Boulevard gate the main walk runs south to the Victory statue,
thence west just north of the grove and again north in front
of the new conservatories, turning east between the Linnean
house and the old range and finally south to the main gate.
In course of time this system of walks will be extended to con-
nect all the important parts of the Garden.

Formal Gardens——The area to be devoted to the formal
gardens, while not less than in former years, will be concen-
trated near the conservatories. It will consist of two parts,
one in front and one in the rear of the new greenhouses. The
former, now being installed, occupies almost the same ground
as the old parterre, or sunken garden, and is intended primar-
ily as a water garden for the growing of lilies and other
aquatic plants. The long axis of this garden lies east and
west and its outline is rectangular. The corners of the pool
are indicated by four large American hollies that formerly
stood around the old observatory to the south. Just out-
side the walks, surrounding the water garden, are four large
ginkgo, or maiden-hair trees, which were planted here this
spring to increase the effectiveness of the formal design. At
the ends of the pool a semicircular walk connects,on the one
hand, the main gate and on the other the steps to the new
conservatories. On each side of the pool, walks lead down to
the edge of the water garden and furnish vantage points for
the closer inspection of the water-lilies. The areas between
the banks of the pool and the surrounding walks will be the
only ones in the main garden this summer planted with
formal designs of bedding plants. Reference to the accom-
panying plan will make all of these details clear.

Behind the main range and flanked by the two wings of the
new conservatories will be located an elaborate formal garden,
Italian in its general effect. Three exits from the new con-
servatories lead down into this garden, and since all are ele-
vated the effect produced by any plantations here will be more
striking than in the old parterre, where only moderate ele-

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 65

vation was possible. It is probable that this garden will not
be completed until time to do the planting for next spring’s
bulb-display.

The concentration of the formal areas into these two locali-
ties will add much to their effectiveness and will have the
further advantage of harmonizing with the formality of
the massive houses near them. The water garden while
being strictly formal will have a softening influence that will
not detract in any way from the greenhouses themselves.

Main Garden Proper—The remodeling of the parterre
was essentially a rearrangement of existing conditions, but in
the part of the Garden between the mausoleum and the
parterre nothing of the old arrangement remains to indicate
where things formerly were. In place of the flat, hedge-
covered plain, with its myriads of small beds and maze of
walks, there is now a rolling landscape, covered with shrub-
bery and flowers, with long stretches of lawn broken by a
small stream and its accompanying pools. The Torinslity
is gone and in its place appears a bit of natural landscape
much more pleasing and restful than any formal garden
could ever be.

Grading.—The area south of the formal garden, where most _
of the changes have been effected, was formerly an even slope
from east to west with a decided dip to the north. The new
walks constructed this spring nearly surround this part of the
Garden, and, in order that everything need not be viewed
across this area, an effort was made in grading to break up
the landscape so as to frame in the view by small knolls, mak-
ing the — object to be seen appear at the end of a
valley. In nature we generally look down the valley for our
views, not across the hills, but with them. The landsca
painter frames in his pictures with trees and shrubs, and the
photographer makes an effort to properly balance his effect;
so here in making a real picture an effort has been made to
achieve the same result, it being necessary to take into
account the added difficulty that, unlike the cggttead and the
photographer, we have to deal with a highly complex and
uneven surface.

Reference to the plan will show that this gently sloping
hillside is now a series of small hills with the valleys converg-
ing to the north. In the lowest part of the valley, a pool wi
its accompanying stream suggested itself as the natural
thing. e picture can, of course, only be a miniature, for

66 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

in nature this bit of scenery would spread over miles of sur-
face. Consequently, in order to thoroughly appreciate the
views presented, one must be able to imagine the larger things
that this miniature landscape represents.

Of course, in the actual construction, the valleys are the
more important since they are a finished surface and any
defects in them will be easily seen. These are all in grass
and, as such, have received the careful treatment recommended
for lawns in a previous number of the Buttetin. The
exact contour of the hills is not so essential because any
defect in grade is soon covered up by the shrubbery, and,
furthermore, the height can easily be increased or decreased
by changing the plantations. The valleys, which are the
main vistas, are indicated on the plan by the arrows along
the main walk.

not established they will, no doubt, make an attractive corner
before the season is over. On account of the newly seeded

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 67

lawns, visitors cannot be allowed to roam at will through this
area the A aa summer, but in future years access to all
parts of the Garden will be possible.

Along the knolls, borders of flowers have been planted,
following the general outline of the shrubbery masses. No
attempt has been made at fancy or carpet bedding, for these
would be distinctly out of place against the otherwise natural
landscape. For much the same reason foliage Lape as such.
have not been used. Instead, it has been decided to provide
large masses of color throughout the summer and to so group
these that harmony will be preserved in any particular per-
spective. As one walks around the Garden there will be a
constant change in the color scheme and even the effect in the
same valley will vary when seen from different points. It
is hoped that by the use of different plants each year the
Garden will not present the same appearance two seasons in
succession.

Views.—As one walks south from the main entrance
several interesting views may be had. First, there is the little
pool with the caladiums and the cannas massed behind it,
and along its border many kinds of water plants. In the
background is a portion of the stream that winds down from
the rockery west of the grove. Further south and looking
from between the purple beech and a large horse-chestnut
is a splendid view of the new conservatories, perfectly framed
in by green foliage on each side. The beauty of the scene
is haiphtened by the pool of water lying in the foreground.
As one proceeds there is a view of the Victory statue and the
entrance to the grove where the mausoleum stands. From
the walk around the bead Gomes can see the little pool at
the end of the valley, while beyond are the old greenhouses.

From a point a little further along one gets sight of the old
greenhouses, which this time seem to be in an almost formal
setting, owing to the peculiar pes agg of the valley
and the trees bordering it on each side. Continuing along
the same path, various views of the stream and the pools,
which are a part of it, appear and from the west side of the
Garden one constantly gets little glimpses of the greenhouses,
the main entrance, and other bits of the formal garden.
These, however, do not form the important part of the vista,
but are subservient to it. Since the first view of the new
conservatory, it has been obscured, but now at a bend in
the walk we come upon it again and for the first time can
appreciate its size and beauty. Walking east from the front
of the conservatory on the walk to the right of the parterre

68 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

and looking south the whole landscape spreads out in front
of one, for all of the valleys converge here, and the masses of
shrubs, the flowers and the stream are all best seen at this
point.

While the greater part of the effect desired will be evident
during this season, the growth of the shrubs and trees with
the flower masses will make a constantly changing landscape
and it is expected that this picture will not lack proper variety
from season to season.

Trees.—Much of the immediate effect produced this sum-
-mer will be gained as the result of the mature appearance
given by the many trees that were not in this part of the
garden last year. Over thirty large trees were transplanted
early this spring, being moved when frost was still in the
ground. These were dug out with a large ball of earth still
frozen around the reots. An ordinary stone boat, and a
block and tackle, were the only necessary appliances. Each
tree has been provided with guys to prevent wind shaking,
as well as with drain tiles for watering, and thus far are in
good condition.

Rockery.—The stream that is to run northeast through
the new part of the Garden will have its source in a rockery
in the southwest corner of the grove. The rockery, of course,
will be artificial, but an attempt will be made to have it con-
form to natural lines. Reference to the plan will show that
the general effect sought is a stream orginating from a rather
large hill in the background and flowing out between two
lesser hills in front. The slopes of these hills will be used for
the growing of alpine flowers, ferns, and other rock-loving
plants. Opportunity will also be provided for the visitor to go
up into the small gorge and view at close range many of the
plants growing along its sides. The rocks used in its construc-
tion are, for the most part, weather beaten granite boulders
brought from the Ozarks. The water will tumble down
through the gorge and out into a small pool just beyond, from
sig it begins its journey to the pond at the lower end of
the Garden.

Succulent Garden.—In the northwest corner of the Garden
between the main walk and the wall is a space to be used for
the display of the succulent plants. For a number of years
the Missouri Botanical Garden has been drawing from the
southwest large quantities of the plants characteristic of the
desert regions, which have been distributed in the Garden and
greenhouses but have never before been shown in any single

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 69

collection. The cylindrical and opuntia cactus forms will be
put in a bed near the wall while the agaves, or century plants,
will be placed in a large circular bed, with other cactus plants
octet: around them.

English Garden.—West of the Linnean house and in the
northeast corner of the Garden a section has been reserved
eh ai typical of an English garden. No attempt has been
made to have it represent any particular plantation, although
this will probably be done another year. It will be filled
with such plants as hollyhocks, snap ons, sweet-williams,
fox-gloves, stocks, pinks, cockscomb, ete. .

The Old Wall_—Most of the old wall that formerly ran
along the west side of the Garden has been removed so as to
leave an unobstructed view to the greenhouses. The part
bordered with figs has been left for their protection and the
corner near the succulent garden has also been retained.
Removing the wall has made a great change in the general
appearance of the Garden, no one thing tending so much to
apparently increase its size.

HERBACEOUS GROUNDS

| his area, which for many years has been devoted entirely
'to a collection of species representing various botanical
' families, has been completely remodeled. As one enters the
- grounds from the north, a formal design of plants used for
' borders and edgings is seen. These are to be kept trimmed
and in good condition and will serve to answer frequent
quake: as to what plants can best be used for this purpose. .
eyond this is a round bed of ornamental grasses and im-
mediately behind are a number of window boxes planted
with various vines and flowers intended to furnish ideas for
this popular style of planting. To the west is a plot of
ground the size of an ordinary back yard, and on this area
a succession of vegetables will be grown throughout the
season, serving to show what can be done with such a patch. A
chart will be posted showing the different plants raised,
the amounts A gees: sown, the crop t eiguary the time of
planting and similar information. Just west of the vege-
table garden an area about 100 feet square has been laid out
to represent a “Grandmother’s Garden.”” The hedges, walks,
etc., give this the necessary formal appearance, but the
flowers and herbs are planted in the reckless profusion that is
characteristic of the old-fashioned garden. On _ terraces
along the north side of the Garden are rice and cotton fields
and a large patch is devoted to flowers that have been grown

NILGTING NAGUVS TVOINVLOd Tenossiw

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 71

this year from seed, To the east of the formal design the
whole area has been devoted to rather large plots of farm
- erops, including flax, cowpeas, peanuts, K corn, Canada
field peas, buckwheat, rye, alfalfa, barley, broom corn, sugar-
cane, millet, speltz, oats, rape and timothy. On the north
side, and separated from the rest of this area by a grass walk,
are two long rows of sweet peas growing on trellises. These
include a collection of some of the best of the hybrid varieties
and when in bloom ought to produce a splendid lot of color.

On the extreme north and west sides of the grounds are a
double row of grass plots. These will be used as experimental
lawn plots for the testing of different grasses, alone and in
various combinations. The mixtures will be especially chosen
to suit various conditions such as dry and wet soils, sandy and
any soils, terraces and slopes, sunny and shady places, etc.,
and the necessary information will be posted on each plot.
There are twenty beds in all and the treatment of the soil for
all, as regards plowing, manuring and liming, was just the
same, ong the south side of the grounds and broken by
several Lombardy poplars is reserved a Sr for the growing
of hardy climbers to be planted later. However, just west of
the “Grandmother’s Garden” and on another trellis has been
planted a collection of annual climbers which will be of more
than passing interest. There is also a small area given up to
plants for special uses, as savory and medicinal herbs, hardy
perennials for private place planting, ete.

ROSE GARDEN

West of the main office building a plot of ground formerly
used for vegetables has been set aside as a rose garden. This
is somewhat cut off from the main part of the Garden by
the na a yas when first ete it is — or less hr a sur-

rise. Along the southern edge is a large pergola situated upon
; coflieiens aevation to afford a view of ri the roses. e
design of the garden is purely formal, more so than any other
part of the grounds at present, being mainly a series of circles
cut by straight and curved walks. It is entered from the
east side by a walk lined with a double row of standard Lady
Gay roses and bordered by Orleans and Katherine Zeimet.
The pergola itself will have growing upon it the following
unique collection of climbers: Kalmia, Paradise, Debutante,
Minnehaha, Hiawatha, Lady Gay, La Fiamma, and Maid
Marion. Trailing on the ground around the base of the per-
gola are Amy Anne of Geierstein, Lady Penzan
and Meg Merrilies. Following is a key to the princi
contents of the various beds (see plan 3).

73

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

72

Ie Oe

nea

tel

», ol

ae

n

iy

Ore Te

i Caan
og

VMOU ee CL A EE

woe (any wirawous 7 walnl 4 272.8
: Rigas sa aeeeree a aa Losi
Zy ‘s

ny YUM y
7 Site 73 i
Zyypyphi G Mrvsiiedisne

a

erie

J
SSasa

8 ZZ

CY, Yi

7 —__ts—_) —_ a _ oe o_o oe

aS aS

74 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

+ Lady Gay standards

1. Orleans.

2. Katherine Zeimet

3. Atropurpurea, Belle Poitevine, Blane Double de
Coubert and Conrad F. Meyer.

4. Maman Cochet, white, Perle von Godesberg, Welles-
ley, Col. Le Clerc.

5. Farben K6nigin.

6. Mlle. Marie Van Houtte, Souvenir de Pierre Notting,
Mrs. John Laing, Mad. Gabriel Luizet, Kaiser Friedrich,
and Safrano.

7. Mad. Segond Weber, Edu. Meyer, Kaiserin Augusta
Victoria, Apotheker Georg Hofer, Indiana, Richmond, Mrs.
Stewart Clark, Freiherr von Marschall, Blumenschmidt.

8. Maman Cochet, white.

9. Maman Cochet, white.

10. --J. B. Clark, Ruhm der Gartenwelt, Magna Charta,
Ulrich Brunner, Gustave Regis, Mildred Grant, ugh Dick-
son and Isabella Sprunt.

11. Dukeof Teck, Philemon Cochet, Mrs. R. G. Sharman-
Crawford, Frau Karl Druschki, Augustine Guinoisseau, and
Margaret. Dickson.

12. Mrs. Aaron Ward.

13. Killarney Pink.

14. Harry Kirk, Mrs. Theodore Roosevelt, Belle Sie-
brecht, Prince of Bulgaria, and Mad. Caroline Testout.

15. Souv. du Pres. Carnot, Mad. Jenny Guillemot, Mad.
Joseph Combet, Reine Marguerite d’Italie, Kénigin Emma,
and Helen Gould.

16. Liberty.

17. Gruss an Teplitz.

18. Rosalind On English, Queen of eg Rhea Reid,
Otto Von Bismarck, ‘Jonkherr J. L. Mock.

19. Perle von Godes ag Sows Edmee “Metz, Lyon Rose,
Bessie Brown and William

20. Etoile de France and General McArthur.

21. Oberbiirgermeister Dr. Troendlin, Grace Darling,
Gustave Grunerwald, La France, La Tosca, Apotheker
Georg Hofer, Betty and Duchess of W n.

22. Mad. Ravary, Wm. R. Smith, de Clos
Vougeot, Laurent Carle, La Detroit, Arthur R. Goodwin, My

land and Souv. du Pres. Carnot.

23. Mad. Jules Grolez.

24. Maman Cochet.

25. Barbarossa, Jean Liabaud, Earl of ~~ Vie
countess of Folkestone and Mrs. -R Cant. |

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 75

26. Kénigin Wilhelmina, Pharisaer, Francisca Kruger,
Mad. Constant Soupert, Duke of Edinburgh, Lady Roberts
and Captain Hayward.

27. Kaiserin. Augusta Victoria.

28. Rodhatte, Friedrichsruh, Countesse of Gosford, Mrs.
B. R. Cant, Sunrise, Marie Guilot, Mrs. Aaron Ward, Otto
Von Bismarck, Maman Cochet, Yellow and White Killarney.

SSS

co

-

PLAN 3.
ROSE GARDEN

29. Mrs. James Gray.
80. White Killarney, Ecarlata, Miss Cynthia Forde,
Perle des Jardins, Lady ‘Ursula, Lady Ashton, Belle Lyon-
naise, Mad. Edmond Sablayrolles, Leuchtfeuer, Frau Emma
Sasse, Mad. Leon Constantine. :

76 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

31. Otto Von Bismarck.

32. Mrs. B. R. Cant.

33. Marshall Field, Ecarlata, Mme. Maurice de Luze,
Mad. Jules Grolez, Lady Pirrie; Nathalie Bottner, Mrs. W. G.
Miller, Marichu Zayas, Grace Molyneaux, Lady Helen
Stewart, Mrs. James Gray, George C. Waud, Mrs. Foley-
Hobbs, Countess of Gosford, Gen. McArthur and Countess
of Shaftesbury.

34. Souv. de la Malmaison, Helen Gould, Entente Cor-
diale, His Majesty, Mrs. A. R. Waddell, Duchess d’Qssuna,
Radiance, Dean Hole, Farben Kénigin, White Killarney, Le
Progress, Marquis de Sinety, Etoile de France, Mad. Jules
Grolez, Kronprinzessin Cecilie and Col. R. S. Williamson.

35. George C. Waud and Reine Marguerite d’Italie.

36. Frau Emma Sasse, Lady Alice Stanley, Mad. Jules
Gravereaux, Countess of Gosford, White Killarney, Celine
Forestier, Maman Cochet Pink and Augustine Guinoisseau.

37. Souv. de la Malmaison, Dr. O’Donel Browne, Admiral
Dewey, Gartendirektor Hartrath, Zephyrine Drouhin, Alfred
_K- Williams, Mad. Isaac Pereire, Clio, Tom Wood and Beaute
~ de Lyon.

38. Lady Ashton.

u Me Walter Speed, Grace Molyneaux, Mlle. Helen Gam-
riel.

40. Mad. Chas. Wood, Triumphe de Pernet Pere, Duchess
of Brabant and Duchess of Albany.

41. Francisca Kruger, Coquette des Blanches, Baby
Rambler and La Detroit.

42. Mrs. David McKee and Rayon d’Or.

43. Green Rose, Clothilde Soupert, Gruss an Teplitz.

44 and 45. Clothilde Soupert, Gruss an Teplitz, Flower
of Fairfield, Climbing Baby Rambler, Tausendschén, Crim-
son Rambler and Dorothy Perkins. :

The roses will be at their best during June, although it
will, of course, require several years for the plants to attain
their maximum beauty.

FLORAL DISPLAY FOR APRIL AND MAY.

New Greenhouses.—The display of flowers in the new con-
servatories has not been changed to any extent, the hydran-
geas, gloxinias, tuberous begonias and calceolarias being
massed in great numbers on the side stages. The blue hydran-
geas are attracti ane attention, as is also a particular
_ white form with fimbriated edges. The gloxinias, compris-

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 77

ing a few blue and white ones with pink and dark red varieties
in some abundance, are at their best at present. Partic-
ularly attractive are the large-flowered tuberous begonias,
which will continue to bloom for some time. The wonderful
variety of colors and the large size of the flowers makes this
display one of the most beautiful that has been shown this
season.

The hybrid varieties of tobacco (Nicotiana Sanderae) are
massed in great numbers on the side stages in the first section
_ of the large show house, their variations affording a good
example of the work of the hybridist. Large specimens of
the marguerite (Chrysanthemum frutescens) are in bloom
and occupy nearly all of the center of the house, while the
latest introduction, “Mrs. F. Sander,” a double variety and
a great improvement on the old type, is exhibited on one of
the side benches. The South African Caffer lily (Chivia
Mimiata), with its large heads of salmon-pink flowers, is
also to be found on the side stage.

_ In the center of the house is an interesting climbing lily
(Gloriose Rothschildianum) with scarlet flowers, as well as
an imported cherry tree in fruit, this being one of those ex-
hibited some time ago in flower. During the latter part of
the month the houses will contain a large collection of
fuchsias. These include “Charles Black” with dark pink
and blue flowers and Fuchsia Speciosa with light and dark
pink flowers. There is also being shown the Natal lily
(Albuca Nelsoni), the South African blue daisy and a great
variety of foliage plants.

Old Greenhouses—Among the tropical fruits now to be
seen are the Brazilian che (Eugenia sp.), having light
yellow fruits, and the Barbados cherry (Eugenia Uniflora),
with small white flowers. On the west side of the front house,
the red banana tree (Musa sapientum rubrum) is produc-
ing clusters of large red fruits. In the succulent house
several varieties of the aloes are flowering, their long pendent
spikes producing pink and white tubular blossoms. In the
cactus iusto the climbing cactus (Pereskia Bleo) is covered
with large heads of mauve flowers. Noteworthy features in
this house are the bright scarlet flowers of the two grafted
cactus plants of Epiphyllum Russellianum, one being grafted
on Cereus nycticalus, and the other on Pereskia aculeata.
Several of the smaller cacti are flowering, such as Echin-
ocereus procumbens, with pink: flowers, Echinopsis cala-

78 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

chlora, with large white tubular flowers, and several species of
Mammillaria.

The old orchid house has been filled with tropical ferns,
including the golden fern (G@ymnogramme chrysophila) , the
silver fern (Gymnogramme tatarea), the variegated fern
(Pteris argyraea), the chain fern (Woodwardia radicans),
the flowering fern (Anemia phyllitides), the oak-leaf fern
(Polypodium quercifolium), and a collection of various
forms of the maiden hair ferns (Adiantum). At the east
end of the house are the insectivorous, or fly-catching plants,
among which are the Venus Fly Trap (Dionaea muscipula) ,
at present in flower, a plant which has sensitive hairs on the
inside of the leaf which, when touched, cause the two halves
to spring together, and the sun dews (Drosera capensis) and
(Drosera rotundifolia), which will be in flower shortly and
which have their leaves covered with glandular digestive
hairs. The African glory vine (Clerodendron Thomsonae),

owing above the entrance to the East. Indian house, is in
ull bloom. Its petals are bright scarlet, with sepals pure
white, later turning to a pinkish color. In the East Indian
house a small group of the East Indian ixora (Iora coccinea),
with flowers produced in heads of a brilliant salmon color,
is attracting considerable attention. Several of the spathe
flowers are in full bloom, including the white spathe flower
(Spathiphyllum Wallisi), the yellow flowered one (Spathi-
phyllum cochlearispathum), and the pink spathe flower
(Anthurium Regnaldsianum).

The old cycad house south of the fern dome has been
rearranged for the cultivation of the orchids. The most
interesting species in flower at the present time is the cow-
horn orchid (Schomburgkia Tibicinus), the pseudobulbs of |
which are hollow and shaped like the horns of a cow. Cer-
tain species of stinging ants of South America find a perma-
nent home here, entering through a small opening at the
base of the pseudobulb. The small black ants that inhabit
the greenhouses have been noticed to enter these openings,
but probably only out of curiosity, since they do not remain
any length of time. This species is one of the best of the |
myrmecophilus orchids, the small mauve flowers borne on
the end of long Fe Say being well worth noticing. A
ane plant of Oncidium sphacelatum, with long pendant
spikes of yellow and brown flowers, is in full bloom and
various other orchids are in flower, including Mazillaria
tenuifolia with red flowers, Pleurothallis tenera with yellow
flowers, Epidendrwm odoratissimum, the fragrant orchid, the

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 79

large mauve-flowered orchid (Cattleya mossiae), the fringe
lip orchid “Mme. C. Maron” Se): a bigeneric
hybrid, and Dendrobium macrophyllwm, the large flowered
variety. The “Star of Bethlehem” (Angraecum sesquipedale)
will be in flower about the first of June.

NOTES.

In the Garden on the afternoon of May 2nd, a reception
was tendered Mr. and Mrs. Andrew Carnegie and the out-of-
town delegates to the Fourth International Peace Congress
by the local Committees. The reception was held in a tent
directly in front of the new plant range. The special floral
exhibit arranged for the occasion attracted much attention
and was visited and enjoyed by many of the delegates. Fol-
lowing the reception the delegates and guests were escorted
to the broad, shady lawns near the administration building
where an informal garden party was held.

Near the large lake in the North American Tract a new
20-room martin house has been erected. In addition, num-
erous boxes have been placed about the Garden for the blue-
birds and wrens. Next to the grays the birds are, perhaps,
the most interesting feature of the Garden and everything
is being done to encourage them to make their homes there.

The library training class of the St. Louis Public Library
visited the Garden on May 6th to study the classification

of a special library.

The May meeting of the Engelmann Botanical Club was
held in the Graduate Lecture Room on the afternoon of May
10th. The aatlens. and — of eovtioh ag tae a
family Amyrillidaceae were presented respectively by Mr.
C. B tne and Mr. Max Schiller. 2

Dr. George T. Moore, Director of the Garden, addressed

the St. Louis Academy of Science on Monday evening, May
19th, on the subject “Speculations on the Origin of Life”.

A party of 200 ladies, wives of delegates to the Air Brakes
Association of the United States and ada, visited the Gar-
den on May 6th and were conducted through the grounds
by the Assistant Botanist, Mr. C. H. Thompson.

Dr. B. M. , Physiologist to the Garden, delivered
an address on y 21st before the Scientific Association

80 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

of the University of Missouri on “Physiological Significance
and Heredity of Color in Plants.”

Material additions to the laboratories have been made in
the last few weeks in the way of special work tables for physio-
logical-chemical investigations.

STATISTICAL INFORMATION FOR APRIL, 1913.

GARDEN ATTENDANCE:

Total samber of vistors. 25523. 2 eS 32,272
SEED ExcHANGE: ‘
Total number of packets distributed.................. 2,755
Total number of packets received..................... 1,846
LIBRARY ACCESSIONS:
Total number of books and pamphlets bought.......... 48
Total number of books and pamphlets donated......... ee i}
HERBARIUM ACCESSIONS: |
By Exchange—
Arnold Arboretum—Texas plants ..................04. 3
Philip Dowell—North American plants................. 393
S. S. Visher—South Dakota plants.................... 330
By Purchase—
H. Sydow—“Fungi exotici exsiccati”.................. 100
E. Gilg-~—Kamerun: plants: <io00o25 sok 111
W. E. Broadway—Tobaga (W. I.) plants.............. 101
W. Krieger—“Fungi saxonici, fase. KLV”............. 50

T. S. Brandegee—Mexican plants, collected by C.A. Purpus 356
B. F. Bush—Missouri, Minnesota, and Illinois plants... 521

By Gift—
Caroline C Haynes—North American Hepatice......... 20
G. H. Pring—Cultivated plants ..................0000 30
C. O. Rosendahl—Photographs of Nitella.............. 21
B. ¥. Bush—Missouri plants «©. .2 2. 60s050 ese tks 88
B. M. Duggar—Alabama plants ..................... 6
University of Nevada—Specimens of Trifolium......... 5

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 81

The Garden is open to the public Sundays until Nov. 30th, from
2:00 P. M. until sunset. Week-days the year ’round from 8:00 A. M.
until one-half hour after sunset. Admission Free.

Personally conducted trip through Garden every Saturday afternoon
from May 1 to Nov. 1, starting from Main Gate at 3:00 P. M.

The main entrance to the Garden is located at Tower Grove Avenue
and Flora Boulevard, on the Vandeventer Avenue car line. Transfer
south from all intersecting lines.

sae On Decoration Day the Garden will be open from 8:00 A. M.
until one-half hour after sunset.

Missouri Botanical
Garden Bulletin

Mold is: June, 1913 i No 6

Contents

“Phe Vinect and the Yucca Moth’ Wns cy Nee ad

fs Plants from Australia” EN OS, sca Pe Sr eB ret

Notes = -- e PS GD oe ak ae BB oe
>. Statistical Information pe ee eae as ues er

ST. Lours, 1 Mo.
Cs 1913 |

. ia : _ PUBLISHED MONTHLY ‘BY THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES. .

Mo. Bor. GARD, BULL. Vo_. 1. PLATE 11

YUCCA FLACCIDA GLAUCESCENS.

Missouri anil
Garden Bulletin

Vol. I - §t. Louis, Mo., June, 1913 No. 6

THE YUCCA AND THE YUCCA MOTH.

From about the middle of June to the middle o July is
the period of blossoming for most of the hardy Yuccas at
the Missouri Botanical Garden.

As the visitor enters the main gate he will see a number
of these plants growing in clusters about the recently con-
structed lily pond, between the main gate and the new green-
house. Other isolated groups are to be found scattered
throughout the grounds. The plants are natives of the
southern Atlantic coast region of the United States and are
cultivated extensively throughout this country and, to a less
degree, also in the gardens of Europe; so they are not un-
familiar objects to most flower lovers. Nevertheless they
always command admiration during their comparatively
short period of flowering. Being evergreens, the bunches
of long, sword-like, narrow, green leaves, springing as it
were directly from the ground, constantly lend a bit of life
and color to a garden even during the winter months. Some
of these plants have rather stiff, straight leaves, while others
are more lax and recurve in graceful form. All have a
sharp point, and this, with the shape of the leaf, has given
the plant the common name of “Spanish Dagger.” Some
have, in addition, numerous fine threads on the margins of
the leaves and this form has been fancifully designated
‘“‘Adam’s Needle and Thread.”

It is during the flowering period, however, that the plant
shows to its very best advantage. At this time, in addition
to the foliage characters just mentioned, it sends up a tall
stalk from the center of the cluster of leaves, the upper half
of which is branched and spreading. Scattered along on
the branches, quite close together, the flowers are borne in
abundance, which when fully open are more or less bell-

(83)

=e

5

84 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

shaped and nearly white—having a tint of green and some-
times of purple on the outside. A great number of these
flowers, throughout the panicle, are open at the same time.
As old ones wither, new ones open to take their places, thus
presenting a full and beautiful display throughout the
flowering period. During the day the new flowers are only
very slightly opened; the floral parts being incurved into
a more or less spherical body about one and one-half inches
in diameter. However, toward evening, they expand into
broad bell-form, exposing the white inner surface as well as
the stamens and pistil. So it is at twilight that the plant
appears in its greatest glory, and it is at this time, too, that
the flowers give off their sweet, delicate perfume. The
flowers remain open all night, but close up by sunlight,
never to open again.

There are a considerable number of species of Yucca in
the Garden collection; a few of which are from the western
plains, being hardy and blossoming early; the majority
are natives of warmer regions, however, and must neces-
sarily be housed during our cold season. These are later in
their various periods of flowering. Of the hardy western
species there are several plants in different parts of the
Garden. The largest and oldest of these is a splendid cluster
near the center of the main garden. This was planted by
Mr. Shaw, in 1860, in memory of his very near friend and
medical advisor, Dr. Charles A. Pope, formerly one of the
leading physicians of St. Louis. This plant, Yucca angusti-
folia, is reported to be the first one of the species introduced
into cultivation.

It is not intended to imply that Yuccas are strong com-
petitors for honor in a floral display, but the aim is rather
to direct the attention of visitors to interesting phenomena
in connection with the life history of these plants, namely
a study of the interrelations between the Yuccas and cer-
tain insects—how each is entirely dependent on the other
for its existence; how if the plants should all perish the
insects likewise would soon die, and if the insects should by
some means become extinct, it must inevitably follow that
the plants, also, would sooner or later become exterminated.

Let us consider a few of the problems that confronted the
early investigators of this subject and then follow briefly
the lines of reasoning that lead to the discovery of some of —
these most remarkable facts. One of the first students of

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 85

the Yucca and its associated insect was Dr. George Engel-
mann, fittingly styled the pioneer botanist of the West, a
resident of St. Louis and with whom the early history and
foundation of the Missouri Botanical Garden is so closely
associated. Dr. Engelmann’s interest in the Yuecas began
over fifty years ago, a time when but four species were
generally recognized. Explorers of the West and Southwest
sent or brought to him many specimens of the genus—their
leaves, flowers and fruits. These, however, did not clearly
harmonize with such knowledge of the group as had pre-
viously been obtained and the greatest confusion existed as
to the plants. The largest herbaria were notably poor in
material, especially of fruits and seeds. Dr. Engelmann,
in his studies and explorations in Europe, was struck with
the fact that Yuccas rarely ever fruited in that country.
He already knew that specimens and reports from collectors
on the Atlantic coast and the western plains, where various
species were indigenous, showed that both fruits and ripe
seeds were preduced abundantly. The scientist’s question,
why? appealed to him and he set about to solve the problem.
- From his knowledge of the processes of pollination he sus-
pected this work was carried on by some insect native to
the habitat of the Yuccas, but as yet not introduced into
Europe with the plants. Careful observations on the flowers
of Yuccas growing beneath the window at his St. Louis
home were soon rewarded with success. All circumstantial
evidence pointed to a tiny white moth as the object of his
search; a conclusion further substantiated by the discovery
of the moth in the flowers of Yuccas growing in other and
more remote parts of the city. Since Dr. Engelmann was
a botanist, he was interested chiefly in the plant side of the
subject and at this point he turned the investigation of the
insect over to Dr. C. V. Riley, then the State Entomologist
of Missouri. Together they observed and worked till the
beautiful story of two life-histories was disclosed—one, of
the plant; the other, of the insect. Dr. Riley’s studies
revealed to him that the moth was so highly specialized,
more noticeable in the mouth parts and the egg-laying de-
vice, as to be entirely different and distinct from any other
moth of its near kindred that had previously been described.
Thereupon he gave to it the technical name of Pronuba
yuccasella, the “Yucca Pronuba,” or “Pronuba Moth.”

_ The Yucca flower, as has been stated, is almost closed
in the daytime and but few insects can enter it. Neither
does it produce nectar—the chief attraction to insects that

86 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

‘commonly visit flowers. However, if the partially closed
fiowers are examined during the day many of them will
disclose the hiding place of a tiny white moth, or “miller,”
scarcely more than half an inch long. It folds its wings
together in roof-form over its back and rests lengthwise
along one of the stamens. The whiteness of the insect blend-
ing with the white-walled floral chamber, all in diffused
light, gives it ample protection and indeed one must fre-
quently be very diligent in his examination to be able to
‘see it at all. As dusk comes on and the flowers begin to
open and give off their fragrance, the moths become very
active, flitting about from flower to flower and from plant
to plant. If, with a small “flashlight” or “bull’s-eye”
lantern, one takes a position by a plant he will probably
be able to see the moth climb one of the stamens and with
its specially constructed mouth parts, scrape all the pollen
from the anther and roll it into a small pellet. This is
then carried to a second stamen and the pollen from it is
added to the pellet—the process being repeated from stamen
to stamen until a good-sized ball is formed. Then the in-
sect changes its scene of operation. Leaving the stamen, it -
goes to the pistil, which it explores very carefully, runnin
around it and from top > bone. en satisfied wit
the locality, it turns about till its head is toward the stig-
matic, or upper end of the pistil, then it slowly backs down-
ward between two stamens, feeling the surface of the ovary
very carefully with the tip of its abdomen. When a suit-
able location is found, usually just below the middle of
the pistil, it stops the body movement and begins to drill
with its ovipositor, or egg-depositing device. This is long
and sharp-pointed, especially adapted for drilling a small,
_ deep hole into the heart of the pistil, where a single long,
thread-like, transparent egg is deposited. As soon as this
is accomplished the moth removes the ovipositor and then
proceeds up the pistil until its head reaches the stigma. The
stigma of the Yucca is a triangular well or tube formed
by the union of the three upright horn-shaped processes of
the ovary. Securing a firm foothold on these processes, the
moth proceeds to shave off particles of the pollen pellet and
with its tongue places these in the stigmatic well or cavity,
forcing them far down. This done, it backs down the pistil —
and deposits another egg as before, but at a different point,
and again going to the stigma it repeats the process of
_ Seraping off pollen from its pellet and forcing the particles”
down the cavity. This may be repeated until the stigma
well is entirely filled. Frequently, however, the moth |

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 87

removes to another blossom and repeats the interesting per-
formance. Each flower is in condition to be fertilized only
during a brief period of time, since after the first evening
the hornlike processes of the pistil close over the stigmatic
chamber and thus preclude the possibility of further polli-
nation. In the course of about a week the égg hatches and
the resulting larva feeds on the developing ovules which
constitute its only food. When it has reached a mature size
it burrows a passage to the exterior of the capsule and falls,
or lets itself down by a silk thread, to the ground. Here
it bores several inches below the surface and forms a tough
silken cocoon intermixed with soil. It remains as a larva,
or grub, within its cocoon during the fall, winter and spring
months and transforms to the pupa or chrysalis state only
a few days before emerging as an adult moth when the
Yuccas bloom again in June.

It has been found that the Yucca flower is incapable of
fertilizing itself; moreover, it is impossible for the wind to
carry pollen from one plant to another. Extensive obser-
vations by many scientists in different parts of the country,
since the early discoveries by Drs. Engelmann and Riley,
prove that no other insect does this work which is so abso-
lutely necessary to the production of seed. The amount
of pollen placed in the stigma chamber by the Pronuba
moth is sufficient to fertilize all the numerous ovules of
that flower, while each larva hatched from the eggs de-
posited eats but comparatively few ovules—only ten or a
- dozen—thus allowing a vast majority of them to mature.
Were it not for the intervention of the moth the Yucca
plant could never be Red itself except by offshoots or an —
accidental division of the parent plant. The plant depends
entirely on the little moth to aid it in the natural method of
reproduction. On the other hand, this moth does not asso-
ciate with the flowers and fruits of any other plant than
the Yucca. It feeds during its larval or “worm” stage only
and then wholly upon the seeds of Yucca developing within
the fruit on the plant. Should the adult moth deposit its
eggs in the ovary and then fly away, the eggs would hatch,
but the young larvae would soon perish from lack of food.
To meet this demand the moth has developed a form of
instinct which impels it to place pollen in the stigma of
each pistil in which it has deposited an egg, insuring by
_this means the fertilization of the ovules and consequently
a liberal supply of food for its offspring. Thus the insect

is wholly dependent on the Yucea for its existence. Through

88 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

ages of association the plant has become adapted to such a
degree that it cannot be pollinated by any other means in
nature and at the same time the insect has become so adapted
that it cannot carry on its life history with any other plant.
To quote from one authority: “The insect offers such a
remarkable instance of special modification of parts to a
particular end, and there is such a striking interdependence
between it and its food-plant that Hermann Mueller, who
from his extensive studies of the relations between plants
and insects, is most competent to speak on the subject,
avowed it to be the ‘most wonderful instance of mutual
adaptation’ yet detected.” These are in brief the facts that
have been brought to light and may be observed by anyone
who will take the time and have the patience to watch the
snowy little insects on any clear, warm evening.

It is of especial interest to know that many of the original
observations, both of Dr. Engelmann and Dr. Riley, were
made at the Missouri Botanical Garden through the kind-
ness and encouragement of its founder, Mr. Shaw.

PLANTS FROM AUSTRALIA.

A collection of plants just received from Australia is of
more than usual interest. This includes four Macrozamia
Moorei, two male and two female; two Cycas media, one
male and one female; two Macrozamia spiralis (possibly
M. Miquelii), one male and one female; six large, six
medium, and twenty-four small plants of Bowenia serrulata;
all of which were secured from the vicinity of Rockhamp-
ton, through the kindness of Professor R. Simmons, Curator
of the Botanic Garden, Rockhampton, Queensland, Aus-
tralia. The shipment was three months on the way, but
the plants were so well po (see plate 12) that they not
only suffered no injury but in some cases continued to grow.

These plants belong to the family Cycadaceae, of which
Cycas revoluta, the so-called “funeral,” or “sago palm,” is
the best known example. Perhaps the most interesting of
the lot received is Macrozamia Moorei, a plant which is rarely
found in botanical gardens and is rapidly being extermi-
nated in the field because of a poison contained in the leaves,
- causing a paralysis of the cattle which eat it. At Spring-

sure, the only known locality for Macrozamia Moorei, a
notch is first chopped in the trunk of the plant and then a
hole bored in the center. This is filled with arsenic, killing
the cycad within a short time.

PLATE 12.

a

Mo. Bort. GARD, BULL. VOL. 1.

SHOWING METHOD

OF PACKING PLANTS SHIPPED FROM AUSTRALIA.

Mo. Bor. Garp. BULL, VOL. 1. PLATE 13.

OP RA Bae et
AEB UAT St Weil ie
f SACRE 2 WES
OAT TLL ARR PA
a STR Go
Ci. + | ae

MACROZAMIA MOOREI, FEMALE PLANT.

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 89

Macrozamia Moorei grows from ten to twenty feet in
height and may be over two feet in diameter. A splendid
crown of leaves is produced, sometimes exceeding one
hundred. The male and female cones are striking features
of the plant, on account of their size and the unusual num-
ber which may be produced at one time. One hundred and
three ee cones in a single unbranched plant have been
counted.

The particular point of interest, at least botanically, about
Macrozamia Moorei is that it represents the nearest approach
to the Bennettiales, a group of fossil, cycad-like plants exist-
ing in the mesozoic era. Never before has a living cycad
been found which, because of its numerous lateral cones
and their mode of occurrence, came so near to the condi-
tions obtaining in these fossil forms, and it may truly be
said that Macrozamia Moorei is the missing link so far as
this particular group is concerned.

NOTES.

‘Prof. Bernard Mackensen of San Antonio, Texas, visited
the Garden on the 13th of June. :

Mr. Melvin C. Merrill, of Harvard University, has been
appointed Research Assistant to succeed Dr. George R. Hill,
Jr., resigned.

The annual flower sermon, provided for in Mr. Shaw’s
will, was preached at Christ Church Cathedral, Sunday morn-
ing, May 18th, by the Rev. Francis L. Palmer of Stillwater,
_ Minnesota.

By special appointment, pupils from the McKinley High
School visited the Garden on May 20th and ladies of the
State Press Association on May 22d were shown through
the greenhouses and grounds.

A wheeled chair has been placed in the waiting room at
the main gate, where it will be available for those who are
unable to walk through the grounds. The chair may be
obtained upon application to the gatekeeper.

During the month various parties have taken advantage
of the personally conducted trips through the Garden,
starting from the main gate at three o’clock every Saturday.
Especial attention will be given to the Yuccas and their
associated moth, as long as the flowers last.

90 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

Mr. J. S. Cooley, Rufus J. Lackland Fellow, will spend
part of the summer at the University of Wisconsin doing
some special pathological work with Professor Jones. Mr.
W. H. Emig, Rufus J. Lackland Fellow, will collect and.
study the mosses and hepatics in the Ozarks of Missouri and
Northern Arkansas during the summer. Mr. L. O. Over-
holts will spend his vacation at Tolland, Colorado, where
~ he pay particular attention to the fleshy fungi of the
ocal flora.

The June meeting of the St. Louis Florists’ Club was held
in the Graduate Lecture Room of the Garden on the after-
noon of June 12th. About fifty members were present. After
the business session a trip was taken through the grounds,
especial interest being manifested in the new range of
houses and heating plant, the model gardens, window boxes
and rose garden.

The economic plants, which have been in the old range
all winter, have been set out of doors to the east, west and
north of the old houses, immediately against them. On the
west and for a short distance on the north the plants are
classified in groups as follows: Tropical fruits, oils, resins
and gums, perfumes, condiments, medicinal plants and
fibre plants. The rest of the beds are composed of a miscel-
laneous collection of specimens of some commercial import-
ance.

The new range of greenhouses is practically completed.
However, owing to the large amount of earth which is to
be put in preliminary to the planting, and the confusion
which must exist until the arrangement of the plants is
completed, it has been necessary to close these houses to the
public. The front part of the old range will likewise be
closed for several weeks.

_ The last meeting of the season of the Engelmann Botan-
ical Club was held in the Graduate Lecture Room on the
afternoon of June 7th. Mr. C. W. Garrett, of the Garden,
spoke on “Growing of Hardy Roses,” and Mr. W. S. Wells,
of the Garden staff, discussed “Growing Roses Under
Glass.” The members and visitors then adjourned to the
Rose Garden for a demonstration of some of the points
brought out. : pees

Mo. Bor. GARD. BULL. VoL 1. é PLATE 14

MACROZAMIA MOOREI, MALE PLANT.

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 91

STATISTICAL INFORMATION FOR JUNE, 1913.

GARDEN ATTENDANCE:

Lotal numberof visitets 32 ee oe ee eee 27,180
SEED ExcHANGE:
Total number of packets distributed...... Age etree opie S. 95
Total number of packets received................-.....+.- 325
LIBRARY ACCESSIONS:
Total number of books and pamphlets bought..............
Total number of books and pamphlets donated............. 62
HERBARIUM ACCESSIONS:
By Purchase—
E. Bartholomew, “Fungi Columbiani” Cent, XL........ 100
E. Bartholomew, “N. A. Uredinales” Cent. VIII....... 100
By Gift—
On. Orentt, Texas Planta. <3. ye. uae ee ane 83
ye, Fel dt Utah Pilate... ee 50
Moses Craig, Missouri Plants ee i ECU ee RCO ees : 200
J. M, Greenman, Illinois, Indiana and Michigan Plants. . 625
2,135

The Garden is open to the public Sundays until Nov. 30th from
2:00 P. M. until sunset. bal para: lhe lta ae from 8:00 A. M.

until one-half hour after sunset. pA

Personally conducted trip through G every afternoon
from May 1 to Nov. 1, sietiig bear Slba tasted S08 kL, Other trips
may be arranged for by special appointment.

The main entrance to the Garden is located at Tower Grove Avenue
and Flora Boulevard, on the Vandeventer Avenue car line. Transfer
south from all intersecting lines.

| HMissouri Botanical
— Garden Bulletin —

Vol. eae gully, 1913. Noles
Contents — Se

eerie oe esreramiges’ & Spicer Fag
Water Gardens =~ - - 2 - SO aed Aerie © &

North American Tract iS te Serie = pede a (OF

The Red Sunflower ©. - Dagethy tue fetes 383.

2 Interesting Plants for July mie Bact eee tie re DDE?

> ST. LOUIS, MO,
: 1913

at _ PUBLISHED MONTHLY BY THE BOARD OF TRUSTERS =

ivi PNANE

pee re

THE WATER GARDEN

“110A “11Ng ‘d4¥vd5 ‘Log ‘OW

'T

‘SI ALV1d

Missouri Botanical
Garden Bulletin

Vol. I St. Louis, Mo., July, 1913 No. 7

WATER GARDENS.

To the uninitiated the cultivation of the water lily seems
rather difficult. These plants bear magnificent flowers, both
as to size and color, and rather naturally give the impres-
sion that it requires long experience and a considerable
outlay of money to grow them. It is the purpose of this
article to give some idea of what has been done toward the
growing of water lilies in the Garden this summer, and to
encourage, if possible, the construction of similar gardens
on a smaller scale in private places.

- Location.—Up to the present year the area in the Garden
devoted to the growing of water plants consisted of six small
pools. Three of these, formerly located to the northwest of
the main entrance, were wrecked this spring to make room
for improvements. The other three, just south of the
Linnean house, still remain. One of these, the central one,
is of concrete; the other two, one to the east and one to the
west, are puddled or clay pools. The latter, on account of
their peculiar form, are known as the “Horseshoe Ponds,”
The west horseshoe pond is used for growing the hardy
water lilies, while the east one is reserved mostly for the
growing of seedling water lilies. The concrete or Victoria
pond, so called because in it are grown the large-leaved Royal
or Victoria water lilies, is artificially heated in order to pro-
vide a sufficiently high temperature for these tropical plants
during the cooler months of spring. A portion of the old
parterre was this year converted into a water garden. This
pool, rectangular in shape, is seventy by one hundred and
forty feet, and is the largest single pool in Saint Louis given
over to the growing of water lilies. It is this pool that is
known as the “Water Garden.” To the south of this garden
and extending along the stream, are four small pools, known
respectively as pools one, two, three and four.

(93)

94 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

Construction.—Pools for the growing of water lilies may
be made of either concrete or clay. Where the subsoil is
clay, as is the case generally in this section of the country, _
the latter type of pool is much more cheaply constructed and
has the additional advantage of appearing more natural.
However, in cases where the subsoil is such that free drain-.
age results, it sometimes becomes necessary to construct con-
crete pools. All the new pools made in the Garden this
spring were built of clay. The clay subsoil in the Garden
lies only a few feet below the surface, so that it was only nec- -
essary to dig through the surface loam to uncover it. When
the clay itself was reached, a basin with vertical sides was
dug out two feet deep. After the clay had been removed, the
basin was refilled with one foot of well-mixed soil containing
a large percentage of cow manure. Finally, water was
allowed to run in until one foot of water covered the foot of
good soil. A mistake is often made in thinking that lilies
need nothing but water. for their growth, but a soil layer for
properly feeding the plants is just as important. As the
plants become older the depth of the water can be gradually
increased by adjusting the overflow. Pools constructed in
solid clay, as above, practically never leak.

Where a solid clay subsoil is not available, a process of
puddling is employed. This consists, essentially, of plaster-
ing the sides of the excavation with a layer of clay—the
addition of water making easy the application of the clay.
Pools so constructed need very little attention and leak but
little more than solid clay pools, and have an advantage
over concrete in that they can be enlarged or remodeled at
any time without much expense.

The construction of concrete tanks usually requires the
assistance of a mechanic and does not lend itself well to nat-
ural surroundings. The formal concrete pool should not
be used except in conjunction with other formal sur-
roundings.

Water Supply—aAfter the initial filling of the pools, it
requires but a small stream to keep the water fresh and
clean. It is necessary, of course, to prevent scum from
accumulating on the surface of the water, as well as to avoid
providing a place for the breeding of mosquitoes. If a half-
inch stream of water be allowed to run slowly into the ee
the slight overflow will usually carry off any scum which
might accumulate. If unsightly scum growths appear,
it may be necessary to add copper sulphate in quantity

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 95

sufficient to poison the = age making up the scum,
and yet too dilute to harm the lilies. Fish are usually intro-
duced into a water garden to keep it free from mosquito
larve, although it should be remembered that if the pool
is in an exposed place, subject to the action of the wind,
there is little danger of its becoming a nuisance, since mos-
quitoes will not breed where the water is rippling. The
water which supplies the garden pools is furnished by a
three-quarter-inch pipe, running very slowly. This is suffi-
cient to keep scum from accumulating on the surface
and supplies enough water to make up for the loss by evap-
- oration.

Drainage.—Water garden pools are usually located in
rather low places, and hence, in time of rainy weather,
receive the drainage from the adjoining slopes. The small
pipe which takes care of the normal overflow will not carry
off this storm water and provision must be made for the
latter. If a large tile is so laid that its bottom is at the same
level as the normal surface of the water, this surplus will
usually be taken care of, although where the drained area
is very large, more tiles may be necessary. A few heavy
rains will soon show how much extra drainage is necessary.

Classification of Lilies—Water lilies may be roughly
divided into two classes—tender and hardy varieties. The
former may be again divided into those requiring artificial
_ heat and those that do not. The hardy lilies, of course, are

those —— of withstanding the winter without protection.

Practically the only water lilies that require artificial heat
are the large-leaved Royal or Victoria lilies. Even these
will flower and produce fairly large leaves without additional
heat, but the results are so much better when artificial heat
is added in cool weather, that this method of growing them
is much practised. Heat is applied only when the normal
temperature of the water falls below 80° Fahrenheit.

Propagation.—Lilies are raised from seed germinated
during the winter in tanks under glass, and the resulting
seedlings are transplanted to the outdoor ponds late in
the spring. Or, plants may be taken up in the fall and a
over winter in tubs protected from frost. Once the hardy
lilies are planted out they require but very little subsequent
attention.

Flowering Periods.—The lilies are peculiar as regards
their flowering periods, and are ae characterized as
“day bloomers” and “night bloomers.” Some of the largest

96 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

and most brilliantly flowering forms belong to the latter
class, opening in the late afternoon or evening and not
closing until nine or ten o’clock the next morning. The day
bloomers usually open in the morning at about the time the
night bloomers close, being at their best from eleven to
twelve o’clock. The same lily will bloom for several days,
opening and closing each day, but fading and drooping
more and more until finally its head sinks below the surface
of the water, where the seeds are formed. The colors are
usually brightest when the flowers first open.

Where to find the Water Lilies in the Garden.—West
Horseshoe Pond.—This contains the following of the hardy
lilies: Nymphexa tuberosa, ‘“Richardsoni,’ -‘Marliacea
carnea,” ‘“Marliacea rosea,” ‘“Marliacea Gladstoniana,”
“Marliacea chromatella” and “James Bryden.”

Victoria Pond.—This contains the large-flowered and
large-leaved Victoria Cruziana, or Amazon River lily, which
is one of the most attractive of the water lilies. The leaves,
from edge to edge, including the large rolled margin, some
times attain a diameter of eight feet, while six and seven
feet is not uncommon late in the season. The flowers open
about a half hour after sunset and at that time give off a
very sweet odor.

East Horseshoe Pond.—This pond contains, besides
Nymphzxa Boucheana, N. ortgiesiana var. rubra, and N.
rubra rosea, the following varieties of water lilies: ‘Stella
Gurney,” “C. W. Ward” and “George Huster.”

Water Garden.—The following varieties of water lilies
are in the Water Garden, arranged in large groups around
the edges: Victoria Cruziana, Nmyphexa zanzibariensis red,
N. zanzibariensis blue, N. Lotus dontata: N. Devoniensis,
N. gracilis, and “Frank Trelease,” ‘“Hofgirtner Grabner,”
“D. R. Francis,” “Amazonica;” “James Gurney Jr.,” “Pink
O’Marana,” “Lotus Jubilee,’ “Columbiana,” ‘“Kewensis,”
“Deaneana” and “Rufus J. Lackland.” Many of these —
varieties were originated by Mr. James Gurney, Head Gar-
dener Emeritus of the Garden. Two of Mr. Gurney’s latest
creations, a deep red and a deep blue day-blooming lily, are
each represented in the water garden by several plants. The
forms formerly known were faded blues and pinks, and to
Mr. — belongs the credit of perfecting the colors. The
darkest in the night-blooming lilies are also the result

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 97

_ of Mr. Gurney’s work and are represented in the water gar-
den by “Rufus J. Lackland” and “James Gurney Jr.”

Pool No. 1.—This is the first pool south of the water
garden and is planted with the following Nympheas:
‘Hofgirtner Grabner,” “Frank Trelease,” “D. R. Francis,”
and “Euryale ferox’’—one of the hardy, large-leaved forms
with blue flowers.

Pool No. 2.—This pool is too small for water lilies.

Pool No. 3.—This is planted with Nympheza ‘capensis
zanzibariensis red and Victoria Cruziana in the center.

Pool No. 4.—This is planted entirely with the blue form
of Nymphea capensis zanzibariensis. ;

Many other interesting water plants, which cannot be
enumerated here, are planted around the edges of the water
garden, ponds, and pools. The water garden has been con-
structed since the middle of March, and its appearance at
present will afford some idea of what can be accomplished
in a short time towards securing a lily pond.

NORTH AMERICAN TRACT.

At the southern edge of the Garden there is a tract of
about twenty-five acres, which, although planted ten years
ago, still remains unknown to a majority of the visitors to
the Garden. Many people hardly realize that the Garden
extends so far back from the main entrance and they, there-
fore, rarely visit this section, which, in spite of its rather
obscure location, is one of the prettiest spots in the Garden.
Here many of the trees, shrubs and wild flowers of our own
country, in fact, of the North American continent, ma
found growing. They are arranged according to a definite
systematic scheme, for the convenience of the botanical
student, but the common names are on all the plants and
there is usually someone about to show visitors where the
plants are that they may be looking for.

This section was designed to show the possibilities of our
native flora in the planting of ornamental masses about
home grounds, as well as to form a collection of native plants.
With the exception of a very few, our indigenous plants are
easily grown, and when submitted to the culture of the
nursery become valuable adjuncts in many Pnioed
schemes. To what extent they may be used may be jud

98 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

from a survey of this particular portion of the Garden,
where only native plants are growing. This applies not
alone to the trees and shrubs, but also to the herbaceous
plants around the borders.

The North American tract is easily reached from the rose
garden. Passing south from the latter and immediately
west of the main office building, the beginning of the walk
leading around the tract is reached. A small lake to the
right presents a rather picturesque appearance with the
growth of aquatics along its borders and upon its surface.
While they appear more or less wild, they have all been
sent with a purpose, representing the group of plants

nown to the botanist as the Monocotyledons, 1. e., plants
with certain similarities in flower, stem, and leaf structure
that pace them naturally in a group by themselves. It is
significant that the majority of the plants in the native flora
belonging to this class are inhabitants of moist or decidedly
wet situations, and a lake of the above nature therefore forms
the logical center about which to group them.

This same community of characteristics is the basis of the
grouping of the plants all through this tract, and as one
passes along the walk to the south of the small stream and
chain of pools, one faces a constantly changing flora. In
botanical terms the flora is becoming more complex as we
proceed. The beginnings of new groups are indicated by
small labels bearing the common and scientific names, and
are placed in plain view at the edges of the walks.

A copy of Gray’s Manual of Botany, sixth edition, will
be of great service to a person visiting this section, for a
t many of the plants listed in the manual are growing
in the tract and, moreover, are arranged in the same order,
proceeding westward, as in the manual itself. Occasionally
an herbaceous plant will be found which is not strictly a
native of North America, but the number of these is so
small that they do not disturb the native appearance of the
plantations. 5

THE RED SUNFLOWER.

_The Garden is unusually fortunate in being able to ex-
hibit at the shes time an entirely new variety of sun-
flower—the “Red Sunflower.” It is through the kindness
of Prof. T. D. A. Cockerell, of the University of Colorado,
that the Garden is enjoying this privilege, and it is safe to

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 99

say that this is one of the very few places in the world where
this noteworthy variety may at present be seen.

In Colorado and New Mexico our common sunflower
(Helianthus annuus) is abundantly represented by a form
which differs somewhat from the cultivated type and is
known as the form lenticularis. The type just referred to
has golden Page ray flowers with a central disk of dark,
purplish red. In 1910, Mrs. Cockerell found, at Boulder,
Colorado, a single plant among a host of others which ee
sessed ray flowers deeply tinted with chestnut red. This
plant Professor and Mrs. Cockerell removed to their own
garden, where under the very best of care, it continued to
grow and flower.

Unfortunately, the flowers on a sunflower plant cannot be
fertilized with pollen from the same plant, and it therefore
became necessary to pollenate the flowers of this original
plant with pollen from other non-red varieties. ‘This they
did, and from the seed harvested a large number of plants
were grown in 1911. Of these about one-half produced fine
red flowers. These were again cross-pollenated and, since .
many plants bearing red flowers were now available, crosses
were made between red-flowered plants.

From the seed obtained from the 1911 crosses a very lar,

‘number of plants were grown in 1912, among which a hand-
some form appeared in which the chestnut-red color was con-
fined to a zone in the middle of the ray flowers. To this
variety Prof. Cockerell gave the name bicolor. Besides this
form, however, a considerable number of all-red flowering
plants were obtained, in some of which the color was strik-
ingly deep.

With the 1912 flowers, crosses were again made, and it
was of the resulting seed that Prof. Cockerell so generously
sent a sample to the Garden.

The history of the results obtained by Prof. and Mrs.
Cockerell from the various crosses, illustrate, in a very strik-
ing manner, the great law enunciated by Mendel over fifty
years ago which enables the breeder, both of plants and
animals, to predict, with a reasonable degree of certainty,
the character of the offspring. Those who may be further
interested in looking up the history of the red sunflower will
find it amply and interestingly recorded in “Science” for
1910, “Popular Science Monthly” for April, 1912, and
“Gardeners’ Chronicle” for May, 1913.

100 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

The red sunflowers in the Garden will be found in large
numbers along the east side of the stone wall which remains
standing south of the new plant range. It will at once be
apparent to the visitor that not all of the flowers are marked
with red; a large number, however, will be seen to have a rich
chestnut-red zone in the ray flowers, it being most striking
in the flowers that are just opening, becoming less marked
with age and disappearing almost entirely before the flowers
have finished blooming. A few of the all-red type will also
be found, but most of the flowers are of the bicolor type.

It should be said in conclusion that Prof. Cockerell con-
siders the present red sunflower only a step in the develop-
ment of much more striking red varieties, and it is hoped
that the Garden may be able to exhibit these as they are |

produced

INTERESTING PLANTS FOR JULY.

On account of the intense heat, the usual floral display in
the new plant house has been suspended during the months
of July, August and September. Many interesting and beau-
tiful flowering and foliage plants are to be seen, however,
both in the old ranges and out-of-doors.

In the front house of the old range two plants of the pea
family are attracting considerable attention. They are the
sensitive plant (Mimosa pudica) and the telegraph plant
(Desmodium gyrans). Both of these plants have the
peculiar faculty of quickly responding, with their leaves, to
external shocks. The sensitive plant has a leaf divided into
three parts and each part is clothed with two rows of small
leaflets. When the leaf is touched or the plant is jarred,
these small leaflets quickly fold together and the plant takes
on the so-called sleeping attitude. If the shock has been
sufficiently violent the leaflets not only fold together, but the
entire leaf bends down at the point where it joins the stem.
After soites Fagen to a stimulus ~ this s wesagge 2 ce
very gradually returns to its original position. en the
lea? has been stimulated repeatedly at short intervals, it
finally fails to react. The telegraph plant has, near the base
of the terminal leaflet, two salt ones on opposite sides of
the petiole. Without any apparent outside stimulus these
leaflets move up and down, so that the two, at different
times, occupy positions at all angles to each other and re-
_ mind one at once of the arms of a semaphore.

Mo. BOT. GARD. BULL., VOL. 1. PLATE 16,

THE STAR OF BETHLEHEM ORCHID

MISSOURI. BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 101

The flowering orchids are especially worthy of notice this
month. The most interesting one, “The Star of Bethlehem”
(Angraecum sesquipedale) has five gigantic flowers meas-
uring thirteen inches in length and from tip to tip of the
lateral petals, seven inches. (See plate 16.) .

To the Rev. W. Ellis, the missionary and historian of
Madagascar, is due the credit of introducing, in 1885, this
remarkable orchid. In its native home it inhabits the low-
est and hottest districts, growing on the dryest parts of the
trunks and branches of thinly-leaved trees. The leaves of
the plants are neither numerous nor large and present a
half-starved, straggling appearance. The roots are few in
number, frequently extending down the tree on which it
grows, twelve to eighteen feet, and so tough and adhering so
tenaceously to the bark that a considerable force is required
to break or detach them. ~~

Flowers of this 5 eines were examined by Charles Darwin,
and he drew the following interesting inference from his
observations: “If the Angraecum in its native forest
secretes more nectar than the vigorous plant in our hot-
houses, so that the nectary becomes filled, small moths might
obtain their share, but they would not benefit the plant.
The pollinia would not be drawn till some huge moth with
a wonderful proboscis tried to draw the last drop. If such
great moths were to become extinct in Madagascar, assuredly
the Angraecum would become extinct also. On the other
hand, as the nectar, at least in the lower part of the nectary
(spur), is stored safe from depredation by other insects, the
extinction of the Angraecum would seohally be a serious loss
to those moths.” Although it is popularly supposed that a
moth has been discovered in Madagascar with a proboscis
sufficiently long to reach to the bottom of the remarkabl

long nectary (spur) and at the same time to pollenate this
orchid, no authentic account of its existence can be found.

A cinnamon-odored orchid (Lycaste aromatica) will be
found on the side stage amidst a collection of blooming
epidendrums. Suspended above the center stage is a large
piant of Dendrobium Hookerianum with two long, sweeping
spikes bearing tan-colored flowers with two splotches of cin-
namon-red on the inside of the labellum. On the center
stage are a large number of flowering orchids, of which the
single plant of Coelogyne Swaniana, with its 4 Bie of
flowers made up of white petals and brown-strea label-
lum, at once attracts attention. Two plants of Brassavola

7

102 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

nodosa and one of the snail shell orchid (Epidendrum pen-
talis) are also in flower. In the former the labellum is
strikingly protruded and conspicuous, whereas the remain-
ing petals are small and inconspicuous; in the latter the
flowers are so curiously modified and contorted as to re-
semble, somewhat, a snail shell.

Out-of-doors.—Near the southeast and southwest corners
of the new water garden (mentioned at another place in
this BuLLeTin) habitual visitors to the Garden will be sur-
prised to find, in the shade of trees, the tuberous begonias
still flowering—the same ones which were exhibited for
almost two months in the display house of the new plant
range. The cannas planted on the knolls near the new con-
servatory are beginning to show good flowers. New among
these are “Blanche Wintzer,’ a variety with extremely
large and almost pure white flowers; “Conowinga,”’ ‘“Bea-
con” and “Black Prince,” with flowers respectively scarlet,
deep red and very dark red; and “Florence Vaughn,” with
petals so speckled with yellow and bronze as to remind one
of the rainbow trout.

A solid bed of petumias flanking one of the knolls is the
brightest bit of color now in the Garden, but masses of phlox
and mallow in great variety of color and of the pale blue
leadwort (Plumbago capensis) skirting other knolls, are be-
ginning to flower and will soon bring striking touches of
color to the sides of the other valleys.

Although the roses are past their prime, a goodly number
of flowers are still being put forth which will more than
repay the visitor for a trip to this part of the Garden.

Many of the tropical plants housed during the colder
weather have been brought out-of-doors and grouped around
the old conservatory. Many of the well-known collections
with which the visitors were familiar in the houses will now
be found here.

GEORGE W. LETTERMAN.

George W. Letterman was born near Bellefonte, Center
County, Pennsylvania, 1841, and died at Allenton, Missouri,
May 28, 1913. His father was of Dutch and his mother of
Irish extraction. Letterman received his early education in
the public schools of Pennsylvania and later entered the
State College of Center County, in his native State. While
at this institution his studies were interrupted by enlisting

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 103

in the Union Army; he served throughout the remainder of
the war and received an honorable discharge with the title
of captain of volunteers.

In 1869 Mr. Letterman settled at Allenton, Missouri,
where he soon became teacher in the public school and held
this position for about twenty years. He then served for two
years as superintendent of schools for St. Louis County and
subsequently resumed teaching in his adopted town.

Letterman’s interest in botany seems to have been incited
by Mr. August Fendler, the well-known Venezuelan col-
lector, whom he met soon after going to Allenton. From
1870 to a few months prior to his death, or for approxi-
mately forty years, Letterman continued an active interest
in science, and, arin. his extreme generosity in the dis-
tribution of plants collected and ample notes concerning
them, he made, by correspondence, many friends both at
home and abroad.

Through Prof. Charles Sprague Sargent, Mr. Letterman
became a collaborator in the preparation of the noted Jesup
collection of North American woods, now in the American
Museum of Natural History in New York City.

Letterman was never married, and his extremely retiring
nature led him to live a very modest and isolated life. He
apparenely had no desire to achieve a reputation through
publication, even to recording the results of his own observa-
tions; but his greatest pleasure was in imparting information
to his pupils, and a wing afield the flora and fauna of the
beautiful country in which he lived—the wooded hills and
valley of the Meramec river.

To botanists Letterman was known as a keen and dis-
criminating collector, particularly of Missouri plants, but
to the people of his own immediate community, on whom
he has left a lasting impression, he will long be remembered
as an elevating friend and inspiring teacher.

NOTES.

On May 30, Dr. J. M. Greenman, Curator of the Her-
barium, attended the funeral of the late George W. Letter-
man, at Allenton, Missouri.

The wives and daughters of the delegates to the Milliners’
Convention visited the Garden on June 24. They mani-
fested especial interest in the orchids, as these seemed to
suggest ideas for hat decorations.

104 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

Mr. Droushel, of the Teachers’ College, recently brought
his summer school class in botany to the Garden. Mr:
Droushel frequently consults the Garden herbarium and
has on many occasions donated interesting specimens to
the collection.

Mr. L. O. Kunkel, Rufus Lackland Fellow during the
year 1911-12, visited the Garden on June 27. Mr. Kunkel
has been assistant to Dr. Harper at Columbia University dur-
ing the past year and will have charge of the summer school
work in plant physiology at the same institution during the
present season.

Dr. Moore, Director of the Garden, is spending the months
of July and August in Wood’s Hole, Massachusetts, where,
asin former years, he is directing the work in the botanical
department of the Marine Biological Laboratory and _per-
sonally conducting the course in Morphology and Tax-
onomy of the Alge. Dr. B. M. Duggar, Plant Physiologist
to the Garden, is likewise spending the summer at the Marine
Biological Laboratory. Besides doing active work in re-
search, Dr. Duggar is giving a course on the Physiology and
Ecology of Marine, Strand and Bog Vegetation.

A feature of the recent Commencement Exercises at Mid-
giebary. College was the presentation of a purse to Dr. E. A.
Burt, Mycologist and Librarian-elect, to the Missouri Botan-
ical Garden, to be used as he sees fit in his research work.
The following letter was read from the alumni:

As the Commencement of 1913 of Middlebury Coll marks
the departure of one of the professors best known to the recent
alumni, Dr. Edward Angus Burt, members of the classes 1896-

_ 1912, inclusive, desire to express their appreciation of his services
during the past eighteen years.

The gift which they present is but a slight expression of the
deep regard they have for him as a scholar, a teacher and a friend.
Now that Middlebury is making great strides in material progress,
there is need to keep in mind the fundamental truth, that a col-
lege is great only in so far as she has great teachers. Such a great —
teacher the recent alumni consider Dr, Burt, the worth of whom
they have come to appreciate more and more as the years have ad-
vanced. They congratulate him upon the scientific honor of his
new position, and extend to him their best wishes.

Signed by the Committee for the Alumni 1896-1912.

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 105

STATISTICAL INFORMATION FOR JUNE, 1913.

GARDEN ATTENDANCE:

"Titel smber Ol WAGIOIB oo os is ar alae an Mw 8 eet 18,142
SEED ExCHANGE:
Total number of packets distributed................-.. ee 117
Total number of packets received........-......---.+--- 148
PLANT DISTRIBUTION :
Total number of plants distributed......-.............-. 2,236
LIBRARY ACCESSIONS: ;
Total number of books and pamphlets bought............ 52
Total number of books and pamphlets donated........... 313
HERBARIUM ACCESSIONS:
By Exchange—
New York Botanical Garden—West Indian plants........ 375
By Purchase—
J. M. Greenman—Arizona plants ..... ines eet ak eee 237
Albert Ruth—Texas plants ..........---..-+--+-eeeee: 278
By Gift: ;
A. M. Huger—Sedum ternatum Michx.—North Carolina. . 1
Rev. Francis L. Palmer—Habenaria bracteata ( Willd.)
-R. Br.—from Minnesota .... 22.22.00. e eee eee csnes I
: 1

Mrs. J. F. Allen—Allium nigrum L.—cultivated plant... .
James H. Clendening — Dracunculus vulgaris Schott. —

Guitivated: Mlant 60.4 ee ea nin oe ee ys oe jie es 1
Bernard Mackensen—Solanum Torreyi Gray—from Texas 1
C. Conzatti—Phaseolus sp.—Mexico ...........+-.--+++ 1
New York Botanical Garden — Lemna perpusilla Torr.—

fet POrte BiCO os io oe eran eh ee sao oh 1
C. R. Oreutt—Plants of Texas.........--.- eee eeeeeees 250
O. S. Ledman—Massachusetts and Washington plants. .. 4
L. M. Dougan—Stylosanthes biflora (L.) B. 8. P.—Mis-

BOWNESS ke ee es et ards Sn eo ar fio) ered -2

TOR oe ee as ear eee’ 1,153

The Garden is open to the public Sundays until Nov. 30th from
2:00 P. M. until sunset. Week-days the year ‘round from 8:00 A. M.
until one-half hour after sunset. Admission Free.

Personally conducted trip through Garden every Saturday afternoon
from May 1 to Nov. 1, starting from Main Gate at 3:00 P. M. Other trips

may be arranged for by special appointment.

The main entrance to the Garden is located at Tower Grove Avenue
and Flora Boulevard, on the Vandeventer Avenue car line. Transfer
south from all intersecting lines.

23; Notes 78 07-! ee

: Tpit Botanical
Garden Bulletin

er ge ge August, 1913 ‘MG No. 8

Contents ~

rei

Ey | een ree ae dep >
= tebe Saeciieinsd Garden - ft eet CRG Ee cine M8 107 ©

oe pan

es cae Information es gee te pede sfuthiioe son

ST. LOUIS, MO.
pr tee

_ PUBLISHED: MONTHLY BY. THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES:

IN THE MAIN GARDEN.
LOOKING SOUTHWEST FROM THE WATER GARDEN.

“I0A “TING ‘duvy ‘LOG ‘o/w

i i

"L[ ALW 1d

Missouri Botanical
Garden Bulletin

Vol. I St. Louis, Mo., August, 1913 No. 8

THE MEDICINAL GARDEN.

A medicinal garden, where many of the plants from which
our drugs are es ae ney be seen growing, is one of the
- unique features of the Garden. Attention was called in the

last number of the BuLtetTin to the comparatively little
known North American tract—a large area devoted to the
growing of plants indigenous to our continent. The medic-
inal garden, on account of its rather secluded location and
small size, is perhaps even less well known than the North
American tract. Like the latter, however, it is full of interest
and deserves to become more popular with Garden visitors.
Here plants from the poison hemlock, a decoction of which
became the death potion of Socrates, to the white pine,
whose soothing properties are familiar to all, have been
assembled in a small area and, for the convenience of visi-
tors, arranged into groups according to their physiological
action.

The use of plants in the treatment of diseases is the oldest
phase of applied botany. In the early centuries the interest
in plants centered almost entirely in the medicinal virtues
which they were cg fam to possess. Theophrastus and
Aristotle among the Greeks, and Pliny and Dioscorides
among the Romans, wrote extensive treatises on plants, lay-
ing emphasis on their reputed medicinal properties. These
medicinal properties were, however, in most cases, more
mythical than real. Very early there had sprung up the
so-called “Doctrine of Signatures,” which supposed that any
external resemblance in a plant to any organ of the body
- indicated its usefulness in curing ailments of that particular
organ. From this doctrine such names as “lungwort,” “liver-
wort” and many similar ones have come down to us.

Pharmacology made little or no advance from the time of
the Romans to comparatively recent times. It continued to
rest on a mythical rather than a rational basis, In the later
centuries the doctrine that diseases were curable by drugs

(107)

108 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

having the opposite effect from that of the disease, gained
prominence. It is this doctrine, in a modified form, which
later became known as allopathy, in distinction from the
doctrine of homeopathy which began to gain adherents late
in the eighteenth century. This advocated the cure of dis-
eases with drugs having an action similar to that of the dis-
ease itself. But the real progress in pharmacology came
when the true causes of disease were discovered and the
actions of drugs scientifically investigated. Generalizations,
superstitions and myths gave way to rational experimenta-
tion, and to-day pharmacology holds a dignified position
among the other natural sciences. It is true that some drugs
are still applied empirically, following the dictates of experi-
ence, but this is because the disease is imperfectly known.
The rational administering of drugs presupposes a thorough
knowledge of the disease.

While the advance in pharmacology has added many
animal and mineral products to the pharmacists’ shelves,
vegetable drugs still occupy a very prominent place. Their
collection and preparation is an important industry and,
while the great bulk of medicinal plants are gathered from
their native haunts, the large demand for certain ones has
made their cultivation necessary and profitable. In the
medicinal garden of the Missouri Botanical Garden over 500
recognized drug-yielding plants have been assembled and
segregated into poe according to their accepted physio-
logical action. It is, of course, not possible to indicate the
special uses for which each plant is suited. For this informa-
tion special treatises on materia medica must be consulted.

The medicinal garden lies west of the rose garden, and
may be reached by a cinder path starting at the tall cypress
tree directly west of the rose pergola. ile the collection
contains upwards of 500 medicinal plants, not all of these
may be seen growing at any one time. Thus, at present, the
spring- and early summer-flowering plants will be found miss-
ing in many instances, having already flowered and disap-
peared. But the following enumeration of the plants at
present growing in the medicinal garden will give some idea
of the classes of drug plants represented, as well as of the ©
species themselves.

Class 1. Antispasmodics—Agents which prevent or allay
spasm of voluntary or et tie 4 muscles in any portion
of the organism. Poison hemlock (Coniwm maculatum),
tobacco (Nicotiana Tabacum), Indian tobacco (Lobelia in-
flata), chamomile (Anthemis nobilis), horse nettle (Solanum

\
MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 109

carolinense), belladonna (Atropa Belladonna), wild yam-
root (Dioscorea villosa), ipecac (Euphorbia ipecacuanhe),
scopola (Scopolia carniolica).

Class 2. Anesthetics and Anodynes—Agents which tem-
porarily destroy sensation. Belladonna (Atropa_ Bella-
donna), spearmint (Mentha spicata), peppermint (Mentha
hei a thyme (Thymus vulgaris), hemp (Cannabis
sativa).

Class 3. Hypnotics and Narco-hypnotics—The former are
agents which produce sleep without rendering the subject
-unconscious to pain, whereas the latter, in larger doses, sus-
pend, in addition, the consciousness of pain. Stramonium,
or white-flowered jimson weed (Datura Stramonium), purple
thorn-apple or purple-flowered jimson weed (Datura Tatula),
hop (Humulus Lupulus).

Class 4. Deliriants—Agents which disorder the mental
faculties to a greater or less degree. They are all narcotics,
though all narcotics are not deliriants. Water pepper
(Polygonum Hydropiper), purple and white-flowered Jim-
son weed (Datura Tatula and D. Stramonium), hemp (Can-
nabis sativa). :

Class 5. Motor Excitants—Agents which increase the
functional activity of the spinal cord and the motor appar-
atus, producing disturbances of motility and heightened
reflex excitability. In large doses their ultimate effect is
motor paralysis from overstimulation. Lily of the valley
(Convallaria majalis), milfoil or yarrow (Achillea Mille-
folium), oat (Avena sativa).

Class 6. Motor cy airs npc i which lower the
functional activity of the spinal cord and other parts of the
motor apparatus and, in large doses, paralyze them. Poison
hemlock (Conium maculatum), tobacco (Nicotiana Ta-
bacum), Indian tobacco (Lobelia inflata).

Class 7. Antiperiodics—Agents which affect certain peri-
odic febrile diseases, lessenin aig bt of the periods or
preventing their return. Golden seal (Hydrastis canaden-
sis), quinine or cinchona tree (Cinchona officinalis), jimson
weed (Datura Stramonium), sweet flag (Acorus Calamus).

Class 8. Antipyretics—Agents which reduce the body
temperature when pe aainge 2 =e. Jimson weed (Datura
Stramonium), eucalyptus (Eucalyptus globulus), pepper-
mint (Mentha piperita).

110 ’ MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

Class 9. Hemostatics—Agents administered internally to.
arrest bleeding. Witch-hazel (Hamamelis virginiana), rib-
grass (Plantago lanceolata).

Class 10. Astringents—Agents which produce contrac-
tion of muscular, and condensation of other, tissues. Agri-
mony (Agrimonia gryposepala), sea lavender (Limonium
carolimanum), dead nettle (Laminum album), smooth
sumac (Rhus glabra), periwinkle (Vinca minor), alum root
(Heuchera americana), stinging nettle (Urtica dioica), wild
red-raspberry (Rubus indzus var. aculeatissimus) ,-dog-rose
(Rosa canina), patience dock (Rumex patientia), sweet
sumac (Rhus canadensis).

Class 11. Gastric Tonics—Agents which increase the ap-
petite and promote gastric digestion. Summer savoy
(Satureja hortensis), burdock (Arctium minus), figwort
(Scrophularia marilandica), peppermint (Mentha piperita),
‘witch-hazel (Hamamelis virginiana), hop (Humulus Lup-
ulus), northern prickly ash ( Tanthory ton americanum),
sweet flag (Acorus Calamus).

Class 12. Alteratives—Agents which in some little-
understood manner alter the course of morbid conditions.
Northern prickly ash (Zanthoxylum americanum), blue flag
(Iris versicolor), moonseed ( ie = Sea canadense ye
English elm (Ulmus campestris), Colchicum autumnale,
golden seal (Hydrastis canadensis).

Class 13. Diaphoretics and Sudorifics—Respectively mild
and energetic agents in promoting the secretion of sweat.
Sassafras (Sassafras variufoliwm), burdock (Arctium
minus), catnip (Nepeta Cataria), elder (Sambucus cana-
densis), wormwood (Artemisia A bsinthium).

Class 14. Emetics and Anti-emetics—Agents which re-
spectively produce and diminish nausea and vomiting.
Waxwort or climbing bitter-sweet (Celastrus scandens), mus-
tard (Brassica alba).

Class 15. Cathartics, including laxatives and purgatives.
Buckthorn (Rhamnus cathartica), pag bush or waahoo
(Evonymus atropurpureus), yellow flag (Iris pseudacorus),
Culver’s physic (Veronica virginica), green ash (Fraxinus
pennsylvamea var. lanceolata), alder buckthorn (Rhamnus
Frangula). = ;

Class 17. Antisialics—Agents which diminish salivary
secretion. Hemp (Cannabis sativa), fennel (Foeniculum

vie

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 111

vulgare), horseradish (Radicula Armoracia), peppermint
(Mentha piperita).

Class 18. Diuretics—Agents which stimulate the secret-
ing cells of the kidneys. Tobacco (Nicotiana Tabacum),
savin (Juniperus horizontalis), Indian hemp (Apocynum
cannabinum), white birch (Betula alba), lily of the valley
(Convallaria majalis), asparagus (Asparagus officinalis),
hemp (Cannabis sativa).

Class 19. Sternutatories—Agents which produce, when
locally applied to the mucous membrane of the nose, in-
creased nasal secretion and sneezing. Coffee (Coffea Ara-
bica), belladonna (Atropa Belladonna), stramonium (Da-
tura Stramonium).

Class 20. Anhidrotics—Agents which check perspiration
and are, therefore, opposite in their action to diaphoretics.
Belladonna (Atropa Belladonna), stramonium (Datura
Stramonium).

Class 21. Parasiticides—Agents which destroy animal and
vegetable parasites found upon the human body. Tobacco
(Nicotiana Tabacum), peppermint (Mentha piperita).

Class 22. Expectorants—Agents which modify the secre-
tion of the broncho-pulmonary mucous membrane and pro-
mote its expulsion. Pleurisy-root (Asclepias tuberosa), wild
yam-root (Dioscorea villosa), liquorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra),
elecampane (Inula Helenium), white pine (Pinus Strobus),
mullen (Verbascum Thapsus).

Class 23. Oxytocics—Cotton (Gossypium herbacewm).

Class 24. Emmenagogues. Tansy (T'anacetum vulgare),
common rue (Ruta graveolens), fennel (Foeniculum vul-
gare), wild marjoram (Origanum vulgare), water pepper
(Polygonum Hydropiper), rye (Secale cereale).

Class 25. Sialogogues—Agents which increase the secre-
tion and flow of saliva and mucus in the mouth. Pellitory
(Anacyclus Pyrethrum), fever few (Chrysanthemum Par-
thentum), northern prickly ash (Zanthorylum ameri-
canum).

Class 26. Irritants—Agents which, when applied to the
skin, produce a greater or less degree of vascular excitement
resulting in local redness or blisters. Red pepper (Capsicum

annuum), black mustard (Brassica nigra), common rue
(Ruta graveolens), horseradish (Radicula Armoracia).

112 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

Class 27. Demulcents—Oily or mucilaginous substances
_which sooth\and protect the parts to which they are applied.
Hound’s tongue (Cynoglossum officinale), comfrey (Sym-
phytum officinale), rice (Oryza sativa), flax (Linum usita-
tissimum), rib grass (Plantago lanceolata).

Class 28. Galactagogues—Agents which are supposed to
increase the lacteal secretion. Castor-oil plant (Ricinus com-
munis), cotton (Gossypium herbaceum), fennel (Foenicu-
lum vulgare).

Class 29. Galactophyga—Agents which diminish or sup-
press the lacteal secretion. Belladonna (Atropa Belladonna),
tobacco (Nicotiana Tabacum). ;

Class 30. Anthelmintics—Agents which destroy (vermi-
cides) or expel (vermifuges) worms inhabiting the intestinal
tract. Castor-oil plant (Ricinus communis), thyme (Thy-
mus vulgaris), wormwood (Artemisia vulgaris), Mexican tea
(Chenopodium ambrosioides), squash (Cucurbita maxima).

Class 31. Antiseptics and Disinfectants—Agents which
arrest the development of or destroy putrefactive and patho-
genic bacteria. Peppermint (Mentha piperita), thyme
(Thymus vulgaris), eucalyptus (Eucalyptus globulus),
sweet gum tree (Liquidambar Styraciflua).

Class 32. Poisons. Water hemlock (Coniuwm macula-
tum), stonecrop (Sedum acre), poison ivy or poison oak
(Rhus Toxicodendron), belladonna (Atropa Belladonna),
_ water hemlock (Cicuta maculata), purple and white-flowered
jimson weed (Datura Tatula and D. Stramonium), corn
cockle (Agrostemna Githago), pokeweed (Phytolacca de-
candra).

Class 33. Aromatics. Peppermint (Mentha piperita),
sweet gum tree (Liquidambar Styraciflua), ground ivy
(Nepeta hederacea), silky cornel (Cornus Amomum), white-
flowered sage (Salvia officinalis), hop tree or shrubby trefoil
(Ptelea trifoliata), fennel (Foeniculum vulgare), spearmint
(Mentha spicata), horse mint (Monarda punctata), penny-
royal (Hedeoma pulegioides).

A large number of other medicinal plants with such varied
properties that classification according to physiological action
1s not feasible, complete the marginal plantations and occupy
the small beds in the center,

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 113

NOTES.

The roses, notwithstanding the unusually hot and dry
summer, are continuing to bloom almost as prolifically and ~
beautifully as in the earlier season.

The shrubbery and trees transplanted this spring have
suffered from the long-continued drought and, while some
of each have died, the percentage of loss will. be low. It has
been possible to save so large a per cent, however, only by
persistent and thorough attention to watering. At times it
became necessary to continue the watering at night.

The private herbarium of the late Henry Eggert, which
was purchased by the Missouri Botanical Garden and of
which up to the present year 26,704 specimens have been
incorporated in the general collection, is now fully organized
and the duplicate material, numbering about 10,000 speci-
mens, is ready for exchange with the Garden’s correspond-_
ents.

In the July issue of the Butierin the use of copper sul-
phate in ridding ponds of scum was recommended. Since
that time it has become necessary to treat several ponds in
the Garden. This has been done by adding about one part
of copper sulphate to two million parts of water. The scum
was quickly Filled, but none of the other plants growing in
the ponds suffered the least injury.

The need for more space in the herbarium has been met
temporarily by the installation, during the past month, of a
few new cases which give an additional capacity for approxi-
mately 40,000 mounted specimens. The work has involved
a complete rearrangement of more than one-half of the entire
herbarium, with the result, however, of rendering it pos-
sible to incorporate the large amount of undistributed ma-
terial on and mid accommodating the normal growth of the
herbarium during the coming year.

The front houses of the new plant range are being filled
with from three to five feet of rich top-soil mixed with man-
ure and coarse raw crushed bone. This is being done in order
to furnish an ample depth of rich soil for the large tropical
plants which will be set out directly in it. When the work
of excavation for the new plant range was begun, all the
top-soil over the area to be excavated was kept separate and .
laced in piles from which it is now being moved into the
ouses The work has been greatly facilitated by using soil
carts running on a narrow gauge track. The latter is moved
and extended when necessary, both in the houses and at the

soil heaps.

114 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

STATISTICAL INFORMATION FOR JULY, 1913.
GARDEN ATTENDANCE:
Total number of wWisiberd. 5. Pease fos ees oe EO,
Srep ExcHANGE:
Total number of packets received......... Se rr 12

PLANT DISTRIBUTION:

Total number of plants distributed................-..-+ 288
LIBRARY ACCESSIONS:
Total number of books and pamphlets bought...........- 16
Total number of books and pamphlets donated........... 132
HERBARIUM ACCESSIONS:
By Exchange—
Field Museum of Natural History — Renee aca
Hook:—from Wisconsin 2 3) 6. 20s as tee a ue 1
Bureau of Plant Industry, U. 8. Dept. of Agr—Plants of
Siberia, China, Turkestan and Mongolia............- 53
By Gift:
J. A. Drushel—Plants of Missouri.................+-- ae 18
J. M. Greenman—Carya sp.—from Missouri...... eae 4
A. M. Huger—Liparis liliifolia (L.) Richard—from North
CRPONMS ooo a ae ec es 1
A. Koch—Piper auritum Kunth.—Cultivated Plant...... 1
N. Y. Botanical Garden—Sclerocarpus sp.—from St.
Thomas. Wr. c vec Somes Pees Sw y aE SUW aT ee Perey 1
Wm. E. Smith—Poa compressa L.—from Tllinois........ I
J. R. Schramm—Solanum rostratum Dun.—from Missouri 1
C. H. Swift—Habenaria—from Michigan............... 3
H. von Schrenk—Dicentra canadensis Digan Walp.—
Fromh Mighty 555455 waa Kiva ok eerie so se I
TOPAL. occ ee ee 83

The Garden is open to the public Sundays until Nov. 30th from
2:00 P. M. until sunset. Week-days the year ’round from 8:00 A. M.
until one-half hour after sunset. Admission Free.

Personally conducted trip through Garden every Saturday afternoon
from May 1 to Nov. 1, starting from Main Gate at 3:00 P. M. Other trips
may be arranged for by special appointment.

The main entrance to the Garden is located at Tower Grove Avenue
and Flora Boulevard, on the Vandeventer Avenue car line. Transfer
south from all intersecting lines.

Missouri Botanical
— Garden Bulletin

———

Voll. September, 1913. No. 9

- Contents By
P ae cae ‘Lead-Wort ° Cay ert ae coe! DE a
+ American: ‘Scarlet Rose-Mallow ee yee at “47 a
Notes - SEP red ai ee eg eR oo
Statistical Information kee ee ee 3 | AE

4 ST. LOUIS, MO.
Sa AOS Nee

eye "pom sme MONTHLY BY THE BOARD OF ‘TRUSTEES ee pees

‘L“I0A “Ting “auvy “Log ‘ow

"SI ALVId

PEANUT PLANTS IN HERBACEOUS TRACT.
THE ARROW INDICATES ONE OF THE PEGS.

- Missouri Botanical
Garden Bulletin

Vol. I St. Louis, Mo., September, 1913 No. 9

THE PEANUT.

In the collection of agricultural plants in the Herbaceous
Tract southwest of the new range of greenhouses will be
found a small plot of peanut plants. The extensive use
of the peanut as an article of food, the value of the green
parts for fodder, the soil enriching qualities of the roots and,
most of all, the peculiar habit of the plant of maturing its
seeds underground, makes it one of especial interest. The

eanut belongs to the same family as do the beans and peas,
Dat differs from them markedly in its habit of maturin
the seeds underground, a fact emphasized by its technics
name, Arachis hypogaea. It is also known under the local
names of “goober,” “goober pea,” “pindar,’” “ground pea,”
and “groundnut.”

The plant is a trailing, straggling annual from one to
two feet high with thick, hairy stems and spreading branches
bearing orange yellow flowers in the leaf axils. hile the
flowers are apparently stalked, closer inspection shows that
the supposed peduncle is really only a much elongated calyx
tube. The base of the latter fits over the small sharp-pointed
ovary hidden among the stipules at the base of the leaf. As
soon as pollination has taken place, the visible portion of
the flower withers ~ at the gre time the aoe —

eduncle supporting the ovary begins a period of rapi
apoioien, lending downward and carrying the sharp-
pointed ovary into the ground. The ov once buried,
rapidly develops into the pod with its contained seeds. In
case, however, the ovary fails to penetrate the soil, no pod
_ develops. In brief, the peanut flowers and is pollinated above
ground like most plants, but this accomplished the flower
stalk quickly pushes the potential pod down into the ground
where the pod and seeds are developed. The old idea that
it is necessary to cover the flowers with soil is erroneous,
though it is desirable to prepare a bed of loose soil into which

the “pegs” can penetrate with ease. :
(115)

116 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

Like many other members of the pea family, the peanut,
through the instrumentality of certain bacteria living in
little nodules on the roots, is able to collect and store free
nitrogen from the atmosphere. This nitrogen, if allowed
to remain in the soil, is a valuable and indispensable source
of plant food. Most of the agricultural crops, instead of
increasing the nitrogen supply in the soil, tend constantly
to reduce it, consequently the value of the peanut, as well as
other members of the pea family, is apparent in a system
of crop rotation. A specimen on display in the Garden shows
the root nodules.

While the peanut has not been found in a truly wild state,
species closely allied to it are natives of Brazil, and there
seems to be every indication that our common peanut is a
native of tropical America. Its introduction into the United
States dates hack to the early period of colonization, where
we find it becoming established along the James River in
Virginia. It was not until about 1870, however, that the
peanut became an agricultural crop of importance, but since
that time its production has made rapid progress, and in
1908 the crop of the United States was estimated at
$12,000,000.

About five varieties of peanuts are grown in the United
States. Of these the “Virginia Runner” and “Virginia
Bunch” produce large peas such as are commonly used in
our markets for parching. The “African” or “North Caro-
lina” produces a medium-sized pea used for shelling pur-
poses and for the smaller grades of parching stock. The
“Spanish” and “Valencia,” or “Tennessee Red,’ both have
small peas and are extensively used for salted peanuts, pea-
nut butter and peanut candy.

It is not the pea alone, however, which is useful. The
tops of the plants furnish hay with a feeding value equal
to that of the best clover hays. Inferior peas furnish an
excellent hog feed, as does also the cake obtained from the
ground peas after pressing out the oil. The oil serves the
same purpose as cotton seed oil and olive oil, and millions of
bushels are annually used in its production. Peanuts are
finding, in addition, ever-increasing use in the manufacture
of peanut butter, peanut flour and vegetarian meat substi-
tutes, as well as in various confections.

THE CAPE LEAD-WORT.

The plumbagos have been used extensively for a number
of years as horticultural a but Plumbago capensis, so
far, has surpassed them all in ease of culture, color of flower,

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 117

and habit of growth. It is a native of South Africa, and
like most other South African plants, requires plenty of
sunshine and not-too much atmospheric moisture. In shade
and moisture of the sort that is usually present in green-
houses, the cape lead-wort makes only a weak growth and
produces but few flowers. Out-of-door conditions in St.
Louis during the summer months are ideal for the growing
of this lead-wort. One bed at the Garden is still attracting
considerable attention and will continue to do so until frost.
It has been noticeable that for a few days after a rain,
and while the humidity resulting from it is still high, very
few flowers appear, but as soon as the sun comes out the
flowers begin to open. During the driest of the summer
months, the plumbago was at its best.

The flowers of the lead-wort are noteworthy because of
their color. Pale blue is rarely found in flowers, but in this
one it is developed to perfection. The inflorescence is a
terminal spike of several flowers which often resembles an
umbel. As a cut flower for the house, it does not last for
any length of time, but will do well if the stems are cut long
and the flowers placed in subdued light and out of a draught.

The culture of this plumbago is comparatively easy. New
plants can be raised from seeds, cuttings, or “slips,” and
from division of the old plant. When plants are raised in
_ the fall they can be stored in a cellar or other place protected
from cold and set out in the open ground in the spring after
danger of frost is over. It is quite possible that plumbago,
with a little protection, will stand the mild winters of St.
Louis, and an attempt will be made to carry over some of
these plants out of doors this winter. Plants about four feet
high and full of bloom have been observed in Philadelphia
that were undoubtedly hardy there. If Plwmbago capensis
is hardy in this latitude, which seems probable, it will be an
important addition to the list of showy plants that will thrive
during our St. Louis summers.

AMERICAN SCARLET ROSE-MALLOW.

The family Malvaceae to which this mallow belongs is
important from an horticultural standpoint, because of the
considerable number of large-flowered, showy plants which
it furnishes for cultivation. The genus Hibiscus probably
furnishes the largest flowered species, the American Scarlet
Rose-Mallow (Hibiscus coccineus) surpassing all the other

ecies of the genus in the brilliancy and size of its flowers.
A large number of the plants will be found in the main

118 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

garden, directly opposite the bed of Plumbago capensis.
The flowers are from five to eight inches across, and blossom-
ing has been profuse since the first of August. Unfortu-
nately, the foliage of this plant is not as attractive as the
flower, and does not furnish sufficient background for the
large flowers. However, the brightness of the latter more
than makes up for this deficiency.

The plants are easily ese from seed and, if started early
enough, will bloom the first season. The roots are not hardy
and must be taken up in the fall and stored.

NOTES.

Mr. and Mrs. George V. Nash, of the New York Botanica
Garden, visited the Garden on September 2nd.

Mr. W. W. Ohlweiler, General Manager of the Garden,
spent several weeks in the east visiting botanical gardens,
parks and private estates in the interests of the Garden.

Miss Bertha Gericke, recently appointed Librarian at the
Agricultural College and Experiment Station, Manhattan,
Kansas, visited the Garden library August 30th.

Ruby-throated humming birds have been frequenting the
salvia beds in unusual numbers—as many as fifty having.
been seen at one time. So many are at times busy at a single
bed that the hum of their wings is noticeable for a considerable

ce.

Dr. J. B. 8. Norton and Mr. W. R. Ballard, both of the
Maryland Agricultural College, Professor Robert F. Griggs,
of Ohio State University, and Mr. L. O. Kunkel, recently
a Research Fellow at the Garden and now Assistant in the
Department of Botany at Columbia University, visited the
Garden during August and September.

Dr. F. W. Pennell, of the University of Pennsylvania,
y Ree several days at the Garden during the latter part of
ugust. Dr. Pennell is pursuing monographic studies in the
Scrophulariaceae and in this connection consulted the Garden
herbarium. Mr. Bernard Mackensen, of San Antonio, Texas,
who is interested in the cacti, also spent several days in the
herbarium early in September studying some of Dr, George
Engelmann’s type specimens. is
All genera of cycads are now represented in the Garden
collection, the last genus to be added being Stangeria, of |
which Mr. D. 8. Brown kindly presented the species S. para-

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 119

doxa, a native of Natal. Another noteworthy addition to
the cycad collection is Microcycas calocoma, a_native of
Western Cuba, presented to the Garden by the New York
Botanical Garden. In its native haunts this tree attains a
maximum height of twenty feet, and bears at its summit a
magnificent crown of large pinnate leaves. In general its
appearance is similar to that of the common “funeral,” or
‘Bago palm” (Cycas revoluta).

The cotton field in the Herbaceous Tract, which was men-
tioned in the May BULLETIN, is now at its best. The plants

are stout specimens, measuring up to five and one-half feet
in height, and the miniature eld presents perhaps as good
a growth of cotton as can be found on good southern planta-
tions. At the tips the mallow-like flowers may still be seen,
and slightly below these the miniature bolls, at first hidden
in the ravoltints, but soon enlarging and exceeding the latter.
And lastly, near the ground, a few bolls have already opened,
showing the mass of white cotton fibers within, curled up and
attached to the oily seeds at the center.

STATISTICAL INFORMATION FOR AUGUST, 1913.

GARDEN ATTENDANCE:

Total number of visitors..... SOR OG une gree eee rere ge bo 2 3
PLANT ACCESSIONS:
Total number of plants donated.....-...--..-.--++.+++- 65
LIBRARY ACCESSIONS: :
Total number of books and pamphlets bought... .. bade as 36
Total number of books and pamphlets donated........... 211
HERBARIUM ACCESSIONS:
By Exchange—
University of Pennsylvania —Scrophulariaceae from the
Atlantic and Gulf coastal plain..............++.+--- 94
By Purchase—
W. P. Carr—Phanerogams of Northwestern South Dakota,
Wuseicles 2 and 88 t5 oe se i a ee eens 100
Th. Oswald Wiegel —Plants of Kamerun, collected by
‘Dr. G. Zenker, Cent. TIT......-.- 0. esse eee e eee ee ees 100
By Gift—

C. Conzatti—Plants of Mexico..........---+.-++-+seeee 2
§. L. Thompson—Hordeum jubatum L. from Manitoba. .. 1
R. M. Harper—Plants of Alabama and Arkansas.......- 10
J. H. Moss—Plants of Missouri........-.--.+++-+e--+: 3
H. vonSchrenk—Plants of Michigan, Oregon, Missouri and
Pennsylvania ......---.6ese ese re ener cere ec ceeeeees 52
G. R. Hill, Jr—Utah Plants.........------+seeeeeere 7

120 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

The Garden is open to the public Sundays until Nov. 30th from
2:00 P. M. until sunset. Week-days the year ’round from 8:00 A. M.
until one-half hour after sunset. Admission Free.

Personally conducted trip through Garden every Saturday afternoon
from May 1 to Nov. 1, starting from Main Gate at 3:00 P. M. Other trips
may be arranged for by special appointment.

The main entrance to the Garden is located at Tower Grove Avenue
and Flora Boulevard, on the Vandeventer Avenue car line. Transfer
south from all intersecting lines.

| Missouri Botanical
— Garden Bulletin

Vela cc ttober, 19s je a Se aD

“TwoNew Palms - - Be eae
A Botanical Survey of the Southwe ie. : ae
7 Pitches Plantae pn a es ge
Se eee Nee ene ar : Sie Ape
at Notes See ee ee get rae ate. eis care as are :
ee eee Information fe Baa al oll i ene oa :

ST. LOUIS, Mo.”
= 1913

Soa iS PUBLISHED MONTHLY BY. THE BOARD OF

ARRIVAL OF THE TWO NEW PALMS AT THE GARDEN.

‘[ TOA “TIng ‘duvy "Log ‘ow

‘6l ALVId

Missouri Botanical
Garden Bulletin

Vol. I St. Louis, Mo., October, 1913 No. 10

TWO NEW PALMS.

The Missouri Botanical Garden is fortunate in receiving,
ete the generosity of Mr. D. S. Brown, two remark-
ably fine palms from his collection at Kirkwood. These
plants have been in Mr. Brown’s possession for a consider-
able number of years and as both of the giant specimens
were touching the roof of the house in shack they were
wing, it became necessary to remove them to a taller
structure in which their future growth might continue.

The central greenhouse of the new plant range recently
completed at the Garden, is sixty-five feet in height at the
center, and offers an ideal location for these plants. Ar-
rangements were made for their removal from Brownhurst
immediately after the offer from Mr. Brown was received.
Two large rock wagons, an extra pair of wheels, roller trol-
leys, pulleys, jacks, etc., were necessary to assist in their
transportation, it beng ge an undertaking to successfully
remove from a crowded greenhouse such delicate plants,
weighing between one and two tons each.

The sugar palm (Arenga saccharifera) has a trunk measur-
ing about six feet in height and one and one-half in diam-
eter, and is thirty-one feet from the base of the trunk to the
tip of the leaves. This is undoubtedly the largest sugar palm
in cultivation in this country. The greatest care had to be
taken to prevent the tender growing leaves from being
to securely a and fasten them

is palm is a native

of the Malucca and Philippine archipelagoes and is cultivated

in Maducea, Siam and Cochin China, where it is known to

the natives as “ejow” or “gomuti palm.” It is one of the

principal sources of palm sugar, ‘jaggery,” which is ob-

tained by boiling and evaporating the saccharine juice which
flows upon wounding they orn er

ey juice yields “toddy” or palm

the -trees me exhaus

122 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

large quantities is obtained from the trunks by splitting
them open, scraping out the cellular portion and extracting
the starch by washing. A very strong, black, stiff, horse-
hair-like fibre from the base of the leaf stalk is used for
cordage, ropes and-brushes. The tree dies after flowering.

The Romanzoff palm (Cocos Romanzoffiana) is the larger
of the two Pe measuring forty-five feet from the base
of the trunk to the tip of the leaves. The trunk itself is
thirty feet in height and one foot, three inches in diameter.
Owing to the brittleness of this long trunk, it is necessary
to support it with heavy timbers, which will be left on the
plant until it has entirely recovered from any check received
during removal.

Both plants arrived at the Garden without having received
the sli test injury, and since it was less than twenty-four
hours from the time the palms were removed from Brown-
hurst until they were permanently # eo in the new palm
— * the Garden, it is believed they will suffer no serious
set-back.

A BOTANICAL SURVEY OF THE SOUTHWEST.

The conspicuous economic development of the Southwest
is rapidly changing the character of the natural conditions
in this part of the United States. The growing number
of irrigation projects, the construction of levee and dike for
the reclamation of arid and littoral lands result in the
gradual giving way of the native vegetation to vast planta-
tions, rice fields, truck patches and fruit farms, thus pro-
moting enormously the agricultural interests, but at the
same time permanently replacing the indigenous flora by |
cultivated plants. Accompanying these changes there is
naturally a rapidly growing population and an increasing
sonar for a concise and reliable flora of the region con-
cerned.

At the present time there is no publication which is suf-
ficiently comprehensive to cover completely the entire South-
west; although certain parts of the region are either already ~
provided with a working manual or at least have one in the
course of publication, as for example, Coulter’s Flora of
Western Texas, and forthcoming floras of New Mexieo and
Arizona amply provide for the more arid and distinctly
mountainous parts of the Southwest. Again, Dr. Small’s
admirable Flora of the Southeastern United States is of in-
estimable value in studying our Southern flora, but as the
title indicates it is concerned primarily with the Southeastern
states, treating in detail the montane flora of the southern

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 123

Appalachian system and that of the Atlantic and Gulf
coastal plain; and while its western geographical limits over-
lap a portion of the Southwest, yet the latter region is, to a
large extent, extra-limital to Dr. Small’s Flora. Hence this
intermediate region, or that part of the Southwest included
between the northern boundary of Missouri and Kansas on
the north, the Mississippi River on the east, the Gulf of
Mexico and the Rio Grande on the south, and in general
the western boundary of Kansas, Oklahoma, northern Texas
and the Pecos River on the west is greatly in need of a con-
cise, convenient and authoritative manual.

The Bieponce of such a work naturally necessitates a
thorough botanical survey of the plants in the field, and a
detailed study of all available material in herbaria. The
undertaking, however, is of such magnitude and scientific
importance that it can only be prosecuted satisfactorily by
an established institution like the Missouri Botanical Garden.

The collections of both dried and living plants in the
Garden, since the early days of the institution, have been
built up very largely of material from the southwestern part
of the United States. The private herbarium of Dr. George
Engelmann, consisting of over 90,000 specimens and acquired
by the Garden about a quarter of a century ago, contained a
very large proportion of Southwestern plants, To these have
been added the private herbaria of several prominent botan-
ists whose collections have been brought together from Mis-
souri, Arkansas, Louisiana and other parts of the lower
Mississippi Valley, thus giving a splendid representation of
the native plants of this rather homogeneous floral region.
In fact the Missouri Botanical Garden, more than any other
establishment in the country, has been for many years the
’ natural depository for plants secured on practically every
expedition to the Southwest. 5:

While the Garden herbarium is already unexcelled in its
representation of the Southwestern flora, yet it is the duty
of the institution to make its collections even more com-
plete by exploring as thoroughly as possible certain portions
of the south central states, particularly those parts which
have been comparatively little worked botanically and whose
flora is, consequently, least represented in the Garden her-
barium, and finally to corellate the results of the survey in
a manner that will render the information obtained available
to the people of our region and to the scientific public in

eneral.
: By the sanction of the Board of Trustees, Mr. Ernest J.
Palmer, an experienced collector, has been placed in the
field and has already made substantial progress in the

124 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

work, having up to the present time secured several thou-
sand excellent herbarium specimens. During the current
autumnal season, Mr. Palmer’s field work will be confined
mainly to southwestern Missouri and to northwestern Arkan- _
sas; and in the spring it is planned to have him begin his
collecting very early in the season and work gradually north-
ward from southern Texas to Missouri, then, in order to
secure flowering specimens, revisit the same localities from
which he obtained this fall fruiting material. Successive
seasons will be spent in different parts of the Southwest so

that eventually the Garden’s collections from the entire
- territory will be reasonably complete.

In consideration for a set of the woody plants obtained
by Mr. Palmer, the Arnold Arboretum of Harvard Univer-
sity is generously coéperating with the Missouri Botanical
Garden in the field work.

With the excellent representation of the Southwestern flora
already on hand, supplemented by new material, it is con-
fidently felt that after an intensive study of the plants in the
herbarium and in the field, it will be possible to make a
permanent record of the indigenous flora before its natural
aspect is irrevocably altered and to produce a handbook
which will be of service to the student and of value for
reference to the specialist.

PITCHER PLANTS.

The pitcher plants, comprising about thirty species, be-
long to the genus Nepenthes, the only representative of the
family Nepenthaceae. All are natives of tropical Asia, Mada-
gascar, tropical Australia and especially the Malayan archi-

lago, being found near the seacoast in a climate of uni-

orm temperature where, during a large part of the year,
the air is thoroughly saturated. with moisture.

The flowers of these plants are dioecious (the male and
female flowers on separate plants), and not particularly
noteworthy, being small and of greenish color, turning to
dark brown. The leaves, however, are remarkable and are
responsible for the classification of the nepenthes among the
_ wonders of the vegetable kingdom. These are alternate, the

prolonged midrib being spirally twisted like a tendril and
enlarged at the end into an appendage or second foliaceous
expansion which is termed the pitcher. These pitcher-like _
_ appendages vary from flask-shaped to cylindrical, with often

decided differences in shape on the same plant and are
_ colored either green, yellow or reddish purple. In all cases

_ the mouth of the pitcher is furnished with a thickened ao

Mo. Bot, GARD. BULL., VOL. 1. PLATE 20.

PITCHER PLANT.
SHOWING DIFFERENT STAGES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE PITCHERS.

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 125

corrugated rim which serves three purposes, namely it
strengthens the mouth and keeps it distended, it secretes
nectar, and often develops into a funnel-shaped tube which
projects into the pitcher, preventing the escape of any insect
which may have entered. From the rim to the base of
the pitcher, there usually extends a pathway, the sides of
which are provided with long teeth-like hairs, resembling
those found in the Venus fly trap. Until fully developed,
the mouth of the pitcher is Hoded by means of a lid which
later is permanently lifted and serves as a protection from
rain. It is not true, as is popularly supposed, that the lid
closes when an insect enters the pitcher.

The interior of the pitcher is covered with innumerable
spherical glands which secrete, before the opening of the
lid, a fluid comparable to the gastric juice of the stomach. In-
sects are attracted by the nectar on the under side of the lid
and on the corrugated rim and usually enter the pitcher
from which they seldom find it possible to escape. They are
soon drowned in the liquid which afterwards partially
digests them, thus rendering these plants just as truly car-
niverous as many animals. A plant of the nepenthes,
“paradise” in the Garden collection recently captured
several cockroaches, and two days later red ants were noticed
climbing up the pitcher between the pathway of thorn-like
hairs, many ed hers of them being ultimately consumed
by the plant. The digestive fluid is said to collected
from the fresh pitchers by the natives of Borneo and used
as a remedy for indigestion. |

Cultivation and Garden Collection. — Members of the
genus Nepenthes are difficult to grow satisfactorily, unless a
special house is provided for their cultivation, and with the —
crowded state of the old oo it was impossible to
give them the special conditions necessary to bring them to
perfection. With the removal of the small tropical ferns to
the new plant range, it will be possible to put all the insec-
tiverous plants, including the pitcher plants (Nepenthes),
trumpet-leaved pitcher plants (Saracenia), Venus fly pan 4
(Dionaea), and sun-dews (Drosera) in one house. This
be provided with a large tank over which the plants will be
suspended, thus Reoriting the moist atmosphere so neces-
sary to produce perfect specimens. Nepenthes should be
grown in soil composed of equal parts of peat and £58 um
moss. The roots must always be kept moist and the leaves
sprayed periodically throughout the day. oe

_ Handling of the pitchers soon causes them to wither and
die, ea if the fluid which they contain is turned
out, as is occasionally done by visitors.

126 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

The Garden collection includes, besides Nepenthes phyll-
amphora, N. Curtisii and N. Rafflesiana, the following horti-
cultural varieties: “Sir W. T. Dyer,” “Balfouriana,” “Dom-
inti,” “dicksoniana,” “mixta,” “intermedia,” ‘“Hainiensis,”’
“paradisae,” “chelsoni var. excellens,”’ ‘Courtii,” “atro-
sanguinea,” ‘“Mastersiana,” “Hookerae,”’ ‘“Henryana” and
“O’Brieniana.” The latest hybrid, “Sir W. T. Dyer,” was
raised by crossing “dicksoniana” and “mixta,” and when
fully grown each pitcher holds a quart of water. The
pitchers of the plants of this variety growing in the house at
the present time hold about a pint.

OPENING OF THE NEW GREENHOUSES.

It is expected that the new range of greenhouses will be
opened to the public about the middle of November. The
exact date will be announced in the daily papers. It will,
of course, require a considerable length of time for the large
number of plants to become thoroughly established, and
some of the planting effects desired cannot be obtained for
a number of months, yet it is believed that from the first
the houses will present a sufficiently attractive and interest-
ing appearance to warrant a visit.

A large collection of chrysanthemums with the usual num-
ber of varieties and some striking new forms will be exhibited,
thus inaugurating the monthly flower shows which will be
maintained throughout the winter and spring.

NOTES.

Mrs. Katherine Brandegee, of Berkley, California, spent
a week at the Garden in September consulting the specimens
of Onograceae in the herbarium.

Twenty-five members of the botany class of Soldan High
School, under the direction of Mr. G. W. Bishop, visited
the Garden October 16th.

Mr. Carleton R. Ball, in charge of Western Wheat In-
vestigations of the United States Department of Agriculture,
visited the Garden October 16th.

A medium-sized century plant is in full bloom in the
agave house. It has a flower spike fourteen feet high, bear-
ing numerous yellowish green flowers with light brown
anthers. ;

Dr. J. N. Rose, research associate in the Carnegie Insti-
tution of Washington, visited the Garden recently and spent
some time studying the Cactaceae in the herbarium, especi-
ally some of the Engelmann types.

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 127

On October 21, Dr. George T. Moore, Director of the
Garden, delivered an address before the science section of
the Wednesday Club of St. Louis. The subject of Dr. Moore’s
-address was: “Conservation of the Soil.”

On September 26 the St. Louis Branch of the American
Pharmaceutical Association held an informal meeting in
the Garden, and visited the plant houses and out-door col-
lections. The medicinal and rose gardens and the herba-
ceous tract especially interested the members of the associa-
tion.

Mr. J. Hollister Tull, Agriculturist for the Kansas City
Southern Railroad, and Mr. Walter Nehrling, of the Charles-
ton, Ill., Normal School, visited the Garden during October.
ioe Mr. Tull and Mr. Nehrling are former students of the

arden. :

STATISTICAL fee ete FOR SEPTEMBER,

GARDEN ATTENDANCE:
Total nwmber ot: visieras 62 a ees 11,769

SEED EXCHANGE:
Total number of packets distributed.................... 360
Total number of packets received............. ieee ts 15

PLANT ACCESSIONS:
Total number of plants donated......... Plager relen yeas 735

LIBRARY ACCESSIONS:

Total number of books and pamphlets bought............ 18
Total number of books and pamphlets donated........... 112

HERBARIUM ACCESSIONS:

By Purchase—
A. J. Grout—North American Musci Pleurocarpi........

By Gift—

H. P: Chandler—-Planis of Texas: . 023200 ke.
is iy oF Ppa rr ad pei ab AEE EA ee cers Peoes
B. M. Duggar— ts o WS os eee wk vessels xs
J; A. Drusnel—Piants: of Texas: 22 22 io i ee is
CG. Bo Mill--Plante-of Utah. oo oe as
A. M. Huger—Zpilobium angustifolium L. from North

CSPI oro a i a ewe eck ees
Minnie E. Nash—Prunus caroliniana Ait. from Louisiana
H, von Schrenk—Fungi from Oregon and New Jersey....

ORR Oe en ie a ee gus LSS

&

Doe ew wosSam

/

128 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

The Garden is open to the public Sundays until Nov. 30th from
2:00 P. M. until sunset. Week-days the year ’round from 8:00 A. M.
until one-half hour after sunset. Admission Free.

Personally conducted trip through Garden every Saturday afternoon
from May 1 to Nov. 1, starting from Main Gate at 3:00 P. M. Other trips
may be arranged for by special appointment.

The main entrance to the Garden is located at Tower Grove Avenue
and Flora Boulevard, on the Vandeventer Avenue car line. Transfer
south from all intersecting lines. /

| Missouri Botanical

Vol. I NOVEMBER, 1913 = —«<NNNo. 1

> A New Poliage Plants 7° 20 se tags

PLATE 21.

Mo. Bor. GARD. BULL., VOL. 1,

ONE OF THE PALM PLANTATIONS.

Missour1 Botanical
Garden Bulletin

Vol. I St. Louis, Mo., November, 1913 No. 11

THE NEW CONSERVATORIES.

The new conservatories which were described in the
February number of the BULLETIN were completed in June
of the present year and, of their type, comprise the largest
group of greenhouses in this country. The range consists
of five houses, the largest, occupying the central position,
being the palm house, measuring 90 by 110 feet and 65 feet
in height, flanked on the north by the fern house and on the
south by the economic house, each of which measures 45 by
95 feet and 50 feetin height. Extending west at right angles
to the latter are the north and south floral display houses,
each 33 by 145 feet by 40 feet in height.

After the actual work of construction was completed the
preparation of the houses for final planting was begun.
Among the first tasks was the installation of a thorough sub-
soil drainage system to permanently prevent the accumula-
tion of soil water in the houses and render the soil most favor-
able for plant growth. Such a system was especially necessary
because of the landscape treatment to be referred to in more
detail later.

The filling of the greenhouses with suitable soil was like-
wise deferred until after the superstructure was completed.
This was done in order to prevent the firm packing of the
soil and the admixture with it of glass fragments and other
debris incident to the work of construction. In placing the fill
the general planting plan was taken into consideration. Here-
tofore, most plants in the Garden have been grown in pots and
tubs because of the inadequate space available in the old
houses. Plants grown under these conditions, as may be
expected, do not attain their best development and frequently
fail to reveal the real beauty of the species. The abundance
of space available in the new range made it possible to dis-
pense with the pot and tub and place the plants directly into
the soil where an almost unlimited amount of root space is
at their disposal. Under these conditions, good growth may
be expected, provided an ample depth of rich soil containin
the necessary plant foods in sufficient quantities is provid

(129)

130 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

and to meet these requirements ample provision was made in
the fill.

When the construction work was completed the condition
of the front range was such that a fill of four feet and in some
places in the fern house of as much as ten feet was necessary.
While the deeper places in the fern house were, so far as
possible, utilized in the establishment of the valley and pools,
it is safe to say that an average fill of fully four feet was
necessary throughout the front range. he entire fill,
amounting to about 3,000 yards, was constructed out of rich
top soil. Before work was begun on the new range, the sur-
face soil covering the area to be occupied by the new conser-
vatory was stripped off and piled to one side. Out of this
reserve about one-third of the fill was constructed. The
remainder was obtained from a large compost heap which
has been accumulating in the Garden for a number of years
and which furnished an ideal medium for plant growth made

up, as it was, of rich soil and decomposed vegetable matter.
- To insure a constant future supply of certain essential plant
foods, raw crushed bone was mixed with the soil as the latter
was brought into the houses. Soil cars and a narrow gau
tramway laid directly to the soil piles greatly facilitated the
filling of the houses.

As soon as the fill reached the top of the piers supporting
the steam coils, a four-inch concrete retaining wall was built
against the pipes and extending slightly above them. Against .
this wall the soil was banked, resulting in almost the com-
plete concealment of both the coils and the wall and prevent-
ing at the same time the excessive drying of the soil in the
immediate vicinity.

In conservatories in which the plants are displayed on?
benches and in which the planting is of the usual formal type,
the walks are generally fixed in their position with almost
the same permanence as the building itself. In the front
range of the new conservatory, however, the planting plan
adopted marks a decided departure, the desired effect being
that of an informal landscape throughout. The walks, there-
fore, have been located in such a manner as to present to
the visitor the greatest number of pleasing and picturesque
bits of landscape and at the same time to render all of the
plants individually as accessible as possible. The paths are
made with a cinder foundation and a light surface dressing
of sand. With this type of construction, the position of the
walks can be readily shifted without much labor or expense,
should this at any time seem desirable.

The following accounts will give some idea of the contents
and arrangement of each individual house:

PATH IN THE PALM HOUSE.

‘Il TOA “Ting ‘duvy ‘Log ‘ow

*t? ALVI1d

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 131

The Palm House.—The large amount of free overhead
space in this house permits of a treatment of the plantations
that is unique. In most palm houses it has been necessary
to place all large plants in the central space and confine the
walks to the outside boundaries. This produces the effect of
a large central bed the individual plants of which are more
and more inaccessible the farther they are removed from
the walks. In the conservatory under consideration, however,
such an arrangement has been carefully avoided. In the
palm house there are four entrancgg, one on each side, con-
nected by walks in such a manner as to shut off a direct view
from door to door. Paths along, the axes of the house have
been dispensed with, and in their place pleasing vistas, pro-
duced by leaving the plantations open, and enhanced by a
green flooring of selaginella, have been provided. Along the
walks, on both sides, the largest plants have been placed
and in such close proximity to them that they are readily
seen. While not all of the specimens in the house are palms,
the latter predominate and the general effect produced is that
of a palm grove.

On each side of the east entrance as one enters, are fine
specimens of the rattan cane (Rhapis flabelliformis) banked
in against the entrance; a similar pair decorates the west
entrance. Turning to the right and following the path
around the house an interesting succession of plants appears
as follows: A large specimen of fortune’s palm (Trachy-
carpus excelsus) a tree which, in England, is considered
hardy. Behind it and almost touching the roof of the house
is the tallest plant in the conservatory, a specimen of the
Romanzoff palm (Cocos Romanzoffiana). This was formerly
“in the old front house where, ones to the lack of head space,

it had been sunk in a pit about twelve feet deep. Its removal
was a difficult task, because of the long, brittle and slender
trunk and even now it is necessary to support it by means
_of wires fastened to the stem and to the sides of the house.
In front of this specimen is a large phoenix, a species of date
palm, which arches over the walk to meet a splendid specimen
of the royal wine palm (Oreodoxa regia). The latter is a
familiar sight in the southern states, especially in Florida.
‘Behind the royal palm stands a small but interesting speci-
men of the cabbage palm (Livistona australis), sometimes
called the fan palm, and a little beyond the Chinese fan palm
(Livistona chinensis). The latter form will attract consider-
able attention because of its immense size. It formerly stood
opposite the doorway in the center of the Linnean. house.
Close by is a tall specimen of Agathis loranthifolia. It has
outgrown all the old greenhouses and although it belongs to

132 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

the pine group it has been given a place in the palm house
on account of its interesting character—the leaves being
broad and not needle-like as is usually the case among the
pines. Opposite the large Chinese fan palm is a good speci-
men of the southern palmetto (Sabal Palmetto ). On each
side of the north entrance are large specimens of the common
bamboo (Bambusa arundinacea). 'These are of the fishing
pole variety and when thoroughly established in the free soil
will doubtless be very attractive plants. The bamboo grows
rapidly and under the conditions realized in the palm house
they will probably be the first to reach the roof. The sides
of the entrance to the fern house are further marked by two
good plants of the Pinang palm (Chrysalidocarpus lutescens).
These are expected to arch immediately over the doorway,
whereas the bamboos will arch considerably higher up.

Turning westward, there stands on the left a small but
interesting specimen of the Australian feather palm (Ptycho-—
sperma Macarthurii) and also a single well-grown plant of

icuala grandis—the only specimen of this species in the
Garden. Behind them is another palmetto and across the
walk on the right a cocoanut palm (Cocos nucifera) and an
additional Pinang palm (Chrysalidocarpus lutescens). In
the corner has been placed the largest specimen of fortune’s
palm (Trachycarpus excelsus) in the house. A large screw
pine (Pandanus utilis) and a well-grown flat-leaf palm
(Howea Forsteriana) complete the plantation. Across the
walk again and near the center of the house is the specimen
of Cocos Romanzoffiana described in a recent number of the
BULLETIN, as coming from Mr. Brown’s collection at Kirk-
wood, Missouri. The full beauty of this magnificent plant
will not be apparent until the new leaves begin to come out.
In front of this giant are specimens of the spiny fish-tail palm
(Martinezia caryotaefolia), blue palm (Erythea armata),
with slate-blue leaves, Pinang palm, spiny date palm
(Axchontophoenix crinita) and a very large golden panda-
nus (Pandanus Sanderi).

_- Beyond the west entrance on the left are good plants of the
~ curly palm (Howea Belmoreana) and the Chinese fan palm

(Livistona chinensis) together with a tall avenue palm
(Cocos plumosa). The latter species is probably used more
than any other plant as a street tree in the tropics. A large
cocoanut palm (Cocos nucifera) stands to the south of the
avenue palm with another pandanus and a fortune’s palm in
front. On the right side of the walk is a large Chinese fan —
palm (Livistona chinensis) and on the left near the center of |
the group a good specimen of palmetto, an avenue palm and
another fortune’s palm. Just beyond is a well-grown plant

CORNER IN THE PALM HOUSE WITH FERN HOUSE

IN THE DISTANCE.

‘I “IOA ““TIng ‘auv5 “Log ‘ow

“€Z ALV1d

ry

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 133

of Medinilla magnifica which, while not a palm, has been
given a place in the palm house, and close by a good speci-
men of the bungalow palm (Archontophoenix Cunning-
hamu). <A large Pandanus Veitchi or Veitch’s pandanus
adorns the far corner. On the left again and balancing a
similar specimen on the right is a fortune’s palm (Trachy-
carpus excelsus) and in the central group near the entrance
a broom palm (Chamaerops humilis). Good plants of the
Pinang palm mark the sides of the south entrance.

Turning to the east, a single plant of Hydriastele Wendlan-
diana marks the right side with the Illawara palm (Seaforthia
elegans) directly opposite. A weeping palm (Washingtonia
filifera) and the Garden’s largest specimen of screw pine
(Pandanus utilis) have been placed on the right side of the
path a little farther on and opposite them the oil palm
(Attalea speciosa) and behind this the most attractive single
specimen in the house, the sugar palm (Arenga saccharifera),
- referred to in detail in a former number of the BuLLErIn.
Nearing the east entrance one finds on the right a thorny-
stemmed palm (Acanthorhiza aculeata) together with a good
specimen of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera) ~ and on the
left a plant of Phoenix canariensis, one of the date palms,
and finally a good bungalow palm (Archontophoeniz Cun-
ninghami).

This enumeration of plants by no means includes all of the
species represented in the palm house, but it will serve to
give some idea of the collection which has been brought
together here as well as of its arrangement. In addition there
_ are present a large number of smaller palms which are
worthy of attention. This is especially true of some of the
small California palms and the dwarf palm (Phoenix Roeb-
liniana). Some of these specimens, at present small, will be
the future giants of the house as, for example, the Cohune oil
palm (Attalea cohune). At present its leaves are only four
feet long, but when the plant is full grown, they he eopor
attain a length of from forty to fifty feet. The future growt
of the palms has been taken into consideration in the arrange-
ment of the plants, and this fact explains any bareness or gaps
which may at present be apparent.

The Economic House.—In this house has been brought
together a portion of the Garden’s collections of plants which
are of interest primarily from an economic standpoint.
Because of the large number of specimens, and their relatively
small size, it is naturally more difficult to display all of them
to advantage. However, little difficulty will be experienced
by the visitor in becoming acquainted with the various plants,
because of the care exercised in allotting ample space to the

134 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

individual plants, indicating the groups by large markers,
and clearly labelling every specimen.

The center of the house is occupied by a large oval bed
flanked by walks outside of which other sections graded up
in amphitheatre fashion take up the remaining available
space. The central bed is planted with tropical fruits and
notice will be given in the BULLETIN as specimens in this
collection come into bearing from time to time. The side
sections are planted with special collections among which
plants yielding fibers, perfumes, medicines, condiments and
the like may be mentioned. :

As previously stated, this house does not contain all of the
economic plants, tropical or otherwise, in the Garden collec-
tions. Visitors interested in species not represented in the
economic house but which are in the Garden, may obtain
access to them by referring to the man in charge.

The Fern House.—The landscape work in the fern house
is very different from that in the palm and economic houses.
This finds its explanation in the character of the plants dis-
played in this conservatory. Ferns in general are of small
stature and much of their charm lies in the beauty of detail
of their foliage. It is at once apparent, therefore, that in the
fern house careful attention had to be given to the arrange-
ment of walks and plantations so as to enable as many of the
plants as possible to be seen at close range. Furthermore, the
symmetry of fern foliage can, in most cases, be fully appre-
ciated only when viewed from above—a fact which also had
to be taken into consideration in planning the landscape.

To meet both of these demands, the general plan of a deep
central valley with steep, sloping sides running almost the
full length of the house was adopted. Beginning at the north
exit of the palm house a walk leading along the crest of the
east side enables the visitor to view from above practically
all of the ferns clothing the slopes and skirting the brook
which winds through the bottom of the valley. At the north
end of the house the path circles the end of, and descends to
the bottom of the valley, returning along the bank of the
brook and bringing the visitor face to face with the plants
which were seen from above on the crest path. aving
returned to the south end of the house, the brook path enters
a stone grotto situated directly below the starting point of
the crest path and leaves it again on the opposite side to
mount by a series of stone eye to the level of the upper walk
and there to join it. Plate 24 presents a view taken from the
north end of the fern house and shows the central valley
with its brook and the grotto in the distance. The rustic

PLATE 24,

Mo. Bot. GARD. BULL., VOL, 1.

VIEW IN THE FERN HOUSE.

Mo. BOT. GARD. BULL,, VOL. 1. PLATE 25.

\
7 me
—T

ae
#,

FICUS PSEUDOPALMA.

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 135

. bridge spans a small canyon in'front of the grotto and marks
the beginning of the crest path.

Entering from the palm house the visitor first comes out
on a sort of platform—the roof of the grotto—from which a
general survey of the house is obtained. In crossing the
bridge the waterfall emerging from the canyon wall is seen
on the right with a small pool directly below whence the brook
takes its origin. The canyon and outer grotto walls are
already covered with various ferns, among which the small,
crawling fern Adiantum caudatum is especially noticeable.
In time the walls on the interior of the grotto will be covered
with plants which thrive in the very subdued light which
prevails there. Just across the bridge and on the left side
stands a large specimen of the turnip fern (Angiopteris
evecta), and at intervals along the brook smaller, but equally
striking plants of the bird’s nest fern (Asplenium nidus).
At the north end of the valley are several good speci-
mens of Cibotium Schiedei which in a few years will be among
the most attractive ferns in the house. A few large tree ferns
dot the slopes here and there and smaller alsophilas are ~
scattered throughout and will be much in evidence when they
become thoroughly established in their new location.

The ferns already mentioned are a few of the more strik-
ing forms which stand out prominently above the countless
numbers of smaller plants which have not been referred to
but which cover every foot of the intervening spaces. Any
bare places which exist will be quickly obliterated by the
growth of the small plants occupying them now. Fern bas-
kets will be hung in various places in the house as soon as
suitable ones can be prepared, and vines and other climbing
plants will add much to the attractiveness of this house.

A NEW FOLIAGE PLANT.

In March, 1912, the Garden received from the Bureau of
Agriculture at ele Islands, seeds of the native
Ficus pseudopalma. This plant was first described in 1837,
by Blanco, in his “Flora of the Philippines” (F1. Filip. Ed.
L., 680; Ed. IT., 473). In its native habitat it grows to be a
small tree, from 18 to 21 feet high, rarely branching, with
lanceolate linear leaves from 1 to 14% feet long, dark green
in color, the peculiar fruits being produced in the axils of
the leaves. As the plant grows the leaves are shed, with the
exception of a bit ere at the top making the crown appear
not unlike a bird’s nest fern.

Within a year from the receipt of the seeds the Garden
had on hand about thirty of these plants from 11% to 3 feet.

136 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

high. Their importance as decorative plants was early recog-
nized, and it is surprising that they have not sooner attracted
more general attention. The propagation is not difficult as
the plant is readily grown from seeds or cuttings.

In the Garden it has been used in the green houses as a
background, where it effectively replaces pandanus, dracae-
nas, ete. During the past summer a bed, planted outside and
edged with achalypha, furnished a new and interesting effect.
The plants require considerable water and grow luxuriantly
in partial shade, but it is probable that they will do as well
in full sunlight. During the coming season this ficus will
be used in the main garden as a point plant instead of the
usual pandanus or dracaena.

Ficus pseudopalma (see.plate 25), stands erect on a strong
stem, has a well-shaped crown and possesses all the attributes
of a foliage plant for home decoration as well as for outdoor
planting.

THE CHRYSANTHEMUM DISPLAY.

The two floral display houses have both been given up to
the chrysanthemums. While the number of plants does not
exceed 1,600, being considerably less than in former years,
they are in general larger and much space is devoted to the
special forms. Instead of crowding the entire display into
one house, as was necessary last year, it has seemed best to
distribute it through both houses, thereby providing ample
space for each individual plant. This arrangement also per-
mits of the frequent use of masses of green foliage between
the groups to lend a certain refinement which chrysanthe-
mums alone do not possess.

The treatment in the two houses is, in general, the same
(see plate 26). The middle of the first section is provided
with a broad walk, the plants being banked in large masses
on each side. In the second section the plants occupy both
the center and the stages along the outside walk. Palms,
cyeads and other decorative plants are used in large quantities
for backgrounds.

On the opening Sunday 10,000 visitors viewed the chrysan-
themums; on the second Sunday, 18,347, and during the first
— ta Rae The exhibit will continue until early in

ecember.

NOTES.

A class of twenty-five pupils from the Sherman school
recently visited the Garden: 2! finale . sae

PLATE 26.

Mo. BoT. GARD. BULL., VOL. 1.

<a. i om one,
eee

ONE OF THE FLORAL DISPLAY HOUSES CONTAINING CHRYSANTHEMUMS.

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 137

Mayor Newton Baker, of Cleveland, and party, visited the
Garden on November 20th, principally for the purpose of
inspecting the new conservatories.

Dr. C. J. Humphrey of the University of Wisconsin, has
spent several weeks at the Garden in a critical study of certain
sections of the mycological herbarium.
_ Dr. David Fairchild, in charge of foreign plant introduction
in the United States Department of Agriculture, accompanied
by Mrs. Fairchild, recently visited the Garden.

At the October meeting of the St. Louis Chapter of the
American Institute of Architects, Dr. H. von Schrenk, honor-
ary pathologist to the Garden, delivered an address on
“Modern Uses of Timber.”

About seventy delegates to the meeting of the State
Teachers’ Association of Missouri, recently held in St. Louis,
visited the Garden under the leadership of Professor Drushel
of the Teachers’ College.

An event of interest to visitors to the Garden was the cere-
mony held on November Ist, to celebrate the inauguration
of work to abolish the Tower Grove grade crossing at Tower
Grove avenue and the railroad tracks.

Dr. Aven Nelson, of the University of Wyoming, Dr. Ed-
ward O. Sisson, Commissioner of Education of Idaho, and
Mr. A. L. Bauwens, of Brussels, Belgium, General Inspector
of Agriculture, visited the Garden during the present month.

On October 30, Dr. Harvey Johnston and Mr. Henry Tryon
of the Prickly Pear (traveling) Commission, of Queensland,
Australia, visited the Garden. The commission is endeavor-
ing to find means of eradicating or utilizing species of prickly
erg which at the present time are considered pests in Aus-
tralia.

The following changes have been made in the old conser-
vatories: The former bromeliad house has been converted
into a house for epiphytic orchids and marantas together with
a few other attractive foliage plants. An exceptionally large
vanilla plant is the most prominent feature. The former
East India house has been replanted so as to embrace the
aroid collection in the Garden and the old fern dome is now
planted with bananas. :

A noteworthy improvement in the Garden is the completion
of about 3,200 feet of a five-foot iron fence along Magnolia
and Alfred avenues. During the present summer the stone
wall along Tower Grove avenue has been extended south from
Botanical avenue to Magnolia avenue. Directly in front of
the new Director’s residence the wall is in the shape of a low
stone coping on top of which an iron fence will be erected.
At each end of the coping a double drive and walk gate has

been provided.

138 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

STATISTICAL INFORMATION FOR OCTOBER, 1913.

GARDEN ATTENDANCE:

Total number of visitors.......... Re Ape ere 14,290
Seep ExcHANGE:
Total number of packets received..........-..+0.++-05 12
PLANT ACCESSIONS:
Total number of plants donated.............+.+..+++: 5
Total number of plants received in exchange........... 291
PLANT DISTRIBUTION:
Total number of plants distributed...........-......+- 1,120
LiprpARy ACCESSIONS:
Total number of books and pamphlets bought........... 38
Total number of books and pamphlets donated.......... 75
HERBARIUM ACCESSIONS:
By Purchase—
W. E. Broadway—Plants of Tobago.................+- 100
H. Sydow—‘Fungi exotici exsiccati” Fase. III, IV...... 100
R. Friedlander—Sydow’s “Mycotheca germanica” Fasc.
RAE Sree ee eae et We See peers as 50
T. Weigel—Buchtien’s Plants of Bolivia...............- 150
J. M. Macoun—Plants of Canada.............2.-.0.0.. 391
By Gift—
I. W. Clokey—Plants of Illinois, Canada and Mexico..... 172
T. D. A. Cockerell— Seeds of Oenothera Cockerelli Bart.
and DeVries, and O. Hewetti Cockerell............. 2
W. J. O’Carroll—Hpidendrum paniculatum Ruiz and
Pav. os See ets Caer ey See je Gos es 1
C. C. Deam—Quercus macrocarpa Michx. var. olivaefor- ;
mis (Michx.f.) Gray from Indiana................ 1
J. A. Drushel—Plants of Maine, Illinois and Missouri... 8
J. M. Greenman—Plants of Illinois and Missouri....... a7
A. A. Heller—Plants of Nevada......... La pea as 4
Mrs. O. M. More—Plants of England.................. 16
J. A. Nieuwland—Plants of Indiana................... 237
C. k Orcutt—Planta of Mexico.¢.3.- 6.5 600 oes ee 277
By Exchange—
Field Museum of Natural History—Photographs of type
BOCCONI Ee i a a ee . 50
Aven Nelson—Plants of Idaho, Colorado, Utah and
INV oe ea a aS POC ee 698
Totalecce, sae rcs Veet 2,274

8:00 A. M. until one-half hour after sunset. Admission Free. During
the winter, beginning with the first Sunday in December, the Garden
will be closed on Sundays. :

The main entrance to the Garden is located at Tower Grove Avenue
and Flora Boulevard, on the Vandeventer Avenue car Transfer
south from all intersecting lines.

Missouri Botanical
é Garden Bulletin |

Vol. vot DECEMBER, 1913 7 No. 12.

= eis: oes

i emaida (Ais aoe oe etd ee en SO

= | Notes e - . = = “ey? < t. = : Z ; 148 *

| Statistical Information Lae PIPER ae Oe e: 2 se

ees “st. LOUIS, MO. ;
OS ie Ae

os "PUBLISHED MONTHLY BY THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES . Sige

Page

SOUTH END OF ORCHID HOUSE.
SHOWING PLANTS IN BLOOM THIS MONTH.

“TIng ‘du¥5 ‘LOg ‘ow

‘Ll “IOA

"LZ ALV1d

Miussour1 Botanical
Garden Bulletin

Vol. I St. Louis, Mo., December, 1913 No. 12

ORCHIDS.

The orchids undoubtedly constitute one of the most
interesting groups of flowering plants, both botanically and
commercially speaking. Their foliage, unlike that of the
palms, or of their nearer allies, the cannas and bananas,
is not particularly striking; their flowers, however, often
curiously and grotesquely shaped, and ranging in color
from the deepest purple to the purest white, are full of
interest and’ early attracted attention to this rather unique
assemblage of plants.

The Collecting of Orchids. Tropical orchids are being
extensively collected at the present time by various com-
mercial establishments, especially the well-known cattleyas
of South America and dendrobiums and cypripediums of
the Indo-Malayan region. The first two mentioned endure
the hardships of transportation much better than the last,
owing to their contracted and thickened stems, in which
quantities of food are stored. In their native haunts these
storage bulbs supply the plants with nourishment during
the dry season and doubtless serve in a similar capacity
during the long journeys to temperate zone greenhouses.

The accounts of stirring experiences of orchid collectors,
or so-called “hunters,” occasionally appearing in popular
magazines are largely without foundation. With the excep-
tion of the possible contraction of malarial fever, there is
little more danger involved in collecting orchids than in
collecting native plants in the Ozark region of Missouri.
_ After selecting a favorable point as headquarters in a region

abounding in orchids, the collector proceeds to hire natives,
pack-mules, camping outfit and other articles necessary for
the final journey to the unmolested orchid haunts. If plants
of Cattleya Trianaei are being sought, the collector ascends
the Cordillera Mountains of Colombia to an elevation of
about 6,000 feet. An essential part of his outfit, according to
one of the foremost orchid “hunters,” is a thermometer;.
when the instrument registers 62°F. in the shade, the region

(139)

140 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

of Cattleya Trianaei has been reached. The actual work of
collecting is done by the natives who climb the trees, to the
trunks and branches of which these orchids are securely
attached. The plants are pulled off, packed on the mules
and taken to headquarters. Here they are graded accord-
ing to size and variety, packed dry in boxes or crates and
sent to the nearest seaport for transportation. Several
months usually elapse from the time the orchids are first
collected until they reach their final destination.

Geographical Distribution. Orchids are very widely dis-
tributed, being represented in the temperate, sub-tropical
and tropical floras. The epiphytic forms are confined to
the warmer countries, whereas the terrestrial and saprophytic
species inhabit both temperate and tropical regions. Cypri-
pedium pubescens, one of the lady’s slipper orchids and

representative of the terrestrial species, grows in Missouri, ©

in fact as near St. Louis as Allenton. It is one of the so-
called “ground” orchids that are found in the temperate
regions of North America and Europe, inhabiting both dry
and swampy regions. Of these the most interesting Euro-
pean form is the bee orchid, Ophrys apifera, found grow-
ing on chalk hills in exposed positions.

The epiphytes—those species found growing upon trees—
first make their appearance in Florida, increasing in luxuri-
ance southward. Their greatest development is reached in
South America, where the well-known cattleyas, laelias,
odontoglossums, oncidiums, miltonias and representatives of
numerous other genera are at home. Of these the first two
are found in three rather distinct regions,—the extreme
northern portion of Mexico and Guatemala, the northern part
of the South American Continent extending from the West-
ern Cordilleras of New Granada to British Guiana, and
lastly the maritime province of southeastern Brazil. Plants
of the Cattleya labiata group, remarkable for the large size
and -beauty of their flowers, are native of the Colombia-
Guiana region. Among these are C. Trianaei and the well-
known. varieties, “Mossiae,” “Gaskelliana” and “Percival-
liana,” ete. One of the most widely distributed genera is
Oncidium, representatives of which are found in the West
Indies, Mexico, Central America, Venezuela and both the
east and west coasts of South America, extending as far south
_ as Montevideo, These plants show an almost equal diversity

_ as to habitat, some occurring in the hot, damp river valleys or

in close proximity to the coast, while others are confined to

the mountainous a rarely ascending above nine thou-

_ sand feet, or descen

g below five thousand feet, elevation.

Cos

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN » 141

‘The Indo-Malayan region is almost equally prolific in
forms and likewise comprises a wide area, affording such
enera as Dendrobium, Cypripedium, Coelogyne, Vanda,
mbidium Calanthe, ete. Of these the representatives of
the genus Dendrobium show perhaps the ridect distribution,
more than four hundred species being scattered over the
islands of the Malayan Archipelago and the western coast
of Australia and extending to the Himalayan Mountains,
in Burma, with finally some twenty-five species inhabiting
the southwest portion of India and Ceylon. The richest
district extends from the Nepaulese Himalayas down to lower
Burma. In this region the plants are subjected to extreme
heat, accompanied by an abundance of moisture through-
out the greater part of the year. This is due to the enor-
mous amount of water vapor which ascends from the Bay of
Bengal and drifts towards the mountains where it is pre-
cipitated in the lower valleys, on coming in contact with
the higher and colder altitudes. During the rainy season
the plants make their growth in the form of a rod-like
pseudo-bulb or elongated stem, varying in length from a
few inches to six feet, according to the species. The dry
season is comparatively short, varying according to the
locality but usually lasting from the middle of October to
the middle of March. During this period the plants assume
a deciduous habit but are clothed with flowers which are
produced, in most cases, in pairs from the nodes of the stems.
The moth orchid, a representative of the genus Phalaenopsis,
flowering specimens of which have frequently attracted
attention in the Garden, is widely distributed over the islands

of the Malayan Archipelago.

The orchid region of Africa extends from Ashantee on
the west coast, through Sierra Leone to the Congo Free State
and British Central Africa, and to the Comoro Islands and
Madagascar. While the number of genera represented in
this region is small, as compared to the number found in
South America and Indo-Malaya, nevertheless such interest-
ing genera as Angraecum, Listrostachys, Lissochilus, Bulbo-
abyilitn: Ansellia, etc., are found; one small genus of terres-
trial orchids, Disa, is confined to the table mountains of Cape

Colony. -

Early Introduction. The earliest introduction of orchids
for cultivation dates from 1731, when a dried specimen of
a terrestrial species, Bletia verecunda, was sent to Peter Col-
linson, of England, from the Bahamas. The early attempts
at cultivation were, in all cases, disappointing, owing to the
crude methods employed. The greenhouses at that period

142 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

were imperfect as was the knowledge of the natural habits
of the plants. Epiphytic orchids, for instance, were treated
in the same manner as terrestrial ones, all being planted in
ordinary soil. Furthermore, the resting and growing periods
_ of these plants were not appreciated. One of the first tropical
orchids established under cultivation was the vanilla, an
account of which was published in Miller’s Dictionary of
Gardening, in 1768. This relatively early success is doubt-
less due to the fact that the vanilla plant thrives in ordinary
soil, provided ample heat and moisture are supplied. In
1778 Phaius grandifolius, a tertestrial orchid commonly
called the nun orchid, was introduced from China. In 1794,
Kew Botanic Gardens recorded fifteen species of epiphytic
orchids, grown in “very great heat with fragments of half
rotten bark at their roots.” The favorite growing medium
at the present period is osmunda fibre and sphagnum moss.
The former, composed of the underground stems and roots
of the osmunda fern, is extensively collected in the eastern
states, whence it is shipped to Europe in large quantities.
The first introduction of the well-known genus Cattleya
was C. labiata, a specimen of which was sent to Mr. William
Cattley, in honor of whom Dr. Lindley named the genus, of
Barnet, England, about 1818. From this period on the
introduction and commercial growing of orchids has pro-
gressed rapidly until at the present time both industries
have assumed considerable proportions.

Mimicry. The resemblances of orchid flowers to members
of the animal world, are, in some cases, rather remarkable.
The dove orchid, or “Holy Ghost orchid” (Peristeria elata),
a native of Panama, was named by the early Spanish settlers
“El Espiritu Santa,” meaning Holy Ghost orchid. The pure
white flower with its column and beaked anther, combined
with the ascending side lobes, representing the wings, strik-
ingly resembles a dove. Oncidiwm Papilio, a native of South
America, is easily recognized as the butterfly orchid, the
antennae being represented by the thread-like sepals, whereas .
the wings find their counterpart in the large petals, includ-
ing the labellum. The reddish-brown and yellow mottling
of the corolla, adds to the resemblance. _The moth orchid ©
(Phalaenopsis amabilis), indigenous to the Philippine region,
suggests a large flying white moth. Another unique form
is the cradle orchid (Anguloa Clowesii), at home in the
South American Andes. The sepals and petals of its flowers
are connected, forming a cradle in which the lip or third
petal, attached by a hinge-like appendage, rocks backwards
and forwards when touched. The spider orchid (Brassia

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 143

brachiata), with its attenuated sepals and petals, is not inap-
propriately named.

The common slipper orchid, a member of the genus
Cypripedium, is perhaps the most commonly known orchid.
Several tropical species are even more interesting than our
native varieties, because in these the laces are furnished in
the form of attenuated petals, measuring, in some cases, three
feet in length. This is especially true in Cypripediwm
caudatum. The cricket orchid (Coryanthes macrantha), a
native of the West Indies, possesses a concave labellum into
which two glands secrete nectar which drops down and keeps
the bucket filled. The cow-horn orchid (Schomburgkia
tibicinis) of Honduras, has hollow and tapering pseudo-
bulbs which resemble a cow’s horn. The point of particular
interest, however, is that in Honduras certain ants make
their homes in these hollow stems, entering them by means
of an opening provided near the base. It has been observed
that the specimen in the Garden collection is at times
- inhabited by the small black ants which frequent green-
houses and on several occasions, when the plant has been
disturbed, the ants have been seen busy carrying their eggs
out from the base of the pseudo-bulb.

Pollination. Orchids, with few exceptions, rely on insects
for their pollination. The pollen is not “paar as is that
of a lily, and, consequently, cannot be blown about by the
wind to other flowers. On the contrary, it is produced in
several compact masses, each attached separately by a
caudicle to a central viscid disc. These masses are enclosed
by a pollen cap each mass having a separate chamber. The

llen may be removed by raising the pollen cap attached

y the rostellum or beak-like appendage; the latter is readily
seen in the dove orchid, or the bird’s bill orchid, the rostellum
- jn both cases representing the bill or beak.

The particular insect which effects pollination in the dif-
ferent species varies with the flower, owing to the peculiar
shapes and modifications of the third petal or lip. The
latter is exceedingly variable, many of the striking differ-
ences between orchid flowers being due to variations and
modifications of this part. In Bulbophyllum fuscum, the
lip is tongue shaped and only about one-fifth of an inch long,
whereas in Bulbophyllum barbigerum the #4 resembles a
globular brush almost an inch long, the delicate parts of
which are set in motion by the slightest air currents. In
species of Cattleya the lip appears as a large funnel shaped
appendage encircling the stamens and pistils, the former
frequently measuring several inches in length. In Cory-

144 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

anthes, as previously stated, the lip is in the shape of a bucket
and in Catasetum maculatum, the lip is hooded, whence its
name monk’s hood orchid. In the latter species the lip is
at the top of the flower and this is in reality its correct
position. The usual placement of the labellum at the bot-—
tom, as in Cattleya, is brought about by a twisting of the
ovary in the early stages of development.

Insects do not visit orchid flowers for the purpose of polli-
nating them, but rather to collect the nectar which is stored
in the glands or to feed upon the succulent petals and sepals.
To effect an entrance into the flower, the visiting insect must
traverse a rather definitely prescribed pathway, which is ar-
ranged in such a manner that pollination is almost certainly |
brought about by the visitor. The monk’s hood orchid
shows perhaps the most remarkable adaptations for insect
pollination. The staminate and pistillate flowers are pro-
duced on separate individuals, the flowers being so different
in shape that the two kinds of plants were at first erroneously
described as separate species. No nectar glands are present
in these flowers, the fleshy hood alone serving as an attrac-
tion for certain gnawing insects. On the interior of the
lip and situated near the posterior portion of the latter, are
two sensitive antennae or “triggers,” which are indirectly
connected to the pollen masses. The caudicle, which at-
taches the latter to the viscid disc, fits over the slightly
rounded rostellum. While feeding on the labellum, the
insect is almost certain to come into contact with the
“trigger,” thus causing the thin membranaceous caudicle to
rupture spontaneously, thereby forcibly ejecting the two large
pollen masses. The viscid disc adhering to the latter serves
to attach the masses to the insect’s back. When an insect so
charged with pollen visits a pistillate flower, the masses are
brought into contact with the stigmatic surface and pollina-
tion is effected.

The slipper orchid belonging to the genus ripedium,
differs from the preceding farm ti that it a fertile
stamens instead of one. The insect readily enters through
the large opening at the top of the slipper and feeds upon
the nectar secreted at the base of the interior of the lip.
When the visitor attempts to leave the flower, however, it
finds it impossible to escape by the way it entered, because
the inside of the slipper is so smooth that it cannot gain a
foothold to reach the opening at the top. The only other
possible place of escape is through two small openings above
the stigmatic surface, send theme se be Wat Manchied te
a pathway of hairs which furnish a sure footing for the

MISSOURL BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 3145

entrapped insect. In forcing its way out of either of these
small openings, however, it comes into contact with the
sticky pollen masses which finally become firmly attached to
its back. In the next flower visited the same process is
repeated but in its outward journey the insect rubs its back
against the stigmatic surface and deposits the pollen masses
upon it, thus bringing about pollination.

The pollination of species of Cattleya in the Garden col-
lection by native bumblebees has been observed several
times. On one occasion the bee was seen to traverse the
base of the sepals and petals in close proximity to the nectar
gland, but it seemed unable, at first, to find the proper avenue
of entrance. After a time, however, it entered the funnel-
shaped lip down whose long tube it pushed its way finally
reaching the nectar gland at the base of the labellum. Its
next move was interesting. Finding it impossible to turn
around, it backed out, the lip acting as a spring in keeping
the back of the bee close to the column. In passing the
beaked rostellum, the four pollen masses were ejected and
securely fastened to the bee’s thorax. While the bee was
captured at this stage and photographed, and subsequently
kept as a specimen, there can be little doubt that the adher-
ing pollen would have been deposited upon the stigmatic
surface of the next flower visited.

The few cases cited make it apparent that orchid flowers
not only depend almost exclusively upon insects for their
pollination, but also that they are so constituted as to insure
cross-pollination in the great majority of cases.

Evolution of Hybrids. There are two groups of hybrid
orchids under cultivation at the present time, the natural
hybrids, resulting from insect cross-pollination among in-
digenous species, and garden hybrids, produced by artificial
cross-pollination. While comparatively few of the former
have been produced, the number of present day garden
hybrids is extremely large, especially soi the cypri-

iums. The development and growing of hybrids is at
present being carried on extensively by the large commercial
establishments.

The first authentic hybrid was raised by Mr. Dominy, of
England, flowering in October, 1856, and named “Calanthe
<< Dominii” in honor of the noted hybridist. The parents
used were Phaius grandifolius (a specimen of which is flower-
ing in the orchid house at the present time), and a variety
of Calanthe vestita, the pollen being taken from the latter
species. For a long period of years following this begin-

146 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

ning, the cypripediums were almost exclusively used in
hybridization ;" but at present the greatest activity exists
among the more showy varieties of Cattleya, Laelia, Brassa-
- vola and Odontoglossum. Owing to climatic conditions,
work with representatives of the last mentioned genus is con-
fined to the European countries.

The laelia-cattleya hybrids, that is those in which a repre-
sentative of the genus Laelia is crossed with one from the
genus Cattleya—the so-called bigeneric hybrids—are well
represented in all collections. Their characters, in most
cases, are intermediate between those of the parents, especially
as regards the pseudo-bulbs and leaves. Occasionally when
a monoplyllous species of Cattleya or Laelia is crossed with
a diphyllous form, some of the stems, or pseudo-bulbs of
the offspring have but one leaf, whereas others have two,
no definite law apparently being followed.

In cypripedium hybrids the parents can readily be recog-
nized by the leaf and floral characters, especially where
Cypripedium Spicerianum or C. farrieanum have been used
in the crosses. The production of hybrids between species
of Brassavola and Cattleya is receiving more attention at
the present time, and those which have been realized repre-
sent a distinct improvement over the the laelia-cattleyas. A
good specimen of “Brasso-Cattleya Maronae” in the Garden
collection was in flower last May. In this bigeneric hybrid,
produced by crossing Brassavola Digbyana with Cattleya
gigas, the shape of the flower, manner of growth, the large
fimbriated lip and dark green succulent leaves plainly sug-
gest the Brassavola parentage, whereas the light mauve color
of the flowers and the elongated leaves and pseudo-bulbs indi-
cate, rather, the Cattleya stock.

Seedlings. The seeds of orchids are exceedingly minute,
so minute in fact that a microscope is usually required for
their examination. Darwin estimated that a representative
seed pod of an orchid contained 1,000,000 seeds. Although
these minute bodies are not provided with winged a pend-
ages or feathery hairs as are the seeds of the maple and
dandelion, they nevertheless are disseminated by the wind
because of their extremely small size and weight. Even in a
greenhouse, where the air currents are slight, these diminu-
tive seeds are carried for considerable distances.

Raising orchids from seed is a very slow process, about —
five pees elapsing from the date of pollination to’
the flowering of the arg In one instance a cattleya
_ was crossed with the pollen of an epidendrum on November _

SEVEN ORCHID SEEDLINGS GROWING ON TRUNK OF TREE FERN.

“Lod ‘OW

“TIng ‘duvy

“I0A

ma

'8z ALVId

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 147

29, 1912. The seeds resulting from the cross were sown on
May 15, 1913, and a month later the first signs of germination
were noticed. From the minute green globules first observed
a root hair developed and later true roots and a rudimentary
leaf. Plate 28 shows some of these seedlings, natural size,
growing on an old stem of a tree fern around the roots of
Oncidium ampliatum. In about four years these seedlings
may be expected to produce flowers.

Garden Collection. While the collection of orchids in the
Garden is, botanically speaking, one of the most complete —
in the country, it does not follow that large numbers of them
can at all times be seen in flower. The various genera and
species have their respective flowering periods and while
this are times when many may be seen “donna g, frequently
the number of flowers is small. It is interesting to note that
the flowering period in any one species comes at about the
same time in successive years, sometimes varying a few weeks
one way or the other. The labiata type of Cattleya with its
varieties may be seen practically throughout the year, each
variety having its own flowering time.

At the present time the Garden collection includes about
eight hundred species and varieties, many of which are rare
and unusual. All of the florists’ orchids, such as the cattleyas,
etc., are represented in the collection but not in large num-
bers. While the number of blooming.species and varieties
occasionally drops down to a dozen a month, it rises in Decem-
ber and January to a very much greater number. During
these months the cattleyas, laelias, cypripediums, and phaius,
varying in color from yellow to bright mauve, are especially
abundant and furnish the best display during the year.
Other interesting forms which either are in flower or shortly
will be, are the elephant moth orchid (Dendrobium Phalaen-
opsis var. schroederianum) with twenty spikes bearing up-
wards of two hundred flowers,several representative specimens
of Laelia anceps, the two-edged laelia, which will be in flower
during January, and the long-spurred wax orchid (Angrae-
cum sesquipedale) with two large wax-like flowers. The
summer-flowering variety of the latter was figured and de-
scribed in the July Butterm. Further, the nun orchid
(Phaius grandifolius), one of the earliest terrestrial orchids
introduced from China, will have twelve large spikes, each
bearing half a dozen large flowers, and the baby’s bonnet
orchid (Oncidiwm luridum) with its long pendant Sate the
snail shell orchid (Epidendrum pentotis), Dendrobium for-
mosum var. giganteum with large white and yellow flowers,
the fan orchid (Oncidiwm iridifolium), bearing small spikes

148 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

of yellow flowers and Spathoglottis aureo-Vieillardii the yel-
low terrestrial orchid, together with various other forms of
botanical interest may now be seen in flower.

The following enumeration will serve to give some idea
as to the number of species in bloom each month through-
out the year 1913: January, 64; February, 17; March, 14;
April, 20; May, 13; June, 20; July, 21; August, 22;
September, 11; October, 12; November, 24; December, 40;
a total for the year of 278.

NOTES.

Dr. Walter Swingle, of the United States Department of
Agriculture, visited the Garden on November 29.

The exhibit of primroses and poinsettias is being continued
in the floral display houses of the new conservatory. |

The Graduate Club of Washington University held its
Christmas meeting in the Garden, on December 20.

Dr. George T. Moore, Director of the Garden, addressed
the Garden Club of Webster Groves on ‘“The Organization
and Work of the Garden Club.”

Professor Wm. Trelease, former director of the Garden,
and now professor of botany at the University of Illinois,
spent November 28 and 29 at the Garden.

On December 3, Dr. Geo. T. Moore spoke before the
Alumni Association of the St. Louis College of Pharmacy
a nee Missouri Botanical Garden and Its Relation to the

ublic.”

Dr. J. M. Greenman, Curator of the Garden Herbarium,
delivered an address before the St. Louis Academy of Science
on December 1. The subject of Dr. Greenman’s address was
“The Flora of the Gulf Coastal Plane.”

The Annual Gardeners’ Banquet, provided for in Mr.
Shaw’s will, was held at the University Club on the evening
of December 17. Mr. John Noyes, of Boston, gave an illus-
trated talk on the parks and park system of Boston.

Professor D. T. MacDougal, Director of the Carnegie Desert
Research Laboratory at Tucson, Arizona, visited the Garden
November 24 and 25. While there Professor MacDougal
addressed the seminar of graduate students on some of the
more important problems connected with desert vegetation
which are being investigated at his laboratory.

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 149
STATISTICAL INFORMATION FOR NOVEMBER, 1913.

GARDEN ATTENDANCE:

ZOtGl THINDED Of VIBILOME 2 oes 8 rn ee 56,326
PLANT ACCESSIONS:

Total number of plants donated. ..............-...0c0eu 32

Total number of plants received in exchange.............. 84
PLANT DISTRIBUTION:

Total number of plants distributed in exchange.......... 19
LIBRARY ACCESSIONS:

Total number of books and pamphlets bought............ 29

Total number of books and pamphlets donated........... 61

HERBARIUM ACCESSIONS:
By Purchase—
John Kellogg, Executor of G. W. Letterman Estate—

Letterman Herbarium, estimated at................. 15,000
Michael Gandoger—European plants .............. Poet to eee
A. A. Heller—Plants of Western United States.......... 450

By Gift—
George D. Fuller—Vacoinium ovatum Pursh from British

CORES, Sess aa is eee Ne i es oS ey oie ge 1

More and Milton Greenman—Wood destroying Poria

POU RIE Se ae ee ee Gs for en ic ok ee hea ees 1

J. M. Greenman—Private Herbarium—Plants from the
New England, Middle Atlantic and Central States, esti-

ey ae oe lk Fb ws vo ce we eens 10,000
D. T. MacDougal—Juglans elaeopyren Dode from Arizona 1
Bernard Mackensen—Plants of Texas................... 25

Hermann von Schrenk— Plants of Arkansas, Canada,
Florida, Michigan, Missouri, New York, Oregon, Ten-

PIGSGRROR ON DENS oi hss ose ke See ew he ese yb ae 68
H. E. Zimmer—Pholiota heterochita Fr. from Indiana... . 1
By Exchange—
U. S. Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Plant sinsorige
REVI eI 25 Fo es OS ee iO eS eke bs ee a 518

By Field Work—
Ernest J. Palmer—Plants of Missouri and Arkansas..... 724

The Garden is open to the public week days the year ’round from
8:00 A. M. until one-half hour after sunset. Admission Free. During
the winter, beginning with the first Sunday in December, the Garden
will be closed on Sundays.

_ The main entrance to the Garden is located at Tower Grove Avenue
and Flora Boulevard, on the Vandeventer Avenue car line. Transfer
south from all intersecting lines.

; ~4
MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN! ~~ 5t

Index to Illustrations
Australia, method of packing plants shipped from......... ... 88
Chrysanthemums, one of the floral display houses containing..... 136 +
Conservatories, new, front elevation............. ire Bere cs aS
ate Oh WN ae ee ee ss 18
DE ig eC MOO RUION go '6 5 1 sels Sal wie CAGES te sca 19
Perm oe, view Boo psa a es hv gw eet pee be 8 WER 134
"Fiews. pseudopalma@...... ++... 00s e eee reece ee athlon oa wk 5 gee 135
Flora: Boulevard in 900 wid: 1006... .... AC Ga i, ORD eigen 49
a et OF ie IN ei eae cs 2 A ‘61
Heating plant, central. a SOG TEE per re Carte oh aan ae 21
Herbaceous grounds, places rrr c sae nas “Epp ee ep a Mae
Laboratories, conference-room “res eee Cae ara errs wert -33,-37
07. fete researelt 2 cere ss. os 2 os se ears 85
“ ‘graduate. _physical-chemicaherrirr.... - Gy MACS SOR pe oem
Macrozamia Moorei, female plant..............-.... piv Coe 89
- ue male ye eg an ee are ass i eas 90
Main Garden, plan: of..........- ae ene eae ‘Peres 72-3,
ee ee gi NG oh hd eta ees 107
Maple borers,. trunks of emis WNTOR BY 6s ss 8 oes cao ie 53 /
Office, Library, Laboratory and Herbarium building 1g. ig kaneis 31,
Orchid 0 EE Pe a 7 eee gore eee
“6 ) seedlings i eres ee ee Ls . vt, oe eg ee oe 147
Palni plantations, one - CNG. ii ee ei ee el , 129
@ Tien wah tn the! 0.5. -- 5. Cr. 131
See th ee ae 138:
Palms, arrival of at the | Witte is Gon Bin Saat
Pi ite “pla it’: gO we ee ae (Peas ee egret it ig ear ara vos Te
Peanut plants..........-..+.. Beee Gee Poke 10 as oe nea sons f A aaer
Rose garden, Br eee a
Stat of Bethlehem orchid............--+. pisnel cet Miyeee
_ Water garden; the... EET ELS SC os DIN eet IE os 93°.
a Aagoida DRONOCROUNG 5 oso a 58 oh Ee hg BE es Cac “7 eer Be
f i

ar

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 153

; General Index

Figures in italics refer to page numbers of plates and cuts.

A.

Acacia arabica, 21
leucophiaea, 21
spadicigera, 21

Acacia house, 21

Acanthoriza aculeata, 19, 133

Achillea millefolium, 109

Achras sapota, 2 ¢

Acorus calamus, 109, 110

Adiantum, 78

Adiantum caudatum, 135

Aechmea Barleei, 21

Agathis loranthifolia, 131

Agrimonia gryposepaia, 110

Agrimony, 110

Agrostemma Githago, 112

Albuca Nelsoni, 77

Alder buckthorn, 110

Alum root, 110

Alligator pear, 20

Alteratives, 110

Amazon River lily, 96

American scarlet rose-mallow, 117

Anacyclus pyrethrum, 111

Anaesthetics, 109 ;

Anemia phyllitides, 78

Angiopteris evecta, 135

Angraecum Humblotii, 22
sesquipedale, 22, 79, 101, 147

Anguloa Clowesti, 142

Anhidrotics, 111

Anodynes, 109

Anthelminties, 112

Anthemis nobilis, 108

Anthurium Regnaldsianum, 22, 78 ©

Anti-emetics, 110

Antiperiodics, 109

Antipyretics, 109

Antiseptics, 112

Antisialies, 110

Antispasmodics, 108

Apocynum cannabinum, 111

Apple, Mexican, 20

' Arachis hypogaea, 115

Archontophoenia crinita, 132
Cunninghamii, 133

Arctium minus, 110

Arenga saccharifera, 121, 133

Aromatics, 112

Artemisia absinthium, 110

Asclepias tuberosa, 111
Ash, green, 110
Asparagus, 111
Asparagus officinalis, 111
Asplenium nidus, 135
Astringents, 110
Atalantia trimera, 20
Atropa belladonna, 109, 111, 112
Attalea cohune, 133

speciosa, 133.
Avena sativa, 109

B.
Bamboo, 132
Bambusa arundinacea, 132
Begonia Cincinnati, 20
Erfordii, 20
Belladonna, 109, 111, 112
Betula alba, 111
Birch, white, 111
Bird’s nest fern, 135
Bitter-sweet, climbing, 110
Bletia verecunda, 141
Borer, sugar maple, 53
Botanical survey of the Southwest, 122
Bowenia serrulata, 88
Brassawola nodosa, 101, 102
Brassia brachiata, 143
Brassica alba, 110
nigra, 111
Bromeliad house, 21
Buckthorn, 110
Bulbophyllum barbigerum, 143
fuscum, 143
Burdock, 110
Burning bush, 110

C.

Calanthe vestita, 145 fs
Calliandra Tweedii, 21 ;
Camellia Sesanqua, 21

Camphor oil, 21

Cannabis sativa, 109, 111

Capsicum annuum, 111

Casimiroa edulis, 20

Castor-oil plant, 112

Catasetum maculatum, 144
Catharties, 110

154

Catnip, 110
Cattleya labiata, 140, 142
mossiae, 79
trianaei, 22, 139, 140
Celastrus scandens, 110
Ceratozamia mexicana longifolia, 22
Cereus nycticalus, 77
Chamaerops humilis, 133
Chamomile, 108
Chrysalidocarpus lutescens, 132
Chrysanthemum display, 136, 136
Chrysanthemum frutescens, 77
Parthenium, 111
Cibotium Schiedei, 135
Cicuta maculata, 112 ©
Cinchona officinalis, 21, 109
Cinnamomum camphora, 21
Clerodendron. Thomsonae, 78
Clivia mimata, 77
Clove, wild, 21
Cocoa,

Romanzoffiana, 122, 131
Coelogyne Swantana, 101
. Coffea arabica, 20, 11
bengalensis, 21
madagascariensis, 21
Coffee, 20, 2) 341
"MM. ascar, 21
Uelohiowam autumnale, 110
Comfrey, 112
Conium maculatum, 108, 109, 112

Conservatories, new, 7, 17, 126, 129,

17, 18, 19
Convallaria majalis, 109, 111
Coprosma Baueri, 20
Corn ecockle, 112
Cornel, silky, 112
Cornus amomum, 112
Coryantes macrantha, 143
Cotton, 111, 112
Culver’s physic, 110

cads;

2 ing
Cycas media, 88
revoluta, 88
Cyclamen persicum hybridum, 20
Cynoglossum officinale, 112
Cypripedium caudatum, 143
insigne Sanderae, 22
pubescens, 140

D.

Date palm, 133

Datura Stramonivm, 109, 111, 112
Tatula, 109, 112

Deliriants, 109

Demulecents, 112

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

emer ravikouins var. gigan-
teum
Weokertibens, 101
macrophyllum, 79 .
Phala sis var, schroederi-
anum, 147

Desmodium gyrans, 100, 112

Deutzia gracilis, 19

Diaphoreties, 110

Dionaea, 125

Dionaea muscipula, 78

Dioscorea villosa, 109, 111

Diospyrus montana, 20

Disinfectants, 112

Diuretics, 1li

Dock, patience, 110

Dog-rose, 110

Drosera, 125

Drosera capensis, 78
rotundifolia, 78

E.

East Indian house, 22
Echinocereus procumbens, 77
Echinopsis calachlora, 17
Economic house, 133
Elder, 110
Elecampane, 111
Elm, 110
Emetics, 110
es, 111

oases any 22

halartos Altensteinii, 22
Enea mann botanical club, 27
English garden, 69
Epidendrum pentotis, 147
Epiphyllum Russellianum, 77
Erythea armata, 132
Eucalyptus, 109, 112
Eucalyptus globulus, 109, 112
Eugenia uniflora, 77
Eupatorium ianthinum, 56

| Euphorbia ipecacuanhae, 109°

Jacquinaefolia, 56
phic era
Evonymus atropurpureus, 110
Exotic houses, 20 ‘
Expectorants, 111
oe

Pe

Fellowships, Rufus J Lankan. 34
Fennel, 112, 110, 111

MISSOURI BOTANICAL

x

Flag, yellow, 110
blue, 110
Foeniculum vulgare, 110-112
Formal gardens, 64
_ Fountains, 9

Fraxinus pennsylvanica var. lanceo-

lata, 110
Fuchsia speciosa, 77

G.

Galactagogues, 112
Galactophyga, 112
Gastric tonics, 110
Gloriose Rothschildianum, 77
Glycyrrhiza glabra, 111
Golden seal, 109, 110
Gossypium herbaceum, 111, 112
Greenman, J. M., 22
Ground ivy, 112
Guava, Brazil, 20
Chinese, 20
mountain, 20
pear, 20
Gum arabic, 21
Gymnogramme chrysophila, 78
tatarea, 78

H.

Hamamelis virginiana, 110
Heating plant, 7, 21.
Hedeoma pulegioides, 112.
Helianthus annuus, 99
_ Hemlock, water, 112
poison, 108, 109
Hemostatics, 110
~ Hemp; 109, 111
Indian, 111
Herbaceous grounds, 8, 69, 70
' Heuchera. americand, 110
Hibiscus coccineus, 117
Hippeastrum Johnsoni, 19
Hop, 109, 110
Hop tree, 112
Horseradish, 111
Hound’s tongue, 112
Howea Belmoreana, 132
Forsteriana, 132

GARDEN BULLETIN 155

I.

Ilex paraguensis, 21

_ International flower show, 26, 58
| Inula Helenium, 111

_ Ipecac, 109

Iris pseudacorus, N10
versicolor, 11

| Irritants, 111

Izora coccinea, 78

J.

Jimson weed, 109, 112
Juniperus horizontalis, 111

K.
Kutteeria gum, 21

L.

Laelia anceps, 147
Laminum album, 110.
Lawn making, 38
Lead-wort, cape, 116
Lemon, desert, 20
Letterman, George W., 102
Licuala grandis, 132
Lilies, 95
Inlium album, 19

rubrum, 19
Lily of the valley, 109, 111
Limonium carolinianum, 110
Linum usitatissimum, 112
Liquidambar styracifiua, 112
Liquorice, 111
Livistona australis, 131

chinensis, 131, 132
Lobelia inflata, 108, 109
Lycaste aromatica, 101
Loquat, 20

Lucuma mamosa, 20

M.

Macrozamia Miquelii, 88
Moorei, 88, 89, 89, 90
spiralis, 88

» Maiden hair fern, 78

Main garden, 63, 65, 72, 73, 107
Mamamillaria, 78
mated indica, 20

Mango,

Marjoram, wild, 111
Martinezia caryotacfolia, 132
Masdevallia tovarensis, 22

Mazillaria tenuifolia, 78

156 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

Medicinal garden, 107, 108
plants, 108

Medinilla magnificia, 133

Menispermum canadense, 110

Mentha piperita, 109, 112
spicata, 109, 112

Milfoil, 109

Mimicry, 142

Mimosa pudica, 100

Mint, horse, 112

Missouri Botanical Garden
Herbarium, 14, 23
Laboratories, 31
Library, 14
Report of the Director, 7
Report of the Officers of the

Board, 2

Monarda punctata, 112

Moonseed, 110

Motor depressants, 109
excitants, 109

Mullen, 111

Musa. sapientum, 77

Mustard, 110
black, 111

N,

Narco-hypnoties, 109

Nepenthes, 124, 125

Nepenthes Ourtisii, 126 ™
phyllamphora, 126
Rafflesiana, 126

Nepeta cataria, 110
Hederacea, 112

‘Nettle, dead, 110
horse, 108
stinging, 110

Nicotiana Sanderae, 77
Tabacum, 108, 109, 111, 112

Nymphaea Boucheana, 96
capensis zanzibariensis, 97
Devoniensis, 96
Lotus dentata, 96
ortgiesiana var, rubra, 96
rubra rosea, 96
zanzibariensis, 96

O.

Oat, 109

Olea europaea, 21

Olive, 21

Oncidium ampliatum, 147
iridifolium, 147

luridum, 147 © me

ornithorhynchum,
Papilio, 22, 142 —
sphacelatum, 78
spleetne: 22

Ophrys apifera, 140
Orchid reached 21, 139
seedlin: 146, 147
Orchid, bee, 140 .
Been Sees 143
eradle, 142
cricket, 143
elephant moth, 147
fan, 147
Holy Ghost, 142
moth, 142
snail shell, 147
spider, 142

Star of Bethlehem, 79, 101, 101

wax, 147
Orchids, 139
Oreodoxa regia, 131
Origanum vulgare, 111
Oryza sativa, 112

Oxytocies, 111

P.

Palm, broom, 133
bungalow, 133
cabbage, 131 —
Chinese fan, 131, 132
date, 133
Illawara, 133
Pinang, 132
Romanzoff, 122, 131
sugar, 121
weeping, 133

Palm house, 131, 131, 133
plant tion, 129

Palmer, E. 5, 123, .124

Palmetto, 132

Palms, 131, 121

Pandanus eacelsus, 132
Sanderi, 132
utilis, 132, 133
Veitchi, 133

Paraguay tea, 21

Parasiticides, 111

MISSOURI BOTANICAL

Phaius grandifolius, 142, 145, 147
Phalaenopsis amabilis, 142
Phoenia canariensis, 133
Dactylifera, 133
Roebliniana, 133
Phytolacca decandra, 112
Pimenta acris, 21
Pine, white, 111
Pinus strobus, 111
Piper, 21
Pitcher plants, 124, 125
Plagionotus speciosus, 53
Labels, plant, 9 i
Plantago lanceolata, 110, 112
Platanus orientalis, 48
Pleurisy-root, 111
Pleurothallis tenera, 78
villosa, 22
Plum, date, 20
marmalade, 20
Plumbago capensis, 102, 116, 118
rosea superba, 20
Pogostemon Heyneanus, 21
Poison hemlock, 108, 109
Poisons, 112
Pokeweed, 112
Pollination of orchids, 143
Polygonum Hydropiper, 109, 111
Polypodium quercifolium, 7 8

Prickly ash, 110, 111 te

Primula floribugila, 19 :
Kewensis, 19, 20, 56
malachioides, 20
obconica, 20, 56
sinensis, 20
veris, 56
verticillata,-19

Pronuba moth, 85

Pronuba yuccasella, 85

Propagating houses, 8

Psidium araca,20 __
chinensis, 20
Guajava, 20
montanum, 20
pyriferum, 20

Ptelea trifoliata, 112

Pteris argyraea, ‘78

Ptychosperma Macarthurii, 132

Q.
Quinine, 21, 109

R.

Radicula armoracia, 111
rry, 110
Rattan cane, 131

GARDEN BULLETIN 157

Reinwardtia trigyna, 19

Resin, 21

Rhamnus cathartica, 110
Frangula, 110

Rhapis flabelliformis, 131

Rhododendron indicum, 19

Rhus canadensis, 110°
glabra, 110
toxicodendron, 112

Rib-grass, 110, 112

Rice, 112 S

Richardia africana, 20

Ricinus communis, 112 /

Rockery, 68

Rosa canina, 110

Rose garden, 8, 71, 75

Rose-mallow, 117

Rue, common, 111

Rubus indaeus var. aculeatissimus, 110

Rumesx patientia, 110

Ruta graveolens, 111

Rye, 111

8.
Sabal palmetto, 132
Sage, 112

Salvia officinalis, 112

Sambucus canadensis, 110

Sa lla plum, 20
Satecenia. 13s :
Sassafras, 110
Sassafras variifolium, 110
Satureja hortensis, 110
Savin, 111
Schismatoglottis Roebelinii, 22
Schomburgkia tibicinus, 78, he
Seopola, 109
Scopolia carniolica, 109
Scrophularia marilandica, 110
Seaforthia elegans, 133
Sea lavender, 110
Secale cereale, 111
Senecio Petasites, 19
Sensitive plant, 100
Shade trees, Planting and care of in
St. Louis, 47
Sialogogues, 111
Solanum carolinense, 109 a
Spathiphyllum cochlearispathum, 48
Wallisii, 78
Spathoglottis aureo-Vieillardii, ee
Spearmint, 109, 112 ie
Sternutatories, 111 o
Rirotrees cis is 22 roe
» eta

158 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

Stonecrop, 112
Stramonium, 111
Succulent garden, 68
Sudorifics, 110
Sumac, 110
Sun-dews, 125
Sunfiower, red, 98

get k botanical, ‘of the Southwest,

Sweet flag, 109, 110
gum tree, 112
sumac, 110
Symphytum officinale, 112

ff
Tamarind, 21
Tamarindus indica, 21
Tanacetum vulgare, 111
Tansy, 111
Tasmania, currant, 20
Tea oil, 21
Mexican, 112
Telegraph plant, Hag
‘Telephone exchange, 9
Theobroma cacao, 2 20
Thyme, 109, 112
Thymus vulgaris, 109, 112
Tillandsia, 21
Tobacco, 108, 109, 111, 112
“Indian, 108, 109
Trachyacarpus excelsus, 131, 133
Trees, 68

U.

Ulmus campestre, 110
Urtica dioica, 110

_Yueca moth, 83

Vv.

Veltheimia viridiflora, 19°

Venus fly-trap, 125
Verbascum _thapsus, 111
Veronica virginica, 110
Victoria Cruziana, 96, 97
Victoria lilies, 95 .

pond, 96
Vinca minor, 110

“} W. =
Walks, 63
Washingtonia filifera, 133
Water garden, 93, 93-

lilies, 96
Waxwort, 110
Witch hazel, 110
Woodwardia radicans, 78

| Wormwood, 110, 112

¥..

Yamoot, wild, 109, 111
Yucea, 83

| Yueca angustifolia, 84

glaucescens, 83

Z.

Zamia chigua, 22

Zanthoxylum Americanum, 110-111