Mussourt BOTANICAL GARDEN /JBULLETIN VOLUME xX WITH 29 PLATES 1922 ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI PUBLISHED MONTHLY, EXCEPT JULY AND AUGUST, BY THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES SUB TION PRICE? ~_ ONE DOLLAR PER YEAR “GOV SINGLE NUMBER TEN CENTS LSLECET, te” OLR. % sg] Ba malt? gS MussOURI IBOTANICAL GARDEN [BULLETIN Vol. X JANUARY, 1922 aes Ree rs ‘CONTENTS ; is Thirty-third Annual Report of the Director’. ... .-. 1 te a Statistical Information |, 4h o® ork Pee ee 24 ee ST. LOUIS, MO. ip 1922 ‘Published’ Monthly Except July and August by the Board of Trustees een terete ae ete verses SUBSCRIPTION PRICE: ) a ONE DOLLAR PER YEAR SINGLE COPIES TEN CENTS BOARD OF TRUSTEES | OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN THE ORIGINAL MEMBERS WERE DESIGNATED IN MR. SHAW’S WILL AND THE BOARD SO CONSTITUTED, EXCLUSIVE OF THE EX-OFFICIO MEMBERS, IS SELF-PERPETUATING President, EDWARDS WHITAKER. Vice-President, DAVID S. H. SMITH. SAMUEL C. Davis. | LEONARD MATTHEWS. Epwarp C, Exior. ? WintiaM H. H. Perros. “Grorce GC, Hircxcock, Pair C, SCANLAN. EpwarkD MALLINCKRODT. JOHN F, SHEPLEY. EX-OFFICIO MEMBERS. _FREDERIC A. HALL, GEORGE TT’. Moors, ; Chancellor of Washington University. President of The Academy of Science of St. Louis. Henry W. Kie1, : Joun C. Tost, Mayor of. the City of St. Louis. President of the Board of Rducation of gi it. is. Danrtt 8. TUTTLE, Bishop of the Diocese of Missouri. CHARLEs A. Rok, Secretary. Mo, Bor, Garp, BULL., VoL. 10, 1922. a ed 2 a ae bi b. ‘4s ORCHID DISPLAY SHOWING TROPICAL, FOREST EFFECT. Missouri Botanical Garden Bulletin Vol. X St. Louis, Mo., January, 1922 No. 1 THIRTY-THIRD ANNUAL REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR Gentlemen: I have the honor to submit herewith the thirty-third annual report of the Director. In spite of the limitations placed upon the work by the lack of sufficient income, the Garden during the year 1921 has been able to maintain the high standard established in certain of its activities and to make some slight progress along other lines. From the standpoint of convenience to the public, the completion of the main entrance is probably the greatest single improvement. The need for the enlargement of fa- cilities at the principal entrance to the Garden was sufficiently set forth in my previous report, and experience since the com- pletion of the structure has more than justified the changes made. On one Sunday during the chrysanthemum show, 20,000 people were admitted to the Garden between the hours of one and five o’clock, and it would have been absolutely im- possible to handle such a crowd had it not been for the per- fected arrangement for entrance and exit that now exist. The new gateway was dedicated on May 10, 1921. Mr. Edwards Whitaker, President of the Board, presided, and the Honorable Henry C. Wallace, Secretary of Agriculture, de- livered the address. Luncheon was served to about 300 es- pecially invited guests in the floral display house, and in spite of unfavorable weather the occasion was a most successful one. Secretary Wallace did not fail to point out the value of the Garden to St. Louis and perhaps unconsciously em- phasized the fact which has long been known, namely, that as a place for inspiration, recreation, and study, the Missouri Botanical Garden is more greatly appreciated by those living elsewhere in the world than by the residents of Mr. Shaw’s (1) 2 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN city of adoption. Perhaps the fact that the Garden in no way appears on the tax bills of the citizens of St. Louis, as do the Art Museum, the Zoo, the Publie Library, ete., may aceount for a certain lack of local interest. Unfortunately the impression seems to be rather wide- spread that the original endowment for the Garden was quite sufficient to maintain it through an unlimited period of expansion and progress. That it costs more to maintain an institution of this kind, keeping it abreast of the changes and demands of the times, than could possibly have been foreseen by Mr. Shaw is obvious to any one who carefully considers the matter, and during the past few years, with a relatively fixed income, the effort to prevent the Garden from falling below a respectable standard has been greater than might be supposed. It should also be borne in mind that one of the chief means of support for the Garden, provided by Mr. Shaw, has never yielded anything worth mention- ing. Quite apart from the fact that there has never been, on the part of the City administration or the publ at large, the slightest tangible evidence of its appreciation of the Garden, the Trustees have as yet been unable to realize anything from the two-hundred-foot strip reserved by Mr. Shaw around Tower Grove Park as a definite source of in- come for the Garden. With taxes and the expense of keeping up the revenue-producing property of the estate gradually mounting, the sum available for the maintenance of the Gar- den is gradually growing less, and unless some relief is forthcoming within a comparatively short time, there will be no other alternative than to curtail in a very definite fashion some of the more attractive features now maintained. Sim- ilar institutions, particularly in this country, not only receive large appropriations from the city but likewise obtain gifts from private individuals which enable them to go forward at a pace with which the Missouri Botanical Garden cannot hope to compete. There is no good reason why public-spirited in- dividuals in St. Louis, interested in either the scientific or popular aspects of floriculture and horticulture, should not feel constrained to add to the original endowment of Mr. Shaw. While it is true that Mr. Shaw’s name is so definitely associated with the Garden that no other benefactor could hope to supersede him by a gift, no matter how large, it is likewise a fact that there are many special activities which could be specifically designated for support and with which MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 3 the name of the benefactor could be readily associated. The endowment of a special collection or garden, such as the orchids, the rose garden, or the arboretum, or for that matter the monthly flower shows, would not only make possible great expansion in these lines, but by releasing funds from income now devoted to these purposes would render a double service. Thus, it might truly be said that he who gives to the Missouri Botanical Garden gives twice. A great need at the present time is money which could be devoted to botanical exploration. There is not now any in- stitution in this country devoting special attention to secur- ing new and desirable plant material from other parts of the world suitable for our indoor and outdoor floral displays. Practically every other similar institution in the country, in- cluding the United States Department of Agriculture, has for a number of years devoted large sums of money to secur- ing economic plants, trees, and woody shrubs or herbarium ~ material from the tropics and other parts of the world which suited their particular needs. Much of their most interesting and valuable material is obtained in this way, and the need for similar exploration along a different line has been felt for a long time at the Garden. Indeed, situated as we are, it is more important for the Missouri Botanical Garden to engage in such explorations than it is for private estates or gardens located in the vicinity of large growers of plants, where thousands of dollars are devoted each year to acquir- ing unusually valuable plants. A not inconsiderable source of supply of material for eastern gardens is obtained by gift from growers and owners of private estates who have surplus material or plants which-they no longer desire to take care of. The only gift of this kind which the Missouri Botanical Garden has received was the notable collection of orchids contributed by the late D. S. Brown, and the tremendous value of this collection in making possible our winter orchid show is a slight indication of what we would be able to do could we but receive similar contributions from others with the same large public spirit. To cite but one more example of the possibilities for in- creasing the usefulness and standing of the Missouri Bo- tanical Garden should additional private endowments be ob- tained, I would call attention to the unique opportunity for establishing at the Garden a research institute for the study of plant diseases. The success of the Rockefeller Institute for 4 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN Medical Research has suggested to many botanists the de- sirability of having something of the same kind for the funda- mental investigation of the destructive diseases which cause such tremendous losses to all engaged in the growing of plants for pleasure or for profit. While it is true that work along this line has been carried on by the United States De- partment of Agriculture and various state and private insti- tutions, it is universally acknowledged that limitations of one sort and another have made it impossible for any existing organization to undertake an exhaustive and comprehensive study of the fundamental problems of plant pathology. Just as many medical schools have for years conducted a certain amount of medical research, it remained for the Rockefeller Tustitute, with its corps of trained experts, to advance med- ical research to the point of greatest efficiency. The facilities already existing at the Missouri Botanical Garden which could readily be devoted to the establishment of a research institution for plant pathology are very considerable, and it is safe to say that the initial expense as well as the future maintenance could practically be eut in half by placing such an institute at the Garden. The lhbrary and herbarium, with- out which no institute could hope to do satisfactory work, are already in existence, and the scientific staff, so far as it goes, is exceptionally well qualified to carry on fundamental research in plant pathology. To an unusual degree, there- fore, any money given for such an institute could be applied directly to the object in view and would not have to be dissi- pated in accumulating a site, an administrative staff, or many of the other accessories necessary to start the work. Mr. Shaw, by his will, intended to establish a scientific institu- tion quite as much as a garden for the enjoyment of the public. Besides starting a herbarium and library and pro- viding for their enlargement, he specifically declared that scientific investigations in botany were to be promoted. At one time he even contemplated erecting laboratories and resi- dences for the scientific staff opposite the main gate of the Garden, with the idea of founding a school of botany such as this country at that time had never dreamed of. One of the monuments erected by Mr. Shaw in the Garden bears the inscription: ‘‘In Honor of American Science,’’ and another is to commemorate the victory of science over igno- ranece. Nothing could be more fitting than that there be estab- lished within the walls of the Garden a scientific institute MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 5 comparable to the Rockefeller Institute which would do for plants what the Rockefeller Institute has done for animals and for man. Construction and Repair Work.—In addition to the com- pletion of the main gate, already referred to, a considerable number of minor construction jobs have been completed and others inaugurated. The brick head-house immediately to the east of the new propagating houses was finished during the year. While the heating was being installed for this house, advantage was taken of the opportunity to connect the carpenter shed and tool house, formerly heated with stoves, with the central heating plant. The stone wall, begun several years ago, designed to screen off the service yard from the area immediately in front of the floral display house, was likewise finished. The two old gateposts on Van- deventer Avenue which marked the entrance to the Garden used by Mr. Shaw were taken down and the large stone balls, together with the accompanying cap stones, were removed to the posts of the gateway in this wall. It was desirable to preserve these stones, since they are of some historic interest, one being engraved with the name ‘‘Henry Shaw’’ and the other ‘‘Tower Grove.’’ Concrete steps to replace the wooden ones leading from the pergola into the Italian Garden have been constructed. Permanent walks have been built through the arboretum, and there is now in the process of construc- tion a concrete bridge across the creek which bounds the east and south sides of the arboretum. With the installation of a wild-flower garden back of the pergola, this region is becoming more attractive to the public and a bridge leading from this part of the Garden to the arboretum now becomes necessary. Extensive improvements in the way of clearing up and planting have been completed in the arboretum dur- ing the year and it is desirable that the public now have access to it. A concrete floor was built in the coal storage pit during the summer and additional concrete benches as well as tanks for the storage of water-lilies during the winter have been built in the various growing houses. The glass of all the conservatories and greenhouses has been reset dur- ing the past year, using a new preparation which is much more satisfactory than putty. An unusual amount of paint- ing, both inside and outside, has likewise been taken care of. The Weather.—The year 1921 will long be remembered at the Garden because of the unusual weather conditions and 6 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN consequent damage to plants both indoors and out. Follow- ing an unprecedentedly warm March, with all vegetation at an unusually advanced stage, a freeze in early April resulted in the destruction or setting back of some of our choicest plantations. Many of the largest and finest shrubs had to be cut back to the ground and the damage to the roses was not overcome during the season. Trees 20 and 30 years old were so badly injured by the freeze that they had to be cut down, and it will be many years before certain spots in the Garden can be brought back to their former con- dition. Quite as disastrous as the freeze to outdoor plants was the prolonged high temperature of the summer to the plants under glass. Certainly not since the erection of the new conservatory has the effect of the hot weather been so serious. Although the temperature has been higher for short periods in preceding years, no such duration of heat has, according to the weather reports, been equalled within the last fifty years. Whereas in previous summers the shading of the houses was not necessary more than once or twice during the season, during the summer of 1921 the shading was applied six or seven times, both on the roofs and sides of the houses. Overhead spraying and watering was resorted to whenever possible, in order to lower the temperature. In spite of every precaution, the orchids and other tropical plants burned badly. While apparently no permanent injury has resulted, it required much extra work on the part of the gardeners to prevent the loss of some of our finest specimens and the blooming of the orchids in particular was seriously affected. It is difficult for those visiting the Garden from other parts of the country to appreciate the weather condi- tions with which we have to contend in St. Louis in order to bring various collections to a state which will make possi- ble favorable comparison with similar collections elsewhere. Quite apart from the extremes of heat and cold to which plants are sometimes subjected, the uncertainty of the suc- ceeding season adds to the difficulty of definitely planning certain exhibits. The fact that within the past ten years we have had summers varying in amount of rainfall from three-quarters of an inch to forty-five inches within the same period explains why the Garden is so limited in the plants which may be used for floral displays out of doors. Tests of plant materials from all parts of the world could formerly be made in the hope of securing new and attractive 10, 1922. BULL., VOL. Bor. GARD. Mo. FEDERAL VOCATIONAL TRAINING IN SCHOOL FOR GARDENING. (PLANTING BULBS). KF DERAL VOCATION AT, IN JOM) SCHOOL FOR GARDENING. AL i] MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 7 forms capable of adapting themselves to such uneven con- ditions. During the past few years, however, the adminis- tration of the Quarantine Act by the Federal Horticultural Board has thrown so many obstacles in the way of import- ing plants that we have practically abandoned our old prac- tice of importing large quantities of plants from abroad. It is now more necessary than ever to conserve both our green- house plants and those grown out of doors and much more labor and money is required for this purpose, since, if once lost, they cannot readily be replaced. School for Gardening.—One of the activities provided for by Mr. Shaw was instruction to garden pupils, and there was early organized a school for the training of gardeners. In 1914 the amount of instruction was increased and its grade improved. Likewise, the requirements for admission to the school were raised so that more mature and better qualified students were obtained. During the war it was necessary to close the school since those eligible for admission were occupied in more important work. A few pupils returned after the armistice to complete their course, but since that time practically all the facilities of the school have been devoted to the vocational training of disabled soldiers. These men are given instruction in the various aspects of both theoretical and practical gardening and the results obtained have been extremely satisfactory. Both from the pupils themselves and their employers, it seems certain that the instruction given at the Garden has enabled these men to establish themselves in a way which might not have other- wise been possible. The vocational training of soldiers will probably be terminated some time during the coming year, and for many reasons the present time would seem to be a par- ticularly favorable one for reorganizing the School for Gar- dening on a larger and more efficient basis than has here- tofore been attempted. Due to the increasing interest in gardening in this part of the country and the falling off in the supply of trained men from abroad, there is a consid- erable demand for those capable of taking charge of private estates, managing the grounds of public institutions and parks, as well as in more specialized branches of the sub- ject. During the past year some thirty applications for admission to the School for Gardening have been received, not only from the city of St. Louis and vicinity, but from numerous outside points. Owing to the fact that the Mis- souri Botanical Garden is particularly well adapted for giv- 8 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN ing both practical and theoretical training in gardening, the National Association of Gardeners is anxious to lend its support to a school of the proper kind which might be conducted here. Should it be possible to obtain the neces- sary financial aid, it is contemplated that the School for Gardening will be reorganized and opened for all properly qualified candidates early in the fall of 1922. Miss Virginia McMath and Mr. Robert D. Mitchell have satisfactorily completed the three years’ course and been awarded the eertificate issued to graduates of the school. Planting —An unusual amount of attention has been paid during the past year to the planting of trees and shrubs in new localities as well as to replacing with newer and better varieties various plantations in the Garden requiring special attention. New shrubbery borders have been estab- lished on the west side of the museum building as well as along the wall near the main office. Additional planting has been done along Shaw Avenue and the banks of the ereek from the boiler house to Shaw Avenue. About 2,000 trees and shrubs were used in this work, all the material being obtained from our own nursery. The gift of over 50,000 bulbs from Mr. W. A. Rowe has enabled us to pro- vide for early spring effects in the Garden at a minimum cost. In addition to planting these bulbs in the main garden, a large number have been established in the arboretum, par- ticularly along Shaw Avenue, and it is hoped that we may continue to receive gifts of this kind which will enable us to make this part of the Garden one of the most attractive spots. Flower Shows.—Following the usual Christmas show of poinsettias, narcissus, ete., the large floral display house was for the first time used to display the orchids in surroundings comparable to their native habitat. Trunks of old trees were brought into the house and the orchid plants attached to them instead of being placed on stages or benches. While the effect attained was nothing like as satisfactory as the second orchid show of the year which was installed immedi- ately after the chrysanthemum show this fall, it attracted wide attention and favorable comment. The usual display of cyclamen and cinerarias followed the orchid show, and the annual flower show of the St. Louis Garden Club was held in May. With the codperation of certain commercial growers the show was a distinct advance over the one pre- MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 9 viously held, and from the greatly increasing interest it would appear that this display may now be regarded as a permanent feature at the Garden. During the summer the house was filled with foliage plants in variety. The chrysan- themum show which opened early in November was arranged in a slightly different manner, permitting the large crowds to be conducted straight through the house and out at the north doorway. In some respects this was the most satisfactory chrysanthemum show ever held and in the point of attendance exceeded any previous year. ‘The show was kept in place for nearly six weeks, the longest period these plants have ever been displayed. While the weather was not particularly favorable for their preservation, the excellent condition of the foliage and the remarkably strong growth made early in the season enabled us to prolong the display into the second week in December. After the removal of the chrysanthe- mums the installation of the orchid shew was begun. In addition to using even a greater number of tree trunks than for the previous display and draping them with Florida moss, the entire floor was covered with leaves in which terrestrial orchids and ferns were set, thus carrying out the tropical forest effect more satisfactorily. Three of the national mov- ing-picture concerns have either taken views or arranged to do so, and, since these films are shown not only locally and throughout the United States but are likewise in the inter- national service, the Garden and the city are receiving most effective advertising. ATTENDANCE FOR THE YEAR 1921 The installation of registering turnstiles at the main entrance, as well as the completion of the fence around the Garden, has made it possible during the greater part of this year to keep a more accurate record of the visitors to the Garden than has ever before been possible in its history. The effect of the summer weather upon the attendance was as evident as upon the plants. The falling off in the number of visitors during July and August was particularly notice- able. This loss was more than made up by increased attend- ance during the spring and fall so that the total number of visitors was nearly 20,000 in excess of the previous year. Week-days Sundays FELT): 0 ch a nes Saree ar ene er erent eran Sr yO nT = EAL. eee a 4,858 ee Tel Lyme ces oe ate at antes 6g sia ge oo ei aca Vo Oe 5,813 Rr eee i teeter eee ge eas pote aang reussangte ctevele g Hay. eee eee 9,543 10 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN CO eee nar eae ee ee 12 OSS. case Ries 18,448 DUT 5.8 pass sha os ao aninels Morb aa eae ees 1,625 2ocses 6,340 UE 05:5 oie G Sie dale irae Sos 4-454 VEE OO aa eo eee 9,286, ieee 8,635 MUPURL Cc ives PN S ee cise ket karb ee Teas renee a bya 5 Neen 10,172 USO) Sa a rr ae 10486 oo wie 11,414 COLO ON: cirine oo £00 9 ned SR A eee Raae s BUR eires es 9,218 POVOINDOL da:05 404550 ki Kees ease ena e wae 40.828 4s eaeas 59,534 SOT? SoA ic 4 kan ea aingn eo Mens eo ee 3s) ae 4,349 136,210 155,606 136,210 Total .occccccccce esse ecescccceeee 291,816 ANNUAL BEQUESTS The Annual Flower Sermon, provided for in the will of Mr. Shaw, was preached at Christ Church Cathedral, on May 8, by Rev. John H. Lever, Rector of the Mariner’s Church, of Detroit, Michigan. The banquet of the Board of Trustees of the Garden was held at the Hotel Jefferson, on the evening of December 28, on the occasion of the meeting in St. Louis of the American Historical Association. Chancellor Frederic A. Hall pre- sided, and the retiring president of the American Historical Association, Jules Jusserand, Ambassador of the French Republic, delivered an address on ‘‘The Rearing of Ambas- sadors.’’ The $500 bequest provided by Mr. Shaw ‘‘for premiums or prizes at a flower show or exhibit’’ was awarded in connection with the spring flower show of the Garden Club of St. Louis. RESEARCH AND INSTRUCTION In the laboratories, as also in the herbarium, research work is constantly in progress, though the volume of the endeavor in this direction is, of course, materially affected by the number and grade of the graduate students in attendance. Beginning with the opening of the academic year, 1921-22, the quota of graduate students has been larger than at any time since 1917 and fully equal to the usual pre-war enroll- ment. On this account, too, a maximum number of ad- vaneed courses is being offered preliminary to, or in con- junction with, the research in progress. Besides the regular members of the Garden scientific staff, research is under- taken both by other members of the corps of instruction and by the graduate students mentioned, the names of both classes appearing in the sub-joined section. Graduates, Fellows, and Investigators.—Those taking grad- uate work and registered as candidates for degrees in the MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN a4 Henry Shaw School of Botany of Washington University are as follows: G. M. Armstrong and R. W. Webb, formerly Rufus J. Lackland research fellows; E. B. Payson, formerly teaching fellow, Washington University; F. 8. Wolpert, for- merly assistant in botany, University of Montana (reap- pointed third year) ; A. F. Camp, L. J. Klotz, H. R. Rosen— all Rufus J. Lackland research fellows; Grace E. Howard, Mildred L. Johnson—Jessie R. Barr graduate fellows in Wash- ington University; C. G. Deuber, teaching fellow in Wash- ington University; Cora A. Mautz, instructor in botany in Principia School; also Dr. Norma E. Pfeiffer, assistant professor of botany, University of North Dakota, in special investigation. The following are 1921-22 appointments to fellowships with indications as to the previous positions or training of the appointees : Rufus J. Lackland Fellows—A. F. Camp, A. B., Uni- versity of California, assistant in plant pathology, University of California; L. J. Klotz, B. S., and M. S., Michigan Agri- cultural College; H. R. Rosen, B. S., Pennsylvania State College, M. S., University of Wisconsin, associate professor in plant pathology, University of Arkansas; F. S. Wolpert, A. B., University of Montana, reappointed third year. Jessie R. Barr Fellows.—Mildred L. Johnson, B. S., Ore- gon Agricultural College, assistant in botany, University of Oregon; Grace E. Howard, A. B., and M. S., University of Washington, graduate assistant, University of Washington. Appointments to other positions were as follows: Joanne L. Karrer, B. S., and M. S., University of Washington, Ph. D., Washington University, teaching fellow and research assist- ant; G. M. Armstrong, B. 8., Clemson College, M. A., Uni- versity of Wisconsin, Ph. D., Washington University, in- structor in botany in Washington University; C. G. Deuber, B. S., University of Missouri, teaching fellow. On June 9 at the annual commencement of Washington University the degree of Doctor of Philosophy was conferred upon the following members of the graduate laboratory: G. M. Armstrong, the title of whose thesis was ‘‘Studies in the Physiology of the Fungi. XIV. Sulphur Nutrition: The Use of Thiosulphate as Influenced by Hydrogen-Ion Con- centration,’’ E. B. Payson, with a thesis entitled ‘‘Mono- graphic Study of Thelypodium and Its Immediate Allies,”’ and R. W. Webb, whose thesis topic was ‘‘Studies in the 12 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN Physiology of the Fungi. XV. Germination of the Spores of Certain Fungi in Relation to H-Ion Concentration.’’ Dr. E. B. Payson terminated his connection with the Garden and accepted an appointment as assistant professor of botany in charge of the department, at the University of Wyoming, Laramie. Dr. R. W. Webb was appointed plant patholo- gist in the Bureau of Plant Industry in the study of wheat diseases, with an assignment at Madison, Wisconsin. Publications and Papers.—Throughout the year there has been delay in the publication of the ANNALS, due to the wide- spread strike of printers, and only two of the four numbers of volume VIII have thus far appeared, though an additional number is in press. The three numbers referred to include the following articles in the order of their occurrence: Matsumoto, T. ‘‘Studies in the Physiology of the Fungi. XII. Physiological Specialization in Rhizoctonia Solani Kiihn.’’ Karrer, Joanne L. ‘‘Studies in the Physiology of the Fungi. XIII. The Effect of Hydrogen-lon Concentration upon the Accumulation and Activation of Amylase Produced by Certain Fungi.’’ ; Greenman, J. M. ‘‘Two New Senecios from the West Indies.’’ Payson, E. B. ‘‘A Monograph of the Genus Lesquerella.”’ Armstrong, G. M. ‘‘Studies in the Physiology of the Fungi. XIV. Sulphur Nutrition: The Use of Thiosulphate as Influenced by Hydrogen-Ion Concentration.’’ Webb, R. W. ‘‘Studies in the Physiology of the Fungi. XV. Germination of the Spores of Certain Fungi in Rela- tion to H-Ion Concentration.’’ In addition to the preceding the following papers by mem- bers of the scientific or Garden staffs have appeared in other publications: Duggar, B. M. ‘‘Some Phases of Metabolism in the Fungi.’”’ Carnegie Inst. Washington, Year Book, 1921. Duggar, B. M. ‘‘The Relation of Carbon and Nitrogen Sources to Acid Production in Fungi.’’ Ibid, 1921. Jensen, L. P. ‘‘Care in Transplanting Trees and Shrubs.’’ Parks and Recreation, 1921. Jensen, L. P. ‘‘The Conservation of Nature.’’ Parks and Recreation, 1921. Jensen, L. P. ‘‘Hardy Herbaceous Plants for Parks.’’ Parks and Recreation, 1921. MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 13 Jensen, L. P. ‘‘Interesting Native Flowering Trees for Park Planting.’’ Parks and Recreation, 1921. Jensen, L. P. ‘‘Proposal for the World’s Greatest Garden.’’ Parks and Recreation, 1921. Jensen, L. P. ‘‘Publications of Interest to Park Superin- tendents.’’ Parks and Recreation, 1921. Jensen, L. P. ‘‘The Value of Parks to Posterity.’’ Parks and Recreation, 1921. Pring, G. H. ‘‘Indoor Plant Collections at the Missouri Botanical Garden.’’ Parks and Recreation, 1921. Scientific and Popular Lectures—During the year papers read and lectures delivered, whether popular or scientific, by those connected with the Garden are listed below: B. M. Duggar, February 5, before the St. Louis College Club, ‘‘Some Aspects of the Japanese Problem in California.’’ B. M. Duggar, August 4, before the Pacific Coast section of the American Society of Naturalists in Berkeley, ‘‘Some Phases of Metabolism in the Fungi.”’ B. M. Duggar, August 4, before the Pacific Coast section of the American Society of Naturalists in Berkeley, ‘‘The Effects of Certain Colloids on the Salt Requirements of Seed Plants.’’ B. M. Duggar, December 29, before the mycological sec- tion of the Botanical Society of America and the American Phytopathological Society, Toronto, ‘‘Sizes of the Infective Particles of the Mosaic Disease of Tobacco.’’ B. M. Duggar, December 29, before the mycological section of the Botanical Society of America and the American Phyto- pathological Society, Toronto, ‘‘Notes on Some More Favor- able Liquid Media for the Growth of Fungi.’’ B. M. Duggar, December 30, before the physiological sec- tion of the Botanical Society of America and the chemical section of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, ‘‘Composition of the Substrate in Relation to Changes in H-Ion Concentration Induced by Fungi.’’ L. P. Jensen, March 9, before the St. Louis Association of Gardeners, ‘‘The Principles of Landscape Gardening.’’ L. P. Jensen, March 16, before the St. Louis Florists’ Club, ‘‘The Principles of Landscape Gardening.’’ L. P. Jensen, May 4, before the St. Louis Association of Gardeners, ‘‘Formal Landscape Gardening.’’ L. P. Jensen, May 16, before the St. Louis Academy of Science, ‘‘Conservation and Protection of Native Plants.’’ 14 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN L. P. Jensen, August 24, at the convention of the Ameri- ean Association of Park Superintendents, Detroit, ‘‘The Value of Parks to Posterity.’’ L. P. Jensen, September 23, before the Parent-Teachers’ Association of the Lockwood School, Webster Groves, ‘‘Our Native Plants: Their Conservation and Uses.’’ J. H. Kellogg, October 19, before the St. Louis Natural History Museum Association at the St. Louis Publie Library, ‘*Wall Flowers.”’ G. T. Moore, January 14, before the upper school of the St. Louis Country Day School, ‘‘Commercial Botany.’’ G. T. Moore, January 18, before the Garden Club of St. Louis, ‘‘The Fertility of the Soil.’’ G. T. Moore, March 31, before the Men’s Club of St. Michael and All Angels Church, ‘‘Gardens, the Weather, and the Soil.’’ G. T. Moore, April 18, before the Graduate Club of Wash- ington University, ‘‘Technical Botany.”’ G. T. Moore, May 5, before the Women’s organization of B’nai El congregation, ‘‘Some Garden Faults and How to Correct Them.’’ G. T. Moore, November 26, before the biological section of the Central Association of Science and Mathematics Teachers, ‘‘Science Teaching and the Missouri Botanical Garden.”’ G. T. Moore, November 30, before the science section of the Wednesday Club, ‘‘The Missouri Botanical Garden and Botany,’’ in symposium on ‘‘What Has Missouri Done for Science in Its One Hundred Years of Statehood ?”’ J. Noyes, February 15, before the Garden Club of St. Louis, ‘‘Garden Ornament: Its Location and Arrangement.’’ G. H. Pring, January 5, before the St. Louis Association of Gardeners, ‘‘The Use of Botany to the Gardener.”’ G. H. Pring, February 17, before the Patrons’ Association of the Mason School, ‘‘Mimiery in Plants.”’ G. H. Pring, March 20, at the Brooklyn Botanie Garden, ‘‘The Missouri Botanical Garden.”’ G. H. Pring, April 6, before the St. Louis Association of Gardeners, ‘‘The International Flower Show of New York.”’ G. H. Pring, April 14, before the St. Louis Florists’ Club, ‘; ¥ ; ONE DOLLAR PER YEAR SINGLE COPIES, TEN CENTS BOARD OF TRUSTEES OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN Ne Mite THE ORIGINAL MEMBERS WERE DESIGNATED IN MR. SHAW’S WILL ay AND THE BOARD SO CONSTITUTED, EXCLUSIVE OF THE ae EX-OFFICIO MEMBERS, IS SELF-PERPETUATING President, EDWARDS WHITAKER. a Vice-President, DAVID S. .H. SMITH. Samuet C. Davis. EDWARD MALLINOKRODT. Epwarp C. Eior. LEONARD MATTHEWS. Grorart C. HircHcock, Purr C, SCANLAN, JOHN F. SHEPLEY. EX-OFFICIO MEMBERS. | Freperto A. Hatt, 5 Georce T. Moore, Chancellor of Washington University. President of The Academy of Science of St. Louis. Henry W. Kiet, Joun C. TosIn, Mayor of the City of St. Louis. President of the Board of Education of : St. Louis. DANIEL §. TUTTLE, Bishop of the Diocese of Missouri. tees _. OwaRLEs A. Ror, Secretary. Mo. Bot. GARD. BULL., Vou. 10, 1922. PLATE MAGNOLIA GRANDIFLORA IN GARDEN OF MR. LEONARD MATTHEWS. Missouri Botanical Garden Bulletin Vol. X St. Louis, Mo., March, 1922 No. 3 GREAT LAUREL MAGNOLIA OR BULL BAY A specimen of great laurel magnolia (Magnolia grandiflora) growing in the garden of Mr. Leonard Matthews, 5447 Cabanne Avenue, St. Louis, is one of the best examples of a subtropical tree acclimating itself in Missouri. In 1891 Mr. Matthews purchased 50 plants of M. grandiflora from a southern nur- seryman and planted them in selected places in his garden. The climatie conditions during the summer being similar to those of the south, the young trees became established, but with the advent of winter all froze and subsequently died ex- cept one specimen which was planted in a somewhat secluded position. It is growing upon the west end of an embankment facing the Hodiamont street-car tracks, and is protected on the north by residences and on the west by a spacious garage, which no doubt accounts for its having survived the severity of our winters. It is conical in shape, 20 feet high, with a well-developed trunk measuring 1 foot in diameter at the base. Several attempts have been made at the Garden to estab- lish Magnolia grandiflora, and one poor specimen which has been frozen back so often that it presents a shrub-like appear- ance, may be found south of the old Shaw residence. The plant is over 20 years old, and in early days was protected in the winter, but in spite of this covering it would freeze annually. The Cabanne specimen, however, has not been given any protection other than the natural environment, but despite this fact has become acclimated to the zero weather of the past 30 winters. Magnolia grandiflora is naturally distributed along the At- lantie coast from North Carolina to Florida (Mosquito Inlet and Tampa Bay), west along the Gulf coast to the Brazos River in Texas, north along the Mississippi bluffs and bayous into northern Louisiana and southern Arkansas. Under cul- (37) / 38 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN tivation it is grown as an ornamental tree, being frequently used in the southern states as a street tree, but it is not a grace- ful species, as the limbs, twigs, and leaves are stiff and erect. It is hardy in Washington, D. C., and its northern limit ex- tends to Philadelphia. It is cultivated to a great extent in Europe and is often trained upon a wall with a southern ex- posure when there is difficulty in getting it established. An example of this method of culture may be seen at the Kew Gardens, London, where a superb specimen is grown upon the southern wall of the old herbarium building. In the forests of Louisiana, the tree grows to perfection, reaching a height of 80 feet with a trunk 4 feet in diameter. Description —Branches ascending, leaves alternate, oval, 5-8 inches long, leathery, shining above, rusty pubescent beneath or smooth and dull green, persistent until the second spring. Flowers from April to August, white, cup-shaped, 6-8 inches in diameter, in the horticultural variety gloriosa 14 inches, solitary on the end of the twigs; odor so fragrant as to be disagreeable te most people; sepals 3, petal-like ; petals thick, waxy, 6-9; stamens many, purple at the base; pistils many, crowded, Fruit oval, 3-4 inches long, rusty brown, pubescent ; seeds flat, red, 2 in each cell, hung down on threads, ripening in the fall. This is the species which furnishes the splendid evergreen foliage used for Christmas decorations. The upper surface of each leaf is a dark lustrous green ; the lining of rusty red fuzz is shed when the leaf is old. MAGNOLIAS FOR ORNAMENTAL PLANTING Among the best ornamental trees and shrubs for this locality are the magnolias. They have about the largest flowers of any trees in cultivation, and in many species they bloom before the appearance of the leaves in early spring. The foliage is massive and tropical in appearance, while the fruit of most species is attractive in summer and autumn. The majority of the magnolias are easy to grow and do well in the smoky atmosphere of cities. Their comparative infre- quency in St. Louis is probably due to the following facts: They are rather slow in growth and take a longer time to attain their beauty and copiousness of flowers than most of our common ornamental trees and shrubs; they are not as MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 39 easily transplanted as the ordinary woody plants, it being necessary to dig them with a ball of earth adhering to their roots and to move them in the spring just before the break- ing open of the leaf buds; as they have not been greatly ex- ploited by nurserymen they are not generally included in planting lists; magnolias were formerly imported in large quantities from Europe, but lately the National Quarantine Act, which forbids the importation of plants with earth ad- hering to their roots, has made this impossible; and as these plants can be grown considerably cheaper in Europe than in America, the price has increased and caused a scarcity of material. There are 20 species of magnolias, of which 6 are native to eastern and southern North America, 2 to Mexico, and 12 to southern Asia. There is also a number of varieties. The following species are perfectly hardy in this section of the country: Magnolia virginiana (sweet bay).—The natural range of this species is rather remarkable, as it is found from Massa- chusetts to Florida and westward to Arkansas and Texas. In the most favorable location of its range it reaches a height of 50 to 75 feet, but elsewhere it is often a shrub of many stems. Under cultivation in St. Louis its maximum height is about 30 feet. As the many stems make it broad and shrubby, an abundance of space is needed for its maximum develop- ment, the species being valuable for individual specimens or for the edge of plantations. This magnolia is literally covered with fragrant white cup- shaped flowers 2-3 inches in diameter, which bloom in late April or May and occasionally during the summer. The leaves are oval, 3-5 inches long, leathery in texture, shining green above, paler beneath. In the fall the shiny red seeds hung on slender threads from the cones are very attractive. The preferred habitat is a rich moist soil on river banks and borders of swamps, but the tree grows well in rich upland soil also. Magnolia virginiana var. longifolia—This variety has lance- shaped leaves and continues blooming longer than the type. 40 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN Magnolia acuminata (cucumber tree).—This is the hardiest of our native magnolias. Its natural distribution is from western New York to Georgia, west to southern Illinois and Arkansas. It is pyramidal in form, of somewhat spreading habit, and grows to a height of from 60 to 100 feet. The leaves are 6-10 inches long, with a sharp-pointed apex and heart-shaped base, yellowish green in color, turning yellow in autumn. The flowers are 2-3 inches long, tulip-like, yellowish green, rather inconspicuous because of being surrounded by the young yellowish green leaves. The fruit is showy, re- sembling a cucumber in form, hence the common name. This tree is valuable for avenue and park planting and is also a good stock on which to graft the less hardy varieties. Magnolia cordata (yellow cucumber tree).—This species is native to Georgia and Alabama. It is smaller than M. acwmi- nata, of which it was formerly considered a variety, and has bright yellow flowers and almost evergreen leaves. The name cordata is derived from its broad heart-shaped leaves. This is a good tree for lawn and park planting. Magnolia tripetala (umbrella tree)—This magnolia grows to a height of 40 feet and has spreading branches forming a rather open head. Its natural range is from Pennsylvania to Alabama, west to Arkansas and Mississippi. The leaves are bright green, smooth, thin, 10-15 inches long, obovate, with pointed apex tapering towards the leaf-stalk. The flowers are white, 8-10 inches in diameter, very showy, appearing in May. The flower is surrounded by a whorl of leaves which has been likened to an umbrella, hence the common name. The fruit is conspicuous. This is one of the finest of our native magnolias and should be planted in situations sheltered from the wind, as the large leaves are easily torn if not protected. Magnolia Frasert (ear-leaved magnolia).—This species at- tains a height of 30-40 feet and has wide spreading branches. Its natural habitat is from Virginia to Florida, west to Missis- sippi, in well-drained soil along mountain streams. The leaves are smooth, green, pale beneath, 8-20 inches long, with pointed apex, and ear-shaped lobes at the base. The flowers are creamy white, fragrant, blooming in May. The fruit is 4-5 inches long, MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 41 bright rose at maturity. This is a very desirable tree for lawn and park planting. Magnolia Yulan.—This is a hardy species, native of China and Japan, which attains a height of 50 feet. The leaves are obovate-oblong, 4-7 inches long. The flowers are white, about 6 inches in diameter, blooming in April or early May. This is one of the most showy magnolias. Magnolia Kobus.—This Japanese species is more pyramidal in form than M. Yulan but not so showy nor free-blooming. It grows to a height of from 60 to 80 feet and is very hardy. It makes a good lawn tree. Magnolia obovata.—This large shrub is native, to China and Japan. The leaves are 4-7 inches long, ovate-obovate. The flowers are large, white inside, purple outside, and bloom in May or June. This is not as hardy a species as those previously mentioned. Magnolia Soulangeana.—This magnolia is a hybrid between M. Yulan and M. obovata, and forms a small tree or very large shrub. The flowers appear in early spring before the leaves and are very conspicuous. They are white on the in- side and more or less purple on the outside and are often fragrant. There are many varieties of this species, differing mainly in time of bloom and deepness of purple in the flowers. M. Soulangeana var. Alexandrina is one of the earliest mag- nolias to bloom. M. Soulangeana var. Norbertiana is probably the latest to bloom. M. Soulangeana var. nigra has dark purple flowers. M. Soulangeana var. Lennei has deep crimson flowers. Other varieties of M. Soulangeana differ but little in time of bloom and color of flowers. The early flowering of these magnolias makes them particularly desirable for mass plant- ing and as individual specimens on the lawn. 42 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN Magnolia stellata (starry magnolia) —This is a shrub or small tree from Japan. It has spreading branches and is the first magnolia to bloom. Its fragrant white flowers about 3 inches in diameter appear in profusion in March before the leaves and make this plant a conspicuous object of early. spring. This species is worthy of ‘extensive planting in the foreground of shrubbery and particularly if it is given a back- ground of evergreen foliage. M. stellata var. rosea has its petals flushed with pink. Magnolia parviflora.—This is a small tree from Japan. It bears white flowers flushed with pink which bloom in June. Magnolia Watsonii.—This Japanese species is very closely allied to M. parviflora. Its large white flowers, with their centers of bright crimson stamens, are very handsome. The following species of magnolia are not ordinarily hardy in St. Louis: Magnolia grandiflora (bull bay).—See article on Magnolia grandiflora on page 37 of this BULLETIN. Magnolia macrophylla (large-leaved cucumber tree).—This magnolia grows to a height of 50 feet and has spreading branches forming an open head. Its natural distribution is from Kentucky to Florida, west to Arkansas and Louisiana. It is remarkable for the size of its leaves which are often 83 feet long and proportionally wide. The flowers are cup- shaped, 10-12 inches in diameter, white, appearing in May. This species should be planted in a sheltered position to prevent the leaves from being torn to pieces by the wind. Magnolia hypoleuca.—This is a Japanese tree which at- tains a height of 100 feet. The flowers are white with scarlet stamens, cup-shaped, 6-7 inches in diameter. The leaves are 8-14 inches long. This is a fine magnolia for the southern states. Magnolia pumila.—This is a Chinese shrub attaining a maximum height of 12 feet. It is extensively cultivated in the southern states. The flowers are small, white, very fragrant. MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 43 HOW LONG CAN A SEED LIVE? Probably no question concerned with plants has had so many contradictory and inaccurate answers as that dealing with the length of time a seed may retain its vitality. The wide circulation of such fables as the supposed germination of “mummy wheat’’ has left the impression, in the mind of the general public at least, that there is practically no limita- tion to the persistence of life when it is once enclosed in the seed-coats of a plant. The origin of this myth seems to be that about 1840 a dozen grains of wheat were sent to England with the statement that they had been taken from a vase found in one of the ancient tombs which contained a mummy. These seeds were sown, and one plant was said to have been raised which bore two poor ears. Just where the mistake occurred cannot be stated, but there is no doubt that the grain which germinated either never came from Egypt or was of recent origin and had not been buried for centuries. Wheat and other seeds have frequently been found in ancient Egyptian tombs, but a microscopic examination of such grain invariably shows that the embryo has acquired a brownish color and is practically destroyed. In no case would it be possible for it to germinate. Actual experiments have proved that out of 750 seeds of wheat stored under ideal conditions for 16 years only 8 per cent sprouted, and by the time the seed was from 30 to 35 years old no germination would take place. Within the past year or two the daily press has given con- siderable space to the reported germination of morning-glory seed found in the hand of amummy. While the accounts vary, in some eases the seed being reported as that of an Egyptian pea, they are more or less in agreement in stating that the Secretary for the Society of Bibliographical Archaeology of London brought from Egypt to England 12 seeds (the same number as in the original mummy wheat story) found in the hand of a mummy of a young girl which was excavated from a tomb nearly 5,000 years old. All the seed germinated, and when the plants matured blue morning-glories (or sweet-peas) ‘looking like a tiny Egyptian face’’ were produced. Unfortunately, efforts to verify the actual conditions under which the seed were found have failed and, for the present at least, the case will have to be classed with still another one where the seeds of oats were supposed to have germinated after 44 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN removal from a mummy case 2,600 years old. The particular Mummy was one presented to John Macgregor about 1870 by the Khedive of Egypt. When the mummy reached England the case was opened in the presence of creditable witnesses and in the dust at the bottom were found 4 oat seed. Two of these were sown by Macgregor and 2 turned over to the Royal Botanic Society of London for planting. All 4 seed germinated, and, because of the care with which the mummy case had been opened and the connection of the Royal Botanic Society with the growing of the seedlings, the case was re- garded as absolutely authentic. While it seemed odd that only 4 seed were found and that these were precisely similar to varieties then in cultivation, no doubt was cast upon the truth of the incident until a long time afterward. It then developed that this identical mummy had been stored with others in the stables of the Khedive where fodder, including oats, was kept for the horses. The Khedive was in the habit of keeping on hand in his stables a stock of these most inter- esting products of his country, so that they would be ready at any time to present to distinguished visitors. It was shown that the dry air of the stable, together with rough usage, either warped and split the wood of the case or caused the elay luting which joined the two halves of the case to fall out, thus forming an opening through which the oats filtered in. There is no doubt that, for the purpose of deceiving credu- lous tourists, modern wheat or oats grains appropriately stained have sometimes been mixed with wheat taken from ancient vases and mummy eases and sold as “mummy wheat.’’ Genuine vases, apparently unopened, but containing such grains, are also occasionally sold to travelers. While the power which many seeds and spores possess of retaining their vitality under the most adverse conditions is one of the most interesting phenomena connected with plant life, it is only recently that there has been made available any trustworthy data upon the maximum life of a seed. In 1907 Beequerel tested the germination of about 500 kinds of seed which had been preserved in the Natural History Museum of Paris. The age of these seed could be definitely determined, varying from 25 to 135 years, but the oldest seed (Cassia bicapsularis) which Beequerel succeeded in germinating was 87 years old. In the following year Ewart published a list of over 4,000 varieties of seed which had been germinated MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 45 after varying lengths of time. About 600 species recorded by Ewart were from seed which had been sent out from Kew 40 years before for a projected botanical garden at Melbourne, but were locked up in a cupboard and forgotten. As the re- sults of the investigations of these two workers, it was possible to make a significant generalization about the type of seed which show extreme longevity, namely, that all had exception- ally strong and impermeable coverings. Not only are coats of such seed impervious to air, but they are likewise im- permeable to dry alcohol, ether, chloroform, and similar sub- stances. These hermetically sealed seeds, therefore, are able to live longer because of protection from external influence. Some seed retain their vitality but a few days. Others, if properly preserved, will germinate after years and possibly, in rare cases, a century or more may pass before they are lifeless. In any case a fundamental question concerning the state of the living matter in a dormant seed remains to be answered. Are vital processes slowly but continuously going on within a seed or is everything at a standstill? Originally it was believed, because seed could be immersed in various toxic substances or kept in a vacuum for a year or two with- out loss of vitality, that there could be no gaseous exchange between the contents of the seed and the outside. Some in- vestigators contended that respiration, that is, taking in of oxygen and giving out of carbon dioxide, continually takes place in dry seed just as it is carried on in living plants and animals. Certain experiments seem to prove that seeds can exist for a considerable time without any gaseous exchange with the outside world since their walls have become abso- lutely air-tight. Hence, if there are any changes going on, each cell must be living on its own supplies, and the life of the seed is necessarily limited to the length of time required to use up such a source of energy. If, on the other hand, a dried seed has really entered into a state of ‘‘statie equilib- rium’’ in which no change whatever takes place, it should be capable of retaining its vitality indefinitely. Becquerel has inaugurated an experiment which some day may answer the question but unfortunately we cannot antici- pate an answer within this century, since time alone can be the test. He has prepared seed by perforating their outer coats and drying them completely, after which they were placed in a high vacuum and deposited with the Bureau of 46 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN Standards in Paris. They are to be tested every 10 years, and ultimately we may know how nearly seeds are immortal. Since plants unquestionably have appeared in regions where they were previously unknown, after the soil had been opened up by digging or dredging, it was concluded that the seed must have been preserved alive for very long periods, because buried more or less deeply in the earth. Of course there has never been adequate supervision of such cases, and invariably it has been found that the plants recorded as appearing under such conditions do not have particularly long-lived seed, at least when preserved in air. Rather extensive experiments have further demonstrated that it is not true that seeds pre- serve their vitality longer if buried in the soil, but that they will keep much better in air if perfectly dry. The appearance of unusual plants in regions cleared by forest fires has been regarded as another evidence of the ex- treme viability of seed. While it is true that some seed which have lain dormant in the earth for a considerable length of time may be germinated through the heating of the ground, there is no authority for the idea that plants originating under such circumstances have come from seed which have lain in the soil an extraordinary length of time. The possibility of their being carried by birds or other animals, or by wind or flood cannot be disregarded. Pine seeds are notoriously long-lived. Some trees, such as Pinus attenuata and P. radiata, 30 or 40 years old, may still retain unopened all the cones they have produced. In such eases the cones may not shed their seeds until the tree or branch that bears them dies. In 1874 Dr. Engelmann collected a branch of P. contorta from Colorado and after keeping it in St. Louis for 414 years, he sent it to Professor Sargent of the Arnold Arboretum to test the seeds. The results showed that at least some seeds of this species are capable of germina- tion after retention in the cones for 10 years, and experi- ments conducted in the seed laboratory of the United States Department of Agriculture demonstrated that seeds of this same pine 30 years of age were still capable of germination. All investigators are agreed that the viability of ordinarily dried seed is quite unaffected by exposure to extreme cold. What was regarded as a most remarkable fact at the time was the finding in January, 1899, by some members of the Peary arctic expedition, of seeds abandoned by Lieutenant Greely MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 47 18 years before, and which during this period had been ex- posed to a winter temperature of from 60 to 70 degrees below zero. Twenty-three years after these seeds were harvested some of them germinated, and this demonstration of the ability of seed to withstand low temperature was cited as one which would not likely be again repeated. Since that time seeds have been exposed to the temperature of liquid hydrogen (-250°C.) without deleterious results. Some contend that this proves the seed must necessarily be in a state of static equilibrium, since all chemical change must be in abeyance with such extreme cold. On the other hand, it is believed by many that any change would only be indefinitely retarded by the low temperature. Plants resort to various expedients to prevent their means of perpetuation through seed being destroyed by heat or drought or excessive moisture. As a general rule, the thinner and more permeable the seed-coat the shorter-lived the seed, although sometimes the seed-coat may be relatively thin and yet quite impervious to moisture, as in the case of the garden pea. Again, the long life of the seed may be due to the excessively hard or the abnormally thickened seed-coat, and germination may not take place for several years after the seed has been exposed to favorable conditions. To the farmer or gardener delayed germination is a nuisance, since he de- sires all seed to germinate promptly and those of the same kind to appear at approximately the same time. Clover is a good example of a plant which produces seed with coats of varying thickness, so that from a single plant the so-called ‘‘hard’’ seed may germinate weeks or even months after the others. At one time a machine was devised which, by means of an air blast, forced the clover seed against rough iron plates, and these, by scratching the seed-coats, rendered them all equally permeable to moisture, and germination was more or less simultaneous. Still another method has been to sub- merge hard-coated seeds in strong acid, certain kinds being capable of standing this treatment for several hours without injury. Germination is thus secured within a reasonable length of time instead of requiring years. An interesting instance of the adaptability of plants to meet special conditions is found in Nelumbium speciosum, the sacred lily of India, the seed of which, if sown as soon as ripe, germinate under water in less than a month. Should 48 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN the seed once get hard by being removed from the water, it is almost impossible to break it, so that years may pass without germination unless the coat has been scratched or filed. When this is done, however, and moisture admitted, they will germinate within 24 hours. The value to the plant of such a seed is that, should the pond in which it is growing dry up and the seed fail to fall into water, it ean lie dormant awaiting a return to its natural aquatie habitat. It is inter- esting to note in this connection that seed of Nelumbium have retained their vitality for the longest period authentically determined thus far. Robert Brown, an English botanist of the early part of the nineteenth century, records that seeds of Nelumbium were sent by Sloan to the botanical department of the British Museum. A hundred and fifty years after- wards he found them in the original boxes in which they had been transmitted. Brown himself succeeded in germinat- ing these seed, and there seems no reason to doubt the accuracy of his account. At the present time this stands as the record for the longevity of seed, and, owing to the nature of the Nelumbium seed, it is reasonable to suppose that they might retain their viability for such a period. However, in the case of wheat and similar seed supposed to have lived thou- sands of years, no credence is to be attached to the sensational assertions as to their longevity. PLANT IMMIGRANTS OF OUR LOCAL FLORA As most plants lack independent means of locomotion, their dissemination is dependent upon outside agents. Many plants owe their wide distribution to water fowl whose habit of migra- tion permits them to carry seeds in earth on their feet or in their plumage. Plants, such as currants, gooseberries, apples, ete., whose seeds are enclosed in edible areas and are pro- tected by hard coats permitting them to pass through the bodies of animals without injury, are often carried long dis- tances, and if deposited in favorable locations for growth soon start independent colonies. Migrating mammals aid in the distribution of such plants as burdock, tick trefoil, and beggar’s lice, the seeds being provided with prongs or hooks which become attached to the furs of the animals. Other plants whose seeds possess tufts of fine feathery hairs, such as dandelions, thistles, and asters, are widely distributed by wind currents, as are also plants of the tumbling habit, in MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 49 which the stem and branches assume a spherical form, become detached from the plant and roll like a ball, scattering the seed as they go. Examples of this form of dissemination are the Russian thistle, tumbling mustard, and tumble grass. Some seeds are provided with buoyant apparatus which permits them to be carried by currents of water, many heavy seeds being distributed in this manner. Nuts and acorns planted by squirrels and birds to provide a future food supply, if not found by the animals and if planted in suitable soil and situ- ation, germinate. Man has been one of the most important agents for the distribution of plants. The Pilgrims who arrived on the Mayflower carried with them seeds of herbs and ornamentals. Many of these have escaped from cultivation and become thoroughly established, sometimes locally, some- times over a large territory. All sorts of seed are carried with freight, often unnoticed but none the less important. Thus, not only from adjacent territory but from distant states and from countries across the seas have come those plants which we designate as immigrants. These may be divided in two groups (1) transients, which establish themselves for a short period, then disappear, and (2) permanently established, which find conditions congenial and remain indefinitely. The following table gives a list of the more important plant immigrants of the transient class. For definition of boundaries of our local flora, see article on ‘‘Vanished Plants of Our Local Flora’’ in the February, 1922, BuLLErIN. 50 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN PLANT IMMIGRANTS OF OUR LOCAL FLORA 1. TRANSIENTS Scientific name Common name Locality where found Natural distribution PLANTS NATIVE TO NORTH AMERICA Distributed by Railroads Allium mutabile..... Wild onion.......... Near Allenton, Mo..S. C. to Neb., south to Fla. and Tex. Amphiachyris dracunculoides....Amphiachyris....... Near Pacific, Mo....Mo. and Kan. to Tex. Argemone alba...... White prickly DOUDY 5.846 5s Ras Near Allenton, Mo..S. D. to Tex., Ariz. and Mexico, east to Fla. Argemone intermedia........ Prickly poppy....... Around stock yards, East St. Louis, Ill.Neb., south and west Aristida purpurea Bh, ee Along Cahokia Creek, Ill......... Colo., south to Tex. Baptisia tinctoria....Wildindigo......... Allenton, Mo., and East St. Louis, Ill.Me. to Minn., Fla. and La, Bergiatexana....... Texas bergia......... Around stock yards, East St. Louis, Ill.S. Ill. to Tex., west to Nev. and Cal. Bromus Kalmii...... Kalm’s chess........ Near Allenton, Mo..Quebec to Manitoba, south to Mass., IIIL., and Ia. Callirrhoe triangulata........ Clustered poppy-mallow...... Stock yards, East St. Louls; Ts iss: Ill. to Minn., south to Tex. Clematis crispa...... Marsh clematis...... General.. .........S. E. Va. to Fla. and Tex. Corydalis micrantha. Small-flowered COTyYdaliIs i.e. Allenton, Mo........ Minn. to Mo. and Tex., east to Fla. and N. C, Delphinium consolida.......... Field larkspur....... Near Pacific, Mo....Pa. to Minn., south to N. C. and Ala. Desmanthus leptolobus......... Prairie mimosa...... Allenton, Mo........ Kan. to Tex. Diodia virginiana... .Large button- WHEE 6 6) caicaes es Near Allenton, Mo...N. J. to Fla., west to Ark. and Tex. MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 51 Scientific name Common name Locality where found Natural distribution PLANTS NATIVE TO NORTH AMERICA Distributed by Railroads Froelichia floridana. Florida froelichia....Near Allenton, Mo...Ill. and Minn. to Neb. and Colo., south to Tenn. and Fla. Gaura parviflora..... Small-flowered Bal Oeste ieee South St. Louis..... Mo. to La. and Tex., west to Ore. and Utah Glycyrrhiza lepidota. Wild licorice........ East St. Louis, Ill... Hudson Bay to N. M. and west Grindelia squarrosa. .Broad-leaved SUD Deuba: s 4: arejecerece Stock yards, Hast St. Louis, cue Ill. to Minn., south to Mo., Tex., Nev. and Mexico Lepachys columnaris Prairie cone- HOW OI eee ieete wie Near Pacific, Mo....N. W. Terr. to Minn., Tex. and Ariz. Petalostemum VITTOSUM. «ce veeee Hairy prairie- CLOV OD eit wins cinerea we Allenton and Pacific, Mo........ Wis., south to Tex., west to the Rockies Portulaca pilosa..... Hairy portulaca..... Jefferson Barracks, MOvard aes N. C. to Fla. Kan. and Tex., west to Cal. Satureia glabra...... Low calamint....... Meramec Highlands and Valley Park, MO stn haere N. Y. to Minn, and Tex. Solanum elaeagnifolium....Silver-leaved nightshade........ Stock yards, East St; Louis; Tll...... Kan. to Tex. and Ariz. 52 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN Scientific name Common name Locality where found Natural distribution EXOTIC PLANTS Amaranthus Blitum. Amaranth........... St. Clair Co., Ill....Europe Anagallis arvensis. ..Red or scarlet pimpernel,........ Near Allenton, Mo...Europe Anthozanthum odoratum......... Sweet vernal grass...General.. ; ..-Hurope Bromus tectorum....Downy brome-grass. .Near Allenton, Mo.. - Europe Cynodon dactylon....Bermuda grass...... General, Ar ..Hurope Echium vulgare...... Viper’s bugloss...... St. Louis and East St. Louis, Ill. .- Europe Malva sylvestris..... High mallow........ Near Allenton, Mo. ..Europe and Siberia Parthenium Hysterophorus....Parthenium......... East St. Louis, Ill...West Indies Phalaris canariensis. Canary grass........ General. . ae _. Europe Salsola Kali......... Saltwort............ North St. Louis. are ics Europe and Asia Silene latifolia...... Bladder campion.... Near Pacific, Mo.. .. Europe Sonchus arvensis....Corn sow-thistle..... Stock yards, East St. Louis, Ill...... Europe Spergula arvensis... Spurry.............. Near Eureka, Mo....Europe Distributed by Rivers Cleome serrulata.... Stinking clover...... General... .........Minn. to N. Ill, Kan. to W. Mo. Pluchea camphorata. Salt-marsh fleabane.......... American Bottom...Coast of Mass. to Fla., also in the W. I. Distributed by Wind or Birds Orobanche ludoviciana....... Louisiana broom-rape........ Near Crescent, Mo...Ill. to the N. W. Terr., south to Tex., Ariz. and Cal. Salvia azurea var, grandiflora........ Pitcher’s sage........ Mouth of the Meramec River...Mo., Kan., Colo. to Talinum Tex. parviflorum....... Small-flowered talinumM. .. oc ec sees Near Pacific, Mo....Minn. to Ark., N. M. and Tex. MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 5S NOTES Mr. L. P. Jensen, Arboriculturist to the Garden, gave an illustrated lecture before the Study Club of Collinsville, Illi- nois, March 7, on ‘‘ Arboriculture.’’ Dr. B. M. Duggar, Physiologist to the Garden, gave a talk on ‘‘The Life Relations of Some of Our Wild Mushrooms,’’ before the Webster Groves Nature Study Society, March 3. The February issue of the Gardeners’ Chronicle of America contains an illustrated article on ‘‘The Orchid Exhibit at the Missouri Botanical Garden,’’ by Mr. G. H. Pring, Horticul- turist to the Garden. Dr. George T. Moore, Director of the Garden, spoke before Centenary Methodist Church, March 1, on “What to See at the Missouri Botanical Garden,’’ and before the vocational class of Cleveland High School, March 10, on ‘‘Professions Depending Upon Botany and Gardening.’’ Dr. George T. Moore headed a discussion on ‘‘Co-operation of Civie and Scientific Institutions in Establishing a Natural History Museum in St. Louis,’’ given at the Publie Library, February 22, under the auspices of the St. Louis Natural History Museum Association. The following spring flowers have been noticed blooming out of doors at the Garden: snowdrop (Galanthus nivalis), since February 15; pussy-willow (Salix cinerea), March 1; chickweed (Stellaria media), March 1; fragrant honeysuckle (Lonicera fragrantissima), March 10; hazel (Corylus ameri- cana), March 14; narecissus (Narcissus Pseudo-Narcissus), March 16; crocus (Crocus vernus), March 16; silver maple (Acer saccharinum), Mareh 17; Cornelian cherry (Cornus mas), March 18; golden-bell (Forsythia intermedia and F. viridissima), March 18; liver-leaf (Hepatica acutiloba), March 18; jasmine (Jasminum nudiflorum), March 18; elm (Ulmus americana, U. campestris, and U. fulva), March 18. A com- parison of the time of blooming of the same plants in 1921 and 1922 (see February, 1921, BuLLETIN), shows that all the plants flowered from two to four weeks later this spring than last, this being a more normal season. 54 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN STATISTICAL INFORMATION FOR FEBRUARY, 1922 GARDEN ATTENDANCE: Total number of “VISItOrs iis ssc éce eee occ ce ve sees be s00% 8,997 PLANT ACCESSIONS: Total number of seed packets received in exchange.... 146 LiprARyY ACCESSIONS: Total number of books and pamphlets bought........ 26 Total number of books and pamphlets donated....... 158 The Garden is open to the public every day in the year, except New Year’s, Fourth of July, Labor Day, and Christmas—week days from 8:00 A. M. until one-half hour after sunset; Sundays from November to April, 1:00 P. M. until sunset, from April to Novem- ber, 2:00 P. M. until sunset. The main entrance to the Garden is located at Tower Grove Ave- nue and Flora Boulevard, on the Vandeventer Avenue car line. Transfer south from all intersecting lines. STAFF . OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN Direcior, GEORGE T. MOORE. BENJAMIN MINGE Dv@aGAR, Epwarp A. Burt, Physiologist in charge of Graduate Laboratory. | Mycologist and Librarian. HERMANN VON SCHRENK, JOANNE L. KARRER, Pathologist. Research Assistant. Jess—E M. GREENMAN, = =s_—© KATHERINE H. LEr@H, Curator of Herbarium. : Secretary to the Director. NELL C, HORNER, Editor of Publications. 2 ech pelea antl G. H.. PRING, Horticulturist. JoHN NOYEs, Landscape Designer. \ L. P. JENSEN, | a Arboriculturist. Pau. A, Kout, P. €. BRAWNER, Ww. F, LANGAN, Painter. j Engineer. H. VALLENTINE, Construction. - GARDEN [BULLETIN Vol. X APRIL, 1922 ; No. 4 Sorento CONTENTS * The Chelsea Physic Garden =: Soa 0 55 esti ST ae £5 RE Se a Ue ERR i 5 na mR Some Problems and Exhibits in Plant Pathology . .. .. 73 DEORRR ES Cx IES SNES, Spee Raita. ees eae ae AP A s Statistical: Informations. 355 Se GaP a te keh ST! LOUIS, MO. a : LOSS, Bees ES | ay Published Monthly Except July anid August bythe Board of Trustees SUBSCRIPTION PRICE: ONE DOLLAR PER YEAR | SINGLE COPIES TEN CENTS ® / ’ Missouri BoTANIcAL. : x y te A. ik ’ * ; ‘ { fe Piet ‘ er ha: af) ne ‘ ; oy ‘i 2 af ‘ 1) * fF # eM Teo DP Y c ; Pa eo 4 H er * SF A Se pe ‘ a , See awn ad % a Bs oe tein r F : y ‘ F Sn hah President, iis " i, ect bet eet pat igh cal : wit TEAR IRL es cee 2 Evonymus obovata.....Strawberry-bush. .... Evonymus europaea.... spindle tree......... J eeecee EBENACEAE Diospyros virginiana...Persimmon ........... Bark—astringent, febrifuge; fruit —astringent AQUIFOLIACEAE TOD ODOCH ct seh ales AmeriGan- HONMY NG W wWORKa. «ceo ey ihc te ae eee aie en 1 94 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN Ledman, O. S.—Rumex hymenosepalus Torr. and Sphaeralcea cuspidata Britt., plants of the pharma- BOUCGR) EVWUG 26 sos oo us 000d ono elena nana eee 2 von Schrenk, Dr, Hermann—Plants of Santo Domingo. 126 von Schrenk, Dr. Hermann—Plants of Lake Louise... 5 Whetzel, Prof. H. H—Fungi of Bermuda............. 7 By Exchange— Kashyap, Prof. S. R.—Isoetes Coromandelina L. from er URE aaa ee ici hb ak Le Clee ee ae 1 By Purchase— Dutton, D. Lewis—Plants of Vermont................ 226 By Field Work— Greenman, J. M. and M. T.—Plants of Central Amer- lea, GatiMAted OF. 665.645 ce kcee teieaeesrtewsesn ees 2,500 The Garden is open to the public every day in the year, except New Year’s, Fourth of July, Labor Day, and Christmas— week days from 8:00 A. M. until one-half hour after sunset; Sundays from December to April, 1:00 P. M. until sunset, from April te December, 2:00 P. M. until sunset. The main entrance to the Garden is located at Tower Grove Avenue and Flora Boulevard, on the Vandeventer Avenue car line. Transfer south from all intersecting lines. STAFF OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN Director, GEORGE T. MOORE. BENJAMIN MINGE Dua@aR, EpWARD A.. BURT, Physiologist in charge of Graduate Laboratory. | Mycologist and-Librarian. HERMANN VON SCHRENK, JOANNE L. KARRER, Pathologist. Research Assistant. JessE M. GREENMAN, KATHERINE H. LEIGH, Curator of Herbarium. Secretary to.the Director. NELL C.. HORNER, Editor of Publications. G. H. PRING, Horticulturist. JOHN NOYES,’ Landscape Designer. L. P. JENSEN, Arboriculturist. Pau. A. KOHL, Floriculturist. P. ©. BRAWNER, W.F. LANGAN, Painter. Engineer. H, VALLENTINE, Construction. * : Mussourt BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN ee — Vol. X JUNE, 1922 — No. 6 CONTENTS Page School far Gardering os ce ah Sak es eae ae a OS Plants of Our Local Flora Which Have Been at Used Dy ‘Man. at Food 4.76 og a eat FO! Wirnte Red bic 7 PA oc i, CN te ee TROGIR A gag CR a eae, ee Statistical Information: 0. 6 es a ea ed mn — l ST. LOUIS, MO. ry ; 1922. Published Monthly Except July and August by the Board of Trustees — | . ee SUBSCRIPTION PRICE; ONE DOLLAR PER. YEAR SINGLE COPIES TEN CENTS Prosiak : _ EDWARDS ‘witrtaKer, vee | \ VieecPrasident,. | DAVID 8,1 H. ‘SMITH, Sworoen ©. Das. we BX. orricio MEMBERS, President of The Aen of Senet . Louis, oe #1 ie Ve nee * ' W, Be ook « - Ton. | em es ont ah Bison of the Diocie of Missouri: GARDEN UD Al REI)-1 WHITE OF SPECIMEN Missouri Botanical Garden Bulletin Vol. X St. Louis, Mo., June, 1922 No. 6 SCHOOL FOR GARDENING The School for Gardening of the Missouri Botanical Garden, provided for in the will of Henry Shaw, is maintained for the purpose of training young men and wemen in a thorough knowledge of all the branches of floriculture, horticulture, and landscape design, as well as certain aspects of systematic and economic botany. The course as arranged covers three years’ work and cannot be completed in less time. The mornings during the entire course are devoted to practical work in the various departments of the Garden, both indoors and out- doors, the work being arranged to afford as much experience and practice as possible in propagating, growing, and caring for the large variety of plants maintained in the Garden col- lections. The afternoons are given over to theoretical work and lectures in the different courses offered. Registration cards for entry to the school may be obtained by writing the Director, Missouri Botanical Garden, 2315 Tower Grove Avenue, St. Louis. Graduates of first-class high schools, the certificates of which are accepted by Washington University, will be accepted without examination. Candidates unable to present such certificate must present themselves for examination at the School for Gardening, 2315 Tower Grove Avenue, on the first Saturday in June at nine a. m. The subjects covered in entrance examinations are United States history, English literature, arithmetic, algebra, trigonometry, elements of botany and one other science (zoology, chemistry, physies, or physiology) to be selected by the candidate, and one foreign language (German, French, Spanish, Latin, or Greek) according to the training of the candidate. Candidates living some distance from St. Louis may send, with their registration card, the name and address of the (95) 96 MISSOURL BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN principal or a teacher in the nearest high school who will be willing to take charge of their examination. The charges for and place of holding such examination must be a matter of mutual arrangement between the examiner and the student. Turction—tThe tuition is $200 a year, payable one-half at the beginning of the school year, and one-half at the middle of the year. Tuition for a single course of nine months or more is $50, payable in advance. Calendar.—The ealendar of the school year corresponds to that of Washington University, including helidays and vaca- tions. ‘The school term extends approximately from the last Thursday in September until the first of June. Special arrangements will be made for students desiring to continue practical work during a part or all of the summer months. Tiving Expense—Room and board may be obtained in the vicinity of the Garden at an approximate eost of from $35 to $50 per month. Scholarships—A. few scholarships are available to excep- tionally well-qualified students between the ages of sixteen and twenty years, these being awarded on competitive exam- ination at the same time and place and in the same subjects as indicated above. Appliation blanks for scholarships may be obtained by writing the Director, Missouri Botanical Gar- den, 2315 Tower Grove Avenue, St. Louis, and must be filled out and returned by May 15. Certificate——No degree is conferred upon the completion of the three years’ course, but, after passing such examina- tions as may be required and presenting a satisfactory thesis, each student shall receive a certificate from the Garden, indi- eating the work accomplished. OFFICERS OF ADMINISTRATION AND INSTRUCTION George Thomas Moore, A. M., Ph. D., Director of the Garden, and Engelmann Professor of Botany in the Henry Shaw School of Botany of Washington University. Jesse More Greenman, A. M., Ph. D., Curator of the Herba- rium, and Professor in the Henry Shaw School of Botany of Washington University. Edward Angus Burt, A. M., Ph. D., Mycologist and Librarian to the Garden, and Professor in the Henry Shaw School of Botany of Washington University. lord MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 97 Edgar S. Anderson, Ph. D., Assistant Professor in the Henry Shaw School of Botany of Washington University. George Harry Pring, Horticulturist to the Garden. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, 1899-1906; Missouri Bo- tanical Garden 1906- John Noyes, 8. B., Landscape Designer to the Garden. S. B. Massachusetts Agricultural College; Instructor in Landscape Gardening, Massachusetts Agricultural College, 1909-11; with Warren H. Manning, Boston, 1911-14; Missouri Botanical Garden, 1914- George Miller Armstrong, B. 8., Ph. D., Assistant Professor in the Henry Shaw School of Botany of Washington University. Lars Peter Jensen, Arboriculturist to the Garden. Paul August Kohl, Floriculturist to the Garden. Missouri Botanical Garden certificate, 1917. ‘ohn H. Kellogg, Missouri Botanical Garden. COURSES OF INSTRUCTION First Year 1. GeneraL Botany. (At Washington University.) An introductory course intended to serve as the basis for the study of the structure, function, classification and evolution of the plant kingdom. Octeber to June. (Armstrong) 2. Drawing. (At Washington University.) Lettering, geometrical drawing, projections, perspective, architectural drawing. Pencil, charcoal and water-color work. October to June. ( ) Second Year 3. PLANT MarertaAts. Flowering trees, shrubs, perennials, and annuals used in landscape designs and private gardens in this country. Intended to familiarize the student with the variety of flowering material at his disposal, together with the facilities of various nurseries and growers in America. Octo- ber to January; April to June. (Kellogg) 4. Puanr Breepine. The principles and practice of plant breeding. Uvybridization and selection. The origin of horticultural varieties. . October to April. (Anderson ) 5. Denpro.tocy. Nursery work. Planting, growing, prun- ing, and care of trees and shrubs. Tree surgery. Fundamen- tals of forestry, including forest management, mensuration, 98 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN protection, utilization, by-products, and wood preservation. October to January. (Jensen ) 6. Forcine Fruits anp VEGETABLES. Forcing of grapes, peaches, nectarines, figs, strawberries, pineapples, ete., under glass. Foreing of lettuce, tomatoes, cucumbers, melons, radishes, ete., under glass. January to April. (Kohl) - 7. GENERAL FLoricutturE. The general principles of greenhouse management. Methods of propagation by seeds, cuttings, division, layering, grafting, ete., under glass and outdoors. Cultural methods for successful growing of outdoor roses, bulbs, tubers, decorative and bedding plants, ete. January to April. (Anderson ) 8. Soms anv Ferrinizers. A consideration of the soil as a medium for root development and as a reservoir for the storage and consumption of plant nutrients. Functions of manures and commercial fertilizers. April to June. (Kohl) 9. Pure Destan. Theory and practice; its application to all arts, especially landscape gardening. October to January. (Noyes) 10. PrincrpLes or LANnpscaPE GARDENING. Lectures on history and theory. Practice in drafting, rendering in ink and water colors; office methods. Analysis of landscape de- signs. January to April. (Noyes) 11. Lanpscare Design. Practice in design of home grounds, private estates, parks, playgrounds, cemeteries, sub- divisions, ete. April to June. (Noyes) Third Year 12. Economic Botany. The uses of plants and their products; fibers, fruits, condiments, perfumes, medicinal plants, ete. October to January. (Pring) 13. Enromoutoay. Study of the principal groups of in- sects of economie importance. October to January. (Anderson ) 14. Diskask Conrrou. Methods of control of fungous and insect diseases affecting greenhouse and other cultivated plants and trees. Sprays and spray machinery. January to June. (Anderson ) 3. Puanr Mareriars (Continued). January to April. (Kellogg 11. LanpscarE DEsIGNn (Continued). October to April. (Noyes) MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 99 15. CoMMERCIAL FLorRICULTURE. Culture of roses, carna- tions, chrysanthemums, violets, orchids, sweet peas, bulbs, ferns, palms, and other decorative and flowering plants. Mar- keting, packing, shipping, designing. April to June. (Pring) 16. Puantine Design. Study of harmony of color, form, foliage, ete., in plants for outdoor use; analysis of designs. Practice in planting design for various locations and purposes, for private estates, parks, city streets, flower gardens, ete. October to April. (Noyes) 17. GARDEN ARCHITECTURE. Lectures on architectural styles and design. Practice in design of garden furniture, pergolas, arbors, summer houses, gates, entrances, ete. April to June. (Noyes) 18. Tuesis. During the second year the student will choose or be assigned some definite problem leading out of the courses given, and in the third year he will be expected to pursue this topic with the intention of presenting a thesis covering the work done. October to June. OUTLINE OF MORNING WORK OUTDOOR Rose Garden.—Study of types, such as teas, hybrid teas, hybrid perpetuals, climbers, rugosas, polyanthas, ete. Methods of propagation, including cuttings, grafting, layering, and budding. ‘Testing of varieties as to their adaptability to out- door culture. Rose breeding. Diseases and insects and their control. General cultivation, planting and pruning. Arboretum.—Practice in tree surgery. Correct pruning of trees. Planting and root pruning. Tree moving. General cultivation. Practical methods of spraying; spraying ma- chinery. Medicinal Garden.—Study of medicinal plants with special reference to commonly known types. Vegetable Garden.—Winter forcing of vegetables. Raising vegetables for spring planting. Frame culture. Outdoor eul- ture and general cultivation. The use of different types of cultivators. Various irrigation systems. Nursery.—Various systems of nursery practice, including work with perennials, trees, and shrubs. Methods of propa- gation, seed stratification, and sowing; softwood and hard- wood cuttings, layering, grafting, and budding. Cultivation. 100 MISSOURL BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN Economic Garden.—The study and culture, on a small seale, of farm crops, bee plants, herbs, trained fruits, vines, ornamental grasses, hedge plants. Model backyard gardens. Wild-flower Garden.—Comprehensive study and general eulture of herbaceous material native to North America. Floral Display—Planting and planning of formal and in- formal beds, and the use of various plants and bulbs for sue- cession of spring and summer displays, including work in the Italian garden, iris garden, perennial garden, main garden, test garden, and knolls. Water Gardens.—Propagation, study, and culture of hardy and tropical aquatic plants. Winter and summer treatment of tropical water lilies. Lawns and Shrubbery.—Preparation of soil for lawns, sodding, mowing, watering, weed eradication. Testing grasses for lawns. The use of hand and power mowers. Fertilizers. General cultivation of shrubs; spring and fall pruning; dif- ferentiation between flowering and non-flowering wood. Study of twigs and fruits with special reference to winter effects. CONSERVATORIES Cultivation, growing, potting; types of soil; insect control ; irrigation of : 1. Cyeads, ferns, palms, economic plants, succulents. 2. Orchids. 3. Citrus plants, arcids, and bromeliads. 4. Chrysanthemums, cyclamen, cinerarias, calceolarias, ete., for floral display.—Forcing bulbs. 5. Foreed fruits —General methods of forcing indoor grapes, peaches, nectarines, cherries, ete.; training, pruning, thinning, and fertilizing. 6. Floral display.—Design and arrangement of indoor floral exhibits. Care of plants on exhibition. 7. Propagation.—Seed testing, seed sowing, transplanting, ete., of annuals, biennials, and perennials; making softwood cuttings and propagation of general outside bedding plants. Study of propagation, including various rooting media and temperature and moisture requirements. Methods of propaga- tion, by cuttings, alr-layering, inarching, stem division, leaf cuttings; bulb propagation. MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN SCHEDULE OF AFTERNOON WORK First year 101 Time Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Oct. General . General a2 hs ries Drawing Botany Drawing Botany Drawing une Second year Oct. Plant Plant Pure Pure A Materials Breeding Dendrology Design Design Forcing Jan, fruits and Principles of Principles of to vegetables; he eae a g Landscape Landscape Apr. veg. garden- Gardening Gardening ing a Plant General Soils and Landscape Landscape jie Materials Floriculture Fertilizers Design Design Third year me Economic Weiumutors — hkein Landscape Planting J Botany 83 i Design Design an Jan, Di P} Lands > : to isease ant auld andscape Planting Apr Control Materials Design Design ADT. pj Cc ial Gard Gard ‘a sease ommercia Whesis yarden arden Control Floriculture Architecture Architecture 102 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN PLANTS OF OUR LOCAL FLORA WHICH HAVE BEEN USED BY MAN AS FOOD Plants have always formed one of the most important factors in the human diet, and the aborigines and early settlers of the American continent were often entirely dependent on the plants of their time for the maintenance of life. Some of the varieties of edible plants then known have since been replaced by improved and superior kinds and others are of no particular value except in an emergency. Many of our native food plants have not received the attention they deserve, and there are great possibilities remaining in the introduction and improvement of material for culinary purposes. The following quotation from an address by the late Dr. Asa Gray, before the American Pomological Society, in 1873, is interesting in this connection: ‘Tt would be curious to speculate as to what our pomology would have been if the civilization from which it, and we our- selves, have sprung, had had its birthplace among the southern shores of our great lakes, the northern shores of the Gulf of Mexico and the intervening Mississippi, instead of the Levant, Mesopotamia, and the Nile, and our old world had been open to us as a new world, less than four hundred years old. ‘*Seemingly we should not have as great a variety of choice fruits as we have now and they would mostly have been dif- ferent, but probably neither scanty nor poor. In grapes at least we should have been gainers. Our five or six available species, of which we are now first beginning to know the capa- bilities, would have given at least as many choice sorts and as wide a diversity as we now have of pears; while the pears would be a recent acquisition, somewhat as our American grapes now are. Our apples would have been developed from Pyrus coronaria, and might have equaled anything we actually possess from Pyrus Malus in flavor, though perhaps not in variety, if it be true, as Karl Koch supposes, that the apples of the orchards are from three or four species. At least one of our hawthorns, Crataegus tomentosa, in some varieties, bears a large and delicately flavored fruit evidently capable of increase in size; it might have been in the front rank of pomaceous fruits. In a smaller way our service berry would have been turned to good account; our plums would have been the progeny of the Chicasa, the beach plum, and MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 103 our wild red and yellow Prunus americana, which have already shown great capacity for improvement; our cherries might have been as well flavored, but probably not so large as they are now. But instead of peaches and figs we should be dis- cussing manifold and most. luscious varieties of persimmon and papaw, the former probably equal to the Kaki, acquired from the Far East. As to strawberries, gooseberries, and cur- rants, we should have lost nothing and gained something, as we possess several species as well as the European types them- selves, As to blackberries and raspberries, we should have been better off than now, by the earlier development and diver- sification of our indigenous species. ‘‘And we might have had all of our finest strawberries a thousand or more years ago, these having come from our American types, Fragaria virginiana and its varieties (which, as well as the old world F. vesca, occurs all across the con- tinent), and F. Chilensts which ascends the Pacific coast to Oregon. ‘Had civilization had its birthplace in America, our ercundnut, Aptos tuberosa, would have been the first de- veloped esculent tuber, and would probably have held its place in the first rank along with potatoes and sweet pota- toes of later acquisition * * * * ‘‘Winally, if pomology includes nuts, there is a promising field uncultivated. Our wild chestnuts are sweeter than those of the old world; it would be well to try whether races might not be developed with the nuts as large as marrows or Spanish chestnuts, and without diminution of flavor. If we were not too easily satisfied with a mere choice among spontaneous hickory nuts, we might have much better and thinner shelled ones. * * * * The butternuts and black walnuts are waiting to have their excess of oil turned into farinaceous and sugary matter, and their shells thinned and smoothed by continuous good breeding; when they will much surpass the European walnut. ‘‘All this requires time, unlimited time; but it 1s not for those who are enjoying the fruits which it has taken thou- sands of years to perfect, to refrain from the good work which is to increase the enjoyment of far future generations.’’ Sinee the delivery of this address by Dr. Gray, much has been accomplished with our native fruits, particularly the nuts, but the possibilities are still unlimited and may 104 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN inelude the improvement of plants whose roots, tubers, or herbage may be used as delicious and nutritious food. The following list comprises some of the principal plants which have been, or are, used as food in our local territory. In addition to these we might add the many indigenous species of mushrooms found in abundance during the grow- ing season, which are not included in this article. TUBERS AND ROOTS USED Allium cernuum, nodding wild onion. Allium vineale, wild garlic. The bulbs of these plants were much used by the Indians who dug them out of the ground with sticks. Owing to their stimulant, alterative, and antiscorbutic properties, they were particularly bene- ficial to the system in early spring. They were also dried and stored for winter use. Amphicarpaea monoica, hog peanut. Amphicarpaea Pitcheri, hog peanut. The tubers of the hog peanut were eaten raw. Apios tuberosa, groundnut. Prepared like potatoes, also eaten raw. Camassia esculenta, wild hyacinth or camass. The bulb of this plant formed a very important item of diet of the Indians and is said to have been a general article of trade be- tween the tribes. The tribal name of the Digger Indians is sup- posed to have been received because of the extent which they gathered this bulb. The camass has little taste when raw, but is remarkably sweet when cooked, its name being derived from the Indian word “chamashish,” meaning sweet-tasting. The bulbs were cooked in every way known to the Indians, even made into loaves which were sliced like bread. Eaten in large quantities the plant has both emetic and purgative effects. Claytonia virginica, spring beauty. Bulbs eaten raw or boiled like potatoes. Cyperus esculentus, yellow nut-grass. The tubers of this plant have a sweet nutty flavor and are very nutritious eaten raw. y Helianthus tuberosus, Jerusalem artichoke. This plant is extensively planted in European gardens. The tubers are cooked like potatoes and are also eaten raw in emergency. Nelumbo lutea, American lotus, The tubers are eaten raw, while the seeds are roasted and eaten like potatoes. Psoralea esculenta, prairie turnip. Roots eaten raw by the Indians and early explorers. MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 105 FRUITS USED Ametlanchier canadensis. For making preserves, jellies, and pies. Asimina triloba, papaw. Eaten raw, like bananas, Celtis mississippiensis, hackberry. Celtis occidentalis, hackberry. Celiis pumila, hackberry. The hackberry is eaten raw in emergency. Crataegus mollis, red-fruited thorn. Crataegus tomentosa, pear haw. Eaten raw or made into preserves and jellies. Other species of tt adil are also edible, but the ones mentioned have the largest ruit. Diospyrus virginiana, persimmon. Eaten raw and also used in puddings and pies. Fragaria virginiana, Virginia strawberry. Used in the same way as the cultivated strawberry. Helianthus annuus, sunflower. Oil used in cooking made from seeds. Martynia proboscidea, unicorn plant. The half-grown pods were used in various ways by the Indians, and were made into pickles by the early settlers. Morus rubra, red mulberry. Eaten raw and in pies and preserves, Cpuntia Rafinesquii, western prickly pear. Eaten raw or made into preserves, Podophyllum peltatum, May-apple. Eaten raw. Prunus americana, wild red plum. Prunus hortulana, wild goose plum. Prunus serotina, wild black cherry. The wild plums and cherries are used in the same way as the cultivated species. Pyrus angustifolia, narrow-leaved crab-apple. Pyrus coronaria, American crab-apple, Pyrus ioensis, western crab-apple. The crab-apples make delicious jellies and preserves. Ribes Cynosbati, gooseberry. Rives gracile, Missouri gooseberry. Eaten raw and in pies and preserves. 106 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN Rubus canadensis, dewberry. Rubus occidentalis, black raspberry. Rubus villosus, high-bush blackberry. Eaten raw and used for preserves, jellies, pies, ete. Sambucus canadensis, American elder. For jellies and preserves. Wine made from both the fruit and the flowers. Typha latifolia, cat-tail. When the inflorescences are still partly covered by the upper leaves, their thick fleshy central portions (rhacis) are tender, mucilaginous, and juicy, and were used by the Indians in the making of a soup. They were also eaten stewed or steamed. Vaccinium corymbosum, tall blueberry. Vaccinium vacillans, low blueberry. In jellies, pies, and preserves, Viburnum Lentago, sheep-berry. Viburnum prunifolium, black haw. Viburnum rufiduliwm, southern black haw. Eaten raw. Vitis aestivalis, summer grape. Vitis cinerea, downy grape. Vitis cordifolia, frost grape. Vitis rupestris, sugar grape. Vitis vulpina, riverside grape. The grapes are used in the making of jelly and wine. Zizania aquatica, wild rice. One of the stable foods of the Indians, used in the same way as the cultivated rice. NUTS USED Carya alba, mocker nut. Carya glabra, pignut. Carya illinoensis, pecan. Carya laciniosa, big sheilbark hickory. Carya microcarpa, shel’-fruited hickory. Carya ovata, shellbark hickory. Corylus americana, hazel. Juglans cinerea, butternut. Juglans nigra, black walnut. The kernels of the above nuts are used for many purposes, both raw and in baking. MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 107 Quercus alba, white oak. Quercus lyrata, swamp oak. Quercus macrocarpa, bur oak. Quercus Muhlenbergii, chestnut oak. Quercus stellata, post oak. The acorns were much used by the Indians, both in a raw state or boiled and baked into bread. They are less fatty than other nuts, but are equally nitrogenous. Most varieties are more or less astringent or bitter, but these disagreeable qualities were removed in several ways, most frequently by leaching. This was accom- plished as follows: The acorns were shelled by lightly tapping them upon a rock with a small stone mallet. The kerneis were then pulverized in the hollow of a rock. A basket was packed with coarse gravel, a shallow cavity being left on the surface. This cavity was lined with fine gravel, then sand, on which the acorn flour was de posited. Water was slowly percolated through the mass, and when the escaping fluid became clear the process was considered finished. Lye was sometimes added to the water to hasten the process, The small amount of fat gathering on top of the water when the acorns were boiled was skimmed off and used by the Indians as a hair oil. PLANTS OR FOLIAGE USED AS SALADS OR POTHERBS Amaranthus paniculatus, pigweed. Amaranthus retroflerus, rough pigweed. Salad and potherb. Arabis canadensis, sickle-pod. Arabis laevigata, smooth rock cress. Arabis virginica, Virginia rock cress, Potherb. Asclepias tuberosa. Butterfly weed. It is said that some of the Indians cultivated this plant, cutting the young shoots when a few inches long and boiling and serving them like asparagus. The young pods were used in soup, like gumbo. Brassica alba, white mustard. Campanula americana, American bellflower. Capsella Bursa-pastoris, shepherd’s purse. Cardamine bulbosa, bulbous cress. Cardamine hirsuta, hairy bitter cress. All the above plants were used both as potherbs and salads. 108 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN Chenopodium album, lamb’s quarters. The tender tips of this plant may be boiled like spinach, which it closely resembles. This was much used by the Indians. Dentaria laciniata, pepper-root. Ellisia Nycetelea, nycetelea. Erigenia dbulbosa, harbinger-of-spring. Erysimum asperum, western wall-flower. Erythronium albidum, white adder’s tongue. Hybanthus concolor, green violet. The above plants were used as potherbs. Lactuca canadensis, wild lettuce. Lactuca floridana, wild lettuce. Lactuca hirsuta, wild lettuce. Lactuca integrifolia, wild lettuce. Lactuca ludoviciana, wild lettuce. Lactuca spicata, wild lettuce. Lactuca villosa, wild lettuce. Wild lettuce is used both as a potherb and salad. Lepidium apetalum, pepper-grass. Lepidium campestre, field cress. Lepidium virginicum, wild pepper-grass. Mertensia virginica, blue-bell. Potherb. Ovalis corniculata, yellow wood-sorrel. Oxralis violacea, violet wood-sorrel. Used for salad, and like rhubarb for pies. Phragmites communis, reed grass. Early in the season the stems are righ in starchy and sugary matter, and if dried in the sun, ground, and the fine cellular tis- sues sifted out and softened with water, they may be made into cakes, which are set near the fire to roast. When they become brown they are eaten like taffy. The stem exudes a sugary sub- stance, which was eaten by the Indians, Phytolacca decandra, pokeroot. The seeds and root of this plant are poisonous. Very small quantities of the root will cause vomiting, purging, convulsions, and death. Such a plant should therefore be eaten with extreme MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 109 caution. The young shoots taken when the size of ordinary asparagus stalks are said to be delicious and very nutritious. They should be put into cold water, which, after coming to a boil, should be replaced by fresh water, and well drained before serving. Polemonium reptans, Greek valerian. Portulaca oieracea, pursiane. Radicula aquatica, lake water cress. Radicula Armoracia, horseradish. Radicula palustris, yellow water cress. Rumex Acetosella, sheep sorrel, Rumex crispus, curled dock. The above plants were used as potherbs. Scirpus validus, great bulrush. This was without question one of the most important food plants of the American savage and frontiersman, having often saved them from starvation. It is distributed over thousands of square miles in the marshes along the coast on both oceans and at the gulf and borders of the lakes and rivers throughout North America. The young shoots are eaten raw and are crisp, juicy, sweetish, and very nourishing. Even after the shoots are several feet high and in bloom the succulent bases may he chewed. They can also he cooked. Scrophularia marilandica, figwort. Sisymbrium altissimum, tall sisymbrium. Sisymbrium officinale, hedge mustard. Sonchus asper, spiny sow thistle. Sonchus oleraceus, sow thistle. Specularia perfoliata, Venus’ looking-glass. Taraxacum officinale, dandelion. All the above plants were used as potherbs. PLANTS FOR BEVERAGES In addition to the commonly known elder, dandelion, cherry, and grape, from which wines are made, the following are, or have been, used for domestic beverages: Benzoin aestivale, spice-bush. Tea made of twigs. Ceanothus americanus, New Jersey tea. Tea made from leaves. Cichorium Intybus, chicory. Substitute for coffee. 110 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN Gymnocladus canadensis, Kentucky coffee tree. Used as a substi- tute for coffee during the Revolutionary War. Humulus Lupulus, common hop. Seed pods used in brewing of beer. Sassafras officinale, sassafras, Used as a substitute for tea in the southern states. WHITE RED-BUD One of the most unusual spring-flowering trees in the Garden is the new white variety of red-bud (Cercis cana- densis var. alba). This rare and most interesting deviation from the type species originated in the old nursery of John Teas and Son, Carthage, Mo. In 1903 a small plant was purchased from Mr. Teas for trial at the Garden to ascertain whether the white color was fixed. Repeated observations have proved the fixed character of the flower, also the foliage, which is a much lighter green upon the upper surface of the leaves than the usual type, and the absence of the reddish coloration of both petioles and peduncles, further confirm- ing the fact that this plant is an albino. This latter factor permits segregation from the type species when the tree is not in bloom. In view of the abandonment of the old Teas nursery, the remainder of the stock was purchased in 1920, thus placing the entire original stock in the Garden collection. Seven plants were received, only one of which showed a slight coloration in the leaf petioles, the tree producing light pink flowers this spring. Description of horticultural white-flowering form of Cercis canadensis.—Height of original plant twelve feet, with broad flat head of slender, smooth, thornless, angular branchlets. Bark reddish brown, furrowed deeply and closely, broken into small scaly plates; twigs light green. Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, weak, red-brown. Buds inconspicuous, axillary, . sealy, blunt. Leaves simple, entire, broadly heart-shaped or ovate, alternate, deciduous, on long, slender, smooth petioles which are enlarged at the apex; autumn color yellow. Flowers bloom in April before leaves appear, in axillary fascicles, pea-like, half an inch long, white, numerous, very striking when planted in association with the type species. Fruit, a pod, thin, pointed, flat, smooth, green, stalked, two to three inches long; original specimen rarely produces seed pods. MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN cel NOTES. Dr. C. J. Humphrey, U. S. Forest Pathologist, Madison, Wisconsin, visited the mycological herbarium for a few days recently in connection with his work on the genus Merulius. Mr. G. H. Pring, Horticulturist to the Garden, gave the following lectures, June 2: ‘‘God’s Beautiful Flowers and How They Are Used,’’ before the Women’s Christian Teni- perance Union; and ‘‘Advantages Pertaining to the Pro- fession of Gardening,’’ before the senior students of Cleve- land High School. Mr. G. H. Pring is the author of an article in the May issue of the Gardeners’ Chronicle of America, entitled ‘‘ Factors to Be Considered in Breeding Water-Lilies.’? The article is illustrated with photographs of Nymphaea ‘‘Mrs. Edwards Whitaker’’ and with diagrams of the various groups and sub-groups of the genus. At the annual commencement of Washington University, June 8, degrees were conferred upon members of the gradu- ate laboratory of the Missouri Botanical Garden, as follows: Doctor of Philosophy, Harry M. Jennison and Harry R. Rosen; Master of Science, Carl G, Deuber, Mildred L. John- son, and Cora M. Mautz. Mr. John H. Kellogg and Mr. L. P. Jensen, of the Missouri Botanical Garden, gave an illustrated lecture before the Natural History Museum Association, June 21, on ‘‘Our Native Plants and How to Know Them.’’ Among those visiting the Garden recently were: Dr. Seiya ito, professor of plant pathology and mycology, College of Agriculture, Hokkaido Imperial University, Sapporo, Japan; Dr. M. C. Merrill, formerly research assistant at the Garden, now professor of horticulture, Utah Agricultural College, Logan, Utah; Dr. Robert W. Webb, formerly Rufus J, Lack- land Fellow at the Garden, now plant pathologist, U. S. De- partment of Agriculture, Madison, Wisconsin; Dr. W. C. ©’Kane, of the crop protection bureau, New Hampshire Col- lege of Agriculture and Mechanical Arts, Durham, N. H.; and Dr. F. V. Coville, Curator U. 8S. National Herbarium, Washington, D. C.; and Mr. A. Pedersen, gardener and hor- ticultural adviser of the Danish Gardeners’ Association, Copenhagen, Denmark. 112 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN STATISTICAL INFORMATION FOR MAY, 19 GARDEN ATTENDANCE: Total sitimber of VisltOrs: csc. ie ek eld se renee’. PLANT ACCESSIONS: Total number of plants received as gifis............. Total number of seed packets received in exchange... Total number of plants received in exchange......... LIBRARY ACCESSIONS: Total number of books and pamphiets bought........ Total number of books and pamphlets donated....... HERBARIUM ACCESSIONS: By Gift— Cornell University, Botanical Department—Fungi of Clantral’ America: 6 cccdos cette eee shag caedawasaes Drushel, J. A.——Plants of Vermont, New York, Ohio, Michigan, and Missouri................ceeceeeceees Howard, Prof. W. L.—Specimens of Prunus from Italy BHO. VVENOS? 45 hve bh eee Sis wt ees 1k TREES By Exchange— Noe, Prof. Adolph Carl—Plants of Albania and Monte- negro, collected by I. Dorfler................20005- By Purchase— Holzinger, Dr. J. M.—Mosses of North America, Fasc. XIX, Nos. 451-475 inclusive........ 0.6... cece ee eee oy) 48,889 The Garden is open to the public every day in the year, except New Year’s, Fourth of July, Labor Day, and Christmas—week days from 8:00 A. M, until one-half hour after sunset; Sundays from November to April, 1:00 P. M. until sunset, from April to Novem- ber, 2:00 P. M. until sunset. The main entrance to the Garden is located at Tower Grove Ave- nue and Flora Boulevard, on the Vandeventer Avenue car line. Transfer south from all intersecting lines. Mussourt BoTANICAL GARDEN [BULLETIN Vol. X SEPTEMBER, 1922 No. 7 ——————— a CONTENTS | - Page Japanese Morning-glories .° 66 6 eee ee ee NS The Giant Cactus (Cereus giganteus). - . . . . . W7 Medicinal Plants of Our Local Flora... . . ~.: 118 Notes, 4 Gk ee ee eae: age, a deed. Statistical Information 5.0 a Pets ee elo oS TR ST. LOUIS, MO. 1922 Published Monthly Except July and August by the Board of Trustees —- ae nee : SUBSCRIPTION PRICE: ONE DOLLAR PER YEAR ~~ SINGLE COPIES TEN CENTS - BOARD OF TRUSTEES OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN THE ORIGINAL MEMBERS WERE DESIGNATED IN MR. SHAW’S WILL AND THE BOARD SO CONSTITUTED, EXCLUSIVE OF THE EX-OFFICIO MEMBERS IS SELF-PERPETUATING President, EDWARDS WHITAKHER. Vice-President, — DAVID 8S. H. SMITH. SamueEt C. Davis. EpWARD MALLINCKRODT, arian C. Bxior. L®oNARD MATTHEWS. GroRGE C. HitcHoock. Pur C. SCANLAN, THomas S. MAFFITT. JOHN F. SHEPLEY. EX-OFFICIO MEMBERS. Frepprtc. A, HALL, -Grorer T. Moors, Chancellor of Washington University. President of The Academy of Selence of St. Louia. Henry W, KIr1, Joun C. Toprn, Mayor of the City of St. Louis. President of the Board of Education of St. Louis. DANIEL S. TUTTLE, Bishop of the Diocese of Missouri. CHaRLEs A. Rog, Secretary, DWARF JAPANESE MORNING-GLORIES. OW “INV E) LOG “ITO col COL “FI ALWT] Missouri Botanical Garden Bulletin Vol. X St. Louis, Mo., September, 1922 No. 7 JAPANESE MORNING-GLORIES Some of our most popular flowers have either originated, or been much improved in Japan. The morning-glory, called by the Japanese ‘‘asagao,’’ is one of the plants to which they have paid particular attention. Although brought to Japan about the sixth century by priests and scholars who had gone to China to study the Buddhist religion, it was not until about the seventeenth century that the morning-glory received any special attention. Flowers then began to be produced in innumerable shades and combinations of colors and the size was considerably increased. About 1830 the ‘‘asagao’’ again became popular, growers vying with each other in producing new varieties, and a single seed might command a price of twenty-five dollars or more. Interest gradually declined, how- ever, and the art of cultivating this plant was retained only by a few priests. About 1895 interest was again revived, ‘‘asagao clubs’’ were formed, and famous morning-glory gar- dens were established in Tokyo. Poetic names, such as frozen moonlight, foam of the sea, dragon’s spume, full moon, were bestowed upon the finest blossoms; artists used them in paint- ings and designs; and numerous poems were written on them and to them. In fact, the morning-glory became a national cult even more than the chrysanthemum had ever been. The Japanese growers went to every possible extreme in changing the shape and color of the flowers. Not being satisfied with this achievement, they devoted their attention to producing the greatest variety of odd-shaped leaves, and in their quest for eccentricities produced flat stems which have the appear- ance of a wide-ribbed ribbon, as if many stems were laid side by side and then merged into one. The ‘‘asagao’’ was not (113) 114 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN only popular because of the wide range in size and color of the flowers but because the plants could be grown as ‘‘dwarfs.’’ The common morning-glory, so well known about St. Louis, which climbs many feet before producing a flower of in- ferior size, is a marked contrast to the dwarf Japanese types shown in plates 14-16. Attempts have repeatedly been made to show these Japanese morning-glories at the Garden, but all the seed obtained either failed to germinate or produced the common types of this country. In the early part of this year, however, seed of these dwarf morning-glories were obtained from Japan through Mr. Takashi Matsumoto, a former student in the Shaw School of Botany. This seed was divided, one-half being sown the middle of February and the second half the beginning of June. The seeds of the first lot germinated very unevenly, but by cutting a notch in those seeds that failed to show signs of life in two weeks the majority were made to develop. Most of these plants were extremely dwarf, some- times being less than a foot high with not more than half a dozen leaves. These tiny plants produced the most gorgeous- colored flowers, often four to five inches in diameter. Seeds from these flowers did not set freely, but the few that were secured were planted as soon as mature. In the second gen- eration, however, instead of dwarf specimens, plants were produced that climbed fifteen feet and more. The size of the flowers was not diminished, some of the pink varieties measuring six inches in width. Still more interesting and peculiar is the fact that the second planting of the original lot of seed received from Japan, which was made the first week in June, instead of producing dwarf plants, sent out long vines so that the bamboo trellises, described in the Japanese instructions, had to be employed to train them. In order that germination might be hastened every seed of this second lot was cut, and practically all germinated within forty-eight hours. The following directions, printed just as translated by Mrs. Matsumoto, were received with the seeds: “CULTURE OF THE MORNING-GLORY” “‘In order to meet the requirements for growing the morn- ing-glory, the soil must be superior in two respects, drainage and fertility. Under no circumstances use heavy clay. 7 » Pa E Mo. Eotr. Garp. BULL., VoL. 10. 1922. PLATE 15 JAPANESE MORNING-GLORY BLOSSOM. Mo. Bor. Garp. BuLt., Von, 10, 1922 PLATE 16 PAPANESEK MORNING-GLORY PLAN’ wae ete me tT spares hag Bae REN ey oribe t+. be i ha eye a ae a i 4 ne eer Fe Fe ee ‘ Se. ; aki MISSOURL BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 115 ‘‘The time of sowing is entirely governed by the climate, and it is very important that the growers should be acquainted with their local climatic conditions before growing these special plants. For the vicinity of Tokyo the sowing season generally starts in the middle of May or a little earlier. In general, the plants grow much better in warm places; there- fore, the growers should not sow the seeds until they feel quite sure that warm weather has come to stay and there is no fear of frost injury. ‘‘There are two types of seed-beds. The one is by sowing the seeds in a framed bed, and the other is by sowing them in a pot. **1. Framed beds.. For this purpose the bed should be well ventilated and sunny. It is very convenient to make the beds about three feet in width, but their length may be of any desired extent. Simple culture frames of usual type are employed, except that no glass cover is used, and their height is usually about five inches. ‘*Place the frames where the seeds are to be sown, and fill them with well-drained soil (about three to four inches deep) by sifting. Smooth the surface and sow the seeds on the bed and cover the surface with sifted soil (about 14 inch in thickness), and sprinkle water, using only very small streams. It is a good practice to place a thin layer of straw upon it, and allow it to remain until the young plants appear at the surface of the bed. For the purpose of forcing, it is desir- able to peel a tiny bit of the seed-coats before sowing. The right place for peeling is near a sunken spot where the germination takes place. Under a favorable condition the seeds begin to germinate in three to four days. When the casing soil is too shallow, the cotyledons will sometimes appear covered by the seed-coat. In such eases those coats should not be taken away when they are dry, as it often causes some injury to the cotyledons. “II. Potted beds. In potted culture practically a similar method can be applied, with the exception that pots instead of frames are used. ‘‘Transplanting: A seedling should be transplanted twice; first, from the seed beds, either framed or potted, to a small pot (about 214 inches in diameter)—the purpose of the first transplanting is to prevent the unnecessary growth of the plants; second, remove it to a larger pot, usually 5 to 6 inches 5 oe 116 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN in diameter. The first transplanting begins immediately after the cotyledons have opened. If the plants are left in the beds too long, it is very difficult to transplant them without giving any injury to the roots and cotyledons. As a matter of fact, it is very much desired by growers to keep the cotyledons on the plants until the flowering season; therefore, the growers should take much pains to keep them as long as possible. ‘‘Fertilizers: Rape cake is generally used as a fertilizer, which is frequently applied to the soil in the form of powder, but mostly in liquid, which is thoroughly fermented. Chili saltpeter, ammonium sulphate, or potassium sulphate, ete., is frequently used as a substitute of the first named. ‘‘Watering: The seed-beds should be always moistened until the young plants appear on the ground. After trans- planting it is a usual practice to water twice a day, one in the morning and the other in the day time. It is desirable to use warm water for the day-time watering. ‘‘Supports: When the plants grow up to 6 or 7 inches high, it is absolutely necessary to furnish some supports. For this purpose bamboos or reeds are generally used. The sup- ports are arranged in various ways, of which the following two are very common: ‘A, ‘Andon’ type (Lantern type). ‘*B, ‘Boshi’ type (Hat type). ‘A. Andon type. Height of the supports is dependent upon the individual tastes. Erect four or five bamboos or reeds along the inside of the pots, and connect them with three rings of bamboo. ‘*B. Boshi type. Rose Pink RPO OLE So henewles saves beeen abioseces Rosolane Purple TROPICAL DIURNAL Mat TOG soccer mas tieleeeees Sepals, Purplish Lilac, petals, Pale Wistaria Violet RY oR 1 ti C9) eer ee oe a Mallow Pink Ot Oe er Ne os os. sd ote es ee dae Laelia Pink “General Pershing’’..........ceeeeees Pale Rose Purple OPGCHIS oc. cer ccccecccecscesscccesces White TTY FAR op bus. Vince adie te sda bo bes' Light Campanula Blue “Mrs. Edwards Whitaker’........... Pale Campanula Blue, bleaching to white with age Piiye.. GC. .e- Prinw os cst eee reece even White “Mrs. Woodrow Wilson” var. gigantea.Sepals, Dull Lavender, petals, Light Campanula Blue MUG UPOML ors cSa Be S Ea OTe wees S ee eves White, flushed with blue and pink “Panama Pacific”.........sceeeeees .. Sepals, Mathews Purple, petals, Lavender Violet “Stella Gurney’... 60. ses sas cave ese ees Pale Laelia Pink MYWIIHAM StONe’ ck .ss ce ewes ese ewe Chicory Blue MASTER GEIOI” | o.ee b50-6i5ss ohrays Bigie ears see 61st Sepals, base color Viridine Yellow, flushed with light Rosolane Purple petals, Amaranth Purple, shading deeper at the margins “Macarhoucle” ..-ccsceccesssecseevecs Sepals, base color Pale Viridine Yel- low, flushed with light Roso- lane Purple petals, Amaranth Purple MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 133 DOMESTIC (HARDY DIURNAL)—Continued Variety Color of flowers TRUM OLS UE AIEEE Sia oso sess ses 110 Morning-glories, dwarf Japanese........ee cece cere creer ee ereeee 113 Morning-glory blossom, JapaneSe......... cece eee cece eee eeees 114 Morning-glory plant, JapaMese....... cece ere ee reece ceceeces 115 Giant cactus, showing method of packing.............+++e+eee: 117 Nymphaea “Mrs, G. H. Pring”......-.eeee eee eee e eee teen renee 127 Nymphaea “Henry Shaw”........eeeee cree eee ee cree crete eeeeee 128 Nymphaea “August Koch” showing viviparous leaf group in the POTERTOUNG 2c conse sds PAMESee Nes ee eevee reves eeerencese owns 129 Paper-white MarciSSUS.......2. cece eee cece eee eee e eter eeeeeeee 134 Hyacinth, showing how roots developed in darkness........... 135 Hyacinth, Roman........csccsccvenvepesecessvsccccssersccsens 136 Nymphaea “B.C. Berry” ..... 2. cee cee cece e eee e cere rec ceceeneees 147 Nymphaea “C. E. Hutchings”. 0.1.6... 00s eee cee eee re eee e eens 147 Nymphaea “H. C, Haarstick”.... 0... cece reece cree e nee e renee 148 Nymphaea “J. S. Walsh”. ....-..e cece cece eee eee e cee e eee eees 148 Nymphaea “James Gurney, Jr”... 6. eee ee eee eee tenes 149 Nymphaea tulipiferd..... 0... cece eee eee eee ec eee eee eeneee 149 ATST LEVIES < & cca odie ese sree raecle Pantera eeete RUMI eg. a