MussourRi BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN VOLUME XXIV WITH 46 PLATES, 19 TEXT-FIGURES, AND 1 MAP 1936 ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI PUBLISHED MONTHLY EXCEPT JULY AND AUGUST, BY THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES SUBSCRIPTION PRICE: ONE DOLLAR A YEAR SINGLE NUMBER TEN CENTS MussOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN Vol. XXIV JANUARY, 1936 No. 1 CONTENTS Page Forty-Seventh Annual Report of the Director . ... 1 Statistical Information “i> sO a Pee ee ae ST. LOUIS, MO. 1936 Published Monthly, Except July and August, by the Board of Trustees SUBSCRIPTION PRICE: ONE DOLLAR PER YEAR SINGLE COPIES TEN CENTS BOARD OF TRUSTEES OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN THE ORIGINAL MEMBERS WERE DESIGNATED IN MR. SHAW’S WILL AND THE BOARD SO CONSTITUTED, EXCLUSIVE OF THE EX-OFFICIO MEMBERS, IS SELF-PERPETUATING President GEORGE C. HITCHCOCK Vice-President DANIEL K, CATLIN Second Vice-President ALBERT T, PERKINS L, Ray CARTER GEORGE T. Moore SAMUEL C. DAvIs EUGENE PETTUS THOMAS S, MAFFITT ETHAN A. H. SHEPLEY FRep G. ZEIBIG EX-OFFICIO MEMBERS GEORGE R, THROOP, - WILLIAM SCARLETT, Chancellor of Washington Uni- Bishop of the Diocese of Missouri versity BERNARD F. DICKMANN, RospertT J. TERRY, Mayor of the City of St. Louis President of The Academy of Sci- ence of St. Louis JAMES J. FITZGERALD President of the Board of Education of St. Louis Secretary GERALD E...ULRICI Mo. Bor. Garp. BuLL., Vou. 24, 1936 PLATE 1 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN (THE NAME DESIGNATED BY re SHAW IN’ HIS WILL) FOUNDED—IN <1859 BY. HENRY SHAW OPENED TO VISITORS ON CERTAIN DAYS IN THE YEAR® {860,-AND SINCE THAT YEAR THE NUMBER” OF DAYS OF OPENING GRADUALLY INCREASED, UPON THE DEATH OF MR. SHAW “HIS ESTATE PASSED TO -A- SELF: PERPETUATING BOARD. OF TRUSTEES BY WHICH IT JS ADMINISTERED FOR THE BENEFIT “OF THE GARDEN, THIS INCLUDES THE MAINTENANCE OF LIBRARY, HERBARIUM: AND. BOTANICAL RESEARCH SPECIFIED IN THE: WILLY “NO FUNDS ARE RECEIVED FROM CITY GR- STATE. IN ADDITION 10 -THIS--CITY GARDEN OF SEVENTY: FIVE ACRES, A SIXTEEN HUNDRED ACRE ARBORETUM (1925)° NEAR: GRAY SUMMIT, MISSOURI. AND A green shoots are handled in the same manner as “slips,” except that a frame or Wardian case is practically necessary for rooting. The half-ripened wood cuttings with leaves attached quickly strike root and develop into well established little plants for setting out the following spring. The cuttings may be taken from May to September, the time depending on when the plant makes its new growth. A shaded sash frame outdoors or in the greenhouse is ideal for this purpose, but if only a few cuttings are to be rooted, a small box with a glass cover is satisfactory. Inverted fruit jars are also effective. The cuttings should be about six inches long and just brittle enough to snap off when bent double. The tip ends of the shoots are commonly used, but in some cases other parts of the stem will also root. The leaves are removed from two or three nodes at the base of the cutting and a clean cut made just below the basal node. The lower portion is then buried in the sand several inches and the cuttings watered as usual. The frame should be covered tightly with sash to maintain a close humid atmosphere. An occasional spraying with water (in the morning) will help to prevent the foliage from wilting. Do not keep the sand too wet. ‘The cut- tings will generally root in four to six weeks, then they can be transplanted to nursery beds or placed in flats of soil and kept in the frames. The young plants are benefited by a protective mulch 60 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN during winter or they may be held over in cold-frames to avoid alternate freezing and thawing. In spring the plants can be moved to permanent quarters. Summer cuttings are easily made of the following shrubs: Abelia—Bush-arbutus Hibiscus syriacus—Shrub-althea Acanthopanax—Five-leaf Aralia Hydrangea Aronia—Chokeberry Kerria Azalea Kolkwitzia—Beauty-bush Berberis—Barberry Ligustrum—Privet Buddleia—Butterfly-bush Lonicera—Honeysuckle Buxus—Boxwood Mahonia—Holly-grape Calycanthus—Sweet-shrub Philadelphus—Mock-orange Chionanthus—Fringe-tree Rhodotypos—Jetbead Cornus—Dogwood Spiraea Cotoneaster—Rock-spray Symphoricarpos—Snowberry Cytisus—Broom Syringa—Lilac Deutzia Viburnum Exochorda— Pearl-bush Vitex—Chaste-tree Forsythia—Golden-bell Weigela Hard-wood cuttings—Many shrubs, trees, and vines are propagated by this method. The cuttings are taken in the fall or during the winter when the wood of the previous season’s growth is fully ripened and dormant. It is an advantage to take the cut- tings in autumn as they will callus and often root before planting out in the spring. Some hard-wood cuttings can be planted out- doors in the fall in ordinary soil and will callus without difficulty if given slight winter protection. As a rule, however, the dormant shoots are cut up into pieces about six inches long and tied in convenient bundles with the tops all one way. The cuts are best made at or near the basal nodes and the lower buds rubbed off to prevent suckering when planted. The bundles are stored in boxes of moist sand, soil, or peat ina cool cellar. By the time spring ar- rives, the lower ends of the cuttings will have formed prominent calluses (pl. 13, fig. 3). The same results can be obtained out- doors by burying the bundles in sandy soil below the frost line. A mulch over the top of the soil will retard deep freezing. In spring the callused cuttings are planted upright in the nurs- ery row a few inches apart. The planting depth varies according to the nature of the cutting, but it is customary to leave approxi- mately one-third of the stem above the soil, thus permitting one or several buds to develop into new shoots. In the fall the young plants can be moved as desired. Mo. Bort. Garp. BuULL., Vou. 24, 1936 PLATE 13 ee, ‘ am i. - . am a 2.HARD-WO00D CUTTINGS IN PROPAGATING- BENCH 62 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN Short pieces of woody stem having only one eye or bud can frequently be used as cuttings. They should be started under glass with bottom-heat. The small pieces of stem are imbedded horizontally one inch deep in sand, the bud facing upward. When roots and shoots form, the young plants are potted up in soil and later set out in the field. Various types of hard-wood cuttings are illustrated in figure 4. The heel and mallet types are useful with plants such as the ever- greens which root very slowly. Cuttings of evergreens are a SIMPLE HEEL MALLET SINGLE - EYE Fig. 4. Types of hard-wood cuttings. handled in the same way as summer cuttings except that mature wood of the past season’s growth is taken in fall after frost. The following plants, as well as most of the shrubs mentioned in the foregoing list, are readily propagated by hard-wood cuttings : Akebia Crataegus—Hawthorn Ampelopsis—Virginia Creeper EKlaeagnus—Russian Olive Campsis—Trumpet Creeper Euonymus—Burning-bush Catalpa Nerium—Oleander Cephalanthus occidentalis—But- | Physocarpus—Ninebark tonbush Populus—Poplar Chaenomeles—Flowering Quince Pyracantha—Firethorn MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 63 Rhamnus—-Buckthorn Staphylea—Bladder-nut Rhus—Sumac, Smoke-tree Tamarix—Tamarisk Ribes—Currant Vitis—Grape Sambucus—Elder Wisteria (To be continued ) NOTES Dr. Carroll W. Dodge, Mycologist to the Garden, has been elected vice-president of the American Microscopical Society. Mr. Paul A. Kohl, Floriculturist to the Garden, spoke before the Women’s Club of Belleville, Ill., February 3, on “Roses.” Dr. David C. Fairburn, Research Assistant to the Garden, has a paper in The Gladiolus, the 1936 yearbook of the New England Gladiolus Society, on “The Gladiolus in Missouri.” The Gardeners’ Chronicle of America (40: 48-49. February, 1936) contains an article by Mr. G. H. Pring, Superintendent of the Garden, on “Water-lilies.” Dr, David C. Fairburn, Research Assistant to the Garden, spoke before the nurses of the Deaconess Hospital, February 1, on “The Care and Arrangement of Flowers.” Mr. A. P. Beilmann, Arboriculturist to the Garden, gave an illustrated talk on “The Pruning of Shrubbery,” before the Gar- den Club of St. Louis, February 10. Dr. Edgar Anderson, Geneticist to the Garden, spoke before the Women’s Council of the Union Avenue Christian Church, January 9, on “Science from the Inside.” Dr. Robert E. Woodson, Jr., Research Assistant to the Garden, is the author of an article inthe January number of the Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club (63: 35-37) entitled ‘“‘Additions to the Genus Amsonia.”’ The January, 1936, number of Genetics (21: 61-65) contains a paper by Dr. Edgar Anderson, Geneticist to the Garden, entitled “A Morphological Comparison of Triploid and Tetraploid Inter- specific Hybrids in Tradescantia.”’ 64 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN Dr. Hermann von Schrenk, Pathologist to the Garden, spoke before the meeting of the American Wood Preservers’ Association, at Memphis, January 28, on “Toxicities of Creosote and Other Coal-Tar Products Extracted from Hard-wood Ties which Have ’ Been in Track Twenty Years or More.’ Mr. George H. Pring, Superintendent of the Garden, spoke be- fore the St. Louis Ladies’ Florist Club, January 5, on “The Evolu- tion of the Chrysanthemum”; January 22, he gave an illustrated talk on “Water-lilies” before the seventh annual Nurserymen’s and Landscape Gardeners’ Conference, at Ohio State University, Columbus; and on February 4, before the St. Louis Hills Garden Club on “City Gardens.” Among the botanists using the Garden library and herbarium during the meetings of the American Association for the Advance- ment of Science, St. Louis, Dec. 30, 1935—January 2, 1936, were the following: Dr. J. M. Aikman, Associate Professor of Botany, Iowa State College, Ames; Dr. Caroline K. Allen, Assistant in the Herbarium, Arnold Arboretum, Boston, Mass.; Dr. George M. Armstrong, Head, Department of Botany, Clemson College, S. C.; Dr. Jens Clausen, Carnegie Institution of Washington, Stanford University, Calif.; Dr. E. E. Clayton, Pathologist, Bureau Plant Industry, U. S. Dept. Agr., Washington, D. C.; Dr. Clair F. Cox, Head, Department of Biology, Technical High School, Indian- apolis, Ind.; Dr. George L. Cross, Assistant Professor of Botany, University of Oklahoma, Norman; Dr. Carl G. Deuber, Assistant Professor of Plant Physiology, Yale University, New Haven, Conn.; Dr. B. M. Duggar, Professor of Physiological and Applied Botany, University of Wisconsin, Madison; Dr. Ethel T. Eltinge, Assistant Professor of Botany, Mt. Holyoke College, South Hadley, Mass.; Dr. Carl C. Epling, Assistant Professor of Bot- any, University of California at Los Angeles; Dr. Norman C. Fassett, Assistant Professor of Botany, University of Wisconsin, Madison; Dr. Harry J. Fuller, Associate in Botany, University of Illinois, Urbana; Dr. J. C. Gilman, Associate Professor of Bot- any, lowa State College, Ames; Dr. George J. Goodman, In- structor in Botany, University of Oklahoma, Norman; Dr. Ed- ward H. Graham, Assistant Curator of Botany, Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh, Pa.; Dr. M. L. Grant, Instructor in Botany, Univer- MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 65 sity of Minnesota, Minneapolis; Dr. Ada Hayden, Assistant Pro- fessor of Botany, Iowa State College, Ames; Dr. J. G. Horsfall, Associate in Research, N. Y. Agricultural Experiment Station, Geneva; Dr. O. E. Jennings, Curator of Botany, Carnegie Mu- seum, Pittsburgh, and Head, Department of Botany, University of Pittsburgh; Dr. Theodor Just, Assistant Curator of Herbarium, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Ind.; Dr. Catharine Lieneman, Instructor in Botany, Vassar College, Poughkeepsie, N. Y.; Dr. T. D. Mallery, Desert Laboratory of the Carnegie In- stitution of Washington, Tucson, Arizona; Dr. George W. Martin, Professor of Botany, University of Iowa, Iowa City; Dr. Mildred E. Mathias, Research Associate, New York Botanical Garden, N. Y.; Dr. Aven Nelson, Professor of Botany, and Mrs. Nelson, of the University of Wyoming, Laramie; Dr. Alice M. Ottley, Profes- sor of Botany and Curator of the Herbarium, Wellesley College, Wellesley, Mass.; Dr. W. T. Penfound, Associate Professor of Botany, Tulane University, New Orleans, La.; Dr. L. J. Pessin, Associate Ecologist, Southern Forest Experiment Station, New Orleans, La.; Dr. H. W. Rickett, Associate Professor of Botany, University of Missouri, Columbia; Dr. Donald P. Rogers, Na- tional Research Fellow, Harvard University, Cambridge; Dr. C. O. Rosendahl, Professor of Botany, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; Dr. Ward M. Sharp, Assistant Biologist, Division of Migratory Water Fowl, Bureau of Biological Survey, Valentine, Nebr.; Dr. Earl E. Sherff, Head, Department of Science, Chicago Normal College; Dr. R. A. Studhalter, Professor of Biology, Texas Technological College, Lubbock; Mr. Royal Turley, stu- dent, University of Montana, Missoula; Dr. Robert W. Webb, Senior Cotton Technologist, Bureau Agricultural Economics, Was: Dept. Agr., Washington, D. C.; Dr. I. L. Wiggins, Assistant Pro- fessor of Botany and Curator of the Dudley Herbarium, Leland Stanford University, Calif. More recent Garden visitors were Dr. Ralph W. Chaney, Re- search Associate, Carnegie Institution of Washington, and Pro- fessor of Paleontology, University of California, Berkeley; Mr. Francis B. Lincoln, Department of Horticulture, University of Maryland, College Park; Mr. Montague Free, Horticulturist, Brooklyn Botanic Garden, Brooklyn, N. Y. 66 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN STATISTICAL INFORMATION FOR JANUARY, 1936 GARDEN ATTENDANCE: Total number of visitors. .......0. 0000000000 ccc cece cee eee 10,929 Laiprary ACCESSIONS: ‘Total number of books and pamphlets bought............... Total number of books and pamphlets donated.............. PLant ACCEssIONs: Total number of plants and seed packets donated. ........... Herpartum Accrssions: By Purchase— Killip, Ellsworth P.—Plants of Peru, collected by G. Klug... Pittier, H.—Plants of Venezuela.......................08. Verdoorn, Fr.—‘Hepaticae Selectae et Criticae,” Ser. IX, Nos. 401-450 inclusive.......... 0.0... ccc cece eee eee eens Verdoorn, Fr.—‘*Musci Selectae et Criticae,”’ Ser. III, Nos. 101-150 inclusive........... 0... cc cc ccc eee eee eee ene Williams, Louis O.—Plants of Wyoming, Colorado, Idaho, Washington and Oregon... .........0.000 00 cece eee eee eee By Gift— Anderson, Edgar—Seeds of [ris versicolor Li... 0.6... eee Barkley, Fred A.—-Specimens of Rhus from Horticulture. ... Graham, EKdward H.—Boraginaceae from Utah............. Hagen, Stanley—Plants of Oklahoma.....................5 Hershey, A. L.—Peganum Harmala L. from New Mexico.... Hinton, George B.—Plants of Mexico...................00. Jennison, H. M.—Plants of Tennessee...................... Killip, Ellsworth P.—Plants of Peru................0..005. Moore, D. M.—Plants of Arkansas...............0.0c cu eeee Moseley, BE. L..Halenia deflexa (J. E. Smith) Griseb. from Wiehe i533 hess V5 Aa 4 e594 aca e enemas eels o8.8 Williams, Louis O.—Plants of western United States........ By Exchange— Demaree, Delzie—Plants of Ohio.......................... Field Museum of Natural History—Miscellaneous herbarium CUP MGANGE: ihssayn etsis 5 oe fares os seb o'sh cea n aaa areaet eats OD OCA oie c oct ca ohn gordo eet’ Sia bee eo ae ae ose eae ais ace "i 104 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 67 SOME FACTS ABOUT THE GARDEN The Missouri Botanical Garden was opened to the public by Mr. Henry Shaw about 1860, From that date to the death of Mr, Shaw, in 1889, the Garden was maintained under the personal direction of its founder, and while virtually a private garden it was, except at certain stated times, always open to the public. Although popularly known as “Shaw’s Garden” the name Missouri Botanical Garden was designated by Mr. Shaw as its official title and in his will or in any of his writings he specifically referred to it as the “Missouri Botanical Garden.” By a provision of Mr. Shaw’s will the Garden passed at his death into the hands of a Board of Trustees. The original members of the Board were desig- nated in the will, and the Board so constituted, exclusive of certain ex-officio members, is self-perpetuating. By a further provision of the will, the immediate direction of the Garden is vested in a Di- rector, appointed by the Board of Trustees. The Garden receives no income from city or state, but is supported entirely from funds left by the founder. The city Garden comprises 75 acres, where about 12,000 species of plants are growing. There is now in process of development a tract of land of over 1,600 acres outside the city limits which is to be devoted to (1) the propagation and growing of plants, trees, and shrubs, designed for showing either indoors or outside, at the city Garden, thus avoiding the existing difficulties of growing plants in the city atmosphere; (2) gradually establishing an arbo- retum as well as holding a certain area as a forest reservation, with the idea that possibly at some future time this may become the new botanical garden, The Garden is open to the public every day in the year, except New Year’s Day and Christmas—week days from 8:00 a. m. until sunset; Sundays from 10:00 a. m. until sunset. The main entrance to the Garden is located at Tower Grove Ave- nue and Flora Place, on the Sarah car line (No. 42), Transfer south from all intersecting lines, SPAPF * swenvming OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN THE GARDEN, 2315 TOWER GROVE AVENUE, ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI Grorce T. Moors, Director KaTuHerine H. Leien, Assistant to the Director HERMANN VON SCHRENK, Epaar ANDERSON, Pathologist Geneticist Jesse M. GREENMAN, Rosert E. Woopson, JR., Curator of Herbarium Research Assistant Ernest §. REYNOLDS, Davip C. FArRBURN, Physiologist ; Research Assistant CarroLtt W. Dopesx, Newt C. Horner, Mycologist Librarian and Editor of Publications GrorGcr H. Prine, : Superintendent JOHN NOyYES, Pavt A. Kout, Consulting Landscape Architect _ . Moriculturist Wit F, LAnGan, Joun H. Kewoae, Chief Engineer Plant Collector JoserH LANGEN, Aveust P. BEILMANN, Assistant Engineer Aboriculturist Artuur D. Forrester, JosEPH CuTAK, Plant Recorder In charge of Exotics Apert PEARSON, LADISLAUS CuTAK, Painter In charge of Succulents THE ARBORETUM, GRAY SUMMIT, MISSOURI Lars P. JENSEN; Manager Roy E. Kissecx, Davip MILLER, Engineer ; “| Orchid Grower TROPICAL STATION, BALBOA, CANAL ZONE REPRESENTATIVE IN EUROPE Gurney Witson, F. L. 8. Hove, Sussex, England | MussouR! BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN Vol. XXIV MARCH, 1936 No. 3 CONTENTS Page Plant Propagation (continued) ©... . . . +. 69 by i ae Ee mA N NE REO a ME ANH Ne yay Oo MNT Ra * 7. Statiztical Information 55 ee A O8 ST. LOUIS, MO. 1936 . Published Monthly, Except July and August, by the Board of Trustees SUBSCRIPTION PRICE: ONE DOLLAR PER YEAR SINGLE COPIES TEN CENTS BOARD OF TRUSTEES OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN THE ORIGINAL MEMBERS WERE DESIGNATED IN MR. SHAW’S WILL AND THE BOARD SO CONSTITUTED, EXCLUSIVE OF THE EX-OFFICIO MEMBERS, IS SELF-PERPETUATING President GEORGE C. HITCHCOCK Vice-President DANIEL K. CATLIN Second Vice-President ALBERT T, PERKINS L. Ray Carrer GrorcGe T, Moore Samvep ©, Davis é EvGEeneE Perrvs Tomas S. Marrirr Eruan A. H. SHEePLey Frep G. Zersic "EX-OFFICIO MEMBERS Grorer R. THROop, WILLIAM SCARLETT, Chancellor of Washington Uni- Bishop of the Diocese of Missouri versity Brrnarp F. Dickmann, Ropert J. TERRY, Mayor of the City of St. Louis President of The Academy of Sci- ence of St. Louis : Jamus J. FrtzGERALD President of the Board of Education of St. Louis Secretary GERALD EF. UtrRictr Missourl Botanical Garden Bulletin Vol. XXIV MARCH, 1936 No. 3 PLANT PROPAGATION I. PROPAGATION BY MEANS OF STEMS (Continued from the February Bulletin ) Rhizomes, runners, offsets, layers —Some plants are propa- gated naturally and artificially by various kinds of stems which have become radically modified from the typical upright leafy forms. Many stems are weak and slender and lie prostrate on the ground where they frequently strike root, while others are climbers and support themselves on suitable objects. In certain cases they are partly or wholly subterranean, often being mis- taken for roots. When stems normally contact the soil, they pro- duce young plants of their own accord, but occasionally the process can be hastened by artificial methods. Rhizomes or rootstocks—A rhizome is an underground stem which generally bears roots, shoots, and leaves. Some rhizomes, such as those of certain Iris, are only partly subterranean, while others may penetrate rather deeply into the soil, as exemplified by the numerous slender rootstocks of plumbago (Ceratostigma plumbaginoides ). A rhizome is distinguished from roots by the presence of nodes, a true root having no such structures. The German or common Iris is propagated by division of the rhizomes (pl. 14, fig. 3). A large clump is dug up and divided into a number of small pieces, each having two or three sprouts for new growth. These fragments, when planted separately in the garden, soon develop into sizable specimens. When the rhizomes (69) Mo. Bor. Garp. BuLt., VoL. 24, 1936 PLATE 14 |. RHIZOME CUTTINGS OF CANNA & | 2. CANNA CUTTINGS IN PROPAGATING BENCH MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 1 are slender and bear no prominent shoots, they are cut up into short pieces and rooted in sand before planting outdoors (pl. 15, fig. 3). The cuttings are placed horizontally and covered with about one inch of sand or set upright with the lower portions em- bedded an inch or more in the sand. After roots and shoots have formed the young plants are potted up in soil and later trans- ferred to the garden. Unfortunately, two very pestiferous weeds, quack grass and bindweed (wild morning-glory), are propagated by rhizomes. Cultivation severs the rootstocks, and a new vigorous crop soon appears from these cuttings. For this reason they are very diffi- cult to eradicate. The following plants are propagated from rhizomes: Achimenes Hosta——Plantain Lily Agropyron—Quack Grass Iris—rhizomatous types Asarum—Wild Ginger Narthecium——Bog Asphodel Aspidistra—Cast-iron Plant Nymphaea—Hardy Water-lilies Canna Podophyllum—May-apple Convallaria ma jalis—Lily-of-the Poly gonatum—Solomon’s-seal valley Primula Seiboldi Convolvulus—Bindweed Rheum Rhaponticum—Rhubarb Ferns—certain kinds Sanguinaria—Bloodroot Helleborus—Hellebore Smilacina—False Solomon’s-seal Holeus halepensis—Jobhnson Grass Trillium—Wake-robin Runners.—In some plants the stems are in the form of runners which creep along the surface of the ground and strike root at the nodes, producing new plants (pl. 17, fig. 1). Independence from the parent plant is established by the death or severance of the connecting stem after the offspring has developed roots and shoots. This method of increase permits the young plant to receive nourishment from the parent until it is able to shift for itself. ‘amiliar examples of plants that propagate by means of runners are: Fragaria—Strawberry Savifraga sarmentosa — Strawberry Nephrolepis—Boston Fern Saxifrage Offsets —Many plants produce small rosettes or leafy shoots near the base of the parent plant. These offsets are sometimes attached to the parent by a short stem (pl. 23, fig. 5), but in other vases they cling directly to the main stem (pl. 22, fig. 5.). When Mo. Bor. Garp. BULL., VoL. 24, 1936 PLATE 15 Fee l, SELENICEREUS INCREASED BY STEM CUTTINGS 3. RHIZOME CUTTINGS OF PLUMBAGO Mo. Bor. Garp. BuLu., Vou. 24, 1936 PLATE 16 aaa May MS : 3 Buy “4 7, ~ ° sh. aaa : om 2.HARDY WATER-LILY, DIVISION OF RHIZOME 3. LILY-OF-THE-VALLEY, DIVISION OF RHIZOME AND FORCING PIPS 74: MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN the offsets are borne next to the surface of the soil, it is an easy matter for them to strike root and eventually become independent. Offsets that do not contact the soil can be removed and placed in moist sand where rooting will occur in a short time. The following plants increase by offsets: Ananas sativus—Pineapple Marica Anthericum—St. Bernard Lily Pandanus—Screw-pine Billbergia Phoenix dactylifera—Date Palm Cotyledon Pistia Stratiotes—W ater-lettuce Echeveria Sempervivum— Houseleek Hichhornia crassipes—Water- Tillandsia hyacinth Sometimes the stems or branches come in contact with Layers. the soil and take root at the nodes while still attached to the parent. Many plants do this unaided, while others require the gardener’s assistance. It is one of the simplest and most dependable methods of propagation and is known as layering. It is often suc- cessful when cuttings fail, being especially useful with hard-wood material, For example, rhododendrons are almost impossible from cuttings but respond well to layering. There are several different types of layering. To make a simple layer, a branch is bent over to the substratum and partly covered with sand or soil, the tip end being left exposed. The branch is held in place by the weight of the material covering it or by some type of anchor. That portion of the branch which is to be buried should have all the leaves removed unless they are suf- ficiently long-stemmed to extend above the surface. With woody stems a short cut or notch is made at each node that is to be covered to stimulate root formation. The cut should be propped open with a match or toothpick. When the layer is well rooted, connection with the parent is severed, and the young plant removed. Layer- ing outdoors is usually done in the spring and summer. Embed the young growing shoots in a light sandy soil and keep the soil moist at all times. In the greenhouse, plants can be layered any time during the year, using sand, peat, or soil as a rooting medium. Tip layering is commonly used with black raspberries and similar plants. The canes are bent over in late summer and the tips anchored in the soil. Roots and shoots soon appear at the tips, forming new plants which are cut from the supporting canes Mo. Bor. Garp BULL., Vou. 24, 1936 PLATE 17 RUNNERS OF BOSTON FERN 3, ANTHURIWM INCREASED BY LAYERING CANES Ef SERPENTINE LAYERING OF SENECIO CONFUSUS S.ACALYPHA CUTTINGS, ROOT DEVELOPMENT DEPENDS ON LEAF AREA 76 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN in the fall or spring and planted separately. Tip layering is il- lustrated in the following sketch (fig. 5). Fig. 5. Propagation by tip layering. Vines with long flexible stems are often propagated by serpen- tine layers (pl. 17, fig. 4). Alternate sections of a single stem are embedded in the sand or soil. Roots appear on each submerged scallop and a large number of plants are obtained. In continuous layering, practically the entire branch except the tip is covered. This type is used with a limited number of vines and shrubs, since many plants will not develop shoots from buds which are covered with sand or soil. Ivy, willow and high-bush cranberry are easily propagated in this manner. Figure 6 shows a continuous layer of ivy. Fig. 6. Propagation by continuous layering. PLATE 18 VOL. Mo. Bort. Garp. BULL., 24, 1936 , RUBBER PLANT | S. STEM SEVERED BELOW ROOTS L. YOUNG PLANT POTTED 3 NOTCH COVERED WITH MOSS ZDRACAENA AIR~LAYERED y.ROOTS FORMED AT NOTCH $. DRACAENA AIR-LAYERED 78 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN Mound layers are used to advantage with low-growing plants which have stems that are too stiff to bend satisfactorily. Goose- berries lend themselves readily to mound layering (fig. 7). The plants are pruned back severely to encourage branching at the base. Sandy soil is then mounded up around the new shoots which strike root at the nodes. The young plants develop rather slowly, often requiring two years to establish a good root system. Other plants propagated by this method are: Calycanthus—Sweet-shrub Spiraea “Anthony Waterer” Cotoneaster Hydrangea Cydonia—Quince Greenhouse plants with rigid woody stems are often increased by Chinese or air layering (pl. 18). A slanting upward cut is made through one or more nodes on the stem and the cut propped open with a toothpick. A ball of damp sphagnum moss is then tied securely around the stem where the cut has been made. If the moss is kept moist and the plant exposed to a warm tempera- ture, roots will soon form. The stem should then be cut off just be- low the ball of moss and the rooted section with moss intact potted up in soil to form a new plant. This is one way to reduce “leggy” or spindly plants to a desirable size. Another method is to cut the woody stems into short pieces and place them horizontally in damp mass or sand. Each piece will take root and form a new plant (pl. 17, fig. 3). Bottom-heat encourages rooting. Mo. Bor. Garp. Butu., Vou. 24, 1936 PLaTE 19 2. HYACINTH BULBS NOTCHED AND SCOOPED |. BULBLETS ON 3 BULBELS FORMING ON SCOOPED TIGER LILY AND NOTCHED BULBS 5S. PROPAGATION OF GLADIOLUS, AMARYLLIS, LILY 80 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN Bulbs, corms, tubers—Many plants are propagated by bulbs, bulbels, bulb-scales, bulblets, corms, cormels, and tubers. These structures are simply modified stems and leaves which occur mostly underground. ‘They contain large quantities of stored plant food, and under favorable conditions of moisture and temperature new plants are formed from dormant buds. A bulb is a rounded underground structure composed mostly of fleshy scale-like leaves. There are two general types of bulbs: (1) tunicated, such as the onion, hyacinth, and tulip, which are composed of close-fitting layers of leaf tissue covered with a dry husk, (2) sealy, illustrated by the lily, which is made up of thick, loose, overlapping scales. Bulbs are increased by natural separation. A mother bulb will produce one or more large bulbs or a number of small bulbels. If the bulbs are large enough, they will bloom within one year, but the small bulbels usually require several years to reach blooming size. When the mother bulb is dug, the bulbels are removed and replanted separately in pots, flats, or beds until they are large enough to produce flowers. Hardy bulbs, such as those of nar- cissus which increase rapidly, should be transplanted frequently to avoid crowding and subsequent non-flowering. Hyacinths are propagated artifically by notching or scooping the bulbs when they are dug in spring and early summer (pl. 19, figs. 2 and 3). Making transverse cuts through the base of the bulb is known as notching. These cuts must not be too deep nor too shallow for good results. Any one not experienced in the art of making the notches will undoubtedly have some casualties. Scoop- ing is also a delicate operation. The entire basal section of the bulb is removed in such a way that all the layers of scales are slightly severed. The wounded bulbs are dusted with slacked lime and placed bottom up in a moist chamber where the tempera- ture can be maintained at 80° F. Within a few weeks small bulbels will start to form on the notched and scooped portions. The bulbs should remain in storage during summer and planted (with the young bulbels attached) outdoors in the fall. The bulbels then grow to maturity, being separated and replanted in special nursery beds the second year. Scooped bulbs produce more bulbels than notched ones, but they are small and require Mo. Bort. Garp. BULL., Vou. 24, 1936 PLaTE 20 a TROPICAL WATER-LILY TUBER SMALL TUBERS AT BASE 82 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN four to five years to reach flowering size. Notched bulbs form fairly large bulbels and flower in three to four years. Lily bulbs are propagated by separation and are easily raised from the fleshy scales (pl. 19, fig. 4). Shortly after the bulbs have flowered, the scales are removed and placed in damp sphag- num moss ina warm greenhouse. Small bulbels will soon develop at the bases of the scales, and will flower in about three years. Another method is to plant the scales two inches deep in soil out- doors during the summer and leave them undisturbed until they flower some three years later. A few plants produce bulblets on the stems in the axils of the leaves or in the flower cluster (pl. 19, fig. 1). When ripe these small bulblets drop off or are removed by hand and planted. Their culture is the same as for bulbels. In one to three years they will usually flower. Some of the plants increased by bulblets are: Allium—Onion Ferns—certain kinds Begonia Evansiana—Hardy Lilium (bulbiferum, Sargentiae, sul- Begonia phureum, tigrinum )—Lily The Madonna and several other lilies can be propagated from the lower part of the flower stem. After the flower has been cut off, the base of the stem is pulled out of the bulb and layered in sand. Small bulbs will arise from the prostrate stem and will flower in two or more years. Culture the same as for bulbels. A corm is a rounded, fleshy, underground base of a stem. It is composed mostly of stem tissue, being solid like a potato, whereas a bulb consists mainly of leaf tissue and when cut open crosswise shows a number of concentric scaly rings. The gladiolus is a familiar plant that produces corms. Each year one or several new corms of flowering size are formed on top of the old mother corm which deteriorates at the end of the growing season (pl. 19, fig. 5). When the plant is dug in the fall, these new corms are separated and planted individually the following spring. Large corms may be cut into sections like a seed potato to produce more plants. Cormels are also formed at the base of the new corm. These cormels should be stored in fairly moist sand or soil until spring and then planted in rows like seed. In one to three years they will develop to blooming size. Mo. Bot. Garp. BuLL., Vou. 24, 1936 PLATE 21 DAHLIA CLUMP, DIVISION WITH SPROUT Z.DIVISION OF DAHLIA ROOTS WITH BUDS S # ‘ Spree 3.SWEET POTATO GROWING IN WATER, STEM CUTTINGS Y.ROOT CUTTINGS OF ORIENTAL POPPY ROOT 84 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN The following plants propagate by corms: Calochortus Sparaxis Crocus Tigridia Cyclamen Tritonia Ixia Watsonia Some plants, such as the common Irish potato and the Jerusalem artichoke, reproduce by tubers, which are thickened underground stems bearing conspicuous buds. These tubers may be planted whole or cut up into several pieces, each piece having at least one healthy bud. Seed potatoes are usually divided into three or four sections which are planted separately. Each section produces a new plant (pl. 20, fig. 1). 2, PROPAGATION BY MEANS OF ROOTS Cuttings.—Plants with thick fleshy roots can usually be propa- gated without difficulty from root cuttings (pl. 21, fig. 4). In certain cases, however, variegations are not transmitted by this method. The roots are cut up into pieces two or more inches long and planted horizontally about one inch deep in sand, moss, or soil. If bottom-heat is applied, new roots and shoots soon ap- pear on the cuttings. Both hardy and tender plants can be propa- gated by this method in the greenhouse, but usually root cuttings of hardy stock are placed in pots or flats of sandy soil in the cold- frame over winter. In spring the small plants are well established and ready to be set out in the garden. Root cuttings of tender plants do well in the greenhouse if exposed to a moderately cool temperature. The cuttings can be made at any time of the year. Some thrive better if placed in the sand vertically with the ends slightly protruding above the surface, but when in doubt use the prostrate method. The list of plants that can be propagated by root cuttings is of course extensive. A few examples are as follows: Aesculus parviflora—Dwart Buck- Bouvardia eve Campsis—Trumpet Creeper Ailanthus—Tree-of-heaven Caragana—Pea-shrub Amelanchier—Shadbush Cirsium arvense—Canada Thistle Anchusa—Bugloss Chaenomeles—Flowering Quince Bocconia—Plume Poppy Crataegus— Hawthorn Mo. Bor. Garp. BuLu., Vou. 24, 1936 PLATE 22 |. LEAF CUTTINGS OF REX BEGONIA 3. YOUNG PLANTS FORMING ON S.OFFSETS OF ECHINOPSIS 7. VIVIPAROUS LEAVES OF TOLMIEA $.LEAF CUTTINGS OF BRYOPHYLLUM 9. LEAF-BUD CUTTINGS OF GERANIUM AND BEGONIA 86 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN Dicentra spectabilis—Bleeding- Robinia—Locust heart Rosa—Rose Euphorbia—Spurge Rubus—Raspberry, Blackberry Gypsophila—Baby’s-breath Sambucus— Elder Halesia—Silver-bell Staphylea—Bladder-nut Paeonia— Peony Syringa—Lilae Papaver orientale—Oriental Poppy Taraxacum—Dandelion Pelargonium—Geranium Verbascum—Mullein Phlox—-hardy type Wisteria Prunus—Plum, Cherry, Peach Xanthoceras Pyrus—Pear, Apple Yucca—Adam’s-needle Radicula Armoracia—Horseradish Zanthorylum americanu m—Prickly Rhus—Sumac Ash Suckers.—Plants which produce suckers from the roots can also be readily increased by root cuttings. Willow, poplar, black locust, and sassafras propagate naturally by suckers, the shoots arising at various points along the roots (pl. 21, fig. 6). These ad- ventitious growths can be separated from the parent and planted individually. Tuberous roots.—The enlarged, fleshy storage roots of plants, such as the dahlia, sweet-potato, tuberous begonia, and caladium, are used for propagating purposes. Most tuberous roots (the dahlia excepted) have the ability to produce adventitious buds and form new plants. Merely plant the root in moist sand or soil and wait for developments. Sweet-potatoes sprout easily in a jar of water (pl. 21, fig. 3). Dahlia clumps which have been stored in dry peat over winter should be divided in the spring when the buds begin to show at the base of the stem. The tuberous roots must be separated carefully in order that there be at least one bud to each division, otherwise no shoots will develop from the root when it is planted in the garden (pl. 21, figs. 1 and 2). Dahlia roots started in sand in the greenhouse about the latter part of April will form numerous shoots which can be used as cuttings. 3. PROPAGATION BY MEANS OF LEAVES In addition to propagation by stems and roots, many plants have the ability to produce entire new individuals from leaves. This process may occur naturally as in the case of viviparous leaves, or artificially by various types of leaf cuttings. Mo. Bor. Garp. Butt., Vout. 24, 1936 PLATE 23 CX Cau tt £ ~ 3. VIVIPAROUS LEAVES OF BRYOPHYLLUM Y. DIVISION OF VARIEGATED SANSEVIERIA S - : PN’, Hy “? \ / 5 .OFFSETS OF ANTHERICUM 88 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN Viwiparous leaves.—Certain kinds of water-ferns, water-lilies, bryophyllums, and T'olmiea Menziesii develop young plants nat- urally on their leaves (pl. 22, fig. 7, and pl. 23, fig. 3). In due time the young plants will detach themselves from the parent leaf and fall to the ground or float away on the water to establish an independent plant. Thus a large plant may become surrounded with a host of offspring like a mother hen with a brood of chicks. In the garden and greenhouse, man usually assists nature by re- moving the plantlets and potting them up in soil. Cuttings.—Plants with thick fleshy leaves and petioles (leaf stems) containing sufficient reserve food can generally be prop- agated by some form of leaf cutting. An entire leaf of bryo- phyllum placed right side up on moist sand will quickly form a small plantlet at most every notch on the leaf (pl. 22, fig. 8). A leaf of Rex begonia treated likewise will send forth a number of sprouts from the base of the leaf where all the veins intersect and also from the end of the petiole. Another method is to sever the veins of the Rex begonia leaf in various places. When such a leaf is placed in close contact with moist sand and bottom-heat applied, a new plant should arise from each wound (pl. 22, figs. 1-3). Rex begonias are also reproduced by cutting the leaves into sec- tions, each section retaining a portion of the fleshy base of the leaf. If these pieces are placed upright in the sand, new shoots and roots will soon appear (pl. 22, fig. 4). The confined at- mosphere of a Wardian case or a bell-jar and slight bottom-heat are essential for success with all leaf cuttings of Rex begonias. Succulent plants, such as Kalanchoé, Byrnesia, Echeveria, and Oliveranthus, are very easily propagated from leaf cuttings. The fleshy leaves are carefully detached from the parent plant and placed on moist sand. Only the base of the leaf should be covered with sand, the rest of the leaf remaining exposed to the light. The young plant originates from the latent bud at the base of the leaf (pl. 24, fig. 2). When taking the leaves from the parent plant be careful not to wound them, as they are very subject to rot. Avoid excess moisture. These plants are adapted to rather dry conditions, and to keep the sand saturated with water is to invite trouble. Mo. Bor. Garp. BULL., Vou. 24, 1936 PLATE 24 3.CYPERUS PROPAGATED FROM HEAD OF LEAVES 90 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN The leaves of some plants must have the petioles attached in order to strike root (pl. 22, fig. 6). The cuttings are placed verti- ‘ally in the sand with the petioles buried one or two inches. Young shoots and roots develop from the callus formed on the ends of the petioles. Plants propagated by this method are: Begonia semperflorens—Ever- Tloya—Wax Plant blooming Begonia Peperomia Gesneria Saintpaulia—African Violet Ginkgo—Maidenhair Tree Streptocarpus—Cape Primrose Gloxinia With Cyperus alternifolius (umbrella plant) an entirely differ- ent type of propagation is necessary. ‘The stem is cut off a few inches below the head of leaves which is pruned to a convenient length. The cutting is then placed in the sand deep enough to cover the entire head, leaving only the tips of the leaves exposed. Roots and shoots arise from the buds in the axils of the leaves, not from the stem as with most cuttings (pl. 24, fig. 3). When potting up the young plant, remove the old original leaves. Another odd type of leaf cutting is that used for propagating Sansevieria (bowstring hemp). The long leathery leaves are cut into pieces several inches in length and the basal ends inserted vertically in the sand, leaving about one-half of the cutting ex- posed. Roots and shoots develop from adventitious buds formed at the base of the cutting (pl. 23, fig. 1). Avoid excess moisture with these succulent plants. Strangely enough, the yellow varie- gations of S. trifasciata var. Laurentii are not transmitted through leaf cuttings. ‘To preserve these variegations the plant must be increased by division of the clump (pl. 23, fig. 4). A leaf-bud cutting includes the leaf, the petiole, the bud in the axil of the leaf, and a portion of the main stem (pl. 22, fig. 9). Roots develop from the “heel” and shoots from the axillary bud. Geraniums, Begonia semperflorens, Acalypha, and Chrysanthe- mum are easily reproduced in this manner. It is a good way to get a large increase from a limited amount of stock. 4. PROPAGATION BY DIVISION Plants which form a series of stems from a large crown or those which spread readily by suckers and offsets, making large clumps, are effectively propagated by division (pl. 14, fig. 3, and pl. 24, MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 91 fig. 1). The old plant is dug up or knocked out of the pot and separated into small sections, each having roots and shoots. Plants that make a rampant growth are usually divided every year to keep them in bounds and to avoid crowding. This is especially true with vigorous plants in small rock gardens and flower borders. The following plants need frequent division: Achillea Yarrow Doronicum—Leopards-bane Artemisia vulgaris—Mugwort Euphorbia—Spurge Aster—hardy types Helianthus—Sunflower Boltonia Oenothera—Evening Primrose Campanula— Bellflower Penstemon-—Beard-tongue Centaurea Cyanus—Cornflower Phlox—hardy types Cerastium tomentosum—Snow-in- Ranunculus—Buttercup summer Sedum—Stonecrop Ceratostigma plumbaginoides— Solidago—Goldenrod Blue Leadwort Thalictrum—Meadow-rue Chrysanthemum—hardy types Veronica—Speedwell Dianthus—Pink Division and replanting of most garden material is usually done in early fall so that normal growth proceeds uninterrupted in spring. ‘The following perennials are rather slow growing and are generally divided every three or four years: Alyssum saxatile—Golden-tuft Hemerocallis—Day-lily Aquilegia—Columbine Hosta—Plantain-lily Astilbe Iris Delphinium—Larkspur Liatris—Blazing Star Dicentra spectabilis—Bleeding- Linum—F lax heart Phlox Echinacea—Coneflower Peonies should be divided about every seven years. Green- house plants, such as ferns, orchids, asparagus, violets, etc., are readily increased by division. Shrubs that have a tendency to spread can also be separated when necessary. This is best done in late fall when the plants are dormant. Of course to appreciate how fascinating plant propagation really is, one has to bolster up a discussion of this sort with prac- tical demonstrations. After these proposed methods have all been tried, there is still another very important subject to consider, namely, grafting, which is one of the most intriguing arts of gardening. And now it has been discovered that certain chemicals applied to the aerial parts of growing plants cause various kinds of abnormal growth responses, including the rapid formation of 92 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN roots wherever the magic chemicals contact the stems or leaves. Will these strange growth-producing substances antiquate the present methods of plant propagation? We all have so much to learn that a closed mouth and an open mind are cardinal virtues in this day of scientific endeavor. Dy Ue Be NOTES Mr. A. P. Beilmann, Arboriculturist to the Garden, spoke be- fore the St. Louis Horticultural Society, March 6, on “The Fertili- zation of Trees.” Recent visitors to the Garden include Dr. Delzie Demaree, of the University of Oklahoma; and Dr. J. A. Drushel, Professor of Education, New York University, N. Y. Dr. Edgar Anderson, Geneticist to the Garden, gave a talk before the St. Louis Unit of the Women’s Overseas Service League, at the Town Club, February 19, on “Plant Hunting in the Balkans.” Dr. David C. Fairburn, Research Assistant to the Garden, ad- dressed the civics group of the St. Louis College Club, February 25, on “Landscaping the Home Grounds.” Mr. L. P. Jensen, Manager Missouri Botanical Garden Arbo- retum, gave a talk before the Parent-Teachers’ Association of Gray Summit, February 11, on “The Henry Shaw Gardenway.” Mr. Ladislaus Cutak, in charge of Succulents at the Garden, gave an illustrated lecture on “Vagabonding in the Southwest” before the St. Louis Wild Flower Club, March 3; and before the Webster Groves Nature Society at Webster Groves, Mo., March 6. Number 1 of Volume XXIII of the ANNaLs or THE Missouri Boranicat Garpen was issued in March. The contents are as follows: “A Comparative Study of Conidial Formation in Ceph- alosporium and Some Related Hyphomycetes,’ M. Elizabeth Pinkerton; “A Study of the Genus Helicogloea,” Gladys E. Baker; “Morphology, Physiology and Cytology of Syringospora ineworabilis (Monilia inexorabilis ),” Carroll W. Dodge and Morris Moore. Dr. Edgar Anderson, Geneticist to the Garden, is one of the authors of a paper in the February number of House Beautiful MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 93 (78: 89) entitled “Are Flower Shows Really Helpful?” ; with Dr. W. B. Turrill as co-author, he has a paper in Nature (136: 986. 1935) on “Biometric Studies on Herbarium Material.”” His paper on “Oriental Crab-apples” in the December, 1935, Bulletin of the Arnold Arboretum has been reprinted in the February number of the Garden Digest (8: 18-20). STATISTICAL INFORMATION FOR FEBRUARY, 1936 GARDEN ATTENDANCE: NotalsnumberiOL VASItOTS = sone eee ciese 2 ease ee eee ewe 5,969 Laiprary ACCESSIONS: Total number of books and pamphlets bought................ 58 Total number of books and pamphlets donated............... 240 Pian ACCESSIONS: Total number of plants and seed packets donated............ 1,001 Herpartum Accrssions: By Purchase— Degener, Otto—Plants of Hawalie. .. ean eseeten a vee eee .. 105 Natural History Museum, Botanical Division, Stockholm— Plants of Brazil, collected by P. Dusén................ -eee 240 By Gift— Anderson, K.—Weisia viridula (L.) Hedw. from Missouri. . 1 Anderson, E.—Plant descriptions and illustrations............ 7 Collom, Mrs. W. B.—Funastrum from Arizona........ 0 ....4. 1 Drushel, J. A.—Silphium sp. from Texas...............000005 1 Eastman, Robert E.—Bryophyllum sp. from horticulture. ..... 1 Harrison, Bertrand—Plants of Utah.....................40. 223 Lewis, Bro. Hubert—Plants of Missouri............... pats 4.0 Martz, E.—Brassavola sp. from Colombia, South America... . 1 Przemecky, Ing.—Plants of Roumania....................... 18 Williams, L. O.—Plants of central and western United States. . 13 By Exchange— Botanical Museum, University of Cluj—Plants of Roumania.. 313 Demaree, Delzie—Plants of Ohio, etc..................000000- 217 Hermann, F. J.—Plants of Michigan.....................02- 137 Keck, David—Plants of western United States............... 93 Natural History Museum, Botanical Division, Stockholm— Rlants-of Scandinavia ote ee en ee ee 54 Natural History Museum, Botanical Division, Stockholm— POULNe eA Menican Wichenstmawes a) ear eee cena aioe ees 102 Purer, Miss Edith A.—Plants of California.................. 124 University of California at Los Angeles by C. C. Epling— lants. O1eCalitonnitiw, . screens cine eee 172 By Transfer— Moore, George 'T).—Trichilia sp. from horticulture. ........... 1 Total 94 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN SOME FACTS ABOUT THE GARDEN The Missouri Botanical Garden was opened to the public by Mr. Henry Shaw about 1860. From that date to the death of Mr. Shaw, in 1889, the Garden was maintained under the personal direction of its founder, and while virtually a private garden it was, except at certain stated times, always open to the public. Although popularly known as “Shaw’s Garden” the name Missouri Botanical Garden was designated by Mr. Shaw as its official title and in his will or in any of his writings he specifically referred to it as the “Missouri Botanical Garden.” By a provision of Mr. Shaw’s will the Garden passed at his death into the hands of a Board of Trustees. The original members of the Board were desig- nated in the will, and the Board so constituted, exclusive of certain ex-officio members, is self-perpetuating. By a further provision of the will, the immediate direction of the Garden is vested in a Di- rector, appointed by the Board of ‘Trustees. The Garden receives no income from city or state, but is supported entirely from funds left by the founder. The city Garden comprises 75 acres, where about 12,000 species of plants are growing. There is now in process of development a tract of land of over 1,600 acres outside the city limits which is to be devoted to (1) the propagation and growing of plants, trees, and shrubs, designed for showing either indoors or outside, at the city Garden, thus avoiding the existing difficulties of growing plants in the city atmosphere; (2) gradually establishing an arbo- retum as well as holding a certain area as a forest reservation, with the idea that possibly at some future time this may become the new botanical garden. The Garden is open to the public every day in the year, except New Year’s Day and Christmas—week days from 8:00 a. m. until sunset; Sundays from 10:00 a. m. until sunset. The main entrance to the Garden is located at Tower Grove Ave- nue and Flora Place, on the Sarah car line (No. 42). ‘Transfer south from all intersecting lines. STAFF OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN THE GARDEN, 2315 TOWER GROVE AVENUE, ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI Grorce T. Moors, Director Katnerine H. Leigu, Assistant to the Director HERMANN VON SCHRENK, Epcar ANDERSON, Pathologist Geneticist : Jesse M. GrEENMAN, Rosert EB. Woopson, JR., Curator of Herbarium Research Assistant Ernest 8. REYNOLDS, Davip C. Farrpurn, Physiologist Research Assistant Carrott W. Doner, Nett C. Horner, Mycologist Librarian and Editor of -. Publications Grorce H. Prine, Superintendent JOHN NoyzEs, Pau. A. Kou, : Consulting Landscape Architect Floriculturist Wituram F. Lana@an, Joun H. Kewioae, Chief Engineer Plant Collector JOSEPH LANGEN, Aucust P. BeInMAnn, Assistant Engineer Aboriculturist ArtHour D. Forrester, JOSEPH CuTAK, Plant Recorder In charge of Exotics ALBERT PEARSON, LapDIsLaus CuTaK, Painter In charge of Succulents THE ARBORETUM, GRAY SUMMIT, MISSOURI Lars P, JENSEN, Manager Roy E. Kissrcx, Davip Minter, Engineer Orchid Grower TROPICAL STATION, BALBOA, CANAL ZONE REPRESENTATIVE IN EUROPE Gurney WISson, F, L. 8. Hove, Sussex, England MulSSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN [BULLETIN Vol. XXIV APRIL, 1936 No. 4 CONTENTS Page Feéding the Shade Trees: .0 0. 9S A Six-Weeks’ Course in Field Botany, June 16 to July BRN OSG: (Fe AE APSE ak Cae Ents, Satan, Sa Gerda ge a Notes pee ig eee AS a oe eh Bd Rees he ees Statistical Inforination 3.0.20 et Bee ee ae ea 6) ST. LOUIS, MO. 1936 Published Monthly, Except July and August, by the Board of Trustees SUBSCRIPTION PRICE: ONE DOLLAR PER YEAR SINGLE COPIES TEN CENTS BOARD OF TRUSTEES OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN THE ORIGINAL MEMBERS WERE DESIGNATED IN MR. SHAW’S WILL AND THE BOARD SO CONSTITUTED, EXCLUSIVE OF THE EX-OFFICIO MEMBERS, IS SELF-PERPETUATING President GEORGE C. HITCHCOCK Vice-President DANIEL K. CATLIN Second Vice-President ALBERT T. PERKINS L, Ray Carter Grorer T. Moorz Samuet C. Davis Hocene Perrvs Tuomas 8, Mareirr Eruan A. H. SHepiey Frep G. Zeria EX-OFFICIO MEMBERS Grorce R, THROoP, WILitAM SCARLETT, Chancellor of Washington Uni- Bishop of the Diocese of Missouri versity Brrnarp F, Dickmann, Ropert J. TERRY, Mayor of the City of St. Louis President of The Academy of Sci- ence of St. Louis James J. FirzGERALp President of the Board of Education of St. Louis Secretary GrraLp E. Unrtictr CROSS-SECTION OF 57-YEAR-OLD-PINE TRUNK, SHOWING DE- CREASE IN ANNUAL GROWTH, RESULTING IN DEATH. BLACK LINE MARKS SIZE WHEN 28 YEARS OLD. GROWTH OF BLACK WALNUT DURING TWO DRY SEASONS. 96I ‘PZ “IOA “TINg ‘auvy “Log ‘OJ CZ ALVIg Missourlt Botanical Garden Bulletin Vol. XXIV APRIL, 1936 No. 4 FEEDING THE SHADE TREES Gardening publications have generally evaded references to tree feeding. Sometimes the subject was unavoidable, in which case it was covered in one short paragraph, leaving the critical reader to answer his own questions. Many writers failed to realize the necessity of feeding shade trees. Others called attention to it, but neglected to give directions. More recently definite instruc- tions are sometimes given, since it is now understood that starvation is the most common cause of death in mature shade trees. Two numbers of the Garden Buriierin have dealt with the problem of supplying shade trees with food. The first article, in October, 1929, “The Feeding of Shade and Ornamental Trees,” brought together the meagre information then available. The second, ““How to Feed a Shade Tree,” appeared in April, 1934, and recounted the five years of experimental work which began before the publication of the first bulletin. The present article becomes necessary, since both the earlier bulletins are out of print. It now incorporates the results of six years of work, and was pre- sented in essentially the same form before the Tenth National Shade Tree Conference, August, 1934. Later the paper was re- written for The Shade Tree (Bulletin of the New Jersey Federa- tion of Shade Tree Commissions). Through the courtesy of the Garden it has also been republished in a number of gardening periodicals. SYMPTOMS OF STARVATION The first symptom is a decrease in the growth at the tips of the branches (annual terminal growth) and in the width of the trunk (95) 96 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN (diameter increment). In the early stages, especially with large trees, the reduced growth is difficult to detect. In most shade trees, except the dwarf varieties, a terminal growth of 4 inches annually should be considered the minimum. An annual increase in length of 8 inches or more might be termed normal, while 12 inches or more indicates a tree not in need of food. Below the minimum growth rate starvation symptoms become marked. Coincident with the diminished growth there is a rapid decrease in the size of the leaf combined with a loss of the dark green color, in serious cases the venation only remaining green. While a careful diag- nosis is particularly important, shade trees generally are so dangerously under-fed that it is better to feed first and diagnose later. This does not mean, however, that the presence of insect pests or diseases can be overlooked, or that feeding is a cure-all. It is well known that the under-nourished tree most generally falls prey to the ever-present enemies. The declining tree cannot resist borer attacks; nor can it withstand dry weather; nor can it sacrifice any more of its few yellow leaves during a caterpillar invasion. (930 ip3l [ft — 21 sides ok S923 — 33% inches Fertilizer s- More Sle Wresass Jolee $4-4 Lh he 1$-30-18 BRANCHES OF TREES SHOWING ANNUAL GROWTH OF UNDER-FED TREES, AND EFFECT OF FERTILIZER. TOP—BUCKEYE (AESCULUS GLABRA); CENTER—HICKORY (CARYA OVATA); BOTTOM—BLACK WAL- NUT (JUGLANS NIGRA). Mo. Bor. Garp. Butt., Vor. 24, 1936 PLATE 27 POST-HOLE METHOD. LEAF MOLD, PEAT, OR MANURE PLUS FERTI- LIZERS USED TO FILL HOLE. HOLE 16-18 INCHES DEEP, MADE WITH PUNCH-BAR. MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 105 efforts to feed it were started. The application of five pounds of nitrate of soda in 1931 caused it to grow 7 inches in height that year. In the two years following it was included in a group of trees which were to be fed “‘toxic” doses of fertilizer. As a result of the heavy applications it grew 2114 inches in 1932, and 331, in 1933—both very dry years. For several years attempts were made to feed trees such large quantities of fertilizer that injury would result. Some small trees have been given one-half their calculated dry weight of 10-8-6 and 15-30-15 mixtures. This meant using as much as 25 pounds for trees 3 inches in diameter. These large amounts were very enthusiastically accepted. One tree grew 42 inches higher that summer; another produced shoots 11 feet long and made a total branch growth of 69 feet. The latter is the only example of “over- feeding” experienced in the Garden. The growth became so ab- normally large and soft that it was unable to support itself; but, only the tips were injured the following winter. A METHOD OF CALCULATING DOSAGES Of far greater importance than a fertilizer formula is a knowl- edge of the quantity to use. Trees seem to be somewhat selective in the use of food. They reject whatever is not needed. It may be said that they assimilate only as much nitrogen as is needed to elaborate properly the available phosphorus and potash; and only as much of these as is needed for the available nitrogen. It ap- pears therefore that some slight changes in the formula are not so important as the application of the correct amount. Dosages have been variously estimated at one pound per foot height to cer- tain amounts per inch diameter. No single measurement can be de- pended upon to furnish an accurate estimate of the volume or size of atree. For this reason many efforts to fertilize have not been successful. ‘The spire-like Lombardy poplar will actually be much smaller in size than a field elm although both are alike in height. To discover a measurement upon which to base dosages, the dimen- sions of 273 trees growing in various situations were taken. A transit was used to determine the height, and a steel tape to measure the spread of the branches and the circumference of the trunk. QUIK ACTING jy “ever VALVE |” < NIPPLE 1%" REDUCER 14" fo 2%" NIPPLE -> TO SPRAYER x24" —F couste Tee | Sahin 7 ——, Kays STOR (COCK 22m IPE “ PRESSURE FEEDING GUN Ria as developed 10NG by August 2 Beilmonn 0-14-33 20°CAP |_| SON ROD Wy" GALVANIZED PIPE Hin or bess n Length Fig. 5. Diagram of pressure feeding gun. the water is turned off and the lever valve under the funnel opened. The fertilizer is poured into the funnel (about 114 pounds at each charge), the lever valve again closed, and the water turned on and left running for about 14 minute. About three gallons of water (exclusive of that required to drill the hole) are used to force each charge of fertilizer underground. In the hands of a competent MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 113 operator there will be no injury to the lawn, nor will an examina- tion disclose a pocket underground. Efforts to feed newly planted trees have not been successful. This is partly due to a greater need for water and partly to the inadequate root system. Feeding may begin in the second year. A more desirable tree, such as oak, sweet-gum, or basswood, can be made to grow as fast as the “weed” trees. SUMMARY 1. Tree feeding is the most important phase of intelligent tree care. It should become the starting point in any tree preservation program. 2. Since, for practical purposes, it is impossible to determine which element may be the limiting factor, complete fertilizers containing nitrogen, phosphorus, and potash are needed. 3. A formula made up of 10 per cent nitrogen, 8 per cent phosphorus, and 6 per cent potash, 10-8-6, has proved most ef- fective in this vicinity. 4. The correct way to calculate the dosage is to add the height (in feet) to the branch spread (in feet) to the trunk circumference (in inches). The resulting figure is the number of pounds of a 10-8-6 formula needed for that tree. 5. The most effective time for feeding is early spring—before July 1 if possible. 6. Dry fertilizers placed in compacted holes underground are not as quickly available as when forced under with water. 7. The amount of water available is not so important to the tree as the concentration of food in that water. Well-fed trees show no signs of injury during a dry season. 8. Shade trees cannot be over-fed; they require large amounts of food. The food requirements increase each year, keeping pace with the annual growth. The natural food supply decreases at the same rate, and starvation follows. 9. Since most of the elements needed for growth must be sup- plied by the soil, the only practical way to increase trunk diameter and lengthen twig growth is to supply the required elements through fertilizing. A: FP. B, 114 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN A SIX-WEEKS’ COURSE IN FIELD BOTANY, JUNE 16 TO JULY 24, 1936 The course will be conducted at the Missouri Botanical Garden Arboretum, at Gray Summit, Missouri, on Tuesdays, Wednes- days, Thursdays, and Fridays. The building formerly used for a boys’ camp will serve as an assembly hall and laboratory. It is ideally situated for such a purpose, near the mouth of a wooded valley in that part of the Arboretum which has been set aside as a wild flower reservation. Typical river-bottom swamps and wood- lands are but a few minutes’ walk in one direction, and limestone glades and cliffs are close at hand. The course will consist almost entirely of study, in the field, of the native vegetation. The exact program of study will be varied to suit special requirements; it will consist for the most part of individual instruction supplemented by informal discussions and a few general lectures. There are no formal prerequisites; the course is planned to accommodate both those with previous aca- demic training and those with none. The only requirements for admission are an active interest in the subject and a capacity for sustained work. Dr. Edgar Anderson, under whose personal direction the course will be given, is experienced in teaching groups of various ages and of diverse training but with a common interest in biology. The Arboretum is easily accessible by automobile; routes No. 66 and No. 50 meet at the main entrance. It is hoped that enough members of the class will have automobiles so that cooperative ar- rangements can be made for transportation to and from St. Louis. Registration before June 1, at the Missouri Botanical Garden Library and Administration Building, 2315 Tower Grove Avenue, upon consent of the Instructor, Dr. Edgar Anderson. The fee is $25, $5 to be paid when registering and the balance by June 1. Course limited to 25 students. MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 115 NOTES The Herbarist (1936: 9-11) contains an article by Dr. Edgar Anderson, Geneticist to the Garden, on “The Tarragons, Culti- vated and Wild.” Mr. Paul A. Kohl, Floriculturist to the Garden, gave an illus- trated lecture, March 25, before the Garden Club of Rolla, Mo., ”» on “Irises, Peonies, and Roses. Dr. George T. Moore, Director of the Garden, spoke before the le} & freshman class of Harris Teachers’ College, March 18, on “Henry Shaw and His Gift to St. Louis.” Mr. G. H. Pring, Superintendent of the Garden, has written chapters on “The Cultivation of Orchids” and on ““Water Garden- ing’ in the New Dictionary of Gardening. He is also the author of an article on “Water Gardens” in the March 15 number of the New York Herald-Tribune, and one on “Success with Water- Lilies” in the Boston Herald of March 22. Recent visitors to the Garden include Dr. Paul B. Sears, Head Department of Botany, University of Oklahoma, Norman, who spoke at the graduate seminar, March 25, on “The Phyto- geography of the Middle West”; Prof. A. T. Erwin, Associate Professor of Horticulture, Iowa State College, Ames, Iowa; Dr. Marion Parris Smith, of Bryn Mawr College, Bryn Mawr, Pa. Mr. G. H. Pring, Superintendent of the Garden, has given the following talks during the month: before the Kappa Delta Sun- day School Class of Signal Hill Community Church, East St. Louis, Ill., March 12, 0n “Annuals and Perennials for the Garden” ; before the Art Club, March 23, “Henry Shaw and His Garden’; before the Monday Club of Webster Groves, the afternoon of March 30, “Romance of the Plant World”; before Boy Scout Troop 198, evening of March 30, “A Trip Over the Andes of Colombia”; before the Tyler Place Presbyterian Church, April 1, “Henry Shaw and His Garden”; before the Gray Summit Garden Club, April 6, “Judging St. Louis Gardens”; before the West Presbyterian Church, April 7, “Orchids.” 116 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN STATISTICAL INFORMATION FOR MARCH, 1936 GARDEN ATTENDANCE: Total number Of ‘VisitOrs:::.s.. <6 5% soss00hes9s eG wea es des 27,295 Liprary ACCESSIONS: Total number of books and pamphlets bought.............. 70 Total number of books and pamphlets donated. .............. 87 Prant ACCESSIONS: Total number of plants and seed packets donated............ 2,098 Herpartum ACccEssions: By Purchase— Erichsen, C, F, E.—Lichens of Germany, nos. 201-300 inclusive 100 Gentry, Howard Scott—Plants of Mexico.................. 410 Hinton, George B.—Plants of Mexico..................0005 200 Lundell, C. L.—Plants of British Honduras................. 60 Skutch, Alexander F.—Plants of Costa Rica................ All By Gift— Barkley, Fred A.—Rhus Towicodendron 1. from horticulture 1 Berry, Edward C.—Li Migsourly.<..:.oS0rs Segew nas' aac 10 Conard, H. S.—Tortula pagorum from Missouri............ 1 Demaree, Delzie—Quercus spp. from Oklahoma.............. 3 Rollins, Reed C.—Arabis from western United States........ 10 Steyermark, Julian A.—Plants of Texas..................5, 15 von Schrenk, Hermann—Ranunculus macranthus Scheele from OIE saab) aS sec 5, 5% sve 149 wid.a''s'analid G90. 4 S's RUBIN S PURE I f-o 1 Williams, Louis O.—Mertensia bella Piper from Oregon..... ] By Exchange— Gray Herbarium of Harvard University—Plantae Exsiccatae Grayanae, Cent. VI, nos, 501-600 inclusive................. 100 Gray Herbarium of Harvard University—Photographs of types and authentic specimens of Bromeliaceae............ 241 Gray Herbarium of H:z aneous du- BUC UC Ss hs Bord sal sits aut di din gis wes Medes Ga hase eee he 41 Naturhistoriska Riksmuseet, Botaniska Avdelningen, Stock- holm—Miscellaneous fungi............ 20... cc cece cece ence 95 By Transfer— Missouri a Garden Library—Plant illustrations...... 3 Moore, G, Buaxus microphylla Sieb. & Zuce. var. koreana Nakai eae NOPHOCUIEUTE 6.5 52s ws Hae ke OAS Neha ce How's Sed I MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 117 SOME FACTS ABOUT THE GARDEN The Missouri Botanical Garden was opened to the public by Mr. Henry Shaw about 1860. From that date to the death of Mr. Shaw, in 1889, the Garden was maintained under the personal direction of its founder, and while virtually a private garden it was, except at certain stated times, always open to the public. Although popularly known as “Shaw’s Garden” the name Missouri Botanical Garden was designated by Mr. Shaw as its official title and in his will or in any of his writings he specifically referred to it as the “Missouri Botanical Garden.” By a provision of Mr, Shaw’s will the Garden passed at his death into the hands of a Board of Trustees. The original members of the Board were desig- nated in the will, and the Board so constituted, exclusive of certain ex-officio members, is self-perpetuating. By a further provision of the will, the immediate direction of the Garden is vested in a Di- rector, appointed by the Board of Trustees. The Garden receives no income from city or state, but is supported entirely from funds left by the founder. The city Garden comprises 75 acres, where about 12,000 species of plants are growing. There is now in process of development a tract of land of over 1,600 acres outside the city limits which is to be devoted to (1) the propagation and growing of plants, trees, and shrubs, designed for showing either indoors or outside, at the city Garden, thus avoiding the existing difficulties of growing plants in the city atmosphere; (2) gradually establishing an arbo- retum as well as holding a certain area as a forest reservation, with the idea that possibly at some future time this may become the new botanical garden. The Garden is open to the public every day in the year, except New Year’s Day and Christmas—week days from 8:00 a. m. until sunset; Sundays from 10:00 a. m. until sunset. The main entrance to the Garden is located at Tower Grove Ave- nue and Flora Place, on the Sarah car line (No, 42). Transfer south from all intersecting lines. STAFF OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN THE GARDEN, 2315 TOWER GROVE AVENUE, ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI Grorce T. Moore, Director Karuerine H. Leiau, Assistant to the Director HERMANN VON SCHRENK, EpGar ANDERSON, Pathologist Geneticist Jesse M. GREENMAN, Rosert E. Woopson, JR., Curator of Herbarium Research Assistant Ernest 8. ReyNOLps, Davin C. Farrpurn, Physiologist Research Assistant CARROLL W. Dope, Newt C. Horner, Mycologist Librarian ‘and Editor of Publications Grorce H. Prive, Superintendent JOHN NoyEs, Pavut A. Koun, Consulting Landscape Architect Floriculturist Wituram F. LAna@an, ‘Joun H. Kenxoae, Chief Engineer Plant Collector JOSEPH LANGEN, Aveust P. BEILMANN, Assistant Engineer Aboriculturist Arruor D. Forrester, JOSEPH CuTAK, Plant Recorder In charge of Exotics ALBERT PEARSON, Lapisiaus Curak, Painter In charge of Succulents THE ARBORETUM, GRAY SUMMIT, MISSOURI Lars P. JENSEN, Manager Roy E. Kisskck, | Davip MILER, Engineer Orchid Grower TROPICAL STATION, BALBOA, CANAL ZONE REPRESENTATIVE IN EUROPE Gurney Wison, F. L. 8. Hove, Sussex, England MulsSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN |BULLETIN Vol. XXIV MAY, 1936 No. 5 CONTENTS Page Some (Migratory Trees 236 Ske a oe eee TID Washingtonia—A Desert Palm . . . . . ... 123 Some Notes on a “Brooding” Scale Insect . . . . 126 Winter Injury to Treesand Shrubs . . . . . . 130 Rides s55 9 Sor eh Ely a PR as Bape eee ne Re Statistical Information: 0.3 fo w/a aes Sea ce AST ST. LOUIS, MO. 1936 Published Monthly, Except July and August, by the Board of Trustees SUBSCRIPTION PRICE: ONE DOLLAR PER YEAR SINGLE COPIES TEN CENTS BOARD OF TRUSTEES OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN THE ORIGINAL MEMBERS WERE DESIGNATED IN MR. SHAW’S WILL AND THE BOARD SO CONSTITUTED, EXCLUSIVE OF THE EX-OFFICIO MEMBERS, IS SELF-PERPETUATING President GEORGE C. HITCHCOCK Vice-President DANIEL K. CATLIN Second Vice-President ALBERT T. PERKINS L. Ray Carter Grorau T, Moorz Samuet C, Davis EvuGENE Perrus THomas S. Marrirr Eruan A, H, SHepiey Frep G. Zerpic EX-OFFICIO MEMBERS Grorce R. THROOP, Wriitam SCARLETT, Chancellor of Washington Uni- Bishop of the Diocese of Missouri versity Brernarp F, Dickmann, Rosert J. Terry, Mayor of the City of St, Louis President of The Academy of Sci- ence of St, Louis JAMES J. FrtzGERALD ‘President of the Board of Education of St. Louis Secretary Grraup BE, Unrictr Missourl Botanical Garden Bulletin Vol. XXIV MAY, 1936 No. 5 SOME MIGRATORY TREES Botanical textbooks list a number of features which distinguish trees from many other forms of life. One of these differences is their inability to move from place to place. Those trees with which we have become familiar since childhood are rarely or never found skipping about the countryside. We can be positive that trees which have been growing in a certain position will re- main there until death. Since this fact is so well established it is interesting to find trees which do change location and continue to grow both during and after the transition. Broadly speaking, migration may be accomplished by seeds, underground runners, or under special circumstances other methods. However, this is a long process and extends the range of the species rather than causing the actual migration of an individual. Under certain conditions trees do move about, and this per- formance can be witnessed near St. Louis on the Meramec River and some of the tributary creeks. The forces involved are water (floods) and gravity, while a third one, wind, may, and often does, upset the tree and bring that individual attempt to an end. In Missouri, at least, such attempts are confined to trees growing on the edge of a steep silt bank along a water course. Usually such trees have well-developed tracing roots on that side away from the stream. When sufficiently well developed these roots support the tree while a raging flood scours several tons of soil from around the roots. With the disappearance of the soil the tree settles and may even move laterally for several feet. As the flood subsides silt may again be deposited over a portion of the root (119) Mo. Bort. Garp. BuLt., Vou. 24, 1936 PLATE 30 SYCAMORE STILL GROWING AFTER MIGRATING TWO FEET DOWNSTREAM AND SETTLING ABOUT FOUR FEET AN ELM WHICH HAS MOVED LATERALLY TWO FEET AND ALSO SETTLED Mo. Bor. Garp. Butu., Vou. 24, 1936 PLATE 31 £ a ¢ td % ELM TREE, TAKEN FROM OLD GROUND LEVEL, SHOWING DEGREE OF SETTLING PORTION OF RIVER BANK AFTER SLIDE, FIFTEEN TREES HAVING BEEN TRANSPLANTED TO A LOWER LEVEL 122 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN system. While the entire root system has not been uncovered, the trunk has actually moved a considerable distance, and seemingly has suffered no ill effects. However, the number of large trees swept down stream during floods would indicate that successful migrations were the exception rather than the rule. The sycamore now growing in the creek (pl. 30, fig. 1) at one time grew several yards from the edge. Due to the continual meandering of the stream during low water and the scouring effect of floods the new bank is ten feet back of the trunk. During some past flood the gravelly substrata and finally the silty loam around the roots ‘aved in and the tree settled almost four feet. This is clearly shown by the long brace root, which now is growing upward, and the crushed condition of the roots immediately below the trunk. This sycamore may become a transient rather than a migrant unless the meandering creek chooses to follow the old channel. Later floods may sweep away the entire tree, or a combination of wind and flood may terminate its existence. Another tree experienced an identical urge to travel. Fortunately for this tree (pl. 30, fig. 2), after the transition, flood water stopped using the new channel. In this case it is difficult to an elm determine precisely how far the tree moved. The twisted roots would indicate that it moved laterally about two feet. From the upward growing root in the foreground it is evident that it also settled about four feet. The condition of the banks along this ditch shows that several years have elapsed since the change, and in the meantime the tree has had ample time to readjust itself. Such shifting about is not uncommon along the creeks and rivers of Missouri. It may involve only a single tree, or an entire bank may slide downward carrying everything with it. This occurred at Valley Park several years ago. In this instance a section, four hundred feet long, of a steep bank slid into the river. The fifteen soft maples growing on that portion of the bank were swept along. Those in the center of the slide were moved about twenty-two feet horizontally, and lowered about as much. It is remarkable that all of the trees continued to live, although some of them are now growing at the very edge of the river (pl. 31, fig. 2). When we consider the careful preparation and the labor in- volved in moving a thirty-inch tree, it is amazing that this should MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 123 prove to be a common occurrence along rivers and creeks. With no particular preparation floods sweep full-grown trees into a new location, and the trees show no ill effects. Dok be WASHINGTONIA—A DESERT PALM Among the palms, we find some very noble specimens. ‘The family itself is quite a large one, comprising over 1000 species characteristic of the tropical regions of the world. 6 ome et .. .Rock-rose Cydonia cathayensts......... 0. cc cece ccc ccc e ec eteeeeene Chinese quince SCM SAO ES isp 8 sR ss vee wd do Ee eon ee ee bie pats ey Deutzia TEIGOGGWUE PHUIEEM OTE. 0 eee cies e cet anadanvcesebec: Elaeagnus PEONEEE: WPI O UIE 6.65 55 soko 6k oink odo oo) oo EROR ae ae se Golden-bell ped cet eke a ee Ee EEE EEO POT Ee eee rer Shrub althaea lex verticillata (small plants only)............... Common winterberry Jasminum nudiflorwm... oc. ccccccccccccceccucvececucs Winter jasmine RONREUMA CINOEL BGCCIEB) oc 6.65 os ki ss ne os 59h ts hae AR een seks Privet Lonicera japonica var. Halliana.... 0.0... ...000 00% Japanese honeysuckle FLOWER BUDS INJURED Acer (all species)....... ere rere oe .....-Maple Azalea mollis (some individuals) ssh Wie) gaeesiaivigge'% stam ate Chinese azalea DAPI ONIN os bso has ¥s.6 65s Kos 4s edieend ca we Reese Spice-bush Cercts canadensts..........0:0000085 ai fnig 6.000959 Oa ee ee Redbud ep TA olen csn EE CETTE TEES Flowering dogwood Porestiera GCwminata.... 0... c cess cceescessceeveuceves . Texas adelia Forsythia (most species)........ Eee ry ren a Golden-bell MMP MRE EROS ol ied is, 56s no Nis 3 9 WES EEE TR ee Ash DRO O ROCRMD 50h cig 2 oad bie ee v9 bo ele GAG OD Wh ad are URIS .. ..Winterberry FUGLANS MONGERUTECE..6 6.6. ccc ce cec cc cecwsevcevctees dn Siberian walnut PECONG CW GOW 5. occas vce snes sdeevewes American hop hornbeam MAME GONP EL OUD 5 5k cae 9 dv 3K asd CNR e os DRS London _ plane-tree Platanus occidentalis... 2... ccc esse eeseuvcvevouvecye Buttonwood Ulmus (all early-flowering species) ................cccesevecccees Elm ARBORETUM BRANCHES KILLED BACK ALDARA UO TIGINIE S60 065.2 Se ors-s oe Sa ngs hdl ae hw Se eae s Silk tree ALLURE = IUGR a are 6 8a 5.8: aso oh cdo a! eS Fda o's Gla eS Amoena azalea a san sa Dasgcind MOTE TE CLE SERRE ER ETE eee eee Catalpa COUASEP US SOONDOTR 66.8 6 kes ss i bier Be eee e American bittersweet Cercis canadensis var. plena (budded plants and plants less than two years old)............. Double-flowered redbud MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 133 KILLED TO THE GROUND Latin name Common name ANATOMEDG FAPOMCH is society ie ess clas eels cues os viele Japanese andromeda BGT OGris ANLEG AVIV — a: frame atater a ctlaleteiat onstnsl tele, wah alee eels 26 .. Barberry Ber eras “CTAACANURO PROT Usw wear eae aisterRel te 3 se 31s 7 Threespine barberry Benders MWValsOndee nr itecwr eee eer ee ridin hae Wilson barberry Oalicarpa ia pOnecdc co. ona Nomen et ence ae ae Japanese beautyberry Callicarpa Giraldiana...... Ate a eee Girald’s beautyberry Calycanthus occidentalis..........5....6002. 520% California sweet-shrub CATY ODEGTIR ACO ad cis40 sass eee ledaa are a eve fosuar a eoslaye « Common bluebeard Castanea mollissimasnc: /cewcee ees ee es caine sees Chinese chestnut (SEOTUS CULEIUEICE vee tate taco ouster re Ne ean case ee eee TOES Atlas cedar Cedrus Deodara......... Seo OST a ree ener een On ences . Deodar COATS: DANE me eins stam tei eters ates, coe aaa ae.» Cedar of Lebanon Celtis caucastica.........- shake penne taal cate Sentgeneteg Storey etal Caucasian hackberry Cotoneaster OUllabdecie. sis Ge oa oc wae acedee eG civercee as a Wises Cotoneaster Cotoneaster Rorizontalts...%) sas acs « ies tues eis tern oe sien Rock cotoneaster Cryplomerta JAPONICG.-.. 22.2.3. ecw ee teens Common cryptomeria Cryptomeria japonica var. Lobbi.................... Lobb cryptomeria CUPTCS8US ATIZONACE. 20000 e eee seve ete e steele ereseae Arizona cypress Cupressus torulosa var. Corneyand.............02e eee Bhutan cypress CYdONta CALRAYENSIS «. «0.5.2 ve dessins anes aa aiees os evade oayem Chinese quince OY tess: