MlssOURI BOTANICAL
GARDEN |JBULLETIN

VOLUME XII
WITH 43 PLATES
1924

ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI

PUBLISHED MONTHLY EXCEPT JULY AND AUGUST,
BY THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES

SUBSCRIPTION .
ONE DOLLAR PER YEAR SINGLE NUMBER TEN CENTS

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--.-‘Phirty-fifth Annual Report of the Director... 2. 1

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Mo. Bor. GARD. BULL., Vou. 12, 1924 PLATE 1.

VIEW THROUGH MAUSOLEUM GATE TOWARDS OLD RESIDENCE.

Missouri Botanical

Garden Bulletin

Vol. XII JANUARY, 1924 No. 1

THIRTY-FIFTH ANNUAL REPORT

OF THE DIRECTOR
Gentlemen:

I have the honor to submit herewith the thirty-fifth annual
report of the Director.

The year 1923 was a notable one for the Garden in more
than one respect. Of first importance was the decision to
dispose of the pasture land west of the Garden. This was
necessary that funds might be obtained for securing a large
out-of-town tract as a growing area for the propagation and
development of plants and trees to be temporarily shown or
permanently established at the city garden.

The successful expedition to Colombia, Panama, and the
West Indies, which resulted in the addition to the Garden
collections of large numbers of orchids, tree ferns, and other
tropical plants, was also a noteworthy achievement. While no
new greenhouses have been built during the year, nor have
there been extensive changes in the Garden proper, the con-
struction of a new brick house for the use of the night en-
gineer, at the corner of Shaw and Alfred Avenues, is worthy
of special mention. The advantage of having both the en-
gineers live within the Garden is obvious, and with the sub-
dividing of the pasture land it became necessary for the night
engineer to vacate the old frame house erected by Mr. Shaw
about seventy-five or eighty years ago.

Minor changes were the removal of all perennials from the
Linnean garden and the increase in the number of iris and
peonies with the idea of making this a real spring garden;

(1)

2 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

the extension of the plots for testing various grass mixtures
to be used on lawns and golf courses, this feature now com-
prising some thirty experiments calculated to furnish definite
information as to the best mixtures for specific purposes in
and around St. Louis; the building of a small garden east of
the floral display house for exhibition during the St. Louis
Garden Club show; and the addition of some 2,000 shrubs to
the nursery. This latter now includes over 10,000 trees,
shrubs, and perennials, the majority of which will be ready
for use in the spring for planting along Alfred Avenue.
Fifteen hundred hardy chrysanthemums, comprising forty-five
varieties, were likewise grown here during the summer and
transplanted for display in the Garden beds early in the fall.

In addition to the usual flower shows, comprising the
chrysanthemums, orchids, cinerarias, amaryllis, begonias,
ealadiums, ete., there was held early in October the first dahlia
show ever attempted in St. Louis. While this was something
of an experiment, the results showed such a wide interest in
the dahlia among amateurs in St. Louis that it will probably
become an annual event. The fourth annual show of the
Garden Club of St. Louis was held May 26 and 27, and for
the first time this was restricted entirely to amateurs, the
growth of interest in the show making it no longer necessary
to depend upon exhibits from commercial growers. At the
fall show held at the Armory by the St. Louis Flower Show
Association the Garden exhibited orchids, a collection of hardy
chrysanthemums, and some of the more interesting economie
plants brought from the West Indies in bamboo pots. While
the Garden did not enter these displays in competition, one
of our new water-lilies, ‘‘General Pershing,’’ was awarded the
silver medal given by the Society of American Florists and
Ornamental Horticulturists. The Shaw gold medal which
has not been awarded for several years went to Mr. J. H. Hill,
of Richmond, Indiana, for his new rose ‘‘Sensation’’. The
St. Louis Aquarium Society held an exhibition at the Garden
on September 14, 15 and 16. Over a hundred aquaria con-
taining over fifty varieties of fish were entered. The Garden
displayed some thirty varieties of aquatic plants, many of
them adapted for aquarium purposes. Although this exhibit
was not in competition for a prize, it was so favorably re

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 3

ceived by the public that the St. Louis Aquarium Society —
awarded to the Garden a silver cup as a special prize.

In addition to the routine painting and repairs incident to
the upkeep of the Garden for the year, the exteriors of most
of the growing ranges were painted as well as the ironwork
of the roof of the Linnean house and a considerable amount
of iron fence. The rose pergola was also painted early in the
spring. A, long-needed addition to the irrigation system was
installed throughout the principal beds in the main garden.

OUT-OF-TOWN ADDITION TO THE GARDEN

The history of other botanical gardens established within
city limits has been that eventually they have been compelled
to move to other localities, either because of the difficulty of
properly growing plants in a city atmosphere or in order to
obtain additional room for expansion. For years it has been
recognized that it is not possible to grow to perfection many
trees and plants at the Garden, this difficulty being experi-
enced in the greenhouses as well as outdoors, and it was felt
that there was no other alternative than to abandon the pres-
ent location. On the other hand, the necessity for giving up
the present accessible location seemed to be unfortunate. By
far the greater number of visitors to the Garden come by
street-car or on foot. Actual counts made on Sunday after-
noons when 10,000 or more people were at the Garden showed
that not more than 15 per cent came by automobile. To move
the Garden outside the city to a distance sufficient to insure
its favorable location for the next fifty or one hundred years
would at once greatly reduce its influence as a recreational
and educational institution. The visits of schools and similar
groups in a body would be practically eliminated. To aban-
don the present location of the Garden would likewise involve
the moving of the library, herbarium, and laboratory, as well
as the two schools maintained at the Garden. With many
commercial and educational institutions of the city dependent
upon these branches of the Garden for assistance and advice,
it would seem unfortunate to make them so much less access-
ible than they now are. We were thus faced with the absolute
necessity of finding a more favorable location for the growing
of the material used at the Garden, coupled with the very
great desirability of maintaining the efficiency of the Garden

4 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

by keeping it within the reach of the public, two horns of a
dilemma which appear to be irreconcilable. After careful
consideration the solution of this problem seems to be to leave
undisturbed, at least for the present, the buildings and
grounds of the present location, together with its scientific
and educational features, but to maintain it as a show place,
much as it has been in the past, and to acquire land outside
of St. Louis where much of the indoor floral display material
and the plants and trees to be used outside can be grown; in
other words, to regard the present improved portion of the
Garden as the city showroom and to have the factory away
from the poisonous atmospheri¢ conditions of the city where
the best possible results can be produced. The primary ob-
ject of securing land at a considerable distance from the city
would be for the purpose above indicated, but steps would be
taken at once to develop a real arboretum, and there should
also be secured a considerable area of natural forest with its
undergrowth, which could be preserved for all time as a
reservation. It should also be borne in mind that many years
hence this location would probably be the new botanical
garden.

Since the funds of the Garden did not permit of any addi-
tional investment for Garden purposes, the only possible way
by which this plan could be consummated was to dispose of
the unimproved pasture land lying west of the existing gar-
den. This would involve no decrease in the area which has
always been open to the public, and the Board of Trustees,
after carefully considering all of the factors involved, voted
to adopt the plan. Authorization from the court being neces-
sary in order to sell the land above referred to, the prelimi-
nary papers were filed and two hearings were held before
Judge Davis of the Circuit Court. The Attorney General of
the State, protecting the interests of the people, was repre-
sented by counsel on both occasions. On the first of March,
1923, the court did

“Adjudge and decree that the tract of ground immediately west
of Shaw’s Garden proper, bounded on the west by Kingshighway,
on the northwest by Vandeventer Avenue, on the north by Shaw
Avenue, on the east and southeast by land now occupied by Shaw’s
Garden, including the arboretum, and on the south by Shenandoah

Avenue, containing fifty acres, more or less, be sold and aliened in
fee, free from any of the conditions and restrictions contained in

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 5

the will of Henry Shaw and that such sale be made by the Trus-
tees or their successors or a majority of them, either at public or
private salé, on such terms and conditions as such trustees may
deem advisable, and that the proceeds of said sale be expended for
the use and benefit of said trust, including the purchase of such
additional tracts of ground away from the atmospheric influences
of the city sufficiently far to successfully carry out the objects of
said trust in the propagation and growing of plants, shrubs, flow-
ers, etc., as set out in the will of Henry Shaw, deceased, including
the erection of necessary equipment and improvements thereon,
and that the balance of the proceeds be invested as set forth in the
third paragraph of the original decree herein.”

This, with other provisions of the decree, has made it pos-
sible to legally dispose of the area in question, and immedi-
ately plans were made for subdividing and improving the land
and placing it upon the market. The improvements are pro-
gressing as rapidly as possible and already sufficient sales
have been made to insure the success of the project.

This move, which preserves the existing garden in its pres-
ent location for a much longer period than would otherwise
have been possible and yet permits the Board to acquire a
large tract of land beyond the city for the purposes indicated,
should be regarded as one of the most fundamental improve-
ments undertaken since the trust was bequeathed to the
Trustees by Henry Shaw. Only those who have given the
entire scheme careful consideration can appreciate what it
means to the Missouri Botanical Garden and to the citizens of
St. Louis. As soon as the new location is secured and the
various nurseries and greenhouse collections established, im-
mediate improvement may be expected in the general appear-
ance of the Garden as well as in the character of the floral
displays, both indoors and out. That the proposed change
has met with the universal approval of all those who under-
stand what is involved is evidenced by the favorable expres-
sions of opinion received from all quarters, including resolu-
tions indorsing the contemplated change and wishing the
Garden every success in the new venture from the St. Louis
Association of Gardeners, the St. Louis Florist Club, and
similar organizations. It is not too much to say that a crisis
in the administration of the Garden has been successfully
passed and that within a comparatively few years the citizens
of St. Louis will have even greater cause to be proud of the

6 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

institution so beneficently placed at their disposal by Henry
Shaw.

EXPEDITION TO CENTRAL AND SOUTH AMBRICA FOR
ORCHIDS

While the collection of orchids at the Missouri Botanical
Garden has long been recognized as one of the best of its
kind in the country, it was thought desirable to secure a much
larger number of the showy species in order to make our
orchid displays even more attractive. The splendid gift of
the late D. S. Brown added hundreds of plants to the collec-
tion, but we still lacked in any quantity the varieties which
in the eyes of the public constitute the most important part
of an orchid show. Owing to the war and the increased dif-
ficulty of getting plants from the tropics into the United
States, it became necessary to send some one to the native
home of these plants in order to secure them. Mr. George H.
Pring, Horticulturist to the Garden, agreed to go and on the
first of April left St. Louis for Bogota, Colombia. No single
undertaking of the Garden has ever received anything like
the publicity given to this expedition. Not only the local
press but newspapers throughout this country and abroad, as
well as all the leading horticultural and floricultural maga-
zines, have devoted an unusual amount of space to recording
the results of Mr. Pring’s trip. In addition, Mr. Pring has
given repeatedly the illustrated talk first delivered at the
Trustees’ Banquet on October 10, and has on more than one
occasion broadcasted over the radio his interesting experiences.
In the September, October, and November numbers of. the
BULLETIN a more detailed account of the results of the expedi-
tion are to be found. Suffice it to say that no effort made by
the Garden during its existence has been so fruitful in adding
to its permanent collections not only orchids of great value
but also tree ferns, economic plants, and other plants of much
popular and scientific interest.

INCREASED INTEREST IN AND APPRECIATION OF THE
GARDEN

The number of visitors to the Garden, now over three
times that of a decade ago, is but one evidence of the im-
portant position which this institution holds in the com-

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MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 7

munity and in the country. To a greater extent than ever
before the Missouri Botanical Garden is recognized as a
source of information along botanical lines, and the increase
in the requests from commercial concerns, educational and
scientific institutions, as well as private individuals from
all over the country, has more than kept pace with the in-
crease in attendance. The way in which the Garden is called
upon to furnish information from either its library, herba-
rium, laboratories, or garden staff, on every conceivable aspect
of plants or their products, is a constant source of wonder.
While this might be expected from the citizens of St. Louis,
the greater number of requests come from individuals and
concerns so far away that one is surprised that they ever
heard of the Missouri Botanical Garden. Of course, the pub-
lications of the Garden are widely distributed, the ANNALS
going to practically every botanical institution in the world
and the BULLETIN reaching a vast number of plant lovers in
this country. A recent letter from the director of a foreign
botanical garden states: ‘‘We get the publications from your
garden regularly and find many exceedingly able and useful
monographs and articles therein. In fact, we constantly
refer to them in our every-day work.’’ And the head of a
French scientific society writes: ‘‘We have just received the
recent number of your Annals. This interesting publication,
which we greatly appreciate, is a welcome addition to our
library, where it holds one of the best places, as it justly
should.’’ The inclusion of our flower shows in the national
and international circuits of several moving-picture con-
cerns has likewise done much to inform the world of some
of the activities at the Garden, and within the last year or
two the radio has likewise been a factor in disseminating
information from the Garden. Practically all of the con-
ventions which come to St. Louis devote a part of their
program to a visit to the Garden, and this likewise assists
in acquainting people away from St. Louis with the institu-
tion. During the past year two interviews were published in
a local paper, one from a man from Spain, the other from
North Dakota, and if all visitors are impressed in the same
way it is easy to understand why the Missouri Botanical
Garden commands the position it does.

8 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

“The Missouri Botanical Garden has left the deepest impression
on my wife and myself. I have never seen such a perfect collec-
tion of botanical specimens anywhere else. The obvious intelli-
gence of the care given to these flowers and plants speaks well for
the vision of whomever founded the Garden.” [Barcelona, Spain.]

“The beauty of arrangement and the many wonderful flowers
found at Shaw’s Garden make it the most striking in the world.”
{Bismarck, North Dakota.]

The question is often asked how the Missouri Botanical
Garden ranks in comparison with similar institutions through-
out the world. Because of the unique character of the Gar-
den, it being neither a part of a park system nor connected
directly with an institution of learning, it is difficult to make
any just comparison. Until the out-of-town garden is estab-
lished, the area is considerably smaller than some other botani-
cal gardens; but in its appeal to the casual visitor as well as
to the student of plants, it possesses certain features not to
be duplicated elsewhere. It is obviously impossible to com-
pare a garden located in the middle west of North America
with a similar institution to be found in the tropics, and yet
it is only fair to say that considering the limitations imposed
by climate as well as the restricted income (much less than
that available for many other gardens) it is the greatest of
its kind in the world. As was pointed out at length in my
report for 1921, the only source of income for the Garden is
from the estate of Mr. Shaw. With similar institutions re-
ceiving increasing amounts each year from the city or the
state or the nation, to which are frequently added private
gifts of large amounts, it will easily be seen how difficult it is
to maintain the high standard set by Mr. Shaw in competition
with other gardens. This is further complicated by the fact
that the Garden pays taxes on all its revenue-producing prop-
erty and is still deprived, as it has been for the past thirty-
five years, of any revenue from the two-hundred-foot strip
which Mr. Shaw expected would considerably augment the
Garden’s revenue.

THE SCHOOL FOR GARDENING

As definitely provided for in Mr. Shaw’s will, instruction
is given at the Garden to regularly enrolled pupils in subjects
calculated to give them a wide knowledge of plants. General
floriculture and horticulture, together with such special topics

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 9

as plant breeding, diseases of plants, soils and fertilizers,
entomology, etc., are well taken care of, and landscape archi-
tecture, from mechanical and free-hand drawing to the prin-
ciples of landscape design, is offered. In addition to the
formal courses, all the facilities of the Garden are placed at
the disposal of the pupils in a way calculated to give them
practical experience in the propagation and care of a great
variety of plants both outdoors and in the greenhouses. When
satisfactorily completed, a three years’ course at the Garden
is recognized as fitting students to an unusual degree for a
variety of professional work along landscape and gardening
lines. During the past year the enrollment, including voca-
tional students, has been eighteen, a number larger than in
any previous year and more than we properly are prepared
to take care of. Four vocational students completed their
training during the year and are now holding good positions.
In the regular course Miss Edith Mason and Miss Katherine |
Perkins have continued the work begun a year ago, and Mr. ©
Joseph Crupe and Miss Ruth Dowell have been admitted to
advanced standing. Mr. H. E. White, Miss Fern Goss, and
Mr. Joseph Grimme were enrolled for the regular three years’
course. The high standard of the school is evidenced by the
fact that all of these students have successfully fulfilled the
entrance requirements of Washington University, four having
had previous college work and one having obtained the mas-
ter’s degree in botany. The remaining students, assigned to
the Garden by the United States Veterans’ Bureau, have had
varying amounts of schooling, but all have made a satisfactory
record. It is universally recognized that the training in gar-
dening given to the vocational men by the Missouri Botanical
Garden is the best of the kind offered in this country.

ANNUAL BEQUESTS

The annual flower sermon, provided for in the will of Mr.
Shaw, was preached at Christ Church Cathedral on Sunday,
May 27, by the Rev. W. Russell Bowie, of Grace Church,
New York City.

The Trustees’ Banquet was held on the evening of October
10 at the Hotel Chase, the special occasion being the conven-
tion of the Florists’ Telegraph Delivery Association. Since
this was the first time the Trustees’ Banquet has ever been

10 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

attended by so many out-of-town guests, there being nearly
seven hundred delegates present, the banquet was of a some-
what different nature from those previously given. It is
probably true, however, that never before has this bequest of
Mr. Shaw’s been so thoroughly appreciated. Instead of the
usual program of speakers, Mr. George H. Pring, Horticul-
turist to the Garden, gave an illustrated account of his trip
for orchids. The local florists were especially pleased at the
assistance given them in entertaining their out-of-town guests,
and all of the trade papers commented at length on both the
banquet and the visit of the delegates to the Garden. On the
occasion of this visit a wreath of magnolia leaves and dahlias
was placed at the tomb of Mr. Shaw as an expression of the
kindly relations existing between the florists and the Missouri
Botanical Garden.

The bequest provided by Mr. Shaw for ‘‘premiums or prizes
at a flower show or exhibit’? was used in part for prizes at
the fall flower show given by the St. Louis Flower Show
Association.

RESEARCH AND INSTRUCTION

During the year 1923 the experimental or laboratory in-
vestigations have been most varied in type. Studies along
the line of metabolism of the fungi have continued to receive
much attention, especially in the direction of nitrogen metab-
olism and the relation of pathogenic citrus-inhabiting forms
to citric and other organic acids. The location of a ‘‘Sulphur
Fellowship’’ with the graduate laboratory by the Crop Pro-
tection Institute has resulted in an extremely interesting
investigation of the nature of the toxic compound in the
sulphur-containing sprays and dusts. The problem seems to
have been solved by the determination that this compound is
pentathionic acid, and that it is a product related to a state
of division of the sulphur particles. On this account colloidal
sulphur preparations have been given the greater considera-
tion. Diuring the latter part of the year field experiments
have been designed (located primarily at Geneva, New York)
by the Institute to determine the application of the principles
to field work. Other graduate students have pursued studies
dealing with the etiology and physiology of a few fungous
diseases. The mosaic disease of tobacco has occupied much

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 11

of the attention of some members of the staff, and further
interesting data have been secured bearing upon the nature
of the infective agencies in this enormously destructive dis-
ease. At the same time investigations have been instituted to
determine the possibility of studying the life cycles of bacteria
by means of ultra-filtration, thus applying some principles
deduced in the case of the mosaic disease to a study of the
life history of the bacteria in general. Finally, the pigmenta-
tion of fruits, a study begun during the previous year, has
been brought to conclusion.

For the first semester of 1923-24 there have been offered
the usual research courses, the seminar, and three lecture
laboratory courses, somewhat more than the average num-
ber, but during the second semester the number will be re-
duced to not more than two.

Published Articles and Notes—Since the previous report
four numbers of the ANNALS have appeared, including No. 4
of Volume IX, and Nos. 1, 2, and 3 of Volume X. The arti-
eles appearing in these numbers in order of appearance are
as follows:

Rosen, H. R. ‘‘A. Bacterial Disease of Foxtail (Chaetochloa
luteseens).’’ Col. LX, pp. 332-402.

Young, H. ©. ‘‘The Toxic Property of Sulphur.’’ Vol.
IX, pp. 403-435.

Jennison, H. M. ‘‘Potato Blackleg, with Special Reference
to the Etiological Agent.’’ Vol. X, pp. 1-72.

Greenman, J. M. ‘‘Studies of South American Senecios.”’

pp. 73-110.

Lehman, 8. G. ‘‘Pod and Stem Blight of Soybean.’’
pp. 111-178.

Burt, E. A. ‘‘Higher Fungi of the Hawaiian Islands.’’
pp. 179-189.

Duggar, B. M., and Joanne Karrer Armstrong. ‘“Indica-
tions Respecting the Nature of the Infective Particles in the
Mosaic Disease of Tobacco.’’ pp. 191-212.

Camp, A. F. ‘‘Citric Acid as a Source of Carbon for
Certain Citrus Fruit-Destroying Fungi.’’ pp. 213-298.

Besides the articles listed above, attention should be drawn
to the many shorter and popular articles in the BULLETIN,
likewise to several articles appearing in garden craft and

12 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

scientific periodicals not published by the Garden, as follows:

Jensen, L. P. Article in the St. Louis Globe-Democrat,
‘The Destruction of Wild Flowers Due to Injudicious Pick-
ing.”’

Jensen, L. P. Article in the September-October number of
Parks and Recreation, ‘‘Arboretums in Connection with the
Park System.’’

Moore, George T. A chapter in ‘‘Science Remaking the
World’’, Doubleday, Page & Co., on ‘‘The Edueational Value
of Modern Botanical Gardens. ’’

Duggar, B. M. In Industrial and Engineering Chemistry,
review of Palmer’s ‘‘Carotinoids and Related Pigments. The
Chromolipoids.’’

Scientific and Popular Lectures and Papers.—During the
year a number of lectures have been delivered, or papers read,
on scientific and popular topics by members of the scientific
and Garden staff's to special audiences as follows:

John H. Kellogg, January 8, before the scoutmasters of
Webster Groves, Missouri, ‘‘Our Native Trees.’’

B. M. Duggar, January 16, before the St. Louis Garden
Club, ‘‘Shrubs for Fall Effects in Fruit and Foliage.’’

L. P. Jensen, January 17, before the St. Louis Natural
History Museum Association, ‘‘The Call of Humanity—Pre-
serve Our Forests!’’

John H. Kellogg, January 18, before the Liberty Prairie
Women’s Club, Liberty Prairie, Illinois, ‘‘Ornamental Plant-
ing on the Farm.’’

George T. Moore, February 12, before the Blue Hydra
Society of the University of Cincinnati, ‘‘Botany and Busi-
ness.’’

George T. Moore, February 13, before the Chamber of
Commerce of Cincinnati, ‘‘The Relation of the Botanical
Garden to Business and Industrial Life.’’

George T. Moore, February 13, before the Cineinnati Chap-
ter of the Wild Flower Preservation Society, ‘‘The Relation
of a Botanical Garden to Civie Life as Illustrated by the
Missouri Botanical Garden.’’

John H. Kellogg, February 14, before the Boy Scouts
Troop No. 90, at Temple Shaare Emeth, ‘‘ Winter Botany.’’

L. P. Jensen, February 14, before the St. Louis Park De-

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 13

partment Association, at the Swedish Hall, ‘‘The Preserva-
tion of Our Forests.”’

L. P. Jensen, February 16, before the Women’s Club of
Pana, Illinois, at the Elks’ Club House, ‘‘Planting and Care
of Home Grounds.’’

G. H. Pring, February 20, before the St. Louis Garden
Club, ‘‘ Water-lilies and Other Aquatic Plants.’’

George T. Moore, February 21, before the educational sec-
tion of the Wednesday Club, ‘‘Have the School Virtues of
Old Grown Obsolete ?’’

George T. Moore, March 6, before the Women’s Chamber of
Commerce, at the Hotel Claridge, ‘‘The Black Smoke Tax.’’

George T. Moore, March 19, before the Garden Club of
Kirkwood, ‘‘Conserving Natural Resourcees.’’

George T. Moore, March 20, before the Greater St. Louis
Conference, at the Statler Hotel, ‘‘The Smoke Nuisancee.’’

L. P. Jensen, March 26, before the Women’s Club of Litch-
field, Illinois, ‘‘The Beautification of Home Grounds.”’

Edgar Anderson, April 17, before the Woodcraft Counceil,
at the Union Avenue Christian Church, ‘‘Out-of-Door Ex-
periences.’’

B. M. Duggar and Joanne K. Armstrong, April 21, before
the American Philosophical Society, at Philadelphia, ‘‘Indi-
cations Respecting the Nature of the Infective Particles in the
Mosaic Disease of Tobacco.’’

Edgar Anderson, April 24, before the Carpe Diem Literary
Society, in the lecture room at the Garden, ‘‘The Activities
of the Missouri Botanical Garden.”’

Edgar Anderson, April 24, broadcasted by the St. Louis
Post-Dispatch radio station in connection with the Garden’s
co-operation in National Garden week, ‘‘Flowers for City
Gardens.’’

J. M. Greenman, April 4, before the Illinois Academy of
Science, at Galesburg, Illinois, ‘‘Opportunities for Botanical
Research in Central America.”’

L. P. Jensen, April 26, before the ‘‘Be Square’’ class of
the Kingshighway Presbyterian Church, ‘‘Conservation of
Forests. ’’

L. P. Jensen, April 30, before the Women’s Club of Belle-
ville, Illinois, ‘‘ Beautification of Home Grounds.”’

14 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

L. P. Jensen, April 30, before the Belleville Chamber of
Commerce, ‘‘The City Beautiful.’’

Edgar Anderson, May 16, before the pupils of the Kennard
School, ‘‘ Flower Families.’’

L. P. Jensen, May 21, before the St. Louis Association of
Gardeners, at the Forest Park greenhouses, ‘‘ Conservation of
Forests.’’

L. P. Jensen, May 25, before the St. Louis District Greens
Section, at the Algonquin Golf Club, ‘‘Obnoxious Insects and
Their Control.’’

L. P. Jensen, June 11, before the Waterloo Commercial
Club, at Waterloo, Illinois, ‘‘The Beautification of Cities.’’

L. P. Jensen, August 2, before the Chautauqua Association,
Piasa, Illinois, ‘‘ Wild Flowers.’’

G. H. Pring, August 20, broadcasted from the Grand
Leader radio station, ‘‘Collecting Orchids in Colombia’’; on
September 11, the same lecture was broadcasted from the
Post-Dispatch station; also given, October 8, before the St.
Louis Landscape Association, at the American Hotel; Octo-
ber 15, before the Society of Sigma Xi; October 18, before
the Clifton Heights Presbyterian Church; October 25, before
the Missouri State Florists’ Association at Sedalia; Novem-
ber 2, before The Richard Anderson Post, at the Armory;
November 6, before the Current Topics Section of the
Wednesday Club; November 7, before the St. Louis Associa-
tion of Gardeners; November 13, before the St. Louis Aqua-
rium Society ; November 17, in the Flower Show Auditorium,
Oklahoma City, Oklahoma; December 4, before the patrons’
association of the Garfield School; and December 14, before
the patrons’ association of the Fremont School.

G. H. Pring, September 24, before the Maryland Terrace
Association, ‘‘The Care of Lawns and Shrubbery.”’

L. P. Jensen, September 11, before the convention of the
American Institute of Park Executives, in Kansas City, ‘‘ Ar-
boretums in Connection with the Park System.’’

L. P. Jensen, October 5, before the Webster Groves Nature
Study Society, ‘‘The Beautification of Home Grounds.’’

G. H. Pring, October 10, at the Trustees’ banquet, ‘‘ Hunt-
ing Orchids in the Tropics.’’

G. H. Pring, October 12, before the Junior Chamber of
Commerce, ‘‘ What Is an Orchid ?’’

ay

a oe, Oe i ta dy “ , >. or, Saree id. <a. a ae. i
5 ; ' =. Pepe OE RE TS PN a Evie.

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 15

L. P. Jensen, October 24, before the Women’s Club of
Greenfield, Illinois, ‘‘The Use of Native Materials in Orna-
mental Planting.’’

L. P. Jensen, November 2, before the Boy Scout Class
for the Merit Badge, at the Cabanne Branch Library, ‘‘ For-
estry.”’

George T. Moore, November 13, broadcasted from the Post-
Dispatch radio station, ‘‘The Growing Interest in Flower
Shows.”’

B. M. Duggar, December 1, before the Phi Sigma Society,
‘‘Science, an After-Dinner Attitude.’’

B. M. Duggar, December 28, before the physiological section
of the Botanical Society of America, at the meetings of the
American Association for the Advancement of Science, at Cin-
einnati, ‘‘Cell Activity and H-lon Concentration—Some Prob-
lems in Metabolism and Absorption.”’

B. M. Duggar and Joanne K. Armstrong, December 28, be-
fore the American Naturalists, ‘‘Ultra-filtration as a Means of
Studying the Life Cycles of Bacteria.’’

J. M. Greenman, December 29, before the systematic section
of the Botanical Society of America, ‘‘Age and Area with
Special Reference to the Flora of Tropical America.”’

Graduates, Fellows, and Investigators—Laboratory or ex-
perimental research has been conducted, as heretofore, by
members of the scientific staff of the Garden; graduate stu-
dents, especially those registered as candidates for degrees in
the Henry Shaw School of Botany of Washington Univer-
sity ; and special investigators doing cooperative or independ-
ent research.

Graduate students.—During the calendar year the follow-
ing graduate students have been in residence: A. F. Camp,
C. C. Epling, Grace Gilmor, Adele L. Grant, Marian A. Grif-
fiths, Mary E. Hopper, Grace E. Howard, Mildred L. John-
son, L. J. Klotz, S. G. Lehman, Christine F. Posse, Fanny
Fern Smith, Louise M. Stupp, L. E. Tisdale, 8. R. Warner,
and H. C. Young. In addition, the research laboratories are
also utilized by Dr. Joanne K. Armstrong (research assistant),
Dr. G. M. Armstrong (assistant professor of botany in Wash-
ington University), Dr. G. W. Freiberg (instructor in botany
in Washington University), Dr. Nellie M. Carter (research

16 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

assistant), and Mrs. Edgar Anderson (teaching fellow in
Washington University), as well as by members of the staff
in charge of various phases of the work.

Rufus J. Lackland Fellows.—Holders of these fellowships
for the academic year 1923-24 are as follows: Carl C. Epling,
A. B. University of California, instructor in botany, Oregon
Agricultural College, reappointed second year; Louise M.
Stupp, A. B. Washington University, assistant principal,
Girard School, Girard, Illinois.

Jesse R. Barr Fellows.—Two of these fellowships are held
by graduate students in botany for 1923-24: Fanny Fern
Smith, A. B. Washington University; Grace Gilmor, B. S.
and M. 8. Wooster College, laboratory assistant, Ohio Agri-
cultural Experiment Station, Wooster.

Teaching Fellows.—Dr. Joanne K. Armstrong, B. 8. and
M. 8S. University of Washington, Ph. D. Washington Uni-
versity; Mrs. Edgar Anderson, A. B. Wellesley College, as-
sistant in genetics, Wellesley College.

Fellowship of the Crop Protection Institute——For the sec-
ond academic year one of the substantial fellowships main-
tained by the Crop Protection Institute under the auspices
of the National Research Council has been located at the grad-
uate laboratory of the Garden. On the vacation of this fel-
lowship in September by H. C. Young, as noted below, the
appointment was awarded to Lionel E. Tisdale, B.S. Alabama
Polytechnic Institute, M.S. Michigan Agricultural College,
assistant state pathologist, South Carolina Agricultural Ex-
periment Station, formerly teaching fellow in Washington
University. This fellowship was established ‘‘in order to
promote original research relative to the fungicidal and in-
secticidal properties of sulphur.’’

Investigations completed by graduate students, candidates
for degrees in Washington University, June, 1923, were
notable in number and in scope. On June 14, the degree of
Doctor of Philosophy was conferred upon the following:
Arthur F. Camp, A.B. University of California, assistant in
plant pathology, University of California, Lackland Research
Fellow (thesis topic, ‘‘Citric Acid as a Source of Carbon for
Certain Citrus Fruit-Destroying Fungi’’); Adele Lewis
Grant, B.S. University of California, A.M. Washington Uni-

—- -. a

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 17

versity, instructor in botany, Cornell University (thesis
topic, ‘‘Monograph of the genus Mimulus’’) ; Grace E. How-
ard, A.B. and M.S. University of Washington, graduate assist-
ant, University of Washington, Jesse R. Barr Fellows (thesis
topic, ‘‘ Pigment Studies with Special Reference to Carotinoids
in Fruits’’) ; Leo J. Klotz, B.S. and M.S. Michigan Agricul-
tural College, Lackland Research Fellow (thesis topic, ‘‘Some
Aspects of Nitrogen Metabolism in Fungi’’) ; Samuel G. Leh-
man, B.S. Ohio University, M.S. North Carolina State Col-
lege, assistant pathologist, North Carolina Agricultural Ex-
periment Station, Lackland Research Fellow (thesis topie,
‘*Pod and Stem Blight of Soybean’’) ; F. S. Wolpert, former-
ly Lackland Research Fellow, teacher of science, Principia
School (thesis topic, ‘‘The Growth of Certain Wood-destroy-
ing Fungi in Relation to the H-ion Concentration of the Me-
dia’’) ; and Harry C. Young, B.S. Ohio University, M.S. North
Carolina State College, research assistant in plant physiology
and instructor in botany, Michigan Agricultural College, Re-
search Fellow, Crop Protection Institute (thesis topic, ‘‘The
Toxie Property of Sulphur’’). The degree of Master of Sci-
ence was conferred upon the following: Marian A. Griffiths,
B.S. University of Washington, assistant pathologist, Cereal
Investigations, U. S. Department of Agriculture; and Mary
E. Hopper, A.B. and A.M. Llinois College

Graduate students completing their work, as above, have
received appointments as follows: A. F. Camp, plant pathol-
ogist to the Florida State Board of Agriculture and assigned
to the Agricultural Experiment Station, Gainesville; Adele
L. Grant returns to Cornell University as instructor in bot-
any; Marian A. Griffiths returns to her duties as assistant
pathologist, U. S. Department of Agriculture; Mary E. Hop-
per, assistant in botany, Barnard College, Columbia Univer-
sity; Grace E. Howard, instructor in botany, Wellesley Col-
lege; L. J. Klotz, assistant professor of botany, University of
New Hampshire; 8. G. Lehman returns to the North Caro-
lina Agricultural Experiment Station, Raleigh, as assistant
plant pathologist ; F. 8. Wolpert continues his work as teacher
in science, Principia School; and H. C. Young, chief in bot-
any, Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station, Wooster.

18 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

HERBARIUM

The herbarium has continued a steady, normal growth dur-
ing the past year. Although the total number of herbarium
specimens acquired is not quite as large as it has been in some
former years, yet the new material is fairly well distributed
geographically and represents numerous groups of non-vas--
cular and vascular plants. Substantial additions to the her-
barium have been made from the eastern provinces of Can-
ada, New England, the Piedmont Plateau of southeastern
United States, Kentucky, Illinois, Missouri, Arkansas, the
northern Rocky Mountain region, the Pacific coast states, the
southwestern United States, Mexico and Central America,
West Indies, northwestern South America, southeastern
Europe, and China.

The congested condition of the herbarium has been some-
what relieved temporarily by the installation of several blocks
of new steel cases which now accommodate the greater part
of the monocotyledonous families. Additional case-capacity,
however, is imperative in order that the rapidly growing col-
lections may be properly cared for. <A considerable part of
the curator’s time, as in previous years, has been devoted to
a more thorough organization of the material on hand, so that
the specimens may be more readily accessible for reference and
critical study.

New Accessions——The more noteworthy individual collec-
tions which have been added during the year are the follow-
ing: Elam Bartholomew, 200 North American Uredinales;
Bureau of Plant Industry, Washington, D. C., 692 fungi of
the United States; B. F. Bush, 244 plants of Missouri; Botan-
ical Garden of the University of Cluj, by Professor A. Borza,
200 plants of Roumania; Honorable Joseph R. Churchill and
Walter Deane, 200 plants from the Province of Quebec, Can-
ada, and 410 plants of Massachusetts, Connecticut, South
Carolina, and Colorado; College de Longueuil, by Father M.
Victorin, 190 plants of the Province of Quebec, Canada; Rev-
erend John Davis, 476 plants of the United States; Professor
J. A. Drushel, 126 plants, mostly from the eastern United
States; Dr. H. A. Gleason, 1231 plants of British Guiana;
Dr. J. M. Greenman, 155 plants of Illinois and Missouri, and
317 plants of Arkansas; H. C. Hanson, 261 plants of Arizona;

ie gh as < EE aE RE ed OP nn mee se |

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 19

John H. Kellogg, 717 plants, mostly cultivated in the Mis-
souri Botanical Garden; C. H. Knowlton, 160 plants from
eastern Quebee and 165 plants of New England; Professor
Frank T. McFarland, 362 plants of Kentucky ; Dr. W. Migula,
150 eryptogams of Germany, Austria, and Switzerland; P. C.
Standley, 220 plants of Salvador; Professor F. L. Stevens,
323 fungi of the West Indies, British Guiana, and Hawaii;
United States National Museum, 1100 miscellaneous dupli-
eates, mainly from North America and Europe, and 638
plants from Mexico and Central America; University of Mon-
tana, by Dr. J. E. Kirkwood, 300 plants of Montana; Uni-
versity of Nanking, 275 plants of China; University of Wyo-
ming, by Professor E. B. Payson, 453 plants of Wyoming;
S. R. Warner, 287 plants of Texas; Th. Oswald Weigel, 66
plants of Bolivia. A large number of smaller collections have
been received from cor. espondence and friends of the Garden,
which have been duly recorded in current numbers of the
BULLETIN.

Mounting and Distribution.—Over 12,000 specimens have
been mounted and distributed in the herbarium during the
fiscal year. The specimens mounted represent mainly the
plants received on current accessions, thus rendering avail-
able for immediate use the newly acquired material.

Field Work.—Noteworthy field work has been done during
the year. Mr. G. H. Pring, while on his expedition to Colom-
bia, South America, for living orchids, made a collection of
ferns and flowering plants which constitute an important ad-
dition to the herbarium. Dr. J. M. Greenman, Curator of the
Herbarium, in early October made a brief expedition to
Arkansas collecting in Saline and Hemstead Counties, par-
ticularly in the Valley of the Red River. In addition thereto
a limited amount of field work has been continued within a
radius of 30 miles of St. Louis. Several local botanists and
friends of the Garden have generously contributed to the her-
barium local plants of special interest.

Exchanges——An unusually large number of important se-
ries of plants has been obtained by exchange with scientific
institutions with which the Garden maintains exchange rela-
tions and from individual correspondents. During the year

oe

20 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

1255 duplicate herbarium specimens have been distributed
to different herbaria.

Use of the Herbarium by outside Botanists—Numerous vis-
iting botanists have consulted the herbarium at various times
during the year. A distinct service has been rendered to
specialists in different parts of the country through the loan
of herbarium specimens of special groups of plants. These
loans have encouraged and furthered monographie study and
have resulted in every case to a mutual advantage of all pare
ties concerned.

Statistical Summary (For the year ending December 31,
1923).

Number of specimens received on new accessions:
By purchase .. 4,790

{iia 2 | 5 eee 1,270
By exchange .. 3,764
By field work.. 1,502
By photography 33
| at 11,359 valued at $1,135.90

Number of speci-

mens mounted

and incorporat-

WE ee hearse ee 12,406 valued at $2,481.20
Number of speci- -

mens discarded

from the herba-

Lig hi 7 Sa glee ee PR 48 without value.
Number of specimens in organized her-
ETI ie ast Gesica aig «mee OW oh o.6-8 900,722 valued at $142,033.90
Number of specimens in unorganized
TE EELIIIE, os cerca e-0k brew a ee Fs 68,168 valued at 5,473.46
Wood specimens, etc., supplementing
Drie DOP BAP I a ssc Ree ee 0s Ses valued at 280.00
Microscope slides, etc.............e0. valued at 410.00
PME VEAL CROAT. 5 6. Hie Seon 6:6 b'd wa or elale Sis be a Bie we CRI $148,197.36
LIBRARY

During the year 1923 there have been no changes in mem-
bership of the library staff. As in former years, the members
have been employed in caring for the present contents of
the library, in entering and incorporating the numerous addi-
tions of the year, and in editing and publishing the two pe-
riodicals which are maintained by the Garden for the output
of its work in botanical research and horticulture.

i ee ae

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 21

Several hundred publications are received in serial form
each year. Records have to be kept of the arrival of each
part, missing parts secured promptly, all parts circulated
promptly among the various research departments and then
collated for the binder and finally distributed on the library
shelves. Many books have been acquired by purchase and do-
nation and many authors’ separates by donation, the exact
numbers of each being stated in the statistical paragraph at
the end of the report.

A. guide to the contents of the library has been prepared
as an aid to new users of the library, and has been in satis-
factory use during the latter part of the year.

From time to time, botanists have visited the library to
work up or to consult the literature in their various fields.
Such visitors are aided by all the facilities of the library dur-
ing their stay.

During the year books were loaned by the Garden to 22 in-
stitutions for use by their investigators. Such loans are made
on the interlibrary plan rather than directly to individuals.
The borrower makes application for the loan through his uni-
versity, which is responsible for the return of the book in
good condition at the expiration of the loan and for transpor-
tation both ways.

Number 4 of Vol. IX. and Nos. 1, 2 and 3 of Vol. X. of
the ANNALS oF THE Missourt BoranicaL GARDEN have been
published during the year. These parts contain 402 pages of
text, 21 plates, and numerous text figures. The ANNALS is
our principal exchange for publications of scientific societies
and institutions.

The other Garden publication is the BuLLetin, of which
11 volumes of 10 numbers each have been issued. While
the BULLETIN was originally intended to serve primarily
as a means of informing the public as to what was of par-
ticular interest at the Garden, special attention has been
given to native and exotic plants suitable for the gardens of
Missouri and adjoining states. It now apparently fills a dis-
tinct need among amateur gardeners in this region. Over
50 of the articles from the BuLitEeTin have been republished
in various horticultural journals in the last two years, and it
is in increasing demand all over the United States. Visitors
from the East and the West frequently ask to see some spe-

22 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

cial plant or collection which they have read about in the
BULLETIN or in some publication copying our articles. Dur-
ing the present year Mr. Pring’s account of his orchid-col-
lecting trip in South America has been a feature of the
BULLETIN.

Both the ANNALS and the BULLETIN are supplied to reg-
ular subscribers; separates of the various articles in the
ANNALS are also for sale by the library. The cash receipts
from such sales for the year, and for Views of the Garden,
were $1940.91.

Statistical—There have been donated to the library, or
received from our correspondents during the present year,
439 volumes, valued at $975.94, and 1292 pamphlets, valued
at $251.08. Three hundred and thirty-three volumes, one of
them published in 1487 and the second oldest book in our
library, were bought at a cost of $1556.05, and 45 pamphlets
costing $29.80. The library now contains 39,951 books and
53,634 pamphlets, a total of 93,585, valued at $136,457.56.
There are also 330 manuscripts, valued at $1,609.80, and
971,873 index cards, valued at $10,164.59. A total of 6915
index cards have been added during the year, of which 865
were typewritten by library employees, and 6,050 purchased
at a cost of $130.06. Two hundred and sixty books were
bound.

ATTENDANCE FOR THE YEAR 1923
Week-days. Sundays.

eng ct SET ET PE EOE: an er ee 8,080 10,488
“on case unse f GEE T ERE CCT Oe PTT pe tae 3,637 1,632
CaS ir bs en dA Neo ed 2s be Cech. 7,550 9,880
Ew iN S's ce S55 0a Fee NG ae bE AMOS «3 8,203 13,442
Re coe a er eres, Pe 13,382 22,956
ROE hao Sue On een Se CR TK wha eras eee ek c 20,745 8,464
ee TO ee. Oa OPT OT naa 12,088 6,533
I sh 5 cis 0499 Sex ares 50k deaad pha 16,791 8,161
ee, SOE Te a ne 12,730 12,044
SE ha Pa we su ew bea Ae ioe ea rea 13,599 9,318
IN oo 8 5.404 60S ous Pare ei ee 18,707 35,656
EWE 0 iv Ws ia eye bees: oa aw cee ek ck oo 5,773 6,063
141,285 144,637

141,285

EMUGER A enn et Pe CAs aie eae 285,922

Respectfully submitted,
GEORGE T. MOORE,
Director.

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 23

STATISTICAL INFORMATION FOR DECEMBER, 1923

GARDEN ATTENDANCE:
Total Number Of VASILOlsS.s sxcisct se osc s os eee wena wee 11,836
PLANT ACCESSIONS:
Total number of seed packets received as gifts........ 15
Total number of plants received as gifts.............. 116
LIBRARY ACCESSIONS:
Total number of books and pamphlets bought........ 20
Total number of books and pamphlets donated........ 351
HERBARIUM ACCESSIONS:
By Gift—
Anderson, Dr. E.—Iris versicolor L. from Michigan......
Anderson, Dr. E.—Plants of New Hampshire..........
Bartholomew, Elam—Fungi of Kansas................
Charles, Vera K.—Stereum rugosiusculum from Spo-
ANC, WASHINZION Foe.0s vs occ sles ws vise wicces waren
Fric, Professor A. V.—Specimens of cacti from Mexico.
Fric, Professor A. V.—Photographs of cacti of Mexico. .
Greenman, Dr. J. M.—Plants of horticulture..........
Hamby, Mrs. H. J.—Plants of TexasS.......--.seeeeees
Haynes, Miss Caroline Coventry—North American
TGR LICH <5 sais ele 04.0 sl sidc o wihiaee ees! sales seine ems
Hibbard, Miss Ann—Fungi from Newfane, Vermont...
By Exchange—
Bureau of Plant Industry, Washington, D. C.—Fungi
Of the -Umited States. 56s. ck cc weeny wet tee ee are 692
Rose, Dr. J. N.—Photograph of Astrophytum asterias
(Zuce.) Lam csi. fes es a ere ee ies ae ele ness = fe
University of Wyoming, by Dr. E. B. Payson—Plants
of northwestern WyYOmiIDG.......ccsccvcessrecsceees 438
By Purchase
Knowlton, Clarence H.—Plants of New England....... 165
Leland Stanford Junior University, by Professor LeRoy
Abrams—Photostatic reproductions of Monardella... tf
McFarland, Professor Frank T.—Plants of Kentucky.. 350
Migula, Dr. W.—“Kryptogamae Germaniae, Austriae et
Helvetiae exsiccatae,” Fasc. 35-40 inclusive.......... 150
University of Nanking, by A. N. Steward—Plants of
CRIMES «sc cc ere 5% dv ein aot Sere rie * a tie 8 00.6 pia 125

bo
oo Ol anon we 00 CO

a

The Garden is open to the public every day in the year, except
New Year’s, Fourth of July, Labor Day, and Christmas—week days
from 8:00 A. M. until one-half hour after sunset; Sundays from
November to April, 1:00 P. M. until sunset, from April to Novem-
ber, 2:00 P. M. until sunset.

The main entrance to the Garden is located at Tower Grove
Avenue and Flora Boulevard, on the Vandeventer Avenue car line.
Transfer south from all intersecting lines.

74

i

a

oe
ae

x

—
LAY Ses &

FEBRUARY, 1924

a

oval Onis and Their Uses air ate eee ag ey L.
‘White-Oak Acorns as Food . ace ES MRM GIR ee:
Notes . . * RSG er age ein T pe”. Geka e ee
: Statistical Information dete oe oa Ga ar state aa Sas

x ante - gt. LOUIS, MO. — Me Rae a 9"
: ag Meteo abe ae ee ean Soh es

Published Senints Except July. aii August by the Board of Trustees

cone . SUBSCRIPTION PRICE:
ONE DOLLAR. PER YEAR | Winey SINGLE COPIES TEN CENTS

ORIGINAL MEMBERS WERE. este IN MR. SHA
AND THE BOARD SO CONSTITUTED, EXCLUSIVE OF ae
EX-OFFICIO ME

er fs

_ EDWARDS WHITAKER, ee

»

PLATE

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TRI.

MISSOL

PRATIROIE,

Missouri Botanical

Garden Bulletin

Vol. XII FEBRUARY, 1924 No. 2

LOCAL OAKS AND THEIR USES

Oaks are mentioned in the earliest histories. We are told
that Absalom was caught by his hair in ‘‘the thick branches
of a great oak’’; and Herodotus informs us that ‘‘the first
oracle was that of Dodona, set up in the celebrated oak grove
of that name. There, at first, the oracles were delivered by
priestesses, but, as was afterwards believed, by the inspired
oaks themselves.’’ The civic crown, given in the palmy days
of Rome to the most celebrated men, was composed of oak
leaves. The oak was the symbol of Baal or Yiaoul (whence
Yule), the god of fire, and at his festival, which was at Christ-
mas, the ceremony of kindling the Yule log was performed
by the Druids. This fire was kept burning throughout the
year, and the hearths of all the people were annually lighted
from these sacred fires every Christmas. The curious custom
of kindling the Yule log with much rejoicing at Christmas
time is supposed to be still extant in some parts of England.
Acorns, the fruit of the oak, appear to have been held in
considerable estimation as an article of food among the an-
cients, as well as among the aborigines of the New World.
Not only were the swine fattened upon them, as in our own
forests, but they were ground into flour with which bread was
made by the poorer classes.

The Arcadians believed the oak to have been the first cre-
ated of all trees; and when we consider its great utility and
beauty we are disposed to give it first rank among forest
trees. The wood of the oak has, since ancient times, held a pre-
eminent place in house-, ship-, and bridge-building, because

(25)

26 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

of its durability, strength, and toughness. It is also exten-
sively used in the manufacture of furniture and carriages,
being especially adapted to high-grade work, also in cooper-
age. The bark is rich in tannin and is used for the tanning
of leather. The bark of some of the European species pro-
duces the cork of commerce. The galls which are caused by
the stings of insects are also rich in tannin and have been
used in the manufacture of writing ink.

Oaks are extremely valuable as ornamentals in landscape
work, being regarded by many as the most varied and the
most beautiful and picturesque of all deciduous trees. They
are not easily transplanted from their native locations in the
woods, owing to the formation of a tap-root very early in
life, but if properly handled in the nursery, with early re-
moval of the tap-root and frequent transplanting to prevent
the formation of a new tap-root before being planted in their
permanent place, most of them can be moved with ease. Oaks
are not well adapted to the smoky atmosphere of cities.

The genus Quercus which consists almost entirely of large
trees comprises about three-hundred species throughout the
world. About fifty of these are native to America, half of
them distributed in the eastern states and half on the western
slopes. No Pacific-coast species are found naturally in the
eastern states and no eastern species across the Rocky Moun-
tains.

Our local oaks may be classified into two general groups:

1. THE WHITE-OAK GROUP

Acorns ripening in one season; lobes of leaves rounded ;
bark pale and often scaly.

Quercus alba (white oak).—The white oak is the most val-
uable of our local oaks, though rather slow in growth. Locally
it attains a height of about 100 feet with a trunk diameter of
about 6 feet. When grown in the open it generally divides
near the ground in a great many lateral branches, forming
a wide irregular crown. It grows in any ordinary good soil
regardless of exposure. It is easily distinguished from other
local oaks by its grayish white bark which is broken up into
loose scales, and by‘its leaves, which are round-lobed, smooth

a ee a ee
a8

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 27

and pale on their under surface when mature, and often per-
sist over winter. The wood is strong and very hard, tough,
close-grained, and durable, and is used extensively in ship-
building, in the manufacture of carriages, agricultural imple-
ments, railway ties, baskets, in fences, interior finish, cabinet
making, cooperage, and for fuel. A decoction of the inner
bark has been employed medicinally in cases of hemorrhage
and dysentery. The white oak is a fine tree for ornamental
planting where it can be given sufficient room for develop-
ment.

Habitat: dry upland woods, Maine to Ontario, Minnesota
and southward.

Quercus stellata (post oak).—The wood of the post oak
closely resembles that of the white oak and is used for the
same purposes, although considered inferior. It is a smaller
tree than the white oak, its maximum height not exceeding 60
fect, with a trunk diameter of 3 feet. It forms a dense, broad,
round-topped crown, with wide-spreading branches. The post
oak may be distinguished from the other oaks by the peculiar
form of its leaves which have 3 large terminal lobes and 1
basal lobe, making them wedge-shaped in outline. The upper
surface of the leaves is shiny, bright green, the lower surface
pale and covered with a rusty pubescence. The buds are
more reddish in color than those of the white oak. The post
oak will grow in poorer soil than the white oak and is gen-
erally found on dry flats and hills.

Habitat: Pennsylvania to Kansas, south to Florida and
Texas.

Quercus alba X stellata (hybrid oak).—One tree near Allen-
ton, Mo. In every respect intermediate between the parents.

Quercus lyrata (swamp post oak).—A large tree with a
symmetrical round head and small pendulous branches. The
maximum height is from 70 to 100 feet, and the trunk diam-
eter is about 314 feet. The leaves are bright green and
shiny above, white-downy beneath, turning scarlet and orange
in autumn, obovate, narrowed at the base, with 3-5 pairs of
lobes. This species is easily recognized by its button-like
acorns which are usually completely covered by the cup. The
wood is hard, strong, tough, and durable, and is used for
the same purposes as the white oak.

28 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

Habitat: wet bottom-land, Maryland to Florida, west to
Missouri and Texas.

Quercus macrocarpa (bur oak).—This is the largest of our
native oaks, usually attaining a height of from 90 to 100 feet,
occasionally 150 feet, with a trunk diameter of 7 feet. It has
broad, spreading branches if grown in the open. Its wood
is particularly adapted for quarter-sawing on account of its
conspicuous medullary rays, and is considered even better
than white oak if grown in rich soil. Commercially it is used
for the same purposes as the white oak.

The bur oak is the most picturesque American oak as well
as the most ornamental. It is comparatively easily trans-
planted when young, and its adaptability to different re-
gions and climates is remarkable, growing in the forests of
Canada, in the moist climate of New England, and in the hot
arid regions of Texas. It is the most rapid-growing of the
white-oak group and more resistant to a smoky atmosphere
than any other oak. It may be recognized by its unique
leaves which have deep rounded sinuses that reach nearly
to the midribs and divide the leaves almost into 2 parts. The
pubescence on the lower side of the leaves and corky projec-
tions on the young branches are also characteristic, as are
the large-fringed acorn cups and the persistent leaves. The
bark is grayish brown, deeply furrowed, becoming scaly.

One of the largest trees in the vicinity of St. Louis is
located at East Prairie, Missouri. This giant species stands
about 130 feet in height, and the circumference, measured 3
feet from the ground, is 23 feet. These measurements and
photograph reproduced in plate 2 were obtained through the
courtesy of Mr. R. A. Doyle, of East Prairie, Missouri.

Habitat: rich moist soil, Nova Seotia to Montana, south
to Pennsylvania, Tennessee, and Texas.

Quercus macrocarpa var. olivaeformis (bur oak variety ).—
This variety is like the bur oak, except that the leaves are
narrower and the acorns smaller and cylindrical.

Quercus bicolor (swamp white oak).—A picturesque tree
which in the open develops an open round-topped crown with
the upper branches ascending and the lower drooping. Lo-
cally, the maximum height is 60-70 feet and the trunk diam-
eter 2-3 feet. This oak may be distinguished by the leaves,

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 29

the sinuses of which are shallow and give the leaf a broad
appearance, by the bark on the younger branches which peels
off into thin, large plates, as in the sycamore, and by the long-
stalked acorns, about one-third of which is enclosed by the
eups. The wood is used commercially for the same purposes
as the white oak. The swamp white oak is a picturesque tree
for waterside planting and does well in any rich moist soil.

Habitat: swamps, Maine to southern Iowa, south to Mary-
land, Kentucky and Arkansas.

Quercus Muhlenbergii (chinquapin or yellow oak).—This
oak, locally, sometimes attains a height of 75 feet and a trunk
diameter of 3 feet, but it is usually smaller. Its lateral
branches are relatively short, forming a narrow, round-topped
erown. The leaves are oblong to lanceolate, equally and rather
sharply toothed, closely resembling those of the chestnut. The
bark is thick, rough, fissured into long irregular ridges which
break up into grayish or brownish scales. The wood is not
equal in importance to that of the white oak but is utilized
for similar purposes. This is a good tree for ornamental
planting, but it is of rather slow growth.

Habitat: limestone glades and rich north hillsides, Ver-
mont to Delaware, along the mountains to Alabama, west to
Minnesota, Nebraska and ‘l'exas.

2. THE BLACK-OAK GROUP

Acorns requiring two seasons in which to mature; lobes of
leaves bristle-pointed; bark usually dark and furrowed.

Quercus rubra (red oak).—The red oak usually attains a
height of from 70 to 90 feet, with a trunk diameter of 3-4
feet, but occasionally it grows to 150 feet with a trunk diam-
eter of 5 feet. When grown in the open it has a short trunk
and a broad symmetrical crown. It may be recognized by the
flat-topped ridges of the bark, its straight-ascending clean
branches, its dull green leaves with red midribs, its light
reddish inner bark, its large acorns with broad yellow cups,
borne in pairs on short stalks, and its smooth, sharp-pointed,
light brown buds. The red oak is the most rapid grower of
all the oaks. It is desirable for ornamental planting on this
account, also because of its smooth bark, straight branches,

Oe

30 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

and the color of its foliage, the rosy pink of early spring
changing to a dark dull green at maturity and into orange
and brown in autumn. This oak is highly prized as an orna-
mental tree in Europe, particularly England, Belgium, and
Germany. It is commercially inferior to the white oak, but
is extensively used in cooperage, cheap furniture, construc-
tion, and interior finish of buildings. The bark is rich in
tannin.

Habitat: rich soil, Nova Scotia to Minnesota, south to Geor-
gia, Tennessee and Kansas.

Quercus Schneckii (Schneck’s oak).—This species closely
resembles the red oak, but the sinuses of the leaves are deeper
and the acorns are pointed.

Habitat: Indiana, Iowa to Texas and Florida.

Quercus palustris (pin oak) —The pin oak usually attains
a height of from 70 to 100 feet with a trunk diameter of 3—4
feet. It may easily be recognized by its characteristic form,
the trunk being straight and continuous, relatively smooth,
the crown symmetrical, conical, the lower lateral branches
smooth and drooping, the middle horizontal, and the upper
ascending. As the lower branches die, they leave a hard peg
or pin which penetrates to the heart-wood, hence the name
pin oak. This is not a very valuable species commercially,
but it is used in construction, cooperage, interior finish, and
for shingles. It is extremely useful in ornamental planting
and is extensively used as an avenue tree. The leaves turn
to brilliant scarlet in autumn. It is a comparatively fast
grower and will grow in any rich, moderately moist soil.

Habitat: swamps, Massachusetts to Michigan and Missouri,
south to Tennessee and Oklahoma.

Quercus coccinea (scarlet oak).—This is a beautiful tree
which locally attains a height of 50 feet, with a trunk diam-
eter of 2% feet, but which in favorable localities may reach
a height of 150 feet with a diameter of 4 feet. It is slender
and symmetrical, the branches and twigs gracefully curving
to form a conical and comparatively narrow head. The leaves
are oval or obovate, with 5-7 spreading and subdivided lobes,
with deep, rounded sinuses and slender long petioles, smooth
and shining above, bright red at the time of unfolding, bright
green at maturity, and brilliant searlet in autumn. The barl

Te

ne a

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 31

on the old trunks is broken up into rough irregular fissures.
The inner bark is red to gray. The wood is not of great
commercial importance, but the tree is one of the most de-
sirable of the oaks for street and park planting because of its
rapid growth and attractive foliage.

Habitat: dry soil, Maine to Minnesota, south to North Caro-
lina, Illinois and Missouri.

Quercus velutina (black oak) —The black oak, locally, at-
tains a height of 75 feet, with a trunk diameter of 34% feet,
but elsewhere within its range it reaches a height of 150 feet
with a trunk diameter of 414 feet. The crown is compara-
tively narrow and round-topped. The branches are rather
stout and zigzag. The leaves are very variable, no other oak
producing so many different shapes on the same tree. The
mature leaves are dark green above and pale to yellowish green
beneath, with tufts of brownish hairs in the axils of the veins
and midribs. The dark-colored and rough outer bark and
the yellow inner bark are distinctive characteristics of this
species. The wood is durable and is used for furniture and
interior finish, cheap cooperage, and general construction.
The black oak is not easily transplanted and is not as attrac-
tive for ornamental purposes as other oaks.

Habitat: dry sterile soil, Maine to western Ontario, south
to Florida and Texas.

Quercus marilandica (black jack) —The maximum height
of this species is 60 feet, with a trunk diameter of 2 feet.
The crown is usually compact, the branches short, the upper
ascending and the lower spreading, making the tree narrow
and round-topped. The leaf is broad towards the apex, end-
ing in 3 or more distinct lobes of variable size and form, pear-
shaped in outline, leathery in texture, set with rough stellate
hairs. This species is of no particular value except for fire
wood and fence posts.

Habitat: poor sterile soil, New York to Pennsylvania, west
to Nebraska, south to Florida and Texas.

Quercus imbricaria (shingle oak).—The maximum height
of the shingle oak, locally, is 60-75 feet, with a trunk diam-
eter of 3 feet. The crown is open, with the lateral branches
drooping. This species may be easily recognized by its ob-
long, entire, shiny, dark green leaves which are pale and

32 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

hairy beneath. It is not of much value commercially but is
a valuable and beautiful tree for ornamental planting. The
straight-grained wood is easily split for shingle-making,
hence the popular name.

Habitat: dry flats, poor soil, Pennsylvania to Michigan and
Nebraska, south to Georgia and Arkansas.

WHITE-OAK ACORNS AS FOOD

One of the principal foods of the North American Indians
was meal made from white-oak acorns. Unlike turkey, squash,
tobacco, and Indian corn, this food has never become popular
with the white man and is seldom heard of to-day, though our
white oaks continue to yield heavy crops and the few remain-
ing Indians from Wisconsin to Washington still make use
of them. The process of manufacture varied with the dif-
ferent tribes and with the species of oak from which the
acorns were taken. The following dispatch from a Washing-
ton paper describes the process still in use by the Klickitat
Indians of the Pacific coast :

“The Klickitat Indian acorn harvest has begun.

“The acorns, as gathered, are preserved for future use in
peculiar storing places called Chuck-ahs. These are large baskets
of long willow sprouts closely woven, six feet high and three in
diameter. They are set upon stone and stick platforms several
feet from the ground. They are well braced and the outsides of
the baskets are coated with pine boughs laid point downward to
shed off rain and snow. The pine needles also keep out squirrels
and woodpeckers. As the baskets are filled, bark roofs are con-
structed to tightly cover them. When the acorns are desired, a
hole is made in the bottom of the baskets so that they can roll out.

“The acorns are bitter and cannot be eaten in their natural
state. When properly cooked and prepared they are palatable. The
first hull is cracked and removed when the kernel is pounded or
ground to fine meal. Soft sand stone mortars once were used for
grinding, but now modern equipment is in the possession of every
family. After grinding, the next process is removal of the bitter
tannin. The Indian chief makes a long, shallow basin in clean
washed sand in which are laid a few flat, fern-like ends of fir boughs.

“Small stones, heated white hot, are placed into kettles of water.
The water so heated is mixed with acorn meal to a consistency of
porridge. This mixture is emptied into sanded moulds, and as
the hot water runs out into the sand it carries away the substance

12, 1924. PLATE 3.

a,

Mo. Bot. GARD. BULI., VOL.

WHITE-OAK ACORNS USED IN MAKING MEAL,

MUFFINS MADE FROM ACORN MEAL,

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 33

causing the bitter taste. The meal then is washed clean of sand
and worked into dough. The pasty cakes are baked flat, and when
cooked possess the oily taste of peanut butter.”

The Indians of Massachusetts parched the fresh acorns and
stored them in that condition. The early records of the Pil-
grims tell of the discovery, during their first hard winter, of
such a store buried in baskets in the ground. The meal was
used in various ways. Probably the commonest was to make
it into hoe cakes which were baked in the ashes, but the
Indians of the Great Lakes region boiled it as a mush, usually
combined with maple sugar and often with the further addi-
tion of venison.

With a modern kitchen equipment the acorn meal can
easily be prepared at home. After husking the acorns they
should be ground in a hand-grist mill or food-chopper. The
meal is then mixed with hot water and poured into a jelly
bag. The bitter tannin, being soluble, will be taken out by
the water, but sometimes a second or even third washing may
be necessary. After washing, the wet meal is spread out to
dry and then parched in an oven. If it has caked badly it
should be run through the mill again before using.

In cooking, acorn meal may be used in the same way as
corn meal. Its greatest fault is its color, muffins made from
it being a dark chocolate brown. The taste suggests a mix-
ture of cornmeal and peanut butter, and some people relish
it at once, but others, it must be confessed, have to be edu-
cated to it. Because of the high oil and starch content of the
acorn, it is very nutritious and is reported to be easily
digested. Only acorns from white oaks should be gathered,
as those from the black oaks are too bitter. The white oaks
have flaky gray bark and leaves which are not spine-tipped.
Typical Missouri representatives of this group are the white
oak, the swamp oak, the bur oak, and the chestnut oak. The
small pile of acorns shown in plate 3 made nearly two quarts
of meal.

ee oe se eae a cae a el -. — ) Ss Oo 1

Pane aioe

34 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN
NOTES

Mr. G. H. Pring, Horticulturist to the Garden, has given
his lecture ‘‘Collecting Orchids in South Ameriea,’’ before
the following audiences recently: the museum section of the
Academy of Science, at the Jefferson Memorial, January 16;
the Seottish Rite Club, at the American Annex, January 22;
the Parent-Teacher Association of the William Stix School,
February 12; the Rose Fanning School Patrons Association,
February 15; the Men’s Club of the Church of the Redeemer,
at the Parish House, February 20; the pupils of the Clifton
Heights School, February 21.

Recent visitors to the Garden include Prof. George B. Rigg,
professor of plant physiology, University of Washington, and
Prof. John T. Buchholz, professor of botany, University of
Arkansas, December 30; Prof. E. G. Kelly, professor of en-
tomology, Kansas Agricultural College, Prof. E. A. Stokdyk,
associate professor of plant pathology, and Dr. 8. M. Zeller,
associate research professor of plant pathology, Oregon Agri-
cultural College, January 3; Mr. A. C. Burrage, of Boston,
president of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society, and one
of the largest growers of orchids in the United States, Jan-
uary 26; and Mr. A. V. Frie, of Prag, Czechoslovakia, who
is returning from an _ extensive collecting expedition in
Mexico.

eee

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 35

STATISTICAL INFORMATION FOR JANUARY, 1924

GARDEN ATTENDANCE:

Mererer THITTIDOT OF, VABLEOT Scere, <o5 aie deo Wie we yitie'ely que ous wins ere 7,191
PLANT ACCESSIONS:
Total number of seed packets received as gifts....... 8
Total number of plants received as gifts............. 85
LisRARY ACCESSIONS:
Total number of books and pamphlets bought........ 36
Total number of books and pamphlets donated....... 82
HERBARIUM ACCESSIONS:
By Gift—
Anderson, Dr. E.—Specimens of J7Ti8...........62-005- 2
Baxter, Dow V.—Fungi of Michigan.................. if
Munz, Prof. P. A.—Senecio occidentalis (Gray) Greene
PPC CLI LOL EEA n ecto isiols a) 0 oss os Akt See eel eisai ene one 1
Trelease, Prof. Wm.—Fruit of Agave Letonae, Trelease
PCT WL ONS oy piss occ ore oes cla a nies Siva lets Oras ie Peay aes 1

By Purchase—
Bartholomew, Elam—North American Uredinales, Cent.
30, Nos. 2901-3000; Cent. 31, Nos. 3001-3100......... 200
University of Nanking—Plants of China.............. 332
By Exchange—
Drushel, Prof. J. A—Plants of Vermont, New York,

Wisconsin, Missouri and California................ 17
Noé, Prof. A. C.—Plants of Mont Athos, Greece...... 88
SOUR Coes che ai a eerie 6 ce pee cdc Ws vic ee ata oa cote Relea tate 648

The Garden is open to the public every day in the year, except New
Year’s, Fourth of July, Labor Day, and Christmas— week days from 8:00
A. M. until one-half hour after sunset; Sundays from December to April,
1:00 P. M. until sunset, from April to December, 2:00 P. M. until sunset.

The main entrance to the Garden is located at Tower Grove Avenue
and Flora Boulevard, on the Vandeventer Avenue car line. Transfer
south from all intersecting lines.

oF a |

| Geonas ‘T. Moone,

1

ri

P. C. Brawnen:

Painter

RI BOTANICAL
GARDEN Bute

- Vol. XII MARCH; 1924 No.3

2 CONTENTS -

Frozen Hedges and Roses arid Theis Treatment ah ell? Se VS PoRaaey ea
‘Rabbits that Bark . Pa a ORs ah rat Cte wre Bey OBC EN Es. iy:
_ Eremurus for St, Louis OI sates A Seek a OP erate Pas | Fig
Notes 2. . Bh gg EPEC RI SRE Ba, Smt ee ST ae ;

- Statistical Information BE ae Pos be dhe ane igi ne Wok oak! Poe

ST. LOUIS, MO.
1924

e Published Monthly, eres, July and August by the: Board of Trustees : fhe
*eaprarertientaeeens —— —

,

Ca oa TA 14 SUBSCRIPTION PRICE: -)
ONE DOLLAR PBR YEAR "SINGLE COPIES TEN.CENTS

‘WERE. DESIGNATED IN)
THE BOARD SO CONSTITUTED, EXCLUS
EX-OFFICIO ME oo Is SELP-PERPETUATING

| Eowanp Maranexnoor,

Nee

wakn G, Exior, -

eu

lor of Washington cet

Bishop of the Diocese of Misr

Ms

| President, of the Board of Education of sich |

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-Cmanues A, Rom, Secretary.

Mo. Bor. Garp. BULL... Von. 12, 1924. PLATE 4

PRUNING THE CALTFORNEX PRIVICR AT CPE (ANRDEN,

Missouri Botanical

Garden Bulletin

Vol. XII MARCH, 1924 No. 3

FROZEN HEDGES AND ROSES AND THEIR
TREATMENT

When plants are damaged by some unusual insect. pest,
disease or mechanical injury, and the damage is widespread,
the Garden is always asked for a statement concerning such
injury. This winter the California privet ( Ligustrum ovali-
folium) has, in most places, been frozen, and numerous in-
quiries as to what to do have been received at the Garden.
Some of these hedges have already been cut down to the
ground, and the owners of similar hedges have been wonder-
ing whether theirs should be cut also or whether theirs were
hardier and not in need of such drastic treatment. The pur-
pose of this article is to describe the injury to the California
privet and roses during the past season and to suggest treat-
ment.

When the word hedge is used one generally thinks of the
California privet. This is because in St. Louis and vicinity
this privet has been planted almost exclusively for hedge pur-
poses. It thrives in practically all soils; the smoke does not
affect it; and it is fairly hardy. The number of years inter-
vening between killing freezes is usually sufficient to cause
most people to forget that California privet will not live
through every winter without injury. These hedges have not
been frozen back for about seven years, but this year they
suffered greatly. The freezing back is not always due to the
low temperature alone but to the suddenness or unusual con-
ditions attending the cold spell. The mild weather of Decem-
ber, 1923, caused the sap of most plants to be active. The last

(37)

ae MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

Sunday in December was unusually mild; the sun was bright
and people paraded without overcoats as on the finest spring
day. However, six days later the thermometer had dropped
from over 70 degrees in the sun to 11 degrees below zero, a
fall in temperature of 81 degrees in a few days. To make
matters worse, the earth was not protected by a blanket of
snow and the cold was ushered in with a high wind. It is
the combination of severe cold, high wind, no protection, and
a bright sun that does so much damage. Naturally, only the
very hardy plants can survive such extremes. As the Cali-
fornia privet cannot be classed as absolutely hardy it must
suffer occasionally, but for this particular plant the freezing,
in some eases, is beneficial.

By constant shearing privet hedges are frequently kept at
the same height every year. Very few new shoots can come
up from the base due to the lack of light caused by the exist-
ing growth, and weak and stubby plants are the result. Some
hedges should be severely cut back occasionally to encourage
new growth, but this treatment is seldom practised. As
most of the privet has been frozen this year it is necessary
that it be cut down to the ground as shown in plate 4. If no
large pruning shears are available the plants can be sawed off,
but hand shears should not be used as the thick wood will
seriously damage the blades. In some protected places hedges
might have survived the cold or, as occasionally happens, some
plants in a hedge will have been frozen and others not. In the
latter case one is tempted to allow the hedge to stand in the
hope that all the plants will come back to life, but such a
practice results in an uneven hedge and it is better to cut all
the plants entirely back. Fortunately for the California
privet the roots are seldom frozen and even though the hedge
is cut to the ground it is a rapidly growing plant and a uni-
form stand always results.

How to know when a plant is frozen is a question fre-
quently asked. Frozen branches turn brown and black and
are shriveled. These conditions are not so evident on thin
wood, but if the stem is alive the wood is green beneath the
surface, while frozen or dead wood is brown through and
through.

There are other privets useful for hedges that are more

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 39

hardy than the common privet but they will probably never
replace the California variety. The latter has much to recom-
mend it, since it is cheap, grows quickly under adverse soil
and city conditions, and can stand much abuse. Among the
hardier privets may be mentioned Ligustrum Ibota and
Ligustrum amurense, and some hybrid ligustrums. The hy-
brid known as the ‘‘Ibolium’”’ privet, which is said to be a
cross between Ligustrum ovalifolium and Ligustrum Ibota,
proved to be hardy this winter. A hedge plant that is being
distributed this season recommended to take the place of the
box (Buus sempervirens) when that admirable plant cannot
be used, is ‘‘Lodense’’ privet. This is quite dwarf and said
to be hardy. Another plant which has much to recommend
it for hedges in place of the common privet is the barberry
(Berberis Thunbergii). Its thorns are an advantage in that
they prevent trespassers from injuring the hedge. In the
fall the leaves turn reddish brown and during the greater
part of the autumn and winter the brilliant red berries are
a pleasing sight. With the dust and smoke of the city, how-
ever, this color soon disappears. Perhaps the only disadvan-
tage of this hedge is that it is a slow grower and seldom ex-
ceeds four feet in height. On the other hand, it does not need
to be pruned as frequently as the California privet, and it is
really better if the shears are not used except to keep the
hedge even across the top.

Inquiries are also received about pruning roses. This is
the first time in a number of years that the roses were so
frozen that many of the canes were split to the base. The
sudden cold caused the sap to freeze and expand, thereby
splitting the bark. In such cases the canes must be cut off
at the base. Dead and frozen branches of roses are easily
recognized by their brown and shriveled appearance. The
buds are much larger than on the hedge plants and if still
alive are quite plump. The middle of March is about the
best time to prune roses, before the buds have broken through
their coverings, but if the weather remains cold and all plant
life is quite dormant pruning should be delayed until such
time as growth commences. Too early pruning sometimes
means double work, as the plants must: be gone over a second
time if a severe late freeze kills back the canes. On the other

4
:
:
|

pe ae ee, ee eae ee ee ae ee

40 MISSOURL BOTANICAL GARDEN RULLETIN

hand, to let the roses start and then eut off the canes full of
sap is detrimental, as much of the sap and energy that has
gone into these cut-off buds could have been saved and di-
verted into those buds that are to remain. Rugosas, native
roses, hybrid perpetuals, polyanthas, and climbers can be
pruned earlier, as these withstand the occasional freezes bet-
ter if growth has not progressed too far. The teas and hybrid
teas should be pruned last. The climbers should ordinarily
not be pruned at this time, but this year some of them have
numerous canes that were entirely frozen and these of course
should be removed at the base. Other shoots that have been
killed back should be cut to the live wood. It hardly seems
necessary to call attention to the fact that in pruning roses
the cut should be made above a live bud which, when it grows,
will produce a shoot that goes out from the plant and not
across the center of it. The pruning of rose bushes should
be so regulated that the center of the plant is open to light
and air.

A widespread impression is that a plant that does not
have the dead wood removed, or a hedge that is not eut down
will die at the roots. This is not true. The only reason for
pruning and removing dead wood is to improve the appear-
ance of the plant and to prevent such dead wood from inter-
fering with the new growth that might spring from the base.

RABBITS THAT BARK

This odd title attracts attention, and yet it is no more
striking than the damage rabbits can do to small trees and
shrubs during the winter months when other food is frozen
or covered with snow (pl. 5).

Rabbits are known to damage young trees and shrubs every
year, the amount of damage varying from season to season
with the weather and the number of rabbits. Due to the
grading of the tract of land at the Garden which formerly
was covered with farm crops and low brush, the wild life has
been foreed into the main garden. While the actual number
of rabbits is not very great, they have been doing considerable
damage. Experimental plots of winter wheat have been cut
to the ground, and during the recent cold spell many orna-
mental plants were damaged. On account of the negligible

SHOWING BARK DAMAGED BY RABBITS

MAH ALEB,

PRUNUS

VRIDEN

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 41

amount of snow in recent years, traps are almost useless,
since rabbits cannot be tracked. While rabbits attack many
plants, at times they prefer certain kinds, as in this case the
row of Prunus Mahaleb in the nursery which was damaged
during the cold spell of January 5. A few well-directed
shots would soon dispose of these rodents, but in the city that
is not the safest method.

What should be done to plants injured by rabbits? If
properly taken care of, most wounds will heal by eallusing.
In the case of shrubs the damaged wood can be removed if
the injury is not too general, but trees that have one main
trunk must be treated. Damage is sometimes confined only
to one side of the trunk, and in such instances the remaining
uninjured tissue is sufficient for the sap to flow through. The
frayed edges in wounds of this sort should be cut to a smooth
edge and the entire wound covered over with grafting wax, or
wax and cloth, to exclude moisture and prevent fungus spores
from entering. The cloth also prevents the wound from dry-
ing out in extremely hot weather. The wax is prepared by
heating in a vessel one part tallow, two parts beeswax, and
four parts rosin. When melted, the mixture is poured into
cold water and then pulled until it assumes a light cream
color. Oceasional greasing of the hands while pulling will
prevent the wax from sticking. Trunks of large diameter
can be repaired by bridge grafting if the wound girdles the
trunk or if sufficiently large to demand such treatment. Trees
and shrubs that are severely damaged should be pruned back
so as to prevent too active growth. While sufficient moisture
could be supplied, if the wood is not seriously damaged, the
downward flow of the sap will be interfered with until the
injured portion is again healed.

When the number of ornamental plants on a place is not
very great and the damage by rabbits and mice is anticipated,
it is well to place some wire netting, to a height of about
eighteen inches, about the stems of such plants.

EREMURUS FOR ST. LOUIS
Because of notable introductions from Asia by Russian
botanists and travelers within the last decade, the genus
Eremurus has oceupied a prominent place in European gar-

42 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

dening magazines, although it is generally conceded that the
plants are not easily established. In the spring of 1920 sev-
eral hundred roots of Hremurus robustus were imported from
Kurope for trial at the Missouri Botanical Garden. Since
the plants require a fairly sunny location with not too much
moisture, they were placed in the Crataegus border surround-
ing the rose garden. No special preparation of the soil was
necessary but the roots were planted about one foot deep to
retard as much as possible the early spring growth. The
greatest difficulty in St. Louis is to keep the flower stalks
from being injured by late frost, and it is often necessary
to protect them with leaves or straw. During an ordinary
spring the growth is very rapid and not infrequently the
plants are a foot or more above ground before the time when
they are safe from a killing frost. This growth appears as a
dense head of leaves inclosing the flowering spike, and unless
protection is given the top of the spike is apt to be frosted,
resulting in a deformed flower head. Despite the protection
given at the Garden twenty-five per cent of the flower spikes
have been nipped. However, the results obtained have made
it well worth while growing this striking plant.

Care must be used in giving winter protection, but since
this is dependent upon the weather no definite rule can be
given. If the ground is open and the weather is warm, a
mulch will tend to excite growth at a time when it is not
desired. Cover should only be applied when the ground is
frozen, usually about the first of January, but in this matter
the grower must judge for himself.

The roots of Eremurus are unusual in their formation, the
octopus-like, fleshy, tubers radiating in clusters from a central
base or crown from which the growth emerges. The long
leaves appear in early spring, forming a dense rosette some-
what resembling the native yueeca when open. The flowers
are small and star-shaped, in dense clusters upon poker-like
spikes reaching over eight feet in height (pl. 6). The basal
flowers open first, the color, according to the species, being
white, pink, or yellow. The tall spikes may need some support
to protect them from windstorms, but the stake should be kept
as far from the plant as possible to avoid injuring the suce-
culent roots. During July the leaves start to wither and soon

MISSOURL BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 43

go down. If transplanting is necessary it should be accom-
plished during this period.

The plants may also be raised from seed if one has the
patience to wait five years or more for flowering plants. For
the first two years the small fleshy roots go straight down,
later assuming their normal habit of radiating from the cen-
tral crown. New annual roots are formed during this seed-
ling stage, the old ones decaying, but with age the same
roots are maintained from year to year and often extend toa
length of two or more feet from the crown.

European gardeners vary in their opinion regarding the
transplanting of established plants, some advocating annual
removal, while others recommend this process every three
years. The plants at the Garden have not been moved since
the original planting in 1920 and the results have shown an-
nual improvement. In fact, they have only been cultivated
at regular intervals throughout the summer, as with ordinary
perennials. While there are many hardy perennials difficult
to grow in the middle west, some hardly worth the care and
attention given them, to be the possessor of an establishea
Eremurus collection is well worth the effort required. There
are upwards of twenty known species of these semi-hardy
plants and when in bloom they present a beautiful sight,
towering above the other perennials.

NOTES

Dr. Hermann von Schrenk, Pathologist to the Garden, gave
an address on ‘‘Forestry in Missouri’’ before the Daughters
of the American Revolution, March 5.

Dr. George T. Moore, Director of the Garden, broadcasted
a talk on ‘‘The Black Smoke Tax’’ from the Stix, Baer &
Fuller radio station, March 7.

Mr. G. H. Pring, Horticulturist to the Garden, spoke before
the St. Louis Flower Show Association banquet at the Jeffer-
son Hotel, February 28, on ‘‘Cooperation by the Garden with
Local Flower Shows.’’

Mr. John Noyes, Landseape Designer to the Garden, at-
tended a mecting of the Mississippi Valley Chapter of the

rt

"he

44 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

American Society of Landseape Architects at Des Moines,
February 22-23.

Mr. G. H. Pring, Horticulturist to the Garden, has recently
given his lecture, ‘‘Collecting Orchids in South Ameriea’’,
before the following audiences: the pupils of the Rose Fanning
Sehool, February 27; Collinsville Study Club, Collinsville,
Ill., March 4; before the pupils of the Cleveland High School,
March 11; Kennard School Patrons’ Association, March 14;
Shenandoah School Patrons’ Association, Mareh 17.

STATISTICAL INFORMATION FOR FEBRUARY, 1924

GARDEN ATTENDANCE:

Total Tumaper-Of Visitore.... 2.00060. 00.44 fees e ees os See
PLANT ACCESSIONS:
Total number of seed packets received as gifts......... 21
Total number of plants received as gifts............... 174
LIBRARY ACCESSIONS:
Total number of books and pamphlets bought......... 33
Total number of books and pamphlets donated......... 91
HERBARIUM ACCESSIONS:
By Gift—
Carpenter, Mrs. G. O.—Photograph of Acacia Koa A.
Gray from the Island of Kanai, Hawaiian Islands... . 1
Kauffman, Dr. C. H.—Wyoming fungi................. 5
Long, Dr. W. H.—Stereum sanguinolentum on ties from
ae So a oP = eae.
Yasuda, Dr. A.—Fungi of Japan................00000e 15

By Purchase—
Broadway, W. E.—Plants of Trinidad, British West

PRAT OM Gira ais Slewladrctets: 2s bs SO es ok bes we lbs 100
By Exchange—
Drushel, Prof. J. A.—Plants of Vermont, Missouri and
GOLSTAGG conn. 6 eaten es by Ste HE Ces eee

_Grorcr T. Moore, —

2S ADiveebor 2 7
Hoeas Anoxfison
Geneticist -

“Joanne K. Pie Abe
Research Assistant ;

eee Hix seas
bneeteny, oes De

‘Nett Cc. haste: as
Editor of Pablications

ee

PAUL ‘A. Kot”
- Floricalturist
oe s woeiaom :
sig charge a Bchogl for Gardening

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Mussour! BoTANICAL

GARDEN JBULLETIN

Vol. XII APRIL, 1924 No. 4

—aas

CONTENTS

Page
Forcing Grapes... 0. fo. . iad Sits © a AROS eae Rc aie
Poisoning Caused by Eating Daffodil Bulbs. . . . . 52
A New White Orchid from Panama... . .. + . 53
NOR RS 50s SE ie geek he ee? ae ae

e Statistical Information ©2722. CSREES Ds ey carn ae

ST. LOUIS, MO.
1924

Published Monthly Except July and August.by the Board of Trustees

SUBSCRIPTION PRICE:
ONE DOLLAR PER YEAR SINGLE COPIES TEN CENTS
f

mane Ga kiioek: saibbien weke. DESIGNATED ope: MR, auawe: wie Se
) Peete THE BOARD SO CONSTITUTED, EXCLUSIVE OF ae UG Megs
a Aiprk oo is hoan cu tan Is. meric aant ions ag

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‘EDWARDS WHITAKER. eS
“Vice-President
DAVID | S. H. SMITH.

ALO.R, Mena,

| Panae ©. SOANTAN,,

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| Tony | F,. ‘Suecer.

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} iho ' of the © Diocese of o Mins

Hae: A. Rossxorr, es
_ President of the Board of Education of St. Loi

(Photographed at the country place of Mrs. S. W.

“LOW ‘OTN

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Missouri Botanical

Garden Bulletin

Vol. XII APRIL, 1924 No. 4

FORCING GRAPES

One of the most attractive greenhouses at the Garden is
the forced-fruit house when the peaches, nectarines, and
grapes are either in bloom or in fruit. After the removal of
the azaleas, rhododendrons, and ericas several years ago from
this house to their permanent location in the Linnean house,
the house was devoted to the growing of grapes, peaches,
cherries, and nectarines. Here, along each side of the house,
are to be found such varieties of grapes as Muscat of Alex-
andria, Foster’s Seedling, Madresfield Court, Buckland
Sweetwater, Gros Colman, Black Hamburg, and Lady
Downes. Through the center of the house the peaches, nec-
tarines, and cherries are trained to the wire supports, and
these will be made the subject of a subsequent article.

Just forty years ago Mr. Henry Shaw compiled from va-
rious sources a small book which was printed under the title
‘‘The Vine and Civilization.’’ Practically all of the work is
given up to a discussion of the various kinds of wine, and
some interesting comparisons are drawn between the advanced
state of civilization of those people who use wine, as con-
trasted with those who fail to grow this fruit and to use the
drink which it produces. The theory is advanced that wine-
producing countries are the most favored of God’s creation
and wine drinkers the most temperate of men. The degree of
the civilization of a people is always in proportion to the
quality and temperate use of the wine they consume.

There is also a brief account of the vine, from which the
following excerpts are taken:

‘‘Of the vine, its fruit, and the wine made from it, the

45

46 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

writer proposes to give a brief history, drawn from various
authorities.

“The vine is universally known for its fruit, and for pro-
ducing the first liquor of the world; a liquor, notwithstanding
all that is said of its dangerous qualities, that is yet eagerly
drank by all who can procure it, and preferred before all
others by those who are unlimited in their means and choice.
The Grape is, among fruits, what wheat is among cereals, or
the potato among farinaceous roots; and like them, in every
country where it will grow, is cultivated with pre-eminent
care.

‘“The use of the vine is from remote antiquity, and often
mentioned in Holy Writ. Noah planted a vineyard after the
deluge, and made wine from the grapes (Gen. ix. 20, 21).
The vine was known to the Egyptians and is represented on
their monuments (as the writer has seen it pictured in the
tombs of the kings at Thebes in Upper Egypt, of a date many
centuries before the Christian era). The Israelites, in their
journey through the wilderness, longed for the vines of
Egypt (Numb. xx. 5).

“Vineyards abounded in Canaan when the Israelites took
possession of it and in Syria at the present day clusters
weighing ten and twelve pounds have been gathered. Fre-
quent allusions are made in the Bible to vineyards, to vine-
dressers, to rejoicings at the vintage, the gathering and glean-
ing of the grapes, the treading of the grapes, the wine-presses
and the wine-vats—all indicating the important place which
the vine occupied among the productions of Palestine. Israel
is represented as a vine brought from Egypt and planted by
the Lord. Dwelling under the vine and fig tree is an emblem
of peace and tranquility (Zac. iii. 10).

‘In Grecian mythology Bacchus, to whom more temples
have been erected than to any other deity, is said in ancient
times to have brought the vine from India, where the cultiva-
tion in modern times has become neglected. The vine, a mi-
gratory climber, which has run around the globe, twined high
in man’s affections, and made surprising inroads on _ his
pocket, has several disputed birthplaces. According to the
legends, Africa owed it to Osiris, and Europe to Bacchus.
The Jews claimed it for the slopes of Mt. Hebron. Its birth-

Mo. Bot. GARD. BULL, VoL. 12, 1924. PLATE 8.

BLACK HAMBURG GRAPE,

Mo. Bot, GARD. BULL., VoL, 12. 1924. Is

POSTER'S SEEDLING

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 47

place was perhaps that same Persian paradise that produced
the fig, the peach, and the apricot.

‘* Alexander the Great found the wild vine on the banks of
the Hydaspes in northern India. The mountains of Fer-
distan, in Persia, probably supplied the vines which were firsti
cultivated by man; the wine of Shirez is made from vines
growing on those hills.’’

According to European experts the two best varieties of
the grape are Black Hamburg and Muscat of Alexandria, and
this has proved to be the case in St. Louis. These two va-
rieties ripen their fruit before the other varieties in the same
house, and in other ways as well are more satisfactory. Other
standard varieties of repute are Foster’s Seedling (white)
originated about 1836, but not becoming popular until twenty
years later. Gros Maroe (black) was introduced about 1855
by M. Vibert of Angers. This variety, like its predecessor,
was little grown for a number of years until T. H. Rivers
exhibited specimens at the Royal Horticultural Society of
England. From this time it held its place in all fruit exhibi-
tions. The same may be said of Gros Colman, Mr. Thomson
of Scotland being the first to recognize its possibilities and to
grow it on a large scale for market. As grown at the Garden
it is the latest variety, producing usually large colored fruit.

Grape vines properly cared for live for an indefinite period.
One of the oldest existing vines is the notable plant at Hamp-
ton Court Palace, London, England. It was planted during
1769 in a small greenhouse and as the plant increased in size
the house was rebuilt in proportion. At the present time the
main trunk is almost two feet in diameter, and its roots have
ramified through the ground to a considerable distance; in
fact it has been reported they have reached the River Thames
in the vicinity. The plant is in perfect health, attested to by
the fact that many hundreds of bunches of grapes are pro-
duced annually.

While forcing fruit in greenhouses is widely practiced on
the large private estates in the East, in this part of the coun-
try it is seldom resorted to. The quality of fruit grown
under glass is frequently superior to that of outdoor cultiva-
tion, and forced grapes may be purchased on the New York
market, which were grown in the London district or even
farther away. In planning a grapery, the style of house is

48 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

important, the most satisfactory for this climate being the
curvilinear type. In size it should not exceed thirty feet in
width, the length being governed by the number of vines re-
quired. The house should run north and south so as to obtain
all possible light for ripening the fruit. Complete ventila-
tion is essential, combined with perfect drainage.

CULTIVATION.

The ‘‘outside border’’ planting as practiced in England
has produced excellent crops but this system is not applicable
to St. Louis because of the hard freezes which may occur. In
this climate the vines should be planted inside the house.
However, openings in the foundation below the frost line
which will permit the stronger-growing roots to ramify to
the exterior is sometimes advantageous. This double rooting
area is said to prolong the vigor of the plant. The outside
border apparently is more suitable for the vine roots, the
strongest roots not infrequently being found on the exterior,
while the roots on the inside show signs of decay during the
resting period. Unless there is perfect drainage in the house,
as upon elevated ground, four-inch drain pipe should be in-
stalled about four feet below grade. These should be com-
bined with broken bricks or additional drain-pipe in order
to prevent, as far as possible, the clogging of the drain by
roots.

Grape vines do not require any particular soil mixture,
but will adapt themselves to most soils. A good rose soil is
quite satisfactory. Experts give preference to sod soil from
pasture land. When preparing the soil, as much fibrous ma-
terial should be incorporated as possible, cutting the sod in
convenient size for handling and laying the grass side down.
The width of the bed should be between six and eight feet.
The cultural directions for grapes vary more than for any
other fruit and date back for a hundred years or more.

Where a succession of fruit is required, the grapery should
be divided by glass partitions into sections and planted with
early, mid-season, and late varieties. The early crop should
be started in December, the mid-season the first week in Feb-
ruary, and the late vines in April, if weather will permit.
When starting the vines the temperature should be gradually

MISSOURL BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 49

increased from 45° to 50° F. at night and 10 degrees higher
during the day until the maximum of 70° at night and 80°
during the day is reached. Sudden changes in temperature
will promote mildew, as well as check the growth and fruit.
When artificial heat is discontinued similar troubles appear
if the house is kept tightly closed. Vines enjoy fresh air com-
bined with a humid atmosphere and ventilation should be
given, avoiding direct drafts.

When starting into growth the plants should be sprayed
several times during the day up to the time of flowering.
During this period water should be withheld from the foliage
so as not to interfere with pollination. After the setting of
the fruit overhead spraying may be resumed, but it should
be reduced to a minimum when the fruit begin to show color ;
otherwise the fruit will become spotted. Ordinarily, vines
are rank feeders, responding with maximum fruit production
when fertilizers are applied. Potash is the most essential for
fruit development and is frequently applied in the form of
nitrate of potash. Wood-ashes and bone-meal are likewise
beneficial, especially if mixed with the soil when the bed is
under construction. For local application when the vines are
established organic fertilizer in the form of cow manure is
most commonly used, being applied first when the grapes are
thinned and again after they have passed their stoning period
or when the fruit begins to swell. Many so-called grape fer-
tilizers are on the market, but the grower must learn from
experience which to use, as much depends upon the nature of
the original soil.

An important factor controlling crop production is correct
pruning. There are two systems of pruning in general prac-
tice, the spur system and the long-rod system. The spur sys-
tem is the one usually adopted in this country. The young
canes, the first season, are cut back to about one foot above
ground. The following season they are pruned to about four
feet, the subsequent cutting of the terminal depending upon
the desired height of the vine. This may seem a rather drastic
method, but it is necessary in order to produce strong growth
for future development. The interspacing of the spurs or
lateral shoots should be about fifteen inches apart so as to per-
mit east training along the supporting wires or trellis. In
pruning the lateral dormant shoots they should be cut back

50 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

to short spurs, leaving one or two good eyes, the strongest
being selected for fruit development. This cutting back to
short spurs is just the opposite practice of pruning other
fruits, due to the fact that the grape is borne only on new
wood. The long-rod system is advocated primarily for the
shy-fruiting varieties and where very large individual
bunches are desired. The method is entirely different, inas-
much as a new cane is used annually. This is selected from
a strong basal shoot, which is trained to bear the succeeding
year’s fruit, cutting away the previous year’s fruiting cane.
By this system all second-year wood is eliminated.

Prior to starting the vines the house should be thoroughly
cleansed and fumigated with hydrocyanic gas. The canes
should be freed from loose bark to permit free ingress of gas,
thus destroying any hibernating insects. After cutting back
the lateral shoots to short spurs, the cane should be laid down.
This is to retard the flow of sap and prevent the terminal
shoots breaking into growth before the lower spurs, which
would be the case were the canes immediately tied in their
permanent position. After the spur growth is equalized the
canes are tied into place. The next operation is selecting the
strongest brakes, rubbing off the undesirable shoots with the
finger or thumb. When the new growth is about a foot long the
vines should be tied carefully to their supports, leaving plenty
of room for expansion. Do not attempt to tie into position
too early, as the shoots may break when bending them down
into position. Pinching or ‘‘stopping’’ of the shoots is neces-
sary to avoid excessive growth at the expense of the fruit, the
number of bunches allowed depending upon the age and size
of the present cane. Overcropping is a mistake and the cor-
rect number of bunches to mature should be given careful
consideration. When the grapes begin to show color all pinch-
ing should be discontinued, otherwise coloration is affected
and occasionally cracked fruit will result. If the shoots have
been kept well under control, very little growth is made at
this time.

The ease with which the fruit sets depends largely upon
the variety. Some varieties will show uneven swelling, due to
imperfect pollination, and in such cases artificial pollination
must be resorted to. During this process the atmosphere and
the plant should be kept dry. When the grapes are about the

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 51

size of a small pea they should be thinned out, eliminating
the innermost grapes to permit the full expansion of a well-
balanced bunch. The tendency in most cases is to underthin.
However, with experience, the grower can readily judge the
number to thin out. This operation is usually accomplished
with the aid of a forked stick to steady the bunch while the
undesirable grapes are cut out with special grape-thinning
scissors. Care should be taken to avoid touching the grapes
with the fingers, for if the glaucous covering is rubbed off,
the fruit is spoiled for commercial use.

CONTROL OF INSECT AND FUNGOUS PESTS.

Mealy Bug—Usually present under the bark. Treat the
dormant vines with wood alcohol, removing loose bark.

Red Spider.—This is one of the worst pests, occurring upon
both the leaves and fruit. If unable to control by forcible
spraying, regulation of temperature, and ventilation, spray
with nicotine or use powdered tobacco.

Thrips—Punctures the surface of the leaves and tender
shoots and sucks the juices. Spray with nicotine or dust with
tobacco.

Vine weevil—Feeds upon the leaves, leaving small holes.
Control by hand-picking or hydrocyanic-gas fumigation ; also
by spreading cloth under the vines and collecting the weevils
after shaking the vines.

Mildew—Causes the skin of the fruit to harden, thus check-
ing development; also discolors the leaves. Sudden drafts
and a drop in temperature induces this disease and should be
avoided. Sulphur fumigation.

Rust—Appears upon the fruit after thinning. Said to be
due to handling the fruit during this operation.

BEST VARIETIES FOR FORCING.

Early—Black Hamburg, Appley Towers, Madresfield
Court, Foster’s Seedling, Buckland Sweetwater, Royton
Muscat.

Mid-season.—Muscat of Alexandria.

Late—Black Alicante, Alnwick Seedling, Gros Guillaume
(also called Barbarossa), Gros Maroc, Gros Colman, Lady
Hutt, Madresfield Court (both late and early variety).

52 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

POISONING CAUSED BY EATING DAFFODIL BULBS

The various representatives of daffodils and jonquils have
long been recognized as possessing a toxie principle, the so-
called ‘‘narcissine’’ which, if taken into the system, may
cause acute symptoms of poisoning. Authentie eases of pois-
oning from such eases are, however, rare, and consequently
the one recently reported at a meeting ‘of. the jase cate aae
Pharmaceutical Society is of interest.

Mr. Thomas Wilson here related the experience of four per-
sons who were boarding in a private residence and who de
cided to prepare their own meal. The person about to make
a stew was advised where the vegetables were kept and took
what she presumed to be an onion. It was, however, a bulb
of a narcissus. The stew was prepared and seasoned with the
supposed onion and when served was partaken of by five
adults. Before the meal was ended the five persons were
seized with fits of vomiting and shivering and suffered from
intense gastro-enteritis. After a few hours all had apparently
recovered and there seemed to be no ill after-effects. Had the
usual quantity of onions been used in the preparation of the
meal the results would have undoubtedly been more serious.

It seems almost incredible that narcissus bulbs could be
mistaken for onions, since, of course, there is an entire
absence of the characteristic onion odor, and the typical
watering of the eyes which accompanies the preparation of
onions is likewise lacking. After the bulbs have sprouted the
flat leaf of the narcissus is another point which distinguishes
it from the tubular foliage of the onion. Since eases of
poisoning occur in spite of these differences, it would seem to
be desirable that care be taken in storing daffodils and similar
bulbs away from vegetables which are to be used in cooking.
It is likewise a possibility that in digging onions in a garden
where daffodils are growing one or more of these poisonous
bulbs might be included with the onion bulbs.

The case above referred to is not an isolated one, as other
experiences have been reported where whole families have
suffered severely from mistaking daffodil bulbs for onion
bulbs. Attention should therefore be called to the poisonous
property of these bulbs, since it does not seem to be generally
known.

Mo, Bot, GARD, BULL., VOL. 12, 1924. PLATE 10.

a

er

f %. .
‘ -

hey

TRICHOPILIA SUAVIS.

Mo, BoT. GARD, BULL,, VoL. 12, 1924 PLATE 11,

PRICHOPILIA SUAVIS VAR. ALBA,

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 53

A NEW WHITE ORCHID FROM PANAMA

Of the many Panamanian orchids presented to the Garden
by Mr. C. W. Powell of Balboa, during the recent orchid
expedition, the trichopilias were the most showy. Upwards
of a hundred recently collected plants of this genus were be-
ing established in Mr. Powell’s garden, and while examining
these specimens he held up a coveted plant, remarking, ‘‘This
is a pure albino variety. I will give you a piece for your
collection in St. Louis. I feel sure that it will represent the
only living specimen of its variety in the United States. I
also have a rarer variety recently collected by myself, T'richo-
pilia marginata var. alba. I will give you a piece of this rare
variety also.’’

The genus Trichopilia includes over twenty species indi-
genous from Mexico to South America, most of them being
only of botanical importance. The handsomest species is rep-
resented by Trichopilia suavis, the flowers of which may be
compared to a small eattleya. Its growth, however, is entirely
different, the flowers being produced from the base, whereas
the flower spikes of the cattleyas are terminal.

Inasmuch as the plants possess plump pseudobulbs they
shipped well from the tropics and upon arrival in St. Louis
of the plants from Mr. Powell they soon started to make their
growth, establishing themselves within a few weeks. After
making their growth most of the plants showed flowers, among
which was the albino variety. The type species (plate 10)
has a labellum with a beautiful mauve, spotted throat, the
depth of color varying with the different plants. Trichopilia
suavis var. alba (plate 11) has white sepals and petals, the
labellum likewise being white suffused with yellow in its
throat.

In Panama the plants grow upon the trees in the crotches
and upon the branches, forming large clumps. The pseudo-
bulbs are crowded together on short rhizomes, ovate and com-
pressed, bearing short elongated or lanceolate leaves six to ten
inches long, one to each bulb, erect, prominently keeled. The
flowers are white with a mauve-spotted lip, the white form
being suffused with yellow. They are produced upon short,
more or less procumbent scapes bearing two or four flowers.

54 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

NOTES

Dr. Hermann von Schrenk, Pathologist to the Garden, was
elected president of the Missouri Forestry Association,
March 21.

Dr. Hermann von Schrenk delivered an address at the
University of Wisconsin, March 19, on ‘‘Timber as an Engi-
neering Material.’’

The hail storm on the night of April 9 broke one thousand
panes of glass in the Garden greenhouses, necessitating
closing the houses for two days to allow clearing the roofs
of hanging glass.

Dr. Edgar Anderson, Geneticist and in Charge of School
for Gardening, is the author of a paper in the J anuary num-
ber of Genetics, entitled ‘‘The Genetic Basis of Self-Sterility
in Nicotiana.’’

Dr. Edgar Anderson talked before the Scoutmasters of the
Central District, St. Louis, April 15, on ‘‘Nature Study ;’’
and on April 17 gave an illustrated lecture before the con-
servation section of the General Federation of Women’s
Clubs, at the Chamber of Commerce, on ‘‘Native Wild Flow-
ers of Garden Value.’’

Recent visitors to the Garden include Mr. E. J. Palmer,
of the Arnold Arboretum; Mr. W. W. Ashe, of the United
States Forestry Service, and Dr. L. J. Pammel, professor of
botany, Iowa State College, Ames, Iowa.

On the afternoon of April 17 the senior class of the St.
Louis School of Pharmacy planted a red oak tree, with
appropriate ceremonies, in the medicinal garden at the
Garden. In view of the fact that Mr. Shaw was one of the
founders of the School of Pharmacy, this was a particularly
fitting occasion.

Dr. George T. Moore, Director of the Garden, gave an
illustrated lecture before the Women’s Chamber of Com-
merce, at a luncheon at the Washington Hotel, April 3, on
‘‘Lawns and Spring Gardens;’’ and in the evening spoke
before the first annual convention of the American Associa-
tion of Oil Burner Manufacturers at the Hotel Chase, on
““Measurement and Menace of Smoke.’’

Mr. G. H. Pring, Horticulturist to the Garden, has recently
given the illustrated lecture, ‘‘Collecting Orchids in South

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 55

America,’’ before the following audiences: March 24, Sutton
School Parent-Teachers’ Association, and the pupils of the
Kennard School; April 8, Grant School Patrons’ Association ;
April 10, Cleveland High School Parent-Teachers’ Associa-
tion; April 11, Buder School Patrons’ Association and Clifton
Heights Mothers’ Circle; April 14, Good Will Club banquet
at the Claridge Hotel.

Professor Jean Massart, visiting professor to America
under the Educational Foundation established by the Com-
mission for Relief in Belgium, delivered a lecture in the
lecture room at the Garden on Saturday afternoon, March
29, on ‘‘Reflexes of Fungi.’’ Professor Massart is the author
of many papers on botanical subjects and has an international
reputation as a botanist. He is professor of botany at the
University of Brussels and a member of many prominent
scientific organizations of Belgium and France.

Dr. B. M. Duggar, Physiologist to the Garden, who is on
a six-months leave of absence to carry on research work at
Johns Hopkins University, has given the following lectures
at Baltimore: March 10, before the Society for Hygiene,
“The Toxicity of Sulphur;’’ February 11, before the staff
and graduate students in medical zoology, Johns Hopkins
University, ‘‘The Present Status of Virus Diseases of Plants ;’’
March 13, before the Journal Club in Medical Zoology,
‘‘Hydrogen-Ion Concentration, a Factor in Absorption and
Metabolism ;’’ April 3, before the Biological Journal Club,
‘‘Wilterable Viruses;’’ April 10, before the seminar of med-
ical zoology, Johns Hopkins School of Hygiene, ‘‘Parasitism
Among Fungi.’”’

56 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

STATISTICAL INFORMATION FOR MARCH, 1924

GARDEN ATTENDANCE:

Oval “NUMbSr Of ViIBIGCOTS. |... 66 sc5c cava voc oR eS oye De 7,893
PLANT ACCESSIONS:
Total number of seed packets received in exchange... 222
LiprarRy ACCESSIONS:
Total number of books and pamphlets bought......... 98
Total number of books and pamphlets donated........ 157
HERBARIUM ACCESSIONS:
By Gift—
Ashe, W. W.—Types and critical specimens of southern
WEN OMOUN Se x0 406i ae cB0 ob ob Ree ec ee 21
Ball, Dr. C. R.—Plants of North Dakota, South Dakota,
POMOC AIM JOVOROMS, 55.26.0504 5165% 45k 4 awd: 6 dae eh es 9
Fawcett, Dr. H. S.—Root fungus of orange trees....... 1

Fuller, Prof. George D.—Plants of Starved Rock, State

hg AS 811 he Tu) A SM 3 a 218
Posse, Miss Christine—Microscopic preparations of

Fog N 0010, a a ee eee eer a eke ae 12
Pring, George H.—Trichopilia suavis var. alba......... 1
Sherff, Dr. Earl E.—Photographs of Bidens triplinervia

var. macrantha (Wedd.) Sherff...............cccce- 1

van der Bijl, Prof. P. A.—Fungi of Cape Colony, Africa. 18
Wilson, Prof. G. W.—Ezobasidium Vaccinii on Arcto-
staphylos from Colorado............cccccccccccceces 1
By Purchase—
Arnold Arboretum, Harvard University—Woody plants

of North America, collected by E. J. Palmer........ 786
Bush, B. F.—Plants of Missouri...................00. 265
Dusen, P.——Pibmte: Of Brasil... oi. ics ccc cseesecstases 313
Gleason, Dr. H. A.—Plants of British Guiana.......... 700

By Exchange—
Drushel, Prof. J. A.—Plants of New York, Ohio, Mis-

BOUTY, ONG COLO chs coke ce ao oc oe ce 0.cre SRS Cheeks 7
Gray Herbarium, Harvard University, by Professor M.
L. Fernald—Plants of Gaspé, Quebec, Canada....... 75
Field Museum of Natural History—Plants of Peru.... 28
CEI aa li aie a at ons hsb nade RINT tao ois 51s SS Ca eee 2,456

The Garden is open to the public every day in the year, except New
Year’s, Fourth of July, Labor Day, and Christmas — week days from 8:00
A. M. until one-half hour after sunset; Sundays from December to April,
1:00 P. M. until sunset, from April to December, 2:00 P. M. until sunset.

The main entrance to the Garden is located at Tower Grove Avenue
and Flora Boulevard, on the Vandeventer Avenue car line. Transfer
south from all intersecting lines.

| Gropon T. ‘Moons,
Director
ee Booan ANDERSON.
Geneticist »
JOANN K. ARMSTRONG |
rs, Research Assistant :
: mice H. ‘tesa .
i - Searetary te the Director | Be

ae C. Horner |
Move zie! of Publications

Bate AL Kom
it Floriculturist

+ rset aie »
; in here on er for Gardening

MussouR! BOTANICAL
GARDEN |JBULLETIN

Vol. XII MAY, 1924 /No. 5

a
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CONTENTS a
age
Forcing Peaches and Nectarines. . $ : oe
’The First Exhibition of the American Orchid Society > GI
The Maidénhair ] ree ho eee eas be eR ee
EO Fees oN eI Be Og RR aah Pa Og A soo oO
Statistical Information) 713 hoe a eS we ee 8

ST. LOUIS, MO.
1924

Published Monthly Except July and August by the Board of Trustees

|

SUBSCRIPTION PRICE:
ONE DOLLAR PER YEAR SINGLE COPIES TEN CENTS

4

OF THE Missoust BOTANICAL GARDEN

THE ORIGINAL MEMBERS - WERE DESIGNATED IN te snare’ :
a eres | AND THE BOARD SO CONSTITUTED, EXCLUSIVE OF THE |
7 Hi ath MEMERES, Is AE CREPE TORING yeast

PORE NE MPC
; ‘EDWARDS WHIT AKER.

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Joun F. Surpury. |
EX-OFFICIO MEMPERS
_Henex W. Kiet, ae
| Mayor of the City of St. Louis

"Groner T. Moorm,
stats of The Academy of Scionce in

| Hewny, A Rossiorr,

Mo. Bor. GARD, BULL., Von. 12, 1924 PLATE 12,

NECTARINE SSPANWICK.’

cents PEE Se eee * Be 6 ae Tors £5 Oe A Ge ree ek) >. ence ta }

Missouri Botanical

Garden Bulletin

Vol. XII MAY, 1924 No. 5

FORCING PEACHES AND NECTARINES

Although the common peach (Prunus Persica) was once
thought to have originated in Persia and will probably always
carry in its name record of this mistake, it is now known to
be a native of China and is a true species. The nectarine
(Prunus Persica var. nucipersica), which is distinguished
from the peach by its smooth skin and the more strongly
serrate leaves, is said to have originated from the peach
through both seed and bud variation. The nectarine is not
generally cultivated in the middle west, but in California,
where the climate is more stable, it is grown in all parts of
the state. As in the peach, there are two types, the cling-
and free-stone varieties. When grown outdoors the flavor of
the fruit does not compare with that grown under glass.

In England and other sections of Europe having a cool
climate it is possible to grow nectarines only when trained
against a wall with southern exposure and even then winter
protection is necessary. The American tourist often mistakes
the almond tree, frequently planted in gardens, for the peach.
Both peaches and nectarines are well adapted to greenhouse
cultivation and are grown under glass to a considerable
extent in Europe, trained to espaliers. Since they yield
annual crops, they are popular with owners of private estates.

Improved varieties of both peaches and nectarines have
been produced by planting seeds of either type resulting
from hand pollination. Favorable results have also been
obtained by intercrossing the peach with the nectarine, one
of the best midseason peaches, ‘‘Peregrine’’, being the result
of a cross with the nectarine, ‘‘Spencer’’. To offset the

(57)

58 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

work of the peach borer, which is most troublesome when
forcing these fruits under glass, they should be budded upon
plum stock which is immune to the peach borer. Forced
peaches and nectarines may be brought into fruit during
May and continued until the outdoor crop is in season, pro-
viding sufficient houses and varieties are at one’s disposal.

Various types of houses may be used, such as the lean-to,
the three-quarter span, and the even span. In a lean-to the
plants should be trained to the wall facing south so as to
obtain all possible sunshine and warmth. In a three-quarter
span they should be trained up under the glass. The even-
span house is by far the best, since here the plants may be
either trained up under the glass or upon espaliers through
the middle of the house. This latter method produces by far
the best results from the standpoint of crop production, since
the plants obtain all the sunshine that is available and
accessibility to all sides of the plant makes insect control
possible. A greenhouse twenty-five feet wide, the length
being governed by the number of plants to be grown, is
most convenient. The supports or trellises should be eighteen
feet wide, allowing a space of three feet on each side for
walks and steam pipes.

Despite the fact that peaches require an abundance of
water during the growing season, they do not thrive in heavy
soil, but prefer a sandy or medium loamy soil, which suggests
that they are sensitive to poor drainage. Therefore in pre-
paring the peach bed it is necessary to guard against souring
of the soil, otherwise root decomposition will affect both the
foliage of the trees and flavor of the fruit. The soil should
not be too rich, on account of the rapidity of growth of
young wood during the first season. Slowly acting fer-
tilizers, such as half-inch bone, may be added in the propor-
tion of one part to fifty parts of soil. Later, potash and
hard-wood ashes may be used as a top dressing and cultivated
into the soil. Where humus is lacking farmyard manure may
be applied as a top dressing. Excellent temporary results
have been obtained from borders three feet wide and only
one and a half feet deep. It is much safer, however, in order
to insure permanent annual crops, to extend the depth to
three or even four feet in order to cuard against the drying
out of the roots which ramify the soil.

IVERS.”

TARINE “EARLY 'R

NEC’

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 59

Peaches and nectarines may be planted after defoliation
either in spring or fall. Fall planting is to be preferred
in order that the plants may become established before start-
ing to grow. However, when planted in the spring a crop
may be produced the first season. In either case the plants
should be thoroughly watered and mulched to conserve mois-
ture. The soil, even in the resting season, should not be
permitted to become dry; otherwise the dormant buds will
drop off when root action starts. Newly planted stock should
not be forced before the first of February, but established
plants may be started after the middle of September, in a
temperature of 48° F. at night and 50-55° F. during the
day. Within ten days as the buds show development, the
temperature may be increased to 50° F. at night and
60-65° F. during the day, allowing 70° F. for sun heat,
the latter being controlled by ventilation. During the
flowering season in early February the atmosphere should
be kept fairly dry to facilitate pollination. Pollination is
usually accomplished by using a rabbit’s foot or tail on
a handle and dusting across the open flowers. With the
setting of the fruit the temperature may be increased to
its maximum of 60° F. at night and 75° F. during the day.
After the fruit is permanently set, and weather permitting,
the foliage may be sprayed several times throughout the day.
The soil should be soaked so thoroughly that it will not dry
out for several days. The systematic use of fertilizers
throughout the entire season is an important factor in pro-
ducing the maximum amount of fruit. A light top dressing
of cow manure should be given when the plants are started.
This should be followed with periodical applications of bone-
meal, hard-wood ashes, and potash. Overfeeding will mani-
fest itself in the form of brittle leaves.

The fruit is formed upon spurs of the previous year’s
growth. Careful disbudding and training are necessary ;
otherwise the growth will soon become too crowded and
result in ‘‘blind wood’’, or the development of wood buds
instead of fruiting spurs. To avoid checking the plants sur-
plus shoots should be removed periodically and not all at
one time. Disbudding may be started when the shoots are
about a half inch long. Thinning of fruit is essential, since
overcropping will result in small fruit which lack flavor.

60 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

Start thinning when the young fruits are the size of a hazel
nut and repeat the process when they have reached the size
of a walnut. Between these periods a certain amount of
sterile fruit will drop off so the grower must judge the amount
of pruning accordingly. In order to retain its flavor and rich
aroma the ripe fruit should be gathered when it is highly col-
ored. Both peaches and nectarines are so-called ‘‘heavy crop-
pers’’. A conservative estimate for a specimen plant cover-
ing a space 10 x 18 feet is 200 fruits.

After cropping, the plants demand the same constant
attention. The soil should be kept cultivated and a light
fertilizer applied. The foliage should be sprayed several times
a day to control red spider, mealy-bug, and aphids, and if
necessary the house should be fumigated with hydrocyanic
gas. With the approach of fall the watering should be
gradually reduced and finally entirely withheld to ripen and
harden the wood and assist defoliation. Remove all old or
superfluous wood to make room for training the previously
selected new fruiting branches. It is not necessary to pinch
or stop these remaining shoots but they should be allowed
full development, tying and training them about six inches
apart.

While the plants are resting winter pruning may be
attended to, the object being to conserve the greatest amount,
of fruiting wood and to provide space for young wood which
will bear the future crop. The grower should be able to
distinguish the wood bud from the fruit bud, shape being
the most easily recognized characteristic. The wood bud
has a conical, pointed appearance, whereas the fruit bud is
much larger and more rotund. In pruning, the tree should
be loosened from its supporting trellis and if unbalanced it
may be pruned into shape. In making a cut care should be
taken to cut back to a wood eye, not a spur, otherwise the
plant will invariably die back to a wood bud, leaving dead
wood in view during the growing season. For all purposes
the fan-shape is considered most convenient. If too rank
a growth is apparent it sometimes becomes necessary to prune
the roots, which is accomplished by shortening the strongest
roots, or by digging a trench three or four feet distant around
the tree and cutting the strongest roots with a knife. This
will influence the fibrous roots, essential in fruit develop-

Te ee ee PN EEC aa eee, A, Ae

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 61

ment. The best time for root pruning is immediately before
defoliation. Young plants may be held in check or controlled
by this method, and it is advisable to do this to aid in the
development of lateral branches.

CONTROL OF INSECTS AND DISEASE.

San Jose Scale-——Fumigate when plants are dormant, with
hydrocyanie gas.

Peach Borer—A whitish larva about three-quarters of an
inch long when mature, which bores into the crown and upper
roots, causing exudation of gum. It must be dug out, after
which apply gas tar or coal tar around the basal portion of
the trunk or lower branches. This latter remedy is, however,
more for outside protection than inside. Also use hydrocyanic
gas fumigation if possible.

Green Fly—Troublesome upon the young foliage, espe-
cially at the time when fruit is setting. The grower is some-
what handicapped at this time by his inability to spray until
after the setting of the fruit. Spray as soon as possible with
nicotine, or fumigate.

Red Spider—Fumigation or forcible spraying after setting
of fruit.

THE FIRST EXHIBITION OF THE AMERICAN
ORCHID SOCIETY

The first exhibition of the American Orchid Society, held
in Horticultural Hall, Boston, Massachusetts, May 8-11, was
an event which marked an epoch in the annals of American
orchidology. The thousands of flowering orchids brought
to the hall far exceeded the expectations of the members of
the Society. With the exception of one small lot from England
and the collection sent by the Missouri Botanical Garden all
the exhibits were from the immediate vicinity of Boston, the
home of the first cultivated orchid in America.

The success of the show was due largely to the efforts of
Mr. Albert C. Burrage, the president of the Society. His
exhibits comprised nearly two-thirds of the total display,
filling the large hall. Mr. Burrage paid particular attention
to the native environment of the orchid and as far as pos-
sible staged his plants according to their geographical dis-

i

62 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

tribution. South America was represented by a rocky ledge
towering some fifty feet high. From the top flowed a stream
which was directed in such a manner as to form a series of
cascades, suggesting the scenery of Tequendama Falls in
the region of the Andes of Bogota. Various other tropical
plants were associated with the orchids, such as tree ferns,
aroids, mosses, ete. Joining this exhibit was a low bog rock
garden in which were growing the North American orchids
of the lady-slipper variety. The Philippines weze suggested
by a native hut of the thatched type built upon stilts, hang-
ing from the roof and sides of which were the famiilar native
moth orchids in white and mauve shades. Surrounding the
huts were trees covered with epiphytic orchids indigenous to
the islands. Towering above these were fruiting cocoanut
palms. For the Florida exhibit native trees with their at-
tached epiphytes were shipped from the south.

The smaller hall was devoted to the private and commer-
cial exhibits. Twice the amount of space could have been
used to advantage by all the individual exhibitors. The cen-
tral feature staged by Mr. F. E. Dixon, of Elkins Park,
Pennsylvania, was an orchid arbor made up of a great variety
of exceptionally fine plants. Around the sides of the hall the
various commercial and private exhibits were displayed,
either banked almost to the ceiling in various designs or,
for natural effects, fastened upon trees.

The hybrid orchids exceeded by far those of type species,
notable being the Laelio-Cattleyas, Brasso-Cattleyas, and
Brasso-Laelio-Cattleyas. The cool-house orchids (which, un-
fortunately, cannot be grown in St. Louis) were shown in
great numbers, particularly Odontoglossum crispum with its
many varieties. It was interesting to see the bigenerie hybrid
between Odontoglossum and Cochlioda known as Odontioda.
The Miltonias, especially specimens of M. vezillaria, with
their mauve pansy-like flowers, showed a wealth of spikes.
The hybrid Cymbidiums, particularly those showing the
mauve color, were well represented. These terrestrial plants
are fast becoming popular on account of the lasting qualities
of the spikes when cut.

One entire room was devoted to displaying a part of the
fine collection of books and paintings of orchids belonging
to Mr. Burrage. This exhibit attracted much attention.

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 63

There were also shown some of the unexcelled photographs of
native orchids taken by Mr. Lincoln, and Mr. Oakes Ames
exhibited some beautiful paintings of Cypripediums. Alto-
gether, it would be hard to conceive of a more complete and
satisfactory first attempt on the part of the American Orchid
Society to present the magnificence and beauty of this unique
group of plants.

The exhibit sent from the Garden did not comprise the
showy hybrids but a collection of botanical interest. Thirty-
seven distinct genera, representing forty-six species (all that
could be included in the requisite twenty-five square feet),
were selected, many of which were collected on the recent
expedition into South America and are new to this country.
For this exhibit, which was in competition, the Garden was
awarded a silver cup. A collection of slipper orchids of
the mosaic-leaf type was also shipped, but the trip was too
long for the flowers to last in perfect form and some of them
were broken in transit. A set of colored photographs illus-
trating the collecting and transportation of orchids from
South America for the Garden was likewise shown. A silver
medal was awarded for this exhibit.

LIST OF ORCHIDS SHOWN IN COMPETITION “OF BOTANICAL
INTEREST, NOT NECESSARILY IN FLOWER, COV-
ERING 25 SQUARE FEET AND EMBRACING
AT LEAST 12 GENERA”

Aspasia epidendroides Epidendrum eburneum
Aspasia Rousseauae Epidendrum odoratissimum
Bifrenaria Harrisoniae Epidendrum sp.
Brassavola tuberculata Eria gigantea
Bulbophyllum Cassiopeia Gongora tricolor
Camaridium affine Hartwegia purpurea
Camaridium latifolium Hexisea bidentata
Campylocentrum peniculus Lockhartia pallida
Chondrorhyncha Lipscombia Mazillaria aciantha
Chysis bractescens Megactlinium colubrinum
Coelia Baueriana Notylia pentachne
Coelogyne Dayana Odontoglossum pulchellum
Coelogyne Parishii Oncidium ampliatum
Coryanthes macrantha Oncidium divaricatum
Dichaea panamensis Oncidium Kramerianum
Encyclia atro-purpurea var. Oncidium Oerstedii var.

rhodoglossa crispiflorum

a a
ah
r

64 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN
Oncidium stipitatum Spathoglottis aureo-Vieillardii
Ornithidium sophronitis Stanhopea bucephalus var.
Ornithocephalus diceras guttata.

Phalaenopsis Lueddemanniana Trichopilia marginata
Pholidota chinensis Trigonidium Seemannii
Polystachya panamensis Warscewiczella discolor
Rodriguezia sp. Xylobium stachyobiorum

Scaphyglottis prolifera

THE MAIDENHAIR TREE

The maidenhair tree (Ginkgo biloba) is the only survivor
of an extensive family of plants of a prehistoric period.
While it has been introduced into Europe and America from
China and Japan, it is not known to be growing indigenous
or in a wild state anywhere.

It is a stately tree which at maturity reaches a height of
100 feet, with a cylindric, slightly tapering trunk, usually
slender when young, the branches becoming massive, ascend-
ing or more or less spreading when older. The leaves are
wedge-shaped, deciduous, resembling those of the maidenhair
fern (Adiantum), striated on both sides with numerous par-
allel veins, bright grass-green when young, dull rich green
at maturity, and turning a clear bright yellow before they
fall. The flowers are dioecious, the male catkins slender
and stalked, the females on long footstalks, in pairs, of
which generally only one persists. The fruit is a drupe, con-
sisting of an acrid, ill-smelling pulp surrounding a smooth
oval, cream-colored, thin-shelled nut with a sweet kernel.

The fertilization of the flowers of this tree is unusual and
interesting. The flowers appear in April or the beginning
of May, and the pollen is distributed by the wind and set-
tles on the tip of the female flower. Fertilization takes place
in September, through the fusion of a motile male sperm
from the pollen with an egg cell in the female flower. The
development of the embryo takes place when the seed is full
grown and ready to fall, sometimes even after the seed had
already fallen to the ground. The offensive odor of the
fleshy covering of the seed is caused by a fatty acid which
is called ginkgoic acid. A full description of the ginkgo
was given in the October, 1914, number of the BuLLETIN,

14.

PLATE

GARDEN

a Digan le 5 >

FRI

IN

TRE

MAITDENHAIR

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 65

accompanied with a photograph of a tree in full foliage. The
photograph accompanying this article shows an unusual
abundance of fruit on a tree in the Garden this autumn.

NOTES

Dr. Nellie Carter, Research Assistant at the Garden, is
the editor of Volume V of West’s ‘‘Algae’’ recently issued
by the Ray Society of London, England.

Dr. Hermann von Schrenk, Pathologist to the Garden, spoke
before the engineering colleges of Cornell University, April
25, on ‘‘Timber as an Engineering Material.”’

Mr. G. H. Pring, Horticulturist to the Garden, gave a talk
before the St. Louis Florist Club, May 15, on ‘‘The Orchid
Exhibition at Boston.”’

The annual Flower Sermon provided for in Mr. Shaw’s
will was preached on May 18 at Christ Church Cathedral by
the Rev. Theodore Sedgwick, D. D., Rector of Calvary Church,
New York City.

Dr. George T. Moore, Director of the Garden, acted as dele-
gate for the Garden Club of St. Louis at the annual meeting
of the Garden Club of America, held under the auspices of
the James River Garden Club at Richmond, Virginia, April
23-25.

Mr. G. H. Pring has given the illustrated talk ‘‘Collect-
ing Orchids in South America’’ before the following
audiences: April 21, before the Carpe Diem Club; April 28,
before the Nelson Presbyterian Church, Pine Lawn, St. Louis
County; May 5, Fremont School geographical science class ;
May 10, at a banquet of the graduate of the Old Kewites,
Brunswick Hotel, Boston, Mass.; May 16, Froebel School
Patrons’ Association.

The American Dahlia Society has established at the Gar-
den a trial ground for new varieties of dahlias to be known
as the ‘‘Middle West Dahlia Trial Garden.’’ Dahlias can be
entered by the raiser or introducer only and must be new
varieties not less than two years old. Certificates of merit
will be awarded for varieties scoring eighty-five points or
higher if they have been registered with the secretary of the
American Dahlia Society. Entry blanks and additional in-
formation may be obtained by writing to the Garden.

a ae

66 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

Dr. Moore and Mr. Pring attended the first annual show
of the American Orchid Society in Boston, May 8-11. Dr.
Moore, with Mr. Gurney Wilson, Editor of the Orchid Review
of London and Secretary of the Orchid Committee of the
Royal Horticultural Society of England, and Mr. Clement
Moore, of Hackensack, New Jersey, constituted the judges for
the show. The following acted as advisory judges in special
classes: Professor Charles S. Sargent, Director of the
Arnold Arboretum; Professor Oakes Ames, Director of the
Harvard Botanic Museum; Mr. Thomas Allen, Chairman of
the Boston Art Commission; Miss Marian R. Case, Hillcrest
Gardens, Weston, Massachusetts; and Mr. H. Walter Childs,
specialist in hardy New England orchids.

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 67

STATISTICAL INFORMATION FOR APRIL, 1924

GARDEN ATTENDANCE:

Tytalus er Of WABILOTS. 6 cccccc cs e054 eh e eases eh 30,418
PLanr ACCESSIONS:
Total number of seed packets received in exchange... 331
Total number of plants received in exchange........... 14
PLANT DISTRIBUTION:
Total number of plants distributed as gifts............ 7
LIBRARY ACCESSIONS:
Total number of books and pamphlets bought.......... 7
Total number of books and pamphlets donated.......... 255
HERBARIUM ACCESSIONS:
By Gift—
Conard, Professor H. S.—Merulius tremellosus from
Mae artes s e-0:6. 6; 56.518 % 0: © S10 ¥-0 lw Site onovelfeeNolete a tnvereresanel ale iI
Hennicke, Miss D.—Lamium amplewxicaule L. and Viola
Rafinesquii Greene from Missouri............-..+-.. 2
Palmer, E. J.—Photographs of Celtis laevigata and
PUES Cla PUN ORALEL io <cce:c oo 58 5 cas a ns lolels cao glare si peiaiets ef ts Bs
Payson, Dr. E. B—Senecio sp., from Wyoming......... 1
Stevens, Prof. F. L.—Polyporus fruticum, from Costa
HICR es ove eo civicte ee esterase enn bis of 4s es eas a etee it

By Purchase—
Gleason, Dr. H. A.—Plants of British Guiana, 7th set,
Distribution: WE segs ecto satis 6 sede oe de 462
By Exchange—
Drushel, Prof. J. A.——Plants of Vermont, New York,

Michigan, Missouri and Texan joe. ces i. ccc cs ccce 17
Iowa Agricultural College, by Professor L. H. Pammel—

Grasses of Switzerland. iets Hse es ec enc es 5 207

FPOUGL eiaie\eia a etareaea er tro eke Peer oO eae oR ee 694

The Garden is open to the public every day in the year, except New
Year’s, Fourth of July, Labor Day, and Christmas— week days from 8:00
A. M. until one-half hour after sunset; Sundays from December to April,
1:00 P. M. until sunset, from April to December, 2:00 P. M. until sunset.

The main entrance to the Garden is located at Tower Grove Avenue
and Flora Boulevard, on the Vandeventer Avenue car line. Transfer
south from all intersecting lines. -

EO»

BIR

Guonox T. Moors,

JoaNNE kK Arus?no1 a
Research Aamelens:

i Se eerie H Latah:
- Seoretary to ne Director _

Nex, C. aidanaes
sarah of ‘Publications

: LR: Paut A. Konu

~ Horticulturist ni : : Widelcaltuplet

Joun Noyes ) ood Seal Axpenson.. TN ata ;
- Landscape Designer Sr 2 2S lt Charge of Baboelter Garang “

3 Assistant Engineer ft

sss Uren Ase
y atte Floral Diaplay

Mussourt BOTANICAL
GARDEN JBULLETIN

ae

Vol. XII JUNE, 1924 - No. 6

eo

CONTENTS

What:to: Plant in City: Gardens ~ 2) ss rw ee ae BD
A Spring Visit to Some St. Louis Gardens . . ... 79
tee ee a das bP FRR ee B4
Statistical Information .)s te ON ee a 5

ST. LOUIS, MO.
1924

Published Monthly Except July and August by the Board of Trustees

SUBSCRIPTION PRICE:
ONE DOLLAR PER YEAR, SINGLE COPIES TEN CENTS

ee orm MEMBERS. whe DESIGNATED - IN ‘ee SHAW'S wit
d _AND THE BOARD SQ CONSTITUTED, EXCLUSIVE OF
; PERRI: MEMBERS, Is $s SELF-PERPETU raTING

4

| Vice-President %
“DAVID Ss. A. ‘SMITH.

n ii er ; yt ¢ 14
JOHN F. SHEpiey. — .

‘G

er ee
ay =
Bh

ae

MAP OF ST. LOUIS, SHOWING ZONES WITH REFERENCE TO VEGETATION,
(Prepared by City Park Department.)

‘P26L ‘ZI “IOA “TING ‘auvy “Log ‘OW

‘Ql ALVIG

Missouri Botanical

Garden Bulletin

Vol. XII JUNE, 1924 No. 6

WHAT TO PLANT IN CITY GARDENS

A problem which confronts both amateur and professional
gardeners is how, when, and what to plant for permanent
effect in our city gardens where conditions are often so un-
favorable for plant growth. The Garden Club of St. Louis
at its recent show at the Garden distributed a list of various
shrubs, perennials, vines, and annuals, recommended for
planting in city gardens which cannot but be helpful. It is
more than likely, however, that amateurs in certain areas of
St. Louis would have many disappointments if they attempted
to carry out all the suggestions unless they went to the annual
expense of replacing such plants as larkspur, columbine,
gaillardia, lyehnis, oriental poppy, pyrethrum, ete. Experi-
ence has shown that in gardens located in proximity to the
railroad terminals and rights-of-way, brick yards, and con-
gested downtown districts it is an almost hopeless task to
establish such plants.

The City Park Department has made repeated attempts
to establish trees and perennials around the Municipal Courts
building, the Public Library, and at the Lucas garden, with
little or no success. Sycamores and poplars, supposedly
smoke-resistant, succumb within two or three years; in fact.
the only tree which seems to thrive in such localities is the
Tree-of-Heaven (Ailanthus). Of the large number of shrubs
which have been repeatedly planted, only Ligustrum, Rhus,
Lycium, and Aralia pentaphylla remain, Lycium standing
out as the most resistant to smoke. Permanent blue-grass
lawns in the downtown district are out of the question. A
green lawn in early spring is the result of annual seeding

(69)

a

70 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

with red top, but this is soon crowded out by the annual
grasses which permanently reseed themselves. The Lucas
garden is planted during the summer with tropical bedding
plants and these furnish a highly colored floral display until
the advent of frost. Throughout the winter the garden is
devoid of any permanent vegetation. Farther west toward
Grand Avenue there is a little improvement, but the small
parks at the Lindell Avenue and Washington Avenue cut-
offs are green only because of the annual grasses. The Cen-
tral States Life Insurance Co., at 3200 Washington Avenue,
attempted to establish a formal garden west of the office
building. This was planted with various shrubs and peren-
nials, also Lombardy poplars to exclude the surrounding
buildings. All the perennials, after making scanty growth,
died the first year, and annual replacement is necessary.
The most permanent shrubs are the Regel’s and California
privet (most of the latter dying out last winter) and Cornus
stolonifera. There are two lilacs which have maintained
themselves for the last three years but without producing
flowers. Berberis Thunbergiu has been replanted several
times, usually succumbing to the first winter. The Lom-
bardy poplars call for replacement annually. Last fall
peonies were planted, but despite the favorable season their
growth soon became soot-coated and the flower buds failed
to open. It is only by the use of summer bedding and
annuals that any sort of garden effect can be maintained.

Such open spaces as Tower Grove Park, Compton Heights
Reservoir Park, and the Missouri Botanical Garden show
some improvement over downtown conditions. However, the
number of species lost annually from the Garden collection,
particularly during the past ten years, has been so discour-
aging that steps are being taken to create an out-of-town
garden, so that the reputation of the Missouri Botanical
Garden as one of the foremost botanical gardens of the world
may be maintained. Thirty years ago the Garden was noted
for its complete collections of conifers and evergreens. To-day
there are left a few dying Austrian pines, a small procum-
bent Canadian hemlock opposite the old residence, and one
yew, opposite the Cleveland Avenue gate-house, surrounded
by the lilae collection, which also shows the effect of the

—

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 71

smoke. The holly, as previously noted in the December, 1920,
number of the BULLETIN, is still withstanding the unfavor-
able conditions. Many good specimens may be seen in the
grove, although the soot-covered leaves in most cases are
deciduous in advance of the normal period.

Most of the original deciduous trees planted by Henry
Shaw have succumbed, especially the white birch, hard maple,
Norway maple, and the oaks, the latter usually dying at the
top first. The rapidity with which the oaks are dying in Forest
Park suggests the spreading of the smoke area. Newly planted
oaks seem to flourish up to the point when the bark begins
to assume its permanent corky character; then there is 4
decided stunting of growth. This factor is particularly
noticeable in the many specimens planted out in the North
American tract some twenty years ago. In 1920 a test plot
was set aside for establishing a nut orchard adjacent to the
old barn, and new varieties of the English, Persian, and
native walnuts were planted, as well as special varieties of
pecans. The native walnuts seem to be developing slowly
but the pecans have mostly died out. The most resistant of
the trees are the sycamores, ginkgo, bald cypress, osage
orange, soft maple, varnish tree, Scotch elm, catalpa, Ailan-
thus, ash, American linden, and buckeye.

Comparing city-grown shrubs with those out of town, the
most noticeable difference is the lack of flowers and fruit.
The amount of dead wood annually removed is also much
greater from shrubs growing in the city. During the spring
visitors inquire for the flowering dogwood (Cornus florida)
and when shown specimens look at them with disgust, re-
marking upon the wonderful plants in flower in the country.
The best specimen of dogwood in the Garden was planted
in the North American tract over twenty years ago. It is
now about twelve feet high, having a trunk three inches in
diameter, yet under the most favorable conditions it has
never produced more than twenty-five flowers and frequently
none at all appears. An older specimen, undoubtedly planted
during Mr. Shaw’s lifetime, is located immediately south of
the floral display house. Formerly it had several basal
branches but these have died away, leaving one main leader.
This oceasionally produces a few flower buds in the fall but

72 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

these never develop in the spring; in fact, it has not ex-
panded flowers for the past ten years. Several attempts to
establish special varieties of Cornus, collected from the sur-
rounding country, have also failed.

PERENNIALS

In recent years elaborate attempts have been made to
establish the showy hybrid larkspurs, columbines, ete. Various
experiments have been carried out in the specially prepared
beds of the test garden west of the administration building.
Several years ago a special collection of the finest hybrids
from England was planted, but none of them survived,
although this was partly due to the poor condition in which
many of them arrived. Further tests were continued, this
time with selected English seeds. These were sown in early
fall in a cool greenhouse and after germination were grown
on in the same house. By this method plants in four-inch
pots were established by spring and these were planted out in
the test garden just as soon as possible. The plants showed
fairly satisfactory growth and flower spikes but at least
75 per cent of the clumps were gradually lost due to unfavor-
able conditions. To maintain a permanent display of peren-
nials the Garden, and likewise the Park Department, has
learned by experience that plants left outside throughout
the winter cannot be relied upon, but the more tender kinds,
such as larkspur (Delphinium), eolumbine (Aquilegia),
Platycodon, hollyhock (Althea), Pyrethrum, Gaillardia,
Coreopsis, Plumbago, and the biennials, such as fox-glove
(Digitalis) and sweet-william (Dianthus), must be treated
as annuals. <A test of columbines was carried on in 1923
in the wild-flower garden with both the native long-spurred
hybrids and Aquilegia californica. The latter produced a
splendid bed, growing to a height of four to five feet and
flowering profusely. The outlook for establishing this
variety in the Garden seemed very promising, but the next
spring the entire bed had died out.

Not only perennials but all plants, including trees, are
killed back to a much greater extent in the city, the damage
gradually diminishing the farther one travels into the

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 73

country. This winter fifty per cent of the native wild
plants at the Garden were killed, although identical species
showed no effect of the winter in their native haunts. The
Chinese paper mulberry and Paulownia trees, some of them
a foot in diameter, were killed back to the ground. Neither
of these trees was seriously damaged in the county. The
common mulberry froze back several feet in the Garden but
not beyond the smoke area. The flowering buds of both the
staminate and pistillate ginkgo trees were frozen only in the
city.

During the past winter the following shrubs at the Garden
froze back to the ground: Hibiscus syriacus, Vitex, Deutzia
scabra, Ingustrum, Kerria, and Buddleia, Those seriously
damaged included Forsythia, Diervilla, Amorpha, Tamariz,
and Rhus. In the country the California privet, Kerria,
Buddleia, and Vitex were the only plants showing the effect
of the hard freeze. The following perennials have been
proved hardy under city conditions and do not normally
freeze out in winter: golden-rod, marguerite, day-lily, native
penstemon, physostegia, tradescantia, sedum, veronica, iris,
peony, pansy, achillea, gas-plant, Spiraea Filipendula,
Poterium obtusum, candytuft, thalictrum, native asters, lily-
of-the-valley, shooting star, sun-flower, chrysanthemum.

The greatest damage at the Garden was with the roses,
almost 75 per cent of the plants in the nursery and permanent
rose garden being lost. The hybrid teas suffered most
severely, but the hybrid perpetuals in most cases froze to
the ground, and the entire collection of climbing roses upon
the pergola and fronting the Linnean House likewise were
frozen back. Observation of many gardens in the county
showed that the roses were not frozen more seriously than
during an average normal winter, the climbing roses
especially showing the contrast between county and city con-
ditions. In certain outlying sections of the city where the
effect of the smoke is not serious the roses were not touched.
Both observation and experience seem to indicate that plants
grown under unfavorable city conditions are weakened to
an extent that renders them unable to withstand the same
amount of frost as vegetation in the country. This situation
is not confined to outdoor plants but greenhouse plants are

74 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

similarly affected as well. The commercial florists have,
where possible, removed their producing greenhouses into
the country to avoid the damaging effects of a smoky atmos-
phere.

CITY PLANTING ZONES

The City Park Department has been forced to discontinue
its nursery, formerly within the city park area, moving to
a large tract of land facing the river at Chain-of-Rocks.
Here a splendid nursery has been established for several
years, producing sufficient plants to supply not only new
parks and boulevards but to replace the thousands of plants
which die annually in the smoke-laden areas.

Within this last few years, the Park Department, collabo-
rating with the Garden, has tested numerous trees, shrubs,
and perennials in various parts of the city for their smoke
resistance. As a result the entire city has been divided into
zones and a list made of the various trees and shrubs that
have survived in these areas. While it is almost impossible
definitely to outline districts, since they usually merge
gradually from one to the other, the information obtained
furnishes a workable basis for general purposes. The worst
region is No. 3 (see plate 15), and this is to be expected
since it includes the Mill Creek Valley as well as the crowded
business district from which volumes of smoke arise, particu-
larly during the winter. Zone No. 2 is somewhat scattered,
being in most cases away from the railroads and manu-
facturing plants, embracing the more or less open tracts set
aside as parks, including the Garden. The most favorable
areas for vegetation are: on the north, Bellefontaine and
Calvary cemeteries; on the northwest, Kingshighway and
Union Avenue district ; on the southwest, the Clifton Heights
district ; and on the south, Southampton towards the Gravois
Road.

The following lists of plants form a comprehensive basis
by which amateurs, gardeners, and landscape architects may
be guided in planning city gardens, especially when con-
sidering permanent effects. The cross mark signifies that
the particular plant is recommended for the district indicated

i arenas

rie. 2° on ae

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN T5

by number on the map (see plate 15). Annuals have not
been considered, inasmuch as their growth is developed
throughout the summer and they can be grown in any part
of the city where soil and situation are favorable.

LIST OF TREES AND SHRUBS, WITH THE DISTRICT FOR
WHICH RECOMMENDED

BOTANICAL NAME COMMON NAME YS Ss

DECIDUOUS TREES

FILS UNCON T0817 SE Se re Box-Elder ....s.0- aie a
DAMN PTEEGIIOLUGE 5 os vices ccc vec e sees Norway Maple........ x
Acer Pseudo-platanus.............-. Sycamore Maple...... x
ACEP SACCHATINUWM... 00. .ccccccerees Silver-leaved Maple... X X
Acer saccharinum var. Wieri........ Wier’s Cut-leaved

Maple .c.«dscéieniens xX
PCO BACCNOTUN 660 oc ccc ccc cces seuss Sugar Maple... sse.%s x
Aesculus Hippocastanum........... Horse-Chestnut ...... X X
Ailanthus altissima................ Tree-of-Heaven ...... xX SR
EPEC as os 6 ses ees s cee sss White Birch..... err rae.
Broussonetia papyrifera..........4. Paper Mulberry....... X KX X
CEtHINE BUNGEE. fe. cece occas Chinese Catalpa...... p. Gee .4
CGTOMDGSVECIOSD 5 ccc cess ccece Western Catalpa...... poe, <
Celtis occidentalis... .........cc eee Hackberry Tree....... X
Cercts CAMAAENSIS.. 0... cece ences Red Bud Tree........ a
Chionanthus virginica...........4.. White Fringe........ > ge «
WOTRUE OTHE s osc oc cc cece ese White Flowering Dog:

W000 sia cintecen aes =
Frazvintus americana.............04. American White Ash. X X
Frazinus lanceolata............+-.-. Green Ash..... ea x xX
Gleditsia triacanthos............. Honey Locust....... “e. >.
0 Oo) 1 ae Maiden-hair Tree..... X X
Koelreuteria paniculata............ Varnish Tre@.« cscs «ens Poa. ¢
Liquidambar Styracifiua............ Sweet Gum. .c<<sg0a55 >. Gap 4
Liriodendron tulipifera............. Tulip ‘Tree; .sc.6 4 cee x
Maclura pomiferd....ccccsseseseces Osage Orange Tree... X X X
Magnolia acuminata.............65: Cucumber Tree....... X X
Magnolia virginiana... ........ 0c eae Sweet Bay Magnolia... X
Magnolia tripetala......ccecccccees Umbrella Tree........ KX X
Magnolia Soulangeana..........+..! Chinese Magnolia..... x
PUR SOOTHES... 8 os as 0 oe oie eee Wild Flowering Crab. X
PAG TO G6 4 oie aie o:5:a.0 0.0.08 Chae ae White Mulberry...... She. 4
Morus alba var. pendula............ Tea’s Weeping Mul-

TPR? bis a> 5 29.6160 o.0 a ee
Platanws occidentalis... ... esses. American Plane...... oe oc
Platanus ortentalis..........00.00. European Plane...... > aa Sa

76 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

BOTANICAL NAME COMMON NAME se eg
Populus alba var. pyramidalis....... Bolle’s Silver Poplar... X
Populus deltoides var. monilifera....Carolina Poplar....... XK X
Populus nigra var. graeca.........6. Grecian Poplar.:.... oe ok
Populus nigra var. italica........... Lombardy Poplar..... ak
PODULUS TTEMULOTMES.. . oo oc ec cess American Aspen..... nae. 4
PPIs BET OVI. «.. ooc cg cscs acca cee és Wild Black Cherry.... X
PGTOMR TOU. 5s cc paececsbacecarws White O8k. ... areas ee 4
QUETCWS MOACTOCOTNA.. 6c ccccccceeces Mossy Cup or Bur Oak X
REMOTE DOLUISTIAE crc c vie essucesecss PETE CUE ros ovaries eee x.
MACOS CLUE oie ors ox Gi pie oiblkin Co a vio os RGA VOB cs < soaks eee x
Robinia Pseudo-Acadcia............. BACK. JZOCUSL, ..:matecsit » a ae |
Balia DadYlONicd...cccesccscsecesss Weeping Willow...... x X
Saliz blanda...................... Wisconsin Weeping

WIHIGW: 043s eee S. See.
Salig elegantissima..........s000-- Thurlow Weeping Wil-

VOW ° ite cake a cee > Se
Tilia americana......... eas oie American Linden..... —
TRE VU OTN storie eV OW n'ee wa bases European Linden..... x
TING LOMLONLOGD 6 occ 0 ''s-a oes nee ees White or Silver Lin-

CGN ~asiasa seen x
Ulmus americanad........005 Siw eis ork American Elm..... > ae
UUMUS COMPOSITIS... 5 bc cee cence Hingligh: Wim. ..236 2n< x X

EVERGREEN OR CONIFEROUS TREES*

ALOtES CONCOION «.... soe ve eS comerpen nit < White Fir... Senn zen x
Juniperus communis var. hibernica..Irish Juniper......... X
Dae Gr te COMMUN Uae ss? ..0.6500s bac ese ee othe oe 00 45 eed x
Juniperus virginiana.............6. Red ‘O¢dar:: . .. ied 23 x
Picea pungens........ Bea ae chee ae Colorado Spruce...... x
Picea pungens var. glauca.......... Colorado Blue Spruce. X
Pinus nigra var. dustriaca.......... Austiian Pine. 727..4.. x
Pinus Montana var. Mughus......... Dwarf Mountain Pine, X
PST DUTUCRIOAS, 5 so cise. 0 és 4 oisinase ss Scoteh’ Piwie. . aca oak x
PRUIG OCCAGENLOUS.. ooo ccc c ccc ass American Arbor-vitae. X
Thuja occidentalis var. Wareana....Siberian Arbor-vitae.. X
Thuja occidentalis var. pyramidalis..Pyramidal Arbor-vitae. X
TG OTACNTOIIS ae sone bees iies Oriental Arbor-vitae... X
PEUGE CONAGTENSHS . occ cc ccc cc eceees FICIRIOCE ci 2s cmwao a x

*Evergreens are only temporary within the city limits, but thetr
beauty and attractiveness will repay for the necessary replacing
with new stock whenever required. The above kinds may be recom-
mended.

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 77

DECIDUOUS ORNAMENTAL SHRUBS

BOTANICAL NAME COMMON NAME vais Ed
Amorpha fruticosa........+.0+e208- False Indigo.......... X X
ATOUIG BPINOSA... corcccrsccccrceces Hercules Club........ X X X
ATAUG CHIMCNSIS.. cc cece ceccecccses Chinese Angelica Tree X X
Aralia pentaphylla...... cece eee ees Shrub sAraliac, «.sscms Gar. Ge
Baccharis halimifolia.............5: Groundsel Bush....... X X
Berberis ThunberQit......ccccceeees Japanese Barberry.... X X
Calycanthus floridus........ccceeees Strawberry Shrub.... KX X
Cephalanthus occidentalis.......... Button-Bush —...s.0%. x
Coluted ardorescens......sceerceees Bladder Senna........ X X X
Core. TAG Cee a tee Siberian Dogwood.... X X
COFNUS AMOMUM.. oe vecececscccece: Silky Dogwood....... > a. 4
CONRMUSPACONUOEE. cc ccc ccceccccsecss Gray Dogwood........ X X
COrnus SANQUINEA. .... cc eeeeeeeeee: Red Dogwood......... X X &
Cornus Stolonifserd,....cccccseceees Red Osier Dogwood... X X X
Cydonia japonicd,.......0.cereceees Japanese Quince...... X X
Plesiid SCGOTE... 0. ce cc ce tee Deutaia 6.....i<aahess tae
DICURPUBOTOCUAE i.e. occ ccc cesar eees Dwarf Deutzia........ X X
MMPI ce. ca i-d) oicigio id,b 6x0, v4 1S 6.0), ere ele, 05% Weigelia «2.2063 ss560 age. €
Elaeagnus angustifolia.........++-- OlCSStO? 1.2.55 earn ay x
Elaecagnus longipes.......eeeeseeees Japanese Oleaster..... X X
Forsythia viridissima...........4+- Green Forsythia...... pep ¢
Forsythia intermedia..........0006: Hybrid Golden-Bell... X X
Forsythia suspensad....-seesees ....Drooping Golden-Bell.. X X
Halésia caroUmdisx 66. 6. eos 0 8 es Silver-Bell <i. ectiens x
HidtSCus SYTIACUS. oo ccc eens tees Rose-of-Sharon .......5. X X
Hydrangea paniculata......-...+-e Hydrangea .....0..00s ». ae <
Rerria japonica. ......sccccnncsees Globe-flower ......s<s ee ok
Lesnedeza dvIcolor. .... 06.055 0000-3: Bush Clover..." x
Ligustrum GMUPeNs8e....eeesereces Amoor River Privet.. X X
Ligtistrum Td0td...ccccccccsececess Japanese Privet....... KX X
Ligustrum Ibota var. Regelianum... Regel’s Privat. ten ioe Sek | a
Ligustrum ovalifolium.........065- California Privet..... ba. SP «
Ligustrum sinense var. nana........ Chinese Privet........ XK X
TAGUStrume VUIGATE. 2. ccceccrncceses English Privet........ XK X
Lonicera bella.......... eae Me yesshsis Zabel’s Honeysuckle.. K X
Lonicera fragrantissima......++.+: fragrant Honeysuckle X X
TMACOTUL MONT OUW4. cs sc cc ccc cee sees Japanese Bush-Honey-

suckle .c:c.0¢en eee p. Sage.
DeneerG tatarvicd... 2... ccc scence Tartarian Honeysuckle X X
UCU VULTATE osc cis tc cessecvess Matrimony Vine...... X X X
Philadelphus coronarius.........-- Mock-Orange Re ia ee
Philadelphus coronarius var. Lewisi.Gordon’s Orange...... x xX
Philadelphus coronarius var.gran- Large Flowering
MAURIS ciirass, s's's ie e7e/s' sins) ¢\e'eiciee 214s Oranse: — fae cseteu s x xX

718 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

BOTANICAL NAME COMMON NAME me ak ig

Philadelphus coronarius var. inodo-

on AGS A ae ron ent n eee wae ans Scentless Orange...... X X
Philadelphus Lemoinei............. Hybrid Orange....... ma
Physocarpus opulifolius............ Ninebark , <2... cea ae ee
Rhodotypos kerrioides............. White :Kerria. .iccvs te oe
RAMS COpalting.... ...... 6 ccc ccccce. Dwarf Sumach........ X X
ha, ES Se Smoke Tree.....cccis ae. 4
I i SANTA nro re Smooth Sumach...... nk
en i ev ease one. Staghorn Sumach..... X X
Rhus typhina var. laciniata......... Staghorn Sumach..... X X
at ee Ca ee Missouri Currant..... bap 4
Ribes Gordonianum................ Gordon’s Currant..... = ak
Ribes sanguineum................. ‘Red Flowering Cur-

POISE & so.s.n0:k. nee xX X
Robinia hispida................... Rose Acacia.......... : ae
| aS ee ae Japanese Rose........ X X
Rosa (hybrid perpetual)...................eee0..--005 eres ee. 4
ei de 5s 6 on oN pKa cad. co aa a
Rosa (hybrid Polyantha)...............ccccceccceccccuce, ae ok
I Oats eos ved va oa KAR LAs Can See x x
OU os i's hk s's so a ale heck back ca Ge a
Sambucus canadensis............... American Elder.... = A oe
Sambucus nigra...........ccceecee European Elder....... X X
Sambucus pubens var. laciniata..... Cut-leaved Elder...... KX X X
Pg a, rrr Snow Garland....... Pe. age a
Spiraea Billiardii.................. Billiard’s Spiraea..... os
Spiraea Bumalda.,.................. Pink Spiraea......... xX X
Spiraea Bumalda

“Anthony Waterer”.............. Crimson Spiraea..... a A
Spiraea callosa var.alba............ White Spiraea........ ~ oe
Spiraea Douglasti.................. Douglas Spiraea...... ~~
Spiraea prunifolia................. Bridal. Wreath. <isi.0c oe ok
Spiraea Reevesiana................ Meadow-sweet a aes ak
Spiraea Van Houttei................ Meadow-sweet a
Symphoricarpos racemosus......... Snow-berry .......... a
Symphoricarpos vulgaris........... Coral-Dberry .... 000: = oF
Byrings persiod..........cccccceen, PRraign: Tite: guecece.) Oe
Syringa persica var. alba..........., Persian White Lilac... X X
Syringa vulgaris................... Common Lilac........ X X
Syringa vulgaris var. alba........... Common White Lilac. X X
Tamariz africana.............0005. African Tamarisk.... X X
Tamariz juniperina var. plumosa....J apanese Tamarisk... X X
Tamariz odessana.................. Caspian Tamarisk.... X X
Tamariz hispida var. aestivalis...... Hybrid Tamarisk..... =
Viburnum Lantana................ Wayfaring Tree....... X X
Vidurnum Opulus.....cccccccuscss. High Bush Cranberry X X
Viburnum Opulus var. sterile........ Common Snowball.... X X

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 79

BOTANICAL NAME COMMON NAME ss
Viburnum tomentosum...........6. Single Japanese Snow-
Badly setees sre dieve x x
Viburnum tomentosum plicatum....Double Japanese Snow-
[icra t Boat ated det be > ake
Viter Agnus-Castus................ Chaste Tree. ......55. x xX

A SPRING VISIT TO SOME ST. LOUIS GARDENS

In order that the actual results obtained by amateurs in
establishing successful backyard gardens might be recorded,
three young women of the School for Gardening, Miss
Katherine Perkins, Miss Edith Mason, and Miss Ruth Dowell,
visited a few of these gardens early this spring and their
observations follow: It should be borne in mind that the
success of these gardens is due not only to the selection of
plants adapted to a particular environment, but also to an
intelligent care, which means an expenditure of time and
labor such as only an enthusiast is willing to devote to a
garden.

BACKYARD GARDENS

‘‘The following account of diverse gardens in various
sections of St. Louis, including two gardens in the downtown
district, indicates what has already been done and suggests
possibilities for further beautification of the city. These
gardens were selected at random and photographed at a
time when they probably did not represent the height of
beauty which they were capable of attaining.

‘“The first three gardens are on the south side. An Arsenal
Street garden proves that smoke need not discourage quantity
of bloom. The yard, 84x35 feet, seen from the house looks
like one great flower bed, for the dividing paths of cinders
edged with wood are only a foot and a half wide. Rose
trellises are spaced down the center bed, a bird house topping
one of them. A home-made bird bath (a shallow pottery dish
resting on a four-foot creosoted pole) is close by. The service
path is on the extreme right and the laundry poles on a two-

80 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

foot border of turf line it, so that no precious space may be
wasted.

““The peony bush is rightfully the piéce de resistance of
most small gardens, for its foliage remains a bright cool green
throughout the summer. Spring is also represented in this
garden by narcissus, tulips and iris, with columbine, oriental
poppies and larkspur. Many wild flowers, such as trillium,
Solomon’s seal, have oriented themselves in a sheltered cor-
ner. A forest of labels indicates the owner’s interest in many
different varieties of one plant.

“*A little round summer house or gazebo is the principal
attraction on a corner lot 65 x 51 feet. It is set 22' feet back
from Humphrey Street and protected by a line of trees.
The enclosing wire fence is covered with rose vines rooted
in a two-foot border of pansies, and in the corners are grouped
fruit trees, snowballs, ete. In the center, surrounded by a
three-foot rose border, is the latticed summer house, of nine-
foot diameter, offering absolute privacy from the passer-by
who is only thirty feet away.

‘‘Another south-side garden on Utah Place shows how an
ordinary backyard, approximately 80 x 30 feet, can be trans-
formed into a very delightful spot. The owner is not satisfied
merely with growing plants but believes also in quality of
production. Here he grew dahlias which ran away with a lot
of the first and second prizes given at the Missouri Botanical
Garden First Annual Dahlia Show last fall. The space in the
borders and beds which grew the prize-winning dahlias is
devoted to a very creditable display of tulips during the
spring. These tulips include, among others, large specimens
of Pink Beauty, Kaiser Kroon, and Pride of Haarlem. Pink
rambler roses overspread the trellis work, while peonies,
hyacinths, pansies, and daffodils fill the various small beds.
Even all this leaves room for two broad greenswards, that fill
the central area at either side of the walk. The owner of
this garden has originated a very clever little propagating
frame. It is three feet long, one foot broad, and nine inches
high, made of boards and covered in front and on top with
shaded glass. It slopes slightly towards the front in order
that the seedlings may receive the sun’s rays more vertically.

‘‘The Central States Life Insurance Company’s building

Axsewal St

NN Qian sae aoe SAPO i
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PLANS OF ARSENAL

STREET

AND

HUMPHREY STREET GARDENS

“OA “TING ‘auvy “Log ‘OW

"P26T ‘OT

‘9 GLVIg

Mo. Bor, Garb. BULL., VoL. 12, 1924.

PLATE 17.

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GARDENS.

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4

PLANS OF UTAH PLACE AND WESTMINSTER PLACI

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 81

on Washington Avenue is indeed an innovation in office-
building construction. It is built in the Spanish mission
style, of cream-colored stueco with red tile roofs. To the
west of the building is a large space, 160 x 60 feet, laid out
as a garden. The cool spacious lawn is margined by a five-
foot border of shrubs and an occasional poplar tree, and the
whole garden is enclosed by a high stucco wall crowned with
red tile. The great amount of soot and dirt in this section
of town has proved discouraging to most shrubs and per-
ennials, but the Company is persistent in attempting to
replace these with hardier and more tolerant plants.

‘‘On Washington Boulevard, four blocks below Grand, is
a flourishing Japanese garden built a good many years ago
entirely by the owner and his Japanese servant. Two and a
half carloads of stone were brought from Iron Mountain to
build the walls, ponds, bridges, lanterns, and the miniature
Fuji mountain that most effectively! conceals the ashpit.
The bald statistics of 250 feet of paths and nine fountains
or water-falls in a lot 60 x 40 feet sounds quite staggering,
but the parts of the design blend into the whole in such a
way that they do not offend the eye. From the top of the
‘‘mountain’’ one gazes down on an orderly sequence of water-
falls (one rippling over a shutter set in the stone), ponds,
bridges, and fountains. On a catalpa tree, trained in wierd
shape, climb two snakes, the top one spouting water three
or four feet in the air, the water dropping into a shell bird-
bath on the ground below. There is also a crocodile that
spouts water on, a frog and, much to the delight of the owner
(who himself made these animals out of lead), small boys
are continually throwing sticks over the fence to see if the
frog will move.

‘‘Wistaria grows over the walls, torii (temple gates), and
an umbrella-shaped frame; papyrus shades the gold-fish
from the glare of the summer sun, while a big sweet-gum
tree protects the ‘‘mountain climber.’’ Moreover, time and
smoke have not discouraged such wild flowers as the false
Solomon’s seal which is still blooming after seventeen years.
Twenty-year-old May-apple plants, though not blooming, are
fairly healthy. Lilies-of-the-valley, pansies, and iris (the
latter, however, not blooming in the shade) are successfully

82 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

withstanding the smoke. Special mention should also be
made of a tree, the golden varnish tree, which here, as else-
where, has proved itself particularly hardy under adverse
conditions. The joy of having a garden of one’s own is shown
by the fact that although the owner has traveled extensively
in this and other countries, he prefers his garden to any he
has ever seen.

“The owner of a back-yard garden in the 6100 block of
Westminster Place attributes her success in her fight against
adverse city conditions to heavily fertilized soil. She dug
down three feet, laid on three feet of fertilizer, and replaced
six inches of top soil. Every fall she covers her beds with
leaves which are spaded into the soil the following spring.
She considers her yard of 69 x 44 feet too small to devote any
space to bushes except to hide the ash pit, so it is bordered by
irregularly shaped beds about six feet wide. Built on to the
back of the house and extending into the garden is a little
vine-covered garden house, 9 x 16 feet, in which are her collec-
tion of fish and a few plants. A table and some chairs,
shaded by a great striped umbrella, make a very cozy spot
from which to enjoy the garden at one’s ease. As the owner
will allow only the healthiest plants to stay and has limited
herself to a few kinds, the effect is very rich. Tulips, iris,
peonies, larkspur, and columbine predominate.

“In the western part of town a stately old house towers
over spacious grounds and is in turn lorded over by a
magnificent aged elm which doubtless has served as a land-
mark for many decades. In the rear of the property a steep
bank slopes down into the gorge where the ecar-line has cut
its way. This bank is terraced with narrow paths, between
which wild flowers, lilies-of-the-valley, azaleas, vines, huge
magnolias, catalpas, and other trees and shrubs form a veri-
table woodland. The delightful disregard with which the
lilies-of-the-valley have spread over into the pathways and
the phlox and Virginia creeper have ventured out from their
original confines and with which the shrubs have grown into
surprising confusion increases the charm of the garden’s
aging beauty. Crowning this bank is a rock garden with
meandering stream, shaded by magnolias and crossed by tiny

Mo. Bor. GARD. BULL., VOL. 12, 1924. PLATE 18.

AN ARSENAL STREET GARDEN.

JAPANESE GARDEN ON WASHINGTON BOULEVARD.

Mo. Bot. GARD. BULL., VOL. 12, 1924. PLATE 19.

BACK-YARD GARDEN ON UTATL PLACE.

BACK-YARD GARDEN ON WESTMINSTER PLACE.

en ee ee
ey

eae ee eee, tt ee }

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 83

bridges. Vine-covered benches offer one an opportunity to
enjoy this feature which is all too rare in city gardens.

‘‘The foregoing gardens indicate that there is no reason,
except lack of inclination, for failing to beautify the back-
yard and, incidentally, the community, if one keeps to simple
design and to plants that have been proved to be defiers
of smoke.”’

BEAUTIFYING A RAILROAD STATION

‘‘Gardening in the city is, at best, a difficult undertaking,
and one often becomes so discouraged after a few experiences
that no further attempts are made to find the plant or plants
that will flourish under these conditions.

‘It would be difficult to find any location, because of
almost continuous smoke and poor soil, more undesirable for
plant growing than the banks along a railroad track and yet
plants are growing and blooming on some railroad banks in
St. Louis. Three years ago the Missouri Pacific Railway made
an attempt to beautify its Tower Grove station by planting
several of the commoner sorts of tall bearded iris, principally
Iris Kochii and an undetermined variety known to the local
trade as ‘Bluebird.’ The plants are set in a long bed between

. the platform and the retaining wall, and while there is a

narrow crack of sky directly overhead most of the sunlight
is shut off by the train shed to the south. In this most
difficult of situations they have not only bloomed but the
roots have actually increased somewhat in size during the
three years. Across the tracks from the station and at several
points in the railroad yards iris beds were planted in full
sunlight and in spite of smoke and cinders they have made
fairly satisfactory clumps. It is an unusual but an en-
couraging sight to see these beds in the springtime, a mass
of purple and lavender bloom against the bare waste of the
railroad yards.

‘A vine which is doing well in the same location is the
matrimony vine (Lycium). With its fine leaves and brilliant
fruit it is decidedly ornamental and its thrifty growth at the
Tower Grove Station shows that it can conquer adverse
situations. As the head gardener for the railroad station

84 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

said: ‘After it once gets a start you couldn’t kill it out if
you wanted to’.’’

NOTES

Mr. G. H. Pring, Horticulturist to the Garden, gave an
illustrated talk on ‘*Collecting Orchids in South America’’ be-
fore the St. Louis Electrical Board of Trade, at the Hotel
Statler, May 27.

Dr. George T. Moore, Director of the Garden, lectured be-
fore the Garden Club of Lake Geneva, Wisconsin, June 25,
on ‘‘What Goes On in the Soil.’’

At the commencement of Washington University, June 12,
degrees were conferred upon members of the graduate lab-
oratory at the Garden, as follows: Doctor of Philosophy and
Master of Science (as of 1923), Carl Clawson Epling; Master
of Science, Fanny Fern Smith and Louise M. Stupp.

Recent visitors to the Garden include Dr. H. M. Jennison,
professor of botany, University of Tennessee, and Dr. R. W.
Webb, of the Office of Cereal Investigations, U. S. Department
of Agriculture, at Madison, Wisconsin.

Mo. Bot. GARD. BULL., VOL. 12, 1924. PLATE 20.

TOWER GROVE STATION GARDEN.

IRIS BEDS ACROSS THE TRACKS FROM TOWER GROVE STATION,

YE — lee hhh

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

Petal wumpen Of VISItOLs:. «:.o. + coves e eee nee tine cere ee

PLANT ACCESSIONS:

Total number of seed packets received as gifts........
Total number of plants received as gifts..........+...

LyBRARY ACCESSIONS:

Total number of books and pamphlets bought.........
Total number of books and pamphlets donated........

HERBARIUM ACCESSIONS:
By Gift—

Allen, F. H—Cultivated specimens of Zantedeschia
Rehmannii (Schott) Engler..........ccesecseceeees
Buchholz, Prof. John T.—Phlor bifida Beck from
PRU MEATUBAG: oes cis ccia so 1eisip Sis G00 4 d8%e ol olnle se S 5.01 WW aE Rare
Cooper, Charles H.—Amsonia Tabernaemontana Walt.
POT TOWIBIAUA. cs +1 ss cele visi es bale ge Cen eee ea
Fawcett, Prof. H. S.—Poria sp. on date palm from
TA PON Ge pe otk src ase as lacs se wie ecaces cy <ughele-tys eile seve earTe te siete
Gleason, Dr. H. A.—Fruit of Ephedra from British
CN ise Si les ie hs sos 09'w nla arale e Siwe aie) OTN Kae
Latham, Roy—Fungi from New York...........-..+..-
Lehman, Louis J—Rumezr acetosella Linn. from Mis-
SOUT boc vce wicca eo s0 se sii o oh Sica ty cal wigere (deb pity ols, apie wala tiga telat el
Moeller, A. F.—Photograph of Epithelantha micromeris
cristata from Coahuila, Mexico... 2.5 <<scaeness snes
Weir, Dr. J. R—Fungi on Hevea from Brazil..........

By Purchase—

Brandegee, T. S.—Plants of Mexico, collected by Doctor
Me PIT US 625566 0 6. coos 04 a.0)5, ¢ n/n nies siareie one be ais ateietet Re sash

Canton Christian College—Plants of China............
Dusen, Dr. P.—Plants of Brazil......-...+..-eeeeeeees

By Exchange—

Drushel, Prof. J. A.—Plants of United States and Canada
Field Museum of Natural History—Plants of Peru....

Gray Herbarium, Harvard University—Plants of Prince
Edward Island, California, Dutch Guiana, Venezuela,
MSU aso eis ool ores Pe hin oletn oi, sale [ate kere we ew ets os eitucerer ey ere t

85

STATISTICAL INFORMATION FOR MAY, 1924

GARDEN ATTENDANCE:

.”

86 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

U. S. National Museum, Washington, D. C.—Senecio sp.

NNR RIN aie sce fe arg Siascrate sb We Bias ocha eae s oe ee us
United States National Museum—Plants of aastern
oe Pet ere) mn 57

By Field Work—
Greenman, Dr. J. M—Plants of Franklin County, Mis-
PAAR eg as abs een bad a Ohne’ ee 2

The Garden is open to the public every day in the year, except New
Year’s, Fourth of July, Labor Day, and Christmas — week days from 8:00
A. M. until one-half hour after sunset; Sundays from December to April,
1:00 P. M. until sunset, from April to December, 2:00 P. M. until sunset.

The main entrance to the Garden is located at Tower Grove Avenue
and Flora Boulevard, on the Vandeventer Avenue car line. Transfer
south from all intersecting lines.

| Groner rr, ‘Moons, .
‘Director
Benjamin: ‘M. Doccar ae “peas ‘ANDERSON ~
Peres aes Graduate Laboentoty i Saracen,

ue ESSE M.. ‘Ganetatin.*
| Curator of aaron is

Newt C. Horner
_ Editor of Publications _

Seas a: Kom,
Florioulturist

Epear: ANDERSON’ ss
In obaje of Sotjas} for Gardenion

J: ‘LANGAN
/ | Assistant Engineer

os Vauneseise
Carpenter .

_ Garpen BuLLetin:

——

‘Vol. XII SEPTEMBER, 1924 Pree Soy
| #
CONTENTS
zo, Page
APOISON AVY 6S 95 ce cient ee cele eS A oe ie 0 Set fe OF
_» ‘An Unusual Specimen of Trichopilia coccinea NPR gg) tee
- Packing Orchids for Shipment . . sha: ae

A Valuable Small Flowering Tree for St. din Rea: 6
INDIRA Sg HE UN, Somes o, a ahs ee OR
Statistical Information SBE ee ee ie, ee RE OO

' ST. LOUIS, MO.
1924

Published Monthly Except July ana August by the Board of Trustees

SUBSCRIPTION PRICE:
ONE DOLLAR PER YEAR SINGLE COPIES TEN CENTS

‘Missourt BoTANIcaL

Mic th ler
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Ae Shit: Da) aed pattie ‘ Wie A Ys A ie ey rad | Fy Sere wy wg

Missouri Botanical

Garden Bulletin

Vol. XII SEPTEMBER, 1924

No. 7.

POISON IVY

‘* About this time of year,’’ as the almanacs say, expect ivy
poisoning. Not that this unpleasant and sometimes serious
malady may not be experienced at practically any time of
year, but during the fall when people are prowling through
the woods seeking for bright-colored leaves the chances of
collecting the brilliant vines or shrubs of Rhus Toxicoden-
dron, the common poison ivy of this region, are considerably
increased. At other seasons of the year ivy poisoning is more
or less accidental. In the fall it is frequently deliberate.
This is due in part to the confusion which exists in the minds
of many between the harmless Virginia creeper (Parthenocis-
sus quinquefolia) and the true poison ivy, both of which are
brilliantly colored at this time of year. To make matters
worse, these two plants often grow side by side or intertwined
with each other, and unless one has learned to distinguish

between them disastrous results are apt to occur.

A few years ago, in England, poison ivy was put on the
market as an ornamental plant under the trade name of
Ampelopsis Hoggu, Ampelopsis being an old name for Vir-
ginia creeper. Masquerading under this name, the plant was

employed as a vine by many unfortunate people.

In one

ease, the climber grew up and surrounded a bedroom window
and the occupants of the room, handling the foliage, were

poisoned, with very serious results.

There is, however, no difficulty in distinguishing at once
between the two plants, since the Virginia creeper always has

five leaflets, while the poison ivy has but three.

Any one

(87)

88 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

who can count up to five should always be able to avoid the
dangerous plant (plate 24). It is true that the shape of the
leaflets of the two plants is practically the same, but the
difference in number furnishes an absolute guide. When the
plants are in fruit an additional distinction is to be found,
the Virginia creeper producing drooping bunches of purplish
berries, while poison ivy bears erect clusters of somewhat
smaller white berries.

Another plant to be avoided in the fall, especially when
collecting colored leaves in swampy places is the poison sumac
(Rhus vernix). While this never grows as a vine, as does
Rhus Toxicodendron, it may appear as a shrub only a few feet,
in height or a tree from fifteen to twenty feet high. The
number of leaflets is of no assistance in separating the poison
sumac from various other non-poisonous sumacs which have
leaves turning red. Aside from the fact that any sumac
growing in wet bogs is almost certain to be the poisonous
one, the best distinguishing characteristic is its slender bunch
of pale berries in contrast to the erect clusters of red or brown
fruits of the harmless sumacs. Poison sumac to most people
at least is more virulent in its action than is poison ivy.

On the Pacific eoast is found the so-called ‘‘poison oak,’’
which has sometimes been separated from the poison ivy of
this region because of the shape of its leaves. Botanically, it
is known as Rhus diversiloba, but it is a question whether it
is entitled to a special name since it agrees very closely with
our R. Toxicodendron.

There are, however, other species of the genus Rhus which
are capable of producing symptoms similar to that of poison
ivy, notably the one which is used in the manufacture of
Chinese or Japanese lacquers. These lacquers are made from
the sticky, brown sap which exudes from Rhus verniciflua
when wounded. The recent epidemic of dermatitis among
the devotees of Mah Jong was due to this poison. The var-
nish used on the tiles, although perfectly dry, is still capable,
when handled, of giving off the irritating principle.

The Chinese, when working with this lacquer, have a
typically quaint method of prophylaxis. They rub the hands
and face with rape-seed oil, in which a ham has been boiled,

PLATE 22.

, 1924.

A

VOL,

Bot. GARD. BULL.,

Mo.

IMBS AND

/.

1

NG L
JULY

SHOW!

MAUSOLEUM,

OF

FRONT

RANCHES

IN

TREE
I

MAPLE

OF

STORM

BY

OFF

BLOWN

>
)

Mo. Bot, GARD. BULL., VoL. 12, 1924

4

av Ja,

POTSON-IVY GROWING IN ASSOCIATION WITH VIRGINIA CREEPER.
POTSON-IVY AT LEFT, VIRGINIA CREEPER AT RIGHT

La ee eA Pe
4 Sas

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 89

wearing a linen mask for the face and a leather apron for the
body when at work. After work the exposed parts are rubbed
with a concoction of chestnuts, pine bark, saltpeter, and
amaranth.

Much scientific investigation has been devoted to attempt-
ing to isolate and determine the character of the poison from
poison ivy and related plants. While numerous ideas have
been advanced from time to time, it is now pretty well estab-
lished that the poisonous substance is a non-volatile oil, or
yellowish brown viscous material, which must come in actual
contact with the skin before the burning effect is produced.
This does not necessarily mean that one must actually touch
the plant, since the smoke from burning plants may carry the
poison, and contact with articles of clothing, shoes, wagon and
automobile tires, or anything that has passed through plants
of poison ivy may sometime later be the cause of a case of
poisoning in a person who is quite sure that he has been no
place near the plant. Cases are on record where Christmas
greens have carried the poisonous oil, although the poison ivy
itself was not included in the shipment. Although it may
not agree with what many who are subject to ivy poisoning
regard as their experience, all the evidence points to the fact
that the sap of the plant is the only part containing the poison
and that those parts of the plant devoid of resin canals are
harmless, thus eliminating as sources of the disease the
anthers and pollen, the epidermis, and plant hairs.

It should also be remembered that many other plants are
capable of producing a dermatitis that can scarcely be distin-
guished from that produced by a member of the genus Rhus.
At least a hundred different plants are known to be respon-
sible for producing eruptions on the skin and, while some of
these effects are due to personal idiosyneracies, the fact re-
mains that poison ivy and its near relatives should not have
all the blame. At least three other types of disease of the
skin caused by plant products are known in addition to that
produced by species of Rhus. Perhaps the commonest is
that produced by various stinging nettles. These plants are
provided with hairs with small bulbous tips. A very slight
touch is sufficient to break off the tip, leaving a finely pointed

90 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

hollow shaft like a hypodermic needle. A plant secretion is
injected through this hair into the skin and, depending upon
the nature of this secretion, the effect is either transitory or
more or less serious. The sting of some of the tropical net-
tles has been known to cause either continuous pain, tetanus-
like symptoms, or even death.

Another type of dermatitis is that known as ‘‘Primula
poisoning,’’ although there are a number of other plants
besides primroses which produce practically the same effect.
The irritant in this case is an oil which is secreted by glan-
dular hairs all over the leaves and stem. The hairs’ are very
delicate and easily broken and, in the case of susceptible
individuals, may produce eruptions with more or less swelling
accompanied by fever. The itching is so intolerable that
where a considerable surface is involved, the loss of sleep and
lack of appetite may rapidly wear out the patient.

Quite a different type of plant poisoning is the so-called
“‘lily disease,’’ which attacks particularly the flower pickers
in the Scilly Islands, where daffodils and narcissus are grown
‘in great quantities for the market. If the skin of the hands
or arms of the workers is abraded in any way and the sap
of the plant comes into contact with this abrasion it acts as
a violent irritant, producing symptoms similar to ivy poison-
ing. Individual susceptibility is apparently a considerable
factor in the development of this type of dermatitis, since
some of the pickers escape entirely, others have but a single
mild attack, while some are so susceptible that they dare not
handle either the leaves or the flowers.

Remedies—There are over two hundred and fifty pub-
lished ‘‘cures’’ for poison ivy; and probably there are as
many more which have been used in domestic practice. The
fact that so many different remedies have been recommended
is an indication of how futile the attempt to combat the
effect of the ivy poison has been. Since the poisonous oil
does not immediately penetrate the skin, the use of alcohol
as a solvent or vigorous scrubbing with strong soap and
water have been suggested as means of preventing the der-
matitis when one knows he has been exposed to the plant.
Of course, unless such a treatment is most thorough, the

M>. Bor. GARD. BULL., VOL. 12, 1924. PLATE 24,

SPRAY OF POISON-IVY AT LEFT, VIRGINIA CREEPER AT RIGHT.

MLO,

Bor.

GARD,

PLATE

-W

COCCINE

PRICHOPILIA

Oe Oo ER epee |

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 91

poison is simply spread on the surface of the skin and the
after-effects are worse than if no attempt had been made to
remove it.

Another line of attack has been to find some substance
which would precipitate or neutralize the poison so that it
no longer had an irritating effect, and lead acetate has been
regarded as the substance best calculated to accomplish this.
Theoretically, at least, an alcoholic solution of lead acetate,
being a combined solvent and precipitant, should remove the
poison before it has penetrated the skin. The latest treat-
ment has been devised by Dr. McNair of Chicago University.
Having isolated the toxic principle of Rhus diversiloba, to
which he has given the name of lobinol, he was able to experi-
ment with various substances and definitely determine
whether or not they neutralized the effect of the irritant.
As a result of this work he came to the conclusion that a five
per cent solution of ferric chloride in a fifty per cent solution
of ethyl aleochol was the mixture most suitable for this pur-
pose. If the hands and face are bathed in this solution imme-
diately after exposure to poison ivy, no ill effect follows.
A strong solution of ferrous sulphate in water has also given
good results.

The paraffin treatment which has been devised for burns
is recommended to follow the application of the iron solu-
tion, when the case of ivy poisoning has progressed so far
as to need special dressing. The use of ointments has a ten-
dency to dissolve and spread the poison and consequently
should be avoided. Washing with the ferrie chloride solu-
tion, accompanied by a paraffin covering or a light dressing
of absorbent cotton moistened with an aqueous solution of
ferric chloride, is the only thing necessary.

AN UNUSUAL SPECIMEN OF TRICHOPILIA
COCCINEA

Six plants of Trichopilia coccinea were presented to the
Garden by Mr. C. W. Powell, the orchid enthusiast of Balboa,
Canal Zone, from a lot collected personally by Mr. Powell.
Among the plants was a pure albino form, but unfortunately

92 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

the label had become detached en route from the field and it
was impossible to recognize it. Mr. Powell was anxious that
the white form be included in the specimens coming to the
Garden and after careful inspection the plant which was
supposed to be the albino was cut in half, Mr. Powell retain-
ing one piece and the other being included in the shipment
to the Garden. The Garden likewise received a fine plant of
Trichopilia suavis var. alba which flowered soon after its
arrival in St. Louis and was described and illustrated in the
May, 1924, number of the BuLLETIN.

When the supposed white form of 7’. coccinea flowered it
proved to be an unusually fine specimen of the typical T.
coccinea. The extra large Cattleya-like flowers are of a deep
carmine, the labellum being particularly striking because of
the rich color of the throat. This plant was exhibited at the
first show of the American Orchid Society, at Boston, in May,
1924, where it was universally acknowledged to be the best
form of this species ever shown in this country. The variety
may apparently be recognized by the larger-sized leaves and
pseudobulbs and the darker foliage. Darker foliage is often
associated with darker flowers, white or pale-colored flowers
of the same variety usually being borne on plants with
lighter-colored foliage. Gardeners not infrequently are able
to select white forms of cannas, vineas, etc., before they have
bloomed by this foliage characteristic.

PACKING ORCHIDS FOR SHIPMENT

One of the most important factors to be considered in pack-
ing orchids for shipment is proper aeration in order to pre-
vent the damping-off of growth during transportation. With
adequate ventilation plants will withstand long periods of
drouth without any ill effect except in the shriveling of the
pseudobulbs. Wild orchids are simply loosened, by the aid
of machetes, from the branches of trees to which they are
attached, and after being partially dried are packed as closely
as possible into cases, without the use of any packing mate-
rial. The shipping case is constructed in such a manner as

Mo. Bor, Garp. BULL, Vou. 12, 1924. PLATE 26,

SHIPMENT OF ORCHIDS FROM ENGLAND, SHOWING METHOD OF PACKING,

t~
N

PLATE

1924.

»

|

ARD. BULL., VOL.

G

Bort.

Mo.

\NAGYROIDES

JRNUM

[

\l

ee eee eee oi 1 “8 @35,'". 7 >

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETLN 93

to permit as free a circulation of air as possible. Spaces are
left between the boards on all sides of the box, split bamboo
eanes being used at the ends when this material can be
obtained. No skill is required in packing, since the only
object is to get as many clumps as possible into each case.
Usually the leaves of one plant are wedged between those of
another, leaving the roots of individual clumps to come to-
gether. It is frequently necessary to have several natives
stand on top of a case in order that the cover may be nailed
on. After a trip of from one to three months the plants are
naturally much shriveled. In the Cattleyas recently im-
ported by the Garden from South America the plants lost
practically one-half their weight during transit.

Hybrid orchids shipped by growers in England are packed
in quite a different way. Three cases of these imported by
the Garden from England last June contained 130 plants, each
in its original pot. These were packed with such care that
not a pot or young growth was broken. Each pot was
wrapped with excelsior and the leaves and pseudobulbs of
the plant secured to a stick which extended well above the
top of the plant. After being prepared in this way the
plants were placed in rows at either end of the box and each
row secured by a wooden strip nailed from the exterior of
the box. The stick to which the leaves and pseudobulbs were
fastened extended parallel to the stick securing the opposite
plant, to which they were again fastened, thus bracing one
against the other and preventing any possible shifting. The
method of packing in the eases is illustrated in plate 26, which
shows one of the cases with a side removed, immediately upon
its arrival at the Garden.

A VALUABLE SMALL FLOWERING TREE FOR
ST. LOUIS

During the spring of 1916 two plants of Laburnum
anagyroides were imported from Europe to complete the
collection of Shakesperean plants to be exhibited in the floral
display house on the occasion of the tercentenary celebration
of Shakespeare’s death. These small leguminous trees, com-
monly ealled Laburnum, or ‘‘golden chain,’’ because of the

94 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

long pendants of yellow flowers, have been used in England
for many years, where they are so popular that they are
found in almost every garden.

The plants brought to St. Louis were forced into bloom in
the greenhouse and subsequently placed outside for the sum-
mer. Because it was not anticipated that they would prove
hardy in this climate, they were stored in a cool greenhouse
during the winter, but the following year they remained out-
side for the entire twelve months, being protected only by
a lath house. There being no sign of winter killing, a further
test was made in the spring of 1921 when both trees were
permanently planted in the shrubbery border west of the rose
garden. The following spring both plants flowered profusely.
This past winter, when so many so-called hardy shrubs were
frozen back to the ground, was a particularly severe test upon
the laburnums. However, neither plant was seriously dam-
aged, only the tips of some of the branches freezing back
eight or ten inches. With the copious rains of this spring,
the old branches produced abundant new wood during the
summer.

In view of the unusually severe conditions to which the
plants at the Garden have been subjected during the past
three or four years, it would seem safe to recommend this
most beautiful of the small flowering trees for the gardens
of St. Louis and vicinity.

The laburnums, of which there are three species, natives of
southern Europe and western Asia, grow from twenty to
thirty feet high and have dark green trifoliate leaves which
fall in late autumn without changing color. While they pre-
sent a neat appearance throughout the year, the long droop-
ing racemes of yellow flowers which hang from the small
branches in the spring are their chief attraction. Planted
in distinct groups in separate locations instead of dotting
them about haphazard, they are a most pleasing addition to
the landscape. In association with dark-colored foliage, such
as the copper beech, they afford one of the most satisfactory
combinations which can be devised for this sort of planting.
The genus is rarely seen in the Middle West because it is not
regarded as capable of standing the extremes of temperature

ie . :
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ad fe tench phase poh albus dards y %
( aa bs db A i bs Pop : :

OBVERSE AND REVERSE OF MEDAL AWARDED TO THE GARDEN AT T
\MERICAN ORCHID SOCIETY IN BOSTON, MAY 8-11, FOR 1

IK FIRST ANNUAL SHOW OF THE
| D-COLORED PHOTO-
GRAPHS ILLUSTRATING ORCHID COLLECTING.

‘OW

OA “ITAG ‘dUvy “Log

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“PO61

aALVId

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Mo. Bot. GARD. BULL, Von, 12, 1924 PLATE 29,

SILVER CUP AWARDED’ TO THE GARDEN AT THE FIRST ANNUAT
SHOW OF THE AMERICAN ORCHID SOCIETY

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 95

which frequently obtain in this vicinity. They are adapted
to both sun and shade, and the Scotch laburnum, L. alpinum,
which flowers two or three weeks later than L. anagyroides,
is said to be even hardier than this latter species. The young
flowers are reported to be poisonous if taken internally, and
it is probable that all parts of the tree contain some toxic
principle. The hard, tough, and closely grained wood is
susceptible to a very high polish and in Europe is manufac-
tured into various small articles. Plants may be raised from
seed, but this practice is not advised since it frequently
results in most inferior trees. Small trees propagated by
budding, grafting, or layering should be easily obtained from
reliable nurserymen who sell them under various horticul-
tural names.

NOTES

Mr. G. H. Pring, Horticulturist to the Garden, gave the
lecture, ‘‘Collecting Orchids in South America,”’ before the
junior ‘order of United American Mechanies, September 22.

Dr. George T. Moore, Director of the Garden, represented
Washington University at the meetings of the British Asso-
ciation for the Advancement of Science, held in Toronto,
August 6-13.

Dr. B. M. Duggar, Physiologist to the Garden, lectured be-
fore the Kelton Farmers’ Club, Kelton, Pa., on ‘‘Fungous
Diseases as a Farm Problem.’’

Dr. B. M. Duggar gave a course of twelve lectures on
physiological plant pathology to graduate students attending
the summer session of the department of botany, University
of Chicago.

Dr. B. M. Duggar lectured before the botanical conference,
University of Chicago, July 14 on ‘‘The Significance of Cell
Inclusions in Virus Diseases’’; he also presented a paper be-
fore the plant physiology seminar on ‘‘Ultra-filtration and
Its Application in .Physiological Research.’’

Dr. B. M. Duggar has been appointed vice-chairman of the
division of biology and agriculture of the National Research
Council for 1924-1925, also representative in the National
Research Council of the section of physiology of the Botan-
ical Society of America.

96 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

STATISTICAL INFORMATION FOR JUNE-AUGUST,

1924

GARDEN ATTENDANCE:

Total wnmper OF visitors in June... iec.ciss.ceseeact ees
ta a ner ok ViBtOre- 1 JULY s5cs so 5k chee eee
Total number of visitors in August ..............e++e0>

PLANT ACCESSIONS:

Total number of plants and seed packets received as gifts
ME Sy Lane Gk Bate Se Sete a EPG PMO PES Seep oN ea oie
Total number of plants and seed packets received as gifts
BUD AI MUN oincs a ken rhe 6 Ale or bace 8 W'a:.5 0 Wish wake eo -A NS 6 aia eae
Total number of plants and seed packets received as gifts
Ri ROR ONE etal Pu cigs one bo oe 40 sO EA eR Oe oO Es
Total number of plants received in exchange in August..

PLANT DISTRIBUTION:
Total number of plants distributed as gifts in June.....

LrprarRy ACCESSIONS:

‘Total numberof. books bought in- June..«..,.c ...s60% ve8ess
Total number of books and pamphlets donated in June..
Total number of books and pamphlets bought in July...
Total number of books and pamphlets donated in July..
Total number of books and pamphlets bought in August
Total number of books and pamphlets donated in August

HERBARIUM ACCESSIONS:

By Gift—
Allen, Mrs. C. C.—WSarcodes sanguineus Torr..........
Armstrong, Dr. and Mrs. Geo. M.—Plants of Florida..
Ashe, W. W.—Crataegus monosperma Sarg. from Mis-
OUT ca sao eee Ties Soles 60s dos sop wh ares as SE ee
Drushel, Prof. J. A.—Plants of Vermont, Massachu-
setts, New York, New Jersey, Missouri and Colorado. .
Drushel, Prof. J. A.—Plants of Argentina.............
Horling, Mrs. E. P.—Oenothera triloba Nutt. var.
porvifiora- wats: from Kansas, coe. css. sce en dean
McFarland, Prof. Frank T.—Helianthus kentuckiensis
McFarland & Anderson from Kentucky..............

JUNE

Parker, John H.—Aegilops sp.......cccececcccsccccves
Peterson, Mrs. D. P.—Cultivated specimen of Feijoa
SELIGIIGNE “Bere TPOR) TOZHBS cis si vs tba at anes

By Purchase—

Broadway, W. E.—Plants of Trinidad, B. W. I........
Henderson, Prof. L. F.—Plants of Oregon.............
Koch, Max—Plants of Australia...............-cecee-

131
74
25
24

12

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 97

By Exchange—

Hungarian National Museum—Plants of Hungary..... 500
U. S. National Museum—Plants of Salvador.......... 474
2,029
JULY
By Gift—

Boyce, Dr. J. S—Fomes Hartigii and Cronartium pyri-
forme from Oregon..........cceccrecescccesvvesess

Grover, Prof. F. O.—Plants of California............. 170
von Schrenk, Dr. Hermann—Equisetum hyemale L.
PROT MICDIBAD sie 5.0 «00.0 10's wis ce'e e mstiin ie seins ahe'sintels ieinie vk

By Exchange—
U. S. National Museum, by Dr. J. N. Rose—Cacti from

Lower California, chiefly type material............. 13
186
AUGUST
By Gift—

Bijl, P. A. van der—Fungi of Transvaal, South Africa. . 15
Conzatti, Prof. C.—Habenaria sp. from Mexico........ 1

Greenman, Dr. J. M.—Potentilla tridentata Ait. from
MIBABACHUBRGUUS. s...5 cae le (are 00 'e'n Hale Gre ene bigie ose! otenele ietalaiers 1
Larner, R. H.—Cuscuta sp. from Illinois.............. 1
Saeger, A. C.—Lemna from Missouri and Nebraska... 4

By Purchase—
Holzinger, John M.—Musci acrocarpi Boreali-Americani,

Fasc. 21, Nos. 501-525 imcl.........eseecessceerccne 25
Stewart, R. R.—Plants of Punjab and Kashmir, British

TH O18 on ek cic va 4 ein wie Low nara enlete Gate eterels Spee eee 765
Sydow, H.—Mycotheca germanica, Fasc. XLII-XLV,

Nog, 2061-2250) Incl. < oi ccs 05 cre ee see 8 2 ee eee’ oe 200

By Exchange—
Botanical Museum, University of Cluj, Roumania—
Plants of Roumania—Flora Romanie exsiccata, Cen-
turen il, Nos, 201-300... .ccecerec estes wrnye Cees 100

1,112

The Garden is open to the public every day in the year, except New
Year’s, Fourth of July, Labor Day, and Christmas— week days from 8:00
A. M. until one-half hour after sunset; Sundays from December to April,
1:00 P. M. until sunset, from April to December, 2:00 P. M. until sunset.

The main entrance to the Garden is located at Tower Grove Avenue
and Flora Boulevard, on the Vandeventer Avenue car line. Transfer
south from all intersecting lines.

: ‘Karnentne, i. Leg,
‘ em Be to the Director -

Pawn rs Koss)”
/ Wloricultarist

ae “ANDERSON
ln obarge of Schoo! for Gardening

_ Missour: BoTANICAL
_ GARDEN

- BULLETIN

—_———

—-

Vol. XII

OCTOBER, 1924

No. 8

meee

Some Valuable Membe

“Frost Flowers . .
Notes . . * e .

CONTENTS

° . ° *

. * * e

Statistical Information . . .

rs of the Mint Family

. Ae e s . s
. e s . * .
. ‘e . e + e

ST. LOUIS, MO.
1924
Published Monthly Except July and August by the Board of Trustees

SUBSCRIPTION PRICE:
‘SINGLE COPIES TEN CENTS

ONE DOLLAR PER YEAR

pti a

BOARD OF TRUSTEES ~
HE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN

THe Omidtiviat | iemnuaaines WERE DESIGNATED IN \ Mee sHAW's viet,
BE AND ‘THE BOARD SO CONSTITUTED, EXCLUSIVE OF THE: -
Se PEERED. tery ie te 1s SELF PORES TA TIN S ong

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Missouri Botanical

Garden Bulletin

Vol. XII OCTOBER, 1924 No. 8

SOME VALUABLE MEMBERS OF THE MINT FAMILY

The discovery by a Japanese that a substance obtained from
Perilla, one of the mint family, is two thousand times sweeter
than sugar, again calls attention to the economic importance
of this group of plants. The best that the chemists have been
able to do in obtaining something sweeter than sugar is
saccharin which is one of the numerous coal-tar derivatives
and, depending upon the dilution, is from two to seven hun-
dred times sweeter than sugar.

The Labiatae, or mint family, embraces over three thou-
sand species widely distributed in warm and temperate re-
gions. Botanically, they are characterized by having square
stems, opposite leaves, whorls of lipped flowers, and deeply
four-lobed dry fruits. They are sometimes of great beauty,
a notable example being the salvia cultivated in the garden.
The family is devoid of any harmful properties and is espe-
cially valuable on account of the volatile oils which many
of its species yield.

The term mint, often applied more or less indiscriminately,
is most. frequently used to designate plants of the genus
Mentha. The name is derived from a Greek nymph, Mintha,
who was supposed to have been metamorphosed by Proserpine
into the herb afterwards named for her. About thirty species
of Mentha are now recognized, most of which are either native
or are now naturalized in North America. The peppermint
(M. piperita) is most important economically because of the
various uses to which is put the essential oil obtained from

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100 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

it. A native of Great Britain, it was cultivated by the
Romans, but there is no record of it in America previous to
its introduction in Connecticut in the early part of the
eighteenth century. In 1835 the roots were taken from Ohio
to Pigeon Prairie, in Michigan, where at the present time the
peppermint industry has grown to large proportions. It is
also cultivated extensively in England and in Saxony.

The crop is usually cut in August and September, when
the earliest flowers have developed but before the leaves have
fallen. During favorable seasons a second crop is sometimes
harvested in November. After cutting, the plants are eured
in a manner similar to that for hay, then raked into wind-
rows and taken to the still, where the oil is extracted. The
average yield of oil is about twenty-five pounds per acre for
the black mint, the variety now most extensively grown,
although it may be as high as sixty pounds per acre and as
low as ten pounds per acre.

There are three recognized kinds of peppermint: the Amer-
ican mint of New York (M. piperita), the black mint or black
mitcham (M. piperita var. vulgaris), a more productive
variety introduced from Mitcham, England, about 1889, and
the white mint or white mitcham (M. piperita var.officinalis)
which produces a superior grade of oil but with smaller yield.
Other varieties of the genus include spearmint (M. spicata),
pennyroyal (M. Pulegium), the popular name flea-bane sug-
gesting its use, bergamot mint (M. citrata), round-leaved
mint (M. rotundifolia), American wild mint (M. canadensis),
and the Japanese mint (M. arvensis var. piperascens).

In the early days efforts were made to obtain seed of varie-
ties of mints which would produce the largest quantity of
volatile oil of the strongest quality, it being recognized that
cultivation had greatly improved the wild forms. Henry
Dethicke, in the ‘‘Gardeners’ Labyrinth,’’ gives some curious
advice to those who cannot procure cultivated plants: ‘‘Let
him plant the seed of the wild mint, setting the sharper ends
downwards whereby to tame and put away the wildness of
them.’’

Another member of the mint family, though not belonging
to the genus Mentha, is lavender (Lavendula vera). This is

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 101

a native of the Mediterranean region, but the oil obtained
from plants grown at Mitcham, near London, is considered
the finest and demands the highest price. During the pick-
ing season, thousands of men and women leave London to
assist in harvesting the crop. The dried spikes are frequently
sold on the street, both in this country and abroad, and in
London peddlers attract attention to their wares by the
famous lavender song:

“Here’s your sweet lavender,
Sixteen sprigs a penny,

Which you will find, my ladies,
Will smell as sweet as any.”

Lavender-water was formerly used as a toilet article and
many old recipes for its preparation are in existence. That
of Richard Briggs, for many years cook at the Globe Street
Tavern, Flint Street, London, is as follows: ‘‘Put two pounds
of lavender pips in two quarts of water, put them into a
cold still and make a slow fire under it. Distil it off very
slowly into a pot until you have distilled all the water. Then
elean your still well off, put your lavender-water into it and
distil it off slowly again. Put it into bottles and cork it
well.’’ Another recipe from the still-room of Mrs. Charles
Roundell, for making lavender-water without distillation,
reads as follows: ‘‘Mix one pint rectified spirits, four ounces
distilled water, three drams oil of lavender, three drams
orange-flower water, five minnins attar of roses. Allow this
mixture to stand for a fortnight then filter through carbonate
of magnesia and bottle. Keep for three months before using.’’
Lavender tea was made by pouring boiling water on the
sprigs of dried lavender, and the cook to Queen Maria, in
1655, gives the following recipe for a conserve of the flowers:
‘(Take the flowers, being new, as many as you please, and
beat them with three times their weight of white sugar, after
the same manner as rosemary flowers. They will keep one
vear.”’

According to tradition, Marjoram was a youth in the serv-
ice of King Cimyras of Cyprus. One day, while carrying a
vase of perfumes, he stumbled and fell and, in his terror,

102 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

lost consciousness. Venus, seeing this, took pity upon him
and changed him into a sweet herb which we now know as
sweet marjoram. This plant (Origanum Majorana) is a na-
tive of the Mediterranean countries. It has a pleasant odor
and aromatic, bitter taste. Due to the volatile oil which it
contains, the green plants are used for seasoning soups, stews,
ete., and it was formerly employed as a domestic medicine
to “‘bring out the rash’’ in such diseases as measles.

The Japanese have long used the oil obtained from Perilla
seeds in saturating paper to use for the walls of rooms, book-
binding, ete. This ‘‘Yegoma’”’ oil is also used in waterproof-
ing paper for umbrellas and for window panes. The sweet
compound obtained from this plant was first made in Ger-
many, but it was not until ten years later that its excessive
Sweetness was discovered by a Japanese. Whether this
‘“‘Alpha-anti-aldoxime of perillaldehyde’’ will ever be of any
commercial value remains to be seen, but the plant Perilla
is easily grown, frequently oceurring wild in the vicinity
of St. Louis, and the fact that one pound of this sweeten-
ing will go as far as a ton of sugar would seem to make it
well worth considering.

A sweet herb of southern Europe, used for seasoning and
sometimes in the household practice of medicine, is sage
(Salvia officinalis). The common name is derived from its
supposed power of strengthening the memory and conse-
quently increasing one’s wisdom. For the last three hundred
years this shrubby perennial has been widely cultivated in
kitchen gardens for its aromatic leaves. It is more exten-
sively grown in America than any other eulinary herb with
the exception of parsley, which is largely used for garnish-
ing rather than as a flavoring agent. Only the young leaves
of sage should be used, as fresh as possible, for unless ecare-
fully dried, they lose the volatile oil which is the source of
their flavor and aroma. In ancient medicine they were
eredited with various medicinal properties.

Thyme (Thymus vulgaris) is another herb that has been
much used for culinary purposes, recipes for thyme tea dat-
ing back to 1600. The volatile oil from this plant contains

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MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 103

from twenty to twenty-five per cent of thymo, still used
medicinally.

Patchouli (Pogostemon Heyneanus), a shrub native of
India, was formerly used much more extensively than now in
perfumes. Valuable Indian shawls used to be distinguished by
their odor of patchouli, but this can no longer be considered
an evidence of their genuineness. At one time it had con-
siderable vogue in confections belonging to the ‘‘breath-
killer’” class.

The common hoarhound (Marrubium vulgare), a perennial
woolly herb, is now found in most parts of the world, having
escaped from cultivation. The leaves and flowering tops are
used in large quantities in the making of confections for
coughs and colds.

Hyptis spicigera is an annual native to the warmer parts of
America and is also widely spread in tropical Africa. The
seeds, which yield an oil, have occasionally been imported
to Europe both from the east and west coasts of Africa, but
the oil has never been of much commercial value.

Plectranthus madagascariensis, a native of Madagascar, and
Coleus parviflorus, a native of Java, have both been culti-
vated as articles of food.

The Chinese artichoke (Stachys Sieboldivi) has likewise
been widely grown for its crisp tubers which may be eaten
either raw or cooked. It was first introduced into France
from Pekin in the early eighties, but has now become natural-
ized in the United States, being hardy as far north as central
New York.

While perhaps most of the more important members of the
mint family have been mentioned, there are still a number
of others which in one way or another have been used by
man. Several species of Monarda, known as horsemint or wild
bergamot, have found a place in medicine, and the ‘‘tollsi’’
(Ocimum sanctum) is held in great veneration in India,
where it is extensively cultivated. The roots are made into
rosaries, which are worn about the necks and arms of the
Brahmans. The leaves are also used in making a decoction
which is supposed to be a eure for certain fevers. In Aus-
tralia, the dried leaves have been used for making ‘‘bush-
tea.””

pa ea Tre 2
' 5 eee yen Pig Oa, Me +.

104 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

FROST FLOWERS

So-called ‘‘frost flowers’’ are such striking and beautiful
objects that to one who observes them for the first time they
are regarded as being something rare and perhaps not even
previously known. But just a hundred years ago Stephen
Elliot in ‘‘A Sketch of the Botany of South Carolina and
Georgia’’ wrote of the marsh fleabane:

“This plant exhibits frequently a remarkable phenomenon.
In every cold frosty morning during the winter, crystal-
line fibers nearly an inch in length shoot out in every
direction from the base of the stem. It would appear as if
the remnant of the sap or water, absorbed by the de
cayed stem, had congealed, and had burst in this manner
through the pores of the bark. Does this proceed from any
essential quality of the plant, or from its structure?”

Since Elliot’s time many scientists have made similar ob-
servations and concerned themselves in attempting to explain
the cause. Sir John Hershell, in 1883, recorded the faet that

the stalks of thistle and heliotrope produced formations of
ice crystals, and up to the present time at least thirty differ-
ent plants have been recorded as forming frost flowers, in-
eluding not only herbaceous annuals and perennials, but
trees, such as walnut, pawpaw, Paulownia, ete. These
crystals sometimes take the form of single columns on the sur-
face of cut portions of the plant, or they burst through the
bark, producing all sorts of fluted flanges and ridges. The
accompanying plates, from photographs taken in the Garden,
show shell-like structures of ice of pearly whiteness, curled
in every variety of form, not unlike the petals of a flower.

‘While ice crystals are by no means confined to a single
species, as has sometimes been supposed, there are only a
comparatively few plants in which this phenomenon ean take
place. The roots must retain their vitality long after the
stems have died, and continue to force up water which either
freezes on a cut or wound or finds some other outlet: through

% the bark. The tendency of stems to contract in eold weather,
squeezing out any surplus of water present, may likewise be
a factor in the formation of ice crystals, although this is
not the ease in those illustrated in the accompanying plates.

FROST

FLOWERS

PRODUCED ON

PRUNED STEMS OF

CROWNBEARD

(VERBESINA VIRGINICA),.

OIN

LOY

“aUV4)

‘TING

"ION

ALWId

se

>

Nf

PROS 1

FLOWERS,

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 105

When water is forced out of the plant into a temperature
below freezing it forms lines of ice which may soon become

flat plates as the already-formed ice is pushed out ahead of

the water. But it is only a peculiar combination of cireum-
stances which makes the formation of these erystals possible.
The soil must contain a sufficient amount of water and the
temperature in the soil as well as in the conducting tissues of
the plant must be above the freezing point, while the tem-
perature of the air must be below the freezing point. With all
these conditions favorable, frost flowers are not infrequently
produced on the ends of cut stems of the crown beard
(Verbesina virginica) along the path near the south end of
the main conservatory at the Garden. Plates 31 and 32 show
well the striking appearance of these ice flowers. Perhaps
the best-known plant producing these structures is Heltan-
themum canadense, commonly called ‘‘frost weed,’’ which is
referred to in Gray’s ‘‘Manual’’ as follows: ‘‘Late in autumn
crystals of ice shoot from the cracked bark at the root, whence
the popular name.”’

NOTES

Mr. George H. Pring, Horticulturist to the Garden, lec-
tured on ‘‘Fall Planting’’ before the Edwardsville Wednes-
day Club, at the High School, Edwardsville, Illinois, Octo-
ber 3.

Dr. George T. Moore, Director of the Garden, represented
the Missouri Botanical Garden and Washington University
at the dedication of the Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant
Research, at Yonkers, New York, September 24.

Dr. Vernon H. Blackman, professor of botany, Imperial
College of Science and Technology, University of London,
England, visited the Garden, October 23, and in the after-
noon addressed the graduate seminar on ‘‘Physiology of
Parasitism.’’ In the evening he delivered a lecture before
the Academy of Science on ‘‘The Effect of Electricity on
the Growth of Plants.’’

Recent visitors to the Garden include Prof. Delzie Demarer,
of Hendrix College, Conway, Arkansas; Dr. William S.

é.
106 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN oe
; =
Cooper, assistant professor of botany, University of Minne- Be
sota; Prof. C. V. Piper, of the Bureau of Plant Industry, hl
U. S. Department of Agriculture; and Dr. M. J. Dorsey, 3
professor of horticulture, University of West Virginia. ce
ee
STATISTICAL INFORMATION FOR SEPTEMBER, 1924 :
°
GARDEN ATTENDANCE: z
Total number of visitors .............60.saeestiedees 86,265 :,
PLANT ACCESSIONS: §
Total number of seed packets received as gifts........ 68 ;
Total number of plants received as gifts.............. 192 E
LIBRARY ACCESSIONS: .
Total number of books and pamphlets bought ........ 50 “
Total number of books and pamphlets donated ....... Ti *
HERBARIUM ACCESSIONS: ie
By Gift— He
Epling, Dr. Carl—Plants of California........... oo 2 “
Peltier, Dr. G. L.—Hydnum sp. from Arizona.......... 4 .
Rigg, Prof. George B.—Lycopus uniflorus Michx. from 24
eee fo i rere eat Orca te, Fe te a 1 :
Welch, Miss Winona W.—Allium Scorodoprasum lL. me
PON CS aS, Shc. nn up te was Naas Se CE 1 we
‘By Field Work— rc:
Allen, Cyril—Plants of Colombia, South America...... 300 Br
*

OU eo hay HTS ek FOG in oe oe ee 305

The Garden is open to the public every day in the year, except New
Year’s, Fourth of July, Labor Day, and Christmas — week days from 8:00
A. M. until one-half hour after sunset; Sundays from December to April,
1:00 P. M. until sunset, from April to December, 2:00 P. M. until sunset.

The main entrance to the Garden is located at Tower Grove Avenue
and Flora Boulevard, on the Vandeventer Avenue car line. Transfer
south from all intersecting lines.

Bessaient | M. ‘Dyeaae: ao “Epoan “Anoruson
: Sa are a in Bishi Brytnare Laboratory _ Geneticist Kiegad

Kararmne H. Stine:
"Seoretary to the Director

5 Neti. C: Honxen

aed ic ra 4 ae a popecg® "Flociculturiet

"Jou Noves wR Pt cage ee, eae “‘Beeke: ANDERSON
ieee ebiarte oh Bago for Gardening

Ye tind’:
5 _ Assistant Engineee

Mussourt BOTANICAL

GARDEN BULLETIN

Vol. XII NOVEMBER, 1924 No. 9

CONTENTS

Henry Shaw (A Biography) . . 2. ss 2s » 107
Notes . 5: . . e . ! hd * i — ” . s o ° +. . . . e 124
Statistical Information ~ . «2 © 3° © 8 «-« « »« 124

Ne
ST. LOUIS, MO.
1924 :
Published Monthly Except July and August by the Board of Trustees
————————————— ed
SUBSCRIPTION PRICE:
ONE DOLLAR PER YEAR SINGLE COPIES TEN CENTS

a nt
.

BOARD oF TRUSTEES |

Tite ¢ ORIGINAL MEMBERS WERE ‘Dalen IN wR: sabre wri fK"
_ |. AND THE BOARD SO CONSTITUTED, EXCLUSIVE pale ty aN
Wy " ee Ba hd ii MEMBERS, 18 SELF-PERPETUATING | cay i he

"EDWARDS WHITAKER,

DAVID 8. ef ‘SMITH. aaa: Scene

P BEI ‘Roya i Nstroxnors, et ia

Gee oy es ea

aie as Oe ; Ay

ax ty c: ‘
Puiuir C. ScaNLAn.

Joun F. Sueriuy.

To MNS NE ee: (as His as i hee ot ' ,
Hurperr S. Hapex, _ os ; Hexey Ww. Kies os t
Sy Se Re | Mayor of the City of St. Lous hee

| Paepenrox Jounsox, th wah ‘Groner T. Moone, Ate pe Ay
| Mo af te Dn Miner | Prglmtot The Academy of Scene of

ee tient er Ra Glaaiia: “opine, ie oe Be

Yee | President ofthe Board of Bdaention of St. Louis

Mo. Bot. Garp. BULL., Vou. 12, 1924.

HENRY SEAW, ABOUT 1865

i ea a

Missouri Botanical

Garden Bulletin

Vol. XII NOVEMBER, 1924 No. 9

HENRY SHAW?

Like most of the world’s benefactors, Henry Shaw has
left scanty material for the biographer. A life prolonged
far beyond the ordinary term, and full of active effort al-
most from beginning to end, was singularly uneventful—
‘Keeping the noiseless tenor of its way’’ from birth to
death with little to break, nothing to seriously disturb, its
even current. He was a public man only through his labors
for the public good. He held no office of any kind, was
never a prominent figure in state or municipal affairs, and
by choice as well as natural temperament was essentially a
private citizen. Even when his benefactions had made him
famous abroad as well as at home, he remained the same
modest and retiring gentleman; seeking no honor, caring
for no praise—anxious only that his works should live and
speak for him when he had gone. And his life was so com-
pletely identified and blended with these works, that they
will ever be the best and all-sufficient biography of him.

Henry Shaw was born in Sheffield, England, July 24, 1800.
His father, Joseph Shaw, was a native of Leicester, but re-
moved to Sheffield at a very early age. The mother, Sarah
Hoole, whom he most resembled in disposition, was a native
of that city. Henry was the oldest of four children. One
son died in infancy, and two daughters are still living: Miss

1 Because of numerous requests for a life of Henry Shaw, the

following biographical sketch prepared by Mr. Thomas Dimmock
is reprinted from the First Annual Report of the Garden, published

in 1890.
(107)

108 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

Sarah Shaw, in Rochester, New York, at the age of 86, and
Mrs. Caroline Morisse, in St. Louis, at the age of 84. The
father was a manufacturer of grates, fire-irons, ete., and
had a large establishment in Green Lane, Sheffield, which
was afterwards removed to Roseoe Place; both of which
sites have long since disappeared before the advancing tide
of brick and mortar. Probably the earliest recollections of
the boy were associated with the factory and warehouse, but
he showed no tendency to tread in the paternal footsteps in
that respect ; though the business habits and methods he was
thus brought in contact with at the period when the mind is
‘‘wax to receive and marble to retain,’’ were of inestimable
service to him at a later day.

His primary education was obtained at Thorne, a vil-
lage not far from his native town; and his favorite place
for study, we are told, was an arbor, half-hidden by blos-
soming vines and surrounded by trees and flowers. He
seems to have been a lover of these from childhood, and
with his two sisters passed many happy hours in the little
garden attached to the family residence; ‘‘planting and
cultivating anemones and ranunculus,’’ as he remembered
and told after the lapse of nearly eighty years.

From Thorne he was transferred to Mill Hill, about twenty
miles from London. It was what is termed in England a
‘‘Dissenting’’ school, the elder Shaw being a Baptist; but
was considered among the best private institutions of learn-
ing in the Kingdom. Here he remained some six years,
leaving probably in 1817; and here he finished that part
of his education which schools could give—the education
that taught him how to educate himself in the long and busy
life upon which he was soon to enter. Mill Hill gave him
an average knowledge of the classics, less of Greek than of
Latin; and more than an average knowledge of mathemat-
ies, which he developed by subsequent study, for the mere
love of the science apparently. He was for a long time re-
garded as the best mathematician in St. Louis. At both
schools he was taught French, and became in later years an
excellent French scholar; speaking, reading and writing it
with as much ease and correctness as English. He was

ieee ia eae es ate

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 109

especially fond of French literature, and his library is quite
rich in the standard authors as well as lighter works. Un-
doubtedly, he was introduced at Mill Hill to other modern
languages: German, Italian and Spanish—all of which
(except perhaps German) he followed up more or less un-
til the last years of his life; as well-thumbed grammars
and dictionaries, and a good selection of Italian and Span-
ish books, abundantly prove.

With this preliminary equipment the boy took his place
in the ranks of men by assisting his father at the home
establishment for a year, and then—in 1818—came with
him to Canada. His manly qualities must have shown them-
selves unmistakably by that time, for the same year his
father sent him to New Orleans; mainly, it is understood,
with the object of learning the mysteries of cotton-raising,
though other business of no great consequence required his
presence there. But his stay in Louisiana was short; he
did not like the climate, nor were there any present or
prospective financial inducements to remain. He was now
his own master, and decided to exchange the South for the
North and try his fortune in the then small and remote
French trading post called St. Louis. Embarking on the
‘“‘Maid of New Orleans,’’ after a long and tedious voyage
the youthful adventurer arrived at his destination May 3,
1819. A venerable citizen—Mr. Frederick L. Billon—
saw the steamer come to anchor at the foot of what is now
Market Street, and was among the first to welcome the
stranger. He says: ‘‘Mr. Shaw had come from England
with a small stock of cutlery, to make his fortune in the
New World. With little means he began business on the
second floor of a building which he found for rent, and for a
time lived, cooked, and sold his goods in this one room. I
have sat with him there many a time, playing chess during
the long evenings. He cared little for society, and while he
went out to parties and balls occasionally, he seemed to
avoid making acquaintances among the girls of that period.
The reason of this was [so thinks Mr. Billon] that he had
come to make money solely, with the expressed intention
of some day returning to his native heath to enjoy the result
of his early years of labor. He intended marrying some

i i a

110 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

English girl, and for that reason avoided making female
friends, fearing he might fall in love and thus spoil his well-
defined plans.’’

The capital which bought the ‘‘small stock of eutlery”’
and gave the young man his first start in life, was furnished
by his uncle, Mr. James Hoole, who lived to see the splen-
did success of the perilous investment, and for whose memory
his nephew cherished the profoundest respect.

While, very naturally and properly, the main object of
Mr. Shaw at this the decisive period of his career was to
‘“‘make money,’’ and thereby secure that financial inde-
pendence necessary for the accomplishment of higher pur-
poses, and while in order to do this he willingly denied
himself many youthful enjoyments, he did not push his
prudent self-denial beyond reasonable limits. Then and
always he knew how to harmonize business and pleasure,
how to use both without abusing either, and so to obtain
the benefits of both with the fewest possible disadvantages.
He never believed in the popular American doctrine of ‘‘all
work and no play,’’ nor did he adopt the equally foolish
American idea which postpones the play until work has de-
stroyed all desire for it. He had his time for business and
his time for pleasure, and never allowed one to interfere
with or encroach upon the other. St. Louis in those days
was small in population, but large enough in the material
for social enjoyment. The dominant element was French ;
with all that the name implies in warm hospitality, simple
courtesy, fondness for innocent amusement, and that invin-
cible light-heartedness which no care or trouble, however
heavy, ean altogether subdue. His knowledge of the lan-
guage was no less useful in social than in commercial affairs,
and combined with uniform politeness and entertaining con-
versation soon made him as much at home in this little frag-
ment of far-away France as if he were a Frenchman born.
The finest garden in St. Louis then belonged to Madame
Rosalie Saugrain; and her daughter—the late Mrs. Henry
Von Phul—remembered how the young Englishman, on his
daily afternoon horseback rides into the open country be-
yond what is now Seventh Street, would stop at the garden
fence, admire the beautiful flowers, and exchange pleasant

ee ee Tr Spe a ee 2 OE ee aa

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 111

words with the accomplished lady who had brought the man-
ners and tastes of Paris into the wilds of western America.
These were probably Mr. Shaw’s happiest years, to which
he always looked back with fullest appreciation of the bless-
ings they bestowed upon him. He had youth, health, friend-
ship, agreeable associations and surroundings; everything
except wealth—and that was rapidly coming. Natural busi-
ness ability of a high order, united with strictest integrity,
unrelenting energy, rigid economy and close personal atten-
tion, were producing their appropriate fruit.

When the balance sheet for 1839 was struck it showed,
to the great surprise of Mr. Shaw, a net gain for the year
of $25,000. He could not believe his own figures, and so
went over them again and again until he could no longer
doubt the fact. Telling the story many years afterwards he
said it seemed to him then that ‘‘this was more money than
any man in my circumstances ought to make in a single
year,’’ and he resolved then and there to go out of active
business at the first good opportunity. The opportunity
presented itself very early in the following year, and was
promptly improved by the sale of his entire stock of mer-
chandise. So at forty years of age—only the noon of life
—with all his physical and mental powers unimpaired and
vigorous, Henry Shaw was a free man—and the possessor
of $250,000 (equivalent to $1,000,000 in our day) with which
to enjoy that freedom. The practical philosophy—usually
called common sense, because perhaps it is so very uncom-
mon—which was the ruling feature of his character, was
never more clearly and happily displayed than in this re-
tirement. To it he owed what has secured him grateful
and generous remembrance forever; to it we, and those who
will come after us, owe the rare and precious gifts of per-
fected Nature whose ‘‘infinite variety age cannot wither nor
custom stale.’’

In September, 1840, Mr. Shaw made his first visit to Eu-
rope, stopping on the way at Rochester, N. Y., where his
parents and sisters resided. The youngest sister, now Mrs.
Morisse, accompanied him to England, from whence, after
a lengthy stay among relatives and friends, he proceeded
alone to the Continent for an extended tour. Returning to

112 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

St. Louis in the autumn of 1842, he arranged his affairs for
another absence in Europe which lasted about three years ;
during which time he visited all the then accessible Euro-
pean localities, together with Constantinople and Egypt. A
contemplated journey to Palestine was arrested by the prev-
alence of the plague. The journals kept and letters writ-
ten in the course of these two absences abroad show, what
might have been expected, that Mr. Shaw did not travel
merely for the sake of traveling, but to see and hear what
was most worth seeing and hearing; or, in other words, to
acquire that invaluable education which only such intelligent
and observing travel can afford. The broad, comprehensive,
impartial views of men and things with which he thus sup-
plemented the knowledge drawn from books and from per-
sonal experience, may be regarded as completing the culture
of his maturer life. Thenceforth he was, in the best sense of
the phrase, a man of the world; a cosmopolitan rather—
who though living by preference in America, could have
been equally at home in any other civilized country.

Early in 1851 Mr. Shaw went abroad for the last time,
drawn thither by the first World’s Fair, then being held in
London. This final visit has a special and peculiar interest
to us from the fact that out of it grew, indirectly, the Mis-
souri Botanical Garden and Tower Grove Park. According
to his own statement, it was while walking through the
grounds of Chatsworth—the most magnificent private resi-
dence in Europe—that the fruitful idea first dawned upon
him. He said to himself: ‘‘Why may I not have a garden
too? I have enough land and money for something of the
same sort in a smaller way.’’ That idea could not have had
a more lovely or more appropriate birthplace than the spot
upon which the herditary chiefs of the great house of
Devonshire have for nearly three hundred years lavished
all the resources of ample wealth and cultivated taste; the
historic domain which William the Conqueror gave to his
natural son, William Peveril; which Sir William Cavendish
bought, and began to improve, in the reign of Elizabeth ;
which for thirteen years was the prison of Elizabeth’s cousin
and enemy, Mary, Queen of Scots; which before and since

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 113

has been famous in English song and story, and which to-
day is a sight well worth crossing the ocean to see.

Mr. Shaw returned in December, 1851. The mansion at
Tower Grove had been finished in 1849 and the one at the
corner of Seventh and Locust streets was then being built.
From this time forward he was in St. Louis, with the ex-
ception of short summer vacations at the Atlantic coast or
the Northern lakes. Apparently a man of elegant leisure,
he was in reality a very busy man for the next thirty years.
An idler he never was until physical weakness compelled
him to be such. The idea born at Chatsworth was develop-
ing and taking shape.

In 1857 the late Dr. Engelmann, then in Europe, was
commissioned in a general way by Mr. Shaw to examine
botanical gardens and obtain such suggestions as he might
deem of value. The Missouri Garden was begun, by trench-
ing and other preliminary preparation, in that year. About
the same time a correspondence was begun with Sir Wil-
liam J. Hooker, then Director of Kew Gardens, who wrote,
under date of August 10, 1857: ‘‘Very few appendages to
a garden of this kind are of more importance for instruc-
tion than a library and economic museum, and these grad-
ually increase like a rolling snow-ball.’’? This appears to
have decided Mr. Shaw to provide a small library and mu-
seum; the building for which was erected in 1858-59. The
selection of books was largely entrusted to Dr. Engelmann,
in consultation with Hooker, Decaisne, Alexander Braun,
and other of his botanical friends. At the same time Dr.
Engelmann urged upon Mr. Shaw the purchase of the large
herbarium of the then recently deceased Professor Bern-
hardi, of Erfurth, Germany, which was offered for sale at
a very small price. Writing from Kew on this subject,
August 11, 1857, Engelmann says: ‘‘You see that Hook-
er’s active spirit is stirring up everything and everybody
that comes in contact with him.’’ And Hooker writes—
January 1, 1858—‘‘He (Engelmann) tells me of the her-
barium of the late Dr. Bernhardi of Erfurth which he ex-
pects to buy for St. Louis. That ought to be a good com-
mencement for the more scientific part of the establishment.

114 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

* * * The State ought to feel that it owes you much for
so much public spirit, and so well directed.’’

Mr. Shaw has told Professor Trelease, the present Di-
rector of the Garden, that he had at one time planned a grand
School of Botany, with residences for the faculty, labora-
tories, ete., opposite the main gate; but abandoned the pro-
ject because of the wise advice of Dr. Asa Gray, who said
that the experiment should be tried in a small way first; as
such things cannot be forced, but must grow.

In the summer of 1866 Mr. Shaw was fortunate enough to
secure the services of Mr. James Gurney, from the’ Royal
Botanical Garden in Regent’s Park, London, whose practical
knowledge and experience, and faithful and conscientious
devotion to his various duties, won the entire confidence of
his employer, and contributed very largely to make Garden
and Park what they now are. Mr. Shaw’s personal super-
vision of both was, however, never abandoned ; and in this
congenial employment, and in perfecting arrangements for
the continuance of the noble work he had so well begun, the
iast twenty-five years of his life were happily and appro-
priately spent. Until the summer of 1885 he had not been
out of St. Louis for nearly twenty years, except for a drive
to the neighboring village of Kirkwood to dine with a friend.
During the heated term of the year mentioned, he became
so much debilitated that his physician insisted upon a change
of climate. He went to Northern Illinois and Wisconsin,
spending some time at Lakeside on Pewaukee Lake, not
far from Milwaukee. He returned greatly improved and
resumed with renewed zeal his usual avocations. But he
had passed far beyond the boundary line of three score and
ten, and realized the truth of the old verse:

“For age will rust the brightest blade,
And time will break the stoutest bow;
Was never wight so starkly made
But time and age will lay him low.”

On the 24th of July, 1889, he received numerous visitors
to congratulate him upon the commencement of his ninetieth
year. He was weak physically, though able to meet them
in the drawing-room at Tower Grove, and his mind was

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 115

as clear as ever. This, however, was his last appearance
in public. An attack of malaria upon an already enfeebled
system speedily dissipated all hopes of recovery, and he
died at 3:25 Sunday morning, August 25th. The death,
peaceful and painless, occurred in his favorite room on the
second floor of the old homestead; by the window of which
he sat nearly every night for more than thirty years until
the morning hours, absorbed in the reading which had been
the delight of his life. This room was always plainly fur-
nished, containing only a brass bedstead, tables, chairs, and
the few books he loved to have near him. The windows look
out upon the old garden which was the first botanical be-
ginning at Tower Grove. On Saturday, August 31st, after
such ceremonial as St. Louis never before bestowed upon
any deceased citizen, Henry Shaw was laid to rest in the
Mausoleum long prepared in the midst of the Garden he
had created—not for himself merely, but for all the gen-
erations that shall come after him, and who, enjoying it,
will ‘‘rise up and call him blessed.’’ There, amid the trees,
the grass, and the flowers which were so near and dear to
him from infancy to old age; with the soft evening sky bend-
ing over him like a benediction, and the vesper song of birds
mingling with the farewell hymn, he was left to sleep the
sleep that knows no waking. And so the long and useful
life was rounded to its close.

America was Mr. Shaw’s country not merely by adoption,
but by deliberate and well-considered choice—a choice he
never regretted and of which he was always proud. When
he retired from business he was in the prime of manhood,
and with wealth amply sufficient in those days for the grat-
ification of tastes far more luxurious than were his. It
would have enabled him to live in England, or in any part
of the Continent, much more easily and pleasantly, as a
gentleman of leisure, than it was then possible to do in
America. He had nothing except personal preference to
keep him here, and very much, one would suppose, to in-
duce him to take up permanent residence abroad. Yet after
long and repeated absences—which, in most cases, would
have ended in such residence—he returned to St. Louis to
live and to die; to begin, carry forward, and consummate

116 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

the life-work with which his name will be forever associated.

Yet while Mr. Shaw was so thoroughly American in the
true sense of the word, he was as thoroughly English in all
those hereditary traits, ideas, and habits which are born in
us and not made by us, and which inevitably take their
shape and color from the soil and stock from which we
spring. ‘‘Blood is thicker than water,’’ and the English
blood transmitted by a long line of unmixed English an-
cestry was always strong in him. He did not love England
the less because he loved America more, and his attach-
ment for the land of his birth remained deep and ardent—
though undemonstrative—to the last. He liked to have
about him things which reminded him of his old home.
Much of the furniture in both his town and country house
was of English manufacture of fifty years ago; most of
the pictures and prints upon the walls were of English sub-
jects, and he preferred to read his favorite authors in the
English editions through which he first knew them. He
was systematic in everything, as Englishmen of his gener-
ation were much more than they are now. Systematic in
personal habits: eating, drinking, sleeping, exercise and
recreation; to which regularity, guided always by pru-
dence, his remarkable health to advanced age was largely
due. Systematic above all in his business. Promptness
and punctuality were cardinal virtues with him. He put
off nothing until tomorrow that could as well be done to-
day. Whatever he did himself was well done, and what
he could not do himself he placed in competent hands, and
whenever practicable gave it careful personal supervision.
His penmanship was clear and remarkably handsome, and
the books which contain the records of his public and pri-
vate business would do honor to the best professional
accountant. He made out the pay-rolls of both the Gar-
den and Park up to the month of his death, and then
allowed another to do it only because utterly unable him-
self to hold a pen. He managed business matters on strictly
business principles, and in so doing knew no difference
between a friend and a stranger. He would take no ad-
vantage, however legal, of either; but he expected both the
friend and the stranger to be as faithful as he himself was

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 117

—and ‘‘his word’’ was ever ‘‘as good as his bond.’’ He
was a merchant of the old school, and his ideas of business
honesty and honor belonged to the past rather than to the
present; nor did he ever, under any circumstances, change
them in practice to suit present conditions.

Mr. Shaw knew the value of money, as all men do who
have labored for it as he did; but he did not, as many men
do, love money for its own sake—for the power it gives or the
luxuries it buys. He had none of that feverish greed of gold
of which we see and feel so much. He retired from active
business when in the very prime of life, content with what
now looks like the quite moderate fortune of $250,000.
There is every reason to believe that, with his exceptional
qualifications for success in this department, he might easily
have increased the $250,000 to $2,500,000 long before he
had reached the age of sixty. He retired, not because he
was afraid of losing what he had made, or thought he could
not make any more; but because he felt he had enough, and
intended to enjoy it. He always owned his money; his
money never owned him. His tastes and habits were simple
and sensible; he lived well, but not extravagantly, and with
not the slightest attempt at ostentation. Up to the very last
years of his life he drove himself the one-horse barouche
which was his sole equipage, and not until friends warned
him of the dangers incident to growing infirmity did he
indulge in a carriage and coachman.

Mr. Shaw was not generous, in the ordinary acceptation
of the word; that is, he did not respond to many of the in-
numerable appeals made to his benevolence, and had no
hesitation in declining. In this, as in other things, he knew
how to say ‘‘No’’—and said it very often. He was not
uncharitable, but the object of charity had to be unequivo-
eally deserving to obtain assistance from him. He chose—
and certainly had the right of choice—to be generous in
the large rather than in the small. He reserved his con-
tributions for the benefit of the many, instead of bestowing
them upon the few; for the many not merely of his own
day, but of all the days to come. From the moment he re-
solved to make this Garden and this Park for public uses
forever, they became the central purpose and motive power

118 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

of his life. They were wife and children to him. For
them he watched and worked, and to them and their present
and future interests he consecrated all the energies of body
and mind until he could watch and work no more. The
Garden and the Park could not be what they are now, could
not be what they surely will be hereafter, if the man who
planned and perpetuated them had scattered his compara-
tively limited means among the multitude of applicants.
He refused to be generous to some so that he might be more
than generous to all.

The following anecdote may be related here: Some years
ago Mr. Shaw was escorting a lady visitor through the Gar-
den, and pointing out to her the various rare plants and
flowers he knew so well and watched so fondly. She said
to him: ‘‘I cannot understand, sir, how you are able to re
member all these different and difficult names,”’ ‘*Madam,’’
he replied with a courtly bow, ‘‘did you ever know a mother
who could forget the names of her children? These plants
and flowers are my children. How can I forget them?’’

On a certain occasion when a bottle of choice Medoe was
upon the table, Mr. Shaw—diluting his glass—remarked with
a smile: ‘‘I learned to take my wine with a little water from
Montaigne.”’

He was a great lover of the wise and witty old Gascon
(from whose fountain so many writers have drawn their
wit and wisdom without acknowledging the debt) and learned
from him much more important things than the dilution of
his wine. ‘‘He was, I think,’’ says a close observer of him,
“fof the same bent of mind so far as life is concerned.”’
Emerson, in his ‘‘Representative Men,’’ takes Montaigne as
a typical sceptie, not so much in religion—for, whatever may
have been his private opinions, publicly he lived and died
a Catholic—but in his general views of life. The device
upon his seal was a pair of scales and the motto beneath,
in old French: ‘‘What do I know?’’ Mr. Shaw might have
adopted the same device and motto, for he certainly was
governed in large measure by the principle they set forth.
He took as little as possible upon trust, and as far as pos-
sible tested everything and everybody before giving his
faith and confidence. He believed fully in men and things

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 119

only after they had been fully tried and found worthy.
A gentleman who had long business association with him
says: ‘‘It was more than two years after our first acquaint-
ance before he was what is called ‘social’ with me, and five
years before he invited me to his house. After that his
confidence in me seemed to be established, and was never,
so far as I know, withdrawn.’’ But it is doubtful whether
Mr. Shaw ever had, at any time, what is called ‘‘a bosom
friend;’’ one to whom he could unreservedly reveal him-
self. He had not that need of sympathy and support which
such intimacy usually implies. He was always self-support-
ing and self-poised, requiring no outside aid of any kind
from any quarter. His friends were many, and he valued
their friendship; but the nearest of them felt that they
could come just so near, and no nearer—that there was a
certain point they could not pass, even if so inclined; a
place where he desired no companionship, where he stood
alone.

Montaigne, if we may judge from the inimitable ‘‘Es-
says,’’ looked at life from the philosophic standpoint, and
rarely suffered his equanimity to be disturbed by any inci-
dent or accident, however annoying. In this enviable pe-
culiarity Mr. Shaw followed his example. His naturally
high temper was under such complete control that few ever
suspected its existence. ‘‘In twenty-three years,’’ says Mr.
Gurney, the head gardener, ‘‘I never heard him speak a
harsh or an irritable word. No matter what went wrong—
and on such a place and with so many men things will go
wrong occasionally—he was always pleasant and cheerful,
making the best of what could not be helped.’’ Illustrating
this control of temper another informant says: ‘‘The only
time, I think, I ever saw Mr. Shaw actually angry was when
a certain person had failed to keep an important engage-
ment and given a poor, if not provoking, excuse for his
failure. Mr. Shaw relieved his mind to me on the subject,
speaking very strongly and sharply for some minutes, while
I sat watching the unusual exhibition with considerable
curiosity. At last he caught my eye, stopped short and
said: ‘Ah, Mr. A , I see by your face what you are
thinking of. You are thinking that I have lost my tem-

LOT eI Te tte 3. TY, ay ae ee

120 MISSOURL BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

per—and you are right. Let us go into the next room
and take a glass of wine together. And will you be kind
enough to ask Mr. C (the offending party) to dine
with me next Sunday?’ ”’

Montaigne—as everybody who has read him knows—was
the very prince of egotists, and had, so to speak, reduced
egotism to a most delightful science. Mr. Shaw was no
egotist, and, if he had a grain of egotism in his composition,
concealed its presence perfectly. In conversation he was
reticent rather than the reverse; talked little about himself,
and less about what he had done or proposed doing for the
public; manifested no anxiety for the appreciative praise
he had so justly earned, and when it was given received it
with modest dignity, and seldom made any reply beyond a
bow and a word of thanks. In manners he was a fair
reproduction of

“A fine old English gentleman,
One of the olden time”—

Only, perhaps, somewhat less effusive and more dignified
than that traditional personage is represented to have been.
He was always polite to all, and for ladies especially, had
not merely scrupulous politeness, but that stately yet grace-
ful courtesy which belonged to the ancient regime. And
beneath it all there was a kind heart. To some one who
inquired why he employed so many Bohemians, he replied:
“‘The Bohemians do not seem to be very popular with us,
and I think I ought to help them all I ean.’’ Walking one
day in the Garden with a young lad who was visiting him,
he met a lame workman engaged in sweeping up leaves, and
greeted him with a ‘‘Good morning, Henry.’’ A moment
later, noticing that the boy had said nothing: ‘‘Charles,
you did not speak to Henry. Go back and say ‘Good morn-
ing’ to him.”’ Evidently the fine cynicism of Montaigne
had never touched the heart of his admirer.

Mr. Shaw, though he had no knowledge of music, was
very fond of it, and moreover, was a strong believer in its
elevating and refining influence upon the popular mind.
The Sunday afternoon concerts in the Park during the sum-
mer months are due to his love for and belief in music.

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 121

He was always present when health permitted, enjoying
himself in seeing others enjoy what he had provided; and
was especially pleased when a large audience gathered
around the stand which he had adorned with marble busts
of the great composers, to listen to their masterpieces. Per-
haps the handsomest compliment ever offered him, and the
one most highly appreciated, was the serenade at Tower
Grove some two years ago by Gilmore’s band, then giving
their annual series of concerts at the Exposition. It was a
lovely October day, with cloudless skies and mild yet in-
vigorating air; the foliage just beginning to assume the
many-colored livery of autumn, but still retaining the lux-
uriant growth of summer. Mr. Shaw was seated upon the
lawn in front of the mansion, with a few friends about him,
while at proper distance in front were grouped the sixty-
five members of that famous orchestra. As the strains of
soul-inspiring music saluted the ear of the venerable gentle-
man for whom they were primarily intended, his face lighted
up with an expression of pleasure too deep for words, and
he leaned forward in his chair as if unwilling to lose the
faintest note of the divine harmony. The picture of which
he was the central figure can never be forgotten by those
who saw it; ‘‘onece seen, became a part of sight.’’

From youth, until extreme age prevented, Mr. Shaw at-
tended the theatre whenever the performance was of suf-
ficient merit to attract him. He liked all good plays well
played, but preferred comedy to tragedy; thinking there
is enough real sorrow and suffering in the world without
paying to see the unreal article upon the stage. He wanted,
especially in his latter years, to be amused rather than
deeply interested, and a hearty laugh was worth more to him
than all the woes of ‘‘Hamlet’’ or ‘‘Lear.’’ So it came to
pass that of the four bronze bas-reliefs on the pedestal of
the Shakespeare statue, the most conspicuous place is as-
signed to the one representing the late Ben DeBar in the
character of ‘‘Falstaff.’’ A friend, who was himself at
that time the oldest living actor, good-naturedly remon-
strated with him. ‘‘Why, Mr. Shaw,’’ said he, ‘‘I knew
DeBar well, and I liked him, too; he was a first-rate comedian
in his line, but not a great dramatic artist by any means.

ae ot wero Le

122 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

Yet you have honored him as Garrick or Siddons have
never been honored, and he don’t deserve it, sir!’’? ‘‘Prob-
ably you are quite right, Mr. L———, from a professional
point of view,’’ replied Mr. Shaw, with his usual smile, ‘‘but
I am indebted to Mr. DeBar for a great many very pleasant
hours, and am glad of the opportunity to partially repay
that debt.’’ It is to his recognition of a much higher order
of dramatic ability that we owe the Neilson mulberry tree
in the rear of the Shakespeare statue; marking the spot
which ‘‘the incomparable Juliet’’ selected on her last visit
to St. Louis for the slip from the poet’s own mulberry at
Stratford, which she would have sent had not untimely death
forbidden. When this memorial tree was planted in Octo-
ber, 1880, Mr. Shaw and his old actor friend, Mr. L——,
were both present, and threw in the first earth to fill the
excavation.

But neither friends, nor books, nor music, nor drama,
nor all combined, gave half the pleasure and satisfaetion
for the last twenty-five years of his life, which the Garden
and Park furnished him. He lived for them, and as far as
was practicable, i them; walking or driving every day,
when weather and health allowed, and permitting no work
of importance to go on without more or less of his personal
inspection and direction. The late Dr. Asa Gray—than
whom there can be no higher authority—once said: ‘‘This
Park and the Botanical Garden are the finest institutions of
the kind in the country; in variety of foliage the Park is
unequaled. ”’

Exactly when the idea of creating what is now Tower
Grove Park first came to Mr. Shaw, is unknown; but it
was doubtless suggested by what he had seen in Europe,
and took active shape when the Garden was firmly estab-
lished, and seemed to need some such supplementary ac-
companiment. The first steps were taken in 1866, but the
enterprise did not assume definite form until the following
year. Since then it has proceeded steadily and system-
atically, and, until his last illness, literally under the eye
of the man who conceived this ‘‘thing of beauty’’ to be
‘fa joy forever.’’ More than 20,000 trees have been planted
here; all raised in the arboretum of the Garden. Mr.

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 123

Shaw used to say when planting them that he did not expect
to live to see these trees reach maturity; that he was
‘‘planting them for posterity.’’ But nearly all of that
splendid family which he had nursed and reared were fully
grown when his coffin passed under their shadowing canopy
of leaves to the Mausoleum in the Garden. The Park con-
tains, including the surrounding strip, 276 and “oo acres;
and nothing has been omitted, apparently, which could make
the perfection of a pleasure ground. The walks, the drives,
the ornamental water, the labyrinth, the shady groves, the
well-kept grass and fragrant flowers, form a combination of
attractions which no lover of Nature can resist. In the
midst of these rare surroundings, like jewels in a worthy
setting, are three statues of heroic size by Baron von Mueller,
of Munich: Shakespeare, Humboldt, and Columbus. These
noble bronzes are not merely works of art which any city
in any country would be proud to possess, but they are
curiously unique. Adelaide Neilson—whose judgment in such
matters may be trusted— declared that ‘‘she had seen every
memorial of Shakespeare of any consequence, public and
private, in existence; and that this one was, in her opinion,
decidedly the finest.’’ The niece of Humboldt, after seeing
this statue of her uncle at Munich, wrote Mr. Shaw, thanking
him for the high honor conferred upon her family, and said
Europe had done nothing comparable to it for the great
naturalist. We know America has not; and we know, too,
that neither Europe nor America has a monument to the
discoverer of the New World at all comparable to the Colum-
bus in Tower Grove Park. As has been well said: ‘‘If
dumb metal could speak, the greatest of poets and the great-
est of naturalists and the greatest of discoverers would salute
each other across these verdant spaces and join in thanking
the man who has bestowed upon them such generous and
graceful immortality.’’

What the Missouri Botanical Garden is now, and prom-
ises to be hereafter, this volume will sufficiently tell. With
Garden and Park present and prospective before us, and
realizing as far as possible the contributions to human knowl-
edge and human happiness which must flow from them in
years to come, we may well say of Henry Shaw, what is

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Ss eiale EOP be toh oy . mt ee ~ , es s

124 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

written of Sir Christopher Wren in the Cathedral of St.
Paul’s:
St monumentum quaeris—circumspice.

NOTES

Dr. George T. Moore, Director of the Garden, gave an illus-
trated talk at the United States Veterans’ Hospital, Jefferson
Barracks, November 10, on ‘‘A Walk Through Shaw’s Gar-
den.’’

The Missouri Botanical Garden has acquired recently the
private herbarium and botanical library of the late Rev. John
Davis, of Hannibal, Missouri. The collection of plants con-
sists of approximately 20,000 specimens representing prin-
cipally the flora of Missouri, Illinois, and South Carolina.

Among the recent visitors to the Garden were Dr. F. J.
Cryder, Director Boyce Thompson Southwestern Arboretum,
Superior, Arizona; Dr. F. S, Harris, President of Brigham
Young University, Provo, Utah; Mr. Ralph Griswold, who
has recently completed his studies in Rome as a holder of
a scholarship in landscape architecture; Mr. Smith, City
a and Mr. Lyean, City Florist, both of Oklahoma

ity.

STATISTICAL INFORMATION FOR OCTOBER, 1924

GARDEN ATTENDANCE:

OA MUMUAT OF VIBITOTE: 5s 0.5.00 ne Sees ve eb ea kat 23,180
PLANT ACCESSIONS:

Total number of plants received in exchange.......... 42

Total number of plants and seeds received as gifts.... 63
LIBRARY ACCESSIONS:

Total number of books and pamphlets bought ........ 48

Total number of books and pamphlets donated ....... 110

HERBARIUM ACCESSIONS:
By Gift—
Ashe, W. W.—Pinus sp. from Georgia .............005
Ashe, W. W.—Pinus sp. from Florida ................
Beattie, S. H.—Plants of Arizona..............20eeeee

et ee

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 125

Linder, D. H.—Fungi of Massachusetts........-- sictaveshe 3
Neal, Dr. D. C.—Plants of Mississippi.............+.- 3
Walpole, Prof. B. A—Plants of Michigan.............- 2

By Exchange—
U. S. Department of Agriculture, by Professor A. S.
Hitchcock—Grasses of Texas, New Mexico, and

Bie cia ceditstsscrectantegys tae sembeesd + 76
U. S. Department of Agriculture, by Professor A. S.
Hitchcock—Grasses of Brazil......-.++.++++++ re 55

By Purchase—
Field Museum of Natural History—Plants of Bolivia... 309

Werdermann, Dr. E.—Plants of Chile.........++eeeeees 300

By Field Work—
Allen, Cyril—Plants of Colombia, South America...... 300
LY hfe) | nae One el ee) Ere HO cp tC. nici eh 1,056

The Garden is open to the public every day in the year, except New
Year’s, Fourth of July, Labor Day, and Christmas — week days from 8:00
A. M. until one-half hour after sunset; Sundays from December to April,
1:00 P. M. until sunset, from April to December, 2:00 P. M. until sunset.

The main entrance to the Garden is located at Tower Grove Avenue
and Flora Boulevard, on the Vandeventer Avenue car line. Transfer
gouth from all intersecting lines.

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GARDEN |BULLETIN

Vol. XII DECEMBER, 1924 ; No. 10
CONTENTS

Page

The Orchid Exhibition $ ; - : 127

Protecting Roses from Frost Injury . - - 129

Smoke Injury to Roses - - 3 : 132

Test Garden - - : ; . 234

The First Recorded Koosar of the Use of Tobacso. and
the Instrument Through Which It Was Inhaled - 137

Notes : - - - : i 140
Statistical Information § - : 3 . - 142
Index to Illustrations of Volume xi - S 145
General Index to Volume XII - - ° ~ 147

ST. LOUIS, MO.
1924

Published Monthly Except July and August by the Board of Trustees
> SUBSCRIPTION PRICE:
ONE DOLLAR PER YEAR SINGLE COPIES TEN CENTS

7 C
;

MR. hid Sl
| THE CONSTITUT D, EXCLUSIVE OF THE
akOFFICIO ‘abs, IS. SELF PERPERUATING Me)

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DISPL

OF ORCHID

VIEW

sENERAL

Missouri Botanical

Garden Bulletin

Vol. XII DECEMBER, 1924 No. 10

THE ORCHID EXHIBITION

The orchid exhibition was opened on Sunday, November
80, and despite the cold weather the response on the part
of the public to it was very gratifying. Between the hours
of one and five o’clock eight thousand people passed through
the floral display house to view the debut of the Colombian
orchids in St. Louis. This exhibition, resulting from the
expedition into the Andes of Colombia, South America, dur-
ing 1923, marks an epoch in the floral displays at the Gar-
den.

During the latter part of October the outlook for the
orchid exhibition was not very promising. The city at that
time was enveloped in a dense smoke cloud which continued
for the entire week, and the Garden greenhouses were like-
wise filled with the fumes. The effect upon the orchids was
the loss of all buds which had penetrated their protective
sheaths, and the open cattleya flowers soon succumbed, being
unable to withstand the noxious atmosphere. The plants
in the economic and citrus houses also showed the damaging
effect, as they lost half of their leaves in much the same way
that they are defoliated when an overdose of fumigant is
applied by the novice. The only immediate remedy for over-
coming this condition is the removal of the entire collection
outside the smoke area. The smoke forced most of the florists
out of the city many years ago, and the Garden is looking
forward to the not-distant time when all of the growing
houses may be located in the country. The cattleyas, not
being subjected to such adverse atmospheric conditions in

(127)

128 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

their native home in the Andes, cannot be expected to adjust
themselves to city life. Although the plants have been in
this country for only twelve months, the deposit of soot upon
the leaves is such as to enable one with a moist finger to write
upon the upper surface of the leaves.

The flowering orchids are staged in the floral display house
in both a natural and artificial arrangement. The natural
arrangement suggests their epiphytic habit as seen growing
upon trees in the tropics. Most of the plants, however, are
placed upon tiers of stages for mass effect. The original
arrangement of the show included a double stage through the
middle of the house, with two four-foot walks on each side,
but this left too little space for the accommodation of the
Sunday crowds. By 2:30 o’clock on the opening Sunday the
house was filled to capacity, and an hour later the line of
visitors extended back to the palm house, necessitating their
waiting at least fifteen minutes in the cold before viewing the
show. Consequently, the exhibit was entirely rearranged the
following day, the middle staging being removed and the
plants banked on the north, east, and west sides, the center
of the house being left free for the accommodation of large
crowds.

Of the five thousand plants imported from Colombia over
one thousand were in bloom for the opening Sunday. Most
of the remaining plants are in bud in the growing houses
awaiting their removal to the floral display house when in
full bloom. Because of the large number of plants in reserve
it will be possible to prolong the show until February. Of
the cattleyas the two main varieties shown are the Tulipan
(Cattleya Trianae), which flowers first, and the Flora de
Mayo (Cattleya Schroederae). In collecting these varieties
the hoped-for prize is a pure white variety. There is no way
of distinguishing this variety except by the flowers, and since
most of the plants were collected when void of flowers the
finding of an albino is purely a matter of chance. It was
consequently very gratifying to find two plants bearing albino
flowers in the first thousand to bloom. Among the typical
mauve-colored flowers there is the greatest variation, ranging
from the lightest pallida to the darkest purple forms.

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BANK OF ORCHIDS IN FLORAL DISPLAY HOUSE.

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MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 129

The hybrids recently imported from England are likewise
coming into bloom. The large-flowered Brasso-Cattleya
‘‘Penelope’’ has three flowers, each measuring eight inches
across. It is easily recognized by its extraordinary large
fringed lip. An unusual color combination of yellow petals
and purple lip is presented by the Laelio-Cattleya luminosa
var. aurea now in bloom. Mimicry is well shown by the but-
terfly orchid (Oncidium Papilio and P. Kramerianum) from
the West Indies and Brazil, a group of which is displayed
upon a tree stump. A large number of the lady’s slipper
orchids are also shown in variety. These are not as popular
as the more highly-colored cattleyas, being regarded by the
layman more as a curiosity. However, to the connoisseur their
variety and form are intensely interesting. The late D. S.
Brown made these plants his specialty, bringing together the
best varieties from all parts of the world. His entire collec-
tion was presented to the Garden in 1919.

A series of hand-colored photographs which were taken
during the Colombian expedition are displayed, depicting
the orchid as it grows in its native habitat, the difficulties of
transporting them by mule back, raft, ete., and their final
arrival at the Garden.

PROTECTING ROSES FROM FROST INJURY

Inquiries are being received at the Garden again this year
about protecting roses for the winter. We sometimes think
that the Middle-West suffers more from extremes in tem-
perature than other parts of the country. To a certain ex-
tent it does, but if we follow the temperature readings from
year to year we are impressed with the fact that the sudden
changes from mild to cold and the reverse are usually quite
general. Further north there is more snow, which is a good
protection if it precedes a cold wave, but that natural pro-
tection is frequently missing in this region. Some of our
winters are so mild that protecting material is a detriment
rather than a help to the plants. So, from year to year, we
must be governed by existing conditions.

— 4 ~~

130 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

When and how shall I cover my roses? are the questions
most frequently received by mail and telephone. We would
be fortunate if we could definitely state the date to protect
the roses. Some seasons all our coldest weather comes be-
fore Christmas, and other years the lawns are green until
after the New Year and then the cold snaps come. It is
evident that adequate protection for the coldest weather, in
the early part of the winter, is sometimes too heavy during
mild, wet spells coming later. During such periods the plants
may start prematurely and damage results from the stems
rotting. In normal years the roses should have some pro-
tection by Thanksgiving time. The best plan to follow is
in the fall to mound some soil around the base of the plants
and later, when colder weather approaches, to add some
other protecting material. Those having only a few plants
may apply this heavier covering when the colder weather is
predicted, but those with many plants must protect them
earlier, before a change to colder weather takes them un-
awares. In normal years roses do not suffer much from tem-
perature changes until after the New Year. From January
to April is the critical time for roses.

Before mentioning the various materials that may be used
for protecting roses, it might be well to again emphasize the
fact that the word ‘‘protection’’ does not mean that all frost
is excluded but simply that too rapid change from one ex-
treme in temperature to another is prevented and the plant
shielded from the wind and the sun. The impression is firmly
fixed in the minds of many that in protecting roses all cold
must be excluded, with the result that the roses are smoth-
ered with too much covering.

Plate 38 illustrates methods of protecting roses. The hybrid
teas have bundles of ornamental grass leaves tied around
them and then the soil drawn around the base to steady the
““straw men’’ and further protect the base of the plants. In
some cases stakes are necessary to prevent the bundles of
straw from blowing over. Another bed of dwarf roses has
been entirely covered with coarse material, which may be
the stems of goldenrod, hardy asters, or any material of like
nature. Such ‘‘roughage’’ forms a_ protecting cover that

Mo. Bor. GARD. BULL., VoL. 12,

BRASSO-CATTLEYA “PENELOPE”.

Mo. Bor, GArpb, BULL., VoL. 12, 1924. PLATE 388.

PORTION OF ROSE GARDEN, SHOWING WINTER PROTECTION,

SHOWING METHOD OF PROTECTING CLIMBING ROSES,

geet a ie J ait, ee PPh ee ee
se >. Pit sO. roe

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 131

will not pack with repeated rains and snows, permits air to
circulate around the plants and still breaks the force of se-
vere drying winds, and that prevents the rays of the sun
from striking the rose stems. Before applying such a cov-
ering of loose material, the soil may be mounded around the
base of the plants. There is some objection, but not a serious
one, to using such material on account of the seeds it con-
tains. The lower figure of plate 38 shows a method of pro-
tecting climbing roses against a south wall. In this case
straw mats were used, but other materials, such as_ sacks,
burlap, long grasses or corn fodder, are possible. Climbing
roses against a south wall are subject to more injury than
climbers in the open.

Barrels and boxes are sometimes inverted over rose plants
and a few dry leaves thrown around them. It is better to
leave the containers open on the north side to permit free
air circulation. Dry leaves are ideal for protecting roses if
a waterproof covering is placed over them. Exposed beds,
with leaves for covering, become soggy towards spring and
much damage may result from rot. Strawy manure placed
around rose bushes will also act as a sponge if left exposed.
Straw and the other coarse materials mentioned are to be
preferred.

The hybrid perpetual or June roses, and the polyantha or
baby rambler roses need no protection. However, a little
coarse material thrown over the plants will do no harm and
prevents the loss of any in severe winters. Most of the
climbing roses survive our normal winters without any pro-
tection, but if protection is desired, the plants should be
shielded, particularly on the south side, to prevent the sun
from reaching the stems.

In the late winter, some time in February or March, we
usually have a few mild days. Most people at such a time
itch to work in the garden and one of the first rash things
they do is to pull off all the protecting coverings. This would
not be a serious act if the material were replaced when the
weather again grows cold, but usually this is not done and
thereby the method of successfully carrying the plants
through the winter is defeated. It is better to let the cov-

132 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

erings remain, even though growth is starting, until the
danger of heavy freezing is over. Winter usually makes one
concerted effort to remain, in the latter part of March or the
beginning of April, and it is this spell that must be guarded
against. It is advisable to remove the coverings gradually,
so that if unseasonable weather comes the plants will not be
entirely unprotected.

SMOKE INJURY TO ROSES

Roses can be protected against frost damage by some kind
of covering, but there is no known protection against smoke
injury. All plant life suffers in a smoky atmosphere, some
plants being more susceptible than others. Roses suffer from
the periods of smoky atmosphere, but it is difficult to de-
scribe the injury. While the damage is not immediately
noticeable, the vitality of the plants is gradually lowered.
Certain roses simply will not grow. They may remain alive
for a few years without making much growth and then fin-
ally succumb. Examples of this are the Persian and Harri-
son’s yellow roses planted in the Garden a few years ago,
which threw up a number of shoots the first season, blos-
somed the second season, but made no new growth and then
died during the third year. In the county these grow read-
ily. The much-heralded Hugonis rose remains at a stand-
still from year to year. Plants six years old have grown
about four feet and new canes attain about the same height.
A few flowers appear every spring, but never do the plants
bloom as profusely as the nurserymen and growers claim for
Hugonis in other places. Wonderful examples of this plant
have been seen elsewhere, but from the experiences up to
this time it cannot be recommended for smoky localities.

The baby rambler roses are not growing as well as a few
years ago, but are still among our best. The rugosa roses
grow vigorously from year to year and apparently the smoke
has little effect on them. Most of the hybrid perpetuals still
are doing splendidly, although Captain Christy has not been
thriving. The sweetbrier roses grow rampantly, are ex-
tremely hardy and require much room to spread, but unfor-

CER ee

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 133

tunately, with all these qualities to recommend them, their
blooming season is quite short. There are always some hybrid
tea roses that do better than others and whether this is due to
the variety or whether the smoke is also responsible is not
easily determined. It is a fact that the more robust roses
in this class, that have been recommended from time to time,
are the ones that withstand the smoky atmosphere fairly sue-
cessfully ; just to mention a few—Etoile de France, Florence
Pemberton, Gruss an Teplitz, La Tosca, Lady Ursula, Mme.
Jules Bouche, Mrs. Arthur Robert Waddell, and Radiance.
Most of the climbers are successfully grown in a smoky
place.

The Garden is situated near one of the industrial districts
and the railroads and is surrounded by homes and apart-
ments where much smoke is constantly pouring out of the
stacks, so that the task of maintaining a collection of varie-
ties in the rose garden is a difficult one. To those contem-
plating planting roses where smoky conditions prevail, it is
suggested they use some hybrid perpetuals, rugosas, poly-
anthas, climbers and the strongest of the hybrid teas. The

following is a list of roses to select from:

HYBRID TEAS
Etoile de France

Florence Pemberton
Francis Scott Key

Gruss an Teplitz

La Tosca

Lady Ursula

Mme. Jules Bouche

Mrs. Arthur Robert Waddell
Radiance

Souv. du President Carnot

HYBRID PERPETUALS

Baroness Rothschild

Captain Hayward

Clio

Frau Karl Druschki

General Jacqueminot

George Arends

Mrs. John Laing

Mrs. R. G. Sharmon-Crawford
Paul Neyron

Prince Camille de Rohan

CLIMBERS

Aviateur Bleriot

Christine Wright

Dorothy Perkins

Dr. W. Van Fleet

Excelsa

Gardenia

Lady Gay

Paul’s Scarlet Climber

Silver Moon

Tausendschon

RUGOSAS

Conrad Ferdinand Meyer

F. J. Grootendorst

Nova Zembla

Rugosa alba

Rugosa rubroplena
POLYANTHAS

Katarina Zeimet

Clotilde Soupert

Marie Pavic

Miss Edith Cavell

Orleans

134 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

TEST GARDEN

This year, as in the past seasons, the policy of the Garden
has been to test the various new plants listed by the seed
firms. Many of these so-called novelties are listed for a num-
ber of years, but occasionally some worth-while plant is
found.

Among our commonest autumn wildflowers are the hardy
asters. They have small, yellow-centered, daisy-like flowers
borne in long, loosely panicled sprays. There are about two
or three hundred species of the genus Aster, just how many
it is difficult to say, for they vary enormously and it is hard
to decide where one species leaves off and another begins.
They are so common in this country as to have escaped the
notice of our American gardeners, but when several of our
species were introduced into England their possibilities as a
garden flower were soon recognized. They have now been
grown in English gardens for over a generation under the
name of ‘‘ Michaelmas daisies,’’ and the same variation which
defies the botanist has resulted in many new garden forms.

One of the features cf the 1924 test garden was a colleec-
tion of over one hundred varieties of these repatriated Amer-
icans. From mid-August until well into October they pro-
vided a succession of bloom and were a bright spot of color
in the garden. The later varieties were particularly effee-
tive, as they had for a background the bright gold of a
near-by clump of autumn sunflowers (Helianthus angusti-
folius). It is naturally difficult to classify the Michaelmas
daisies, as they are even more variable than the wild species
from which they were derived. The following are among the
more outstanding groups:

Aster novae-angliae.—Tall plants 3-6 feet high; stem stout
and usually not branching below; flowers large, rays 40-60,
pink or purple; the entire plant very hairy. ‘‘Mrs. Raynor,’’
a good tall-growing pink, is illustrated in plate 39.

Aster cordifolius—Leaves heart-shaped; plant of medium
height, much-branched; flowers very numerous, small, light
blue, exceptionally good for cutting. ‘‘Ideal,’’ a typical
cordifolius, is illustrated in fig. 4 of pl. 39.

Mo. Bot. GARD. BULL., VoL. 12, 1924. PLATE 39.

FOUR DISTINCT TYPES OF MICHAELMAS DAISIES.
Mrs. S. T.o Wright (novi-belgi).

Precioza (Amellus).
Ideal (cordifolius)

Mrs. Ravnor (novae-angliae).

COLLECTION

OF

STRAW

FLOWERS

‘OTN

GUvt)y “Lod

tag

ALV Id

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 135

Aster Amellus.—Derived from a European species; plants
of low to medium height; flowers very large, sometimes 2
inches across, relatively few in number. ‘‘Precioza’’ and
‘*King George’’ are standard, varieties.

Aster novi-belgii.—To this variable species are referred by
far the largest number of garden forms. Plants of medium
height; flowers numerous, of small to medium size, in va-
rious soft shades of blue, lavender, and pink. ‘‘Mrs. 8. T.
Wright,’’ ‘‘Daydream,’’ ‘‘Brussels,’? and ‘‘Rapture’’ illus-
trate the wide variation within the group. Many of the va-
rieties double or semi-double.

A bed of hardy chrysanthemums was very effective this
fall, fourteen varieties having been sent in for trial by the
Garden Club of America. Two geums have been grown and
will bloom next year and also a bed of the new foxglove ‘‘The
Shirley,’’ listed by the Garden Club of America as one of
the ‘‘irresistibles.’’ The various celosias were again grown
and with them the widely advertised ‘‘Celosiamum.’’ Huge
heads of this celosia in old rose, yellow, and red, as well as
the cristata and plumed types, were in the collection. The
‘‘Mayflower’’ verbena is a good addition to the verbenas, as
it is a very beautiful large-flowered, pink variety. Gaillardia
‘‘The Dazzler’’ threw a few flowers the first year from seed,
but these blooms were little different from the average gail-
lardias. Antirrhinum ‘‘Indian Summer’’ had very large
flowers of a pleasing color and was a good bloomer. ‘Two
varieties of the flowering tobacco, ‘‘Sutton’s Miniature
White’’ and ‘‘Crimson King,’’ grew to a height of two feet
and bloomed from late spring until frost. Viola lutea splen-
dens and Viola Papilio had very attractive pansy-like flowers
that bloomed the entire season.

In addition to the plants mentioned there were also grown
various oriental poppies from seed, Helianthus angustifolius,
aquilegias, annual senecios, blue petunias, Linwm hirsutum,
Helianthus cucumerifolius, and coleus.

A part of the test garden was also given over to straw
flowers. These and other dried plants for fall and winter
decoration have been gaining in popularity the last two years,
due partly to various gardening papers having featured them.

%

136 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

That the public might have the opportunity of seeing these
plants growing, a collection of the more common kinds was
included in the test garden during the past summer. In con-
nection with the dahlia show in October, two tables of dried
bouquets were staged so that ideas might be gained as to how
these various flowers and plants could be combined.

Plate 40 shows five of the vases exhibited. Vase I con-
tains helichrysum, the flowers called strawflowers, some an-
nual statice and a filler of the perennial statice, Statice lati-
folia. There is no material more suitable for combining with
other straw flowers than Statice latifolia, as it gives a grace-
ful touch to the otherwise stiff strawflowers. Vase II con-
tains the white snowberry and the red Japanese barberry, the
contrast in color being very striking. Unfortunately, the
snowberry shrivels and turns brown after a few weeks, while
the barberry can be kept much longer. Vase III has a com-
bination of the globe-amaranth and Statice latifolia, the two
combining beautifully in color and shape. Vase IV holds
a bunch of false bittersweet, Celastrus scandens. Bitter-
sweet, as it is commonly called, may be gathered before or
after the leaves fall. A small vase of this vine in a room is
very effective. It is urged, however, that it not be gathered
in too large quantities, since it is becoming scarce around the
larger cities along the main country roads. Vase V contains
a few stalks of the Chinese lantern-plant, Physalis Francheti.
These balloon-like fruits are very effective when used alone
or combined with bittersweet, the colors of the two being al-
most alike,

Other strawflowers grown in the test garden included
honesty (Lunaria annua), Xeranthemum annuum, Acroclinium
roseum, tassel-flower (Cacalia coccinea), Statice spicata,
Statice Suworowi, Statice sinuatum, and Ammobium alatum.
As Statice latifolia is perennial and very hardy, it is much
to be preferred to the various annual statices for bouquet
work.

Many ornamental grasses lend themselves admirably for
larger receptacles. The spike grass, Uniola latifolia, is quite
effective, with its flat, drooping spikelets. Sprigs of the cot-

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 137

ton plant, with the open bolls and leaves attached, are very
pretty when placed against a dark wall.

Brilliantly-colored leaves of the oak, sassafras, maple, etc.,
are good materials for autumn decoration. The branches
should be gathered about the middle of October when the
leaves are fully colored. After gathering, they should be
pressed lightly between newspapers for a day, then laid flat,
and bits of paraffin or wax placed on each leaf and spread
with a moderately warm iron. This coating of wax prevents
the leaves from curling in the dry atmosphere and keeps
them in the same condition as when gathered.

All of the strawflowers should be gathered in the summer
just before the blossoms are fully open, tied in small bundles,
and hung away to dry. During this drying process the flower
heads should hang down in order to keep the necks straight.
The flower stalks are very brittle and break readily, but if
wired they may be bent into any position and worked into
more graceful bouquets.

The lotus leaves and pods are also being sought for fall
decoration. The present custom of dyeing lotus leaves and
grasses with brilliant colors and bronzes spoils the beautiful
autumn colors of nature, and no material is as effective and
beautiful as when left in its natural color.

There are many berried plants that can be used in the
fall for decoration, but they are not as lasting as the dried
materials.

THE FIRST RECORDED ACCOUNT OF THE USE OF
TOBACCO, AND THE INSTRUMENT THROUGH
WHICH IT WAS INHALED

Among the valuable and interesting books in the Missouri
Botanical Garden library is a very rare first edition of ‘‘La
Historia General de las Indias’’ by El Capitan Gonzolo Fer-
nandez de Oviedo y Baldés. This book was printed in Seville
in 1535 and is of special interest because it contains the first
mention of tobacco as well as a figure of the primitive imple-
ment, the predecessor of the modern pipe, used by the native

*
:

P

a

:

4

188 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

Indians in inhaling smoke. It is evident from the account
given by Oviedo that the word ‘‘tobaceo”’ is derived from the
instrument or pipe used in smoking and not the plant. While
this derivation is suggested in the dictionaries, the book re-
ferred to is an earlier authority for this origin than any
usually cited.

The author traveled extensively in America, and the work
was written from official documents sent to him as the author-
ized chronicler of the Indies. The title-page bears the im-
perial arms surrounded by a handsome border, and there are
many initials and curious woodeuts representing the abo-
rigines as well as animals and plants of America. It is the
earliest natural history of America and one of the rarest and
most important books on the New World. It was the first
general review of the new American empire of Spain, dis-
cussing the almost unlimited grandeur opened up by the
passage through Magellan’s Straits and the discoveries of
Mexico and the Pacific. The policy which should be adopted
by the monarchy is fully outlined and the book was probably
suppressed in Spain for ‘‘prudential reasons.’’ This would
account for its great rarity. The carta missiva which oecu-
pies two leaves at the end of this volume, and was printed at
the same time, bears an autographed signature of the author
in this form:

“Rmo & ill™o Sener
las manos de v. s. Besa
Go. Fernandz.’’

Below is a rather free translation of that part of the book
relating to tobacco and its use:

‘“‘About the tabacos or smoking material used by the In-
dians of that Spanish Island.’’

‘“‘The Indians on that island have among other usages a
very bad one which is to use for smoking an article called by
them tabaco in order that they may lose consciousness. They
make the smoke from a certain plant which, as far as I could
determine, belongs to a kind of hog’s-bean, but not of the
same form and size, to judge from appearances, because this
plant has a stem or bud about four or five palms in length or

Mo. Bot. Garp. BULL., Von. 12, 1924. PLATE 41.

We OA

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TITLE-PAGE OF “LA HISTORIA GENERAL DE LAS INDIAS®
BY EL, CAPITAN GONZOLO FERNANDEZ DE OVIEDO Y BALDES.

Mo. Bor, GARD. BULL., Von. 12,

1924.

PLATE. 42,

bores muy gradcs:p Zotras nchores @ bue
cosy fco2ad08 Opn cvero B cieruo,od otro
avimal:pero como eneftas pilasno ania az
mimales para log encozar/vfauan los atam
bores que he diclo/¢ dellos milinos toes
“tos otros fe vfan or enia tierra firme/como
fe dira cna partequeconuenga,

@ S<apitu.tj.oclos taba-

cop oabumadas quelosindios acoftiibra
enefta pila efpafiolaszla manera delas car
mas cn.que Ouermen,

Say Daban los indios defta iflacn
WS fy f tre otros fus vicios vno muy
is (¢ malo-que es tomar ynasabus
WG
GS) d
D Sit para falir de fentido:y efto bas

hi madas que ellos llama tabaco

3.n con el pumo de cierta yeruag alo gpo
be podido entender es de calidad del veles
fo:peronodeaquella hechura o forma ala
vifta:porquecfta yerua es yn tallocomoge
tro ocinco palmos/poco mas Omenoss al
tovpcon vnashojas aclas igrucias 7 bla
das 7 vello.asiy el verdor tira algo ala cos
lor dclas bojas dela lengua de bucy /o Buz
Glofa:quellaman los erbolarios zmedicos
2Efta perua que digo enel gencro es muy fe
mejanteal Aelefio, La qualtoman ve ar
quefta manera. Los Laciques zhonbres

principales tenian vnos pali¢
‘S) itos buecos : del tamafio de
viireme omenos dela grols
fe3a Del DedO Ineo? dela nay
no. ¥Y eftos caiiutos tenian
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TfOdO ch na pieca, YF los
DOs ponian enlas ventanas delas narisesy
Eclotrocneibumo 7 perva queardia, Y
cftauan muy lifes bien labrades : 7 ques
mauanlashojas de aquella yerua arrebus
}4a8 0 embueltas dela mancra quelos pa
jes cortelanos fuelen ccbarle abumadag :¢
ponianla otra parte del caiiuto fensillo ens
la Pertsa Que ardia:z foimauan cl alicuto 2
bumo parafi yna 008 2 trea masveses

Quinto

Fo. rivij,

quanto lo pobdian porfiaiv bafta que ques
davan fin fentido grandccfpacio tend:d03
en tierra beodos O adorNIDOS de YN gras
ue ¢ muy pefado fuetio. Z los Fndios que
hoalcancauan aquellos palilles, rom.avan
aquelbumoccn pnos Lalamos of. ie
lasdecarnsos £2 aquel talinftrumento cd
que tomael bumo/o alas Lafiuelas quees
dicho/llamanlos Jnoios Labacowzino as
la yeruua ofueiio que les toma(como penfas
han algunos, fta peruatcntan los Budi
Os porcolamuy preciada / pla criauan en
fus bucrtos zlabrancas para el efecto que
€6 Dicbo/oando fea entender /queefte to#
mar De aquella perua cfabumeno/ no tan
fololes era fana:pero muy fancta cofa, y
alficomocacel Laciqueo principaten tier
ra/tomanlefus mugeres¢que fon muchas)
veclanteen fu cama /fiel antes feloba ma
daDO, [Pero fino lodiro 2 proucyo primes
ro/no quiere fino que lo deré afi fafta que
fete pafle el vino z aquel adomefcimientos
Yo nopuedopenlar queplaser fefacad tal
acto/fino ¢sla gula de beuer Patta dar de ef
paldas:pero fe que pa algunos chriitianos
lo vfauanzen efpecial los que eftauan tocas
d08 Del mal dclas Buas:po2que disen log
tales que en aquel tiempo que eftan affitraf
portados/no ftenten los dolores de fu enfer
medad. Y Ho me parece ques elfo otra cofa,
fino eftar muerto en viva cl que tal lyase: lo
Qual tengo poz peo: que el Dolozde que fe
elcufan-pues no fanan por effo, ZI prefens
temucbos Hegros delos que eltanenelta
cibdady enta pila toda ban romadola mits
ma coltumbre:zcrian enlas basienoas yes
reoamicntos de fus amos efta perug para
loque es dicho, y ellos toman las melinas
albumadas /porque disen que quando pas
ran del trabajo thasen eftos © abacos les
quitan elcanfancio, Zquimeparefce que
quadra pna cottuinbre viciofa zimala que
la gente de 2 racta vfa entre otros lus vicis
oslegunel Zibulenfis eferiuclibzo tercera
capituloctentoy fellenta y ocho lobre Bus
febio Sos tpos. Dove dise qriené porcotid
bre (0008; vardes tinugeres dS comeralrre

REPRODUCTION OF PAGE OF
WHICH CONTAINS FIRST

MENTION OF

“LA HISTORIA GENERAL DE LAS INDIAS”,
FIGURE OF

TOBACCO, AND

PRIMITIVE PIPE.

ee ge ee

= ss ee

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 139

less, with very large soft and cottony leaves and the green
color is inclining to that of the ox-tongue or bugloss (as it is
called by the herbalists and physicians). The plant produces
in some kinds sex seeds like the hog’s-bean which they use in
the following way: The caciques or the chieftains possess
some hollow bobbins of the size of xzeme: and less than the
little finger of the hand in thickness. These tubes have two
tubes converging in one as it is drawn (Table la, Fig. 7a)
and all of a piece. They put the two tubes in the nostrils
and the other in the plant which is burning or parched with
heat. The plants were planted on smooth fields and very
well cultivated. They use to smoke the leaves crumpled or
involuted like the leaves used to drive away odors. They
take the smoke not only once but twice or three times or as
often as they can endure, as long as they are no longer un-
conscious, or knocked over intoxicated or seized with a heavy
and very deep sleep. The Indians who do not use the hollow
bobbins used to take the smoke by some kind of tubes or
carrizos?, and it is after this instrument used for taking the
smoke, or after these tubes that the Indians call them tabaco,
never after the plant or the sleep with which they are seized
(as some persons did believe). The Indians esteem this plant
as a thing of great value and they grow them in their gardens
and on their farms for that purpose I make mention. It will
help to the understanding of the reason for taking that plant
for smoking since it is not only a good thing but a very holy
one for them. And as soon as the cacique or chieftain falls
on the ground he is taken by his wives, (who are many) and
put to his bed or hammock, if he had ordered it before he fell
down; but if he did not say and order it at first they do not
touch him, but let him lie on the ground as long as he is left in
that unconsciousness or sleep. I cannot understand what the
enjoyment this brings at the beginning if it is not the mania
for drinking which seizes the first who takes the smoke. Some
drink so much of the wine they possess that they are drunk

before they begin to smoke, but as soon as they feel to have

1Xeme, the distance from the end of the thumb to the end of the
forefinger, both extended.
2Common reed grass, Arundo phragmites.

» a 4

140 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

had quite enough and feel full, they hasten to smoke. And
also many people who do not drink excessively used to smoke
tabaco as long as they lie on the back or until they tumble
down, but without indisposition, only like sleeping men. It
is possible that also some Christians use it already especially
those who do suffer from mal de las buas, because they say
that during the time of being out of their senses they do not
feel the smarting pains of their illness and I do not know.

‘At present many negroes living in that town and through-
out the whole island have embraced the same custom and they
cultivate on the farms and estates of their masters the plant
I spoke about. They use the articles for smoking or tabacos
because they say that they fatigue if they cannot work and
smoke the tabaco.

‘‘T happen to remember some of the vicious and bad cus-
toms of the people of Tracia, according to Abulensis super
Kusebio De los tiempos (Abulensis, lib. III, cap. 168) where
he says that among other reproachful faults, all, men and
women, used to dine round a fire and breathe much in order
to become intoxicated or it may be the following: if they have
not wine they take seeds of some plants, growing in that coun-
try, which thrown into the fire, produce an odor which in-
toxicates all those present without drinking, and it seems to
me to be the same as the tabacos used by the Indians.’’

NOTES

Mr. G. H. Pring, Horticulturist to the Garden, attended
the National Flower Show Committee meeting at Kansas City,
December 4.

Dr. B. M. Duggar, Physiologist to the Garden, spoke be-
fore the St. Louis Garden Club, November 18, on ‘‘The Effects
of Length of Day on Flowering of Plants.”’

The Garden was awarded a certificate of merit by the St.
Louis Flower Show Association at the annual flower show at
the Coliseum, November 11-12, for its collection of orchids.

Mr. Pring gave his illustrated lecture ‘‘Collecting Orchids
in Colombia, South America’’ before the Parent-Teachers’
Association of the Adams School, December 10,

PLATE 43.

VOL,

Mo, Bor,

t2, 1924.

GARD. BULL.,

UY Tuten quaics LOS Dan menelter/? canto ve mayor el peligro Gntoelcaminoes mag
luengoy. Gi. S.reucrendiffima tan apartado dclo ver:i tanta Oubda como ocurreen
faberie aca la verdad, ¥ por efto querria yo maferio2 reucréoillimo G. ALS. pmerog
eftos paftozes 7 oficiales acuila paflaffen fuelle de vifta infoxmavo de fus petfonas 2
calldades:po2que no ouictic neceflinad de llamar los defpues para fu caftigo: placon
ciecta realde L efar za de. G.D.reveredillima 2 ellos feriozes del cOfejo mas fin ef
crupulo eftuuteffen: 710s veziNO8 De aqilas partes mas feguros 7 pacificamete bivief
femosa gloria zalaba¢a de jefu chziftozel qual ta revuerendiffima ¢ illuftriffima perfos
nay eftado de. S.largos tiempos profpere a fu fantoferuicio, We feuiliag trepnta
das del mes de SHetiembre:de, AIB.0,rtreenta cinco afios,

BEE let cen
—— smams des Ang

Cheenmd

CARTA MISSIVA OF “LA HISTORIA GENERAL DE LAS INDIAS,” BEARING AUTHOR’S AUTOGRAPH.

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 141

The November, 1924, number of the Bulletin of the Garden
Club of America contains an article by Dr. George T. Moore,
Director of the Garden, entitled ‘‘The Feeding of Plants.’’

Mr. G. H. Pring acted as judge of the Flower Show of the
Kansas State Florists’ Association, Wichita, Kansas, October
29-31; and was superintendent of the St. Louis Flower Show
at the Coliseum, November 11-12.

At the botanists’ dinner during the meetings of the Ameri-
can Association for the Advancement of Science, Washington,
D. C., December 30, Dr. B. M. Duggar, Physiologist to the
Garden, will read the address as retiring president of the
Botanical Society of America. The title of his address is
‘‘Physiology in the Service of Pathology.’’

Among those visiting the Garden recently were Prof.
Shunsuke Kusano, professor of botany, Imperial University
of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Dr. J. B. 8. Norton, professor of
botany, Maryland Agricultural College, College Park, Mary-
land; Prof. E, L. Moseley, head of the department of science,
State Teachers’ College, Bowling Green, Ohio; Dr. D. T.
MacDougal, Director Botanical Research of the Desert Labora-
tory (Tucson, Ariz.) of the Carnegie Institution of Washing-
ton.

The following unclaimed articles, found in the Garden dur-
ing the summer and fall, may be obtained by applying at
2315 Tower Grove Avenue:
pairs spectacles
beaded bags
velvet bag
raincoat belt
baby’s bib
pair gloves
rings
Knights of Columbus emblem
umbrella

poh faa BD bed ed ed Bet DCD

3
:
j
.
i

142 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

STATISTICAL INFORMATION FOR NOVEMBER, 1924

GARDEN ATTENDANCE:

ne ARCANE OF “VEMIUDIS, 6. 6 on0.a 0% vie kos So eee 58,279
PLANT ACCESSIONS:
Total number of plants received in exchange........... 150
Total number of seed packets received as gifts......... 6
PLANT DISTRIBUTION:
Total number of plants distributed in exchange....... 314
LIBRARY ACCESSIONS:
Total number of books and pamphlets bought ........ 30
Total number of books and pamphlets donated ....... 198
HERBARIUM ACCESSIONS:
By Gift—
Bartholomew, E.—Fungi from various localities...... 6
Carpenter, Mrs. G. O.—Pinus quadrifolia Parlatore from
Ne rete 56 ee bras, vhs «sos RS Lic < ee i |
Fairman, Dr. C. E.—Fungi of New York.............. 2
Florists’ Publishing Company—Chenopodium capitatum
Cli.) Ast from>Washingeton<. 65... some eee 1
Posse, Miss Christine—Microscope slides of plant ma-
OP Es apts eG Nivea le ornia ss eres daiwioaohedes . ee 20
Schrenk, Dr. H. von—Cone of Pinus tropicalis Morelet
TrOHL 1010°Or P1008, CUDE, . viccnle aes eds sae i ee. 1
Twardock, J. A.—Berberis canadensis Mill. from TIlli-
SUMS NG Ty Ces Pe Tete Pees eee 1
By Purchase—
Broadway, W. E.—Plants of Trinidad, British West In-
ee GME 88 U o-oo c.s:0. co 5sngs cnsaues waeeeEeRO 100
Canton Christian College—Plants of China........... 260
Davis Estate, The John W.—The private herbarium of
the late Rev. John W. Davis, estimated at......... 20,000
Fisher, George L.—Plants of Mexico................. 149
Henderson, Professor L. F.—Plants of Hood River
RG NE os a ks. dv aps ea vewns Eke ee. 396
Mille, S. J. Louis—Plants of Ecuador ............... 226
Payson, Dr. E. B.—Plants of Wyoming collected by E.
B. Payson and G. M. Armstrong...............00-. 578
Weigel, Theodor Oswald—Hayek’s Centaureae exsic-
catae criticae, Fasc. IV, Nos. 141-164, inclusive.... 24
By Exchange—
California Academy of Science, by Miss Alice Eastwood
Plants of Lower California... ..s4. é.¢encdeocn 174
California Academy of Science—Miscellaneous dupli-
Cates, chietly from California...........ceeekececa 50

Dudley Herbarium, Stanford University—Plants of
Wensera -WMItGU MtGtOB.: 6.05 6s rhes cc ecs Soe eee 380

* tal i My =
adr:
ry:

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 143

University of Wisconsin, by Dr. J. J. Davis—Fungi
Wisconenses exsiccati. Decades XII-XIII Nos 111-

25) PRS Ba) Ba = hd: Be a a ee OY, erro See ini 20

By Field Work—
Allen, Cyril—Plants of Colombia, S. A................ 150
det Beats Br Ok aera cre amie Pacer ris SOARS carte Meek 22,539

The Garden is open to the public every day in the year, except New
Year’s, Fourth of July, Labor Day, and Christmas— week days from 8:00
A. M. until one-half hour after sunset; Sundays from December to April,
1:00 P. M. until sunset, from April to December, 2:00 P. M. until sunset.

The main entrance to the Garden is located at Tower Grove Avenue
and Flora Boulevard, on the Vandeventer Avenue car line. Transfer
south from all intersecting lines.

a, eee I en

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 145

Index to Illustrations

Page
View through mausoleum gate towards old residence............ al
Bur oak, large specimen of, at East Prairie, Missouri........... 25
White-oak acorns used in making meal............-.eeeeeeeees 32
Maine made from ACGIN MGA). 64. vives acces sec eared seine 32
Pruning the Oalifornia privet at the: Garden... i. s.cvecse ese 37
Prunus Mahaleb, showing bark damaged by rabbits............ 40
Wipemaris AC the, GATQew 6.845). 650 4o.0 coe clsiy ee 6 4 4 inse duet ehars atk Bie 16 41
House wren, novel nesting place of &........csscccccccecevccecs 45
Black Hamburg Sap, 2... vices cccccdscwnveenelscevewsesagaes 46
EIEN es POC LAN os 5. ch detaeg W eeli ce 9 5.0.0 Wis la bc web te §. Oratabe 6 one ee win talers 47
NCE ATU GRAINS yg ilo. cs oa6: s' 8059. 6 ko 9 wivliose 4 eee ¥.0'e ik 51055 wrateiale alsin ad's 52
TriGhOnilia GUGUIE VAT: QIOG, 6655 5c ccs cyeciss cee ne mehies erenwas 53
IN GOtA TN 6 mL 0 ates aos -ca e005 5 v's siclntentlic a vinie = sve gbeneneateretares 57
INGOUMTIG aL V RL VCES. 5s '5 cis.c:c o's eb ie = eet 4lg w ahs cle, oom Bet al ale is (ee 58
Maidenhair tree in fruit at the Garden.........ccsecevccncecees 64
Map of St. Louis, showing zones with reference to vegetation... 69
Plans of Arsenal Street and Humphrey Street gardens.......... 80
Plans of Utah and Westminster Place gardens...............-.. 81
An Ayaensl Street SATGEN « <.5 0.5 cco cs a a a's alone s dels eRe isthe te he 82
Japanese garden on Washington Boulevard...............-.4.. 82
Back-yard garden on Utah Place.........cscecccecveccdeoscccres 83
Back-yard garden on Westminster Place..............--eeeeeee 83
Tower Grove Station Sarde. .:... < ..< ac s10,c cjetone sroseias ete tinieic erals ais sie 84
Iris beds across the tracks from Tower Grove Station........... 84
Showing damage to trees at the Garden caused by wind storm
MPMI LIA Ge LU sose'cu sic%s 9.5[0 vinicis wlsve's «bjt 5eGye: 6 cielofereleld oie i ioetohity ie siole wal 87
Maple tree in front of mausoleum, showing limbs and branches
Blowin of. by: storm Of July 17... 2s sic cis v5.3 cle choses elelieie =e 88
Poison-ivy growing in association with Virginia creeper........ 89
Poison-ivy, spray of, at left, Virginia creeper at right........... 90
TYECROPIHA COCCINER 0. ..ccecencceccceccnntcereveesseesesesqese 91
Orchids, shipment of, from England, showing method of pack-
Eo is ob access (9's s vives es comes Oh Oe cee wee Ree ae Nee - 92
TADALNUIN -ONATUTOUMES 5c oc occ 0e een cn see # Bclen'ee eitie sie tie ipece 93

Obverse and reverse of medal awarded to the Garden at the
first annual show of the American Orchid Society in Boston,
May 8-11, for hand-colored photographs illustrating orchid
RII. oy ciuiad 0k oso vines nbs dees 906s ce tu (as ¥e.emmives Sieueuare 94

Silver cup awarded to the Garden at the first annual show of
ie eanerican Oronid Soclety........+s sents sees osu emue sais « 95

;
a

2" Gata hg alae a

ee ge ge c% eae i) ~, % Oe ee ee

146 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN
Page
Aquarium exhibit, view of, in the floral display house at the
CMON ODI ED oP a4 63 tow oso tc ele olen, ee. 99
Frost flowers produced on pruned stems of crownbeard (Ver-
PN ONIN o6aa ENS 5 ed os 0s aN SES) ss hb cs 104
Te SOG arin g Kv GN ou koe bo 5.0 #0ES 4d 44 Woda Ek. 105
Nr INT OE NG ooo ss ee dace dhe e Cobos deedeheweee 107
eeeGunue CIMtOGY, PONOTR! VIEW Of... . ccc ccc cece cccedencndcceics 127
Orchids, bank of, in floral display house................0cceceee 128
White Tulipan (Cattleya Trianae var. alba)....... 0.0.0 cceueee 129
ECM EIASEROEE, “WWNUNIOIG nov kc tse vaccnea cs cana cdee skates } 180
Rose garden, portion of, showing winter protection............. 131
Roses, climbing, showing method of protecting................ 131
Michaelmas daisies, four distinct types of.............cccecces 134
Meee Sea OOTIOMINON (OL, so saa koh lcd ve cans a buy ee ee 135
“La Historia General de las Indias,” by El Capitan Gonzolo
Fernandez de Oviedo y Baldés, title-page of...............05. 138

“La Historia General de las Indias” reproduction of page which
contains first mention of tobacco and figure of primitive type. .139

“La Historia General de las Indias” carta missiva of, bearing
ee DU ORPAIN oi oe. w icwicca-s o's « Ceoand ke bane: eee. 140

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 147

General Index

Figures in italics refer to page numbers of plates and cuts.

A

Acorns, white oak, as food, 32;
used in making meal, 32; muffins
made from, 32

Acroclinium roseum, 136

Addition, out-of-town, to the Gar-
den, 3

Ailanthus, 69

Amaranth, globe, 136

American Orchid Society, the first
exhibition of the, 61; medal
awarded to Garden at, 94; silver
cup awarded to Garden at, 95

Ammobium alatum, 186

Ampelopsis Hoggit, 87

Annual bequests, 9

Annual report of the director for
1923 (thirty-fifth), 1

Antirrhinum “Indian Summer,” 135

Aquarium exhibit in the floral dis-
play house at the Garden, 2, 99

Aquilegia californica, 72

Aralia pentaphylla, 69

Arsenal Street garden, an, 79, 80,
82

Artichoke, Chinese, 103

Aster Amellus, 134, 135; cordifolius,
134, 135; novae-angliae, 134, 135;
novi-belgii, 134, 185

Attendance, Garden, for 1923, 22

B

Backyard gardens, 79

Barberry, 39; red Japanese, 136

Beautifying a railroad station, 83

Berberis Thunbergii, 39, 70

Bittersweet, false, 136

Black jack, 31

Brasso-Cattleya, 62; “Penelope,”
129, 130

Brasso-Laelio-Cattleyas, 62

Bucus sempervirens, 39

C

Cacalia coccinea, 1386

Cattleya Schroederae, 128; Trianae,
128, var alba, 129, 129.

Celastrus scandens, 136

Celosias, 135

Chrysanthemums, 135

City gardens, a spring visit to some,
79; what to plant in, 69

City planting zones, 74

Coleus parviflorus, 103

Colombia, expedition to, for orchids,

6

Columbines, 72

Construction at Garden during
1923, 1

Cornus florida, 71; stolonifera, 70

Crop Protection Institute, fellow-
ship of, 16

Crownbeard, 105

Cup, silver, awarded to Garden at
first annual show of the Amer-
ican Orchid Society, 95

Cymbidiums, 62

Cypripediums, 63

D

Daffodil bulbs, poisoning caused by
eating, 52

Dahlia show, first St. Louis, 2

Decree of court disposing of pas-
ture land at Garden, 4

Director, thirty-ninth annual report
of the, 1

Dogwood, flowering, 71

E

Eremurus for St. Louis, 41; at the
Garden, 41

Eremurus robustus, 42

Evergreens, 70; recommended for
various St. Louis districts, 76

148 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

Expedition to Central and South
America for orchids, 6

F

Fall flower show, 2

Fertilizers, grape, 49

Flora de Mayo, 128

Flower sermon, annual, 9

Forcing grapes, 45; peaches and
nectarines, 57

Foxglove ‘‘The Shirley,” 135

Frost flowers, 104, 105; produced on
pruned stems of crownbeard
(Verbesina virginica), 104

Frost injury, protecting roses from,
129, 130

Frost weed, 105

Frozen hedges and roses and their
treatment, 37

G

Gaillardia ‘“‘The Dazzler,” 135

Garden Club of St. Louis, the fourth
annual show of, 2

Geums, 135

Ginkgo biloba, 64, 64 73

Golden chain, 93

Graduate students at Garden dur-
ing 1923, 15

Grape: best varieties for forcing,
51; “Black Hamburg,” 46; con-
trol of insect and fungous pests
affecting the, 51; cultivation of
the, 48; excerpts from Henry
Shaw’s account of the, 45; Fos-
ter’s Seedling, 47; pruning the,
49; spraying the, 49

H

Hedges, frozen, treatment of, 37

Helianthemum canadense, 105

Helianthus angustifolius, 135; cu-
cumerifolius, 135.

Helichrysum, 136

Herbarium, report of, for 1923, 18;
exchanges, 19; field work, 19;
mounting and distribution of
specimens, 19; new accessions,
18; statistical summary, 20; use
of, by outside botanists, 20

“Historia General de las Indias,’
137, title-page, 188; reproduction

of page containing first mention
of tobacco, 139
Hoarhound, 103
Holly, 71
Horsemint, 103
Humphrey Street garden, 80, 80
Hyptis spicigera, 103

I
Iris Kochii, 83; “Bluebird,” 83

J

Japanese garden on Washington
Boulevard, 81, 82
Jonquils, toxic principle of, 52

L

Labiatae, 99

Laburnum anagyroides, 98, 93

Laelio-Catileya, 62; luminosa var.
aurea, 129

Lantern-plant, Chinese, 136

Larkspurs, 72

Lavender, 100

Lavendula vera, 100

Lawns in St. Louis, 69; testing of
grass mixtures for, 2

Lectures by members of Garden
staff during 1923, 12

Library, report of, for 1923, 20;
Garden publications as a means
of exchange, 21; statistical, 22

Ligustrum, 39, 69; amurense, 39;
LIbota, 39; ovalifolium, 37, 39

Lilacs, 70 :

Lily disease, 90

Linnean garden, changes in, 1

Linum hirsutum, 135

Lunaria annua, 136

Lycium, 69, 83

Lotus, 137

M

Maidenhair tree, the, 64; in fruit
at the Garden, 64

Maple tree in front of mausoleum,
showing limbs and_ branches
blown off by storm of July 17, 88

Marjoram, 101

Marrubium vulgare, 103

Matrimony vine, 83

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

Mausoleum gate, view through, to-
wards old residence, 1

Medal awarded to Garden at first
show of American Orchid So-

ciety, 94
Mentha, 99; arvensis var. piperas-
cens, 100; canadensis, 100; cit-

rata, 100; piperita, 99, var. vul-
garis, 100, var. officinalis, 100;
Pulegium, 100; rotundifolia, 100;
spicata, 100

Michaelmas daisies, 134

Miltona, 62; vegvillaria, 62

Mint family, some valuable mem-
bers of the, 99

Missouri Botanical Garden, rank
of, in comparison with other
botanical institutions, 8

Monarda, 103

Mulberry, Chinese paper, 73

N
Narcissine, 52
Nectarine, forcing the, 57; “Stan-
wick,” 57; “Early Rivers,” 58
Nettles, stinging, 89
Nursery at Garden, 2
Nut orchard at the Garden, 71

0

Oak: black, 31; bur, large specimen
of, at East Prairie, Missouri, 25;
chinquapin or yellow, 29; hybrid,
27; pin, 30; poison, 88; post, 27;
red, 29; scarlet, 30; Schneck’s,
30; swamp white, 28; shingle,
31; white, 26, acorns as food, 32,
used in making meal, 32, muffins
made from, 32

Oaks, in St. Louis, 71; local and
their uses, 25

Ocimum sanctum, 103

Odontioda, 62

Odontoglossum crispum, 62

Oncidium Kramerianum, 129; Papi-
lio, 129

Orchid: a new white from Panama,
58; exhibition, 127, 127, 128; So-
ciety, American, the first exhibi-
tion of the, 61

Orchids: 53, 91; exhibit of, at
Horticultural Hall, Boston, 61,

149

list of, of botanical interest
shown by Garden, 63; expedition
to Central and South America
for, 6; medal awarded Garden at
American Orchid Society show
for collection of hand-colored
photographs illustrating collect-
ing of, 94; packing for shipment,
92, 92

Origanum Majorana, 102

Out-of-town addition to the Garden,
3, 70

Oviedo y Baldés, account of “La
Historia General de las Indias”
by, 137; autograph of, 139

Packing orchids for shipment, 92

Parthenocissus quinquefolia, 87

Pasture land at Garden, disposal
of, 4

Patchouli, 103

Paulownia, 73

Peach “Peregrine,” 57

Peaches and nectarines, forcing,
57; control of insects and disease
affecting, 61

Peonies, 70

Peppermint, 99, 102

Perennials, city-grown, 70, 72; list
of, proving hardy, 73

Perilla, 99

Petunias, blue, 135

Physalis Francheti, 136

Plectranthus madagascariensis, 103

Pogostemon Heyneanus, 103

Poison ivy, 87, growing in associa-
tion with Virginia creeper, 89;
spray of, 90; remedies for, 90

Poisoning caused by eating daffodil
bulbs, 52

Poplars, Lombardy, 70

Poppy, Oriental, 135

Primula poisoning, 90

Pring’s orchid expedition to South
America, 6

Privet: California, 70, pruning the,
at the Garden, 37; ‘‘Lodense,” 39;
Regel’s, 70; treatment of frozen,
37

Protecting roses from frost injury,
129, 131

Pruning grapes, 50; roses, 39

>

150 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

Prunus Mahaleb, showing bark
damaged by rabbits, 40; Persica,
57, var. nucipersica, 57

Published articles and notes by
members of staff and students
during 1923, 11

Q

Quercus alba, 26, X_ stellata, 27;
bicolor, 28; coccinea, 30; imbri-
caria, 31; lyrata, 27; macrocarpa,
28, var. olivaeformis, 28; marilan-
dica, 31; Muhlenbergii, 29; pal-
ustris, 30; rubra, 29; Schneckii,
30; stellata, 27; velutina, 31

R

Rabbits that bark, 40; Prunus Ma-
haleb, showing damage due to,
40; treatment of plants injured
by, 41

Railroad station, beautifying a, 83,

Research and instruction during
1923, 10

Rhus, 69, 73; diversiloba, 88; ver-
niciflua, 88; Toxicodendron, 87;
vernix, 88

Roses: pruning of, 39; frozen, treat-
ment of, 39; at Garden, damage
to, during recent years, 73; pro-
tecting, from frost injury, 129,
131; smoke injury to, 132; va-
rieties to plant in smoke areas,
133

S

Sage, 102

St. Louis, a valuable small flower-
ing tree for, 93; a spring visit to
some gardens in, 79; map of,
showing zones with reference to
vegetation, 69, list of trees and
shrubs recommended for differ-
ent zones, 75

Salvia officinalis, 102

School for Gardening, 8

Senecios, 135

Shaw, Henry: about 1865, 107; bio-
graphical sketch of, 107

Shrubs, city-grown, 70, 71; list of,
recommended for different St.
Louis zones, 77

Smoke injury to roses, 132

Snowberry, 136

Spike grass, 136

Spring visit to some St. Louis gar-
dens, 79

Stachys Sieboldii, 103

Statice latifolia, 136; sinuatum,
186; spicata, 136; Suworowii,
136

Statistical information for Decem-
ber, 1923, 23; January, 1924, 35;
February, 44; March, 56; April,
67; May, 85; June-August, 96;
September, 106; October, 124;
November, 142

Straw flowers, 136

Sumac, poison, 88

x

Tassel-flower, 136

Test garden, the, 134

Thyme, 102

Thymus vulgaris, 102

Tobacco: flowering, 135; the first
recorded account of the use of,
and the instrument through
which it was inhaled, 137, 139

Tower Grove station garden, 83, 84

Tree-of-heaven, 69

Trees: at the Garden, showing
damage caused by wind storm of
July 17, 87, 88; city-grown, 71;
list of, recommended for differ-
ent St. Louis zones, 75

Trichopilia coccinea, an unusual
specimen of, 91, 91; marginata
var. alba, 53; suavis, 52, var.
alba, 53

Trustees’ banquet, 9

Tulipan, 128, 129

U

Uniola latifolia, 136
Utah Place garden, 80, 81, 88

v

Valuable small flowering tree for
St. Louis, a, 93

Verbena “Mayflower,” 135

Verbesina virginica, 105

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

Viols lutea splendens, 135; Papilio,

Virginia creeper, 87; growing in
association with poison ivy, 89;
spray of, 90

Vocational students in School for
Gardening, 9

WwW

Washington Boulevard garden, a,
81, 82

Water-lilies exhibited by Garden at
fall flower show, 2

151

oe Place garden, a, 81,

82,

What to plant in city gardens, 69

White-oak acorns as food, 32.

Wind storm, showing damage
caused by, to trees at Garden,
87, 88

Wren, house, novel resting place
of a, 45

x

Xeranthemum annuum, 136

“Research Anant

_K ATHERINE, ot Leta
Racine’, to the Director

ii Ratdnads hi sa cee Oe 4, Netens oo
Herbacroun and A Narasry, UY hag Mr pe « tS icwescis tan Dieter, 7

wn ‘VauneNtisn
Gaptete Ph: