MussouRI BOTANICAL GARDEN |JBULLETIN VOLUME Ix WITH 32 PLATES 1921 ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI PUBLISHED MONTHLY, EXCEPT JULY AND AUGUST, BY THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES SUBSCRIPTION PRICE: ONE DOLLAR PER YEAR SINGLE NUMBER TEN CENTS eet ce Missourt B RO NC. GARDEN BULLETIN Vol. IX JANUARY, 1921 No. 1 CONTENTS Thirty-second Annual Report of the Divector ss x el Statistical Information 0.02 (0503 Pe ee BS ‘ —_—_—_————__ ST. LOUIS, MO. 1921 Published Monthly Except July and August by the Board of Trustees Sea SUBSCRIPTION PRICE ONE DOLLAR PER YEAR SINGLE COPIES TEN CENTS pigunial BOARD OF TRUSTEES OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN a0) “THE ORIGINAL MEMBERS WERE DESIGNATED IN MR. SHAW’S WILL AND THE BOARD SO CONSTITUTED, EXCLUSIVE OF THE > EX-OFFICIO MEMBERS, IS SELF-PERPETUATING President, % anes EDWARDS WHITAKER. EA 3 Vice-President, DAVID S. H. SMITH. “Samurn C. Davis: . « LEeonARD MATTHEWS. EN ee ay tee SCN 7 Wintiam H, H. Perrvs. Grorcn C. HIToHCocK. Pup C. SCANLAN, Epwarp MALLINCKRODT. | Joun F, SHMPLEY.. EX-OFFICIO MEMBERS -Freperic A, Hatt, GrorRGE T. Moore, ; { Chancellor of Washington University. President of The Academy of Science of 1s, ; : = : ‘ 4 ; \ r, * Henry W. Kier, > W. FRANK Carter, Mayor of the City of St. Louis. President of the Board of Education of > Ans! St. Louis... : i Daniet S. Turrre, ne Bishop of the Diocese of. Missouri. yo 2 _ CHartes A. Ror, Secretary. Mo. Bor. Garp. BULL., VoL. 9, 1921. PLATE 1. VI VU VIVE VIVO UD VON OU HENRY SHAW, Missouri Botanical Garden Bulletin Vol. IX St. Louis, Mo., January, 1921 No. 1 THIRTY-SECOND ANNUAL REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR Gentlemen: I have the honor to submit herewith the thirty-second annual report of the Director. The same financial difficulties experienced in 1919 in the administration of the Garden were, to an increased degree, encountered during the past year. Even after the war a legitimate excuse existed for a time for failing to keep up to former standards the various features for which the Mis- souri Botanical Garden has become famous. During this period it was possible to reduce the force, eliminate flower shows, neglect outside gardens, and practice other economies which released money for the rapidly increasing cost of labor and supplies. During 1920, however, it became necessary at least to bring the various activities of the Garden back to a maintenance basis, since things which could safely be neglected for three or four years had to receive attention unless they were to be abandoned altogether. That the com- munity and the country at large demand more of the Missouri Botanical Garden than they did ten years ago is a matter of common knowledge. Its activity in the scientific and garden world has placed it in the front rank of similar insti- tutions, and it would be extremely unfortunate if, because of financial limitations, the Garden were ‘forced to take a secondary position. As is well known, endowed institutions throughout the country have found it necessary to increase very, materially their sources of income, whereas the Mis- souri Botanical Garden during 1920 had less available for Garden maintenance than it had five years ago. It is true that the able management of the estate has increased the gross income of the Garden during this period, but the in- crease was more than absorbed by the necessary expenses in- volved in extra taxes and the maintenance of the estate. There has likewise been in this period a serious loss to the income, due to the gradual running out of the clay mines, the royalties from which formerly furnished a substantial amount. (1) 2 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN Mr. Shaw, anticipating that the Garden would require a gradually increasing amount for its maintenance, reserved a strip of land two hundred feet wide around Tower Grove Park and stipulated that the gross income from the leasing of this land for residential purposes should come to the Missouri Botanical Garden. With the exception of a few thousand dollars obtained years ago from market gardeners, no revenue has ever accrued to the Garden from this source. Repeated attempts to obtain an adequate rental from the city for the ground for park purposes have thus far resulted in nothing. More than six years ago the Supreme Court of Missouri ren- dered a decision requiring the city to make leases and turn the revenue received therefrom over to the Trustees of the Garden, but as yet nothing has been obtained from this source. It is unfortunate that, since the Garden now has practically no other means for obtaining the money 'neces- sary to maintain its present standard, the failure to carry out the plan as devised by Mr. Shaw will necessitate a serious curtailment of the activities of the Garden. Important and necessary improvements, including the development of about half the land set apart by Mr. Shaw for Garden purposes, an entrance into the Garden from Kingshighway, and other plans long contemplated, will have to await the final disposi- tion of the two-hundred-foot strip problem. Construction of Fence and New Entrance——In spite of the lack of funds, two fundamental improvements, long contem- plated, were at the beginning of 1920 recognized as being absolutely necessary and accordingly an order from the court was obtained, granting the authority to borrow the money needed. I refer to the construction of a permanent fence around the unfenced portions of the Garden and the recon- struction of the gateway at the main entrance to the Garden. Several years ago an iron fence was constructed along that part of the Garden fronting on Magnolia and Alfred Avenues, but the land extending along Shenandoah to Kingshighway and from Kingshighway along Vandeventer and Shaw Ave- nues up to the engineer’s house on Shaw Avenue has re- mained practically unfenced. The increasing vandalism and damage done by mischievous boys, due in part to the absence of a fence, made it necessary, if the Garden were to be pre- served intact, that some adequate barrier should be erected along this part of the Garden. Even had it been possible to satisfactorily police this area, the expense involved would have been considerably more than the annual interest on the ) PLATE ¢ 1850. SELAW,; HENRY p 3. PLATE SOUT 1865. \l SHAW, HENRY MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 3 investment for a permanent fence, and accordingly in the spring of this year approximately 6000 feet of galvanized steel and wire fencing, surmounted with three strands of barbed wire, was erected. It also seemed desirable to add three strands of barbed wire to the fence along Magnolia and Alfred Avenues, and the Garden is at last enclosed in a manner caleulated to protect it in as adequate a way as possible. The main entrance to the Garden was erected by Mr. Shaw in 1858. While sufficient for all purposes during his lifetime, this structure, with its accompanying rooms for office and toilet purposes, has long been outgrown. The main axis of Flora Boulevard, which was put through after the erection of the gate, was some forty feet off from the center of the gate and has obviously needed correction for years. This, however, was a very minor matter compared to the inadequate space for handling the large incoming and outgoing crowds at the entrance and the inconvenience to which the increas- ing number of visitors have been put during recent years because of the lack of proper toilet facilities. When it is realized that as many people visited the Garden during the chrysanthemum show last year as in an entire twelve months during Mr. Shaw’s lifetime and for some years afterwards, it is easy to appreciate the difficulties with which we have had to contend. It is safe to say that for the past ten years no one thing at the Garden has been so universally criticised —even being the subject of newspaper editorial comment— as the conditions at the main entrance, and, while the Board was loath to incur the extra expense at this time, it seemed as though this improvement could not be longer delayed if the Garden were to continue to be kept freely open to the public. Accordingly, plans were prepared which followed almost exactly those of the original gate, with the exception that the size of the entrance and accompanying buildings was increased about two and one-half times. The old inscription prepared by Mr. Shaw is to be incorporated in the new gate and every effort made to preserve the same simple archi- tectural features by which the original gate was characterized. While, for a time at least, the contrast between the evident newness of the new entrance and the old brick and iron and stone gateway which had to be frequently painted will be noticeable, the proper use of vines and accompanying plant- ing, together with the weathering of the stone, will within a comparatively short time blend this structure into its sur- roundings in the same admirable way that the old gateway 4 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN fitted into the landscape. In any case it is believed that the increased facilities now afforded for the comfort of visitors to the Garden more than offset any temporary loss due to the new, but not modern, appearance of the gate. The con- struction of the new entrance was begun on April 1, and although much delay was occasioned by strikes and inability to get necessary materials, the north wing, containing toilets for men and women, was ready for use on November 15. It is hoped that the entire edifice will be completed early in 1921. New Propagating and Growing Houses.—The new range of propagating and growing houses was begun in 1919 and com- pleted, in so far as the erection of the two additional houses was concerned, during 1920. Some of the benches remained to be added, as well as certain other minor concrete work, such as pipe trenches, steps, etc. No start was made towards the erection of the head house, for which the foundations were poured in 1919. During the summer the old range of greenhouses, which these new houses were erected to replace, was wrecked and as a consequence this part of the land back of the wall presents a much more settled appearance. Additional Construction and Repair Work.—In pursuance of the plan, adopted several years ago, to include as rapidly as possible all the heating pipes in a tunnel to which access may be had at any time, the short strip of about a hundred feet from the valve chamber to the manhole near the office building was constructed this summer. When the old pipe was removed it was found to be in very bad condition and much of it had to be replaced. During the summer the roofs of the palm house, economic house, fern house, and floral display house had to be repainted and reglazed with one of the newer substitutes for putty, and as a consequence the loss from breaking of glass during’ windstorms has been much reduced. While the time of two painters has been steadily employed throughout the year in glazing and painting, it has not been possible to accomplish all in this way that was desired and special attention will have to be paid during the coming year to painting, if the woodwork, both inside and outside, of our various houses is not allowed to deteriorate. Planting.—In addition to maintaining the usual outdoor col- lections and special gardens, including the replanting of the Italian garden, considerable time and attention has been given to improving the arrangement and appearance of all outdoor collections. The erection of a permanent fence along Shaw 1921. es v Oba BULE: ARD. ‘ ¥ Bor. ¢ Mo. 1870. ABOU HENRY SHAW, Mo. Bot. YARD. BULL., VOL. 1921. HENRY SHAW, 1873. MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 5 Avenue made it possible for the first time to improve the Gar- den at this point. Some 2,300 shrubs and small trees, together with several thousand iris plants, were used in forming a border inside the fence and the vastly improved appearance along Shaw Avenue, which has now become such an important thoroughfare, has been frequently remarked upon. The knolls have been almost completely replanted, at least so far as hardy perennials are concerned, and it is believed that the regrouping of blooming material in this part of the Garden will considerably enhance the view from the main walks. Con- siderable replanting was, as usual, necessary in the rose gar- den, and the nursery stock has been replenished to fill in the gaps made by the heavy drafts on this material for replace- ment, purposes throughout the Garden. The test garden, which was so successful in 1919, was again maintained during 1920. The interest in this collection of supposed novelties and new plants for St. Louis is increasing, and, as noted in the October, 1920, number of the BULLETIN, where a full account of the garden is given, several new things were grown which it seems worth while to perpetuate in the Garden. The wild flower garden, back of the pergola, has been con- siderably enlarged and improved, and in addition to the usual care of the lawns, fertilizing, reseeding, ete., a considerable number of hardy bulbs were planted here last fall. The ma- jority of these, including the narcissus, crocus, scillas, etc., were incorporated in the arboretum, but a number were like- wise placed in various parts of the lawn throughout the Garden. Spring Flower Show.—On Saturday, Sunday, and Monday, May 14, 15, and 16, the Garden Club of St. Louis held its first flower show in the floral display house, and a very cred- itable display was made by both commercial and amateur crowers. It is hoped that this show, which will probably be an annual event, will help to create a greater interest locally in the growing of plants, as well as fruits and vegetables. The floral display house was lighted for the first time, and, although the weather was not at all favorable, there was an attendance of over 10,000. The Garden, in addition to con- tributing the house and much of the labor involved in install- ing and caring for the exhibits, likewise offered $500 in prizes. Another unusual event held in the floral display house was the annual gardeners’ banquet, given on the occasion of the 6 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN meeting of the National Association of Gardeners in St. Louis on September 15. Some two hundred were in attendance and Dr. von Schrenk, Pathologist to the Garden, gave an illus- trated talk on ‘‘Trees of the Pacific Coast.’’ An interesting event in connection with the meeting of the National Associa- tion of Gardeners was the presentation of a gold medal to Mr. George H. Pring, Horticulturist to the Garden, for the crea- tion of the magnificent new water-lily, ‘‘Mrs. Edwards Whitaker.’’ This was the second time that a gold medal had been awarded by the Association. Vocational Training for Ex-Soldiers, and School for Gar- dening.—The work begun last year of providing special in- struction in gardening for soldiers has been continued. In addition to the opportunities for practical work there have been offered special courses of lectures in plant materials, horticulture, water gardens, and other subjects calculated to be of essential importance. During the year there have been eleven men placed at the Garden by the Federal Board for Vocational Education, and, with one or two exceptions, all the students have given earnest and conscientious attention to the work. The fact that each man had to be treated individually, either because of the difference in training and experience or the particular line of work he intended to pursue after leaving the Garden, has made it necessary to depart entirely from the course as laid down for the School for Gardening. It is hoped that by another year, with new vocational stu- dents and new pupils entering the School for Gardening, a combination may be effected which will make unnecessary this duplication of work. During the year Mr. James Monteith satisfactorily completed his work in the School for Garden- ing, and since September 1 has been landscape architect at the Glen Echo Country Club. Miss Virginia MeMath and Mr. Robert. Mitchell have started on their third and last year in the school. ATTENDANCE FOR THE YEAR 1920 The reconstruction of the main gate, together with the ex- traordinarily large crowds on certain Sundays, has made it impossible to keep as accurate an account of the visitors as in former years. The attendance as listed below, although an increase of thirty per cent over last year, is certainly less than the actual number of visitors who came to the Garden, but is as fair an estimate as could be obtained under exist- ing conditions. With the completion of the new entrance and Mo. Bor. GARD. BULL., VOL. 9, 1921, TRY SHAW, ABOUT 1884. PLATE Mo. Bot. GARD. BULL., Von. 9, 1921. PLATE 7. HENRY SHAW, 1885. MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 7 the installation of registering turnstiles, it will be possible to record the attendance with more accuracy. Week-days Sundays BEY RUE 4 os DEER eager ot Aecy irs o rE a ee ged Peron 1 DY fem eer one 2,202 MO DTUALY ee ere ec nese ot cad etme ars DDL O Saencrres 3,531 March ....... See Ca ee ore 552.6 wet terete 4,881 ADU tee eereeree re eee ee hoes os wee era: pe 8,494........ 5,919 RW er are ne rene verse Eee 8a: 5 cghs 0),6--ie, Shy oun ere er ON SiS lee eee 15,910 SE ULTAG erence ee yaoi epee iacs.cciaies eucteince: ec cysee even aeemetete LAL Sere aereke 6,824 a1 Ub eee ae Pr One ge ee Pee tne meee ne Ee er ie G00 le eerie 10,987 PATE TRE a vercreneree etcetera esas c ca nyats een eae ee 300 Ser merala oiere 10,811 September . 2.566. bs occ eee ee sea he © arene 4 ORT a eee 13,188 OCTOD OT See Ir ae a hale anne eee 10 O39cerneeaes 9,619 INGV EM DOT a. sete eee tea ssh tere chsh ciatens ee eae AQ A89 eros 53,200 DECOM DET ios y what cei ees Oe ed Aa eee DATO sense 5,339 129,833 142,411 129,833 OLE ae terete ererelame st ston teteetstaciees 272,244 ANNUAL BEQUESTS The Annual Flower Sermon, provided for in the will of Mr. Shaw, was preached at Christ Church Cathedral, on May 16, by Rev. S. N. Watson, Rector Emeritus of the Church of the Holy Trinity, Paris, France. The Gardeners’ Banquet was held in the floral display house at the Garden on the night of September 15. The banquet of the Board of Trustees of the Garden was held at the Missouri Athletic Association on the evening of January 2, on the occasion of the seventy-second meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science in session in St. Louis at that time. The $500 bequest, provided by Mr. Shaw ‘‘for premiums or prizes at a flower show or exhibit’’ was awarded in connec- tion with the spring flower show of the Garden Club of St. Lonis. RESEARCH AND INSTRUCTION It has previously been noted that the number of courses offered primarily for graduate students during 1919-20 was a minimum, due to the fact that relatively few new students were admitted. This also holds true for the work proposed during 1920-21. During the latter year there are being given or are proposed for the second semester the following courses: taxonomy of the bryophytes and pteridophytes, history of bot- any, advanced physiology, seminar, and in addition research work in applied mycology, physiology, and taxonomy. 8 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN Scientific and Popular Lectures.—Among the scientifie and popular lectures given by members of the scientific and Gar- den staffs the more important are the following: W. H. Chambers, April 14, before the Division of Biological Chemistry of the American Chemical Society, ‘‘The Rela- tion of Dextrose to H-ion Concentration with Bacillus Coli.”’ B. M. Duggar, April 14, before the Division of Biological Chemistry of the American Chemical Society, ‘‘The Effect of Conditions on the Relation of Seed Plants to H-ion Concentra- tion of Nutrient Solutions.’’ B. M. Duggar, October 15, before Town and Gown, ‘‘The Japanese Problem in California.’’ B. M. Duggar, November 3, before the St. Louis Association of Gardeners, ‘‘Mushrooms, Native and Cultivated.’”’ B. M. Duggar, November 30, before the Graduate Club, Washington University, ‘‘The Work of the National Re- search Council and Its Influence on Research in the Uni- versity.’’ B. M. Duggar, December 15, before the St. Louis Natural History Museum Association, ‘‘Native Mushrooms and Their Habitats.’’ B. M. Duggar, December 16, before the Garden Club of St. Louis, ‘‘The History of a Mushroom Bed and Mushroom Pro- duction.”’ Adele Lewis Grant, March 23, before the Asclepios, the Bio- logical Society of Washington University, ‘‘The Economic Value of Some of Our Summer Birds.’’ L. P. Jensen, January 20, before the Garden Club of St. Louis, ‘‘The Use of Native Plants in Gardens.”’ L. P. Jensen, January 16, before the Chapter House, Ed- wardsville, Illinois, ‘‘ Landscape Gardening.’’ D. Miller and Adam Huber, March 3, before the St. Louis Association of Gardéners, ‘‘Orchids.’’ G. T. Moore, October 19, before the Patrons-Teachers’ As- sociation of Sherman School, ‘‘The Missouri Botanical Gar- den as a Neighborhood Institution.”’ G. T. Moore, December 17, before Town and Gown, ‘‘Some Old Herbals and the Doctrine of Signatures.’’ G. H. Pring, February 18, before the St. Louis Natural His- tory Museum Association, ‘‘Curiosities of Plant Life.’’ G. H. Pring, April 20, before the Webster Groves High School, ‘‘Spring Planting.”’ H. von Schrenk, September 1, before the Association of En- gineering Societies at San Francisco, ‘‘ Wood Preservation.”’ Mo. Bot. GARD. BULL., VOL. 9, 1921. PLATD 8. HENRY SHAW, 1887. Mo. Bot. Garp. BuULL., Vou. 9, 1921.. PLATE. 9. HENRY SHAW, ABOUT 1888. MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 9 H. von Schrenk, September 15, at the Annual Gardeners’ Banquet, Missouri Botanical Garden, ‘‘Pacifie Coast Trees.”’ H. von Schrenk, September 22, before the Roadmasters and Maintenance of Way Association Convention, St. Louis, ‘Where Are Our Ties Coming From ?”’ H. von Schrenk, October 12, before the Garden Club of St. Louis, ‘‘Pacifie Coast Trees.’’ H. von Schrenk, October 14, before the American Society for Municipal Improvements, ‘‘Recent Developments in Wood Block Paving.’’ H. von Schrenk, October 18, before the Academy of Science of St. Louis, ‘‘The Forest Resources of the United States.”’ H. von Schrenk, November 12, before the American section of the Society of Chemical Industry, at the Chemists’ Club, New York, ‘‘The Preservative Treatment of Wood, Its Broader Aspects and Some of Its Technical Phases.’’ Graduates, Fellows, and Investigators —Unusual conditions prevailed at the beginning of the academic year 1920-21, ow- ing to the exceptional number of calis for scientifically trained young men and women. Several fellowships were vacated for the reasons mentioned, and it was impossible to fill these va- cancies with men of adequate promise. ‘There were regis- tered for graduate work during the calendar year the fol- lowing students: G. M. Armstrong, Rufus J. Lackland re- search fellow; W. H. Chambers, Rufus J. Lackland research fellow; Adele Lewis Grant, teaching fellow, Washington Uni- versity; Takashi Matsumoto, formerly laboratory assistant ; E. B. Payson, teaching fellow, Washington University; R. W. Webb, formerly research assistant; F. S. Wolpert, Rufus J. Lackland research fellow. In addition Doctor Norma E. Pfeiffer, assistant professor of botany, University of North Dakota, and Mr. F. P. McWhorter, fellow, department of botany, University of Chicago, have been in residence, using the facilities of the laboratory, library, and herbarium. For 1920-21 appointments were made to the Rufus J. Lack- land research fellowships as follows: G. M. Armstrong, B. S. Clemson College, M. A. University of Wisconsin, formerly extension pathologist, Bureau of Plant Industry, reappointed second year; R. W. Webb, B. S. Clemson College, A. M. Washington University, formerly research assistant; F. 8. Wolpert, A. B. University of Montana, formerly assistant In botany, University of Montana, reappointed second year. Other appointments for the same period were as follows: Joanne L. Karrer, B. S. University of Washington, M. 8. University of Washington, Ph. D. Washington University, 10 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN formerly teaching fellow, appointed research assistant; Adele Lewis Grant, B. 8S. University of California, A. M. Washing- ton University, formerly teaching fellow, appointed to a Jessie R, Barr fellowship in Washington University (re- signed) ; E. B. Payson, B. A. University of Wyoming, A. M. Washington University, formerly teaching fellow, reappointed teaching fellow. Graduate students terminating their connection with the Garden after receiving degrees were as follows: W. H. Cham- bers, to accept the position of research associate in the Bar- nard Skin and Cancer Hospital, St. Louis; Takashi Matsu- moto, to return to his appointment, professor of botany, Im- perial College of Agriculture and Forestry, Morioka, Japan ; Mrs. Adele Lewis Grant, to accept an instructorship in botany in the New York State College of Agriculture, Cornell Uni- versity. At the Commencement of Washington University, June 10, 1920, the degree of Doctor of Philosophy was conferred upon W. H. Chambers, with a thesis on ‘‘Studies in the Physiology of the Fungi. XI. Bacterial Inhibition by Metabolic Prod- ucts’’; Takashi Matsumoto, with a thesis on “*Physiological Speeialization in Rhizoctonia Solani,Kuhn’’; and Joanne L. Karrer, with a thesis on ‘‘ Amylase Production and Activity in Fungi as Affected by Hydrogen Ion Concentration.’’ The degree of Master of Arts was conferred upon FE. B. Paysen, with a thesis on ‘‘A Monograph of the Genus Lesquerella.”’ Publications and Papers——The various scientific articles which have been published during the year whether in the Annals or in other journals are included by title in the list below. Several graduate theses as well as staff investigations remain unpublished, and much of this material will be used in the next few numbers of the ANNALS. In the graduate laboratory particular attention has been paid to various aspects of the relation between hydrogen-ion concentration and certain life phenomena. The mineral and organic food nutrition of higher plants continues to receive considerable attention. Consistent efforts are also being made to throw light upon the causal relations in mosaic diseases. Allen, EK. R. ‘‘On Carbohydrate Consumption by Azoto- bacter chroococcum.’’ Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard., 1920. Burt, E. A. ‘‘The Thelephoraceae of North America. XII.”’ Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard., 1920. Chambers, W. H. ‘‘Studies in the Physiology of the Fungi. XI. Bacterial Inhibition by Metabolic Products.’’ Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard., 1920. Mo. Bot. Garp. BULL., VoL. 9, 1921. HENRY SHAW. DRAWN BY VON SALTZA IN 1893. COMPOSITE OF VARIOUS PORTRAITS. A PLATE bakes 10. Mo. Bot, GARD. PAINTED BY RICHARD COMPILED Te w on penbtna Coes 6. FN a PA Se ata ee HENRY SHAW, MILLER AFTER THE FROM THE VARIOUS Oe AO HONE BVM, BORN, B DEATH OF MR. SHAW. PORTRAITS. MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 11 Duggar, B. M. ‘‘Botany.’’ Am. Year Book, 1920. Duggar, B. M. ‘‘ Hydrogen Ion Concentration and the Com- position of Nutrient Solutions in Relation to the Growth of Seed Plants.’’ Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard., 1920. Duggar, B. M. ‘‘The Nutritive Value of the Food Reserve in Cotyledons.’’ Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard., 1920. Duggar, B. M. ‘‘The Nutritive Value of the Food Reserve in Cotyledons.’* Carnegie Inst., Washington, Year Book, 1920. Duggar, B. M. ‘‘Refinements in the Indicator Method of Hydrogen Ion Determination.’’ Carnegie Inst., Washington, Year Book, 1920. Duggar, B. M. ‘‘Some Factors in the Salt Requirements of Plants.’’ Carnegie Inst., Washington, Year Book, 1920. Duggar, B. M. ‘‘The Use of ‘Insoluble’ Salts in Balanced Solutions for Seed Plants.’’ Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard., 1920. Jensen, L. P. ‘‘Influence of Parks on Civilization and Con- servation of Plant Life.’’ Parks and Recreation, 1920. Jensen, L. P. ‘‘Public Parks as Bird Protectorates.’’ Parks and Recreation, 1920. Karrer, J. L. and R. W. Webb. ‘‘Titration Curves of Cer- tain Liquid Culture Media.’’ Ann. Mo. Bot, Gard., 1920. Zeller, S. M. ‘‘Humidity in Relation to Moisture Imbib1- tion by Wood and to Spore Germination on Wood.’’ Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard., 1920. During the convocation week of the American Associa- tion for the Advancement of Science and affiliated societies held in Chicago, December 27-January 1, the following papers were presented by members of the staff and graduate students: Armstrong, G@. M. ‘‘Sulphur Nutrition of the Fungi, with Special Reference to the Use of Thiosulphate in Relation to Hydrogen-Ion Concentration.’’ Duggar, B. M. ‘‘The Use of ‘Insoluble’ Salts in Balanced Solutions for Seed Plants.’’ Karrer, J. L. ‘‘The Effect of Hydrogen-Ion Concentration Upon the Accumulation and Activation of Amylase Produced by Certain Parasitic Fungi.’’ Brief indications are given below of the nature and signifi- cance of the scientific papers published in the ANNALS during the calendar year. Allen, E. R. (Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. 7:75-79), /in a study of Azotobacter chroococcum, shows that contrary to expectation @ declining metabolic activity is exhibited by this organism in reference to carbohydrate consumption. Carbohydrate con- sumption is not related to the rate of increase in cell num- 12 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN bers, but is the reverse of this process. Mechanical agitation also influences carbon assimilation. Burt, E. A. (Ann, Mo. Bot. Gard. 7:81-248), continuing a monograph of the Thelephoraceae of North America, pre- sents a comprehensive account of the genus Stereum. This is a large genus, but the author finds the difficulties of iden- tification, experienced by so many, greatly lessened after a thorough study and analysis of the microscopically recogniz- able organs or combinations of organs. The work includes an elaborate key to the species; and under each of the 77 American species discussed there are given the synonymy and references to literature, full diagnosis, notes on occur- rence, habits, and peculiarities, citations of specimens exam- ined, ete. Among the 77 species referred to, twelve are new, and five new combinations are included. In addition notes are recorded on 10 imperfectly known species and 20 species are excluded from the genus. OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN THE ORIGINAL MEMBERS WERE DESIGNATED IN MR. SHAW’S WILL AND THE BOARD SO CONSTITUTED, EXCLUSIVE OF THE EX-OFFICIO MEMBERS, IS SELF-PERPETUATING President, EDWARDS WHITAKER. Vice-President, ; DAVID S. H. SMITH. SAMUEL C, DAvis. LEONARD MATTHEWS. Epwarp C. Exior. Wiu11Am H. H. Perrus. ~ Georce C. HrrcHcock. Puiu C. SCANLAN. EDWARD MALLINCKRODT. Jonn F. SHEPLEY. EX-OFFICIG MEMBERS Freperic A, HALL, Grorce T. Moore, Chancellor of Washington University. oi oa of The Academy of Science of - UIs, Henry W. Kiet, W. FRANK CARTER, Mayor of the City of St, Louis. President of the Board of Education of - Louis. Danret S. TuTree, Bishop of the Diocese of Missouri. CuHArtEs A. Rok, Secretary. GOLD MEDAL GARDENERS TO THE GARDEN, MR. G. TH. PRIN FOR CREATION OF =To:- GZorar. H. PRING Far NEW NYMPFHARA a ADWARE x Vrs WHIT Mo AWARDED BY NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF >» HORTICULTURIST TO NEW WATER-LILY. ALVT Missouri Botanical Garden Bulletin Vol. IX St. Louis, Mo., February, 1921 No. 2 TRAPA BICORNIS (BULL’S HEAD) Recently visitors have brought to the Garden for identifi- cation seeds, purchased in St. Louis and represented to be those of a large-flowered water-lily equal in size to the Easter lily and having either white or pink flowers. This has been identified as Z'rapa bicorms, or bull’s head, a species ‘most interesting from the standpoint of mimicry, the seeds closely resembling a bull’s head in shape. This plant is indigenous to the shallow rivers and un- drained marshes of China, where it is cultivated very exten- sively as a substitute for corn. In the young state the plant is submerged, the seeds germinating in the muddy bottom of a stream or lake. The primary shoot or radicle appears be- tween the horns, and from this the roots extend, penetrat- ing the soil and attaching the young plant to the mud. The foliage consists of two distinct types: first, the submerged leaves, which are linear and somewhat resemble roots in shape; second, the floating or air leaves which appear when the plant reaches the surface of the water. The latter are rounded, about three-quarters of an inch across, the upper surface of a light green color, the under side purple and hairy. The petioles, which support the leaves, contain spongy pith which makes them buoyant. The flowers are small, sol- itary, of a pellucid white color, comprised of four petals about an inch in width. The peduncles which support them bend when the flower drops, thus allowing the seed to ripen under water. The basal portion of the seed, which represents the mouth of the bull, is the connection between seed and plant. Therefore, in ripening the horns are reversed. The natives of China eall the seeds ‘‘ling.”’ In 1781 Solander introduced the southern European species, Trapa natans (water caltrops), into northern France and attempted to bring it to fruit in the open air, but failed. At a later date, Lambert, of Boyton, England, succeeded in ripening seeds under greenhouse treatment. The genus was named by Linnaeus from calcitrapa, or caltrops, an instru- (19) 20 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN ment of ancient warfare, on account of the resemblance of the seed to that instrument. Other common names are water chestnut and Jesuit’s nut. In some parts of Europe the seeds are ground into flour and used in bread making. Roasted or boiled, they are used also as a dessert in much the same manner as the Spanish chestnut. Another species of economic value is 7'rapa bispinosa, a native of India, where, especially in Kashmir, the seeds are said to furnish an article of food for 30,000 people for five months of the year. HARDY EXOTIC PLANTS SUITABLE FOR THE GAR- DENS OF MISSOURI AND ADJOINING STATES During the year 1920, there was published in the BULLETIN alist of native plants suitable for the gardens of Missouri and adjoining states. This list was arranged according to the habitat of the plant, and in addition to certain informa- tion as to the color of flower, approximate size, etc., some indication was given as to the way in which the plants could be most satisfactorily used. The practical value, to both the amateur and commercial grower, of this arrangement of the wild plants of our region, has been so great that there have been numerous requests for a similar treatment of ‘the cul- tivated plants. There will accordingly be listed in the suc. ceeding numbers of the BuLtLerin during 1921 the exotic plants suitable for the gardens of Missouri and adjoining states, classified in practically the same manner as were the wild plants. It is hoped that by furnishing this information those interested may be able to make a more intelligent selec- tion of both wild and cultivated plants for use in gardens in and about St. Louis. I. HARDY EXOTIC PLANTS FOR ROCK GARDENS Approx. Common Approx. Color of time of Botanical name name height flowers bloom Habitat PLANTS GROWING IN DRY, SUNNY SITUATIONS Alyssum argenteum. .Silvery golden-tuft . 8-12”..Yellow..Summer ..... Europe Alyssum saxatile..... Golden-tuft .. 1’ ..Yellow..Early spring... Europe Aquilegia sibirica....Siberian columbine . 1-2’ ..Lilac blue...Summer ..... Siberia Arabis albida........ Rock-cress .... 4-6” ..White.. Early spring. .Europe Arabis alpina........ Rock-cress ... 6-8” ..White...Early spring. . Europe Arenaria grandiflora.Sandwort .... 4-6” ..White.. April-June ...Europe Arenaria verna...... Sandwort .... 1-3” ..White.. April-June .. . Europe Mo. Bor. GARD. Bute, ViOis Jo LeZile PARADA Se¢ \ BlCORNIS Your P}a2 C; PLATE 1? y i] MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 21 Approx. Common Approx. Color of time of Botanical name name height flowers bloom Habitat Armeria latifolia..... Sea-pink ..... 12-15”..Pink....Summer ..... S. Europe Armeria maritima...Sea-pink ..... 12-15”. . Pinkish white..Summer ..... Europe Belamcanda chinensis Blackberry ALLY eoeeree nese 2-3’ ..Orange, spotted red....May-June ....Chinato Japan Cerastium Biebersteinit ..... Chickweed ... 6” (creeping) White..May-June ....Tauria Cerastium grandiflorum ..... Chickweed ... 6-8” (creeping) White..May-June ....E. Europe Cerastium tomentosum ......Chickweed ... 4-6” (creeping) White..May-June ....Europa Cheiranthus Cheiri. Wallflower ... 1-1%’ .Yellow. April-May ....S. Europe Chionodora Luciliae.Glory-of-the- SNOW ...... 3-6” ..Blue....Feb.-March ...Asia Minor Coronilla cappadocica.Yellow crown- V.GUG Ieee ate a Re .. Yellow. July-Aug. .... Asia Minor Coronilla varia....... Crown-vetch .. 1-2’ (trailing) Pinkish white. .June-Oct. ..... Europe Dianthus cinnabarinus ...... Pine iveiessies BL LaRedes.<. Aug.-Sept. ....Greece Dianthus deltoides...Maiden pink.. 6-10” (tufted) .Red...Spring- summer...... Europe, Japan Erigeron aurantiacus.Wlea-bane .... 9” ..Orange. July-Aug. ....Turkestan Erysimum ochroleucum ...... Erysimum ... 4-12”..Pale yellow...May-June ....Spain Erysimum rupestre.. Erysimum ...12-18”..Orange. .May-June Galanthus Elwesii....Giant snowdrop .. 4-8” ..White.. Early spring Galanthus nivalis ....Common snowdrop .. 6-8” ..White..Feb.-March.. Geranium argenteum.Silver-leaved cranesbill .. 3% ..Pink... JuneAug. .. Geum coccineum..... Red geum.... 1’ .. Bright red...Summer }... Geum reptans........ Plumy geum.. 2-4” (procumbent) Yellow..Summer .... Gypsophila repens... .Trailing baby’s breath 2-4” ..White or rose.Summer .... Hieracium aurantiacum ....... Orange hawkweed 6”-2’ ..Orange. Aug.-Sept. ... Iberis sempervirens ..Evergreen candy-tuft... 4-8” ..White.. Early spring ... Asia Minor . Asia Minor . Caucasus . Carnic Alps . Greece . Europe Ce . Hurope . _-Europe ..Europe 22 MISSOURI BOTANICAL, GARDEN BULLETIN Approx. Common Approx. Color of time of Botanical name name height flowers bloom Habitat Iberis sempervirens WORT OECO. 65. bas vs Evergreen candy-tuft .. 48” ..Red..... Early spring. .Europe Meconopsis cambrica .'Welsh poppy. 6-12”..Yellow..Summer ..... W. Europe Paronychia argentea..Whitlow-wort. 2-4” (prostrate) .. White. . May-June . Europe Potentilla argyrophylla ...... Five-finger ... 2-3’ ..Yellow..June-July ....Himalayas Potentilla nepalensis.Potentilla .... 1-114’ . Yellow. .May-June . Himalayas Potentilla verna...... Early potentilla .. 4-10” (procumbent) Yellow..April-May ....Europe Sedum acre.......... Stonecrop .... 2-3” ..Yellow..June-July ....Europe Sedum Aizoon....... Stonecrop . 1-2’ ..Yellow..Late summer. Siberia Sedum album ........ White stonecrop .. 4-6” ..White.. July ......... Europe Sedum lydium....... Stonecrop .... 3-6” ..Pinkish.Aug.-Sept. ....Asia Minor Sedum oppositifolium Stonecrop .... 6” (trailing) White or pinkish. July-Aug. ..Asia, Persia Sedum roseum....... Stonecrop .... 6-8” (trailing) Reddish purple..Summer ..... Europe Sedum Sieboldii...... Siebold’s stonecrop .. 9” ..Pinkish.August ...... Japan Sedum stoloniferum, .Stonecrop .... 6” (trailing) Pink... July-Aug. Veronica gentianoides Gentian-leaved speedwell... 6-18”..Pale blue..Summer ..... Veronica incana...... Hoary speedwell...12-18”..Blue....July-Sept. ... Veronica pectinata ...Scalloped- leaved speedwell... 6” (prostrate) Blue.. May-June Veronica repens..... Creeping speedwell... 2-4” (prostrate) Blue..May ......... Veronica rwpestris...Speedwell .... 4-5” .Purplish.June ....... Vinca minor Periwinkle ... 4-6” (prostrate) Blue. . May-June ' . Asia, Persia Europe Asia, Europe . Asia Minor Europe Europe .. Hurope PLANTS GROWING IN MOIST, SUNNY SITUATIONS Geraniune sanguineum ....... Cranesbill ae bf .. Red Linum austriacum ...Flax .......... 1-2’ ..Violet- red or light blue. .Summer ...May-Aug. ee 0 6 Europe MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN Za Approx. Common Approx. Color of time of Botanical name name height flowers bloom Habitat Lotus corniculatus ...Bird’s-foot trefoil. .c.-. 0-12” (trailing) Yellow..Summer ..... Australia Lychnis Haageana ...luychnis ..... 8-12”..Red,....Summer ..... Europe Primula veris........ Cowslip ...... 4-4” ..Orange. yellow.May-June ....Europe Ranunculus repens var. flore pleno... Creeping double buttercup .. 6-10” (creeping) Yellow.. May-July ..... Europe, Asia PLANTS FOR MOIST, SOMEWHAT SHADED SITUATIONS Asperula odorata ....Sweet woodrulff ... 6-8” ..White .May-July ..... Europe, Orient Asperula tinctoria....Dyer’s woodruff ... 1-2’ (prostrate) Reddish.May-July ..... Europe Brunella grandiflora. Self-heal ..... 12-15”..Purple .Summer ..... Europe Galium Mollugo...... Bedstraw .... 1’ .. White ..May-June ....Hurope Polygonatum multiflorum ....... Solomon’s seal. 2-3’ ..White ..May-June ....Burope, Asia Pulmonaria officinalis Lungwort .... 6-12”..Reddish violet; April, 2.2565. Europe II. HARDY EXOTIC PLANTS FOR THE WATER GARDEN Approx. Common Color of time of Habitat Botanical name name flowers bloom HERBACEOUS PLANTS GROWING IN WATER Myriophyllum verticillatum ...... Parrot’s feather (in shallow water or floating)... .Inconspicuous soi clo ga-k ee ee Europe Nelumbo nucifera....Egyptian lotus Pink .......... Summer ..... Asia, Australia Nelumbo nucifera VAr-uTO8C0 2 Ae oes Egyptian lotus.Rose .......... Summer. ..4 2. Asia, Australia Nuphar luteum...... European yellow lily..Yellow ........ summer <.... Europe Nuphar minimum... .Small European, yellow lily..Yellow ........ Summer ..... Europe Nymphaea alba*..... White water-lily ..White .......... Summer ..... Europe *There are many hybrids of Nymphaea alba and Nymphaea alba var. rosea which are desirable and hardy. Their flowers are white, pink, rose, red, and yel- low, and they are very prolific bloomers. 24 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN Approx. Common Color of time of Botanical name name flowers bloom Habitat Nymphaea alba var. ROOM “5S ahetacsas cs Water-lily ....Rose .......... Summer ...... Bweden Nymphaea candida...White water-lily WRIG6* 05.0 oes cs Summer ..... Europe Nymphaea tetragona . Yellow water-lily ..Yellow ,........ Summer .....China, Japan Approx. Common Approx. Color of time of Botanical name name height flowers bloom Habitat HERBACEOUS PLANTS GROWING IN SWAMPS OR ON MUDDY SHORES Cardamine pratensis .Cuckoo flower.12-20”..White or TORO Cece eee Burope Sagittaria sagittifolia.Old World arrow-head . 1-3’ ..White ..July-Aug. Europe, Asia Benecio japonicus... .Japanese groundsel .. 4-5' ..Yellow. May-June Japan Sium latifolium...... ‘Water parsnip 4-5’ ..White..Summer ..... Europe HERBACEOUS PLANTS FOR VERY MOIST SOIL Hemerocallis aurantiaca and varieties ..... Orange day- SUEY 5 bbe cas 2-3’ ..Orange. July-Sept. ...Japan Hemerocallis Dumortierii........ Day-lily ..... 1-3’ ..Orange.May-June ....Japan Hemerocallis flava...Lemon lily...18-24” .Yellow May-June ..Hurope, Asia Hemerocallis fulva...Day-lily....... 18-24/’. .Orange. July-Aug. ..Hurope Hemerocallis Middendorfi....... .. Middendorf’s day-lily .... 1-2 ..Yellow .May-June .. Amur POE. MOUP CO 6 acs asc as o 08 o Yellow iris... 3-314’ .Yellow .June ...... Himalayas Iris laevigata and its varieties........: Japanese iris.214-3’ ..Blue, violet, white. June ...... Siberia, Japan Iris florentina....... Florentine ARO pe teia Ds kev ace 1-2’ ..White May ....... Europe Iris Gueldenstaedt- MR eda ea'a'e 6 aa DBs tenis dea 1-2’ ..Yellow .May ....... Asia Iris Pseudacorus..... Iran aed ners 2-3’ ..Yellow .May-June . Europe Ranunculus asiaticus. Buttercup 6”"-1’ .. Yellow .May-June ..Asia Minor Ranunculus dbulbosus.Bulbous buttercup ... 1’ .. Yellow .April-June ...Persia, Europe HERBACEOUS SHRUBS FOR WATERSIDE PLANTING Alnus viridis........ Green alder.. 3-6’ . Cornus sanguinea. ...Red-branched dogwood.... 8-12’ . Salix Caprea......... Goat willow. 12-20 . . Incon- spicuous. Early spring Northern . White. . May-June .Incon- SPICwuOUS........000. Hemisphere .. Europe MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 25 Approx. Common Approx. Color of time of Habitat Botanical name name height flowers bloom SQUZ 4NCGNG. «2.05.2. Willow ...... 15-25’ ..Incon- SPLCUGUS erie oe vie re ,.... Hurope Sambucus nigra ..... European elder’ 2.5.4 15-25’ ..White...May-June ....Hurope Sambucus nigra var. LTE ee lere eve te ute eee eee etek telie aorey eesiio estan Yellow LOM ARO cere cer caso terate see sieietotie serena Sambucus nigra var. TACHA ACE re echoed ede ernrerore cleiars tate Cut- leaved LOLA Ceres tials oe are seein elade! oxetoret ens (ats rates TREES FOR WATERSIDE PLANTING Alnus glutinosa ..... Black alder... 50-70’..Incon- spicuous ............Hurope Betula alba and va- TICtIOS) Kirerice ice European white birch. 60-80’..Incon- SP LCUOUS eee tecec: eneceneroa Europe, Japan Betula Ermanii ..... Erman’s birch. 40-60’..Incon- BDICUOUS Meet ere ee Asia, Japan Betula Mazimowiczii.Birch........ 80-90’. .Incon- spicuous ....-.....- Japan Carpinus Betulus ....European horn- beam ...... 60-70’ ..Incon- SPICUGUS een cee Europe, Persia Populus alba ......... White poplar. .100-120’.Incon- spicuous -...--+.-++-++- Europe, Asia Populus laurifolia ...Certinensis poplar ..... 80-100’. Incon- Spicuous s+ <+<--:-«- Siberia Populus nigra ....... Black poplar ..100-120’.Incon- SHicugus 263-2649. es Europe, Siberia Populus tremula ..... European aspen ...... 50-60’..Incon- BDICUOUS MEd iss ie Europe Saliz babylonica and VATICTICNS sec ccecsess Napoleon’s willow ..... 30-40’. .Incon- SPIGUOUS See ee oe Caucasus Saliz elegantissima ..Thurlow’s weeping willow ..... 30-40’. .Incon- SNIcUOUs eee ey eee Japan 26 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN NOTES The ladies attending the convention of the Cleaners and Dyers’ Association visited the Garden, January 19. Mr. G. H. Pring, Horticulturist to the Garden, lectured before the Patrons’ Association of the Mason School, Feb- ruary 17, on ‘‘Mimiery of Plants.’’ On January 5, Mr. G. H. Pring spoke before the St. Louis Association of Gardeners on ‘‘The Use of Botany to the Gardener.”’ On February 5, Dr. B. M. Duggar, Physiologist to the Garden, spoke before the St. Louis College Club on ‘‘Some Aspects of the Japanese Problem in California.’’ Dr. B. M. Duggar, Physiologist to the Garden, has been appointed Chairman of the Board of Control of ‘‘ Botanical Abstracts. ”’ Mr. John Noyes, Landscape Designer to the Garden, gave a lantern-slide lecture before the Garden Club of St. Louis, February 15, on ‘‘Garden Ornament: Its Location and Arrangement.”’ The January number of Parks and Recreation contains two articles by Mr. L. P. Jensen, Arboriculturist to the Garden, one entitled ‘‘Interesting Native Flowering Trees for Park Planting’’ and the other ‘‘Proposal for the World’s Greatest Garden.’’ Recent visitors to the Garden include Dr. J. A. Elliott, Head of the Department of Plant Pathology, Arkansas Agri- cultural Experiment Station, and Mr. M. R. Ensign, Teacher of Voeational Agriculture, Lamar High School, Lamar, Arkansas. Dr. George T. Moore, Director of the Garden, addressed the upper school of the St. Louis Country Day School, Jan- uary 14, on ‘‘Commercial Botany.’’ He also spoke before the Garden Club of St. Louis, January 18, his subject being “The Fertility of the Soil.’’ Due to the unseasonably warm weather a few early spring plants have flowered at the Garden. Some of those which have been noticed are: dandelion (Taraxacum officinale), since February 1; pussy-willow (Salix cinerea), since Feb- ruary 2; snow-drop (Galanthus nivalis), since February 2; willow (Salix sp.), since February 5; Chinese honeysuckle (Lonicera fragrantissima), since February 10; soft maple (Acer saccharinum), since February 14. MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BUi_LETIN 27 STATISTICAL INFORMATION FOR JANUARY, 1921 GARDEN ATTENDANCE: Totalenumber OL svisitOrs ae sie see cree tieneiele whe rske cde ere sees 9,136 PLANT ACCESSIONS: Total number of plants and seeds received as gifts...... 29 LiBpRARY ACCESSIONS: Total number of books and pamphlets bought........... 45 Total number of books and pamphlets donated.......... aS ey HERBARIUM ACCESSIONS: By Purchase— Friedlinder & Sohn—Sydow’s “Mycotheca Germanica,” MUS Cie 4 lated Oa cehe ras leke te ls stone ce taais Stele erepey Seemeneh teh cieree ie ace atanet 100 By Gift— P. van der Bijl—Fungi of South Africa.............--. 3Y Dr. R. P. Burke—Fungi of Alabama.........-.....+46- 28 Bar Bush—Plants7ot South Carolitiawn 22 cso creecs spores 115} J. A. Drushel—Plants of Illinois, Missouri, Kansas, MeX@sS; ANG. COLOTA CO mii s cyatsiscsts c,crtie) cue ten ove ous) el eee * rh | MAIN ENTRANCE FROM INTERIOR OF (Jamieson and Spearl, architects.) GARDEN. MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 59 indebted to him. For the influence of the work that has been done here and, indeed, the influence of these gardens them- selves, has spread throughout the nation. The lives of thou- sands unconsciously have been modified and enlarged and made happier through this influence ; and these in turn, know- ingly or unknowingly, pass on to others the inspiration re- ceived through the opportunity that Henry Shaw made possi- ble to them. ‘What sort of man Henry Shaw was and what sort of spirit dominated him are revealed both in his action back in the early sixties, when he invited his fellow citizens to come freely and share with him the beauty and inspiration of these gar- dens created and maintained at his own expense, and when later he endowed them in his will and made wise provision for their continuance through generations to come. And when we come to read his will, we find the spirit of the man made plain in this sentence: ‘I hereby devise and bequeath two hundred dollars annually to the Bisnop of the Episcopalian Church of this diocese in con- sideration (if he approve the same) that an annual sermon be preached in such church and by such minister as he may select, on the wisdom and goodness of God as shown in the growth of flowers, fruits, and other products of the vegetable kingdom.’ ‘‘Many men favored of fortune gather to themselves treas- ures to be hidden away and enjoyed by themselves alone or by some personal friends, There seemed to be none of this seltish- ness or snobbery in Henry Shaw. He wished to share the things that satisfied his artistic and spiritual nature, not with a chosen few alone, but with all who have within them the capac- ity to partake with him. And the sentence from his will which I have just read shows very clearly that his motive was not to gather to himself eredit for the thing he was doing but to bring to the attention of young and old the goodness of God and the wonders He had wrought. ‘‘He had a keen sense of duty to his fellow man. He came here from a foreign land. In a comparatively short space of time he amassed a fortune. Unlike many who have had a sim- ilar life experience, he did not depart with his gain, but de- voted his remaining years to good works. He had a high sense of citizenship which ought to be felt by every right-thinking citizen. ‘“And surely, even in the presence of some of them, I may be permitted to voice the general appreciation of the fine way in which the men chosen have earried out Mr. Shaw’s purposes. Too often enterprises of this sort left in trust are carried on in a purely perfunctory way and without that understanding 60 MISSOURI, BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN and heart interest so necessary to the full discharge of the duty imposed. ‘Too often, as the original trustees pass away, interest lags and the purposes of the donor are unfulfilled or thwarted. Not so in this ease. On the contrary, those who have been charged with this duty and who have been invited to share a high privilege seem to have entered fully into the desires and ambitions and ideals of Henry Shaw. Men of thought and men of vision have been at work here. There has been a consistent enlargement of the scope of the work car- ried on, with the thought that these gardens should contribute more and more largely to the educational development in this country and to our scientific knowledge of plant life. The gath- ering of representative groups of healthy plants, so arranged as to be most attractive and easy to recognize and remember, has added much to the value of these gardens for educational purposes. The technical study of plants, especially in the field of plant physiology, and the opportunity given here for plant students to pursue their investigations have attracted most fa- vorable comment from scientists interested in plant life. As head for the time being of a department which numbers on its staff many of the most eminent scientists of the world, | am glad to acknowledge the value of this work. ‘Tf, however, | should undertake to place relative values upon the various activities which are being carried on here and measure them in pereentages set down in orderly fashion, I should place first the subtle influence which these gardens exert upon the lives and characters of those who come for study and research and, more especially, for the pure joy of living for a time among the beautiful plants the good God has given His people. ‘*Wise parents as they have opportunity bring their chil- dren in contact with Nature in her varied forms. They take them to the mountains that they may see Nature in her more rugged aspects, that they may see with their own eyes evi- dences of the mighty forees which were at work when the land was shaped. They take them to the rivers and to the sea that they may see God’s hand upon the waters, now in repose, again lashed into fury by the winds. They take them to the fields and to the forests that they may have some understanding of our dependence upon the soil. They bring them to places such as this, where plants of almost endless variety of form and color, fragrance and beauty, appeal to the finer emotions and thus develop a love of the gentle and beautiful which influ- ences thought and action throughout life and which adds largely to the capacity for happy living. MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 61 ‘‘Men who have studied such matters tell us that sufficient records have been found to prove the existence of some six or eight great civilizations prior to the one in which we are now living. They tell us further that each of these great civiliza- tions was preceded and followed by periods of darkness ; that they went through certain fairly well-revealed stages, the last being the period of wealth. They tell us that as the pericd of wealth develops there comes the fevered pursuit of artificial pleasures, the rush to the cities, the desertion of the open coun- try, and the consequent breaking down of character and the lapse once more into the period of darkness and despair. ‘‘Tf this, which we like to think of as the most advanced of all civilizations, is to escape the fate of those that have long since been sifted over by the sands of oblivion, we must profit by the experience of those who have gone before. We must keep our people close to Nature and to Nature’s God; for in no other way can we implant in the young those great principles which make for clear thinking and right living, without which an enduring civilization is not possible. In such a task beauty spots like this are invaluable aids, ‘‘Rich is the city which has at its door such a place for in- spiration and study freely open to young and old, rich and poor, great and small; freely open to all who will come. And rich is a city and a nation which produces citizens who are willing to give of their time and their money to perpetuate in- stitutions such as this.’’ At the conelusion of this address, luncheon was served to about three hundred specially invited guests. Musie was furnished, both before the opening of the cere- mony at the gate and during the luncheon, by Noel Poepping’s orchestra. HARDY EXOTIC PLANTS SUITABLE FOR THE GAR- DENS OF MISSOURI AND ADJOINING STATES (Continued from April Bulletin) TV. SHRUBS WITH INCONSPICUOUS FLOWERS Botanical name Common name Approx. Habitat height Acanthopanar pentaphyllus .... Five-leaved aralia........... EO tere ous aye cores Japan Alnus viridis...... Green: alder... 1s sons. veaeue BeQe oes atentarts Northern hemisphere Berberis emarginata. .Barberry ......0sce0esse0ees Ore ees iene Europe Berberis ilicifolia.....Holly-leaved barberry........ OEOe sie) jo etena arene South America Berberis Thunbergii..Thunberg’s barberry......... BaOe weiecinie sc eieead Japan Corylus Avellana..... European hazel.............. GaSe Cokie setae ere Europe, Asia 62 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN Approx. Botanical name Common name height Habitat Corylus Avellana var. atropurpurea ...... PUTDie DAL esis isi 96s eo os eae a a a Europe, Asia Cotoneaster acuminataCotoneaster ............-00-- AB iy wae ee nls Himalayas Cotoneaster multifloraCotoneaster .............005. O6° Sr oy ae Europe, Asia Hippophae rhamnoides ....... Sea buckthorn............... DS Wyateekake Europe, Asia Rhamnus cathartica..Buckthorn ...........-.0020- Bel. 4 Peee este Europe, Asia Rhamnus dahurica....Chinese buckthorn........... OS 2 deaeaaaat China Rhamnus Frangula...Buckthorn ...........0 0c eae | oo > arr Europe, Asia Salix pentandra...... Laurel-leaved willow......... 8-20’ .......... Europe, Asia Salix purpureda....... PUPDIC WIOW os occ eee ies cas O12 sheen wanes Europe Ulmus parvifolia..... Chinese elm................. L020 0 assis vices China, Japan EF MOMALAL 0.6 6:05 54S-S a TKD H8 WEED WS DP ES ORO LOST 6 oie etie weds Asia V. VINES Approx. Botanical name Common Approx. Color of time of Habitat name height flowers bl oom T.* Actinidia arguta. Actinidia .....10-25’..Greenish white... SUI ss alias ae Japan T. Akebia lobata....Akebia ....... 15-30’... Purple... Maes aaa China, Japan T. Akebia quinata.,Akebia .......15-30'..Purple... July ......... China, Japan D. Ampelopsis heterophylla ..Large-leaved ampelopsis .15-20’..Incon- EOQICUOUS:- .) 0% Ne TR eT ae ta ae he eT Raa gee. ~ Statistical Enferiietion Dt IE RL BAN Gg re ey ST. LOUIS, MO. 1921 Published Monthly Except July and August by the Board of Trustees wn one — SUBSCRIPTION PRICE ONE DOLLAR PER YEAR SINGLE COPIES TEN CENTS BOARD OF TRUSTEES OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN THE ORIGINAL MEMBERS WERE DESIGNATED IN MR. SHAW’S WILL AND THE BOARD SO CONSTITUTED, EXCLUSIVE OF THE EX-OFFICIO MEMBERS, IS SELF-PERPETUATING President, EDWARDS WHITAKER. Vice-President, DAVID 8S. H. SMITH. SAMUEL C. Davis. LEONARD MATTHEWS. Epwarp C. Exior. WitraM H, H. Petrus. GEORGE C. HITCHCOCK. PHILIP C. SCANLAN, Epwarp MALLINCKRODT. JoHNn F. SHEPLEY. EX-OFFICIO MEMBERS FRepreric A, HAtt, Grorce T. Moors, Chancellor of Washington University. age of The Academy of Science of it. Louis. Henry W. Kiet, Henry A. Roskorpr, Mayor of the City of St. Louis. President of the Board of Education of St. Louis. DANIEL S. TUTTLE, Bishop of the Diocese of Missouri. CuaArtres A. Ror, Secretary. EXTERIOR (A VIEW OF PACHYMA COCOS LK bout [o6] LVI 03 Missouri Botanical Garden Bulletin Vol. IX St. Louis, Mo., June, 1921 No. 6 INDIAN BREAD OR TUCKAHOE There was recently sent to the Garden a specimen of the so-called ‘‘Tuckahoe’’ or ‘‘Indian Bread,’’ collected by Mr. Z. T. Daniel, near Leslie, Arkansas. In view of the fact that such specimens are not infrequently found, particularly in the southwest, and always arouse considerable curiosity as to their exact nature, it is believed that a popular account of this plant product may be of interest to readers of the BULLETIN. This tuber-like structure grows underground and is met with only by accident, being frequently thrown up by the plow or uncovered in making ditches or similar excavations. When first taken from the earth it is soft enough to cut with a knife, but soon hardens until it is of an extremely solid and firm consistency. It varies greatly in both size and shape, sometimes being oblong as in the illustration (pl. 20), but it may be globose and as large as a man’s head. There is at no time any external indication of the existence of the tuber be- neath the ground, although it is reported that hogs are fond of it and apparently are able to detect it from its odor, rooting it up as they do truffles. The formation has always been a puzzle to botanists, even its origin being a matter of conjec- ture. Although originally it was supposed to be the under- ground part of some tuber-forming plant like the bindweed, tuckahoe is now universally regarded as being a true fungus to which the name Pachyma cocos has been given. In the absence of any fruiting bodies or any indication as to its pos- sible affinities with known forms, the name of course means little or nothing. While tuckahoe is obviously a vegetative mass of fungous threads, which has assumed the resting con- dition known as a sclerotium, this sclerotial stage is found in a variety of fungous growths and throws no light whatsoever upon the possible systematic position of the plant. Botan- ically, therefore, these underground fungous masses are of much interest, since they still remain an unsolved problem. Popularly, the chief interest lies in the belief that tuckahoe (71) 72 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN formed an important element in the fare of the Indians. In- deed, even yet, in certain parts of the south it is roasted and eaten with salt by the negroes, but whether it ever formed a fundamental part of the food of the Indians would seem to be open to question. Considerable confusion has existed among both botanists and historians as to just what the Indians meant by tuckahoe. Apparently the name was generic among the eastern Algon- qins for round or roundish roots, and was also the name of an Indian loaf of bread, because of its shape. The word is from p tukweoo, meaning ‘‘it is round’’ or ‘‘shaped like a ball.’’ Consequently numerous underground tubers have at one time or another been referred to as tuckahoe, and it seems more than likely that those used exclusively for food were not Pachyma cocos but any one of a number of other tubers or roots belonging to the flowering plants. In support of this view, Smith’s ‘‘History of Virginia,’’ published in 1819, states: ‘‘The chief root they have for food is called tock- awhoughe. It grows like a flag in marshes. In one day a savage will gather sufficient for a week. These roots are much of the greatness and taste of potatoes.’’ Still earlier, Beverly, in the ‘‘ History and Present State of Virginia (1722), wrote: ‘Out of the ground they [the Indians] dig earth nuts, wild onions and a tuberous root they call tuckahoe, which, while erude, is of a very hot and virulent quality. But they ean so manage it as in case of necessity to make bread of it. It grows like a flag in the miry marshes, having roots of the magnitude and taste of Irish potatoes.’’ In Campbell’s ‘‘ His- tory of Virginia,’’ published in Philadelphia in 1781, we find: ‘Of the spontaneous productions of the soil, the principal article of sustenance was the tuckahoe root, of which one man could gather enough in a day to supply him with bread for a week. It was in the summer the principal article of diet among the natives. There is another root found in Virginia called tuckahoe and confounded with the flag-like root de- scribed above and erroneously supposed by many to grow without stem or leaf. It appears to be of the Convolvulus species and is entirely unlike the root eaten by the Jamestown settlers.’’ The Swedish botanist, Kalm, a student of Linnaeus, who visited this country about the middle of the eighteenth eentury and whose travels were published in 1772, throws some light on the true nature of this edible root referred to by the previous historians. He says: ‘‘Tawko and Tawking are the Indian names of another plant the root of which they eat. Some of them eall it Tuckah. It occurs in moist grounds and 1921. GARD, BULL., VOL. 9, Bor. Mo. * ee ~ at. Feese INTERIOR (.\bout VIEW OF PACHYMA COCOS. three-fourths natural size.) MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 73 swamps This is the Arum virginicum or ‘Virginia wake- robin.’’’ And again, ‘‘Tawkee is another plant, so-called by the Indians who ate it. Some of them ealled it Tawkin and others Tackoim. This was the Orontium aquaticum (Golden Club).’’ Rafinesque, in his ‘‘Medical Flora, published in 1830, states that ‘‘all esculent roots were called tuckahoe, such as Apios and potatoes.’’ Numerous other authorities might be cited but it seems clear that the fungus which we now call tuckahoe or Indian bread could not have been one of the chief articles of sustenance for the Indians. As we shall see later, Pachyma cocos has little or no nutritive value, and the Indian name tuckahoe, while it may possibly have included fungous masses which are now designated exclusively by this term, originally referred to any edible root. The first careful chemical examination of the fungus tuck- ahoe was made by Professor John Torrey in 1819. He con- cluded that no starch was present but that instead a hitherto undescribed substance, named by him ‘‘sclerotin,’’ was found. Five years later Bracconnot published on the jelly-forming constituents of fruits and tubers, grouping them under the general term ‘‘pectous substances.’? In 1827 Torrey repub- lished his original article and stated that the substance he had named sclerotin was identical with the pectic acid of Braecconnot. Various analyses have been made since, and re- peated attention has been called to the fact that nothing yet analysed has been reported to contain so large a proportion of pectin-like substance, often running as high as 75 per cent, as P. cocos. Unless the nutritive value of pectin bodies is much greater than ordinarily supposed, Pachyma cocos could not alone be regarded as sufficient to sustain life, although it might prove a valuable adjunct to other highly nutritious foods. Various medicinal properties have been ascribed to Pachyma cocos, such as an antidote to mineral poisons, poultices on the ulcers that follow yellow fever, cancers, and in Hobbs’ ‘‘ Botan- ical Handbook’’ it is listed as an aphrodisiac. It is easy to understand that with the name tuckahoe being applied now only to Pachyma cocos, whereas originally it was a representa- tive name for all round or tuberous esculent.roots, it should retain the traditional virtues of the large part of the Indian materia medica. There seems to be no foundation for the belief that Pachyma cocos possesses any practical value, al- though it will probably continue to be so regarded for an indefinite period. As previously stated, however, it is of the utmost interest from a botanical standpoint, since in spite of . 74 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN its having been known for more than a century, so little is understood concerning its origin and growth. One of the first, if not the first, description of the tuckahoe was given by Dr. MacBride of South Carolina He discussed the specimen under the name Lycoperdon solidum, which had been given to it by Clayton in 1762, under the impression that it was related to the common puff-ball. MacBride states that the growth originates between the wood and bark of living roots; that it gradually detaches the bark while it spreads around the wood and converts it into a substance similar to itself. Various other observers have noted the association of Pachyma with the roots of trees. One writer states that ‘‘in almost every case I have observed that they have been plainly attached to a root of another growth. This root is usually about 14” to 34” in diameter, outside the tuber frequently larger; sometimes runs directly through the center of it, sometimes nearer one side than the other. This root is always free from bark inside the tuber and is often diminished to a slender stalk or single fiber and is sometimes imperceptible, having the appearance of being eaten away more or less or entirely in the process of formation.’’ In a description of the discovery of several masses of Pachyma from Georgia it is stated that ‘‘this growth had taken place from the roots of pines as was evident from some having just commenced grow- ing, the pine root extending through and reaching out at each side. Others were developed to considerable size, showing no appearance of any root in them, or any bark of the pine on the outside as was the case with the smaller ones. I think the whole root for 2” or more is changed into this substance, from the fact that some of the roots extend entirely through it, some of them being smaller inside and larger outside.’’ Indeed, early investigators held that the Pachyma was in the main only an altered state of the root of a tree, the alteration being due to the presence of some fungous disease. While there can be no question that Pachyma is frequently associated with the roots of trees, there is no evidence to indicate that this is in- variably the case or that the fungus is in any sense parasitic upon the roots of higher plants. The association would seem to be purely accidental and is of course the thing to be ex- pected from an underground growth of this character. In general, it may be stated that the structure of the fungus is similar to that of other sclerotia, being made up of a compact mass of threads, having a rough, dark-colored ex- terior more or less resembling the bark of some trees. No spores or reproductive bodies of any sort have ever been dis- MISSOURI BOTANICAL: GARDEN BULLETIN 75 covered, and, so far as known, the only method of multiplica- tion is from the vegetative mass itself. Pachyma cocos has been found as far north as New York and Pennsylvania and is reported from Virginia, North and South Carolina, Tennessee, Georgia, Mississippi, Kansas, Ar- kansas, Texas, and Florida. Apparently, while there is no definite limit to its occurrence in the south, it does not occur where the ground is subjected to prolonged freezing. Ordi- narily the character of the soil has something to do with its growth, since it is almost invariably found in a light loam or sandy soil where there is not excessive moisture. Similar un- derground growths comparable to the American tuckahoe have been found in other parts of the world. Indeed, it is probable that the Fuh-Ling of the Chinese materva medica is the same as Pachyma cocos. There are likewise other underground fungous growths which seem to differ considerably from the true Pachyma but in the absence of reproductive bodies it is impossible to state whether there is any real affinity or not. HARDY EXOTIC PLANTS SUITABLE FOR THE GARDENS OF MISSOURI AND ADJOINING STATES (Continued from May Bulletin) VIIll. EVERGREEN TREES AND SHRUBS. CANNOT BE GROWN IN SMOKY ATMOSPHERE OF CITIES Approx. Botanical name Common name height Habitat SHRUBS JUNiperus COMMUNIS...... Common juniper....... 7 eee rer Ra England Juniperus communis var. i TAIT a 0 ee re nar Irish juniper.......... Fes eee eta England Picea excelsa var, pumila..Dwarf Norway spruce. 2-6’ ........ Gardens LOULUS VOCCCOLG wa wees eens English yew........... ZO eRe oer Europe to Himalayas LOLUS (CUSDIGUIG « aevieeiae ee Japanese yew.......... po OAC ee ea Japan a TREES Abies Nordmanniana..... Nordman’s «fit .s.ea-0. TDL 40" hice cere Caucasus AOL Srl CC ie ermteratntnte eres Silverneit a... s.0cis.cc0a ss 100-150’ ...... Southern Europe Abies Veitchii............ DU VeRAT TA ae acketoncieccteeee 80-100’ ....... Japan and Manchuria Picea bicolor......csecese: Japanese spruce....... SO=1507 G4. aee « Japan (RE CCUMEET COIS Ott eect Norway spruce........ 30-60’ .....0. Europe PUCeG OMOTIRG 2.8 acc socks SDFUCO fase ek ne Tey eveseueerare SO=100% 24 5.. Europe 76 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN Botanical name Common name peed Habitat Picea orientalis........... Oriental spruce........ 80-120’ ...... Asia and Caucasus Pinus Oembra....cccccees Swiss stone pine...... 70-100’ ...... Alps to north- ern Asia Pinus densiflora.......... Japanese red pine..... 80-100’ ...... Japan Pinus Laricio var. MUSITIGOG§ 6 kee ees eee Austrian pine......... B0-B0" vis tae Austria Pinus montanad........... Swiss mountain pine... 10-20’ ....... Middle Europe Pinus sylvestris. ..ccvces. Scotch pine.........s5- 1O-LOO: uae ae Europe to Asia Thuja orientalis.......... Chinese arbor-vitae.... 10-20’ ....... China IX. GROUND-COVER PLANTS Approx. Botanical name Common name Approx. Color of time of Habitat height flowers bloom Achillea Ptarmica..Yarrow ........ 6-18” ....White ...Summer..N. temp. regions Achillea Tournefortit ..... Yarrow, iiseeses 1-114’ ....Pale yellow .Summer..Greece Ajuga reptans var. PURO 6 os cic cncees sy ATURE: Aauxseneee Trailing...Blue ....June-July. Gardens Asperula odorata...Sweet woodruff..Trailing...White ....ay-June. Europe to Orient Cerastium Biebersteinii ..... Cerastium ...... Trailing...White ...June-July. Asia Cerastium tomentosum ..... Cerastium: <<.2.; Trailing... White ...June-July. Hurope Coronilla varia..... Crown vetch.... 1-2’...... White or pink ...June-Oct... Europe Dianthus plumarius.Garden pink.... 6-12”.... Various colors ..Summer .. Europe, Siberia Geum reptans...... Geum ..........Trailing.. Yellow ...May-June. Europe Hieracium praealtum ....... Hieracium ...... + Yellow ...June-Sept.. Europe Linaria vulgaris....Butter-and-eggs.. 1-2’ ...... Yellow ...May-June. Europe Lysimachia clethroides ......Lysimachia ..... 5 Eh eee White ... July-Sept.. Japan Lysimachia Nummularia ..... Moneywort ..... Trailing...Yellow ... June-Aug.. Europe Malva rotundifolia. . Trailing mallow..Trailing...Whitish ..Summer .. Europe Mentha spicata..... Spearmint ...... Teo awa ae White ...Summer .. Europe Nepeta Glechoma... Gill-over-the- ground ....... Trailing... Blue .....Summer.. Europe Asia MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN rie Approx. Botanical name Common name Approx. Colorof time of Habitat height flowers bloom Nierembergia TLIOULOTISS. cole so WOILG CUD. . ods on O24 on wee White ... July-Sept.. South Ameriea Omphalodes verna..Creeping forget- me-not ....... Trailing...White ... April-May. Europe Potentilla verna....Trailing cinquefoil ..... Trailing... Yellow ... April-May. Europe, Ranunculus repens and var. Creeping flore-pleno ......, buttercup .... Trailing...Yellow ... May-July. N. Hemi- sphere Saponaria officinalis ....%.<. Bouncing Bet..... ECAP rece: Light pink ....Summer .. Europe Veronica circaeoides.Speedwell ...... 3-0! ye wetcors Blue .....May-June. Middle Europe Veronica repens..... Creeping speedwell ..... Trailing... .Blue .... May... Corsica Vinea minor........ Periwinkle .....Trailing...Blue ..... April-May. Europe RECORD OF SHORT HARDWOOD CUTTINGS To determine what success might be obtained from short hardwood cuttings, cuttings were taken from a number of trees and shrubs directly from the plant in a dormant condition and placed in an ordinary sand cutting-bed in a house where the temperature was held as near as possible to a minimum of 35° and a maximum of about 50°F. The cuttings were made from four to six inches long. The following table shows the re- sults obtained. Date of Date of Date Per- Scientific name Common name artis . ca noe ae Pers in sand growth rooted rooted Acanthopanar pentaphyllus...... Five-leaved Aral emer enre Dee: 202.24 Jans... Webs 2. accu 77 Acer Negundo....... Box elder...... DOC Zee. AN Los soca Gis gk a ia 9 Acer tataricum var. aidzuensis........ Tartaniagnmemeapleas Wes tore. daMagO cs ) oe User neeeaemnencmeer aces ane erica 0 Halesia tetraptera...Silver bell....... Dec. 4:22 Jane i9... Apr, Aces. 15 Hamamelis virginiana ....... Witchy hageleewsee.Decs 455... Man. (ie. tee ees cee 0 Hibiscus syriacus var. amplissimus..Rose of Sharon..Jan. 5....Jan. 26 0) ain: Saar 6 Hibiscus syriacus var. anemonae OTIS: rota Rose: of SharoneeJans Oia. SAN cO ccc cece ce cetera 0 80 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN Date of Date of Date Per- placing showing when cent- Scientific name Common name cuttings leaf fully age in sand growth rooted rooted Hibiscus syriacus var. ardens....... Rose of Sharon..Jan. 5....Jan.28....Apr. 5........ 3 Hibiscus syriacus var. “Boule de Lg a Rose of Sharon..Jan. 5....Jan.28....Apr. 5........ 7 Hibiscus syriacus var. carneus...... Rose: of Sharon... Jan.. 63.5... SAMA-26 060. ccwnalen.davawene 0 Hibiscus syriacus var. coelestis.....Rose of Sharon..Jan. 4....Jan.25...........ccc cece 0 Hibiscus syriacus var. ‘““Duchesse de PITADANE «cis cs es Rose of Sharon... Jan, B60. SAM, 266 60h oiscdie ccc’ secu cio Xave 0 Hibiscus syriacus var. “Lady Stanley”... is%cs, Rose of Sharon..Jan. 5....Jan,26....Apr. 11........ 40 Hibiscus syriacus var. purpureus....Rose of Sharon..Jan. 5....Jan.26.............c0000. 0 Hibiscus syriacus var. pulcherrimus.Rose of Sharon..Jan. 5....Jan.24....Apr. 1........ 45 Hibiscus syriacus var. puncens plena,Rose of Sharon..Jan. 5....Jan.28...............204. 0 Hibiscus syriacus var. rubra plena..Rose of Sharon..Jan. 5....Jan.26....Apr. 5........ 3 Hibiscus syriacus single white, tinged red....... -Rose of Sharon..Dec.13....Jan.10....Apr. 5........ 1 Hippophae rhamnoides ......Sea buckthorn...Dec.13....Dec, 24. MAP LO ss sradean 48 Hydrangea arborescens var. grandiflora .......Hydrangea ...... Dee. 6... Feb. 45... ADP, Biisisaes 13 Hydrangea paniculata ....... Hydrangea ...... DOG By io sO Di 4 Seabee ate oa wh ees 0 Hydrangea paniculata var. grandiflora ...... Hydrangea ...... Dee; 2).5i, 20D. Bie Ss dt vce tues soba 0 Hydrangea quercifolia ....... Oak-leaved hydrangea ....Jan. 4....Feb. 5.......c ccc cw ecco 0 Tle@ OPACG. ...ccceee American: holly; Dec. 28.3 Jan 162s ied ce eces 0 Juglans rupestris....Walnut ......... DOC. 22. 4 ed AM 28's cide 2.409 4 Saeed ae othe i) Juglans Sieboldiana. Japanese walnut. Dec. 24. WOODS 2s le was ve ek 0 Kerria japonica var. DIBA on ocaaivecsas Kerria .......... DGG eh vis DOGL 22 cca a Her eae R ee eahe 0 Koelreuteria paniculata ....... Varnish tree..... DOC: 28 is sD ANGLO ves Sec kaise dau eee 0 Leitneria floridana..Leitneria ....... Dec. 8....JAm.18......ceeeeveeecons 0 Ligustrum amarense,Privet .......... Jan, 31....Feb. 11 Mar. 25........ 85 Ligustrum Ibota....Privet .......... Dec. 15... .Dee. 31 Mar. 28.....24 12 Ligustrum Ibota var. Regelianum..Regel’s privet....Dec.16....Jan. 2....Mar. 15........ 50 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 81 Date of Date of Date Per- , A placing showing when cent- Scientific name Common name cuttings lank fully age in sand growth rooted rooted Ligustrum ovalifolium .....California privet.Dec. 23....Jan.17....Feb. 17........ 40 Ligustrum Stauntonii ....... Staunton’s DTAV.GL # ereisisscccte's Dec. 18....Jan.10....Mar, 28........ 85 Ligustrum vulgare..English privet...Dec.15....Jan. 2....Feb. 4........ 40 Liquidambar i StyractfuUrd ..e. Sweet Suna... sce Vale Occ re MODs LAs vate a ieteeuterocusiaretejerte 0 Liriodendron CUUDISETO 10508 56 RU GbE GC s.05 « Pave e200 ema ener Shs) 0 Pal Lc: Sena ee tear ran eae SE 0 Lonicera fragrantissima ...Fragrant honeysuckle ..-Dec. 3....Dec.15....Jan. -32....:.- 90 Lonicera gigantea...Giant NONCYVSUCKIC sac JAMs 45.00. SAMS. sina ace seis ene a ceieee 0 Lonicera Ledebourii. Bush honeysuckle ...Dec.13....Dec. 23 SMOD Lal ciepee crete 50 Lonicera micrantha. Bush honeysuckle ...Dec.15....Jan.18. Af hs por Le areeee ir 90 Lonicera Morrowii..Morrow’s bush honeysuckle ...Dec. 9....Dec. 20....Jan. 18........ 90 Lonicera Stahdishii. Bush honeysuckle ...Jan.31....Feb.15....Mar. 28........ 95 Lonicera tatarica....Tartarian honeysuckle °=.:Dec.-6....Jan.. 2-...Jan.) 6.2.0 «20% 65 Magnolia acuminata.Cucumber tree...Dec. 24....Feb. 9....... cee eee eee 0 Magnolia Fraseri....Fraser’s MAST Ol aw. . ten OC roland. DAM LO mr ateeve ttc cies ie iepercie re 0 Magnolia glauca....Swamp bay...... Res Sorc Cae dl eateutre iano one rcav aces 0 Magnolia obovata...Magnolia ........ VANS (Ssiecs ANCA, 2s cia aterawlna ec oG00 a 0 Magnolia Soulangeana ..... Magnolia’ 21... DeCo 24k, . JAMS 24 raters feiss tse eeaals ee ase 0 Magnolia stellata...Star magnolia. ...Dec. 24....Feb. 8......c.eceeseesees 0 Neviusia alabamensis ..... Snow wreath....Dec. 3....Dec.15....Feb. 14........ 45 Nyssa sylvatica....Sour gum........ DOC ol ecc OM Cle Seled as eee reta ie Pate io Sanne 0 Phellodendron amurense ........ Japanese cork 194 :|: Een TO Tans Olas, se D el Dosa wean eta asic cle 0 Philadelphus californicus ». Mock orange..... Dec.15 ee. Jan 18.46. J ans e206... ss 100 Philadelphus columbianus ..... Mock orange..... Dact Loses Jans 22. ance sea ea ees 0 Philadelphus coronarius .......Mock orange..... Dec. 15....Jan. 18. JAN: Bbeas kc 100 Philadelphus Coullert esses « Mock orange..... Dee. 14 a. Jani. banc Rebs 25 2 6 ae 22 Philadelphus CT.CCOUS toi tone cites 3% Mock orange..... Dees14e Jans 5.05.0 Mare Wee e.57 8 3 82 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN Date of Date of Date Per- : placing showing when cent- Scientific name Common Lame cuttings lant fully age in sand growth rooted rooted Philadelphus Falconeri ........ Mock orange..... Dec. 14....Jan. 2....Mar. 1........ 98 Philadelphus Gordonianus ..... Mock orange..... Dec. 10....Jan. 28....Mar.10........ 95 Philadelphus grandiflorus...... Mock orange..... Dec. 10....Jan.10....Feb. 9........ 45 Philadelphus inodorus ........ Mock orange..... Dec. 10....Jan.10....Feb. 9........ 88 Philadelphus latifolius ........ Mock orange..... Dec. 15....Jan, 2....Jan, 25........ 100 Philadelphus CATUS 6. cc. cece, Mock orange..... Dec. 14....Jan. 5....Feb. 10........ 75 Philadelphus Lewisit ..........Mock orange..... OG WO civ eth. Bis Ot Bsc ce cbc 65 Philadelphus Magdalenae ....., Mock orange..... Dec. 16....Jan. 5....Mar. 1........ 20 Philadelphus MALIMG 2... .cccves Mock orange..... Dec. 15....Jan.19....Feb. 38........ 75 Philadelphus nepadlensis ....... Mock orange..... Dee, 18; ««. Dee: 31.; i. 520 AN: 29 wee Ne OG ute 0 Securinega TAMIflOTA ....eeee Securinega «....:.Dec.18....Jan: 18;...F6@b: 17.26%... 60 Sorbaria arborea....Mountain ash....Dec.15....Jan. 2....Feb. 16........ 3 Spiraea Billiardi....Spiraea .........Dec. 9....Jan.10....Jan. 24........ 90 Spiraea bracteata...Spiraea .........Dec. 4....Jan. 2....Feb, 22........ 50 Spiraea Bumalda var. “Anthony WRAGETOR oc 0.42 0s Spiraea ..... save OC; Lis se. Alls Ose, MAN) OB encase be 48 Spiraea ; cantoniensis ..... Spiraea .........Jan. 4....Jan.13. pt) Sa | eee 7 Spiraea Douglasit...Douglas’s spiraea ....... Dee. 10,....<3an: bi. 50a, 18.35.76. 100 Spiraea Menziesii...Spiraea .........Dec. 3....Jan. 5....Jan. 18........ 100 Spiraea prunifolia..Spiraea .........Dec.17.... Jam. 10......ceecccscceees 100 Spiraea Reevesiand. Bridal-wreath ...Jan. 4....Jan.13....Apr, 5........ 10 Spiraea salicifolia..Willow-leaved BDIPAGA “hess a4 Deel... Jane 9055 BOD, O isaac as 97 Spiraea Van Houttei.Bridal-wreath ...Dec. 9....Jan. 2....Feb. 8........ 9 Staphylea pinnata..Hop tree.........Dec. 24....Jan. 20. ADE. -64..6%.cca 48 Staphylea trifolia...Hop tree.........Dec. 4....Jan.24....Apr, 5........ 12 Symphoricarpos TACEMOSUS «2.24. eeSnowberry ...... DGC ic POD Sees cP Oe Lakin wsieei 84 Symphoricarpos VUIGATIS ....c0008 Indian currant...Dec.16....Jan.20....Jan. 26........ 64 Syringa villosa var. CeOMOds ...ccscces Chinese lilac..... Dec. 17....Jan. 5....Feb. 8.......>% 40 Syringa vulgaris var, nigricans.....Lilac ....... wees DOC, LO. IANS: “Bisse k Oi. Shsescwas 30 Tamariz gallica.....Tamarix ..... ise DOC. 17. JON. LOS Oe AU seeaaes 55 Tilia platyphyllos...European WNGO Giants D665 FC oes SADE SOs 9.4 ae ode eee 0 Ulmus campestris...English elm..... DOG vis cal NLS OL ae ele eae ag see 0 Ulmus incana... +... Minit. 6na curds DOC. ss 5 50 Alls Ok oasis SG worse Vise ae wens 0 Ulmus montana.....Scotch elm......: JAAS Sey CUil 7d se, olereatssia eee 0 Viburnum Carlesiit..Viburnum ...... JAMS oes 0 OU DOr tee bade ewes ee 0 Viburnum Cassinotides ... .:. Withe-rod ....... DGC OSs. cas Sas caw saseedsh er cecuens 0 Viburnum dentatum.Arrow-wood ..... Dec. 11....Feb. 7....Feb. 28........ 25 Viburnum Lantana..Wayfaring tree..Dec.12....Dec. 26............e ee eee 0 Viburnum Lentago..Sheep-berry ..... DGC 10 58 Oy A doses wie wea cinssasteg 0 Viburnum molle....Viburnum ...... Dae dxasa POD ce cae heels eek cede 12 Viburnum nudum...Viburnum ...... Dec. 20. POD. 16 isin o80 boas snes 0 Viburnum Opulus...High-bush cranberry ..... Dec..10....... Feb: 11.05. BOR. Gc. icra 26 Viburnum . prunifolium...... Black haw....... PYGO NUS said OW dO at are leerniere wean ab eee 0 Viburnum rufidulum.Viburnum ...... DOG. 28 sac «ROD. Lo iare sis pe sieiniey ous laia ale 0 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 85 Date of Date of Date : . placing showing when Scientific name Common name cuttings inAr fully in sand growth rooted Viburnum Sargentti.Sargent’s viburnum ..... AD =] ef kc: Segrepreansel 21015071! hee ee te erm Viburnum theiferum.Viburnum .......Dec. 22....Jan.13....Feb. 8........ Viburnum tomentOsum ...... Japanese snowball ...... DEC. sence Valls soe ee Oly ees es 32 NOTES. Dr. Hermann von Schrenk, Pathologist to the Garden, has recently been elected vice-president of the American Forestry Association. Mr. A. B. Seymour, of the Cryptogamie Herbarium, Har- vard University, spent a day at the Garden, June 23, con- sulting the library. Dr. B. M. Duggar, Physiologist to the Garden, is spending the summer in scientific work at the Coastal Laboratory of the Carnegie Institution of Washington, Carmel, California. At the commencement of Washington University, June 9, the degree of Doctor of Philosophy was conferred upon the following members of the graduate laboratory of the Missouri Botanical Garden: George Miller Armstrong, Edwin Blake Payson, and Robert William Webb. Recent visitors to the Garden include Dr. Mitsunaga Fujioka, Assistant Professor of Forestry, Kyushu Imperial University, Fukuoka, Japan; Dr. Charles Thom, of the United States Bureau of Chemistry; and Dr. William Crocker and Mr. John M. Arthur, of the Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Yonkers, New York. STATISTICAL INFORMATION FOR MAY, 1921 GARDEN ATTENDANCE: CLotalenum DereOL WAS LOlS verre eersiete oie ee teats cere se etalon ents 31,436 PLANT ACCESSIONS: Total number of plants and seeds received as gifts.... 153 LIBRARY ACCESSIONS: Total number of books and pamphlets bought.......... 13 Total number of books and pamphlets donated......... 430 86 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN HERBARIUM ACCESSIONS: By Purchase— Davis, Rev. John—Plants of Missouri, North and South Carolina, O00. 206 66s eres Cee ee ree 314 By Gift— Buchholz, Professor John T.—Trillium sp. from Arkan- BAS wc cr ese eee r er sere rreseeeesereeessereceseesevesees Davidson, Dr. Anstruther—Ceanothus from California. Duggar, Dr. B. M.—Hebeloma hortense Burt.......... Hills, Mrs. Wm, A.—HLHllisia Nyctelea L. from Illinois... Ledman, O. S—Ledum palustre L. from Germany...... Lloyd, C. G.im—Fungi of Washington..............0000. MeWhorter, F. P—Daedalea unicolor from Tennessee. . Moxley, George L.—Plants of California............... Payson, E. B.—Plants of Wyoming, Colorado and Idaho Rosen, H. R.—Septoria nodorum, glume blight of wheat Whelpley, Dr. H. M.—Polygala Senega L............... on BPE OOP NHEHEHE DH By Exchange— Bureau of Science, Manila, by Dr. H. A. Lee— Basidiomycetes of the Philippines ..............008- 119 Bureau of Science, Manila, by HE. D. Merrill—Mosses of the Philippine Islands, China and Sumatra....... 60 Gray Herbarium, Harvard University, by Professor M. L. Fernald—Type material of Lophiola septentrionalis POMinl chs baceye keke wigs vedas OS ae eer ery 2 Gray Herbarium, Harvard University, by Professor B. L. Robinson—Fragments of the type of Senecio sub- SOUATTOSUS: GOODIN 6 ss wu vis oi6Reres sis: 006 oes Feels Cede. 1 Tonduz, Ad.—Plants of Guatemala........ eT eee 201 U. S. National Museum—Senecio domingensis Urban TOM: TOU sacoisc da yich ies eae eet bach eees RW der eee oe 1 DOCG 4 ii veiver tad awa’ ere Saga ‘ 770 The Garden is open to the public every day in the year, except New Year’s, Fourth of July, Labor Day, and Christmas— week days from 8:00 A. M. until one-half hour after sunset; Sundays from December to April, 1:00 P. M. until sunset, from April to December, 2:00 P. M. until sunset. The main entrance to the Garden is located at Tower Grove Avenue and Flora Boulevard, on the Vandeventer Avenue car line. Transfer south from all intersecting lines. ; . STAFF OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN Director, , GEORGE T. MOORE. BENJAMIN Minar Ducaar, Epwarp A. Burt, Physiologist in charge of Graduate Laboratory. Mycologist and Librarian. HERMANN VON SCHRENK, JOANNE L. KARRER, Pathologist. Research Assistant. Jesse M. GREENMAN, KATHERINE H, LeEiGgH, Curator of Herbarium.. Secretary to the Director. NEL C.. Horner, Editor of Publications. G. H. Prine, Horticulturist. JOHN NOYEs, Landscape Designer. L. P. JENSEN, a Arboriculturist. Pau. A. Kot, Floriculturist. P. C. BRAWNER, ovo We FS. DANGAN, Painter, Engineer. H. VALLENTINE, Construction, | MussouR! BOTANICAL GARDEN |BULLETIN Vol. IX SEPTEMBER, 1921 No. 7 CONTENTS Page Chaulmugra Oil eA a ea ea Fe Rt ge Hardy Exotic Plants Suitable for the Gardens of Missouri and Adjoining States 20104). ne ew os 190 Ae 9 — Tea RANE BORN MP GE Baa DUN US WOS CAN BOIS OMe RU sy REE Statistical: ‘Information 3)" 4) ic hoe ee FO es Ew HOD: ST, LOUIS, MO. 1921 Published Monthly Except July and August by the Board of Trustees ———————— — — ————— “SUBSCRIPTION. PRICE . ONE DOLLAR PER YEAR SINGLE COPIES TEN CENTS BOARD OF TRUSTEES OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN THE ORIGINAL MEMBERS WERE DESIGNATED IN MR. SHAW’S WILL AND THE BOARD SO CONSTITUTED, EXCLUSIVE OF THE EX-OFFICIO MEMBERS, IS SELF-PERPETUATING President, EDWARDS WHITAKER. Vice-President, DAVID §. H. SMITH. SaMvEL C, Davis. LEONARD MATTHEWS. EDWARD Cc. ELIoT. S * WILLIA at H. H. Pettus, Georcre C. Hircrcocr: Pri C. SCANLAN. Epwarp MALLINcKnopT. Jomn F. Smepiey. EX-OFFICIO MEMBERS Freperio A. Hart, -. Groner T. Moore, Chancellor of Washington University. : de vigr et Tho Academy of Science of t. Louis, Henry W.. Kiet, Henry A, Rosxopr, Mayor of the City of St. Louis. President of the Board of Education of ; St. Louis. Danien SS: Torrie, Bishop of the Diocese of Missouri. a ee eee CHartes A. Rog, Secretary. Mo, Bot. Garp. Buun., Von. 9, 1921. PLATE SERD FROM WITCH CHAULMUGRA OIL TS OBTAINED. PLANES NOW ESTABLISHED AT THE GARDEN Missouri Botanical Garden Bulletin Vol. IX St. Louis, Mo., September, 1921 No. 7 CHAULMUGRA OIL A REPORTED SPECIFIC FOR LEPROSY Iu spite of the fact that chairs of materia medica no longer exist in many of the leading medical colleges, it is still neces- sary occasionally to turn to plants to find a eure whieh ean- not be obtained elsewhere. Even though the essential prin- ciple of the remedy ultimately be made syvunthetieally, its original application was learned through the beneficial use of some plant, and it is interesting to note that the few real specifics in medicine have all had their origin in plant prod- ucts. from some results recently obtained it would appear that in the expressed oil from the seed of Hydnocarpus Kurzit (King) Warb. medicine has found another specific, this time for the dread disease of leprosy. This oil, called chaulmugra oil, has long been associated with Burmese folk- lore and tradition as a cure for leprosy. The Buddhist his- tories of a thousand years ago contain a legendary account of one of the kings of Burma who eured himself with the oil from the tree known by the natives as ‘*Kalaw.’’? At the same time.he likewise sueeeeded in removine the curse of leprosy from a woman who afterwards became his queen. Chaulmuegra oil was early recognized by the Indian phar- macopoela. It was valued in both India and China as a remedy for skin diseases and other complaints due to im- purities of the blood. In Mauritius it was reearded as the only remedy for leprosy, and so high a value was placed upon its purity that seed were imported direct from India in order to prevent adulteration. About the middle of the last century certain Knglishmen became interested in the reported efficacy of chaulmugra oil, and a considerable number of trials were made caleulated to test the real value of the remedy. Not only was it recom- mended for leprosy, but great claims were made for its use in rheumatism, neuralgia, toothache, sciatica, eruptions of (87) 88 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN the skin, and more especially, for tuberculosis and veterinary cases. It is not to be wondered that. such a universal panacea speedily fell into disrepute, particularly since the seed from whieh the oil was extracted were obtained from the wrong tree. Thomas Christy, in his ‘‘New Commercial Plants,”’ published in 1878, figures and deseribes at some length Gynocardia odorata as the source of chaulmugra oil, thus per- petuating the original unfortunate blunder. By 1884 there were other seed on the market supposed to furnish chaul- mugra oil, and it is certain that Hydnocarpus Wightiana was believed to possess similar properties to those of the true chaulmugra oil tree. There was no demand, however, for these seed nor for the oil they contained. About 1899 the real source of chaulmugra oil was dis- covered, and three years later investigations were again un- dertaken in London to determine, if possible, the value of this oil in medicine. The active principle of chaulmugra oil was isolated, and experiments carried on with lepers, chiefly in Hawaii, seemed to indicate that in cases not too far advanced a very high pereentage of the patients might be permanently cured. Similar favorable reports have been received from other parts of the world. In Siam all lepers who have been fortunate enough to receive treatment are believed to have recovered absolutely, the only difficulty be- ing that the supply of oil is inadequate to meet the large de- mand and at present the number of cures is disproportion- ately small. Hydnocarpus Kurzu, the tree which produces the true chaulmugra oil, is an evergreen growing to a height of seventy-five feet or more and bearing fruit as large as an orange, within which are imbedded the valuable seed. It oceurs abundantly along the banks of streams in the dense tropical jungles of Upper Burma and Assam. In 1919, The Mis- souri Botanical Garden received, through the efforts of Mr. Calder, Director of the Royal Botanie Garden, Sibpur, Cal- eutta, two large shipments of seed of H. Kurzi, one of one and three-fourths pounds from Moulmein, Burma, and one of three pounds from Upper Assam. These were carefully packed in charcoal and sealed in lead containers so that they arrived in excellent condition, and as a consequence there are now growing at the Garden a number of seedlings of this tree. There has likewise been received within the last year seed of the same species, as well as of Hydnocarpus anthel- mintica, collected by Mr. J. F. Rock, Agricultural Ex- Mo. Bot. Garp. Burn., Vor, 9, 1921 PLatTE 22 PLOWER OF MONS PERNA DELICLOSA FRETE OF MONSPERA DELECLOS A MISSOURL BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 89 plorer of the Office of Foreign Seed and Plant Introduction, United States Department of Agriculture. Obtaining the seed for chaulmugra oil is a difficult oper- ation. The forests in which H. Kurzii grows are so dense that it is frequently impossible to penetrate them for any distance. Even after the trees are found, not more than one out of a hundred may possess ripe fruit and when the ripened fruit falls it is frequently consumed by wild animals. In addition to these difficulties, the jungle is inhabited by tigers, bears, and elephants so that the natives will not venture into it unless they go in large crowds. Not infrequently the hunt may result in the loss of several lives. However, should the remedy prove to be as effective as the preliminary ex- periments seem to indicate, there is no reason to suppose that with an inereased demand all the seeds necessary to sup- ply the world with chaulmugra oil for the cure of leprosy may not eventually be obtained. THE CERIMAN Monstera deliciosa, commonly called ceriman, is a climber native of Mexico and Guatemala. It attaches itself to trees by numerous tenacious roots, and as it vlimbs sends out long, rope-like, aerial roots which sometimes reach the ground. The stems are thick, woody. and dark green in color. In the young stage the leaves resemble those of the genus Philo dendron, being small, entire, and pinnate, but later they be- come conspicuously large and perforated. The flowers are very striking, in shape suggesting the calla lily, with spathe and spadix white. After pollination the spathe changes from white to green, then to brown, and eventually it drops off. the edible seeds being developed in the eylindrieal spadix. When ripe the fruit resembles a pine cone and often measures a foot in length. The outer covering is composed of a series of hexagonal green plates which later fall off, exposing the slightly albuminous vellow seeds. These seeds are very delicious, with a flavor resembling both pineapple and banana and an odor strikingly like the pineapple. Twelve months must elapse between the expanding of the flower and the ripening of the fruit. The ceriman grows satisfactorily in both eool and tropical greenhouses, and, due to its ability to endure varied eondi- tions of temperature, young plants may be grown as pot plants in the house. To obtain fruiting specimens, how- ever, the plants must be grown in a tropical greenhouse 90 MISSOURL BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN and planted directly in the ground adjacent to a wall upon which they may attach themselves. Like most araceous plants they require an abundance of moisture upon the leaves and roots. The plants may be propagated from the terminal growth or by eutting up the old stem, each node possessing a dormant eye. The cuttings are placed in moss with bottom heat and when new roots appear from the under portion of the stem they should be potted into small pots in a sandy loam soil. Fruiting specimens of the ceriman in various stages may be seen at the Garden, the older plants attracting much attention on aecount of the size and perforations of the leaves. Several plants showimg both aerial and support- ing roots may be observed climbing upon the conerete wall on the north side of the aroid house. In the fern house a specimen is growing from the grotto adjacent to the water- fall, an exeellent view of combined foliage, flowers, and fruit being obtained upon entering the south door. In the palm house specimens are planted at the base of the large iron girders upon which the plants are climbing. HARDY EXOTIC PLANTS SUITABLE FOR THE GARDENS OF MISSOURI AND ADJOINING STATES. (Continued from June Bulletin) (X. PERENNIALS FOR THE BORDER x Approx. Botanical name Common name ae Color of time of Habitat eight flowers bl oom Achillea Eupatorium ...... Yarrow i425 si 0% Ice sae Yellow... July-Sept. Europe Achillea filipendulina ..... WANPOW sic: 6050 << 1 0: aera Yellow... .June-Sept. Orient Achillea macrophylla ...... Yarrow ......... eae a ee Yellow... July-Aug. .Europe Achillea Ptarmica...White tansy......6-18"..... White....June-Sept. N. temp. regions Achillea tomentosa..Yarrow ......... pS 8 ee Yellow... July-Aug. ,urope Achillea Tournefortii ...... Yarrow ......... 12-18”..... Pale yellow. June-July. Greece Aconitum Anthora..Aconite ......... ) eer ae Pale yellow. June-July. Europe MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 91 . ope en Approx. Botanical name Common name akin Color of time of Habitat eight flowers Hilger Aconitum autumnale ....... Autumn aconite..3-4’....... Lilac or white. . Sept.-Nov..China Aconitum Lycoctonum ......: ACONLL Ges ctena le) 5.070 Ved tence tee Yellow... .June-Sept. Siberia Aconitum Napellus..Aconite .........3-4)....... Blue......« June-July. Europe Ajuga reptans.......Bugle-weed Ve bralline =. Blues. ee. June-July: Jourope Althaea rosea....... Hollyhock (ina aie ae Many colors... Summer. . China Alyssum argenteum.Alyssum ........ Selb sek ee Yellow....Summer.. Europe Alyssum saxatile....Alyssum ........ od eae Yellow... April-May .lurope Anchusa italica var. “Dropmore” ...... Alkanet “250000. BB) ate taverns Bier se June-July. Furope Anemone japonica. . Japanese windflower eile a aoheehe White.... Aug.-Oct.. China, Japan Anemone Pulsatilla.Pasque flower... .9-12”..... Blue or purple..April..... Europe Anthemis tinctoria..Golden marguerite ....2-3’....... Yellow....May-June. England Aquilegia glandulosa ....... Columbine: 22.2.0 21-14% 223: Lilac- blue.... May-June. Siberia Aquilegia sibirica... Siberian columbine ..... a Ae Blue...... May-June. Siberia Aquilegu. vulgaris... furopean columbine Tea es Violet. ... Summer.. Europe, Siberia Armeria plantaginea ...... Seg pink oo, see aloe Pink . Jdune-Aug. Europe Artemisia argentea..Artemisia ....... 5 Ey eee Whitish. . June-July. Madeira Aster Amellus and VATIELTES..-) os cone Aster ........... yas RS ee Purple... Sept.-Oct.. Hurope, Asia Aster tataricus...... Tartarian aster...3-5’....... Purple... Sept.-Oct.. Siberia Astilbe chinensis....Chinese goat’s- beard ss bik. ge AG re a Pink..... July-Aug..China Astilbe japonica..... Japanese goat’s- DeGaTa ssa meiatiaehess\ ai White....June-July. Japan Belamcanda chinensis ........ Blackberry lily... 2-3’....... Orange...June...... China Bocconia cordata....Plume poppy..... , eee Pinkish. . May-June. China, Japan Campanula carpatica .........Bell-flower .......2-3’....... Blue . July-Sept. Austria Campanula pyramidalis ...... Chimney , campanula . ro ae Blueovw.. June-July. Austria Centranthus ruber..Red valerian..... 5 ICS oe PPE Red..... May-Aug..Europe 92 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN Approx. Botanical name Common name - —— Color of time of Habitat eight flowers bloom Cerastium Biebersteinii ..... Grasswort ....... Trailing... White. ...June-July. Asia Cerastium tomentosum ..... Grasswort .......Trailing..White.... June-July. Europe Chrysanthemum coccineum and varieties .... Pyrethrum ...... ) era eRe White, red to crimson May-Aug. . Persia Chrysanthemum indicum and varieties ......... Hardy chrysanthe- MUM .......250 | Een ee Many eolors.. Oct.-_Nov.. China, Japan. Chrysanthemum Leucanthemum var. hybridum.....Shasta daisy..... 1 re ae White. ... May-July. .Gardens Clematis heracleaefolia var. Davidiana.... Herbaceous clematis .....,. 2-3’. Blue..... July-Aug. .Asia Minor Coronilia cappadocica ...... Crown veteh..... Bae ise Yellow... July-Aug. .Asia Minor Coronilla varia...... Crown vetch..... De chivas Trailing. . Pink or white. . .June-Oct. . Europe Delphinium Belladonna ....... EEPRROUN ok sae Ob has eee Blue...... June-Sept. Gardens Delphinium formosum ........ POO OL ert Oe ieee Blue...... May-Aug.. Asia Minor Delphinium grandiflorum ....Larkspur ..... een cats hic ee) Blue, . white JuneAug. Siberia Dianthus barbatus..Sweet William...10-18”.... Many colors. . May-June. Europe, Asia Dianthus caryophyllus ..... Carnation ....... Rl s foo: Various colors.. Summer. . China, Japan Dianthus chinensis and varieties...... gs) rere 8-15"..... Various colors. .Summer.. China, Japan MISSOURL BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 93 ~ Approx. Botanical name Common name e — Color of time of Habitat eight flowers Sisal Dtenthus deltoides..Maiden pink..... 6-10" Red with crimson eye..... Summer. . Europe, Japan Dianthus plunerius.Garden pink..... 6-12” Various colors... Summer.. Europe, Siberia Dicenira spectabilis. Bleeding heart... 12-18”.... Rose-red..May-June. Japan Dictamnus albus....Gas plant........ Deu che idiots White.... May-June, Europe, Asia Dictamnus albus Vala filOT i. occ eter Gas plant........ Dosey aye eas htose- purple. .May-June. Europe. Asia Digitalis ambigua...Yellow foxglove..2-3’....... Yellowish .May-June. Europe, Asia Digitalis purpurea..Common foxglove.2-4’.... Digitalis purpurea .. Rose and white... May-June. Murope var. gloriniacflora.Foxglove ........ BES HiChor = Purple, white. ..May-June. Gardens Doronicum plantagineum ....Leopard’s bane...1-3....... Yellow... April-June Europe Echinops Ritro..... Globe thistle..... y ee Steel-blue.July...... Europe BHrigeron aurantiacus ...... Flea-bane ....... 6-10”..... Orange... July-Aug. .Turkestan Bryngium amethystinun. ...Sea holly...... oy Bek a ores Purplish. .July-Sept. Europe Eryngium planum...Sea holly...... ie nea clas Purplish. .July-Sept. Europe, Asia Filipendula camtschatica .....Meadow-sweet ... 2-4'.......White....July...... Manchuria Filipendula hexapetalu .......Meadow-sweet ...1-3'.... White..... June-July. Europe, Asta Filipendula palmata .........Meadow-sweet ...2-3'..... WINK: use. Visa alee Asia Filipendula purpurea and varieties ......... Meadow-sweet ...2-3’.... Carmine, pink and white...June-Aug. Japan Funkia Fortunei....Fortune’s plantain lily...1-2’....... Ed aC Mae Uy rr ca Japan Fankia lancifolia...Lance-leaved plantain lily...8-18"...... Lilac...... July-Sept. Japan Funkia ovata....... Plantain lily..... 6-18” Punkia Sieboldiana. Siebold’s plantain lily...1-2’..... Lavender. June-July. Japan Palace. S. June-July. Japan 94 MISSOURL BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN Approx. Botanica! name Common name 7 a4 Color of timeof Habitat eight flowers hisom , Funkia subcordata..White plantain Lb goer ch ee White.... Aug.-Sept.. Japan Galega officinalis...Goat’s rue........2-3'....... Purplish blue....July-Aug. .Europe, Asia Geranium sanguineum ...... Crane’s-bill 12” 6 oink Red....... May-Aug..Europe Geum. chiloense..... GOW: 6 oe cee cas eS vate Bright TRO. an May-June. South America. Geum reptans....... AVODS © s06 5 ones Creeping. .Yellow....May-June. Europe Gypsophila paniculata ....... Baby’s breath.... 2-3’....... White....Summer.. Europe Hemerocallis Dumortieriit ...... 18 tb ga dee gee Orange... May-June. Japan Hemerocallis flava..Lemon lily...... | eee ae Deep . yellow. .June-July. Europe, ’ ; Asia Hemerocallis fulva..Homestead lily... 1-3’....... Orange... May-July. Europe Hemerocallis Middendorfii ..... Middendori’s yellow day-lily. 12-18”%.... Yellow....May-June. Asia lberis sempervirens. Evergreen candytuft ......8-12”..... White.... April-June.Crete tnula grandiflora...BElecampane .....2-3'....... Orange- yellow. .June......, Asia Inula Helenium..... Blecampane ..... B*b’. 6. dae Yellow. ...June-July. Hurope Tris, mostly all species and varieties ....-.,.. by (a aaa eres ae ar pa Many colors... ADTIRIUTY: ..655445. Kniphofia aloides var. Pfitzeri.......PMame-flower ....1-3’....... ‘Soral-red. July-Oet.. Africa Lespedeza bicolor...Bush clover..... dh re erare Pinkish purple. . Aug.-Sept. Japan Lespedeza japonica..Bush elover..... ys ene ee White.... Sept.-Oct.. Japan Lespedeza Sieboltdii.Siebold’s bush clover ........ SS aire Rose,.... Aug.-Sept. Japan Linaria vulgaris. ... Butter-and-eggs. ..1-2’....... Sulphur- : yellow. .May-Sept. .furope Linum perenne.....Flax ........... ge eRe near Blue......Summer.. Europe Lychnis chalcedonica .....Maltese ecross.....2-3’....... Searlet...June..... Japan Lychnis Flos-cucuii.Cuckoo flower....1-2’....... Red or pink...,.Summer.. Furope, Asia Luchnis Haageana. .Uyehnis ........ i ane rare Scarlet, red or crimson. Summer.. Gardens MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN o Approx. Botanical name Common name tee Color of time of eight flowers bl oom Lysimachia clethroides BIGOORECRULIT Cm sya e-oneteocs etere White....July-Sept. Lysimachia Nummularia . . Moneywort .. Trailing.. Yellow... June-Aug. Lythrum Salicaria and varieties...... Purple loose- SUL ye 3-5’. ...Purple and rose.... June-Aug. Malwa rotundifoiic..Common matow.. Trailing..Whitish.. Summer.. Mentha spicata..... SNCATIMI NG ess. daa et. ee White....Summer.. Nepeta Glechoma...Ground ivy...... Creeping. Blue...... Summer.. Nierembergia rivularis . White-cup 4-6" 0... White. ... July-Sept. Omphalodes verna. Creeping forget-me-not AG. ee White... ..: April-May Paeonia, all species and varieties...... Peony .......... oO etaGr 5 ais Many colors from white to erimson. May-June, Papaver orientale and varieties... ..Oriental poppy... 2-3’....... White, pink, searlet..June-July. Platycodon grandiflorum Jalloon flower. ...1-2’....... Blue and white...Summer.. Potentilla MEDMLCNSTS Wee Ge POUCH aS eee a 5 aan Poe Red...... May-June. Potentilla pyrenaica,. Potentilla ....... (i Heme Yellow....August... Ranunculus aconitifolius . White buttercup.. 2-3'....... White.... May-June. Ranunculus bulbosus ....... . Bulbous buttercup ..... 2-3)... eee Bright yellow... April-Aug. Ranunculus repens. . Creeping buttercup ..... Creeping. Yellow....May-July. Salvia argentea... . Silvery sage....-.2-4’....... Whitish.. Summer.. Habitat. Japan Kurope Australia KHurope “qurope, Asia Europe, Asia, South America .Kurope Europe, Asia Asia Minor China, Japan Asia Jurope Europe Persia, Europe Europe, Asia Europe 96 MISSOURL BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN ~ Approx Botanical naine Common name ep Color of time of Habitat eight flowers siehies Salvia pratensis.....Sage .........665 5 eee Blue...... Aug.-Sept. England Saponaria officinalis, Bouncing Bet....1-2'....... Light pink. ...Summer.. Europe Scabiosa caucasica.. Mourning bride.. 12-18”... . Light blue... July-Aug. .Caucasus Scutellaria orientalis ........ Oriental skull-cap.1-2........ Purplish. .Aug.-Sept. er nor Sedum acre......... Walt pepper...... OS widens .White.... June-July. a a Sedum Aizoon..... dve-forever ..... 8-16". 33. Yellow... July-Aug. Siberia Sedum Maximowiczii ....Live-forever ..... 8:16" sie. Yellow... July-Aug. Japan Sedum roseum,..... Live-forever ..... AAR oe Rose..... July-Aug. .Europe, Africa Sedum spectadile...Showy sedum....12-18”....Purplish. .Sept.-Oct.. Japan Senecio Cineraria...Dusty groundsel..1-2....... Yellow. ...June-July. Burope Senecio juponicus.. _ .Groundsel jae ee Sb eu cxcaee Orange... Summer. . Japan Silene Schafta...... Autumn catchfly.. 4-8"...... Purple. ...June-Oct, .Caucasus Statice latifolium...Sea lavender..... 12-18”.... Light blue....July-Aug. .Russia Statice speciosum...Sea lavender..... 1 ee White.... July-Aug. .Siberia Statice tataricum...Sea lavender..... 1 Bs edeeree ae Red caisas July-Aug. .Caucasus Symphytum Officinale ........ Comfrey .......:. 5 EY ae Se Yellow... June-July. Murope, Asia Thalictrum aquilegifolium ...Feathered meadow rue ye Whitish purple. .May-July. .Hurope, Asia Thalictrum minus var. adiantifolium.Meadow rue ) Yellowish white... .June-July. Furope, Asia, Africa Thalictrum petaloideum ..... Meadow rue...... | sere ee Pinkish white. ..June-July. Asia Tritonia crocosmaeflora and varieties......Tritonia .........2-3'....... Orange to crimson .May-June. Gardens Tritonia Pottsti..... PVIGOMIR 6445 cea O° Ge kes Yellow, tinged red..... May-June. Africa Tritonia rosea...... Blazing star......1-2’....... Red..... May-June. Africa Valeriana montana. .Valerian .........1-2’....... Bright rose... .May-June. Murope MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 97 Botanical name Common name 5 eight lad i of Habitat oom Valeriana Officinalis ........ Common valerian. 2-3’....... Pinkish white. ..May-June. Hurope, Asia Veronica amethystina ..... Speedwell ....... Tee ona hee Bille. ee. - May-June. Europe Veronica Chamacdrys ..-... Bird’s-eye speedwell ..... Sol ees, 5, kee Bluee ene: May-June. Europe Veronica circaeoides ....... Speedwell ....... B26 Ainccate Bluesea May-June. Switzer- land Veronica gentianoides ..... Gentia-leav ed speedwell ..... 1 ES Poe ae Blue...... May-June, Europe Veronica incana.....Speedwell .......12-16”....Blue...... July-Sept. Europe, Asia Veronica longifolia,.Speedwell ....... 2-3’....... Bite 2... July-Sept. Europe, Asia Veronica longifolia. . varieties ......... Speedwell .......18-30".... Blue and pinkish. Aug.-Sept. Europe. Asia Veronica spicata and varieties ......... Speedwell .......2-3'....... Blue, white and pink....June-Aug. Europe, Asia Veronica repens..... Creeping speedwell ..... Creeping. Blue...... May: ...:; Corsica Vinca minor........ Periwinkle ...... 4-6 20805 Trailing..Blue...... April-May .Europe Viola odorata and varieties ......... Sweet violet......6-12"..... Blue, white, and pinkish. Spring and autumn.Europe, Asia, Africa 98 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN NOTES Recent vistors to the Garden include Mr. A. D. Taylor, landscape architect of Cleveland, Ohio; Mr. Lyman Carriere, Agronomist, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Department of Agriculture; Dr. Olaf Arrhenius, plant physiologist, Stock- holm, Sweden; Professor Kingo Miyabe, Professor of Botany and Director Botanic Garden, Hokkaido Imperial University, Sapporo, Japan; Dr. E. J. Butler, Director of the Imperial Bureau of Mycology, Kew, England; Mr. M. Shapovalov, of the Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Department of Agri- culture, and Dr. ©. V. Piper, of the U. S. Department of Agriculture. The July number of Parks and Recreation contains an article on ‘‘Indoor Plant Collections at the Misouri Botanieal Garden,’’ by Mr. G. H. Pring, Horticulturist to the Garden, and one on ‘‘Hardy Herbaceous Plants for Parks,’’ by Mr. L. P. Jensen, Aboriculturist to the Garden. Mr. L. P. Jensen attended the convention of the American Association of Park Superintendents, Detroit, August 23-25, and presented a paper, August 24, on ‘‘The Value of Parks to Posterity.’’ He was elected a member of the Board of Diree- tors of the above association for a term of three years and re- appointed associate editor of Parks and Reereation for a two- year term. At the meeting of the Pacific Coast section of the American Society of Naturalists in Berkeley, August 3-5, Dr. B. M. Dugegar, Physiologist to the Garden, presented two papers relating to plant nutrition, as follows: ‘‘Some Phases of Metabolism in the Fungi’’ and ‘‘The Effects of Certain Col- loids on the Salt Requirements of Seed Plants.’’ Dr. G. M. Armstrong, formerly Rufus J. Lackland fellow, who received his doctorate in botany at the commencement of Washington University in June, has been appointed instrue- tor in botany at the University for 1921-22. Students entering upon work in the graduate laboratory for the academic vear are as follows: Rufus J. Lackland Fellows.—Mr. Arthur F. Camp, A. B. University of California, assistant in plant pathology, Uni- versity of California; Mr. Leo Joseph Klotz, B. S. and M. S. Michigan Agricultural College; Mr. H. R. Rosen, B. 8S. Penn- sylvania State College, M. S. University of Wisconsin, asso- ciate professor in plant pathology, University of Arkansas; MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 99 Mr. F. S. Wolpert, A. B. University of Montana, reappointed third year. Jesste R. Barr Fellows—Miss Mildred lL. Johnson, B. S. Oregon Agricultural College, assistant in botany, University of Oregon; Miss Grace Elizabeth Howard, A. B. and M. 58. University of Washington, graduate assistant, University of Washington. Teaching Fellow—-Mvr. Carl George Denber, B.S. Uni- versity of Missouri. Teaching Fellow and Research Assistant—Joanne lL. Karrer, B. S. and M. 8. University of Washington, Ph. D. Washington University. Miss Cora A. Mautz, B. A. University of Wisconsin, now instructor in botany at the Principia School, St Louis, is also registered for graduate work. The first number of Volume \VJil of the Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden has been issued with contents as follows: ‘*Physiological Specialization in Rhizoctonia Solani Kuhn.” Takashi Matsumoto. “The Effect of Hydrogen fon Concentration upon the Accumulation and Activation of Amylase Produced by Cer- tain Fungi.’’ Joanne L. Karrer. STATISTICAL INFORMATION FOR JUNE—AUGUST, 1921 GARDEN ATTENDANCE: Total number of visitors in June.................0005- 13,965 Total number Ob avisSiLOFS Al wo Uly 41s eee ete eters 17,87) Total number of visitors in August.................... 22,363 PLANT ACCESSIONS: Total number of plants and seeds received as gifts in SU UETU Geo rev ove ai eee ats eee tetera cm tee wek ers ae uermnat stare #igig tenelore he otal 73 Total number of seed packets received in exchange in SPURL re eter ike ee stcaa ee Reena aipianals Smee aha s nisieiae eit als s 20 Total number of plants and seeds received as gifts in PANIR USE oe cree eaenete cneree aretabene stave ase re (ote cases cvelinin prea enele che yatar 15 PLANT DISTRIBUTION: Total number of plants and seeds distributed as gifts in RVAITVG aanig coe honscetete terre ee ahaus eriteiate ahaha eeg ts cereale ave cusiotstecaiess 800 Total number of plants and seeds distributed as gifts in Pi hee een AERO eine pre cesar Sees ee earrte caee Corece ar eras Meare eee 57 LIBRARY ACCESSIONS: Total number of books and pamphlets bought in June.. 42 Total number of books and pamphlets donated in June.. 41 Total number of books and pamphlets bought in July.. 12 Total number of books and pamphlets donated in July.. 37 Total number of books bought in Ausust................- 52 Total number of books and pamphlets donated in August 365 100 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN HERBARIUM ACCESSIONS: By Gift— Dr. G. R. Bisby—Fungi of Manitoba.................. 36 Brooklyn Botanic Garden, by Dr. Norman Taylor— Polyachrus sphaerocephalus D. Don from San Gallan JUNE PRU Ole sas fk Chie v4 eo soe en 1 Dr. R. P. Burke—Fungi of Alabama................... 49 J. A. Drushel—Plants of Ohio, Missouri, Texas, and MIM LIROUEIG be o0 ss fais Soke cae Cie, ec eee ee 9 Dr. B. M. Duggar—Plants of Missouri, including culti- WALOG “BDOCIMIGRG ios eich ha caed vo deves yobunaee 35 Dr. J. M. Greenman—Plants of St. Louis County, OTT 0110, Ce en ee a ee SN 5 C. J. Humphrey—Hydnaceous fungi................... 95 John Kellogg—Cultivated specimen of Nepeta melissae- to eee EE eR ree ee re aren, Pee ie 1 Dr. F. J. Seaver—Thread blight from Trinidad...... 1 E, A. Siegler—Ustilina vulgaris. .......0..00 0.00.0 cc een. 1 E. R- Smith—Xanthorhiza apiifolia L’Her. from Missis- WI ro 6 orc 605 sho 6n ab 8s kad oe ea 1 Professor A. Yasuda—Fungi of Japan................. 2 By Exchange— Gray Herbarium, Harvard University, by Dr. B. L. Robinson—Plants of Ecuador and Bolivia........... 6 Gray Herbarium, Harvard University, by Professor M. L. Fernald—Plants of Nova Scotia.................. 139 JULY By Gift— J. A. Drushel—Plants of Alabama, Missouri, Texas, and RIGIGPIANS cag iva es os dea Sis ee oio mis ads te eee 25 W. W. Gardner—Lippia nodiflora (L.) Michx. from Pu MNCS 0) ose caiple his cals sa o.ck ecto a hae ens apamewie 1 Walter H. Gerke—Cultivated specimen of Yucca sp. from CORON: 65.05 ep egas skews etry hl eens ye ee 1 O. 8S. Ledman—Helenium tenuifolium Nutt. from PEUNOUEL cn Res OF FE hie Pea Ore Deke fees 1 F. McAllister—Jsoetes sp. from Texas................. z Charles E. Prunty—Cutlivated specimen of Agrostis capillaris 1.. from Missouri......................... 2 By Purchase— L. A. Kenoyer—Plants of the Himalayas.............. 528 L. A. Kenoyer—Plants of the Gangetic Plains......... 187 AUGUST By Gift—- O. S. Ledman—Kuphorbia humistrata Engelm. from MER TUORES Ooty Ga eager ste eee oar ety oa a eee ee ie 1 Oscar P. Taylor—Dirca palustris L. from Oklahoma. ... 1 By Exchange— National Herbarium, Pretoria, by Mr. E. Percy Phillips— Plants of South Africa... ....6..55.c.c0cccssanceceus 51 406 746 MISSOURL BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 10] New York Botanical Garden—Plants of the West Indies 3 The Garden is open to the public every day in the year, except New Year’s, Fourth of July, Labor Day, and Christmas — week days from 8:00 A. M. until one-half hour after sunset; Sundays from December to April, 1:00 P. M. until sunset, from April to December, 2:00 P. M. until sunset. The main entrance to the Garden is located at Tower Grove Avenne and Flora Boulevard, on the Vandeventer Avenue car line. Transfer soath from all intersecting lines. STAFF OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN Director, GEORGE T. MOORE. BENJAMIN Mince Duccar, Physiologist in charge of Graduate Laboratory. HERMANN VON SCHRENK, Pathologist. Jesse M. GREENMIAN, Curator of Herbarium. P. G. BRAWNER, Painter. Epwarp A. Bont, Mycologist and Librarian. JOANNE L. KARRER, Research Assistant. KATOERINE H. Lerten, Secretary to the Director. ‘ Next C. Horner, Editor of Publications. G. H. Priva, Horticulturist. JOIN NOYES, Landscape Designer. L. P, JENSEN, Arboriculturist. Pau A. Kont, Floriculturist. W. F. LANGAR, Enginces. H. VALLENTINE, Construction. My Mlssourt BoTANICAL GARDEN JBULLETIN Vol. IX OCTOBER, 1921 No. 8 —== — € CONTENTS Page Pest Ged en 1088s ee ee ae Bh ee Ne Helianthus angustifolius.... 0.0. ee ee 109 New Hybrid Spirheay 325 866 2 Ges Ra ae ee, SO Hardy Exotic Plants Suitable for the Gardens of Missouri and Adjoining States .°. . . . . . 110 Protege Aaa ae Ae sah BUTTE saa eke ie Statistical Infedrmation.< okt Se SA EPR ST. LOUIS, MO. 1921 Published Monthly, Except July and August by the Board of Trustees Pa rm oe — & SUBSCRIPTION PRICE ONE DOLLAR PER YEAR SINGLE COPIES TEN CENTS BOARD OF TRUSTEES OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN THE ORIGINAL MEMBERS WERE DESIGNATED IN MR. SHAW’S WILL AND THE BOARD SO CONSTITUTED, EXCLUSIVE OF THE EX-OFFICIO MEMBERS, IS SELF-PERPETUATING | President, EDWARDS WHITAKER. Vice-President, DAVID. S. H. SMITH. SAMUEL C, DAVIS. LEONARD MATTHEWS. Epwarp ©. Bir. WILLIAM H. H. Prerrus. Grorce C. HiroHncock. PHP C. SCANLAN. EDWARD MALLINCKRODT. JOHN FF SHEPLEY. EX-OFFICIO MEMBERS Freperick A. Hatt, Grorce T. Moore, Chancellor of Washington University. ae The Academy of Science of . Louis. Henry W. Kirt, Joun C. Tostn, Mayor of'the City of St. Louis. President of the Board of Education of St. Louis. DANIEL §. TUTTLE, Bishop of the Diocese of Missouri. CHARLES A. Ror, Secretary. ‘OI “LOE ‘duVer) “OA “TTA ALVIg G a. ap orig Fe VIEW OF TEST GARDEN. Missouri Botanical Garden Bulletin Vol. IX St. Louis, Mo., October, i921 No. 8 TEST GARDEN, 1921 The climatic conditions of the past summer were extremely trying to plant growth. Plants in the test garden not accus- tomed to extreme heat died within two weeks from the time of planting, and while slightly stronger ones succeeded in living during the summer, making their best growth in Sep- tember, it was only the tropical varieties, such as the Ricinus, that fairly thrived in the heat. The test garden (pl. 24) was surrounded with a hedge of Kochia trichophylla. These plants were started April 5 and planted in the garden June 3. They made a quick growth, and with a little shearing, produced a good hedge. For the past two summers the experience at the Garden has béen that if Kochia is watered during the dry periods it will continue to remain green until checked by frost. These plants at the Garden demonstrated well what can be accomplished with an annual to produce a hedge effect in one season. Alyssum maritimum ‘‘Lilae Queen’’ proved meritorious only towards the close of the season. During the summer the flowers faded quickly, but in September and October the true lilac color appeared, producing quite a contrast with the pure white ‘‘Little Gem.’’ This plant would probably do better during a cooler season. In the early summer the antirrhinums produced one good crop of flowers, but during the remainder of the season bloomed intermittently although the growth was _ strong. Their colors were brilliant, but in quantity of bloom the flowers did not compare with those of the previous year. Calliopsis elegans ‘‘ California Golden Wave’’ and C. elegans var. nana **The Garnet’’ both produced many flowers during the early summer, but few thereafter. The majority of the asters grew well and, without doubt, (103) 104 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN ‘‘Heart of France’’ surpassed them all. It is a good red, the large flowers being borne on long and strong stems. ‘‘Peer- less Yellow’’ did well, but under the intense sun the blooms faded after fully expanding. ‘‘Cerise Rochester’’ also is a desirable sort worthy of mention. The blister beetle (Hpicauta pennsylvamca) was extremely active this season, and the tarnished plant bug (Lygus pratensis) damaged the blooms considerably. No cannas were grown in the test garden, but this is an opportune time to say a few words about ‘‘The President.’”’ This canna was observed in the East during the summer of 1920. It appeared so vigorous and healthy and possessed so many merits that it was decided to use it in the main garden without first giving it a trial. During the summer of 1921, when conditions were most unfavorable for many plants, ‘‘The President’? exceeded all expectations. The flowers were large, of good color and substance, and bloomed freely from spring until frost, and the foliage was vigorous. Celosia Childsii and its pink variety both produced many large heads of bloom during the latter part of August and September. They have few equals for brilliant masses of eolor during late summer. Coleus from seed are always interesting when new colors are desired. One of those grown this year, a yellow-stemmed plant with red foliage edged with yellow, appears to be worthy of further trial and is being propagated to test its suitability for bedding purposes. Seeds of Dahlia maxonii, No. 49757, sent by the United States Government, were sown March 8. The plants grew vigorously and produced larger foliage than any dahlias in the Garden, but did not flower. This dahlia occurs wild and cultivated in many parts of the Guatemalan highlands and was collected by Mr. Wilson Popenoe, Agricultural Ex- plorer. In the wild state the flowers are said to be lilae-pink and single, but under cultivation are variable in color and sometimes double. This dahlia will probably flower next season. Dianthus barbatus ‘‘ Brilliant Red,’’ left in the test garden from the previous season, bloomed this spring, the flowers being a deep red. This plant cannot be considered a dis- covery as it has no special merits. D. plumarius ‘‘Snowball”’ was a free bloomer. The majority of the flowers were double and white, as advertised, but a few mixed appeared, these being equally as attractive as the white. MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 105 The annual Gaillardia pulchella ‘‘The Bride’’ bloomed freely throughout the summer, the flowers being of a lemon- yellow color. The sunflowers, Helianthus annuus ‘‘Dazzler’’ and ‘‘Excel- sior Miniature Hybrids’’ grew to a height of six feet. During the greater part of the summer they were in full bloom, the flowers containing various shades of red and orange, and measuring about six inches across. Hibiscus sp., No. 46459, sent by the United States Govern- ment, grew to a height of three feet. When grown under glass the plants were normal, but outdoors the leaves were malformed and the plant did not bloom. No trace of an insect could be found that might have caused some injury. This hibiscus was collected in Burringbar, New South Wales. It is a native of Australia where it attains a height of twelve feet, the large leathery foliage being eaten by stock. Due to the heat, the sweet peas grown in the early spring were a failure, although the previous year they bloomed abundantly until July 1. Best results have been obtained when the plants were started indoors in February. The ‘‘Flanders Field Poppy,’’ Papaver Rhoeas, was grown in the test garden in 1920 and proved successful. It was not intended to be grown a second season, but as it reseeded itself and the plants were so thrifty, it was allowed to remain. The latter part of May the plants were in full bloom, the flowers being twice the size and of a better color than those of the previous year. Potentilla Mooniana, No. 47763, was received from the United States Government on February 1. At that time it appeared to be a valuable plant for formal bedding, the white leaves forming a rosette and resembling Centaurea gymnocarpa in color. After setting out, however, the plant gradually deteriorated and after lifting in the fall finally died. ' On March 5 the United States Government sent three seeds of castor bean (Ricinus communis, No. 49366) from Mexico where it is said to grow wild in certain regions. The seeds were very large, being 7/10 of an inch long and 3/5 of an inch wide. These were sown April 25 and planted in the test garden June 9. The three plants are shown in pl. 25, fig. 1, photographed October 1, at which time they had attained a height of thirteen feet, the leaves measuring two and three feet across. The plants were very slow in producing seed and it is doubtful whether any will ripen before frost. The other extreme in castor beans is shown in pl. 25, fig. 2. 106 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN The origin and species of this Ricinus is not known, a solitary plant appearing in the Garden in 1920. The small seeds, measuring 3/8 of an inch long and 3/16 of an inch wide, are produced in abundance, the flowers appearing when the plants are only two feet tall. This castor bean grows to a height of six feet, the leaves measuring six to twelve inches across. The green leaves and seed pods and the glaucous stalks give this entire plant a gray-green appearance. This is a valuable Ricinus for garden planting where tropical effects are desired. It is a rapid grower, branches freely, and, unlike the taller sorts, retains its basal foliage, making it a good subject for use either as a background or for plant- ing in the fore part of a bed. The ‘‘Blue Lace Flower,’’ Trachymene caerulea, was a pretty little flower while it lasted. The plants grew well, attained a height of a foot, and each bore a number of flowers. Immediately after flowering, however, all died without ripen- ing any seed, the climatic conditions being too severe for such a delicate plant. Verbena hybrida var. grandiflora ‘‘Ellen Willmott’’ and ‘‘New Giant-flowered Mixed’’ were both excellent bloomers. During the summer of 1922 it is proposed to give cannas, delphiniums, and peonies a leading place in the test garden. The following is a list of the plants grown in the test garden during the summer of 1921: Aegopodium Podograria variegatum Agathaea coelestis Alyssum maritimum “Little Queen” Alyssum maritimum “Little Gem” Anchusa hybrida “New Annual Blue” Antirrhinum majus “Canary Bird” Antirrhinum majus “Cattleya” Antirrhinum majus “Copper King” Antirrhinum majus “Diamond” Antirrhinum majus “Golden Queen” Antirrhinum majus “Snowflake” Antirrhinum majus “The Rose” Caleceolaria mexicana Calendula officinalis “Improved Orange” Calliopsis elegans “California Golden Wave Calliopsis elegans var. nana “The Garnet” Callistephus chinensis “American Beauty” Callistephus chinensis “Cerise Rochester’ Callistephus chinensis ‘Heart of France” Callistephus chinensis ‘Peerless Yellow” Callistephus chinensis “Pink Enchantress” Callistephus chinensis “Royal White” Callistephus chinensis ‘Silvery Rose” PLATE 25. Mo. Bot. GARD. BULL., VOL. GIANT CASTOR BEAN. ~ (Fy —_— L fi } t DWARF CASTOR BEAN, MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN Celosia Childsii, crimson Celosia Childsii, pink Celosia cristata “Glasgow Prize” Centranthus macrosiphon Chrysanthemum Burridgeanum Chrysanthemum hortorum “Adelaide” Chrysanthemum hortorum “Harriet Sykes” Chrysanthemum hortorum “Shaker Lady” Chrysanthemum hortorum ‘Traveler’ Chrysanthemum maximum “Mayfield Giant” Chrysanthemum tricolor, double white Chrysanthemum tricolor, scarlet Chrysanthemum tricolor, single mixed Chrysanthemum tricolor, white Coleus sp. Cosmos bipinnatus, double-flowered crimson Cosmos bipinnatus, double-flowered pink Cosmos bipinnatus, double-flowered white Dahlia maxonii, U. S. Govt. No. 49757 Dahlia rosea, double yellow Dahlia rosea, single mixed Delphinium Ajacis “Blue Gem” Delphinium Ajacis “Rosy Scarlet” Delphinium Ajacis “Victory” Dianthus barbatus “Brilliant Red” Dianthus Caryophyllus, blue Dianthus Caryophyllus “New Giant” Dianthus plumarius ‘Snowball” Gaillardia pulchella “The Bride” Gladiolus hybridus “America” Gladiolus hybridus “Baron Hulot’” Gladiolus hybridus ‘“Delice’”’ Gladiolus hybridus “Empress of India” Gladiolus hybridus “Golden King” Gladiolus hybridus “Lily Lehman” Gladiolus hybridus “Mrs. F. King” Gladiolus hybridus “Mrs. F. Pendleton” Gladiolus hybridus “Niagara” Gladiolus hybridus “Panama” Gladiolus hybridus ‘‘Peace’”’ Gladiolus hybridus ‘‘Princeps” Gladiolus hybridus ‘‘Schwaben” Gladiolus hybridus “Willy Wigman” Gladiolus primulinus “Autumn Glory” Gladiolus Gladiolus Gladiolus Gladiolus primulinus “Bronze Queen” primulinus “Distinction” primulinus “Enchantress” primulinus “Fairy Queen” Gladiolus primulinus “Lemon Queen” Gladiolus primulinus “Pres. Wilson” Gladiolus primulinus “Sunrise” Gladiolus primulinus “Vesuvius” Helianthus annuus ‘Dazzler’ Helianthus annuus “Excelsior Miniature Hybrids” Hibiscus sp. U. S. Govt. No. 46459 107 108 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN Hibiscus Manihot “Giant Mallow” Hibiscus roseus chinensis punicens Kochia trichophylla Lathyrus odoratus “Austin Frederick” Lathyrus odoratus “Barbara” Lathyrus odoratus “Blue Monarch” Lathyrus odoratus “Constance Hinton” Lathyrus odoratus ‘Hercules”’ Lathyrus odoratus ‘TIvorine” Lathyrus odoratus ‘Mrs. J. Balmer” Lathyrus odoratus ‘Old Rose” Lathyrus odoratus “The Cardinal” Lathyrus odoratus “The President Lathyrus odoratus “Warrior” Lilium regale Lobelia Erinus var. compacta “Blue Bird” Papaver Rhoeas ‘Flanders Field Poppy” Petunia hybrida, blue Petunia hybrida “Glory” Petunia hybrida “Howard’s Star” Petunia hybrida “Inflata”’ Petunia hybrida “Pink Beauty” Petunia hybrida “Rosy Morn” Portulaca grandiflora, double mixed Potentilla Mooniana, U. S. Govt. No. 47763 Ricinus communis, U. S. Govt. No. 49366 Ricinus sp. dwarf green Salpiglossis sinuata, dark scarlet Salpiglossis sinuata “Improved Emperor Strain” Salpiglossis sinuata, light blue and gold Salpiglossis sinuata, pink Salpiglossis sinuata, pure golden yellow Salvia splendens “Ostrich Plume” Salvia splendens, purple Senecio elegans, flesh color Senecio elegans, lilac Senecio elegans, purple Senecio elegans, white Tagetes erecta “Orange Prince” Tagetes patula, var. nana “French mixed” Trachymene caerulea ‘Blue Lace Flower” Verbena hybrida grandiflora “Ellen Willmott” Verbena hybrida grandiflora “New Giant-flowered Mixed” Zinnia elegans “Giant Dahlia-flowered”’ Zinnia elegans ‘“‘Mixed Victory” Zinnia elegans “Red Riding Hood” MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 109 HELIANTHUS ANGUSTIFOLIUS One of the most showy perennials during the months of October and November, or until the foliage and flowers are killed by heavy frost, is the narrow-leaved sunflower, Helian- thus angustifolius. This plant has a natural distribution in open swampy land from Long Island to Florida, mainly near the coast, and west to Arkansas and Texas. It varies in height from three to eight feet. The heads are two to three inches broad, with bright yellow rays and purple disks, and are borne few, sometimes solitary, on the slender branched stems. The leaves are long, very narrow, dark green above, paler beneath, rough to the touch. Under cultivation the growth and habit of Helianthus angustifolius are considerably changed. It branches nearer the ground, the delicate dark green leaves making the plant attractive for foreground planting during the entire growing season until autumn when it becomes a mass of yellow flowers. The flowers are very sensitive to the sunlight, changing their position to face the sun during the day. While the native habitat is a rich open swampy ground, the plant adapts itself to the soil conditions of the ordinary garden border provided there is not too much shade. Helianthus angustifolius is easily propagated from seeds. If these are sown in November or December in a cool green- house and the plants carried on in pots during winter and planted out in their permanent positions after danger of frost in the spring, the maximum of growth and flowers will be attained the first year. If sown in the open ground in the spring, however, full-grown blooming plants will not be produced until the year following. Propagation may also be accomplished by taking up the viviparous plants which form around the base of the old stem after flowering and in the spring planting them in the positions where the mature plants are desired. They will then bloom the following autumn. While this plant was described by Linnaeus in 1753, it has not yet become generally known as a garden subject. Its eraceful form, floriferous habit, ease of culture and propaga- tion should make it a general favorite for foreground planta- tions in shrubberies and for the hardy border. The color of the flowers makes possible many attractive combinations with the various species of white, blue, and purple asters whose season of bloom corresponds to that of the Helianthus. In 1909 about twenty plants of Helianthus angustifolius 110 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN collected by Mr. John H. Kellogg at Arkansas Post, on the Arkansas River, were planted in the Garden. In 1918 seeds of the same variety, No. 44103, were sent to the Garden by the Department of Agriculture for trial. The plants have done exceedingly well, producing masses of yellow. flowers from about the middle of August until killed by frost (see pl. 26). NEW HYBRID SPIRAEA An interesting hybrid spiraea between Spiraea salicifolia and S, Douglasti has recently appeared in the North American tract where large masses of the parent plants are grown. The new hybrid is a shrub 3% to 4 feet high, with yellowish brown stem. The leaves are oblong-lanceolate to lanceolate, smooth on both sides, green above, paler on the under side, deeply and sharply serrate. The stamens are twice as long as the petals. The sepals are upright in fruit. The flowers are light rose-pink upon spreading racemes. This new plant resembles 8S. salicifolia in the spreading inflorescence, upright growth, and the light green color of the under side of the leaves. The serrations along the margins are more intensified, however, extending almost to the petiole. The color of the flowers is intermediate between that of the two parents. Spiraea Billardi of the trade is derived from the same parents as the Garden hybrid but in general char- acters, such as color of flowers, shape of inflorescence or flower spike, and leaves, resembles S. Douglasii. Its habit of growth, however, is not pendent as in mature plants of S. Douglasti but upright as in S. salicifolia. HARDY EXOTIC PLANTS SUITABLE FOR THE GARDENS OF MISSOURI AND ADJOINING STATES (Continued from September Bulletin) XI. PERENNIAL PLANTS FOR NATURALIZING Approx. Botanical name Common name Approx. Color of time of Habitat height flowers bloom Achillea Eupatorium. Yarrow ......... ci eae eer Yellow... July-Sept. Europe Achillea filipendulinaYarrow ......... C18” orieicacus Yellow... June-Sept. Orient Achillea macrophylla.Yarrow ......... DO 6 eediee'e Yellow... July-Aug., Europe Achillea Tournefortii ...... MALOOW. 50s e a 1-14%’..... Pale yellow. June-Aug. Greece PLATE Load, Wiole oe BULL; ARD. cr Bor. Mo. HELIANTHUS ANGUSTIFOLIUS. SPIRAEA SALICIFOLIA NEW HYBRID SPIRAEA DOUGLASII. MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 111 Botanical name Common name Color of flowers Approx. time of Habitat bloom Ajuga reptans..... Artemisia argentea. Artemisia Asperula odorata.. Asperula tinctoria.. Aster Amellus and varieties ........ Aster tataricus.... Belamcanda CRAINENS1E .= bate ek Bocconia cordata.. Chrysanthemum Leucanthemum .... Chrysanthemum Parthenium ...... Coronilla cappadocica ...... Coronilla waria.... Doronicum plantagineum .... Hemerocallis Dumortierii....... Hemerocallis flava..Lemon lily Hemerocallis fulva..Homestead lily... Hemerocallis Middendorfii ..... Inula grandiflora... Inula Helenium.... Linaria vulgaris... Lysimachia clethroides ...... Lysimachia Nummularia...... Lythrum Salicaria and varieties..... Nepeta Glechoma.. Bugle-weed ..... ..sweet woodruff.. . Blackberry lily.. ..Plume poppy.. VeGUCH aeons - Leopard’s bane... Orange day-lily.. Yellow day-lily... Elecampane ..... Elecampane ..... . Butter-and-eggs .. Loosestrife ...... Moneywort ...... Purple loose- Strife: 2 sxenees Malva rotundifolia..Common mallow. ees Mentha spicata.....Spearmint ...... Ground AVY ie. ee ee eee Orange... . May-July. China, Yellow... Pinkish June-July .Europe ..July-Aug.. Madeira ..May-June. Europe, Orient ... July-Sept. Europe . sept.-Oct. .Europe, Asia . sept.-Oct. Siberia July-Aug. .China Japan . May-July. Europe, Asia . May-July. Europe July-Aug. Asia Minor or white June-Oct. .Europe Yellow... Orange. . Yellow... Orange... .-. Yellow... Orange- yellow.. Yellow... Sulphur- yellow.. White.... .. yellow... Whitish.. White.... . Blue..... .Apr.-June. Kurope . July-Aug. Japan .June-July Europe, Asia July-Aug..Europe July-Aug..Asia June Asia se eee June-July .Europe May-Sept. Europe July-Sept. Japan _June-Aug. Europe June-Aug. Australia Summer. . Europe Summer. . Europe, Asia Summer. .Europe, 112 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN Approx. Botanical name Common name Approx. Color of time of Habitat height flowers bloom Ranunculus aconitifolius ...... Buttercup ....... oS Gee White..... May-June. Europe Ranunculus bulbosus Bulbous buttercup ..... 1 ere Yellow....May-July. Europe, Ranunculus repens. .Creeping buttercup .....Trailing.. Yellow.... Africa May-July. Europe, Asia Saponaria : officinalis Be masa s Bouncing Bet.... 1.97... ., Light pink.... Summer. . Europe Thalictrum : aquilegifolium .....Meadow rue..... 1-8’. 6 oes Whitish purple... May-July. Europe, Thalictrum minus : Asia var. adiantifolium. Meadow rue..... 1-2’...... Yellowish white... June-July. Gardens Thalictrum petaloideum ...... Meadow rue..... LS 3.2 yess Pinkish white...June-July. Asia Trollius europaeus..Globe flower..... B12" i Sa Yellow or white.Apr.-May. Europe Vinead minor........ Common periwinkle ....Trailing.. Blue...... May...... Europe Viola odorata........ Sweet violet.....4-6"....... BUG. sss. <6 Spring and autumn, Europe, Africa, Asia XII. BULBOUS PLANTS ‘; Approx. Color of Approx. ; Botanical name Common name heigh time of Habitat ght flowers bl oom *BL Chionodoxra Attn... Allen’s glory-of- the-snow ...... a BlUCs oa. ss Mar.-Apr..Gardens BL Chionodoxa Luciliae ....Glory-of-the-snow.. 3-6”...... Blue...... Mar.-Apr.. Asia Minor BL Chionodoxa Inciliae var. COG -cacessin White glory-of- the-snow ...... BD as iets White..... Mar.-Apr..Asia Minor BL Chionodoxa Luciliae Giant glory-of- var. gigantea. the-snow ..... an BlU@s « é«sa Mar.-Apr..Gardens MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 113 Color of Approx. Botanical name Common name award Lares of Habitat oom BN Colchium autumnale ..Meadow saffron... 2-4”%...... Purple, white striped. Sept.-Oct. EKurope BN Colchium SALIVUS 2.2008 Saffron crocus... 6”........ Tila 3... Sept.-Oct. .Kurope, Asia BN Colchium Minor speciosum ..Meadow saffron.. 6-12”..... Violet to pink. Sept.-Oct. Caucasus BN Colchiuwm variegatum .Meadow saffron... 3-6”...... Rosy purple.. Sept...... Asia Minor L Crocus biflorus ..... Scotch crocus.... Cream March....Southern Europe BN Orocus speciosus -Autumn crocus.. TGNAC a ect Sept.-Oct.. Europe, Asia Minor L Crocus SUSTANUS..... Cloth of gold.... 3” Yellow, striped brown.. March....Crimea L Crocus vernus.Common garden White or lilac....March....Europe B Fritillaria atro- purpurea.... Purple fritillary..12-15”.... Deep purple.. Apr.-May., B Fritillaria QUTEQ. + + ones Golden fritillary. 6-12”.... Bright yellow. .Apr.-May. Caucasus B Fritillaria Imperialis ...Crown Imperial.. 2-3 Oranse. Aprils... B Fritillaria meleagris .... .. Green, white, purple..April..... Caucasus *The letters preceding the names indicate the following: B, suit- able for borders; L, suitable for naturalizing in lawns; N, suitable for naturalizing in shrubberies and in places where the grass need not be cut until the foliage of the bulbous plants mature, such as fields and meadows. plant is adapted to more than one of the above situations. A combination of these letters indicate that the 114 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN ; Approx. Botanical name Common name Approx. Color of timeof Habitat height flowers anes B Fritillaria pallidiflora ..Pale fritillary.... 6-15”..... Greenish- yellow. .Apr.-May. Siberia NL Galanthus Elwesii ..... Giant snowdrop.. 6-12”..... White....Mar.-Apr..Asia Minor NL Galanthus nivalis ...... Common snowdrop ..... AG" 5 ease White....., Feb.-Mar.. Caucasus NL Galanthus plicatus ..... Plaited snowdrop ..... Co eee White....March.... Crimea B Hyacinthus orientalis and varieties Garden hyacinth. 8-18”.... Various NB L jum ar ! ERi colors...Mar.-Apr.. Europe aestivum ....Summer snowflake ..... a sce ae White.... Apr..May. Europe NB Leucojum Vvernum ..... Spring snowflake. 6-12”.... White....Mar.-Apr..Europe NB Lilium tigrinum ....Tiger lily........ 8-4’...... Orange... June-July.China NL Muscari botryoides ...Grape hyacinth.. 6-9”..... Blue...... March....Europe to Orient NL Muscari botryoides var. album... White grape hyacinth ...... aE Ae White.....March....Europe NL Muscari commutatum.Purple grape hyacinth ...... 6-10”.... Dark blue.... March.... Mediter- ranean region BN Narcissus biflorus ..... Primrose peerless ....... 1 ae White..... Apr.-May., Europe BN Narcissus Burbidgei ...Burbidge’s narcissus ..... 12-15”.... White.....Apr.-May., Europe BN Narcissus incomparabilis and varieties Star daffodil..... 12-15”..... Yellow....Apr.-May.,Europe MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 115 Approx. Botanical name Common name les Color of timeof Habitat eight flowers bl oom BN Narcissus Jonquilla and varieties. Jonquil ......... SUB tees Yellow....Apr.-May. Europe, Algeria BN Narcissus poeticus and varieties. Poet’s narcissus..12-15”..... White.... Apr-May. Mediter- ranean region BN Narcissus Pseudo- Narcissus....Trumpet daffodil.12-18”..... Yellow....Apr.-May. Europe BN Ornithogalum umbellatum .Star of Bethlehem ..... 6”....... White... Apr.-May., Mediter- ranean region BN Ornithogalum. WUIGNS ..s00 Star of Bethlehem ..... 8-12”..... White and green... April..... Europe LBN Scilla amoena.Star hyacinth.... 6-9"...... Blue...... March.... Tyrol LBN Scilla bifolia..Early squill...... yale eee Blue. <.... March.... Europe, Asia Minor BN Scilla festalis.Wood hyacinth... 8-12”..... Various colors... .Apr.-May. Europe BN Scilla festalis WAT. (Ql00... w6 White wood hyacinth ;-.... +2 Dyan White..... Apr.-May.,Europe BN Scilla festalis var. cernua..Nodding wood hyacinth ...... 8-12”..... Purple- pink....Apr.-May., Portugal BN Scilla hispanica.... Bell-flowered SUT ion. eas or 12-18”..... Various colors... Apr.-May..Portugal BN Scilla hispanica var. QOD i eiesiee ee White Spanish AQUI oo. epee Be cls.c os White.... Apr.-May..Europe BNL Scilla sibirica.Siberian squill... 2-6"...... BUG tee ve March....Europe, Asia Minor 116 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN Approx. Approx. Color of height flowers timeof Habitat bloom Botanical name Common name LBN Scilla sibirica var, alba..... White Siberian POUT face ce aes $6" 3. S35 White..... Feb.-April.Gardens B Tritonia crocosmae- flora and varieties ....Montbretia ...... eo vata Yellow and orange. .June-July. Gardens B Tulipa, species and varieties.Garden tulips.............. Various colors. .,.Mar.-May..Oriental countries NOTES The October number of Parks and Recreation contains an article by Mr. L. P. Jensen, Arboriculturist to the Garden, on ‘‘The Value of Parks to Posterity.’’ On October 19 Mr. John H. Kellogg, of the Missouri Bo- tanical Garden, spoke before the St. Louis Natural History Museum Association at the St. Louis Publie Library on ‘‘Fall Flowers.’’ Mr. L. P. Jensen, Arboriculturist to the Garden, gave an illustrated lecture on ‘‘Our Native Plants: Their Conserva- tion and Uses,’’ September 23, before the Parent-Teachers’ Association of the Lockwood School, Webster Groves. The following lectures were delivered by Mr. G. H. Pring, Horticulturist to the Garden, during his recent trip to New York where he attended the convention of the National As- sociation of Gardeners: ‘‘The School Garden Movement of Cleveland, Ohio,’’ before the National Association of Gar- deners, October 11; ‘‘Gardening in the Western States com- pared with that of the Eastern States,’’ before the Garden Club of Flushing, New York, October 10; ‘‘Commercial Gardening in the Middle West,’’ before the New York Flor- ists’ Club, October 10. On Sunday, November 6, the annual chrysanthemum show in the floral display house at the Garden will be open to the public. Over 3,000 plants will be exhibited including single-stemmed, bush, and basket forms. Some of the fea- MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 117 tures of the 1921 display will be an exhibit of Japanese oddities, the pink ‘‘Turner,’’ which is one of the latest novel- ties, and the grafted varieties showing different-colored flowers on the same plant. Recent visitors to the Garden include Professor N. I. Vavilov, of the Bureau of Applied Botany and Plant Breed- ing, Petrograd, Russia, and Professor A. Jaczewski, Director of the Institute of Mycology and Phytopathology, Petro- grad, who are visiting America at the invitation of the American Phytopathological Society; and Dr. R. W. Webb, formerly Rufus J. Lackland fellow at the Garden, now scien- tific assistant, Department of Plant Pathology, United States Department of Agriculture, Madison, Wisconsin. STATISTICAL INFORMATION FOR SEPTEMBER, 1921 GARDEN ATTENDANCE: ‘Total number Of Visitors. owas sieve ss vie eee one eee ee 21,900 PLANT ACCESSIONS: Total number of plants received in exchange.......... 3 Total number of plants and seeds received as gifts.... 7 LIBRARY ACCESSIONS: Total number of books and pamphlets bought......... 53 Total number of books and pamphlets donated........ 444 HERBARIUM ACCESSIONS: By Gift— Bisby, Prof. G. R.—Fungi of Manitoba......... pe crintar: 26 Blackford, Mrs. E. B.—Tremellodendron candidum from INGIW: FIBIN DEMING ve aarctws crete cs o's re la citaiele ss cae ee cee ak Drushel, J. A—Plants of Vermont, New York, Ohio, Missouri, Texas, and Colorado, .<.04 62 eee ec 32 Hartley, Dr. Carl—Timber-destroying fungi of Java.... 18 Lloyd, C. G—Fungi of the Philippine Islands and PED AM acer aerate teres ante cr ainielade aieve is < ctu ’sl aleceve ler trone tirana 2 Miyabe, Prof. K.—Valsa Mali Miyabe & Yamada of VADAM ue sesicrate sue teeerenoie oie erele le telar Uwe 6. creme eleven eee in eta ieee 2 Murrill, Dr. W. A.—S'tereum petalodes from Cuba...... 1 Overholts, Dr. L. O0.—Cyphella conglobata Burt........ 1 Povah, Prof. A. H. W.—Fungi of Alabama............ 4 Rosen, H. R.—Cercospora Setariae Atk............... 1 Wakefield, E. Mi—Fungi.............. ccc cee eee ce eeee 2 By Purchase— Dusen; F:—Plantacof Brazile ccc. . cease ase eee 457 By Exchange— New York Botanical Garden—Isoetes sp. from British GUTAN Es 5 isi oiecsveisvele ce eieusye piace e6 « tenet eee teen eens 1 118 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN The Garden is open to the public every day in the year, except New Year’s, Fourth of July, Labor Day, and Christmas — week days from 8:00 A. M. until one-half hour after sunset; Sundays from December to April, 1:00 P. M. until sunset, from April to December, 2:00 P. M. until sunset. The main entrance to the Garden is located at Tower Grove Avenue and Flora Boulevard, on the Vandeventer Avenue car line. Transfer south from all intersecting lines. | STAFF OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN Director, GEORGE T, MOORE.” | BENJAMIN MINGE DvUGGaAR, EpWArRD A. BURT, » Physiologist in charge of Graduate Laboratory. | Mycologist and Librarian. HERMANN VON SCHRENE, JOANNE L. KARRER, Pathologist. Research Assistant. JESSE M. GREENMAN, KATHERINE H, LEIGH, Curator of Herbarium. Secretary to the Director. NELL C. HORNER, Editor of Publications. G. H. Prrvnq,- Horticulturist. JoHN NOYES, Landscape Designer. L. P. JENSEN, Arboriculturist. PAuL A. KOHL, Floriculturist. P. C. BRAWNER, W. F. LANGAN, Painter. Engineer. H. VALLENTINE, Construction. Missouri BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN Vol. IX NOVEMBER, 1921. ie TANG Gs CONTENTS Page Cotton: 2 rth Tas cate es te aie teres a cy ck i Rice’ Re ks ee ROM rE: pL Unusual Late- flowering Period of Plants A . 126 Hardy Exotic Plants Suitable for the Gardens’ of Missouri and pane ce: States 2 .9°E a Notes. . ; Re ee oe Nee we Annis}. Statistical Information 1 NE ge So, MRBOO Cy NOR vA SE ea —SEC_—_—— — ST. LOUIS, MO. 1921 Published Monthly Except July and August by the Board of Trustees SUBSCRIPTION PRICE ONE DOLLAR PER YEAR SINGLE COPIES TEN CENTS BOARD OF TRUSTEES OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN THE ORIGINAL MEMBERS WERE DESIGNATED IN MR. SHAW’S WILL AND THE BOARD SO CONSTITUTED, EXCLUSIVE OF THE EX-OFFICIO MEMBERS, IS SELF-PERPETUATING. President, BDWARDS WHITAKER. Vice-President, DAVID 8S. H. SMITH. Samuex C. Davis. LEONARD MATTHEWS. Epwarp C. Err. WituiAM H. H. Perrvs. GEORGE c. HrroHooox, Pui C, SOANLAN, Hpwarp MALLINCKRODT. Joun F. SHEPLEY. EX-OFFICIO MEMBERS Frepertck A. Har, Groren T. Moore, Chancellor of Washington University. Pees of The Academy of Science of Henry W. Kirt, Joun C. Tost, Mayor of, the City of St. Louis. President of the Board of Education of : St. Louis. Danie. S.. TUTTLE, Bishop of the Diocese of Missouri. CHarLes A. Ror, Secretary. Mo. Bot. Garp, Buru., Vou. 9, 1921. PLATE 28. COTTON PLANTS IN THE ECONOMIC GARDEN. Missouri Botanical Garden Bulletin Vol. IX St. Louis, Mo., November, 1921 No. 9 COTTON Although a considerable amount of cotton is grown in Mis- souri, its culture is confined chiefly to the southeastern section of the state which has a longer growing season than this locality. The length of time required to bring a crop of cotton to maturity depends upon various factors, chief among them being the kind of cotton and the temperature. At least six months is required to mature cotton in St. Louis, and the plants grown in the economic garden at the Garden were started indoors in order to insure their ripening before frost. Only the herbaceous or shrub-like forms of cotton are grown in this country. In the southern states the much- branched cotton plant attains a height of about four feet. The flowers are yellow and as they age turn to a deep rose. The boll gradually swells until it attains the size of a walnut and at maturity splits, exposing the several cells which hold the numerous seeds with their copious covering of fibers known as lint. This lint becomes the cotton of commerce after pass- ing through various stages of manufacture. To the naked eye a cotton fiber is round and smooth, but upon examining it under a microscope it will be found to be very much twisted—a characteristic which adapts it so readily to spinning, no other vegetable or animal fiber possessing this peculiar twist. These hairs are the result of the elongation of certain epidermal cells of the seed coats. Immature cotton does not have the proper number of twists and it also lacks strength and is slow to take dye. Not all of the fibers are of the same length, and while mature seed is clothed in many long hairs a fuzz is also present. That cotton may qualify for the highest market value it is essential that the floss be as near one length as possible and mature uniformly. The floss of mature eotton assumes certain tints depending upon (119) - 120 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN the presence of minute colored particles in the central core. In the wild cotton these particles impart a red color and when such cotton occurs among the cultivated species it is a sign of reversion or of a very low grade. The cotton fiber is covered with a sort of varnish known as eotton wax. This substance prevents the fiber from absorbing moisture and in absorbent cotton is removed by chemical action. Cotton seed is planted in rows three to four feet apart and appears above the ground in about ten days. When the plants are well established they are thinned or chopped out until they are from one to two or more feet apart. The crop is constantly cultivated until midsummer or until the bolls begin to open, the aim for the first eighty days being to secure a good healthy growth. After abundant fruiting has begun, it is undesirable to have the growth proceed so rapidly. When a sufficient number of bolls are open, picking commences and lasts until the plants are killed by frost or until all the cotton is picked. Cotton should be picked as fast as it ripens and before it can be damaged by rain, wind, or dust. - As a rule, cotton fields are picked over three times, generally in Septem- ber, October, and November. Picking is done by hand, the cotton being placed in bags and these emptied into baskets or on to sheets. Cotton-picking machines have been tried occa- sionally, but up to the present none have been very successful. Of all the cotton picked only one-third of the material by weight is cotton fiber, the remaining two-thirds being seed. Although eotton is perennial in some climates it is usually treated as an annual. A considerable quantity of cotton is produced in the following countries: Australia, Brazil, China, Egypt, India, Italy, Mexico, South Africa, South Sea Islands, and Turkey. In this country the cotton states are Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Missouri, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, and Texas. There are also areas in Arizona, Kentucky, Nevada, New Mexico, southern California, and Utah suitable for cotton culture, or in which the culture has developed to a slight extent. The cotton belt of the United States, on account of its climate, soil, labor, capital, and transportation facilities, is the most favorable place in the world for growing the crop. Cotton is probably used by more people and in more ways than any other fiber. It has long been known in many coun- tries, but its original habitat is not definitely determined. It was probably in use in India long before the Christian era, MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 121 and its culture gradually spread to China, Japan, and other countries. Many of the early writers frequently made men- tion of cotton, and it is said that the material wrapped about the mummies found in Peruvian tombs was from this fiber. The cloth with which the Egyptians covered their dead ap- pears to be linen, but cotton was probably known in Egypt from early times. India was the center of the cotton industry for a long time, and the natives not only manufactured suf- ficient cloth for their own needs but sold it to traders from other countries. In China the use of cotton for clothing made little progress until about the thirteenth century, silk being the material in common use. Of Egypt, Pliny says: ‘‘In upper Egypt, toward Arabia, there grows a shrub which some call ‘gossypion’ and others ‘xylon,’ from which the stuffs are made which we call ‘xylina.’ It is small and bears a fruit resembling the filbert, within which is a downy wool which is spun into thread. Nothing ; 1s more to be desired than this goods for whiteness and softness. Garments are made from it which are very acceptable to the priests of Egypt.”’ When Columbus first came to this continent he found eot- ton growing abundantly in the West Indies and being used to a considerable extent for clothing on the mainland. The Mexicans used cotton exclusively for clothing and it was also found in Peru and Brazil. Although cotton was grown and spun into cloth by the an- cients, it was slow in gaining popularity in Europe. It was used in Italy at the beginning of the fourteenth century, and its manufacture was confined to southern Europe until the sixteenth century. In England, for a long time, the machinery for spinning was crude and fine yarn could not be made, and it is not known when cotton was first manufactured in that country. About the middle of the eighteenth century England began to export her cotton goods, and the demand soon iner eased to such an extent that it became a problem to obtain sufficient raw materials and adequate machinery to supply her trade. At this time Arkwright, Cartwright, Crompton, Hargreaves, Kay, and Watt invented machines which aided cotton manufacture. The raw material at that time came principally from the West Indies, the Levant, and India. The United States was producing very little, Brazil being practically the only American country supplying raw eotton. From a non- producing cotton country the United States has sprung into the lead in cotton growing. Bancroft 122 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN in his ‘‘ History of the United States,’’ says: ‘‘The first cul- ture of cotton in the United States deserves commemoration. In this year (1621) the seeds were planted as an experiment and their ‘plentiful coming up’ was at that early day a subject of interest in America and England.’’ The cotton industry has now grown to such an extent in this country that the United States is the barometer in the cotton world. The generic name given to the cotton plant by Linnaeus is Gossypium, and it belongs to the Malvaceae, or mallow fam- ily, which also includes such common plants as the hollyhock and hibiscus. On account of their great variability and the tendency to hybridize, the species of this genus are difficult to classify. Many attempts have been made but no two au- thorities agree. Those varieties of more or less economic importance are the Oriental tree cotton (G. arboreum Linn.), sea-island cotton (G. barbadense Linn.), tropical tree cotton of South America (G. brasiliense Macf.), upland cotton (G. herbaceum Linn.), and Indian cotton (G@. neglectum Todaro. ) Oriental Tree Cotton.—The original habitat of this species is doubtful. The plant is perennial, lasting from five to six years and attaining a height of twenty feet. The flowers are purple and have a large darker patch at the base. It is not grown commercially at the present time and is said to be found usually near temples where it blooms most of the year. According to Indian tradition the fiber of this species was used by the Egyptian priests to make their robes, and it is probably on that account that it is sometimes known as G. religiosum. Sea Island Cotton.—Sea island cotton is valued for the length and quality of the fiber, but is not grown extensively. The amount of lint from this cotton is less than that from any other kind grown in this country, but its high market value compensates for the small yield. Sea island cotton was probably first grown in Georgia in the latter part of the eighteenth cen- tury from seed obtained from the Bahamas. This cotton differs materially from G. herbacewm, which furnishes the upland cotton, in its seed characteristics. The seed of the sea island cotton is small and black and the lint separates readily, while that of the upland cotton is green and is surrounded by a short dense fuzz beneath the longer and more valuable lint. The flowers are creamy yellow with a purple spot at the base of the petals. The lint is from 114 to 2% inches in MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN __ 123 length. Sea island cotton flourishes along the coasts of South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, and in Egypt, the Egyptian cot- ton having been developed from American seed. Sea island cotton gives the finest fiber of any species and is much used for the better fabrics and in the manufacture of automobile tires. Its production is limited by soil and climatic condi- tions. Tropical Tree Cotton of South America—This cotton is indigenous to South America. It was known in commercial circles about the middle of the seventeenth century, but was even then confused by botanists. This species attracted much attention in Europe because it was thought that the heavily covered seeds, which are produced in large numbers, would yield a large and profitable amount of cotton. Its culture spread throughout the world, but to-day it is the least popular of the cultivated cottons. It is said that South American cotton was in great demand in Scotland and England prior to the discovery of the upland and sea island varieties of the United States, but it is not probable that it will ever regain its lost popularity. Upland Cotton—Some botanists claim that G. hirsutum is only a variety of G. herbaceum, the former being considered of American origin, while the latter comes from Asia. The plants grow to a height of about six feet and bear yellowish flowers which turn red with age. The lint of the upland cot- ton seldom exceeds 114 inches in length and much of it is shorter. The upland varieties of cotton do not furnish as fine a quality of fiber as the sea island cotton, but are grown over a wider territory. Although cotton has been grown for fiber for centuries in various countries, it was the Americans who discovered many other properties of the plant. The inferior and short lint is used in the manufacture of cotton batting, wadding, and absorbent cotton, for stuffing material in pads, cushions, mat- tresses, and upholstery. When mixed with wool it is used in hat making and mixed with lambs’ wool for fleece-lined un- derwear and felt. Candle and lamp wicks, twine, rope, and carpets are made from low-grade yarns.