MussOURI BOTANICAL 


ecb Sete 


GARDEN IBULLETIN 


VOLUME III 
WITH 11 PLATES 
1915 


ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI 
PUBLISHED MONTHLY BY THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES 


SUBSCRIPTION PRICE: 
ONE DOLLAR PER YEAR SINGLE NUMBERS TEN CENTS 


MissOUR) Boiav ar 


_ GARDEN LIBRARY 


Missouri Botanica 
GARDEN BULLETIN - 


Vol. HT “JANUARY, 1915 Noe 


aes 


CONTENTS - 


: “Retort of ti Officers’ Shthe Bask: age fe ‘ SS ae 
-‘Twenty-sixth Annual coated a Director Pi ce 
Statistical Information _ FSM Set lA, Nd 


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BPS RL Sere : (ct = : 23 Be tas : 1915 as meh ies, Ts iss ght tae vega 
SHED. MONTHLY | BY THE BOARD oF Trust Ess ee 


Missouri Botanical 
Garden Bulletin 


Vol. III St. Louis, Mo., January, 1915 No. 1 


REPORT OF THE OFFICERS OF THE BOARD 
SUBMITTED TO THE TRUSTEES, JANUARY 13, 1915 


To the Board of Trustees of the Missouri Botanical Garden: 


We submit for your consideration the financial results for 
the year ending December 31, 1914. 


. The earnings from rentals have not equaled those of the 
year 1913 by $5,152.28 on account of vacancies and the 
disposal of several pieces of income property, but our income 
from interest on investments on deferred payments—secured 
by deeds of trust—on property sold exe the year 1913 
by $6,678.88, so that our Income exceeds that of the previous 
year by $1,526.60, but no further increase can be expected 
from the present holdings for the coming year. 


During the year we disposed of four pieces of residence 
property— 
1500-08 Lafayette Avenue, 
1129-31 St. Ange Avenue, 
3134 Morgan Street, and 
2601-03 Chestnut Street— 


which we gave in part exchange for a piece of business prop- 
erty, at the northeast corner of Fifteenth and Locust Streets, 
occupied by an old residence but upon which we hope to 
erect a building for permanent investment. 


We also disposed of a piece of property—a four-story ware- 
house on Second Street—which was getting old and is in a 
section of the city where the values are doubtful, for 
$15,000.00. 


Our loss by vacancies during the year was $1,252.00. 


In addition to the tract known as Lafayette Avenue Addi- 
tion—containing about 11,533 front feet, lying between 
Grand Avenue and Lawrence Street, of which 11,047 feet 
have been sold for $480,825.28—we have during the past 


(1) 


4 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


summer improved a tract adjoining it on the west containing 
about 11,860 front feet, of which we have already sold 2,633 
front feet for $90,117.11. 


During the year our sales of vacant ground were as fol- 
lows: 


Lafayette Avenue Addition No.1 . . 2,382 feet . $85,433 97 

Lafayette Avenue Addition No, 2 . saben feeb 90,117 11 

Flora Boulevard Addition : : : 170 feet. 11,090 00 
$186,641 08 . 


We have just let contracts for grading and to prepare for 
subdivision a tract to be known as Lafayette Avenue Addi- 
tion No. 3—lying just west of Tower Grove Avenue and 
north of the Garden and containing twenty acres, and an- 
other tract lying at the southeast corner of Arsenal Street 
and Kingshighway and just south of Tower Grove Park, con- 
taining twelve acres. Both of these tracts will be fully im- 
proved with streets and sewers as soon as it seems desirable. 


No extensive permanent improvements have been made 
at the Garden except the following: 


A reserve boiler for heating plant . . . . . , $3,767 90 
Pergola enclosing the area between the wings of the new plant 
house : : : : : : : : _ er 3,500 00 


Many’ other general improvements have been made at the 
Garden, but for particulars of these you are referred to the 
Director’s Annual Report. 


Additions to the Library and Herbarium collections by 
purchase and gift during the year are valued at the following 
sums: 


Library 2 ie ee 
Herbarium _.. ee Se : 6,464 05 
The annual bequests provided for in Mr. Shaw’s will have 
been carried out with the exception of prizes for the annual 
flower show, none being held. 


The Twenty-Fifth Anniversary of the organization of the 
Board of Trustees of the Missouri Botanical Garden was cele- 
brated October 14 and 15 at the Garden, scientists thering 
for the occasion from Europe and from nearly all of t the edu- 
cational and scientific institutions of the United States and 
Canada. The celebration concluded with the Trustee’s An- 
nual Banquet. For full particulars you are referred to the 
Director’s Annual Report and the October, 1914, number of 
the BULLETIN. 


For an itemized account of the receipts and disbursements _ 
your attention is called to the following statement: 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 3 


RECEIPTS 
Rentals .. ae Se awe Oe es Ce Oe 
Interest and dividends eas eee coer 16,605 76 
Publication sales and subscriptions ee ace 107 70 
Total income receipts . . . . $169,242 11 
Sales of real estate under decree. . . . $102,869 81 
Sales of real estate account of endowment . 5,000 00 
Notes receivable account of sales th De 78,001 75 
Shaw School of Botany, rentals . : 3,900 00 
Missouri Botanical Garden, wrecking building 220 00 
Surety Company, account of builder’s bond . 8,413 80 198,405 36 
Total receipts . $367,647 47 
Cash balance December. 3lst, 1913 15,730 80 
$383,378 27 
DISBURSEMENTS 
Garden Account — 
Labor pay-roll . . . . $382,746 67 
Students’ pay-roll . . . 992 69 
Open Sunday pay-roll . . 596 00 
Office assistance rhe: 3,562 80 $37,898 16 
PO a ee ee a ee 3,750 13 
Water: 2% Ben ae es 843 20 
Repairs and supplies Be ee gear arene 4,894 29 
Stable and implements . ... . 770 86 
Pints: and phone: (2 re 3,753 18 
Total for care of Garden . . . $51,909 82 
Herbarium Account — 
Salaries . a ee $3,970 97 
Current expenses and additions gee 2,484 63 6,455 60 
Library Account — 
Salaries . . oe ee $2,414 37 
Current expenses and additions ae 2,348 54 4,762 91 
Garden Office Account — 
Salaries .. Be ee ye ec ee <6 $7,856 31 
Current expenses gies pte eee 1,419 52 9,275 83 
Research and Instruction Account — 
Salaries . . Cees $9,944 95 
Current expenses and supplies Mca rg 1,770 76 ~=:11,715 71 
Total maintenance . . . . . $84,119 87 
Garden Improvements — 
New boiler a) pige egg  at Be B4O7 OO 
la zoe eae 3,500 00 
Garden improvements . SS oes Pe ae 10,728 87 17,996 77 


Total amount expended on Garden $102,116 64 


ob MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


Property Account — 


State, school and city taxes . . . . $35,601 50 | 
Sprinkling i ee CS es 1,381 49 / 
Streets, sidewalks and sewers. . . . 43, 247 63 
Insurance poe ee ee 5,760 iz 
BM ee a a 6,414 42 
SIONS ee as 3,500 00 95,905 76 
' Publications Account — 
Monthly: Sait. 5 Se ae $1,799 28 
Ania See eee 1,508 06 3,307 34 
Bequests — 
Annual Flower Sermon .... . $200 00 
Annual Gardeners’ Banquet .. 367 38 
Annual Trustees’ PEGE Set 25th Anniver- 
oS eee eee : 5,385 78 5,953 16 
Sundries — 
Office ‘expenses ce 8 aE er 
Legal ogni ee 6,065 32 
Commissions ; 5 10,760 28 
Washington University, oat Shaw 
School of Botany . : 299 39 : 
Shaw School of Botany, rentals . . 3,900 00 27,527 16 
Investments — 
Certificates of deposit . . Ps Bia soe 1k 
Real estate, 1431 Locust Street . . . 45,000 00 
Real estate, 1-3-5 S. Main Street . . 6,111 00 124,943 11 
Total disbursements $359,753 17 
Cash balance December 31st, 1914 23,625 10 


$383,378 27 
Respectfully submitted, 


EDWARDS WHITAKER, President. 
Attest: 


A. D. Counninenay, Secretary. 


TWENTY-SIXTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE 
DIRECTOR 


SUBMITTED TO THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES OF THE MISSOURI 
BOTANICAL GARDEN, JANUARY 13, 1915 


Gentlemen: 


I have the honor to submit herewith the Twenty-Sixth 
_ Annual Report of the Director. 


In contrast to the year 1913, which was notable for the 
extensive building operations, the chief additions to the 
Garden during 1914 have been in the nature of outdoor im- 
provements. ‘These include a start towards the large formal 
garden back of the new conservatories, the laying-out and 
partial planting of an English garden in the vicinity of the 
Linnean house, the establishment of a nursery, the planting 
of the knolls in the main garden, together with the general 
overhauling of most of the shrubbery. A new propepaun 
house back of the wall has been constructed, an additiona 
boiler installed at the heating plant, and the office of the 
General Manager moved to the main gate. For the benefit 
of the specialist, as well as for the general public, there has 
been brought together on the first floor of the old museum 
building a pathological exhibit. Here is shown a large col- 
lection of specimens illustrating various types of diseases of 
living trees, classified into diseases of hardwoods and diseases 
of coniferous woods. The collection is one which has been 
made by the Pathologist, Dr. von Schrenk, during the past 
twenty years, and is unusually rich in typical 2 Wa 
Besides examples of insect injuries to trees and timbers, 
showing the effects principally of termites, Teredo, Lim- 
noria, Martesia, etc., there are numerous specimens of dis- 
eases of structural timbers, illustrating the more common 
types found on wood. Various kinds of treated timbers, 
showing both freshly treated material and timbers show- 
ing service tests, are likewise displayed. There have been 
innumerable minor changes, nich of themselves are hardly 
worth ial mention but in the aggregate amount to a 
great deal in increasing the attractiveness and the efficiency 
of the Garden. The new residence was completed and 


©) 


6 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


occupied in the early part of the year, although the greater 
part of it was built and paid for in 1913. 


Next to the anniversary celebration, probably the most 
important single feature of the year’s activity has been the 
reorganization of the school of gardening, which, because 
of the teaching staff and the unusual facilities offered, has 
very large possibilities. In this connection, the reunion of 
the former garden pupils, together with the organization 
of an alumni association, is a matter of especial interest. 


The publication of a new quarterly journal, containing 
only scientific papers contributed by members of the staff 
or those actually working at the Garden, should likewise 
be mentioned as an important step taken this year. It may 
safely be said that all the various departments have been 
improved or augmented and that the influence and use- 
fulness of the Garden has continued to increase. 


GARDEN 


The construction of a formal garden, bounded on the 
north, south, and east by the new conservatories, and on 
the west by a pergola, has been the largest single addi- 
tion to the features of the main garden. The land back 
of the conservatory sloped so rapidly to the west that in 
order to level this area it was necessary to construct a rein- 
forced concrete retaining wall, which in some places is 
fourteen feet in height. The fill required thousands of 
yards of earth; in fact, the actual making of the Garden 
was a small undertaking compared with the preliminary 
work. On top of the retaining wall there has been built 
an Italian pergola about 250 feet in length, the architec- 
tural features of which conform to those of the entrances 
to the greenhouses. This pergola, when covered with 
perennial vines, will constitute one of the most pleasant 
parts of the Garden in which to rest, the outlook over the 
formal garden being particularly attractive. ‘The latter, 
with the aid of hedges, orange and boxwood trees, appro- 
priate furniture and fountains, will be the most preten- 
tious eg | of its kind that has ever been attempted at the 
Missouri Botanical Garden. Here will be afforded an un- 
usual place for the exhibition of tulips in the spring, and 
throughout the summer a succession of foliage sae flow- 
ering plants will present an admirable example of what can 
be done with this sort of a garden. 


No less important, though not on such a large scale, will 
be the new garden back of the old range of greenhouses and 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 7 


surrounding the Linnean house. The brick and stone walls 
at this end of the Garden offer an admirable setting for an 
English garden effect, the use of trellises, small summer 
houses, and formal pools adding materially to its attrac- 
tiveness. 


While very far from showing the finished appearance to- 
wards which we are striving, the garden in the vicinity of 
the main gate has throughout the season presented a very 
much better appearance than it did last year, when the ex- 
tensive changes in the walks and grades greatly retarded the 
planting. Many additions have been made to the shrub- 
bery and herbaceous plants on the knolls, as well as to the 
borders of flowering annuals. Perhaps the best floral dis- 
play in the main garden was obtained in the fall from 
nearly 40,000 cosmos plants, which produced a color effect 
rarely seen. This was at its height during the month of 
October, when the Garden had an unusual number of vis- 
itors from outside of St. Louis. Considerable space was also 
given up to a large collection of geraniums in order to test 
out the possibilities of these plants for outdoor bedding in 
St. Louis. Of the hundreds of varieties tried, a certain 
number have been selected for future experiments, and, 
while they will not again be extensively used in the main 
garden, there will continue to be grown some of the best 
varieties so that a demonstration may be made of the use- 
fulness and attractiveness of this plant. The water garden 
between the main gate and conservatories was filled with 
lilies and other aquatics throughout the summer, and at 
times was the source of much favorable comment. 


The most notable change which has been made within 
doors is the planting of the north wing of the new con- 
servatory. The clay in this house was replaced with good 
earth, the benches removed and the heating pipes placed 
behind a retaining wall, as in the fern house. The collection 
of cycads, of which we have representatives of every genus, 
was never so well displayed, and the addition of certain 
conifers gives a Japanese-garden effect, which is quite dif- 
ferent from that obtained in any of the other houses. In the 
fern house a considerable number of vines, together with 
hanging baskets, have improved the general appearance. The 

palm and economic houses have done remarkably well 
during the year, and the plants are beginning to show the 
- effect of growing under the favorable conditions provided 
in these houses. The usual floral displays have been held 
in the south wing of the new conservatories during the fall, 
winter, and spring. 


8 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


The new heating system has now been in service long 
enough to admit of some comparison with the old, as regards 
cost and efficiency. Previous to the building of the central 
heating plant and new conservatories there were about 
695,000 cubic feet to heat. Fourteen separate fires were 
maintained for the purpose, and a considerable amount of 
the time of the gardeners had to be devoted to attending 
to these during the day. At no time was the system ade- 
quate — even when supplemented with oil stoves, for not 
only was the proper temperature not maintained, but in 
several of the houses the temperature occasionally fell to 
freezing or below. At the present time nearly 2,000,000 
cubic feet are being heated (an actual increase of 1,304,806 
cubic feet) at a cost for fuel of two and one-half times less 
per cubic foot than under the old system. Counting the 
interest on the investment and the increased cost for skilled 
labor, but taking into consideration the amount of heat now 
furnished, it appears that the new central heating plant is 
costing about one-half what would be necessary to main- 
tain the old system of separate fires. There is of course no 
comparison in the efficiency and satisfaction obtained from 
the new over the old method. 


ANNIVERSARY 


The most notable event for the year, from many stand- 
points, was the celebration of the twenty-fifth anniversary 
of the organization of the Board of Trustees. An account 
of the exercises, together with the scientific program pre- 
sented and a list of the out-of-town delegates present, has 
already appeared in the October number of the BULLETIN, 
and consequently no extensive notice need be given here.. 
In addition to those papers which were read at the scien. 
tific sessions by the authors, there have been received papers 
from several foreign delegates who were prevented from 
being present at the celebration. These, with the papers 
read, will be printed in an anniversary number of the 
ANNALS to appear early in 1915. 


SCHOOL OF GARDENING 


As noted extensively in the April BuLLertn, the courses 
offered in pareaning have been entirely reorganized and the 
scope of the school considerably enlarged. Owing to the 
unique opportunities at the Garden, it is believed that this 
school will soon take first rank with similar institutions 
throughout the world. There is nothing precisely like it 
in this country, for, although there are numerous institu- 


Mexico, Cuba, Central 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 9 


tions which give a part of the work necessary for fitting 
young men and women to be competent gardeners and super- 
intendents, there is no one place which so admirably com- 
bines theoretical instruction with facilities for practical ex- 
perience as the Missouri Botanical Garden. The reunion of 
former garden pupils, together with the organization of an 
alumni association, has peel sufficiently commented upon 
in the December BuLLETIN. 


ATTENDANCE 


The total number of visitors attracted to the Garden con- 
tinues to increase, although the excess of 1914 over 1913 is 
not so great as that of 1913 over 1912. The Sunday attend- 
ance for the year has fallen off, part of this being due to 
the fact that there were two more open Sundays (in March) 
in 1913, on which 10,765 people came to the Garden. In 
1914 the open Sundays did not begin until April, and the 
hot, dry summer affected still further the number of Sun- 
day visitors. May, June, and July of this year all showed 
a decrease over the previous year, nearly 6,000 fewer people 
coming to the ne last June than in the corresponding 
month in 1913. It seems fair to assume that such a decrease 
was undoubtedly due to the weather, since all of the other 
months of the year, with the exception of March (for the 
reason above noted) and December, show substantial in- 
creases. The marked falling off in the December attend- 
ance is probably due in part to the bad weather, but there 
can be no question that the interruption of car service, 
due to the work on the Tower Grove viaduct, had a very 
discouraging effect upon any who may have wished to come 
to the Garden. The probabilities are, taking the experience 
of similar institutions under like circumstances, that with 
the transportation facilities at present available, the attend- 
ance at the Garden cannot be expected to increase materially 
beyond the present numbers. 


In order that some idea might be obtained of the localities 
from which visitors to the Garden come, a system of volun- 
tary registration was inaugurated on January 1, 1914, and 
continued throughout the twelve months. Less than 50 = 
cent of those coming to the Garden registered, but it is 
lieved that the results obtained are fairly indicative of the 
various sources of visitors. While the number of foreigners 
constituted such a small fraction of the total number of 
_ visitors that it is hardly worth considering, it is interesting — 

to note that last year people came to the Garden from Canada, 
erica, East Indies, Great Britain, 


* 


10 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


Scotland, Ireland, Holland, Germany, Norway, Denmark, 
Switzerland, Spain, Persia, Liberia, India, Japan, Philip- 
pine Islands, Australia, Roumania, and the Island of 
Mauritius. 


According to the registration cards, about 24 per cent 
of the visitors were from out of town, one-third of them 
coming from the State of Missouri, but every state in the 
Union being represented. It is probable that this percentage 
is somewhat higher than would have been the case had all 
registered, as it was noted throughout the year that those 
coming from outside the city were more apt to register than 
those living in St. Louis. Of the 76 per cent of the visitors 
who registered from the city, 60 per cent were from the 
south side, 25 per cent from the west side, 13 per cent from 
the north side, and 2 per cent from the east side. 


ATTENDANCE FOR THE YEAR 1914 


Week-days Sundays 

n lekchcest Me ee PAROS 
ROOTURLY esis ko Ra ee BOER a a 
MATON: ooo oe ea ee ee Bee eS eee 
INE ci ieee sew ee So RO eee ae 21,320 
MOY 8g ee oes er ee SORT 82s Pars Fee RS 11,883 
SORE oe Fi SGA ee es Rete oe ey 5,041 
MU s ieee eg Par ier eV E cen me ene De ea 4,144 
BUBURE. ooo s vad whee babes eee PEE ihe Cos ea ok se 7,121 
Bephomber wre cee liceeeog ses MER es he Ts as ee 8,737 
October oo aa Eee be nics ROR ER OR Sh ee 9,524 
November. 300 oo ea ME GOs oe See 22,417 
Pecenaber 55 ese eee ee DO aga es a 
132,024 90,187 

132,024 

TOR hes 6 aes ee peas cae ee 222,211 


RESEARCH AND INSTRUCTION 


The work of research during the year has exhibited a 
wholesome activity, very nearly reaching a point where it 
is limited only by the facilities at the disposition of the staff. 
In the last report the arrangements for segregating the differ- 
ent phases of investigation were referred to and comment 
was made upon the facilities offered. Since that time further 
progress has been made with respect to the installation of 
apparatus and materials for the experimental laboratory, in- 
cluding, particularly, apparatus needed in the chemical and 
pathological aspects of physiology. 

During February and March there was installed in the 
floral display house, under the direction of Dr. Duggar, a 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 11 


demonstration of some important relations of plants to lime 
and other soil nutrients. These experiments were designed 
to show the elements of the soil essential for plant growth, 
as well as the deleterious action of these same elements when 
not present in properly balanced proportion. The beneficial 
and harmful action of acid and alkali soils upon specific 
plants was likewise illustrated. 


In the past a chief need has been that of a greenhouse set 
apart for laboratory work, in which experiments on a large 
scale might be carried out, especially in connection with 
plant nutrition and diseases. It is hoped that the new ex- 
perimental greenhouses planned will be ready for occupancy 
by the fall of 1915. In the construction of these houses 
provision will be made whereby it may be possible in the 
future to install whatever apparatus is needed to accurately 
control humidity and temperature conditions. The control 
of these factors is a most important consideration in experi- 
mental work, and no modern greenhouse for the purpose 
would be complete without ultimately installing the appar- 
atus mentioned 


As far as it may be possible it is the intention in the future 
to concentrate most of the effort of the laboratory upon some 
one main line of investigation, the work to continue through 
a period of years. Such an investigation with growing 
plants has not been feasible because the space for experi- 
mental work has been so limited. 


Instruction, Lectures, etc—Undergraduate courses offered 
during 1913-14 in the Henry Shaw School of Botany by 
members of the staff who are likewise members of the faculty 
of Washington University, were fourteen in number. These 
included two new courses: Special Chapters in Fermenta- 
tion, by Dr. Duggar, and Plant Geography, by Dr. Green- 
man. ‘The course in Morphology and Taxonomy of the 
Fungi has been assumed by Dr. Burt, and the course in 
General Botany by Dr. Schramm. In addition to those 
mentioned, the regularly announced courses were offered in 
Bacteriology, Morphology and Taxonomy of the Algae, 
Morphology and Taxonomy of the Spermatophytes, Ad- 
vanced Physiology, Sanitary Bacteriology, Taxonomy, Semi- 
nar, and Research in several phases of botany. 


Lectures or addresses by members of the staff include the 
following: 


H. von Schrenk, December 17, 1913, before the Bell Tele- 
hone Club, St. Louis, “Decay and Preservation of Poles, and 
aintenance of Telephone Lines”. 


12 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


W. W. Ohlweiler, January 12, before the Garden Club 
of Webster Groves, Missouri, “Garden Plans”. 

George T. Moore, February 17, before the Washington 
eee Association, “Speculations Regarding the Origin 
of Life’’. 

George T. Moore, February 20, before Town and Gown, 
“Botany and the Town”. 

H. von Schrenk, February 20, before the Young People’s 
Union of the Ethical Society, “Trees and Modern Uses of 
Lumber’”’. 

H. von Schrenk, in March, before the Department of 
Forestry, University of Toronto, five lectures on “Diseases of 
Trees and Structural Timbers”. 

H. von Schrenk, March 10, before the Garden Club of 
Webster Groves, “Tree Planting and Diseases of Trees”. 

G. H. Pring, March 11, before the School of Social Econ- 
omy of Washington University, “Evolution of the Chry- 
santhemum”’; March 18, “Pollination of Plants”. 

W. W. Ohlweiler, April 6, before the Monday Club of 
Edwardsville, Illinois, “Home Gardens”. 

George T. Moore, April 13, in the Washington Univer- 
sity Series, “Edible and Poisonous Mushrooms”. 

W. W. Ohlweiler, April 14, before the eugenics class of 
the School of Social Economy, Washington University, 
“Plant Development’. 

B. M. Duggar, April 15, before the Graduate Association 
of the Iowa Agricultural College, “The Vegetation and Plant 
Relations of Algeria and the Sahara’’. 

B. M. Duggar, April 20, in the Washington University 
Series, “Mushroom Growing and Truffle Hunting”. 

C. H. Thompson, April 21, before the Science Section of 
the Wednesday Club, “Pests of Forest Trees’. 

J. M. Greenman, April 27, in the Washington University 
Series, “Our Native Wild Flowers”. 2 

H. von Schrenk, May 4, before the National Lumber 
Manufacturers’ Association, in Chicago, “The Proper Uses 
of Lumber”. 

W. W. Ohlweiler, May 15, before the St. Louis Branch of 
the American Pharmaceutical Society, “A Modern Herbal 
Garden”. 

B. M. Duggar, June 1, before the Alumni Association of 
the Mississippi State College, ‘““The Influence of Science”. 

W. W. Ohlweiler, October 9, before the Association of 
American Cemetery Superintendents, “Flower Displays 
Without Rain”. ; 

John Noyes, October 9, before the Association of American 
Cemetery Superintendents, “Pictures in a Park Cemetery”. 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 13 


George T. Moore, October 13, before the City Club, “The 
Relation of the Missouri Botanical Garden to the City”. 

George ‘T’. Moore, November 11, before the Sherman 
School Patrons ‘and Teachers’ Association, on the Garden 
and its activities. 

W. W. Ohlweiler, November 19, before the Missouri 
ta gs Garden Students’ Club, “Introduction of Tropical 

ants”’. 

J. R. Schramm, November 24, before the Indiana Apple 
Show, “The Apple Plant in Health and in Disease”. 

G. H. Pring, December 7, before the Missouri Botanical 
Garden Students’ Club, ‘The Garden Collection of Orchids”. 

C. H. Thompson, December 8, before the Girls’ Self Cul- 
ture Club of the St. Louis Settlement Association, an illus- 
trated talk on the Garden. 

B. M. Duggar, December 13, before the Gamma Alpha 
(graduate) fraternity of the University of Illinois, “In Scien- 
tific Training What Constitutes Breadth?” 

H. von Schrenk, December 21, before the Academy of 
Science of St. Louis, “The Modern Uses of Lumber”. 


Publications and Papers.—The following articles by mem- 
bers of the staff or of the graduate laboratory have appeared 
since the publication of the last report, and furnish one of 
the tangible evidences of the activity of the research work 
carried on at the Garden: 


Duggar, B. M., and Cooley, J. S. ‘The Effects of Surface 
Films and Dusts on the Rate of Transpiration”. Ann. Mo. 
Bot. Gard., No. 1, 1914. 

Duggar, B. M., and Merrill, M. C. “The Effect of Certain 
Conditions upon the Acidity of Tomato Fruits”. Ann. Mo. 
Bot. Gard., No. 2, 1914. 

Duggar, B. M., and Cooley, J. S. “The Effects of Surface 
Films on the Rate of Transpiration: Experiments with 
Potted Potatoes”. Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard., No. 3, 1914. ; 

Duggar, B. M. “Physiology and Ecology”. American 
Yearbook, 1914. , eee 

Duggar, B. M., and Davis, A. R. “Enzyme Action in 
Fucus vesiculosus”. Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard., No. 4, 1914. 

von Schrenk, H. ‘Two Trunk Diseases of the Mesquite”. 
Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard., No. 2, 1914. 

von Schrenk, H. “A Trunk Disease of the Lilac”. Ann. 
Mo. Bot. Gard., No. 2, 1914. : 

Greenman, J. M. “Descriptions of North American Sene- 
cioneae”. Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard., No. 3, 1914. 


14 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


Greenman, J. M., and Thompson, C. H. “Diagnoses of 
Flowering Plants, Chiefly from the Southwestern United 
States and Mexico”. Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard., No. 4, 1914. 

Burt, E. A. “The Thelephoraceae of North America. I.” 
Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard., No. 2, 1914. 

Burt, E. A. “The Thelephoraceae of North America. II. 
Craterellus”. Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard., No. 3, 1914. 

Burt, E. A. “The Thelephoraceae of North America. III. 
Craterellus borealis and Cyphella”. Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard., 
No. 4, 1914. 

Schramm, J. R. “Some Pure Culture Methods in the 
Algae”. Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard., No. 1, 1914. 

Schramm, J. R. “A Contribution to our Knowledge of 
the Relation of Certain Species of Grass-Green Algae to 
Elementary Nitrogen”. Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard., No. 2, 1914. 

Cooley, J.S. “A Study of the Physiological Relations of 
Sclerotinia cinerea (Bon.) Schréter”. Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard., 
No. 3, 1914. 

Foster, G. L. “Indications Regarding the Source of Com- 
bined Nitrogen for Ulva Lactuca”. Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard., 
No. 2, 1914. 

Nolte, August G. “The Identification of the Most Charac- 
teristic Salivary Organism and its Relation to the Pollution 
of Air’. Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard., No. 1, 1914. 

Overholts, L. O. “The Polyporaceae of Ohio”. Ann. Mo. 
Bot. Gard., No. 1, 1914. 

Vaughan, R. E. “A Method for the Differential Staining 
of eee and Host Cells”. Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard., No. 2, 
1914. 


Also the following publications during 1913-14 by those 
newly appointed to Rufus J. Lackland fellowships: 


Studhalter, R. A. (with Heald, F.D.) “The Strumella 
Fe of Oak and Chestnut Trees”. Pa. Dept. For. Bull., 

Studhalter, R. A. (with Heald, F.D.) “Birds as Carriers 
of the Chestnut-blight Fungus”. Journ. Agr. Res., 1914. 

Studhalter, R. A. (with Heald, F. D., and Gardner, M. 
W.) “Air and Wind Dissemination of the Chestnut-blight 
Fungus, Endothia parasitica (Murr.) And.” Journ. Agr. 
Res. (in press). 

Studhalter, R. A., and Ruggles, A. G. “Insects as Car- 
_viers of the Chestnut-blight Fungus”. Pa. Dept. Forestry 
Bull. (in press). 

Zeller, S.M. “The Development of Stropharia ambigua”. 
Mycologia, 1914. 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 15 


Zeller, S. M. “The Development of Ceriomyces Zeller’. 
Mycologia, 1914. 

Zeller, 8. M. (with Frye, T. C.) “The Morphology of 
Urospora tetraciliata, sp. nov.” Puget Sound Marine Station, 
Bull. (in press). 

Zeller, S. M. (with Neikirk, A.) “The Gaseous Exchange 
in mo Pneumatocyst of Nereocystis leutkeana”. Ibid. (in 
press). 


At the winter meeting of the American Association for 
the Advancement of Science and affiliated societies, Phila- 
delphia, December 29, 1914, to January 2, 1915, the follow- 
Ing papers were presented by members of the staff and 
graduate students: 


J. M. Greenman, before the Bot. Soc. of Am., “Morphology 
as a Factor in Determining Genetic Relationship”. 

A. R. Davis, before the Bot. Soc. of Am., “Enzymes of the 
Marine Algae’’. 

J. C. Gilman, before the Phytopath. Soc., “The Relation 
of Temperature to the Infection of Cabbage by Fusariwm 
conglutinans Wollenw”’. 

M. C. Merrill, before the Bot. Soc. of Am., two papers, 
“Electrolytic Determination of Exosmosis from the Roots of 
Anaesthetized Plants” and “Some Relations of Plants to Dis- 
tilled Water and Certain Dilute Toxic Solutions’. 

R. A. Studhalter (with F. D. Heald), before the Am- 
Phytopath. Soc., ““Desiccation of Pyenospores and Ascospores 
of Endothia parasitica under Artificial Conditions’. 


The papers just mentioned will appear only in abstract in 
the proceedings of the societies before which they are pre- 
sented, and these together with other work in progress will 
be published in full in the ANNnats during 1915. 


Graduates and Fellows—M. C. Merrill, who was reap- 
pointed research assistant, is continuing his work in this 
capacity, and at the same time is prosecuting studies leading 
toward the doctorate. The following are the 1914 appoint- 
ments to the Rufus J. Lackland fellowships: A. R. Davis, 
A.B. Pomona College, Calif., reappointed third year; L. O. 
Overholts, A.B. Miami University, egg pone third year; 
G. W. Freiburg, B.S. South Dakota Agricultural College 
(formerly assistant in botany and graduate student, Univer- 
sity of Mines) ; J. C. Gilman, B.S. University of Wiscon- 
sin (formerly assistant in B thology, University of Wiscon- 
sin); R. A. Studhalter, A.B. University of Texas (formerly 
assistant in forest pathology, Bureau of Plant Industry, De- 
partment of Agriculture) ; and 8. M. Zeller, special research 
assistant Yellow Pine Association, A.M. University of Wash- 


16 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


ington (formerly instructor in botany at the University of 
Washington). 


In addition to the graduates mentioned in the preceding 
paragraph, others who have pursued studies in the Graduate 
Laboratory as candidates for advanced degrees in Washing- 
ton University, or elsewhere, during the calendar year are 
as follows: J. 8S. Cooley (formerly Rufus J. Lackland fel- 
low); W. H. Emig (formerly Rufus J. Lackland fellow) ; 
KE. C. Ewing, M.A. Cornell University (at present assistant 
agronomist, Miss. A. & M. College) ; G. L. Foster (formerly 
teaching fellow in Washington University) ; H. H. Shackle- 
ford, B.S. University of Missouri; R. L. Vaughan, B.S. 
University of Wisconsin (exchange fellow from the Univer- 
sity of Wisconsin) ; F. B. Wann, A.B. Wabash College (at 
present teaching fellow, Washington University). 


Graduates who have terminated their connection with the 
laboratory during the year are as follows: G. L. Foster, 
formerly teaching fellow in Washington University, ap- 
pointed assistant in physiological chemistry, Harvard Med- 
ical School; W. H. Emig, formerly Rufus J. Lackland fel- 
low, appointed instructor in botany, University of Oklahoma; 
and J. C. Cooley, formerly Rufus J. Lackland fellow, ap- 
pointed assistant pathologist, Bureau Plant Industry, U. S. 
Department of Agriculture. 


The facilities of the graduate and research laboratories 
are freely extended to visiting botanists and to other persons 
qualified by training and experience to carry on investiga- 
tions in botanical science. Under this provision several bot- 
anists have taken anys of the opportunities which the 
laboratories, library and herbarium offer; and those who 
have remained for a term, or a considerable part of a term, 
are as follows: M. J. Dorsey, Ph.D., Professor of Horti- 
culture at the University of Minnesota, investigating relation 
of plants to temperature; R. R. Gates, Ph.D., Lecturer in 
Botany, University of London, studies in heredity; Lewis 
Knudson, Ph.D., Assistant Professor in Charge of Plant 
Physiology, Cornell University, investigating particularly 
the relation of seed plants to organic nutrients. 

Research in Progress.—Below is given an indication of 
some of the problems now being investigated by members of 
the scientific staff and graduate students: 

KE. A. Burt. A critical study of the higher fungi of North 
America, including their distribution and an attempt to 
correlate known forms with the imperfect description of 
pioneer mycologists. A monograph of the Thelephoraceae 
is in process of publication. | 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 17 


B. M. Duggar. The action of the salts of aluminum on 

lant growth and the ameliorating value of various nutrients. 

es nutrient relations as affecting the turgor of plant 
cells. 

J. M. Greenman. A monograph of the North American 
species of Senecio. Study of the material obtained by the 
collector and others with reference to the contemplated pub- 
lication of a flora of the Southwest. 

M. C. Merrill. Studies of the changes in solutions in 
which plants are growing, due to the action of anaesthetics 
and other factors. Some indications respecting the nature of 
distilled water injury to plants and the recovery therefrom. 

George T. Moore and J. R. Schramm. The precipitation 
of lime by algae and the bearing of this process upon traver- 
tine and other similar formations. A peculiar root nodule 
organism. New or little known algae. 

E. J. Palmer. A catalog of the plants of Jasper County, 
Missouri. 

J. R. Schramm. The relation of certain species of grass- 
green algae to elementary nitrogen in the presence of com- 
bined nitrogen. The nature of permeability in collodion 
membranes. 

H. von Schrenk. Investigation of the decay of wood. 
Tests as to the efficiency of various wood preservatives and 
fireproofing paints, the chief point under investigation deal- 
ing with the relationship between the chemical composition 
of the various preservatives and their effect on a number of 
the principal wood-destroying fungi. 

C. H. Thompson. A revision of the North American 
species of Scutellaria. A synoptical revision of the genus 
Schrankia. 

A. R. Davis. A general study of enzyme action in marine 
algae, or an endeavor to get indications regarding certain 
phases of the nutrition of these forms. 

M. R. Ensign. Physiological conditions affecting spore 
germination in mushrooms. 

G. W. Freiberg. Conditions affecting the inception of 
plant diseases. 

J. C. Gilman. A study of the biological relations of the 
yellows disease of cabbage. 

L. O. Overholts. A critical study of the polypores, especi- 
ally those of Missouri. This includes many of the more 
destructive of the timber-decay fungi. 

_R. A. Studhalter. The capacity of certain spores, especi- 
ally those of disease-producing fungi, to resist drying condi- 
tions. 

‘'S. M. Zeller. Relation of resins and other products in 
pine wood to the growth of destructive fungi in such timber. 


18 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


HERBARIUM 


During the year certain improvements have been made 
in the herbarium, notably the installation of several wall 
cases of steel construction which conform with those already 
in use. These additional cases now fully equip the second 
floor herbarium-room with metal cases and give adequate 
protection to the specimens against the possibility of damage 
by fire or dust, to which they are always more or less subject 
in the ordinary wooden case. These cases, moreover, furnish 
the space needed for expansion in this part of the herbarium. 
Quarters have been provided in the gallery of the museum 
building for the parasitic and fleshy fungi; and these groups 
are now being critically studied and thoroughly organized 
by Dr. Burt. The transfer renders available several cases on 
the third floor of the main building and will give oppor- 
tunity to relieve the crowded conditions among some of the 
families of the seed plants. These changes have involved a 
shift of a large part of the collection, but they provide the 
necessary room for interpolation of new material during the 
coming year. Rooms for storage of unorganized and dupli- 
cate material, for sorting and mounting of specimens, have 
been furnished in the old residence. 


New Accessions—The most important accession to the 
herbarium during the past year is the acquisition by pur- 
chase of the private herbarium of Mr. Ernest J. Palmer. It 
contains upwards of 5,000 specimens, about nine-tenths of 
which are from Jasper County, Missouri, and the balance 
are mainly from neighboring counties in the southwestern 
part of the State. The collection represents the botanical 
work of Mr. Palmer during the twelve years from 1901 to 
1913. Special sets of exsiccata, illustrating the flora of dif- 
ferent parts of the world, have been purchased ; several valu- 
able series of plants have been secured by exchange; a num- 
ber of collections have been obtained by gift; and a rela- 
tively large amount of valuable material has been acquired 
through field work. The more noteworthy accessions are the 
following: A. Alexander, plants of Michigan; Arnold Arbo- 
retum, ligneous plants of North America; J. C. Arthur, 
fungi from Mexico and Central America; E. Bartholomew, 
“North American Uredinales,’ centuries IX, X, and XI, 
Nos. 801-1100, and Bre Columbiani,” centuries XLIT 
XLIV, and XLV, Nos. 4201-4500; H. H. Bartlett, plants of 
the Southern States; W. E. Broadway, plants of Tobago, 
W.1.; B. F. Bush, plants of Missouri; J. R. Churchill, plants 
of Colorado and Massachusetts; I. W. Clokey, plants of 
Canada and Illinois; F. S. Collins, “Phycotheca Boreali- 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 19 


Americana,” Fase. XL, Nos. 1951-2000; Rev. John Davis, 
plants of Missouri; C. C. Deam, plants of Indiana; J. A. 
Drushel, plants of Alabama, Missouri, and Ohio; A. D. E. 
Elmer, plants of the Philippine Islands; W. G. Farlow, fungi 
from New England, Cuba, and Jamaica; K. W. Krieger, 
“Fungi Saxonici exsiccati,’ Fasc. XLVI, Nos. 2251-2300; 
A. O. Garrett, “Fungi Utahensis,” Fase. [X, Nos. 201-225; 
J. M. Greenman and C. H. Thompson, plants of Missouri; 
A. A. Heller, plants of California; F. Hemm, plants of 
Kansas; H. D. House, fungi of New York; A. M. Huger, 
plants of North Carolina and Georgia; C. J. Humphrey, 
fungi chiefly of the Western States; E. L. Johnston, plants 
of Colorado; J. Kellogg, plants of Missouri; O. Leonhardt, 
general collection of peg H. D. Macoun, plants of Canada; 
L. Matthews, plants of Missouri; E. O. Matthews, plants of 
Missouri, Texas, and Mexico; New York Botanical Garden, 
plants of the West Indies; New York State Museum, speci- 
mens of fungi; North Dakota Agricultural College, plants 
of North Dakota; L. O. Overholts, plants of Colorado; E. J. 
Palmer, plants of Missouri, Arkansas, and Texas; L. H. 
Pammel, plants of Colorado; C. A. Purpus, plants of Mexico; 
A. B. Seymour, fungi of New.England; F. C. Seymour, 
plants of Massachusetts; H. Sudre, ““Batotheca Europaea,” 
Fase. XI and XII, Nos. 500-600, and “Herbarium Hier- 
aciorum,” Fasc. V and VI, Nos. 201-300; R. Thaxter, fungi 
of Florida; C. H. Thompson, cultivated plants; U. S. Nat. 
Museum, “American Grasses,” Nos. 1-200, and plants of 
Texas and New Mexico; University of Pennsylvania, Scro- 
phulariaceae of the Southern States; University of Texas, 
plants of Texas; S. 8. Visher, plants of Alaska, British 
Columbia, and Washington; H. von Schrenk, fungi of the 
United States, West Indies, and Austria; A. von Hayek, 
“Centaureae exsiccatae criticae,”’ Fase. I and II, Nos. 1-100; 
G. Zenker, plants of Kamerun, centuries IV and V, Nos. 400- 
499; and J. R. Wier, fungi of Idaho. A complete list of 
the accessions received during the year has been recorded 
in the monthly issues of the BULLETIN. 


Mounting and Distribution —The mounting of herbarium 
specimens has continued throughout the year; and the 
greater part of the material received on new accessions has 
been already incorporated in the general herbarium. In 
addition to this, the F. Blanchard herbarium and the J. M. 
Greenman herbarium have been fully organized and a com- 
plete series from each collection has been mounted and the 
duplicates laid out in sets ready for distribution to corre- 
spondents on the basis of exchange. A relatively small num- 
ber of duplicates has been sent out during the year in ex- 


20 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


change, but several thousand specimens are ready to dis- 
tribute to American correspondents.. Exchanges with foreign 
institutions, however, seem best deferred until more stable 
conditions are brought about and the safe delivery of pack- 
ages to European herbaria assured. 


Field Work.—In continuation of the codperative field 
work with the Arnold Arboretum which was begun last 
year, the object of which is to obtain a more complete repre- 
sentation of the plants indigenous to the Southwest with the 
view of eventually publishing a flora of this region, Mr. 
Ernest J. Palmer spent the months of April, May, June, 
and July in Southeastern Texas, in Arkansas, and in South- 
western Missouri. During this time, collections were made 
in Texas at Matagordo, Brazoria, Columbia, Wharton, Eagle 
Lake, Livingston, and Marshall; in Arkansas at Fulton, 
Eureka Springs, and Corning; in Missouri at Noel, Galena, 
Branson, Joplin, Alba, Mansfield, Van Buren, Williamsville, 
and Des Are. Most of these stations were visited again in 
the autumn in order to secure the late flowering plants and 
fruiting specimens of the vernal flora. During the latter 
part of the season collections were also made at Cleveland, 
Osage, McAlester, and Tishomingo, Oklahoma; at Granbury, 
Texas; and at Harrison, Jaspar and Heber Springs, Arkan- 
sas. The material secured by Mr. Palmer is now Gone laid 
out in sets and labelled ready for critical study. Field work 
has also been carried on in Northeastern Missouri by Rev. 
John Davis, who was commissioned by the Garden to collect 
plants during the season from April to October. From Mr. 
Davis the herbarium has received a collection of plants ad- 
mirably representing the flora of Hannibal County. The 
collection also contains a relatively large number of dupli- 
cate specimens which are valuable for exchange purposes. 


Use of the Herbarium by Outside Botanists—The riumber 
of visiting botanists making direct use of the herbarium this 
ae year is considerably larger than in the previous year. 

umerous small loans of herbarium material in particular 
plant groups have been made to specialists for the purpose 
of comparison and monographic studies. Requests for the 
identification of plants are constantly increasing; and fre- 
quently very interesting and scientifically valuable speci- 
mens are obtained in this manner. 


coer Summary: (For the year ending December 31, 
1914). 


Number of specimens acquired: 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 21 


Py BROMO 556 55 oi ck pee Sh 5 deo ra wen 1,834 

BY MO WORK oan cast ne eh eek cn dh ipa meee ios 12,318 
30,707 

Number of specimens mounted and incorporated: 

From ‘Bianchard herbarium 0 es i ee ees 1,649 
From Greenwian: herbartam 255 ee is ee, 4,651 
ron: Gli -GUlher soureee es so ic es es ee 16,267 
TOMA oS, Boye ee 22,567 


Number of specimens discarded from the herbarium, 997. 
Number of specimens in organized herbarium, 657,461. 


LIBRARY 


In order to make more accessible and useful the periodicals 
in the library, a start has been made in preparing a subject 
index of the titles of the botanical articles published by the 
scientific societies of the world, as well as an author’s index 
of the same. The arrangement of the cards in such a sub- 
ject index is of the highest importance in order that the 
index may quickly direct the one consulting it to all the 
information on the particular topic of inquiry. The details 
of arrangement of the cards are now being worked out by 
members of the scientific staff of the Garden, who are also 
to classify the cards to be prepared in the future. 


The Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden, issued 
quarterly, is the principal exchange for the publications of 
scientific institutions and societies, as was the old Annual 
Report. This brings to the library many publications which 
could not be obtained otherwise, and promises to be increas- 
ingly useful in the future. It is computed that the value 
per Bhp of the exchanges received for the ANNaLs is 
$1,335.00. A few important publications are also received 
for the BULLETIN. 


A number of the leaflets, pamphlets, and books which were 
shown missing from their allotted places by the library in- 
ventory of 1913, have been located out of place during the 
present year. The list of entries at present missing, but 
which we hope to lessen further, is 237, of which 46 per cent 
are leaflets such as might be used by students of horticulture, 
18 per cent are leaflets of ephemeral interest, and the re- 
mainder are largely separates of botanical articles. The 
total number missing at present is about thirty-two hun- 
dredths of 1 per cent of the whole number of Seager in the 
library, or about one and one-third hundredths of 1 per 
cent per year for the time the library has been in existence. 
This is a very low record of misplacement and loss for any 


\ 


22 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


library—especially low for a library whose stacks are directly 
accessible to students and scientific visitors. 


The European war has cut off most transactions with 
foreign book markets and temporarily prevents the acquisi- 
tion of — volumes to complete several important sets, 
arrangements for which had been made. 


There have been 683 volumes, valued at $1,348.90, and 
1,359 pamphlets, valued at $212.45, donated to the library ; 
and 389 volumes, valued at $1,700.39, and 40 pamphlets, 
valued at $41.60, were purchased. There were also donated 
six manuscripts, i ras at $5.25, and two maps, valued at 
$0.60. A total of 12,257 index cards have been added, 1,935 
of which were written by garden employees, and 10,322 pur- 
—— a cost of $131.00. The number of books bound 
was : 


ANNUAL BEQUESTS 


The flower sermon, provided for in Mr. Shaw’s will, was 
preached in Christ Church Cathedral by the Rev. A. A. V. 
Binnington, of Lebanon, Pennsylvania, on May 16, 1914. 


The Twenty-Fifth Gardeners’ Banquet was held on the 
evening of November 27, 1914, at the University Club. Pro- 
fessor J. C. Whitten, of the State University, Professor A. _ 
T. Erwin, of Ames, Iowa, and Mr. Arthur R. Gross. of 
Chicago, made short speeches on the organization of the Mis- 
souri Bowsind Garden Alumni Association. 


The Trustees’ Banquet was held on the evening of October 
16, 1914, at the Liederkranz Club, and marked the close of 
the exercises in connection with the celebration of. the 
Twenty-Fifth Anniversary of the organization of the Board 
of Trustees. The banquet was attended by many distin- 
guished guests from all parts of the United. States, as well 
as by foreign delegates. 


Respectfully submitted, 


GEorGE T. Moors, 
Director. 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 23 


STATISTICAL INFORMATION FOR DECEMBER, 1914 


GARDEN ATTENDANCE: 


Total number ‘of: Visitors, oe ee ee eee 899 


PLANT ACCESSIONS: 


Total number of plants received in exchange.............. 28 

Total number of plants and packets of seeds donated....... 26 
LIBRARY ACCESSIONS: 

Total number of books and pamphlets bought............. 7 

Total number of books and pamphlets donated............ 256 


HERBARIUM ACCESSIONS: 
By Purchase — 


M. Gandoger—Plants of Europe ..................20008- 3,497 

A. J. Grout—‘North American Musci Pleurocarpi,” Nos. 
I eA Ne ek TAOS he cg 28 

R. von Miinchausen— Plants of Europe (Jeppe’s “Her- 
aria. VivonN fo eee 50 


By Gift — 


J. A. Drushel—Plants of Alabama, Michigan, and Missouri. 
W. H. Emig—Plants of Oklahoma......................- 
C. E. Owens—Fungi from Oregon .....................-- 
E. E. Sherff—Photographs of Bidens.................... 


moss 


By Exchange — 


DAGEING Ge ccs oe Gee as oe ee ee ie 1 


By Field Work — 
E. J. Palmer—Plants of Missouri, Arkansas, and Texas.... 8,142 


The Garden is open to the public week days the year ’round from 
8:00 A. M. until one-half hour after sunset. Admission free. 

with the first Sunday in December and continuing until April 4, the Garden 
is closed Sundays. 


The main entrance to the Garden is located at Tower Grove Avenue 
and Flora Boulevard, on the Vandeventer Avenue car line. Transfer 
south from all intersecting lines. 


‘Missouri BOTANICAL 
GARDEN BULLETIN: 


“Vo 1. + ~—s- FEBRUARY, 1915 i sNNw. 2 


ae aS CONTENTS. 

4 The Care of House Plants | ep Pee Be sts : Satan = 

Ki ”Geraniums z: rs es 
z apnea Botanical Garden Students’ chub Ge Pek ee 


Missouri Botanical 
Garden Bulletin 


Vol. Ill St. Louis, Mo., February, 1915 No. 2 


THE CARE OF HOUSE PLANTS 


Failure frequently attends the attempt to grow plants in 
- the home. The same may be said, in many cases, of the 
poses of plants out of doors during the summer months. 

n each case failure is probably due to a lack of sufficient 
knowledge regarding the requirements of plants, whether in 
or out of doors, although, in general, it is considered far 
more difficult to grow and care for plants in the home than 
out of doors. There can be no question that the conditions 
in the home are ordinarily unfavorable for both the grow- 
ing of plants and the preservation of flowers, and the fol- 
lowing account is intended to point out the usual causes 
of failure, and to indicate in a general way the plants and 
flowers best adapted for the home during the winter months. 


IMPORTANT ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS 


Iight.—The foods, from which plants derive the necessary 
materials for growth and energy for the various life pro- 
cesses, are manufactured in large part in the green parts 
under the influence of sunlight. In the absence of suffi- 
cient light this process of food synthesis is retarded, and, 
if the light is sufficiently reduced may even be brought to 
a standstill. Moreover, an inadequate supply of light may 
result in a partial or total loss of the green pigment, so 
essential in the manufacture of food, rendering the leaves 
white or light green. In the house, especially at some dis- 
tance from the windows, this loss of green coloring matter 
may become very pronounced in some plants although 
scarcely noticeable in others, but in either case the manu- 
facture and storage of food is usually more or less reduced, 
in time frequently resulting in the decline and ultimately 
the death of the plant. As already intimated, plants differ 
as regards tolerance of diminished light, but even so it 
should be a general practice to move house plants near the 
window or directly into the sunlight for at least a few hours 
each day. 

(25) 


26 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


Temperature.—This is an important factor in plant 
growth and is usually subject to considerable variation in 
the home. It is a popular belief that most, if not all, plants 
do better when the temperature is lower during the night 
than during the day, a condition which usually obtains in 
greenhouses, and normally in the home. Plants vary con- 
siderably in their temperature requirements, some failing 
to grow at temperatures much above 60°F. House tem- 
peratures ordinarily run considerably higher than this, and, 
in fact, are high enough during the day for the growing of 
tropical plants. It is obviously impossible to regulate the 
temperature of the house exclusively to suit the needs of the 
plants. It is, therefore, necessary to choose such plants as 
will tolerate the temperatures ordinarily obtaining in homes. 
The attempt to grow plants at temperatures above their 
optimum growth temperatures is a common cause of failure. 
As regards systems of heating, hot-water is probably the 
most satisfactory for growing plants in the house, because 
it has less tendency to produce an excessively dry atmosphere 
and great and abrupt changes in temperature. — 

Humidity—The methods ordinarily used in heating 
houses tend to make the atmosphere excessively dry, and 
unless some provision is made for raising the humidity of 
the air, ety frequently wilt and ultimately die. ere 
many plants are “te together, as in the bay-window or 
house-conservatory, the tendency is to raise and stabilize the 
humidity of the air by the moisture constantly being given 
off from the plants and the soil. But where this is not the 
case, it is necessary to increase the moisture content of the 
air, either by periodically spraying the plants, placing 
vessels of water on the radiator or elsewhere near by, or by 
keeping sphagnum moss—saturated with water—on the sur- 
face of the pots. 


Injurious Gases.—Certain constituents of illuminating 
gas are—even when present in very small quantities—ex- 
tremely poisonous to plants, and unquestionably are fre- 
quently the cause of injury to plants in the house. The 
amount of these gases escaping in small and unnoticed leaks, 
as well as in lighting and turning off gas flames, is doubtless 
sufficient to cause appreciable injury. It has, for instance, 
been shown that one part illuminating gas in 40,000 parts 
of air is sufficient to hers carnation buds from opening, 
whereas exposure for three days kills the young buds. Su 
jecting carnations for twelve hours to an atmosphere con- 
taining one part nertiag re | gas in 80,000 parts of air 
causes all flowers to close. It has further been demonstrated 
that one part of ethylene—a constant constituent of illumin- 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 27 


ating gas—in one million parts of air causes the flowers to 
close. Especial care should therefore be taken to prevent as 
much as possible the escape of illuminating gas, whether 
from leaks or careless lighting. Good ventilation will doubt- 
less tend to minimize the injury from poisonous gases, but in 
providing it, it should be remembered that many plants are 
extremely sensitive to sudden chilling. 


Water.—Perhaps no one factor is so important in the 
successful growing of plants in the house as is proper water- 
ing. Owing, however, to the striking differences between 
the various kinds of plants as regards water requirements, 
as well as the differences in temperature, soil, humidity, etc., 
to which plants are subjected in houses, it is practically im- . 
possible to give general directions which will be fundament- 
ally helpful. Practical experience alone, it seems, can teach 
one the proper use of water for house plants. With the ex- 
ception of certain desert plants, like the cacti, most plants 
thrive best in a thoroughly moist soil, and are injured by 
even slight degrees of wilting. It appears, however, that over- 
watering rather than under-watering is the more frequent 
cause of failure. While most plants require a thoroughly 
moist soil, a muddy or water-logged soil is in most cases 
distinctly injurious. Such a condition can be effectively 
avoided by providing ample drainage. But even where 
flower pots provided with drainage openings are used the 
common practice of placing the pots in turn in a jardiniere 
without inage provisions leads to disaster. As water 
drains out at the bottom of the pot, it accumulates in the 
jardiniere, and, if enough is given, may accumulate to such 
an extent as to more than saturate the soil with water. 
Where jardinieres or other vessels without drainage facilities 
are aN 8 great care should be taken to prevent over-watering. 
It is in all cases better to use shallow under pans, since the 
latter will overflow before an injurious amount of water _ac- 
cumulates in the soil, as so frequently occurs where jardin- 
ieres are used. If the latter are desired, a form ic bea 
with shallow under pans and having provision for nage 
should be used. . 


As regards the frequency of watering, again no definite 
recommendation can be made. Usually it 1s not necessary 
to water house plants every day. Best results seem to be 
obtained by oe an 4 waterings at longer intervals. In this 
connection it should be remembered that growing plants 
need a great deal more water than do dormant ones, flower- 
ing plants ially requiring large quantities of water for 
the full develonsiens of blossoms. It is further desirable in 
many plants to spray or even wash the leaves in order to 


28 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


remove dust and soot which so frequently accumulates on 
the leaves, to the injury of the latter. This practice besides 
Den beneficial greatly improves the appearance of the 
plants. 

Insect and Fungous Diseases.—Of these two classes of plant 
diseases, only the former, the insect diseases, are ordinarily 
of much importance in the home; conditions in the house 
are not usually favorable for the development of fungous - 
diseases. Insects injurious to plants may, however, multiply 
rapidly under the conditions ordinarily obtaining in houses, 
and cause serious injury to a great variety of plants. Among 
the most troublesome are the so-called scale insects attack- 
ing palms, ferns and many other plants. hile there are 
many species of scale insects attacking plants, those usually 
infesting house plants are quite large, looking like miniature 
tortoises or footless lady-bugs tightly adhering to the surface 
of the leaves. Owing to the armor-like protecting layer over 
the scales, the latter are not readily killed by the ordinary 
mild insecticides. Control is most easily effected by scraping 
or brushing off the insects, after which the leaves should be 
washed with alcohol or soap and water, and thoroughly 
rinsed in cold water. Plant lice or aphids are another fre- 
quent source of trouble, and should be watched carefully 
because of the amazing rapidity with which they multiply. 
Tobacco liquid, which may be obtained from florists under 
a variety of trade names, will usually free plants from these 

. The liquid is best applied in the form of a fine spray. 

ther injurious insects of house plants are usually of such 

size that hey can be best controlled by the simple expedient 
of picking them off and destroying them. 


PLANTS TO GROW 


For success in growing plants indoors much depends on 
the proper choice of varieties. As might be concluded from 
what has been said, plants which can be grown successfully 
in the average house must, in general, be such as can endure 
a dry atmosphere, usually a high temperature, and frequently 
inadequate light. The plants which most nearly meet these 
unusual requirements are certain tropical forms with more 
or less thick, leathery leaves like the palms, rubber plants, etc. 
—plants ordinarily classed as foliage plants. Among the 
large number of palms useful as indoor foliage plants, the fol- 
lowing may be mentioned as among the best: Phoenix 
Roeblinii, Cocos Weddelii, Corypha australis, Chamaer 
humilis, Rhapis flabelliformis, Kentia Belmoreana, 
Noresteriana, Phoenix Rupicola, Seaforthia elegans, Areca 
lutescens, and Latania Bourbonica—one of the fan palms. 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 29 


Cycas revoluta, the so-called “sago” or “funeral palm,” while 
not a true palm, is a useful house plant. Among the serv- 
iceable and attractive foliage plants should be mentioned the 
screw pines (Pandanus), Siiokosistaeen: “leopard” or “gold 
dollar plant” (Farfugiwm grande), dracaenas, araucarias, 
or Norfolk Island pines, silk oak (Grevillea robusta), 
English ivy, sweet olive (Olea fragrans), century plant 
(Agave americana), Phormium tenaz, umbrella plant (Cy- 
perus alternifolius), Papyrus antiquorum, lemon verbenas, 
pepper plants, and aspidistras. Ferns doubtless constitute one 
of the most attractive classes of foliage plants and despite 
their usually very delicate appearance, many of them can be 
grown successfully in the house. The following are recom- 
mended: Nephrolepis Whitmanni, N. Scotti, N. Scholzeli, 
N. Elmsford, and N. “Roosevelt.” The Boston fern, and 
the many varieties derived from it, nearly always do well 
in the house, and under particularly good conditions, even 
the more tender varieties succeed. 


_ Except where unusually favorable conditions can be pro- 
vided, as in a conservatory, considerable difficulty is usually 
encountered in growing and bringing into blossom flowering 
plants. More frequently such plants are obtained elsewhere 
and are brought into the house from time to time when in 
bud or in flower and thus made a part of the window garden 
only during their respective flowering seasons. But despite 
the frequently poorer results, it is highly desirable to grow 
flowering plants to maturity in the house because of the 
pleasure derived from watching day by day the process of 
gradual development. Among the plants which may be 
more or less successfully grown and flowered in the house 
may be mentioned begonias, camellias, rose mallows (Hi- 
biscus sinensis), fuchsias, geraniums, heliotrope, petunias, 
callas, primroses, snapdragons, cyclamen, daisies, impatiens, 
abutilons, thunbergias, stocks, and verbenas. While many of 
these can be grown directly from the seed it is perhaps advis- 
able in most cases to obtain the young plants from growers. 
In addition, many plants, such as poinsettias, Lorraine be- 
gonias, azaleas, chrysanthemums, freesias, ixias, oxalis, 
euphorbias, lily-of-the-valley, tulips, narcissus, ete., may be 
obtained when in bud, but long before the color in the 
flower is apparent, and matured in the house, provided 
proper care is given them. 


Some of the plants which are frequently killed by frost’ 
when in the prime of their flowering season can be potted 
and brought into the house prior to frost injury and main- 
tained in a blossoming condition for weeks after those 
remaining out of doors have been killed. Among these may 


30 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


be mentioned salvias, lobelias, alyssum, candy-tuft, ger- 
aniums, nasturtiums, ete., as well as many foliage plants. 


SPECIAL POINTS IN THE CARE OF HOUSE PLANTS 


Owing to the varied requirements of different plants, it 
is quite impossible to give accurate directions covering even 
approximately all cases. A few points, however, such as 
repotting, resting period, and cutting-back should be men- 
tioned, as failure to take these into account frequently leads 
to unsatisfactory results, or, in some cases, even failure. 


Resting Period.—Many plants used in the house, espe- 
cially bulbous and tuberous-rooted plants, require a period of 
rest following the growing season. Such plants, e.g., tulips, 
eallas, hyacinths, narcissus, lilies, etc., following the flower- 
ing period should be given the most favorable growing con- 
ditions in order to afford the plants an opportunity to 
replenish the food materials in the bulbs which were utilized 
during the flowering period. Following this, the water 
dats be withheld and the bulbs allowed to dry and “ripen.” 
Bulbs treated in this way and prevented from shriveling by 
placement in sand in a cool, dry place, can be used for flower- 
ing purposes the following season. Not alone bulbous plants, 
however, are benefited by such a rest period, but practically 
all perennial flowering plants whose growth is discontinuous, 
i. e., those which show a cessation of growth following flower 
and seed production. Careful observation will readily enable 
one to determine whether plants should be given a rest 
period or not. Practically all bulbous plants, as well as tuber — 
begonias, gloxinias, poinsettias, and many others are greatly 
benefited by a rest period. In order to bring the plants 
back into active growth, it is only necessary to supply them 
with sufficient water; ordinarily it is desirable to repot in 
fresh soil at the beginning of the new growing season. 

Cutting Back.—House-grown plants tend to grow slender 
and weak because of the usually inadequate and unequally 
distributed light. By penn back some of the a 
shoots, new growths will usually start from below and ten 
to produce a bushier and sturdier plant. It is precisely in 
this way that growers obtain stocky pot-grown plants, as 
illustrated by sna me begonias, etc. On the other 
hand, the removal of all side shoots and buds tends to make 
the main axis 7 strong and the remaining flower buds 
of greater size and better shape, a procedure the results of 
which are admirably illustrated in the long-stemmed, single- 
flowered chrysanthemums. The method of cutting-back to 
be used, therefore, depends largely upon the nature of the 
plants and the effect and results susie. The cutting-back 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 31 


or pruning of woody perennial plants, such as roses, pre- 

sents new problems, but these need not be entered upon 

shi as few plants of this class are ordinarily grown in the 
ouse. 

Repotting.—Plants grown in pots for long periods of 
time finally become oontacaat & e., the roots become 
crowded, making it necessary to transfer the plants to fresh 
soil in somewhat larger containers. If the plant with the 
ball of soil adhering to the roots is removed from the pot 
by inverting the latter and tapping gently, on a surface, the 
condition of the plant can be readily determined without 
injury to the latter. If the roots are plentiful around the 
outside of the ball of earth it is an indication that repotting 
is necessary. It should be remembered, however, that it is, 
generally speaking, not advisable to repot the plants after 
the flower buds have appeared, as the disturbance is usually 
sufficient to cause a retardation in the time of flowering as 
well as stunting the flowers themselves. In these cases it is 
better to leave the plant undisturbed, and as a substitute for 
repotting, supply the roots with liquid cow manure, which 
may be obtained from florists. Beneficial results will be 
obtained from this fertilizer, whether plants are pot-bound 
or not, if applied just prior to the flowering period. In 
repotting, the plant with the adhering ball of soil should 
be removed to a somewhat larger pot, the additional space 
being filled with fresh, rich soil. In general it is advisable 
to shift plants at shorter intervals into somewhat larger pots 
rather than into much larger ones at longer intervals. en 
plants are freshly potted in the fall Just before bringing 
them into the house, it will usually not be necessary to repot 
before the following spring. The whole matter of repotting 
is so important that unless one is thoroughly familiar with 
the details, it is advisable to have it done by a competent 
florist or to do it under his direction. This is especially true 
since the method used is different for different plants, involv- 
ing also the proper choice of soils. 


GERANIUMS 


In the June, 1914, number of the BULLETIN, announce- 
ment was made of an extensive test of geranium varieties 
with a view to adding, if possible, new desirable varieties to 
the small list of those at present known to be suited to grow- 
ing in St. Louis and vicinity. In this experiment. 367 
varieties were included, careful observations on which were 
kept during the last season, especially as regards heat and 
drought resistance, profusion of flowers, color, shape, and 
size of flower clusters, character of foliage, ete. Although 


32 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


last season was exceptionally dry and hot—conditions which 
are not at all favorable to the growing of many varieties of 
geraniums, favorable growth and satisfactory flower produc- 
tion has been recorded for 76 (a list of which is here ap- 
pended) out of the 367 varieties tested. For convenience, 
the classification and sequence of the varieties as here given 
is the same as in the June, 1914, number of the BuLLETIN. 


BRUANT’S 1911 NOVELTIES 


Caruso (d)? Euripide (s) 

Jeanne Girard (d) Marcienne (s) 

Maxence (d) Comte F. De Rouge (d) 
LEMOINE’S 1911 NOVELTIES 

Felicien Champsaur (s) Henri Ardel (s) 
BRUANT’S 1910 NOVELTIES 

Pierre Courtois (s) Odol (s) 

Pierre Suhau (d) Chastenet de Castaing (s) 


Francis Eon (s) 


ROZAIN-BOUCHARLAT 1910 NOVELTIES 


Diales (d) Felician Pascal (8) 
RECENT INTRODUCTIONS FROM VARIOUS SOURCES 
Claire Frenot (s) Jean Rostand (s) 
Frivola (s) Louise Rozain (s) 
General Gallieni ('s) Sereno (s) 

. STANDARD VARIETIES 
Berthe de Presilly (d) Ornella (d) 
Colonel Thomas (d) 8S. A. Nutt (d) 
Edmond Blane (d) Antithese (s) 
General Grant (d) De Courtillolesde Angleville (s) 
Henriot (d) Feur (s) 
Jean Oberle (d) - Gloire de Rouge (s) 
Jean Viaud (d) Gabriel Montoya (s) 
Jean Violette (d) Granville (s) 
Leopold Bouille (d) Jacquerie (s) 
Mme. Barney (d) Mme. Mosnay (s) 
Mme. Landry (d) Raymond Poincare (s) 


Monsieur Emile David (d) 
SCENTED-LEAVED VARIETIES 


(Foliage Only) 
Apple — (lemon scented) 
m . Kingsb' 
Capitatum (rose scented) Nu teh 
Dale Park Beauty Quercifolium 
Fair —— Rose 
Lady Mary Scarlet Unique 
Lady Plymouth 


1d = double; s=single; s-d = semi-double. 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 33 


OTHER VARIETIES NOT CLASSIFIED IN THE ABOVE LIST 
Bohemos Missie Schmerber 


Convoitise Pelargonium peltatum 
Double White Rosafiera 

Doctor Phillippe Tissie Smith Seedling 

Elsa Scevola 

Fiat Forest Park Beauty 
Gettysburg Mme. Chevaliere 
Heteranthe Preslly 

Leon Riotox Andre Allar 

Lya Berger Duchess de Chailles 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN STUDENTS’ CLUB 


_ The Missouri Botanical Garden Students’ Club announces 
the following program for the period March 5—May 21. , 
Attention is called to the change in the time of the meetings, 
the latter now being held on the first and third Fridays of 
each month instead of on the corresponding Thursdays. As 
— announced, all meetings are held in the graduate 
ecture room, Tower Grove and Botanical Avenues. Entrance 
to the lecture room is through the main office door. All 
persons interested are cordially invited to attend the 
meetings. 
_ Friday, March 5, 8:15 P. M. 

C. H. Thompson—Relationship between plants and animals. 
F. G. Grossart—History of landscape gardening. 


Friday, March 19, 8:15 P. M. 
G. H. Pring—Aquatic gardening. 
A. J. Cella—Lawns and their care. 
Friday, April 2, 8:15 P. M. 
W. Garrett—Roses for St. Louis. 
A. Kohl—Value of birds in horticulture. 


Friday, April 16, 8:15 P. M. 
Dr. B. M. Duggar—Culture of mushrooms. 


Friday, May 7, 8:15 P. M. 
C. Pedlow—lInsects affecting shade trees, and their eradica- 
tion. 
C. F. Giebel—Mimicry. 
Friday, May 21, 8:15 P. M. 
Dr. H. von Schrenk—Preservation of woods. 


C. 
e 


34 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


NOTES 


Miss Herta Toeppen, a graduate of the Garden course, 
visited the Garden January 2. 


Mr. J. F. Groves, graduate student in botany at the Uni- 
versity of Chicago, recently visited the Garden. 


Professor A. H. Gilbert of the State University, Lexing- 


ton, Kentucky, consulted the library during the Holiday 
recess. 


Professor Leo E. Melchers, Pathologist at the Kansas Agri- 


cultural College, Manhattan, Kansas, visited the Garden 
January 6. 


The fourth number of Volume I of the Annals of the 
Missouri Botanical Garden has been issued, with the fol- 
lowing contents: 

“Thelephoraceae of North America III.  Craterellus 
borealis and Cyphella.” E. A. Burt. 

“Some Oenotheras from Cheshire and Lancashire.” R. 
R. Gates. 

“A Texan Species of Megapterium.” R. R. Gates. 

“Diagnoses of Flowering Plants, Chiefly from the South- 
western United States and Mexico.” J. M. Greenman and 
C. H. Thompson. 


“Enzyme Action in Fucus vesiculosus L.” B. M. Duggar 
and rig 3 Davis. 


Mr. Robert Meyer, a former Garden student, has recently 
returned from the Philippine Islands, and is at present living 
at 3818 Arsenal Street, St. Louis. 


At the meeting of the Garden Students’ Club on February 
19, Mr. C. W. Garrett spoke on “Pruning Trees and Shrubs,” 
and Mr. P. A. Pfaender on “The Uses of Dynamite.” 


On January 14, Mr. G. H. Pring addressed the Garden 
Club of Webster Groves, Mo., on “Aquatic Gardening.” 
Various types of lilies from the Garden collection were illus- 
trated by photographs. ~—’ 


Mr. John re hes Landscape Designer to the Garden, spoke 
before the Garden Club of Webster Groves, Missouri, Febru- 


ary 18, on “How the Improvement of Home Grounds Pro- 
motes City Planning.” : 


Mr. W. W. Bonns, Assistant Professor of Pomology at 
the College of Agriculture, University of California, stationed 
at the Graduate School of Tropical A iculture, Riverside, 
California, has begun work toward his doctorate in the 
graduate laboratory. 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 35 


Mr. D. S. Brown of Kirkwood, Mo., has presented the three 
following interesting Cypripedium hybrids to the Garden: 
“The Earl,” “St. Albans,” and ‘Prospero,’ the latter having 
been raised by Mr. Brown from the parents Cypripedium 
insigne Sanderae and C. Spicerianum. A specimen of 
Aphelandra aurantiaca was also presented. 


STATISTICAL INFORMATION FOR JANUARY, 1915 


GARDEN ATTENDANCE: 


ase. TDURDOE OF VISION 65 ines oe cs oe a en ee as 1,498 
PLANT ACCESSIONS: 
Total number of plants received in exchange.............. 12 
Total number of plants donated. ........6..... ccc eeees 40 
: Total number of seed packets received in exchange....... 9 
LIBRARY ACCESSIONS: 
Total number of books and pamphlets bought............. 26 
Total number of books and pamphlets donated............ 40 
HERBARIUM ACCESSIONS: 
By Purchase — : 
R. Friedlinder & Sohn—Sydow’s “Mycotheca germanica,” 
Fase. XXV and XXVI, Nos. 1201-1300................ 100 
J. M. Holzinger—Flowering plants of New Mexico........ 111 
By Gift — 
E, Bartholomew—Fungi from the Southern States........ 25 
S. H. Burnham—Specimens of fungi from New York...... 21 
B. ¥. Bush—Piants of Missouri... 265 i522 as 286 
G. P. Clinton—Specimens of fungi from Connecticut....... 2 
J. A. Drushel—Plants of Illinois, Missouri, and Ohio...... 6 
W. G. Farlow—Fungi, mostly from southeastern United 
SO as 555 Se ones nce sy 055 CURA IE cook ROR 57 
O. S. Ledman—Fungi of Illinois.......................4. 2 
E. O. Matthews—Plants of Mexico.................--.055 61 
J. N. Rose—Puya sp. from Bolivia...................... 1 
H. von Schrenk—Scleroderma Geaster from Mississippi... . 1 
W. T. Swingle—Photographs of types of Senecio.......... 8 
_E. Teas—Camellia (Thea) Sesanqua Thunb. var. semiplena 
Hort. from cultivated specimens...........-..2....2-5 1 
By Exchange — 
A. W. Evans—Hepaticae of Jamaica......... ioe din erks ix 35 
By Field Work — ae 
E. J. Palmer—Plants of Missouri...............-.-+-.-- 21 
Torts. pore ee ee eee eee 738 


The Garden is open to the public week days the year ’round from 
8:00 A. M. until one-half hour after sunset. Admission free. 
with the first Sunday in December and continuing until April 4, the Garden 
is closed Sundays. 

The main entrance to the Garden is located at Tower Grove Avenue 
and Flora Boulevard, on the Vandeventer Avenue car line. Transfer 
south from all intersecting lines. 


‘Missouri Botanican 
Garpen B BULLETIN: 


Vol. THe So oo Re tors Ss “No.3 


oS Sieh in the Guedin 3° 2 Mav aN Ee ee ORS 
“Celery Growing io St: Lonis 4-40 8 ses ee A 
Exhibition of Gardening Books - 9-0 --. 40 +. 43 
_- Open vada Gens Age po Py ee MSE eke 
B38 / Notes See PAE EER ee ESP New ie Ne Nee oe 
bk eam Information Bair ah Ar MORAN as ae AE 


' 
' 
as 
Ly 

' 


z % a) ‘| pe, as “1915 n o% 2 ‘ ‘ev i si a 
Pontisnep MONTEL BY. THE BOARD. oF TRusTERS. 


Missouri Botanical 
Garden Bulletin 


Vol. III St. Louis, Mo., March, 1915 No. 3 


SPRING IN THE GARDEN 


Springtime brings with it more important duties in the 
garden than any other season of the year; furthermore, it is 
the season at which many of the things essential to the future 
success of the garden should be done,—things which either 
cannot be done at all or are aecomplished at a disadvantage 
later in the season. Too frequently the early spring days pass 
before it is realized that plants are growing, that seeds are 
sprouting, and that the proper time for starting a garden has 
already passed ; a garden should be made before, not after, the 
leaves are on the trees. The spring gardening season being 
close at hand, the following notes have been prepared embody- 
ing certain suggestions for some phases of the season’s work. 


Lawns.—The lawn undoubtedly should receive the first 
attention in the spring. After the frost is out of the ground 
and as soon as the lawn is in such condition that it can be 
comfortably walked upon, it should be thoroughly raked 
with an iron rake in order to remove all dead grass and 
. other material, such as stones, sticks, and leaves. Thorough 

raking further tends to loosen the soil, thereby snare 
the latter a good growing place for seed, which shoul 
be applied after the raking. On established lawns, reseeding 
is not always sig rH 8 though it is not a bad practice to 
reseed all lawns lightly whether they seem to need it or 
not. On established lawns, only blue-grass and red — 
need be used, whereas the addition of Italian rye and Rhode 
Island bent is desirable for new lawns. In reseeding estab- 
lished lawns many people prefer to add a little white clover, 
others, however, choosing only blue-grass or red top. After 
the seed has been sown, the lawn should be very lightly 
covered with either good rich soil, prepared humus, or 
thoroughly decomposed cow or horse manure. The purpose 
of this application is es cover the seed and to give 
it a un rich medium in which to grow. Where soil or 
prepared humus is used, it is desirable to add some fertilizer, 


(37) 


38 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


such as sheep manure; but where, on the other hand, the 
application is one of cow or horse manure and soil, the addi- 
tion of sheep manure is unnecessary. It is difficult, how- 
ever, to get cow or horse manure in a sufficiently decomposed 
state to use as a dressing for lawns in the spring. 


After the lawn has been treated as above, it should be 
rolled with a heavy roller, or if this is not possible it should 
be well tamped. The winter frosts have tended to loosen the 
sod and have made the surface very uneven. Raking, dress- 
ing and rolling usually suffice to again put it into good 
condition. 


Too much stress cannot be laid upon the importance of 
completing this spring treatment of the lawn as early as 
possible—surely before the grass becomes green, for in St. 
Louis, at least, successful lawns are monted only when the 
work of preparation is done early. The seed must germinate © 
and the young grass plantlets must become well established 
early in the season in order that the heavy spring rains may 
not be able to dislodge them, and, furthermore, that they 
may be sufficiently advanced in their development to endure 
the hot dry weather of the early summer. Depending upon 
conditions, the following amounts indicate in a general way 
what may be necessary to bring a lawn into proper condition : 
grass seed, 25-50 pounds per acre; humus, manure, or soil, 
3-10 tons per acre; sheep manure, 200 pounds per acre. 


Trees and Shrubbery.—All pruning of trees and shrub- 
bery should certainly be done before the starting of the buds 
in the spring. Trees should be pruned of all dead limbs and 
water sprouts, or suckers. Dead limbs are readily distin- 
guished from living ones by the absence in the former of a 
green layer directly underneath the outermost layer of bark, 
a condition which, at least in young shoots, can readily be 
ascertained by the use of the thumb nail. Water sprouts, or 
suckers, are the small shoots almost invariably produced on 
the larger limbs of trees and frequently also on the trunk 
near the point at which the latter emerges from the soil. All 
of these should be removed. Aside from these general sug- 
gestions, it is almost impossible to give directions which will 
enable one unfamiliar with the general subject of pruning 
to properly prune a tree. Where trees have been properly 
cared for in the past, however, it is very seldom necessary 
to remove limbs over two and one-half to three inches in 
diameter; more severe pruning should never be attempted by 
an amateur. It is true that it has frequently been done in 
St. Louis by men who claimed to be experts, but the hideous 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 39 


results of their work are apparent in many private places 
all over the city. If there is any doubt in regard to the 
pruning of large trees, it is desirable to call in a known 
expert for advice. 


Shrubs, while just as amenable to good and proper care, 
suffer less from neglect than do trees. A general rule gf er 
ble to the pruning of shrubs is that early-flowering shrubs 
are preferably pruned after blooming, and late-flowering ones 
in winter or early spring. Early-blooming shrubs usually 
produce their flowers on wood developed the previous season, 
while the later-flowering ones produce them on new wood. 
The golden bell, or Forsythia, for instance, blooms in the 
very early ae on the woody growth made the previous 
summer. If this were pruned away in the spring all the 
“flower wood” would be destroyed. On the other hand, 
hydrangeas bloom late in the season on the ends of shoots 
produced that year from buds on the old wood. It is usually 
customary to prune hydrangeas (in the spring) back to two 
or three buds, as the flower crop is thereby not endangered. 
If good results are to be iaced from the pruning of shrubs, 
therefore, the time and habit of their blooming must be care- 
fully taken into account. 


Trees and shrubs are often affected with scale insects and 
other diseases. During the summer months it is almost 
impossible to kill the former without injuring the foliage; 
in winter or early spring, therefore, also this important work 
must be done. It is safe to say that in St. Louis no large 

up of woody plants is entirely free from destructive scale 
insects, and it is recommended that at least once each winter 
or early spring a competent gardener be called upon to 
thoroughly spray the trees and shrubs. If spraying is 
to be done on an extensive scale, a spray pump is necessary, 
but if only a few plants are to be treated, a pail and whisk 
broom will suffice. Trees and shrubs may be sprayed in the 
early spring by using the well-known Bordeaux mixture, 
made as follows: 


A. Dissolve four pounds of copper sulphate in four gallons of water. 

B. Dissolve four pounds of quick lime in four gallons of water. 

Place solution A in a barrel or spray tank having a capacity of fifty 
gallons and add thirty-eight gallons of water. Dilute solution B in four 
gallons of water and after thorough stirring add to the solution in the 
barrel. When mixed the solution is ready to apply. 

Solutions A and B may be made up in greater quantities, using the 
same proportions, and kept as stock solutions. 


If disease appears after the foliage is on the trees, the 
same mixture may be used, but, except for fruit trees, one 


40 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


early spraying should be sufficient for a season. _If cater- 
pillars appear after the leaves have come out, it will be nec- 
essary to spray again with a poison, such as Paris green or 
arsenate of lead. 


In the care of woody plants it is further important that 
the soil beneath the trees and shrubbery be dressed with 
manure, and the latter spaded in. This is not always pos- 
sible in the case of trees on the lawn, but all shrubbery 
borders should be so treated in the spring, and furthermore 
the soil of these should be kept well tilled, or cultivated, 
throughout the summer. 


Perennials—Such plants as phlox, golden. glow, golden 
rod, and asters, which grow from roots, bulbs, or root-stocks 
that remain dormant in the soil during the winter, are known 
as perennials. There exists considerable disagreement as to 
the best time for moving and rearranging plants of this 
class, i. e., whether it should be done in the fall or spring. 
However, if the work is not delayed too long in the spring, 
there is not much choice, and shifts may be made at either 
season. Perennials, when healthy, become crowded and 
overgrown, and when this condition arises they should be 
dug and divided into smaller clumps. The soil should be 
spaded deeply, enriched with manure, and the plants reset, 
allowing sufficient space between individuals to obviate the 
necessity of again shifting them within the next two or three 
years. Perennials, as a rule, unless very carefully handled, 
are likely to bloom less profusely the first season after shift- 
ing, but in subsequent years the increased flower production 
will usually more than compensate for the loss sustained 
during the first season. All old growth of perennials should 
be removed before the new spring growth begins, and if 
the plants have been covered with a mulch of straw or 
manure during the winter this should be removed and the 
ground between the plants thoroughly spaded. 


Annuals.—Seed beds for annuals to be planted in the 
spring should be spaded and enriched by the addition of 
manure. Whether geraniums or some delicate annual 
plants are to be used, the soil should be in good tilth before 
planting. In this connection, it should be noted that the 
florist is accustomed to speak of all bedding plants as annuals, 
because they are used as such. Cannas and geraniums are 
of perennial habit, yet a are treated as annuals; and this 
is true of a great many of the tropical plants used for bed- 
ding purposes. 


Much time may be saved by ordering seeds early, and if 
these are started in the house in eae Ba boxes or flower 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 41 


pots the plants will be of good size when planting time 
arrives. House-grown poe are usually better able to estab- 
lish themselves out of doors in the spring than are the 
plants grown: from seed sown directly in the ground out 
of doors. If a box about two feet square and three to four 
inches deep is first filled with about an inch of gravel or 
coarse stone, and this covered with soil, an ideal place in 
which to start annuals will be provided. The surface of 
the soil should be made firm by pressing it with a flat piece 
of board. On this surface the seed is sown—not too thickly 
—and then covered with sand or some very light soil. When 
the seed has germinated, the small plants should be trans- 
planted into another box, sufficient distance being allowed 
between them for the healthy development of the seedlings. 
St. Louis soil contains so much clay that when seeds are 
sown in the open it is difficult for the very young plantlets 
to penetrate the crust made by the action of rain and sun. 
For this reason many failures are experienced with annuals, 
the majority of which may be prevented by growing the 
seedlings indoors in seed flats. 


CELERY GROWING IN ST. LOUIS 


Celery is a garden product good only while perfectly fresh. 
Its flavor and crispness are soon lost after the plants are 
removed from the conditions surrounding their growth. For 
the last few years celery has been grown at the Garden 
which, because of its flavor and tenderness, has caused con- 
siderable comment. Since it is possible to grow good celery 
-on a small scale and with but little effort, it has seemed well 
to aoe a little space in the BuLLETIN to a discussion of its 
culture. 


In selecting celery seed it must be remembered that there 
are both early and late varieties. The varieties known as 
White Plume, Golden Self Blanching, and Golden Heart 
may be classed as early, while such varieties as White Queen 
and: Giant Pascal should be selected for winter use. All of 
these are recommended for trial in St. Louis. 


Seed should usually be sown about the last of March or 
during the first two weeks of April. They may be started 
in a cold frame, or sown in the same drills with radishes or 
onions in the open ground. About the time the celery plants 
need more room, the early crop of radishes or onions can be 
removed, thus saving space in the garden and causing the 
same ground to serve a double purpose. Seed should be 
thinly scattered in the drills, or on the seed bed, if in a cold 


42 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


frame. Celery seed is so small that it hardly needs covering 
with soil and it is frequently better to merely press the seed 
into the soil with a flat piece of board. The seed bed should 
be thoroughly watered and kept moist throughout the growth 
of the plants. If the seed has not been sown too thickly, 
the plants may be left in the rows, or seed bed, until they are 
five to six inches in height. Any good light garden soil 
is sufficient for this first growth, but when the plants are 
moved into the place where they are to be matured some 
preparation will be necessary. Celery plants like best a low- 
lying, moisture-retaining, but well-drained soil of a sandy 
nature, containing large quantities of decomposed organic 
matter. In growing celery it is best to use a part of the 
garden that in previous years has been heavily fertilized with 
manure and grown to other crops. Such a soil is likely to 
be in good tilth and in a fair condition for celery. The ap- 
plication of fresh barnyard manure should be avoided, as it 
not only spoils the flavor but also impairs the appearance of 
the plants by causing a rusty spotting of the stalks. The 
young plants should be reset in good rich soil in rows, the 
latter at least four feet apart, the plants being placed about 
eight or ten inches apart in the row. Some labor may be 
saved in the later operation of banking if the plants are 
placed in rows that have been depressed several inches. Some 
time in August the plants will have grown sufficiently to 
admit of banking with soil in order to bleach the stalks. 
The latter will have spread apart and may need temporary 
tying until the soil has been banked against them. ‘The 
plants will continue to grow taller, and additional banking 
will be necess as they grow. Where there are only a 
few plants, the bleaching of the stalks may be effected by 
placing a short length of drain tile over each plant so as to 
keep the light from the stems, or the stems may be wrapped 
with heavy paper, or boards may be placed lengthwise of 
the rows against the stalks and kept in place by means of 
stakes. The main object is to keep the light from the stalks. 
However, it is a generally accepted fact that the flavor of 
the plants is much improved by contact with the soil during 
bleaching. Plants banked with soil may be left out of doors 
during the winter months if the additional protection of a 
manure mulch is mi, ae As the stalks are wanted for use 
they can be dug by simply removing the manure; the soil 
beneath the manure mulch should never be allowed to freeze. 
Care should be taken that water does not stand in or near 
the soil banking the celery, as this would undoubtedly cause 
the stalks to rot. After bleaching, celery may be stored in a 
cool cellar by placing it in soil or sand. Such plants will 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 43 


need to be kept fresh by watering, but should never be soaked 
or placed where the temperature is more than a few degrees 
above freezing. 


EXHIBITION OF GARDENING BOOKS 


Beginning with the 29th of March, there will be on ex- 
hibition in the Museum (No. 15 on map of Garden dis- 
tributed at main gate) a general collection of books of 
interest to those who have anything to do with flower gar- 
dens of any kind. In addition to books treating the home 
garden as an entirety and various aspects of landscape 
work, there are special volumes on roses, iris, sweet peas, 
lilies, ete. There will also be found a considerable num- 
ber of books on trees and hardy shrubs, vegetables and 
mushrooms, as well as some of the more useful gardening 
and horticultural magazines. In the same room is shown a 
unique collection of specimens illustrating the diseases of 
living trees and timbers, due to fungous growths or insects. 
The exhibition will be open every week-day afternoon, from 
two until five o’clock. 


OPEN SUNDAY SEASON 


Beginning with Easter Sunday, April 4, and continuing 
until the last Sunday in November, the Garden will be open 
every Sunday afternoon from two o’clock until sundown. In 
the floral display house on the first open Sunday there will 
be a collection of about one thousand cinerarias, with roses, 
eo and various other flowering and foliage plants in pro- 

usion. 


NOTES 


Dr. Barker, of the Oe eta of Plant Breeding of Cor- 
nell University, visited the Garden on March 3. 


Twenty-five members of the St. Louis Section of the Ameri- 
can Nature-Study Society visited the Garden on March 5. 


The botany class from Forest Park University, St. Louis, 
in charge of iin McClure, visited the Garden February 18. 


On March 18, Mr. C. Garrett addressed the Webster Groves 
— Club, of Webster Groves, Missouri, on the subject of 
“Roses.” 


The March number of “The American City” contains an 
article on “The ‘Places’ of St. Louis,” by Mr. John Noyes, 
Landscape Designer to the Garden. 


44 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


The collection of Indian jasmines (Jzora undulata) are 
in full flower in the epiphytic orchid house. They are ex- 
tremely showy plants, native of India. 


On March 16, Mr. F. S. Grossart spoke before the En- 
tomological Section of the St. Louis Academy of Science on 
“The Evolution of the Chrysanthemum.” 


On March 11, Mr. W. W. Ohlweiler, General Manager to 
the Garden, spoke before the St. Louis Florists’ Club at the 
Odd Fellows’ Building on “A Few Things About Soils.” 


In the last two months the Garden class in engineering 
has visited greenhouse ranges at Kirkwood and Crescent, 
Missouri, and at Edwardsville, Illinois. These inspection 
trips constitute a part of that phase of the engineering course 
which relates to greenhouse construction. 


In the banana dome adjoining the orchid house a specimen 
of the red banana and one of the commercial yellow banana 
are at present in fruit. In addition, two yellow banana 
plants are just coming into flower. Attention is called to 
the article on the banana which appeared in the September, 
1914, number of the BuLLEetrn, in which will be found a 
more or less detailed discussion of the flowers, fruit, cultiva- 


aon and commercial uses of this important food-yielding 
plant. 


The following is a list of new members of the Missouri 
Botanical Garden Alumni Association who have joined since 
January, 1915: 


Active 


Otto Bogula, 394 Military Avenue, Detroit, Michigan. 
Edwin Nyden, 303 Court House, Portland, Oregon. 
Walter Retzer, Main and Rusk Streets, Houston, Texas. 
Miss Herta A. Toeppen, 20th Century Club, 595 Delaware 


Avenue, Buffalo, New York. 
Associate 
Clark W. Craig, Rush Lake, Wisconsin. 


On the evening of March 18, the Washington University 
Chapter of the Society of the Sigma Xi was the guest of the 
Garden at a meeting and smoker in the graduate lecture 
room and laboratory. The formal Fg of the program con- 
sisted of an address by Dr. George T. Moore, Director of the 
Garden, on “Botany as an Ba ae Science,” and a dis- 
cussion by Dr. B. M. Duggar, Physiologist to the Garden, 
in charge of Graduate Laboratory, of the general aspects of 
the botanical research work carried on in the graduate labora- 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 45 


tory of the Garden and a brief digest of some of the indi- 
vidual investigations recently completed or in progress. Op- 
portunity was given the members to inspect a series of labora- 
tory demonstrations illustrating the problems and methods 
involved in some of the investigational work in progress by 
members of the staff and graduate students of the Garden. 
About fifty members of the society were present. 


STATISTICAL INFORMATION FOR FEBRUARY, 1915 


GABDEN ATTENDANCE: 
Aven! SUG OF Visitors 5 eee 2,865 


PLANT ACCESSIONS: 


Total number of plants received in exchange............ eee 
Total number of seed packets received in exchange........ 12 


LIBRARY ACCESSIONS: 


HERBARIUM ACCESSIONS: 
By Purchase — - 
E. Bartholomew—‘North American Uredinales” Cent. XII, 
Wl NON; 1101 1O00. os oo ee ee 200 
B. ¥. Bush—Plants of Missouri..........: 02.222... ee... 230 


By Gift — 

I. W. Bailey—“Vegetable sheep” or “Yareta” from Peru... 
O. C. Charlton—Carya glabra var. villosa from Texas..... 
J. Dearness—Fungi from Vancouver, British Columbia... . 
J. Dearness—Fungi from Ontario, Canada................ 
J. A. Drushel—Plants of Alabama and Ohio.............. 
F. Gravatt—Specimens of fungi from Virginia............ 
J. H. Kellogg—Plants of Missouri....................... 
E. O. Matthews—Specimens of fungi from Mexico......... 
C. R. Orton—Specimens of Stereum chiefly............... 
C. E. Owens—Stereum purpurewm............ Bea cae» 
L. Romell—Specimens of fungi ......... Pe ee ee We ache 
H. von Schrenk—Pinus echinata Mill. and P. Taeda L. 

FEO TORRE gee es ee a 
W. A. Setchell—Leptobasidiwm associated with scale insects 
F. A. Wolf—Corticium caeruleum........... fe ere Pe es 


By Exchange — 
Bureau of Science, Manila, P. I—Plants of the Philippine 


ee ee ee ee ee 


— bo 
CO et ee 


— & 
bot bet Ge NK CRNON GS 


New York Botanical Garden—Agalinis acuta Pennell from 
NOW VOR a oO hg TEENS oe or oe 1 


VETS i ak rE eh ee es eee 1 

U. S. National Museum—Fragments of types of Senecio in 
the U. 8S. Nat. eps = a ee Lea ee 15 

Specimens of Senecio from Te alor.gy aoe on—N. Y. 
ers Garden Explorations in South America......... ico oe 


46 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, Bureau of Plant Industry— 
Plants of China, collected by Mr. F. N. Meyer........ 98 


The Garden is open to the public week days the year ’round from 
8:00 A. M. until one-half hour after sunset. Beginning with Easter Sun- 
day and continuing until November 30, the Garden will be open Sundays 
from 2:00 P. M. until sunset. Admission free. 


The main entrance to the Garden is located at Tower Grove Avenue 
and Flora Boulevard, on the Vandeventer Avenue car line. Transfer 
south from all intersecting lines. 


- Missouri Botamca 
- GaRDEN BULLETIN 


r aR 


Vole Me 90. SABRE, 1018 oo Nee, 


B a fe" 


) 


<4 


The Yareta or Vegetable Sheep of Peru Se ee, / gan oe 
Calceolarias and Gloxinias = - = = = = 4B 


WSs cnt) ae tou ae oe 


PUBLISHED MONTHLY BY THE 


B 


ra + 


° 


we % 


ARD OF TRUSTEES 


rar 


Mo. Bot. GARD. BULL., VOL. 3, 1915. PLATE 


TWO MOUNDS OF YARETA GROWING ON MT. CHACHANI, NEAR AREQUIPA, PERU. 


Missouri Botanical 
Garden Bulletin 


Vol. III St. Louis, Mo., April, 1915 No. 4 


THE YARETA OR VEGETABLE SHEEP OF PERU 


Professor Irving W. Bailey, who for several years resided 
at Arequipa, Peru, recently sent to the Garden for identifica- 
tion a dried specimen of a very curious plant which is known 
by the native Peruvians as “Yareta” or “vegetable i 
The plant grows abundantly among rocks at high altitudes 
along the Andes of Bolivia and Peru, where it constitutes a 
conspicuous feature in the landscape because of its peculiar 
manner of growth in developing the so-called “‘polster” or 
cushion formation. 

Similar compact masses of plant growth are frequently 
found on high mountains, as well as in arctic and antarctic 
regions. Such, for example, are the relatively small clumps 
or cushions of Diapensia lapponica L. on the alpine summits 
of New England and in northern Europe, also several of the 
se in the Rocky Mountains, and the well-known 
“vegetable sheep” (Raoulia mammillaris Hook.) of New 
Zealand; but nowhere in the world are known to occur such 
huge masses as are developed by the Yareta (Azorella sp.) 
of the Andes and by other members of this genus in the 
Falkland Islands. 

The size and general appearance of this peculiar plant are 
shown in Plate 1, made from a photograph taken by Professor 
Bailey on Mt. Chachani, near Arequipa, at an elevation of 
fully 17,000 feet above sea-level. It forms hillocks or small 
mounds often becoming three feet high and sometimes sev- 
eral feet in diameter. spaniel the entire mound is made 
up of a single plant, not of a colony of individuals, and it 
attains this enormous size and extreme compactness by a 

rocess of repeated branching (Plate 2), so that the ultimate 
pe are closely crowded and the outer surface is con- 
tinuous (Plate 2). The flowers of the Yareta are very tiny, 
only about two millimeters, or less than one-eighth of an 
inch, long, and are borne in small sessile, axillary, involu- 
crate clusters near the tips of the branches; and the fruit is 
somewhat like a miniature caraway seed. ae 


48 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


Like other members of the Umbelliferae—the natural 
family to which the plant belongs—the younger branches 
are rich in oil-secreting cells and oil tubes, so that the whole 
structure becomes completely infiltrated with a resinous con- 
tent. The dried specimen at hand has much the odor of old 
honeycomb or beeswax. Living specimens are said to have 
such a powerful odor that their presence can be detected even 
at some distance from the plant itself. The presence of such 
a large amount of resinous content and its exudation over 
the surface renders the Yareta of very considerable economic 
value, since it is gathered in quantity, taken to Arequipa and 
there used extensively for fire-wood. One correspondent 
writes that it is “brought down to Arequipa by the car load 
and forms the principal fuel of that town.” 


- GALCEOLARIAS AND GLOXINIAS 


The exhibition of a large variety of calceolarias and glox- 
inias in the Floral Display House during this month and 


the early part of May warrants some discussion of these plants 
at this time. 


Calceolarias—The common name for the numerous species 
and varieties of the genus Calceolaria is “slipper plant” or 
“slipper wort,” derived from its Latin name. However, as 
these terms are much better and more generally applied to 
the orchid Cypripedium, there seems no good reason for 
increasing the confusion by applying to the calceolarias any 
other than their real name. 


The plants shown at the Garden and usually grown b 
florists are of the herbaceous . These are practically all 
hybrids derived from wild species, obtained originally from 
South America. There is also a shrubby variety, used in 
England and on the Continent as a bedding plant, but this 
cannot be grown successfully in this latitude Tacamue of the - 
heat. Few greenhouse plants have been more improved dur-. 
ing recent years than the herbaceous calceolarias, both with 
respect to the constitution of the plant and the beauty of the 
flowers. The requirements of these plants are simple, and 
anyone possessing a growing place from which frost can be 
excluded without them being subjected to the abnormal 
drought of the average home, can cultivate them with 
success. 


Seeds of the herbaceous calceolarias may be sown in art 
June or July, but plants raised from June sowings generally 
give the best results. Equal parts of loam and leaf mold, to 
which has been added a little sand, make a suitable soil, 
and this should be well watered before planting the seed. 


Mo. Bort. GARD. BULL., VOL. 3, 1915. PLATE 2 


FRAGMENT OF YVARETA. ABOUT NATURAL SIZE, 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 49 


These are very small and must be handled carefully. The 
should be sown thinly in pots, covered very lightly with soil, 
and, if no cold frame is available, each pot covered with a 
piece of glass which should be turned over daily to prevent 
the condensed moisture dropping down on the seed. The 
es will keep the soil moist and also hasten germination. 
t should be removed altogether after the seedlings have 
broken through the soil. metimes it is a good plan to 
place the pots containing the seed on inverted flower pots 
standing in saucers of water. This will keep the surround- 
Ings moist and likewise prevent certain crawling insects 
from feeding upon the young seedlings. The plants should 
be transplanted as soon as they produce a second leaf, for 
if left too long in the seed pan they fail to make good plants. 
Soil similar to that in which the seed germinated should be 
used for the potting, since calceolarias need a rich porous 
medium in which to develop. Care should be taken to 
select the weaker as well as the stronger seedlings, for the 
best colors are often found in the pecdiinice developed last; 
it is a general belief among growers that the stronger seed- 
lings produce the greatest percentage of plants with yellow 
flowers, or flowers in which yellow predominates. The young 
seedlings should not be exposed to the direct rays of the sun 
and the roots should not be allowed to become dry. 


When the young plants have four or five leaves, they 
should be repotted and allowed to develop until September, 
at as low a temperature as possible and under conditions of 
good ventilation. By this time the calceolaria plants are 
ready to be transferred to larger pots in which they oot 
remain over winter. High temperatures should be avoided, 
from 45 to 50°F. being ample. As soon as growth begins 
in the spring the plants are ready for their final shift into 
six or eight-inch pots. Pot firmly but do not pack the soil 
so that it will prevent free ramification of the roots. When 
the pots are filled with roots, manure water may be added 
occasionally, but as soon as the flowers appear, clear water 
only should be given. Herbaceous calceolaris grown in this 
way and kept in a cool moist atmosphere with an abundance 
of light and air will produce an abundance of flowers in 
March or April. ; 

Gloxinias——The genus Gloxinia was founded in 1785 
upon a plant obtained from Brazil and named in honor of 
a fan Gloxin a botanist of Strassburg. In 1817 another 
plant from Brazil, a was named Gloxinia 
speciosa and it was from this species that our present horti- 
cultural varieties of gloxinia originated. Later it was found 
that this parent of our garden gloxinias was not a true 


50 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


Gloxinia, botanically speaking, but belonged to another 
genus in the same family, namely, Sinningia. The name 
gloxinia had become too well fixed among growers to be 
changed, however, and consequently there exists the peculiar 
condition of a plant bearing what is supposed to be its 
botanical name, but which in reality is only a common name 
derived from a botanical name, erroneously applied. In all 
probability these plants will continue to be known as glox- 
inias, but if one wishes to refer to them under the genus to 
which they belong, the name Sinningia should be used. 

During the last ten years gloxinias have been wonderfully 
developed by various growers. Flowers now range from 

ure white, pink, and pale blue to deep red and purple. 

he newer French, spotted hybrids, though less robust in 
habit and with more delicate flowers, are a valuable addi- 
tion to the older types. These are marked and spotted with 
colors varying from pink and mauve to dark blue, red, and 
even chocolate. — 

The cultivation of gloxinias is not so simple as that of 
calceolarias, but anyone with a warm greenhouse or even @ 
hot bed at their disposal, by selecting good seed and follow- 
ing the hints given below should be Fie to produce a bril- 
liant — of blooms within seven or eight months after 
sowing the seed. It is best to sow the seed in mid-winter 
in deep, well-drained pans filled with a mixture of rich soil 
and sand. The pans should be kept at a temperature of 
about 75°F., and may be covered with glass until the seed- 
lings appear. Great care should be taken to turn the glass 
night and morning as gloxinias are especially liable to 
“damp off” in too moist an atmosphere. As soon as the 
first leaves develop, the plants should be pricked off into 
shallow pans or pots, and when the seedlings are established 
they may be removed from the hot -bed into a fairly moist 
atmosphere at 65-70°F. When large enough to handle 
easily, the seedlings must again be transplanted into a soil 
as fibrous and porous as possible, peat, sand and leaf mold 
making a good combination. Careful watering is most 
important at this stage. If possible, the water should be 
slightly warmer than the air of the house and moreover 
should never be applied unless really necessary. The at- 
mosphere, however, should always be moist, and the leaves 
may be lightly sprayed night and morning. 

In the final potting—this time into six or ae 
pots—a mixture of equal parts of peat, leaf mold, clay, 
and sand should be used, and the soil ought not to be colder 
than the house atmosphere. The plants should be kept at 
a temperature of from 65 to 70°%,, never less than 60°, 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 51 


and given all the light possible without exposure to the direct 
rays of the sun. 


Further feeding is not necessary during the first season. 
Plants started in January or February should bloom in July 
or August. When the flowers appear, a little weak manure 
water may be of benefit but its use can easily be carried too 
far. It is sometimes advisable during the blooming period 
to remove some of the center leaves which may otherwise 
cramp and smother the opening flowers. 


After flowering, water should be gradually withheld and 
as soon as the leaves have ripened, the plants should be 
stored at a temperature of about 45°F. Only enough 
water should be given to prevent the tubers from withering. 
In Febru the tubers should be cleaned and placed in 
small pots filled with the soil mixture referred to above. Until 
active root growth begins but little water should be given, 
and as soon as the pots are filled with roots, it is necessary 
to transfer the plants into six-inch pots. Plants from last 
year’s tubers should bloom in about five months, and the 
same tuber may be grown for several years. 


To sum up: gloxinias require plenty of heat and mois- 
ture, protection from direct sunshine, a rich, open, light 
soil, and above all, unremitting and intelligent attention to 
watering and ventilation. To one who can give all these, 
the joy of growing them from seed to flower will be ample 
compensation for the time and labor expended. 


TWO NEW GARDENS 


Two new gardens, both of formal design, are nearing 
completion, one to be known as the “Linnean House 
Garden” and the other as the “Formal Garden.” It is 
expected that they will prove not only beautiful, but instruc- 
tive, presenting certain important principles of landsca 
design and containing most of the plants that can best 
‘iad in gardens of the kind in this locality. Plans of these 
two gardens are shown on pages 53 and 56. 


The Linnean House Garden is situated at the northern 
extremity of the main garden, and derives its name from 
the Linnean House, which is its central and main feature. 
The garden is bounded on the north by a high brick wall 
and the Linnean House, on the east and west by high stone 
walls, and on the south by a hedge with an informal border 
plantation. The enclosure is about 413 feet long on the 
east and west axis and about 84 feet wide on the cross axis 
on either side of the Linnean House. 


52 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


The garden was designed to conform with, and utilize to 
the best advantage, the main features already existing, of 
which the Linnean House and the high walls are the most 
interesting and noteworthy. The general effect will be 
similar to that of the so-called “English” type of formal 
gardens, particularly those enclosed by a wall. The garden 
really comprises three smaller gardens, the west one, the 
“Perennial Garden,” the east one, the “Annual Garden,” 
and the middle one, “The Pools,” the latter directly south 
of the Linnean House. In detailed design these smaller 
gardens all differ materially from one another. The final 
intention is to devote the Perennial Garden entirely to 
perennials and the Annual Garden exclusively to plants of 
annual habit, and it is hoped that these gardens may 
ultimately contain a large proportion of the plants of their 
respective classes which will endure the local climatic con- 
ditions. Certain unusual plants, requiring special condi- 
tions such as rock garden, subtropical, etc., plants will be 
omitted. For the present, however, perennials will dominate 
both the Perennial and the Annual Gardens. The rigid 
formal lines of the walks, the walls, and building will be 
very much softened by the informality of these various 
groups of 8 

The middle garden will be occupied principally by brick- 
walled pools with limestone coping, devoted to tropical water- 
plants, principally Victoria and Euralia. The pools will be 
Sarees with steam pipes for heating the water during cool 
weather. Tropical, sub-tropical, and flowering plants of 
brilliant hues will occupy the beds around the pools. The 
middle garden will therefore present an effect totally dif- 
ferent from that of the gardens on either side. 

The main east and west walk leads to two trellised summer- 
houses. Various vines will hide their framework, making 
the benches inside a cool and inviting retreat in summer. 
Where the main cross walks reach the wall lion-head foun- 
tains, arched over with vines, empty into a basin below. 
Seats and flower boxes are placed along the minor walks, 
and a gazing globe will be an interesting feature of the 
Annual Garden. Vines of wisteria, clematis, akebia, tecoma, 
etc., covering the trellised summer-houses, latticed walls, 
and Linnean House will make this spot picturesque and 
attractive. The following plants, numbered to correspond 
to their position on the plan, have been planted for this first 
season in the Perennial and Annual Gardens. 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL 


ANNUAL GARDEN 


Bed No. 

1. Salvia azurea grandiflora 
2. Pyrethrum “Sir James Miller” 
3. Ooreopsis verticillata 
4. Veronica repens 
5. Heliopsis 
6. Chrysanthemum “Prince of 

Wales” 
7. Rehmannia angulata 
8. Lythrum roseum superbum 
9. Lysimachia clethroides 
10. Hemerocallis flava 
11. Chrysanthemum maximum 
12. Romneya Coulteri 
13. Lobelia Tupa 
14, Doronicum magnificum 
15. Asclepias tuberosa 
16. Gypsophila paniculata 
17. Glaucium luteum 
18. Euphorbia corollata 
19. Liatris scariosa squarrulosa 
20. Hibiscus coccineus 
21, Hesperis matronalis 
22. Oenothera Youngii 
23. Oenothera Youngit 
24. Liatris scariosa squarrulosa 
25. Hibiscus coccineus 
26. Hesperis matronalis 
27. Euphorbia corollata 
28. Glauciwm luteum 
29. Delphinium formosum 
30. Delphinium formosum 
31. Gypsophila paniculata 
32. Chrysocoma Linosyris 
33. Doronicum magnificum 
34. Lobelia Tupa 
35. Romneya Coulteri 
36. Chrysanthemum maximum 
37. Salvia azurea grandiflora 
38. Pyrethrum “Sir James Miller” 
39. Coreopsis verticillata 
40. Veronica repens 
41. Aconitum Lycoctonum pyre- 
naicum 
42. Pentstemon grandiflora 
43. Chrysanthemum “Prince of 
Wales” 
44. Lythrum roseum superbum 
45. Lysimachia clethroides . 
os canadian flava 
48. Althaea rosea Couble red) 
49 and 50. Iberis gibraltarica 
51. Althaea rosea (double red) 
52. Thermopsis caroliniana 


GARDEN BULLETIN 


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MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


PERENNIAL GARDEN 


Bed No. 
l, Rudbeckia nitida “Autumn 
Sun” 
2 and 3. Helenium superbum 
rubrum 
4. Helianthus mollis grandiflorus 
5. Dianthus plumarius 
6 and 7. Linum perenne 
_-8. Dianthus plumarius “Cyclops” 
9. Dianthus plumarius delicata 
10 and 11. Linum perenne 
12 and 13. Dianthus plumarius 
Snow 
14. Dianthus plumarius delicata 
15. Dianthus plumarius “Cyclops” 
16. Dianthus plumarius “Fuerst 
Bismarck” 
17. Achillea Ptarmica “The Pearl’ 
18. Aster alpinus “Goliath” 
19. Lupinus polyphyllus albus 
20. Salvia farinaceae 
21. Aquilegia vulgaris __ 
22. Eupatorium ageratoides 
23. Baptisia tinctoria 
24. Echinacea helianthus 
25. 
26. 
27. 
28. 
29. 


Aster alpinus “Goliath” 

Pentstemon digitalis 

Chrysanthemum “Tennyson” 

Paeonia Sinensis “Andre 

Laurius” : 
Papaver orientale “Bright- 
ness” 

31. Iris germanica “Garrick” 

32. Helenium Hoopesit 

33. Helium superbum 

34. Aster tataricus 

35. Cassia Marylandica 

36. Iris germanica “Fantasy” 

37. Iris germanica florentina alba 

38 and 39. Iris germanica “Mad. 
de Banne” 

40. Iris germanica florentina alba 

41. Iris germanica “Fantasy” 

42. Pentstemon barbatus Torreyi 

43. Cassia Marylandica 

44, Boltonia asteroides 

45. Helenium superbum rubrum 

46. Papaver orientale “Mrs. 
Marsh” 

47. Veronica longifolia subses- . 
silis 


30. 


48. Physostegia virginica 

49. Aster “White Queen” 

51. Phlox amoena 

52 to 54. Phlox divaricata can- 
adensis 


Achillea Ptarmica “The Pearl” © 


Bed No. 


' 55. Iris germanica “Black Prince” 


. Achillea Millefoliwm roseum 
. Hemerocallis “Orange Man” 
. Liatris scariosa squarrulosa 
. Centaurea macrocephala 
. Aster polyphyllus 
61 to 68. Iris pumila 
69. Baptisia tinctori 
. Echinacea helianthus 
. Delphinium formosum 
. Eupatorium ageratoides 
. Papaver indicaule “Orange” 
. Monarda fistulosa alba 
. Lychnis Viscaria splendens 
. Lychnis Haageana 
77, and 78. Euphorbia polychroma 
79. Helenium superbum rubrum 
80. Aster tataricus 
81. Hibiscus coccineus 
82. Papaver orientale Parkmanni 
83. Paeonia Solfatare 
84. Iris germanica candida 
85. Asclepias tuberosa 
86. Coreopsis lanceolata 
87. Aster “Madonna” 
88. Lychnis Viscaria splendens 
89. Lychnis Haageana : 
90 and 91. Euphorbia polychroma 
92. Iris germanica “Chamaeleon” 
93 and 94. Iris germanica “Char- 
lotte Patty” 
95. Iris germanica “Chamaeleon” 
96. Helenium superbum 
97. Boltonia asteroides 
98. Hibiscus coccineus 
99. Spiraea aruncus 
100. Paeonia festiva maxima 
101. Paeonia Delachet 
102. Echinops Ritro 
103. Gerbera Jamesoni 
104. Doronicum plantagineum ea- 
— celsum 
105. Phlox subulata Nelsoni 
106 and 107. Phlow divaricata can- 
adensis 


108. Phlox subulata Nelsoni 

109. No bed 

110 to 113. Huphorbia polychroma 
114. Baptisia australis 

115. Achillea eupatorium 

116. Hemerocallis “Orange Man” 
117. Liatris scariosa squarrulosa 
118. Althaea rosea 

119. Helianthus mollis grandiflora 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 55 


The Formal Garden, with an area of about 35,000 square 
feet, is located in the court of the new conservatory. It is 
bounded on three sides—north, south, and east—by sections 
of the conservatory, and on the west the enclosure has been 
completed by a pergola. The strictly formal surroundings 
make a purely architectural design permissable and desirable 
here. The result is probably the most elaborate and finished 
garden ever attempted at the Missouri Botanical Garden and 
if the Linnean House Garden can be called “English,” this 
one might be termed “Italian,” since it depends largely upon 
exact symmetry, preciseness of line and trimness tor effect. 
The color and width of the walks, for instance, are nearly 
as important to the design as the planting beds themselves 
and every feature has a significance in the plan. The walks 
are edged with yellow brick, the same shade as the path 
itself; low hedges border the walks and govern the design 
of the beds; numerous vases, flower boxes, and garden seats 
have been used to set off the terminations of the walks; and 
the statue of Juno, which formerly was such a familiar 
object in the main garden occupies the center of the garden 
and forms its most conspicuous feature. Ultimately there 
will be two small fountains in the central panels while orange 
trees and pyramidal box-trees will also be used in the 
decoration. ; 

The principal feature of this garden during the flowerin 
season will probably be the pattern bedding. It is believed 
that this form of gardening—usually much abused—is in 
harmony with the surroundings here. The beds will be 
most effective from the balcony at the east, which is about 
eleven feet above the grade of the garden, and also accessible 
from the palm house. 

The main bulb display in spring will be oo in this 
ase and a succession of bedding and fo lage plants will 

eep these beds a mass of color in summer. The plants to 
be used in the vases and flower boxes are those best adapted 
for window boxes. Hence it is hoped that the Formal 
Garden may show, first the best bedding plants to be used 
at various seasons, and second a collection of plants most 
suitable for window boxes, flower boxes, and vases. 

A heavy border plantation of hardy shrubs, interspersed 
with ta seads poplars surrounds the Garden on the three 
greenhouse sides, and the pergola at the west will be planted 
with vines. This pergola will undoubtedly prove a very 
soieseed retreat, for from it can be viewed not only the 

ormal Garden, but also the landscapes which ultimately 
will be developed to the west. | 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


56 


pees 


quipped with an automatic s 
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in all of the intensely developed gardens. Another item of 
interest to landscape architects is the unusual feature of a 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 57 


perfectly level grade, except for the slight crown in the 
walks. 


A garden, whether natural, formal, or Japanese, is never 
truly finished. If proper maintenance is given and the true 
intent of the design followed, time will greatly add to its 
charm, so that each succeeding year should bring these two 
new gardens nearer to the ideals of perfection and beauty 
which they are ultimately intended to exemplify. 


NOTES 


_ Professor H. M. Kelley of Cornell College, Iowa, visited 
the Garden on April 10. 


Classes from the Cote Brilliante School visited the Garden 
on March 24, 25, 30, and 81. 


A class in school gardens from the Teachers’ College, con- 
ducted by Mr. H. C. Irish, visited the Garden on April 21. 


On April 10, pupils of the Ritenaur School, Overland 
Park, St. Louis County, conducted by Miss Hortense Reith, 
visited the Garden. 


Dr. B. M. Duggar, Physiologist to the Garden, gave a talk 
on “Mushroom Growing,” at the meeting of the Garden 
Students’ Club, on April 16. 


Dr. E. J. Durand, of Missouri University, recently spent 
a day or two at the Garden consulting the herbarium and 
the collection of exsiccati. 


Dr. George T. Moore, Director of the Garden, spoke be- 
fore the St. Louis Y. M. C. A., Central Branch, February 26, 
on “Agriculture as a Life Work.” 


Professor B. L. Robinson, Professor of Systematic Botany 
and Curator of the ree Herbarium, of Harvard University, 
visited the Garden on April 26 and 27. 


A collection of fancy Japanese fan-tail one presented 
to the Garden by Mr. C. B. Nicholson of Clifton Heights, 
is temporarily shown in the nepenthes pond. 


On March 22, Dr. George T. Moore spoke before the Rail- 
road Branch Y. M. C. A. on “The Missouri Botanical Garden 
and its Service to the City.” 


At the March meeting of the Missouri Botanical Garden 
Students’ Club, the following officers were elected: Presi- 
dent, C. F. Geibel; Vice-President, P. A. Pfaender; Secre- 
tary and Treasurer, P. A. Kohl. 


58 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


On April 1, Mr. C. H. Thompson, Assistant Botanist to 
the Garden, gave an illustrated talk before the Mothers’ 
Circle of the Horace Mann School on “Popular Educational 
Features of the Missouri Botanical Garden.” 


Dr. Edwin C, Miller of Kansas State Agricultural College, 
Manhattan, Kansas, visited the Garden the week of March 
22-27, and on March 26 lectured to the staff and graduate 
students on his experimental work in connection with the 
weather requirements for crops in the Great Plains area. 


STATISTICAL INFORMATION FOR MARCH, 1915 


GARDEN ATTENDANCE: 


Total mamber of vistors: 3.5 os se i a ee 4,534 
PLANT ACCESSIONS: 
Total number of plants received in exchange.............. 794 
Total number of seed packets received in exchange........ 89 
LIBRARY ACCESSIONS: 
Total number of books bought. . ..:....056.csccbece veces 12 
Total number of books and pamphlets donated............ 103 
HERBARIUM ACCESSIONS: 
By Purchase— 
F, 8. Collins —“Phycotheca Boreali— Americana,” Nos. 
MOGI oss ng, ets ea ee 50 
Miss Charlotte C. Ellis—Plants of New Mexico........... 395 
By Gift— 
F. D. Bailey—Cyphella oregana. ...... 2.0.00. c cece ees 1 
S. H. Burnham—Specimens of fungi..:...............-.- 2 
J. A. Drushel—Flowering plants from Missouri and Ohio. . 11 
B. M. Duggar—Thelephora terrestris from France........ 1 
H. 8, Fawcett—Septobasidium canescens from California. . 1 
W. H. Lang—Specimens of timber-destroying fungi from the 
Sguthwent: ci i ee eek * 19 
R. L. Latham—Specimens of fungi from Long Island, N. Y. 9 


L. O. Overholts—Tricholoma permagna Murr. from Tolland, 
Colomad. 6 os iw s pa oi eas Gee eee Ea mes eee 1 
C. E. Owens—Specimens of fungi from Oregon............ 5 
L. Romell—Specimens of fungi from Sweden and New York. 3 
a 


H. von Schrenk—Specimens of fungi from Florida......... 1 

H. von Schrenk—Bauhinia variegata var. purpurea L. from 
Wiebe 2 a a ae 1 

W. A. Setchell—Fungi from California and Washington... 19 

F. C. Wolf—Setobasidium pedicellatum on living orange 

-< Wepves: foams Riera sa se oe es 1 

S. M. Zeller—Specimens of Stereum and Thelephora from 
Seattle, Washi re ee ee ee 7 


LOtAL: . 24 35 Ans pape ee OIE 540 


MISSOURL BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 59 


The Garden is open to the public week days the year ’round from 
8:00 A. M. until one-half hour after sunset. Until November 30, the Gar- 
den will be open Sundays from 2:00 P. M. until sunset. Admission free. 


Personally conducted trips through the Garden every Saturday after- 
noon from May 1 to November 1, starting from the main gate at 3 o’clock. 
Other trips may be arranged for by special appointment. 


The main entrance to the Garden is located at Tower Grove Avenue 
and Flora Boulevard, on the Vandeventer Avenue car line. Transfer 
south from all intersecting lines. 


_ Missouri BoTANICAL 
~Garpen BULLETIN 


Vol TIT’ ~. MAY, 1915 No. 5 


_ CONTENTS 


isissctivowonin Piaes Be fing Dee Se ee ys ae 
‘Graduate Research Work at the Garden oe SW SR 
torah Dinplays <8 ea se se eet TRE 
Notes ~~ : FR EI cag BT aba 2 a 
_ Statistical Information Be en eg a ae eae | Be 


ST. LOUIS, MO. 
1915 : 
‘PUBLISHED. MONTHLY BY THE BOARD BY. TRUSTEES oe 


ae "SUBSCRIPTION PRICE: Sie ’ 
“ONE DOLLAR PER YEAR ape hs By ‘SINGLE NUMBERS TEN CENTS. 


} 


: “BOARD. ‘OF TRUSTEES cue 
OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN eee 


hehe 


; fy $ Seay > k ‘ ¢ 5 ‘ Se 
- eas i - ee < : <i te 


THE ORIGINAL MEMBERS WERE DESIGNATED IN MR. ‘SHAW’S ‘WILL, AND 
THE BOARD.SO CONSTITUTED, EXCLUSIVE OF THE ae 
‘BX-OFFICIO ng iuengre NS SELF-PERPETUATING. eo. REIS 


a 


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‘Dav § 's Be ‘SMITH, 


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| Paar c. Seawtay. en Ne LEST 


“pothoareat Maree 


- EDWARD MALLINCKRODT, Jou F. Sareea. FN Re 


. Rage _ BX-OFFICIO MEMBERS i on & ie 


‘Eowonp A, ‘wai, . ay } “Henay w. 4 ae aoe eS 
ON President ofthe Academy of Science of St Myon of the Cie of St. Loa: 
o. (St Louis hig phe e ee ae Pet 
Dav F, Hovstox, eS eae hy Seeucad Mace, Ad re ery Mi 
- Chancellor of Washington University, gs Pretdentf the Board of Public Schools of FE oie ee 
2 ma CUE Been ‘St, Louis. eat ors Jatt Fara 


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pers fa yk De DANIEL ‘Se ois! © art ey te Rec Beare | hee 
oe Pg cee anc ets Bak "tg Dt ens PIERO aa Ste Mote oN 


Mo. Bort. GARD, BULL:, VOL. 3, 1915 PLATE 3. 


GROUP OF INSECTIVOROUS PLANTS 


SARRACENIA 


DROSERA DIONAEA 


PINGUICULA 


Missouri Botanical 
Garden Bulletin 


Vol. III St. Louis, Mo., May, 1915 No. 5 


INSECTIVOROUS PLANTS 


The destruction of vegetable life by the voracious attacks 
of insects is well known, but that there are certain plants 
which obtain important elements of their food from insects 
which they have caught in one way or another is not so 
widely appreciated. Representatives of this group of remark- 
ably specialized plants are now to be seen on exhibit in the 
north vestibule of the Nepenthes House. 


A number of plants show contrivances which obviousl 
have for their function the capture and retention of suc 
small creatures as may fly or creep upon their leaves; and 
it has been ascertained by experiments that the majority of 
these plants use the animals they capture, in one way or 
another, as sources of food. For the most part the plants in 
question prey upon insects, and hence the term “‘insectivorous 
plants” has been rather generally applied to them; it has 
been estimated that there are now known about five hundred 
such plants. 


_ By a consideration of the special adaptations for capturing 
insects, these plants nidyralty, group themselves into three 
distinct sections, two of which are represented in the collec- 
tion at the Garden. The first section contains those forms 
in which chambers are developed into which small animals 
may enter, but from which it is impossible for them to escape. 
These plants exhibit no movement of any kind. To this 
group belong the genera Nepenthes! and Sarracenia, of which 
a number of species are on exhibit. The second section em- 
braces those forms which show a definite movement ay a 
to cover the prey with as great a quantity of digestive fluid 
as possible, a movement which may in some cases, as in 
Dionaea, also serve to capture the insects. To this section 
belong the genera Pinguicula, Drosera, and Dionaea. Many 
representatives of these, too, are in the collection. The third 
* An account of these interesting plants and the collection at the 
Garden may be found in the October, 1913, number of the BULLETIN. 
(61) 


62 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


section, of which the Garden at present has no representatives, 
includes those forms which neither have pitfalls nor exhibit 
movement of any kind, but whose leaves are covered with a 
mucilaginous substance in which insects become entangled, 
later to be digested by the plants. 


Species of Sarracenia, variously known as sidesaddle-flower, 
American pitcher-plant, and trumpetleaf, are found growing 
in peat-bogs in the eastern United States and in Canada. In 
these species the rim about the mouth of the trumpet-shaped 
leafstalk is somewhat swollen and curved outward and down- 
ward. . Above this orifice the leaf-blade is arched to form a 
cover for the so-called pitcher. Both this cover and the upper 
portion of the trumpet are highly colored, in which respect 
they serve to attract insects in the same manner as do flowers. 
At the mouth of the pitcher and on the under side of the lid, 
honey is secreted in great abundance. On the areas where 
honey occurs are found innumerable fine, smooth, conical 
projections directed downward, becoming gradually longer 
toward the bottom of the trumpet. Insects are attracted by 
the bright colored lid and are lured on by the honey; when 
they reach the slippery deflexed points they are unable to 
hold themselves, and every effort to climb up these points 
only causes the insects to slide farther and farther downward 
to the bottom of the trumpet, where they are soon killed and 
ultimately decomposed in the fluids secreted within the 
chamber. Whether this decomposition, or digestion, is ef- 
fected merely by putrefactive bacteria, or whether it is due 
to the presence of digestive enzymes, or ferments, secreted by 
the plant, appears to be a matter of question; it is certain, 
however, that the products of decomposition are absorbed by 
the plant to serve as food, especially the nitrogenous sorts. 


The genus Nepenthes, comprising the true pitcher-plants, 
is represented by about thirty-six species. It is a native of 
the tropical region extending from India through the East 
India Islands to Australia. In habit it is a vine which climbs, 
by its leaves, among the under-shrubs and small trees that 
overhang the margin of pools in shaded damp jungles. In 
these plants the leaf is much more modified than in the 
species of Sarracenia. The lower portion of the petiole is 
winged and expanded laterally like a typical leaf, whereas 
the middle. portion is small and cylindrical and acts as a 
tendril. By coiling about the twigs of adjacent shrubs or 
trees the plant is enabled to climb, and at the same time 
these supports assist in carrying the weight of the pitcher, 
which forms the third section of the Beis The leaf-blade 
proper is represented by a small ovate structure which closely 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 63 


covers the orifice of young pitchers but lifts as a hinged lid 
when the pitcher is matured.1 


The pitchers vary in size from one and one-half to twenty 
inches in height. For the most part they are highly colored, 
displaying a yellowish green ground, marbled and veined 
with purple. Many are of a bluish, violet, or rose tint near 
the orifice, or sometimes dark red; from a distance they have 
the appearance of flowers, and, like flowers, are sought by 
insects. Furthermore, they secrete an abundance of nectar 
from the under surface of the lid and on the rim about the 
~ mouth of the pitcher. Insects which sip this nectar wander 
only too readily to the interior of the orifice. Here the inner 
face is smooth and so slip as to afford no foothold, and 
the insect slips down to the Bottom of the pitcher into the 
secreted liquid, and ultimately perishes. 


The liquid, which fills one-third to one-half of the cavity, 
is secreted by special gland-cells on the inner surface of the 
pitcher, is of a slimy, tasteless character and gives a neutral 
reaction. As soon, however, as an animal’s y comes in 
contact with it, or even as the result of a mechanical stimulus, 
the reaction of the liquid is rendered acid, and in this condi- 
tion the fluid possesses the power of dissolving albuminous 
substances, such as flesh And ooaphlalie blood, functioning, 
therefore, like the gastric juice of the animal’s stomach. 
Furthermore, the products of the digestion appear to be 
promptly absorbed by the leaf. The process taking place 
when animals fall into the liquid contained in the pitchers 
of the Nepenthes species may therefore be properly desig- 
nated as digestive. 


Pinguicula, or butterwort, is native to the Arctic and Sub- 
arctic regions and the high mountains of the temperate zone. 
The leaves form a rosette, the under surface of which rests 
upon the wet ground. The margins of the leaves are some- 
what upturned so as to form a broad flat-bottomed trough, and 
the upper surface is covered with innumerable microscopic 
glands which secrete a colorless, sticky liquid in great abund- 
ance. The latter acts as a trap in the same manner as aged 
fly-paper. When an insect becomes entangled in the mucil- 
age covering of the leaf the glands are forthwith stimulated 
to a more profuse secretion of fluid, which has an acid re- 
action and contains a protein digesting enzyme, or ferment, 
the conditions apparently being much like those in the 
pitcher-plant. At the same time the margins of the leaf 
gradually roll upward and inward, forcing the insect toward 


* A good illustration of one of the specimens in the Garden accom- 
poe the article on Nepenthes in the October, 1913, number of the 


64 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


the center of the leaf as well as bringing more secreting 
glands in contact with it. Besides small insects, spores, 
pollen-grains, and other plant substances brought by the wind 
not infrequently fall on the viscid surface of the leaf, are 
digested, and the soluble portions are absorbed. 


Drosera, the sundew, of which almost forty species are 
known, thrives in practically the same regions as the butter- 
wort, and emai the two are found growing in the same 
area. That which impresses one most at first sight of this 
plant is the presence of the delicate bristles, on the upper 
surface and margin of the leaf, each bristle surmounted by 
a tiny drop of fluid, which sparkles in the sunlight like a 
drop of dew, whence the name “sundew.” At the extremity 
of each bristle is a gland which secretes this clear, sticky 
matter whose function is essentially the same as that of the 
glands on the leaf of the butterwort. When a small insect 
alights on the leaf and touches the glands there ensues an 
increase in the discharge of fluid, which now is acid and 
contains in addition a protein digesting enzyme, or ferment. 
The insect is caught by the sticky juice, and in trying to 
iberate itself, becomes hannearad with the secretion, the 
latter greatly impeding its movements. The breathing 
organs are soon covered, and after a brief interval, during 
which all efforts on the part of the captive to escape cease, 
the insect dies of suffocation. All these phenomena corre- 
7 es in the main, to those occasioned by similar causes in 

e case of the butterwort. The leaves of the sundew, how- 
ever, are especially characterized by the movements of the 
tentacle-like bristles in response to a stimulus by animal 
matter. When an insect becomes secured by the mucilagin- 
ous glands, a stimulus is conveyed to the nearest neighbor- 
ing tentacles, and gradually to those farther away, with the 
result that the tentacles, in regular order, begin to bend in- 
ward toward the point where the insect has become entangled, 
and rl! upon it so as to cover it completely. When 
the captured insect is comparatively large the leaf itself folds 
over it. These movements bring a very large number of 
the digestive glands in contact with the insect, and the 
copious su Bly ot digestive fluid secreted promptly acts upon 
the anim y present, digesting certain constituents and 
rendering them fit for absorption by the plant. 


Dionaea, Venus’ fly-trap, is native to but one restricted 
locality near Witmington, North Carolina, in the vicinity 
of peat-bogs. The leaves, like those of many other carnivor- 
ous plants, are grouped in rosettes, and rest, for the most 
part, entirely or partially upon the ground. Each leaf con- 
sists (1) of a flat paddle-shaped petiole abruptly ending in 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 65 


a narrow neck, and (2) of a roundish leaf-blade. The latter 
is divided into two symmetrical halves inclined to one another 
like the sides of a half-open book. Both margins of the 
leaf-blade are provided with a fringe of from twelve to twenty 
long, sharp, slender teeth. At the center of the upper surface 
of each half of the leaf-blade there are three very stiff and 
sharp spines standing up obliquely. In addition to these 
processes, microscopic glands capable of secreting a mucil- 
aginous liquid are scattered over the whole upper, or inner 
surface of the leaf-blade. As soon as one of the six sti 
bristles on the two faces of the leaf-blade is touched ever so 
lightly, the leaf shuts up instantaneously, an action not 
unlike the quick closing of a half-open book. The sharp 
marginal teeth are interlocked and the body that touched the 
bristle is enclosed within. 


If this body has no food value, the leaf soon opens again, 
but if it has such value the two lobes of the leaf remain 
closed over the object for a long period. The sides are 
pressed together so tightly that the intervening body, if soft, 
is squeezed and prada 40" to pieces. In addition, the glands 
which are dry so long as the leaf-blade remains open, begin 
to secrete a slimy, colorless, and highly acid juice with diges- 
tive properties. The secretion flows so copiously that it 
covers the imprisoned body and gradually dissolves, or digests, 
the contained albuminous compounds, the soluble products 
of the digestion afterwards being absorbed by the same glands 
which secreted the acid digestive liquid. After digestion and 
absorption, the trap opens, the glands become dry, the parts 
assume their former itions, and the leaf is once more 
equipped for making fresh captures. 

Among the five hundred or more species of insectivorous 
plants now known there is a wide range of botanical rela- 
tionship, several widely separated families being represented. 
Their habits of growth, too, are varied, adapting them to 
various climatic conditions. Some have their traps wholly 
submerged in water and depend for their food upon the 
minute animal life in the water. Others, like those enumer- 
ated above, thrive only in moist locations. Still another 
species is to be found indigenous to arid regions only. 


GRADUATE RESEARCH WORK AT THE GARDEN 


More than two years ago—in the March, 1913, number of 
the ButLeTin—a brief account was given of the laboratories 
in which are conducted the experimental and research work 
of staff and graduate students. Work of this type, as a rule, 
does not come to the attention of the casual visitor. More- 


66 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


over, even those who are sufficiently interested and informed 
to suspect that the unusual facilities afforded at the Garden 
would attract serious students of botany are invariably sur- 
prised to learn of the nature and extent of the work under- 
taken in the Graduate Laboratory. It has seemed well, there- 
fore, from time to time to make some statements regarding 
the advanced work, from which, perhaps, those interested 
may derive a more definite idea of its relation to scientific 
investigation in general and to the progress of botanical 
science in particular. 


In the present discussion it is not intended to include any 
record of the investigations now in progress by members of 
the permanent staff, but merely those of graduate students, 
most of whom are presenting the results of their investiga- 
tions as theses in partial satisfaction of the requirements 
for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Washington 
University. 

Botanical Investigation is Comprehensive and Practical.— 
At the outset it may be well to recall that there are apparently 
still some who assume that the training of a botanist con- 
sists merely in cultivating an appreciation of the beauty of 
flowers and in acquiring a naming acquaintanceship with 
local floras. The serious study of the classification of plants 
has been important since the beginning of the science, and 
it will remain so; knowledge of form and structure (mor- 
phology) is likewise a fundamental phase of the work; but 
to-day investigation is being directed to an amazing degree 
along lines throwing light upon the living activities and life 
relations of plants, including plant pathology. Now the 
living processes and responses of plants, as far as they can 
be investigated, are governed by the laws of chemistry and 
physics, so that much of the fundamental work in plant 
physiology consists in ascertaining the chemies and physics 
of the living organism. The problems which the physi- 
ologists and pathologists study in connection with the cells 
and tissues of pgs are parallel to those studied on the 
animal side, and the general principles developed in one field 
are in the great majority of cases applicable to the other. 


It would be most erroneous to gain the impression that 
the study of plant cells contributes nothing to medicine and 
less to general biology than does zodlogy. As a matter of 
fact, aside from the paramount importance of botanical in- 
vestigations in agriculture and forestry, innumerable rela- 
tions to the development of animal physiology and pathology, 
as well as to chemistry, could be pointed out. Mention may 
be made here of the fact that Pasteur’s studies on the func- 
tion of the yeast cell in alcoholic fermentation did not at 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 67 


the time seem to have the remotest connection with problems 
of human diseases, yet this discovery was undoubtedly the 
most important single contributing impulse leading to the 
discovery of the réle of micro-organisms in diseases. Pfef- 
fer’s measurements of the osmotic pressure of solutions of 
cane sugar and De Vries’ studies of the pressures in plant 
cells threw fundamental light upon the movements of sub- 
stances and solutions in all tissues as well as led to the de- 
velopment of new laws in physical chemistry. Facts derived 
from a study: of the nutrition of micro-organisms have not 
infrequently been made the basis of improved methods of 
feeding in the case of certain human diseases. 


A present day department of botany with complete facil- 
ities for research in all fields has no exact counterpart on the 
animal side. Frequently all phases of animal physiology, 
pathology, and chemistry are included in the departments 
of the medical school, but in plant work these important 
phases are all grouped together as one subject along with 
the older subdivisions of botany. It is, therefore, obvious that 
the work is comparable to that of a group of research depart- 
ments. 


An Electrical Method for Determining Root Excretion.— 
Visitors to the Garden have seen peas and other plants 
in the experimental greenhouse growing with their roots in 
tumblers of solutions and they have doublons wondered what 
the object was in growing plants in that manner. In ex- 
planation it may be said that the water culture, or solution 
method, is indispensable for many purposes, and Mr. M. C. 
Merrill, Research Assistant, has employed it in the investiga- 
tion described below. 


To determine what mineral nutrients, or inorganic salts, 
are absolutely necessary or desirable for the growth of plants, 
the method is to place the roots of the seedling plants to_be 
tested into pure distilled water to which have been added 
various salts. By withholding each substance, or salt, in 
turn from similar cultures under observation at the same 
time, it can be found which are essential, or what happens 
when the solution is variously ‘“unbalanced.”” Obviously, soil 
cultures would not serve the purpose. Now the roots, or more 
especially the root hairs on the younger parts of the roots, 
absorb water and salts in solution from the medium in which 
they are growing, and this important process of absorption, 
or endosmosis, as it is termed, has necessitated much study. 
Less attention has been given to the ae process,—which 
may be a very important one, too—that of the outflow of 
salts and other substances from the roots into the surround- 
ing medium, a process designated as exosmosis. One com- 


68 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


mon example of this phenomenon is the excretion of carbon 
dioxide by the roots, whereby even such resistant rocks as 
marble are corroded and dissolved. In recent years the 
Bureau of Soils of the U. S. Department of Agriculture has 
advanced the idea that the poor growth of a crop on any 
given soil may not be due so much to lack of plant food as 
to the presence of toxic substances arising from the roots of 
the previous crop. In general, though, the amount of any 
excretion from the roots must be very small. 


The purpose of the investigation here reported was to de- 
termine by electrical means the relative amount of exosmosis, 
or excretion, when the plants were subjected to various con- 
ditions. This was done by measuring the electrical conduc- 
tivity, or resistance, of the water before, during, and after the 
roots had been in it for varying periods. Water that is pure 
from a chemical standpoint has a very low conductivity, or 
high resistance, i.e., the electric current passes through lt 
only with difficulty. On adding salts, etc., to the water its 
conductivity increases enormously, hence the measurement 
of the conductivity is likewise a measure of the amount of 
substances which passes from the roots into the water; so 
that in these experiments it is an indication of the excretion 
from the roots. Of course, if the roots are killed, the loss 
of substances from them is very rapid. In these experiments, 
however, it was especially desired to ascertain if unfavorable 
conditions and injurious agents would cause any appreciable 
excretion. 


Some of the plants were accordingly subjected to illumin- 
ating gas, toxic agents, extremes o temperature, and even 
anesthetics and as a result of the tests a definite exosmosis 
was found (variable with the treatment) even when the 
treatment had not been severe or prolonged enough to seri- 
ously affect the plant in its external appearance. With these 
facts before us—and in such detail as they have been worked 
out—it is believed that we can better determine the nature 
and effects of unfavorable field conditions. The work sug- 
gests many new lines of investigation. 


Digestive Ferments of the Marine Algae.—As a result of 
the connection of the Garden, through certain members of 
its staff, with the Marine Biological Laboratory, at Woods 
Hole, Massachusetts, some relations of the marine algae have 
been studied, and especially the digestive processes of these 
organisms have offered some attractive problems. The trans- 
formation of food within the plant is soown to be brought 
about in a way very similar to that in the animal organism, 
—in most cases the same kind of digestive substances or 
enzymes being involved. We know quite well how the com- 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 69 


mon accumulation products of most plant tissues, such as 
starch and sugar, are digested by the cell, but preliminary 
experiments seemed to indicate that somewhat unexpected 
conditions might prevail in certain algae, and Mr. A. R. 
Davis, Rufus J. Lackland Fellow, has investigated the gen- 
eral question of ferment action, or the digestive processes, in 
the marine algae. Any new knowledge concerning the way 
in which the various ferments, or enzymes, act, whether the 
information be gained through investigation of plant or 
animal tissues, throws light upon the general inches of 
digestion. It was to gain new facts concerning the broader © 
phases of the subject as well as to study intimately the par- 
ticular nature of such enzyme action in the seaweeds that 
this research was undertaken. The seaweeds, or algae, were 
chosen because so little has been known concerning the diges- 
tion changes occurring in these plants. 


The enzymes were isolated from the tissues by standard 
methods, and when so isolated were brought into solutions or 
infusions with certain organic compounds to determine if 
the latter were then digested. If, for example, a starch paste 
were digested, that would indicate that a starch-digesting 
enzyme is produced by the plant. Again, the rates at which 
such enzymes would carry on a digestive process were com- 
pared in several instances with the rates evidenced by enzymes 
obtained from some of the flowering plants. In general, 
digestive activities were found to toca much more slowly 
in the algae, and the actual number of a demon- 
strable proved to be considerably less than those in other 
plants. One of the most ype points resulting from 
the work is the indication of the existence of certain inhibit- 
ing agents, which upon the death of the cell may unite with 
the enzymes and thus preclude its further work as an active 
digestive ferment. 


Yeast Fungi in Relation to Animal Diseases.—Consider- 
able differences of opinion have existed regarding the role 
of wild yeasts and certain other related fungi to occasional 
cases of animal diseases. Following the isolation of a species 
of yeast under suggestive conditions from a human tumor, 
Mr. W. H, Emig, formerly Rufus J. Lackland Fellow, secured 
cultures of wild yeasts from innumerable natural sources 
and sought to determine the possibility of their eC ag OK 
as regards warm-blooded animals. At considerable labor 
more than 3,000 cultures were made and all yeasts thus ob- 
tained were tested with respect to their growth on blood 
serum, the feeling being that those organisms which would 
not grow on the serum could scarcely be regarded as worthy 
of further attention from a pathogenic standpoint. Some 


70 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


interesting organisms were found, but among the many iso- 
lated, only 12 species grew upon the serum at 37°C; and 
upon making the requisite animal inoculations it was found 
that two species produced slight lesions, but perhaps insuffi- 
cient to be considered of primary pathogenic importance. 
The cultural characteristics of the more interesting organisms 
found were studied and described. 


An Important Cabbage Disease.—Mr. J. C. Gilman, Rufus 
J. Lackland Fellow, was occupied for a year or more at the 
University of Wisconsin, and for a year at the Garden, with 
a general study of an important cabbage disease. While en- 
gaged in the selection of a variety of cabbage resistant to 
the “yellows”—a very destructive disease of this important 
crop—it was thought advisable to undertake investigations 
to determine the conditions under which the disease occurred. 
The cause of the disease was found to be a fungus (Fusarium 
conglutinans) which lived saprophytically in the soil and 
became parasitic on the cabbage plant cheoudh the roots. 
The fungus then grew into the water-conducting tissue of 
the cabbage and ultimately killed the plant, perhaps by slow 
stoppage of the water supply. The Fenton was studied in 
pure culture and in the ald. It was found to be resistant 
to drying and to require a rather high temperature for its 
best development in culture. Detailed observations in the 
field indicate that warm weather is at least a strongly pre- 
disposing cause. Experiments under controlled conditions 
of temperature in the greenhouse confirmed these observa- 
tions. The disease occurred at temperatures of 17-22°C. or 
above, but was not found when the temperature was kept at 
12-16°C. or below. No remedial measures have been devised, 
but other work has shown that highly resistant strains of 
cabbage may be selected. 


The Relation of Resin and Turpentine to Wood Decay.— 
Recently much interest has been aroused among lumbermen 
concerning specifications for structural timber, the require- 
ments of which are strength and durability. The strength 
depends upon the specific weight of the wood, but the natural 
factors which control the durability or resistance of wood to 
the growth and development of wood-decaying fungi present 
an open —— The Yellow Pine Manufacturers Associa- 
tion has heretofore considered the growth rings as indices 
both of strength and durability of the timber, based upon 
the proportion of summer wood and number of rings per 
inch. The rings of growth are = of layers of dense, 
dark, usually resinous summer wood and softer, lighter, less 
sean wood, and the greater the percentage of sum- 
mer w the greater the strength and durability of the 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 71 


timber. It has been considered that the resin content is the 
important index of durability, and for this reason it is be- 
lieved that the durability of shortleaf pine lumber having the 
required percentage of summer wood is uncertain. With the 
cooperation of the Yellow Pine Manufacturers Association, 
Mr. 8. M. Zeller began an investigation last fall at the Gradu- 
ate Laboratory to determine the relationships which the per- 
centages of resin, turpentine, and wood fiber in longleaf 
pine (Pinus palustris), shortleaf pine (P. echinata), and 
loblolly pine (P. Taeda) bear to the resistance of the wood 
toward fungous decay. The soluble ferments of the fungi 
used in the work will be studied. This work will be con- 
tinued throughout the summer months and during the 
coming academic year. 


The Classification of Certain Polypores.—The Polyporaceae 
form a very natural group of plants commonly called the 
“pore fungi,” “bracket fungi,” “punks,” “conchs,” etc. They 
are mostly tough or woody growths appearing upon trunks 
and stumps of trees in woods and groves. Very often they 
grow upon living trees and may at times be a considerable 
menace to the life of the tree. In other cases they are found 
on structural timbers and may cause very destructive rots 
of the wood. The treatment of such timbers so as to prevent 
the entrance of the fungi forms an important industry in 
itself, and is a subject to which the railroads, es sdiniic hoes 
given much attention of late years, owing to the prevalence 
of the fungi mentioned as the chief agents in the destruction 
of railroad ties and bridge timbers. 


More or less confusion still ate regarding the classifica- 
tion of this group of plants, and Mr. L. O. Overholts, Rufus 
J. Lackland Fellow, has found that the species of this group 
afford some interesting taxonomic problems. ‘The use of the 
microscope in the study of the internal characters of the 
pore fungi is a recent introduction, and has aided immensely 
in clearing up obscure points regarding the relationships of 
species within the abe Many of our common species are 
still in need of work of this kind. The investigation so far 
has been concerned with checking up the microscopic char- 
acters of these plants. In several instances the characters 
defined in the literature dealing with these plants have been 
shown to be erroneous, and in some cases hitherto unknown 
characters have been added to the list, thus aiding consider- 
ably in fixing more definitely the limits of the species. 
Research and Its Applications—The immediate applica- 
tion of scientific work is by no means the first consideration, 
but sympathy with the general idea of relating the work to 
human affairs is also broadening and stimulating. That the 


72 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


staff of the Missouri Botanical Garden are in ample accord 
with this idea is shown by their association with practical 
problems, among which may be mentioned these: to Dr. 
Moore is due the copper treatment of reservoirs, and water 
supplies, as well as a wider application of the value of cop- 
per salts as disinfectants; to Dr. Duggar, practical studies 
in the fungi, including contributions on plant diseases and 
methods for mushroom culture and spawn making; to Dr. 
von Schrenk, the study of decay-producing fungi and the 
development of methods of wood treatment or impregnation 
for the prevention of decay in structural and other timbers; 
to Dr. Hill, a clearer conception of the value of ventilation 
in the shipment and storage of perishable fruits and vege- 
tables; to Mir. Nolte, the perfection of a definite method of 
analyzing air for the detection of its polluting organisms. 
In common with biological progress generally, however, the 
development of our knowledge of plant life depends upon 
a clear a of research and freedom of inquiry. 
With this condition established, and with the understanding 
that practical experimentation is costly, it is more likely 
that in the present era the applications of botanical science 
will always illuminate rather than obscure the domain of 
investigation. 


FLORAL DISPLAYS 


Conservatories.—A large and varied collection of snap- 
dragons, or antirrhinums, and equally large and varied col- 
lections of gloxinias and calceolarias with a scattering of 
Lilium rubrum and calla lilies have made the Floral Display 
House during the month of May a place of gay colors and 
beautiful flower forms. These flowers will gradually give 
place to larger collections of lilies and the many varieties 
and shades of French hydrangeas. A collection of fuchsias 
and specimens of the little blue daisy (Felicia amelloides), 
together with yellow and white marguerites and some 
senecios, will complete the floral display for the month of 
June, while large groups of foliage plants, such as coleus, 
crotons, and fanecy-leaved caladiums, will make an effective 
setting for the bright colored flowers. In order to facilitate 
its conversion into a house for the large collection of suc- 
culents, the Floral Display House will be closed to the public 
during the summer months. 


Rose Garden.—The rose garden! of last season has been 
considerably enlarged by the addition of some fifty beds to 
the south of the pergola. These beds have been planted with 
the following varieties of roses: 


* See article in March, 1914, number of the BULLETIN for further in- 
‘formation concerning the rose garden. 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 73 


Gruss an Teplitz Jonkheer J. L. Mock 
Frau Karl Druschki Lady Alice Stanley 
Laurent Carle La France 

White Killarney Betty 

Harvey Kirk Souv. de Pres. Carnot 
Antoine Rivoire = © Mad. Ravary 

Lady Ashtown --~ Duchess of Wellington 
Mad. Leon Poin General McArthur 


Miss Cynthia Forde 


Some 1,300 new plants were added to the collection in 
planting the above new section, but some time will be neces- 
sary before these beds attain the effectiveness of those in the 
older part of the rose garden. 


In this garden quite a number of the roses had begun to 
bloom freely as early as the middle of May, among which 
were the following: 


Helen Gould Geo, C. Waud 
Lady Ashtown Clio 

Otto von Bismarck Duke of Teck 
Katherine Zeimet Hugh Dickson 
Frau Karl Druschki Mad. Jules Grolez 
Magna Charta Beaute de Lyon 
Jean Libaud Tom Wood 
Rodhatte 


Many additions to the above list will appear during the 
month of June, including a large collection of ramblers. 


NOTES 


Two classes from the Ashland School were conducted 
through the Garden on April 30. 


'_ Mr. Henry Ochs, a graduate of the Garden course, visited 
the Garden on April 15. Mr. Ochs is now studying medicine. 


The Annual Flower Sermon, provided for in Mr. Shaw’s 
will, was preached in Christ Church Cathedral by the Rev. 
A. A.V. Risninctin. on May 16. 


Mr. J. Hollister Tull, a former Garden pupil, was a visitor 
at the Garden on ae 24. Mr. Tull is now Agriculturist for 
the Kansas City Southern Railroad, at Mena, Arkansas. 


Mr. C. H. Thompson, Assistant Botanist to the Garden, 
ve an illustrated talk before the Garden Club of Webster 
roves, April 22, on “Flowers and Insects.” 


Miss Marjorie F. Warner, who is engaged in_biblio- 

aphical work in the U. S. Department of | ne deiegeesa 
Washington, D. C., has been noting early agricultural an 
horticultural books in the Garden Library for a fortnight. 


74 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


Prof. E. D. Merrill, Botanist of the Philippine Bureau of 
Science, spent a few days at the Garden about the middle of 
May. On May 12, he addressed the staff and graduate stu- 


dents on some aspects of the botanical work in the Philip- 
pines. : 


On May 18, the Commercial Commissioners of China, ac- 
companied by representatives of the Business Men’s League 
of St. Louis, visited the Garden and were conducted through 
the grounds. Much interest was displayed by the visitors 


in the insectivorous plants as well as in the plants indigenous 
to China. 


The Washington University Chapter of the Society of the 
Sigma Xi held its annual banquet for the initiation of new 
members on May 20. Dr. EB. A. Burt, ee and 
Librarian to the Garden and Associate Professor o Botan 
in Washington University, Mr. G. W. Freiburg and Mr. R. 
A. Studhalter, Rufus J. Lackland Research Fellows, and 
Mr. W. W. Bonns, appointed Rufus J. Lackland Fellow for 
1915-16, were among the new members initiated. 


Recent visitors to the Garden include Dr. Wm. Trelease, 
Professor of Botany, University of Illinois; Dr. F. P. Mall, 
Professor of Anatomy, Johns opkins University; Dr. A. G. 
Johnson of the University of Wisconsin; Dr. L. J. Cole, Pro- 
fessor of on etait Breeding, College of Agriculture, 
University of Wisconsin; Dr. H. A. Harding, Chief of the 
Division of Dairy Husbandry, University of Illinois, and 
Dr. Wm. Howell, Professor of Physiology, Johns Hopkins 
University. 


Dr. George T. Moore, Director of the Garden, attended the 
Twenty-fifth Anniversary of the Nebraska Academy of © 
Sciences, on May 21, as the official delegate of the Missouri 
Botanical Garden, the Academy of Science of St. Louis, the 
Indiana Academy of Science, and the Academy of’ Natural 
Sciences of Philadelphia. He spoke at the memorial service 
for the late Dr. Charles E. Bessey, and gave an illustrated 
lecture on “The Missouri Botanical Garden as a Scientific 
Institution.” 


The Rufus J. Lackland Research Fellowships for the year 
‘1915-1916 have been awarded to the following: 
Mr. R. A. Studhalter, A.B., University of Texas, 1912, re- 
appointed. seen 
Mr. George-W. Freiburg, B.S., South Dakota State Col- 
lege, 1913, reappointed. | 
/)~Mr. W. W. Bonns, B.S., Massachusetts Institute of Tech- 
nology, 1899; B.S.A., Cornell University, 1909; Assistant 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 75 


Professor of Pomology, University of California Citrus Ex- 
periment Station, 1912—. 

Carroll W. Dodge, A.B., Middlebury College, 1915; 
Teacher of Elementary Botany, Middlebury High School. 

Harry C. Young, B.S., Ohio State University, 1913; M.S., 
Agricultural and Mechanics College of North Carolina, 1915; 
_ Instructor in Botany, A. and M. College of North Carolina; 
., and teacher of Plant Physiology, A. and M. summer school. 
__ Mr. Alva R. Davis, Rufus J. Lackland Research Fellow, 
has been appointed Research Assistant to succeed Mr. M. C. 
Merrill, and Mr. Joseph Warren Severy, A.B., Oberlin Col- 
lege, 1915, has been appointed Teaching Fellow in the Shaw 
School of Botany, to succeed Mr. F. B. Wann. 


The issue of the Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 
containing the Anniversary proceedings, and constituting the 
first and second numbers of Volume II, has been issued with 
the following contents: 


“The Twenty-fifth Anniversary Celebration.” 

“The Vegetation of Mona Island.” N. L. Britton, New 
York Botanical Garden. 

“The Flora of Norway and its Immigration.” N. Wille, 
Professor at the Christiania University. 

“The Phylogenetic Taxonomy of Flowering Plants.” 
Charles E. Bessey, University of Nebraska. 

“The Botanical Garden of Oaxaca.” C. Conzatti, Director 
of the Botanical Garden of Oaxaca, Mexico. 

- “The Origin of Monocotyledony.” J. M. Coulter, Univer- 
sity of Chicago. 

“The History and Functions of Botanic Gardens.” Arthur 
W. Hill, Assistant Director, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 

“Recent Investigations on the Protoplasm of Plant Cells 
and its Colloidal Properties.” Frederick Czapek, Pflanzen- 
physiologisches Institut der K. K. Deutschen Universitat, 
Prague, Austria. : 

“The Experimental Modification of Germ-Plasm.” D. T. 
MacDougal, Department of Botanical Research, Carnegie 
Institution of Washington. 

“The Relations between Scientific Botany and Phytopath- 
ology.” O. Appel, Mitglied der Kaiserlichen Biologischen 
Anstalt fiir Land- und Forsiwirteshatt, Berlin-Dahlem. 

“The Law of Temperature connected with the Distribution 
os the Marine Algae.” W. A. Setchell, University of Cali- 
ornia. 

“Phytopathology in the Tropics.” Johanna Westerdijk, 
ta of the Phytopathological Laboratory, Amsterdam, 

olland. 


76 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


“Phylogeny and Relationships in the Ascomycetes.” 
Geo. F. Atkinson, Cornell University. 


““A Conspectus of Bacterial Diseases of Plants.” Erwin F. 
Smith, U. 8S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. 


STATISTICAL INFORMATION FOR APRIL, 1915 


GARDEN ATTENDANCE: 


aotal Gamer OF VIRION i ee ee 40,710 
PLANT ACCESSIONS: 
Total number of plants received in exchange............... 162 
Total number of seed packets received in exchange......... 390 
Wimtite Gomes oo oe ec ek es eS 1 
PLANT DISTRIBUTION: 
DY. GHG os as SE a ee ~ 200 
LIBRARY ACCESSIONS: 
Total number of books bought.....................0.005: 9 
Total number of books and pamphlets donated............. 180 
HERBARIUM ACCESSIONS: 
By Purchase — 
E. Bartholomew—“North American Uredinales,” Cent. XIV, 
Nos. 1301-1400; and “Fungi Columbiani,” Cent. XLVI, 
Nom: SOOT QR0G os a i es Be ke 200 
'. Brandegee—Plants of Mexico, collected by C. A. Purpus 
HE SOAR vs pd nares bs iain eck oak ne sone ee 230 
L. O. Overholts—Plants of Colorado............... e6i ae 70 
T. O. Weigel—Plants of the Philippine Islands collected by 
Father Morice Vanoverbergh. . ..... oe ..5.ccececcecss 78 
T. O. Weigel—“Plantae Kamerunenses,” Cent. VI, Nos. 
G00 G00 es a ec ee ee 100 
By Gift — 
Mrs. M. S. Chapman—Specimens of fungi from Vermont. .. 2 
J. M. Coulter—Hesperocallis undulata Gray from California. 1 
J. A. Drushel—Plants of Ohio, Illinois, and Missouri...... 12 
W. G. Farlow—Specimens of fungi. ..>... 20.2.2... 0.000. 5 


Philip Garmen—Septobasidium pedicellatum from Kentucky. 1 
A. H. Gilbert—Septobasidium pedicellatum on apple twigs 


from ‘Kentneky - 0.6600 15 ks ee 1 
W. C. Le Van—Podophyllum peltatum L. from Oklahoma. . 1 
E. O. Matthews—Fungi, lichens, and mosses from Mexico. . 18 
L. O. Overholts—Specimens of Missouri fungi............ 23 
Lars Romell—Peniophora Allescheri from Sweden......... 1 
W. A. Setchell—Specimens of fungi from California... ..... 2 
G. W. Stevens—Fragment of Senecio filifolius Nutt. from 

ry Peer rea eae ener po cep we 1 
J. R. i ——Fungi from Montana, Idaho, British Columbia, 

an 


Le ee id ee ee 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 77 


The Garden is open to the public week days the year ’round from 
8:00 A. M. until one-half hour after sunset. Until November 30, the Gar- 
den will be open Sundays from 2:00 P. M. until sunset. Admission free. 


Personally conducted trips through the Garden every Saturday after- 
noon from May 1 to November 1, starting from the main gate at 3 o’clock. 
Other trips may be arranged for by special appointment. 


The main entrance to the Garden is located at Tower Grove Avenue 
and Flora Boulevard, on the Vandeventer Avenue car line. Transfer 
south from all intersecting lines. 


The Garden will be open all day on Decoration Day, May 31. 


Mlssourt BoTANICAL : 
GARDEN BULLETIN 


Veet 7 et) JUNE, 1915 eg 


PUBLISHED MONTHLY BY THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES 


YT Aceg Be 


oe 


ee — 


Missouri Botanical 
Garden Bulletin 


Vol. III St. Louis, Mo., June, 1915 No. 6 


ROSES 


In March, 1914, there was printed in the BULLETIN an 
article on rose growing in St. Louis which was so much 
in demand that the edition was soon exhausted. This year 
the interest in roses is even greater, and because of the 
demand for information concerning the best varieties to 
grow in this locality, and their care, it seems desirable that 
the substance of the previous article be reprinted. Con- 
siderable additional information has been added, however, 
~ and the account of the collection of roses at the Garden 
brought down to date. ; 


The growing of roses in St. Louis does not require the 
extreme amount of skill that has generally been supposed. 
On the contrary, any one can grow roses successfully, pro- 
vided a few general conditions of culture are understood 
and carefully observed. The idea has become general that 
owing to the adverse weather conditions prevalent during 
the summer months in this latitude, roses will bloom only 
during early summer and early fall. The experience with 
roses in the Garden, however, agaanirtod beyond all 
question that with reasonable care any unfavorable climatic 
influences in St. Louis can be successfully overcome. Al- 
though the high temperature and droughts for the last two 
summers were particularly trying, the roses in the Garden 
presented an aicct uninterrupted blooming period from 
early spring until late fall. 

The prime requisite for rose growing in this locality is 
an abundance of water. If this is ig lied, there will be 
no difficulty in getting continuous bloom, provided, of 
course, the proper kinds of roses are selected and the gen- 
eral directions given below are followed. While this ae- 
count has been prepared with the roses in the Garden par- 
ticularly in mind, it should apply equally well to any rose 
garden in St. Louis or vicinity. 

(79) 


80 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


THE ROSE GARDEN IN THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN 


The rose garden is located to the west of the administration 
and laboratory building and directly south of the old Shaw 
residence. The central feature of the garden is a large 
pergola upon a raised embankment, the north side of the 
latter being covered with four varieties of trailing roses. 
The pergola itself is gradually being overgrown with a num- 
ber of climbing roses of the best sorts. The garden in gen- 
eral is conventional in design, being composed of numerous 
beds separated by straight and curved walks (see plan). 
About half of the beds lie to the north of the pergola and 
of the walk running through it, which connects the admin- 
istration building with the medicinal garden. This path 
is marked on either side by occasional sentinel-like standard 
roses connected by hedges of other varieties. The east and 
south sides of the Garden are bordered by a hedge of 
“Clotilde Soupert” roses, dotted at intervals with iron posts 
upon which many varieties of climbing roses are growing. 

e entrances to the garden through this hedge are marked 
by arches, harmonizing in design with the pergola. 


To the south of the pergola are a number of new beds 
containing some 1,300 plants, comprising about seventeen 
varieties which have been demonstrated as being among 
those which succeed best in St. Louis. While none of these 
plants is over three years old and most of them only two 
years old, they have already given an abundance of flowers 
this season. 


MAKING A ROSE GARDEN 


Location.—Roses are entitled to the choicest location in a 
yard. Good exposure to the sun, and proper protection from 
prevailing winds will do much to make the rose garden a 
success. While a location with a full-day sun exposure is 
much to be preferred, it is not absolutely essential, and where 
a choice must be made it is best to give roses the morning 
sun. Beds should not be located near trees or shrubbery. 
Roses are heavy feeders and for their best development re- 
quire an unusual amount of fertilizer; when planted near 
trees or shrubbery, the roots of the latter deplete the soil of 
nourishment, with the result that the roses suffer. If, how- 
ever, planting in close proximity to trees and shrubs is un- 
avoidable, it is advisable each year to dig a trench (about 
a foot wide and two or three feet deep) around the rose bed 
and fill with well-rotted cow manure. This procedure will 
tend to prevent the roots of shrubs from actually enterin 
the rose bed. Sometimes a concrete wall is conbesioted 
deep enough to prevent this encroachment. 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 81 


Soil.—Roses usually do well in any good garden soil, but 
better results are obtained if considerable care is exercised 
in the preparation of the ground. Roses require a heavy, 
well-drained soil. To obtain this, the area to be used for a 
bed should be dug out to a depth of from eighteen inches 
to two feet, and if the drainage is not good another six 
inches should be removed and this space filled with fine 
broken stone, brick, or old flower-pots. Upon this porous 
stratum six inches of well-rotted cow manure should be 
placed, and finally sufficient heavy soil to finish the bed, 
raising it not more than three inches above the surrounding 
grade. This latter layer should, if possible, be top soil (in- 
cluding sod) from an old pasture. After making the bed 
it should be allowed to settle for a week before the planting 
is begun. 


Planting.—Roses may be set out either in the fall or in 
the spring. The spacing depends very largely upon the 
variety; tea and hybrid tea varieties may be planted about 
eighteen inches apart, but hybrid perpetuals, on account of 
their more vigorous growth, should be spaced at least two 
and one-half feet, and ramblers eventually need about four 
feet. In any case an eight-inch margin from the edge of 
the bed should be allowed. Where potted stock is being 
planted, the ball of earth should be placed with its upper 
surface about two inches below the soil; field-grown stock 
may be set two or three inches lower than its former posi- 
tion in the nursery. The holes for receiving the plants 
should be large enough to admit the stock without bendin 
or crowding the roots, the soil should be firmly pack 
around the roots, and the Lega thoroughly watered im- 
mediately after planting. All stock should be so pruned 
that but two or three buds remain on each shoot—the upper 
bud, in each case, pointing outward. 


Varieties to Plant.—Rose stock may be either grown on 
its own roots, or grafted or budded. It may be well in this 
connection, however, to call attention to certain disadvan- 
tages which attach to budded stock. In general, budded 
stock is more easily killed in severe winters than is stock 
grown on its own roots, and in addition the shoots which 
invariably spring from the parent stock frequently sup- 
press the scion unless cut away. On the other hand, there 
are varieties of roses which it is impossible to grow satis- 
factorily unless they are budded on to a hardier stock. 

Of the four or five thousand varieties of roses at present 


on the market, some growers list as many as eight hundred, 
but of these only a few grow to perfection in this latitude. 


82 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


As the result of tests in the Garden from the standpoint of 
perfection of blooms, profuse flowering, and general hardi- 
ness, the following list of varieties has been prepared as 
being particularly desirable for planting in St. Louis and 


vicinity :1 


Francisca Kruger (T.), coppery 
yellow 

Perle des Jardins (T.), yellow 

Maman Cochet (T.), silvery rose 

Wm. R. Smith (T.), creamy white 

Admiral Dewey (H.T.), light pink 

Augustine Guinoisseau (H.T.), 
white, tinted with flesh pink 

Bessie Brown (H.T.), creamy white 

Betty (H.T.), rich gold 

Chateau de Clos Vougeot (H.T.), 
velvety scarlet (the blackest 
rose ) 

Duchess of Wellington 

saffron yellow 

Gruss an Teplitz (H.T.), bright 
scarlet erimson 

Grace Molyneaux (H.T.), creamy 
apricot 

George C. Waud (H.T.), orange- 
vermilion 

General MeArthur (H.T.), bright 
crimson 

Killarney (H.T.), pink 

Killarney (H.T.), white. 

Lady Ursula (H.T.), flesh-pink 

La France (H.T.), brightest pink 

YLaurent Carle (H.T.), brilliant 
velvety carmine 

Lady Ashtown (H.T.), pale rose 

Liberty (H.T.), ‘brilliant velvety 
crimson 

¥Miss Cynthia Forde (H.T.), deep 

brilliant rose pink 

“Mrs. Aaron Ward (H.T.), Indian 

yellow 

Mad. Jules Grolez 

pink 


(H.T.), 


—~ 


(H.T. ), satiny 


Natalie Bottner (H.T.), pure white 

Frau Karl Druschki (H.P.), snow 
white a4 

Gloire Lyonnaise (H.T.), white, 
tinted with yellow 

Magna Charta (H.P.), bright rose 

Mad. Chas. Wood (H.P.), bright 
cherry-red 

Hugh Dickson 
crimson 

Paul Neyron (H.P.), rosy pink 
(one of the largest roses) 

Clotilde Soupert (P.), flesh pink 

Katherine Zeimet (P.), white 

Mad. Norbert Levavasseur (P.), 
ruby-red 

Orleans (P.), geranium-red 

Hermosa (China), blush 

Agrippina (China), fiery red 

Belle Poitevine (Rugosa), rose 

Blane Double de Coubert (Rugosa) , 
white : 

Conrad F. Meyer (Rugosa), silvery 
rose : 

Amy Robsart (sweetbrier), deep 
rose - 


(H.P.), brilliant 


Anne of Geierstein (sweetbrier), 
crimson 

Meg. Merrilies (sweetbrier), crim- 
son 

Dorothy Perkins (climber), soft 
light pink 

Dr. W. Van Fleet (climber), rich 
flesh } 

Excelsa (climber), crimson maroon 

Flower of Fairfield» (climber), 
crimson 

White Dorothy Perkins (climber), 
white 


A briefer list, with the varieties arranged according to 
habit, is likewise given for the benefit of those who may 
wish to try only a few of each kind: 


* In the following enumeration, tea, hybrid tea, polyantha, and hybrid 
perpetual varieties are respectively indicated by {7.), CET.) OOP), 


and (H.P.). 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 83 


HYBRID TEA 
(EVER-BLOOMING) 


“Gruss an Teplitz, scarlet crimson Augustine Guinoisseau (white La 


Lady Ashtown, pale rose France) ; 
to k, brigh 
Mad. Jules Grolez, bright china-rose ee ee OE ee 


Indiana, red /Mrs. Aaron Ward, Indian yellow 
La Detroit, shell pink re cee — 

illarney, white 
= —s : General McArthur, bright crimson 
Lady Ursula, flesh pink Duchess of Wellington, deep cop- 
La France, bright pink rose pery yellow 


HYBRID PERPETUAL, OR REMONTANT 
(BLOOMING PERIOD 4-6 WEEKS) 


Frau Karl Druschki, snow white Magna Charta, bright rose 
General Jacqueminot, brilliant Ulrich Brunner, cherry-crimson 
scarlet-crimson 
POLYANTHA (DWARF HEDGE ROSE) 


Katherine Zeimet (white baby Clotilde Soupert, flesh 
rambler) 

et geranium-red (the best ever-blooming variety for hedges yet 
ound) 


RUGOSA, OR JAPAN ROSE 


Any variety that is suitable (the single or semi-double only produce the 
searlet hips or seed pods) 


SWEETBRIER 


Any Lord Penzance variety that is suitable (do well in partial shade 
and shrubbery borders) , 


MOSS ROSES 
Any variety that is suitable 


WICHURAIANA AND CLIMBERS 


Hiawatha, brilliant scarlet American Pillar, pink with a clear 
La Fiamma, crimson and white white eye 
Dorothy Perkins, light pink Lady Gay, cherry-pink 


Dorothy Perkins, white 


Spring and Summer Care.—Before growth commences in 
the spring, the lus coarse manure should be removed 
from the beds and the remaining fine portion turned under. 
Deep cultivation is not desirable—three inches being quite 
sufficient in beds which have not been trampled on—as the 
roots are likely to be injured or broken. For this purpose 
it is desirable to use a four-pronged siering oak, as it is 
less likely to injure the roots than a spade. Afterwards, and 
until the buds beactn to develop, nothing more is necessary 


‘ 


84 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


except frequent stirring of the surface with a sharp-pointed 
rake. As the flowering season approaches, feeding with 
liquid cow manure should begin and should continue until 
the blooming’ season is over, after which all stimulation 
should cease. The liquid cow manure is conveniently pre- 

ared by adding about six pails of fresh cow manure to a 
Carvel of water (fifty gallons) and allowing the mixture to 
stand a day or two before using. If a half bushel of soot 
contained in a burlap bag is hung over night in the barrel 
of liquid manure, the beneficial properties of the fertilizer 
will greatly increased. About one-half gallon of this 
infusion should be used for each plant and the application 
may be repeated once a week. It is safe to say that this is 
one of the most efficient fertilizers for roses, and its con- 
tinued and careful use is partially responsible for the 
splendid showing made by the roses in the Garden. During 
July a light top dressing of finely crushed bone is also of 
advantage. 


Although it is generally believed that magnesium in 
excess is the most poisonous of all the plant nutrients or 
fertilizers, Tonk, as early as 1889, recommended a manure 
for roses containing sulphate of magnesium with, however, 
an excess of lime. Here the matter rested for twenty years. 
In 1909, Truffant noted the large proportion of magnesium 
found in the analysis of roses, and stated that soils deficient 
in this element produced but a weak growth of roses, but 
that the addition of magnesium salts brought about a 
marked increase of vigor and growth. The following year 
at the International Rose Conference, in Paris, the par- 
ticular value of magnesium for roses was one of the subjects 
for discussion. It was declared to be indispensable and it 
was stated that it should always be given in the form of 
sulphate in doses of about five ounces to the square yard. 


As the result of recent experiments at the Garden, and 
the experience of at least one practical rose grower of 
national reputation, it is believed that the following prac- 
tice is correct: Attention should be called to the fact 
that all roses do not react alike, and some varieties not 
yet tested may not respond satisfactorily or may even be 
slightly injured by the magnesium. One should, there- 
fore, proceed cautiously. If plants are to be watered with 
a solution, use nitrate of magnesium at the rate of one 
ounce to the gallon. This may be used once a week through 
the season, but if any ill effects are noted, the application 
should be discontinued. If the magnesium is to be applied 
dry, it is better to use finely powdered commercial carbonate 
of magnesium which contains a certain amount of lime. 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 85 


This should be applied at the rate of one-third of a pound 
to the square yard. No immediate effect will be noticed 
from the application, but, later, increased sturdiness and 
consequent richness of foliage and blossom should result. 


Insects.—Half starved and otherwise neglected roses are 

uite susceptible to insect attacks, which, however, is not 
the case if the plants are properly cared for. In St. Louis 
and vicinity the most serious insect enemy of the rose is 
probably the green fly, well known to all who have grown 
roses. It is a small, green plant-louse, or aphid, about one- 
eighth of an inch in length when full-grown and usually 
wingless. The body is oval and soft and secretes a sweet 
fluid of which ants are particularly fond. The presence of 
ants on rose bushes is good evidence that the aphids are at 
work. The latter usually work on the young shoots, suck- 
ing the juices with their long, slender beaks, and if un- 
molested quickly destroy the vigor and vitality of the rose 
plant. The most effective agent with which to combat the 
aphid is tobacco smoke, but its use out of doors is obviously 
connected with serious difficulties. In its place, however, 
a solution made from tobacco stems and whale-oil soap will 
_be found effective. To make this solution one pound of 
‘ tobacco stems should be soaked in a gallon of water over 
night, after which one ounce of whale-oil soap, which has 
first been dissolved in a small quantity of hot water, should 
\ be added (it will require three or four hours for the soap 
to thoroughly dissolve). The solution so prepared should 
be thoroughly stirred before using and may be applied either 
with a sprayer or with a whisk broom. This quantity is 
sufficient for about twenty-five plants. Where a sufficient 
water pressure is available the green fly may further be kept 
in check by vigorously spraying the plants from time to time, 
as required. 

Another troublesome pest of out-door roses is the rose 
hopper, or thrips. This insect is small, yellowish white, 
about three-twentieths of an inch long, and provided with 
a pair of transparent wings. It preys upon the leaves, work- 
ing especially on the under side, causing the foliage to as- 
sume a dekly yellowish appearance. e control of this 
insect is more difficult because of its active jumping and 
flying habits. Spraying the plants with water, so as to wet 
the under side of the leaves, and subsequently dusting them 
with powdered hellebore usually effects a sufficient control. 


Several kinds of caterpillars prey upon the rose, some- 
times causing considerable injury. All of them envelop 
themselves in the leaves or burrow in the flower buds. 
Powdered hellebore sprinkled over the plants prevents to a 


86 MISSOURL BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


considerable extent the movements of the larvae, but re- 
moval is best accomplished by actually picking them from 
the plants. 


Fungous Diseases.—The mildew is perhaps the commonest 
disease of the rose in this locality. Some varieties are 
seldom attacked and certain locations are much more sub- 
ject to it than others. The disease generally makes its ap- 
pearance in the autumn, when the nights begin to grow 
cool. At this season, however, it works but little harm, as 
the plants have made their growth and the wood is nearly 
or quite ripened. A mixture of equal parts of quick lime 
and sulphur, applied when the dew is on the plants, will 
usually prevent mildew. At the Garden the following solu- 
tion has been used successfully: one ounce of copper car- 
bonate, one pint of ammonia, and ten gallons of water. 
Plants should: be sprayed with this mixture once a week, 
using a nozzle giving a fine spray. . 


Winter Protection—The work of protecting roses against 
the severe cold of the winter should. be done by November 20. 
The earth should be heaped up around each plant to a depth 
of from two to three inches in order to provide drainage 
away from the center of the plant, and from four to six 
inches of straw manure should be placed over the entire 
surface of the bed. This treatment will protect any of the 
varieties previously mentioned, except the tree, or standard 
roses. ‘These are budded at the crown and unless wrapped 
with hay or straw, freeze very easily. 


Pruning.—One of the most important considerations in 
rose culture is that of pruning. No directions can be given 
which will be sufficiently explicit to enable one to know just 
what to do in each individual case; practical experience alone 
can furnish this information. But the general principles 
that should be observed in pruning can be readily stated. As 
regards tools, a pair of good shears and a pruning knife with 
hooked blade are desirable. The work can be more quickly 
and easily done with the former, but where a very smooth 
cut is to be made, the pruning knife is preferable—also be- 
cause it is less likely to bruise the bark. 


-All pruning should be done while the plants are dormant. 
The chief objects to be held in view in pruning roses are: 
the production of a symmetrical plant, and the promotion 
of flower bud formation. To secure these results plants of 
delicate habit and weak growth should be severely pruned. 
Vigorous growers, on the other hand, should have the shoots 
only moderately shortened, but the branches well thinned 
out. In all cases the cut should be straight across the stem 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 87 


in order to expose a minimum amount of wolnded surface, 
and care should be taken that the top bud which remains 
points outward. Climbing roses require no pruning beyond 
cutting out the very old and dead wood and shortening the 
laterals, except the trimming which may be necessary to 
make the plants conform in shape to a particular arbor or 
trellis. The tendency around St. Louis seems to have been 
towards over pruning. 


The varieties at present growing in the rose garden are 
given in the following two lists. In the first one the varieties 
are listed in alphabetical order, each followed by a number 
indicating position in the accompanying plan; and in the 
second the arrangement is a numerical one according to the 
numbers given in the first list. 


ALPHABETICAL LIST OF VARIETIES IN ROSE GARDEN 


Alfred K. Williams, 125 
American Beauty (climber), 20 
American Pillar, 19 

Anna de Diesbach, 114 

Anne of Geierstein, 57 

Antoine Rivoire, 26 

Augustine Guinoisseau, 77 


Augustine Guinoisseau (standard), 


48 
Baby Rambler, 89 
Barbarossa, 115 
Baron Rothschild, 112 
Beauté de Lyon, 63 
Betty, 30° 
Blanche Moreau, 127 
Blumenschmidt, 68 
Captain Hayward, 70 
Cecile Brunner, 14 
Clio, 123 
Clotilde Soupert, 4 
Colonel le Clere, 129 
Conrad F. Meyer, 109 
Coronation, 21 
Countess of Gosford, 87 
Crimson Rambler, 147 
Daybreak, 8 
Dean Hale, 102 
Debutante, 17 
Dorothy Perkins, 146 
Dr. O’Donel Browne, 116 
Dr. W. Van Fleet, 3 
Duchess d’Assuna, 118 
Duchess of Albany, 106 
Duchess of Wellington, 33 
Duke of Edinburgh, 132 
Duke of Teck, 141 
Earl of Dufferin, 131 
Ecarlate, 69 


Edu. Meyer, 65 

Entente Cordiale, 111 

Ethel Malcolm, 104 

Etoile de France, 81 

Excelsa, 37 

Farben Kénigin, 154 
Farquhar Rose, 6 

Flower of Fairfield, 41 
Francisca Kruger, 107 

Frau Karl Druschki, 9, 51 
Garten Director Hartrath, 126 
General Jacqueminot, 130 
General McArthur, 43 

George C. Waud, 149 

Gruss an Teplitz, 50 

Gruss an Teplitz (climber), 18 
Gruss an Teplitz (standard), 46 
Gustave Grunerwald, 75 
Gustave Regis, 62 

Harry Kirk, 28 

Helen Gould, 60 

Hermosa, 108 

Hiawatha, 55 

His Majesty, 119 

Hugh Dickson, 142 

Indiana, 86 

Trish Fireflame, 95 

J. B. Clarke, 71 

Jonkheer J. L. Mock, 23 
Kaiserin Augusta Victoria, 83 
Kaiser Friederich, 124 
Kalmia, 52 

Katherine Zeimet, 44 
Killarney, pink, 58 

Killarney, white, 35, 85 

La Detroit, 59 

La Detroit (standard), 49 
La France, 25 


88 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


La France (standard), 45 
La Fiamma, 1 

La Progress, 113 

La Reine, 133 

La Tosea, 136 

Lady Alice Stanley, 24 
Lady Ashtown, 27 

Lady Ashtown (standard), 47 
Lady Gay, 16 

Lady Gay (standard), 5 
Lady Helen Stewart, 144 
Lady Ursula, 150 
Laurente Carle, 29 

Leonie Lamesch, 99 
Liberty, 90 

Magna Charta, 155 

Maid Marion, 56 

Maman Cochet, 82 
Margaret Dickson, 138 
Marie Van Houtte, 66 
Marshall Field, 84 

May Queen, 40 

Mad. Caroline Testout, 42 
Mad. Charles Wood, 92 
Mad. Edmond Sablayrolles, 137 
Mad. Gabriel Luizet, 140 
Mad. Isaac Pereire, 117 
Mad. Jules Grolez, 79 
Mad. Leon Constantine, 76 
Mad. Leon Paine, 34 
Mad. Ravary, 32 

Meg Merrilies, 58 

Meteor, 11 

Milady, 97 

Mildred Grant, 72 
Minnehaha, 38, 54 

Miss thia Forde, 22 
Miss Nosman, 103 

Mme. Edouard Herriot, 94 
Mme. Eugene Marlatt, 101 


Mme. Maurice Luze, 78 
Mme. Melanie Soupert, 156 
Mrs. Aaron Ward, 80 

Mrs. Andrew Carnegie, 93 
Mrs. A. R. Waddell, 153 
Mrs. George Shawyer, 100 
Mrs. Herbert Stevens, 98 
Mrs. James Gray, 74 

Mrs. M. H. Walsh, 15 
Mrs. John Laing, 134 


Mrs. R. G. Sharman-Crawford, 139 


Mrs, W. G. Miller, 151 
Natalie Bottner, 152 
Orleans, 2 

Otto von Bismarck, 110 
Paradise, 53 

Perle von Godesberg, 61 
Philadelphia, 10 

Philemon Cochet, 121 
Princesse Adelaide, 128 
Radiance, 105 

Reine Marguerite d’Italie, 148 
Rodhatte, 

Ruhm der Gartenwelt, 135 
Safrano, 67 

Shower of Gold, 39 

Souv. dela Malmaison, 88 
Souv. de Pres. Carnot, 31 
Souv. de Wootton, 36 
Sweetheart, 7 
Tausendschin, 145 

Tom Wood, 120 

Trier, 12 

Ulrich Brunner, 143 
Viridifiora, 91 

Viscountess of Folkestone, 157 
William R. Smith, 73 
Willowmere, 96 

Yellow Rambler, 13 
Zephyrine Drouhin, 122 


NUMERICAL LIST OF VARIETIES IN ROSE GARDEN 


. La Fiamma 

. Orleans 

. Dr. W. Van Fleet 
Clotilde Soupert 
Lady Gay (standard) 
Farquhar Rose 
Sweetheart 
Daybreak 

Frau Karl Druschki 
10. Philadelphia 

11. Meteor 


Trier 
13. Yellow Rambler 
14. Cecile Brunner 
15. Mrs. M. H. Walsh 
16. Lady Gay 


ne 
. 


PIS UP oe 


17. Debutante 

18. Gruss an Teplitz (climber) 
19. American Pillar 

20. American Beauty (climber) 
21. Coronation 

22. Miss Cynthia Forde 

23. Jonkheer J. L. Mock 

24. Lady Alice Stanley 

25. La France 

26. Antoine Rivoire 


28. Kirk 
29, Laurente Carle 
30. Bet 


ty 
31. Souv. de Pres. Carnot 
32. Mad. Ravary 


» 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 89 


33. Duchess of Wellington 
34. Mad. Leon Paine 

35. Killarney, white 

36. Souv. de Wootton 

37. Excelsa 

38. Minnehaha 

39. Shower of Gold 

40. May Queen 

41. Flower of Fairfield 


. Mad. Caroline Testout 

. General McArthur 

. Katherine Zeimet 

. La France (standard) 

. Gruss an Teplitz (standard) 
. Lady Ashtown (standard) 

. Augustine Guinoisseau 


(standard) 


. La Detroit (standard) 


~, 
i 
) 


Pa 


GREENFOUSE 


HOUSE 


GREENHOUSE. 


HEAD 


| ERIMENTAL 
Re e ROUNDS. r 


ga 


ee te 
5 
5 


4 


ae oC 
tT Oe ty, S Aas oe 
an 


PLAN OF THE ROSE GARDEN 


(The numbers refer to the varieties in the accompanying lists) 


90 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


50. Gruss an Teplitz 104. Ethel Malcolm 

651. Frau Karl Druschki 105. Radiance 

52. Kalmia 106. Duchess of Albany 

53. Paradise 107. Francisca Kruger 

54. Minnehaha 108. Hermosa 

55. Hiawatha ~ 109. Conrad F. Meyer 

56. Maid Marion 110. Otto von Bismarck 
57. Anne of Geierstein 111. Entente Cordiale 

58. Meg Merrilies 112. Baron Rothschild 

58. Killarney, pink 113. La Progress 

59. La Detroit 114. Anna de Diesbach 

60. Helen Gould 115. Barbarossa 

61. Perle von Godesberg 116. Dr. O’Donel Browne 
62. Gustave Regis 117. Mad. Isaac Pereire 

63. Beauté de Lyon 118. Duchess d’Assuna 

64. Rodhatte 119. His Majesty 

65. Edu. Meyer 120. Tom Wood 

66. Marie Van Houtte 121. Philemon Cochet 

67. Safrano 122. Zephyrine Drouhin 
68. Blumenschmidt 123. Clio 

69. Ecarlate 124. Kaiser Friederich 

70. Captain Hayward 125. Alfred K. Williams 
71. J. B. Clarke 126. Garten Director Hartrath 
72. Mildred Grant 127. Blanche Moreau 

73. William R, Smith 128. Princesse Adelaide 

74. Mrs. James Gray 129. Colonel le Clerc 

75. Gustave Grunerwald 120. General Jacqueminot 
76. Mad. Leon Constantine 131, Earl of Dufferin 

77. Augustine Guinoisseau 132. Duke of Edinburgh 
78. Mme. Maurice Luze 133. La Reine 

79. Mme. Jules Grolez 134. Mrs. John Laing 

80. Mrs. Aaron Ward 135. Ruhm der Gartenwelt 
81. Etoile de France 136. La Tosca 

82. Maman Cochet 137. Mad, Edmond Sablayrolles 
83. Kaiserin Augusta Victoria 138. Margaret Dickson 

84. Marshall Field 139. Mrs. R. G. Sharman-Crawford 
85. Killarney, white 140. Mad. Gabriel Luizet 
86. Indiana 141. Duke of Teck 

87. Countess of Gosford 142. Hugh Dickson 

88. Souv. de la Malmaison 143. Ulrich Brunner 

89. Baby Rambler 144, Lady Helen Stewart 
90. Liberty 145. Tausendschin 

91. Viridiflora 146. Dorothy Perkins 

92. Mad. Charles Wood 147. Crimson Rambler 

93. Mrs. Andrew Carnegie 148. Reine Marguerite d’Italie 
94. Mme. Edouard Herriot 149. George C. Waud 

95. Irish Fireflame 150. Lady Ursula 

96. Willowmere 151. Mrs. W. G. Miller 

97. Milady 152. Natalie Bottner 

98. Mrs. Herbert Stevens 153. Mrs. A. R. Waddell 

_ 99. Leonie Lamesch 154. Farben Kénigin 
100. Mrs. George Shawyer 155. Magna Charta 

101. Mme. Eugene Marlatt 156. Mme. Melanie Soupert 
102. Dean Hale 157. Viscountess of Folkestone 


103. Miss Nosman 
NOTES 


Recent visitors to the Garden include Miss Gladys Earle, 
Teacher of Botany at Ward-Belmont College in Nashville, 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 91 


Tennessee, and Miss Nora E. Dalbey, Assistant in Botany 
at the University of Illinois. 


About fifty delegates to the Pan-American Financial 
Conference, accompanied by a number of members of the 
Business Men’s League of St. Louis, visited the Garden on 
Saturday afternoon, June 5 


Dr. J. R. Schramm, for three years Assistant to the 
Director of the Missouri Botanical Garden, has been ap- 
pointed Assistant Professor of Botany in Cornell University, 
and will enter upon his new duties on July 1. 


Delegates from eastern and southern cities, with their 
friends, on their way to attend the National Association of 
Real Estate Exchanges, were interested visitors at the Garden 
on July 16. The party numbered about 150 persons. 


Of the Rufus J. Lackland Research Fellows who have been 
studying during 1914-15 in the Graduate Laboratory, Mr. 
W. W. Bonns and Mr. R. A. Studhalter will spend the 
summer at the University of Chicago in the Department of 
Chemistry; Mr. G. W. Walbnte will study Frerich at the 
University of Washington and will spend-some time collect- 
ing study material; and Mr. 8. M. Zeller will continue his 
investigations in St. Louis. ° 

Members of the Graduate Laboratory, 1914-15, who have 
received appointments from other institutions are as fol- 
lows: Dr. M. C. Merrill, Director of the Department of 
Agriculture, Idaho Technical Institute, Pocatello, Idaho; 
Dr. W. H. Emig, Instructor in Botany, Oklahoma Agri- 
cultural College, Norman, Oklahoma; Dr. J. C. Gilman, 
Professor of Biology, Ripon‘College, Ripon, Wisconsin; Dr. 
L. O. Overholts, Instructor in Botany, Pennsylvania State 
College, State College, Pennsylvania; and Mr. F. B. Wann, 
Instructor in Botany, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York. 


The degree of Doctor of Philosophy was conferred by 
Washington University, June 10, 1915, on M. C. Merrill, 
Research Assistant, with a thesis on ‘Electrolytic determina- 
tion of exosmosis from the roots of plants subjected to the 
action of various agents”; and on the following Lackland 
Research Fellows: A. R. Davis, “Enzyme action in marine 
algae”; W. H. Emig, “The occurrence in nature of certain 
yeast-like fungi with relation to their possible pathogenicity 
in the higher animals”; J. C. Gilman, “Cabbage yellows 
and the relation of temperature to its occurrence”; and L. 
O. Overholts, “Comparative studies in the Polyporaceae.” 
The degree of Master of Arts was conferred on Miss Mary 
M. Bryan, with a thesis on “A spurless variety of Habenaria 
psychodes.” 


92 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


STATISTICAL INFORMATION FOR MAY, 1915 


GARDEN ATTENDANCE: 

Total wamber of visitors 62 Sk ae i ee 22,987 
PLtant ACCESSIONS: 

Total number of plants received in exchange.............. 


46 
Total number of seed packets received in exchange......... 66 
Wiatite donated 9 So8 ses aa ee ey ees Bee 9 


LIBRARY ACCESSIONS: 


Total number of books bought.......... 2... .cs ees e ee eee es 47 
Total number of books and pamphlets donated............ 93 
HERBARIUM ACCESSIONS: 

By Purchase — 
Be HotonPiai oF of Minnesota............. re 215 
jlm—Piante of Porte Bieos cc cii is eS se 156 

~~. Sydow—“Fungi exotici exsiceati” Fase. VII, VIII, IX, 
ole! eo ag PRUs Cee E oer ya Ete e ee eee ay 150 
By Gift — 

E. Bartholomew—Hypoazylon atropunctatum from Kansas. . 1 
Botanic Garden of Pisa—Lichens and fungi of Italy....... 52 
A. Davidson—Calochortus discolor Davidson from California. 1 
J. A. Drushel—Plants of Ohio and Missouri.............- il 


B. E. Evans—Septobasidium pedicellatum on orange twigs 


and leeves from: WOMds oS ci i Sr se eas 1 
J. H. Faull—Fungi from Canada...................+00-: 94 
-F, Grossart—Rhododendron nudiflorum (L.) Torr. from 
MissOUTE oe ee i a ee es E 
A. L. Kammerer—Plants of New Mexico................- 245 
E. O. Matthews—Specimens of fungi from Mexico......... 4 
P. A. Kohl—Orobanche uniflora L. from Missouri......... 1 
Amy M. Pier—Thelephora terrestris from Maine.........- 1 
Miss Alice Thompson—Trillium declinatum (Gray) Gleason 
from’ Missouri <4 oo 50 5 25 eee ae ees 1 
J. R. Wier—Thelelphora fimbriata incrusting seedlings of 
Pimie ponderosa: 50 eR a ee Pe a 1 
Mrs. F. L. Young—Rhododendron nudifiorum (U.) Torr. 
from BEIGOUET 6 i ck SiS a ee ee 1 
TOTAL. ee ie ee eee 936 


The Garden is open to the public week days the year ’round from 
8:00 A. M. until one-half hour after sunset. Until November 30, the Gar- 
den will be open Sundays from 2:00 P. M. until sunset. Admission free. 


Personally conducted trips through the Garden every Saturday after- 
neon from May 1 to November 1, starting from the main ian ak tes: 
Other trips may be arranged for by special appointment. 


The main entrance to the Garden is located at Tower Grove Avenue 
and Flora Boulevard, on the Vandeventer Avenue car line. Transfer 
south from all intersecting lines. 


WP The Garden will be open from 2:00 P. M. until sunset, Sunday, 
July 4, but closed all day Monday, July 5. 


“STAFF 


OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN | 


Baw yam, Mince Duccar, Bee _Epwarp A Burr, E 
a Physiologist. in chargeof Graduate Laboratory. ‘ 


Plant Patholovist) 


Me af | Jesse M.: Grbexman, & 


5 ator of the Herbarium Research Aéistant, 55 
James GuRNEY, _ A 
Fee Head Gardener, Emerjtis. 
: eae a Wiras: Ww. One $ 
% 4 i 
if ¢ _ General Manager. s us 
ies Joun horse 
aa, 3 ; “: _ Landscape Designer. 
ri : SICA KO a ‘ 
ee SED; Bee : 


Tokens. 3 f Eanciny, © = ; Ww. F LANGAN, oo 
eae ahs _ Plant —— oe i: “Bngineet. 6 
; CR Pili RS ee G: HL Princ, : 
: Somer ion. ae oe : ap SNiees Orchids and other Exotics, ih 
‘ ge - ra Fee A 
Pp, Foerster, Ge M. SCHILLER, 
es ep Farm and Stables. " Oe teak New Conservetasics: es 


Hermann von. ScHRENK, 


pepe and Labeling. De 


"Director, ui eg is ‘ sen 

j ‘GEORGE T: MOORE. 
° dinnant fe the Director, ae ; 

- Jaooe R. SCHRAMM. Pas hora kes 


noe 


ie 


~ Mycoloist and Librasian, Mek 


Assistant Botanist. 


x 


Rg . ‘ a ‘e Ww. Horrsias, cs 
Se hoe eee de ‘Carpentering Departnent. 


a N. HathaweG 


e | Plant Bring and Sood. a 


~ CHARLES ‘H. THOMPSON, ; 


“Metin C. ‘Menai, jae Ae 


x 


Missouri BOTANICAL : 
-Garpen BuLuetin 


Mab DI ES, OIE a ON 


wk NS » 


yh 


_ PUBLISHED MONTHLY BY THE BOAR 


D OF TRUSTEES 


‘ 


Missouri Botanical 
Garden Bulletin 


Vol. Ill St. Louis, Mo., July, 1915 No. 7 


CANNAS 


Cannas are of tropical origin and are indigenous to South 
America, Central America, and the West Indies, and at 
least one species (Canna flaccida) is native to Florida. As 
early as 1848 cannas had made their appearance in Europe 
and were grown for their foliage or mass effect. At that 
time the plants were tall and long-jointed with small flowers 
coming at the end of the season. There being many objec- 
tions to these tall, weed-like cannas an attempt has been made 
since their introduction to increase the size of the flowers, 
the range of color in both flowers and foliage, and to 
decrease the height of the plant. Reference to the collection 
of cannas shown this year at the Garden will give a compre- 
hensive idea of the success of this undertaking. Hybridiza- 
tion has produced decrease in stature and larger flowers, 
and a survey of the progress of the hybrids leads one 
to believe that large flowers and dwarf plants are coincident. 
The plants do not wait for their full growth before starting 
to bloom, however. A six-foot canna will probably send 
out its first flowers when it is not over a foot high, 
but these flowers will very likely be poor specimens. 
It is not until the plants have become firmly established, 
about the first of August, that they will attain their maximum 
as to size, form, and color of blossom. 


The first important production of the hybridizer was the 
so-called French or Crozy canna originated by M. Crozy, of 
France. The crossing of our native variety (Canna flaccida) 
with the iris-flowered canna was accomplished by Dammann 
of Italy, and the hybrid is known as the orchid-flowered 
canna, and also as the Italian canna. The flower has the 
form of the iris but is rather short-lived. “Italia,” “Austria,” 
and “America” are the best-known varieties of this type. 
While the Italian cannas undoubtedly have the largest 
flowers, their late blooming qualities and the frailness of 
the blooms have been objectionable, and later varieties such 
as “New York,” “Louisiana,” and “King Humbert’ are 

, (93) 


94 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


improvements. The latter is especially noteworthy on ac- 
count of its large leaves and is probably the best all-round 
variety yet grown. 


Color.—Red, yellow, and red and yellow spotted were the 
characteristic colors of the early cannas, the flowers being 
produced in a terminal raceme or panicle. To-day, owing 
to the work of the plant breeder, we have a wide range of 
color, including maroon, crimson, scarlet, yellow, and rich 
orange, and last, though perhaps best of all, the pure white. 
The color of the flower is best appreciated when viewed 
against a background of green, and, in a formal arrange- 
ment, the canna groups should be so placed as to obtain a 
background of shrubbery or trees. An informal planting is 
more difficult, but excellent effects may be secured by scat- 
tering the plants singly or in very small clumps in the 
hardy border or in shrubbery. 


Culture—Cannas require a rich, friable, moist, and warm 
soil. Good corn weather is also good canna weather and 
nothing is gained by planting out cannas too early in the 
season. The beds for cannas should be well prepared. It 
must be remembered that cannas make a tremendous growth 
during the season and therefore require plenty of food and 
a good depth of soil in which the roots may feed. A wheel- 
barrow of good well-rotted stable manure to the square yard 
of soil is not too much for new canna beds, although if the 
same bed is used another year, a smaller amount is sufficient. 


Tt is oeaes to either plant the dormant roots directly 
in the beds outside or to start the plants inside under 
= When planting the dormant roots directly in the 

eds, care must be taken that the eyes or growing points 
are not placed too deep—one inch deep being cient. 
Plants that have been started in pots may be planted slightly 
deeper in the beds. Where mass or hedge effect is desired, 
the plants may be set 12 inches apart, but where the beauty 
of the individual specimen is the ideal, three feet is not too 
much. In general, it may be better to plant not closer than 
18 inches and to give orchid-flowering varieties even more 
room. 


During the summer water must be supplied abundantly 
and a lookout kept for any insects that may attack the leaves. 
Owing to the nature of the canna leaves, spraying materials 
do not stick well, so when caterpillars or other insects at- 
tack the plant they should be picked off by hand and de- 
stroyed. Picking off dead leaves and flowers are matters of 
routine that make any bed of flowers more attractive. In 
the fall the canna plants may be dug up and transplanted 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 95 


into tubs in the house where they will continue to bloom 
for some time. When the flower stalk has furnished its 
last flower, it should be cut off close to the roots so that the 
strength of the roots may be sent into the new stalks. A 
careful survey of the stalk will show when the last flower 
branch has been sent forth. 


Winter Storage-——Cannas should be left out in the fall 
until the frost has destroyed all of the foliage. It is desir- 
able to let the foliage hang on and dry for a few days after 
the first heavy frost; then the tops should be cut off and the 
plants marked with wooden labels stating the name of the 
variety or at least the height and color. The clumps can 
then be dug up and placed in any pit or cellar where pota- 
toes or other root crops would keep well. Too much heat 
or dampness should be avoided. 


It is not necessary to remove all of the soil from the roots 
when they are dug up. The presence of a little soil will 
make the process of ripening much more natural and will 
keep the roots from drying out too much. During the late 
winter or early spring the soil and all excess leaves should 
be removed from the roots and then if desired they can 
be subdivided, care being taken that each section includes 
one good strong eye or growing point. Root cuttings of 
this sort are usually started in the greenhouse in sand and 
when new roots have started are potted in good soil. This 
is the better way to plant cannas as they are then able to 
get a good start before being planted in the outside beds. 


To sum up: cannas require a rich soil and an abundance 
of water, and it must always be remembered that they are 
a tropical plant and must not be planted outside until the 
weather is warm. Observance of these few and simple rules 
should make canna culture easy for anyone. 


The following ninety-two varieties of cannas will be 
found at the entrance of the Economic Garden. All the 
plants have green foliage except as noted. The figures indi- 
cate the pe aye height of the Bee Ng The collection 
was supplied and arranged by Mr. L. D. Yager of Alton, 
Hlinois: 

ALLEMANIA.—The standard light red and yellow orchid type. The 
flowers are very large, and in size and texture resemble the flowers 
of the Wyoming. 6 feet. 

AUSTRIA.—The common yellow orchid type; the standard of its class 
in all gardens, 6 feet. 

BERTHINE BRUNNER.—Good yellow; long, narrow petals, lightly 
dotted with red. 5 feet. 

BLACK PRINCE.—Velvety maroon. 5 feet. 


96 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


BRANDYWINE.—Vinous red, dappled crimson, occasionally edged yel- 
low. 3 feet. 

BRILLIANT.—A bright lemon-yellow, in some respects better than 
Buttercup; lower petal divided to give the appearance of two red 
tongues. 4 feet. 

BUTTERCUP.—As the name implies, it is a buttercup yellow. Fair 
sized flower and good bloomer. 3 feet. 

CINNABAR.—Of a cinnamon-red shade. Flowers not very large but 
odd. 4 feet. 

CLOTH OF GOLD.—Pure orange, tinted gold and coppery red. Bronze 
foliage. 4 feet. 

COMPTE DE BOUCHARD.—The highest type of the Florence Vaughan 
style of canna. Flowers, the largest of all red and yellow spotted 
varieties. Trusses immensely. 4 feet. 

COUSIN MATHIEU.—Deep red. Petals show a bronzy effect when 
held in the sunlight. 4 feet. 

DAYBREAK.—Flesh-white in color; outer part of petals pure white, 
throat of flower carmine; petals, four of equal size, standing out 
fully expanded. Trusses beautifully and holds up under the hottest 
sun for several days, notwithstanding its exceedingly delicate tex- 
ture. One of the finest cannas. 4 feet. Originated by L. D. Yager. 

DEFENDER.—Clear, rich yellow, striped scarlet. 314 feet. 

DAVID HARUM.— Vermillion scarlet, mottled deep red. Bronze foliage. 
4 feet. 

DR. CAVET.—One of the finest tall, red cannas; color, a deep cardinal 
with just a touch of yellow in the throat. 6 feet. 

DUKE OF MARLBORO.—Deep crimson; one of the darkest reds. 3 
feet. 


EASTERN BEAUTY.—Light salmon and orange. Bronze foliage. 4 feet. 


EVOLUTION.—Flowers fair sized but of odd coloring, shading from 
creamy white to pale buff. Bronze foliage. 4 feet. 


FLORENCE VAUGHAN.—The old standard red and yellow spotted 
eanna. 4 feet. 


FLORIDA.—Scarlet with yellow band. 3 feet. 


FRAU MARIE NAGEL.—Long petals of a soft lemon-yellow, turning 
to almost pure white after a few hours in the sun. Classed as a 
white canna. 3 feet. . 

FREDERICK BENARY.—A bold and striking flower of a very large 
size. Orchid type but petals are firm and stand out strong; color, 
a pale orange and light red. Resembles Allemania somewhat, but 
much better flower though not so large. 6 feet. 

GLADIATOR.—The brightest of all red and yellow spotted cannas. 
Flower has bright red tongue which adds to its beauty. 6 feet. 

GLADIOFLORA.—Gladiolus shaped; crimson changing to carmine rose, 
edged unevenly with gold. 314 feet. 

sang osama ete 2 red and yellow marbled. A most dazzling canna. 

feet. 

GOV. ROOSEVELT.—Flowers usually red but have the F socteearte A of 
“showing a yellow streak”; some flowers red, some yellow and some 
both colors. 3 feet. 


GUSTAV GUMPPER.—A recent introduction from Holland. Flowers 
a deep orange-yellow—a most peculiar shade and one long missing. 
Fine bloomer. 4 feet. 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 97 


HALLEY’S COMET.—One of the recent novelties. Large flowers; colors, 
bright red and gold. 4 feet. 

HIAWATHA.—Delicate rosy pink with border of cerise. Bronze foliage, 
4 feet. 

HOHENZOLLERN.—Canary-yellow. A recent introduction. 5 feet. 

HUNGARIA.—A bright pink somewhat on the order of Venus, but lack- 
ing the marbling of the latter. The center of the flower shows a 
pure white in the calyx. Perhaps the daintiest of all cannas. 4 feet. 

INDIANA.—Flower golden bronze, the color of Wyoming, but smaller, 
and petals are stiff. 6 feet. 

ITALIA.—Bright red and yellow orchid-flowered. Not so large as Alle- 
mania but colors much brighter. 6 feet. 

J.D. EISELE.—A small flower, brilliant red in color, some flowers show- 
ing light streaks of yellow. Trusses well and makes a fine show. 
5 feet. 

J. H. YAGER.—A ruby-colored flower, having bands and dots of creamy 
yellow variously placed on the petals. Excellent trusser and very 
fine show plant. Light bronze foliage. 5-6 feet. Originated by 
L. D. Yager, 

JOHANNA KANSLEITER.—Large, pale yellow flowers. An extra fine 
canna. 5 feet. 

KATE GRAY.—Deep orange, shaded carmine; yellow throat. 6 feet. 

KING HUMBERT.—The canna that took first prize at the Buffalo Expo- 
sition in 1900. Exploited in all catalogues as the best all-round 
canna. A large orchid-flowered type; red with streaks of various 
shades. Fine bronze foliage. 4 feet. 

LEONARD PATRY.—Coral-pink, with gold border on petals. 5 feet. 

LEOPARD.—Cream and pink spotted. 31 feet. 

LONG BRANCH.—Yellow and gold marbled; orchid-flowered. 5 feet. 

LORRAINE (IMP.).—Light pink with cream-colored spots and blotches. 
5 feet. 

LOUISE.—Rose-pink dappled with red. 5 feet. 

LOUISIANA.—Deep red, orchid-flowered. Large flower. Canna that took 
first prize at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition, whence the name. 
6 feet. 

LUCY P. FRANCIS.—A bright pink with lighter streaks in the petals. 
Has the novelty of re-curved petals. 5 feet. Originated by L. D. 
Yager. 

LURAY.—A beautiful, soft shade of pink. For many years considered 
the best pink, and only displaced by Mrs. red Conard and 
Maiden’s Blush. 3 feet. 

MAD. CELESTINE DUBOST.—Very much like Lorraine, but the petals 
are longer and the color is deeper. 5 feet. 

MAD. CROZY.—The old original red and yellow marbled. The first big 
stride in the red and yellow variety; still a stand-by. 3 feet. 

MADISON.—Creamy white, with faint pink dots near the calyx. One 
of the best to withstand the sun. Very profuse bloomer. 6 feet. 
Originated by L. D. Yager. 

M’LLE. BERAT.—Long, wavy, widely expanded petals of dark pink. 
Another fine show canna. 4 feet. 

M’LLE. COMBET.—A most peculiar shade, resembling a i apricot; 
streaked with deeper shadings. Flowers large and petals hang loose. 
One of the oddest and most striking cannas. 5 feet. 


98 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


MAIDEN’S BLUSH.—Pale pink flowers of fine quality. Sturdy plant 
with fine musa-like foliage. 3 feet. 

MAJESTIC.—Deep red, with edge of gold. 4 feet. Originated by L. D. 
Yager. 

MAROS.—Dreer’s white. A beautiful canna, and very profuse. 4 feet. 

MEPHISTO.—A very deep red, one of the darkest shades known in red 
cannas. Fine. 5 feet. 

METEOR.—Bright red and fine flower. 3 feet. 

MINNEHAHA.—A good-sized flower having loose petals; color, almost 
white with darker edging. 3 feet. 

MT. BLANC (IMP.).—To date the best white canna known. Petals al- 
most pure white and of fair size. 3 feet. 

MRS. ALFRED CONARD.—A recent novelty. Large pink flowers 
of fine shade and quality; one of the best pinks. 4 feet. 

MRS. E. M. GADDIS.—New. Color, bright red and orange variegated. 
Flower of good size and gladiolus-shaped; profuse bloomer. 4 feet. 
Originated by L. D. Yager. 

MRS. GEORGE STROHLEIN.—An Oriental-red canna of fine texture. 
Fine trusser and one of the best “show” reds. Bronze foliage. 5 
feet. 

MRS. KARL KELSEY.—Bright red and yellow marbled. Belongs to 
the orchid type and resembles Long Branch. A large and brilliant 
flower. 6 feet. 

MRS. KATE F. DEEMER.—A recent novelty. Flowers in large trusses; 
color, a light yellow, turning to a pinkish shade the second day. One 
of the very good cannas. 5 feet. 

NIAGARA.—Very much like Gloriosa, but smaller flower of lighter 

’ shades, and taller plant. 4 feet. 

OLYMPIC.—An ordinary red canna of profuse habit. 5 feet. 

PAPA NARDY.—A peculiar shade of red. Petals very large and round 
with streaks of darker shades. A good show canna. 4 feet. 

ica SYLVANIA.—The standard red in the orchid-flowered type. 6 


eet. 
PILLAR OF FIRE.—A giant in height. Bright crimson. 7 feet. 
QUEEN CHARLOTTE.—Orange and gold. An old stand-by. 3 feet. 
QUEEN OF HOLLAND.—Peculiar shade of deep yellow. Bronze foliage. 


3 feet. ; 

mew’ WALLACE.—Pale yellow, with long petals. Fine plant. 
4 feet. 

ROSEA GIGANTEA.—Soft rose to wine colored. Very large flowers. 
4 feet. 


ROSEMAWR.—Pink with throat of gold. Large flowered. 3 feet. 
SAFFRON KING.—A saffron-yellow shade; profuse bloomer. 4 feet. 


SEMAPHORE.—A most peculiar shade, resembling the color of the in- 
“ys of an old-fashioned Connecticut field pumpkin. Bronze foliage. 
eet. 


pias ant equa Bi soft pink. The only pink canna with bronze foliage. 
eet. 


ae CROZY.—Intense scarlet with golden yellow border. 


STRIPED BEAUTY.—Whitish-yellow with ruby throat. Makes a fine 
show plant. 4 feet. 


UHLBERG.—Novelty, Rosy carmine with yellow throat. 3 feet. 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 99 


VENUS.—A gay, rosy pink marbled with creamy white. Four petals 
stand out bold, arranged like the four leaved clover. A most 
beautiful flower. 5 feet. 


WAWA.—Creamy white to flesh color with gilt stripe bordering the edge 
of petals. Flower not very large, but clusters well, making a beauti- 
ful display canna. 3 feet. 

WEST GROVE.—Coral colored, 414 feet. 

WM. BECK.—Colors similar to Italia, but the flower is gladiolus shaped, 
making a half-orchid type. The only one of its kind. 5 feet. 


WM. SAUNDERS.—The best of all low-growing cannas. Flowers very 
bright and large, with a whitish cast in the throat. Bronze foliage. 
3 feet. 

WM. TRELEASE.—Bright red and rather cup-shaped flower. Indi- 
vidual flower unimportant, but the extreme profuseness of stalks 
and flowers make this variety an exceedingly fine bedder. 4 feet. 
Originated by L. D. Yager. 

WINTZER’S COLOSSAL.—Claimed to be the finest of the orchid type. 
Vivid, scarlet flowers measuring 8 inches across. 5 feet. 


WINTZER’S METEOR.—A vast improvement on the original and flowers 
much larger. 4 feet. 


WYOMING.—Flower a golden bronze; very large orchid type. The fluffy 
petals wave and flap in the wind. The finest bronze foliage with fine 
flowers, 6 feet. 


YELLOWHAMMER.—Yellow with red spots; profuse bloomer. Between 
Florence Vaughan and Berthine Brunner.‘ 5 feet. Originated by 
L. D. Yager. 

ZENITH.—A soft pink, veined with a darker shade. Exceedingly large 
cup-shaped flower. A beauty. 5 feet. 


WATER GARDENS 


The water-lilies at the Missouri Botanical Garden are 
being grown this summer chiefly in two gardens. The larger 
containing various hybrids of both day and night-blooming 
nymphaeas is situated midway between the main gate and 
the conservatories, greeting the visitor as soon as he enters 
the Garden. The smaller is immediately in front of the 
Linnean House and is known as the “Linnean House Pools.” 
Here will be found the immense Victoria lilies, which with a 
few others are tropical in their habit and require the water 
heated to a temperature of about 90°F. 


The history of water-lilies dates as far back as the ancient 
Egyptians who held the so-called Egyptian lotus as a sacred 
flower. It was also deemed sacred y the natives of India, 
Thibet, China, and Japan, and is still employed in religious 
invocations and ceremonies to a great extent. 

Nymphaeas (Night-Blooming).— The nocturnal lilies 
(Nymp Lotus) are natives of tropical Asia and Africa. 
These are the largest and handsomest of the flowering water- 
lilies. The original species are Nymphaea Lotus dentata, 


100 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


pure white, and N. Lotus rubra, pink. Nymphaea Devoni- 
ensis has the distinction of being the first hybrid among 
the lotus type, it being produced at the famous aquatic 
gardens of Chatsworth, England. 


The work of originating new hybrids has been carried out 
extensively in this country where climatic conditions are 
far superior to those of England. Some excellent hybrids 
have originated in St. Louis through the efforts of Mr. James 
Gurney, such as “Frank Trelease,” “D. R. Francis,” “Rufus 
J. Lackland,” and “James Gurney,” the latter being the 
darkest of all water-lilies. The flowers are seen at their best 
before eight o’clock in the morning or after seven in the 
evening, for just as soon as the sun foes to shine brightly 
they close their petals. However, during cloudy weather 
the petals remain open day and night. 


Such plants are grown as perennials. In the fall during 
October they are dug from the ponds, leaving a small ball 
of mud attached to the roots. They are then placed in the 
greenhouse to “dry off,” a temperature of 50°F. being main- 
tained. When well-dried the clumps are cleaned, care being 
taken to retain the small tubers which are attached to the 
dried-up tuber. They are then placed in dry sand until the 
end of February or March, when they are potted and placed 
in tanks of water at a temperature of 70-75°F. In May they 
are transplanted into the permanent ponds outside. 


Nymphacas (Day-Blooming).—The day-blooming lilies 
open their petals full in the bright morning sun and keep 
them open until afternoon—quite the reverse of the lotus 
type. They are also more tender plants and produce smaller 
and less showy flowers. This type has many blue varieties. 
Nymphaea gigantea, a native of Australia, is a light blue lily 
and though large is the most tender of the nymphaeas. Seeds 
of this species were obtained during the winter and up- 
wards of a dozen plants of the varieties “Sturtevanti” and 
“Hudsoni” were raised. These may be seen in the Linnean 
House Pools. Nymphaea coerulea is another light blue 
lily. This variety is a native of Egypt and is supposed 
to be one of the true water-lilies of the ancient Egyptians. 


Nymphaea zanzibariensis and its variety rosea, natives of 
Africa, are the commonest of the day-blooming lilies, the 
former being the royal purple and the latter the pink variety. 
These two varieties readily intercross, producing both dark 
blues and reds. Nymphaea gracilis, a white day-blooming 
lily and a native of Mexico, intercrosses with the zanzibar- 
iensis producing medium-sized, stellate flowers which 
frequently rise two feet above the water. Several experi- 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 101 


ments are being carried on with this parent by which it is 
expected to realize some new hybrids this summer. 


The day-blooming lilies do not stand the “drying off” 
treatment as the lotus type does. If grown as perennials, it 
is necessary to plant them in tubs in the winter. However, 
better results are obtained by treating them as annuals. The 


PLAN OF MAIN WATER GARDEN 
ee 


BxG? Selfed 
Poe Ta halia _divericata 


cate 
we 6 © 


) 
GS NIGHT 
me O_O 2 


wee ia ei aes el el ies ee 


! 

CR Rosea(MBG) Selfed 
Cyperus papyrus 

Night-Blooming: K., Kewensis; Dean., Deaneana; D. R. F., D. R. 

Francis; B., Boucheana; R. R., Rubra rosea; G. H., George Huster; 


Omar., O’Marana; J. G., James Gurney; R. J. L., Rufus J. Lackland; 
F, T., Frank Trelease; Dev., Devoniensis. 


Day-Blooming: All hybrids except Rosea. 


seeds should be sown in tubs or small pans in the fall, and 
in January potted individually and placed in the tanks pro- 
vided for their winter treatment. 


Hardy Nymphaeas.—The native lilies and their hybrids 
are perfectly hardy, that is, the rhizomes or roots may be left 
in the ponds throughout the winter. The best hybrids have 
originated from three native species, Nymphaeae odorata, 
white, NV. odorata, pink, and N. flava, yellow. It was 
this yellow-flowered variety—that attracted the French 
hybridist, Latour Marliac. He crossed N. tuberosa and N. 
flava, thus originating the beautiful hybrid, N. Marliacea 
chromatella, The influence of this yellow species may be 
traced in the majority of hardy lilies. The first hybrid that 
appeared in sink or rose was NV. Marliacea rosea in 1887, 
the parentage of this plant being known only to the-hybridist. 
The European rose-colored lily, Nymphaea alba rosea was 


ee 
ne 


ei 


ore eeertieeniense i 


102 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


also an acquisition. At the present time we have pure 
whites, dark yellows, and various pinks shading to dark red. 
Representatives of these may be seen in full flower in the 
first pond between the knolls. 


Nelumbium.—Nelumbium speciosum is a native of India 
and was held sacred by the Hindus. It was early introduced 
into Egypt and is erroneously taken for a native Egyptian 
plant. In Cary’s translation of Herodotus speaking of the 
Egyptians, it is recorded: “But to obtain food more easily, 
they have the following inventions: when the river is full, 
and has made the plains like a sea, great numbers of lilies, 
which the Egyptians call lotus, spring up in the water; 
these they gather and dry in the sun; then having pounded 
the middle of the lotus, which resembles a poppy, they make 
bread of it and bake it. The root also of the lotus is fit for 
food, and is tolerably sweet, and is round and of the size 
of an apple. There are also other lilies, like roses that grow 
in the river, the fruit of which is contained in a separate 
pod that springs up from the root, in form very like a wasp’s 
nest; in this there are many berries fit to be eaten, of the 
ene of an olive stone, and they are eaten both fresh and 

It is believed that the popular error that the Nelumbium 
was a native Egyptian plant arose from this statement of 
Herodotus. One of the most complete books dealing with 
this subject is the excellent volume by Professor Wm. H. 
Goodyear, entitled “The Grammar of the Lotus.” In 
this work it is pointed out that Nymphaea Lotus or N. 
coerulea, the former the white, the latter the blue lotus, both 
native Egyptian plants, are the types of lotus which figure. 
in the ornamental patterns of Egyptian monuments. He ~ 
states: “The ‘Rose Lotus’ may possibly be realistically repre- 
sented in ancient Egyptian paintings just as the Palm and 
many other plants appear, but such cases must be extremely 
rare, as none can be found in the great folio publications of 
Hevenen antiquities, or in the typical ornaments exhibited 
by Egyptian museums. As far as the typical ornaments or 
tescne atterns are concerned, the ‘Rose Lotus’ is not to 

ound.’ : 


Nelumbium luteum, the yellow-flowered species, is native 
to North America. The seeds are also edible and are com- 
monly called “water chinquapins,” especially in the southern 
states. The plant grows very. abundantly around the edges 
and shallow places of Creve Coeur Lake, St. Louis County. 
The peltate leaves fastened_reversely are frequently used by 
the ladies for sunbonnets. : 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 103 


LINNEAN HOUSE POOLS 


Victoria Regia (Giant Water Platter).—The date of the 
discovery of the giant water-lily is probably the year 1801 
when the botanist Haenke was sent by the Spanish govern- 
ment to investigate the vegetable productions of Peru. His 
records have unfortunately been lost to science. M. A. 
D’Orbigny says: “When I was travelling in Central America, 
in the country of the wild Guarayas, who are a tribe of 
Guaranis or Caribs, I made acquaintance with Father La 
- Cueva, a Spanish missionary, a good and well-informed man, 

beloved for his patriarchal virtues and who had long and 
earnestly devoted himself to the conversions of the natives. 
The traveller who, after spending a year among the Indians, 
meets with a fellow-creature capable of understanding and 
exchanging sentiments with him, can easily appreciate the 
delight and eagerness with which I conversed with this 
venerable old man.” In one of these interviews he men- 
tioned that he was with Haenke in a canoe on the Rio 
Mamoré, one of the tributaries of the River Amazon, when 
they discovered in the marshes by the side of the stream, a 
flower so unusual and beautiful that Haenke fell on his knees 
in a rapture of admiration. 


Ten years later.M. Bonpland discovered the same plant 
near the town of Corrientes, where it is known to the 
natives by the name “Mayz de l’agua” (maize of the water), 
owing to the seeds being substituted for grains of maize. 
The women of Corrientes, when the fruits are ripe, grind the 
seeds into flour and prefer this farina to flour made from 
the finest wheat; with it they make pastry, etc., which is 
considered a luxury. Dr. Poeppig, during his residence in 
South America from 1827-1832, noticed this species in the 
Amazon River. He refers to it as Euryale amazonica. 


Introduction and Cultivation.—Five years after Dr. Poep- 
pig’s discovery, Sir Robert H. Schomburgk discovered speci- 
mens of the giant lily in British Guiana. In 1842 he again 
detected the plant, this time in the Rupunini River, a 
branch of the Essequibo. Up to this time only herbarium 
specimens had been introduced into Europe. Sir Robert, 
however, repeatedly sent roots and seeds with mud to Eng- 
land. One plant was reported raised from seeds, but died 
shortly after. The successful cultivation was finally accom- 
‘plished at Kew Gardens. The following account is taken 
from John Smith’s records of the Botanic Gardens: 


“In February, 1849, seeds were received sent-in a phial 
of water from Demerara by Dr. Boughton, which vegetated 
and in March six plants had’ become fully established, and 


104 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


grew rapidly, in May one of them filling a shallow tank 
nine feet in diameter. Application was now made to the 
Commissioners of Woods and Forests for a large tank to 
grow it in, and accordingly slate sides ten feet high were 
put up, forming a tank on the slate floor of the Orchid House. 
A tank was thus formed 25 feet long by 11 feet wide, and 
on the 21st of August mould was placed in the center, and 
a plant planted, which grew rapidly, and on November 24th 
produced a flower bud, which on account of dull weather of 
that season of the year did not come to perfection. 


“A plant having been early in the spring promised to 
the Duke of Devonshire, provided he had a proper tank for 
it, he quickly had one prepared, and on the 3d of August, 
1849, our second sized plant was given to Mr. Paxton, and 
the next day planted in his tank. It thus had about three 
weeks’ start of Kew, and flowered on the 9th of November. 


“During the winter these first plants at Kew gradually 
dwindled away and died, but having a stock of young plants 
another was strong enough to put in the tank on April 16th, 
1850, which produced its first flower on June 20th, and 
continued to produce a flower almost every alternate day 
up to November 25th when its sixty-fifth flower opened. 
After that they became fewer, and it produced its last flower 
on Christmas day. The leaves were four and a half feet in 
diameter, and lying nearly half over the side of the tank, 
eleven feet being much too narrow. 


“The nature of the plant being now better understood, 
it was preserved throughout the winter, and in the spring 
began to grow vigorously, its first flower opening on Easter 
Monday, the 20th of April, 1851. It continued to flower, 
but with some intervals, up to the end of December; the 
plant again lived throughout the winter, and on February 
28th, 1852, again commenced to flower, continuing to do 
so until late in the year. In January, 1853, it died, having 
been nearly three years in the tank, in that time producing 
more than 200 flowers, and a great abundance of seeds, thus 
proving the plant to be a perennial.” 


Tn 1851 seeds were sent from Kew by Sir Joseph Hooker 
to Mr. Caleb Cope, Esq., of Springbrook, near Philadelphia, 
which germinated on the 10th of April, 1851, the second 
leaf appearing a week later. On August 10th the twenty- 
seventh leaf appeared. This leaf grew to 6 feet 6 inches 
in diameter, being six inches larger than any produced in 
England. On August 21st the first flower was seen. The 
plant continued in perfect health for four years, during 
that period bearing over 200 flowers. 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 105 


The next plant to bloom was at Salem, Massachusetts, at 
the residence of Mr. John Fisk Allen, who successfully 
flowered it on the 10th of July, 1853. Up to this period the 
Victoria was grown in greenhouses. Later growers, espe- 
cially in the middle west, deviated from this treatment to 
outside cultivation, owing to favorable climatic conditions 
during summer. Mr. Shaw was one of the first to intro- 
duce the Victoria in the West, the St. Louis climate being 
well adapted to this plant. Mr. Gurney, Superintendent of 
Tower Grove Park and Head Gardener Emeritus of the 
Garden, has attained remarkable results in growing speci- 
mens, some over eight feet in diameter and capable of bear- 
ing the weight of a 200-pound man having been produced. 


The Victoria lilies are now treated as annuals. Seeds are 
germinated in heated tanks in the greenhouses during March 
and later are transplanted into large pans and grown 
in the house until outside conditions are favorable. In the 
early part of June they are transplanted into the outside 
ponds, their leaves then averaging a foot across. The de- 
velopment of the leaves is extremely rapid and by August 
they have attained their maximum size. The recently com- 
pleted formal pond in the Linnean House Garden is planted 
with the two types of Victoria, Victoria regia and Victoria 
Cruziana, this latter variety being a hardier form. 


An interesting fact for the first time recorded in this 
locality is that of Victoria Cruziana germinating from self- 
sown seeds. This is an annual occurrence with Euryale feroz, 
but not so with Victoria. Several hundred seedlings are 
appearing in the center of the large formal pond. The 
water was left in the pond throughout the winter but during 
April was drained off in preparation for fertilizing. That the 
seeds were well covered during the spading under of the 
manure is evidenced by the enlongated radicle of the 
seedlings measuring in some cases six inches. 

Euryale ferox.—Prior to the introduction of the Victoria 
regia, the Kuryale was looked upon as the giant lily. This 
plant is indigenous to India, and like the Victoria, the seeds 
are edible, being gathered by the natives and ground into 
flour or baked. This plant, however, is not as handsome a 
specimen as its Amazonian neighbor, possessing neither the 
large white fragrant flowers nor the platter-like leaves. The 
leaves grow flat measuring four and five feet across and the 
flowers, which are deep purple, are small and insignificant. 
Euryale is perfectly hardy in St. Louis, that is, the plant will 
resow itself in the ponds during summer. The following 
spring the seeds will germinate readily, it only being 
necessary to thin out the young plants. A representative 


106 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


specimen of this plant will be found in the center section 
of the Linnean House Pools. 


To any one wishing further information or descriptions 
of water plants, two excellent publications are displayed on 
the tables in the Museum of the Garden. They are “The 
Book. of Water Gardening,” by Peter Bisset, and “Victoria 
Regia,” by John Fisk Allen. The keeper will be pleased to 
show them to visitors. 


STATISTICAL INFORMATION FOR JUNE, 1915 


GARDEN ATTENDANCE: 
SOth 1aaiber Wt FOE eS. hore. i 20,989 
PLANT ACCESSIONS: 
Total number of seed packets received in exchange....... 7 
Planta: cistvibtited: nero ees re a ne et 868 
LIBRARY ACCESSIONS: 
Total number of books and pamphlets bought............ 12 
Total number of books and pamphlets donated............. 97 
HERBARIUM ACCESSIONS: 
By Purchase— 
A. Nelson—Plants. of: Colorado. : os: 0. 025 S23. ee ee. 340 


By Gift— 

E. Bartholomew—Specimens of fungi from Colorado and 

MIDI stn ce hen ek atone techno ete i Papiiic csc. 
J. C, Blumer—Senecio microdontus (Gray) Heller from 

MIN CESS SS aa as oe i ea 
Boyce Fibre Co.—Fibre of Asclepias incarnata L. from 

eins ‘ume RC ET EER Ra OES er Ce eens 
W. G. Farlow—Specimens of fungi from Mexico and Cuba. . 
P. W. Graff—Fungi of Connecticut..................++- 
J. M. Greenman—Krieger’s “Schidliche Pilze’ from 


— 9 


Rae 


ROP UOR RY oo 5) i SE cok Fd On im a ae ee pee Le eee 40 

J. M. Greenman—Fungi from Delaware and Missouri...... 8 

J. Macoun—Fungi of British Columbia.................. 92 

C. EK. Owens——Fongi of Oregon. 00 0 os ee, ee 9 

Miss E. M. Wakefield—Fungi of England and Australia... . 5 

J. A. Wier—Specimens of Thelephora from Idaho........ 2 

By Exchange— 

U, S. National Museum—Specimens of fungi from New 

Sn ee ee eee ee ee 146 

TOPE 6 facie Rinse resi 939 


The Garden is open to the public week days the year ’round from 
8:00 A. M. until one-half hour after sunset. Until November 30, the Gar- 
den will be open Sundays from 2:00 P. M. until sunset. Admission free. 


Personally conducted trips through the Garden every Saturday after- 
noon from May 1 to November 1, starting from the main gate at 3 o’clock. 
Other trips may be arranged for by special appointment. 


The main entrance to the Garden is located at Tower Grove Avenue 
and Flora Boulevard, on the Vandeventer Avenue car line. Transfer 
south from all intersecting lines. 


eae ioe 


OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN es 


ei 


be GEORGE T, MOORE. 


_ Benjamin. Mince Duccar, Epwarp A. Burt, 
_ Physiologist. in charge of Graduate Laboratory. é _ ree and Ba 1 


HERMANN. VON. ScuREN, - « SOnanues H. Taoursox, cals 


Pathologist ge Assistant Botanist. ~ 


Jesse. M. GREEWMAN, : oe A Davis, 
' Carator of the Herbarinm. pee re ~ =>. Research Assistant. 


‘Karierre H. Leicu, 
'Sectetary to the Director. a 


JAMES GURNEY, gen 
~\ Head Gardener, Emeritus. 
_ WituiaM W. Oniwerter, 
‘ General Manager. 
_Joun Noyes, 
Landscape Designer. 


: 


< E.D. Binds, epee CG. W. HorrMan, 


Recording and = oe oS Garpenter. 
J. ERDMAN, vig, VES ANS Bs BANGAN,- 
Plant Propagation. ; carey ; Engineer. » 
ORS Pours 5 2 ea Pe 
Conmraction. = | Orchids and other Exotics. 
P. FOERSTER, oy eS Be Mie SCHIELER, 
‘Farm and Stables. . : ae ae New Conservatories. 


Pe N. SVETLIKOFF, 
“ Ss entre 


_ Missouri BoTaNicaL 
-Garpen B BULLETIN” 


Vol Ul = ~~.) AUGUST, 1915 Teak a nS a 


CONTEN TS" 


“The Lightest Known Wood & s y vba gee ee TORS 
Vanilla . ore Ptarre Bee ed eNO 
Notes - 9 - pe ry viel Rh ea Me EER, 
_ Statistical Information yt anes Ba ence Smee So ie 


a 


 SPALOOIS MOS LA i Set 
et mS IIS)" Geen Faget 
“PUBLISHED MONTHLY BY THE BOARD oF TRUSTEES 


Ea BOARD OF TRUSTEES ee 
OF THE MISSOURT BOTANICAL CARDEN ray 


THE | ‘ORIGINAL 1D MEMBERS ‘WERE DESIGNATED IN MR. ‘SHAW’S. ices AND™ 
4 ©. SHE BOARD SO CONSTITUTED, EXCLUSIVE OF THE . 
See EX-OFFICIO Pein at Is° SELF-PERPETUATING. nts s 
Ss rears: , i PS oak, : 
Seah ae es _ EDWARDS. WHITAKER, ih 


Lee creas: pe "DAVID: S. a SMITH. © SR EE I a cn he 


sete A Eovwany c. Buor. = Sr . a aty  Eroxaap Marraews, © 
Geoxce C. ‘Hitencock. See a. Wiezsas H H, ‘Perros. 


4 


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_Epwarp Macincmnons, Pe Ee Jon F. . SALE Yes 


Sgt aaaoe Ming: watery ‘EX-OFFICIO MEMBERS es 
are " Bpmunp A. “Encrer, ee - Hesey w. pay i oe x 
; President of The Academy of Science of ra ue | Mafor of te iy tS Lens pe RE cds 
- St. Louis..; : i AMSEC apn hs a ae j ; 
Davi F. Hopiniic safe As ae hues 
bia Chancellor of Washington University: =” Pretident of he owed of Pale Schools of 
LIMES: Caen Rie Se Sg RS. So VERS St Louie ae es! 
: i a nis 8. “Torrie, - BAe ; 
ae AS _ Biko of he Diss of Mr 


Mo. BoT. GARD. BULL., VOL. 3, 


BALSA WOOD (B) BALANCED WITH IRONBARK (A). 


Missour1 Botanical 
Garden Bulletin 


Vol. III St. Louis, Mo., August, 1915 No. 8 


THE LIGHTEST KNOWN WOOD 


During the past month some samples of a very interesting 
wood, known commercially as Balsa wood, have been in- 
stalled in the Museum at the Missouri Botanical Garden. 
Balsa wood is cut from a tree known scientifically as Ochroma 
Lagopus, belonging to the order Bombaceae. It is closely 
related to the silk cotton tree, or Ceiba (Eriodendron anfrac- 
tuosum). Ochroma Lagopus grows throughout the West 
Indies and Central America. In reporting on the forest trees 
of Porto Rico, Professor John C. Gifford states that it is one 
of the commonest trees in Porto Rico. In a recent letter re- 
ceived from Prof. Gifford, he states, “Ochroma Lagopus is 
scattered all over the West Indies wherever I have been, but 
‘scattered,’ seldom in bunches of any consequence. ‘Trees 
grow to be a foot or more in diameter. I have never seen 
any big ones.” The wood is known by various common 
names. In Porto Rico it is goano or corkwood; in Martin- 
ique it is known as floating wood; in Cuba as lanero. 


Balsa wood is of very great interest because of its extreme 
light weight. In fact, so far as known, with the possible ex- 
ception of one of the species of pond apple (Anona), it is 
the lightest known wood. In the accompanying photograph 
a piece of Balsa wood is shown on one side of a pair of scales 
in comparison with a piece of ironbark (Hucalyptus leucoxy- 
lon) from Australia. The two pieces of wood are of exactly 
the same width and thickness, but the piece of Balsa wood is 
about ten times the length of the ironbark, and yet both sides 
of the scales balance. Balsa wood has a specific gravity of .11, 
weighing about 7.3 pounds per cubic foot. Ironbark has 
a specific gravity of 1.13, or a weight of 70.5 pounds per 
cubic foot; that is, it is about ten times as heavy as Balsa 
wood. The extremely light character of the wood is well 
shown in the accompanying comparative table showing the 
weight in pounds per cubic foot of various American woods: 

(107) 


108 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


WEIGHT 
COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME LBS, PER CU. FT. 
Baise oe: .«..Ochroma Lagopus .....:...<.... 7.3 
ork: 2. '.... (from eork oak, Quercus Cuber) .. 13.7 
Missouri corkwood. Leitneria floridana ............. 18.1 
White pine .......... PURe BOONE oes Ee 23.7 
Cathie; ss Oatalpa speciosa ............... 26.2 
Cypress. 2) Sos s Taxodium distichum ........ cere 6221 
Douglas fir........ Pseudotsuga mucronata ........ 32.4 
Syveamore Ss Platanus occidentalis ........... 35.5 
Hed oak: 32. Querots PUNE a i 40.5 
MS DIG. one AOC BOCCRNOON 6 oa oon eek pee 43.0 
Longleaf pine...... Pind patustria . seo 43.6 
Mahogany.......... Swietenia Mahagoni ............ 45.0 
Locust.os5 358. | Robinia Pseudo-Acacia .......... 45.5 
White oak......... Onereas alec 8 eS 46.8 
Hickory... ... 7°. <p ONY GIDE eas es a ae = 54.2 
Fave CNR Quercus virginiana ............. 60.5 
fronbark - 2.0... 70s Eucalyptus leucorylon .......... 70.5 
Lignum-vitae....... Guaiacum sanctum ............. HD 
BROMY 6 sccsr Ves Diospyrus Ebenus .............. 73.6 
Black ironwood.... Krugiodendron ferreum ......... 81.0 


Until recently it was supposed that the Missouri corkwood 
(Leitneria floridana), small trees of which are growing in 
the Garden, was the lightest. It will be noted that this 
weighs 18.1 pounds per cubic foot as compared with 7.3 
pounds per cubic foot for Balsa wood. Another striking 
comparison is with cork. Ordinary cork weighs about 13.7 


ounds per cubic foot; that is, it is about twice as heavy as 
Balsa wood. 


The ironbark shown in the photograph comes from Aus- 
tralia, and is being extensively imported to the United States, 
particularly for use as rudder posts for ships, where it is 


especially serviceable because of its great strength and 
resilience. 


In Porto Rico and other West Indies, Balsa wood has 
been used probably for a great many years for floats. The 
Consul General of Costa Rica has Uindiy advised that he 
remembers using pieces of Balsa wood during his boyhood 
while swimming, and that there was nothing equal to it 
for that purpose. Prof. Gifford says that in the West Indies 
the natives use it for poles “somewhat as the Chinese use 
bamboo for shoulder poles, tobacco poles, etc., all uses where 
a light, rather strong pole is needed.” 


The physical characteristics of the wood have not yet been 
fully determined. It is extremely soft and can readily be 
indented with the oo nail; is easily cut with tools, planes 
well and is remarkab y uniform in texture. The pieces re- 
ceived at the Garden have no sign of any defects, such as 
knots and checks. Balsa wood has the characteristic uniform 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 109 


growth frequently noted in tropical species; that is, no 
annual rings are visible. As might be expected, the per- 
centage of actual fibre per cubic foot is very small; in 
other words, the wood is made up of very thin cell walls 
filled with air, giving it an extremely spongy texture. It 
has very little, if any, true wood fibre, as the cells are almost 
parenchymatous. For so light a wood, it appears remark- 
ably strong but from information received, its lasting power 
is very slight. It absorbs water rapidly, and, unless impreg- 
nated in some way to protect it against water absorption, will 
become waterlogged very quickly. However, it is extensively 
used when thoroughly impregnated with paraffin. 


Balsa wood has only recently come into commercial use 
in the United States, being imported chiefly from Costa 
Rica. It is now being used very largely after treatment 
with paraffin for making the floating parts of modern life 
preservers and for constructing life rafts. (A complete life 
raft of Balsa wood is exhibited in the Museum at the Garden.) 
It is also being employed by the Government for buoys and 
floating attachments to signals. Another use to which it is 
being extensively introduced is for interior linings of re- 
frigerators. Owing to its extremely porous nature it acts as 
an excellent insulator against heat and cold, and from some 
tests recently made with a specially constructed Balsa wood 
box, it was found that when used as a fireless cooker, articles 
put into the box at night retained the heat until the follow- 
ing morning; on the other hand, a piece of ice remained in 
the box from five to six hours during the middle of a very 
hot day. 


It is probable that, with a wider recognition of the peculiar 
characteristics of the wood, many other uses will be found 
for it in the near future. 


VANILLA 


The fine specimen of the vanilla orchid (Vanilla plan- 
folia) growing in the epiphytic orchid house is now in bloom 
and for the next few weeks will be an object of particular 
interest. The vanilla is probably the only orchid of great 
economic importance. It is a native of Central America but 
is grown extensively in the Seychelles Islands, Réunion or 
Bourbon Island, and the Society Islands. So important has 
the industry become that in the small island of Tahiti the 
crop for 1897 was valued at nearly $175,000, and in the 
Seychelles Islands the annual yield was estimated at 
$246,000, while as early as 1892 the industry yielded to 
Réunion over half a million dollars. : 


110 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


The specimen growing at the Garden was planted about 
twelve years ago and within five years the plant had begun 
to assume its native epiphytic habit. At the present time - 
visitors are somewhat puzzled to find the parent stem, the base 
of the original having died, but a close examination will 
reveal numerous roots destantting from the overhead growths 
into the soil below. 


Pollination of Flowers.—For the production of the vanilla 
beans under glass it is necessary to pollinate the flowers 
by hand. This should be done early in the morning or 
never later than noon because of the closing of the flowers 
in the afternoon. The pollinating stick is quite primitive, 
being made from any hard wood cut to about the size of a 
lead pencil and sharpened to a very thin point. The operation 
of uniting the sexual organs is very simple. They are situated 
at the end of the column which is enclosed by the labellum or 
funnel-shaped lip. The clinandrium (the chamber at the 
top of the column in which the pollinia lie) is gently raised 
securing the mealy pollinia at the same time to the stick. 
Immediately below is the stigmatic surface; this is entirely 
covered by the rostellum commonly called the “cap” which 
is Gana at the top by a hinge-like appendage. This cap 
should be raised by the pollinating stick and then by giving 
a little turn the pollen masses will adhere to the stigma below. 
When the cap is released it will spring back to its original 
position, thus preventing the loss of the pollen and securing 
it to the stigma. — 


If the fertilization is accomplished the flower persists until 
a few weeks before the ripening of the ovary. If not the 
flower will drop the second or third day. The pods or beans 
attain their full size within four months but do not ripen 
for about ten months. The indication of ripening is a slight 
yellowing of the whole pod which is more pronounced at the 
free end. 

In its native country the pollination is accomplished by 
insects. The labellum is so arranged as to bring the insects 
in contact with the column. Attached to the interior of the 
labellum directly under the stigmatic surface is a stiff hinged 
brush with six divisions one above the other which lie 
flat facing the interior and raise individually. This peculiar 
structure would allow the insect to crawl with ease into the 
lip to secure its fill of nectar from the interior. But when 
it started to back out the divisions of the hinged brush 
would be raised a the insect against the pollen masses 
and attaching the pollen to its back. The same routine 
would be performed with the next flower visited except that 
on the outward journey the pollen masses would be scraped 


Mo. BOT. GARD. BULL., VOL. 3, 1915. PLATE 5. 


VANILLA FLOWERS AT TOP WITH CLUSTER OF RIPE BEANS BELOW. 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 111 


off by the cap or rostellum ; this afterward would spring back 
bringing the pollen in contact with the stigma. . 


CULTIVATION IN THE SEYCHELLES 


Vanilla cuttings are said to have been introduced into the 
Seychelles Islands in 1866, probably from Réunion where 
the plant was grown successfully after sugar began to fail in 
1850. Plantations were gradually established and extended 
by the propagation of these original plants and from others 
pein, imported, and for many years the colony’s 
prosperity has largely depended on vanilla. 

Culture.—There are several methods of growing vanilla, 
but the method now most generally practised on these 
islands is to train each plant on a separate tree. Trees with 
moderately dense foliage which never become entirely de- 
foliated and with plenty of low branches from 5 to 7 feet 
from the ground are selected; the branches act as a support 
and protect the vanilla from the strong sun. The soil most 
— is a rich vegetable mold, common enough in forest 
and. 


Cuttings are then selected averaging from 6 to 10 feet in 
length, or long enough for the free end to hang over the 
fork of the supporting tree. These are planted during the 
rainy season around the bases of trees and tied in several 
places to prevent swinging. The material used for this pur- 
pose is a fibre called vacoa obtained from the screw pine or 
Pandanus utilis. A large specimen of this plant about 
twenty-five feet in height may be seen in the palm house 
at the Garden. 


Under favorable conditions the plants are ready for crop- 
ping within eighteen months. Formerly they were allowed 
to grow until the dry spell prior to the usual blossoming time. 
The growing ends were then cut off and all new shoots re- 
moved as they appeared up to the flowering time or until 
the season for flowering had passed. This method was none 
too satisfactory, however, for flowers would sometimes come 
in spite of checking the growth. The modern method is to 
stop the growing ends some nine or ten months before flower- 
ing time. Later the shoots will appear farther back, and 
these are left for the next year’s crop.. 

Curing the Pods for Market.—There are various ways of 

reparing vanilla, the most successful being the following: 
The pods are picked before ripening, usually when they 
show a light yellowish color. Lots of several hundred each are 
then placed in separate baskets. These baskets are then 
plunged in water at 190° F. for ten seconds; this is repeated 


112 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


twice, the duration of the dips being increased to twelve 
and fifteen seconds with half a minute between each dip. 
After the third dip, when most of the water has been drained 
off, a blanket is folded between the series of pods treated. 
They are then placed in a wooden box or barrel lined with 
blankets and closely covered with the same material. Several 
thousand pods should be sweated in the same box as the more 
closely packed they are the better is the heat retained. By the 
following morning they should have changed to a chocolate 
color and are then ready to be placed on the drying shelves 
of the curing house. 


The curing house usually consists of several rooms. The 
first chamber in which the pods are placed is called the hot 
room, it being kept at a temperature of 110° F.; the next 
room (the warm chamber) is kept slightly cooler and the - 
other rooms are used as sorting rooms. The crop is usually 
kept in this house for three months before marketing, at the 
end of which time any pods showing a tendency to mould 
may be detected. All are then sorted and tied in bundles 
of fifty pods each and finally packed in twelve-pound tins. 
The extract is obtained by thoroughly soaking the pods in 
a mixture of alcohol and water. 


NOTES . 


Miss Caroline Black, Assistant Professor of Botany at New 
Hampshire College, Durham, New Hampshire, is spending 
a few days at the Garden consulting the library. 


Mr, Ernest J. Palmer, collector for the Missouri Botanical 
Garden, spent a few weeks in August at the Garden organ- 
izing the plants collected during his recent trip in the South- 
west. 


The August number of “The Gardeners’ Chronicle of 
America” contains an article on “Producing Natural Effects 
in Conservatory Planting,” by Mr. W. W. Ohlweiler, Gen- 
eral Manager of the Garden. 


Professor N. O. Booth, Professor of Horticulture at Okla- 
homa State Agricultural College, Stillwater, Oklahoma, is 
using the library and herbarium at the Garden in making 
a study of grapes and plums. 


Mr. John Schnabel, Assistant Horticulturist at the 
Florida Agricultural Experiment Station, Gainesville, Flor- 
ida, was a Garden visitor August 17. Mr. Schnabel was one 
of the gardeners of this institution several years ago. _ 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 113 


Dr. R. R. Gates, who has been working in the library 
and herbarium for several months, has returned to resume 
his work at the Garden after a trip to California where he 
attended the meetings of the American Association for the 
Advancement of Science. 


Mr. C. H. Thompson, Assistant Botanist, after a service 
of sixteen years in various capacities at the Missouri Botan- 
ical Garden, resigns September 1 to accept a position as 
Assistant Professor of Horticulture at the Massachusetts 
Agricultural College, Amherst, Massachusetts. 


Recent visitors at. the Garden include Prof. A. T. Erwin 
of Iowa State College, Ames, Iowa, one of the early graduates 
of the Garden course, Mr. A. G. Endres of the City Forester’s 
office, Prof. Budington of Oberlin College, Oberlin, Ohio, 
Professor H. 8. Jackson, Professor of Botany at the Oregon 
Agricultural College, Corvallis, Oregon, and Dr. L. H. Pen- 
nington, Professor of Forest Pathology at the New York 
State College of Forestry at Syracuse University, Syracuse, 
New York. 


The Wardian case exhibited in the Nepenthes House, was 
planted November 16, 1914, with specimens of Casuarina 
stricta, Canarium commune, Cerbera Odollam, Adenanthera 
pavonina, Lagunaria Patersonii, and Cassia calliantha. The 
practical use of the Wardian case was demonstrated when it 
was iu peckss on August 17, 1915, and showed the lagun- 
aria, adenanthera, and cassia still in good condition, hav- 
ing been for nine months without water or open exposure 
to the air. Owing to the interest shown by visitors the. case 
has been repacked with tender tropical plants for further 
demonstration. 


114 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


STATISTICAL INFORMATION FOR JULY, 1915 


GARDEN ATTENDANCE: 


Pee WU Ot PU a, 18,729 
PLANT ACCESSIONS: 
Pease Commies 650 8 ea es 3 
eiante. distelbnted: socio fe She pede te ed 49 
LIBRARY ACCESSIONS: 
Total number of books and pamphlets Bought i cs 119 
Total number of books and pamphlets donated............ 32 
HERBARIUM ACCESSIONS: _ 
By Purchase— 
Theo. Holm—Plants of Colorado, Maryland and Virginia.... 550 
By Gift— 


W. G. Farlow—Fungi of New Jersey...................... 3 
J. M. Greenman—Specimens of fungi from Missouri........ 
K. Teas—Specimens of Escallionia montevidensis DC. and 


1 
1 
1 . 
B. M. Duggar—Fungi from mushroom cellar............... 4 
4 
3 


Tecoma capensis Lindl. cultivated at Houston, Texas...... 2 

_ H. von Schrenk—Specimen of fungus, rotting cypress ties.... 1 
By Field Work— 

J. M. Greenman—Plants of Arcadia and Ironton, Missouri. 74 

TORS. otk SENG Se 671 


The Garden is open to the public week days the year ’round from 
8:00 A. M. until one-half hour after sunset. Until November 30, the Gar- 
den will be open Sundays from 2:00 P. M. until sunset. Admission free. 

Personally conducted trips through the Garden every Saturday after- 
noon from May 1 to November 1, starting from the main gate at 3 o’clock. 
Other trips may be arranged for by special appointment. 

The main entrance to the Garden is located at Tower Grove Avenue 


and Flora Boulevard, on the Vandeventer Avenue car line. Transfer 
south from all intersecting lines. 


8@~ The Garden will be closed all day, September 6, Labor Day. 


Missourt BoTANIcAL 
GARDEN BULLETIN 


Vol. I —-s« SEPTEMBER, 1915 fa NO. 9 


_CONTEN TS 


“The Bucket Orchid = o i ed ht ae. Soa he 
_ Flowering Plants for St. Louis Oe reek A Os SE 3 gers) 
Notes =e ha erika Ce ne Reet Te lee t 4 ee oe 


| Pug ei ce ease a re 
“Pustisuen MONTHLY BY THE BOARD OF TRusTEss fee 


oe BOARD OF TRUSTEES os 
as “OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN a 


ae a 
is ‘e 


“igs THE ORIGINAL h MEMBERS WERE DESIGNATED ae MR. SHAW’S WILL, AND, 
Lee THE BOARD SQ CONSTITUTED, EXCLUSIVE OF THE = 4 
| EX-OFFICIO ENEETE: Is. SELF-PERPETUATING. SOE tenet es 


Ad ecu (Seesis ~ + 


; Grorce c. . Hrrencock: % ce “Ween. H Perv, ah ake x. ag ; : 


d %: € P. Courtesy Marerrt, ie hs Pau. en ScAxtaw. 


a 


z : ee: 


© Bpwano 1 Matincinoor. ae Tous F. ‘Suerte. a ig eae, 


Say at EX-OFFICIO MEMBERS Age te 


ee Epwuxp A Exctin, caret: mh . Hever WwW. Kiet, ier ip RS 

| President of The Academy of Science of ae S » Mayor ofthe City of St Louis. Meese ees 

2) 8t Laut Hy yt Sarg e ee se be 
Davw F.. Houstoy, Aarts “Heme ia Be 

Chancellor of Washington aire. rer - President of the Board ita Scho OS ee a 


Dawe. s. Turns, y ene ea PERN. Mec 2G 
_ Bishop ot the Dincese of Missouri. Ber rE ees tat , 


Mo. Bot. GARD. BULL., VOL. 3, 1915. PLATE 6. 


SINGLE PLANT OF BUCKET ORCHID 


Missouri Botanical 
Garden Bulletin 


Vol. Ill St. Louis, Mo., September, 1915 No. 9 


THE BUCKET ORCHID 


One of the characteristics of the subtribe Stanhopieae of 
the orchid family is its singularly shaped flowers. These are 
so unusual and grotesque in their appearance and structure 
that there is nothing quite like them found among the great 
variety of orchids, or even in the entire plant kingdom. 
Perhaps nowhere is the curious structure of this group of 
Grete more conspicuous than in the genus Coryanthes, of 
which there are upwards of a dozen species indigenous to 
tropical America. The partially opened buds resemble a 
bat at rest and when the flower is fully opened it reveals a 
“bucket,” which holds the nectar and from which the plant 
receives its common name. Unfortunately, the flowers are 
of such short duration and the plant itself is so difficult to 
cultivate, that few have had the pleasure of seeing this floral 
curiosity. Visitors to the Garden within the next week, how- 
ever, will have the unusual opportunity of being shown a fine 

imen of the bucket orchid in is ott Two species of 
ryanthes were imported from the West Indies last year, 
one of which, Coryanthes macrantha, has produced two ex- 
cellent flower spikes. The sepals, which are most delicate 
in texture, are yellow, spotted irregularly with dull purple. 
The lip, on the contrary, is thick and fleshy and is seated on 
a deep purple stalk, nearly an inch long, forming an obtuse 
angle with the = aa _ eae in a hemi- 
spherical nish-purple cap (hypochile) and, contracting 
at its Promt ot , extends forward into a second stalk (meso- 
chile), of vivid blood color. The latter is turned back and 
conspicuously marked with four or five deep edged plaits, 
the plaited edges extending from a second cap (epichile) 
ona is yellow, streaked and spotted with crimson, and 
seems intended to catch a watery secretion which drops from 
the two succulent horns, originating from the base of the 
column. 

Dr. Criiger, formerly Director of the Botanic Garden at 
Trinidad, writes as follows of his observations of the insects 
which pollinate the flowers: 

(115) 


116 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


“Large humble-bees, noisy and quarrelsome, are attracted 
at first by the smell of the flower; but the smell probably 
only gives notice to the insects; the substance they_really 
come for is the interior lining of the labellum which they 
gnaw off with great carne § They may be seen in great 
numbers, disputing with each other for a place on the edge 
of the hypochile. Partly by contrast, partly perhaps intoxi- 
cated by the matter they are indulging in, they tumble down 
into the ‘bucket’ (epichile) half full of the fluid secreted 
by the horn-like organs at the base of the column. They 
then crawl along the anterior inner side of the bucket where 
there is a passage for them. If one is early on the lookout, 
as these hymenopters are early risers, one can see on every 
flower how pollination is performed. The humble-bee in 
forcing its way out of its involuntary bath has to exert itself 
considerably as the mouth of the epichile and the face of 
the column fit together exactly and are very stiff and elastic. 
The first bee that is immersed will have the gland of the 
pollen masses glued to its back. The insect then generally 
gets through the passage and comes out with this peculiar 
appendage, to return nearly immediately to its feast, when 
it 1s generally precipitated a second time into the bucket, 
passing out through the same aperture, and so inserting 
the pollen masses into the stigma while it forces its way out, 
and thereby pollinating either the same or another flower. 
I have often seen this, and sometimes there are so many of 
these humble-bees assembled that there is a continual pro- 
cession of them through the passage specified.” 


The arrows marked on Plate 7 indicate the route of the 


While it is not usual to have many orchids in flower at 
the Garden this time of year, the cool, wet summer has been 
particularly favorable for the blooming of these plants, and 
various cattleyas and oncidiums, as well as single specimens 
of numerous species, will be on display the coming month. 
Hot, weather is detrimental to most orhaes Peron ianly 
the cattleyas-which grow wild in the Cordillera Mountains of 
Colombia, where the temperature rarely varies from 62°F. 
Under normal conditions these orchids make their new 
growths (pseudobulbs) during the summer months, storing 
sufficient material to produce the new flowers and carry the 
plant through the resting period. Cattleya Gaskelliana, a 
midsummer flowering variety, has bloomed profusely this 
month and Laelio-Cattleya elegans, recently imported from 
Colombia, commenced growin, immediately upon arrival 
and has produced a number of flowers. Oncidium variosum 
Rogersti, imported during 1913 from Brazil, has made 


é 
& 
& 
< 
= 

3 


3. A9LS: 


GARD. BULL., VOL. 


Mo. Bor. 


BUCKET ORCHID FLOWERS 
ARROWS SHOW ROUTE OF POLLINATING INSECTS 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 117 


remarkable growth and at the present time is flowering 
luxuriantly, over fifty tall spikes of abundant yellow flowers 
being in various stages of development. The cockroaches 
which infest the old range of greenhouses (fortunately soon 
to be replaced) are exceedingly partial to the young spikes 
of Oncidium, and unless the precaution is taken of spraying 
the plants with a poison, the pests gnaw the tender tips, thus 
destroying the flower spikes for the season. During April to 
September, 98 species of orchids flowered, some of which pro- 
duced an abundance of blossoms. 


FLOWERING PLANTS FOR ST. LOUIS 


Gardeners in and about St. Louis have long known that 
but little dependence can be placed upon the directions for 
procuring continuous bloom in a garden when such direc- 
tions are based upon European, eastern, or northern condi- 
tions.’ It is unfortunate that most of the best books on 
gardening have their origin either in foreign countries or 
have the limiting phrase, “periods of bloom are indicated 
in and about New York City.” Because the weather condi- 
tions in St. Louis are entirely different from those in the 
Kast, all gardening schemes emanating from the latter source 
must be taken subject to trial. The trial will very often 
prove disastrous, but from the experiments one or two plants 
will prove to have been able to withstand the peculiar 
climatic conditions that occasionally make St. Louis a rather 
trying place for flower culture. owever, there are many 

lants that grow to perfection in this locality that can 

ardly exist at all in the East, and if care is taken to make 
use of the advantages that the climate does possess, flourish- 
ing gardens will result. 

Of course, by proper preparation and by transforming the 
garden into an infirmary, a few gentians, a little arbutus, or 
some of the native orchids that delight in the cool, moisture- 
laden air of the northern woods, may with diligent care be 
coaxed into bloom, but it would be a pity to try to bring 
up such weaklings when there are so many plants that enjoy 
and thrive on the heat and sunshine of our local climate. 

Under certain conditions many exotic plants may be im- 
ported to this locality and, because they flourish so well, 
many gardens are resplendent with foliage plants from the 
tropics to the exclusion of indigenous material. Tropical 
gardens could be provided for, but the use of tropical foliage 
plants, i. e., coleus, caladiums een ears), cannas, castor- 
rat aopaeg etc., is pacioe except in formal planta- 
tions or distinctly tropical gardens, and hence this article 


118 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


will not deal with this class of plants but will be devoted to 
those which can accomplish their whole development out of 
doors in and about St. Louis. 


The use of the garden hose is almost imperative to a good 
garden in St. Louis and floral effects can hardly be obtained 
without constant and regular watering. However, much 
work may be saved if the soil in the beds or shrubbery 
borders is kept constantly hoed or cultivated. The prim 
object of cultivation is not to eradicate weeds but to pul- 
verize the upper layer of soil and dry it out so that it will 
effectually prevent the evaporation of water from beneath. 
A mulch may also be obtained by spreading on the soil an 
such mineral as cut grass, manure, etc., but the soil mule 
obtained from constant hoeing is better for the plants and 
should be reéstablished after every heavy rain. When water 
is applied with the hose, the soil should be thoroughly 
saturated and then followed by careful cultivation. 


In general, flowering plants may be discussed by classi- 
fying them into four general groups, i. e., trees, shrubs, 
perennials, and annuals. The distinction between small trees 
and large shrubs is not very sharp, but a tree is usuall 
considered as possessing but one main trunk, while a shru 
may have several. Perennials, of course, are those herba- 
ceous plants whose roots, being hardy, produce new growths 
each year. Annuals are those sank octane plants growing 
and maturing from seed in one year. Some plants, ordi- 
narily: known as biennials because they mature the second ~ 
year from seed, will be classed as perennials. 


TREES 


Flower gardens depend upon trees for background effect, 
although during the flowering and fruiting period the trees 
are as interesting, if not as showy, as the flowers themselves. 
Among the really showy trees as regards flowering, the fol- 
lowing are a few which space permits mentioning. 


Aesculus Hippocastanum or Horse-chestnut.—This tree 
usually attains a height of 50 feet or more and a spread of 
about 30 feet. It is usually rectangular in outline and 
rounded at the top and has a good, though rather coarse, 
foliage of a deep green color. Naty to the same genus 
and of the same general habit is the hackers In early 
summer its large flower spikes of rather small flowers are 
very attractive, the varieties Wee in color from red to 
cream and white. As garden subjects, fault is often found 
with these trees because of the number of fruits with their 
husks which fall to the ground after the first frost, but this 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 119 


objection is only temporary and the individual flowers of 
the spike are very beautiful. 


Aralia spinosa.—This is known also as the ee thal 
and is a shrub usually planted for high backgrounds, 
although in time it assumes the- proportions of a small tree. 
Its general effect is tropical and each season masses of luxuri- 
ant, dark green lolage are produced from the spiny stems. 
The tree grows rapidly and for quick effects is even better 
than the sumacs. It produces large clusters of small white 
flowers in midsummer, but is more used as a foliage than as 
a flowering plant. 


Catalpas.—These are quick growing, broad-leaved trees 
with light green foliage and are chiefly valuable as fillers 
between other trees when effects are desired quickly. Their 
masses of flowers are very showy and when properly cared 
for, these trees often attain great size. However, they are 
extremely brittle and usually become disfigured by the high 
winds long before maturity. The dwarf species known as 
Bungei is commonly seen about St. Louis, especially on ter- 
races and in front of houses. Their use in gardening, except 
in formal gardens, should not be mua and in this con- 
nection the same may be said of the so-called “weeping 
mulberry.” 


Cercis canadensis.—The redbud (Cercis canadensis) is 
one of the best of our native spring flowering trees. It begins 
to bloom when only shrub size and really does not become 
tree-like until very old. The red flowers appear on the 
branches before the leaves and are very showy. There is 
also a white flowering variety of this tree which is but little 
known, a specimen of which stands in the Garden just south 
of the main entrance. The foliage of the redbud is fairly 
plentiful and light green in spring but in late summer it 
usually takes on a rusty appearance and looks shabby, al- 
though this does not in any way interfere with the growth 
of the flower-producing wood. This tree is typical of this 
region and no garden in St. Louis is really complete with- 
out it. 


Chionanthus or White Fringe-tree.—This is a small tree 
or large shrub that often reaches 15 to 20 feet in height. It is 
valuable because of its dark poe foliage and its trusses of 
fringe-like, white flowers. When once established the chion- 
anthus is a good grower but is difficult to transplant. 


Cornus.—Springtime — brings with it the showy 
cornus or flowering dogwood. Like the rédbud, this tree 
blooms when comparatively young and it is not generally 
known that the showy part of the flower cluster is not the 


A 
120 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


petals but the colored bracts. The flower itself is the rather 
insignificant part at the center of the four white bracts. 
This is a beautiful plant for spring bloom, the flowers ap- 
pearing before the leaves. 


Crataegus.—These trees, commonly known as thorn trees 
or red haws, are valuable in the garden for their dark green 
foliage, their white or red flowers, and their bright red fruits 
of late summer. They belong to the rose family and like 
the apple, pear, and plum are profuse bloomers. They are 
covered with thorns which protect them from animal injury, 
but are breeders of the so-called scale insects, and unless care- 
fully watched and protected against scale by spraying they 
will soon become so much damaged that removal is necessary. 
However, these trees are well worth while and should be in- 
cluded in the background of all shrubbery borders. They 
are found growing wild over the State and are perfectly 
adaptable to all local weather conditions. The same may be 
said of the cercis and the cornus. 


Halesia or the Silverbell-tree.—This tree is always a — 
a Sete and is much admired for the pure white pendant 

lls of flowers that almost precede the foliage in spring. In 
habit and size it compares well with cercis, cornus, and 
chionanthus, and all of these may be included in the general 
background of the shrubbery borders. 


Koelreuteria paniculata.—This is known also as the var- 
nish-tree and is a tree of charming habit and beautiful ap- 
oo but unfortunately not well known about St. Louis. 

ike the maidenhair tree, it is a native of China but seems 
to take well to our climate. When the trees are given room 
in which to develop they make splendid, rounded speci- 
mens with branches clear to the ground, and might be mis- 
taken for the native hornbeams or beeches. Moreover, in 
addition to their good foliage, they possess at flowering time 
in July, large panicles of showy, yellowish flowers, that are 
almost immediately followed by the bladder-like seed vessels. 


Specimen trees have a smooth grayish bark like the beeches 
and rather light green foliage, in the open developing a 


St. Louis. The flowers are combinations of green and orange, 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 121 


in shape and size resembling the tulip, hence the name. 
While not conspicuous the flowers are much admired and 
their return is always looked forward to in the spring. 
Magnolias.—To one who has the patience to wait for their 
development, no tree will give better results in a floral way 
than the magnolia. Unfortunately most varieties bloom be- 
fore the leaves open and the early flowers fall victims to the 
late frosts. However, M. acwminata, the cucumber tree, M. 
glauca, the sweet bay, and M. tripetala, the umbrella tree, 
all bloom later but are not nearly as important for their 
flowers as the early varieties. The really desirable magnolias 
for bloom are first of all, the star magnolia or M. stellata, 
then M. Yulan, both of which are white, but the former is a 
dwarf and the latter a tree-like species; M. Soulangiana for 
its large pink blooms, and then M. Lennei and M. purpurea 
for the reds. Imported magnolias usually bloom well the 
first season or so, but then rest for several years; after which 
they again begin blooming and are well worth the long wait. 


(To be continued.) 


NOTES 


Professor Gentaro Yamada of the Higher School of Agri- 
culture and Forestry, Morioka, Japan, was a visitor at the 
Garden, August 20. 


Miss Alma G. Stokey, Assistant Professor of Botany at 
- Mt. Holyoke College, South Hadley, Massachusetts, was a 
Garden visitor August 27. 


Dr. B. M. Duggar, Physiologist to the Garden, has just 
returned from Texas, where he secured material for the study 
of an important fungous disease of cotton. 


Mr. August Koch, in charge of Garfield Park conserva- 
tories, Chicago, spent several days in the Garden recently. 
Mr. Koch was formerly in charge of the economic collection 
at the Garden. é 


Dr. J. M. Greenman, Curator of the Herbarium, attended 
the twentieth anniversary celebration of the New York 
Botanical Garden, New York City, and also spent some time 
in their herbarium in the study of type material. 


A noteworthy addition to the Garden collection of tender 
conifers is a remarkably fine collection of the Chilean pine, 
Araucaria imbricata, presented by Professor C. S. Sargent of 
the Arnold Arboretum. In nature this tree grows from 
fifty to one hundred feet high. The branches are horizontal 
indeia and ascending at the extremities, and are produced 


122 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


in whorls. The leaves are sessile, thickened at the base, 
strongly mucronate at the apex, and are produced in whorls 
encircling the branches. A popular name given to the 
Araucaria is the “monkey puzzler,’ because it is supposed: to 
be impossible for a monkey to climb. The plant will be 
found in the cycad and conifer house. 


STATISTICAL INFORMATION FOR AUGUST, 1915 


GARDEN ATTENDANCE: 


Total number of visitors...... et Saas gies eee 24,416 
LIBRARY ACCESSIONS: 
Total number of books bought. . 2.5.5 2.5550 6s. kee So 17 
Total number of books and pamphlets donated............ 60 
HERBARIUM ACCESSIONS: 
By Purchase — 
Rev. John Davis—Plants of Missouri.................... 200 
Th. Oswald Weigel—Plants of the Philippine Islands...... 300 
By Gift — 
Ira W. Clokey—Plants of Illinois........................ 133 
Rev. John Davis—Plants of Missouri.................... 400 
B. M. Duggar— Pleurotus spathulatus from mushroom 
Collars oes ere os SNS Fea ee a 1 
R. Ruggles Gates—Plants of California and Colorado...... 18 
O. S. Ledman—Plants of Illinois....................... 5 
W. H. Long—Fungi from Arizona and New Mexico....... 16 
Mrs. U. 8. Price—Hewalectris aphylla (Nutt.) Raf. from 
OBICGROG Fis LA Say 5 en ey ee 1 
J. B. Rorer-Pathopente fangi ‘of Trimble. 625 535: 2: 2 
W. A. Thomas—Cultivated specimen of Tamarix gallica 
Ks, 200m NODTORER, 66 ons 6 ca dec Sela sae ee ee 1 
C. H. Thompson—Specimen of Isoetes from California... .. 3 
H. von Schrenk—Fungi from Oregon and New Jersey...... 2 
By Exchange — 


New York Botanical Garden—Fungi from southern Florida. 18 
U. 8. Dept. of Agriculture—“American Grasses” Nos. 201- 
400. 


The Garden is open to the ic week days the year ’round from 
8:00 A. M. until one-half hour sunset. Until November 30, the Gar- 
den will be open Sundays from 2:00 P. M. until sunset. Admission free. 


Personally conducted trips through the Garden every Saturday after- 
noon from May 1 to November 1, gtattinn tol te dual ite ak 4 a'dack 
Other trips may be arranged for by special appointment. 


The main entrance to the Garden is located at Tower Grove Avenue 
ly on the Vandeventer Avenue car line. Transfer 


OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN 


Seale 
GEORGE 1 Tt. MOORE. 


an Bani vey Dusdar, "-Epwaro, A. ‘Burr, } 
‘ ~ Paysiotogit in chargeot Graduate cues f | Myeoloiet and Libratian. 


ete we Hewanw vON ScunEN, _ CHaRLes H: Tuomrsox, 
ars "Pathologist, ILS © Assistant Botanist. 


Jesse M. “Greexmas, Tm cA as R. Davis, 
pero togrenace Bes % ek a Research Assistant. 
eo _ KATHERINE H. “Lucu, , 
ht ST ay Ste iam 


Sone a 1g ty % 


‘James GURNEY, _ 
Watase “Ww. Oe Loins auieeg 
; _ General Manager. 


“enE hm 


ry Cees eae ee Jouw: Noves, 
‘Landscape Designer. 


es “Reo nd ing Ce an He She Carpenter. pe 1k 
or ERDMAN, Ped etl abe an iF W. F. LANGAN, 

: ‘Plant Propagation. ©. ee en Ne emg ‘ 
CR Foues, | GH Pun, 


St ape Conia: eas oy, alae Se Reg 3 Orehids and other £3 


P. Forsster, pNaee PNG oM. SCHILLER, 
oo, artvand Stables RPE daa yongas 
aij Ope y re Ca kK. N Sverumorr,, “ 
PEN ee es ‘Plane Breeding and Seeds, 


MMissour! BOTANICAL 
GARDEN [BULLETIN 


OE 2 OCTOBER, 1915 ———SNo. 10 


‘CONTENTS ne 
Page 


The Si yotatichs of the Cultivated Chrysanthemum, : eet Sas 
_ Flowering Plants for St. Louis cai tn hs 126 
_ The Dove Orchid - OE one ee emer cesy ke 
‘Chrysanthemum Show - = - = 99+ + 134 


_ Notes - ae eRe = sont pat OE 2 435° 


S Statistical Information SA SOON See one meng) Fair 


ST. LOUIS, MO. 
"4915 


4 “rustisnep MONTHLY BY THE BOARD OF ‘TRUSTEES i 


# 
sar 
or 


“THE ORIGINAL MEMBERS WERE DESIGNATED IN MR. SHAW’S WILL, AND 
THE BOARD SO CONSTITUTED, EXCLUSIVE OF THE’ : 
‘EX-OFFICIO MEMBERS, ate SELF- sioageedy Drape inn da tae tat 


Mo. Bot. GARD. BULL., VOL. 3, 1915. PLATE 8. 


THE ORIGINAL CHRYSANTHEMUM INDICUM CONTRASTED WITH A MODERN 
POMPON VARIETY DEVELOPED FROM IT. 


CHRYSANTHEMUM PETALS FROM VARIOUS VARIETIES SHOWING THE CHANGES 
FROM THE ORIGINAL WILD TYPE (SMALL FLOWER NEAR CENTER) 
INDUCED BY SELECTION AND CROSS-BREEDING. 


Missouri Botanical 
Garden Bulletin 


Vol. IIT | St. Louis, Mo., October, 1915 No. 10 


THE EVOLUTION OF THE CULTIVATED 
CHRYSANTHEMUM 


The eral Moin grhareg at the Garden this year will be 
shown in the new floral display house which has just been 
completed and, for the special purposes designed, is probably 
the finest in the country, if not in the world. The exhibi- 
tion will be particularly noteworthy, comprising 3,000 plants 
of 500 varieties, among which are the following new 
specimens: 

Bob Pulling (yellow) Mankator (amaranth) 

Calumet (bronze) Marigold (yellow) 


Crystal Gem (large early white) Modello (orange) 
Earl Kitchener (amaranth, silvery Mrs. H. J. Jones (“green chrysan- 


reverse ) themum’’) 
Garnet Gem (early bright red) Mrs. R. C. Pulling (yellow) 
Golden Queen (early yellow) Mrs. T. P. Mitchel (white) 
Illona (lavender pompon) Rodi (purplish rose pompon) 
Kewanee (buckskin or chamois) Silver King (white) 


Kewanee (yellow) 


The development of the cultivated chrysanthemum fur- 
nishes a most remarkable example of the ee gpa f and per- 
severance of the plant hybridist. Although a 16- ed 
chrysanthemum is the emblem of Japan and this flower is 
called the “flower of Japan,” all evidence goes to show that 
the chrysanthemum is indigenous to China. Later it was im- 
ported to Japan, where it achieved a success far exceeding 
that in its native country. According to Chinese history, 
the chrysanthemum was cultivated in China over 2,000 years 
ago. nfucius, who supposedly lived 500 B. C., mentions 
the flower under the name, “Li Ki,” and some Chinese pot- 
tery, now preserved in the British Museum, which dates as 
early as 1426-1436, bears an exact replica of one of the 
earlier forms of the chrysanthemum. Previous to the im- 
portation of the chrysanthemum into Europe, the Chinese 
were known to graft certain kinds and cultivate specimens 
similar to the single-stemmed varieties of the present day. 
They even adopted a style of nomenclature, which bears 

(123) 


124 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


little resemblance to our modern system; for instance, one 
favorite was called “The Drunken Lady,” owing to the 
drooping habit of the flowers during the day. 


The earliest record of the introduction of the chrysan- 
themum into Europe dates from 1688, when it was brought 
into Holland by Breynius, a merchant of Dantzig, who, in 
the next year, published his “Prodromus Plantarum Rari- 
orum,” which contained accurate descriptions of the varieties 
then growing in Holland. In spite of its easy cultivation, 
however, interest in the chrysanthemum soon died out and 
the varieties described by Breynius passed out of existence 
in Holland. England is the next country to which we have 
any record of the chrysanthemum being imported, being 
brought this time in a dried state from China, in 1698- 
1703, by James Cunningham, Surgeon to the East India 
Company in Amoy, China. In 1764 living specimens were 
introduced into Risin: these were sent from Nimpu 
a Ningpo}, China, and were cultivated by Philip 
iller. The plants were also grown in the famous Chelsea 
Garden, in London, and it was from here that herbarium 
specimens were collected and preserved which are accessible 
at the present day. The specimens are labeled Chrysanthe- 
mum indicum and show flowers with small double heads, 
undoubtedly being one of the true “indicum” type. 


The next important step in chrysanthemum culture was 
in 1789 when a French merchant, M. Blancard, brought 
home three varieties from China: one white, one violet, and 
one purplish. Within three years there was scarcely a 
garden in Versailles that had not adopted the chrysanthe- 
mum, the flowers then being about the size of the present- 
day carnation. M. Blancard’s purple variety was introduced 
into England in 1790. Concerning this introduction, Sabine 
writes: “This is the purple variety; it had been transmitted 
to this country from France in 1790, and after its arrival 
here the changeable white was obtained from it by cultiva- 
tion. Between the years 1798 and 1808, inclusive, eight new 
varieties were imported from China into England in the fol- 
lowing order: the rose and buff together, in 1798; the 
golden yellow and the quilled. yellow together, in 1802; the 
sulphur = at the latter end of the same year; the 
Spanish brown, in 1806; and the quilled white and large 
lilac together, in 1808. Of these the sulphur yellow was im- 
ported for Thomas Evans, Esq., of Stepney, and the remain- 
ing seven sorts for Sir Abraham Hume. Later importations 
have produced two others, the tasseled white, in 1816, and 
the superb white, in 1817.” 


3 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 125 


For a considerable time after their introduction the French 
and English gardeners had been experimenting with the ob- 
ject of raising chrysanthemums from seed. Success was 
finally attained by a French officer, M. Bernet. The previous 

ear he had discovered some withered flower heads in which 

e was surprised to find seeds bearing all the signs of perfect 
maturity. Keeping his discovery a secret he carefully tended 
the seeds himself, and in the fall of 1827 was rewarded with 
several fine varieties of plants. 


In 1848 Mr. Robert Fortune was sent to China by the 
Royal Horticultural Society of London in search of rare 
plants. On his return in 1846 he brought, among other 
curiosities, two small-flowered chrysanthemums known as 
the Chusan Daisy and the Chinese Minimum. These, ac- 
cording to James Salter, were probably varieties from the 
true Chrysanthemum wdicum of Linnaeus. The plants, 
however, did not find favor with the English growers owing 
to their small flowers, but they were appreciated by the 
French and were used for hybridizing. According to sev- 
eral authorities, the pompons of the present-day chrysanthe- 
mum originated from these two varieties. The introduction 
of the Japanese specimens into Europe dates from 1862, 
when they were brought back by Mr. Fortune from his 
second trip to China. Salter, in describing these new plants, 
says: ‘Some varieties were spotted and striped; others were 
fantastic forms called Dragons; and one noteworthy speci- 
men was a beautiful fringed white flower, in appearance 

more like a Japanese pink than a chrysanthemum.” 


The development of the chrysanthemum before its intro- 
duction into europe is a mystery. Hemsley states in the 
“Gardener’s Chronicle,” of 1889, that “it is impossible to de- 
termine the parentage of some of the Chinese double chrysan- 
themums, and it is highly probable that some of them are . 
of hybrid origin between Chrysanthemum indicum, the 
small yellow, and Dh ck arte 3 morifolium (sinense). 

The same may be said with regard to some of the — 
figures of double varieties of chrysanthemums, whic 

authors have identified with one or the other of the two 
adopted species. The slender Chusan Daisy, the parent of 
all the pompons, for example, is probably of mixed origin, 
though it may be pure C. indicum.” 


The true Chrysanthemum indicum in its wild state is 
found from Hongkong to Pekin, the ray- and disk-flowers 
both being yellow. Chrysanthemum morifoliwm (C. sin- 
ense) is found in the Luchu Archipelago and the Chinese 
central province of Hupeh. It is more robust than C. 


126 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


indicum, the leaves are thicker and tomentose, and the ray- 
flowers are a different color from the disk-flowers. 


FLOWERING PLANTS FOR ST. LOUIS 


In the previous number of the BULLETIN attention was 
called to the fact that the best background for the garden 
was trees and that those having conspicuous flowers offered 
a wide range of choice. In the use of shrubs other char- 
acters beside the flower are important in producing an effec- 
tive landscape; for instance, in the fall and winter when the 
floral display is lacking, shrubs with brilliant foliage, scar- 
let berries or colored bark may all help to brighten up an 
otherwise dreary aspect. : 


There are many things to be considered in selecting flower- 
ing shrubs, for the variety is large and almost any effect 
desired may be secured by a proper selection of colors. An 
obvious, but frequently neglected, precaution in arranging 
the groups is to place the taller varieties in the background 
and the shorter ones in front. Of course, there are liable 
to be spots in the shrubbery border where it is desirable to 
have tall plants at the visible edge of the group, but in such 
cases plants as tall or taller should be placed behind them. 
Moreover, it is usually best to plant shrubbery in masses or 
small areas, and scattered groups about a lawn should be 
avoided. A border arrangement is good, using a few masses 
against the buildings and if lawn plants are desired, a 
tree may be planted in a suitable location. However, the 
placing of trees and shrubbery plantations is a matter that 
should not be attempted by the amateur without study, and 
it is always better to consult a landscape designer before 
undertaking anything more than the simplest arrangement. 
Planning a garden is quite as difficult a work to accomplish 
well as planning a house, and while many feel capable, in 
a small way, of designing a house they do not usually dis- 
pense with the advice of an architect, and a landscape de- 
signer is just as necessary for the garden. 


The following list of shrubs that may be used in St. Louis 
has been chosen for their floral effect. The plants at the be- 
ginning of the list are designed for the background, while 
those at the end are to be placed in front, 1. e., they are 
arranged according to size. Times of blooming are also 
given. 


WHITE, CREAM, OR GRAY-FLOWERED SHRUBS 


To be most effective plants with such light-colored flowers 
should be placed near the house or where they may be viewed 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 127 


from a short distance, and the blooms are best brought out 
when massed against a background; in any case they should 
always be kept away from the sky-line. 


Exochorda grandiflora.—This is a native of Japan and 
is commonly known as the pearl-bush. Clusters of pure 
white flowers are produced in May and June. This shrub is 
aS to transplant but when mature attains a height of 10 

eet. a 

Hibiscus alba.—This shrub is sometimes called the althaea 
or rose of Sharon. Botanically, Althaea is the generic name 
for the hollyhock and the rose of Sharon should be known 
as the hibiscus. The varieties known as “Jean d’Arc,” “Lady 
Stanley,” and “alba pleura,” are all white-flowered. As 
shrubbery subjects they do particularly well in St. Louis, and 
coming at a time when flowering material is rather scarce 
(August and September) makes them very desirable. The 
hibiscus tend to grow upright and do not spread much, and 
because they stand clipping well are much used for hedges. 
In height they range hors 8 to 12 feet. 


Philadelphus—The common name for Philadelphus is 
syringa or mock-orange, but here, as in the hibiscus, there 
is aconfusion of terms. Syringa is the generic name for the 
lilac and the shrub should be spoken of as the mock-orange. 
P. coronarius, P. grandiflorus, and P. Gordonianus are per- 
haps the best varieties, but P. Lemoineii erectus is also good, 
being from 6 to 8 feet high with a creamy white flower. As 
garden subjects they are valuable because of their height, 
their flowering season in June, and their masses of fragrant 
white flowers. The Philadelphus is probably one of the com- 
monest shrubs grown in this locality but the foliage, con- 
trasted with that of the hibiscus, which is a rich, dark green, 
presents a parched appearance in late summer. For this 
reason it should be used for the background or in places 
where it will not be conspicuous late in the season. 


Rhodotypos kerroides or White Kerria.—This is a grace- 
ful shrub, a native of Japan, and valuable because of the 
number of small white flowers which come a few at a time, 
but continue blooming all summer. When well grown the 
plant becomes several feet tall, and while not showy is very 
attractive. 

Sambucus.—In the sambucus or elderberry we have one 
of the most rapid-growing of the garden shrubs. Besides the 
large trusses or panicles of white flowers which bloom in May 
or 3 Pas the plants are also attractive when the elderberries 
become ripe in late summer. The variety, S. nigra aurea, is 
often used because of its golden foliage. Sambucus is a gross 


% 


128 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


feeder and strong grower and must be watched or it will 
monopolize the border. In height it runs from 8 to 12 feet. 


Viburnum.—To this genus belong the snowballs, the 
choicest of the white-flowering shrubs. They make beautiful 
specimens because the flowers are well set off against the in- 
tense dark green of the foliage. One of the best varieties 
is V. dentatum, or arrow-wood, with its greenish white 
flowers followed by dark blue berries in the fall. The foliage 
is heart-shaped and turns purplish late in the season: This 
shrub blooms in May, as ne all the viburnums, and is 6 to 
8 feet high. V. lantana has large clusters of white flowers 
followed by red berries and the foliage does not shed until 
very late. It grows to be about 8 to 10 feet tall. About the 


, same height is V. Lentago, or sheepberry, with its very frag- 


rant creamy white flowers. Viburnum Opulus is called the 
high bush cranberry, because of the cranberry-like berries 
which are produced in late summer and hang on until after 
frost. The flowers of this species are also very attractive. 
Its sterile variety, V. Opulus sterilis, is the common snow- 
ball and needs no comment. V. plicatum, known as the 
Japanese snowball, is very seldom grown in this country, 
but deserves to be better known. In height it is about the 
same as in the | etree varieties, but the flowers are in 
larger heads and have the advantage of a —— 
period. V. acerifoliwm, the maple-leaved viburnum, and V. 
tomentosum are varieties having the same desirable qualities 
as the others but are not as tall, being only about 6 to 8 feet 
in height. This particular genus of plants affords great satis- 
faction to the plant lover and some of the species should be 
in every border. 


Xanthoceras sorbifolia——The Chinese chestnut is a beauti- 
ful slow-growing shrub with creamy white flowers blooming 
in St. Louis in ee or May. It should prove a fine sub- 
ject for massing, although its slow growth will more probably 
cause it to be used for single specimens. 


Baccharis halimifolia or Groundsel Tree.—This is a wood: 
shrub of the yg cade group. The flowers are avian 
white and do not bloom until September, while the seed pods 
are attractive up to frost. It is not a very showy plant, al- 
though growing from 6 to 8 feet in height. 


Cornus.—The cornus, or flowering dogwood, blooms in 
June, producing grayish white flowers which are very attrac- _ 
tive against the dark background of the foliage leaves. The 
flowers are followed by beautiful fruit clusters and the bark 
adds a bit of color in winter time. C. alternifolia, C. panicu- 
lata, and C. sanguinea are three varieties which grow from 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 129 


6 to 8 feet high; while-G.- sericea grows-from 3 to 6 feet in 
height. C. florida, mentioned under trees in the last number 
of the Butietin, might be classed as a shrub during the 
first few years of its growth. 


Deutzia.—The deutzias are of Japanese origin but have 
been much improved by the breeder since their importation. 
The flowers are mostly white, although a few varieties have 
a pinkish tinge when in bud. D. candidissima, D. gracilis, 
D. Lemoinei, D. crenata, and D. scabra are the best of the 
white-flowered deutzias. D. gracilis is a dwarf species from 
two to three feet high, while the others run from 6 to 8 feet. 
D. crenata fi. pl., D. crenata Wateret, D. “Pride of Rochester,” 
and D. rosea plena are some of the pink-flowered varieties. 
Because of their vigorous growth and the beauty of their 
flowers they should be used in all borders where floral effect 
is desired in June or July. 


Diervilla.—The diervilla, or weigelia, is vigorous in growth 
and is one of the best shrubs for St. Louis. It flowers in mid- 
summer and the foliage is a rich, deep n. The white 
varieties are D. amabilis alba and D. candida, both of which 
bloom in July and attain a height of 6 to 8 feet. They 
not only make very desirable plants for the shrubbery masses 
but also het i as single specimens. A single year’s growth 
of the diervilla in the border will help more than any other 
shrub to give finish and an appearance of solidity. 


Hydrangea.—H. paniculata and H. paniculata grandiflora 
are very desirable plants where medium height is desired, 
both usually reaching 6 to 8 feet. The size of the blooms de- 
pends very largely upon the method of pruning. In the 
winter all new growths from the previous season should be 
cut back to one or two eyes or buds; then with the use of 
Tapes of manure in the soil, large flower clusters will result. 

time shrubs so treated will me tree-like and single 
specimens sometimes attain a height of 8 to 10 feet with a 
spread of 10 to 15 feet. H. arborescens and its variety 
grandiflora are more dwarf, usually growing to about 4 to 6 
feet high. The flower clusters of the large-flowered variety 
are particularly striking and have given rise to the names 
“Snowball Hydrangea” and “Hills of Snow.” These seem 
to do better in a rather damp and shady location, although 
different conditions do not apparently affect its beauty. 
There is also an oak-leaved hydrangea from 3 to 6 feet tall 
called H. quercifolia which, though not so conspicuous in 
flower, is very attractive. 


Lonicera.—L. tatarica alba, sometimes called Tartarian 
honeysuckle, is a strong, vigorous shrub attaining a height 


130 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


of from 6 to 8 feet. It is particularly desirable for its rapid 
growth and excellent foliage. The flowers are fragrant and 
creamy white and are borne in great profusion in May and 
June. L. fragrantissima is another creamy white variety and 
very fragrant but is a much earlier bloomer, flowering in 
April and May. 

Spiraca.—Spiraeas, or meadow-sweet, as a class, are very 
desirable garden subjects. The different varieties are quite 
unlike both in habit and in kind of flowers. They bloom 
in May and June, but even after the flowering season is over 
are worth while for their graceful masses of foliage. S. 
opulifolia, S. opulifolia aurea, 8. prunifolia, S. Reevesii, 8. 
Reevesii fl. pl., and S. Van Houttei are all white-flowered 
spiraeas and run from 6 to 8 feet in height. S. Thunbergii 
is another white-flowered variety but is only 3 to 6 feet tall, 
reigh S. colossa alba is still smaller, being 2 to 3 feet in 

eight. 

Syringa or Lilac_—Many of the white varieties of lilac are 
very attractive in early spring, but after the blooming pet 
they become miideven and have a dusty appearance. Spray- 
ing with ammoniacal copper carbonate will help this to some 
extent but they have the further disadvantage of being ir- 
regular growers and of dropping their leaves very early in 
the fall. The white lilac, if used at all, should be planted 
in backgrounds and inconspicuous places. 

Amygdalus alba.—This is commonly spoken of as the 
flowering almond and is one of the finest of the early flower- 
ing shrubs or small trees. The flowers are very showy and 
are borne in great profusion. The plants are clean growers 
and healthy in appearance. 

Cephalanthus occidentalis or Button Bush.—This shrub 
grows from 3 to 6 feet high, and is valuable for its dark green 
foliage and its peculiar globular heads of white flowers which 
bloom in July. It does well in shady and moist places. 

Clethra alnifolia.—This is known as the sweet pepper-bush. 
It grows from 4 to 6 feet high and bears masses of fragrant, 
grayish white flowers in June or July. It is a rather slow- 
growing shrub but a very desirable addition to local gardens. 

Stephanandra flexuosa.—The Stephanandra is a graceful 
shrub with spreading, drooping branches and very pleasing 
foliage qiiiol: turns purplish in the fall. The flowers are 
pure white and are borne in panicled racemes. This plant 
is not as much grown in St. Louis as it should be. 


YELLOW-FLOWERED SHRUBS 


Because yellow ar more intense against a background 
of green, it-is usually advisable to use yellow-flowered shrubs 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 131 


where they may be viewed from a distance. This is espe- 
cially true where many colors enter into the garden scheme. 
In combination with red, purple, or blue, yellow is very 
attractive, but care must be taken to choose the right shades 
in the combination. 


Elaeagnus angustifolia or Russian Olive.—The flowers of 
this species bloom in June and while not large are very num- 
erous and fragrant, and are followed by silvery-coated yel- 
low berries. This is a quick-growing shrub from 12 to 15 
feet high and is used chiefly for the silvery effect of the 
foliage. 

Caragana arborescens.—This is a hardy plant, commonl 
called the pea shrub, which thrives in almost any well- 
drained soil. The showy yellow flowers bloom in great pro- 
fusion in late spring and early summer. In height it varies 
from 8 to 10 feet. 


Forsythia or Golden Bell.—The forsythia is one of the best 
of the spring-flowering shrubs. As the flowers appear before 
the leaves on the wood of the previous year, pruning should 
be delayed until after the blooming done 9 This is, of 
course, true for any shrub that flowers on the wood of the 
previous season. The forsythias have both grace and beauty 
and combine excellent foliage with abundant flowers. The 
varieties, F. intermedia and F. viridissima, have an erect 
habit, while F’. suspensa and F’. suspensa fortunei are more 
drooping. The latter two with a little help can be used to 
cover very high walls, and when so grown are very beautiful. 
The upright varieties are from 6 to 8 feet in height, while the 
varieties of F. suspensa may grow under certain conditions 
as high as 10 to 12 feet. 


Ribes awrewm.—This is known as the Missouri currant. 
It is a rapid-growing shrub that is inclined to sucker badly 
but nevertheless is an admirable plant for the edge of the 
shrubbery border. Its habit of spreading tends to show to 
advantage the small yellow flowers which come in the early 
spring. In height the plant ranges from 4 to 6 feet. 


Rhus aromatica—The sweet-scented sumac is a much 
branched, spreading shrub usually 2 to 4 feet tall. It makes 
a beautiful plant for low corners of shrubbery masses with 
its rich, dark green foliage. The flowers which precede the 
leaves in the early spring are yellow, produced in short spikes 
or clusters along the branches. 

Kerria japonica fl. pl.—This is a low-growing shrub, some- 
times called the dedi Riveter, which makes a good edge for 
high shrubbery. It blooms nearly all summer, the flowers 


132 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


being a type of golden yellow that is particularly beautiful 
in combination with Vitex A gnus-castus. 


Berberis Thunbergii or Japanese Barberry.—This species 
has numerous, small, yellow flowers in the spring which are 
followed in the fall by bright red berries or fruits. It is 
most used as a hedge plant, but is particularly valuable as an 
edging for shrubbery borders, the thorny stems doing effec- 
tive service in keeping out the traffic. 


RED OR REDDISH-FLOWERED SHRUBS 


As garden subjects the red-flowered varieties are seldom 
really attractive when used alone, the color showing to better 
advantage when combined with white, yellow, etc. In com- 
bination with blue they look purplish and with yellow an 
orange effect is produced. However, when the various colors 
are properly separated and counterbalanced the red or red- 

ish flowers are very pleasing. 


Hibiscus.—The hibiscus has been discussed before under 
white-flowering shrubs but the following red-flowering species 
should be mentioned: H. rubra (red), H. “Bonte de Feu” 
(deep rose), H. Leopoldi (deep rose). 


Cydonia japonica or Japanese Quince-—The Japanese 
oc is a hardy shrub, invaluable for border planting and 
making beautiful formal or informal hedges. The 
flowers bloom in early spring and are scarlet, large, and 
showy. There are also several varieties with double and 
single flowers in various shades of color, including white. 
Ese fragrant fruits are often used for making a tart, delicious 
jelly. 

Diervilla—D. “Eva Rathke” (crimson), D. floribunda 
(red), D. “Pres. Duchartre” (red), and D. Van Houttei 
(crimson) are a few of the diervillas that may be used where 
red is required. In pink we have the varieties D. “Abel Car- 
riére” (rose pink), D. “camelon” (flesh pink), and D. Ver- 
schaffelti (pink). 

Tamarix.—The tamarix grow well in any soil. T. gallica 
and 7’. indica with their finely divided foliage and delicate 
masses of pink flowers in May and June are the principal 
varieties. The grayish forms of tamarix are much used to 
vary the foliage effects in the border. 


Lonicera.—L. rubra grandiflora is a vigorous honeysuckle 
producing in June, large, bright red flowers striped with 
white. L. Morrowi, L. rosea, and L. Ruprechtiani are pink 
varieties. These specimens grow from 6 to 8 feet high. 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 133 


Robinia hispida or Rose Acacia.—Though this is a small 
shrub from 3 to 4 feet high, it is very hardy, spreading b 
underground rootstocks. The showy flowers are a rose-pin 
and appear in late spring or early summer. 

Spiraea.—Among the seer are the following pink or 
rose-colored varieties: S. Billardi (rose), S. collossa (pink), 
S. Douglassi (rose) , S. salicifolia (rose), S. Bumalda (pink), 
and S. “Anthony Waterer” (crimson). 

Syringa.—Among the syringas are many varieties that 
may be classed as pink or rose. 

Desmodium Seen i a at RE oo is a low-growing shrub 
which dies to the ground each winter but attains a height of 
about 3 to 4 feet during the summer. It is a beautiful speci- 
men in flowering time in September with its branches a mass 
of rosy pink reaching to the ground, and coming at a time 
of the year when flowering aah are scarce is a valuable 
addition to any planting scheme. 


Hibiscus Moscheutos or Mallow.—This is another shrub 
which dies to the ground in the winter. The large flowers 
are 6 to 8 inches across and come in all shades of red and also 
hoe It is a rapid-growing plant and should be in every 
garden. 


BLUE, PURPLE, AND VIOLET-FLOWERING SHRUBS 


Amorpha fruticosa.—This is commonly known as the false 
indigo. It is a hardy, free-flowering b with feathe 
foliage, which thrives in sunny situations in well-drained soil. 
It is very valuable for border plantations or for massing on 
rocky slopes and banks, the unusual color of the flowers 
(purple) invariably attracting attention. The flowers grow 
in clustered racemes which are 3 to 6 inches long and the 
plant varies from 6 to 10 feet in height. 

Hibiscus.—Among the varieties of hibiscus which have a 
purplish tinge may be mentioned the following: H. ardens 
(dark violet), H. coelestis (sky-blue), H. “Duchesse de 
Brabant” (lilac), and H. purpurea (purple). 

Rhus Cotinus——This is commonly known as the smoke- 
bush and is desirable for its height and the smoke-like masses 
of purplish flowers which come in midsummer. 

Calycanthus floridus or Carolina Allspice.—This is a well- 
known native shrub growing from 6 to 8 feet high. The 
flowers which are produced after the leaves in June are 
double, brownish purple, and very fragrant. 

Diervilla Lavellei.—This is a reddish purple variety of the 
diervilla which blooms in June. 


134 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


Syringa.—Varieties of syringa are among the best of the 
lilac-colored flowers. Any florist’s catalogue will give a num- 
ber of varieties from which to choose. 


Vitex Agnus-castus—The popular name for this shrub is 
the chaste-tree. It is a graceful plant 5 to 6 feet high, bear- 
ing in late summer dense spikes of lilac-colored flowers. 
Reference to its use in connection with Kerria japonica fl. pl. 
has already been made. 


Caryopteris Mastacanthus or Blue Spiraca.—This is not a 
very hardy plant but is well worth trying. It requires a 
well-drained and loamy soil, a sunny location, and a little 

rotection in the winter. The lavender-blue flowers are 
orne in great profusion in the summer and continue bloom- 
ing until frost. It grows from 2 to 3 feet high. 


Buddleia Lindleyana.—The Chinese Buddleia or summer 
lilac is a beautiful free-flowering shrub, but requires a light 
porous soil and a sunny exposure for its best development. 
The violet-purple flowers bloom in midsummer and are pro- 
duced in dense, arching racemes from 4 to 8 inches long. 
This is a splendid plant, growing from 5 to 8 feet high and 
holding the foliage until after frost. 


(To be concluded.) 


THE DOVE ORCHID 


The dove orchid (Peristeria elata), an account of which 
was given in the December, 1914, Butuerin, will again be 
in bloom the early part of November. Visitors to the Garden 
should not fail to ask where this plant is, since it is, as may 
be seen from the accompanying plate, one of the most curious 
and interesting orchids grown in the Garden collection. 


CHRYSANTHEMUM SHOW 


The annual display of chrysanthemums will be held in 
the new floral display house, beginning the last Sunday in 
October and continuing throughout the month of November. 
Both because of the number and variety of plants and the ex- 
pei Sega fine house in which they are to be shown, the 
exhibit will surpass any previous display of this kind ever 
held at the Garden. The show will be open every week day 
from 8:00 o’clock until sunset and beginning with Sunday, 
October 31 until December, every Sunday from 2:00 p. m. 
until sunset. From December until Easter the Garden will 
be closed on Sunday, but throughout the winter a continuous 
display of blooming flowers will be maintained in the new 


Mo. Bort. GARp. BULL., VOL. 3, 1915, PLATE 9. 


THE DOVE ORCHID 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 135 


greenhouse which will prove of interest to those visiting the 
Garden on week days. 


NOTES 


On October 6, about one hundred of the alumni of the 
Washington University Medical School visited the Garden. 


’ As a result of the competitive Garden scholarship examina- 

tion held September 4, a scholarship was awarded to Mr. 
James Monteith, of St. Louis. 

Mrs. T. S. Brandegee, of the University of California, 
spent several days in the Garden herbarium during October 
studying type material of various genera, particularly 
Lupinus and Oenothera. 

Mr. W. W. Eggleston, of the Bureau of Plant Industry, 
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C., visited 
the Garden, October 14, and spent the day examining ma- 
terial of Lupinus in the Garden herbarium. 

Recent visitors to the Garden include Senor Adrian 
Recinos, Assistant Secretary of State of Guatemala and a 
delegate to the Dry Farming International Congress at 
Denver, on October 2, and Mr. Hal. B. Fullerton, Director 
Agricultural Development of the Long Island Railroad Com- 
pany, on October 8. 


Mr. G. H. Pring has started the new course of lectures on 
Economic Horticulture for the senior garden 26 te The 
course will be particularly interesting, as it embraces the 
study of plants of economic and industrial importance, 
special emphasis being given to the native and exotic repre- 
sentatives in the Garden collection. 


The third number of Volume II of the Annals of the Mis- 
souri Botanical Garden has been issued. with the following 
contents: 

“Rhizoctonia Crocorum (Pers.) DC. and R. Solani Kiihn 
ge erat vagum B. & C.) with Notes on Other Species.” 

. M. Duggar. 

“Some Relations of Plants to Distilled Water and Certain 
Dilute Toxic Solutions.” M. C. Merrill. 

“Electrolytic Determination of Exosmosis from the Roots 
of Plants Subjected to the Action of Various Agents.” M. 
C. Merrill. 

“Monograph of the North and Central American Species 
of the Genus Senecio—Part II.” J. M. Greenman. 

“The Thelephoraceae of North America IV.” E. A. Burt. 


Of the forty degrees of Doctor of shinee! in botany 
conferred by American universities during the past college 
year, five were granted by Washington University to students 


136 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


who did practically all of their work in the Graduate 
Laboratories at the Missouri Botanical Garden. The Univer- 
sity of Chicago, with eight, and Cornell University with 
seven were the only two institutions which had a larger 
number of students in botany receiving the doctorate. Johns 
Hopkins, University of Pennsylvania, and the University of 
California had three each, while Harvard, University of 
Illinois, University of Michigan, and University of Nebraska 
each had two. 


STATISTICAL INFORMATION FOR SEPTEMBER, 


1915 
GARDEN ATTENDANCE: 
otal numbers Of Visitors: en: G00 koi i oe a 17,970 
PLANT ACCESSIONS: 
Total number of plants and seeds received in exchange..... 634 
' Total number of plants distributed in exchange........... 55 
PUG GO on i ee ee 62 
LIBRARY ACCESSIONS: 
Total number of books bought. ... 0.5.0.0... 22. ee eee 25 
Total number of books and pamphlets donated............ 249 
HERBARIUM ACCESSIONS: 
By Purchase — 
A, A. Heller—Plants of California. 22.2.) 280 
By Exchange — 
New York Botanical Garden—Plants of Bermuda......... 37 
By Gift — 
Geo. F. Atkinson—Specimens of Tremellodendron from 
WNOYUN: OarOHNgs 2G ie a 5 
A. R. Davis—Flowering plants from California........... 95 
A. R. Davis— Fungi from California and the Philippine 
fn eee rs a aa me peek ua emg eee 26 
J. A. Drushel and L. M. Dougan—Plants from California, 
Colorade, and Minsoutl « 226) 8085s 5 aah i 8 
B. M. Duggar—Fungus on cotton stalks from Texas....... 1 
W. G, Farlow—Sabacina from New Hampshire........... 1 
T. OC. Frye—Hormicia tetraciliata Frye & Zeller from Wash- 
op SON as eg 0k ee 1 
‘yr J. M. Greenman—Plants of Staten Island, N. Y........... 2 
A. L. Kammerer—Plants of Washington................- 201 
Geo. T. Moore—Private herbarium .....................-- 413 
Alfred A. W. Pavah—Fungi of Lake Superior region, 
MGNINRD 5 oe LIS va es a ee 25 
C. V. Piper—Senecio Flettii Wiegand from Washington. . .. 1 
J. B. Rorer—Pathogenie fungi of Trinidad, B. W. 1....... 8 
H. von Schrenk— Fungi from Michigan, Arkansas and 
FRO as 5 a AAS on WA Oke BORIS ee 6 
H. von Schrenk — Flowering plants from Michigan and 
Tee Sie Pa Worariag yar Foe oodies areaan Cnn anmane aes 3 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 137 


The Garden is open to the public week days the year ’round from 
8:00 A. M. until one-half hour after sunset. Until November 30, the Gar- 
den will be open Sundays from 2:00 P. M. until sunset. Admission free. 


Personally conducted trips through the Garden every Saturday after- 
noon from May 1 to November 1, starting from the main gate at 3 o’clock. 
Other trips may be arranged for by special appointment. 


The main entrance to the Garden is located at Tower Grove Avenue 
and Flora Boulevard, on the Vandeventer Avenue car line. Transfer 
south from all intersecting lines. 


age 


VoL WI. NOVEMBER, 1915. No. 11 


he Exhibit ‘of the ‘Chestnut, Bark tae. See eee 

. Flowering - Plants for St: Louis © -~ ees 
- . Sunday Opening During the’ Winter Months ee eas eS 
oe Floral Display for December _ TOS CS ae ah 


Missouri Botanical 
Garden Bulletin 


Vol. Ill St. Louis, Mo., November, 1915 No. 11 


AN EXHIBIT OF THE CHESTNUT BARK DISEASE 


Among the various fungous diseases which are destructive 
to trees, perhaps the one which attacks the chestnut bark 
has attracted more attention in recent years than any other. 
While there are few chestnut trees growing in Missouri, the 
number of inquiries which have come to the Garden concern- 
ing the blight indicate that there is considerable local in- 
terest in it, and an exhibit illustrating the effect of the 
fungus has been installed in the Museum building. 


This disease of the chestnut was first discovered in New 
York in the year 1906. All the evidence at hand points to 
its having been introduced from the Orient with nursery 
stock about twenty-five years ago. From the vicinity of 
New York City it spread eastward and southward with an 
alarming rapidity, until at the present time the region in- 
fected extends from Maine on the north to North Carolina 
on the south. Not only has the spread of this disease been 
phenomenal, but it has literally swept everything before it, 
with the result that healthy chestnuts are now all but un- 
known in western Connecticut, southern New York, Dela- 
ware, New Jersey, and eastern Pennsylvania, and in the 
centers of worst infection every chestnut tree has been killed. 
The pest bids fair at the present time to wipe out completely 
the chestnut throughout its range along the Appalachian 
Mountains unless some successful method of attack should be 
found within a few years. 


The chestnut bark disease is due to the fungus, Endothia 
parasitica, which attacks exclusively the chestnut and the 
chinquapin. This fungus can enter the bark only through 
wounds of various sorts, such as are caused by mechanical 
injury, insect punctures, woodpecker holes, etc. Once the 
fungus has started in the bark or cambium, it progresses very 
steadily and rapidly, and although it remains practically 
- dormant during the winter months, growth is vigorously re- 
sumed with the return of warm weather. The cankers are 
produced on both the branches and the main trunk, and 

(139) 


140 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


are orange-colored or brown. In the course of time the 
branch or tree is girdled, resulting in the death of all parts 
above the canker. If the entire tree above ground is killed, 
numerous sprouts or “suckers” may be produced at its base, 
but these in turn fall a rapid prey to the attacks of the 
parasite. 

Two kinds of reproductive bodies, or spores, are formed by 
the fungus. One of these makes itself evident after warm 
rains in the form of long, thread-like masses called spore 
horns, containing many millions of spores which ooze out 
from small openings in the diseased tissues. The second 
type of spore, the ascospore, is forcibly ejected into the air 
from small orange or brown cushions at the surface of the 
canker. New infections may arise from a number of causes. 
Spores which are washed down the trunk of the tree may 
lodge in a wound and, if conditions are favorable, germinate 
and give rise to a new canker. Spores are also transported 
from one tree to another by such agencies as the wind, birds, 
and insects. The shipment of diseased nursery stock, or of 
unpeeled, diseased logs, or of diseased bark to tanneries, is 
also responsible for the origin of new centers of infection, 
which are frequently at considerable distances from the main 
area of the disease. 


The display of chestnut blight material, obtained from 
Pennsylvania, shows some of the more characteristic aspects 
of the disease, particularly various stages in its development. 
Following is a list of the various specimens on exhibit: 

Young, orange-colored cankers, a month or six weeks old, 
on chestnut twigs. 

A series of specimens showing the gradual increase in size 
and the successive stages in the development of the cankers 
from the young lesions to the last stages on the trunk of a 
forest tree. 

Specimen from which the diseased bark has been torn 
off by the wind, leaving the wood uninjured but exposed. 

Section of a 5-inch tree with a large canker. Trees of all 
sizes, whether in the forest or the orchard, are killed in the 
course of a few seasons. 


Cankers showing characteristic hypertrophy, or swelling of 
the tissues; also others showing characteristic atrophy, or 
shrinking of the tissues. 

Cankers showing both kinds of reproductive bodies: the 
thread-like spore horns and the brown cushions from which 
the ascospores are forcibly ejected. 

“ros cluster of sprouts, or “suckers,” badly diseased at their 


. 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 141 


Normal leaves and burs, and leaves and burs of the same 
age, but greatly undersized, due to cankers on the limb or 
trunk below. Ae ok are shown of both the native chest- 
nut and the Paragon variety, the latter furnishing a good 
share of the nuts sold on the market. 

A miscellaneous collection of specimens showing a variety 
of conditions and points of interest. 


FLOWERING PLANTS FOR ST. LOUIS 


The two Sate numbers of the BULLETIN have dwelt 
in considerable detail upon the trees and shrubs that are best 
adapted as flowering material for St. Louis. These two 
groups of plants serve primarily as a setting for the third 
group of plants, annuals and perennials. The latter plants 
should be grown along the edges of the shrubbery border, but 
care must be phiaerver not to plant them in long, even rows, 
giving the appearance of an extended band or ribbon. This 
effect can be easily avoided by a selection of annuals or 
perennials differing in color, height, and time of blooming. 


PERENNIALS 


Perennials are best planted early in the fall, or it might 
be said, most conveniently planted at that time, as they then 
have a chance to become established, and may even make 
some growth, before cold weather begins. A slight mulch- 
ing of leaves or well-rotted manure will carry them through 
very severe winters. In other parts of the country it is the 
rule to wait until frost is in the ground before mulching, 
but as this often does not occur in St. Louis before Decem- 
ber or even January, it is recommended that the mulch be 
applied late in November. It should then be spread lightly 
—not over two inches at the most, except for the perennial 
bulbs—a heavy layer tending to smother the plants. It is 
better to leave the crown of the plant nearly exposed and to 
apply the manure primarily for the purpose of covering the 
root growth. In the spring the mulch may either be removed 
or spaded into the soil 

The failure to transplant perennials at the proper time is 
probably the reason they are usually lacking in bloom the 
first season after transplanting. Because of the attendant dif- 
ficulties, very few growers attempt to move their perennials 
at the most suitable period, but transplant either in spring 
or fall and take whatever bloom may come the first 
year, knowing that the second year ja ong will again be 
normal. When to move a well-established perennial is a 
question to which the habit of the plant suggests an answer. 


142 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


All perennials immediately after flowering enter into a semi- 
dormant or resting period, in the case of the iris, consider- 
able root growth being made at that time. If transplanted 
at the beginning of this period, in two weeks or a month 
they will have completely established their root systems in 
the new soil. Some of the early flowering plants, if cut back 
to the ground immediately after flowering, put out new top 
growth and bloom again before fall. 


It should always be remembered that plants that are com- 
ing into flower are putting forth their best efforts toward 
perfect flowers, and eventually perfect seed, and a large 
amount of nourishment is required. Watering of perennials 
should therefore be attended to regularly until they have 
bloomed, but after blooming, during the period of rest, very 
little, if any, water is required. 

The following list does not include all of the perennials 
that may be grown in St. Louis, but it does include a large 
number of those that are most easily cultivated and that are 
productive of the best results. From this list all early flower- 


ing bulbs, such as tulips, narcissus, hyacinths, etc., have been 
omitted. 


Achillea.—This valuable perennial, commonly known as 
the milfoil or yarrow, is easily grown and thrives well in 
St. Louis. The different species vary both in habit and 
in color of flowers and by a proper selection of them, the 
plant may be had in bloom from ay until October. Achil- 
lea Eupatorium, E. filipendulina, and A. tomentosi are 

ellow-flowered varieties that are respectively 4, 3, and 1 foot 

igh, and bloom from June to August. A. Millefolium, 
“Cerise Queen,” and A. Millefolium roseum are rose-colored 
varieties, 2 to 3 feet high, which bloom during midsummer. 
The prettiest of the milfoils and the most desirable for 
hci use are the varieties of A. Ptarmica, namely, “The 

earl” and “Boule de Neige,” both of which produce masses 
of small white flowers very unlike the other milfoils, the 
former being a single variety and the latter double. They 
are also desirable because of their low habit, being from 1 
to 2 feet high. 


Alyssum.—Alyssum saxatile compactum and A. saxatile 
flore pleno are low-growing, yellow-flowered perennials that 
bloom in early spring—a time when yellow is rather uncom- 
mon in St. Louis gardens. They have grayish foliage and 
make an attractive border plant during the summer. 


_ Anchusa italica—The common name for this species 
is the alkanet. It is a plant of rapid growth requiring 
considerable room for full development. As is true of 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 143 


nearly all perennials, it grows easily from seed and if sown 
in August and wintered in a cold-frame will produce flowers 
the following season. The flowers are of a gentian blue and 
are borne at a height of about 2 to 3 feet. At this point, the 
main stem begins to branch and these branches in turn pro- 
duce flowers, so that the plant under favorable conditions 
blooms the better part of middle summer. In late summer 
the alkanets become shabby and the flower spikes will need 
to be cut off. It is then desirable to have some plant that can 
be used as a filler; or, what is probably better, the alkanets 
may be cut back immediately after flowering, thus producing 
- ont crop in the fall. In height the plant reaches 4 to 
eet. 


Anthericum.—The Anthericum is a white-flowered plant 
popularly known as St. Bruno’s lily. The varieties “Liliago” 
and “Liliastrum” are well adapted for cutting. The bloom- 
ing period is from May to June or July, and, like all peren- 
nials, they require an abundance of water during that time. 
In height, the plant ranges from 4 to 5 feet. 


Aquilegia or columbine.-—Columbines may be had in a 
great variety of colors and with an almost unlimited varia- 
tion in the spurs that are characteristic of the flowers. These 
plants seldom do well in this locality when exposed to the 
full sun, and it is a general practice to plant them where they 
obtain full sunlight for only part of the day. They require 
a few years to become well established but are well worth 
the time and care. Their blooming period is rather early— 
about May and June. Agquilegia chrysantha, a yellow- 
flowered variety, is the one most grown in St. Louis, but 
attention should be called to the vastly superior hybrids of 
Aquilegia caerulea which are mainly blue with white and 
Drie Fe et Plants of this genus vary in height from 2 
to 4 feet. 


Aster.—The perennial asters, or Michaelmas daisies, must 
not be confused with the annual asters, which, by the way, 
belong to an entirely different genus. The former are par- 
ticularly desirable for their masses of flowers which bloom 
as late in the fall as the goldenrod. They vary in height 
from the low-growing Aster alpinus to the very tall Aster 
tataricus. So far as is known, all the asters do well in St. 
Louis and should be more generally grown. Their one ob- 
jection is the fact that they are worthless in the garden the 
greater part of the year, on account of their short and late 
blooming period. This is more than offset, however, by the 
mass of charming colors that they add when nearly all else 
is gone. Their variety gives plenty of room for choice and 


144 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


reference may be had to nursery catalogues for variety 
descriptions. 


Asclepias tuberosa.—Pleurisy-root or butterfly-weed is the 
common name for this plant which is often found growing 
wild in the vicinity of St. Louis. Its adaptability to local 
conditions need hardly therefore be questioned. Blooming 
from August to September and producing flat umbels of 
orange-colored flowers, it is a most satisfactory plant. It is 
best used at the edge of the perennial groups as it flowers 
when about 18 inches high. 


Baptisia—The Baptisia, or false indigo, may be had in 
two colors, blue or yellow. The flowers are shaped like the 
sweet-pea but are borne on erect racemes. They bloom in 
May or June in this locality, and although the flowering 
period is of short duration, they make a brilliant spot in 
the border when they do bloom. The equally attractive 
black pods which follow the flowers, and the grayish wax- 
like foliage make the plants desirable until frost. The- 
emg varieties are B. australis, blue, and B. tinctoria, yel- 
ow. When in bloom, the height of the plant is about 3 feet. 


Boltonia.—This is known also as the false chamomile or 
false starwort. It is an aster-like plant that would combine 
well with Aster tataricus as a background for the perennial 
border. Three species are worthy of mention, namely, B. 
latisquama, lavender, B. asteroides, white, and B. latisguama 
nana, pink. The two former are 6 feet high, while the latter 
is only 2 feet in height. 


Campanula.—tIncluded in this genus are the plants com- 
monly known as Canterbury bells, bell-flowers, cup-and- 
saucer plants, etc. The eee species grown loca ten 
C. Medvum (Canterbury bell), and its variety calycanthema 
(cup-and-saucer). A less common variety is C. pyramidilis, 
which is a much taller plant and may be had in blue or white. 
Like the aquilegias, campanulas seem to thrive better in par- 
tial shade. This is especially true in the case of C. Medium, 
wilting and decay taking pee when the plant is left in the 
hot sun after a rain. When grown in shady locations or 
under conditions of even temperature, however, a diseased 
plant is seldom seen. After transplanting, a whole season’s 
growth is required before flowering can take place, and when 
raised from seed two or more years is necessary. 


Cassia Medsgeri.i—This plant, commonly known as the 
senna, is found growing wild in Missouri. It attains a height 
of 5 to 6 feet and produces masses of oer pea-like flowers 
in August, which are followed by black seed pods in the fall. 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 145 


The plant is desirable for the background of the perennial 
border. 


Hardy Chrysanthemums.—In recent years the variety of 
chrysanthemums that are available for outdoor planting have 
become very numerous, both pompon and single sorts being 
available. As garden subjects, they are desirable because of 
their late blooming period and thet ability to withstand 
early frosts. The varieties growing about St. Louis are 
mostly old types and should be replaced with newer and more 
attractive sorts. C. maximwm and some of its varieties, such 
as the “Shasta Daisy,” for instance, bloom from July until 
late fall. No garden should be without some of these plants. 


Coreopsis.—C. lanceolata grandiflora, commonly known as 
the tickseed, is a valuable plant for the perennial border: 
The masses of yellow flowers are produced in June, and if 
the plant is cut back after flowering, another crop may 
bloom later in the season. A few seeds sown in the border 
will soon show how easy to grow and how hardy the coreopsis 
is. The best effects are obtained, however, by planting it in 
small groups about the garden. The flowers make beautiful 
cut specimens. 


Delphinium or Larkspur.—Most gardeners about St. Louis 
seem to find larkspurs rather hard plants to handle, but suc- 
cess is largely a matter of getting them established. Like 
the aquilegias, however, they are among the plants that do 
not take kindly to our warm summers, and their culture, 
even though highly desirable, will not be successful without 
very great care. . formosum and its varieties seem to do 
better than D. chinense. 


Dinathus.—These plants, ordinarily known as Sweet- 
Williams or hardy pinks, are an important addition to the 
list of perennials. The flowers are produced in June and 
may be obtained in a variety of colors. Although the flower- 
ing period is short, the plants retain their dark green foliage 
and are always attractive as an edging for the perennial 
border. 

Aen ir. commonly called foxglove, is a de- 
sirable garden subject on account of the vertical lines of the 
flower. The plant itself is low-growing, and care must be 
taken not to crowd it with er material. This is an- 
other perennial that is better grown in partial shade, since 
it is easily affected when exposed to the hot sun immediately 
after a rain. It blooms during July and August and attains 
a height of 3 feet. The flowers are yellow, white, pink, and 
purple, the gloxinia-flowered varieties being the most. at- 
tractive. : 


146 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


Echinacea.—Plants of this genus, commonly called the 
purple cone-flowers, are desirable for a dry locality. Some 
of the species are native about St. Louis. They bloom for 
several weeks from July on, and the purplish flowers pro- 
duced at a height of 4 to 5 feet, are very attractive. The 
high disc of the flowers and the angle at which the rays are 
pointed downward are charming features of the Echinacea. 
ews are also excellent flowers for cutting, lasting for several 

ays. 

Funkia or day-lily—These are Japanese perennials pro- 
ducing attractive masses of broad shiny foliage, and during 
July and August, lily-like flowers that may be obtained in 
white, lavender, and blue. They thrive best in shady loca- 
tions along water courses or pools. F’. albo-marginato and F. 
aurea variegata have variegated leaves. F’. coerulea has light 
blue and F. Sieboldiana has pale blue flowers. Besides these 
varieties, any nursery catalogue will give a list of many 
others that are well worth growing. 


Helenium.—Too much emphasis cannot be laid upon the 
desirability of growing heleniums or sneezeweeds. They pro- 
duce an abundance of flowers about an inch in diameter. H. 
autumnale superbum has golden yellow flowers produced at 
a height of 5 to 6 feet. There is also a red-flowered variety 
of the same habit, known as H. autumnale superbum 
rubrum, and an orange-flowered form known as H. Hoopesii. 
Because of their height, heleniums had best be planted at 
the back of perennial backgrounds. 

Helianthus—To this genus belong the perennial sun- 
flowers. Of course, the flowers are yellow but the breeder’s 
art has produced a considerable variation in size, profusion, 
and form. They are easy to grow and the flowers are good 
for cutting. Their variety is legion but it would seem best 
to plant them only in limited quantities as there are so 
many plants more desirable. 

Hemerocallis or yellow day-lily—Besides being one of the 
most beautiful and i cer zh of the day-lilies, this plant flowers 
freely from small plants the first year. The flowers are 
short-lived, but because of the rapid succession of bloom, this 
is no objection. Hemerocallis will grow well anywhere but 
likes best the areas near pools and streams. It is perfectly 
hardy and requires little protection. Of the varieties, H 
aurantiaca is yellow-flowered, blooms in June, and grows 2 
to 3 feet high; H. flava has the same general habit and H. 
“Orange Man” has orange flowers. ere are also many 
other varieties which are well worth growing. 

Hollyhocks.—Attention is merely called to these plants as 
areminder. Their place in the garden is one of importance 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 147 


and the variety of coloring in both singles and doubles is al- 
most innumerable. ; 

Iris.—The variety and use of the iris as decorative peren- 
nials are such that they need no particular description. The 
May, 1914, Butierin, however, contains a complete discus- 
sion of their treatment and culture. 

Inatris.—Liatris, or blazing-star, is a native plant that has 
come into general use in St. Louis in recent years. The 
flowers are purplish blue and are produced in dense cylin- 
drical spikes about 3 to 4 feet high. They bloom in late 
summer and autumn, and a rather complete succession may 
be obtained if the species, L. pycnostachya, L. scariosa, and 
L. spicata are used together. The first is perhaps the earliest, 
blooming in August. JL. spicata comes next, and is followed 
by L. scariosa. They are all valuable in producing the 
vertical effect that tends to relieve the monotony of any 
border plantation. 

Linum or flax.—This is a perennial that is easy to grow 
and adds a pleasing touch of color to the garden, especially 
when grown in masses. JL. flavwm is a good variety that 
grows from 1 to 2 feet high and produces golden yellow 
flowers in July and August. JL. perenne (blue) and L. 
perenne album (white) bloom at the same time as L 
flavum, but are more dwarf, being 1 foot to 18 inches high. 
The flax grows easily in the full sun and has a long period 
of bloom. 

Lilium.—The impression seems to prevail in St. Louis 
that the liliums, or lilies, as they are popularly called, are 
hard to grow and possess little merit as perennials. For this 
reason, they are usually treated as tulips and other bulbs. 
The first season after planting the results are usually satis- 
factory, and when the ground, as well as the plants them- 
selves, are protected from the intense drying effect of the 
sun, success may be looked for in succeeding years. Plant- 
ing bulbs in the low shrubbery or between other perennials 
furnishes the necessary protection to the roots and flowering 
stems. Among the lilies most recommended for local condi- 
tions are L. auratum, L. speciosum album, and L. speciosum 
rubrum. 

Lobelia.—Where moist conditions prevail, no plant is 
more attractive than the lobelias or cardinal flowers. They 
are best grown along streams or pools, although when plenty 
of water is provided they do well in any garden location. 
‘L. cardinalis is a red-flowered and L. syphilitica is a blue- 
flowered species, both offering a nearly continuous bloom 
— the summer. The spikes vary in height from 2 to 

eet. 


148 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


“ Lychnis.—This is a genus of many species but no garden 
possessing a damp spot should be lacking in L. chalcedonica. 
It has dense heads of red or scarlet flowers blooming from 
June on. A lower-growing species, L. Haageana, is about 
1 foot in height and is grown for its brilliant scarlet flowers. 


Matricaria.—The Matricaria or feverfew is closely related 
to the chrysanthemum. UM. capensis fl. pl. is an especially 
desirable variety because of its masses of double white 
flowers, and if it is cut back after the first flowering period, 
can be made to bloom continuously. 


Monarda.—This plant is called the horse-mint or berga- 
mot owing to its aromatic foliage. It is a desirable plant to 
grow, but seems to prefer moist situations. The rahe 
varieties are recommended: M. didyma rosea (rose) and M. 
os splendens (scarlet), both of which are 18 inches 
high and bloom from July to August; M. fistulosa alba 
(white), 2 feet in height; and M. Russeliana (pale blue), 
2 to 3 feet in height. 

Myosotis——This is a beautiful low-growing perennial 
commonly called the forget-me-not. It grows easily from 
seed but only does well where both soil and air are moist, 
and dries up under a hot sun. 


Oenothera or evening primrose.—This is a genus of plants 
which is most ornamental and desirable for the garden. Be- 
cause of the closing of the flowers during the day they are 
best seen in the late afternoon or early morning. O. mis- 
sourrensis, often found growing wild about St. Louis, is a 
low-growing plant 6 inches high with very large yellow 
flowers spotted with red. O. Youngii, 2 feet high, is an- 
other species very commonly grown for its large flowers. 
The plants seem to thrive exceptionally well under St. Louis 
conditions and should be used more. There are a number 
of commercial varieties. 


Paeonia.—Although St. Louis gardens are lacking in the 
charm that would come from the use of a larger variety of 
these well-known plants, it would be impossible in this short 
paper to call attention to the merits of the many species 
that may be grown in this locality. The main objection to 
paeonies, as garden plants, comes from their unsightly ap- 
pearance after the blooming period, which makes it neces- 
sary to plant annuals or perennials between them as fillers 
for the summer and fall. 


Papaver or poppy.—Attention is particularly called to the 
Oriental poppies which may be obtained in all shades of 
red and orange. The flowers are large and remind one when 
in bloom of giant tulips. Like the paeonies, they require 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 149 


a filler plant during the summer. However, this filler should 
not be allowed to monopolize the ground when the poppies 
start to make their growth in the fall, for at this time they 

ow fast and winter finds them with a luxuriant crown of 
oliage that lives until frost. 


Physostegia.—False dragon-head is the common name for 
this tall native perennial. It grows 3 to 4 feet in height and 
thrives best in sunny locations. The varieties, P. virginiana 
(pink) and P. virginiana alba (white), produce showy 
spikes of flowers from July on, which are most effective 
when used in large masses against a green background. 


Pentstemon or beard-tongue.—The Pentstemon and Phys- 
ostegia may be grown in the same localities and have many 
other points of resemblance as to habit and appearance. By 
choosing certain sorts, a variety of colors may be obtained 
consisting of purple, white, blue, and violet. They bloom 
in July and August and average 2 to 3 feet in height. Some 
of the better varieties are P. barbatus Torreyi (scarlet red), 
P. Digitalis (white), P. grandiflorus (lilac blue), and P. 
pubescens (dull purple or violet). 


Phlox.—The perennial phlox is a large class of plants, 
which for showiness and attractiveness during the midsum- 
mer months cannot be surpassed. They vary in height, 
color, and time of bloom, and are to the midsummer season 
what the iris and paeonies are to the spring, and the golden- 
rod and asters are to the fall. A number of the phlox 
species bloom in early spring, such as P. subulata, and its 
varieties, and P. suffruticosa and its varieties. The midsum- 
mer varieties are usually catalogued under the names, P. 
decussata or P. paniculata, P. Drummondii of the catalogues 
being an annual. 


Rudbeckia or cone-flower—The rudbeckias, because of 
their late flowering period, are considered among the most 
attractive of the perennials. They are perfectly hardy and 
free-flowering in all conditions of weather, whether cf or 
wet. R. fulgida, an orange-colored species blooming in 
August and September, is from 1 to 3 feet high. R. “Golden 
Glow,” the most common Rudbeckia, reaches a height of 
5 to 6 feet, and blooms when the height is reached. R. 
purpurea, the giant purple cone-flower, grows from 2 to 3 
feet in height and is conspicuous because of its large red- 
dish purple flowers with drooping rays and large brown cone- 
shaped ta The flowers of all the species are well adapted 
for cutting. 


Salvia or sage.—Most people are familiar with the annual 
scarlet sage, but few know of the beauty of the blue-flowered 


150 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


salvias. S. azwrea grandiflora, or the Rocky Mountain sage, 
grows to a height of 6 feet and blooms from August on. 8. 
argentea, growing only 2 to 3 feet high, produces pinkish 
white flowers in June, and 8. pratensis, showy spikes of deep 
blue flowers from June to September. 


Solidago.—In conjunction with masses of the hardy asters, 
the Solidago or goldenrod produces most of the fall color in 
the garden. S. canadensis is one of the commonest and still 
one of the best species. No garden is complete without it, 
and with good care and in good soil, it far surpasses in 
beauty the wild species. 


Tritoma.—tThese plants, known also as the torch-lilies, or 
red-hot poker plants, require protection during the winter, 
but their spikes of bright flowers coming in late or middle 
summer are well worth the little effort taken to grow them. 
The colors vary from yellow to orange and red, the red 
species being the most striking. The species most commonly 
grown are 7’. “Express” (orange), 7. Pfitzerii (orange scar- 
let), T. rufa (canary-yellow), and T. Tuckii (deep red). 

Veronica or speedwell.—This is a large and much culti- 
vated group of blue-flowered perennials, consisting of tall and 
fairly dwarf varieties. Their color and their long bloom- 
ing period make them very desirable garden subjects. V. 
longifolia subsessilis is the handsomest blue-flowered peren- 
nial known. It grows to a height of 2 feet and the spikes 
are completely covered with brilliant blue flowers which 
make beautiful cut specimens. It blooms from August until 
frost and is readily propagated from cuttings. V. spicata, 
while not to be compared with the former, is a pleasing species 
prized for its pale blue flower spikes. V. repens is a creep- 
ing or trailing variety with pale blue flowers and is a good 
plant for low places at edges of walks or perennial borders. 


Yucca or Spanish needle.—No collection of perennials is 
complete without a few of these much-prized plants. They 
make continuous points in the border and their leaves are 
evergreen. When the tall spikes of waxy white flowers 
appear, there are few plants that can surpass them. Y. fila- 
mentosa, growing 4 to 5 feet high and blooming in June, is 
the species most commonly grown. 


ORNAMENTAL GRASSES 


For producing light tropical effects at certain points in the 
shrubbery, and especially along streams or at the edges of 
pools, nothing is quite as attractive as the grasses. They 
require but little care and seem to improve with age. The 

varieties are the following: 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 151 


Arundo Donax.—This species, known as the giant reed, 

grows 10 to 15 feet high. There is also a variegated variety. 

Erinathus Ravennae.—This is a purplish-leaved grass 

- chtaien 3 4 to 7 feet high. The plumes are fine for winter 
ecorative use. 


Eulalia.—This genus, sometimes catalogued as Mis¢can- 
thus, is one of the best and most common grasses grown. 
Of the desirable species should be mentioned E. gracillima 
univittata, with narrow leaves and E. japonica and it var- 
ities, variegata and zebrina, the first-mentioned having broad 
leaves and the latter two, variegated leaves. 

Gynerium argenteum elegans.—Pampas grass is the popu- 
lar name for this species. Its long, silky plumes and narrow 
leaves are well known and need no description. 

Pennisetum Ruppellii—tThis is commonly called the 
purple fountain-grass. It is one of the most desirable grasses 
and is considered hardy, but in this locality it is usually 
best to treat it as the cannas; that is, it should be lifted and 
stored for the winter. 


Phalaris arundinacea variegata—The common name for 
this species is the variegated ribbon grass. It grows about 
' 18 inches high and is a fine plant for edging beds of either 
flowers or grasses. If cut back so that it is forced to pro- 
duce new growth it will always stay variegated, but if this 
is not done it soon becomes green. 


This concludes the list of the hardy plants that may best 
be grown in and about St. Louis. While it is impossible to 
make such a list complete, it is believed that a garden which 
includes the plants enumerated will successfully withstand 
the conditions of the St. Louis climate, and a more satisfac- 
tory result will be obtained than from an indiscriminate 
selection of material not adapted to this region. 


SUNDAY OPENING DURING THE WINTER MONTHS 


By vote of the Trustees, the months during which the 
Garden shall be open on Sundays have been extended to in- 
clude every month of the year. This action was due to the 
evident appreciation of the public of the opportunity to visit 
the Garden on Sunday afternoons from April to December, 
and the belief that the exceptionally fine flower shows main- 
tained during the winter would furnish an attraction which 
warranted an extension of this privilege. 

Beginning with the first Sunday in December and con- 
tinuing until the first Sunday in April, the Garden will be 
open on Sundays from one o’clock till sunset. From April 


152 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


to December the Garden will be open each Sunday after- 
noon from two o’clock until sunset. As in the past, the 
Garden will be open on week days from eight o’clock until 
one-half hour after sunset. With the exception of the four 
holidays, New Year’s, Fourth of July, Labor Day, and 
Christmas, visitors may now be admitted to the Garden every 
day in the year between the hours specified. 


FLORAL DISPLAY FOR DECEMBER 


The new floral display house which was opened to the 
public with the Chrysanthemum Show on the last Sunday 
In October has been a blaze of color during the month 
of November. It is not generally known, however, that this 
same house is to be devoted to floral displays during the en- 
tire winter, and that the shows will be quite as attractive, 
and in some instances, more so, than that of the chrysanthe- 
mums. Furthermore, a large portion of the flowers shown 
are not to be seen elsewhere in St. Louis, and both in the 
variety of foliage and flowers and in the arrangement of 
colors, many new and pleasing combinations will be found. 
Most florists grow only those plants for which there is a de- 
mand, but it is the aim of the Garden to create an interest 
in, and a demand for, plants with which the average person 
is not familiar. 


The December display will be decidedly a Christmas 
show, the prevailing colors being red, green, pink, and white. 
Thousands of poet’s narcissus and the Chinese sacred lily 
(also a narcissus), will be used as a setting to display the 
potted plants of begonia, “Gloire de Lorraine,” and the pans 
of dwarf poinsettia. Giant plants of poinsettia will ist) 
the outline here and there, while the usual-sized plants will 
be used as the main background; over a thousand poin- 
settias being shown in all. Banks of variegated stevia and 
white-flowered eupatoriums will be used to set off the red 
flowers. Throughout the entire house and binding together 
the groupings of plants will be some 2,000 plants of Begonia 
Erfordii, in shades of red, pink, and white. A small group 
or ripe tag es some of the best varieties of Erica or heather 
will also be shown, some of the plants in this group being 
5 feet high and 8 to 4 feet broad. The entire display will 
be bordered with hundreds of plants of Solanwm pseudo- 
capsicum or the Jerusalem cherry. 

In the — house during the month, and especially 
near Christmas, there will be probably the largest num- 
ber of blooming orchids that has ever been shown at the 
Garden. The hades will consist in the main of several 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 153 


hundred — of Dendrobium Phalaenopsis, or the elephant 
moth orchid, which, at their height, will produce thousands 
of flowers, shading from white to pink and dark pink. Speci- 
mens of the beautiful blue moth orchid or Vanda coerulea 
will be intermixed with the others. This is one of the very 
few blue-flowering orchids coming to us from the East Indies, 
and its shadings are so varied that it seems impossible to 
get two alike. A miscellaneous collection of the lady slipper 
orchid or Cypripedium will also be shown, as well as many 
flowers of the more common lavender-flowered cattley orchid 
or Cattleya Trianaei. 


NOTES 


About 150 ladies in the National Coffee Roasters’ Asso- 
ciation party visited the Garden, November 10. 


Dr. James A. Blaisdell, President of Pomona College, 
Claremont, California, was a Garden visitor, November 8. 


Mr. Fred A. Grossart, who graduated from the Garden 
Course this September, is now Head Gardener at Valhalla 
Cemetery, St. Louis County. 


Mr. W. W. Ohlweiler, General Manager of the Garden, 
attended the Chicago Flower Show, November 9, and the 
Cleveland Flower Show, November 10 and 11, in the interest 
of the Garden. 


Recent visitors to the Garden include Dr. A. C. True, 
Director, States Relations Service, U. S. Department of Agri- 
- culture, on November 18, and Professor P. H. Rolfs, Director, 
Florida Agricultural Experiment Station, Gainesville, 
Florida, on November 19. 

The St. Louis Florist Club held their regular meeting in 
the uate lecture room of the Missouri Botanical Garden 
on Thursday, November 18. The most important business 
transacted was the decision to hold a flower show worthy of 
St. Louis in the spring of 1917. 


The Graduate Club of Washington University met at the 
Garden on Sunday, November 14. After the usual business 
session, a tour was made of the ee and grounds, par- 
ticular interest being manifested in the Chrysanthemum 
Show and in the collection of orchids. 


The annual Gardeners’ Banquet, provided for in Mr. 
Shaw’s will, was held November 19 at the Liederkranz Club. 
Mr. John K. M. L. Farquhar of Boston, President of the 
Massachusetts Horticultural Society, and Past President of 
the Society American Florists and Ornamental Horticul- 
turists was the speaker of the evening. 


154 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


A meeting of the Missouri Botanical Garden Alumni As- 
sociation was held in the graduate lecture room of the Mis- 
souri Botanical Garden on November 19. It being a called 
meeting, no business was transacted, but an interesting 
program was presented. Dr. George T. Moore, Director of 
the Garden, spoke informally, and Mr. A. R. Gross responded 
on behalf of the alumni with a review of the year’s work 
of the Association. Mr. John Noyes, Landscape Designer to 
the Garden, read a paper on “The Pursuit of Beauty,” and 
in the afternoon Mr. L. P. Jensen spoke on “The Use of 
Native Material for Ornamental Planting.” After a discus- 
sion and reports of committees, the meeting was adjourned. 
In addition to the St. Louis members, the following from 
out of town attended: Mr. Charles W. Deusner of Batavia, 
Illinois; Mr. A. R. Gross and Mr. Rudolph J. Mohr of 
Chicago; Mr. Walter H. Nehrling of Charleston, Illinois; 
Mr. J. Hollister Tull of Mena, Arkansas. The president, 
Mr. Arno H. Nehrling, of Massachusetts Agricultural Col- 
lege, was unable to be present but sent an interesting letter 
which was read. 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 155 


STATISTICAL INFORMATION FOR OCTOBER, 1915 


GARDEN ATTENDANCE: 


PAUL: MIDET OL VINILORE 5655 eo pee bee ee ee 27,656 
PLANT ACCESSIONS: 
Total number of plants and seeds received in exchange..... 154 
Total number of plants distributed in exchange........... 47 
Plante Gonads cy 5 pees eer eae 28 
Total number of plants distributed...................... 286 
LIBRARY ACCESSIONS: 
_ Total number of books and pamphlets bought.............. 12 
Total number of books and pamphlets donated............ 360 
HERBARIUM ACCESSIONS: 
By Purchase — 
F. V. Coville—Plants of Mois: collected by Dr. Edward 
PATE 20 A a ie a pa ww vie eee os fs 512 
Stuart L. Thompson—Plants of Manitoba................ 145 
By Gift — 
W. H. Ballou—Pentophora filamentosa from New York.... 1 
Robert Bebb—Juglans sp. from Oklahoma................ ] 
W. W. Bonns—Plants of California...................... 5 
Carl F. Deeg—Ungnadia speciosa Endl. from Missouri... .. 1 
J. A. Drushel—Plants of Missouri and Colorado........... 17 
0. A. Farwell—Plants of Michigan.............5......-.. 33 
H. R. Fulton—Black rot of apple roots................-. 3 
J. M. Greenman—Plants of Staten Island, N. Y........... 7 
John H. Kelloge—Hicoria villosa Sargent, from Missouri. . 4 
Roy Latham — Stereum albobadium on stem of Brussels 
BPPOUG cies ee es eee es eee CER b ese ie stony s 1 
0. Ledman—Seeds of Nectandra Puchury-minor Nees & j 
Bs gna sec pee See he ee es Rae A ae eR ee ee ee 
We. Lone-—ungs Of Arizona | 66 os ee ee ee 2 
L. O. Overholts—Fungi of Pennsylvania................. 4 
John H. Schlachter—Silene sp. cultivated at Gillespie, a 1 
M. P. Somes—Koelreuteria paniculata Laxm. cultivated at 
Missouri State Fruit Experiment Station.............. 1 
Edward Teas—Malpighia glabra L. from the Rio Grande 
SU NN 0 ag ae 0 oe a wed ee oii 68 69 8a oi e's veda 2 
H. von Schrenk—Fungi rotting railway ties from Indiana, 
Ponneyivawin, and Temas. <5 o06 es ec eek esis ee ese e's 12 
J. R. Wier—Fungi from British Columbia, Montana, Idaho, 
Ra WEG NIOONE a ei a res as oe vs es EN 155 
S. M. Zeller—Fungi of Missouri......... Se ne ay ore 14 
DOTA 66 65ers ee eee ete ees 922 


The Garden is to the public every day in the year, except New 
Year’s, Fourth of July, Labor Day, and Christmas—week days from 8:00 
A. M. until one-half hour after sunset; Sundays, from December to April, 
1:00 P. M. until sunset, from April to December, 2:00 P. M. until sunset. 

The main entrance to the Garden is located at Tower Grove Avenue 
and Flora Boulevard, on the Vandeventer Avenue car line. Transfer 
south from all intersecting lines. 


pine? 


: STAFF Tas 
OF THE MISSOURI gibatiics eee GARDEN 4 


Director, y 
GEORGE T. MOORE. 
“Bay sase Minot ‘Duccar, Sige ee “Epwar> A. BiRK 
Physiologie: ¢ in charge of Graduate Laboratory. Mycologist and Librarian. _ 
es HERMANN VON. SCHRENK, _ Atva R. Davis, 
“Pathologist, 


Research Assistant. 
Jason M. Gurexmay,, ne 


- C. E. HurcHInes, 
Curator of the Herbarium. 


Phetoctapher, 
KATHERINE H: Laie, 


Secretary to the Director, 


JAMES GURNEY, 
“>. Head Gardener, seetete 


Wits Ww. ORLWEILER, 
General’ Manager. 


Youn Noyes, e 
Landscape Designer. 
-E..D. Emme, W. F. LaNcAan, 
Recording and Labeling. Engineer. 
J. ERpMaAn, 


G >. G. H. Prine, © 
% “Orchids and other Exotics: 


& CR: Foti, ou ae. SCHILLER, 


Construction. 


Plant Propagation. 


New Conservatories. 


Missouri BoTaNicaL 
GARDEN BULLETIN” 


Vol. II ae December, 1915. No. 12 


oN aemepated Leaves ioe. a ROY se 157 

Miolly and, Mistiewe: 8 Ss are ee 9 
eee: (y: peut are eee Ke yeran ee ae ‘ Aes (= Uh 
» Statistical Information - 9 - - + = =  -~ 165 
. Index to Illustrations of Volume 3 - - = -~ 2: ae 
_-. General Index to Volume 3 + - -. = cate) eas 


S26 he ge SS eo eee ged 
(PUBLISHED MONTHLY BY THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES . 


_ ONE DOLLAR PER YEAR > - SINGLE NUMBERS TEN CENTS __ 


ae : 3 ee eget ey tea} ger ee ae aah Pe ak 


Mo. Bot. GARD. BULL., VOL. 3, 1915. PLATE 10. 


EXAMPLES OF CHLOROSIS 


1. EVONYMUS JAPONICUS VAR. AUREO-VARIEGATUS. 2. GOLDEN CLUB MOSS (SELAG- 
INELLA KRAUSSIANA). 3. A VARIEGATED PRIVET (LIGUSTRUM OVALIFOLIUM VAR. 
AUREO-MARGINATUM). 4. BOUGAINVILLAEA GLABRA VAR. SANDERIANA VARIEGATA. 


Missouri Botanical 
Garden Bulletin 


Vol. III St. Louis, Mo., December, 1915 No. 12 


VARIEGATED LEAVES 


The majority of mature plants are dependent entirely 
upon their leaves for the formation of organic matter from 
inorganic—a function which, with the exception of some of 
the bacteria, is confined exclusively to the substance called 
chlorophyll, which gives the green color to the leaf. 
The tremendous importance of this ability to convert 
the simple inorganic substances, carbonic acid and water, 
into a complicated organic substance readily trans- 
formed into a carbohydrate, like starch, makes chlorophyll 
one of the most fundamental products of nature. Conse- 
quently, any condition which interferes with the normal 
formation of “leaf green’ is of serious import to the plant, 
and the occurrence of white or variegated leaves is an inter- 
esting phenomenon, worthy of study. It is a well-known 
fact that, with very few exceptions, sunlight is necessary for 
the production of chlorophyll, and plants grown in the dark 
are always yellowish, due to the more or less complete ab- 
sence of this green substance. It is not this type of bleach- 
ing, however, which is to be discussed, but rather the mot- 
tling, striping, white edging, etc., so commonly seen in the 
leaves of cultivated plants growing under normal conditions. 


Most of these variegated varieties have originated from 
cuttings made from branches showing this peculiarity, or 
from plants which have suddenly, for no particular reason, so 
far as the ordinary. observer could detect, produced leaves 
with white markings. A visitor to the Garden might very 

roperly ask what has caused a plant, normally green, to 
ievelon conspicuous yellow or white areas, although growing 
in direct sunlight. Why is it that some plants have branches 
with green foliage, while other branches bear variegated 
leaves? Why is a leaf spaced with yellowish or white 
patches instead of being of one color? While all of these 
questions cannot be answered with absolute certainty, careful 
study has developed some interesting facts concerning this 
variegation; or chlorosis, as it is technically termed. 

(157) 


158 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


For instance, we know that iron and magnesium salts are 
necessary to the formation of chlorophyll, and that without 
these chemicals plants will become colorless and may event- 
ually die. Again, some types of variegation take place only 
in the sunlight, and the mere transfer of the plant to a shady 
place enables the new leaves to be of the normal green color. 
Injuries likewise produce chlorosis of different types, and 
instances of bleaching in cabbage, parsley, and similar gar- 
den crops which have been nipped by an early frost are com- 
mon. Damage induced by insects or unfavorable conditions 
of the soil may also cause leaves and tender stems to lose 
their green color, although yellowing due to injury, lack of 
food, etc., is in general very different from what we ordinarily 
term variegation or true chlorosis. 


Baur, a German botanist, has obtained some interesting 
results by grafting scions from certain variegated plants on 
stocks of normally green varieties of the same species. He 
demonstrated that in some cases stocks thus grafted would 
later produce variegated foliage, and he consequently be- 
lieved that the cause of the variegation in the scion is trans- 

mitted to the stock. 


There seem to be two distinct forms of chlorosis, however, 
the one, infectious, and the other, non-infectious, since with 
some plants it is impossible to produce any effect on the 
stock, even though it be grafted with a variegated variety, 
and one plant ouynae japonicus) was found to possess 
both the infectious and non-infectious forms. It is likewise 
true that some varieties are immune to the infectious chlo- 
rosis which is readily transferred to other closely related 
forms. Among the plants which show what is supposed to 
be non-infectious variegation are Bougainvillaea glabra 
Sanderiana, Fittonia argyroneura, the silver-banded gera- 
nium (Pelargonium hortorum var. albo-marginatum) , 
varieties of elephant’s ears (Caladium), which show some 
of the most remarkable instances of absence of chlorophyll, 
as well as the numerous striped and banded grasses. 


An interesting example of what is apparently an infec- 
tious chlorosis may be seen in the whitened tips of the club 
moss (Selaginella Kraussiana) growing in the fern house at 
the Garden. Such variegated forms are always propagated 
by cuttings, but are never inherited through the seeds. This 
is not true, however, of the variegation due to non-infectious 
chlorosis, which is tuated through the seed. If the 
juice of a plant, like tobacco, having an infectious chlorosis 
comes in contact with a wound on any part of a normal plant 
of the same kind, the latter may show symptoms of the dis- 


3 1 


1. MOSAIC DISEASE OF TOBACCO, 2, FITTONIA ARGYRONEURA SHOWING WHITE VEINATION. 3. PELARGONIUM 
HORTORUM VAR. ALBO-MARGINATUM, SHOWING CHLOROSIS. 4. MOSAIC DISEASE OF TOMATO. 


“0A ““TINg “GuvD “Log ‘OW 


“SI6I “¢ 


‘Il aLV1d 


4 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 159 


ease within a week or two. From the point of infection the 
disorder spreads rapidly to various parts, since the juice of 
the diseased tissue is extremely virulent. One part of this 
substance in 10,000 parts of water has been shown to be 
capable of producing a serious attack of the disease, and 
dried plants are known to retain their ability for reproduc- 
ing the disease in other plants for at least two years. It will 
readily be seen how easy it is to communicate such an infec- 
tion from plant to plant, and the loss due to ‘‘chlorosis” dis- 
eases of such crops as tobacco, tomatoes, peaches, beets, etc., 
is very serious. 


Perhaps the so-called “mosaic disease” of the tobacco, due 
to an infectious chlorosis, has been most carefully studied. 
This disorder may appear in the seed beds while the plants 
are still small, but more often it occurs in the mature plant 
in the field. The mosaic usually develops first in the very 
young leaves and when once started is practically incurable. 
The first apparent symptom is a mottling of the leaf, due to 
the partial disappearance of the chlorophyll, in irregular 
blotches. At these points the tissue does not develop nor- 
mally, and the unequal growth causes a crinkling of the leaf 
as shown in the accompanying plate (Plate 11). Still later 
there may be produced long narrow leaves which ultimately 
may develop into nothing more than thin string-like 
strands, this latter condition occurring most frequently in the 
tomato (Plate 11). All plants thus affected are, of course, 
stunted because of the malnutrition induced by the absence 
of chlorophyll. 


Various theories have been advanced as to the cause of 
the mosaic disease of tobacco and tomato. While some have 
held that the elimination of the chlorophyll is due to a micro- 
organism so small that it cannot be detected with the micro- 
scope, others believe that the disease is due to a local dis- 
turbance of the ferments of the cell or the production of 
toxins, and that these substances transferred from an affected 
plant, are capable of creating the diseased condition in the 
young tissues of the other plants. 


HOLLY AND MISTLETOE 


Holly and mistletoe are inseparably associated with the 
Christmas season, not only on account of their beauty and 
persistence during the winter months, but because from 
earliest times these two plants have, by tradition, been linked 
with the life of Christ. The most plausible origin for the 


160 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


common name of holly is that it is a corruption of holy, and 
the German name of “Christ thorn” perpetuates the legend 
that leaves of this tree were used to form the “crown of 
thorns.” The mistletoe, among many other woods, has fre- 
quently been referred to as the one from which the cross 
was made. Previous to the crucifixion—so runs the legend— 
it was a splendid forest tree, its disgraceful use causing it to 
assume its present humble parasitic habit. 


Long before the Christian era, however, holly and mistle- 
toe were singled out as plants of special significance. The 
Druids styled the mistletoe as “all heal,” it being considered 
an antidote for all disease, and even to the present day in 
some localities the virtues of its wood are highly regarded. 
In Sweden a finger ring of mistletoe is supposed to prevent 
sickness, and in France amulets of this plant were much 
worn. Culpepper speaks of mistletoe as “good for the grief 
of the sinew, itch and toothache, the biting of mad dogs and 
venomous beasts,” and Sir Thomas Brown alludes to its effi- 
cacy in cases of epilepsy. 

At Roman weddings, holly wreaths were sent as tokens of 
congratulation, and remarkable stories concerning the powers 
of this tree are recorded by Pliny. In Holland’s translation 
of Pliny’s “Historie of the World,” published in 1601, is 
found the following: 


“In touching the Holy or Hulver Tree if it be planted 
about an house, whether it be within a city or standing in 
the country, it serveth for a countercharm and keepeth away 
all ill spells or inchantments and defends the house from 
lightning. Pythagorus affirmeth that the flower of this tree 
will cause water to stand all upon an ice, also that if a staff 
made thereof, if a man do fling it at any beast what-so-ever, 
although it chanceth to light short for default of stren 
in his arms who flung it, will not-with-standing, etch for- 
ward and roll from the place where it fell upon the earth and 
approach near to the beast aforesaid ; of so admirable a nature 
is the Holy Tree.” 

THE HOLLY 


To most people there are but two kinds of holly, the Euro- 
— (Ilex Aquifoliwm) and the American (Ilex opaca). 

he botanist, however, recognizes over one hundred and 
seventy-five species, which range from the North Temperate 
to the South Temperate zones and are found on every con- 
tinent. Of this number, about fifteen occur in North 
America, although = five of these would be classed as trees, 
and but three of the latter are evergreen. Indeed, a con- 
siderable group of the hollies shed their leaves in the winter 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 161 


just as other deciduous trees; but that the evergreen habit 
was considered a fixed characteristic of this plant is well 
attested by the quaint old English proverb of the confirmed 
prevaricator, of whom it was said: ‘He lees never but when 
the hollen is green.” 


Japan and China have thirty or forty species, some of 
which are being introduced into this country for ornamental 
purposes. The home of the holly, so far as number of 
species is concerned, may be considered to be northern 
Brazil, where about half the known forms occur wild. Europe 
has but a single species, but this deficiency is made up by 
there being over one hundred and fifty different varieties 
of Ilex Aquifolium—at least they are so regarded by horti- 
culturists, but there seems to be some evidence that a part of 
these forms may have originated from the Canary Island 
ene Ilex platyphylla, rather than the true European 

olly. 

That only some trees bear berries is due to the fact that 
in the holly the sexes are distinct; the female, or pistillate 
flowers, which produce the fruit, occurring on one tree, while 
the pollen-bearing flowers are on a separate tree. Care should 
be taken, therefore, in planting hollies desired for the berries, 
to secure only female trees. While it is believed that the 
first printed notice of this difference in sex was communicated 
by Martyn in the “British Royal Society Transactions” 
about the middle of the eighteenth century, it must have 
been known to the country people long before this, since the 
term “he and she hollies” is very old. 


Although the usual color of the berries is red, it is not 
uncommon to have varieties in this country and elsewhere 
eae aed, | pale yellow fruits, and even white berries occur 
occasionally as a sport. 


Economically, aside from its use for decoration, the holly 
is useful for furnishing a wood, which, because of its white 
color and even texture, is in great demand for use in carv- 
ing and scroll work. Formerly, when bird-lime was in 
general use, the inner bark of the holly furnished the prin- 
cipal source of this product, and the herbalists of a century 
or two ago relied upon this plant for the cure of many a 
complaint. Perhaps one of the most novel remedies was its 
application in the cure of chilblains, the method being to 
whip the affected part with freshly gathered holly leaves 
until the blood flowed. Ilex paraguensis, widely distributed 
in South America, a specimen of, which is growing in the 
economic house at the Garden, furnishes the maté or Para- 
guay tea and is in great demand by the natives of the coun- 


162 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


try in which it is found. The beverage prepared from the 
leaves of this holly has a considerable stimulating effect, and 
the drink holds the place of tea and coffee in this country. 


The American holly (Ilex opaca), together with some of 
the Japanese species, deserves to be more widely planted in 
St. Louis. It is the one evergreen which seems to be able 
to withstand the smoke of a city, and it is remarkably free 
from insect and other pests. Growing to a height of forty 
to fifty feet, with a trunk two or three feet in diameter, and 
branches so arranged as to produce a natural pyramidal 
effect, nothing could be finer than a holly tree. There is 
no doubt about its living from two to three hundred years, 
and Pliny tells us that Tiburtus built the city of Tibur near 
three holly trees over which he had observed the flight of 
birds that pointed out the spot whereon the gods had fixed 
for its erection, and that these trees were standing in his 
own time and must, therefore, be upwards of twelve hundred 
years old. He also says that there was a holly tree then 
growing rear the Vatican in Rome, on which was fixed a 
brass plate with an inscription engraved in Tuscan letters, 
and that this tree was older than , ate itself, which must 
have been more than eight hundred years. 


* 


MISTLETOE 


As in the case of the holly, so with the mistletoe, there is 
a distinct American and European variety. From a botan- 
ical standpoint, the difference between the two forms of 
mistletoe is much greater, since the European plant belongs 
to one genus (Viscum) and the American to another 
(Phoradendron). There are some eleven species of the - 
erican form, widely scattered through the south and 
southwest, and occasionally growing as far north as New 
Jersey and Ohio. Several species have been reported from 
Missouri, although it is rare. 


While ordinarily considered a parasite, since it always 
grows upon some tree, the mistletoe is not strictly such. Its 
own leaves are capable of manufacturing food, and it is not 
entirely pe mnie re upon its host, as is the case in a true 
parasite. The chief contribution of the host to its unwelcome 
associate seems to be water, with certain contained salts, and 
while the mistletoe does not directly kill the tree upon which 
it is growing, it often dwarfs and distorts the branch to 
which it is attached, and may furnish the opportunity for 
ane sxetgen of fungi ‘ehinn ultimately destroy the tree 
1 m . 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 163 


The distribution of mistletoe is almost entirely by birds, 
the seed either being swallowed whole, or because of their 
stickiness, adhering to the beak or feet, to become dislodged 
later on some favorable tree. Tradition limited this dissemi- 
nation of the plant to a single bird, the “mistletoe thrush” 
or ‘‘misselbird,” which was the messenger of the gods. Hence 
the occurrence of mistletoe, particularly on the oak, was held. 
to be deeply significant. Many other trees are infested by 
this parasite, however, in the southwest the hackberry, elm, 
mesquite, and osage orange: being the most common hosts. 


After the seed are deposited on the branch of a tree, they 
usually begin to germinate as soon as moisture and tempe 
ture conditions are favorable. When the root-like portion 
comes in contact with the branch, it flattens out, forrfing a 
sucker-like disk. Depending upon circumstances, there 
may or may not be produced from this disk during the first 
year a process which penetrates the bark of the host as far 
as the wood. During the second year a single pair of leaves 
may be formed, and the “roots,” by mechanical force and 
the secretion of a digestive ferment, continue to ramify the 
tissues of the tree upon which the parasite is established. 


The mature plants are bushy in appearance and may reach 
the height of three or four feet. ‘The flowers are produced 
in late summer or early fall so that the berries are well devel- 
oped early in December. Plants of the European mistletoe 
have been found which were estimated to be forty years of 
age, but it seems probable that the American variety does not 
normally attain an age of more than half this number of 
years. 


NOTES 


Dr. W. T. Swingle, of the United States Department of 
Agriculture, was a Garden visitor on December 16. 


Dr. George T. Moore, Director of the Garden, spoke be- 
fore the St. Louis Medical Society, November 27, on “Plant 
Diseases.” 

Prof. F. 8. Cooley and Mr. M. L. Wilson, both of Mon- 
tana State College, Bozeman, Montana, were recent visitors 
at the Garden. 


The ladies attending the convention of the Transportation 
and Car Accounting Officers of the Railroads of the United 
States visited the Garden on December 14. 


On December 3, Mr. W. W. Ohlweiler, General Manager 
of the Garden, gave a lecture before the staff and pupils of 


164 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


the St. Louis Industrial School on “Some Interesting 
Economic Plants.” 


An illustrated lecture on “Chance and Adjustment versus © 
Purpose in the Responses and Evolution of Living Things,” 
was given before the Washington University Association by 
es bs M. Duggar, Physiologist to the Garden, on Novem- 

er 23. 

The Christmas display in the new floral display house is 
now at its height and probably will not be replaced until 
the middle of January. The best show of blooming orchids 
ever exhibited at the Garden, referred to in detail in the last 
BULLETIN, will persist throughout the month of January. 


The fourth number of Volume II of the Annals of the 
Missouri Botanical Garden has been issued with the following 
contents: 


“Toxicity of Galactose for Certain of the Higher Plants.” 
Lewis Knudson. 
; Pi selon Studies in the Polyporaceae.” L. O. Over- 
olts. 
“The Thelephoraceae of North America. V.” E. A. Burt. 
“Enzyme Action in the Marine Algae.” A. R. Davis. 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 165 


STATISTICAL INFORMATION FOR NOVEMBER, 1915 


GARDEN ATTENDANCE: 


OLR DUMDO “OL -VIBIUOFIE 3 oi CL Pe es es ee 46,026 
PLANT ACCESSIONS: 
Total number of plants received in exchange............ 632 
Total number of packets of seeds received in exchange.... 8 
Pilasie COuUnte sy fs eat eee ee Pa wales ik ae 4 
PLANT DISTRIBUTION: 
Total number of plants distributed free......... Re ee 118 
Total number of plants distributed in exchange........... 52 
LIBRARY ACCESSIONS: 
Total number of books and pamphlets bought.......... fe 90 
Total number of books and pamphlets donated............ 80 
HERBARIUM ACCESSIONS: 
By Purchase— 
L. O. Overholts—Plants of Ohio, Indiana, and Missouri... 325 
By Exchange— 
University of California—Plants of California........... 21 
By Gift— 
W. H. Aiken—Thevetia cuneifolia DC. from Guatemala. . 1 
A. H. Chivers—Pleurotus ulmaris, a wound parasite on 
elms on Dartmouth College campus..............-.-- 1 
J. A. Drushel—Plants of Missouri, Colorado, and Texas.. 26 
H. D. House—Fungi of New York... 06s iee ee es 26 
P. C. Maffitt—Fomes applanatus from the Adirondack Mts., 
I ONT ir eee hea ge earl es by aia he ee cee 1 
W. A. Murrill—Thelephoraceous fungi from western United 
bates Mid MeKIOO sei isa ie ee es eke eee ee 235 
J. R. Weir—Fungi of Montana, Oregon, and British 
AT a se ok 9 
POURIs co ieee ieee oe es 645 


The Garden is open to the public every day in the year, except New 
Year’s, Fourth of July, Labor Day, and Christmas—week days from 8:00 
A. M. until one-half hour after sunset; Sundays, from December to April, 
1:00 P. M. until sunset, from April to December, 2:00 P. M. until sunset. 


The main entrance to the Garden is located at Tower Grove Avenue 
- and Flora Boulevard, on the Vandeventer Avenue car line. Transfer 
south from all intersecting lines. 


sa" The Garden will be closed all day Christmas and New Year's day. 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 167 


Index to Illustrations 


Yareta or “vegetable sheep,” two mounds of, growing near Are- Bu 

Oe oe es a pc ae ee ees 47 
Yareta or “vegetable sheep,” fragment of.....................6. 48 
Insectivorous plants, group of....... Be ee ee a re Oe LE 61 
Ra NTR, OM OE or en es rs a ed ee Bk 89 
PP Te, DUANE OE 5 rs a a sk oe ep ea ee 101 
Balsa wood: balanced with ironbark.. 240.0. ..6ce soc et eS 106 
Vanilla flowers and cluster of ripe beans.......................-- 110 
Bucket orchid, ‘single AIG os oe a es os eee es 115 
PMG NCR WORN oe es Se bees 116 
Chrysanthemum, original and modern pompon types of, contrasted.. 123 
Dove orchid (Poristeria elata) ... 22.25. oo ek ee cece 134 
Specimens Of -vutieontod leaves... oe, Sen pee es 157 
Specimens of variegated leaves............... Pee oes: 158 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


* 


169 


General Index 


Figures in italics refer to page numbers of plates and cuts. 


A. 

Abutilons, 29 

Achillea Eupatorium, 54, 142; fili- 
pendulina, 142; Millefolium, 142, 
var. roseum, 54, 142; Ptarmica var. 
“The Pearl,” 54, 142, var. “Boule 
de Neige,” 142; tomentosi, 142 

Achilleas, 142 

Aconitum Lycoctonum pyrenaicum, 53 

Aesculus Hippocastanum, 118 

Agave americana, 29 

Algae, marine, digestive ferments of 
the, 68 

Alkanets, see Anchusa italica 

Allspice, Carolina, see Calycanthus 
floridus 

Althaea rosea, 53, 54 

Alyssum, 30, 142 

Alyssum saxatile var. compactum, 142, 
var. flore pleno, 142 

Amorpha fruticosa, 133 

Amygdalus alba, 130 

Anchusa italica, 142 

Angelica-tree, see Aralia spinosa 

Anniversary, twenty-fifth of the 
Garden, 8 

Annual reports for 1914: of the Of- 
ficers of the Board, 1; of the Direc- 
tor (twenty-sixth annual report),5 

Annuals, directions for planting, 40 

Anthericium, 143, var. “Liliastrum,” 
1438, var. “Liliago,” 143 

Antirrhinums, 29, 30, 72 — 

Aphelandra aurantiaca, 35 

Aquilegia caerulea, 143; chrysantha, 
143; vulgaris, 54 

Aquilegias, 143 

Aralia spinosa, 119 

Araucaria imbricata, 121 

Araucarias, 29 

Areca lutescens, 28 

Arrow-wood, see Viburnum dentatum 

Arundo Donaz, 151 

Asclepias tuberosa, 53, 54, 144 

Aspidistras, 29 

Aster alpinus, 143, var. “Goliath,” 54; 
“Madonna,” 54; polyphyllus, 54; 
tataricus, Pe, 143; “White Queen,” 
54 

Asters, 143° 


Attendance, Garden, for 1914, 9; 
voluntary registration of, 9 

Azaleas, 29 

Azorella sp., 47 


B. 


Baccharis halimifolia, 128 

Balsa wood, 107; balanced with iron- 
bark, 107 ; compared with ironbark, 
107, with other woods, 108; prop- 
erties and use of, 107, 108 

cg flowering and fruiting species 
° 

Baptisia australis, 54, 144; tinctoria, 
54, 144 

Baptisias, 144 

Bartholomew, E. “North American 
Uredinales,” Cent. XII, XIII, Nos. 
1101-1300, 45; Cent. XIV, Nos. 
1301-1400 and “Fungi Columbiani,” 
Cent. XLVI, Nos. 4501-4600, 76 

Beard-tongue, see Pentstemon 

Begonia Erfordii, 152 

Begonias, 29, 30; Lorraine, 29, 152 

Bell-flowers, see Campanula 

Blazing-star, see Liatris 

Boltonia asteroides, 54, 144; latis- 
quama, 144, var. nana, 144 

Boltonias, 144 

Bordeaux mixture, use and prepara- . 
tion of, 39 

Bougainvillaea glabra Sanderiana, ex- 
ample of chlorosis shown in, 158, 157 

Brandegee, T. Plants of Mexico, col- 
lected by C. A. Purpus in 1914, 76 

Buddleia Lindleyana, 134 

Bush, B. F. Plants of Missouri, 35, 
45 

Button-bush, see Cephalanthus occi- 
dentalis 


C. 


Caladiums, 72, 158 

Calceolarias, 72, description and grow- 
ing of, 48 

Calla lilies, 29, 30, 72 

Calycanthus floridus, 133 _ 

Camellias, 29 

Campanula Medium, 144, var. caly- 


canthema, 144; pyramidilis, 144 


170 


Campanulas, 144 

Candy-tuft, 30 

Canna flaccida, 93 

Cannas, 93; color of, 94; culture of, 
94; winter storage ‘of, 95; varieties 
at ‘the Garden, 95 

Canterbury bells, see Campanula 

Caragana arborescens, 131 

Cardinal flowers, see Lobelias 

Caryopteris Mastacanthus, 134 

Cassia Marylandica, 54; Medsgert, 144 

Catalpa Bungei, 119 

Catlapas, 119 

Cattleya Gaskelliana, 116; Trianaei, 
153 

Celery, growing of in St. Louis, 41; 
varieties recommended for local 
growing, 41 

Centaurea macrocephala, 54 

Century plant, 29 

Cephalanthis occidentalis, 130° 

Cercis canadensis, 119 

Chamaerops humilis, 28 

Chaste-tree, see Vitex agnus-castus 

Chestnut bark disease, an exhibit of 
the, 139; material on exhibit, 140 

Chestnut, Chinese, see Xanthoceras 
sorbifolia ~ i 

Chionanthus, 119 

Chlorophytums, 29 

Chlorosis, see Variegated leaves” 

Chrysanthemum, the evolution of the 
cultivated, 123; new varieties shown 
at the Garden in 1915, 123; original 
and modern type contrasted, 123 

Chrysanthemum indicum, 125; mawi- 
mum, 53, 145; morifolium, 125; 
“Prince of Wales,” 53; sinense, 125; 
“Tennyson,” 54 

Chrysanthemum Show for 1915, 134 

Chrysanthemums, hardy, 145 

Chrysocoma Linosyris, 53 

Cladrastis tinctoria, 120 

Clethra alnifolia, 130 

Clokey, Ira W. Plants of Illinois, 122 

Cocos Weddelit, 28 

Coleus, 72 

Collins, F. 8. “Phycotheca Boreali- 
Americana,” Nos. 2001-2050, 58 

Columbines, see Aquilegias, 143 

Cone-flowers, see Rudbeckia; purple, 
see Echinacea 

Coreopsis, 145 

- Coreopsis lanceolata, 54, var. grandi- 

flora, 145; verticillata, 53 

_ Cornus, 119, 128 

aes Svs alternifolia, 128; florida, 129; 

ta, +128; sanguinea, 128; 
sericea, 129 is 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


Coryanthes macrantha, 115 

Corypha australis, 28 

Cranberry, high bush, see Viburnum 
Opulus 

Crataegus, 120 

Crotons, 72 

Cup-and-saucer plants, see Campanula 

Currant, Missouri, see Ribes aureum 

Cycas revoluta, 29 

Cyclamen, 29 

Cydonia japonica, 132 

Cyperus alternifolius, 29 

Cypripedium hybrids, 35; “The Earl,” 
35; “St. Albans,” 35; “Prospero,” 


35 
D. 


Daisies, 29; Michaelmas, see Asters 
Davis, A. R. Flowering plants from 
California, 136 
Davis, Rev. John. 
106, 122 
Day-lily, see Funkia; 
Hemerocallis 
Delphinium, 145 
Delphinium chinense, 145; formosum, 
53, 54, 145 
Dendrobium Phalaenopsis, 153 
Desmodium penduliflorum, 133 
Deutzia candidissima, 129; crenata, 
129, var. fi. pl., 129, var. Waterei, 
129; gracilis, 129; Lemoinei, 129; 
“Pride of Rochester, 7 3205 


Plants of Missouri, 


yellow, see 


rosea 
plena, 129; scabra, 129 

Deutzias, 129 

Dianthus, 145 

Dianthus plumarius, 54, var. “Cy- 


clops,” 54, var. delicata, 54, var. 
: usaaies Bismarck, ” 54, var. “Snow,” 
Diapensia lapponica, 47 
Diervilla “Abel Carriére,” 132; am- 
abilis alba, 129; “camelon,”’ 132; 
candida, 129; “Eva Rathke,”’ 132; 
floribunda, 132; Lavellei, 133; 
“Pres. Duchartre,’” 132; Van Hout- 
tei, 132; Verschaffelti, 132 
Diervillas, 129, 132 


| Dogwood, see Cornus 


Doronicum magnificum, 53; planta- 
gineum St pea gt 54 
Dracaenas, 2 
Dragon-head, “nies see sedans seca 
Drosera, 64 
E. 
Echinacea, 146 
| Echinacea helianthus, 54 


¥ 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


Echinops Ritro, 54 

Elaeagnus angustifolia, 131 

Elderberry, see Sambucus 

Electrical method for determining root 
excretion, an, 67 

Ellis, Charlotte C. Plants of New 
Mexico, 58 

Erica or heather, 152 

Erinanthus Ravennae, 151 

Eucalyptus leucoxylon, 107 

Eulalia gracillima univittata, 151; 
japonica, 151, var. variegata, 151, 
var. zebrina, 151 

Eulalias, 151 are 

Euonymus japonicus, example 
ehlorosis shown in, 158, 157 

Eupatorium ageratoides, 54 

Eupatoriums, 152 

Euphorbia corollata, 53; polychroma, 
54 

Euphorbias, 29 

Euralia, 52 

Euryale ferox, 105 

HLaochorda grandiflora, 127 


F. 


Farfugium grande, 29 

Felicia amelloides, 72 

Ferns, 29; Boston, 29 

Feverfew, see Matricaria 

Fittonia argyroneura, white veination 
of leaves shown in, 158, 159 

Flax, see Linum 

Floral displays, 72, 152, 164 

Flower sermon in 1914, 22 

Flowering plants for St. Louis, 117, 
126, 141 

Forget-me-not, see Myosotis 

Forsythia, 131 

Forsythia intermedia, 131; suspensa, 
131, var. fortunei, 131; viridissima, 
131 


of 


Foxglove, see Digitalis 

Freesias, 29 

Freiburg, G. W. Plants of Minnesota, 
92 


Friedlinder & Sohn, Sydow’s “Myco- 
theca germanica,” Fase. XXV and 
XXVI, Nos. 1201-1300, 35 

Fringe-tree, white, see Chionanthus 

Fuchsias, 29, 72 

ia, 146 

Funkia albo-marginato, 146; aurea 
variegata, 146; coerulea, 146; Sie- 
boldiana, 146 


G. 
Gandoger, M. Plants of Europe, 23 


171 


Garden, Formal, 6, 55; Linnean 
House, 7, 51 

Gardens, two new, 51 

Gardening books, exhibition of, 43 

Geraniums, 29, 30, 31; result of ex- 
periments with, 31; varieties suit-: 
able for local growing, 32; silver- 
banded, 158 

Gerbera Jamesoni, 54 


Glaucium, luteum, 53 


~-Globe-flower, see Kerria japonica fi. pl. 


Gloxinia speciosa, 49 

Gloxinias, 72; description and grow- 
ing of, 49 

Golden bell, see Forsythia 

Goldenrod, see Solidago 

Graduate research work at 
Garden, 65 

Grasses, ornamental, use of, in shrub- 
bery border, 150; best varieties to 
grow, 161--—--——» 

Grevillea robusta, 29 

Groundsel tree, see Baccharis halimi- 
folia 

Gynerium argenteum elegans, 151 

Gypsophila paniculata, 53 


the 


H. 
Halesia, 120 
Heating system, cost and efficiency of, 
8 


Helenium autumnale superbum, 146, 
var, rubrum, 146; Hoopesii, 54, 
146; superbum, 54, var. rubrum, 54 

Heleniums, 146 

Helianthus, 146 

Helianthus mollis grandiflora, 54 

Heliopsis, 53 

Heliotrope, 29 

Heller, A. A. Plants of California, 
136 

Hemerocallis, 146 

Hemerocallis aurantiaca, 146; flava, 
53, 146; “Orange Man,” 54, 146 

Herbarium, report of, for 1914, see 
annual report of Director; improve- 
ments and changes in, 18; import- 
ant accessions during 1914, 18; 
mounting and distribution, 19; field 
work during 1914, 20 

Hesperis matronalis, 53 

Hibiscus, 127, 132, 133 

Hibiscus alba, 127, var. alba pleura, 
127, var. “Jean d’ Are,” 127, var. 
‘ y Stanley,” 127; ardens, 133; 
“Bonte de-Feu,”-132; coccineus, 53, 
54; coelestis, 133; “Duchesse de 
Brabant,” 133; Leopoldi, 132; Mos- 


172 


cheutos, 133; purpurea, 133; rubra, 
132; sinensis, 29 

Holly, the, 160; distribution of, 161; 
use of, 161; desirability of, for St. 
Louis, 162; and mistletoe, traditions 
connected with, 159 

Hollyhocks, 146 

Holzinger, J. M. Flowering plants of 
New Mexico, 35 

Honeysuckle, Tartarian, see Diervilla 

Horse-chestnut, see Aesculus Hippo- 
castanum 

House plants, care of, 25; danger of 
illuminating gas to, 26; humidity 
as a factor in the care of, 26; im- 
portance of cutting back for, 30; 
importance of light in relation to, 
25; insect and fungous diseases of, 
28; necessity of repotting for, 31; 
resting period of, 30; temperature 
suitable for, 26; varieties suitable 
for, 28; use of water, 27 

Hyacinths, 30 

Hydrangea arborescens, 129; icu- 
lata, 129, var. grandiflora, 129; 
quercifolia, 129 

Hydrangeas, 72, 129 


z 


Ilex Aquifolium, 160; opaca, 160; 
paraguensis, 161; platyphylla, 161 

Impatiens, 29 

Indigo, false, see Baptisia and Am- 
orpha fruticosa 

Insectivorous plants, description and 
varieties of, 61; group of, 61 

Tris, 147 

Iris germanica var. “Black Prince,” 
54, var. candida, 54, var. “Chamae- 
leon,” 54, var. “Charlotte Patty,” 
54, var. “Fantasy,” 54, var. floren- 
tina alba, 54, var. “Garrick,” 54, 
i “Mad. de Banne,” 54; pumila, 


Ivy, English, 29 
Ixias, 29 
_Isora undulata, 44 


J. 


Japanese quince, see Cydonia japonica 

Jasmines, Indian, 44 

Jerusalem cherry, see Solanum pseudo- 
capsicum 


K 
Kammerer, A. L. Plants of New 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


Mexico, 92; Plants of Washington, 
136 

Kellogg, J. H. Plants of Missouri, 45 

Kerria, white, see Rhodotypos ker- 
roides 

Kerria japonica fl. pl., 131 

Kentia Belmoreana, 28; Noresteriana, 
28 

Koelreuteria paniculata, 120 


L. 


Laelio-Cattleya elegans, 116 

Larkspur, see Delphinium 

Latama Bourbonica, 28 

Lawns, care of, in the spring, 37 

Lectures delivered by members of 
staff in 1914, 11 

Leitneria floridana, 108 

Leopard or gold dollar plant, 29 

Liatris, 147 

Liatris pycnostachya, 147; scariosa, 
147, var. squarrulosa, 53, 54; 
spicata, 147 


_ Library, report of, for 1914, see annual 


report of Director; new accessions, 
22; preparation of subject index, 
21; the value of the Annals as an 
exchange, 21 

Ligustrum ovalifolium var. aureo- 
marginatum or variegated privet, 
example of chlorosis shown in, 157 


Lilae, see yringa; summer, or 
Chinese Buddleia, see Buddleia 
Lindleyana 


Lilies, 30; see Lilium; Chinese sacred, 
see Narcissus 

Lilium, 147 

Lilium auratum, 147; speciosum var. 
album, 147, var. rubrum, 72, 147 

Lily-of-the-valley, 29 

Linum, 147 

Linum flavum, 147; perenne, 54, 147, 
var. album, 147 

Liriodendron, 120 

Lobelia cardinalis, 147; syphilitica, 
147; Tupa, 53 

Lobelias, 147 

Lonicera, 129, 132 | 

Lonicera fragrantissima, 130; Mor- 
rowi, 132; rosea, 132; rubra grandi- 
flora, 132; Ruprechtiana, 132; 
tatarica alba, 129 

Lupinus polyphyllus albus, 54 

Lychnis, 148 

Lychnis chalcedonica, 148; Haageana, 
54, 148; Viscaria splendens, 54 

Lysimachia clethroides, 53 

Lythrum roseum superbum, 53 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


M. 


Macoun, J. Fungi of British Colum- 
bia, 106 

Magnolia acuminata, 121; glauca, 
121; Lennei, 121; purpurea, 121; 
Soulangiana, 121; stellata, 121; 
tripetala, 121; Yulan, 121 

Magnolias, 121 

Mallow, seé Hibiscus Moscheutos 

Marguerites, 72 

Matricaria, 148 

Matricaria capensis fl. pl., 148 

Meadow-sweet, see Spiraeas 

Milfoil or yarrow, see Aquilegias 

Missouri Botanical Garden Alumni 
Association, new members of, 44 

Missouri Botanical Garden Students’ 
Club, program for March to May, 33 

Mistletoe, 162; propagation of, 163 

Monarda, 148 > 

Monarda didyma var. rosea, 148, var. 
splendens, 148; fistulosa alba, 54, 
148; Russeliana, 148 

Moore, George T. Private herbarium, 
136 

Mosaic disease, 159; example of, 
shown in tobacco, 159, in tomato, 
159 

Murrill, W. <A.  Thelephoraceous 
fungi from western United States 
and Mexico, 165 

Myosotis, 148 


N. 


Narcissus, 29, 30; poet’s, 152; Chinese 
sacred lily, 152 

_Nasturtiums, 30 

Nelson, A. Plants of Colorado, 106 

Nelumbium luteum, 102; speciosum, 
102 

Nelumbiums, 102 

Nepenthes, 62 

Nephrolepis Elmsfordi, 29; ‘Roose- 
velt,” 29; Scholzeli, 29; Scotti, 29; 
Whitmanni, 29 eke 

Nymphaea alba rosea, 101; coerulea, 
100; Devoniensis, 100; flava, 101; 
“D. R. Francis,” 100; gigantea, 100, 
var. Sturtevanti, 100, var. Hudsoni, 
100; gracilis, 100; “James Gurney,” 
100; “Rufus J. Lackland,” 100; 
Lotus, 99, var. dentata, 99, var. 
rubra, 100; Marliacea var. chro- 
matella, 101, var. rosea, 101; odor- 
ata, 101; “Frank Trelease,” 100; 
tuberosa, 101; zanzibariensis, 100, 
var. rosea, 100 

Nymphaeas, 99; night-blooming vari- 


173 


eties, 99; day-blooming varieties, 
100; hardy varieties, 101 


O 


Ochroma Lagopus, 107 

Oenothera Youngii, 53, 148 

Oenotheras, 148 

Olive, Russian, see Hlaeagnus angus- 
tifolia; sweet, 29 

Oncidium variosum Rogersii, 116 

Orchids, blue moth, 153; bucket, 115, 
flowers showing route of pollinating 
insects, 116, single plant of, 115; 
Cattley, 158; Cypripedium hybrids, 
35; dove,’134, 134; elephant moth, 
153;-lady slipper, 153; vanilla, 109, 
110 2 


Overholts, L. 0. Plants of Ohio, Indi- 
ana and Missouri, 165 
Oxalis, 29 
¥. 


Paeonia Delachei, 54; festiva maxima, 
54; Sinensis “Andre Laurius,” 54; 
Solftare, 54 

Paeonias, 148 

Palm, sago or funeral, 29 

Pandanus, 29 

Papaver, 148 

Papaver indicaule “Orange,” 54; orien- 
tale var. “Brightness,” 54, var. 
“Mrs. Marsh,” 64, var. ‘Park- 
manni,” 54 : 

Papers published by members of staff 
and students in 1914, 13 

Papyrus antiquorum, 29 

Pathological exhibit, 5 

Pea shrub, see Caragana arborescens, 
131 

Pearl-bush, see Exochorda grandiflora 

Pelargonium hortorum var. _ albo- 
marginatum, example of chlorosis 
shown in, 158, 159 

Pennisetum Ruppellii, 151 

Pentstemon, 149 - 

Pentstemon barbatus Torreyi, 54, 149; 
Digitalis, 54, 149; grandiflorus, 53, 
149; pubescens, 149 ' 

Pepper plants, 29 

Peristeria elata, see dove orchid 

Perennials, 141; care of, in spring, 40; 
directions for planting, 141, for 
transplanting, 141; varieties best 
planted in St. Louis, 142; watering 
of, 142 

Petunias, 29 

Phalaris arundinacea variegata, 151 

Philadelphus, 127 

Philadelphus coronarius, 127; Gordon- 


174 


tamus, 127;  grandiflorus, 127; 
Lemoinett erectus, 127 
Phlox, 149 


Phlox amoena, 54; divaricata cana- 
densis, 54; decussata, 149; Drum- 
mondii, 149; paniculata, 149; sub- 
ulata, 149, var. Nelsoni, 54; suf- 
fruticosa, 149 

Phoenix Roebliniit, 28; Rupicola, 28 

Phoradendron, 162 

Phormium tenax, 29 

Physostegia, 149 

Physostegia virginiana, 149, var. alba, 
149; virginica, 54 

Pines, Norfolk Island, 29; screw, 29 

Pinguicula, 63 

Pinus echinata, 71; 
Taeda, 71 

Pleurisy root or butterfly weed, see 
Asclepias tuberosa 

Poinsettias, 29, 152 

Polyporaceae, 71 

Poppy, see Papaver 

Primroses, 29; evening, see Oenothera 

Pyrethrum “Sir James Miller,” 53 


palustris, 71; 


R. 


Raoulia mammilaris, 47 

Redbud, see Oercis canadensis 

Red-hot poker plants, see Tritoma 

Rehmannia angulata, 53 

Research and instruction, report of, 
for 1914, see annual report of 
Director 

Resin and turpentine, relation of, to 
wood decay, 70 

Rhapis flabelliformis, 28 

Rhodotypos kerroides, 127 

Rhus aromatica, 131; Cotinus, 133 

Ribes aureum, 131 

Robinia hispida, 133 

Romneya Coulteri, 53 

Rose acacia, see Robinia 

Rose garden, 80; plan of, 89; suitable 
location for a, 80; varieties of roses 
planted in new addition to, 73 

Rose mallow, 29 

Rose of Sharon or althaea, see Hibis- 
cus alba 

Roses, 79; a ae diseases of, 86; in- 
sect pests of, HS gronae of, 81; 
tah of, Bagg soil for, 81; spring 
and summer care of, 83; varieties 
grown at the Garden, 87; varieties 
suitable for St. Louis and vicinity, 
82; winter protection of, 86 

Rudbeckia, 149 

149; 


Rudbeckia fulgida, “Golden 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


Glow,” 149; nitida “Autumn Sun,” 
54; purpurea, 149 

Rufus J. Lackland fellowship appoint- 
ments for 1914-1915, 15 


Ss. 


Sage, scarlet, see Salvias 

Salvia argentea, 150; azwrea grandi- 
flora, 53, 150;. farinaceae, 54; pra- 
tensis, 150 

Salvias, 30, 149 

Sambucus, 127 

Sambucus nigra aurea, 127 

Sarracenia, 62 

School of Gardening, opportunities of, 
8 

Seaforthia elegans, 28 

Selaginella Kraussiana, 158, example 
of chlorosis shown in, 157, 158 

Senecios, 72 

Senna, see Cassia Medsgeri 

Sheepberry, see Viburnum Lentago 

Shrubs, arrangement of white-, cream-,\ 
or gray-flowered, 126, of yellow- 
flowered, 130, of red- or reddish- 
flowered, 132, of blue-, purple-, and 
violet- flowered, 133; use of, in 
oe BaF 126; varieties best grownin | 

t. Louis, 127 2 — 

Sigma Xi, meeting of, 44 

Silk oak, "29 

Silverbell-tree, see Halesia 

Sinningia, 50 

Slipper plant, see Calceolarias 

Snapdragons, see Antirrhinums 

Sneezeweeds, see Heleniums 

Snowball, see Viburnum opulus ster- 
ilis ; Japanese, see Viburnum pli- 
catum 

Solanum pseudo-capsicum, 152 

Solidago, 150 

Solidago canadensis, 150 

Spanish needle, see Yucca 

Speedwell, see Veronica 

Spiraea aruncus, 54; “Anthony 
Waterer,” 133; Billardi, 133; Bum- 
alda, 133; colossa, 133, var. alba, 
130; Dowglassi, 133; opulifolia, 130, 
var. aurea, 130; prunifolia, 130; 
Reevesii, 130, var. fl. pl., 130; salici- 
folia, 133; Thunbergii, 130; Van 
Houttei, 130 

Spiraeas, 130, 133; septoet see Caryop- 
teris mastacanthus 

Statistical information for December, 
1914, 23; January, 1915, 35; Feb- 
ruary, 45; March, 58; April, 76; 
May, 92; June, 106; July, 114; 


MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 


August, 122; September, 136; Octo- 
ber, 155, November, 165 

St. Bruno’s lily, see Anthericium 

Stevias, 152 

Stephanandra flexuosa, 130° 

Stocks, 29 

Sumac, sweet-scented, see Rhus aro- 
matica 

Sunday opening, during the winter 
months, 151; season of, 43 

Sunflowers, see Helianthus 

Sweet-Williams or hardy pinks, see 
Dianthus 

Sydow, H. “Fungi exotici exsiccati,” 
Fase. VII, VIII, IX, Nos. 301-450, 
92 

Syringa, 130, 134; or mock orange, see 
Philadelphus 


Ae 
Tamarix, 132 
Tamarie gallica, 132; indica, 132 
Thermopsis caroliniana, 53 
Thunbergias, 29 
Tickseed, see Coreopsis 
Tobacco, mosaic disease of, 159; 159 
Tomato, mosaic disease of, 159; 159 
Trees: as a background for gardens, 
118; varieties best grown about St. 
Louis, 118; and shrubbery, 38; 
pruning.of, 38; spraying of, 39 
Tritoma, 150 
Tritoma “Express,” 150; Pfitzerii, 
150; rufa, 150; Tuckii, 150 
Trustees’ annual banquet, 1914, 2, 22 
Tulips, 29, 30 
Tulip-tree, see Liriodendron 


U. 


Umbrella plant, see Phormium tenax 


V. 


Vanda coerulea, 153 

Vanilla, 109; cultivation of, in the 
Seychelles, 111; flowers and cluster 
of beans, 110 ; pollination of flowers, 
110 


Vanilla planifolia, 109 
Variegated leaves, 157; cause of, 158; 


175 


specimens of, 157, 159; types of, 
158 


Varnish-tree, see Koelreuteria panicu- 
lata 

Vegetable sheep, see Yareta 

Venus’ fly trap, see Dionaea 

Verbena, 29; lemon, 29 

Veronica, 150 

Veronica longifolia subsessilis, 54, 
150; repens, 53, 150; spicata, 150 

Viburnum acerifolium, 128; dentatum, 
127; lantana, 127; Opulus, 128, var. 
stertlis, 128; plicatum, 128; tomen- 
tosum, 128 

Viburnums, 1 

Victoria, 52 

Victoria Ziana, 105; Regia, 103, 
introduction and cultivation of, 103 

Viscum, 162 

Vitex agnus-castus, 134 


W. 


Wardian case, practical demonstration 
of, 113 

Water garden, plan of main, 101 

Water gardens, 99 

Weigel, T. O. “Plantae Kamerunen- 
ses,’ Cent. VI, Nos. 500-599, 76; 
Plants of the Philippine Islands, 
122 ite , 

Weigelia, see Dentzia Wann 

Weir, J. R. Fungi from Montana, 
Idaho, British Columbia, and 
Alaska, 76 

Wood, the lightest known, 107 


X. 


Xanthoceras sorbifolia, 128 


~: 


Yareta, description of, 47; fragment 
of, 48, two mounds of, 47; use of, 
48 

Yeast fungi in relation to animal dis- 
eases, 69 

Yellow-wood, see Cladrastis tinctoria 

Yucea, 150 

Yucca filamentosa, 150