MlissoURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN VOLUME VII WITH 22 PLATES 1919 1058691 ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI PUBLISHED MONTHLY, EXCEPT JULY AND AUGUST, BY THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES SUBSCRIPTION PRICE: ONE DOLLAR PER YEAR SINGLE NUMBER TEN CENTS Mussour! BOTANICAL GARDEN [BULLETIN Vol. VII JANUARY, 1919 No, 1 we | CONTENTS Thirtieth Annual Report of the Director - - - 1 Notes wae Sa 28 ey RAs OD es ee Ree 16 — Statistical Information ~ =) 0 = > eon WV ig es. ee 1919 E bE ee aw, Published Monthly Except July and August by the Board of Trustees” | SUBSCRIPTION PRICE: be eae eee "SINGLE COPIES TEN CENTS _ » BOARD OF TRUSTEES OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN { THE ORIGINAL MEMBERS WERE DESIGNATED IN MR. SHAW’S WILL, AND THE BOARD SO CONSTITUTED, EXCLUSIVE OF | THE EX-OFFICIO MEMBERS, Is SELF-PERPETUATING. 1 =e President, f * 8 SU NARED WHITAKER f f ; Pas alae: : DAVID 8. H. LO a He “ ; \ EDWARD C. Etor. «> ae ie ‘Leowanp Marruews. ‘ ee “Groner C, Hircucock : Wrutan H, H. Perres, a ne Cuovreau Mareir, yea’ : Pune C. SCANLAN, ‘ : dae Epwaxp Matuincxnopr. fetes oh ey Jon F. Sunyury.” : 3 ‘exoPricro: MEMBERS: ue _ A. Hau oe is Gronce T. Moore, [ Sebtit nt Waklnces eee ‘President of The Academy, of Science ofa f ; "ibn : ee Heer W. ria aes Basar E Won, “Mayor of the City of St. Louis -_ President of thie Board of Education of VIEW FROM MAIN GATE. a > 8 i>} is Missouri Botanical Garden Bulletin Vol. VII St. Louis, Mo., January, 1919 No. 1 THIRTIETH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR Gentlemen: : I have the honor to submit herewith the thirtieth annual report of the Director. The year 1918 was necessarily one which permitted but little more than the ordinary maintenance of the regular features of the Garden. Even though it had been possible to obtain the necessary material, the labor situation was such as to prevent undertaking any considerable improvement. In fact, before the year was over, owing to the shortage of labor and the requirements of the Fuel Administrator, one of the most popular features at the Garden had to be discon- tinued. As a result of the abnormal situation only such improvements were undertaken during the year as seemed to be absolutely necessary. Among these may be mentioned the replacing of the old wooden bridge across the stream in the North American tract with a permanent concrete and stone structure; the reroofing of the lodge house at Cleveland Avenue; the elimination of the walk running from Mr. Shaw’s old residence to the economic garden; and the con- struction of a stone and brick drain the full length of the varied industries house. The country residence of Mr. Shaw, which was built in 1849 and is now used for the School for Gardening and storage of herbarium material, was declared, after examina- tion by experts, to be u unless immediate steps were taken to preserve the walls. \\The building was therefore sand-blasted, after which it became more evident than ever that nothing but stuccoing would save it. The lime and sand mortar had so disintegrated that it was possible to lift out bricks from almost any part of the structure.//Since the house as originally built by Mr. Shaw had been surfaced in order to give it a stone effect and it was only after his death that it was painted red, there seemed to be an additional (1) zZ MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN reason for attempting to restore it to its original appearance» Accordingly, the building has been stuccoed, which will in- sure its standing for another seventy-five years, besides pro- ducing a particularly pleasing effect. As soon as the new planting around the house, together with the vines, becomes established it is believed that the old residence will present a much more attractive appearance than it has in recent years. A _long-needed improvement has been an exit from the Garden at the south end. Visitors coming in at the main gate and walking through the grounds have been compelled to retrace their steps in order to get out. A turnstile has now been set in the stone wall just north of the gateway at Botan- ical Avenue, and this, for the present at least, will meet all demands for an exit at this point. Another addition has been the installation of an overhead watering system in all the display and growing houses where it could be used. This system not only insures a saturated atmosphere during the hot days, but experience has shown that with the fine spray of water it is possible to reduce the temperature of the orchid and other houses from six to ten degrees. It is likewise important as a labor-saver, which, on account of the diminished number of men on the pay roll, has been an important item during the year. In addition to the special items noted above an unusual amount of repair work, particularly painting, both indoors and out, has been attended to during the past twelve months. "The severe winter of 1917-18 resulted in the destruction of a considerable number of plants and trees in the Garden Some of the hedges were killed, and many of the so-called hardy perennials had to be cut back to the ground. Prac- tically all of the standard roses, together with many other varieties, succumbed more or less completely to the severity of the weather. The greatest single loss was the destruction of all but three of the fine specimens of Magnolia grandiflora which had been brought from Florida the previous spring. Although these plants were as caer gd protected as pos- sible, the fact that they had been in this climate for such a short time, together with the unusual low temperature to which they were subjected, made it impossible for them to survive. Because of the very unusual dostonetibi of per- manent plantings in out-of-door gardens, much attention has been paid during the year to replacing this material, and, while it will require some time for the plantations to assume the desired size, in most cases, the substitution of new shrubs will ultimately be a distinct advantage. A large num- PLATE : , 1919. BULL; VO. ARD. G Bor. Mo. BULB SHOW IN FLORAL DISPLAY HOUSE. VIEW IN a al fn ITALIAN GARDEN. som 1) : 4 : ‘OW ad ‘LC1I0A ““ITNG “duv*) “LO ) ‘OL ‘€ ALVId MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 3 ber of trees and shrubs were removed from the nursery and used at various points, particularly along the edge of the pasture to serve as a screen back of the pergola, and also along the edge of the Garden bordering on Shaw Avenue. Considerable additions have been made to the collections of iris and hardy azaleas, and other attractive plants have been added in large quantity. . The permanent trellis around the economic garden was planted with a collection of about 100 varieties of vines, in order that the visitor might see good examples of these plants hardy for this vicinity, which were adapted for special pur- poses. In addition to the ordinary care of the grounds some prog- ress has been made in filling and grading various points where most needed. The north end of the economic garden is now completed, and the a bpog of walks extending from this point back of the pergola to the north range of green- houses is now in process of construction. 7 EFFECT OF THE WAR Aside from advancing wages, increase in of material, and difficulty in obtaining labor and supplies, the most se- rious effect of the war on the Garden was the order issued last April by the Fuel Administrator, restricting all florists to fifty per cent of the amount of fuel used the previous ear. This was interpreted as applying to institutions like the Garden, analfwhile a special permit was granted which allowed us to obtain the fuel necessary to preserve our per- manent collections, it was only upon the condition that we save coal in every way possible and that no annuals or ad- ditional perennials be grown in the eenhouses. Accord- ingly, it was planned to close for the winter all of the growing and propagating houses back of the wall, thus elim- inating the winter flower shows in the floral display house, as well as the propagation of thousands of bedding plants which would have been used for outdoor planting next spring\ Al- though the restrictions im by the Fuel Administrator were removed late in the fall, it was then entirely too late for the large number of seedlings and cuttings to be obtained, and certainly for the first eight or ten months of the year 1919 the Garden cannot be as attractive from the standpoint of blooming material as it has been in previous years. WAR ACTIVITIES As soon as the United States came into the war. the Trus- tees tendered all of the facilities of the Garden to the Govern- 4 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN ment One of the first organizations to avail itself of this offer was the Red Cross, which was granted permission to estab- lish a surgical dressing shop, the first one to be opened on the i side, in the lecture room of the administration build- ing-' A suitable packing room was provided in the basement, and light, heat, janitor service, and other necessities were furnished without cost to the Red Cross. Since the workers in this shop came almost exclusively from the immediate neighborhood, very few of whom had been working else- where, there was at once supplied a very considerable addition to the output of the St. Louis chapter. The following employees of the Garden, together with students in the Shaw School of Botany and the School for Gardening, have been actively engaged either in military or naval service or in war work abroad. Practically all of these are on leave of absence, and it is expected that they will return as soon as they are released from service: C. W. Dodge, Rufus J. Lackland fellow; W. G. Ellis, garden stu- dent; G. W. Freiberg, research assistant; Frank C. Harris, garden student; Adam Huber, gardener; Mrs. K. H. Leigh, secretary to the Director; C. McGovern, gardener; R. D. Mitchell, garden student; C. L. Moody, gardener; James Monteith, garden student; E. B. Payson, teaching fellow, Henry Shaw School of Botany; George P. Pedlow, garden student; W. S. Reeves, scientific assistant to the Director; Henry Schmitz, Rufus J. Lackland fellow; and J. W. Sev- ery, teaching fellow, Henry Shaw School of Botany. Various members of the staff have been associated with war activities in this country as members of such organiza- tions as the Council of National Defense, Raw Products Com- mittee, Food Administration, ete./In addition, the facilities of the Garden have been directed toward solving specific problems as well as furnishing information both along mil- itary and commercial lines. '¥The value of the scientific work done at the Garden, together-with the great importance of the library, herbarium, and laboratories, has never been so fully manifested, and it is obvious that the business man has begun to appreciate the services which an institution like the Garden can at least render in a practical way) GIFT OF MR. D. 8S. BROWN In April, Mr. D. 8. Brown, of Kirkwood, donated to the Garden a considerable portion of his remarkable collection of orchids, palms, etc., and later in the year he likewise gave his magnificent collection of cypripediums. Details of these gifts were given in the Bunietin for May and November. PLATE 4. 7, 1919. VOL. Bot. GARD. BULL., Mo. VIEW IN ITALIAN GARDEN. MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 5 By this means the number of species of orchids at the Gar- den was more than doubled, and the collection now stands as one of the finest, if not the finest, in this country. Ga ad- dition to the orchids Mr. Brown turned over to the Garden about 100 palms, including rare species of which there are not more than one or two other specimens in this alent There was also included in the gift about one dozen ferns, several of which were unusually large and attractive, and these have added greatly to the beauty of the fern house. It is difficult to exp adequately an appreciation of Mr. Brown’s generosity. (Not since the original founding of the Garden by Mr. Shaw Has the institution received a contribu- tion which was so valuable both from the standpoint of its worth in money and its benefit to the people of St. Louis) ATTENDANCE While the attendance for the year 1918 promised to exceed that of 1917, the influenza ban, which precluded the possi- bility of advertising in any way the chrysanthemum show and even necessitated closing the greenhouses on one Sunday in November, so seriously affected the attendance at a time when the largest number of visitors come to the Garden, that for the first time in six years the attendance shows a de- crease over that of the previous year. It is also probable that the absence of the indoor Christmas show, necessitated by the order of the Fuel Administrator, likewise had an effect. If the indoor floral displays have been an important factor in the drawing of visitors to the Garden, as appears to be the case, the attendance for the first six months in 1919 may likewise be expected to fall considerably below that of previous years. ATTENDANCE FOR THE YEAR 1918 Week-days Sundays ape a 510 SOME a ws pons nee Tiago en he Slot ae Beak MM a ea a ee oe PE Te, eee De a a ee Oe oe oe eee May arin bas We Peele ose le OR ie es 9 CNR RO DOD OUNR er See ee a es a RR a Oe a i ge es ht es A ae ey PRONG i fae ge eg EN ge A er aw 8,067 SIODUOMDE i Er a ke OO October Star agree Ge EE ik alee als Ste DORs ee as STE Nowermlet =: 6 ee ee a es BA Deeem ber ice ee eee ee ee a OO £088 106,057 107,010 106,057 Wt a ea se ee so SR 6 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN ANNUAL BEQUESTS The Flower Sermon, provided for in the will of Mr. Shaw, was preached in Christ Church Cathedral by the Rt. Rev. John C. Sage, D. D., Bishop of Salina, Kansas, on May 19, 1918. Instead of the Twenty-ninth Gardeners’ Banquet, the So- ciety of American Florists and Ornamental Horticulturists, then in session in St. Louis, was entertained at the Garden on the afternoon and evening of August 22, when a supper was served outdoors. RESEARCH AND INSTRUCTION During the past year the facilities for graduate instruction have been improved through the development of better greenhouse equipment and ially through the purchase of devices which may be helpful in gee humidity and temperature. Chief among the new pieces of laboratory apparatus are a chainomatic balance for analytical work, and a Kober colorimeter. Considerable additions have also been made to apparatus for nitrogen determination. The number of graduate courses offered during the year 1917-18 was reduced to a minimum on account of the fact that only two new students were registered; but in 1918-19 the work has become practically normal again. Neverthe- less, several members of the staff have devoted considerable attention to other scientific and civic work, arising in part as a result of war conditions. The Director has been placed in charge of the Production Division of the Federal Food Ad- ministration for St. Louis. He has also been President of the St. Louis Academy of Science, and has delivered a course of lectures in sanitation and hygiene before the S. A. T. C. of the University, also a course in field sanitation be- fore the third-year medical students. Dr. Duggar, in charge of graduate laboratory, has also assumed the duties of acting professor of biochemistry, administering that department during the absence of Professor Shaffer, who has had charge of nutritional work of the American Expeditionary Forces in France. He has also given some time to civic work while chairman of the executive committee of the St. Louis Art League. In addition, Mr. Lurie, Horticulturist, has given considerable attention to the work of conservation an pro- duction of vegetables in the vicinity of St. Louis. As a result of the type of contact just mentioned, the amount of corres- pondence has greatly increased, and undoubtedly the interest in various phases of garden work has correspondingly de- veloped. MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 7 Scientific and Extension Lectwres:—The following are the more important given by members of the scientific and Gar- den staffs during 1918: B. M. Duggar, January 1, before the Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences, “The Significance of Plant Diseases and the General Problems of Parasitism.” B. M. Duggar, February 4, before the St. Louis section of the American Chemical Society, “Some Refinements in the Indicator Method of Hydrogen-Ion Determinations.” G. H. Pring, February 20, before the St. Louis Natural. History Museum Association, “Insect Pollination in Flowers.” George T. Moore, March 4, at Graham Memorial Chapel, Washington University, ‘Vegetable Gardens: Their Use and Misuse.’ Alexander Lurie, March 6, before the St. Louis Gardeners’ Club, “Tree Surgery.” Alexander Lurie, March 8, before the Wellston High School, ‘Thrift Gardens.” B. M. Duggar, March 11, at Graham Memorial Chapel, Washington University, “Production and Food Values.” George T. Moore, March 12, before the St. Louis Garden Club, “Lawns.” Alexander Lurie, March 18, at Graham Memorial Chapel, Washington University, “How to Plant.” W. S. Wells, March 18, at the Carnegie Library, Belle- ville, “Thrift Gardens.” Alexander Lurie, March 25, at Graham Memorial Chapel, Washington University, “How to Plant.” Alexander Lurie, April 3, before the St. Louis Association . Gardeners, “Diseases and Insects Injurious to Thrift Gar- ens.” G. H. Pring, April 3, before the St. Louis Association of Gardeners, ‘‘Vegetable Planting.” Alexander Lurie, April 4, before the East St. Louis Civic Association, “Trees.” W.S. Wells, April 9, before the Bryan-Mullanphy Parent- Teachers’ Association, “Thrift Gardens.” George T. Moore, April 13, before the Town Club, “Gar- dening.” B. M. Duggar, December 10, before the St. Louis Garden riba RA Constituents from the Soil and Their Use in the Plant.’ Graduates, Fellows, and Investigators —The number of duate students qualifying for work and accepted during 917-18 was limited by war conditions, and it represents the 8 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN smallest number accommodated for a period of years. There were registered for graduate work during the calendar year eleven students, as follows: W. W. Bonns, formerly Rufus J. Lackland research fellow; Anne W. Davis, formerly research assistant; C. W. Dodge, formerly Rufus J. Lackland re- search fellow; Lucy D. Foote, teacher, St. Louis Public Schools; Adele Lewis Grant, teaching fellow, Washington University; Joanne L. Karrer, teaching fellow, Washington University; Alexander Lurie, horticulturist, Missouri Botan- ical Garden; R. A. McGinty, Rufus J. Lackland research fellow; Takashi Matsumoto, laboratory assistant; E. B. Pay- son, formerly teaching fellow, Washington University; and R. W. Webb, Rufus J. Lackland research fellow. 7 ad- dition, there have been in residence, using the facilities of the laboratory in research: Dr. E. R. Allen, associate in biochemistry, Washington University School of Medicine; Dr. 8. M. Zeller, special research assistant, Yellow Pine Asso- ciation ; and Emily Schroeder, research assistant. For 1918-19 only two appointments were made to Rufus J. Lackland fellowships, and these were as follows: R. A. McGinty, B. S. Alabama Polytechnic Institute, assistant pro- fessor of horticulture, Colorado State College; and R. W. Webb, B. 8. Clemson College. Other appointments were as follows: Emily Schroeder, A. B. Washington University, 1918, research assistant; Joanne L. Karrer, B. S. University of Washington, 1915, M. S. University of Washington, 1916, teacher of biology and chemistry in Puyallup High School, 1918, teaching fellow, Washington University; Adele Lewis Grant, B. S. University of California, 1902, teacher at Fresno Normal Summer School at Huntington Lake, California, teaching fellow in Washington University; and Takashi Matsumoto, B. S. To- hoku Imperial University of Japan, instructor in natural sciences, Rikkyo High School, Japan, M. 8. University of California, 1918, laboratory assistant. During the year the graduate students who terminated their connection with the Garden after receiving degrees, or in order to enter civilian or federal service, are as follows: Dr. W. W. Bonns, to accept an appointment as research plant physi with the Eli Lilly Orie Co., Indianapolis, Indiana; Dr. C. W. Dodge, now sergeant, Sanitary Corps, U. 8. A., Camp Devens, Massachusetts; Anne W. Davis, now with the Eastman Kodak Company, Rochester, New York; and KE. B. Payson, now in Machine Gun Company, 89th Division, France. At the commencement of Washington University, June MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 9 18, the degree of Doctor of Philosophy was conferred upon W. W. Bonns, with a thesis on “Etherization of Tissues and Its Effect on Enzyme Activity”; and on C. W. Dodge, with a thesis, “Tyrosin in the Fungi: Its Chemistry and Methods for Its Study.” Publications and Papers——In the following list are in- cluded the titles of all papers published during the year by members of the staff and graduate students as a result of in- vestigations and observations made in the laboratories, library, herbaria, and garden. No small part of the inves- tigations completed remain unpublished, due in part to the large amount of time which has been devoted to other duties arising as a result of war-time conditions. Bonns, W. W. “Etherization of Tissues and Its Effect on Enzyme Activity.” Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard., 1918. Burt, E. A. ‘“Corticiums Causing Pellicularia Disease of the Coffee Plant, Hypochnose of Pomaceous Fruits, and Rhizoctonia Disease.”” Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard., 1918. Burt, E. A. “The Thelephoraceae of North America, IX and X.” Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard., 1918. Duggar, B. M. “Botany.” Am. Year Book, 1918. Duggar, B. M. [Twenty-three abstracts of physiological articles in} Bot. Abstr., 1918. Duggar, B. M., and Bonns, W. W. ‘The Effect of Bor- deaux Mixture on the Rate of Transpiration.” Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard., 1918. Greenman, J. M. “Monograph of the North and Central American Species of the Genus Senecio—Part II.” Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard., 1918. Greenman, J. M., and Pfeiffer, Norma E. “A New Selagi- nella from Mexico.” Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard., 1918. Lurie, Alex. “The Use of Wild Plants in Ornamental Planting.” Jour. Internat. Gard. Club, 1918. Lurie, Alex. “Tree Surgery.” Jour. Internat. Gard. Club, 1918. Lurie, Alex. “How to Succeed with Fall Planting.” Gard. Mae., 1918. oore, G. T. “Algological Notes. III. A Wood-Penetrat- A: glee Gomontia lignicola, n. sp.” Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard., Payson, E. B. “Notes on Certain Cruciferae.” Ann. Mo. Bot. ., 1918. Zeller, S. M. “Correlation of the Strength and Durability of Southern Pine.” Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard., 1918. 10 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN Zeller, S. M. [Three abstracts of physiological articles in] Bot. Abstr., 1918. Zeller, S. M., and Dodge, C. W. “Gautieria in North America.” Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard., 1918. Zeller, S. M., and Dodge, C. W. “Rhizopogon in North America.” Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard., 1918. The two following papers were presented during convoca- tion week of the American Association for the Advancement of Science before the Botanical Society of America and Sec- tion G of the Association, at Baltimore, December 26 and 27: Duggar, B. M. “Some Factors in Plant Physiological Re- search.” Moore, George T. “Botanical Participation in War Work.” In the paragraphs below are given brief indications re- specting the nature and significance of the investigations completed and published during the year: Bonns, W. W. (Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. 5 : 225-299), as a result of a study extending over two years, has made a full survey of the literature relating to the etherization of plants and its effect on enzyme activity. At the same time he has conducted extensive experiments on the effect of etherization on metabolism as expressed by the action upon the activity of diastatic, ees and catalase-like enzymes extracted from the bulbs of Gladiolus and from the germinating seed of barley. The results indicate no constant stimulation of enzyme action as a result of etherization and a definite in- hibition of catalase activity. Burt, E. A. (Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. 5 : 119-182) discusses the species of Corticium “ey distributed in subtropical and tropical regions, causing the Pellicularia disease of the coffee plant; that causing the Hypochnose of pomaceous fruits in the United States; and ths form so widely distributed throughout the world, causing the various types of the so- called Rhizoctonia disease. Burt, E. A, (Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. 5 : 177-203) presents a monographic account of the genus Aleurodiscus, resupi- nate form of Thelephoraceae. This is in fact a genus made up of species related to Corticium and Stereum, but ing spores of large size and a fructification often much in- crusted with granular matter. Fourteen of the twenty-five known species occur in North America. Seven new species are described, and four new combinations given. Burt, E. A. (Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. 5 : 301-372). In the tenth contribution of his monograph on the Thelephoraceae of North America the author i the very important genus Hymenochaete. He brings to light some important MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 11 new diagnostic characters and completely revises the Amer- ican forms. Thirty-six species are Saectibed, twenty-nine of which occur from the Gulf States to Brazil. Ten new species are established. Duggar, B. M., and W. W. Bonns (Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. 5 : 153-176) have made extensive tests of the effect of Bor- deaux mixture upon the loss of water in various plants. The data indicate that while the average water loss of sprayed plants is considerably greater than that of unsprayed plants, this increased loss occurs largely during the night intervals. It is explained on the ground that water loss at this time is related to incipient guttation, and this is further confirmed by the fact that in plants which generally exhibit guttation phenomena transpiration is unaffected by spraying. Greenman, J. M. (Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. 5 : 37-108) has continued his monograph of the genus Senecio, and in the present publication presents the tomentose forms, bringing the total number of species thus far discussed to 131. Greenman, J. M., and Norma E. Pfeiffer (Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. 5: 205-210) describe a new Selaginella from Mexico which has been designated S. Landi, belonging to the 8. i, nd group so widely distributed in the United States. oore, George T. (Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. 5: 211-224) has prepared an account of an alga, Gomontia lignicola, a species which penetrates wood. The life history of the form has been followed and the species has proven to be new. Payson, E. B. (Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. 5 : 143-151) presents descriptive notes upon twenty species and varieties of North American Cruciferae, the majority of species having been recently collected in the Southwest. Zeller, S. M. (Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. 5: 109-118) presents extensive data showing the correlation of the strength and durability of southern pine, Pinus palustris, and proves es- sentially that the stronger pieces of heart-wood are always the more durable. Strength is related to specific gravity, as previously pointed out, in this case; but this does not apply to sap-wood, where decay is rapid irrespective of specific gravity. Zeller, S. M., and C. W. Dodge (Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. 5 : 1-86) furnish a complete account of the hymenogastra- ceous genus Rhizopogon in North America. lve Amer- ican species are discussed, among which six are new and one a new combination. In addition, they describe fifteen extra-limital forms, among which two are new. Zeller, S. M., and C. W. Dodge (Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. 5: 133-142). Following their discussion of Rhizopogon in North America the authors have naturally turned attention 12 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN to other subterranean genera, and the present paper is con- cerned with a report upon Gautieria in North America. In this genus five American forms are discussed and three extra- limital species, only one new species being established. HERBARIUM The herbarium has had a normal activity and growth dur- ing the year, although few additions have been made in the way of permanent equipment. The installation of much- needed steel cases was discontinued temporarily on ac- count of the high price of steel and the need of this com- modity by the Government. The lack of adequate case ca- pacity has resulted in a very considerable congestion in parts of the herbarium and has necessitated much shifting and rearranging of specimens. New Accessions.—About 150 accessions have been received since the last annual report, and these have included an exceptionally large number of types, co-types, fragments, and photographs of types. Some of the more noteworthy collec- tions acquired are the following: from Arnold Arboretum, 218 plants of Alaska and 486 plants from the Philippine Islands; E. Bartholomew, 200 “North American Uredi- nales” ; Botanic Gardens, Sydney, 350 plants of New South Wales; T. S. Brandegee, 232 plants of Mexico; Bureau of Science, Manila, nearly 3,000 Islands; B. F. Bush, 589 plants, ton Christian College, 878 plants of China; Judge J. R. Churchill, 124 plants of Massachusetts; Mrs. Joseph Clemens, 447 plants of Okehorna: College de Longueuil, 374 plants of Canada; Rev. John Davis, 646 plants, mainly from Mis- ifornia; J. M. Greenman, 322 plants of Missouri and Illinois; M. T. Greenman, 120 plants ot Wiastaine: A. A. Heller, 300 plants of California; A. G. Johnson, 82 plants of Switzer- land; P. Jérgensen, 328 plants of Argentina; ©. G. Lloyd, 86 fungi from various localities: John Macoun, 104 fungi of British Columbia; New York Botanical Garden, 535 plants, mostly from the West Indies; E. J. Palmer, 6,613 plants of the Southwest; Dr. F. L. Stevens, 77 fungi of Porto Rico; U. S. National Museum, 337 plants, mostly of North MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 13 America; Dr. J. R. Weir, 293 fungi of northwestern United States; Dr. Mary 8. Young, 146 plants of Texas. A complete list of accessions received may be found in the current num- bers of the BULLETIN. Mounting and Distribution —The mounting of herbarium specimens has continued through the greater part of the year, and most of the material received has been mounted and inserted in the organized herbarium. Sorting, identify- ing, and distribution of specimens, particularly those ac- quired in previous years, has edutinter throughout the year. Field Work.—The botanical survey of the Southwest in coéperation with the Arnold Arboretum of Harvard Univer- sity has been continued; but on account of war conditions and also because of the unusually dry season in the south- western states somewhat less time has been devoted to field work than in 1917. The Garden collector, Mr. Ernest J. Palmer, has visited numerous localities in Texas, Oklahoma, Arkansas, and Missouri. His itinerary from March 16 to June 30 and again from September 5 to October 12 has in- cluded the followin stations from which collections were made: Beaumont, Fletcher, Silsbee, Sour Lake, Houston, Velasco, Angleton, Palestine, Riverside, Grapeland, Mar- shall, San Augustine, Blanco, San Marcos, Uvalde, Chalk Bluff, Palestine, Larissa, Huntsville, Oakwood, Keechi, Col- lege Station, Fountain, Bryan, Kerten, Dallas, Uvalde, Barksdale, Crystal City, Byrd, Del Rio, Devils River, Boerne, Austin, Ft. Worth, Baird, Sweetwater, Colorado, Clyde, Post, Canyon, Paloduro Canyon, Gamble’s Ranch, Canadian, Channing, Stephenville, Johnsville, Strawn, Denison, in Texas; Muskogee, in Oklahoma; Webb City and Reding’s Mill, in Missouri; Cotter, in Arkansas; Branson and Galena, in Missouri; Palestine, Grapeland, Larissa, San Augustine, Uvalde, Chalk Bluff, Smyth’s Ranch, Post, Canyon, in Texas; Oklahoma City, in Oklahoma; Texarkana, in Arkan- sas; Fulton, McNab, and Noel, in Missouri. Most of these stations were visited twice in order to secure, as far as sible, both flowering and fruiting specimens of the early and late-blooming plants. Notwithstanding the dry season, nearly 8,000 specimens were obtained which furnish excel- lent material for our studies of the flora of the Southwest. Fruit and seeds of a number of plants were collected which can be grown to advantage in the Garden. Exchanges.—Several important series of herbarium specimens have been received from various institutions and ifferent individuals on the basis of exchange, but no general distribution of duplicate herbarium specimens has been made 14 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN this year. A few duplicates, however, have been sent to correspondents. Use of the Herbarium by Outside Botanists —A number of visiting botanists have consulted the herbarium from time to time during the year, and this number is increasing. Fewer loans of herbarium specimens have been made this year than in previous years, because it has seemed unwise to risk large shipments of herbarium material under the un- usual conditions which have prevailed. Nevertheless, every effort has been made to facilitate the work of specialists who were engaged in monographing technical or difficult groups of Sse Dr. Norma E. Pfeiffer, of the University of North Dakota, spent the greater part of the past summer in the herbarium in continuation of her monographic study of Isoetes; and it is planned to have the results of this study ready for publication some time during the coming year. 1918) Summary: (For the year ending December 31, Number of specimens acquired on new accessions: Dy Pern ee 6,755 Dy Pee Sk. ONS 1,703 wey CROONER 5,179 Be OE Work eS Se ee 6,935 Retake iiask ek 20,572 valued at $2,057 20 Number of specimens mounted and incorporated: Prout ‘all sotitees sc. 12,234 valued at $2,446 80 Number of specimens discarded from the Berbatinie: ee 480 Number of specimens in organized her- asia MEE ES oe ets 832,526 valued at $126,357 85 Number of specimens in unorganized her- barium (estimated at)............... 65,000 valued at 5,200 00 Wood specimens, etc., supplementing the Rethethie 36 oo avast wee eee valued at 280 00 Bicrompe Slidee; We es valued at 410 00 Sotat Chtuntioe ee $132,247 85 LIBRARY In normal times the Garden library receives annually more than 1,500 serial publications containing more or less matter of botanical interest, but the interruptions through the war have reduced this number for the year 1918 to 790. There is record of each number and volume in arrears, and an effort will be made to secure these publications at the MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 15 earliest possible moment. A large part of the daily work — has been in noting such arrears, checking up and entering the current numbers of publications as they arrive, sending them on the round of the Garden research staff, collating the volumes for the binder, and finally indexing and dis- tributing them on the shelves. The present year has been exceptional in that there have been no opportunities to purchase books which will com- plete sets in serials lacking one or more of the earlier volumes. Reclassification of Books.—Work has been continued dur- ing the year, and is now near completion, in making changes in the card catalogue and in the accession slips, which were made necessary by the reclassification, begun in 1915, of the books and pamphlets in the sections of plant physiology and plant pathology. Publications—The current volume of the ANNALS OF THE Missourr BoranicaLt GARDEN, which is our yea exchange for publications of scientific societies and institu- tions, contains 377 pages, 17 plates, and 52 text figures, and records the results of botanical researches by individuals con- nected with the Garden. It is computed that the value per year of exchanges received for the ANNALS is about $1,500. Some exchanges are also received for the Garden BULLETIN. Both the AnNnats and the BuLLETIN are supplied to regular subscribers, and separates of the various articles in the ANNALS are for sale by the library. The cash receipts for subscriptions and separates for the year were $368.79. Loans of Books.—The pressure of war work is shown by the smaller number of loans of books which was made last year to other institutions for use by their investigators. There were loans of 67 books to 27 institutions. Such loans are made on the interlibrary plan. The borrower makes application for the loan through the library of his university, which is responsible for the return of the book in good con- dition at the expiration of the term and for payment of trans- portation both ways. Subject Index.—Work on the subject index of titles of botanical articles published by scientific societies of the world was limited to the classification of cards written in 1917. Statistical—_There have been 388 volumes, valued at $942.65, and 806 pamphlets, valued at $161.45, donated to the library; and $03 volumes, valued at $723.11, and 53 pamphlets, valued at $19.56, purchased. The library now ontains 35,955 books and 46,571 pamphlets, a total of 82,- 16 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 526, valued at $123,227.28. There are also 329 manuscripts, valued at $1,605.80, and 930,241 index cards, valued at $9,410.91, and 244 maps, valued at $272.10, making the. total estimated value of the library and card catalogue $134,- 516.09. Higwey We. Kiet gs Henry L. Wourner, 42 _ |. Mayor of the City of St. Louis.) President of the Board of Education of Pe Bishop of the Diocese of Missouri. = Pal Oo eae Bot. GARD. BULL., Vou. 7, 1919. BARREL SPRAYER. yn ~ ea) > < ~ cy n % [ea] N = © & < Q & - x Uo < 7A) ay - a mG Missouri Botanical Garden Bulletin Vol. VII St. Louis, Mo., February, 1919 * No. 2 SPRAYING Spraying is the practice of protecting cultivated plants from the attacks of insect and vegetable parasites by cover- ing them with substances which have either a toxic or physiologically injurious effect upon the parasitic organism. The damage which is inflicted annually by various injurious insects and fungi is very great and is alleviated to a large extent through spraying. Neglect of this precautionary measure often causes irreparable injury to plants. Every portion of a plant—root, stem, leaf, flower, fruit, bark, wood—is subject to disease which may be manifested in a number of parts at once. The symptoms of disease are rots, blight, wilt, spots, scab, mildew, rust, smut, yellowing, and canker. To eradicate the diseases indicated by any of these symptoms fungicides are used. A satisfactory fungi- cide is one that causes no injury to the plant but is effective against the parasites. In addition, it should not be dis- solved readily by rain; it should adhere well to plant parts; and in some cases it should be colorless. The various spray- ing methods employed are: (1) killing of the causal organ- ism as it rests upon the seed; (2) killing of superficial fungi by applying a fungicide to the green parts of the plant; (3) killing of superficial fungi which hibernate upon the bark of dormant plants; and (4) the use of protective sprays. Killing of causal organism on seed.—For this oe disinfecting chemicals are applied long enough to kill the organism but not long enough to kill the seeds. Chief among such disinfectants are corrosive sublimate (2 quarts to 15 gallons water) ; formalin (40 per cent formaldehyde) in the ratio of 1 pint to 30 gallons of water; and copper sulphate. Killing of fungi on green parts of plant.—This method is applicable to tee purely superficial fungi, since internal parasites cannot be reached without injury to the plant. Powdery mildews are the most common examples of such (19) 20 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN fungi. The fungicides used are potassium sulphide (1 ounce to 2 gallons of water) ; Bordeaux mixture (5 pounds copper sulphate, 5 pounds lime, 50 gallons water) ; ammo- niacal copper carbonate (6 ounces copper carbonate, 3 pints ammonia, and 50 gallons water); and flowers of sulphur. Killing of fungi hibernating on bark of dormant plants. —The sprays for this purpose may be of greater toxicity because of the dormancy of the plants. They are copper sulphate with just sufficient lime to color, and lime-sulphur mixtures, The use of protective sprays.—Protective sprays are those which are applied to the plant to kill any organism which may fall upon its surface. Bordeaux mixture and ammo- niacal copper carbonate are the fungicides most commonly used, and, as they are employed when the plants are in foliage, must be of weaker solution than those used for dor- mant plants. To be effective the spray must be applied about once every two weeks in order to replace that washed off by rain and to protect the newly appearing surfaces of leaf, twig, or fruit. The most common types of sprayers are the bucket pumps suitable for use in a garden; the compressed-air sprayers, which are partly filled with the spray mixture, then closed and air pumped in, exerting pressure upon the liquid and forcing it out in the form of a fine spray; the dusters which consist of various forms of bellows or blowers operated by hand, discharging sulphur evenly and economically. The following table indicates the more common diseases that are eradicated by spraying: ComMoN NAME TREATMENT FREQUENCY Apple saab... ccs -- Bordeaux mixture...... 3-4 times in summer Asparagus rust....... BUI QNUE oso sas Se Carnation rust........ Copper sulphate (1 Ib. to 25 Ser ee Celery leaf-spot.... Bordeaux mixture...... rysanthemum mildew Sulphur ............... Chrysanthemum rust.. Bordeaux mixture...... 5-6 times Chrysanthemum spot... Bordeaux mixture...... Cucumber powdery mil- chad PER TENE Le PRITAM gs cea cass: Currant anthracnose... Bordeaux mixture...... 5 times Currant leaf-spot...... Bordeaux mixture...... 5 times Cyclamen spot........ Bordeaux mixture...... Dahlia powdery mildew Sulphur ............... Fern blight... .25. 2... Bordeaux mixture...... Grape powdery mildew. Bordeaux mixture...... 5-6 times Grape rot. oss chk Bordeaux mixture...... 5 times MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 21 CoMMON NAME TREATMENT FREQUENCY Hollyhock rust ....... Permanganate of potash (2 tsp. saturated solu- tion diluted in 1 qt. WEILER) iiss Fb oe 5 04 ve Lilac powdery mildew. Sulphur ...........---- Mignonette spot ...... Bordeaux mixture...... Lettuce downy mildew. Sulphur .........-..--. Onion smut .......... Formaldehyde treatment Of “BOI seh en ees Palm spot and tip burn Bordeaux mixture...... Peach curl ........... Lime-sulphur .......... Peach brown-rot ..... Self-boiled lime-sulphur. 3 times in winter Potato late blight..... Bordeaux mixture...... 5 times Potato scab .......5.% Bordeaux mixture...... 5 times Primrose diseases ..... Bordeaux mixture...... Privet twig-blight ..... Lime-sulphur ........-- Early spring Rose black-spot ...... Ammoniacal copper car- Honwkte si. oe Ve a tes Rose powdery mildew.. Sulphur ...........-++- Snapdragon wilt ..... Bordeaux mixture...... Tomato leaf-spot...... Bordeaux mixture...... Verbena powdery mil- op ME ee Potassium sulphide..... Violet leaf-spot ....... Bordeaux mixture...... ‘ Water-lily spot ....... Soda Bordeaux (effective in removal of algal growth as well).....- The use of chemicals for destruction of insect pests had its origin with the advent of the Colorado potato beetle, about 1870. The spread of this insect was so rapid that it was feared that growing of potatoes was doomed. A trial of spraying the tops with Paris green succeeded so well that it gave rise to the use of chemicals for the control of other rapidly increasing insect pests. At present the methods of control have developed so as to embrace the majority of injurious insects and have relieved the plant world to a certain extent of the depredation caused by these para- sites. The application of chemicals for control is based upon the understanding of the feeding habits of the insects as well as partially upon the life histories and internal struc- tures of their bodies. The insects may be divided into two oups according to their feeding habits—the chewing and the sucking. The former have biting mouth parts con- structed to eat the foliage, and usually may be killed by an application to the foliage of stomach poisons. The best of such poisons are Paris green (5 ounces Paris green, 1 pound lump lime, 50 gallons water) ; arsenate of lead (2 pounds to 50 gallons water) ; and hellebore (1 ounce to 1 gallon water). Of these, the arsenate of lead is the most 22 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN effective, combining strong poisoning and sticking qualities. Hellebore is desirable for short duration use, losing its ef- fectiveness in 4 or 5 days. The sucking insects derive their food by inserting their beaks through the surface of the leaf, fruit, or bark, and sucking out the internal juices. It is useless to apply a stomach poison for this type, as up to the present time there has been no preparation devised which would penetrate the outer surface of the leaf without injuring the internal tis- sues. Therefore, the second class of insects must be killed by contact sprays, i. e., by chemicals applied directly to their bodies. The contact poisons include commercial lime- sulphur, kerosene emulsion, and tobacco extract. The kero- sene emulsion is prepared by dissolving 1% pound hard soap in hot water, adding 2 gallons kerosene, and later diluting in from 5 to 15 parts of water, depending upon the type of insect and the kind of foliage. The commercial tobacco extract contains nicotine sulphate. The usual dilution of this substance when sprayed is 1 to 500 parts of water or — weaker, depending upon the tenderness of the insect skin. Advantage has also been taken of the suffocating prop- erties of certain gases for destroying insects, particularly in stored products. These chemicals are known as fumigants. Carbon bisulphide (1 pound to each 100 cubic feet of space) is a fumigant very commonly used. The material to be treated is placed in a tight receptacle or room and the chem- ical poured into shallow dishes. As the carbon bisulphide is a heavier gas than air, the dishes should be located above the material to be fumigated. Sulphur mixed with lime and painted upon heating pipes also throws off fumes in- jurious to tender-bodied insects. The most active fumigative agent, however, is hydrocyanic gas, made by combining water, sulphuric acid, and potassium cyanide in the ratio of 3 ounces water, 1 ounce sulphuric acid, and 1 ounce potas- sium cyanide or sodium cyanide, Fumigation with this gas should be done at night and all plant surfaces should be dry, failure to observe either of these precautions resulting in in- jury to the pane The gas is a deadly poison to human — eings as well as insects, so that extrao inary caution must be used in its application. Commonly, the water is placed in an earthen vessel and the sulphuric acid poured slowly into it. The Sonnet" cyanide is then wrapped in a piece of cloth and dropped into the vessel, the operator leaving the room quickly. Fumigation with tobacco is now done by the use of specially prepared papers saturated with a solu- MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN tion of nicotine sulphate. 23 These are twisted in a funnel shape and ignited, producing a thick, suffocating smoke. Occasionally, substances like lime, tobacco dust, naphtha- line, etc., have the power of repelling insects by their odor and are thus effectively used in powder form. The following table indicates the most common injurious insects, means of identification, and the sprays effective for their control : eee eee eee see eee ieee see eee Brown-tail moth.... Cabbage zebra cater- Ci ee, pillar ee eee "se eee eee ee DESCRIPTION Green, red, yellow, black, winged or wingless, soft-bodied insect Larva case made of silk and leaves; female wingless, never leaving bag, where eggs are de- posited in spring Long-legged, black or “striped insect, with dis- tinct head and elon- gated body; emerges from soil in spring Flat or round - headed larvae Compact nests hanging during winter ; caterpil- lars appearing before foliage in spring, 1 in. long, brown, marked with row of oblique white dashes on each side of back, two orange spots at hind end Naked measuring worm Velvety, green, naked worm Naked caterpillar, with red head and yellow body striped with black down back and sides Pinkish, fleshy worm which eats cavities within apple CoNTROL Tobacco extract Arsenate of lead in spring; removal of bags in winter Arsenate of lead Probing with wire; pro- tective wash composed of 2 qts. of soft soap dissolved in 3 gals. of water, adding 3 pt. earbolie acid and 2 oz. Paris green, lime added to make thin paste. Burn winter nests; spray with arsenate of lead in spring Arsenate of lead Arsenate of lead in early stage, hellebore later Arsenate of lead Arsenate of lead just after blossoms fall 24 INSECT Corn-ear worm..... Cottony maple scale Cucumber striped beetle ee eee ners ee eee wens Oyster-shell scale .. Potato beetle ee eee sem eee ee _Tent-caterpillar .... DESCRIPTION 14 in. long, brownish, with spots; skin naked, greasy Conspicuous by cottony secretion pushed out from under body of fe- male Yellow-and-black striped beetle Dark, naked, greasy worm : Caterpillar, dark- bodied, covered with hair, building web around the terminal shoots Caterpillar, 24 in. long, dark, hairy, with dou- ble row of 5 dark spots followed by double row of 6 red spots behind head White, naked, worm small Soft-bodied bug covered with white powdery se- cretion Small gray scale sha like an oyster = Heavy-bodied beetle, with yellow wings marked with 10 black lines; larva red Reddish mites sucking juices from the under sides of leaves Small, slimy, gray larvae of saw-flies Circular, flat, dark scale with a raised central spot, causing discolora- tion of inner bark Gray, flat insect with small head Larva 2 in. long, black body with a white line through the middle, and row of blue spots along each side; makes webs in crotches of limbs MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN ConTROL Dust with a mixture of arsenate of lead and corn meal (1 tsp. to 1 qt.) 10% kerosene emulsion, in spring Repellent measures; protection with cloth screens Paris green mixed with bran and molasses Spray with arsenate of lead; burn webs Masses of eggs destroyed with creosote; spray with arsenate of lead (6 lbs. to 50 gals.) in spring Dise of tar paper placed around roots, carbon bisulphide poured into hole near plant Tobacco extract with ad- dition of alcohol Lime-sulphur in winter Arsenate of lead at fre- quent intervals Forcible water spray; sulphur dusting Arsenate of lead Lime-sulphur in spring and winter 10% kerosene emulsion against young Burn webs; spray with arsenate of lead Mo. Bot. GARD. BULL., VOL. 7, 1919. PLATE 6. INGROWN ROCK. ROOT ACTION UPON ROCK LEDGE. MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN DESCRIPTION Dark-bodied, minute, sucking insect, causing discoloration and death of foliage Large, naked, green worm with a curved . horn near the hind end and seven oblique lines along sides Hairy aco sal 14 in. long, yellow, striped with black, four tufts of white hair on back, black hair at hind end; head bright red with a pencil of black hair projecting on either side : Dark-colored snout beetle infecting stored products Se eee ee 66.4 CS se eee tee eee 602 858 Soe eS ed side of leaves BULLETIN 25 CoNnTROL Spraying or fumigation with tobacco Arsenate of lead Arsenate of lead Carbon bisulphide fumi- gation Hydrocyanic gas fumi gation THE INGROWN ROCK A trip through the rocky hillsides of Missouri reveals many interesting features of the adaptation of plants in gen- eral and trees in particular to the environment and m peculiar specimen of an with a large limestone one-half ton imbedded in tissues of during the early stages of the growth the trunk was wedged tightly of growth. Plate 6, fig. 1, shows a old bur oak (Quercus macrocarpa), rock weighing fully the tree. Apparently of this tree, edia against a ledge. The continued pressure of trunk growth against the rock caused a wound, arresting sap activity at this point and forcing the cambium tissue to envelop the rock in its efforts to find roper room for expansion. died, and The tree has finally a portion of it with the imbedded rock has been transferred bodily to a position similar to its natural sur- roundings in the reconstructed Linnean House. A feature of more common throughout the various ledge formations, is : cleavage and elevation A root reaching a fissure in the rock is able force exerted by the roots of trees in of huge rocks. occurrence, noticeable the mechanical to crack the stone and shatter it by its further thickening. It has been estimated that a wei by growth of a root only ten inches in to Kerner and Oliver, this t of two tons may be lifted diameter. According burden is small in comparison 26 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN to the weight lifted by the roots of old trees. The large superficial roots which creep over the ground of the forests were not always situated in this position. The underground roots have gradually come to the surface, lifting with them entire trees which often weigh several tons. The elevation of the trunk may be explained in a simple manner. The first embryonic root growing down vertically into the ground dies off, or its growth is so retarded as to force lateral roots to develop which spread out horizontally in a whorl around the trunk. Similar to the trunk, the roots form successive layers of wood, gradually thickening with age. The pressure exerted by these roots is lateral, compressing the soil below while raising and bursting open that above. In this manner the thickening root gradually emerges to the surface, raising with it the entire trunk. Plate 6, fig. 2, shows the action of a root which has penetrated a fissure in a rock formation, producing the appearance of the tree growing out of solid stone. NOTES Dr. Ned Dearborn, of the Bureau of Biological Survey, U. S. Department of Agriculture, visited the Garden recently. Dr. J. M. Greenman, Curator of the Herbarium, was made chairman of the taxonomic section of the Botanical Society of America, at its recent meeting at Baltimore. On February 7, Dr. B. M. Duggar, Physiologist to the Garden, presented a paper before the Society of Sigma Xi on “Investigations of ‘Ultramicroscopie’ Organisms Inducing Plant Diseases.” Corporal C. L. Moody, who has been at Camp Devens, Mass., for the past year, has received his discharge from the Army and has returned to the Garden to fill his former posi- tion of foreman of outdoor gardens. Recent visitors to the Garden include Professor Leva B. Walker, of the University of Nebraska, January 26; Dr. George M. Reed, Cereal Pathologist, Bureau of Plant In- vente! U.S. Department of Agriculture; Dr. Charles Thom, Mycologist, Bureau of Animal Industry; and Mr. B. J. Howard, Bureau of Chemistry, February 18. A number of interesting plants are now in bloom in the various conservatories at the Garden. In the ericaceous house the false holly (Chorizema ilicifolium), with its showy masses of orange-red pea-shaped flowers has opened the MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 27 season of full bloom. Among the tropical fruits the rose apple (Hugenia Jambos), in the economic house, is note- worthy for its white, bottle-brush-like flowers, while the orange and lemon flowers in the varied industries house have filled that conservatory with a pleasing fragrance. The bird- of-paradise plant (Strelitzia augusta) which bloomed for the first time in 1918 and of which an account was given in the June, 1918, BULLETIN, is again in flower and may be seen in the palm house. STATISTICAL INFORMATION FOR JANUARY, 1919 GARDEN ATTENDANCE: Total number Of Visworees cess. os es ae eae ees 8,353 PLANT ACCESSIONS: Total mimber of seeds donated: 200) oe os ee a ee 12 LIBRARY ACCESSIONS: Total number of books and pamphlets bought............ 41 Total number of books and pamphlets donated........... 182 HERBARIUM ACCESSIONS: By Purchase— E. Bartholomew—‘“North American Uredinales,” Centuries XX and XXI, Nos. 1901 to 2100, inclusive............ 200 A. O. Garrett “Fungi Utahenses” Fase. 10, Nos. 226 to O50, inclusive: <6 s 5 6s 05 ke ns Cou ee he ee cob eens wees 25 By Gift— Dr. W. H. Ballou—Fungi of New York...............++- 5 B. F. Bush—Plants of Missouri, collected by Rev. John Tere a a a ah ok i a ee ek 58 Dr. W. H. Emig—Plants of the Arbuckle Mountains, Okla- WO i a es OL Wnts TREC ES 143 Dr. J. Arthur Harris—Plants of Arizona..............--- 75 Dr. J. R. Weir—Fungi of South Dakota and Wyoming.... 13 Dr. Guy West Wilson—Fungi of South Carolina........-- 2 PALS 5% fc ena ses cts e hear ees 521 arden is to the public every day in the year, except New The G open ) : fs i The main entrance to the Garden is located at Tower Grove Avenue and Flora Boulevard, on the Vandeventer Avenue car line. Transfer south from all intersecting lines. Mussour! BoTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN Vol. Vil . MARCH, 1919 No. 3. CONTENTS Early Collections in the Garden Herbarium - = - rai Ke “Plants in the Aroid’Housé 4° =; eee + 8S coe ae de eae Pen ew ores de ego cnueeay: 7 Statistical Information - - SR igs oe Ge 40 Be, ST. LOUIS, MO. re 1919 ; ate Published Monthly Except July and August by the Board of Trustecs ONE DOLLARPER YEAR —.:«SOSINGLE COPIES TEN CENTS BOARD OF TRUSTEES OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN THE ORIGINAL MEMBERS WERE DESIGNATED IN MR. SHAW’S WILL, AND THE BOARD SO CONSTITUTED, EXCLUSIVE OF THE ese meeoe’ MEMBERS, IS PREY Peer RT UATIOG, Hee | President, EDWARDS WHITAKER. Vice-President, : DAVID S. H. SMITH. - Epwarp C, Euior. » Leonard MAtruews. foe toe Georce C, HircHcock. : Wituam H. H. Petrus. _ EpwARD MALLINCKRODT. | ~ Pup C. SCANLAN. Joun F. SHEPLEY. EX-OFFICIO MEMBERS Frepenic A. fein ‘ Grorce T. ‘Moore, Chancellor of Washington University. President of The Academy of Science of A we anit, - Henry W. kits oF sir Be “Hewey L. whine. . om Mayor of the City of t. Louie, 7 a ee President of the Board of Education of _ "St Louis, Dawtet 8. ‘Turme, "Mop fe Dione finan. » Cuartes ‘A. Rog, Secretary. — Mo. Bor. GARD. BULL., VOL. 7, 1919. PLATE 7. ROCKERY IN AROID HOUSE. Missouri Botanical Garden Bulletin Vol. VII St. Louis, Mo., March, 1919 No. 3 EARLY COLLECTIONS IN THE GARDEN HERBARIUM The oldest collection of plants in the herbarium of the Missouri Botanical Garden is one which was made about the middle of the eighteenth century and intended to illustrate a work! published in 1750. The specimens were collected in the vicinity of Leipzig, Germany, and have been carefully preserved in their original folders accompanied by their original labels; their condition at the present time in every way is quite as good as when first mounted, and, barrin untoward accidents such as fire or damage from natu causes over which man has no control, there is no reason why they should not serve indefinitely as a permanent con- erete record of the flora of central Europe. The collection is one of the few pre-Linnean herbaria, if not the only one, in America; and it has a historical as well as scientific in- terest. One of the specimens from this collection is shown in plate 8, and the label accompanying the specimen well exemplifies the method of designating the name of a plant previous to the introduction of the binomial in 1753. In founding the Missouri Botanical Garden, Mr. Shaw fully realized the advantages of library, economic museum, and laboratories in connection with the study of living lants. Accordingly, in 1857, he commissioned Dr. George ngelmann, who was in Europe at that time, to select such Backs as were most essential for this purpose and to arrange for the purchase of a large collection of dried plants which had been brought together during the latter part of the eighteenth and the early part of the nineteenth century by Professor John Jacob Bernhardi in Erfurt, Germany. The selection of books was made and the Bernhardi herbarium purchased through the cordial coéperation of Dr. Engel- mann. Thus the library and herbarium of the Missouri Botanical Garden were started in the same year. 2 Borumer, G. R. Flora Lipsiae indigena. 8vo. pp. 340. Leipzig. 1750. (29) 30 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN John Jacob Bernhardi was born in 1774 and died in 1850. He was one of the leading botanists of his time and pro- fessor of botany at the University in Erfurt, the environs of which have been long renowned as a center for the cultiva- tion of rare and choice plants. Professor Bernhardi was for some years editor of the Allgemeines deutsches Garten-Mag- azim and also of the Thuringische Garten Zeitung, two garden magazines which did much to popularize the study of be throughout central and southern an It is evident that these connections brought him in close touch with the leading botanical gardens in — as well as with the saiiaat botanical activities of the day, since we find in the Bernhardi herbarium many specimens of plants which were grown from 1790 to 1830 in several of the con- tinental gardens, particularly in Géttingen, Berlin, Halle, Hamburg, Hanover, Madrid, etc. Many of these plants were of exotic origin, having been raised from seeds collected in foreign countries. Tt will be recalled that the latter part of the eighteenth and the early part of the nineteenth century was a period of exceptional activity in scientific exploration and that humerous expeditions were made to various parts of the world, especially to India, South Africa, Australia, Central and South America, China, and the Philippine Islands. Even missionaries to foreign fields not infrequently either sent or brought home with them strange plants from the country in which their missionary work was located. That Bernhardi was interested in these foreign botanical explorations is shown by the fact that in his herbarium are to be found thousands of plants which were collected in various parts of Europe and in remote parts of the world. A few of the important individual collections that are pre- ecldi in the Bernhardi herbarium may be tabulated as fol- ows: Approximate date of Collector Country collection 1772-1776 .:.~. Tete as South Africa SPO jc2n ee rT ey eer Mexico, South America, and Philippine Islands LIO0 eee kat OREN ees Sorc chee India ka eee ee BIO sks es eee Portugal ISIS. eG Martius 3.0 a ten Brazil 0 ee Below: iss mare ees razil BBG iis oe aoe DOI os cies a ns Fk Italy LS24-1887 . DORR i cia en West Indies and Chili 1820.3 F3 Wallich oo yo ee ee India §OOU Ss cs Salman a eae Brazil Mo. Bot. GARD. BULL., VOL. 7, 1919. PLATE 8. Vi fllage Ape fee hte; kava Fs jes fa Aided bagulate ZX nlip t i? Via age SA. i? p38: SBME 563- “odo Mt. 130- ONE 7 f pape > a ——‘oulgatis GS rd be Tout. #37. Rscok . LPT, G . ee 4 A” ” ee Vengo , tabricate cnitiore Jot a libeoPaht — anguliter de bxhontlafis = Oe EL ‘ Beckium ss Vappera Sd. 598° ‘ 4 = Blafies Lape ong? fiero, Fe Jf Lalit a andl Lu t ber hep fs WE TUSSILAGO FARFARA L. EIGHTEENTH CENTURY C ‘OLLECTION, ILLUSTRATING BOEHMER’S FLORA OF LEIPZIG, 1750. Mo. Bot. Garb. BULL., VOL. 7, 1919. PLATE 9. GP : = Geepfiraice I ditbeet oak & 100178 we, =>. wer Taras Misseumy Bowanical Garnrs, mE” FO Xuaet Aye. /a0e¢ Coe. Shrohre ae “dune 1799 | as SPECIMEN IN BERNHARDI HERBARIUM FROM LUSITANIA (PORTUGAL) COLLECTED BY BROTERO IN 1799. MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 31 Approximate date of Collector Country collection 1880. 55 as PMSOURAU ie5 Seca cat oe 4 Brazil Lo retire DIBMUNGO Cet a an $8 Brazil 183082 PDE oes ae oe a es Australia, Mauritius, Martinique and South Africa cect Mcp opeahig RE g sO E ESHER Rik oe rar South Africa 1829-1850....Ecklon and Zeyher........ South Africa SOEs Cat va ie WIDE ESE OS Cie ca Surinam ee Schiede and Deppe......... Mexico 2 re Soa a ME ee ee Chili Bee eos". os Wiese es hice age Egypt ee COMIN Sis snes en ete Philippine Islands peepee ..<; Sehimper «0.524, 0aseeias Arabia and Abyssinia wigs nd Eee Hostmann and Kappler. ...Surinam BOOS S55 60 e% Robert Fortune... 2.22.65. China To American students the collections of Thaddeus Haenke, a Bohemian naturalist, who made a scientific ex- pedition from Europe to the west coast of South America, stopping in Peru and Mexico, thence northward to Cali- fornia, and then to the Philippine Islands, where a pro- longed stay was made, is of Sake oe interest. The plants secured by Haenke in the Philippines constitute one of the first large collections from the archipelago; they were studied by Presl1, also a Bohemian botanist, and, many of them being new to science, were described and illustrated in a large two-volume folio work which was published in Prague, where the first set of these plants was deposited. Next to the series at Prague the set preserved in the Bern- hardi herbarium is probably the most complete in existence. A later and considerably larger collection of plants from the Philippine Islands is one made by Cuming in about 1835. The total number of specimens secured by Cuming is said to have been upwards of 130,000. Of these there is a splendid series in the Bernhardi herbarrum, and a partial list of them was published by Vidal? in 1885. Recent in- vestigations on the vegetation and the economic resources of the Philippine Islands have necessitated repeated refer- ence to these two collections, and their value for the pur- poses of comparative study cannot well be overestimated. The botanical work of some of the early missionaries is by no means a negligible quantity. One of the men of this group who made a worthy contribution to our knowledge of the flora of the orient was Rottler®, a missionary to India 1 Prest, C. B. Reliquiae Haenkeanae. 2 vols. folio. Prague. 1825-35. 2Vipat y SoveR. Phanerogamae Cumingianae Philippinarum. 8vo. pp. 217. Manila. 1885. 8 RortLer. Botanische Bemerkungen auf der hin- und riickreise von Trankenbar nach Madras mit Anmerkungen von Professor C. L. Willde- now. Gesell. Naturf. Fr. Neue Schr. 4: 180-224. 1803. 32 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN late in the eighteenth century. He became much interested in the flora of that country, and the results of his observations are recorded in an article published in 1803 with notes by the well-known botanist Willdenow. How many of Rottler’s lants, which were collected between Trankenbar and Satan are in the Bernhardi herbarium it is ee to say, but one of them, a plant collected on the 25th of Sep- tember, 1799, the original or type specimen of Trianthema triquetra, has been found. It has been a pleasure also to find another early collection of plants from India in the Bernhardi herbarium, namely, that of Wallich from the independent state of Nepal. In connection with these collections from the far east that of Robert Fortune should receive more than passing mention. Mr. Fortune collected extensively in China, particularly in the maritime province of Fokien, and his collections to a very great extent form the basis of an excellent flora of China by two well-known English authors, Forbes and Hemsley!. The flora of Australia is represented in the Bernhardi herbarium by a large series of specimens collected by Preiss in 1840 and also by plants distributed through Sieber at about the same time. The Preiss plants were critically studied by Lehmann?, and a detailed account of them was published in two octavo volumes: Both these collections are repeatedly cited in the standard work on the flora of Australia by Bentham and Mueller?. Botanical exploration in South Africa at no time has been more actively pursued than during the period to which has been referred. Thunberg* was one of the first to explore the country botanically, and his collections served as the basis for one of the early floras published of the Cape region. Perhaps the largest individual collection of South African plants ever brought together was by J. F. Drége, an assiduous collector, between the years 1826 and 1834. His collections are said to have numbered some 200,000 specimens, includ- ing many duplicates. From 1829 to 1850 Ecklon and Zeyher were engaged in botanical exploration in South Africa, and their collections also amounted to many thou- sands of specimens. All these collections, as well as those of Krauss and of Sieber, are copiously represented in the * Forpes and Hemstey. Enumeration of the plants of China. Jour. Linn. Soc. 23 : 1-521. pl. 1-14. 1886-88; 26 : 1-592. 1889-1902. *LEHMANN, C. Plantae Preissianae. 2 vols. 8vo, Hamburg. 1844-47, i: * BENTHAM and MUELLER. Flora Australiensis. 7 vols. 8vo. London. 1863-1878. ‘THunserG. Flora Capensis. 2 vols. 8vo, Stuttgart. 1823, Mo. Bot. GARD. BULL., VOL. 7, 1919. Beets t 0 Cadeucee<, 430 o reel & Pholigtinph a Lf. fro Se te GA Ga pl—e- 5 ie Of 6 OOS Saeee, Wty Kea en Fe £44.27 NAS La mm witha patornit REVISIO EUPATORIEARUM Cf to plost oe F Deverminarit B. 1, Ramorwan EUPATORIUM CONGLOBATUM DC, PLATE 10. oe t. & =: \ . pa < Serpe Ls FROM SPECIMEN IN THE BERNHARDI HERBARIUM, COLLECTED IN 1830 BY SALZMANN IN THE STATE OF BAHIA, BRAZIL. Mo. Bot. GARD. BULL., VOL. 7, 1919. PLATE 11. amALS UAT ® 100178 2) Berard Leomont's Expedition ta the Racky Montiains 1812, mee ee * eae — ¥ be GENTIANA AFFINIS GRISEB. FROM SPECIMEN IN THE ENGELMANN HERBARIUM, COLLECTED AT ‘‘CAMP LITTLE SANDY,’’ COLORADO, AUGUST 8. 1842. FREMONT’S EXPEDITION TO THE ROCKY MOUNTAINS. MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 33 Bernhardi herbarium and all are frequently cited in the leading work on the flora of South Africa, begun by Harvey and Sonder!, portions of which are still in the course of preparation under the direction of Sir David Prain. Turning now to South America, we find in the Bernhardi herbarium two interesting collections from Surinam, one by Weigelt dating about 1827, and one by Hostmann and Kap- pler in 1842. How extensive or inclusive the Weigelt col- lections were the writer does not know, but at least some of them were studied by E: Fries? and several species were de- scribed by him in 1831. Presumably very few of these plants are in the Bernhardi herbarium. The Hostmann and Kappler collection, on the other hand, is relatively com- plete, and it was one of the several collections under consid- eration by Pulle in writing his Flora of Surinam’. From Brazil and Argentina we find several important collections in the Bernhardi herbarium, especially those of Martius, Sellow, Salzmann (plate 10), Blanchet, Dicuss, and Lusch- nath. Their collections were made between 1815 and 1840, and the specimens have been critically studied and are cited in a monumental work, namely, Martius, Flora of Brazil‘. Western South America is perhaps best represented in the Bernhardi herbarium by plants collected by Bertero in 1827 and by Poeppig in 1828. Of the early collections of plants made in the West Indies, one of the most representative is that of Bertero, which dates back to about 1824. We are fortunate in having in the Bernhardi herbarium a large series of Bertero’s plants from Jamaica, San Domingo, Porto Rico, Guadeloupe, St. Jean, and Martinique. The most noteworthy collection of Mexican plants repre- sented in the Bernhardi herbarium is that of Schiede and Deppe; it is, moreover, of particular interest because many of the tad were new to science and were published in a_ series of articles by two foreign botanists, Schlechtendal and Chamisso®, in codperation with different specialists. The second large private herbarium, and unquestionably the most valuable one from a scientific standpoint, to be ac- 1 Harvey and Sonpver. Flora Capensis. 7 vols. 8vo. Dublin and London. 1859-1918. * Fries, E. Eclogae fungorum, etc. Linnaea 5: 497-553. 1831. * Putte, A. Enumeration of the vascular plants of Syrinam. 8vo. pp. 554. Leiden. 1906. *Martius, K. F. P. Flora Brasiliensis. 15 vols. folio. Munich. 1840-1906. 5 SCHLECHTENDAL and CHaAmisso. Plantarum Mexicanarum a cel. viris Schiede et Deppe collectarum. Linnaea 5 : 72-174, 206-236, 554- 625. 1830; 6 : 22-64, 352-430. 1831. 34 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN — for the Garden was the private herbarium of Dr. eorge Engelmann, which was presented by his son, in 1889. The Engelmann herbarium contains many forei plants, but it is particularly rich in plants collected on the early government surveys in the western and southwestern parts of the United States. Dr. Engelmann’s exceptionally active career brought him in close relation with the leading botanists of his time in this country and abroad for a period of approximately fifty years. Moreover, he was constantly exchanging material with co-workers and correspondents, he pequensy, purchased sets of rare plants for his herbarium, and, like Dr. Asa Gray, he was always fostering botanical exploration in various parts of the United States. His private herbarium numbered approximately 100,000 speci- mens. It would be impossible in a short article to enu- merate all the individual collections represented, but a few of the more important may be mentioned, as follows: Approximate te of Collector Country collection 1838-1842..... Wilkes Expedition ........ South America TBSG os 2. Nicollet Expedition ....... Iowa and northwestern U. 8. 1842-1846..... Fremont Expeditions’ ..... Rocky Mts., Calif., ete. 1848 and 1859..Emory Expeditions ....... New Mexico 1S6S ss Stansbury Expedition ..... New Mexico, Calif. OGG ey Macey Expedition ........ Red River i See ee Gunnison and Beckwith Mexpediggon. 23. Aa tes.. California TQOWE cre A Pope GH ee Texas 1BGT Sees Whipple Expedition ...... Arizona ASOG : eae iG Gy Williamson ition .... California STS 5 ice ees Hayden Expedition ....... Colorado IROS «cece Powell SOG an Colorado 1858-1859... .. Simpson BION os. Nebraska, Utah 1859-1860.....Raynolds Expedition....... —— and Yellowstone ivers Lt Gee Wheeler Expedition ....... Colorado, Arizona 1827-1831..... Berlandief sis ts ey Texas, Mexico 1687. cas Gey Aer OO es Mo. and northwestern U. S. Cn er TEOUIONY So as SGN as Kurdistan TORO or are LARGER oe ea es Texas 1842-1847..... ME. As CMR eK one Carolina, South Caro- ’ . Lina 1846-1849. .... i al, GIO os S55 ers Louisiana, Texas, Mexico 1646. otis a WiGHEONUN: oy teases Mexico LET aes ares POOGME 5 irctes ras ees New Mexico 1849-1852 UM WEES oe iss Texas, New Mexico 1853-1854. .... OUIOE 55 oe ns ces Venezuela 1860-1864... .. Chas. Wrigne 655 cts Cuba 1864—-1865..... Mann and Brigham........ Hawaiian Islands 1848-1851... .. Sir Joseph Hooker......... Himalaya ROOTS es Di a. PRIOR es Arizona it Pee eee As UES Cereb as Florida Laem pore Parry and Palmer......... Mexico 1833-1880.....Dr. G. Engelmann......... ax aan Ark., Col., Calif., 1 See plate 11. MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 35 ‘It is around these two collections, namely, the Bernhardi herbarium and the Engelmann herbarium, that the her- , barium of the Missouri Botanical Garden has been built. © To these have been’ added, from time to time, some thirty other private herbaria, together with the current collections 8m by gift, exchange, and purchase, each year since 1889 to the present time. Thus the Garden herbarium represents a general collec- tion of plants in all groups illustrative of the world’s flora, but with a particularly large representation of the flora of the western and southwestern parts of the United States. The herbarium, as a whole, represents a period of botanical activity extending from the middle of the eighteenth cen- tury_to the present time, or about one hundred and seventy years, It is of especial scientific value because it contains plants from different parts of the world, including many of the older collections from which hundreds of species new to science have been described and numerous published floras have been based. The Engelmann herbarium in particular contains many types which are of fundamental importance in the study of the American flora. PLANTS IN THE AROID HOUSE This house is separated into two "eg that containing the collection of araceous plants, and the orchid alcoves. m December until April the orchid alcoves filled with the bril- liant coloring and odd forms of the numerous tropical orchids present a most striking appearance. On the opposite side a rockery with its cascades running into a series of irregu- lar pools is thickly planted with representatives of the Araceae recognized by their calla-lily-like spathes. The bright red coloring of the flowers and subsequently the seeds adds a pleasing touch to the large, green, and often highly ornamental foliage. The anthuriums, dumb-cane (Diet- fenbachia), spathe flower (Spathiphyllum), false ginger (Alpinia nutans), the roots of which are used as a substitute for ginger in India, rattlesnake plant_(Calathea sito tee Monstera deliciosa, artillery plant (Dorstenia Contrajerva), popping out its ripened fruit in a manner similar to orange when pr between the thumb and index finger, are some of the interesting features of this house. The concrete wall serves as a support for the tropical climbers, such as philodendrons, shingle plant (Pothos celatocaulis), Scin- dapsus, etc. Aglaonema acutispathum. Araceae. China. Y Aglaonema Mannii. Araceae. Tropical Asia and Africa. 36 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN Aglaonema pictum. Araceae. Malaya. Aglaonema pictum compactum. Araceae. Tropical Asia and Africa. Aglaonema Treubii. Araceae. Celebes. Alocasia javanica. Araceae. Africa. Alocasia metallica. Araceae. Africa. Alpinia nutans. Zingiberaceae. India. Anthurium sp. Araceae. South America. Anthurium Andraeanwm. Araceae. South America. Anthurium Andraeanum alba. Araceae. South America. Anthurium Andraeanum salmoneum. Araceae. Colombia. Anthurium Andraeanum X Dechardii. Araceae. GH. Anthurium Bakeri. Araceae. South America. Anthurium carribea. Araceae. South America. Anthurium cordatum. Araceae. South America. Anthurium cordifolium. Araceae. South America. Anthurium crassinervium. Araceae. South America. Anthurium ecristallinum. Araceae. South America. Anthurium cristallinum x Ferrierense. Araceae. G.H. Anthurium cristallinum variegatum. Araceae. South America. Anthurium Dechardii. Araceae. South America. Anthurium digitatum. Araceae. South America. Anthurium distachium. Araceae. South America. Anthurium X Ferrierense. Araceae. G.H. Anthurium Ferrierense X Dechardii. Araceae. G.H. Anthurium Galeottii. Araceae. South America. Anthurium Hookeri. Araceae. Tropical America. Anthurium hybrid. Araceae. G.H. Anthurium hybridum, Araceae. South America. Anthurium insigne. Araceae. Colombia. Anthurium leuconeuron. Araceae. South America. Anthurium magnificum. Araceae. Colombia. Anthurium nymphaeafolium rosewm. Araceae. Venezuela. Anthurium Olfersianum. Araceae. South America. Anthurium ornatum. Araceae. South America. Anthurium regale. Araceae. Peru. Anthurium Regnellianum. Araceae. South America. Anthurium roseum, Araceae. South America. Anthurium rubrinervium. Araceae. South America. Anthurium splendidum. Araceae. South America. Anthurium Scherzerianum. Araceae. Guatemala. Anthurium tetragonum. Araceae. South America. Anthurium undulatum. Araceae. South America. Anthurium Veitchii. Araceae. South America. Anthurium Warocqueanum. Araceae. Colombia. Aphelandra aurantiaca. Acanthaceae. Mexico. Calathea sp. Scitaminaceae. Tropical America. Calathea crotalifera (Rattlesnake plant). Scitaminaceae. Tropical America. Calathea Lietzei. Scitaminaceae. Brazil. Calathea Makoyana. Scitaminaceae. Brazil. Calathea princeps. Scitaminaceae. Tropical America. Colocasia neoguineensis. Araceae. Tropical America. ,Cyclanthus cristatus. Cyclanthaceae. Tropical America. ' Dieffenbachia amoena. Araceae. a America. Dieffenbachia Bowmannii. Araceae, tral and South America. Dieffenbachia Carderi. Araceae. Tropical America. Dieffenbachia imperialis. Araceae. Tropical America. Dieffenbachia Leopoldi. Araceae. Tropical America. Dieffenbachia magnifica. Araceae. Venezuela. Dieffenbachia Parlatorei marmorea, Araceae. Tropical America. MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 37 Dieffenbachia picta Bausei. Araceae. Tropical America. Dieffenbachia picta brasiliensis. Araceae. Tropical America. Dieffenbachia Seguine. Araceae. West Indies. : Dieffenbachia Seguine picta. Araceae. Tropical America. Dieffenbachia splendens. Araceae. Colombia. Dieffenbachia velutina. Araceae. Central and South America. Dorstenia Contrajerva. Urticaceae. Tropical America. Dracaena glomerata. Liliaceae. Congo. Dracaena Godseffiana. Liliaceae. Congo. Dracaena X Mandaeana. Liliaceae. G.H. Dracaena Sanderiana. Liliaceae. Congo. Dracaena Shepperdii. Liliaceae. South America, Fittonia Verschaffeltii. Acanthaceae. Peru. Hedychium Horsfieldii (Butterfly lily). Scitaminaceae. Tropical America. Heliconia Bihai. Scitaminaceae. Mexico. Heliconia brasiliensis. Scitaminaceae. South America. Hemigraphis colorata. Acanthaceae. Java. Homalomena argentea. Araceae. Tropical America. Homalomena costata. Araceae. Tropical America. Homalomena rubra. Araceae. Tropical America. Homalomena Seismeyeriana. Araceae. Colombia. Homalomena Wallisii. Araceae. Colombia. Hoya carnosa (Wax plant). Asclepiadaceae. Australia. Ilysanthes grandiflora. Scrophulariaceae. North America. Ludovia crenifolia. Cyclanthaceae. Brazil. Maranta Kegeljani. Scitaminaceae. Tropical America. Maranta leuconeura. Scitaminaceae. Tropical America. Maranta ornata. Scitaminaceae. Tropical America. Maranta Sanderi. Scitaminaceae. Tropical America. _ Maranta zebrina. Scitaminaceae. Tropical America. Medinilla magnifica. Melastomaceae. t Indies. Monstera deliciosa, Araceae. Tropical America. Nepenthes sp. Nepenthaceae. Australia. Nepenthes X Amesiana (Raffiesiana X Hookeriana). Nepenthaceae. G.H. Nepenthes X Balfouriana. Nepenthaceae. G.H. Nepenthes Curtisti. Nepenthaceae. Borneo. . Nepenthes X cylindrica (distillatoria X Veitchii). Nepenthaceae. G.H. Nepenthes X Dicksoniana (Rafflesiana X Veitchii). Nepenthaceae. G.H. Nepenthes X Dominii (Rafflesiana X gracilis). Nepenthaceae. G.H. Nepenthes X Dyeriana (miata X Dicksoniana). Nepenthaceae. G.H. Nepenthes X Finlayana. Nepenthaceae. G.H. Nepenthes formosa. Nepenthaceae. Asia. Nepenthes gracilis. Nepenthaceae. Borneo. : Nepenthes X Hainanensis. Nepenthaceae. G.H. Nepenthes X Hamiltoniana. Nepenthaceae. G.H. Nepenthes X Henryana (Hookeriana X Sedenii). Nepenthaceae. G.H. Nepenthes hybrida (khasiana X gracilis). Nepenthaceae. G.H. Nepenthes X intermedia (gracilis X Rafflesiana). Nepenthaceae. G.H. Nepenthes X Mastersiana (sanguinea X distillatoria). Nepenthaceae. G.H. ; : Nepenthes X Mastersiana purpurea (‘sanguinea X distillatoria). Ne- penthaceae. G.H. Nepenthes X mixta (Curtisii X Northiana). Nepenthaceae. G.H. Nepenthes X paradisae (Phyllamphora x Hookeriana). Nepenthaceae. G.H Nepenthes Phyllamphora. Nepenthaceae. Asia. Nepenthes Rafflesiana. Nepenthaceae. Borneo. Nepenthes rufescens. Nepenthaceae. Australia. 38 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN Nepenthes < Williamsii (Sedenii x Hookeriana). Nepenthaceae. G.H. Palisota Barteri. Commelinaceae. Africa. Palisota bracteosa. Commelinaceae. Africa. Panax fruticosum Victoriae. Araliaceae. Australia. Paullima thalictrifolia. Sapindaceae. South America. Peperomia Sandersii. Piperaceae. South America. Philodendron sp. Araceae. Brazil. Philodendron asperatum. Araceae. Tropical America. Philodendron asperum. Araceae. Tropical America. Philodendron bipinnatifidum. Araceae. South Brazil. Philodendron cannifolium. Araceae. Tropical america. Philodendron eximum. Araceae. South America. Philodendron Glaziovii. Araceae. Brazil. Philodendron glorioswm. Araceae. Tropical America. Philodendron Imbe. Araceae. South America. Philodendron Mamei. Araceae. Ecuador, Philodendron Melionii. Araceae. South America. Philodendron Melionii rubescens. Araceae, Tropical America, Philodendron pinnatum. Araceae. South America. Philodendron radiatum. Araceae. Tropical America. Philodendron Selloum. Araceae. Brazil. Philodendron Wendlandii. Araceae. Tropical America. Pothos aureus. Araceae. Solomon Islands. Pothos celatocaulis. Araceae. Borneo. Schismatoglottis calyptrata. Araceae. Malaya. Schismatoglottis calyptrata trinervata. Araceae. Malaya. Schismatoglottis crispata Roebelinii. Araceae. Borneo. Schismatoglottis neoguineensis. Araceae. New Guinea. Schismatoglottis Roebelinii. Araceae. Malaya. Schismatoglottis rupestris. Araceae, Malaya. Schizocapsa plantaginea. Araceae. China. Spathiphyllum blandum. Araceae. Tropical America, Spathiphyllum candicans. Araceae. Tropical America. Spathiphyllum cannaefolium. Araceae. Tropical America. Spathiphyllum cochlearispathum. Araceae. Mexico. Spathiphyllum commutatum. Araceae. Tropical America. Spathiphyllum Dechardii. Araceae. Tropical America. Spathiphyllum floribundum. Araceae. opical America. Spathiphyllum pictum. Araceae. Tropical America. Spathiphyllum Wallisii. Araceae. Tropical America. Spathiphyllum Wallisii « 8. cochlearispathum. Araceae. G.H. Stenospermum popayanense. Araceae. Asia and Africa. Strelitzia augusta. Scitaminaceae, South Africa. Strelitzia Nicolai. Scitaminaceae. South Africa. Strelitzia Reginae (Bird of paradise plant). Scitaminaceae. South America. Stromanthe Porteana. Scitaminaceae. Brazil. Tacea cristata. Taccaceae. Malaya. Tacea macrantha. Taceaceae. Tropical region. Tradescantia fuscata. Commelinaceae. Tropical region. Vitis discolor. Vitaceae. Xanthosoma Lindeni. Araceae. Colombia. Zamioculeas Loddigesii. Araceae. Tropics. Zamioculcas zamiifolia. Araceae. Tropics. MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 39 NOTES Mr. Alexander Lurie, Horticulturist to the Garden, gave a talk on “Vegetable Gardening,” March 21, before the Bryan-Mullanphy School. _ Mrs. K. H. Leigh, Secretary to the Director, who has been in Marseilles with the American Red Cross for the past year, expects to sail for home April 1. Dr. William Trelease, Head of the Department of Botany, University of Illinois, spent a week at the Garden recently, consulting the herbarium and library. At the meeting of the Academy of Science, on March 17, Dr. George T. Moore, Director of the Garden, read a paper on “Some Novel Uses for Sea Weeds During the War.” Recent visitors to the Garden include Mr. L. I. Bushnell, Assistant Horticulturist, College of Agriculture, University of Minnesota, March 3; Mr. A. Bonazzi, Assistant Bacteri- ologist, Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station, Wooster, Ohio; Dr. C. H. Farr, Horticultural and Pomological In- vestigator, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. 8. Department of Agriculture, March 24. Volume VI, Number 1, of the Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden has been issued during the month, with the following contents: ee “Some Conditions Affecting the Growth and Activities of Azotobacter chroococcum,” E. R. Allen. “An All-Glass Nitrogen Apparatus,” E. R. Allen and B. 8. Davisson. one “Arcangeliella, Gymnomyces, and Macowanites, in North America,” 8. M. Zeller and C. W. Dodge. “The Use of the Colorimeter in the Indicator Method of H Ion Determination with Biological Fluids,” B. M. Duggar and ©. W. Dodge. “Tyrosin in the Fungi: Chemistry and Methods of Study- ing the Tyrosinase Reaction,’ C. W. Dodge. 40 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN STATISTICAL INFORMATION FOR FEBRUARY, 1919 GARDEN ATTENDANCE: Sees OO Or WEE, os 4,891 PLANT ACCESSIONS: Total number of packets of seeds received in exchange..... 11 Total number of plants received in exchange.............. 353 Total number of plants and seeds received as gifts. os: 38 PLANT DISTRIBUTION: A Total number of plants distributed in eeohange oe, 4 LIBRARY ACCESSIONS: Total number of books and pamphlets bought............ 10 Total number of books and pamphlets donated........... . 147 HERBARIUM ACCESSIONS: By Purchase — B. F. Bush—Plants of Missouri.......................... 498 B. F. Bush— Plants of North America, collected by Chan- donnet, Forbes, Greene, and eIMUOIANS Ose es 133 By Gift — Prof. P. J. Anderson—Fungi from Amherst, Mass......... 13 B. F. Bush—Plants of Missouri, collected by Rev. John Davis. 36 B. ¥. Bush—Plante ot Missouri: : .. oo. ae 4 J. A. Drushel—Plants of Missouri and Ireland............. 12 Dr. W. G. Farlow—Hymenochaete episphaeria and H. tab- acing froin Sharon, Mise... ee eee 2 Dr. L. O. Overholts—Fungi from New Hampshire and Penn- Sy IVERIR ek Sa eee ee Prof. J. C. Nelson—Senecio vulgaris L. from Salem, Oregon.. 1 E. J. Palmer—Bergia terana (Hook.) Seub. from Texas.... 1 W. H. Snell—Stereum swbheruentum B. & C. from California. 1 Dr. S. M. Zeller—Fungi from Missouri and California...... 4 dM 8 REE eS Een es a ee er er 733 The Garden is open to the public every day in the year, except New Year’s, Fourth of July, Labor Day, and Christmas— week days from 8:00 A. M. until one-half hour after sunset; Sundays from December to April, 1:00 P. M. until sunset, from April to December, 2:00 P. M. until sunset. The main entrance to the Garden is located at Tower Grove Avenue and Flora Boulevard, on the Vandeventer Avenue car line. Transfer south from all intersecting lines. Missouri BOTANICAL GARDEN [BULLETIN Vor VIL os APRIL, 1919 No. 4 Wis Webted cg en OR eek a ne a Flowering Palms . ‘ : ‘ . é 5 AG Statistical Information Bore ae Te SY ee ee a as : ST. LOUIS, MO. ps aah 1919 , A Published Monthly Except July and August by the Board of Trustees on SUBSCRIPTION PRICE: _ ee ONE DOLLAR PER YEAR SINGLE COPIES TEN CENTS cea BOARD OF TRUSTEES _ OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN THE ORIGINAL MEMBERS WERE DESIGNATED IN MR. SHAW’S WILL, _ AND THE BOARD SO CONSTITUTED, EXCLUSIVE OF THE EX-OFFICIO MEMBERS, IS SELF-PERPETUATING. ; President, ‘EDWARDS WHITAKER. | Vice-President, DAVID Ss. H. SMITH. a SaMueEL C. Davis. : Se Leonarp Matraews. aa Epwarp C. Enior. - Wituam H. H. Pertus. Ga Georce C, Hircucock.. ; Ha BibaP C, sealinias ae ‘ ve _ Epwarp MALLINCKRopT. Sie ‘Joux F. SHEPLEY. "EX-OFFICIO MEMBERS es Seay ‘Prepertc A. HALL. Sen are ~ Grorce YQ Mode, Pde Gr aseaarcttaaraeneay | 0 president of Fhe Academy of Science of « ' Bitlis: _, St.Louis : Henry Ww. Kien; Ste le ge eiuny? 1 a WoLener, oi > Mayor ofthe City of St. Louie, Met cok bey f President of the Board of Education of ee ee nee _Dawten. §. Torre, AR Seti Cae ee 8 _Bisbpr abske Dibcese af Simmer, Mo. Bot. Garp. BULL., VoL. 7, 1919. PLATE 12. DAHLIAS ALONG GARDEN WALL. FIELD OF DAHLIAS. Missour1 Botanical Garden Bulletin Vol. VII St. Louis, Mo., April, 1919 No. 4 THE DAHLIA The unusual display of dahlias at the Garden during the summer of 1918 was of such beauty and excellence as to arouse much enthusiasm and has helped to stimulate a re- vival of the use of this flower. Ordinarily, extremely hot weather is detrimental to the proper development of the dahlia, forcing it to remain practically inactive during the season, its thes beginning usually too late to produce any quantity of bloom before frost in the fall; but last summer proved that the St. Louis climate is not necessarily unfavor- able to these plants, and with proper care a fair measure of success may be expected except when prolonged periods of drought or heat occur. a The dahlia, with its great variety of forms and coloring, its dense masses of dark green foliage and brilliant flowers standing out in sharp relief, is a most useful plant for ob- taining striking yet harmonious effects. The flowers range from one-half inch in diameter to the size of a huge sunflower; in color from maroon which is almost black to a pure white, including many combinations of tints and shades, in brilliancy rivaling the salvia and in delicacy ap- proaching the orchid. The small single, red, purple, or yellow flower must have been known in Mexico, its native habitat, long before it was first described by Francisco Hernandez (1615). The next reference to the plant was made by Vitalis Mascondi, in 1657, and in 1787 it was first mentioned as a cultivated flower by de Menonville, a French botanist then in Mexico. Its introduction into Europe: was accomplished in 1789 through Vincentes Cervantes, director of the Mexican Botanic Garden, who sent seeds to England, and to Abbe Cavanilles, director of the Royal Gardens at Madrid. Cavan- illes succeeded in raising plants which produced single and semi-double flowers. These he described in “Icones et - Descriptiones Plantarum” (1791), naming the genus “Dahlia” after a Swedish botanist, Andreas Dahl, and the (41) 42 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN species “pinnata” because of the winged leaves. Dahlia coccinea and D. rosea were later described by him, and the seed sent to the various botanical gardens of Europe. The first aoa publication to mention the dahlia was the “Botanical Magazine” which contained a colored plate of D. coccinea, in 1804, The cultivation of the plants spread rapidly through the European gardens from that period, the doubleness of the flower gradually increasing until the large ball-shaped “show” dahlias reached their perfection about 1850. om 1860 to 1870 little enthusiasm was ex- ressed, but later a great advance in popularity was effected be the introduction from Mexico of the cactus-like type, D. Juarezti. Its elegance of form, diversity of type, size, and delicate coloring gave dahlia culture a new impulse. The crossing of this species with the singles has produced a still more graceful and acceptable form, the peony-flowered dahlia, which now rivals in beauty and popularity the cactus In recent years the single dahlias of large size and brilliant coloring have caused a revival of interest in that class, the collarette and anemone-flowered types adding greatly to the already numerous kinds available. The first American publication on the dahlia appeared in 1839, and the subsequent history of the plant in this country closely resembles that of England in the rane and waning of its popularit through different periods o development. The species which have played an important art in the production of the present improved dahlias are p rosea, known to the trade as D. variabilis, D. coccinea, D. Juarezi, D. imperialis, D. excelsa, D. Merckii, D. gracilis, and D. pinnata. Up to the present time approximately 3,000 varieties have been listed by the leading tradesmen. The dahlia is classified in several distinct groups: single, anemone, collarette, duplex, cactus, decorative, show, peony, pompon, and Tom Thumb. 1. Single——Open-centered flowers with eight to twelve floral rays in one circle, margins often turned down or back. 2. Anemone.—F lowers with one row of large floral rays like single dahlias, but with disk-flowers producing small, tubular petals. 8. Collarette—Open-centered blossoms with not more than nine floral rave but with one or more rows of smaller rays, usually of a different color, making a collar about the 4. Duplex.—Semi-double flowers, with center always ex- posed on opening of bud, and with petals in more than one ‘$L FLV TL ‘6IGI ‘2 “IOA “ITO ‘duvy ‘Log ‘OW AS. I DAHL TYPES OF DECORATIVE CACTUS COLLARETTE POMPON SHOW PEONY SINGLE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 43 row, long and flat or broad and rounded, not noticeably twisted or curled. 5. Cactus.—A fluted type with double flowers; floral rays long, narrow, incurved or twisted, with sharp divided or fluted points and with rolled-back margins forming in the outer florets a more or less perfect tube for more than half the length of the ray. 6. Decorative-—Double flowers flat, having broad, some- what loosely arranged floral rays with broad or rounded tips which are straight or decurved, and with margins revolute if rolled at all. _ 7. Show.—Double flowers globular, full to center, show- ing regular spiral arrangement of florets; floral rays more or less quilled with markedly involute margins and rounded tips. 8. Peony-flowered. —Semi-double flowers with open centers, the inner floral rays being usually curled or twisted, the other or outer petals being either flat or more or less irregular. 9. Pompon.—Small-flowered, stellate, five-petaled cactus dahlias. 10. Tom Thumb.—Dwarf, bushy, single-flowered dahlias. CULTURE The simplicity of its culture, adaptability to soils, and production of numerous flowers make the dahlia a general favorite in climates where atmospheric conditions are mod- erate. The plant is a perennial but tender to frost, so that it is necessary to lift the roots in the fall, store them durin the winter, and plant out in the spring. The planting o entire clumps sometimes leads to failure in producing flowers, the strength of the plant being —_ in foliage growth. It is therefore advisable to divide the old clumps, using but a single tuber. As this tuber should contain a art of the collar of the plant where the new buds occur, it is best to wait until buds develop before planting. The division of the clumps is the most common manner of propagation, but the commercial method is by means of soft-wood cuttings. For this pu the clumps are removed from storage in February or ch and placed upon a greenhouse bench where they are covered with sand or sphagnum moss and kept at a temperature of 60° F. As soon as buds start water should be applied in copious quan- tities. When the shoots show two to three leaves they are 44 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN removed as cuttings and placed in sand with bottom heat. The cutting should be made through a node or just below it to insure proper rooting and development of tubers, two to three weeks usually being required for rooting. Seed propagation is a simple method, but the results are very unsatisfactory due to the hybrid character of the parentage and is not advocated for the amateur except as a means of production of unstable novelties. The distance apart for planting varies with the varieties, but for general purposes three to four feet are usually left between plants. The time of planting has been a matter of dispute, but there is little doubt that early lanting is not as satisfactory as late. To flower properly the wood must be young and succulent, this condition being obtained only through a continuous period of growth without a check. Early-started plants are severely checked by the heat of mid- summer and either fail to flower at all or are killed by frost before flowering. Heavy pruning of woody plants may re- sult in sufficient rejuvenation to produce flowers. The last of May or early June is considered the best period for planting. Light soils are best suited for dahlias, the original home of the genus being the sandy plateaus of Mexico. On very light soils manure or other humus-producing substances should be introduced to wr the moisture-holding capacity, while heavy soils should be lightened by the intro- duction of sand, lime, sheep manure, or bulky straw manure. Further treatment of dahlias after planting consists of training them in one of two ways: (1) They may be al- lowed to develop unrestricted, a stake being driven to each = to support the stem; or (2) the terminal shoots may e pinched out after three to four pairs of leaves are formed, this checking the terminal growth and ‘lag oven heavy, stocky stems capable of self-support. This latter process naturally delays the blooming period for two weeks and removes the largest of the flowers, but by judicious disbud- ding the size of the other flowers may be increased suf- ficiently to serve all needs. Thorough cultivation to conserve moisture is essential. A mulch of leaves, grass clippings, or well-rotted manure may be used during the summer for this purpose. Water- ing should only be practiced if done regularly, the ground being thoroughly soaked at intervals depending upon the weather. Mere sprinkling of the ground is deleterious, though spraying of the tops during particularly hot weather is beneficial. MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 45 After a killing frost in the fall, the stems should be cut close to the ground and the tubers carefully dug, avoiding the breaking of necks. After allowing them to dry fora day, the clumps should be stored in a cool, dry place, tops down. If the temperature is likely to rise much above Boe F. or should the atmosphere be too dry, they should be buried in moist sand, fine coal ashes, or sawdust. Excess of moisture should be avoided. The diseases attacking dahlias are of negligible quantity, the most serious being the powdery mildew, which, how- ever, is readily controlled by spraying with sulphur or Bor- deaux mixture. A little more troublesome are the insect pests. In moist localities slugs are quite common, feeding upon the young shoots and often the buds and leaves. Hand capture at night is a common and successful method, while poisoned bran bait scattered at the base of the plants is quite effective, as is also naphthalene or lime. The tarnished plant bug is a serious pest at certain seasons, blighting or deforming the flower by piercing the bud at its base, or ruining the petals after sis is small brown active bug is a sucking insect not subject to stomach poisoning and is so alert as to make contact spraying almost impossible. Covering the plants with close-mesh netting may eliminate the pest, which, however, disappears with the advent of cool nights. Red spider, and black and green aphis are readily controlled by contact spraying with nicotine extracts. Borers working in the stalks may be removed without much harm to the plant by splitting the stalk with a sharp knife and killing the insect. For satisfactory use as cut flowers the blooms should be cut early in the morning or late in the evening. The stems should be placed in deep water in a cool place. The keep- ing quality may be improved by removing most of the foliage, plunging the stems in hot water and then placing in cold water to which a teaspoonful of salt to the gallon has ~ been added. The following are some of the best varieties for decoration and cutting which were grown at the Garden in 1918: NAME TYPE COLOR Ai Di. LAVORA Sods ew knead s ois Show Pink BPAUAIIA a 5 5 blk wae aetna se Sek es Show White Auguste Nonin .........+.-+-e+++0+- Decorative Red MORON ia Ry POC ee S85 OTT Cactus Reddish apricot Prensa awe. < oss eee eae Decorative Orange 46 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN NAMB TYPE COLOR AWE: WIRE 655 ee eC esa eras Show Yellow Countess of Lonsdale................. Cactus Salmon SS es eh iss cutee ree ci eins Decorative Pink ae. Bey MES ee se oe vas ts ak Decorative Dark red sepotny Pease’ ees Decorative Pink MAGRGAT MATION, 3. ose Ve, Cactus Pink Cece eS OE eS ee Decorative White ae Se ae iy oe nA Peony Red to cream Bis bit SIN ge do AN Os Soo WS es Decorative Purple RON sik pene Ss Sec ce eee wires Peony Red and gold ON EE 5s Veg s ke oak aes Cactus Golden buff Golden "West .. co. esse: ae Woes oe Sane Decorative Yellow aampton Ooart So. 256 S56 cee ebas ee Peony Pink Hlortulenns. Viet ois Psa. Decorative Pink A eg Eg Mee PEER Tee ere ee: Decorative Crimson vente COTM Oo 0. gio ck ck Decorative Pink Mee oe rs ctus Scarlet SOWING oss Soe oS ak Ore Cactus White Le Grand Manlten ec. woo on Show White and red Marguerite Bouchon ................. Cactus Pink Mast Olst oe aS Cactus Orange Muutice Mivoiee <0 3 ss, 2s: Collarette Red and white colla Miss Minnie McCullough.............. Decorative Yellow PETE, OUNCPOIE SS iicas edi os dnc Sa. Decorative Pink WOMGY DARN oo i ans is Cactus Scarlet MMU PS ee A ee Pompon Pink Orange: Ringe a ee Decorative Orange Potle de Don). seen she Fees ex Decorative White EPRSEO BPO 66 5s eS yin 8s wane Peony Scarlet EYOl: Mawehelds soo sk sve Show Yellow Rene Cayees os ss ieee Cactus Red Rev. -T. W. Jamie i. Saas Cactus Pink Bhetukomlg: ¢ 0.455 esa Ce a ee, Cactus White ROUS o 5. 6:24.65 seine ex edcae ead Anemone Pink Sour, de G: Dowson. «oc; 503 oe Decorative Orange BO. Tons. 5 ss 5 SE oe els Single Red BNOWOINE oo oo ceca cde ciel eeu ees Pompon White OVIViG soc. ie eset A eee Decorative Pink TROPINgM offer Cactus Red WoGmh oe. iss 6 see Cactus Salmon Wolfgang von Goethe................. Cactus Apricot W.-W. RawMtis a ccd es Show Pink Yeuow: OOS wis Oe a ee Decorative Yellow FLOWERING PALMS The flowering and fruiting of palms is commonly ob- served only in their native habitats, the artificial conditions obtaining in the usual methods of pot or tub culture not being favorable to the production of fruit. This fact makes the many palm specimens in flower or fruit in the palm house at the Garden of particular interest at the present time. The erection of the large conservatories in 1913 af- forded the opportunity for the removal of the palm collec- ‘PL GLVTd “616. *y "IOA “T1Ng ‘duvy ‘LOG ‘OJ RA, A SACCHARIFI NG ARE ~ OF RING SPIKE E OF FLOW PORTION ARENGA SACCHARIFERA. N OF - ERING SPECIME FLOW CHAMAEDOREA SP. PHOENIX RECLINATA. T1ng ‘auvy “Log ‘ow 5 Pama 8). eh “6I6T “ “CT HLIVId cf MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 47 tion from tub culture to the more natural one of planting directly in the ground. In the present spacious palm house the roots are not confined, and in consequence of the un- limited supply of food a number of specimens have more than doubled their size. This increased stimulus to roots and foliage has naturally brought about the attempt to per- petuate the species through the medium of flowers and fruit. In most palms the stamens and pistils are borne on sep- arate flowers, frequently making it difficult to differentiate the sexes. While the individual flowers are generally not showy, the protective covering known as the bracts and the stems supporting the seeds are often highly colored. The seed capsules are sometimes used for ornaments, especially those of imbricated formation like those figured in the Sep- oa sy 1914, number of the Butietin (plate 7, figs. 1 an g The most noteworthy specimen in the palm collection flowering for the first time is the giant “toddy palm,” Arenga saccharifera, presented to the Garden by Mr. D. S. Brown in 1913 (plate 19, October, 1913, Buttery). Indications of flowering were noted several months ago by the stunted formation of the terminal leaves, and recently six flower spikes have appeared in succession. The lowest raceme was e first to appear and is bearing twenty spikes of incon- picuous dark green flowers, the spikes measuring four to five feet in length. Upon development of the raceme the globular staminate flowers immediately fall off, leaving the undeveloped pistillate flowers. The arrangement of these flowers is shown in the accompanying illustration (plate 14, fig. 2), the spike at the left showing the staminate flowers on each side of the pistillate flowers, the other showing the pistillate flowers after llination and dropping off of stam- inate flowers. This palm is native of the Philippine Islands, where it is known as “ejow” or “gomuti palm.” It is the source of native palm sugar, or Jaggery, the plant dying after being tapped. Phoenix reclinata, planted in the extreme northeast corner of the house, is showing several large flower spikes, strongly resembling at a distance the spikes of ornamental grasses. The flowers soon after opening reveal a copious supply of white pollen, which presents a strong contrast to the large, bright scarlet, overhanging bracts. his species is closely related to the common date palm. The various species of Chamaedorea are showing flowers d fruit, ran from freshly developed, small yellow howe to Sally mameted fruit. The ot are ornamental, 48 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN with their fleshy black glabrous covering, while the support- ang spike changes its early green color to that of bright scarlet. The common southern pS Sabal Palmetto, familiar to visitors from Florida, is bearing two large spikes heavily laden with jet-black seeds. The Chinese fan-palm, Livistona chinensis, twenty-five to thirty feet in height, is showing several spikes of greenish ellow flowers. The leaves of this palm are used extensively in the fan industry. Pritchardia pacifica, a less common variety, has huge fan- shaped leaves, the under side being covered with a thick white pubescence. The small golden-yellow flower spikes, with white overhanging bracts, are somewhat hidden by the massive leaves. NOTES Mr. T. G. Yuncker, of the University of Illinois, spent a week at the Garden recently, consulting the herbarium and library with reference to the genus Cuscuta. Mr. G. H. Pring, Floriculturist to the Garden, spoke on “Beautification of St. Louis” before the West End Busi- ness Men’s Association, at the Odeon, April 9. Mr. Alexander Lurie, Horticulturist to the Garden, gave a talk on “Gardening” at the Rose Fanning School, April 18, and at the Pierre Laclede School, April 21. The March issue of the Journal of the International Garden Club contained the first of a series of articles on “Plant Curiosities” by Mr. Alexander Lurie, Horticulturist, and Mr. G. H. Pring, Floriculturist to the Garden. Dr. D. T. MacDougal, Director Botanical Research, Carnegie Institution, Desert Laboratory, Tueson, Arizona, visited the Garden, April-14, and spoke before the graduate seminar on “Investigations Relating to the Carbohydrate Mechanism of the Cell.” Among recent visitors to the Garden were Dr. C. Koid- mami, Professor in the Imperial Japanese Army Medical College and Major in the Japanese Medical Service, and Dr. Hiroshi Nomaura, Assistant Professor of Chemistry in the Tohoku_Imperial University, Sendai, Japan; March 27; Mr. K. Yamada, Agricultural Adviser to the Japanese Gov- ernment, March 28; Mr. M. R. Ensign, Assistant Pathologist, Agricultural Extension Work, University of Arkansas, MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 49 April 10; Lieut. W. H. Gerke, City Forester of Portland, Oregon, April 14; Mr. S. M. Dietz, Office of Cereal Investi- gations, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Ames, Iowa, April 15; Dr. Alfred Nerinex, of the University of Louvain, April 23. STATISTICAL INFORMATION FOR MARCH, 1919 GARDEN ATTENDANCE: LOLAP Nain ber Of WishlOrsd 02 2 Se ee 10,731 PLANT ACCESSIONS: Total number of plants received in exchange............. 4 Total number of plants and seeds received as gifts........ 3,576 PLANT DISTRIBUTION: Total number of plants distributed in exchange.......... 12 Total number of packets of seeds distributed in exchange. . 62 LIBRARY ACCESSIONS: Total number of books and pamphlets bought............. 9 Total number of books and pamphlets donated............. 184 HERBARIUM ACCESSIONS: By Gift— J. A. Drushel—Plants of the United States................ 14 H. H. Hume—Cultivated specimens of Iwia leucantha Jacq. and I. campanulata Houtt. from Florida................. 4 Prof. Lena B. Walker—Cyathus alba from Lincoln, Nebr.... 1 Prof. A. Yasuda—Wood-destroying fungi of Japan......... 40 By Exchange— California Academy of Science, by Miss Alice Eastwood— Plants of California..........: iS Sg teers ioe oe are 280 Prof. W. L. Jepson—Plants of California....... oo oe pa BO Prof. W. L. Jepson—Senecio of western United States...... 11 L. Rodway—lIsoetes from Tasmania.....................+- 1 U. S. Department of Agriculture, by W. E. Saftord—Photo- graph of Cosmos sulphureus Cav... ...... 2.22 ce... eae 1 The Garden is open to the public every day in the year, except New Year’s, Fourth of July, Labor Day, and Christmas— week days from 8:00 A. M. until one-half hour after sunset; Sundays from December to April, 1:00 P. M. until sunset, from April to December, 2:00 P. M. until sunset. The main entrance to the Garden is located at Tower Grove Avenue and Flora Boulevard, on the Vandeventer Avenue car line. Transfer south from all intersecting lines. STAFF OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN - Director, GEORGE ‘'T. MOORE. BENJAMIN MINGE DuGGAR, Epwarp A, Burt, Physiologist in charge of Graduate Laboratory. Mycologist and Librarian, HERMANN VON SCHRENK, Jesse M. GREENMAN, Pathologist. __ Curator of the Herbarium. KATHERINE H. LeicH, Secretary to the Director. James GURNEY, Head Gardener, Emeritus, ALEXANDER LURIE, Horticulturist. G. HH. PrING, Floriculturist. J. J.COUGHLIN, W. F. Lancan, Construction. > ; Engineer. P. FOERSTER, = H. VALLENTINE, Farm and Stables Carpenter. . ‘ MlssOURI IBOTANICAL — GARDEN BULLETIN ~ Vol, VII MAY, 1919 No. 5 LBs ahha oN . Re Ne a Pat: a Se CONTENTS Page Plant Cancer - : e = ¢ z % et Test Garden —§ - re ee MEQ Lc a Delphiniums - = ; - : Pues Notes - - ee a ; E ER ght ‘ 59 Stutiaiical Taleematler as. be Oat en _$T. LOUIS, MO. 1919 Published Monthly Except July and August by the Board of Trustees > a ‘SUBSCRIPTION PRICE: ONE DOLLAR PER YEAR _ _ SINGLE COPIES TEN CENTS ‘ SRE “BOARD OF TRUSTEES OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN : THE ORIGINAL MEMBERS WERE DESIGNATED IN MR. SHAW'S WILL, ‘. AND THE BOARD SO CONSTITUTED, EXCLUSIVE OF. THE EX-OFFICIO MEMBERS, IS SELF-PERPETUATING, Reg ) EDWARDS WHITAKER, ” Vice-President, DAVID 5. H. SMITH. - Samuet C. Davis. as Leonarp MaTtHEws. ! Epwarp C. Euior. _ Wituram H. H. Perrus. i Gerorce C, HITCHCOCK. _ |. Pup C, SCANLAN. Re, Mod Epwarp MALLINCKRODT. Joun F. SHEPLeY. EX- OFFICIO MEMBERS , _ ‘Freperic A, HALL Georce ae RAE, | Chancellor of Washington University. President of The Academy of Science of > dete ‘ St Louis. - Henry W. Kret, aR Henry L. Wourner, Mayor of the City of St. Louis, } President of the Board of Education of 2 ay _ St Tots. Dante S. Tutte, BF tid ae ey Bishop of the Diocese of Missouri. CHABLES A. Rog, Secretary. Mo. Bort. Garb. BULL., VOL. 7, 1919. PLATE 16. POPULUS ALBA, SHOWING COMPARATIVE SIZE OF TUMOR AND STEM. Missouri Botanical Garden Bulletin Vol. VII St. Louis, Mo., May, 1919 No. 5 PLANT CANCER For several years the appearance of a destructive disease upon the marguerites, or Paris daisy, grown under green- house conditions has caused considerable concern among the growers. The same conditions have been observed at the Garden, and it seems desirable to indicate the symptoms and causes of this injurious disease and its possible remedies. Its occurrence was first noted in Europe about fifty years ago, and its cause variously ascribed to frost injury, fungi, slime moulds, various sm animals, and mechanical inju- ries. The first turn in the right direction was given: by Corvo and Cuboni in their contention that the causal organ- ism was bacteria. However, since no definite proofs were presented, it is thought that theirs was a happy guess based upon the resemblance of the tumors to the tubercles of the olive which were caused by bacteria. In 1897 Cavara de- _ seribed a tuberculosis of the grape, and by careful methods of pure culture and successful inoculation of the se seen a obtained proved bacteria to be responsible for the isease A tumor of the rose was ascribed in 1903 by Scalia to bac- terial origin. In the United States a number of experiment station work- ers (Thaxter, Halsted, Selby, etc.) proved the peach gall to be infectious; but it was left to Dr. E. F. Smith, of the Bu- reau of Plant Industry, to isolate the causal organism and jto successfully carry out cross inoculations, thus proving its definite relation to the disease and demonstrating its effects upon numerous plants. In 1904 a number of white and yellow varieties of mar- guerites (Chrysanthemum frutescens) affected with gall-like owths on leaves and stems were received by the Bureau of Plant Industry. An accompanying statement indicated that both young and old plants were attacked, but that the older were more seriously affected. The appearance of the galls was noted outdoors in the summer and in the greenhouses (51) 52 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN during winter. The galls varied from one centimeter in diameter, green and spongy, to several centimeters in diameter, brown, corky, and hard, in the older specimens. After a continuous study of more than two years with more or less negative results, two distinct organisms were isolated and later inoculated into young marguerite plants. Numer- ous carefully conducted experiments led to the conclusion that one of these organisms (Bacterium tumefaciens Smith and Townsend) was responsible for the abnormal growths. Cross inoculations firmly established this point and indicated that the pest varied in its adaptability and virulence in dif- ferent hosts. The following table illustrates the appearance of the or- ganism upon different plants subject to its attack and the widespread occurrence of the disease: PLANT DESCRIPTION OF TUMORS Marguerite Chrysanthemum Leaves yellowed at edges; galls on stems green, Marigold later corky, brown English daisy eras Slow-growing, hard tumors Tobacco Knots 4 inch in diameter formed all over the plant Beet Radish Large irregular tumors on the side of the roots Carrot Grape Galls on underground as well as aérial parts Peach Galls 1-2 inches in diameter occurring at the Almond crown or just below it rt aad Galls at crown Quince _ | Warty galls on stems, entire limbs often being covered with irregular outgrowths come Blackberry Sil-aineer _ | Galls upon roots Alfalfa Rose Large galls at crown and roots Geranium ~ tage galls, upon stems at nodes, covered with Castor bean abortive leafy shoots Shrubs and trees, particularly Populus alba, Castanea dentata, Crown galls Juglans niger, and Salia LL avid ‘6I6T ‘2 “IOA “ITN “duvpH “Lod “OW LUS ALBA. a CROWN GALL ON POPl PLATE 18. Mo. Bot. Garp. BULL., VOU. 7, 1919. CANCER ON SNAPDRAGON. MARGUERITE, SHOWING CROWN GALL ON STEM ' MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 53 The organism is a short rod multiplying by fission and motile by means of polar flagella. It can be grown in many sorts of culture media, forming small, round, white colonies, but does not live very long upon agar. The bacterium dif- fers from others in not forming open cavities in plants but pooayysng vm cells, thus causing proliferation. The galls begin to be visible in some cases as early as the fourth day after inoculation, growing rapidly in soft young tissues and quite slowly upon woody plants. Ready cross inoculation and isolation from plants greatly different in structure indi- cate that the same organism is probably responsible for the injury. The galls are often invaded by saprophytic bacteria, nematodes, and various fungous parasites. Their size de- pends upon the state of nutrition of the plant, those overfed being subject to more rapid growth. The long-continued growth which often occurs upon woody tissues is made pos- sible by a nearly even balance between the stimulus of the parasite and the response of the host. The presence of the organism in cells stimulates abnormal growth, resulting in the observed tumors. Up to the present no remedies have been devised, for although the organism is tible to germicides, it is impossible to reach it through the outer covering of the gall. Complete removal and burning of af- fected parts may reduce the prevalence of disease. The belief has recently been expressed by E. F. Smith that there is a great similarity between the crown gall of plants and malignant cancer of human beings. He claims that since, fundamentally, plants and animals are alike, certain physical and chemical laws apply equally to both, and since plant cancer is caused by a parasite, the same is ig imes! true of animal cancer. The cancer of plants has been foun to be caused by a single organism, hence he considers that a single parasite should be looked for in human cancer. Dr. Smith bases his conclusion upon the following resemblances which occur in the course of both diseases: (1) no parasite being visible; (2) the tumor tissues showing rapid multipli-- cation and embryonic character; (3 loss of polarity of these tissues; (4) rapid surface growth of tumor, tR presence of degenerative changes in proliferating cells; (6) destruction of surrounding tissues; (7) invasion of open wounds by secondary parasites and saprophytes; (8) frequent return | after excision; and (9) presence of atrophy. TEST GARDEN Many new, interesting, and showy varieties of plants are being constantly added to the list of those which may be 54 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN used advantageously in producing pleasing garden effects. While some of these introductions mean nothing more than a change of name and others a mere varietal difference in the manner of growth, color, or shape, a few may really be noteworthy contributions evolved by careful hybridization or selection. In order to test out the novelties as they appear upon the trade-lists of the seedsmen, a test garden has been established at the south end of the Garden where the public may judge for itself the claims and merits of the plants. During the season of 1919 the annuals will be in prepon- derance. The following list indicates the contents of the garden: Acroclinium roseum Amarantus paniculatus Antirrhinum majus Halmark, yellow Antirrhinum majus Halmark, white Antirrhinum majus Halmark, black Antirrhinum majus Halmark, scarlet Antirrhinum majus Halmark, rose Antirrhinum majus Halmark “White Queen” Antirrhinum majus Halmark “Golden Queen” Antirrhinum majus Sutton “Tom Thumb,” rose Antirrhinum majus Sutton “Tom Thumb,” white Antirrhinum majus Sutton “Tom Thumb,” crimson Antirrhinum majus Sutton “Tom Thumb,” pink Antirrhinum majus Sutton “Tom Thumb,” yellow Antirrhinum majus Sutton “Tom Thumb,” red and white Antirrhinum majus “Orange Beauty” Antirrhinum majus “Feltham Beauty” . Brachycome iberidifolia Calendula officinalis “Favorite” Calendula officinalis “Lemon King” Calendula officinalis “Meteor” Calendula officinalis “Orange King” Calendula officinalis “Prince of Orange” Calendula pluvialis Calliopsis coronata “Crown of Gold” Calliopsis coronata “Golden Ray” Calliopsis coronata “Ti Star” Calliopsis Drummondii “Golden Wave” Calliopsis nigra speciosa Calliopsis tinctoria Calliopsis tinctoria, double Calliopsis atrosanguinea Callistephus chinensis “Ray” Callistephus chinensis “Royal” Callistephus chinensis “Giant Comet” Callistephus chinensis “Imperial” _ Callistephus chinensis “Mikado” Callistephus chinensis, “Peony-flowered” Callistephus chinensis “Ostrich Feather” Callistephus chinensis “Grego Giant” Callistephus chinensis, single Callistephus chinensis “Perfection” Callistephus chinensis “Victoria” MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 55 pr Callistephus chinensis “Heart of France” Callistephus chinensis “American Beauty” Celosia Childsit Celosia cristata nana “Empress” Celosia cristata, carmine Celosia cristata, orange-red Celosia cristata, golden yellow Celosia plumosa Celosia Thompsonit magnifica Cosmos bipinnatus, double crowned Cosmos bipinnatus, double white Cosmos bipinnatus “Lady Lenox,” pink Cosmos bipinnatus “Lady Lenox,” white Cosmos bipinnatus “Klondyke” Cosmos bipinnatus “Ruffied Pink Beauty” Dianthus chinensis Dianthus hybrida, pink Dianthus diadematus Dianthus Heddewigii, fl. pl. Dianthus Heddewigii “Dwarf Snowball” Dianthus imperialis Dianthus laciniatus, double Dianthus laciniatus, single Dianthus mirabilis Dianthus nobilis Diascia Barberae Dimorphotheca aurantiaca Erysimum Perowskianum = Eschscholtzia californica “Chrome Queen” Butoca viscida 5 Gaillardia Lorenziana Gaillardia picta “Giant Double” Godetia gloriosa “Ladybird” Godetia gloriosa “Scarlet Queen” Godetia gloriosa “Double Rose” Godetia gloriosa “Apple Blossom” Godetia gloriosa “Duchess of Albany” Godetia gloriosa “Lady Albermarle” Gypsophila elegans “Paris Market” Helianthus annuus, red Helianthus annuus “Albino” Helianthus annuus “Lilliput Hybrids” Helianthus annuus, single Helichrysum bracteatum Helichrysum monstrosum Heliotropium grandiflorum Helipterum Sanfordii Iberis umbellata “Empress” Iberis umbellata “Giant Hyacinth” Ionopsidium acaule Jacobea sp. Leptosyne maritima Leptosyne Stillmanii Limnanthes Douglasii Lobelia tenuior Matthiola incana “Heatham Beauty” Nemophila atomaria Nemophila discoidalis : Nemophila insignis grandiflora 56 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN Nemophila insignis alba Nemophila insignis, mauve Nemophila maculata grandiflora Nicotiana affinis Nycterinia capensis Oenothera Drummondii nana ‘ Oenothera Lamarckiana “Imperial Royal” Oenothera rosea = Oenothera taraxacifolia alba . Oenothera bistorta Veitchii Oenothera macrocarpa Oenothera Fraseri Oenothera hybrida Sutton “Afterglow” Origanum sp. Orthocarpus purpurascens Papaver Rhoeas Papaver Rhoeas, double Papaver somniferum “Carnation” Papaver somniferum “Snowdrift” Papaver somniferum “Firedragon” Papaver somniferum “New Cardinal” Papaver somniferum “Double Peony” Papaver somniferum, shrimp-pink Papaver somniferum, silver lining Papaver somniferum “Fairy Blush” Papaver orientale Papaver glaucum “Tulip” Petunia hybrida, double Petunia hybrida, single Petunia hybrida “Baleony,” rose Petunia hybrida “Baleony,” white _ Petunia hybrida “Balcony,” blue Phacelia campanularia Phlox Drummondii Portulaca grandiflora “Parana” Rhodanthe maculata Salvia patens Salvia splendens “Ostrich Plume” Salvia americana Salvia Gardneriana Scabiosa maxima Scabiosa maxima plena, golden yellow Scabiosa maxima plena “Azure Fairy” Scabiosa maxima plena “Snowball” Scabiosa maxima plena, royal purple Scabiosa maxima plena “Fairy Scarlet?’ Scabiosa maxima plena, cerise Silene pendula compacta Statice sinuatum : Tagetes erecta “Prince of Orange” Thermopsis caroliniana Torenia Fournieri grandiflora Verbena erinoides Verbena venosa Verbena “Aurora borealis” Verbena hybrida “Firefly” Verbena hybrida “Defiance” Verbena hybrida striata Verbena hybrida, yellow MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 57 Xeranthemum Zinnia elegans “Picotte’’ Zinnia elegans, violet Zinnia elegans, curled DELPHINIUMS As permanent subjects in the hardy flower garden few plants are more worthy of special mention than the del- phiniums. For producing a striking display over a long sea- son they are quite unique, attracting attention by their state- liness as well as their variety of blue shades which run the gamut of all known blues from deep reddish purple to a delicate azure almost indistinguishable from white. In ad- dition, their hardiness and adaptability make them highly desirable for greater use in our gardens and borders. Under our climatic conditions, however, delphiniums seldom equal in size, loveliness of tone, and continuity of bloom those grown in cooler climates of greater degrees of humidity. Many parts of the world have contributed to our wealth of delphiniums. They have come from Siberia, Formosa, Caucasus, China, California, Rocky Mountains, etc., while numerous hybrids have ge aoe in England and France through the painstaking efforts of Kelway and Lemoine. The old strains have been improved almost beyond recog- nition from the narrow-petaled flowers crowded together to fie. 9 eacaacies columnar spikes of the present-day ybrids. CULTURE In order to alleviate the trying effects of our hot climate upon the cool-loving plants special attention should be given to soil requirements. A well-drained, cool, rich soil should be provided with an abundant supply of moisture during dry weather, especially in the prior to flowering. After flowering the plants may be cut down to the ground and mulched with well-rotted manure. This treatment will serve the threefold purpose of providing coolness, conserving moisture, and furnishing a second crop of bloom early in the fall. Although exceedingly cea Iphiniums are bene- fited by a protective light mulch of well-rotted manure laced about the crowns after the first proesng ol the ground. e mulch should be spaded in early in the spring, thus supplying the essential erent During winter months vt dace are often attacked by slugs, with disastrous re- sults, and as a precautionary measure 2 or 3 inches of soil may be removed from the crowns and replaced by very fine 58 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN ashes. Large clumps should be divided every three or four years. Several methods are employed in propagation—division, layers, cuttings, and seed. Division is performed in March when the stems are dormant. The plants are lifted, divided into several parts, and placed in the cold-frames until ready for planting outdoors. Cuttings may be taken with a heel early in the spring and rooted either in a hot-bed or propagating bench in a green- house. Upon rooting the new plants should be potted and later transplanted to the nursery soil or cold-frame in readi- ness for their final Sloe in the fall or following spring. Late summer and fall propagation may also be resorted to, though it is not as successful as the spring method. Where greenhouse facilities are available delphiniums may be lifted after freezing, potted, and forced slowly, producing new growth from which cuttings are taken during January or February. Another successful method is by means of layering which is done in May or June. A cut is made at the extreme base of the stem and covered with fibrous loam. In due time roots will be forced out near the cut and a new plant se- cured, which can be severed from the parent plant early in the spring. Seed is sown in the cold-frame late in the summer or in greenhouses early in the spring. In the first case the plants will flower the following summer, in the second case they may flower the same autumn. Care should be exercised in carrying the seedlings over winter in cold-frames to kee them moderately dry and well aerated. Light should be ad- mitted very early in the spring. In selecting varieties for seed clear distinct colors, robust habit, and symmetrical spikes should be chosen. The following are the more important species of Del- phinium : TIME NAME COLOR OF BLOOM HEIGHT HABIT HABITAT Ajacis blue, violet May-Aug. 18 in. Annual Europe altissimum blue, purple Aug.-Sept. 3-4 ft. Perennial Himalaya bicolor blue, yellow May-Aug. 6-12 in. Perennial Colorado Brunoniamum blue, black June-July 6-18 in. Perennial China cardinale red July-Aug. 3 ft. Perennial California carolinianum azure-blue July 2 ft. Perennial N.C. to Ill. cashmerianum azure-blue July-Sept. 10-18 in. Perennial Himalaya cheilanthum yellow June-July 2-3 ft. Perennial Siberia decorum blue May-July 6-18 in. Perennial California elatum blue, violet June-Aug. 2-3 ft. Perennial Europe MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN TIME NAME COLOR OF BLOOM HEIGHT HABIT HABITAT exaltatum blue, yellow June-Aug. 24 ft. Perennial Ala. to Minn. formosum blue June-July 2-3 ft. Perennial Asia Minor grandiflorum blue, white July 2-3 ft. Perennial Siberia var. album white var. albo-pleno double white var. flore-pleno double blue var. chinense double blue 59 hybridum blue, white June-Aug. 3-4 ft. Perennial Asia var. Barlowit deep blue Maackianum blue, violet July o-it. Perennial Siberia Menziesii blue April-June 12-18 in. Perennial California nudicaule orange-red April-July 12-18 in. Perennial California Nuttallit blue June-July 18-30 in. Perennial Columbia River region Przewalskii yellow July-Aug. 2-4 ft. Perennial Asia scopulorum blue Aug.-Sept. 2-24 ft. Perennial Western coast simplea blue, yellow June ie Perennial Idaho tricorne blue May 12 in. Perennial Northern U. S. trolliifolium blue April 30 in. Perennial Columbia River region Zalil yellow June-July 14 in. Perennial Persia NOTES Mr. R. A. McGinty and Mr. R. W. Webb, Rufus J. Lack- land research fellows, were elected to the Society of Sigma Xi and initiated at the annual meeting recently. The Annual Flower Sermon, provided for in Mr. Shaw’s will, was preached at Christ Church Cathedral on May 18 by the Rt. Rev. John A. Richardson, D.D., D.C.L., Bishop of Frederickton, New Brunswick, Canada. Dr. B. M. Duggar, Physiologist to the Garden, read a paper on “Important Factors in the Constitution of Nutrient Solutions for the Growth of Seed Plants,” at the meeting of the St. Louis Academy of Science, May 19. On May 8, Mr. George H. Pring, Floriculturist to the Garden, spoke before the McKinley igh School on “Horti- culture as a Profession” and gave an ed le fore the St. Louis Florists’ Club on “Plant Curiosities.” lustrated lecture be- For the investigation of the “take-all” and other wheat diseases in the Illinois bottoms near St. Louis, the facilities of the graduate laboratory are being used by Mr. Bo McKinney and Miss Edith Seymour, of the Office of Cereal Disease Investigations, Bureau of Plant Industry. Recent visitors to the Garden include the following: Mr. M. C. Jensen, Forest Service, U. 8. Department of Agricul- ture, Madison, Wisconsin; Mr. Naoji Hiratsuka, Director of the Sapporo Branch, Imperial Flax Manufacturing Co. ; Dr. 60 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN Kwan Koriba, Professor of Plant Physiology, University of Kioto, Japan. Among the plant pathologists who have recently been in St. Louis to examine the new wheat disease in the vicinity, the following have visited the Garden: G. H. Coons, Mich- igan Agricultural College; C. D. Learn, Oklahoma Agri- cultural Experiment Station; J. A. McClintock, Georgia Agricultural Experiment Station; G. L. Peltier, Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station; B. L. Richards, Wisconsin Agricultural Experiment Station; A. D. Selby, Ohio Agri- cultural Experiment Station; and E. Mead Wilcox, Univer- sity of Nebraska; also the following representatives of the Bureau of Plant Industry: J. D. Dickson, Raymond Fogel- man, R. J. Haskell, J. F. Holmes, A. G. Johnson, C. E. Leighty, and George M. Reed. : MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 61 STATISTICAL INFORMATION FOR APRIL, 1919 GARDEN ATTENDANCE: Total number Of VisitOrs. 6.225... eee science seee eens 4,891 PLANT ACCESSIONS: Total number of packets of seeds received in exchange..... 11 Total number of plants received in exchange...........-- 353 Total number of plants and seeds received as gifts........ 38 PLANT DISTRIBUTION: Total number of plants distributed in exchange..........- 4 LIBRARY ACCESSIONS: eo Total number of books and pamphlets bought..........--- 10 Total number of books and pamphlets donated........-.-- 147 HERBARIUM ACCESSIONS : By Purchase — Canton Christian College—Plants of China..........---- 118 F. S. Collins—Algae from various localities.......-. ae ee - Pauak 0.2 Megdlex—Planté Of; Meyiee sépligcted by Brother @. eeeen ce” © SG. ATREME IT ET eee cee eens eee eenene ec enees 3,250 By Gift— se" NE ES. Hon. J. R. Ghurdhill+-PlmttS chiefly from North America.. 768 J, A. Drushel—Plants ai. North AMOriCn. 6... ys ses oes ws 8 Prof. H. M. Fitzpatzt¢k+,Fungi from German tunnels and dugouts in France.......----+-seseeeeeseeser estes 3 Miss Fanny M. Goetz—Escholtzia sp. from California... .. 1 O. S. Ledman—Plants of Missouri.......----+-++++++-+> 2 Co: Lloyd — Cyphella fulvo-disca Cke. & Mass. from Philippine Islands ........--++-+++eeererretrersttes 1 T. Petch—Corticiums parasitic on tea, coffee, and potato plants ......--+++eeeees Pere a ia bs eee oes ee © 5 G. H. Pring —Arenga saccharifera Labill., cultivated at Mo. Bot. Gardeth. <3: occ csc. cs tet ss ote eee sere 1 Arthur 8. Rhoads—Stereums on Eucalyptus globulus....-- cae Dr. H. von Schrenk—Plants of Texas.....----++++++5++* 76 Dr. J. R. Weir—Poria species of western United States.... 240 Dr. J. R. Weir—Polyporus umbellatus Fr. from California. . 1 Dr. S. M. Zeller—Trametes Stephensii and Poria mucida from vicinity of St. Louis......--.-++--ssererrrre 2 By Exchange — College de Longueuil, by Fr. Marie-Victorin — Plants of Cees ois ees i oe ee 266 United States National Museum — Miscellaneous dupli- eates, chiefly of North American plants......---+--->- 335 University of Wisconsin, by Dr. ©. C. Davis—Fungi Wis- consinensis exsiceati, Nos. 51-70 inclusive....-------- 20 62 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN The Garden is open to the public every day in the year, except New Year’s, Fourth of July, Labor Day, and Christmas— week days from 8:00 A. M. until one-half hour after sunset; Sundays from December to April, 1:00 P. M. until sunset, from April to December, 2:00 P. M. until sunset. The main entrance to the Garden is located at Tower Grove Avenue and Flora Boulevard, on the Vandeventer Avenue car line. Transfer south from all intersorseny lines: . * ee Be s ~ iat EP O62 aS be s e282 ee *e8 @ i. o* Fo 8 ¢-..6 & =~ . a es ees © «4 5 i e@ efe 4 o*s= . co @e #e © *en sece ee Soe 6g . 2 #£@28 “ee ee . ele Saw = ss 4 ote ger « PA otra ; . . a6 5 ne . .° “noe a *,e . = es #806 e @.° . ° i a ae he ad ae S< -2n0% ha 2. Tend « * | | STAFF _ OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN Directer, ~ GEORGE T. MOORE. BENJAMIN MINGE DuGGAR, Epwarp A, Burt, Physiologist in charge of Graduate Laboratory. Mycologist and Librarian. HERMANN VON SCHRENK, Jesse M. GREENMAN, Pathologist. Curator of the Herbarium. ) KaTHertne H. LEeicu, "Secretary to the Director. James GURNEY, © Head Gardener, Emeritun ALEXANDER LURIE, Horticulturist. G. H. PRING, _. Floriculturist. . Ata j. J. CoucHun, . _W. F. Lancan, Construction. Engineer. P. FOERSTER, H. VALLENTINE, Farm and Stables + Carpenter. ~ Mussour! BoTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN Vol. VII ; JUNE, 1919 No. 6 CONTENTS Adoartuen Exhibir 6) Of arg The Linnean Ho Sapte toe tee A Rey cen 3. Notes, 1) eo ‘ ‘ PERE ih ee ee ROO op Statistical Information «= )' 9 8 a TE SS ST. LOUIS, MO. Vers tc, 1919 4 ae _ Published Monthly Except July and Augu§t by the Board of Trustees ‘SUBSCRIPTION PRICE: _ | ONE DOLLAR PER YEAR| _ SINGLE COPIES TEN CENTS eo AS BOARD OF TRUSTEES __ _._. OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN _ > AND THE BOARD SO CONSTITUTED, EXCLUSIVE OF . 2) TRE EX-OFFICIO MEMBERS, IS. SELF-PERPETUATING. ¥v ¥ EDWARDS WHITAKER. eS : Pies Fiesta DAVID ‘S. H. SMITH. at ‘Samurt C. Davis. — t Leonarp MATTHEWws. ~ ‘ EDWARD ey Eior. Se ae WILLIAM fe 5 3 Petrus. Be Gerorce C, Hircucock. _ Pat C. Scantan. _ Epwarp MALuinckropr. Joun F. SHeprey. _ EX-OFFICIO MEMBERS —_ _ Frepertc A. Hatu ene | Grorce T, Moore, | "Chancellor of Washington University. © > - President of The Academy of Science of ed ee , ie *". $t Louis ‘fe. < fatewae Wi Kies 25 Henry L. Worrner, > Mayor of the City of St. Louis, |” ae ‘ President of the Board of Education of Cr 3 oe es ae ~Danigx S. Turrie, Bishop of the Diocese of Missouri, _ ‘THE ORIGINAL MEMBERS WERE DESIGNATED IN MR. SHAW’S WILL, nae es “ITO “GUYS “LOG ‘OW L°IOA ‘OT6T © — sia _— = 3 ; (en, 7% a is eae eS SSS ONE OF THE ALCOVES CONTAINING AQUARIA, “GI SLVId Missouri Botanical Garden Bulletin Vol. VII St. Louis, Mo., June, 1919 No. 6 AQUARIUM EXHIBIT Through the instrumentality of the St. Louis Aquarium Society, the Garden is fortunate in being able to establish a display of fancy fish, exhibited in specially prepared eS which have been installed in the alcoves of the aroid house. The attractive rockwork around the aquaria eliminates the artificiality generally associated with such displays. An additional feature of the exhibit is the use of various aquatic plants suitable for aquaria. Such plants are indispensable for maintaining the life of the fish, possessing ihe power of generating oxygen. Pure oxygen is essential for fish, while carbon dioxide is a plant necessity; thus a balance is main- tained, the oxygen given off by the plants being utilized by the fish, while the carbon dioxide exhaled by the fish is ab- sorbed by the plants. Without this reciprocal relation it is impossible to attempt fish culture successfully. It has been repeatedly demonstrated by specialists that aquaria contain- ing sufficient plant life may be tightly covered, the plants giving off enough oxygen to support a proportionate number of fish. The feces excreted by the fish are absorbed by the plant roots as food. : The ornamental value of plants in aquaria is another im- portant feature. The plants used may be either native or tropical, placing stress upon those which possess to the larg- est degree oxygen-generating properties. The best plants for this purpose are: pond-weed (Potamogeton crispus) , fish- grass (Cabomba caroliniana), eel-grass ( Vallisneria spiralis) , water-weed (Elodea canadensis), and ribbon arrowhead (Sagittaria subulata). Pond-weed (Potamogeton crispus)—A native of Europe, forming greenish brown growths. The leaves are lanceolate with undulated margins and the flowers white. One of the best oxygen generators, but an exceedingly noxious weed in outside ponds. Fish-grass (Cabomba caroliniana).—A native of North America. The green leaves are produced in fan-shaped for- mation from the central stem which reaches a length of four (63) 64 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN feet. The plant is quite attractive, but is a rather poor oxygen generator, Eel-grass (Vallisneria spiralis) —A grass-like plant native of North America, with strap-shaped leaves varying from one to three feet in length, light green in color, and translucent. The sor the base of the spiral, submerging the flower for fertilization. , floating pistillate flowers are connected to plant by a long filament which later becomes The stami- nate flowers are globular, produced at the base of the plant, from which they break away, rising to the surface of the water. They float with the stream, pollen exposed, so that when contact occurs with the pistillate flowers, pollination readily takes place. This plant is a very good oxygen gen- erator. Water-weed (Elodea canadensis var. gigantea) —Native of North America, moss-like in growth. The leaves are in whorls upon light green stems which form strands reaching several feet in length. This is an excellent oxygen gener- ator, growing completely submerged. It may become a pestiferous weed in lily ponds. Ribbon arrowhead (Sagittaria subulata) —Native of North America. The submerged leaves are equitant, strap- shaped, dark green, one foot in length. The growth above water bears lance or sagittate leaves. This plant is one of © the most valuable for aquarium purposes, multiplying rap- idly by stoloniferous growths and supplying a plentiful amount of oxygen. A very noxious weed in ponds. _PLANTS SUITABLE FOR AQUARIA Botanical name Common name Habit Aponogeton distachyus... -Cape pond-weed Floating Aponogeton fenestralis... .Lace-leaf Submerged Azolla caroliniana......., Water moss Floating Cabomba caroliniana ..... Fish-grass Submerged Callitriche verna ........ Spring starwort cubmerged or oating Ceratopteris. thalictroides..Water fern Leaves floating or above water Oryptocoryne Griffithii ...Mosaic leaf Submerged Oyperus alternifolius var. variegatus ............ Variegated Leaves above umbrella plant water Cyperus Papyrus ........ Egyptian pepper Leaves above plant water Eichhornia speciosa ...... Water hyacinth Floating Elodea (Anacharis) can- ne ey, OE ERE As Water-weed Submerged Eriocaulon septangulare ..Hair grass Submerged or above water Habitat South Africa Madagascar North America North America North America Tropics Malaya Madagascar Egypt Southern United States North America Southern United States MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 65 Botanical name Common name Habit Habitat Fontinalis antipyretica ...Willow moss Submerged or North America above water Heteranthera limosa ..... Bog herb Floating North America Hippuris vulgaris ........ Mare’s tail Submerged or North America above water Tsoetes Engelmanni ...... Quillwort Submerged North America Jussiaea longifolia ....... Primrose willow Floating Brazil Lemna minor ,........... Duck weed Floating North America Limnobium Spongia ...... American frogbit Floating North America Limnocharis Humboldtii,.Water poppy Floating South America Ludwigia Mulerttii ...... Water purslane Floating Amazon River Myriophyllum proserpi- : NACONOS. 6 OSES Parrot’s feather Floating Tropics Nuphar sagittaefolium ...Spatter-dock Submerged or North America / above water Pistia Stratiotes ........ Water lettuce Floating Tropics Salvinia natans ......... Floating gem Floating Tropics Potamogeton crispus ..... Pond-weed Submerged Euro Sagittaria subulata ...... Ribbon arrowhead Submerged or North America above water Trapa natans ........... Water chestnut Floating China Utricularia vulgaris var, Gmbriomng 5.555554 68% Bladderwort Submerged North America Vallisneria spiralis ...... Eel-grass Submerged North America tI FISH TO BE FOUND IN AQUARIA Among the curious fish from foreign lands will be seen the Mollinesia latipinna, or sail fish, with its huge, brilliantly colored dorsal fin which it expands like a sail when courting. These fish are natives of the bayous and small streams of the Gulf and particularly of Louisiana and Mexico. The Mexican sword-tailed fish will be found in another tank, where it is readily distinguished by its long sabre-like tail. The colors of this fish baffle description. The South American peacock-fish, one of the smallest known fish, while called the “millionfish” in its native wa- ters on account of its vast numbers, is shown here in a small family, as, like the two above-named fishes, it is tropical in nature and requires much heat during the winter. It shows all colors of the rainbow and is covered with dots exactly like the eyes of the peacock’s tail. Another rare South American fish, the danio or zebra fish, resembling a miniature striped bass, will be found in several forms. It is incessantly active and scarcely ever stops for breath, taking its food in quick, snappy darts. ” The paradise fish is another interesting variety, one of the earliest known aquarium fish. Its brothers, the fightin fish of Siam (Betta pugnaz and Betta rubra), will be foun near it. These latter fish are used for fighting by the Sia- 66 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN mese, great fortunes and estates or women changing hands on the results of these singular battles. These fish are des- rately pugnacious and will fight until one or the other is iterally torn to pieces. The negro fish, the stilt fish, the ruby fish, and the albino fish will also be found in this col- lection. In another alcove will be found the sacred blue carp of Japan and the sacred red carp of the same country. The East Indian and Japanese shubunkin, or brocaded oldfish, will be found in an alcove where are displayed apanese lion-headed goldfish, Korean eggfish, Chinese moor (black) dragon-eyed goldfish, and the more beautiful forms of goldfish, such as butterfly-tails, lace-tails, fan-tails, and comet-tails, scaled and unscaled, in colors from gold to blue and mottled calicoes. = Among the wild native fish will be seen the rainbow darters, the sculpin or toad-fish, the various minnows and horn-pout, the red and common sunfish, the purple minnow, the rainbow dace, the striped dace, the common shiner, and the darters or top-water minnows with their wonderful check- erboard colors. AQUARIUM MANAGEMENT The chief sources of failure in the management of aquaria are overcrowding, overfeeding, sudden temperature changes, lack of proper plant life, and insufficient lighting. _ , The tendency to overcrowd aquaria is a common fault. A safe rule to follow is to allow one gallon of water to every one-inch fish; thus a ten-gallon aquarium may contain ten one-inch fish or two five-inch fish. When the fish contin- ually come to the top and gasp for air it is a sign either of overcrowding or of the presence of some decomposed matter in the water. Overfeeding of fish is an evil usually due to ignorance. Under natural conditions, in order to procure food, fish have to exert themselves, but as such exercise is not possible in a confined aquarium, food must be given in smaller amounts. No more should be given than can be consumed at once, and if any remains after five minutes it should be removed with a dip tube. When the temperature of the water is 60° F. or highel. daily feeding is permissible, but as the tempera- ture goes down feeding should be reduced to two- or three- day intervals, If change of water becomes necessary, sudden fluctuation ~ of temperature should be avoided, as it is quite often the primary cause of disease. Every few days a tenth of the volume of water may be changed slowly. A sprinkling pot MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 67 is desirable for adding water, the small streams becoming well aérated. An evidence of sickness in fish is the dragging of the back fin which normally is carried upright. The movements also become sluggish and a tendency to hide in a dark corner is noticed. The body becomes thin, the fins split and are streeked with red, and the excrement shows a pale color. Sick fish should be removed quickly from the aquarium, and if the disease affecting it be contagious, the tank should be disinfected by adding three grains of potassium perman- ee to a gallon of water, having previously removed the h and the snails. The mineral constituents of the water are absorbed by the fish and plants to such an extent as to necessitate addition of these materials at intervals. A mixture of three parts of evaporated sea salt to one part of Epsom salts added at the rate of one teaspoonful to twenty gallons of water every two weeks will prove beneficial. Acid conditions resulting in the crumbling of the shells of snails may be eliminated by keeping a piece of plaster of Paris or gypsum in the aqua- rium. In dissolving, it neutralizes the acid, but as it only dissolves under acid conditions there is no danger of the water becoming too alkaline. In order to get rid of a good deal of decomposing matter in the aquarium, Japanese, African, and European red snails, as well as water mussels and weather-fish, are ex- tremely useful and should find place in every tank. The mussels are necessary for keeping down algal growth. Planting is done directly in sand which is spread to a thickness of one inch. Two inches of water is then added, the roots spread out, and another one-inch layer of sand and pebbles placed on top. The aquarium should be allowed to stand at least a day before the fish are added. A globe is one of the worst possible containers for fish. When filled the air surface is small in proportion to the wa- ter bulk; the convex surface of the globe acts as a lens, focusing light into the eyes of the fish; proper plant growth is difficult, and in addition overcrowding and overfeeding are apt to result. THE LINNEAN HOUSE The Linnean House, which was erected by Mr. Shaw in 1882 to house the palm collection and part of the floral dis- lays and is the only greenhouse remaining of those built 5 tay, has been radically remodelled and presents a novel 68 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN | effect. To admit more light the old-fashioned, half-slate, half-glass roof has been replaced by a modern all-glass roof. Within the house the central feature is a rocky ledge from which a spring issues, emptying into a circular pool, the entire structure being surmounted by the overgrown rock and stump of a tree described in the April, 1919, number of the Butitetin. Lycopodium lucidulum is growing in the ~ cracks and crevices of the ledge. The banks on either side of the walk are planted with various conifers and ericaceous plants, the latter to produce effective masses of color at cer- - tain times of the year. The brick walls will eventually be covered with various species of ivy (Hedera), while the en- trances will be arched by the foliage and brilliant orange flowers of the false holly (Chorizema ilicifolium). - Among the plants represented in this house are: Andromeda calyculata Andromeda floribunda Andromeda japonica Andromeda speciosa Azalea amoena Azalea Hinodigiri Azalea indica var. Azalea Kaempferi Azalea ledifolia alba Azalea yodogawa Camellia japonica var. Daphne Cneorum Erica alba minor Erica Alporti Erica coccinea Erica cuprea EricaX Edward VII. Abies arizonica Abies balsamea Abies balsamea argentea Abies concolor Abies concolor lasiocarpa Abies fraxoniana Abies homolepis umbellata Abies magnifica glauca Abies nobilis glauca Abies Nordmanniana Abies pectinata Abies pectinata pendula Abies pectinata pyramidalis Abies Pinsapo glauca Abies sachalinensis Abies sachalinensis nemoralis Abies sibirica Abies subalpina Erica Hammondi Erica hypnoides Erica melanthera Erica monstrosa Erica pilosa Erica Serliet Hrica sericea Erica stricta Erica tenella Erica Tetralix Erica vagans Erica vulgaris tomentosa Erica vulgaris variegata Kalmia latifolia (mountain laurel ) Lagerstroemia indica (crape myrtle) Rhododendron hybrids CONIFERS Abies umbiculata Abies Veitchii Abies Veitchii olivacea Abies “823 Purdom” ‘Araucaria imbricata - Cedrus atlantica Cedrus Deodara Cedrus Libani Cephalotazus drupacea Chamaecyparis nutkaensis Cryptomeria japonica aurea Cupressus Lawsoniana Cupressus Lawsoniana minima glauca Cupressus Lawsoniana pyramidalis glauca Cupressus Lawsoniana “Triomph von Boskoop” 02 ALVIG “6I6T “L "IOA “ITO ‘duv+t) “LO “OVW SE EW IN LINNEAN HOU I Vv SPRING IN LINNEAN HOUSE. “IOA ‘ITN ‘auvy ‘Log ‘ow ‘ J “6161 ‘Ig BLV Id MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN Juniperus conferta Juniperus japonica Juniperus japonica nana aureo va- riegata Juniperus macrocarpa Juniperus nana canadensis Juniperus Pinchoti Juniperus recurva squamata Juniperus Sabina Juniperus Sabina prostrata Juniperus Sabina tamariscifolia Juniperus stricta Juniperus sphaerica Juniperus virginiana Juniperus virginiana Cannartii Juniperus virginiana elegantissima Juniperus virginiana glauca Juniperus virginiana globosa Juniperus virginiana pendula Juniperus virginiana Schotti Larix europaea Libocedrus decurrens Picea alba Picea Alcockiana Picea Balfouriana Picea canadensis excelsa excelsa Gregoryana excelsa inversa excelsa Ohlenderffit Picea Kayamai Picea Meyeri nigra orientalis orientalis gracilis pungens x pungens Kostert Picea “455 Schneider” Pinus densiflora Pinus Laricio austriaca 69 Pinus montana Pinus Strobus Pinus suchuensis Pinus sylvestris Pinus “8815 Wilson” Pseudolarix Kaempferi Pseudotsuga Douglassii Retinispora leptoclada Retinispora obtusa Retinispora obtusa aurea Cripssi Retinispora obtusa filicoides Retinispora obtusa lycopodiodes Retinispora obtusa nana Retinispora obtusa nana aurea Retinispora obtusa pygmea Retinispora pisifera * Retinispora pisifera filifera Retinispora pisifera plumosa Retinispora pisifera squarrosa Veitch Sciadopitys verticillata Sequoia gigantea Taxus baccata Taxus baccata fastigiata Taxus baccata aureo-marginata Taxus baccata repandens Taxus cuspidata Tacus cuspidata nana Taxus cuspidata brevifolia Thuya gigantea Thuya occidentalis - Thuya occidentalis Douglassii aurea Thuya occidentalis Ellwangeriana Thuya occidentalis globosa Thuya occidentalis Hoveyt Thuya occidentalis lutea Thuya occidentalis pyramidalis Thuya occidentalis Rosenthalli Thuya occidentalis spiralis Thuya occidentalis Wareana Thuya occidentalis Woodwardit Thuya occidentalis Standishi Thuya “7244 Wilson” Thuya “7629 Wilson” Thujopsis dolobrata Tsuga canadensis A Tsuga canadensis Sargentii pen- dula Tsuga Mertensiana NOTES At the commencement of Washington University, June 12, degrees were oratory as follows: Master of Arts, Adele L. Grant, R. A. McGinty, Lurie, and R. W. Webb. conferred on members of the graduate lab- Doctor of Philosophy, Henry Schmitz; Alexander 70 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN Dr. George T. Moore, Director of the Garden, lectured be- fore the Artists’ Guild, May 3, on “Plants and People.” Dr. Norma E. Pfeiffer, of the University of North Dakota, has resumed at the Garden her monographic study of the genus Isoetes. . “¥ é Id te On the evening of June 5, before the cereal Utes Dr. B. M. Duggar, Physiologist to the Garden, presented the first paper on the subject, “Disease Resistance in Plants: Im- munity.” Dr. B. M. Duggar, Physiologist to the Garden, spoke be- fore the members’ conference of the Chamber of Commerce, June 11, on “Why an Art-in-Industry Exhibition in St. Louis is Indispensable.” Mr. G. H. Pring, Floriculturist to the Garden, published an article in the June issue of the Gardeners’ Chronicle of America on “Orchids of the Missouri Botanical Garden” and also contributed a paper to the May issue of Aquatic Life on “Aquatic Plants and Their Cultivation.” The first session of the St. Louis Conference of Cereal Pathologists was held in the graduate lecture room, June 5, following a buffet luncheon served by the Garden. Dr. George T. Moore, Director of the Garden, outlined the his- tory and work of the Garden. The luncheon was preceded by a brief discussion in the graduate laboratory—led by Dr. Duggar and assisted by all graduates—of the investiga- tions in progress by members of the staff, research fellows, and other investigators, Recent visitors to the Garden include Dr. P. J. O'Gara, director department of agricultural and smelter by-product investigations, American Smelting and Refining Co., Salt Lake City, June 11; Mr. Edgar M. Ledyard, director agri- cultural department, United States Smelting, Refining and Mining Co., Salt Lake City; Prof. Kingo Miyabe, of the Hokkaido Imperial University, Sapporo, J apan, June 18-19; Baron Henry d’Anchald, member of the Academy of Agri- culture of France, June 24. Volume VI, Number 2, of the Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden has been issued recently with the follow- ing contents: “Studies in the Physiology of the Fungi. VI. The Rela- tion of Bacteria to Cellulose Fermentation Induced by Fungi, with Special Reference to the Decay of Wood.” Henry Schmitz. . MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 71 “Studies in the Physiology of the Fungi. VII. Growth of Wood-Destroying Fungi on Liquid Media.” §. M. Zeller, Henry Schmitz, and B. M. Duggar. “Merulius in North America, Supplementary Notes.” E. A. Burt. “Seed Disinfection for Pure Culture Work.’ H. C. Young. “Seed Disinfection for Pure Culture Work: The Use of Hypochlorites.”” B. M. Duggar and Anne W. Davis. STATISTICAL INFORMATION FOR MAY, 1919 GARDEN ATTENDANCE: Total number of visitors. so es ee 15,100 PLANT ACCESSIONS: Total number of packets of seeds received in exchange.... 6 Total number of plants received in exchange............. 9 Total number of plants and seeds received as gifts........ 97 LIBRARY ACCESSIONS: , Total number of books and pamphlets bought............. 5 Total number of books and pamphlets donated............. 159 HERBARIUM ACCESSIONS: By Purchase — : Miss Edith I. Watt—Private herbarium of the late D. A. Watt, consisting primarily of ferns and fern allies, Sutin ted O6~ 54:05 ves 5 ee SS PE en 10,700 By Gift — Dr. H. W. Anderson—Peniophora quercina............... 1 Joseph R. Bohr—Undetermined plant from Michigan...... 1 Dr. W. A. Murrill—Septobasidium cirratum Burt from Se Mr Pee ee ee et here re are peiee ee 1 Dr. L. O. Overholts—Fungi from New Hampshire and Penn- RPIVORIE oe ert eh cls PE es 23 S. B. Parish—Plants of California...................... 87 Dr. H. von Schrenk—Fungi on railway ties from Norfolk, Virginia ..... pes eee ee eg er ere 2 Dr. J. R. Weir—Fungi from Cuba..................00065 2 Dr. F. A. Wolf—Protocaranospora nigricans Atk. & Edg... 1 By Exchange — J. A. Drushel—Plants of the United States............-. nay 10 Caroline C. Haynes—Hepaticae from eastern United States.. 29 Ralph Hoffmann—Plants of Massachusetts, Wisconsin, and DESAOOS oes Fi he 5 8 ck Oe RR Os eee RCO 1,002 New York Botanical Garden—Plants of Colombia, collected by H. H. Rusby and F. W. Pennell..............--.-- 170 72 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN The Garden is open to the public every day in the year, except New Year’s, Fourth of July, Labor Day, and Christmas— week days from 8:00 A. M. until one-half hour after sunset; Sundays from December to April, 1:00 P. M. until sunset, from April to December, 2:00 P. M. until sunset. The main entrance to the Garden is located at Tower Grove Avenue and Flora Boulevard, on the Vandeventer Avenue car line. Transfer south from all intersecting lines. MussourRI BOTANICAL GARDEN /JBULLETIN Vol. VII SEPTEMBER, 1919 No. 7, | 2 CT ti fF roy. S¥.-Lours,-M0.: °- Faee ; ae 1919 Laer Meme teoet ee Published Monthly Except July and August by the Board of Trustees couneinetanl eaamenemnenes MlissOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN JBULLETIN Vol. VII SEPTEMBER, 1919 No. 7 VIEWS OF GARDEN MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN se eee Dee a VIEW OF MAIN ENTRANCE FROM EXTERIOR, ERECTED 1858 NILATING NAGUVD IVOINVLOd INNOSSIIN GL VIEW OF MAIN ENTRANCE FROM INTERIOR 9h NILATTING NAGYVD ‘IVOINVLOd IMNOSSIN Looking south across knolls to mausoleum Looking north across rose garden to Linnean House TWO VIEWS OF GARDEN TAKEN FROM SAME SPOT NILATING NAGIVD JIVOINV.LOG IYNOSSIW bh TROPICAL LILY POOLS AND MAIN CONSERVATORY. ERECTED 1912-13 NOSSIW NILATING NAGYVD ‘IVOINVLOd 14 ROSE GARDEN LOOKING TOWARD LINNEAN HOUSE NILATING NAGYVD IVOINVLOd TXNoOssIn 2 ROSE GARDEN WITH MAIN CONSERVATORY IN BACKGROUND 08 NILATING NAGIVD ‘IVOINVLOG IBMNOSSIW CORNER OF PERENNIAL GARDEN—G NILATING NAGUYVD ‘IVOINVLOd INNOSSIN 18 PERENNIAL GARDEN SHOWING LOTUS POOLS 68 df IYNOsSsiIW > J NILATING Nadav) ‘IVOINVL MISSOURI BOTANICAL G ARDEN BU I 4 I 4 ET ‘IN 83 NRY SHAW IN 1888 RECTED BY HE ) I 4 AN HOUSE. IOR OF LINNE oR INTE 84 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN FRUITING BANA TREE IN FLORAL DISPLAY HOUSE CHRYSANTHEMUM SHOW IN FLORAL DISPLAY HOUSE dav) VIVOINVLOD INNOSSIW a es N NILATING BULB SHOW IN FLORAL DISPLAY HOUSE 98 NILATIO€ NAGUVD ‘IVOINV LOG IYNOSsiw ae bal Ur eaaerar ii GE i Mew. 4 és (RS * ie 6 Lie TRELLISED GARDEN 5 le a ite ae ws AO me ae ie se as ee et ILLUSTRATIVE OF SHAK ESPEARB’S TIME. SHOWN HOUSE DURING SHAKESPEAREAN TRICENTENARY TEE Gta bat IN FLORAL DISPLAY NILATIN@ NAGUVD ‘IVOINVLOd IMNOSSIN 48 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN ICKERY IN AROID HOUS E AROID HOUSE. ar a Pert arava aeg anti FE Pine Pb igcctieep oe le 5 : ; oo * : , ONE OF THE ALCOVES CONTAINING AQUARIA ILATING@ NAGHVD “IVOINVLO@ IMNOSSIN 8 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN EAR IN R TRELLIS ON -LANT Qy ie =| 4 AN ELIAD HOUSE SHOWING V BROM MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN GOOSE OR PELICAN PLANT IN BROMELIAD HOUSE 91 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 92 See ed ~ 4 se ONE OF THE ORCHID-GROWING HOUSES MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN DOVE ORCHID (PERISTERIA ELATA) 94. MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN MAIDENHAIR TREE (GINKGO BILOBA). NATIVE OF CHINA EXTERIOR OF PALM HOUSE INTERIOR OF PALM HOUSE NILATIN@ NAGYVD ‘IVOINVLOd IXNOSSIIN 9 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN RN HOUSE x u NTERIOR OF FE I BRIDGE AND GROTTO IN FERN HOUSE NACGHVSD “IVOINVLO@ IXNOSSIN NILATIOg L6 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 98 INTERIOR OF CYCAD HOUSE CENTRAL PANEL OF ITALIAN GARDEN SHOWING PERGOLA NILATING NAGUVD IVOINVLO@ INNOSSIW 66 ITALIAN GARDEN LOOKING TOWARD CONSERVATORIES 001 1OSSIW 14a NAGHVD ‘TIVOINV.LOU NILATIONG MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 101 STATUE OF JUNO IN CENTER OF ITALIAN GARDEN. PURCHASED BY HENRY SHAW IN 1886. (COPY OF AN ANTIQUE NOW IN NATIONAL MUSEUM, NAPLES) ti SS ne SX) Wes NYS hs a é 7 ait, . y - a me La] io) 72) ° c 7 — 2] io) we > a a y = = oO > w =} mi 4 ie] c EB To peo! re — Z INTERIOR OF SUCCULENT HOUSE 103 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN pee x FRUITING SHOWING PAPAYA IN BACKGROUND a “ HOUS IOR OF ECONOMIC rR INTE 104 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN ECONOMIC HOUSE. COFFEE TREE IN BLOOM dav) ‘IVOINVLO@ IXNOSSIW A re Y N 1] a , a ™ ;oo ar — cor CENTRAL PATH THROUGH ECONOMIC GARDEN COLLECTION OF ORNAMENTAL GRASSES IN ECONOMIC GARDEN 901 LOSSIIN NAdAVD VIVOINVLOd 1a NILATING NILATING NAGUVSD ‘IVOINVLOG IINOSSIN A0T POOLS FOR HARDY WATER-LILIES. KNOLLS IN BACKGROUND 801 NILATINGA NAGIVD TIVOINVLOd IXNOSSIW MAIN CONSERVATORIES FROM KNOLLS NAGYVD ‘IVOINVLOd@ IXNOSSIN 1d a NILATI 601 CLEVELAND AV SNUE GATE-HOUSE, MUSEUM AND SHELTER CO! TAINING STATUE OF VICTORY Orr NILATING NAGUVD ‘IVOINVLOG IeNOSSIIW CLEVELAND AVENUE GATE-HOUSE AND MONUMENT TO AMERICAN SCIENCE Nadav) ‘IVOINVLOd IXNOSSIAW NILATING IIt 1izZ MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN MAUSOLEUM OF HENRY SHAW MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 113 SHAW NRY ~ “4 TOMB OF HE FORMER COUNTRY RESIDENCE OF MR. SHAW, ERECTED 1849. GARDENING NOW OCCUPIED BY SCHOOL FOR PIL NAGHVD ‘IVOINVLOd IXNOSSIW NILATIONG GREENHOUSES USED EXCLUSIVELY FOR EXPERIMENTAL WORK BY GRADUATE STUDENTS IN THE HENRY SHAW SCHOOL OF BOTANY NILATING NAGYVD IVOINVLO@ TXNOSsIn CTL PERGOLA AND TEST GARDEN, THE LATTER DEVOTED TO TESTING NEW OR SEEDS AND PLANTS RARE VARIETIES OF 9IT NILATING NAGUVD IVOINVLOd IXNOSsIn residence, originally situated on Seventh provision of his will. ADMINISTRATION BUILDING Containing offices, library, herbarium, and laboratories. The right-hand half of this building was Mr. Shaw’s city and Locust Streets, moved to its present site in 1890 in accordance with a NILATING NAGUVD ‘IVOINVLOd INNOSSIN raat MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN CORNER OF LIBRARY READING-ROOM. FORMERLY DRAWING ROOM OF MR. SHAW’S CITY RESIDENCE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 119 VIEW OF HERBARIUM SHOWING HOW DRIED SPECIMENS ARE STORED NILATING NAGUVSD ‘IVOINVLO@ INNOSSIW CONFERENCE AND STUDY ROOM FOR RESEARCH STUDENTS IN HENRY SHAW SCHOOL OF BOTANY GRADUATE LABORATORIES IN HENRY SHAW SCHOOL OF BOT ANY Nadav) ‘IVOINVLOd TYNOssin NILATING Tél 122 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN VIEWS OF DIRECTOR’S RESIDENCE VIEW ACROSS NORTH AMERICAN TRACT FROM DIRECTOR'S RESIDENCE NAGaYVD UIVOINVLOd INNOSSIW NILATING -6L i LAKE IN NORTH AMERICAN TRACT Fel NaAGUVD ‘IVOINVLOd TENOsSsIn NILATINGA MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 125 WINTER SCENE IN GARDEN 126 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN CENTRAL HEATING PLANT FROM WHICH ALL BUILDINGS IN GARDEN ARE HEATED WITH EXCEPTION OF RESIDENCES fe MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 127 ~~, RESIDENCE OF CHIEF ENGINEER 128 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN The Garden is open to the public every day in the year, except New Year’s, Fourth of July, Labor Day, and Christmas—week days from 8:00 A. M. until one-half hour after sunset; Sundays from December to April, 1:00 P. M. until sunset, from April to December, 2:00 P. M. until sunset. The main entrance to the Garden is located at Tower Grove Ave- nue and Flora Boulevard, on the Vandeventer Avenue car line. Transfer south from all intersecting lines. STAFF OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN Director, GEORGE T. MOORE. BENTAMIN Mince Duccar, Epwarp A. Burt, | Physiologist in charge of Graduate » Mycologist and Librarian: oratory. : : HERMANN von SCHRENK, . Jesse M. GREENMAN, Pathologist. tomy Curator of the Herbarium. KATHERINE H. Leicu, Secretaty to the Director. NELL C. Horner, Editor of Publications. JaMeEs GURNEY, Head Gardener, Emeritus. ALEXANDER LURIE, Horticulturist. G. H: Princ, | Floriculturist. W.. F. Lancan, Engineer. P. Foerster, ae | -H. VALLeNTINE, Farms and Stables. nie 3 Carpenter. Missouri BoraNicaL GARDEN [BULLETIN Vol. VII OCTOBER, 1919 No.8 — CONTENTS | A Variety Nut Orchard SAREE Shae cme, Palen tee - 129 ; Peehinss Plante (003 se as a! ee) ce Fe eA Presentation of Orchids to the Queen of Belgium . . 135. 3 ‘Notes - . . . oe . ° + RE ed . ¥ : 136. = Statistical Information . . 2. 4.5. + + ee Fae ST. LOUIS, MO. : 1919 Published Monthly Except July and August by the Board of Trustees ‘SUBSCRIPTION PRICE: ONE DOLLAR PER YEAR SINGLE COPIES TEN CENTS BOARD OF TRUSTEES OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN | THE ORIGINAL MEMBERS WERE DESIGNATED IN MR. SHAW’S WILL i AND THE BOARD SO CONSTITUTED, EXCLUSIVE OF THE EX-OFFICIO MEMBERS, IS SELF-PERPETUATING President, ; EDWARDS WHITAKER. Vice-President, DAVID S. H: SMITH: . x g Samvuen C. Davis. LEONARD MatTHEWSs. Epwarp C. Exior. — Wuitam H. H. Pertvs. _ Grorce C. Hircucock, Pump C. Scantay. -“‘Rpward MALunoxzopr. % JoHN F. SHEPLEY. EX-OFFICIO MEMBERS = Freperic A. Haut, ~ -.Grorce T. Moore, _ Chancellor of Washington University. Prgsident of The Academy of Science of _ Henry W. Kier, ~ _ Jesse McDonatp, __. Mayor of the City of St. Louis. President of the Board of Education of - Danien §. Turrte, CHaBLes A, Roz, Secretary. Mo. Bot. Garp. BULL., VOL. 4, EST: ~] bt IUM. 3ELG OE IAT ) EDI O QUE ED T LESENT P SHIDS ra OF Missouri Botanical Garden Bulletin Vol. VII St. Louis, Mo., October, 1919 No. 8 A VARIETY NUT ORCHARD A development of greatest importance to the nut industry of the United States is the planting this fall of a variety nut orchard at the Missouri Botanical Garden. It is the first at- tempt in the history of American agriculture to collect in one place and systematically test all varieties of native and imported nuts which are hardy in the latitude of St. Louis. It is particularly appropriate that the Garden be the insti- tution to undertake this work, because of the fact that there is the greatest collection of wild nuts on the American conti- nent within a radius of 200 miles of St. Louis. The lands ad- jacent to the Mississippi River and its tributaries contain tens of thousands of pecans, hickories, and black walnuts. Already from this wonderful collection there have been found a num- ber of varieties of nuts that are of great merit, and it only remains for the virtues of these to become sufficiently well known to lay the foundations of a prosperous and enduring industry in Missouri, Kentucky, southern Indiana, Illinois, and such other parts of the country as have similar climatic conditions. In the following list are given the sorts that the initial planting will contain, and later such new varieties of promise and merit as are discovered will be added to the orchard. The trees will be brought to bearing and complete records will be kept of their performances. In addition to this, there will be placed at the Garden a collection of nuts that are grown there and elsewhere, thus making the institution a clearing-house of information, which will be of the highest value to present and future growers of nut trees. While this work was initiated by the Missouri Botanical Garden, much of its success will depend upon the cooperation of others interested in establishing a nut industry in this part of the country. Mr. 8. M. McMurran, in charge of Nut Disease Investigation for the U. 8. Department of Agricul- ture; Mr. J. Jones, nurseryman, of Lancaster, Pa.; Mr. (129) 130 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN J. F. Wilkinson, nurseryman, of Rockport, Ill.; Mr. Willard G. Bixby, secretary of the Northern Nut Growers’ Associa- tion, and others prominently identified with the development of this industry have thus far indicated their willingness to be of all possible assistance, LIST OF NUT TREES IN INITIAL PLANTING PECANS Variety Butterick. Grayville, Ill. Parent tree still stand- ing; bearing record prolific. Character of nut: thin-shelled, excellent cracking quality, kernel plump and of good quality. Variety Kentucky. Rockport, Ind. Parent tree still stand- ing; bearing record prolific. Character of nut: thin-shelled, kernel plump and of good quality. Variety Major. Henderson County, Ky. Parent tree still standing; bearing record prolifie. Character of nut: thin- shelled, cracking quality good, kernel plump and of good quality. Variety Greenriver. Henderson County, Ky. Parent tree still standing; bearing record prolific. Character of nut: eracking quality good, kernel plump and of good quality. Variety Niblack. Vincennes, Ind. Parent tree still stand- ing; bearing record prolific. Character of nut: thin-shelled, excellent cracking quality. : Variety Posey. Gibson County, Ind. Parent tree not stand- ing; bearing record regular, but not prolific. Character of nut: thin-shelled, excellent cracking quality. Variety Indiana. Knox County, Ind. Parent tree still standing; bearing record excellent. Character of nut: shell medium, cracking quality good, kernel plump and of good quality. Variety Busseron. Knox County, Ind. Parent tree still standing; bearing record prolific, Character of nut: shell medium, of good cracking quality, kernel plump and of good quality. BLACK WALNUTS Variety Stabler. Howard County, Md. Parent tree very large, still standing; has borne sixteen bushels in one crop. Character of nut: thin-shelled, of excellent cracking quality, with full kernel. _ Variety Thomas. King of Prussia, Pa. Parent tree, orig- inated by Joseph W. Thomas, not now standing; bearing MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 131 record very productive and satisfactory. Character of nut: medium shell, best cracking quality of all large walnuts, kernel large and full. Variety Ohio. MeCutchenville, Ohio. Parent tree still standing; bearing record good. Character of nut: medium to large, thin-shelled, of excellent cracking quality, kernel of good quality. Variety Miller. Parent tree bearing record ‘prolific. Char- acter of nut: large, medium shell, of good cracking quality. Variety Lancaster. Fruitville, Pa. Parent tree still stand- ing; has been very heavy bearer. Character of nut: medium. to large, heart-shaped, medium shell, of best eracking quality, kernel very full and good. PERSIAN WALNUTS Variety Wiltz Mayette. R. Wiltz, San Jose, Cal. (seedling of Mayette). Parent tree still standing; of good bearing record (best variety of Mayette type). Character of nut: very large, thin-shelled, of best cracking quality, kernel full and rich. Variety Vrooman Franquette. Vrooman Orchard, Santa Rosa, Cal. (seedling of Franquette). Parent tree still stand- ing; one of best bearing and hardiest walnuts east. Character of nut: large, pointed, shell thin and soft, of excellent erack- ing quality, kernel very plump and white. Variety Rush. J. G. Rush, Lancaster County, Pa. Parent tree still standing; excellent bearing record. Character of nut: medium to large, shell thin and soft, of excellent crack- ing quality, kernel full and of good quality. Variety Alpine Mammoth. France, Alps Mountains (propa- gated from very select, heavy-bearing seedling tree, Burling- ton, N. J.). Parent tree not standing; bearing record good. Character of nut: large, shell very thin and soft, of best cracking quality, kernel full. HICKORIES Variety Kirtland (shagbark). Yalesville, Conn., by H. 8S. Kirtland. Parent tree still standing; of excellent bearing record, one of the finest shagbarks. Character of nut: large, shell smooth and of good appearance, of excellent eracking quality, kernel full and very good. Variety Stanley (shellbark). Carthage, Ind., by Thos. T. Newby. Parent tree not standing; bearing record excellent ; 132 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN a beautiful tree with luxuriant foliage. Character of nut: very large, shell thin for this species, excellent cracking quality, full kernel. Variety Pleas Hybrid (pecan and bitternut). Collinsville, Okla. Parent tree standing; very heavy bearer. Character of nut: large, shape of pecan but somewhat flattened, excel- lent cracking quality, kernel of good quality when fresh. Variety Beaver Hybrid (bitternut and shagbark). Millers- town, Pa. Parent tree still standing; good bearing record, very beautiful and rapid-growing. Character of nut: large, shell smooth, white, and of good appearance, good cracking quality, kernel full and of good quality but becomes rancid sooner than pure shagbarks. PERFUME PLANTS The use of plants and flowers for perfumery dates from antiquity. History first records the use of perfumery for religious ceremonies in the form of incense, This consisted mainly of aromatic woods and barks, fragrant balms, and resins, referred to in the scriptures as frankincense and myrrh and the sandal and aloes wood of later date. Perfume was essential in all religious ceremonies in Egypt, being offered in the form of ointment and incense. No king could be crowned without being anointed by the priests, and on special occasions incense was offered up in acknowledgment of the monarch’s supreme exaltation. That ancient Egyptians were skilled in the art of perfumery making is attested by a specimen of ointment 3,000 years old in a perfect state of preservation at Alnwick Castle Museum, England. The Greeks and Romans employed perfumery to a great extent, the Greeks in the time of their splendor making cer- tain essences similar to modern times. Athenaeus quotes a; writer of a treatise on perfumes as saying: ‘‘The iris is best in Elis and Cyzicus; the perfume made from roses is most excellent at Phaselis, and that made at Naples and Capua is also very fine. That made from crocus (saffron) is in the highest perfection at Soli in Cilicia, and at Rhodes. The essence of spikenard is best at Tarsus, and the extract of vine leaves is made best at Cyprus and Adramyttium. The best perfume from marjoram and from apples comes from Cos. Egypt bears the palm for its essence of cyperus, and the next best is the Cyprian and Phoenician, and after that comes the Sidonian. The perfume called panathenaicum is made at Athens, and those called metopian and mendesian are pre- MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 133 pared with the greatest skill in Egypt.’’ There is no refer- ence in this writer’s work to suggest a knowledge of distilla- tion, and it was not until the tenth century that the process was discovered by Avicenna, an Arabian doctor. Previous to this period perfumery consisted of resins, spices, oils, or ointments, scented by contact with fragrant substances. Five hundred years have passed since the people of south- ern France have learned the secret of extracting the perfume of flowers and preserving it. The largest industry for the manufacture of natural perfumes is located in Grasse, at the factory of Bruno Court, where 115,000 acres are cultivated for the production of flowers. Every year an average of 1,860 tons of orange blossoms, 930 tons of roses, 147 tons of violets, and 127 tons of jasmine, ete., are picked by hand and carried to the factory where they are sorted and the stamens and pistils separated. Since the average weight of a jasmine flower is about 120 milligrams, approximately five billion blos- soms are annually picked by hand. It is interesting to note that two-thirds of the flower pickers of Grasse live to the age of seventy. The principal methods of procuring the aroma from the flowers are maceration, enfleurage, and distillation. The odors of all vegetable matter are contained in a constituent called otto. This essential oil, or otto, is always present in a liquid form varying in color from light straw to dark red or brown and possessing the odor of the substance from which it is derived. As it exists in such small proportion, when isolated, a remarkable concentration of odor is contained. The yield of otto varies according to the material. For example, nutmeg and lemon rind contain six per cent or more and can profitably be extracted by expression. Roses, how- ever, yield a very low percentage, so little that one hundred pounds of petals will furnish but three teaspoonfuls of otto. The process of distillation is generally known, consisting of vaporizing a liquid in a closed vessel and conducting the vapor to a receiver in which it is condensed by the applica- tion of cold water. When the flowers are placed in the still with the correct proportion of water and heat applied the otto, being volatile, rises with the steam, and both being con- densed together, readily separate when cool. The water dis- tillate from the flowers is conserved in huge containers to be used again, or sold as distilled water, rose water, jasmine water, ete. : : The more delicate flowers, as tuberose, jonquil, and jasmine, impart their fragrance by the cold enfleurage process. The 134 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN flowers are placed upon the purest of scentless cold lard, which is spread upon glass plates secured to wooden frames. Fresh blooms are daily added until the lard has become im- pregnated with the otto, the latter being extracted by agitat- ing in cold aleohol and evaporating. Another method of extracting perfumes is by hot macera- tion, the flowers being immersed and continually stirred in heated lard. The perfumed lard is afterwards separated from the flowers by filtration and pressure. The most modern method is by employing volatile solvents, by which, in a closed extraction apparatus, light petroleum spirit dissolves the essences, and after evaporation in a vacuum leaves them in a solid form. Sweet odors are generally classified under three headings : (1) floral, including all those obtained from sweet-smelling flowers, (2) aromal, those derived from all spices, herbs, and roots, (3) balsamic, obtained from such substances as resins, musks, etc. Various essences in compound are used as substi- tutes in the manufacture of certain perfumes. The heliotrope in concentrated form suggests the aroma of vanilla combined with that of bitter almonds. With this in mind the perfumer makes an excellent ‘‘extract of heliotrope’’ by combining a tincture of vanilla with a small proportion of otto of bitter almonds and sufficient rose and orange flower essences to give sweetness and floral character. A substitute for magnolia odor is obtained by mixing orange flower, tuberose, and violet essences, the addition of a touch of cedrat giving the pecu- liar sweetness characteristic of the flower. Chemical substitutes for perfumes, compounded by the chemist, enter greatly in the present-day market, especially in the cheaper perfumery. The laboratory rival of any nat- ural perfume may be a chemical artificial product which is absolutely identical with it, both physically and chemically. Among the sources of perfumery are the laboratory by- products of coal tar. The Garden collection of tropical perfume plants is located in the south side of the economic house and includes various species of jasmines, myrtles, winter-sweet, patchouli, orange, lemon, cinnamon, camphor, ete. The hardy flowers used for perfumes, such as tuberose, lavender, violet, ete., are grown in season in the economic garden south of the main conserva- tories. MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 135 PLANTS CHIEFLY USED FOR PERFUMERY. Common name Botanical name Part used Almond (bitter) Amygdglus amara Kernel of fruit Cassie - Acacia Farnesiana Flowers Cinnamon (true) Laurus Cinnamomum Bark Jasmine Jasminum odoratissimum Flowers Lavender Lavandula vera Leaves Lemon Citrus Medica Rind of fruit Orange flower Citrus Bigaradia Flowers Orris Iris florentina Rhizome Patchouli Pogostemon Heyneanus Leaves Rose Rosa centifolia Flowers Rosemary Rosmarinus officinalis Leaves Tuberose Polianthes tuberosa Flowers Vanilla Vanilla planifolia Beans Violet Viola odorata Flowers PRESENTATION OF ORCHIDS TO THE QUEEN OF BELGIUM { During her visit to St. Louis, October 21, her Majesty, Queen Elizabeth of Belgium, was presented with a basket of orchids by the trustees of the Garden, which, on account of the extremely rare types in the Garden collection, surpassed anything of its kind in the country. Included in the basket were slipper orchids from the famous Brownhurst collection donated by Mr. D. 8. Brown in 1918, and two unusual species from Siam, Paphiopedilum callosum and its greenish variety Brownae. Of especial interest was the Thibet orchid, P. Fairicanum, which was lost to cultivation for a number of years and rediscovered by an officer of the British expedition in the Thibet region. Sanders & Sons, orchid specialists of England, valued this orchid so highly as to offer $5,000 for its reintroduction. The basket contained two hundred flowers representing ten genera and thirty-nine varieties, as included in the following list: Paphiopedilum Actaeus, G. H.* Paphiopedilum Arthurianum, G. H. Paphiopedilum Bruno, G. H. Paphiopedilum callosum, Siam Paphiopedilum callosum Brownae, Siam Paphiopedilum Clarkii, G. H. Paphiopedilum Crossianum, G. H. Paphiopedilum Elsie, G. H. Paphiopedilum Creon, G. H. Paphiopedilum Fairieanum, Thibet Paphiopedilum Harrisianum, G. H. Paphiopedilum illustre, G. H. Paphiopedilum insigne, northern India Paphiopedilum insigne Dorothy, northern India Paphiopedilum insigne Sanderce, northern India *G. H=Garden hybrid. 136 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN Paphiopedilum Matthewsii, G. H.* Paphiopedilum tonsum, Sumatra Paphiopedilum Spicerianum, Assam Cattleya Daphne, G. H. Cattleya labiata, Brazil Cattleya Lueddemanniana, Venezuela Cattleya maxima, Peru Cattleya Minnie, G. H. Cattleya Percivaliana, Venezuela Cattleya Trianae, Colombia Brassocattleya Hyeae, G. H. Laeliocattleya Leoniae, G. H. Laeliocattieya Lucasiana, G. H. Laeliocatileya Gottiana, G. H. Laelia Perrinii, Brazil Dendrobium bigibbum, Australia Dendrobium formosum giganteum, Khasia hills Dendrobium Phalaenopsis, Australia Oncidium Papilio, West Indies. Oncidium. varicosum Rogersii, Brazil Phalaenopsis Esmeralda, China Stenoglottis longifolia, South Africa Epidendrum atritum, Mexico Epidendrum ciliare, Mexico *G. H=—=Garden hybrid. NOTES A party consisting of twenty-two delegates to the annual convention of Iron and Steel Electrical Engineers visited the Garden, September 23, and were shown about by special guides. Dr. B. M. Duggar, Physiologist to the Garden, was appointed a member of the ‘‘Planning Committee’’ for the division of biology and agriculture affiliating with the National Research - Council. Dr. B. M. Duggar, Physiologist to the Garden, spent the summer, upon invitation of the Director of Botanical Research, in scientifie work at the Coastal Laboratory of the Carnegie Institution of Washington, Carmel, California. On his arrival in St. Louis his eminence, Cardinal Mercier, was presented by the Director and Trustees of the Garden with a handsome bouquet containing some twenty varieties of orchids intermixed with spathe flowers. The School for Gardening of the Missouri Botanical Garden, which was suspended last year on account of war conditions, reopened in September, and scholarships were awarded to Mr. James Monteith and Miss Virginia MeMath of St. Louis, and Mr. Robert Mitchell, of Gotha, Florida. The following lectures were given by Dr. Duggar during the summer: ‘‘Research Work at the Missouri Botanical Gar- MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 137 den and Shaw School of Botany,’’ before the Synapsis Club of the Graduate School of Subtropical Agriculture, Riverside, California, June 18; ‘‘Salt Requirements and Hydrogen Ion Concentration in Solution Cultures for Seed Plants,’’ before the Pacifie section of the American Association for the Ad- vancement of Science, Pasadena, California, June 21; ‘‘The Importance of an Emphasis upon Researeh under Existing Conditions,’’ before the Science Club of the Utah Agricultural College, Logan, September 18. Recent visitors to the Garden include the following: Dr. KE. 8. Moberg, of the University of North Dakota; Dr. A. G. Johnson, Office of Cereal Disease Investigations, U. 8. Depart- ment of Agriculture; Dr. A. D. Cotton, Mycologist, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, England; Prof. R. Koketsu, Plant Physiologist, Imperial University of Kyushu, Japan, and Mr. Kakugoro Nakata, of Kyushu Imperial University, Japan; Mr. A. H. Cockayne, Government Biologist, Department of Agriculture, Wellington, New Zealand; Prof. Frederick Dun- lap, Professor of Forestry, University of Missouri; Mr. 8. M. MeMurran, In Charge of Nut Disease Investigations, U. 8. Department of Agriculture; Dr. Hermann Escher, Direktor der Zentralbibliothek, Zurich, Switzerland. The Rufus J. Lackland fellowships for the year 1919-20 have been awarded as follows: Mr. W. H. Chambers, B.S. and M.S. University of Illinois. Mr. G. M. Armstrong, B.S. Clemson College, M.A. Univer- sity of Wisconsin. Mr. F. 8. Wolpert, A.B. University of Montana. Mr. E. B. Payson, B.A. University of Wyoming. C. R. Hursh, B.S. University of Missouri. Other appointments include the following: Mr. R. W. Webb, B.S. Clemson College, M.A. Washington University, research assistant; Miss Joanne L. Karrer, B.S. and M.S. University of Washington, and Mrs. Adele L. Grant, B.S. University of California, teaching fellows in the Henry Shaw School of Botany of Washington University, reap- pointed second year. Of the former graduate students, research fellows, and as- sistants in the graduate laboratory, the following have recently accepted new positions: Miss Anne W. Davis, as Chemist, Eastman Kodak Co., Rochester, New York; Dr. A. R. Davis, Instructor in Bacteriology and Soil Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley; Dr. C. W. Dodge, Instructor in Plant Physiology, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island; 138 MiSSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN Dr. G. L. Foster, Instructor in Biochemistry, University of California; Mr. D. C. Neal, Plant Pathologist, Georgia State Board of Entomology, Thomasville, Georgia; Dr. Henry Schmitz, Assistant Professor in Forestry, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho; Mr. J. W. Severy, Instructor in Botany, Oregon Agricultural College, Corvallis, Oregon; Mr. H. C. Young, Pathologist, Virginia Truck Experiment Station, Nor- folk, Virginia; Dr. S. M. Zeller, Plant Pathologist, Oregon Agricultural Experiment Station, Corvallis, Oregon. The third number of Volume 6 of the Annals has recently been issued with the following contents: “‘An Edible Garden Hebeloma,’’ E. A. Burt. ‘‘Protomerulius Farlowii Burt, n. sp.,’’ E. A. Burt. “‘The Micro-Colorimeter in the Indicator Method of Hydro- gen Ion Determination,’’ B. M. Duggar. “Studies in the Physiology of the Fungi. VIII. Mixed Cultures,’’ S. M. Zeller and Henry Schmitz. “Studies in the Physiology of the Fungi. IX. Enzyme Action in Armillaria mellea Vahl, Daedalea confragosa (Bolt.) Fr., and Polyporus lucidus (Leys.) Fr.,’’ Henry Schmitz and S. M. Zeller. “Studies in the Physiology of the Fungi. X. Germination of the Spores of Certain Fungi in Relation to Hydrogen Ion Concentration,’’ R. W. Webb. “‘Diastase Activity in Relation to Stage of Development and Carbohydrate Content of the Tuber of Solanum tuberosum,”’ R. A. McGinty. STATISTICAL INFORMATION FOR JUNE— SEPTEMBER, 1919. GARDEN ATTENDANCE: Total: number of visitors in Janes... 3... os et 16,706 Total number of visitors in July. 6.36. oe 16,871 Total number of visitors in August...................... 21,596 Total number of visitors in September................... 17,558 PLant ACCESSIONS: Total number of plants received as Sitte iit July. ss 2 Total number of plants and seeds received as gifts in AUSUR sete. vivedee sees eee oe oe ie 24 Total number of plants and seeds received as gifts in September |. o, cacy ees e ee ee 92 Total number of packets of seeds received in exchange in September 3 ok eee 9 Total number of packets of seeds received as gifts in September .. MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN PLANT DISTRIBUTION: Total number of plants and seeds distributed as gifts in a as es i oo a a ee Total number of plants and seeds distributed in exchange SUNG 3 sc cae occ ccd ete ever ct teto es eee ive Total number of plants distributed ‘in exchange in Sep- POMBE ee as is ee Sere oe ree LIBRARY ACCESSIONS: Total number of books and pamphlets boughtin June..... Total number of books and pamphlets donated in June.... Total number of books and pamphlets boughtin July..... Total number of books and pamphlets donated in July.... Total number of books and pamphlets bought in August... Total number of books and pamphlets donated in August .. Total number of books and pamphlets bought in September Total number of books and pamphlets donated inSeptember HERBARIUM ACCESSIONS: JUNE By Purchase— Rev. John Davis—Specimens from Missouri, etc....... By Gift— J. M. Greenman—Plants of ArkansaS..............00- N. E. Hansen—Cultivated specimen of Rhipsalis Cas- BUTI AEUOE NS Ss an oc nk ee ee eee ey J. M. Jackson—Magnolia acuminata L, from northwest | PESOROUE ore er y Cee eyes kee a nw ee eee eens es 0. S. Ledman—Delphinium sp. from Missouri........ Mrs. C. McNairy—Sedum ~Aesacstimae Michx. from Ar- pce sh ae ip oeenea aes pee PoP OEP PORE oe Dr. G. L. Peltier—Corticium ‘vagum on Melilotus alba Charles Studt—Sedum pulchellum Michx. from Mis- lbs ares Poor eet PE Pe ree ey Tee et _JULY By Purchase— Canton Christian College—Plants of China............2055+ Herbert C. Hanson—Plants of Texas..........cscceeeecces By Gift— Walter H. Aiken—Nicotiana glauca Grah. from Texas...... Prof. E, A. Bessey—Corticium on leaves of Plantago........ 2, -.B raniensecBenene Deppeanus, 8. parasiticus Hemsl., Mexico Liaburn ea Benth. & Hook. f. from Ce ee ee ed souri a cf H. Graves—Merulius ambig“uus8......02+eeeeeeeeee ee Dr. J. M. Greenman—Plants of St. Louis Co., Missouri...... Dr. G. T. Moore—Dictyophora duplicata@.......cseeeerecene Geo. ae Pring—Cultivated specimen of Arenga saccharifera ee rete eee ete eee eset eee eeeeeeeseeeseeeeseeseeee® Labill University of California, by Prof. F. J. Smiley—Hrechtites prenanthoides DC. from California.........-.ceeeceeereee ~ home A. H. Van Vieet—Phacelia peritifioce Gray from Okla- Ct, erg een eee peo rrr eer eee ere ea a ae eee 8S. P. Verner—Plants of Panama.......0esseccercesseceees Prof. A. Yasuda—Fungi of Japan.....--.--seseseeneeeenee 139 12 18 dee ee 463 316 he COM HM HM HORA 69 140 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN By Exchange— New York Botanical Garden—Plants of Colombia, collected DY Dr? St. OW. “Pennell. sick. eae Soe eee Sob ties ot are § bE New York Botanical Garden, by Dr. P. A. Rydberg—Senecio Bis EPOmi = PANGINAS Fe oi ee Se BS eee Cee kk “ 1 Dr. Earl BE. Sherff—Photographs of types and authentic specimens of Bidens and Taraxacum........ccesceeee re 13 AUGUST By Gift— Prof. C. E. Allen—Cultivated specimen of Incarvillea Delavayi Bur. &- Pranch.,-A- native. of China. >>. mae 1 Miss Arnott. americanus Pers, from Jefferson Co., 1 OF: 6-osi4 SE eU SES PUES Cait TERE OED BBA VS ETOCS Cas A. W. Haupt—Habenaria sp, and Potamogeton epihydrus Raf. WOU WARCONB oars 5 es Se Se ee oe oe c% 2 C. O, Heer—Cultivated specimen of Pyrus Halliana Hort...__ Z A. 8S. Kalenborn—Gentiana sp. from the Andes of Peru...... 1 Artena M. Ollson—Cultivated specimen of Justicia Co Oe eee 1 Dr. L. O, Overholts—Mucronella Ulmi Peck................ 1 T. Petch—Necator decretus, stage of Corticium salmonicolor. 1 Geo. H. Pring—Plants of Missouri................. Sage . 20 Carleton Rea—Thelephoras of England........ Soe ee 3 r. J. R. Weir—Fungi of islands of Guam and Cuba, and of Rocky Mountains: 265 66s. oo aw eee ee aise ee 29 F. Weiss—Tremella reticulata from Minn polis, Minn...... 1 Dr. 8. M. Zeller—Fungi of Oregon........ Toes Se ae é 9 By Exchange— New York Botanical Garden, by Dr. Francis W. Pennell— Pentstemon of Colorado............. eEED LIES TES Voeessy ‘ 5 SEPTEMBER By Gift— Mrs. J. M. Bettis—Plants of Missouri................. Pare 2 C. W. Campbell—Eupatorium serotinum Mx. from Illinois... z E. H. Cole—Cultivated specimen of Polygonum orientale L.. 1 oe Darrow—Calostoma cinnabarinum from Massachu- ; COU CEN tars Pies tvs gies CE Se Sere rere See Cewek emark Mrs, —_— Lewis Grant—Mimulus leptaleus Gray from Cali- - peters nf Ace Hee ee Poe ee a es Dr. J. M. Greenman—Plants of Jefferson Co., Missouri...... 28 H. S. McHenry—Cultivated specimen of Ipomoea purpurea var. alba with double flowers.............cccccccuceue tse 1 J. C. Nelson—Senecio from Oregon.........-..-..-. ss eee 11 Prof. A. Yasuda—Fungi of AES ee pita Serene ae See vex 15 Dr. 8. M. Zeller—Fungi of Oregon...............5377 Sttes 8 By Exchange— Edwin B. Payson—Plants of Colorado..................... 62 Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences, by Dr. Steward- 80N Brown ieee oie eS pee ee 966 TOE ess oe eee evevecy asus PrPes FV eee ees The Garden is open to the public every da in the - Year’s, Fourth of July, Labor Day, and Chrstanae ties ace ee 3:00 A. M. until one-half hour after sunset; Sundays from December to April, 1:00 P. M. until sunset, from April to December, 2:00 P. M. until sunset. . t Pat S ie ee t % ary é ¢ 2 MussouRI BOTANICAL — GARDEN [BULLETIN Vol. VII NOVEMBER, 1919 No. 9 -snatm t ere momar CONTENTS Eayptian Paper Plants 50% 8.) ee Pe es 141. “Propical Brit MOuse: > ey cone k hh ee OR 5 Notes ee tig Oe we pe ee es oii ae & Statistical Information . - - + + + tots 151: ae ST. LOUIS, MO. es, 1919 ae Published Monthly Except July and August by the Board of Trustecs ceunenesiiel mnt wer waren SUBSCRIPTION PRICE: | as is ONE DOLLAR PER YEAR SINGLE COPIES TEN CENTS - Missouri Botanical Garden Bulletin Vol. VII St. Louis, Mo., November, 1919 No. 9 EGYPTIAN PAPER PLANT One of the most popular aquatic plants in the Garden col- lection is the Cyperus Papyrus, commonly called the Egyp- tian paper plant, since it was one of the first plants used by the ancient Egyptians in the manufacture of paper. The spe- cies which affords the material used for writing purposes is of genuine African origin, establishing itself in marsh lands and in sluggishly flowing water. It is also found in the southern part of western Asia and Syria, on the shores of the Jordan, the lake of Tiberias, and in certain localities in Sicily. At the time of construction of the pyramids the papyrus must have been utilized, for it is represented by hieroglyphic inscrip- tions of book rolls prepared from the pith. Other monuments dating from the time of the Pharaohs frequently show at- tempts to reproduce the luxuriant growth of papyrus thick- ets combined with the diversified fauna of the region. Up to the sixth century the papyrus was still used for writ- ing material and was a source of wealth to the Egyptians. Upon the advent of the parchment, however, the cultivation of papyrus was abandoned, the ground gradually being more ‘profitably employed until finally the last plant disappeared from the cultivated area in the upper Nile region. At the present time in order to see natural papyrus banks one must ascend the Nile to Khartoum and follow up the White Nile where island clusters rise to a height of over fifteen feet, form- ing impenetrable thickets of mop-like foliage and producing such luxuriant growth as to obstruct the flow of the river in many places. According to Stanley and others, the region of Victoria Nyanza is occupied by enormous forests of papy- rus, particularly in the shallow places of the Sobart. The word paper is directly derived from papyrus, and the word Bible from biblyos, the Greek name of the papyrus plant. During the period of the Byzantine empire papyrus was used in the copying of legal works. The statement of the time of the court sitting was glued on the report of the prose- 141 142 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN cution, the witness’s testimony, or the notary’s documents, hence the word protocol, signifying glued. According to Pliny, single sheets of papyrus were pre- pared from strips of the pith, one strip being laid vertically and the second glued horizontally above. The lay of the fibers, even up to the present day, is easy to distinguish. The adhesive material was made from a paste of flour and hot water, and in some cases vinegar. Reference is also made to the use of white bread soaked in hot water. After being glued the edges were cut smooth and pressed while still wet, the strips then beaten with a hammer, and again fastened to- gether with an adhesive substance. The piece was then placed under a press to free it from unevenness and finally beaten or hammered and placed in the sun to dry. After the rough or uneven places had been smoothed out with a tooth or shell it was considered a finished product. The manufacture of the book, or more correctly the roll, was accomplished by gluing the prepared leaves together. The best. leaves were used first, then those of inferior type, and finally the poorest ones. This is explained more fully by Birt: ‘The best leaves were also the most durable and were placed at the end, because, when rolled up, these first leaves came on the outside of the roll and were, in consequence, more exposed to tearing, dampness, or any other injury.’’ The first re- quirements of good paper (charta) are, according to Pliny, tenuitas, densitas, candor, levor—that is, thinness, density, brillianey and smoothness. Some noteworthy fragments of papyrus manuscripts were _ discovered in later years when the papier-mache mummy cases were taken apart, this Egyptian pasteboard being found to consist of numerous layers of papyrus glued together. Culture.—Naturally the aquatic plant is a very rank grower, establishing itself readily under artificial conditions and, like the common umbrella plant, growing either as an aquatic or semiaquatic. The seeds should be sowed in early spring in sandy soil and sparsely covered with finely sieved soil. The pots should then be placed in pans of water to pre- vent the soil from drying and the tops of the pots covered with glass until the seeds have germinated. Being purely tropical in habit, a minimum temperature of 50° F. should be maintained. The seedlings should be pricked off when convenient size to handle and shifted into small pots, later being transplanted to larger pots according to increase of growth. During the latter part of May or early June they MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 143 may be planted outside in shallow ponds. The plants should be dug in the fall before frost and divided into small sections for potting and storage in-the greenhouse. Copious quanti- ties of water should be given at this time so as to gradually readjust them to semi-aquatic conditions. TROPICAL FRUIT HOUSE The popularity of the tropical fruits grown in the economic hotise has necessitated a decided increase in the collection. The varied industries house has therefore been entirely re- planted with both the common and rarer varieties of fruits grown in Florida and California. Their concentration in a special house should afford excellent opportunity for visitors to study the habit of growth and flowering and fruiting periods of these fruits not ordinarily seen outside of the tropics. In view of the fact that especial interest is usually shown in the citrus plants a collection of standard varieties is planted in the fruit house, including orange, lemon, lime, pomelo and kumquat. These plants were especially grown in Florida for-the Garden, being twelve-months-old stock budded upon the sour orange stock Citrus trifoliata. This Species is the hardiest type known in this country—in fact, it is hardy as far north as Washington, D. C., and is reported . to withstand zero weather. It is chiefly used as a stock plant for the budding of various varieties, the fruits being of ex- cellent quality and ripening several weeks in advance of those on their own roots. It is considered the only stock for the popular Satsuma orange, due to its influence upon the hardi- ness, quality and quantity of the fruit. A recent introduction of two new species of oranges by E. H. Wilson from China has been secured for the Garden . from the Arnold Arboretum. These interesting species were collected in the highlands of southwest China at an elevation of 2000 to 5000 feet. They are not closely related to the other known species of the genus Citrus, and are the northernmost evergreen representatives of the Citrus group. Their intro- duction was purely for breeding purposes to further improve _ the hardiness of the orange and lemon. The plants are small trees, with long, slender spines and narrow leaves. The fruit is acid and of good flavor, and the seeds are rather large com- pared with other varieties. ‘A noteworthy specimen of the ponderosa lemon is at the present time bearing many well-developed fruits. This is the 144 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN largest of any type, the fruits weighing from one and a half to two pounds. It is occasionally grown as a house plant for ornamental use. PLANTS GROWN IN TROPICAL FRUIT HOUSE Achras Sapota. Sapodilla plum Heritieria littoralis Ananas sativus. Pineapple Bertholletia braziliana. Brazil nut Brosium Alicasitrum. Bread nut Cacara erosa Carica Papayg. Papaya Carissa grandiflora. Natal plum Catha edulis. Jag plant Chayota edulis. Chayote Citrus Aurantifolia. Lime Citrus Aurantifolia “Tahiti.” Tahiti lime tree Citrus grandis. McCarthy grape fruit Citrus grandis. Foster’s grape fruit Citrus itchangensis. Itching orange Citrus Medica. Citron Citrus mitis. Calamondin orange Citrus nobilis. King orange , Citrus nobilis deliciosa. Tangerine orange Citrus sinensis. Pineapple orange Citrus ponderosa Cyphomandra betacea. Tree tomato Dalbergia sp. Eriobotrya japonica. Loquat Eugenia Jambos. Rose apple Eugenia myrtifolia. Australian brush cherry Ficus Carica. Fig. Feijoa Sellowiana. Pineapple guava Fortunella crassifolia. Meiwa kumquat Fortunella margarita. Nagami kumquat Garcinia Mangostana. Mangosteen Garcinia ranthochymis Inga edulis Kigelia pinnata Litchi chinensis. Litchil Lucuma mammosa. Marmalade plum Mangiferaindica Tatarifera. Mango Mangiferasp. Haden’s mango Melicocca bijuga. Spanish lime Murraya exotica. Orange jessamine Myrciaria cauliflora Nephelium Longana Persea gratissima (sharpless). Avocado Persea gratissima “El Ora”. Avocado Persea gratissima, “El Fuerte”. Avocado Punica granatum. Pomegranate Rhizophora Mangle Schinus terebinthifolius Spondias tuberosa Ziziphus Jujuba Wrightia tomentosa MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 145 FEIJOA SELLOWIANA This ornamental shrub, commonly called the pineapple guava, is of recent introduction in the United States although it has been known to Europeans for over thirty years. It was first collected in South America by Dr. Edouard Andre, who planted it in his garden at Villa Colombia, on the Riviera, and succeeded in developing its first fruits in 1897. In 1891 Dr. F. Franceshi, of Santa Barbara, obtained a stock from Andre and brought about the original introduction in California. As a commercial fruit it is becoming popular in Florida and California. At Gotha, Florida, plants have been grown since 1911 by Mr. H. Nehrling, and at Miami by the United States Department of Agriculture. The fruit is about the size of a walnut, glossy green, and slightly fragrant when ripe. It is used in jams, jellies, ete., and in combination with the guava is excellent in preserves. In England its cultivation is not successful, according to the Gardeners’ Chronicle, but it is useful as an ornamental pot plant. The specimen in the economic house has bloomed pro- fusely but has not produced fruit. PAPAYA (CARICA PAPAYA) The papaya is a popular breakfast fruit for both rich and poor in Hawaii, and with the exception of the banana is about the only fruit which enters into the daily diet of the people. Due to the large quantity of papain contained, an enzyme which aids in digestion, it is extremely wholesome and large quantities may be eaten. The plant grows to a height of twenty feet, bearing large palmate, seven-lobed leaves often measuring two feet across. The fruit varies in size up to fifteen pounds, forty or fifty being borne on a tree. The flesh is salmon-pink to yellow, somewhat resembling a muskmelon. Nearly all parts of the plant are credited with some medicinal value. The seeds possess anthelmintic and carminative properties, the bark is used in the manufacture of rope, and the roots afford a nerve tonic. The most important medicinal property is contained in the milky juice which furnishes the papain of commerce. This is obtained by cutting or slashing the fruit and allowing the juice collected to evaporate to a granular condition. In this crude form it brings a market price of four to eight dol- lars a pound. The leaves and juice are used to render tough meat tender. This is accomplished by wrapping the meat in the leaves over night, by rubbing a slice of the green fruit 146 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN over the flesh, or by dipping the meat in a solution of the juice for a few minutes. The specimen of the papaya in the economic house has borne over two dozen fruits in the last two years. MANGO (MANGIFERA INDICA) While the cultivation of the mango dates from earliest an- tiquity in India, the last two centuries have seen it exten- sively grown in other tropical regions. It enters into the diet of millions of people and is termed the king of tropical fruits or the apple of the tropics. The great Mogul Akbar, in the sixteenth century, planted the famous Lakh Bagh, an orchard containing 100,000 plants, some of which are still growing. Careful breeding and selection have resulted in many different forms perpetuated through the medium of inarching or grafting by approach. Some trees attain a height of seventy feet, producing an abundance of fruit valued at 150 dollars a ton. The resemblance of the mild and even climate of Saharan- pur, where mangos thrive, to that of California and Florida suggested to government explorers the possibility of mango cultivation in this country, The introduction into the United States is of recent origin, probably about 1880, when Jacob Miller, of Hollywood, California, received seeds from Guate- mala City. The plant raised has had the advantage of a particularly mild location and has developed into a large tree without having been cut back by the frost. An abundance of fruit has been borne, which, however, is of little value due to being produced from a seedling tree. More recently the mango has been cultivated in southern Florida where climatic conditions are more favorable than California. The most extensive groves are at Miami, where, during 1901, experi- ments were carried out successfully in budding selected varie- ties for perpetuation. Mangos are now shipped to New York, Chicago and St. Louis, from Florida. The individual fruits are wrapped in tissue paper and packed with excelsior six in a basket. These are subsequently crated, six baskets to a erate. They are usually shipped during late July and August. The large plants growing in the economic house are of the Seedling type, rarely producing fruit, The budded stock lately introduced in the tropical fruit house, however, will undoubtedly bear fruit after becoming established. MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 147 AVOCADO (PERSEA GRATISSIMA) The avocado has been grown in Mexico for several cen- turies, as many as 2000 to 3000 fruits often being produced annually from a single tree. However, these are of the seed- ling type and of very little value commercially. The fruit varies with the variety, but generally it is about the shape and size of a pear and sometimes bears the misleading name of alligator pear. Within the last twenty years plant breeders of Florida and California have given systematic attention to the im- provement of the avocado. Previous to 1900 propagation was _ entirely through seed, which resulted in inferior fruit similar to that of the Mexican type. Since that date propagation has been effected by budding, using selected and varied varieties. One of the earliest orchards from budded stock was planted by Mr. S. B. Bliss, of Miami, Florida, and consists of twenty acres of the Trapp variety. The first marketable crop was shipped about 1910. A good yield of the type is between two to three hundred fruits annually for a medium-sized tree. The fruit of selected varieties varies from one to six inches in diameter and from several ounces to three or four pounds in weight. In shape it ranges from spherical to slender pyri- form. The skin is similar to that of the apple in thickness, is occasionally soft and pliable, and sometimes coarse granular and woody, suggesting a shell 1% inch thick. The fieshy inner portion is a mass of yellowish pulp of the consistency of but- ter and of a nutty flavor. The avocado is different from other fruits, due to its high percentage of vegetable oil, reaching 18 per cent. It is therefore considered more as a food than a dessert. In commercial use the fruit is selected that has uniformity in shape, the round or oval type being easier to pack than the pear or bottle-shaped varieties. The ideal skin should be thick enough to withstand handling in packing and shipping. Flavor and quality are of course important factors. The largest plant in the economic house reaches the roof, being thirty feet in height. It is a representative of the seed- ling type. * CHAYOTE (CHAYOTA EDULIS) The chayote is a strong climbing plant or vine somewhat resembling the common cucumber in growth, although the vines are far more rampant. It is readily killed by frost but is. reported hardy as far north as South Carolina, provided the. 148 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN roots are protected by a heavy mulch of stable manure. The new growth starts up just as soon as warm weather sets in, producing favorable crops of fruit for several years. The fruit is somewhat corrugated and varies according to the type between linear and broadly pear-shaped. The color also varies from white to a light green. The chayvte is es- teemed as a vegetable similar to the squash or the vegetable marrow. It may be stuffed and baked, creamed, or fried with butter as fritters. It also forms a palatable salad with mayonnaise dressing, and when made into sauce it is strik- ingly similar to apple sauce. In the tropics the large tuber- ous root is used as food in a similar manner to the well-known yams. The Garden specimen of the chayote, previous to its re- moval to the tropical fruit house, bore numerous fruits show- ing the usual factor of germination while attached to the parent vine. CHERIMOYA (ANNONA CHERIMOLA) The fruit obtained from the present-day selected and budded varieties of cherimoya is sometimes called one of the three finest fruits of the world, the other two being the pine- apple and the mangosteen. When thoroughly chilled there are few fruits to equal it as a dessert. The genus is native to the Andes of Peru and adjacent re- gion. At a very early date it was introduced into Central America and Mexico, where it became naturalized. It was probably brought into California in 1871 by the late Judge R. B. Ord, of Santa Barbara. Since this introduction numer- cus seedlings have been raised and planted in the vicinity, the atmospheric conditions and the soil of Hollywood, especially along the slopes of the valley west, being unusually suited to their cultivation. One of the largest groves is owned by C. P. Taft and consists of about 100 plants. In Madeira the cherimoya has supplanted the grape vine, particularly on the estates of the southern slopes of the island. Here the cultivation is decidedly systematic, two-year-old budded or grafted stock being used, and plants usually trained upon trellises or walls to enable the fruit to hang in the shade during ripening. The cherimoya grows to a height of fifteen to twenty feet. The flowers are remarkably uniform, but vary somewhat in size. The fruit varies considerably in shape and appearance, MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 149 sometimes conical and sometimes heart-shaped or ovoid, the surface being covered with concave U-shaped areoles, each of which bears a small wart or tubercle. The favorite commer- cial type of California is called the Golden Russet. This is pear-shaped in outline, with small wart-like tubercles near the rounded apex of the areole. Through careful selection varieties of fine flavor with very few seeds may now be ob- tained, the fruit weighing from twelve to sixteen pounds. According to Faweett, ordinary fruits weighing from three to eight pounds have sold in the London markets at one dol- lar and a half, the larger ones at two and a half to three dollars. MANGOSTEEN (GARCINIA MANGOSTANA) The mangosteen is native of the Malay region. It is a hand- some tree twenty-five to thirty feet in height, bearing dense dark green foliage resembling the rubber tree. Its growth is very slow and fruit is not produced for eight to nine years from the seedling stage. In Ceylon the trees flower twice a year, first in August, the fruit ripening in January, and again in January, the fruit ripening in July and August. According to Wright, the January crop yields but 100 fruits to a tree while the August crop yields 500 to 600 fruits to a tree. The fruit is particularly striking in view of the persistent large leathery light green calyx lobes. It is indescribably delicious in flavor and has been called the ‘‘queen of the fruits.’’ The late Queen Victoria valued it so highly as to offer a prize for its first introduction into England from India. The fruit is about the size of a Mandarin orange, round and slightly flattened at each end, with a smooth thick rind, rich purple in color sparsely spotted by hardened drops of the yellow juice. Apparently there is nothing to mar the per- fection of the mangosteen unless it is that of the juice of the rind which leaves an objectionable indelible stain. In the Dutch East Indies the fruit is offered for sale heaped upon baskets or made in long regular bunches braided to- gether with thin strips of bamboo. Upon opening the fruit the coloration and beauty of the individual segments of the pulp attract attention. These five to seven segments, sep- arated by snow-white partitions, are somewhat loosely at- tached to the rind similarly to the Mandarin orange but cov- ered with a network of delicate fibers. The sides of the seg- ments are translucent and slightly tinged with pale green. 150 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN The texture of the fruit is extremely delicate, suggesting that of a well-ripened plum. — : Repeated attempts, up to the present time, to introduce and establish the mangosteen into California and Florida have failed. An importation from Ceylon was received at the Mis- souri Botanical Garden in 1913, and specimens were planted in the economic and varied industries houses, but without success. The plants grown in the private greenhouse are still growing. Seeds of Garcinia xanthochymus were imported from Ceylon and the seedlings raised will be used for inarch- ing the mangosteen. This species is a much stronger plant, adapting itself to various types of soils, and is advocated as an excellent variety for the mangosteen stock. With the suc- cessful union of these species there is a possibility of fruiting the mangosteen in the tropical fruit house at the Garden. NOTES Mr. L. EH. Miles, of the University of Illinois, consulted the mycological herbarium of the Garden, November 28. Dr. George T. Moore, Director of the Garden, addressed the science section of the Missouri Teachers’ Association, at Central High School, November 7, on ‘‘The Missouri Botan- ical Garden as an Educational Institution.” Dr. D. T. MacDougal, Director of Botanical Research, Carnegie Institution of Washington, spent a day at the Gar- den recently in connection with the arrangements for the meetings of the American Association for the Advancement of Science and affiliated societies, in December. Mr. G. H. Pring, Floriculturist to the Garden, gave a stereopticon lecture on ‘‘The Cultivation of the Cultivated Chrysanthemum” before the St. Louis Association of Garden- ers, November 5. MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 151 STATISTICAL INFORMATION FOR OCTOBER, 1919, GARDEN ATTENDANCE: “.OlAL THUMIDSP OF VIGIUOIS ooh vice ees oc oe ew ok eee 14,161 PLANT ACCESSIONS: Total number of plants and seeds received as gifts..... . 2,226 LiBRARY ACCESSIONS: Total number of books and pamphlets bought....... esas 28 Total number of books and pamphlets donated.......... 81 HERBARIUM ACCESSIONS: By Purchase— F. S. Collins—“Phycotheca Boreali-Americana.” Fase. MVE, NOG. 2201-20008 oi os Sos Se ves eee es ere 50 By Gift— P. J. Anderson—Stereum Burtianum Peck............ 1 E. A. Bessey—Fungi of Gogebic County, Michigan..... 116 E. Bethel, by E. B. Payson—Plants of Oklahoma..... 3 Mrs. Adele Lewis Grant—Plants of California........ 9 T. S. Brandegee—Exothea Copalillo Radlk. from Mexico 1 H. D. House—Merulius terrestris (Pk.) Burt......... 1 L. P. Jensen—White-flowered form of Verbena hastata Beg ewer ee EN as Os a Ch AED Oe Oe eS 1 E. O. Matthews—Pleurotus ostreatus from Texas ews 1 F. L. Stevens—Fungi of Porto Rico................. 124 H. von Schrenk—Peniophora gigantea, on railway ties in PUEGRAOR. oir ER AN eee Ree ey hea ce m By Exchange— New York Botanical Garden, by Marshall A. Howe— Hepatics and mosses from various localities........ 195 503 The Garden is open to the public every day in the year, except New Year’s, Fourth of July, Labor Day, and Christmas—week days from 8:00 A. M. until one-half hour after sunset; Sundays from December to April, 1:00 P. M. until sunset, from April to December, 2:00 P. M. until sunset. The main entrance to the Garden is located at Tower Grove Avenue. and Flora Boulevard, on the Vandeventer Avenue car line. Transfer, south from all intersecting lines. "9 OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN eens. eee were GEORGE T.. MOORE. BENJAMIN’ MINGE Dveoar, | Ye Jesse M. GREENMAN, _ Physiologist i in charge of Graduate gegen vent Curator of Herbarium. eteas duke von. SouRenx,. one _ 2) RopertW. Wess, Pathologist. aa ‘+ Lae Est tas _ Research Assistant. | fused ‘A. ‘Burt, : a ee KATHERINE aL erate Mycologist and Librarian. * : ‘Seoretary 0 the Director. NELL C3 Hone, fa oe, Editor of Publications. _Jamws. GURNEY, _ “Head Gardener, Emeritus. JOHN Noyss; ne ed, Aes ede GH. Pio, es fer rae pis F, : i ee : | . i : = MlissOURI IBOTANICAL GARDEN JBULLETIN Vol. VII DECEMBER, 1919. - No. 10 CONTENTS oy : age Co Sager Pali. ip 680s a ae ee F sweet See ge os | PRR eg ee eet ae en a eae 156 - Christmas Floral Display - .4.0- - + + + 158 Statistical Information... . + (6 st ee ee 160 Index to Illustrations. 4). ee ee ee et 108 | 165 . General Index to Volume VII... - es «+ coke ST. LOUIS, MO. eee 1919 Published Monthly esepe. July and August by the Pon of ote SUBSCRIPTION PRICE: FS ONE DOLLAR PER YEAR ° SINGLE COPIES TEN CENTS _ BOARD OF TRUSTEES” earns oe OF THE MPSOURT BOTANICAL GARDEN © 7S nc aaa , . THE ORIGINAL MEMBERS WERE DESIGNATED IN MR. SHAW’S WILL + AND THE BOARD SO CONSTITUTED, EXCLUSIVE OF THE EX-OFFICIO MEMBERS, IS SELF-PERPETUATING EDWARDS WHITAKER. { - DAVID S. H, SMITH. : “Sanrem C. ; Gavin ee eA LEONARD MATTHEWS. —Bbwarp Cc. avon Wnuuam H. H. Perrvs. Gauimne’ Oo Etineintedie. ee Pudss: Gispuakine iterate MALLINCKRODT. -Joun F, SHEPLey. : | 3 EX-OFFICIO MEMBERS e é c Pemoserl A. Harz, A Gunes T. Moore, Chancellor of Washington "University. President of The Academy of Science of ener W. Kret, =