MUSSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN IULLETIN VOLUME XXVI WITH 30 PLATES AND 18 TEXT-FIGURES 1938 ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI PUBLISHED MONTHLY EXCEPT JULY AND AUGUST, BY THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES SUBSCRIPTION PRICE: ONE DOLLAR A YEAR SINGLE NUMBER FIFTEEN CENTS MUussOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN JBULLETIN Vol. XXVI JANUARY, 1938 No. 1 CONTENTS Page Forty-ninth Annual Report ofthe Director . . . . 1 wetistionl-Teiformiatins 2) 5 ae Veen rig iS CARS Office of Publication: 1201-5 Bluff Street, Fulton, Mo. Editorial Office: Missouri Botanical Garden, 2315 Tower Grove Avenue, St. Louis, Mo. Published monthly except in July and August by the Board of Trustees of the Missouri Botanical Garden ’ Entered as second-class matter February 23, 1937, at the post-office at Fulton, Mo., under the Act of March 3, 1879. SUBSCRIPTION PRICE: ONE DOLLAR A YEAR SINGLE NUMBER FIFTEEN CENTS BOARD OF TRUSTEES OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN THE ORIGINAL MEMBERS WERE DESIGNATED IN MR, SHAW’S WILL AND THE BOARD SO CONSTITUTED, EXCLUSIVE OF THE EX-OFFICIO MEMBERS, IS SELF-PERPETUATING President Grorce C. Hircncock Vice-President Danrev K. Catiin Second Vice-President Tuomas S. Marrirr L. Ray Carter Grorce T. Moore Samuet C, Davis Evcene Perrus Dupiey Frencu A. Wrsset SHAPLEIGH Eruan A. H. SHEPLEY EX-OFFICIO MEMBERS Groreae R. THROop, Wii1aAmM SCARLETT, Chancellor of Washington Uni- Bishop of the Diocese of Missouri versity Brernarp F. DickMAnn, J. B. Macetwanz, S. J., Mayor of the City of St. Louis President of The aeideniy of Sci- ence of St. Louis Epwarp A. FrrrensBAcH President of the Board of Education of St, Louis Secretary GeraLp E. Unricr SOME FACTS ABOUT THE GARDEN The Missouri Botanical Garden was opened to the public by Mr. Henry Shaw about 1860. From that date to the death of Mr. Shaw, in 1889, the Garden was maintained under the personal direction of its founder, and while virtually a private garden it was, except at certain stated times, always open to the public. Although popularly known as “Shaw’s Garden” the name Missouri Botanical Garden was designated by Mr. Shaw as its official title and in his will or in any of his writings he specifically referred to it as the “Missouri Botanical Garden.” By a provision of Mr. Shaw’s will the Garden passed at his death into the hands of a Board of Trustees. The original members of the Board were desig- nated in the will, and the Board so constituted, exclusive of certain ex-officio members, is self-perpetuating. By a further provision of the will, the immediate direction of the Garden is vested in a Di- rector, appointed by the Board of Trustees. The Garden receives no income from city or state, but is supported entirely from funds left by the founder. The city Garden comprises 75 acres, where about 12,000 species of plants are growing. There is now in process of development a tract of land of over 1,600 acres outside the city limits which is to be devoted to (1) the propagation and growing of plants, trees, and shrubs, designed for showing either indoors or outside, at the city Garden, thus avoiding the existing difficulties of growing plants in the city atmosphere; (2) gradually establishing an arbo- retum as well as holding a certain area as a wild-flower reservation, with the idea that possibly at some future time this may become the new botanical garden. The Garden is open to the public every day in the year, except New Year’s Day and Christmas—week days from 8:00 a. m. until sunset; Sundays from 10:00 a. m. until sunset. The main entrance to the Garden is located at Tower Grove Ave- nue and Flora Place, on the Sarah car line (No. 42). Transfer south from all intersecting lines. PLATE 1 1938 6, y 4 Mo. Bor. Garp. BULL., VoL. SCENE AT THE TROPICAL STATION, BALBOA, C. Z. Missourl Botanical Garden Bulletin Vol. XXVI JANUARY, 1938 No. 1 FORTY-NINTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR To THE Boarp or TRusTEES: The Director of the Garden has the honor to submit his report for the year 1937. As has been pointed out in the past, these annual reports are de- signed primarily to serve as a record of a year’s accomplishments. The temptation to indulge in prophecy or to dwell on difficulties, financial and otherwise, is resisted. Such matters, while impor- tant from an administrative standpoint, are best presented at meetings of the Board. They apparently do not interest the pub- lic; at least there has as yet been no tangible evidence of such an interest. Consequently what follows, prepared with the assistance of all the members of the Garden staff, is merely an attempt to list under the various departments the more important items of the year. Except where it is desirable from the standpoint of record, all matters of a purely routine nature are omitted. Their inclu- sion would burden the report with details that might cause even fewer to attempt to read it through. Tor those, and there are many, who are keenly interested in the Garden and its work, enough is included to give a general idea of the accomplishments and activities of an institution provided for the benefit of the stu- dent, the specialist, and the gardener, through the remarkable foresight and generosity of Henry Shaw. Mention should be made of the unusual opportunity offered the Garden through the attendance of members of the Garden Club of America at their annual meeting in May. ‘The presence of this distinguished group of plant lovers and experts warranted a spe- cial issue of the BuLLetin containing information of a general (1) 2 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN character pertaining to the orchid collection, the Arboretum, and the library. Some thirty exhibits illustrating the way plants re- spond to various environmental conditions were arranged, as well as demonstrations relating to the intensive study of trees and their needs, now being conducted at the Garden. By dividing the dele- gates into groups it was possible for all to have the opportunity of viewing the principal outdoor and indoor collections. The show- ing of colored moving-pictures of floral displays and special gar- dens, not at their best in early spring, helped to convey an idea of the activities of the Garden throughout the year. Because of developments at the Tropical Station and the Arbo- retum and the inauguration of a new project involving coéperation between the Board of Education and the Garden, these activities are reported first, abandoning the somewhat time-worn order of previous reports. TROPICAL STATION, BALBOA, C. Z. Mr. Paul Allen took charge of the Station as resident manager in October, 1936. Following is a report of some of his activities during the period of October 1, 1936, to December 1, 1937: One of the first tasks undertaken was the rearrangement of the orchid plants according to genera. They had been scattered rather promiscuously over the grounds, with representatives of twenty- five or more species often placed on one rack. The new arrange- ment aids greatly in the care of the plants, as well as making them more attractive to the public. Most of the orchid racks on the premises were of wood, many of them dating from Mr. Powell’s time. All were in deplorable con- dition, due to the attacks of termites and to natural decay. It was found necessary to begin their replacement with racks of pipe set in cement and covered with wire mesh. The one new unit built is 35 by 9 feet, with room for about 600 plants, and replaces 8 of the old wooden racks. Two pipe supports for hanging plants were found to be in unfavorable locations and were removed, the pipe being used in construction, Due to the more compact nature of the new pipe unit and to the removal of two badly decayed trees, quite a large level area was left vacant. Since this had a good exposure to the sun and a very PLATE 2 26, 1938 Mo. Bor. Garp. BuLt., VOL. NEW LILY POOL AT TROPICAL STATION, BALBOA, C. Z. Mo. Bor. Garp. Butu., Vor. 26, 1938 PLATE 3 CERRO HORQUETA, FROM THE SIDE OF VOLCAN DE CHIRIQUI COLLECTOR’S CAMP ON THE PORTRERO NEAR SUMMIT OF VOLCAN DE CHIRIQUI MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 5 attractive natural backing of palms, the site was used for a small water-lily garden. The pool measures 24 by 22 feet, and 24 inches in depth. The construction is of rough stone set in cement. At present it holds fourteen specimens of the Missouri Botanical Gar- den hybrid tropical water-lilies. The soil removed in the excava- tion of this pool was used in filling low areas where water stood during rains, and in making an even grade for a lawn. After the grading was finished the area was plugged with Java grass, which is being kept mowed. The removal of the wooden racks left the small gate very much “off center.”” As the posts were badly termite-eaten, they were re- placed by a new archway of pipe and wire which was put directly in the center between the two large royal palms. The flowering of the water-lilies has attracted a much greater number of visitors. They often came at inopportune times, for instance, just after heavy rains, and were causing a great deal of damage to the lawn. To obviate this, a walk resembling flag-stones as nearly as possible was built from the gate to the small stone bridge, with a lateral line around the side of the pool. One of the projects outlined by Mr. Hunter before his death was the installation of a new water line. The Station had been trying to get enough water to carry through the bone-dry period from December to May with only a three-fourth-inch water main. The lack of pressure made it impossible to use more than one sprinkler at atime. Also there was danger that the old line, which was badly rusted, might break during the dry season and cause considerable damage during the time necessary for repairs. A new water main of 2-inch galvanized iron pipe was run for the 500 feet from the street, with 2-inch, and 114-inch, lateral spurs at strategic points, for future use if necessary. All other late ral lines from the main have cut-off valves which can be closed when repairs are needed without depriving the rest of the garden of water. Five more taps have been added. Quite a few trees, shrubs, and undesirable brushy growths were cleared away for the better view of specimen plants. Several large specimen palms were moved to better locations. About 60 new trees, shrubs, and vines were planted during the year, from material supplied by the Experiment Garden at Summit. The Di- 6 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN rector, Mr. Walter R. Lindsay, has been most helpful in this way, and in advice as to culture. The collection of Sobralias has been augmented. These orchids are of the easiest culture, being grown as shrubbery, and supply a luxuriant display of flowers. A hedge of them has been planted the 150 feet from the gate to the entrance. Since the shrubs are semi-epiphytic in habit, they are mounted on piles of stones, as they are often found in the wild. During one recent show over 1200 flowers were counted, and even more may be expected when the plants have established themselves. Sobralia panamensis dominates, but there are scattered clumps of the large white- flowered variety. The Manager's residence showed the need of paint badly and the entire exterior was repainted. Among other routine work was pouring of two concrete spatter basins to prevent two of the roof drains from ruining the lawn. Copper tag labels were hung on all the more important trees and shrubs. The work of cultiva- tion, grass cutting, and repotting went on as usual. Due to the poor nature of the soil, it is necessary to use fertilizer on all the more important plantings. It has proven best to make two applications, one during the heavy rains of October-Novem- ber to put the plants in good condition for the coming dry period, and another at the beginning of the rains in May. Thus far the commercial fertilizers have been most satisfactory. A phenom- enal growth has been secured from their use on plants of Ravanala madagascariensis, Spathodea campanulata, and Mahogany, the Ravanala having made over eight feet of growth in less than a year’s time. The most serious pests encountered are the leaf-cutting ants. A fairly effective method of control seems to be blowing up the nests with ignited carbon bisulphide. A new preparation of a sticky nature painted on the trunks of trees, precluding the pas- sage of the ants, was tried with more or less success. Its draw- back seems to be that it often burns the bark of very young trees. Within the last month a tin guard has been used which up to the present is working well but has not had sufficient trial. Another pest is a small tan weevil which punctures the leaves of the plants. It is very hard to see, and the damage is usually MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 7 done before its presence is realized. It will probably be neces- sary to enclose the choicer plants in a screened house. Permission was granted by the Chief Quartermaster for the use of an additional concrete shed near the Station for storage pur- poses. This has proved a great convenience. On the night of September 1, fire broke out in the Manager’s residence, destroying or damaging all of the flooring, downstairs doors and windows, and the paint both inside and outside of the house. The entire summer’s collection of plants made by Dr. Robert E. Woodson, Dr. George W. Martin, and Mr. Russell Seibert was lost. A system of exchange of plants with other countries, begun by Mr. Powell, had been discontinued for some years. During the year it was re-established and exchanges were made with the fol- lowing countries: India, Colombia, Almirante R. de Panama, Siam, Trinidad, Guatemala, Java, Costa Rica, and Australia. Below is a partial list of the more interesting species received. Aerides crassifolium D. Friedrichianum A. faleatum D. Griffithianum Calanthe vestita var. gigantea D. macrophyllum Catasetum Russellianum (these D. Phalaenopsis plants were received as C. Scur- D. Phalaenopsis var. Schroederi- ra from Guatemala, but proved anum to be a very attractive type D. Statterianwm when flowered) Eulophia graminea Cattleya Bowringiana Grammatophyllum speciosum C. Dowiana Laelia rubescens C. Dowiana var. aurea Oncidium Kramerianum C. Eldorado O. Lanceanum C. gigas O. Papilio C. maxima? O. splendidum C. Skinneri Renanthera alba x Vanda teres C. Skinneri var. alba gigantea Dendrobium bigibbum Saccolabium giganteum D. Dalthousieanum Thunia Marshalliana D. formosum giganteum Vanda Denisoniana Vanda “Miss Joaquim” Two shipments of orchid plants have been handled by the Sta- tion for reshipment to the Garden in St. Louis. One from Brazil of 200 Oncidium varicosum Rogersii was cleaned before being re- shipped. The other, a collection of Cattleya speciosissima from Venezuela, was separated and potted, and is being held until next spring. 8 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN The principal collecting work for the herbarium was under- taken during the visit of Dr. Robert E. Woodson, Dr. G. W. Mar- tin, Mr. Russell Seibert, and Mr. Robert Simon during the summer. Unfortunately practically all of this material was lost at the time of the fire. The regions visited were: vicinity of Las Tablas, Los Santos Province, Taboga Island in Panama Bay, Chepo in the Province of Panama, E] Valle de Anton and vicinity in Coclé Prov- ince. Dr. Woodson, Dr. Martin, Mr. Seibert, and Mr. Simon visited the region above the finca of Mr. T. B. Ménniche, and through courtesies afforded by him were able to make the ascent to the top of Chiriqui Voleano. Mr. Seibert spent about six weeks alone collecting in the Volcan section of Chiriqui. Dur- ing the stay of other members of the party on Barro Colorado Island, he and the manager made a collection in the lowlands of eastern Chiriqui Province, along the Rio Tabasara, and in the hills of western Veraguas Province. A larger number of trips, principally in Panama and Coclé provinces, were made for the collection of orchids for the Station and for exchange. Collections of herbarium material were made in the following locations: Rio la Maestra, Panama Province near the Darien line, El Valle de Anton, Coclé Province, vicinity of El Real and Pinogana—Yavisa Trail, Darien Province as well as vicinity of Yape and Rio Tuira, Darien—and both sides of the Volcan; in the company of Mr. Walter R. Lindsay, Director of Summit Garden, vicinity of Canazas, and over the line into eastern Chiriqui Province from Veraguas, where courtesies were shown by Mr. and Mrs. T. B. Moénniche. Specimens of one of the giant bamboos were secured in flower and fruit. These seem to seed only every thirty years or so. Notices having been put in the local papers of shows of espe- cial interest, many tourist parties and Canal Zone residents vis- ited the Station to see the fine displays of Cattleya Deckeri and the Sobralias. Talks have been given to the classes of the Balboa Schools, the Instituto National de Panama, Scout leaders, and to Y. M. C. A. groups. A new room was fitted out for visiting collectors, and will be maintained for their use. Visitors of note during the year have in- cluded Dr. Raymond L. Ditmars of Zoological Park, New York, MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 9 Dr. W. 'T. Baerg of the University of Arkansas, Dr. W. C. Muens- cher of Cornell University, Dr. H. S. Fawcett, of the California Agricultural Experiment Station, and Dr. George W. Martin of the University of Iowa. THE ARBORETUM During the year the intensive development of the wild-flower gardens at Gray Summit has proceeded along a number of lines. A popular discussion of certain aspects of the work was included in the special Garden Club number of the BuLietin, and a de- tailed report on the showier wild flowers was published in the Buxiuetin for October. In those articles, as in the following re- port, it is convenient to discuss various phases of the work more or less independently. It should be emphasized that this division is artificial and purely a matter of convenience. The maintenance, development, and study of the wild-flower gardens are all inter- related parts of a single comprehensive program. Trails —The system of trails has been revised. Three types of trail are being developed: 1. A compact system of broad paths for the use of the general public; 2. A comprehensive set of narrow pathways for the use of the staff and of groups of students who visit the area. ‘These are designed in such a way that they will re- quire practically no maintenance when once established; 3. A sys- tem of emergency roads which can be used by the truck. Vegetation—During the winter of 1936-37 the area was mapped as to its plant cover; the vegetation being classified as white-oak sugar-maple forest, open glade, flood-plain forest, ete. At this time all the boundaries of the Arboretum were examined with reference to their precise location and the condition of the fencing. For the management of the area it is desirable that as complete a history as possible be assembled of the uses of the land since it was first settled. A beginning was made by examining the deeds to the entire property and preparing a diagrammatic map showing the exact history of each parcel of land. It was found that the land was first taken up from the government about a hun- dred years ago, as a series of small farms which were gradually combined into a few large ones. 10 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN In order to have a precise basis for studying possible future changes in the vegetation, key areas have been selected and the plant cover accurately mapped. .° 2 8 wi we eae 62 Office of Publication: 1201-5 Bluff Street, Fulton, Mo. Editorial Office: Missouri Botanical Garden, 2315 Tower Grove Avenue, St. Louis, Mo. Published monthly except in July and August by the Board of Trustees of the Missouri Botanical Garden Entered as second-class matter February 23, 1937, at the post-office at Fulton, Mo., under the Act of March 3, 1879, SUBSCRIPTION PRICE: ONE DOLLAR A YEAR SINGLE NUMBER FIFTEEN CENTS BOARD OF TRUSTEES OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN THE ORIGINAL MEMBERS WERE DESIGNATED IN MR, SHAW’S WILL AND THE BOARD SO CONSTITUTED, EXCLUSIVE OF THE EX-OFFICIO MEMBERS, IS SELF-PERPETUATING President Grorce C. Hircucock Vice-President Dante. K. Cari Second Vice-President THomas 8S, Marrrrr L. Ray Carter Grorcr T. Moore Samvey C. Davis Eucene Perrus Dupitey Frencu A. Wesset SHAPLEIGH ErHan A. H. SHeprey EX-OFFICIO MEMBERS Grorce R. THRoopP, Winu1Am SCARLETT, Chancellor of Washington Uni- Bishop of the Diocese of Missouri versity Brrnarp F. Dickmann, J. B. Macetwang, S. J., Mayor of the City of St. Louis President of The Academy of Sci- ence of St. Louis Epwarp A. Frrrenspacu President of the Board of Education of St, Louis Secretary GrrALp E, Unrricr SOME FACTS ABOUT THE GARDEN The Missouri Botanical Garden was opened to the public by Mr. Henry Shaw about 1860, From that date to the death of Mr. Shaw, in 1889, the Garden was maintained under the personal direction of its founder, and while virtually a private garden it was, except at certain stated times, always open to the public. Although popularly known as “Shaw’s Garden” the name Missouri Botanical Garden was designated by Mr. Shaw as its official title and in his will or in any of his writings he specifically referred to it as the “Missouri Botanical Garden.” By a provision of Mr. Shaw’s will the Garden passed at his death into the hands of a Board of Trustees. The original members of the Board were desig- nated in the will, and the Board so constituted, exclusive of certain ex-officio members, is self-perpetuating. By a further provision of the will, the immediate direction of the Garden is vested in a Di- rector, appointed by the Board of Trustees. The Garden receives no income from city or state, but is supported entirely from funds left by the founder. The city Garden comprises 75 acres, where about 12,000 species of plants are growing. There is now in process of development a tract of land of over 1,600 acres outside the city limits which is to be devoted to (1) the propagation and growing of plants, trees, and shrubs, designed for showing either indoors or outside, at the city Garden, thus avoiding the existing difficulties of growing plants in the city atmosphere; (2) gradually establishing an arbo- retum as well as holding a certain area as a wild-flower reservation, with the idea that possibly at some future time this may become the new botanical garden. The Garden is open to the public every day in the year, except New Year’s Day and Christmas—week days from 8:00 a. m. until sunset; Sundays from 10:00 a. m. until sunset. The main entrance to the Garden is located at Tower Grove Ave- nue and Flora Place, on the Sarah car line (No. 42). Transfer south from all intersecting lines. Mo. Bor. Garp. BULL., VoL. 26, 1938 PLATE 4 THEOBROMA CACAO (CHOCOLATE PLANT) Missourl Botanical Garden Bulletin Vol. XXVI FEBRUARY, 1938 No. 2 WHY PLANTS PREFER THE COUNTRY The results of the recent survey made by the Mellon Institute to determine the concentration of volatile sulphur compounds in the air of St. Louis were no surprise to the plants at the Missouri Botanical Garden. Nor was it unexpected that the immediate vicinity of the Garden proved to be a locality in which occurred one of the higher concentrations of volatile sulphur. It has long been recognized that the acid formed by the addition of water to the gas produced from burning coal containing sulphur, and not just unconsumed carbon or soot, was the chief cause of damage to plants. Previous numbers of the BuLLetin have recorded and illustrated the effect of severe smoke clouds at the Garden, and the fact that certain plants can no longer be grown successfully in the city is well established. A striking example of the difference between city and country atmosphere was recently obtained when the Garden attempted to grow Theobroma Cacao, the plant from which cocoa and chocolate is derived. In September, 1936, ripe cocoa pods were obtained from which twelve seeds produced twelve young plants. During November all the seedlings were smoke-damaged, evidenced both by the falling of the young tender leaves and the characteristic scorching of the margins of the older leaves. In the latter part of November three of the twelve plants were sent to the greenhouse at the Arboretum, located thirty-five miles southwest of the city. By the following May only three of the original nine plants left in town were alive. As nearly as possible the culture of the plants in town and the country was the same; if anything the city plants had the greater (47) 48 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN care. The accompanying plate (pl. 4) tells the story far better than words. The two plants in the background represent what one would naturally expect to find after a little more than a year’s growth. It is hard to believe that the two stunted plants in the foreground are of the same age and so far as is possible to tell have had all the advantages of the larger plants except pure air. By looking closely it will be seen that the leaves of the country-grown plants are in perfect condition, even to the delicate pink leaves at the top. The city-grown plants show the brown or burned edges of the leaves, so characteristic of sulphur-gas damage. Until the air of St. Louis can be freed from poisonous gases, it is little wonder that people, as well as plants, prefer to live in the country. THE CHINESE ELM The question of rapidity of growth always arises during any consideration of tree planting. Regardless of how well a certain tree might fit into a planting plan or planting site, its selection very often hinges upon the question, “How fast does it grow?” The deep-rooted feeling that “good” trees grow too slowly prob- ably accounts for the very wide use of soft maple and sycamore on lawns and along streets. Recently the Chinese elm (Ulmus pumila L.) has come into prominence solely because of its rapid growth. Certainly no other tree, hardy in this locality, can compete with it in this respect. However, rapid growth does not make for structural soundness, and this is also true of the Chinese elm. The tree is found growing over a considerable portion of the northern parts of Asia. A number of distinct forms have been found, since it is an extremely variable species. Some of the earli- est to arrive in this country were distinctly “weeds”; the erratic growth habit produced branches unable to withstand wind pres- sure or the weight of sleet. Since the first introduction in 1906 some of the better types have been imported, and a certain amount of selection has been carried on by the nurserymen in this country. At the present time it is possible to obtain varieties with branch- ing habits more nearly like our native trees. ‘Thus the Chinese MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 49 elm of today is less liable to storm damage although it appears from comparison with early accounts to have lost some of its speed of growth. Six years ago, seventeen Chinese elms were inter-planted in a row of white ash, along the service road to the Shaw Avenue gate. After the elms had become established, the ash, by then nearly dead from borer attack, were removed. The following table shows the diameter of the elms at the time of planting, December 15, 1931, and after completing six years of growth, December 15, 1937. GROWTH OF ULMUS PUMILA L. West side | East side free. |—— a are No. Diameter Diameter Diameter Diameter when planted | after 6 years | when planted | after 6 years 1 1.7 inches 4.4 inches 2.3 inches 7.5 inches 2 1.6 inches 6.7 inches 1.2 inches 7.0 inches 3 2.0 inches 9.6 inches 1.5 inches 8.7 inches 4 1.3 inches 8.7 inches 1.4 inches 9.0 inches 5 2.2 inches 8.6 inches 1.6 inches 8.9 inches 6 1.9 inches 8.2 inches 1.1 inches 10.4. inches 7 2.7 inches 11.5 inches 8 2.1 inches 10.3 inches 9 2.3 inches 8.4 inches 10 2.3 inches 9.0 inches 11 2.2 inches 10.8 inches While both rows are remarkably uniform in size and general habit, a glance at the table shows that the largest tree six years ago is still the largest tree. However, the smallest tree at the time of planting is now the second in size. These two trees are neigh- bors in the east row which touches the nursery, and they have benefited from the cultivation and irrigation carried on there. The trees in the west row are somewhat smaller. They have received no irrigation and very little cultivation. The adjoining field is overrun with “bindweed” and has been the scene of many weed- control experiments. It is evident from the measurements alone that even the Chinese elm will respond to good treatment. The tree does quite well without a great deal of water; it seems to like well-drained soil. It will not grow in a hole dug in impervious 50 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN clay. When planted in very tight soil, some provision should be made for drainage, at least for the first year. If due consideration is given to the short-life expectancy of a tree of such rapid growth, it would seem that the Chinese elm is a valuable addition to the list of trees available for this locality. At the present time it is generally free of insect pests and diseases. Perhaps when more generally planted it will have its own list of troubles. The largest tree of this species in the Garden measures 16.5 inches in diameter and was planted in 1918. It might be termed “mature,” since it has reached the size when each severe storm breaks a branch from the crown. The rapid growth, however, tends to heal such openings rather quickly. To grow the Chinese elm to an age exceeding thirty years, it appears that the quaint local custom of “trimming” must be practiced. “Trimming” con- sists in lopping off all branches large enough to support foliage— just the trunk and scaffold limbs remain. However, a “trimmed” Chinese elm will be no better, and perhaps no worse, than a “trimmed” soft maple. While conceding the value of the Chinese elm for particular situations, where the growth rate as well as the probability of storm damage has been considered, it is not a tree to plant for permanence or for future generations. Rapid growth and staunch- ness are not properties of the same tree. A. PB. THE BEHAVIOR OF A BASSWOOD DURING AN ARTIFICIAL WINDSTORM During a study of the effects of weather on trees, it was often observed that wind checked growth. Although elaborate instru- ments were being used to obtain growth and weather records, it was not possible to separate the effects of wind from the other factors. In order to see what effect wind had upon a tree, it was necessary to construct a machine capable of producing a synthetic windstorm. The simplest method, and the first to come to mind, was an air- plane power plant and an air-screw. Although many such units have been used, notably in the cinema studios, this was probably Mo. Bor. Garp. BuLt., Vou. 26, 1938 PLATE 5 es Wha. o. WIND MACHINE IN OPERATION 52 MISSOURL BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN the first time one was used on a tree. There are certain technical problems involved in construction and operation of such machines which must be considered anew for each attempted application. unless For instance, the superstructure ‘arrying the propeller an airplane engine is used—must withstand considerable end thrust. Then, the under-carriage must be heavy enough to over- come the “lift” of the propeller over the entire operating range. The machine as finally built employed a propeller 76 inches in diameter and was driven by a 4-cylinder, air-cooled, 16-H. P. motor. The actual drive was through a multiple “V” belt. This placed the propeller nearly eight feet above the ground. For a short period during the first day the machine was driven at various speeds. At its fastest it developed a wind-storm of forty miles an hour and was capable of “‘pushing’’ the 1800-pound wheeled cart on which it was mounted. It was immediately ap- parent that such high velocities would cause mechanical injury to the foliage. Above twenty-five miles an hour, the wind held the leaves in a fixed position, usually folded, and allowed no respite from the blast. Finally a speed of approximately twice the normal wind movement was employed. With the motor governor set for 960 r, p. m., a blast of 1714 miles an hour was developed. This speed was maintained throughout the experiment. The lower ve- locity permitted the branches to sway back and forth, and the leaves, should they have been folded or turned, to recover their natural positions. The artificial blast, although about twice as strong, was very much like a normal wind. It moved back and forth across the tree, being influenced by every breeze from any direction. The machine was set up on the south side of the tree, blowing from the south to the north, and it remained in that posi- tion during the following weeks. The tree used in this work was an American linden or bass- wood (Tilia americana L.). It was selected because of size and convenient location. It was 51% inches in diameter, with a height of 15 feet and a branch spread of 9 feet. Thus the blast of wind covered the entire tree. Another reason for its selection was its rapid reaction to excessive water loss, due to the fact that several annual layers of wood are concerned in water conduction. Actual operation began on June 30, 1937. The speed varied MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 53 and the operation was intermittent until about 3:00 p. m., when the governor was locked. Following is a tabulation of the operat- ing days and the hours in actual use: JUNCBO Meese ees, 6 hours DULY el rers i: voauecayers 7 hours SULLY ee owas ortecrora: eh 9 hours lyn arr tye etree Quiet lives Far ee: ae a ss Quiet AR Kgs ei depr aerate Quiet JULY Oeteecin aere 8’, hours BRIA ce tf Arex casernn, chert 8 hours Ahitha, ottelar sari nine 9 hours JULY, ee Oeics 9 hours aul y = LO Ree eek see 9 hours AUR 6 Ad Ores eee aetinn a Quiet ATA eke B74 cope eee 9 hours ap ith dag bias @ eeeseeeers 9 hours DULY LA emery teeta 9 hours ROLE RRR Ne 921% hours In effect, then, the tree was swept by wind about twice as strong as usual, but for only a portion of the daylight hours. The early morning and late evening, as well as the entire night, were avail- able for unhindered water replenishment. From earlier studies it is known that trees lose water during the day and consequently shrink in diameter. The water loss is made up during the night when conditions are not so favorable for evaporation. Thus, each day of twenty-four hours, a tree will ex- pand and contract, and this characteristic behavior lends itself to measurement. The dendrograph, first developed and used by MacDougal, is used for this purpose. The instrument encircles the trunk and gives a continuous automatic record of diameter fluctuations. Therefore, it furnishes a record which is used as the key in evaluating the effects of external forces on tree growth. In this report only one factor—the wind—will be considered, although some mention will be made of trunk temperature and soil moisture. The dendrograph record of a normal basswood shows that the peak in diameter is reached about 6:00 a. m, during July. The exact hour varies somewhat during the season, but shortly after this, on sunny days, the tree begins to contract due to loss of 54 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN water. The shrinkage is continuous and proceeds at a uniform rate until about 4:00 p.m. This is followed by a short quiescent period, then within the next three hours expansion begins. How- ever, when the tree is undergoing excessive evaporation the con- traction period is much shortened. For instance, fifteen minutes after starting the wind machine the tree had shrunk as much as it would for that day. The quiescent period was, of course, greatly lengthened, and the expansion period delayed until the wind ma- chine was stopped that evening. As the forced drying-out con- tinued day after day certain changes became apparent from the dendrograph. First, the entire night was required for the tree to absorb enough water to regain its lost diameter. Second, the amount of shrinkage became less and less. Since there was but a minimum amount of water available for use, it was being held more tenaciously. Death would have followed the loss of this “bound” water. At the beginning of the third week, or after 9214, hours of exposure, the dendrograph record was almost a straight line. The absence of diurnal fluctuations indicated cl sarly—just as was apparent from observation—that the tree could withstand but little more abuse. At this time another dendrograph was attached which gave a reading of the east and west diameter. The first instrument recorded the south to north axis, in line with the wind direction. The east-west dendrograph yielded a record of a nearly normal tree, the only departure being the extreme daily fluctuations and the instantaneous response to even slight amounts of rainfall. The effect of rain will be considered later. The amplitude of the daily changes might be expressed thus, assuming that the figure 100 represents a normal tree. East-west axis : 120 with ample soil water. East-west axis : 65 with decreasing soil moisture. North-south axis : 10 after 9214 hours. Between July 14 and August 22, the wind machine was used for short periods during certain days, merely to observe the degree of recovery. However, this tree was unable to regain enough water to function again as a normal tree. The use of a dendrograph for diagnostic purposes under certain conditions is clearly shown in MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 55 this experiment. No attempt was made to irrigate the tree, and no rain of consequence fell during the period of observation. However, on three occasions slight showers produced striking reactions. Inno case was precipitation sufficiently heavy to perco- late beneath the grass roots, and no additional water became a vail- able to the tree. The first shower occurred on July 3, while the wind machine was not operating and before the tree had become badly desiccated. As is usual with a normal tree after a rain the expansion began about two hours ahead of schedule. Another shower at 7:00 a. m., July 4, likewise showed the tree to be normal, since there was no contraction that day. However, a third shower, on July 9 after the tree had undergone forced drying, ‘aused an immediate expansion which continued until the tree had regained full diameter. Although the wind machine ran continuously until 5:00 p. m. the tree had accomplished in the two preceding hours what usually required the entire night. During the last week two showers fell during the day, and the dendrograph recorded that expansion began within fifteen minutes. A soil-moisture determi- nation made on July 14 showed 18 per cent in the upper twelve inches, 16 per cent in the second foot, and 13.5 per cent in the third foot. The progressively decreasing moisture at lower levels indicates the utilization of water by a tree under such conditions. The Butierin has previously reported the relationship between trunk temperature and soil moisture. It has pointed out that wilt- ing may occur if moisture is deficient and high-air temperatures continue. Under drought conditions evaporation is checked, and its cooling effect is lost. Finally the trunk temperature reaches 86.5° F. and wilting follows. This study is concerned with ex- cessive evaporation at lower air temperatures. Nevertheless, wilt- ing occurred, although trunk temperatures remained within the normal limits. There was an increase in trunk temperature from 71° F. to 77° F. during the period of observation. It was also possible to depress quickly the trunk temperature one degree when the wind machine was started. But in the absence of high-air temperatures, excessive wind may be equally destructive. The experiment reported here has some bearing on tree plant- ing and tree care. It shows that growth may be restricted, and that wilting or even death may follow when trees are exposed 56 MISSOURT BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN It shows that wilting may occur although air It may to excessive wind. temperatures are low and ample soil water is available. offer a solution to some of our planting problems. The sad re- sults which often follow the planting of such species as redbud, dogwood, or even spruce, in certain locations, may in a large measure be due to wind alone. Many of the smaller trees and shrubs used in border plantings grow as the under-story in the forest. In their natural habitat they are protected on all sides from wind. The basswood used in the experiment grows to a large tree and frequently becomes the dominant tree in a wood-lot; yet it proved unable to withstand twice the normal amount of wind, and this for but a portion of each day during a fraction of the As Piss whole growing season. MOLLUSCA OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN ARBORETUM It may at first sight seem a long way from clams to wild flowers or from snails to trees; yet between the plants and animals which inhabit any particular locality there are so many inter-relations that each species affects every other. A precise knowledge of one group of organisms will be helpful in understanding any of the other groups. The following list, prepared by Mr. Leslie Hu- bricht, will be increasingly useful as the wild-flower gardens develop. LAND SNAILS Species of the flood-plain woods: Pallifera sp. near wetherbyi (Binney) Lobosculum leporinum (Gould) Polygyra hirsuta (Say) Polygyra appressa (Say) Polygyra appressa fosteri Baker Polygyra thyroides (Say) Zonitoides arboreus (Say) Zonitoides ligerus Say) Hawaiia minuscula (Binney) Retinella indentata (Say) Euconulus chersinus polygyratus Pilsbry Philomycus carolinianus (Bosc) Deroceras laeve (Miiller) Punctum pygmaeum (Draper- naud) Helicodiscus parallelus (Say) Haplotrema concavum (Say) Gastrocopta contracta (Say) Gastrocopta tappaniana (C. B. Adams) Succinea grosvenori Lea Carychium exile (C. H. Lea) Pomatiopsis lapidaria (Say) MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 57 Species of the cliffs and talus slopes: Polygyra fraterna (Say) Polygyra inflecta (Say) Polygyra tridentata frisoni Baker Polygyra albolabris alleni (Wetherby ) Species of the glades: Pupoides marginatus (Say) Gastrocopta procera (Gould) Polygyra zaleta (Binney ) Anguispira kochi (Pfeiffer) Anguispira alternata (Say) Strobilops labyrinthiea (Say) AMPHIBIOUS SNAILS On wet rocks about the spring: Lymnaea (Fossaria) parva (Say) AQUATIC SNAILS Species of the Meramec River: Menetus sampsoni (Ancey) Ferrissia tarda (Say) Ferrissia kirklandi: (Walker) Physa halei Lea Species of the temporary pools: Lymnaea (Stagnalis ) caperata (Say) Campeloma integrum (Say) Cincinnatia cincinnatiensis (An- thony ) Pleurocera acuta Rafinesque Helisoma trivolvis pseudotrivolvis (Baker) MUSSELS The mussels are all confined to the Meramec River. In comparison with other points in the Meramec River, the mussel fauna of the river at the Arboretum is poor, both in the number of species and of individuals. This is probably due to the shifting bottom. Ligumia recta (Lam). Black Sand Shell Lampsilis anodontoides (Lea). Yellow Sand Shell Lam psilis fallaciosa (Simp.). Slough Sand Shell Lampsilis ventricosa (Barnes). Pocketbook Actinonaias carinata (Barnes). Mucket Actinonaias ellipsiformis (Con.). Ellipse Proptera alata (Say). Pink Heel-Splitter Leptodea fragilis Rat. Fragile Paper Shell Obovaria olivaria (Con.). Hick- ory-Nut Plagiola lineolata Rat, Butter- fly Truncilla truncata (Raf.). Deer- Toe Obliquaria reflexa Raf. Three- Horned Warty-Back Lasmigona complanata (Barnes). White Heel-Splitter Lasmigona costata Raf. Fluted Shell 58 Alasmidonta marginata (Say). Nigger-Toe Elliptio dilatatus Raf. Spike Pleurobema coceineum solida (Lea). Small Niggerhead Fusconaia undata (Barnes). Pig-Toe Fusconaia ebenus (Lea). Nig- gerhead MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN Tritogonia verrucosa Raf. Buck- horn Plethobasus cyphyus Raf. Bull- head Cyclonaias tuberculata Raf, Purple Pimple-Back Amblema perplicata quintardi (Cragin). Little Blue-Point Margaritana monodonta (Say). Spectacle-Case Sphaerium staminium (Conrad) Sphaerium striatinum (Lam.) Musculium transversum (Say) Quadrula pustulosa prasina (Conrad). Flat Pimple-Back Quadrula metanevra Rat. Mon- key-Face FURTHER COMMENT ABOUT HARDY GLADIOLI AND ALOE VERA Mr. Wyndham Hayward, of Winter Park, Florida, comments as follows on the article concerning hardy gladioli in the December, 1937, number of the BuLLerTin: “About 1931 when I was in Massachusetts after a fairly hard winter, I recall driving along a country road where the year before a grower had several acres of gladiolus. There was just one bulb blooming in the middle of the several acres. It had of course managed to survive a New England winter without special protection. In Florida where we are not troubled with the problem of winter hardiness we are able to allow gladiolus to remain several years as a permanent perennial in the garden planting, quite often, in well-drained but not too dry soil. The Primulinus types seem to be very successful in this way.” Mr. Hayward also says, in connection with the article on Aloe vera in the same BULLETIN: “I have never heard of its use for sunburn, but I have heard it highly recommended as a specific for ‘black eyes. Just smear the jelly from the inside of the leaf around the injured optic and it helps take out the sting.” MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 59 ATTENDANCE FOR 1937 (Not including visitors to Arboretum and Tropical Station) Week-days Sundays PAUL eae eit este cts eens Ay: (VAN te ec ae rereremee raeie acmenan attra gest s 2,728 Hebruary Dr. Robert E. Woodson, Jr., Assistant Curator of the Herbar- ium, gave a talk at the meeting of the Academy of Science of St. Louis, February 23, on “Behind the Scenes of a Flora of Panama.” Dr. Hermann von Schrenk, Pathologist to the Garden, brought back from his recent trip to Guatemala a collection of various plants, chiefly conifers. MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 73 Mr. Charles H. Harrison, graduate student, University of Washington, spent several weeks in the Garden herbarium re- cently, working on the collection of Thelephoraceae. Mr. A. P. Beilmann, Arboriculturist, to the Garden, gave an il- lustrated talk on “Trees” before the Co-operative Club, March 2, and before the St. Louis Horticultural Society, March 4. Mr. L. P. Jensen, Manager of the Missouri Botanical Garden Arboretum, gave a talk to the members of the Eighth District of the Missouri State Federation of Women’s Clubs, at the Hotel Chase, February 17, on “Roadside Improvement and Its Relation to Conservation”; and to the School Board Association of Franklin County, Mo., at the High School Auditorium, Union, Mo., March 3, on “Planting of School Grounds.” Mr. L. P. Jensen’s article, “Wildlife Conservation,” published in the Missouri Magazine, September, 1937, has been reprinted in the following publications: Parks and Recreation, January, 1938; Garden Life, January, 1938; Gardeners’ Chronicle of America, February, 1938; and as part of the “News Letter” issued by the Missouri State Federation of Garden Clubs. The orchid show at the Garden was broadcast over Station WEW, from 11:30 to 12:00 a. m., February 20, the first time that a broadcast has been made directly from the floral display house. It consisted of a conversation between the commentator and Mr. G. H. Pring, Superintendent of the Garden, the commentator ask- ing questions about the plants, hybrids, mimicry, ete., and Mr. Pring explaining. Mr. G. H. Pring, Superintendent of the Garden, has given the following talks recently: ‘The History of Shaw’s Garden,” be- fore the Quest Club, at the Kingshighway Presbyterian Church, February 23; “The Missouri Botanical Garden, Past and Present,” before the St. Louis Florists’ Club, March 10; and “Plant Col- lecting in Panama and South America,” before the Patrons’ As- sociation of the Sigel School, March 15. The March number of the Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club (65: 135-166) contains an article by Dr. Robert E. Wood- son, Jr., Assistant Curator of the Herbarium, and Dr. John Adam 74 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN Moore, Instructor in Botany, Huron College, Huron, S. D., en- titled, “The Vascular Anatomy and Comparative Morphology of Apocynaceous Flowers.” STATISTICAL INFORMATION FOR FEBRUARY, 1938 GARDEN ATTENDANCE: Total number Of VISttors 6.6 ei on sisis eo 60S ae Lees ene 35,780 Lasrary ACCESSIONS: Total number of books and pamphlets bought................ 10 Total number of books and pamphlets donated............... 73 PLant ACCESSIONS: Total number of plants and seed-packets received as gifts..... 285 Herpartum ACCESSIONS: By Purchase— Collom, Mrs. W. B.—Plants of Arizona...........ccccceceees 195 Eyerdam, Walter J.—Plants of Washington and Alaska...... 500 Looff, Mrs. Henry B.—Plants of Alaska............00-0000le 200 Rollins, Reed C.—Plants of Wyoming, Colorado and Utah..... 465 University of Michigan Herbarium, by C. L. Lundell—Plants of Mexico, collected by E. -Mattida. ... 0. ..'%iai: Sea ee ee othe 233 By Gift— Bennett, F. L.—Rumex maritimus L. var. fueginus ( Phil.) Dasén trom South Dakotas 406 odin o 4 ogee wee ho oleh 1 Cutler, Hugh C.—Plants of 'Texas, Arizona and New Mexico.. 99 Hine, Mrs. K.—Iris persica L. from horticulture............. 1 Steyermark, Julian A., by R. E. Woodson, Jr.—Plants of INGERSOLL eG fo wleenslee se 5nd ¥en KEROSENE TREE RARE RTORD Oa 4 By Exchange— Demaree, Delzie—Plants of Arkansas.................2-006- 179 Hermann, F. J.—Plants of Michigan, Illinois and Wisconsin... 211 Kew Herbarium—Fragments of Senecio gelidus Philippi...... 1 Lingnan University—Plants of China...............-22ceees 4 University of California at Los Angeles, by C. C. Epling— Plants of California, Arizona, and Nicaragua.............. 413 STAFF OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN THE GARDEN, 2315 TOWER GROVE AVENUE, ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI Grorcre T. Moors, Director HERMANN VON SCHRENK, Carrot W. DopgeE, Pathologist ! Mycologist Jess—E M. GREENMAN, EpGar ANDERSON, Curator of Herbarium Geneticist Ernest §. REYNOLDs, Rosert E. Woopson, Jr., Physiologist Assistant Curator of Herbarium Neti C. Horner, Librarian and Editor of Publications Grorce H. Prine, Superintendent JoHN NOYES, Pavut A. Kou, Consulting Landscape Architect Floriculturist WriiuiAm F. Lanaan, Avueust P. BrinMann, Chief Engineer Arboriculturist JOSEPH LANGEN, Davip C. Farrsurn, Assistant Engineer Horticulturist Artuor D. Forrester, Joun H. KEixoae, Plant Recorder ' Plant Collector ALBERT PEARSON, JosEPH CUTAK, ‘Painter In charge of Exotics LapIsLaus Curak, | In charge of Succulents THE ARBORETUM, GRAY SUMMIT, MISSOURI Lars P. JENSEN, Manager Roy E. Kissecr, Davip Miurr, Engineer Orchid Grower TROPICAL STATION, BALBOA, CANAL ZONE Pavt H. ALLEN, Manager REPRESENTATIVE IN EUROPE Gurney Wison, F. L. &., Hove, Sussex, England MUussOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN JBULLETIN Vol. XXVI APRIL, 1938 No. 4 CONTENTS , Page Common Native Trees of Missouri. III. Osage Orange (Maclura pomifera (Raf.) Schneider) . . . . 75 Notes from the Missouri Botanical Garden Tropical Station, Balboa, Canal Zone . . ... . s . 78 The White Redbud Found Again . . . . . . . 82 Warten OE Ae apa ou at LO NA a Oe Statistical Informidtion).. 6 ee eee ee oe BF Office of Publication: 1201-5 Bluff Street, Fulton, Mo. Editorial Office: Missouri Botanical Garden, 2315 Tower Grove Avenue, St. Louis, Mo. Published monthly except in July and August by the Board of Trustees of the Missouri Botanical Garden Entered as second-class matter February 23, 1937, at the post-office at Fulton, Mo., under the Act of March 3, 1879. SUBSCRIPTION PRICE: ONE DOLLAR A YEAR SINGLE NUMBER FIFTEEN CENTS BOARD OF TRUSTEES OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN THE ORIGINAL MEMBERS WERE DESIGNATED IN MR. SHAW’S WILL AND THE BOARD SO CONSTITUTED, EXCLUSIVE OF THE EX-OFFICIO MEMBERS, IS SELF-PERPETUATING President Grorce C. Hrrcucock Vice-President Dante. K. Caturw Second Vice-President Tuomas S. Marrrrr L. Ray Carter Grorce T. Moore Samvet C. Davis Evaenet Perrvs Douptey Frencu A. Wesset SHAPLEIGH Ernan A. H. SuHepiey EX-OFFICIO MEMBERS Grorer R. THROoP, Witi1am Scarrerr, Chancellor of Washington Uni- Bishop of the Diocese of Missouri versity Brrnarp F. Dickmann, J. B. Macztwanz, 8. J., Mayor of the City of St. Louis President of The Academy of Sci- ence of St. Louis Epwarp A. FrrrENBACH President of the Board of Education of St. Louis Secretary Grratp E. Uxrtor SOME FACTS ABOUT THE GARDEN The Missouri Botanical Garden was opened to the public by Mr. Henry Shaw about 1860. From that date to the death of Mr. Shaw, in 1889, the Garden was maintained under the personal direction of its founder, and while virtually a private garden it was, except at certain stated times, always open to the public. Although popularly known as “Shaw’s Garden” the name Missouri Botanical Garden was designated by Mr. Shaw as its official title and in his will or in any of his writings he specifically referred to it as the “Missouri Botanical Garden.” By a provision of Mr. Shaw’s will the Garden passed at his death into the hands of a Board of Trustees. The original members of the Board were desig- nated in the will, and the Board so constituted, exclusive of certain ex-officio members, is self-perpetuating. By a further provision of the will, the immediate direction of the Garden is vested in a Di- rector, appointed by the Board of Trustees. The Garden receives no income from city or state, but is supported entirely from funds left by the founder. The city Garden comprises 75 acres, where about 12,000 species of plants are growing. There is now in process of development a tract of land of over 1,600 acres outside the city limits which is to be devoted to (1) the propagation and growing of plants, trees, and shrubs, designed for showing either indoors or outside, at the city Garden, thus avoiding the existing difficulties of growing plants in the city atmosphere; (2) gradually establishing an arbo- retum as well as holding a certain area as a wild-flower reservation, with the idea that possibly at some future time this may become the new botanical garden. The Garden is open to the public every day in the year, except New Year’s Day and Christmas—week days from 8:00 a. m. until sunset; Sundays from 10:00 a. m, until sunset. The main entrance to the Garden is located at Tower Grove Ave- nue and Flora Place, on the Sarah car line (No. 42). Transfer south from all intersecting lines. PLATE 8 Mo. Bor. Garp. Butt., Vou. 26, 1938 De Tea ae lon ae A tear 3S ie ©: ge OSAGE ORANGE (MACLURA POMIFERA) AT THE GARDEN Missouri Botanical Garden Bulletin Vol. XXVI APRIL, 1938 No. 4 COMMON NATIVE TREES OF MISSOURI. III OSAGE ORANGE (MACLURA POMIFERA (RAF.) SCHNEIDER) The economic uses of a tree are generally associated with the needs of the people. Except for fuel, the Indians did not hold trees so important in their daily life as we do today. Yet there is one tree, native to a rather limited area between southern Mis- souri and northern Texas, which was in daily use by the Indians inhabiting these and perhaps adjoining states. In fact, the tree (Maclura pomifera (Raf.) Schneider) was commonly called bow- wood or Osage orange because the Osage Indians are said to have made long trips annually in search of the wood for making bows and war-clubs; and likely they used the wood or the finished product in inter-tribal trade. Although the Osage orange played a part in the culture and economy of the early inhabitants, it is not as well known com- mercially as other trees of wider distribution. As a source of dye it was used by the Indians and again it gained prominence for this purpose during the World War. During the rush to the West it was made into wheel-stock. No doubt pieces of this wood, rudely fashioned to fit a broken part of a lumbering prairie schooner, outlasted the rest of the wagon, for it is in such work that its great strength and hardness becomes evident. When cut and split it has been used for fence posts and railroad ties. Of later years it has been turned into police night-sticks. When attempts were made, years ago, to start a silk industry in the United States the foliage was served to the silk-worm and proved a suitable food. Since 1869 the hedge fence has been considered a “legal fence” in Missouri, and the Osage orange was the only tree extensively (75) 76 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN used for this purpose and specifically mentioned in the law relating to fences. Quite apart from the importance of this tree to the people of a bygone day is its closer connection with St. Louis. It is interesting to note that it was described by Nuttall in 1818 (Genera North American Plants, page 233) from a tree growing in the garden of “Mr. Shoutouw” |Chouteau]| in this city. Although Nuttall men- tions that the “male flowers are unknown,” most of the trees in the Garden at the present time are males. Rafinesque attacked this description and insisted that he had previously proposed the name Toxylon for the genus, that Capt. Lewis had collected this plant, and that it had been sent to Pursh for identification. Nevertheless, the name Maclura pomifera is generally used. The Osage orange derives the last half of its name from the fruit, which resembles a very large orange although less yellow in color. The mature fruit is the largest produced by any native tree, fully ripened specimens often weighing several pounds and measuring over six inches in diameter. In the Garden these fruits are greedily eaten by squirrels, who tumble and roll them to a place of safety and then gnaw through the outer portions to obtain the edible seeds at the very center. The accompanying illustrations show both the staminate and pistillate flowers as well as a mature specimen of the tree. Although the Osage orange normally grows along the river courses in alluvial soil it will withstand much dry weather, as shown by its use as a hedge in the prairie states. When used as a shade tree it may be expected to grow about as fast as a pin oak. Very few insects attack the foliage, and it is not injured by borers. The branches are contorted and grow in almost any direction, so a little corrective pruning should generally be done. The wood is so hard that only the best and sharpest saw will work with ef- ficiency ; and the saw-teeth become gummed by the milky juice, re- quiring frequent cleaning and sharpening. However, the wood is almost wholly free of fungous attacks and remains hard and sound no matter how long the exposure or unsatisfactory the pruning paint. Although the introduction of wire fencing has stopped the planting of new hedge fences and hastened the removal of estab- lished plantings, the Osage orange should find a place among our Mo. Bor. Garp. BULL., VoL. 26, 1938 PLATE 9 Staminate flowers Pistillate flower FLOWERS OF OSAGE ORANGE 78 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN shade trees. The contorted branching appears bizarre when seen against the winter sky, but irregular as the branches may be they never break under the weight of sleet or pressure of wind. Even the termites have not been observed feeding on the heart-wood. A tree so staunch, so friendly to an earlier people, and so disdain- ful of insect enemies commends itself to us and seemingly insists upon room in our plantings, where it should be permitted to grow as a specimen. A. Pom. NOTES FROM THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN TROPICAL STATION, BALBOA, CANAL ZONE (Eatracts from a letter received recently from Paul Allen, Manager of the Tropical Station ) “People living in the temperate portions of the globe usually picture the tropics as regions of constant and uniform heat, tor- rential rainfall, and malodorous swamps. While this description is true enough of some low-lying areas near the coasts, it by no means applies to the vast highland area of Central and South America, The rule that increased elevation has the same effect on climate as distance from the equator is vaguely familiar to most people. It is a banality to state that high mountains in the temperate zones are snow-capped, and that their tops, by reason of their increased elevation, are in the arctic zone. For some reason, this same principle becomes a wonder when applied to tropic regions, and it is with astonishment that the average person learns that lands above 4,000 feet elevation are delightfully cool, and that at about 10,000 feet the temperate zone, with many of its characteristic plants, has been reached. “The Republic of Costa Rica, with its elevated central plateau lying roughly at 10 degrees north of the equator, offers an excel- lent example of these climatic belts, and shows both by native and cultivated plants the effect of the lowered temperature. “A collecting expedition for living orchids and dried plant speci- mens was made for the Garden in Costa Rica during the months of December, 1937, and January, 1938, during which time most of the central highland area was covered. By far the highest as well as one of the most accessible mountains of this area is the Voleano MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 19 Irazu, which dominates the entire plateau with its vast bulk. The elevation of 11,322 feet is topped by only two others near the Panamanian border, which, unfortunately, are almost impossible to visit. Irazu, in spite of its size and the fact that it is one of the most conspicuous features of the landscape from San Jose, the capital, is not a spectacular type of volcano. It has no billowing cloud of smoke, and is not the perfect cone sometimes seen in vol- canic mountains. It is regarded by the native Costa Ricans with affection mixed with considerable awe, since it was the source of the terrible series of earthquakes that completely destroyed the city of Cartago in 1910. “Weather about the summit is quite capricious, with storms and clouds alternating with perfectly clear skies, often within a few hours. We were very desirous of securing a collection of plants from the peak, but were constantly discouraged by the natives of San Jose, who declared the trip to be well nigh impossible and enlarged on the possibilities of bad weather. We finally selected a clear morning, and contracted with a chauffeur to carry us as far as the Sanitorio and to return for us late in the day. “We were delighted to find that considerable work had been done by the Government on the trail, which was in excellent con- dition. Evidently there is some ruling here to prevent the drag- ging of logs down the roads, a custom which has gone far toward ruining the trails up the Volcano Poas. The lower flanks of the mountain are largely under cultivation, although very little is in coffee. Most of the fields were in potatoes, corn, and barley. We saw many men plowing with teams of oxen, a refreshing sight to us since plowing is not practiced in the lowlands. These plowed fields were generally being sown to wheat. “Between 8,000 and 9,000 feet elevation is the dairy region, with very fine-looking cattle. Numerous ox carts were toiling up the road with supplies for these. The milk is carried out on horse- back in curious metal containers fitted to the saddle. The laborers’ shacks often had quite interesting collections of flowers about the dooryards, one of which in particular included petunias, snap- dragons, calla lilies, Dianthus, ris germanica, rambler roses, Cali- fornia poppies, phlox, and many other things usually associated with northern gardens. There were very fine hedges about twelve 80 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN feet tall of the beautiful angel’s trumpet, Datura suaveolens, which is not often seen outside the southern states in continental United States. “At about this same elevation is found the remains of what was evidently an extensive oak forest. The trees often reach the neighborhood of ninety feet, and are fine specimens. Several species are present, many of the smaller ones loaded with masses of a broad-leaved mistletoe with very showy orange flowers. The oaks are apparently fighting a losing battle, however, since the hand of the cultivator is heavy on the land. The only species we found in fruit was evidently Quercus irazuensis, which in former times was said to form pure stands at this elevation. Fallow fields along the way were full of blue lupines, dandelions, and the com- mon ageratum used in St. Louis for outdoor bedding plants. The oak belt ends very abruptly at about 9,500 feet. The trees at this elevation are torn to pieces by the violent winds, of which we saw much evidence in those felled across the trail. Very near to this same elevation were many clumps of a medium-sized bamboo, all dead, which may or may not have been due to the end of a flowering cycle. “The trail sides above this oak belt for some distance are made bright by quantities of tall yellow-flowered Senecio Oerstedianus, whose very attractive rough leaves showed silvery undersides when blown in the wind. Mixed with these were many scarlet Castilleja irazuensis, much resembling the Rocky Mountain species. Very soon a curious dead forest of small trees is reached, through which the cinder trail winds its ghostly way. These trees are of a rather uniform height of perhaps twenty feet, and have the stark appear- ance of fire-killed timber in the West. Since many of them were sprouting from the old trunks, we at first thought that perhaps they were relics of a comparatively recent eruption, but have found since that they were evidently in this condition in 1847 when the botanist Oersted visited the Volcano. They seemed to be Arctostaphylos ledifolia, the species which is so common in high elevations here. We were surprised to encounter a great deal of a species of Smilacina, much resembling ours at home but stouter. Mixed with it was some very curious vine, similar to the amarylli- daceous Bomareas, with dark red clusters of flowers which MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 81 clambered up and over the dead trunks. Spiraea argentea we found to be quite common, although net reaching as high on the slopes as some of the Ericaceae. “Fine views were had here of the Cordillera of Talamanca stretching toward the Panamanian line, with the famous Cerro de la Muerte, where poorly equipped lowlanders are reputed to have frozen to death in crossing the pass. Far to the south the peak of Chirripo Grande, the highest point in this portion of Central America, could just be seen breaking through the clouds. The last ridge of the trail was reached two and a half hours after leaving HIGHEST AND EVIDENTLY OLDEST OF THE THREE CRATERS OF THE VOLCANO IRAZU, ABOUT 10,800 FEET ALTITUDE the Sanitorio, with the weather quite clear but windy and very cold. The temperature was found to be 43 degrees in the shade. Almost the entire vegetation consists of Arctostaphylos ledifolia, about shoulder high, and small stunted bushes of Pernettya cori- acea. This last resembles greatly the common huckleberry, but curiously a sort of drunkenness and paralysis ensues from eating any quantity of the fruit. “The summit at present is broken into three principal craters, two of them evidently quite old. The newest of the three is enor- mous, quite deep, more or less active, and entirely bare of any sort of vegetation on its inner walls. All three contain small shallow lakes of varying size. Of the one in the upper crater, our 82 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN small guide told us the encouraging news that a man and _ horse had been lost in the mud flats about its edge. We gave it a wide berth, since the only plants at all near were a species of grass which could be had elsewhere. “A great deal of the timber has been destroyed in the belts where orchids would normally have been found, but a fairly repre- sentative collection of the present flowering plants of the peak was secured, and has been sent to St. Louis for further study.” THE WHITE REDBUD FOUND AGAIN Ed. A. Alt, Jr., a fourth-grade pupil at the Oakfield District School, discovered a wild white redbud, April 5, 1938, on his father’s farm at Pacific, Mo. The tree is located on the south slope of a wooded hill, and is about eight feet high and three inches in circumference. It appears to be the outgrowth of an older, much larger tree, the remains of whose trunk is now barely discernible above the surface of the ground. On finding the tree, Junior in- formed the Missouri Botanical Garden Arboretum at Gray Sum- mit, which asked for a sample. Immediately it was sent—genuine, creamy-white redbuds. As far as is known, this is only the second time that Cercis canadensis var. alba has been found outside of cultivation. All of the white redbuds in various nurseries and gardens throughout the country have originated from the “sport”? found by John Teas, Carthage, Mo. This was some time previous to 1903, when a small plant was received at the Garden for trial. Seventeen years later all the original stock of white redbud from Teas Nursery was acquired by the Garden. Mrs. Martin Baapy. NOTES Dr. Edgar Anderson, Geneticist to the Garden, broadcast over Radio Station KSD, March 30, on “How Forsythia First Came to This Country.” Dr. David C. Fairburn, Horticulturist to the Garden, has an article in the April issue of The Modern Hospital Magazine, en- titled “Softening Bleak Exteriors.” MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 83 Mr. G. H. Pring, Superintendent of the Garden, gave an il- lustrated lecture before the Quincy Garden Club, Quincy, IIL, April 12, on “Designing and Planting Gardens.” The Herbarist, a Publication of the Herb Society of America, for 1938 (4: 15-16) contains an article by Dr. Edgar Anderson, Geneticist to the Garden, entitled “Mints and Microspores.” Mr. L. P. Jensen, Manager of the Garden Arboretum, spoke before the Manchester School Association, at Manchester, Mo., March 21, on “The Relation of Gardening to Community Life.” Mr. Ladislaus Cutak, in Charge of Succulents at the Garden, is the author of an illustrated article, “Succulents at the Missouri Botanical Garden,” in the March number of Desert Plant Life. Mr. L. P. Jensen, Manager of the Garden Arboretum, attended the meeting of the Board of Directors of the Missouri State Fed- eration of Garden Clubs, at the St. Louis Arena, March 30. Dr. Carroll W. Dodge, Mycologist to the Garden, presented a paper before the Eastern Missouri section of the Society of American Bacteriologists, April 12, on “Some Effects of Car- cinogenic Substances on Yeasts.” In a series of interviews on gardening and horticulture over Radio Station KMOX, Dr. George T. Moore, Director of the Garden, spoke on “The Value of the Flower Show,’ March 23, and Dr. Hermann von Schrenk, Pathologist to the Garden, on “Gardens for Private Estates,” March 25. Mr. Ladislaus Cutak, in Charge of Succulents at the Garden, gave an illustrated talk before the Botany 101 class of Washing- ton University, March 23, on “Exploring Southwestern Deserts for Cacti’; and before the senior group of the Holy Name Society, St. Margaret’s Church, April 26, on “Vagabonding in the South- west.” Recent visitors to the Garden library include Miss Phyllis Cook and Miss Margaret Kaeiser, graduate students in botany, University of Illinois, Urbana; Dr. Norman Fassett, Assistant Professor of Botany, University of Wisconsin, Madison; Dr. Harry J. Fuller, Assistant Professor of Botany, University of Il- linois, Urbana; Dr. Robert W. Webb, Principal Cotton Technolo- 84 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN gist, Bureau Agricultural Economics, U. S. Dept. Agr., Wash- ington, D. C.; Dr. H. S. Conard, Head Dept. Botany, Grinnell College, Grinnell, Iowa; Mr. Ralph E. Rawlings, student in bot- any, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas; Mr. Norman Butterfield, graduate student, Purdue University, Lafayette, Ind. STATISTICAL INFORMATION FOR MARCH, 1938 GARDEN ATTENDANCE: Total mumber of VisitOres 4.3 e050. oes veya Bar es al 29,975 Liprary ACCESSIONS: Total number of books and pamphlets bought................ 42 Total number of books and pamphlets donated............... 167 Prant ACCESSIONS: Total number of plants and seed-packets received as gifts.... 2,134 Herpsartum Accerssions: By Purchase Botanical Garden, Berlin-Dahlem—Plants of Ecuador, col- eo ae ee | eid Semana | 43 Degener, Otto—Plants of Hawaii............. 00.0. cece cece 87 Kyerdam, Walter J.—Plants of Washington................. 210 University of California Botanical Garden—Plants of South PONT 96 eC 55oSi o 4 15 ck RD Oe ek Pk ce Ree aad 109 Wynd, F.. Lyle—Plants of Mexico..........ccrceeesssessesd 107 By Gift— Barkley, Fred A.—Limosella aquatica L. from Montana...... 1 Clokey, Ira W., by R. E. Woodson, Jr.—Plants of Nevada.... A Cutler, Hugh C.—Chilopsis linearis (Cav.) Sweet, from Texas. . 1 Pring, George H.—Plants of horticulture.................... 2 Rosengurtt, Bernardo, by R. E. Woodson, Jr.—Plants of MUMIA Seals ocs tae gaa 9:6 4.0 #°s.S/asotate. Wistert e, Sh sie Ree AES Cee 10 University of California Herbarium—Fischeria calyculata LB fol ehe Feng (6) 21 Oya <7 0 RAS eer ae ae ERA cc, Fae, 0 Se agn! 1 von Schrenk, Hermann—Plants of Guatemala............... 68 By Exchange— Barkley, Fred A.—Plants of Montana. .....s54% Sseaaescde es 36 Clokey, Ira W.—Plants of California and Nevada........... 3,210 Demaree, Delzie—Plants of Arkansas, Oklahoma, and Colorado 228 U. S. National Museum—Lichens of Venezuela.............. 6 By Transfer— Anderson, Edgar—Plant of horticulture..................... 1 Beilmann, A. P.—Plant of horticulture...................... 1 Lodewyks, Maude C.—Plant of horticulture.................. 1 By Field Work Allen, Paul H.—Plants of Panama, approximately........... 450 STAFF OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN THE GARDEN, 2315 TOWER GROVE AVENUE, ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI Grorer T. Moore, Director HERMANN VON SCHRENK, CarRoLL W. DopGez, Pathologist Mycologist JESSE M. GREENMAN, Epegark ANDERSON, Curator of Herbarium Geneticist Ernest 8. ReyNowps, Rosert E. Woopson, JRr., Physiologist Assistant Curator of Herbarium Next C. Horner, Librarian and Editor of Publications Grorce H. Prine, Superintendent JOHN NOYES, Pauu A. Koun, Consulting Landscape Architect Floriculturist WitiAmM F. LAnGAn, August P. Brinmann, Chief Engineer Arboriculturist JOSEPH LANGEN, Davip C. FarrBurn, Assistant Engineer Horticulturist Artuour D. Forrester, JoHuNn H. KExi10ae, Plant Recorder Plant Collector ALBERT PEARSON, JosEePH CuTAK, Painter a, Te Sheree of Exotics LapIsLAus Curak, . In charge of Succulents THE ARBORETUM, GRAY SUMMIT, MISSOURI Lars P. JENSEN, Manager Roy E. Kissrcr, . Davin Mitiezr, Engineer Orchid Grower TROPICAL STATION, BALBOA, CANAL ZONE Pavut H. Arey, Manager REPRESENTATIVE IN EUROPE Gurney Witson, F. L. S., Hove, Sussex, England MlussouRtI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN Vol. XXVI MAY, 1938 No. 5 CONTENTS Page Guide to the Succulent Plant Collection of the Missouri Botanical Garden. soe es ok ee ee he Re SS Office of Publication: 1201-5 Bluff Street, Fulton, Mo, Editorial Office: Missouri Botanical Garden, 2315 Tower Grove Avenue, St. Louis, Mo. Published monthly except in July and August by the Board of Trustees of the Missouri Botanical Garden Entered as second-class matter February 23, 1937, at the post-office at Fulton, Mo., under the Act of March 3, 1879, SUBSCRIPTION PRICE: ONE DOLLAR A YEAR SINGLE NUMBER FIFTEEN CENTS BOARD OF TRUSTEES OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN THE ORIGINAL MEMBERS WERE DESIGNATED IN MR. SHAW’S WILL AND THE BOARD SO CONSTITUTED, EXCLUSIVE OF THE EX-OFFICIO MEMBERS, IS SELF-PERPETUATING President Grorar C. Hrreucock * Vice-President Dantet K. Catrin Second Vice-President Tuomas S. Marrirr L. Ray Carrer Grorce T. Moorr Samuget C. Davis EvuGene Perrous Duper FRENCH A. Wersset SHAPLEIGH Eraan A. H. SHEPLey EX-OFFICIO MEMBERS Grorce R. THRoop, WitirAM Scar.ett, Chancellor of Washington Uni- Bishop of the Diocese of Missouri versity Bernarp F. Dickmann, J. B. Macutwang, S. J., Mayor of the City of St. Louis President of The Academy of Sci- ence of St, Louis Epwarp A. FrrrENBACH President of the Board of Education of St, Louis Secretary Geratp E. Utarcr GUIDE TO THE SUCCULENT PLANT COLLECTION OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN SELENICEREUS PTERANTHUS (night-blooming cereus) BY LADISLAUS CUTAK Mo. Bor. Garp. BULL., Vou. 26, 1938 PiatTE 9 ONE OF THE SUCCULENT HOUSES AT THE GARDEN Missour! Botanical Garden Bulletin Vol. XXVI MAY, 1938 No. 5 GUIDE TO THE SUCCULENT PLANT COLLECTION OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN Introduction.—With an enthusiasm born of intimate acquaint- ance, the author has attempted an evaluation of the desert plant life now housed in two greenhouses at the Garden. In the past decade there has been shown an intense interest in all types of desert plants, and there is no denying that they have at last at- tained a permanent place on the horticultural menu. The collec- tion at the Garden, as it stands today, represents one of the largest under glass in America, numbering well over 1000 species and varieties. It is the aim of this article to list all the named desert plants in the collection, so that the representatives of this large group may be readily accessible to visitors and the scope of material realized by all. The naming of plants in most large gardens is often un- avoidably neglected, except in such cases where groups have been or are being critically studied. At the Garden a concerted effort has been made to label each plant according to the most common system of nomenclature, and the spelling of names is consistent with that of the “Index Kewensis.”’ The visitor will note that a small square or oval metal tag is affixed to each plant. It bears the botanical name, the geographical range, and a key number by which the history of the specimen can be traced in the accession books kept on record at the Main Gate. Thus, for example, the label “Leptocereus assurgens, Cuba, 112- 37-4’ means that the habitat of Leptocereus assurgens 1s Cuba. The first part of the key number (112) denotes that the Atkins In- stitution was the 112th party to donate or exchange plants with our (85) 86 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN institution, the middle number (37) indicates the year, 1937, and the last number of the key (4) is the plant number. Besides this metal tag, some of the more interesting plants are provided with a green celluloid label bearing information couched in as few words (40 is the limit) as possible. Succulents as desert plants.—Several types of plants make their home in deserts: One kind comes up with occasional rains and completes its life cycle within a relatively short time; the non- succulent type has a root system which extends deep into the sub- stratum where moisture always lurks; and there are those with thickened bodies in which water is stored to be used during periods of drought. The cacti and spurges are the most characteristic of this last group, and are of the greatest interest to most people. Frequently they are classed as “freaks of nature,’ and indeed many deserve this appellation because of their grotesque appear- ances. What is a succulent? The term is derived from the Latin mean- ing “fleshy” or “juicy,” and is applied to plants possessing greatly thickened leaves or stems for water-storage. However, the expres- sion is used more or less broadly. Bulbous plants are generally ex- cluded, although there is a certain amount of succulency involved in them. Begonias, geraniums, and Wandering Jews have a suc- culent tendency, but among collectors they are not regarded as succulents. Yuceas, dasylirions, and agaves are not “‘succulent”’ in the purest sense although xerophytic in habit, but common usage has always associated them with this group and they are generally accepted as members. The most notable families with succulent peculiarities are the cactus (Cactaceae), orpine (Crassulaceae), fig-marigold (Aizoaceae), and the spurge (Euphorbiaceae). Other families containing a high percentage of succulent plants are the lily (Liliaceae), purslane (Portulacaceae), milkweed (Asclepia- daceae), and amaryllis (Amaryllidaceae). A few succulents can also be found in the grape family (Vitaceae), the geranium (Gera- niaceae ), the daisy (Compositae), and Dioscoraceae. The grotesque shapes of many succulents are the direct result of the hard-fought struggle for mere existence. For ages the sun has beat down mercilessly on these plants and water has fallen less and less frequently, and the succulents have had to adjust themselves to such conditions if they were to survive. The cacti MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 87 are possibly the highest developed examples of succulent desert plants, with the spurges running a close second. In the cactus family conservation has advanced so markedly that leaves are cast off entirely (except in such tropical genera as Pe- reskia, Pereskiopsis, and Quiabentia) or are reduced to small awl- shaped bodies which wither and fall after a short time, as in the Opuntieae tribe. In the more complex Cereiae tribe the leaves are absent, except in rare instances where they appear rudimentary on the young growth. Furthermore, cactus plants, especially those of the spheroid and columnar types, present the least surface ex- posure to the rays of the sun, and are further guarded by a waxy epidermis and abundance of radiating spines. Most succulents of the spineless variety, as crassulas, echeve- rias, mesembryanthemums, etc., have thickened leaves, gelatinous juices, and other protective devices in the form of closely set hairs and waxy secretions, which prevent excessive evaporation and con- serve a constant water supply. Some of the fig-marigolds and haworthias, in order to escape the fierce African sun, have learned to bury themselves in the sand, except for the flat translucent tops and leaf tips which act as “windows” and permit light to reach the underground parts. Because these plants have made radical adjustments in their mode of living, they have been enabled to maintain themselves as the dominating plant group in the desert regions. Succulents as house plants——A good majority of succulent plants, and there are several thousand species to choose from, make excellent pot plants for the home. Even the monstrously large types can be utilized for this purpose if seedlings or cuttings are used. Whenever a tall plant becomes too large or heavy for handling easily, it can be topped or cut back. This paves the way for adventitious shoots to develop, which when of sufficient size can be taken off the maternal plant and grown on as individual specimens. Other large succulents, such as the agaves, aloes, etc., produce numerous suckers or offshoots which can be severed from the adult plant and grown in smaller pots. Because most succulents possess a leather-like epidermis which limits the evaporation of the plant juices, they are able to resist the dry atmosphere of living-rooms far better than other types of plants. Many can be grown out of doors in the northern states in 88 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN summer, and several hundred species, the sedums, sempervivums, talinums, certain cacti, and the like, are hardy enough to withstand our winters. There is no limit to what can be grown in sunrooms anywhere. Succulents have not only found appreciative gardeners in Europe and America, but in all corners of the world. Frequently people are under the impression that cacti and their succulent allies thrive without any attention whatsoever, but that conception is highly erroneous. Truly, they require a minimum of care after be- ing thoroughly established, but to say they will thrive in the home without water and sunlight is absurd. Several articles on the cul- ture of cacti have been written in various issues of the BuLLE TIN (Feb., May, and Sept., 1933, May, 1934, Sept., 1935, Oct., 1936, Noy., 1937, March, 1938), and the reader is referred to them for further information. The working man in the humblest home can grow as fine plants as the man with greenhouse facilities. A sunny window is the pri- mary requisite, and it is surprising how many excellent succulents ‘an be cultivated in such a cubby-hole. Each group of succulents, whether of the cactus, lily, or spurge family, includes a host of in- teresting plants that merit a trial in the house. The cacti have at- tracted more widespread attention than all the rest of the suceu- lents, because they possess the greatest range in form and size. The spurges, especially those that strikingly resemble the cacti, constitute another popular group, while the stapeliads, originating in the African deserts, are undoubtedly among the greatest curi- osities of plant life. The aloids, comprising such genera as Aloe, Apicra, Gasteria, and Haworthia, vary in size from tiny speci- mens to large trees and generally are not difficult to grow. The Haworthias are the most attractive of the succulent lilies, resem- bling closely the “hen-and-chicken plants,” and are well adapted for window culture. Recently, the stemless fig-marigolds, com- monly alluded to as “‘living stones and pebble plants,’ have become very popular with collectors of succulents. Hundreds of these tiny mimic plants can be grown in the space of an average window, and require the least amount of care. Of the orpines, the kalanchoes, crassulas, bryophyllums and rocheas seem to be much favored. Kalanchoe Blossfeldiana and K. Kirkii have become two of the outstanding colorful pot plants of the winter flowering season. MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 89 ASCLEPIADACEAE (MILKWEED FAMILY) The large family of milkweeds contains some of the most in- triguing plants of the succulent world. These lend themselves ad- mirably for pot culture and are of easy growth. The most con- spicuous are the stapelias and their allied genera, consisting of over 500 species and varieties. They are mostly low-growing, leafless, stout-angled or thick-cylindric, fleshy herbs, growing in clusters. The flowers are five-pointed and star-like, ranging in size from mi- nute to sometimes a foot in diameter, luridly spotted, dotted, streaked, or lined, and often covered with silky hairs. Unfortu- nately, they possess an unpleasant odor, vet this does not curb their popularity in the least. The members of the genus Ceropegia have most peculiarly shaped flowers, resembling unique lanterns. The plants have a twining habit, making them suitable for hanging baskets and vases, and are very easy to grow. The most desirable are the following: C. Woodii, with long graceful stems and abun- dant, small, heart-shaped, fleshy, mottled leaves; C. Sandersonii, with curious, greenish, parachute-like flowers; and C. stapeliae- formis, with thick, grayish-green, twining stems and unusual flowers, unlike any other ceropegia. The succulent “wax plant,” Hoya carnosa, has always been a great favorite, especially when in flower. Our stapeliad collection is the result of several generous gifts received from Alain White and Boyd L. Sloane, authors of the three-volumed monograph, “The Stapelieae” (1937), to which the reader is recommended tor detailed descriptions of the following Species: CARALLUMA Nebrownii armata Nebrownii var. pseudo-Nebrownii Baldratii piaranthoides Burchardii ramosa Burchardii var. maura retrospiciens carnosa umdausensis europaea VENENOSA Hahnii DIPLOCYATHA hesperidum ciliata Knobelii var. Langii DUVALIA Lugardi angustiloba lutea Corderoyt Marlothii elegans melanantha Emiliana Munbyana hirtella var. obscura 90 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN maculata var. immaculata modesta polita polita var. transvaalensis reclinata var. angulata ECHIDNOPSIS cereiformis cereiformis var. obscura Framesii serpentina HOODIA Pillansii HOODIOPSIS Triebneri HUERNIA brevirostris clavigera Gibbsiae? Herre hystrix insigniflora keniensis keniensis var. nairobiensis Kirkii Levyi Loeseneriana longituba macrocarpa macrocarpa var. cerasina macrocarpa var. flavicoronata macrocarpa var. Penzigii ocellata oculata Pillansii primulina primulina var. rugosa quinta reticulata Schneideriana stapelioides Thureti transvaalensis Whitesloaneana zebrina HUERNIOPSIS atrosanguinea decipiens PECTINARIA asperiflora sawvatilis PIARANTHUS comptus disparilis var. immaculatus foetidus Framesii globosus Pillansii STAPELIA ambigua var. fulva angulata asterias var. lucida bella cantabrigiensis charybdis clavicorona comparabilis conforimis de flexa deflewa var, atropurpurea Desmetiana Dummeri Kngleriana flavirostris gemmiflora Gettle fii gigantea glabricaulis glanduliflora Hanburyana hirsuta hirsuta var. affinis hirsuta var. unguipetala kwebensis var. longipedicellata Leendertziae maculosoides Margarita mutabilis nudiflora pasadenensis pedunculata Peglerae Pillansii pulchella pulvinata radiata? rufa Schinzii semota variegata variegata var. bufonia variegata var. picta variegata var. planiflora verrucosa STAPELIANTHUS Decaryi Mo. Bor. Garp. BULL., VOL. 26, 1938 PLaTeE 10 oo Ls fo i, fd ' oe + ee r 4 & Le Py td , 0 ie 4 : aie at é — + aie - ae * HOYA CARNOSA IN BLOOM 92 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN TAVARESIA TRICHOCAULON angolensis columnare grandiflora puiferum (OTHER ASCLEPIADS) CEROPEGIA HOYA Barkleyi carnosa debilis SARCOSTEMMA Sandersonii australis stapeliaeformis viminale Woodii AMARYLLIDACEAE (AMARYLLIS FAMILY) The succulent, or rather xerophytic agaves, are perhaps the dominating plants in many American waste places. They range in size from the tiny Agave parviflora of southern Arizona deserts to the extremely large 4. atrovirens of central Mexico. Many of the species were of great economic importance to the aboriginal Indian, and today they are used for decorative purposes in trop- ical gardens and conservatories. The most useful agaves are the “mescal plants,” from which several intoxicating liquors are manu- factured. When the plant is about to bloom, the flowering bud is cut away, the sap or “honey water” collecting in the cavity formed. tach tapped plant produces an average of ten to fifteen pints of aguamiel a day, which is gathered by the peons in various con- tainers and then taken to the pulqueria, where it is converted into the national drink, called pulque. Aside from the liquor, the agaves have had other utilitarian purposes. The tough fiber contained in the leaves has been used in making lassoes for roping animals, mattresses and clothes; the dry leaves were employed in thatching the roofs of huts; the juice was applied to sores; the sharp end spines were utilized for needles; the bruised leaves afforded a paste from which paper similar to the Egyptian papyrus was manufactured; and the cores, when properly cooked, were palatable and nutritious food. In short, the maguey was everything to the aborigines before white man’s in- genuity made its appearance. Since the nomenclature of these plants is very confused, the sys- tem adopted by Alwin Berger has been adhered to almost exclu- sively in the following list: AGAVE americana var, marginata-aurea albicans var. medio-picta atrovirens americana attenuata MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 93 aurea Murpheyt bracteosa oblongata cacozela Palmeri chiapensis Parryi chrysantha parviflora cochlearis pruinosa decipiens rigida elongata : Roezliana Ferdinandi-Regis Salmiana ferow var. Bonnetiana? Schottiti filifera sisalana fourcroydes striata Franzosini Toumeyana Funkiana Treleasii Ghiesbreghtii vestita gracilipes Victoriae-Reginae heteracantha virginica horrida FURCRAEA indagatorum Bedinghausii ingens var. picta Cabuya var. integra intermedia? Humboldtiana lechuguilla inermis? lophantha Lindeni macrantha Selloa var. marginata Milleri? tuberosa mitriformis EUPHORBIACEAE (SPURGE FAMILY) This is one of the large botanical families, members of which are very variable in habit and form and scattered throughout all parts of the world. Some are herbs, some shrubs and trees, but the most interesting are the succulent, cactus-like types found chiefly in Africa, Arabia, Madagascar, Canary Islands, and India. The succulent spurges at the Garden are well represented, and inter- spersed in the collection are a few, less fleshy members to show the great variability found in this fascinating, vet the least understood, plant group. All euphorbias are well supplied with milky juice, which is highly poisonous to animals in many instances. Most of the spurges are of no economic value; yet a few produce drugs, some are used as stock feed, and others, E. Intisy, for instance, yield excellent rubber. Several species have been extensively used for fish poisons. The macerated branches were thrown into a stream, their toxic juices aiding in stupefying the fish, in which condition they were easily picked up. 94 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN Since a great majority of succulent spurges inhabit arid regions similar to those occupied by the American cacti, their mode of culture is identical. Good drainage is essential at all times, with water sparingly applied during the dormant season. Many of the fleshy euphorbias in our collection have been grown from seed and cuttings donated by Dr. Leon Croizat, the euphorbia special- ist now at the Arnold Arboretum. candelabrum var. Erythraeae Cattimandoo ornithopus cereiformis pentagona clandestina pentops? Clava Pfersdor fit? coerulescens pilulifera conspicua piscatoria Cooperi pseudocactus Deightonii pseudoglobosa dendroides pteroneura dulcis pulcherrima Echinus ramipressa fasciculata Regis-Jubae fimbriata Reinharadtii Franckiana resinifera fulgens Rothiana Ferardiana Royleana globosa Schimperi Gorgonis similis grandicornis splendens grandidens stapelioides ? Hermentiana stellaes pina hottentota stolonifera? inermis tenuirama ingens Terracina Intisy tetragona lactea Tirucalli lactea cristata virgata lateriflora virosa EUPHORBIA Ledienii abyssinica Lemaireana aggregata lophogona antiquorum mammillaris antisy philitica mauritanica aphylla Morinii? Barnhartii Muirii biglandulosa multiceps Bivonae Myrsinites bubalina neriifolia bupleurifolia neutra caducifolia Nivulia canariensis Officinarum orabensis MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 95 Welwitschii Smallii Wilmanae tithymaloides xylophylloides SYNADENIUM PEDILANTHUS arborescens aphullus? Grantii MACYVOCEr Pus LILIACEAE (LILY FAMILY) Of the many succulent or near-succulent genera forming a part of the very colorful lily family, the outstanding are Aloe, Gasteria, Haworthia, and Yucca. The propagation of these is very simple and easy. Almost every species makes an abundance of off-shoots or underground runners which give rise to new plants that may be detached already rooted. Seeds of most species furnish a ready means of increase, and in many cases individual leaves, if placed in sand or on sandy soil, will sprout young plants. Succulent lilies, especially the aloes, will thrive in almost any kind of well-drained soil. Many varieties will withstand as much abuse as the common sansevieria or aspidistra, and for this reason make excellent house plants. During the growing season, water should be supplied more frequently than is ordinarily given to spurges and cacti. In warmer regions these plants can be grown outdoors all the year round, the taller and bushy types making ex- cellent ornamental material in the drier portions of gardens or hillsides. The haworthias are the smallest of the succulent lilies and the darlings of the family. Gasterias are highly decorative plants possessing conspicuous slender racemes of gracefully pendent, highly colored flowers. ALOE bulbillifera abyssinica caesia acutissima capitata var. cypolinicola africana andringitrensis arborescens arborescens var. Milleri aborescens Var, natalensis arborescens var. pachythyrsa arborescens var. viridiflora borziana brevifolia var. serra Broomii Brunnthaleri capitata var. typica Chabaudii Chludowii ciliaris commutata Davyana de Laetii (hybrid) deltoideodonta divaricata elegans eru 96 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN eru var. maculata Wickensis ferow Winteri (hybrid) glauea Ysalensis globulifera zebrina Freatheadii APICRA humilis congesta i ei foliolosa a sega BOWIEA Bidptigh: volubilis latifolia lineata DASYLIRION acrotrichum littoralis longibracteata macrocarpa microstigma mitriformis ? Muirii nobilis Nowotnyi obscura Paxii Pienaarii plicatilis pluridens pratensis pretoriensis pseudo picta rubro-lutea runcinata Salm-Dyckiana Salm-Dyckiana var. fulgens saponaria saponaria var. lutea-striata? Schimperi (hybrid) Schladenowii? Schlechteri spinosissima spuria Sterndnerii? Straussii striata striata hybrida succotrina succotrina var. savigena supralaevis supralaevis var. erythrocarpa supralaevis hybrida tenuior Thraskii Vahombe variegata vera Viguieri cedrosanum quadrangulatum serratifolium Wheeleri DRACAENA Draco GASTERIA acinacifolia carinata Croucheri elongata linguaformis? maculata nigricans nitens nitida subverrucosa trigona verrucosa vittata HAWORTHIA albicans angustifolia arachnoides aristata? asperula attenuata Cooperi cymbiformis Dielsiana fasciata mar garitifera pilifera Radula Reinwardtii rugosa setosa? Taylorii tortuosa var. pseudorigida turgida viscosa Puate 11 Mo. Bor. Garp. Butt., Vor. 26, 1938 Peo $23 ines 3 ee ¢ i’ se ea, 4 hairless an THE TRUE ALOE (Aloe vera) GROWING IN THE SOUTH AFRICAN HOUSE AT THE GARDEN 98 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN SEA-URCHIN CACTUS HESPERALOE parviflora LOMATOPHYLLUM orientale NOLINA longifolia microcarpa recurvata SAMUELA CUAFNECTOSANA SANSEVIERIA cylindrica cylindrica var. patula subspicata trifasciata trifasciata var. Laurenti YUCCA aloifolia aloifolia var. marginata arkansana australis baccata Baileyi elata elephantipes filamentosa glauca gloriosa Harrimaniae macroca rpa rigida rostrata (‘To be coneluded in the June Butietin.) STAFF OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN THE GARDEN, 2315 TOWER GROVE AVENUE, ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI Grorce T. Moore, Director HERMANN VON SCHRENK, Carrou. W. Dopge, Pathologist Mycologist JESSE M. GREENMAN, Ep@ar ANDERSON, Curator of Herbarium Geneticist Ernest §. REYNOLDS, Rosert E. Woopson, JR., Physiologist Assistant Curator of Herbarium Neuzt C. Horner, Librarian and Editor of Publications Grorce H. Prine, Superintendent JOHN NOYES, Paut A. Kou, Consulting Landscape Architect Floriculturist Witiram F. Lanegan, Aveust P. BEILMaNN, Chief Engineer Arboriculturist JosEePH LANGEN, Davin C. Farrsurn, Assistant Engineer Horticulturist Arruour D. Forrester, Joun H. KEL1oee, Plant Recorder Plant Collector ALBERT PEARSON, JosEPH CUTAK, Painter In charge of Exotics Lapistaus CuraK, In charge of Succulents THE ARBORETUM, GRAY SUMMIT, MISSOURI Lars P. JENSEN, Manager Roy E. Kissrcx, Davin MILter, Engineer Orchid Grower TROPICAL STATION, BALBOA, CANAL ZONE Pav. H. Aten, Manager REPRESENTATIVE IN EUROPE Gurney Wison, F. L. S., Hove, Sussex, England i MlussOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN Vol. XXVI JUNE, 1938 No. 6 CONTENTS Page Guide to the Succulent Plant Collection of the Missouri Botanical Garden (Continued from May Bulletin) 99 Statistical Information «>>... 2h. ee ee 1 Office of Publication: 1201-5 Bluff Street, Fulton, Mo. Editorial Office: Missouri Botanical Garden, 2315 Tower Grove Avenue, St. Louis, Mo. Published monthly except in July and August by the Board of Trustees of the Missouri Botanical Garden Entered as second-class matter February 23, 1937, at the post-office at Fulton, Mo., under the Act of March 3, 1879. SUBSCRIPTION PRICE: ONE DOLLAR A YEAR SINGLE NUMBER FIFTEEN CENTS BOARD OF TRUSTEES OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN THE ORIGINAL MEMBERS WERE DESIGNATED IN MR, SHAW’S WILL AND THE BOARD SO CONSTITUTED, EXCLUSIVE OF THE EX-OFFICIO MEMBERS, IS SELF-PERPETUATING President Grorce C. Hircucock Vice-President Danie. K. Carr Second Vice-President THomas 8S. Marrrrr L. Ray Carrer Grorce T. Moorn Samue. C. Davis Evucene Pertrus Duprey FRENCH A. Wesset SHAPLEIGH Eruan A. H. Sueprey EX-OFFICIO MEMBERS Grorer R. THROop, WitiiAm Scarterr, Chancellor of Washington Uni- Bishop of the Diocese of Missouri versity Bernard F. Dickmann, J. B. Macetwang, S. J., Mayor of the City of St. Louis President of The D caiensy of Sci- ence of St. Louis Epwarp A. Frrrenpaco President of the Board of Education of ‘St. Louis Secretary Gerad E. Urricr Missourl Botanical Garden Bulletin Vol. XXVI JUNE, 1938 No. 6 GUIDE TO THE SUCCULENT PLANT COLLECTION OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN (Continued from the May Butrerry) CRASSULACEAE (ORPINE FAMILY) Most members of this interesting family are more or less succu- lent. The sedums are the most common and evidently are the first plants thought of when a rock garden is planned. Chiefly these are thick-leaved perennials, just a few inches high and forming dense turf-like mats over rocks and soil. Like the sempervivums, they are generally winter-hardy and for that reason are excellent subjects for the gardens of temperate climates. In the sub-tropic regions the orpines attain the stage of sub-shrubs or shrubs and therefore are valuable for ornamentals in conservatories and gar- dens. With few exceptions, they are able to endure intense drought. Of the tender sempervivums, the genus Aeconium is possibly outstanding, comprising about thirty-six species. In Mexico and the Southwest, the orpines are represented by the very attractive Echeveria, Dudleya, Stylophyllum, and several other genera. These plants grow in a more or less rosette fashion, giving the appearance of small cabbages. In Africa and Madagascar, the orpines number several hundred species, most of which are hand- some, easy of culture, and make excellent pot plants. The most interesting genera are Kalanchoe, Bryophyllum, Cotyledon, Cras- sula, and Rochea. (99) 100 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN AEONIUM arboreum atropurpureum Haworthii Saundersii? Tournefortii? ADROMISCHUS maculatus triflorus BRYOPHYLLUM calycinum crenatum daigremontianum tubiflorum BYRNESIA Weinbergti COTYLEDON ausana cCOruscans decussata orbiculata papillaris undulata CRASSULA arborescens cultrata decipiens lactea lycopodioides monticola multicava pulvinata perforata pseudolycopodioides rubicunda tetragona trachysantha CREMNOPHILA nutans DUDLEYA Collomae ECHEVERIA agavoides carnicolor crenulata Desmetiana elegans expatriata gibbiflora var. metallica glauca globosa Hoveyi kewensis microcalyx nodulosa pubescens simulans stolonifera Whitei GRAPTOPETALUM Orpetii GREENOVIA dodrentalis KALANCHOE aleurodes A liciae aromatica beharensis Blossfeldiana carnea? crenata Engleri Fedtschenkoi flammea glaucescens hirta Kirkii laciniata marmorata orgyalis Petitiana rotundifolia somaliensis spathulata thyrsiflora tomentosa velutina Welwitschii KITCHINGIA mandrakensis uniflora LENOPHYLLUM texanum OLIVERANTHUS elegans ROCHEA coccinea faleata SEDUM Adolphii amecamecanum arborescens? MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 101 confusum Stahlii diffusum Treleasei dendroideum Winkleri guatemalensis SEMPERVIVUM humifusum arachnoideum multiceps arachnoideum var. glabrescens Palmert SINOCRASSULA Sieboldii yunnanensis ‘“™s “GOLDEN BARREL” CACTUS PLANTED AMONG OTHER SUCCULENTS CACTACEAE (CACTUS FAMILY) The Cactaceae, comprising over 1500 species, is the most re- markable and most outstanding of all the succulent families. Cacti are indigenous to the western hemisphere, but their popu- larity has carried them into nearly every land on the globe. In the drier parts of Africa, Australia, Asia, and Europe, they have 102 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN escaped from cultivation and have established themselves so se- curely that they can hardly be distinguished from the indigenous flora. They are generally easy of culture, and because of their peculiar shapes are greatly sought after by collectors of bizarre plants. The flowers of certain species can hardly be equalled in beauty by those of any other plant, not even the orchid. The A CACTUS BED Garden cactus collection has recently been greatly augmented by several generous gifts from the Pirtle boys of the Rio Grande Valley Cactus Garden; while a nearly-complete set of Arizona cacti has been received from Mr. R. H. Peebles of Sacaton, Arizona. The cactus family is divided into three distinct tribes and over one hundred genera. The Pereskieae tribe, numbering about MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 103 twenty species, is assumed to be the most primitive and more closely resembles leafy shrubs and trees than it does members of its own family. The nine genera of the Opuntieae tribe display the evolutionary trend from the preceding group. The third tribe, Cereiae, is the most complex and contains the darlings of the family, ranging from the dwarf to the gigantic. The system of nomenclature used by Britton and Rose in their monumental work “The Cactaceae” is followed here, except in few instances deemed necessary by present rules. ACANTHOCEREUS floridanus pentagonus ANCISTROCACTUS megarhizus Scheeri APOROCACTUS flagelliformis ARIOCARPUS fissuratus Kotschoubeyanus retusus trigonus ARROJADOA rhodantha ASTROPHYTUM asterias capricorne myriostigma myriostigma var. tamaulipensis ornatum CARNEGIEA gigantea CEPHALOCEREUS albispinus Arrabidae atroviridis Brooksianus chrysacanthus colombianus cometes Deeringti euphorbioides rounellet hapalacanthus leucocephalus leucostele macrocephalus Moritzianus nobilis Palmeri phaeacanthus polylophus Russelianus salvadorensis Sartorianus senilis CEREUS aethiops alacriportanus azureus Childsii Dayami THlankeanus hexagonus Hildmannianus jamacaru laetevirens? pernambucensis monstrosus peruvianus peruvianus monstruosus repandus stenogonus tetragonus thalassinus oalidus CHAMAECEREUS Silvestrii CLEISTOCACTUS areolatus Baumannii smaragdiflorus Straussii? COCHEMIEA Poselgeri 104 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN CONSOLEA catacantha haitiensis macracantha Mills paughii moniliformis Nashii rubescens CORYPHANTHA aggregata Andreae arizonica clava cornifera cubensis TTesteri macromeris neo-mexicana Nickelsae Palmeri Raunyonii vivipara DEAMIA testudo DENDROCEREUS nudiflorus DENMOZA rhodacantha DOLICHOTHELE longimamma sphaerica ECHINOCACTUS fossulatus? Grusonii horizonthalonius ingens polycephalus ECHINOCEREUS albispinus angusticeps arizonicus Baileyi Blanckii Bonkerae Boyce-Thompsoni chlorophthalmus cinerascens coccineus dasyacanthus dubius Engelmannii enneacanthus Fendleri Pitchii gonacanthus Ledingi longis pinus melanocentrus mo javensis octacanthus oklahomensis papillosus pentalophus polyacanthus Poselgerianus Reichenbachii Roset sarissophorus stramineus triglochidiatus Viereckii? viridiflorus ECHINOFOSSULOCACTUS lamellosus ECHINOMASTUS erectocentrus intertextus Johnsonii ECHINOPSIS albiflora albispinosa calochlora campylacantha Colmarii? Eyriesti gemmata? imperialis Kratochviliana Muelleri multiplex oxvygona paraguayensis Quehlii Ritteri Schelhaset Silvestrii triumphans tubiflora turbinata variabilis ? Wilkensii ENCEPHALACARPUS strobiliformis MISSOURI EPIPHYLLUM Hlookeri hybridum oxy petalum phyllanthus stenopetalum x “Sunset Gold” EPITHELANTHA micromeris micromeris var, Greggii ESCOBARIA Sneedii tuberculosa FEROCACTUS acanthodes Covillei crassihamatus hamatocanthus latispinus Lecontei melocactiformis Rafaelensis ? rectispinus Townsendianus uncinatus Wislizenii FRAILEA pumila GRUSONIA Bradtiana Wrightiana GYMNOCALYCIUM lafaldense? Mihanovichii multiflorum Netrelianum saglione Schickendantzii HAMATOCACTUS setispinus HARRISIA aboriginum adscendens Bonplandii Brookii Earlei eriophora Fernowii fragrans Jusbertii Martinii pomanensis BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN Simpsonii tortuosa HATIORA salicornioides HELIOCEREUS speciosus HOMALOCEPHALA texensis HYLOCEREUS costaricensis cubensis ocam ponis polyrhizus undatus LEMAIREOCEREUS Beneckei chichipe de ficiens Dumortieri griseus TTollianus hystria pruinosus queretoroensis stellatus Thurberi Treleasei Weberi LEPISMIUM cruciforme LEPTOCEREUS Assur gens LEUCHTENBERGIA principis LOBIVIA cinnabarina Graulichii mistiensis Pentlandii pseudocachensis saltensis LOPHOCEREUS Schottii LOPHOPHORA Williamsiti MACHAEROCEREUS gummosus MALACOCARPUS Leninghausii Ottonis submammulosus tabularis 105 106 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN MELOCACTUS Harlowii intortus matanzanus MONVILLEA Anisitsii Cavendishii insularis Lauterbachii Spegazzinii MYRTILLOCACTUS cochal geometrizans NEOBESSEY A missouriensis similis NEOLLOYDIA texensis NEOMAMMILLARIA applanata candida capensis Celsiana cirrhifera? compressa elegans elongata elongata var. stella-aurata fasciculata Fraileana fragilis? Hahniana hemisphaerica Karwinskiana kewensis Macdougalii magnimamma meiacantha microcarpa mystax Parkinsonii Petterssonii plumosa Pottsii pusilla? Sempervivi sphacelata spinosissima tenampensis viridiflora Wrightii Zahniana NOPALEA Auberi Brittoni cochenillifera dejecta guatemalensis Karwinskiana NYCTOCEREUS serpentinus OBREGONIA Denegrii OPUNTIA acanthocarpa angustata arbuscula arenaria basilaris Bigelovii brasiliensis Canada chlorocarpa? chlorotica clavata crassa cylindrica delicata? Dillenii discata echinocarpa Kichlamii elata Ellisiana Engelmannii fragilis ficus-indica fulgida fulgida var. mamillata glaucophylla? Grahamii TToweyi? imbricata inamoena Kleiniae Kunzei laevis lasiacantha leptocaulis leucotricha linguiformis Loomisti macrocentra maxima MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN microdasys militaris occidentalis pachyarthra f. flava? paraguayensis? Parishii phaeacantha polyacantha ramosissima repens retrorsa rhodantha robusta rufida Salmiana santa-rita spinosior Stanlyi stenochila? stricta subulata tenuispina tetracantha Thornberi tomentella tomentosa torlis pina trichophora undulata ursina vivipara vulgaris vulgaris var. variegata Whipplei Zacuapanensis OREOCEREUS Trollii PACHYCEREUS marginatus pecten-aboriginum Pringlei PEDIOCACTUS Simpsonii PELECYPHORA pectinata PENIOCEREUS Greggit PERESKIA aculeata Bleo fodse ffiana Nicoyana PERESKIOPSIS chapistle pititache velutina RATHBUNIA alamosensis REBUTIA Duursmaiana Piebrigit minuscula pseudo-deminuta pygmaea senilis var. Stuemeriana Spegazziniana? Steinmannii RHIPSALIS cassutha cereuscula crispata dissimilis gibberula grandiflora lumbricoides paradowa pentaptera rhombea teres Tonduxit trigona SELENICEREUS Boeckmannii grandiflorus ? Macdonaldiae pteranthus spinulosus Urbanianus SOLISIA pectinata STROMBOCACTUS disciformis THELOCACTUS bicolor TRICHOCEREUS candicans cuzcoensis lamprochlorus Pachanoi 107 108 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN peruvianus WILCOXIA | Schickendantzii Poselgert Shaferi senilis Spachianus viperina strigosus ZYGOCACTUS Terscheckii truncatus AIZOACEAE (FIG-MARIGOLD FAMILY) In this very popular family is to be found an infinite variety of forms. Some species are very dwarf and practically stemless, others so closely resemble the stones among which they grow that it is almost impossible to tell them apart, and still others form carpet-like mats, several feet in diameter, composed of bright leaves and flowers of rainbow hues. Recently, mesembryanthemums have become very popular with collectors of succulents. Many of the mimicry types, such as Lithops, Conophytum, Argyroderma, and Cheiridopsis, are so small that great numbers of them can be grown in a few pots set on the window-sill. ‘““Mesembs’’ usually grow very easily from seed, but because many are native to the driest parts of Africa, watering must be attended to with care. Sunlight is a prime requi- site, and without it plants cannot be expected to thrive, although partial shade (in the summer) is beneficial. All the fig-marigolds were classed under one genus, Mesem- bryanthemum, up to about twenty years ago. Now it has been split up into over one hundred new genera. Revision is. still going on, based largely upon fruit characteristics, and while the botanist is trying to bring order out of chaos, the gardener is con- fronted with learning all the new names that are being coined. The system here adopted is that of H. Jacobsen, in Fedde’s “Repertorium” (1938). ACRODON ARGYRODERMA bellidiflorus testiculare AETHEPHYLLUM ARIDARIA pinnatifidum flexuosa AIZOON splendens canariense umbellifilora ALOINOPSIS ASTRIDIA Jamesii velutina APTENIA BERGERANTHUS cordifolia multiceps MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN scapiger vespertinus CARPANTHEA pomeridiana CEPHALOPHYLLUM Alstonii CHASMATOPHYLLUM musculinum CHEIRIDOPSIS acuminata aspera carinata carnea Caroli-Schmidtii cigarettifera multiseriata peculiaris Pillansii Vanzijlii CONOPHYTUM Luisae Pillansii Purpusii? uvaeforme CORPUSCULARIA Lehmannii DEILANTHE Peersii DELOSPERMA Cooperi Davyi echinatum Ecklonis herbeum hirtum imbricatum subincanum Taylori DOROTHEANTHUS bellidiformis gramineus DROSANTHEMUM floribundum pauper EREPSIA Haworthii heteropetala FAUCARIA Bosscheana crassipetala Duneanii felina felina var. Jamesti hyneveldiae? lupina tigrina GIBBAEUM album Tleathii Hleathii var. elevata Nebrownii pubescens velutinum GLOTTIPHYLLUM depressum difforme latum linguiforme longum Nelii proclive taurinum uncatum HEREROA granulata incurva Stanleyi? HYMENOCYCLUS purpu reo-croceus LAMPRANTHUS aurantiacus Brownii elegans emarginatus falcatus falciformis lunatus polyanthon roseus Stephanii LAPIDARIA Margaretae LEIPOLDTIA Britteniae LITHOPS Aucampiae kuibisensis kun jasensis Lesliei pseudotruncatella terricolor MACHAIROPHYLLUM albidum 109 110 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN MESEMBRYANTHEMUM RUSCHIA album acutangula fulgidum? filamentosa intrusum multiflora NELIA perfoliata Meyeri rigida OSCULARIA vaginata deltoides SCHONLANDIA PHYLLOBOLUS a lgoe nse? resurgens PLEIOSPILOS ne Bolusii Fergusoniae TITANOPSIS magnipunctatus calearea nobilis Schwantesii optatus setifera simulans TRICHODIADEMA RABIEA bulbosum albinota densum RHOMBOPHYLLUM setuliferum rhomboideum stelligerum MISCELLANEOUS SUCCULENTS Of the plant families previously dealt with, the greatest number of the components are more or less succulent, but there are other families which contain a few fleshy members. The composite, or daisy family, includes several curious succulents, some of which have been in cultivation for a long time. Most of these belong to the genera Kleinia, Notonia, and Othonna. Kleinias are sun lovers, with odd flowers having unusually long peduncles, and glaucous leaves. Othonna crassifolia is suitable for hanging baskets, pro- ducing bright yellow flowers in abundance. It is often known as “little pickles,” because of its tiny cucumber-like leaves. The purslane family contains some gems for the rockery. Every one is acquainted with the brilliant flowers of Portulaca grandi- flora, commonly referred to as “rose moss,’ and there are other equally fascinating species in this group. The South African Portulacaria afra, which is a bush or small tree in its native home, makes an excellent pot plant. It is the favorite food of the ele- phants and commonly is called “elephant plant.” Talinums are chiefly tropical American herbs with succulent leaves, but a few members grow in the temperate regions of our country, and these are ideally suited for rock gardens. MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 111 The spiniform succulent Pelargonium echinatum is an example of desert geranium. This plant sheds its leaves during periods of drought, requires plenty of sun, and flowers profusely. The succu- lent grapes are represented by several species in the genus Cissus. The most curious is Cissus quadrangularis, a climbing, widely branching plant with quadrangular, green-winged stems con- stricted at the nodes, and alternate, deeply three-lobed leaves. The bromeliads, though not classed as succulents, are generally included in succulent collections, as they are a very interesting group of xerophytes. The mode of culture for Dyckias, Puyas, Hechtias, and similar genera is identical with that of cacti, and their rosette-forming habit appeals to the gardener. PORTULACACEAE Anacampseros Portulaca pilosa arachnoides Portulacaria afra quinaria Talinum rufescens calycinum telephiastrum paniculatum tomentosa parviflorum tomentosa var. crinita VITACEAE Cissus incisa Bainesii quadrangularis BROMELIACEAE Dyckia sulphurea brevifolia Puya chilensis remotiflora COMPOSITAE Kleinia repens acaulis somaliensis anteuphorbium stapeliaeformis articulata tropacolifolia chordifolia Notonia pendula ficoides Othonna crassifolia nertifolia GERANIACEAE Pelargonium echinatum 112 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN COMMELINACEAE Tradescantia navicularis NON-SUCCULENT DESERT PLANTS This guide would be incomplete if some of the typical non- succulent desert plants were not included. Plants such as the mesquite and ocotillo are so characteristic in our southwestern deserts that they merit a place in all large conservatories. On the slopes of the foothills, as well as in the plain, the ocotillo stretches its gaunt, wand-like, spiny stems. Mile after mile the lacy-leaved mesquite or the creosote bush with evergreen lacquered leaves is the dominant feature in the landscape. Along the desert washes the vegetation is even lush, with Lycium bushes, occasional acacias, desert hackberry, and palo verdes. In the early spring after the rains, the desert floor becomes splashed with a rich and varied display of flowers, but ironwood, desert broom, palo verde, catsclaw, mesquite, creosote and saltbush are more typical of the arid regions than these bright-colored herbs. Several typical non-succulent desert plants are now thriving in the “Cactus House,” many of which have been raised from seed collected on a trip to the Southwest in the fall of 1935. The retamas have grown luxuriantly and are now about ten feet high. The desert hackberry is now established, as are the ocotillos, salt- bushes, and many others. The following have been planted in permanent beds. Acacia Farnesiana (Huisache) Jatropha sp. (?) Acacia Greggii (Catsclaw) Leucodendron argenteum (Silver Atriplex canescens (Saltbush) tree) Bumelia occidentalis Lycium brevipes (Desert matri- Callistemon phoeniceus mony bush) Cassia Wislizenti Lycium pallidum Ephedra equisetina Parkinsonia aculeata (Retama) Fouquieria splendens (Ocotillo) Parkinsonia microphylla (Palo Idria columnaria (Living telegraph verde) pole) Prosopis juliflora (Mesquite) Jatropha Curcas Zizyphus lycioides Jatropha podagrica (French physic nut) L.'C, MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 113 STATISTICAL INFORMATION FOR APRIL AND MAY, 19388 GarpEN ATTENDANCE: Total number of visitors: in April i. sii: ej ees eee 32,822 Total number of visitors in May........... eee cece cece renee 42,046 Pian ACCESSIONS: Total number of plants and packets of seeds donated in April... 175 Total number of plants and packets of seeds donated in May.. — 180 Lisrary ACCESSIONS: Total number of books and pamphlets bought in April...... 25 Total number of books and pamphlets donated in April...... 187 Total number of books bought in May.........6.-..+eeee ee 15 Total number of books and pamphlets donated in May....... 61 Herparium ACCESSIONS: APRIL By Purchase— Magnusson, A. H==Plants of Sweden, €tc. .i...530/ 3t641c0y. 3 aor 150 Nelson, A. W.—Plants of Arizona 2.1.2... 00+ e rece eee ee eens 410 By Gift— Dodge, C. W.—Plants of Costa Rica and Panama .......... 7 Evans, A. W.—Plants of Jamaica ..........-0e eee e eee eens 12 Hillmann, J.—Plants of Germany and France .............. 10 Pring, George H.—Plants of horticulture ..........+.--0++5 5 By Exchange— Botanical Institute, University of Briinn—‘Exsiccatae, Re- publicae Bohemicae Slovenicae,” Cent. XII and XIIT, Nos. TTOUS1 SOON ClUSI VG 25 sce tis ea ae ee a es se phan 200 U. S. National Museum, Washington, D. C.—Plants of Virginia 12... cece cece cece cere cere creer ene rcceeceane 122 STO Gall Ce veyerer reir ots cheese are oles: araare ni etetelna slace gi et evnleiere 916 MAY By Purchase— Hinton, Geo. B.—Plants of Mexico ........-.+.eceeeeeeeeee 507 Kenoyer, L. A.—Plants of Mexico «2.0.0... - 5s cece eee eee 581 Steyermark, Julian A.—Plants of Missouri ...........+-+-. 4,000 University of California Botanical Garden by T. H. Goodspeed —Plants of South America .......... eee eee epee ec ee eee 129 By Gift— Anderson, Edgar—Plants of Missouri ..........+++eeee+eee 5 Benke, H. C.—Plants of Wisconsin and Louisiana ............ 3 Chandler, Albert—Plants of Texas ......... ccc en ccc ccerses 4 Cutler, Hugh C.—Plants of Texas and Utah ................ 3 114 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN Hubricht, Leslie—Plants of Illinois and Missouri ............ 13 Museum of Natural History, Botanical Division, Vienna, by K. Keissler—Fragments and photograph of Apocynum si- ihc, Be kc, OE LECTOTYPE | ] Steyermark, Julian A.—Plants of Missouri ................. 400 By Exchange— Ewan, Joseph—Plants of the San Gabriel Mts., California .... 61 Florida Agricultural Experiment Station by Erdman West Se ih const ae cd 5 | a ae me 52 Fort Hays Kansas State College by F. W. Albertson—Plants i” ere ere rere tae a eee 102 Grant, Adele Lewis—Plants of South Africa ................ 485 Gray Herbarium, Harvard University—Plants of Virginia. . 92 Marshall College, Department of Botany, by F. A. Gilbert —aNe Oe WOE VIPGINIG «66055 5s 40 oad oe Sows dace ss 100 Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences Herbarium— Plants of New Jersey and other eastern states, collected by Kenneth K. Mackenzie .............cccccccccccevcccccee. 300 Purer, Edith A.—Marsilia vestita Hook. & Grev. from Cal- PEOQONG) She. 4 cic esaiciane anv cutvead wae + eeed eure crea Se eo ec od 1 By 'Transfer— Anderson, Edgar—Plants of horticulture ................... 3 GURL. 25g 0. watacecae'G:na-0 9 wid adie 2-9-0902 Hehe a etka aie sian 6,842 FLOWER OF PLEIOSPILOS SIMULANS JUST BEFORE CLOSING STAFF OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN THE GARDEN, 2315 TOWER GROVE AVENUE, ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI Grorce T, Moore, Director HERMANN VON SCHRENK, CarroLt W. Dopas, Pathologist Mycologist Jesse M. GREENMAN, Epcar ANDERSON, Curator of Herbarium Geneticist Ernest §. REYNOLDS, Rosert E. Woopson, JR., Physiologist , Assistant Curator of Herbarium Neui C. Horner, Librarian and Editor of Publications Gerorce H. Prine, Superintendent JOHN NOYES, Paut A. Kount, * Consulting Landscape Architect Floriculturist WitiiM F, Lanean, _ Aveust P. Bertmany, Chief Engineer - Arboriculturist JOSEPH LANGEN, Davin C. Farrpurn, Assistant Engineer Horticulturist Arruur D. Forrester, Joun H. Keiioae, Plant Recorder Plant Collector ALBERT PEARSON, JosEPH CUTAK, Painter In charge of Exotics LapisLAus CuTak, In charge of Succulents THE ARBORETUM, GRAY SUMMIT, MISSOURI Lars P. JENSEN, Manager Roy E. Kissecx, ~ Davip MIuter, Engineer ‘ ; Orchid Grower 4 TROPICAL STATION, BALBOA, CANAL ZONE Pau H. ALLEN, Manager REPRESENTATIVE IN EUROPE Gurney Witson, F. L. S., Hove, Sussex; England Mussour! BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN Vol. XXVI SEPTEMBER, 1938 No. 7 CONTENTS Page The General Care of Shade Trees. 2. 0s). ew. 115 ROR So a ae gor h at Mie trai Gadea’ faba We exc thal Mohass ? Weee ae SO. Statistical Information % 0 ok ee eee ae 433 Office of Publication: 1201-5 Bluff Street, Fulton, Mo. Editorial Office: Missouri Botanical Garden, 2315 Tower Grove Avenue, St. Louis, Mo. Published monthly except in July and August by the Board of Trustees of the Missouri Botanical Garden Entered as. second-class matter February 23, 1937, at the post-office at Fulton, Mo., under the Act of March 3, 1879, SUBSCRIPTION PRICE: ONE DOLLAR A YEAR SINGLE NUMBER FIFTEEN CENTS BOARD OF TRUSTEES - OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN THE ORIGINAL MEMBERS WERE DESIGNATED IN MR. SHAW’S WILL AND THE BOARD SO CONSTITUTED, EXCLUSIVE OF THE EX-OFFICIO MEMBERS, IS SELF-PERPETUATING President Groren C. HrrcHcoox . jan Vice-President Dantev K. Caturn Second Vice-President THomas S, Marrrrr L. Ray Carter ne Grorce T. Moore Samvurt C, Davis EvuGene Perrus Dup.ry Frenco | A. WrsSEL SHAPLEIGH Eruan A. H. SHepiey EX-OFFICIO MEMBERS Grorcr R. Troop, Wii1am ScARLErr, Chancellor of Washington Uni- Bishop of the Diocese of Missouri versity , Brrnarp F. Dickmann, J. B, Macerwane, 8. J., Mayor of the City of St. Louis _ President of The Academy of Sci- ence of St. Loui Epwarp A. FrrrENBACH President -of the Board of Education of St; Louis Secretary GrraLp E. Unricr SOME FACTS ABOUT THE GARDEN The Missouri Botanical Garden was opened to the public by Mr. Henry Shaw about 1860. From that date to the death of Mr. Shaw, in 1889, the Garden was maintained under the personal direction of its founder, and while virtually a private garden it was, except at certain stated times, always open to the public. Although popularly known as “Shaw’s Garden” the name Missouri Botanical Garden was designated by Mr. Shaw as its official title and in his will or in any of his writings he specifically referred to it as the “Missouri Botanical Garden.” By a provision of Mr. Shaw’s will the Garden passed at his death into the hands of a Board of Trustees. The original members of the Board were desig- nated in the will, and the Board so constituted, exclusive of certain ex-officio members, is self-perpetuating. By a further provision of the will, the immediate direction of the Garden is vested in a Di- rector, appointed by the Board of Trustees. The Garden receives no income from city or state, but is supported entirely from funds left by the founder. The city Garden comprises 75 acres, where about 12,000 species of plants are growing. There is now in process of development a tract of land of over 1,600 acres outside the city limits which is to be devoted to (1) the propagation and growing of plants, trees, and shrubs, designed for showing either indoors or outside, at the city Garden, thus avoiding the existing difficulties of growing plants in the city atmosphere; (2) gradually establishing an arbo- retum as well as holding a certain area as a wild-flower reservation, with the idea that possibly at some future time this may become the new botanical garden. The Garden is open to the public every day in the year, except New Year’s Day and Christmas—week days from 8:00 a. m. until sunset; Sundays from 10:00 a. m. until sunset. The main entrance to the Garden is located at Tower Grove Ave- nue and Flora Place, on the Sarah car line (No. 42). Transfer south from all intersecting lines. Mo. Bor. Garp. BULL., VoL. 26, 1938 PLaTE 12 PRESSURE FEEDING GUN. 1. PRESSURE FEEDING GUN IN POSITION TO DRILL HOLE. 2. HALF-WAY. DEPTH OF FEEDING CAN BE CONTROLLED. 3. HOLE DRILLED. READY TO CHARGE CYLINDER WITH FERTILIZER. 4. SECOND CHARGE OF 115 POUNDS BEING POURED INTO GUN. Missour! Botanical Garden Bulletin Vol. XXVI SEPTEMBER, 1938 No. 7 THE GENERAL CARE OF SHADE TREES This number of the ButLetin has been prepared for the Four- teenth National Shade Tree Conference which met in St. Louis August 30-September 2, 1938. While previous issues of the Bux- LetiIn have discussed various specific phases of tree care, this number is intended to serve as a more or less comprehensive survey of the entire field. It summarizes the methods now in use and may assist the private owner in planning a program for the preserva- tion of his trees. The Pruning of Shade Trees. from horticultural forms grown for flowers or fruit, should be Shade trees, as distinguished pruned for several legitimate reasons: First, dead wood should be removed to reduce the possibility of fungous infection. Second, competing or interferring branches should be removed to preserve the symmetry of the tree. Third, “anticipatory” pruning should be practiced. Of the three reasons only the last needs much ampli- fication. Most tree workers come to recognize certain branches whose weakness and position indicate that they are declining and will shortly lose out in the struggle for light and food. The death of such branches is a slow process. Several seasons may elapse before they are so reduced in vigor that they no longer produce leaves. ‘To detect such branches beforehand requires more ex- perience and keener observation but it yields greater returns, since the pruning cuts are made in living tissue and healing is more rapid than with dead branches. Perhaps mention should be made of the customary “topping” or “trimming” frequently practiced in this region. This method of (115) 116 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN pruning can hardly be termed legitimate. When carried on for several seasons the injury following from decay is as great as that from sleet or wind, which the topping is supposed to prevent. The effect on the tree will be the same, regardless of how the branches are removed. Shade trees may be pruned at any season, although scars made in March and April heal much faster than those made later in the summer. The wood of the trunk and larger limbs which has been exposed during pruning needs some protection against the entrance of disease and insects. For this purpose many forms of patented tree paints are available. Of the many materials that have been used, asphalt and asbestos, pine tar, and rubber may be mentioned, Although the perfect tree paint has not been pro- duced, most patented kinds are designed to fill the following re- quirements: first, toxic to fungous spores; second, ample elas- ticity to bridge weather checks in the wood; third, ability to with- stand weathering; fourth, non-injurious to growing tissue. Lightning Protection for Trees.—Within the past few years special attention has been paid to preventing damage to trees by lightning. The injury caused by lightning varies a great deal. The accompanying illustrations (pl. 14) show that it may burn and kill just a narrow strip of bark or it may cause the tree to ex- plode, wholly destroying a valuable specimen. Generally the larger and more conspicuous trees are struck. Special types of connectors and and conductors, as well as points and methods of attaching the conductors to the tree, have been developed. The protection afforded by these lightning rods seems to justify the expense, although the installation should be left to a capable tree worker. Several large sycamores west of the iris test garden which were struck repeatedly during several summers, have been pro- tected with lightning rods. Since then there has been no addi- tional injury; at least there is nothing to indicate that they have been struck during the past several summers. The Cabling and Bracing of Trees.—Some trees, notably the pin oak, grow with a single trunk. Others, such as the elm, have multiple trunks arising from a sharp fork. These are structurally unsound and often break under the weight of sleet or pressure of PuLatTE 13 Mo. Bort. Garp. BuLu., Vou. 26, 1938 PIN OAK BEFORE AND AFTER PRUNING Mo. Bor. Garp. Butt., Vor. 26, 1938 PuLatTE 14 N Surface injury to sycamore EFFECT OF LIGHTNING ON TREES Explosive effect on sugar maple MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 119 wind. It will be seen from the accompanying figure that such sharp forks are not closely united. They result when two parallel branches grow with equal vigor. Later, when they increase in size, the two inside surfaces meet (pl. 15, fig. 1), forming a col- lar of bark. The two limbs are then pushed farther apart with Fig. 1. Two sharp _ crotches, Fig. 2. Type of bracing nec- typical of elm, which careful essary in multi-leader tree de- pruning would have corrected. veloping sharp crotches. each season’s growth. At some future time the pressure of the ex- panding tissue will be great enough to kill the bark in the center. The condition becomes more and more aggravated with each sea- son’s growth until finally a pocket is formed in the center. Since the bark is dead, that portion of the tree is unprotected, furnish- ing ideal lodging for the spores of decay fungi. Summer rains keep this pocket filled with water which freezes during the winter. 120 MISSOURLT BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN The freezing further helps to push the two limbs from a vertical position, causing the fork to split. Wind often twists the two limbs in opposite directions, and the grinding motion which then occurs kills more of the bark at the edges of the split. After many years, if storms have not demolished the tree, the fork will appear as in pl. 15, fig. 2. Should the tree be cut down and examined it would be found to have the structure of two individual trees with the split continuing much farther downward in the interior than is shown by the outside bark. Only the growth of a single sum- mer will be continuous around the tree, and this will be broken the following winter. Above this the union of the two trunks becomes even less solid until they finally separate. In order to prevent damage of this sort it has become the practice to support such branches with cables. Special materials have been developed for ‘abling trees. Years ago iron bands were frequently placed around a tree to prevent it splitting. These bands effectively shut off the flow of sap and often caused as much harm as might wind. Some of these “banding” devices were equipped with turnbuckles and other ingenious accessories permitting them to be loosened as the tree grew in diameter, These methods all had the same fault; they re- quired some adjustment at least once a year to prevent the girdling of the branch which they were installed to protect. Heavy chain was also used, but to-day screw hooks and flexible cable are the cabling materials. On occasion threaded rod is needed to hold split forks together, and the combination of cables near the tree top and rods through the fork will entirely eliminate future dam- age. However, the installation of such bracing is best left to a competent tree surgeon, since it involves much climbing and spe- cial tools and considerable experience. The Feeding of Shade Trees—The manner in which trees may be fed and the materials which have been used as food have been the subject of previous BuLLEtTins. This controversial subject is again introduced here simply to clarify certain points in the work previously reported and to answer certain criticisms. The need to supply additional food to shade trees is generally recognized by the professional tree worker, but the tree owner Mo. Bor. Garp. BuLL., VoL. 26, 1938 PLaTE 15 1 TRANSVERSE SECTION TWO FEET BELOW TOP OF FORK, SHOWING DEAD BARK SEAM IN INTERIOR UPPERMOST SECTION OF AILANTHUS TREE. WHITE RING AT OUTSIDE SHOWS POINT OF ATTACHMENT, THIS BEING TOP OF POCKET 122 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN has not always been ready to accept starvation as the under- lying cause of many tree troubles. A detailed diagnosis of starva- tion is beyond the scope of this ButLetin. However, with some practice, the vigor of a tree can be determined from the growth rate of the terminal shoot, from the size and color of the foliage, and the extent of the bark fissures. Branches of an average shade tree should produce a yearly growth of eight inches. It is generally conceded that only three elements are needed in shade-tree feeding. These three are: nitrogen, phosphorus, and potash. Under certain conditions a lack of lime, iron, or some of the “rarer” elements may limit tree growth. Generally a fertilizer containing the first three elements will prove effective. As a result of the experimental work carried on at the Garden these elements have been combined in a fertilizer having a formula containing 10 per cent nitrogen, 8 per cent phosphorus, and 6 per cent potash. This formula has been used because it is the practical limit in con- centration which might be obtained from ammonium sulphate, superphosphate, and muriate of potash. It is the only formula of many possible combinations used during a period of seven years which gave consistent and predictable results. The formula is by no means wholly satisfactory, yet more highly concentrated fertilizers are effective only when applied with water or air pres- sure to force diffusion through the soil. The necessary nitrogen, phosphorus, and potash can be obtained from other materials than those mentioned, and their substitution may be justified in fertilizers for specific conditions. Essentially a shade-tree ferti- lizer must be quickly available and should contain a relatively large amount of nitrogen, since this one element is very often the first to become deficient and limit tree growth. The practice of combining organic and inorganic fertilizers is not supported by experimental evidence. One application of 10-8-6 combination has been proved effective for four succeeding years. larly spring is the time to apply fertilizer in order to stimulate growth. Based on several years of dendrographic records, an ap- plication later than June 10 is not likely to have effect during that same year. Fertilizers control the rate of growth as well as the amount of growth, but have little influence on the periodicity of growth. Late summer is a period of food storage for most MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 123 trees, at which time there is little active increase in twig length or trunk diameter. Fertilizers used then seem less effective, since they are stored in some form, along with water, against the coming season. However, food may be given during any part of the year, with the assurance that it will be used at a later date, if the peak of the growth period has passed. An early spring application should produce an immediate improvement in the condition of the tree. i SOFT. THE PROPER DOSE FOR THIS TREE IS 265 lbs. CIRCUMFERENCE | OF 10-8-6. 125 INCHES . 6 OFT. ~ / Fig. 3. How fertilizer dosage is calculated: To the height in feet (80), add the branch spread in feet (60) and the trunk circumference in inches (125). The sum is the amount of 10-8-6 fertilizer needed. In earlier publications dealing with tree feeding, it was stated that “shade trees cannot be over-fed,” and subsequent experience has emphasized this fact. Deuber (Proc. Thirteenth Natl. Shade Tree Conf.) relates an experiment in which shade trees were in- jured by over-feeding. He fed 10-8-6 fertilizer and Bartlett Green Tree Food (a proprietary formula) and found that the 124 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN “high-analysis 10-8-6" was uniformly injurious. It is difficult to determine from his summary if the rate of application or the for- mula were at fault. The rate of application, or the dosage based on many measurements, has been previously published (April, 1933, BuLLetTIN) as being the “sum of the height, branch spread, and circumference.” (Fig. 3.) It is conceded that this is an em- pirical formula, designed to suit the needs of the tree owner and the yard-man, and to serve as a guide for the professional tree worker. It is unfortunate that a trained investigator should apply i ae . i if ( {| | : ) | \ | (| \ . | | . | {| ! q | I | | | i <= vs — sietedee datos | — <= oe Dense forest type. Use Open forest, street, or Specimen type. Use 14 of calculated dose. lawn type. Use 25 of full amount. calculated dose. Fig. 4 this rule to a row of nursery trees, since here each tree has access to the fertilizer intended for its neighbor. It is equally unfor- tunate that the emphasis placed on the pressure feeding-gun and the highly desirable “‘forced diffusion” following its use should have been overlooked. The crow-bar method, now antiquated, per- mits maximum concentration of fertilizer in impervious pockets punched in the vicinity of the roots. Cavity Filling—The removal of decay and the filling of the cavity have long been one of the spectacular tree-preservation operations. Not all of this work has been justified, and cavity MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 125 work, although much improved to-day, is not a cure-all for tree troubles. Fig. 5. Decay back of pruning cut. It is very nearly, if not, impossible, to remove all traces of decay from large trunks. Frequently the mycelium of the fungus pene- trates far beyond the discolored areas which limit the extent of most excavations. In too many cases only the most careful labora- tory examination will disclose the extent of the decay, and such a 126 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN procedure is entirely impossible in field work. There are many wood-rotting fungi, some of which are difficult to identify in the field, especially in the absence of the mushroom-like fruiting bodies. Most species of wood-rotting fungi enter the tree through a break in the corky armor (fig. 5), the bark. Some forms can grow and continue their destruction of sound wood only in the pres- ence of ample oxygen. This type may be controlled by the usual procedure of excavating all discolored wood and filling the cavity with some permanent material. There are other species, however, which may continue to grow although they are cut off from the atmosphere by a filling. Some of the “white heart” rots, for in- stance, destroy sound wood so rapidly that there is no external evidence of injury until the typical “mushroom” appears at some opening in the bark. At this time an examination discloses that only a shell of sound wood remains. However, most fungi grow rather slowly; in fact, many are able just to keep pace with the annual growth. A vigorous tree attacked by this type may grow to great size provided a storm does not end its career. This does not mean that all cavity work is without value. Many trees are well worth the effort and expense required to excavate and fill the decayed areas. The difficulty lies in arriving at some basis for evaluating the proposed work. For instance, it will be undesirable to attempt extensive cavity work on any of the “weed” trees—ailanthus, box-elder, or poplar. It is certainly true that, in and about St. Louis, cavity work may prove a very bad invest- ment if the tree is infested or likely to be infested with termites. At the present time there is no practical control for termites in trees. Both the ash and the locust might be added to the list of trees not likely to benefit from cavity work, since they are seri- ously and repeatedly injured by borers. It would seem then that cavity work is justified when practiced on some long-lived tree not subject to regular attacks by destruc- tive insects. However, the patient must be growing vigorously, or at least not declining due to a deficiency of food or water. The food requirements can be generally met by applying fertilizers, while the water needs may be supplemented by irrigation. It is MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 127 important, however, that the water table remain unchanged. This may involve careful planning when contemplating some new grading or construction. The decayed portions of a tree may be removed and the cavity Fig. 6. Rotted interior of largest sycamore tree in lowland tract, Mississippi County. excavated by hand with the aid of a chisel and mallet, or some of the newer power tools can be used for this work. The shape of the cavity must closely follow the flow of sap as found in that par- ticular tree. It must be “streamlined,” beginning with a sharp point at the top, widening toward the center and ending in a sharp 128 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN point at the bottom. While this work is being carried on the bark must not be bruised and the edge must be kept covered with shel- lac to prevent drying. If the excavation is quite large and deep it may be necessary to install threaded rod to prevent splitting. The exposed heartwood should be painted with some satisfactory pruning paint. There are a number of methods and several kinds of material commonly used in filling cavities. The method used and the ma- terial itself are often patented. However, concrete made of two parts sand and one part cement is entirely satisfactory. The chief purpose of a filling is to furnish a surface over which the new bark may grow. Cavities may be left open and not filled, although they may detract from the symmetry of the trunk. Actually no filling is wholly effective in preventing reinfection. Microscopic openings appear alongside the filling and even be- neath the callus and the surface of the filling. These openings appear daily during the growing season and may remain for sev- eral days during cold weather in winter. A normal tree shrinks in diameter during the day, and at the same time the filling ex- pands because of higher temperatures. At night the filling con- tracts along with lower temperatures while the tree expands. Thus a perceptible opening may occur between the filling and the tree several times each day. In winter, however, the opening is much larger and may remain open for the duration of the sub-zero weather. This behavior is probably the reason why portions of fillings are ejected. The Control of Insects.—Insect control remains one of the very important phases of shade-tree preservation. It is not possible to cover this question within the pages of this BuLLETIN. However, no extensive program of tree care should be attempted without giving serious consideration to the problem of controlling what- ever destructive insects may be present. It will do no good to prune, cable, and feed a tree if it is being injured by some insect pest. It is even more important that cavity work be withheld until all destructive pests are partially controlled. Generally, shade trees are too large for spraying with ordinary hand-operated equipment. The most effective spray or dust will MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 129 be nearly worthless unless it reaches the foliage as a fine mist, and this requires special equipment operating at high pressures. The care of shade trees may be summarized as follows: Shade trees must be pruned to remove dead and dying branches ; to guard against the formation of weak forks, and to lessen the possibility of wind and sleet damage. Unusual specimens, those growing in conspicuous locations, and very large and valuable trees should be protected from lightning. Very many trees, because of branching habit, require cabling and bracing. The preservation of any large shade tree often becomes a prob- lem of supplying ample food in the form of commercial fertilizer. Certain trees, because of their value, may require excavating and filling of diseased areas. All shade trees should be protected against insect attacks. Some of the more important Butuetins dealing with shade trees which have previously appeared are listed below: Flowering Plants for St. Louis. Trees. Mo. Bot. Gard. Bull. Vol. 3, No. 9. Sept., 1915. The Feeding of Shade and Ornamental Trees. Mo. Bot. Gard. Bull. Vol. 17, No. 10. Oct., 1929. The Pruning of Ornamental Trees and Shrubs. Mo. Bot. Gard. Bull. Vol. 18, No. 3. March, 1930. Weak Branching in Trees. Mo. Bot. Gard. Bull. Vol. 20, No, 6. June, 1932, The Most Interesting Tree in Missouri (Tavodium distichum), Mo. Bot. Gard. Bull. Vol. 20, No. 10. Dee., 1932. When Is the Best Time to Prune a Tree? (Maples). Mo. Bot. Gard. Bull. Vol. 21, No. 4. April, 1933. Feeding the Shade Trees. Mo. Bot. Gard. Bull. Vol. 21, No. 4. April, 1933, Moisture and ‘Temperature Relations in Trees. Mo. Bot. Gard. Bull. Vol. 23, No. 3. March, 1935. Some Migratory Trees. Mo. Bot. Gard. Bull. Vol. 24, No. 5. May, 1936. Winter Injury to Trees and Shrubs. Mo. Bot. Gard. Bull. Vol. 24, No. 5. May, 1936. Most of these may be obtained upon receipt of price, fifteen cents. 7: eae om 5 130 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN NOTES Dr. Edgar Anderson, Geneticist to the Garden, spoke to the St. Louis Garden Club, May 19, on “Understanding Wild Flowers.” As has been the custom for several years, a wreath of orchids and magnolias was placed on Henry Shaw’s tomb, August 25, the anniversary of his death. The botany classes of the University of Missouri, accompanied by Dr. W. B. Drew and Dr. Ilda MeVeigh, instructors in botany, visited the Garden, May 14. Dr. George T. Moore, Director of the Garden, spoke before the St. Louis section of the American Chemical Society, at the De Soto Hotel, May 2, on “Plants and People.” The Bulletin of the Chrysanthemum Society of America (Vol. 6, No. 2) contains an article on “Cascade Chrysanthemums,” by Mr. Paul A. Kohl, Floriculturist to the Garden. “Sansevierias as House Plants,” an article from the June, 1937, Buu.etin, by Mr. Ladislaus Cutak, in Charge of Succulents at the Garden, was reprinted in the April issue of Desert Plant Life. The annual flower sermon, for which Henry Shaw provided in his will, was preached at Christ Church Cathedral, May 1, by the Rev. Reinhold Niebuhr, of Union Theological Seminary, New York City. The recent number of The North American Flora (Vol. 29, pt. 2), publication of the New York Botanical Garden, consists of the treatment of the family ““Apocynaceae,”” by Dr. R. E. Wood- son, Jr., Assistant Curator of the Herbarium. Mr. Ladislaus Cutak, in Charge of Succulents at the Garden, gave an illustrated lecture before the Young People’s Club of Our Lady of Lourdes Church, University City, Mo., June 1, on “Vagabonding in the Southwest.” Dr. Robert E. Woodson, Jr., Assistant Professor of Botany, and Mr. Russell J. Seibert, Graduate Assistant in Botany, spent the summer in Panama and Costa Rica, collecting plants pre- paratory to the issuance of a “Flora of Panama.” MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 131 Mr. George H. Pring, Superintendent of the Garden, has re- turned from England and Scotland, where he visited the Royal Botanic Gardens at Kew and at Edinburgh, the Glasgow Botanic Garden, and the Royal Horticultural Society test gardens at Wisley. Mr. Ladislaus Cutak, in Charge of Succulents at the Garden, spent a fortnight during July in Arkansas, Oklahoma and Texas. Over 3600 miles were travelled, and such interesting regions as the Big Bend country, Lower Rio Grande Valley, Padre Island, and Arbuckle Mountains were visited in search of herbarium specimens and living plants for the Garden and in photographing plant life in its natural habitats. Mr. Paul A. Kohl, Floriculturist to the Garden, has given the following talks recently: “A Year in the Garden” before the Business and Professional Women’s Group of the Church of St. Michael and St. George, April 25; “Gardening” before the Junior Gardeners of the St. Louis Garden Club, April 29; “Roses” before the Winstanley Garden Club of East St. Louis, May 19. Dr. Edgar Anderson, Geneticist to the Garden, and Dr. W. B. Turrill, of Kew, England, are the authors of a paper in the New Phytologist (37: 160-172), entitled “Statistical Studies on ‘Two Populations of Fraxinus’; Dr. Anderson and Mr. Leslie Hu- bricht have a paper in the American Journal of Botany (25: 396. 402), “Hybridization in Tradescantia. III. The Evidence for In- trogressive Hybridization.” Mr. George H. Pring, Superintendent of the Garden, has given the following talks: “The Missouri Botanical Garden, Past and Present,” before the elementary botany class of Washington Uni- versity, April 27; “Commercial Flower Growing in England,” before the St. Louis Florists Club, July 14; “English Gardens,” before the St. Louis Horticultural Society, August 5; and “Orig- inating New Flowers at the Garden,” before the South Side Kiwanis Club, August 12. The April number of the Annals of the Missouri Botanical Gar- den (Vol. XXV, No. 2), has been issued, with the following con- 132 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN tents: “Optical and Chemical Studies on the Granules in Micro- spores of Tradescantia,” Francis O. Schmitt and G. T. Johnson; “Botany of the Second Byrd Antarctic Expedition. I. Ecology and Geographical Distribution,” Paul A. Siple; “II, Lichens and Lichen Parasites,” Carroll W. Dodge and Gladys E. Baker; and “TIT. Mosses,”’ Edwin B. Bartram. Visitors to the Garden during the summer months include: Dr. Oakes Ames, professor of botany, Harvard University ; Dr. Esther Adams, teacher of biological sciences, Moberly Junior College, Moberly, Mo.; Mr. E. G. Beinhart, A.A.A., U. S. Dept. of Agr., Washington, D. C.; Mr. Karl Busch, in charge of green- houses, Iowa State College, Ames; Miss Grace Denny, teacher of biology, East Texas State College, Commerce, Texas; Mr. A. F. Dodge, of the Soil Conservation Service, U. S. Dept. Agr., Ames, Towa, Dr. W. B. Drew, assistant professor of botany, University of Missouri, Columbia; Mr. E. T. Edwards, plant pathologist, Dept. of Agr., New South Wales, Australia; Dr. Harry J. Fuller, assistant professor of botany, University of Illinois; Dr. George J. Goodman, assistant professor of botany, Iowa State College, Ames; Miss Lena B. Henderson, associate professor of botany, Randolph Macon College, Lynchburg, Va.; Mr. Ben Lowenhaupt, student, Iowa State College, Ames; Dr. John Adam Moore, in- structor in botany, Huron College, Huron, S. D.; Mr. J. T. Middleton, graduate assistant in botany, University of Missouri, Columbia; Dr. E. E. Naylor, assistant professor of botany, Uni- versity of Missouri Columbia; Mr. Clark Paris, graduate stu- dent, Iowa State College, Ames; Mr. Richard E. Schultes, of the department of economic botany, Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass.; Dr. Hiram M. Showalter, professor of biology, King’s College, Bristol, Tenn.; Dr. Jennie L. S. Simpson, assistant pro- fessor of biological sciences, Hunter College, New York; Dr. J. A. Steyermark, assistant curator of the herbarium, Field Mu- seum of Natural History, Chicago; Mr. C. Ken Weidner, assistant superintendent, department of buildings and grounds, University of Washington, Seattle; Dr. Louis Williams, research assistant, Botanical Museum of Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass.; Dr. I. L. Wynd, assistant professor of Botany, University of Illinois, Urbana. MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 133 STATISTICAL INFORMATION FOR JUNE AND JULY, 1938 GARDEN ATTENDANCE: Total number of visitors im JUNC}. i. 6.0% 62 ls scwc ese gees 35,667 Total number of visitors in July..............cecesecceence 6,552 Priant Accrssions: Total number of plants and packets of seeds donated in July — 100 Lisprary ACCESSIONS: Total number of books and pamphlets bought in June........ 69 Total number of books and pamphlets donated in June....... 86 Total number of books bought in July............0. eee eee 14 Total number of books and pamphlets donated in July....... 366 Herpartum ACCESSIONS: JUNE By Purchase— Erker Bros. Optical Co—Photographs of types............. 3 By Gift— Azael, Hermano—Plants of Colombia..................... 17 Bechtold, Mrs. William—Clivia miniata Regel from horti- (OCCLD LATA Ucmericn rene emperors cnr tener any Or RCL are Ore 1 Deam, Charles C.—Crotalaria spectabilis Roth from Florida 1 Featherly, H. 1.—Triodia oklahomensis Feath. from Oklahoma 1 Greenman, J. M.—Photographs of type specimens of Senecio PROM OUCH PNET Catia nerg elie iar Oshocel prereset eteleyee eeret 30 Harrison, Charles H.—Fungi of Washington............... 8 Kellogg, John H.—Nemopanthus mucronata (L.) Trel. from IIIS S OWI ce reteces sper eect ose tus vation ie cites eee Senet olee Bh aera 2 Lodewyks, Maude C.—Ligustrum sp. from horticulture...... 1 von Schrenk, Hermann—Plants of Missouri................ 12 Stevens, N. E.—Plants of the Philippine Islands, ete........ 136 By Exchange— Gray Herbarium, Harvard University—Plantae Grayanae, Cents V Tl, Nos+ 7091-800 inclusive. ocr. see ecles ou ee 100 Gray Herbarium, Harvard University—Plants of Cuba, ete. 47 University of Colorado by F, Ramaley—Plants of Colorado 72 University of Pennsylvania by John M. Fogg, Jr.—Plants of BOULTEnN NEW LU CRSey gate frsis527 en ot oes eten resonates 50 By Field Work— Hubricht, Leslie—Lichens of western United States........ 570 By Transfer— Fairburn, David C.—Plants of horticulture................. 3 154 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN JULY By Purchase— Eyerdam, Walter J.—Plants of Washington................ 196 Skutch, Alexander F.—Plants of Costa Rica................ 336 By Gift— Anderson, Edgar—Plants of Ontario, Canada.............. 6 Happ, George B.—Plants of Mexico. is: ssp Ssscsm@seres es 285 Hubricht, Leslie—Plants of central United States........... 117 Kellogg, John H.—Hypochaeris radicata 1., from Missouri. . 1 Larkins, G. O—Monarda didyma L. from horticulture...... 1 Layton, Mrs. Emmet—JMuartynia louisiena Mill. from Missouri 1 McVaugh, Rogers—Plants of Georgia.................000- 32 Martinez, Jr., Eduardo—Plants of Colombia................ 7 Schwarz, Hermann—Plants of Colorado and New Mexico... 143 By Exchange— Arnold Arboretum, Harvard University—Miscellaneous du- PHCALE BPOCIMONS, 2... 1005s sees ere ese sccm Re Ope ERI eee e's 775 Botanical Garden, Bacou, URSS.—Plants from ‘Trans- CAMCASID:. «5 p55 Kate ean 49-0 2 9-49 Of 98 ee ee ea ne 206 Botanical Museum, Harvard University—Phragmorchis tere- tifolia L. Wms. from the Philippine Islands............. I Fort Hayes Kansas State College—Plants of Kansas........ 100 University of California-—Plants of California............. 290 By Transter— Fairburn, David C. and Ben Loéwenhaupt—Plants of horti- COUIEUTG 2556.05 p dain ae eaa aan eine ds on heeneheaeens s oes 94. STAFF | OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN THE GARDEN, 2315 TOWER GROVE AVENUE, ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI GrorGce T. Moore, Director HERMANN VON SCHRENK, Carrott W. Dopaz, _. Pathologist Mycologist Jesse M. GrEENMAN, ; Epaar ANDERSON, Curator of Herbarium Geneticist Ernest §. REYNOLDS, Rozsert E. Woopson, JR., Physiologist. — . . Assistant Curator of Herbarium Neti C. Horner, Librarian and Editor of Publications Grorere H. Prine, Superintendent JoHN NOYES, Pavt A. Kouxt, Consulting Landscape Architect Floriculturist Wim F. Lancan, Avucust P. BrrnMAnNN, Chief Engineer Arboriculturist : JosEPH LANGEN, Davin C.. FAmsBurn, Assistant Engineer . Horticulturist Artaur D. Forrester, JoHN H. KEiioee, Plant Recorder : Plant Collector Apert Prarson, JosEPH CUTAK, Painter - In charge of Exotics LADISLAUS CUTAK, In charge of Succulents THE ARBORETUM, GRAY SUMMIT, MISSOURI Lars P. JENSEN, Manager Roy E. Kissecx, Davip Minter, Engineer Orchid Grower TROPICAL STATION, BALBOA, CANAL ZONE Pau H. ALLEN, Manager _ REPRESENTATIVE IN EUROPE Gurney Wison, F. L. S., Hove, Sussex, England Missouri BOTANICAL GARDEN JBULLETIN Vol. XXVI OCTOBER, 1938 No. 8 CONTENTS What Is Involved in Setting Up a Chrysanthemum sass We ae ee ee Boe Tt gh hh a Ridding the Garden of Moles’... °. . js es... 146 oT) AR eR ae ae ap ree Cana Un RN Deegan Maro neh Statistical Information... . . . sw. . 150 Office of Publication: 1201-5 Bluff Street, Fulton, Mo. Editorial Office: Missouri Botanical Garden, 2315 Tower Grove Avenue, St. Louis, Mo. Published monthly except in July and August by the Board of Trustees of the Missouri Botanical Garden Entered as second-class matter February 23, 1937, at the post-office at Fulton, Mo., under the Act of March 3, 1879. Dt SUBSCRIPTION PRICE: ONE DOLLAR A YEAR SINGLE NUMBER FIFTEEN CENTS el BOARD OF TRUSTEES OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN THE ORIGINAL MEMBERS WERE DESIGNATED IN MR. SHAW’S WILL ‘AND THE BOARD SO CONSTITUTED, EXCLUSIVE OF THE EX-OFFICIO MEMBERS, IS SELF-PERPETUATING President Grorce C. Hircacock Vice-President Danie K. Cariin Second Vice-President Tuomas 8. Marrirr . L. Ray Carrer : Groreg T. Moore Samur, C. Davis . KuGenr Prerrus Doupiry Frencn | - A. Wessei SHAPLEIGH Ernan A, H. SHeprey EX-OFFICIO MEMBERS Grorce R. THRoop, WittrAmM SCARLETT, Civersicy of Washington Uni- Bishop of the Diocese of Missouri versity : BERNARD F. DickKMANN, J. B. Macenwaneg, S. J., Mayor of the City of St. Louis President of The Academy of Sci- ence of St. Louis - Jonn 8, Silesian’ ; President of the Board of Education of St. Louis Secretary Grraxp Bf. Unrrer SOME FACTS ABOUT THE GARDEN The Missouri Botanical Garden was opened to the public by Mr. Henry Shaw about 1860. From that date to the death of Mr. Shaw, in 1889, the Garden was maintained under the personal direction of its founder, and while virtually a private garden it was, except at certain stated times, always open to the public. Although popularly known as “Shaw’s Garden” the name Missouri Botanical Garden was designated by Mr. Shaw as its official title and in his will and all of his writings he specifically referred to it as the “Missouri Botanical Garden.” By a provision of Mr. Shaw’s will the Garden passed at his death into the hands of a Board of Trustees. The original members of the Board were desig- nated in the will, and the Board so constituted, exclusive of certain ex-officio members, is self-perpetuating. By a further provision of the will, the immediate direction of the Garden is vested in a Di- rector, appointed by the Board of Trustees. The Garden receives no income from city or state, but is supported entirely from funds left by the founder. The city Garden comprises 75 acres, where about 12,000 species of plants are growing. There is now in process of development a tract of land of over 1,600 acres outside the city limits which is to be devoted to (1) the propagation and growing of plants, trees, and shrubs, designed for showing either indoors or outside, at the city Garden, thus avoiding the existing difficulties of growing plants in the city atmosphere; (2) gradually establishing an arbo- retum as well as holding a certain area as a wild-flower reservation, with the idea that possibly at some future time this may become the new botanical garden. The Garden is open to the public every day in the year, except New Year’s Day and Christmas—week days from 8:00 a. m. until sunset; Sundays from 10:00 a. m. until sunset. The main entrance to the Garden is located at Tower Grove Ave- nue and Flora Place, on the Sarah car line (No. 42). Transfer south from all intersecting lines. Mo. Bor. Garp. BULL., Vou. 26, 1938 PLATE 16 LARGE HANGING-BASKET CHRYSANTHEMUM Missouri Botanical Garden Bulletin Vol. XXVI OCTOBER, 1938 No. 8 WHAT IS INVOLVED IN SETTING UP THE CHRYSANTHEMUM SHOW St. Louisans have been fortunate in having had the privilege, each November, for many years, of viewing a chrysanthemum show. From an humble beginning, in 1891, when the show was held in the old Exposition Building, located on the present site of the Central Library, the display has gradually grown in mag- nitude until now, with modern transportation, it attracts not only local visitors but many from distant places. As early as 1893 chrysanthemums were displayed at the Garden in a small green- house erected in that year. At the St. Louis World’s Fair, in 1904, the Missouri Botanical Garden exhibited a collection of chrysan- themums for competition and received the first prize. From 1905 until 1910 the plants were shown in a tent in the Garden parterre. The United Railways Co. had installed lights, and on some eve- nings the display was open until 10:00 p.m. In 1911 the chrysan- themums were again placed under canvas, but before the show was opened a severe storm completely destroyed the tent and plants. In 1912 the chrysanthemums were displayed in half of the north wing of the new conservatory, although the building was still under construction. The following year the entire north wing was used, and in 1914 the south wing contained the show. Since November, 1915, when the new floral display house was first opened, the chrysanthemum shows have been held there. To the public the closing of the chrysanthemum show in late November is the end, with never another thought given to it until the following vear. But the facts are otherwise at the Garden. (135) 136 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN Stock plants of each variety needed for the following year must be kept and accurately labeled. The system of labeling the chrysanthemums is somewhat puzzling to the uninitiated. Since many of the varieties bear names of persons some visitors errone- ously conclude that the plants have been brought to the show by those persons. The fact is that hybridizers long ago found it diffi- cult to supply names for their numerous introductions, and while occasionally the name is descriptive, as “Gold Coin,’ which indi- cates the color, more often it is that of some member of the intro- ducer’s family. This accounts for the many “Mr.” and ‘‘Mrs.” and “Miss So-and-So” chrysanthemums. To the men who grow these plants the names are meaningless except that they help to sep- arate the varieties. This is one of the tasks that requires a great deal of attention, particularly when the show is being dismantled. At this time all of the plants are cut back to the surface of the pot, and if it were not for the wooden label in each pot it would be impossible to separate and distinguish the varieties. A “stock plant” is the root system of a chrysanthemum which has bloomed in November, and is kept for future propagation. Even before the plants have been cut down new shoots have de- veloped at the surface of the soil, and these are the potential plants for the following season. The number of stock plants that must be kept depends upon the number of plants to be grown the following year and also upon the number of cuttings each par- ticular variety yields. Unfortunately, some of the best varieties produce but few cuttings. The stock plants are kept in a cool greenhouse which is held at a temperature of about 45 degrees. In this house they are separated into their respective groups, of basket, cascade, Japanese, specimen, bush, and single-stem, and the varieties are arranged in alphabetical order to simplify the work when the cuttings are made. The hanging-basket varieties are the first to be started. Cut- tings are taken in early January. The plants are grown in pots during the spring months, and in June they are placed in the baskets in which they will bloom. When hanging-basket chrys- anthemums were first displayed in 1920, the baskets were filled with full-grown plants just a few weeks before blooming. While that method of culture was fairly satisfactory, a new and better PLATE 17 VoL. 26, 1938 Mo. Bor. Garp. BULL., SINGLE-STEM CHRYSANTHEMUMS CAT-TAIL BACKGROUND 138 MISSOURLT BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN one has gradually been developed. The large baskets, measuring eighteen inches in diameter, are planted near the rim with only four plants each. As the plants grow they are trained to hang over the sides of the basket. Thirty-six of the large baskets and twenty-four of the small ones are used each year. The three va- rieties, “Anna,” “Jane Harte” (‘Jean Hart’), and “Sam Cas- well,” are grown in the large and small baskets. The variety “Ladysmith” is used only in the small size, one plant to a basket. It is the finest variety for the purpose, but since it blooms early it must be replaced with another variety after the middle of No- vember. All through the summer months these plants are grown in two special houses and in late October they are moved to the display house. Each large basket weighs eighty-seven pounds, and while this is not a great weight the basket is bulky and awkward to handle. The method adopted is as follows: Three one-foot chains are fas- tened to a three-inch ring, the loose ends of the chain being hooked in the rim of the basket. Through the ring is passed a two-inch pipe eight feet long, by means of which two men, one at each end, raise the basket. A third man disengages the basket hook. With the pipe resting on their shoulders the two men carry the basket to the waiting truck. In the body of the truck are two wooden tripods supporting a pipe with two hooks. ‘The basket is lifted into the truck, the ring with the three chains slipped over the hook, and the pipe withdrawn. Two baskets are carried in cach truck. When possible the truck is driven directly under the chain where the basket is to hang in the display house. Another group of chrysanthemums which is started early in the year contains the varieties known as “standards” and “speci- men” plants. A standard is a plant with one stout stem which has been allowed to grow three or more feet high before being “stopped,” the term used for this operation. The several branches that develop are then trained to form a symmetrical head, each branch producing one large flower. The specimen plant is simi- lar, but instead of having one central stem several branches are started near the base, and one to several flowers are borne on each branch. The term “specimen’’ is also applied to the plants bearing many flowers carefully tied to a wire framework. These Mo. Bor. Garp. Butt., Vout. 26, 1938 PLATE 18 FIELD OF BUSH CHRYSANTHEMUMS LIFTING BUSH PLANTS 140 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN plants require a full season of careful pinching and training, tying to bamboo stakes, and frequent disbudding. The plants are started in 214-inch pots and are finally shifted into 9, 10, and 12-inch pots. In early February the Japanese varieties of chrysanthemums are started, and the method of training them is similar to that of the specimen plants. They are not robust-growing plants, and during the extremely hot months must be very carefully watered. The single-stem chrysanthemum is the kind in which only one shoot is permitted to grow, bearing one large flower. The shape of the flower differs, some varieties having incurved petals and others reflexed. The cuttings of these single-stem varieties are taken in Vebruary and March, inserted in sand in the propa- gating bench, and after three weeks are potted into small pots. Their ultimate height depends upon the variety, the time the plants are started, and whether or not they have been pinched or “stopped.” The 1500 single-stem chrysanthemums which are grown each year remain in the greenhouses during their entire growing period. From the time the cuttings are taken in Feb- ruary until they are displayed, they require daily attention. All of the plants are first potted into 214-inch pots, later repotted into 4-inch pots, and in June they receive their final shift into 6-inch pots. This means that the 1500 chrysanthemums have been transported to the potting bench three times and that 4500 plantings have been made. No one, except the men who actually grow these plants, realizes the tremendous amount of work re- quired to bring them into bloom. Soon after the plants are in their final pots they are staked with bamboo canes, and as they increase in height they are tied or clipped to these canes. Some varieties grow too rapidly and must be “stopped” by pinching the center and when lateral shoots develop all but one must be removed. In September and October the buds finally appear, and the grower is confronted with the problem of selecting either a “crown” or “‘terminal” bud. A crown bud is the first flower bud and is surrounded by lateral shoots which later develop flower buds. If the crown bud is removed these lateral growths develop and from them the best one is selected. This shoot ends in a flower bud which terminates the growth of the plant. Now is Mo. Bor. Garp. BULL., VoL. 26, 1938 PiaTeE 19 BUSH CHRYSANTHEMUMS 142 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN the critical time in the life of each of these chrysanthemum plants for if the terminal bud is removed or broken the plant is lost. One daily operation that must never be neglected is watering and syringing the plants. A 90- to 100-degree temperature in the shade is a mild temperature compared to that in the greenhouses with the sun shining on the glass roof. It is during the periods of extremely high temperatures that the plants must be given the greatest care. Overwatering a chrysanthemum in a hot and humid atmosphere will soon bring its ruin. After the potting, watering, pinching, staking, and fertilizing have been attended to there is still one major operation that must not be neglected. The plants must be sprayed and fumigated for if this is not done regularly the insects and diseases will destroy the crop. The three worst insect pests are aphis, red spiders, and mealy bugs. Other insects to guard against are thrips, midge, lace bugs, tarnished plant bugs, leaf rollers, caterpillars, and grasshoppers. In brief, each of the 1500 single-stem chrysanthemums placed on display in November has had nine months of daily attention of one type or another. The most novel manner of training any chrysanthemum is the so-called “cascade.” This group has been featured at each fall show since 1930, the Garden being one of a very few places in the country making such an annual display. Varieties with thin and flexible stems make the best cascades. These mostly have single flowers although some varieties with semi-double and double flowers are used. Of the named varieties “Anna.” “Jane Harte,” and “Ladysmith” are the best. For variety a few “Adele Wallner,” “Alice Howell,” bronze and pink “Bucking- ham,” “Christmas Gold,’ ‘Columbia,’ “Garza,” “Radiant,” “Wellington Wack,” and “Yellow Daisy” are also grown. From a packet of seed of the mountain-type of chrysanthemum sown in 1930, sixteen varieties are still retained. Each year 150 to 200 of these cascade chrysanthemums are grown. The cuttings are taken in early January. After the plants have been repotted into 6-inch pots they are placed in a single row along the edge of a bench, preferably a north bench. When they are six inches high they are pinched. The best of the lateral shoots is kept for the leader and is tied to a bamboo cane inserted in the pot at an Mo. Bor. Garp. ButLt., Vou. 26, 1938 PLATE 20 CONSTRUCTING A CHRYSANTHEMUM SHOW MODEL OF A FLOWER SHOW 144 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN angle of forty-five degrees and pointed north. At least once a week, from May until September 15, these plants must be pinched and tied. The repeated pinching of the lateral and sub-lateral shoots requires much skill and judgment. Some varieties may be freely pinched but others resent this operation and refuse to branch. The plants are watered, syringed, sprayed, and fed like any of the single-stem varieties. The first week in October the bamboo cane is removed from the leader and each plant is placed on a shelf with the pendent growth facing south. The last and largest group of chrysanthemums to be propa- gated in February and March contains the bush varieties. Bush plants are created by pinching to induce branching, and these plants vary in height from ten inches to three feet. They may be grown either in the field or in pots. At the Garden the greatest number are grown in the field, being set out in nursery rows in May. They are cultivated, pinched, and weeded during the sum- mer and potted into 7- or 8-inch pots in September. The task of caring for these plants is a big one, and seven men are required to tie, dig, transport, pot, and place the plants on the greenhouse benches. The first week after potting, these plants require fre- quent syringing, particularly in bright weather. When they be- come established they receive the same culture as the bush plants grown in pots. As some varieties would be slow to recover after being potted from the field, they are best grown in pots from the start. They must be repotted several times during the summer until they are finally in 7- and 8-inch pots. Aphis give less trouble in the field than in the greenhouse, but in recent years the leaf hoppers and particularly the tarnished plant bugs have damaged many plants. These sucking insects seek the tender tip of each shoot and suck the plant juices, at the same time injecting a poison which cripples the terminal growth and prevents flower buds from forming. Neither of these insects can be killed by spraying but must be discouraged as much as possible by clean cultivation and by the frequent use of repellents. This year 2,000 bush chrysanthemums have been grown in the field and 700 in pots, representing 125 varieties. For many years flower shows were staged in the same stereo- typed manner, the excellence of the plants being the only con- MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 145 sideration. With the growth of the flower-show movement in the various cities, particularly in the East, there gradually has de- veloped a better and more artistic method of displaying the plants. The chrysanthemum shows have felt this change, and instead of the plants being grouped merely according to size and type they are now given a suitable setting. Chrysanthemums are always associated with the gardens of China and Japan, where they have been grown for many centuries, and it is only natural that some design, reminiscent of the Orient, should be chosen as a setting for the display. For the last ten years, as each chrysan- themum show at the Garden was planned, some Chinese or Japa- nese motif was selected around which the plants were assembled. Some of the motifs used in past years have been the Japanese lanterns and umbrellas, stone lanterns, Tori and moon gates, waterfalls and reflecting pools, with the ever-present storks, and tea houses. Many obstacles prevent the achievement of a com- plete design. The shape of the show is always limited by the rectangular area in the display house; the problem of handling several thousand people during a few hours on a Sunday after- noon necessitates walks of ample width; provision must be made for the watering of the plants as each chrysanthemum is grown in an individual pot; the hanging baskets must be arranged to avoid any water striking the plants beneath, and color harmony must be given consideration so as to create a satisfying and lasting im- pression. Some chrysanthemum varieties bloom in late October and others as late as December and a balance must be maintained between the early and late varieties so that replacements may be made. An aerial plan for the basket varieties and a floor plan for the entire chrysanthemum show are drawn each year, and when nec- essary, models of the shows are constructed. Cat-tails make an excellent rush background along the side walls. When these inverted stalks are nailed to a light wooden framework the tan color blends beautifully with the multi-colored chrysanthemums. Each cat-tail is approximately an inch thick, and thousands are required for several hundred feet of back- ground. These are cut and cured in September and some wecks later the loose outer leaves are peeled. Just before building the 146 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN fence the butts of the cat-tails are cut on the slant with a pruning shear. With a small nail each stalk is tacked to the frame, and the long ends of the cat-tails, which formerly were the tops, are sheared off. A chrysanthemum show requires two weeks to install. Much preliminary construction work must be done the first week. Framework for the backgrounds is erected; sometimes portions of the displays are elevated; pools are constructed; walls are stuecoed and bamboo fences are built. During the second week the chry- santhemums are arranged. The tall single-stem varieties are the first to be carried into the display house where much time is con- sumed in arranging them properly. The bush varieties are then arranged according to height and color. The cascade and Japanese varieties are usually kept in a group to themselves. The standard and specimen varieties are used as point plants. The baskets, as has previously been stated, are suspended from the roof, but in some years the small baskets are set on bamboo or rush-covered poles. The purpose of this article has been to present all of the de- tails involved in bringing together under one roof the chrysanthe- mum show, which has been the most popular floral display in St. Louis for many years. The show is open to the public on the first Sunday in November and is continued for four weeks. Aa ie RIDDING THE GARDEN OF MOLES Having recently come to grips with several lusty moles, it seems worth while to relate a few details of the encounter. About the last of August the collection of rock-garden plants became inhabited with some very active moles. Apparently they decided that here at last was Utopia—soft, moist soil, lots of choice worms and insects, and always a safe, comfortable retreat behind the rocks. They worked day and night, so in practically no time the entire garden was honeycombed. Most of the plants were heaved out of the soil and many of them died because the roots were dried out by the sun. Mice and rats found the burrows most convenient and proceeded to eat the bulbs. Squirrels hopped MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 147 ir —_ and madly excavated the mole hills, no doubt thinking that a lot of appetizing bulbs were being hidden from them. Something just had to be done to curb this destructive activity. Mole cartridges that produce dense fumes when ignited were tried in the burrows. Nothing happened except that one of the operators succeeded in getting a hand burned. Cyanide powder was placed in the burrows, but the moles worked twice as vigor- ously on the following day, and several plants died from the ef- fects of the gas. Vicious-looking traps were set, but to no avail. So, armed with sharp spading forks, we kept a vigilant watch, especially at 11:00 a. m. and 3:00 p. m. when moles are supposed to be most active. Evidently they were aware of our presence, for all action ceased until nightfall. Moles seem to possess a keen sense of hearing, or else they are vibration-conscious, as it is quite difficult to get near the scene of operations without being detected. However, it can be done, and many moles have been harpooned and boosted out of the ground with a spading fork or shovel. In a final effort to eradicate these tenacious creatures, the family limousine was parked near the rock garden and a long rub- ber hose carefully attached to the exhaust pipe. The free end of the hose was inserted into a freshly made burrow and a damp cloth tightly packed in around the hose to concentrate the exhaust fumes in the hole. Then the motor was started. Deadly carbon monoxide gas, given off by all gasoline engines, passed through the hose and into the burrows. By accelerating and choking the motor, dense bluish-white fumes were forced out the exhaust and the progress of the gas through the tunnels could be easily traced. If the runways were unobstructed, the effective penetration of the gas would be for a distance of at least fifty to one hundred feet. After pumping the fumes into the burrow for about five minutes, the hose was moved to another strategic spot, and the process re- peated. In this way the entire garden was thoroughly permeated with carbon monoxide. Earthworms crawled hastily out of the soil, writhed in agony, and expired. Centipedes, beetles, sow-bugs, ants, etc., scampered hastily off in all directions. The moles vanished. We are greatly pleased with the results of our experiment. Try it some time, but avoid deep inhalations of the exhaust fumes. DG. Fk. 148 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN NOTES Mr. L. P. Jensen, Manager of the Garden Arboretum, has been reelected president of the Garden Club of Gray Summit. Mr. Paul A. Kohl, Floriculturist to the Garden, acted as judge at the school-garden exhibit at the Walbridge School, October 6. The September number of Horticulture (16: 358-359) contains an article on “Water-lilies” by Mr. George H. Pring, Super- intendent of the Garden. Mr. L. P. Jensen, Manager of the Garden Arboretum, has a report on “Roadside Development”’ in the May issue of The Flower Grower, and one on “Wild Life Conservation” in the September issue. Mr. Russell J. Seibert, for several years assistant in botany in the Shaw School of Botany of Washington University, is spend- ing the year in research at the Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University. The article on “Plant Propagation” by Dr. David C. Fairburn, Horticulturist to the Garden, from the Garden Butietin (Feb- ruary and March, 1936) has been reprinted in the July, August, September and October issues of Real Gardening. The September issue of Garden Digest (10: 14-16) reprinted the article on “Sansevierias as House Plants” from the June, 1937, Butvetin, by Mr. Ladislaus Cutak, in charge of succulents at the Garden. Mr. Cutak is also the author of an article in the August number of The Cactus and Succulent Journal (10: 27), on “Suc- culents at the Greater St. Louis Flower and Garden Show.” The September number of the ANNALs or THE Missourt Boran- 1cAL GarveEN has recently been issued with the following contents : “The Taxonomic Importance and Phylogenetic Significance of the Cephalodia of Stereocaulon,” by George Thomas Johnson; “New Varieties and Forms from Missouri,” and ‘Additions, Cor- rections and Revisions to the ‘Annotated Catalogue of the Flower- ing Plants of Missouri,” by Ernest J. Palmer and Julian A. Steyermark. MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 149 Mr. L. P. Jensen, Manager of the Garden Arboretum, has given the following talks: “The Value of a Garden Club to the Community,” at Hermann, Mo., April 20, when the Garden Club of Hermann was organized; “Conservation of Native Plants,” before the Lansdowne Garden Club of East St. Louis, May 5; “Roadside Development,” before the St. Louis Naturalists’ Club, May 28; “The Romance of Botany,” July 31, near Sullivan, Mo., where Mr. Jensen assisted in the ceremony of opening a nature trail in the Meramec State Forest; “Fruit and Berry-bearing Trees and Shrubs for Landscape Effects and Bird Forage,’ be- fore the group of horticulturists and arboriculturists at the con- vention of the American Institute of Park Executives, at Mil- waukee, September 19-22. Recent visitors to the Garden include: Dr. Gladys E. Baker, instructor in botany, Hunter College, New York City; Mr. L. J. Boerg, graduate assistant in dairy husbandry, Iowa State College, Ames; Dr. W. H. Camp, assistant curator, New York Botanical Garden, New York City; Dr. Hamilton H. Card, pelargonium specialist, LaMesa, Calif.; Mrs. W. B. Collom, plant collector, Payson, Ariz.; Dr. Francis Drouet, curator of cryptogamic bot- any, Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago; Mr. W. N. Guthrie, British vice-consul, St. Louis, and Mr. F. K. Officer, O.B.E., M.C., counsellor at the Australian Embassy, Washing- ton; Dr. Harry J. Fuller, assistant professor of botany, Uni- versity of Illinois, Urbana; Dr. Thomas Kerr, assistant cotton technologist, United States Department of Agriculture, Wash- ington; Mrs. Will Lake, member Fort Worth Park Commission, and in charge of Fort Worth Botanic Garden; Dr. E. R. Spencer, professor of botany, McKendree College, Lebanon, Ill.; Dr. Julian A. Stevermark, assistant curator of the herbarium, Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago. 150 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN STATISTICAL INFORMATION FOR AUGUST AND SEPTEMBER, 1938 GARDEN ATTENDANCE: Total number of visitors in July............5 000. eee eee eee 29,950* Total number of visitors in August. ........0.. 00.0.0 00 eee 31,473 Total number of visitors in September..............-..-.. 27,296 Pianv ACCESSIONS: Total number of plants, bulbs, and packets of seeds received Ith: AMBUSE ocd peice e cates eee Mia esa tad Saws wade tes 75 ‘Total number of plants, bulbs, and packets of seeds received IN “SEpteMbers 6.5 pcs05 450 os Eons seers ae bas RAGES 46 Liprary ACCEssIONs: Total number of books and pamphlets bought in August.... 7 Total number of books and pamphlets donated in August... 173 Total number of books and pamphlets bought in September. . 10 Total number of books and pamphlets donated in September — 288 Hersartum ACCESSIONS: AUGUST By Purchase— Davidson, Mrs. S. B.—Plants of Panama................. 368 Degener, Otto—Plants of Hawaii......... 00.00.0000 00 61 Erichsen, C. F. E.—‘Lichenen, bes. Schleswig-Holstein” Halbzenturie XV and XVI, Nos. 701-800 inclusive...... 100 Gentry, H. S—Plants of Mexico. ......... 0.000 e eee eee ee 120 Standley, P. C.—Plants of Costa Rica................0006. 4.00 Weigel, Theo. O.—Weese, “Eumycetes selecti exsiccati” Fase. XXXII, Nos. 776-800 inclusive................0.- 20-008 25 By Gift— Anderson, E.—Plants of the central United States......... 15 Brown, W. L.—Grasses of Missouri... .....00...0000 0002 ee 19 Collom, Mrs. W. B.—Plants of Arizona.............002005 21 Cutak, L.—Plants of southwestern Texas.................. 25 Greenman, J. M.—Tragopogon pratensis L. from New York 1 Hayward, W.—-Solanum elacagnifolium Caw. from Florida. . 1 Hubrieht, L.—-Plants of the central United States.......... 47 Runyon, E. H.—Plants of Virginia................-..0--. 2 Stratton, R.—Plants of Oklahoma..................020.0004. 2 Williams, L. O.—Plants of Mexico.................. 000 e 8 By ‘Transfer— Lowenhaupt, B.Plants of horticulture..................- 38 Total os ic:d so aceagre 4.6.50 64.02 Oa 6 bd 4a ale AOS we bee RIES 1,253 * This was incorrectly given as 6,552 in the September BuLierin, MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN SEPTEMBER By Purchase— Goodspeed, T. H.—Plants of South America............... By Gift— Anderson, E.—Tradescantia and /ris from Michigan, Mis- SOUT EAN CagNG DIAS KA ve ieevesis ie icintac ce ein miei nuie teeters Brenckle, J. F.—Plants of South Dakota.................. Florida Agricultural Experiment Station—Fungi of Florida Heising, Clara—Lespedeza Sicboldi Miq. trom horticulture Martinez, H., Jr.— Plants’ of Colombia. 250 4.4250... ss 3% Sante, Norma E.—Sophronitis grandiflora Lindl. from 16.3 21/1 aie ene ie en ACO ey ies RC cae REI ene Moa Peni kee ereeenrie aera von Schrenk, H.—Plants of New Hampshire and Indiana... By Exchange— Botanic Garden, University of Cluj—Plants of Roumania. . Botanical Museum of Harvard University, by L. O. Wil- liams—Plants of Mexico and the southeastern United SEGtCS err rier ee erry oto on sikh doce’) soe OS Eee tee Field Museum of Natural History—Plants of Missouri..... New York Botanical Garden—Mandevilla crassifolia (Benth:)) Woods: trom Venezuela... 45. eke Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden—Plants of California. . Royal Horticultural Society's Gardens, Wisley, England— Plants of China’ and horticulture . 2.265. sos 4. ccna yeaa By Transter— Beilmann, A. P.—Plants of horticulture.................. Fairburn, D. C.—Asparagus plumosus Baker from horticul- UTS pared crac Paes eevee atts wee ra, ae secede og SAFI Gis Mautner a abetenn, ea ee Pring, G. H.—Nymphaea colorata Peter from horticulture. . 4: | One ore cr ee eee PRR ME Lr 151 1038 STAFF OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN THE GARDEN, 2315 TOWER GROVE AVENUE, ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI Grorce T. Moors, Director HERMANN VON SCHRENK, CarroLu W. Dopeer, Pathologist Mycologist Jesse M. GrEENMAN, Ep@ar ANDERSON, Curator of Herbarium Geneticist Ernest §. ReyNoups, Rosert E. Woopson, JR., Physiologist Assistant Curator of j Herbarium Ne.u C. Horner, Librarian and Editor of Publications Grorcr H. Prine, Superintendent JOHN NoyEs, Pau A. Kouxt, Consulting Landscape Architect Floriculturist Wiuiam F. LAnGan, Avueust P. Bemmany, Chief Engineer Arboriculturist JoserH LANGEN, Davin C, Farrpurn, Assistant Engineer Horticulturist _ Arrnour D. Forrester, Joun H. Keiioae, Plant Recorder : . ‘Plant Collector ALBERT PEARSON, JosepH CuTAK, Painter : In charge of Exotics LApIsuAus CuTAK, In charge of Succulents_ THE ARBORETUM, GRAY SUMMIT, MISSOURI Lars P.. JENSEN, Manager — Roy E. Krssrecx, ; Davip MituEr, Engineer : Orchid Grower TROPICAL STATION, BALBOA, CANAL ZONE Pau H. ALLEN, Manager REPRESENTATIVE IN EUROPE Gurney Wriison, F. L. S., Hove, Sussex, England r Mussourt BoTANICAL GARDEN JBULLETIN Vol. XXVI_ NOVEMBER, 1938 _ No. 9 CONTENTS : A Page Labeling Plants Permanently . . . . . . . ., 153 An Exotic Crotalaria at Home in St. Louis Gardens . 168 Winter Courses in Gardening for Amateurs . . . . 170 tein AR SUE Nei tenege ne aN Me OORT ROR Cun: eri OE via GUC w 6 Statistical Information MEN EON eee 1 by Office of Publication: 1201-5 Bluff Street, Fulton, Mo. Editorial Office: Missouri Botanical Garden, 2315 Tower Grove Avenue, St. Louis, Mo. Published monthly except in July and August by the Board of Trustees of the Missouri Botanical Garden Entered as second-class matter February 23, 1937, at the post-office at Fulton, Mo,, under the Act of March 3, 1879. SUBSCRIPTION PRICE: ONE DOLLAR A YEAR SINGLE NUMBER FIFTEEN CENTS BOARD OF TRUSTEES OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN THE ORIGINAL’ MEMBERS WERE DESIGNATED IN MR. SHAW’S WILL AND THE BOARD SO CONSTITUTED, EXCLUSIVE OF THE EX-OFFICIO MEMBERS, IS SELF-PERPETUATING President GrorGe C, Hircucock Vice-President Danret K. Carin Second Vice-President Tuomas S. Marrrrr L. Ray Carter ‘GEORGE T. Moorr Samurt C. Davis Eveene Pertus Dupiey FRENCH A. Wersset SHAPLEIGH ne ee em EX-OFFICIO MEMBERS Grorcr R. THRoopP, Wini1aM SCARLETT, Chancellor of Washington Uni- Bishop of the Diocese of Missouri versity Brernarp F. DickMANN, J. B. Macerwang, 8. J., Mayor of the City of St. Louis President of The Academy of Sci- ence of St. Louis JOHN J, SHEEHAN, President of the Board of Education of St. Louis Secretary Grratp E, Uzatcr Missouri Botanical Garden Bulletin Vol. XXVI NOVEMBER, 1938 No. 9 LABELING PLANTS PERMANENTLY To derive the most pleasure and satisfaction out of gardening, one must know something about the names of the plants involved. But these names, especially the botanical ones, are bogies to many amateurs. It is not easy to assimilate such taxonomic jargon as Helenium autumnale pumilum magnificum, Thalictrum aquilegi- folium purpureum, etc., and so the resourceful gardener will pro- vide each kind of plant with an appropriate label, thereby avoiding enervating mental gymnastics, particularly when inquisitive vis- itors appear on the scene. However, scientific names get to be somewhat of a habit after a while. The more you see and use them, the easier they are to remember. Common names are of very limited value and often extremely confusing. There is such a wide assortment of labels on the market that it is quite a problem to select the best kind to use. Aside from individ- ual taste there are several important factors to be considered when purchasing plant labels. 1. Adaptability. By all means retain a sense of proportion. Dwarf plants require small markers, whereas tall vigorous sub- jects need larger, more conspicuous ones. 2. Visibility. A garden should not appear like a collection of tombstones in an antiquated cemetery. Large flashy prominent labels distract attention from the plants and ruin the whole picture. 3. Permanence. Practical garden labels must be relatively im- mune to climatic conditions. They should be very durable and the inscriptions remain distinctly legible for years. Labels usually get knocked around considerably in the garden and the fragile types are soon gone. (153) 154 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 4. Design. Attractive markers of simple design are most desir- able. Those with hinged tops, slip-over covers, detachable cards, ete., are a constant temptation to wandering urchins and rabid souvenir hunters. 5. Attachment. Labels should be convenient to handle, easy to place, and not too bulky. Stick labels that bend or buckle when pressed into the ground are an unmitigated nuisance. 6. Cost. For temporary use, cheap wooden stick labels for small plants and wooden tags for trees or shrubs are quite satisfactory. Perennial service in the garden, however, demands more durable kinds which may range in price from a few cents to a dollar or more apiece. In this case selection will of course be governed largely by the family budget, but at any rate quality is seldom found on the bargain counter. For a number of years samples of various commercial and home- made labels have been accumulating at the Garden. Most of these are illustrated in plates 22 to 26. With such a variety on hand it was decided that an endurance contest was in order to determine which ones would hold up best when exposed to St. Louis climate. Plate 21 shows the markers before and after one year’s weather- ing (July 25, 1937-July 25, 1938). At first glance it is apparent that nearly all of the small stick labels in the foreground were heaved entirely out of the soil by frost. Most stick labels less than six inches long are subject to the heaving action of alternate freez- ing and thawing, and generally get lost in the spring clean-up. One of the heavy metal stick labels went down for the count but un- doubtedly would have remained upright if it had been pressed deeper into the soil. A few of the dwarf markers suffered from finger-blight, a most aggravating condition that invariably occurs whenever the general public is allowed too much rope. Complete details of the test will be found in tabular form in the descriptions of the labels illustrated in plates 22 to 26. In a botanical garden, markers are important for displaying the names of the plants and for experimental records. ‘The ones now in use at the Missouri Botanical Garden are illustrated in plate 22. This assortment includes both permanent and temporary labels, representing selections made over a period of many years. For permanent labeling of trees, shrubs, and potted plants the names MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 155 are stamped into copper and zine (pl. 22, figs. 6, 9, 10, 21, 23, 24), or molded on durable alloy (pl. 22, figs. 1, 4, 11, 19). The letters are stamped into the copper and zine by a machine similar to a typewriter. The molded labels are purchased ready-made. Green pyralin labels, lettered with India ink, and coated with spar var- nish (pl. 22, fig. 2) are used in conservatories and for seasonal displays outdoors. They are very easy to read and have a neat appearance when placed in metal holders (pl. 23, fig. 1). How- ever, the lettering gradually fades and has to be renewed each year. The pyralin can be purchased in large sheets, making the cost of this home-made product quite negligible. A considerable number of zine labels inscribed with chemical or corrosive ink are used at the Garden. They may need an occa- sional washing to remove grime and products of oxidation, but the lettering remains legible for ten or more years unless exposed to abrasives. A solution of platinum tetrachloride is generally used for writ- ing on zinc. However, if many labels are to be prepared, this may be quite expensive. For many years the Garden has used a substi- tute which has proved to be entirely satisfactory. Directions for making this ink, previously given in the February, 1932, number of the BuLietiN, are as follows: Procure a wide-neck bottle with a glass stopper. Fill it half full of new copper chips, such as may be obtained from a tinsmith. Add commercial muriatic acid to fill the bottle and allow the mixture to stand for eight weeks. During that time the color of the fluid will gradually change from bright amber to a cloudy dark emerald green and will finally become clear. After the eighth week pour off the clear acid from the copper chips, the liquid then being ready for use as ink. Unless the zine label is thoroughly cleaned with a fine-grade emery paper to remove grease and finger marks the ink will not penetrate, while the cleaner the label surface the blacker will be the writing. To remove the writing use muriatic acid, then rub with a rough emery paper, finally polishing with a very fine emery paper. While a gold pen may be used with the platinum tetrachloride, it is necessary to use a glass pen with the substitute ink. Inexpensive wooden stick labels are used at the Garden for 156 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN potted plants, seed-pans, flats, and cold-frames. They are defi- nitely temporary, the wood being subject to rot as well as break- age, and the lettering, whether it be in soft lead pencil, India ink, or special weather-proof pencil, generally fades out in a year or two, particularly if the wood is unpainted. Wooden tree labels with copper wire attachment are also fragile and of fleeting value. Stout wooden stakes, 214 inches wide and about 2 feet long, cut from a 2-inch pine or cypress plank, are useful for marking nursery rows and experimental plots. The stake is sharpened at one end and given two coats of aluminum paint. Lettering can be done with special black paint made from lamp black and oil. Stamped zine or copper tags nailed on the stakes are practically infallible. Painting preserves the wood. Thin sheet lead, cut to size and inscribed with a metal stylus, makes a very durable label. Lead is immune to weathering and the inscriptions will remain legible indefinitely. Another kind of inexpensive label can be easily made by cutting sheet zine to size. A hole is punched in one or both ends in which heavy galvanized wire is inserted for attaching the tag directly to the plant. The lettering is best done with chemical ink. A stamped zine or copper tag with a generous length of copper wire makes a good label for trees. The wire is looped around a limb of the tree and should be long enough to permit twisting sev- eral spring-like coils into the loop. As the limb grows in diameter the coiled wire straightens out and any possibility of the wire cut- ting into the bark is thus avoided. And just at the finish, here comes a sample of another label in the morning’s mail. It is a heavy glass tube about 14 inch in diam- eter and 3 inches long. At one end is a copper wire for attachment, the other end being plugged with a rubber stopper. Inside the tube is a roll of white paper on which to inscribe the name of the plant. This label looks very nice, but how long will it last? Glass seems to break on the slightest provocation, rubber stoppers disintegrate, and there are always treasure hunters on the lookout for such at- tractive little trophies. D.C. F. PLATE 21 Mo. Bor. Garp. BULL., VoL. 26, 1938 Labels at the beginning of test (upper cut), and one year later (lower cut), showing effect of frost heaving. 158 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN PLATE 22 TEST RATINGS OF LABELS ILLUSTRATED IN PLATES 22 TO 26, BASED ON ONE YEAR’S EXPOSURE TO ST. LOUIS WEATHER Label No. 1 2 3 4 5 >) 23 24 Description of Label | Cast alloy, raised letters Home-made, green pyralin, India ink,** varnished Same as No. 2, clothes-pin attachment Same as No. 1, attached with screws, nails, or wire Same as No. 2, galvanized wire holder Stamped copper plate, wired to galvanized rod Zine plate, copper wire Pliable zine bent to shape Same as No. 8, but with) stamped raised letters Zine tag, stamped raised let- ters, copper wire Same as No. 1, attached with screws or bolts 6-inch wooden stick painted on one side 8-inch wooden stick label, un- painted Same as No. 13, but larger Home-made, zine tag, stamped letters, copper wire Home-made, green tag, copper wire Home-made, copper tag, stamped letters, copper wire 18-inch wooden stake Same as No. 1, attached with screws or bolts Wooden tag, painted Copper plate (new), stamped letters, copper wire Same as No. 21, but weath- label, pyralin ered for 1 year Copper, stamped letters | Copper plate, stamped let-) ters, bolt attachment | Rating Remarks *Excellent |Made in England — Fair Temporary, needs_ refin- ishing every year Fair Temporary, needs refin- ishing every year Excellent Refer to No. 1 Fair Refer to No. 2 Excellent |Good for records, hard to read at distance Fair Corrosive ink lettering Fair Refer to No. 7 Excellent Refer to No. 6 Excellent |Refer to No. 6 Excellent |Refer to No. 1—used for trees Poor Not dependable outdoors Poor Not dependable outdoors Poor Not dependable outdoors Excellent |Refer to No. 6 Fair Refer to No. 2 Excellent |Refer to No. 6 Poor Refer to No. 12 Excellent |Refer to No. 1 Poor Refer to No. 12 Refer to No. 22 Excellent |Refer to No. 6 Excellent |Refer to No. 6 Excellent |Refer to No. 6—used for trees * Excellent = no appreciable deterioration. Good = slightly weathered but per- fectly legible. Fair = barely passable, lettering partially destroyed. Poor = let- tering entirely faded out, for temporary use only. ** All the labels tested were lettered with India ink unless otherwise indicated. PLATE 22 Mo. Bor. Garp. BULL., VOL. 26, 1938 r EVONYMUS ALATUS SPINDLE TREE Wiadkobactnnar tals —£ CHE GREECE. * .% AESCULUS x 2p * ~S y OCASTAY 160 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN PLATE 23 Label No. Description of Label Rating Remarks 1 |Metal holder, green celluloid) Good Color faded, metal holder card marked with special slightly rusted steel stylus 2 (Green celluloid tag, white! Excellent |Green color slightly faded letters marked with steel stylus 3-4 Same as No, 2, only larger) Excellent Green color slightly faded size 5 |Galvanized wire holder, zinc) Fair Permanent if lettered name-plate with chemical ink 6 |Flexible zine tag, lettered) Excellent |Difficult to read at rea- with hard pencil sonable distance 7 (Same as No. 6, but tag made) Excellent | Difficult to read at rea- of copper sonable distance 8 (Zine plate on galvanized wire) Fair Refer to No. 5 stake 9 |Metal holder, white card in-| Poor Lettering completely sert gone, metal rusted 10 |Same as No. 9, but with) Good Metal rusted hinged top 11 |Glass tube corked at ends, Poor Heaved out of ground, paper insert, wire holder paper streaked with rain and soot 12 |Metal holder, white card in-| Poor Refer to No. 9 sert 13° |Green celluloid, white letters} Excellent |Heaved out of ground by inscribed with steel stylus frost 14-15 Same as No. 13, only larger) Excellent |Heaved out of ground by size frost 16 |Special steel stylus for mark- ing green celluloid 17 |Metal clip for potted plants, (Souvenir hunters got this ete., white card insert one) 18 Green celluloid, 2-piece label, Good Color slightly faded 19 |Green celluloid tag Good ‘Color slightly faded 20 (Green celluloid, copper wire) Good Color slightly faded attachment 21) |Green celluloid Refer to No, 17 22 |Metal, green name plate Good Color faded 23 |Heavy green celluloid, screw,| Excellent Color slightly faded, nail, or wire attachment made in Germany 24 |Zine tag, copper wire attach-| Good Refer to No. 5 ment 25 |Metal holder, white card in-| Fair Letters partly obliterated, sert holder rusted PLarRE 23 Mo. Bor. Garp. Butt., Vou. 26, 1938 Pt la nth wus Gland haga 162 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN PLATE 24 Label No. 1 2 Description of Label Zinc, stamped raised letters Galvanized steel, name-plate painted black, stamped let- ters Same as No. 2, only larger Same as No. 1, but lettered with India ink Same as No. 4, only larger Zine tag, stamped letters, copper wire attachment Same as No. 6, only larger Galvanized steel, stamped let- ters, nail or screw attach- ment Zine tag, stamped letters, copper wire attachment Zinc, stamped letters Pliable lead painted black, impressed letters painted red Same as No. 11, but with nat- ural finish Same as No. 11, but upright type Same as No. 12, but upright type Green celluloid Same as No. 15, but smaller Green celluloid Green celluloid, copper wire attachment Zine name-plate on heavy galvanized wire Celluloid tube with cork, paper card insert, wire holder China marking pencil for writing on glass, metal, ete. Metal holder painted olive- green, special cardboard insert Rating Remarks Excellent |Rather hard to read at a distance Excellent |Paint slightly weathered Excellent |Paint slightly weathered Fair Metal a trifle rusted Fair Metal a trifle rusted Excellent |Refer to No. 1 Excellent |Refer to No. 1 Excellent |Refer to No. 2 Excellent |Refer to No. 1 Excellent |Refer to No. 1 Excellent |Heaved out of the ground, made in England Excellent |Heaved out of the ground, made in England Excellent |Splendid for rock-garden plants, made in England Excellent |Splendid for rock-garden plants, made in England Good Letters partly faded (Souvenir hunter’s trophy) Good Heaved out of soil, best for potted plants, flats, ete. Good Color slightly faded Fair Permanent if lettered with chemical ink Poor Celluloid cracked, letter- ing streaked with soot Poor Paper card severely weathered $Z ILV1g SEGT ‘9Z “IOA “TINg “auVyd “Log ‘OJ, 164 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN PLATE 25 Label No. Description of Label Rating Remarks 1 |Zine tag, stamped letters, Excellent |Rather hard to read at a wired on heavy wire holder distance 2 |Flexible zine, may be bent} Fair Permanent if lettered into desired shape with corrosive ink 3 |Home-made zine label, top| Good Heaved out of the ground reinforced with wood 4 |Home-made zine tag, copper) Good Refer to No. 2 wire attachment 5 |Heavy copper, impressed let-| Excellent |Refer to No. 1 ters painted white 6 |Galvanized metal holder, re-| Poor Severely weathered movable wooden tag en- closed in slot 7 |Galvanized holder, white card) Poor Severely weathered insert 8 |Same as No. 7, but with pli-| Good Refer to No. 1 able metal insert, letters impressed with pencil 9 |Zine (also available in galva-| Good Refer to No. 2 nized metal) 10 |Galvanized metal (also avail-| Good Galvanized metal, may able in zine) rust in time ll jZine holder with telescopic! Good Removable tops apt to top covering white card in- get lost in public parks sert (also available in gal- vanized metal)* 12. |Removable zinc name-plate| Good Refer to No. 2 on galvanized wire 13 |Zine tag on wire holder Good Holder slightly rusted 14 |Zine tag, copper wire attach-| Good Refer to No. 2 ment 15 |Same as No. 14, but larger| Good Refer to No. 2 size 16 |Zine tag on wire holder Good Wire holder rusted 17 |Metal holder, green marble) Poor Metal rusted insert 18 |Removable zinc name-plate| Fair Metal rusted on wire holder Ib : IS if Fittania gegante a aencnatas 6 se S 2 4 is) 3 g ~ s . Gravenste r box 7 ae CZ dLVIg SE6I ‘9¢ “TOA “TING “aduvH “Log ‘oy 166 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN PLATE 26 Label No. 1 2 Description of Label Rating Remarks Metal holder painted green,| Fair Color faded white card insert Same as No. 1, but smaller) Fair Color faded, heaved out size of ground Same as No. 1, but with glass) Poor Soot and moisture accu- cover over name-plate mulated under glass White pyralin Fair Heaved out of soil, label too flexible White pyralin, copper wire] Fair Too flexible attachment White celluloid, mica cover,) Fair Refer to No. 3 wire attachment Same as No. 6, but larger} Fair Refer to No. 3 size Heavy white celluloid, screw, Excellent |Made in Germany nail or wire attachment White celluloid Good Heaved out of the ground Same as No. 9, but larger) Good Heaved out of the ground size Galvanized holder, white cel-) Fair Name-plate flaps in luloid name-plate breeze Metal holder, white marble} Poor Holder rusted insert Galvanized holder, white) Poor Marble does not retain marble insert ink Same as No, 12, but smaller) Fair Refer to No. 12 size Same as No, 13, but larger!) Poor Refer to No. 13 size Metal holder, glass tube, rub-| Good Paint on metal weathered ber caps, white paper in- sert Same as No. 17, but larger} Good Paint on metal weathered size Home-made white celluloid,) Good Letters streaked with rust screw, nail or wire attach- from wire holder ment Metal holder painted green,| Fair Refer to No. 3 white card cover insert, glass PLATE 26 Mo. Bor. Garp. BULL., VoL. 26, 1938 © Lychnis Corenaria My ahrange ee TAKIATK 168 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN AN EXOTIC CROTALARIA AT HOME IN ST. LOUIS GARDENS In recent years interest has been growing in the horticultural possibilities of a large, conspicuously flowered legume which has become established in the southeastern lowland region of Missouri. Having been grown with success in a number of St. Louis gardens, curiosity as to its identity, origin, and history in this part of the country has been aroused. The genus Crotalaria—commonly known as Rattle-box due to a propensity of the seeds to become loose within the pod at maturity —consists chiefly of tropical herbs with a few representative species in temperate regions of both the Old and the New Worlds. To one acquainted with C. sagittalis L., the predominant species in North America, its relationship with the showy plant under discussion is somewhat surprising. But the latter has been defi- nitely determined as C. spectabilis Roth, native of India and the East Indies, occurring also in the Hawaiian Islands and through- out the West Indies whence it became established in the sandy soils of peninsular Florida and the Keys. Exotic species of Crota- laria have been cultivated as cover crops for some time; but in recent years the use of C. spectabilis has spread throughout the South due largely to its introduction by the Experiment Station of the University of Florida. In a number of instances it has escaped cultivation and become naturalized. Such has been the case in southeastern Missouri where its popularity as a silage plant is steadily increasing. A closely allied species, C. retusa L., is frequently confused with C. spectabilis Roth. It has virtually the same distribution and has also been widely cultivated. Similar in general habit, it is a smaller plant with somewhat larger flowers which frequently show a purplish cast in contrast to the brighter yellow of C. spec- tabilis. This feature, however, is not sufficiently constant to be reliable. Aside from the differences in size, the most obvious de- limiting characters lie in the small leaf-like structures which occur singly below the individual flowers and in pairs at the base of the leaves. They are minute and have a tendency to wither and drop off early in C. retusa, but are conspicuous and persistent in C. spec- 169 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN Fig. 1. Crotalaria spectabilis Roth. Fig. 2. Crotalaria retusa L. Both illustrations represent an early flowering stage. The racemes attain a length of 145 to 2 feet. 170 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN tabilis. Both species show considerable promise as hardy peren- nials for the informal garden, their soft green foliage creating a pleasing background for the profusion of large yellow blossoms borne loosely on long terminal racemes. Maxine LarisrEy. WINTER COURSES IN GARDENING FOR AMATEURS ELEMENTARY COURSE The elementary course in various phases of gardening for ama- teurs, which has been conducted at the Garden for the past few years, will be repeated in 1939. As formerly, it will commence in January, since it is believed that the course is of more value when given earlier in the year. The class will meet in the lecture room of the museum building (entrance at Tower Grove and Cleveland Avenue gate) at 3:45 p.m., Monday of each week. Reaistration: It is desirable that registration be made by letter, with check enclosed payable to the Missouri Botanical Gar- den, as soon after December 20 as possible. Tickets will be ready for distribution on day of first lecture. Registration fees will also be received on January 9 at the lecture hall, at 3:00 o'clock. Fre: The registration fee is $5.00 for each person, and tickets are not transferable. The outline of the subjects to be discussed follows: January 9—Brief discussion of catalogues, horticultural magazines, and bulletins. Illustrated lecture on rock gardens and bulbs... . Kohl January 16—Trees and shrubs: Pruning of shrubs at planting time....................... Beilmann January 23—Annuals, perennials. Illustrated lecture.............. Kohl January 30—'The general care of trees: Surgery. Fertilizers, Cabling. A POUMPAII ES os 5 62 seen aise d05bs hae 40s Waeee ov aeaavdedes Beilmann February 6—Roses. Illustrated lecture. ........0...000..00 0c eee ee Kohl February 13—Lawns: Seed lawns: Preparation of the soil, seed selection, fertilizers. Stolon lawns: Methods of planting by means of stolons and plug- ging. Lawns and their subsequent care.........0.0.00..0 00000 e ee eee Pring MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN ret February 20—Raising plants from seed. The students will sow seeds of annuals and perennials in the greenhouses, later transferring the plants to their own gardens. Students will furnish their own BECO S rere ee aye e iene ae eas Shen Ah core aan Meee ee N Fairburn February 27—Iris and peonies. Illustrated lecture................ Kohl March 6—Controlling insect pests. Material to use............ Beilmann March 13—Water gardens. Illustrated lecture. Construction of pools. Preparation of soil and planting. Caring for hardy and tropical water-lilies during growing season, Propagation by seeds, tubers, leaves. Breeding. WiINET SLOT RC ics. cee heparan seat ore hag ea Res omens cee a ora am Pring March 20—The home culture of cacti and other succulent plants. Illustrated lecture: Kinds for the beginner to grow. Soil, air, light, temperature, and moisture. Propagation by seed, cuttings, and grafting...............-.. Cutak March 27—The students will pot up the plants raised from seed sown Feb. 20, These plants will remain in the greenhouses until the weather permits the class members to set them out in their own DP ALCLCTIS merrier Moves apes esas natcevase, shee actions Aeusveme Sees cease teers Fairburn ADVANCED COURSE The advanced course in gardening for amateurs will start Feb- ruary 2. The purpose of this course is to give the students as much practical work as possible. All of the classes will be held in the ex- perimental greenhouses from 10:00 to 12:00 a. m., Thursday of ach week. The course will be in charge of Dr. Fairburn. REGISTRATION: Enrollment limited to 40 students. The elemen- tary course or previous gardening experience is a prerequisite to this advanced course. Fre: The registration fee is $10.00 per student and tickets are not transferable. Write or phone the Garden, Pr. 5567, for reser- vations. February 2—The selection and care of house plants: Exhibit of desirable house plants. How to grow them success- fully. Forcing of bulbs. February 9—Soil management: The characteristics of “good” soil. Study of drainage and demon- stration of soil testing. Preparation of fertile garden soil. February 16—Fertilizers: How to improve soils by the use of fertilizers. The students will start an experiment in the greenhouse to show the effects of vari- ous fertilizer treatments on plant growth. 172 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN February 23—Insects and diseases: Identification, control and injury caused by common garden pests. Exhibit of harmful insects, diseases, injury to plants, in- secticides, fungicides, sprayers, dusters, etc. Books and bulletins on plant pests. March 2—March 30—Plant propagation: The propagation of plants is one of the most important and inter- esting phases of gardening. Five class periods will be devoted to this subject in order that the students may become familiar with a wide variety of plants and their methods of increase. a. Seed. h. ‘Tuberous roots, b. Stem cuttings. i. Bulbs, bulb scales, corms, c. Leaf cuttings. cormels. d. Root cuttings. j. Viviparous leaves. e. Hardwood cuttings. k. Stolons. f. Rootstocks or rhizomes. l. Layering. g. Tubers. m. Grafting, budding. April 6—Potting of plants raised from seed. April 13—Potting of plants raised from cuttings. April 20—Landscaping the home grounds: The selection, arrangement, and care of trees, shrubs, and flowers. Lawns. April 27—Survey of garden books and bulletins. Practical demon- strations of planting small trees, shrubs, annuals, and herbaceous perennials. May 4—Trip to the Garden Arboretum at Gray Summit where the students will have an opportunity to see the large collection of orchids, the pinetum, the nursery, and much of the native flora. NOTES Mr. L. P. Jensen, Manager of the Arboretum, acted as judge at the flower show staged by the Garden Club at Hermann, Mo., Oc- tober 12. Dr. Burr N. Prentice, head department of forestry, Purdue Uni- versity, Lafayette, Ind., and a group of his students visited the Garden Arboretum, October 29. Mr. Paul A. Kohl, Floriculturist to the Garden, gave an illus- trated lecture on “Roses” before the Normandy Circle of the Rose- Mary Garden Club, Normandy, Mo., October 1. Mr. Ladislaus Cutak, in Charge of Succulents at the Garden, has an article in the October number of Desert Plant Life (10: 88) entitled “Succulents Merit a Trial in the Home.” MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 173 The November issue of Garden Life contains an article by Mr. L. P. Jensen, Manager of the Arboretum, on “Fruit and Berry- bearing Trees and Shrubs for Landscape Effects and Forage for Birds.” Mr. Ladislaus Cutak, in Charge of Succulents at the Garden, gave an illustrated lecture “Exploring Texas with Camera and Tripod,” before the St. Louis Camera Club at the St. Louis Public Library, November 16. Mr. George H. Pring, Superintendent of the Garden, spoke be- fore the Rotary Club of Belleville, Tl., November 1, on “The Romance of the Plant World,’ and before the Cape Girardeau Garden Club, Cape Girardeau, Mo., October 24, on “Chrysanthe- mums.” Dr. David C. Fairburn, Horticulturist to the Garden, gave a talk before a group of amateur gardeners at the Walbridge School, November 1, on “House Plants.’” On November 2, he spoke before the elementary botany class at Washington University on ‘Fore- ing Hardy Bulbs.” Mr. L. P. Jensen, Manager of the Arboretum, gave a talk be- fore the Gray Summit Garden Club, October 2, on “Ornamental Fruit and Berry-bearing Trees and Shrubs,” and before the State Federation of Garden Clubs, at Cuba, Mo., November 1, on “Con- servation and Planting along the Roadsides.” Recent visitors to the Garden library and herbarium include Dr. Mary Goddard, assistant professor of botany, Southern Illinois State Normal University, Carbondale; Dr. F. L. Wynd, assistant professor of botany, University of Illinois, Urbana; Dr. G. W. Martin, professor of botany, University of Iowa, Iowa City; Mr. William C. Knight, student in botany, University of Missouri, Co- lumbia; Mr. R. A. Ryter, teacher at the Mission School, Lolodorf, Cameroun, West Africa; Mr. Fred Gibson, director Boyce Thomp- son Southwest Arboretum, Superior, Ariz.; Dr. George C. An- drews, chief of clinic, department of dermatology, Vanderbilt Clinic, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York City; Dr. T. Benedek, instructor in dermatology, Northwestern University, Evanston, III. 174 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN STATISTICAL INFORMATION FOR OCTOBER, 1938 GARDEN ATTENDANCE: LOtal MUMDESY OF VISILOTE 6 sssis.c:oi0 erorarece scaentre esees Sheree ae oak eck eres 38,991 Linrary ACCESSIONS: Total number of books and pamphlets bought ............... 17 Total number of books and pamphlets donated .............. 343 PLant ACCESSIONS: Total number of plants ‘received 2 6..36655s60 dee es Hes wale sc am 290 Total number of plants and packets of seeds received ........ 110 Herpartum ACCESSIONS: By Purchase— Kay’s Photo & Optical Company—Photographs of Senecio ... 2 Williams, L. O.—Orchids of Mexico ................0ece00es 150 By Gift— Anderson, E.—Plants of Missouri .............ccccccccevces 3 Andrews, H. N. Jr.—Polytrichum commune 1. from Belgium . ] Clemens, M. S.—Plants of New Guinea .............00.0 eee 6 Cutler, Hugh C.—Plants of Texas and Arizona .............. 13 Dodge, C. W.—Mosses from Costa Rica ................0055 A Erwin, A. T.—Cucumis Melo L. from horticulture ........... 1 Heising, Clara—Paulownia tomentosa (Thunb.) Baill. from OTL G URE 5.55 contig ae ohio ahorayedensaragecdina aces Pees eae oie lwte as 1 Hildebrand, Mrs. W. J.—Bidens sp. from Texas ............. 1 Instituto Miguel Lillo, Tucuman, Argentina—Lichens of Ar- OTN, presen stars opengapteagu to acs tre ehans amsiasots Saha ece o iaeebteersee a, elas 64 Kellogg, John H.—Ascyrum hypericoides L. from Missouri .. 1 Lodewyks, Maude C.—Crotalaria sagittalis L.. from Missouri . 2 Roush, Mrs. Eva M. Fling, by R. E. Woodson, Jr.—Lycopo- dvim trom: West Vir gia a: op ossid ie nus hescablomnwsautian ean 7 Smith, A. C—Plants of British Guiana ..................... 28 Williams, L. O.—/Hintonella mexicana Ames from Mexico .... 1 By Exchange— Agricultural Experiment Station, Gainesville, Florida—Liver- worts and mosses from Florida ................. 00000 ees 40 Barkley, Fred A.—Plants of Montana .................00005 13 Botanical Survey, Lingnan University, Canton, China—Plants OE IB: cash aces sis eats ares Pawaug ches cv Haleyikis Gis sco he eta Mis otont 346 Field Museum of Natural History—Photographs of type speci- MIGUSIOL COSINE 4 vas tira We pesses daa ee aioe 37 Kew Ierbarium—Fragments of South American Senecios ... 7 University of Arizona, by R. A. Darrow—Plants of Arizona .. 119 University of lowa, by W. A. Anderson—Plants of Iowa, col- lected by the late Professor B. Shimek .................... 56 University of Michigan, by C. A. Lundell—Plants of British EXONS esate: te. tarip-atands esas toe spuie ayelvas cone Wincdiana tomas Riese lauealh wets ace 145 By Transfer— Fairburn, David C.—A belia chinensis R. Br. from horticulture 1 SOME FACTS ABOUT THE GARDEN The Missouri Botanical Garden was opened to the public by Mr. Henry Shaw about 1860, From that date to the death of Mr. Shaw, in 1889, the Garden was maintained under the personal direction of its founder, and while virtually a private garden it was, except at certain stated times, always open to the public. Although popularly known as “Shaw’s Garden” the name Missouri Botanical Garden was designated by Mr. Shaw as its official title and in his will and all of his writings he specifically referred to it as the “Missouri Bo- tanical Garden.” By a provision of Mr. Shaw’s will the Garden passed at his death into the hands of a Board of ‘Trustees. The original members of the Board were designated in the will, and the Board so constituted, exclusive of certain ex-officio members, is self- perpetuating. By a further provision of the will, the immediate di- rection of the Garden is vested in a Director, appointed by the Board of Trustees. The Garden receives no income from city or state, but is supported entirely from funds left by the founder. The city Garden comprises 75 acres, where about 12,000 species of plants are growing. There is now in process of development a tract of land of over 1,600 acres outside the city limits which is to be devoted to (1) the propagation and growing of plants, trees, and shrubs, designed for showing either indoors or outside, at the city Garden, thus avoiding the existing difficulties of growing plants in the city atmosphere; (2) gradually establishing an arboretum as well as holding a certain area as a wild-flower reservation, with the idea that possibly at some future time this may become the new botanical garden. The Garden is open to the public every day in the year, except New Year’s Day and Christmas—week days from 8:00 a. m. until sunset; Sundays from 10:00 a. m. until sunset. ‘The main entrance to the Garden is located at Tower Grove Ave- nue and Flora Place, on the Sarah car line (No. 42). Transfer south from all intersecting lines. STAFF OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN THE GARDEN, 2315 TOWER GROVE AVENUE, ST, LOUIS, MISSOURI Grorae T. Moorsz, Director ; HERMANN VON SCHRENK, Carrout W. Dopes, Pathologist Mycologist Jessr M. GrreNMAN, Epe@ar ANDERSON, Curator of Herbarium Geneticist Ernest §, REYNOLDS, Rozert E. Woopson, JR., Physiologist Assistant Curator of Herbarium Nett C. Horner, Librarian and Editor of Publications Grorce H. Priva, Superintendent Joun Noyes, Paut A. Kout, Consulting Landscape Architect Floriculturist WiiiiAm F. LAnGAn, Aveust P, BrrLMann, Chief Engineer Arboriculturist JOSEPH LANGEN, - Davip C. FAarrBurn, Assistant Engineer. _ Horticulturist Artuur D. Forrester, Joun H, Keiboaea, Plant Recorder Plant Collector ALBERT PEARSON, JosnepH CuTak, Painter In charge of Exotics LADISLAUS CUTAK, In’ charge of Succulents THE ARBORETUM, GRAY SUMMIT, MISSOURI Lars P. JEnsEN, | Manager Roy E. Kissrcx, | Davip Mutter, Engineer OP Sey Orchid Grower TROPICAL STATION, BALBOA, CANAL ZONE Pav H. ALLEN, Manager REPRESENTATIVE IN EUROPE Gurney Witson; F. L. S., Hove, Sussex, England MlissOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN Vol. XXVI DECEMBER, 1938 No. 10 CONTENTS What Shall We Do with the Christmas Poinsettia? . 175 Report of a PlantHuntin Texas. . . . ... . . 180 Page A tedee of Orchidany) i 6 Re A eon AS RVG 25k We i RE Nata le tee eet” RON yg ao am Statistical Information .:¢°? Ae a PO 08 Index to Illustrations of Volume XXVI ... . . 195 General Index to Volume XXVI . . . . . «197 Office of Publication: 1201-5 Bluff Street, Fulton, Mo. Editorial Office: Missouri Botanical Garden, 2315 Tower Grove Avenue, St. Louis, Mo. Published monthly except in July and August by the Board of Trustees of the Missouri Botanical Garden Entered as second-class matter February 23, 1937, at the post-office at Fulton, Mo., under the Act of March 3, 1879. SUBSCRIPTION PRICE: ONE DOLLAR A YEAR SINGLE NUMBER FIFTEEN CENTS BOARD OF TRUSTEES OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN THE ORIGINAL MEMBERS WERE DESIGNATED IN MR, SHAW’S WILL AND THE BOARD SO CONSTITUTED, EXCLUSIVE OF THE EX-OFFICIO MEMBERS, IS SELF-PERPETUATING President Grorce C. Hircucock Vice-President Danteu K. Catutn Second Vice-President THomas §. Marrrrr L. Ray Carter Grorce T. Moore Samuet C. Davis EvuGene Pettus Duptey FrReNcH A. Wrsset SHAPLEIGH Eruan A, H. SHEPLEY EX-OFFICIO MEMBERS Gxorer R. THRoop, Witrram Scarterr, imeem of Washington Uni- Bishop of the Diocese of Missouri versity Brernarp F. Dickmann, J. B. Macenwang, S. J., Mayor of the City of St. Louis President of The Rradires of Sci- ence of St. Louis Joun J. SHEAHAN, President of the Board of Education of St. Louis Secretary GERALD ULRicr Missourl Botanical Garden Bulletin Vol. XXVI DECEMBER, 1938 No. 10 “WHAT SHALL WE DO WITH THE CHRISTMAS POINSETTIA?” When a garden-minded person is the recipient of a poinsettia plant at Christmas time, efforts are usually made to save the plant and bring it into bloom again the following year. But alas, sooner or later such efforts are usually doomed to fail. This is evidenced by the number of times the Garden is called upon to offer encour- agement, not so much to the gardener, but to the poor poinsettia. Unfortunately it is generally too late for the Garden to play successfully the réle of plant-doctor. The doctor knows only too well that the patient is growing pale and is rapidly becoming bald and that these ills have occurred in rapid succession after a severe chill in September. It seems the patient had been reveling out- doors in the sunshine all through the summer and was the most robust member of the garden inhabitants, but now, as Christmas approaches, it is evident he will not survive to enjoy the holidays. So what can be done? Well, we shall try to tell you. When the poinsettias grace the festive table see that they are watered. The red bracts, which we call flowers but which, to be a little technical, are only modified leaves, will remain in good condition for about a week if the plants are kept in a warm room of seventy degrees or more. If the plants are chilled at any time the leaves will soon yellow and drop. Question: What shall be done with the bare plants after Christmas ? Answer: Lay the plants away in the cool part of the basement until May and do not water them. Most persons are reluctant to destroy them. Somewhere they have read, or someone has told (175) 176 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN them, how luxuriantly they grow in California, Texas, and the other southern states—so why not here? We agree with the gar- dener that a poinsettia, represented by a bare stick planted in the garden in May, will grow faster than any other house plant. That the northern gardener cannot bring them into bloom is due to the change in weather in September, which necessitates moving the plants indoors. This is the critical time in the life of the poin- settias. Those that were taken out of the pots in the spring and planted in the flower border will have grown so large that it is impossible to lift them without disturbing the roots. What hap- pens? All of the leaves will drop within a week after lifting and there will be no flower bracts. Question: If the plants should not be taken out of the pots in the spring, then what should be done? Answer: In May cut the bare stems back to six or eight inches above the rim of the pot. Shake some of the soil from the roots and re-pot into a six- or seven-inch pot. See that there is some broken crock over the hole in the bottom of the pot and use good garden soil., If the soil is heavy add sand and thoroughly mix it with the soil. After re-potting the poinsettias, water them, then plunge the pots outdoors in a sunny position, in cinders or soil about three inches deep. Within a few weeks several shoots will appear, two or three of which should be kept and the others re- moved. These branches will grow quite tall in one season and must be tied to a support, preferably a bamboo cane. It is not ab- solutely necessary to start the plants in May. They may be started in June and even early July. Late planting will prevent the poinsettias from growing too tall, but weak plants that have been képt dormant too long often fail to grow. The pots should be lifted occasionally. If this is not done, a large root may grow through the hole of the pot into the soil beneath, and the severing of this root will cause all of the leaves to drop when the plant is lifted in September. A better way to grow poinsettias, and one more fascinating be- cause it requires skill, is to start new plants from cuttings in the early summer; in fact, that is the way the commercial grower produces poinsettias for Christmas. He would never think of growing old plants a second and third year. If poinsettias are to MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 1 ef be grown from cuttings, the stock plants should be brought into the light in May or June, the stems cut back to a foot above the pot, and the plants given a thorough soaking. Syringing the stalks whenever possible will soften the wood and hasten the de- Fig. 1. Poinsettia plant cut back and grown a second year. velopment of the eyes. Cuttings will be available in June and July, which are the two best months to root them. Those rooted in August will yield small plants with imperfect bracts. Cuttings are removed from the stock plants when they are four or five inches long, a stub at least an inch long being left to permit secondary 178 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN His KM yy Sav Fig. 2. Rooted poinsettia cuttings. sprouts to develop for later cuttings. As soon as the cuttings are cut from the stock plants they are dropped into a bucket of cool ” water to prevent “bleeding.” Poinsettias belong to the family Euphorbiaceae, and many members of this family contain a heavy, milk-white sap which flows from the plant as soon as it is cut. Later, when the surplus leaves have been removed and a fresh cut is made beneath a node, they are again placed in water. After tgs WWF jigs: iy AS Fig. 3. Center of poinsettia: A, stamens; B, pistil; C, nectar gland. MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 179 fifteen or thirty minutes they are planted in pots or boxes of sand which has been watered and tamped. Make an opening in the sand with a dibble, about the size of a lead pencil, place the cutting two inches deep, and pack the sand around it. When all of the cuttings are in place, water thoroughly to settle the sand and shield them from the wind with paper or burlap. In the second week a little more air is admitted to the propagating box, and later it is left uncovered each night. Cuttings in well-drained boxes should be watered each morning and the foliage sprayed several times a day during the first two weeks. After three or four weeks, at which Fig. 4. Seed pod of poinsettia. time the cuttings should be rooted, they are potted into 21-inch pots of light soil composed of garden soil, leaf-mold, and sand. They are again shielded from the sun and wind for a week or more until root action has taken place. From then on the young plants will grow rapidly and must be shifted into four- and five-inch pots when numerous roots reach the sides of the pots. Poinsettias grown outdoors must never suffer from cold. A succession of chilly nights in August and September will cause the plants to shed their leaves. In the house, grow the plants in a southern window or sunroom and in a temperature that never 180 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN registers less than sixty degrees. If these conditions cannot be supplied, save your time and effort for the culture of other worth- while plants that are less exacting in their requirements. It will be news to many gardeners to know that poinsettias can be grown from seeds. True, seeds are seldom listed, but there are American and English catalogs that do advertise poinsettia seeds for two cents apiece. The seeds are large, and there is no difficulty in germinating them. ‘Those sown in early June will give plants four feet high, and there will be very little difference be- tween these plants and those grown from cuttings. As has been previously mentioned, the colorful portion of the poinsettia is composed of bracts, which are modified leaves. The true flowers are inconspicuous and are located in the center of the cluster. Some of them contain only the stamens and others only the pistils. The line-drawing (fig. 3) clearly shows the structure of the central portion of a poinsettia, and if anyone is inclined to experiment he should take some of the stamens and rub the pol- len onto the pistils. This should be done more than once in order to insure pollination, and it would be well to transfer the pollen from one plant to another as the poinsettia is said to be self-sterile. If the pollination has been carefully done, a large fat seed pod should form within a short time (fig. 4). The seed should be ripe in about four months. It is then stored until June when it may be sown in pots of sandy soil. Plants started from seed are treated the same as those grown from cuttings. | ae, wae REPORT OF A PLANT HUNT IN TEXAS Once upon a time the silent desert of the Southwest was a scourge for the pilgrim. Only the bold adventurer, prospector, and trapper had the nerve to explore the mysteries which the desolate wastes had to offer. ‘To most people the desert represented terrifying sandstorms, venomous reptiles, vicious thorn-covered plants, unbearable heat, parched throats, and perhaps death in a God-forsaken country. Today all such unsavory thoughts have been removed. True, it is still a rugged, forbidding, and austere region, but excellent roads and automobiles have brought a little PLATE 27 Mo. Bor. Garp. BULL., VOL. 26, 1938 DESERT PLANTS IN THE SOUTHWEST 1. Creosote-bush desert bordering Maravillas Creek, on the Roberts’ Ranch. 2. Typical desert yucca (Yucca elata) of Texas, south of Fort Stockton. 3. Sabal texana in the Rabb Palm Grove, southeast of Browns- ville, Texas, the only natural palm jungle in Texas. 4. Ocotillos (Fouquieria splendens) in desert country south of Fort Stockton, Texas. 182 MISSOURTLT BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN closer all the fascination and mystery that the desert encloses, and more and more tourists flock each year to the wonderland of the Southwest. To the botanist, nature-lover, artist, photographer, and pleas- ure-seeker, the desert is indeed intriguing. It offers myriads of bizarre, thorn-covered, and exquisitely colored plants that coura- geously cling to life under the most trying conditions, hundreds of picturesque canyons, crumbling historic ruins, weird natural for- mations, landscapes draped with marvelous colors that no artist ‘an successfully duplicate, opportunities for desert treks and canyon climbs, and, last but not least, sunshine and invigorating air to health-famished bodies. And so the writer, who is pre- ponderantly desert-minded, made an opportunity to visit western Texas, chiefly to gather some valuable data about the cacti of that region, but also to obtain plants not already in the Garden’s col- lection or that were conspicuous by their rarity. Several out- standing succulent gardens and institutions in the lower Rio Grande valley were visited, and outstanding xerophytic plants were photographed in their natural habitats. To say the least, the trip proved very fruitful and was highly thrilling from start to finish. The first camp-site of importance was established on top of the picturesque Arbuckle Mountains in south-central Oklahoma, about fifty miles north of the Texas border. These low granite moun- tains are very rugged and harbor vegetation of the semi-desert type. A winding, ascending highway leads to a thousand-foot elevation from which a breath-taking view of Turner Falls is to be had. These falls, issuing from the waters of Honey Creek, are the foremost attraction of the region. A few miles east of them, on the road to the spectacular Price Falls, the rough, stony hill- sides revealed an abundance of the white-spined hedgehog cactus, Echinocereus Reichenbachii. Frequently called “lace cactus” be- ‘ause of its delicate spine clusters, this plant prefers limestone hillsides where it blends perfectly with the white surroundings. A pincushion type of cactus, possibly Coryphantha vivipara, although not definitely identified to date, also was found in this vicinity. It was indeed scarce, for only one plant rewarded our diligent search of several hours. In the souvenir shops along the PLATE 28 Mo. Bor. Garp. BULL., Vout. 26, 1938 DESERT PLANTS IN THE SOUTHWEST Opuntia Lindheimeri in a typical mesquite desert south of Laredo, Texas. Desert vegetation on slopes of Doubtful Canyon. 184 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN highway another pincushion was much in evidence, one of the species of Neobesseya. It no doubt grows in the hills and in plenty, and yet not a single specimen showed itself when we combed the stony hillsides for miles around. The common prickly- pear cactus grew precariously on the rugged slopes, and Yucca glauca dominated the scene several miles south of Turner Falls. The Big Bend country, located within the giant curve of the Rio Grande River in Texas, is a land of picturesque mountains, can- vons, and mesas. It is one of the few remaining wild domains within the borders of the United States, and is grown over with creosote bush, mesquite, Spanish dagger, sotol, lechuguilla, cactus, and other desert vegetation. A good deal of the collecting and photographing was done in the vicinity of the Santiago Moun- tains, with headquarters established on the Roberts ranch. The rocky slopes of Doubtful Canyon presented some very strange- looking assortments of plants. Growing in fissures of gigantic rocks that had tumbled down from above, Dasylirion texanum seemed contented in its surroundings. This is the common sotol plant of the Big Bend, conspicuous by its ornamental rosettes of long, narrow, spine-edged leaves. The ocotillo, Fouquieria splen- dens, with its wand-like, thorny stems shooting from a slender base is a characteristic desert species that can be found on rocky hillsides throughout the Southwest. Several miles from the mouth of the canyon and about half-way up the slope, a dazzling colony of the straw-colored Hchinocereus stramineus glistened in the sun. Nestling in the shade of the overhanging limestone were clumps of Escobaria tuberculosa, a delicate white-spined cactus not yet showing its characteristic red fruits. High above, along the canyon rim, the candelillo, Kuphorbia antisy philitica, made its ap- pearance. This is the famous wax plant of the Mexicans, the source of a well-known high-lustered vegetable wax. The lechuguilla (Agave Lechuguilla), although not so common on the canyon walls, nevertheless is a dominant plant in the Big Bend region. It seems to prefer the limestone debris-covered country drained by the tortuous Pecos River, and at one time it was estimated that its range covered 20,000 square miles of Texas territory. The floor of the canyon was luxuriant in several places with various thorny shrubs, among which were several species of Acacia. Conspicu- MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 185 ous also was guayacan, Porlieria angustifolia, a rigid evergreen shrub whose flowers are attractive to the honey bees. The Mexican buckeye, or Ungnadia speciosa, was likewise growing there. In the flats bordering the foothills of the Santiagos, in a typical creosote-bush desert, several of the odd carrot-tubered Peniocereus Greggii were dug up. This is a fragrant night-blooming cactus with a relatively large storage root, and at this time it was in fruit. The fruit, a scarlet berry, contained very little seed, as it had been rifled by a hungry rodent and only the bright shell re- mained, still attached to the slender gray-green stem. The penio- cereus was often found beneath the brush of Koeberlinia spinosa, a most peculiar bush that seemed to be practically all thorns. Several young plants of the latter, as well as the showy Apache plume (Fallugia paradora) and agarita (Berberis trifoliata ), were collected with elongated roots for the Garden’s desert col- lection, but they did not survive the trip. The steep rock-strewn banks of Maravillas Creek were re- splendent with several species of blooming plants, the most con- spicuous being Tecoma stans var. angustifolia, with its large trumpet-shaped yellow flowers. Then there was the succulent Echeveria strictiflora, which has delicate light gray-green foliage and long stalks of pink and yellow bells. Although several species of small cacti were plentiful they were difficult to locate. However, when one plant was discovered the immediate vicinity revealed hundreds of the same curious plant. The living rock, Ariocarpus fissuratus, growing in the driest soil, often shrivels into the ground, and because of this condition and its mimic coloring, it is ex- tremely hard to detect. In late summer when lovely rose-colored blossoms emerge from the center of the flat top it truly becomes the “living rock.”’. Keeping company with this plant is the mule crippler, Mchinocactus horizonthalonius, a small hemispherical barrel cactus also quite plentiful. The gravel hills and limestone ridges bordering Maravillas Creek are likewise strewn with a yellow-spined variety of T’helocactus bicolor, several of the plants blooming at the time of our visit. A diligent search revealed one beautiful crest which is now in the Garden collection. Echino- cereus dasyacanthus, the Texas rainbow, although not so plentiful, was detected in several places almost hidden by the tall surround- 186 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN ing grass. A large showy three-headed specimen was found and dislodged. Eehinocereus chloranthus, another rainbow-type cac- tus, is common in the country south of Marathon. Seedling plants are covered with long white hairs, like the old-man cactus, but these disappear in age. Within a radius of about two miles of the ranch house several interesting plants were observed. A verbenaceous plant, Lippia ligustrina, called “white brush” by the natives, was fairly abundant. This is a tall slender-branched bush copiously covered with small white fragrant blossoms, a source of excellent bee-food. Low scrubby growths of the curious Ephedra Reedii occurred in the dry rocky ground, often in company with the catsclaw, Acacia Greggii. The showy Indian paint-brush, Castilleja lanata, grew in sparse communities among creosote bushes, and in the same locality innumerable plants of Boerhaavia linearifolia seemed con- tented. A small scrubby evergreen with grayish bark and clusters of tiny flowers, Bumelia sp., was conspicuous. Yucca macrocarpa, the common wide-leaved Spanish dagger, appeared less frequently, as well as several species of cacti, including Opuntia imbricata, O. leptocaulis, Coryphantha macromeris, and Neomammillaria meiacantha, Leaving the Big Bend country in a gradual southeasterly direc- tion from Sanderson there stretches a vast desolate, arid plain which becomes monotonous even to the most rabid desert fan. The vegetation consists of yuccas, opuntias, lechuguilla, and ocotillo. Approaching the Pecos River, east of Langtry, we came upon a very picturesque deep narrow side canyon leading down to the Rio Grande, where a plant collection was made and several photo- graphs taken. Working a way (with some difficulty) down to a narrow ledge overhanging an almost perpendicular wall, the writer was successful in dislodging a clump of Echinocereus enneacanthus, which suspended precariously over the rim some 60 or 70 feet above the water-worn canyon floor. Following the Rio Grande southward for almost 250 miles the next important stops were Laredo, where several hours were con- sumed in photographing outstanding cactus plants at the Shiner Cactus Nursery, and Dr, W. E. Lowry’s cactus garden. Several miles south of Catarina, in Dimmit County, the low hills adjoining MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 187 the road were covered with an extremely attractive bush having silver-green foliage and abundant bell-shaped violet flowers. The bush proved to be Leucophyllum frutescens, or “ceniza” as it is commonly called by the Mexicans. It is becoming very popular in Texas where it is much used in gardens and roadside plantings. Several miles south of Edinburg, in Hidalgo County, is located the famous Rio Grande Valley Cactus Garden, belonging to the Pirtle family. Begun as a hobby eight years ago their collection has grown by means of exchange and purchases, until today the garden comprises three acres and includes approximately 1,500 species of succulent plants. It is really amazing with what ra- pidity the Mexican and South American cacti grow there. An outstanding example is the prickly nopal, Nopalea Brittoni. Started from a single pad five years ago it has grown into a wide-spreading tree with several trunks about twelve inches in diameter arising from a common base. In a mesquite thicket, several miles north of Brownsville, large colonies of the twisted-rib cactus, Hamatocactus setispinus, were discovered by accident. Growing with them, but less numerous, were the “tasajillo,’ Opuntia leptocaulis, and an unidentified platyopuntia. Rabb Palm Grove, located seven miles southeast of Brownsville, was visited and several good shots of the jungle growth taken. Sabal texana was predominant in a small area, which is the only natural palm jungle in Texas. Summarizing the trip, living collections of cacti were gathered in the Arbuckle Mountains of Oklahoma and in the Big Bend region of Texas. Herbarium material of non-succulent plants was obtained from four conspicuous locations in Texas, namely: the sand desert in Crane County, near the county seat; the desert bor- dering the Marathon Road south of Fort Stockton in Pecos County; the Roberts’ ranch bordering the Santiago Mountain chain; and southern portion of Padre Island, off the coast of Texas. Much of the dried material was determined by the Misses Maude C. Lodewyks and Betty Ammerman of the Missouri Bo- tanical Garden. The historic Padre Island boasts such interesting plants as Limonium brasiliense, Samolus cuneatus, Cladothria lanuginosa, Dondia intermedia, Uniola paniculata, Sesuvium por- tulacastrum, and several others. ) on Oe 188 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN A HEDGE OF ORCHIDS In the Missouri Botanical Garden Tropical Station, at Balboa, Canal Zone, there is a long hedge of orchids of which the Garden is justly proud. Recently, in Sue Core’s column, one of the Pana- manian newspapers described the Tropical Station and orchid hedge as follows: Yesterday we were doing a mental jitterbug act about the orchid garden in Balboa, when we came to the end of our thread and had to stop. We hadn’t even started to tell you about what we found when we visited that lovely and interesting nook at the urgent invitation of Director Allen. An Isthmianite breaking down and admitting he has never been to the orchid garden is almost as disgraceful as saying he has never seen a ship go through the locks. It was the truth, however, where we were concerned. The loss has been ours . . . because we have cer- tainly been missing some of the loveliest sights to be seen on this Isthmus. And so have you, if you, too, have not been one of it regular visitors. . +. There you find yourself in a veritable world apart. A long, canyon-like park stretches ahead, with a path leading into an infini- tude of green in the distance. Everything is sort of hushed and still in there, with the most bewildering array of plant life this side of Summit Gardens. Orchids? Literally thousands of them. Orchids in little glass houses and orchids swinging from the meshes of out- door trellises. Orchids on posts and orchids on stands. Some gayly blossoming and others in the resting stage. But—orchids every- where. The outstanding feature of the day, however, was a bed of these purple orchids; the ones with such heavenly shades and odors to them. There was a hedge of them at least a block long, which had thousands of blossoms smiling at the sun. Nothing on earth could have been lovelier. The regrettable feature about this particular orchid is that it stays in bloom only one day. It makes up for this lack of accom- modation, however, by strutting its stuff every three weeks. Be- cause its opening can be foretold almost to the hour, we intend to ring you in on the treat next time it is available. Mr. Allen has prom- ised cross-his-heart-and-hope-to-die that he'll let us know in time to tell you about it. At our request Mr. Paul H. Allen, Manager of the Tropical Station, has written the short description of the hedge and the species which are used in it: ‘he Tropical Station of the Missouri Botanical Garden is situated on one of the heaviest tourist traffic belts in the world. Mo. Bort. Garp. BULL., VoL. 26, 1938 PLATE 29 TWO VIEWS IN THE COUNTRY OF THE WHITE SOBRALIA 190 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN Consequently, one of its most perplexing problems has been that of providing large quantities of blooming orchids for visitors. The requirements for an ideal show plant are rather exacting, since they necessarily have to be grown out of doors with a minimum of care and of protection from insect pests. It was soon found that the public was not interested in the smaller-flowered botanical varieties or small or mixed lots of any kind. Evidently what was needed was something obtainable in large quantities, which could be depended upon to bloom consistently at one time. “A great number of the South American and East Indian species of orchids were eliminated either for reason of shyness of bloom, difficulty of obtaining plants in sufficient quantity, or most commonly because the plants came from too great altitude to thrive in the warm moist climate of the Station. The orchid So- bralia seemed to come nearest to meeting all the requirements, and fortunately it is well represented in Panama, both in species and quantity. It has no serious insect enemies, grows with a mini- mum of care, and flowers with the regularity of clockwork during the months of September to December. About three weeks is the usual flowering period, and bloom can be foretold to the day nearly a week in advance, giving ample time in which to notify tourist agencies and the public. “After some experimentation, a hedge of Sobralia panamensis, a lavender-flowered species, was established along the main walk leading in to the Station grounds. The first hedge was 120 feet in length. Some of the plants with long canes were mounted on piles of stones, as they are frequently found growing in the wild. This hedge carries nearly a thousand flowers on a show day and perfumes the air for a considerable distance around. Other scat- tered clumps of Sobralia in the grounds help to continue the effect, as well as considerably augmenting the number of blooming plants. “During the past year an additional 60-foot hedge has been planted with Sobralia leucovantha (?), another showy species. Fortunately this species opens its giant white flowers on the same day as the smaller S. panamensis, although it comes from a different section of the Republic and grows under entirely dif- ferent conditions. Sobralia panamensis is commonly found in na- ture on immense limestone boulders, in rather dense shade, at Mo. Bor. Garp. BULL., VoL. 26, 1938 Pate 30 Hedge of sobralias at Tropical Station, Panama, C. Z. 192 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN sea-level. Sobralia leucorantha comes from a region of volcanic “badlands” nearly seventy-five miles distant. It grows exposed to the full force of the sun on cliffs of volcanic ash, at an elevation of about a thousand feet.” NOTES Mr. L. P. Jensen, Manager of the Garden Arboretum, has been re-elected president of the Henry Shaw Gardenway Association. Dr. David C. Fairburn, Horticulturist to the Garden, has an ar- ticle in the December issue of Real Gardening on “The General Care of House Plants.” Mr. George H. Pring, Superintendent of the Garden, spoke be- fore the members of the Rosemary Garden Club, November 17, on “Plants of Economic Value.” Dr. Hermann von Schrenk, Pathologist to the Garden, gave a talk before the Canadian Railway Club, at Montreal, November 14, on “Timbers As Used by Railroads.” Mr. L. P. Jensen, Manager of the Garden Arboretum, gave a talk before the Wayside Garden Club of Manchester, Mo., Novem- ber 14, on “The Country Roadside Improved”; and at the anniver- sary dinner of the Greater St. Louis Association of Gardeners, at Maplewood, Mo., November 19, on “The Joy of Gardening.” The fourth number of Volume XXV of the Annals of the Mis- sourt Botanical Garden has been issued with the following con- tents: “Studies of South American Senecios—II,” J. M. Green- man; “Contributions toward a Flora of Panama. II. Miscella- neous Collections during 1936-1938,” Robert E. Woodson, Jr. and Russell J. Seibert; General Index to Volume XXV. Mr. Ladislaus Cutak, in charge of Succulents at the Garden, has had two articles appearing in magazines during November: Desert Plant Life, of which he has been recently appointed a contributing editor, contains an article on “Succulents in the Home’; and The Cactus and Succulent Journal of America has reprinted “Aloe vera as a Remedy for Burns,” from the December, 1937, BuLLETIN. MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 193 Mr. Cutak gave an illustrated talk before the Washington Univer- sity Society of Asklepios, November 14, on “Searching for Botan- ical Treasures in Texan Deserts.” Recent visitors to the Garden library include: Mr. Milford Benham, Teacher of Science in the De Kalb Township High School, De Kalb, IIl.; Dr. Paul Mangelsdorf, Vice-Director, Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, College Station, Texas; Mr. Julian Neill, Teacher of Science at the Smithton High School, Smithton, Ill.; Dr. Harry J. Fuller, Assistant Professor of Bot- any, Dr. Oswald Tippo, Assistant Professor of Botany, and Dr. F. L. Wynd, Assistant Professor of Botany, all of the University of Illinois, Urbana, Il]l.; Dr. H. W. Rickett, Associate Professor of Botany, Dr. E. E. Naylor, Assistant Professor of Botany, Mr. J. T. Middleton, Graduate Assistant, and Mr. and Mrs. Chris. Schmidt and Miss Belcher, graduate students, all of the Univer- sity of Missouri, Columbia. STATISTICAL INFORMATION FOR NOVEMBER, 1938 GARDEN ATTENDANCE: MotalenumpennO Le VASILOTS crate cata< io @ scolens oo spauel ae encamey sou els sis ser 50,338 Liprary ACCESSIONS: Total number of books and pamphlets bought.............++- 17 Total number of books and pamphlets donated...........---- 343 Prant ACCESSIONS: Total number of plants and seed-packets received as gifts.... 59 Herparium ACCESSIONS: By Purchase— Botanical Museum, Harvard University, by L. O. Williams— Orchids of MEXICO oivel eee acc esie a ccieiace Sree eerste ease oe eel 100 By Gift— Anderson, E.—Plants of Missouri...........0. cece eee eens 2 Conard, Henry S.—Mosses of Towa........-.-+ee eee ener 100 Cory, V. L.—Plants of Texas........... eee rece renee eee eees 22 Demaree, Delzie—Plants of ArkansaS............-0e ee ee eee 27 Drushel, J. A——Plants of eastern United States............. 100 Erwin, A. T.—Cucumis Melo L. var. Dudaim (L.) Naudin ANOTMMHOLUIGULEUTE yee ee. Giotaunlis Miao ay cuetuele colar arouaite ieee 1 Fuller, George D.—Plants of Alberta, Canada............... 10 Greenman, J. M.—Plants of Missouri..........5....-.+-+45- 106 Heising, Clara—Plants of horticulture. ............+--+-.000- 4 Little, Elbert L., Jr.—Rhizocarpon geographicum from Arizona 1 194 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN Looff, Ethel H.—Plants of Alaska.......................00. Nelson, A. L.—Usnea Evansii Motyka from West Virginia.... New York Botanical Garden—Plants of British Guiana...... U.S. Department of Agriculture by Robert F. Martin—Plant FPom HOrticd ture: 66s oe eis ehh eed wees wnnrele de abate wale u's By Exchange— Barkley, Fred A.—Plants of Montana...................... Cornell University—Plants of Whatcom Co., Washington... . U. S. National Museum—Miscellaneous duplicates.......... University of Florida, Agricultural Experiment Station— Fungi ol Ploridains. 2 cxns.c psasnwineas nee eaeh ea nee-ean wae sh University of Montana, Plants of Montana................... DOTA 5 iw pened asad eee cad ne oe bersanewet ees © or MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN ] Index to Illustrations Pace Tropical Station, Balboa, C. Z., scene at 1 SR ee ee a gree a 1 Tropical Station, Balboa, C. Z., new lily jee) BEN es ae wom nee Pe Dr Z Cerro Horqueta from the side of V olean de Chiriqui.............-. 5 Collectors’ camp on the portrero near summit of Volcan de Chiriqui.. 5 Theobroma Cacao (chocolate plant)........---.-. eee cece eee ees 47 Wind machine’ in operations 22250 t sis line oaie ewe ie 2 oe we ieee «is les 50 Living pebbles and stones... ...........c cece sees cence eee sence 63 Coat hangers, how to make a plant hangerstromy jcc atest taieta cts 70 Pot of Asparagus Sprengeri suspended by a transformed coat hanger 70 Coat hangers, series of pots suspended by hooks made from........ 72 Osage orange (Maclura pomifera) at the Garden............+++44- 75 Osage orange, staminate and pistillate flowers of..............-.-- 76 Voleano Irazu, highest and evidently oldest of the three craters of.. 81 Selenicereus pteranthus (night blooming cereus)................-- 84 Succulent houses at the Garden, one of the.................eeeeeee 85 Stapelia, follitles:of, emitting seed. .....-.... 6.0 cc cesses encenerees 90 FOU O CORNOSG DMs DOOM teeters nae cia se hoya 6,2 hari,» cores tia le he lio eed dale Mekesy «set 90 Aloe, the true (Aloe vera), growing in the South African house at em (Gren Ta Met eae ce gate dnrer tera cc seota orth dec ad sce co geushaptes cavyarnetgehegeteneteee 96 (ELE UYSE) toot 4 Da ced a 9 pee ape nr meme oes hae eI RATS 98 Cactus, “golden barrel,” planted among other succulents............ 101 ACHUS SEC sie Gates recreate ew ets 6 didi dcelaaile yates eeayeleuacs ere acer bags 102 Pleiospilos simulans, flower of, just before closing..............++.- 114 PZreSsuce MEM ge PAN cere Setrete sn a caamit ta inner shots se dienes onetaches 115 Pinwoaksbetoreand) ALcers (pCa) preys: tions 2107s 01a earevecp inssbage eter a uslete ote es 116 Wie hbnin ewe thectwols OM othe corisin an t-ta4i a nugscc ororocran tek pent flote. to etaae fey > 119 Pruninewand? bracing sMetIods frat i. ghee ecu cgieteateres Oa eease ata5 119 Transverse section of tree two feet below top of fork, showing dead paris S@aenpa nl ci CGr ln sss sso ciexaraie = ts, antes eas chal hoe eae Meant to eae etree 120 AMlantoussthees lp permost; SCCLIONuOl. 215 cn.32 pain meet aattare a se seater 120 Fertilizer, how dosage is calculated cares tes gaat singitss Gedy ee eee ee ees 123 Shade trees, types Ol ots ech 5 SNe Sa hata aieesats oe 124 Decay Dackw Ot pprUnin & -CUtis cctv gcna's 21014 yh 5 eee eee eet 125 Rotted interior of largest sycamore tree in lowland tract, Mississippi OUT ya ee alate ake etree ies al each a aie eres ame yapnelieneai eee a 127 Chrysanthemum; Jarge hanging-basket... ...¢.0. 6.60 mecesveds visions 135 Ory cnr heriiins, SiGe Stell. «54 saase-n havea Gea ease eew ened 136 Cat-tail background at chrysanthemum show.................+.04- 136 GC) wi A CEE W AMM OVES CORELOO Yi eal OL TES) Olyual a Cd U6 kato) Genre era Weare nn a ee emer ore. Cicer 138 lifting bush? plants. 6.05342. 5 sol vein sek ee te tea eee 138 Chrysanthemums, ISCAS eerie ee ee ea: ovale 3 due aha ck ae ee Ere ree 140 ROR SAT CMCIMUIIS et UGI tare de etre tet aol t/5.2 en at uehe eng ate nen ate ante 140 Chirysanthemuminshow, CONSUEUGUIN DS Als. isis Wisia aoa sate « orttanew ota tame 142 lowershow. model: Of as icccs - 55 © sakes breton lleisin ola eu arene ete eteeee 142 Labels at the beginning of test and one year later, showing effect of PROSU MEAVIN Gree eeehs wieic tayo syne sanathys his = Basa Aareye Mere eeeeeyeda 156 196 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN Labels tested at Garden, samples of............ 158, 160, 162, 164, 166 Crotalaria spectabilis and Crotalaria retusa.......0.000000- 00000 169 Poinsettia plant cut back and grown a second year................ 177 Rooted poinsettia cuttings... 0.000.000 000000 cece ccc cece 178 Poinsettia flower, center of 2.000.000.0000 0000 ccc ccc ccccc ccc ee... 178 Pomeettia, ered pod 06 oo sd cide i baseardnissew cvs cackinnavecg 179 Desert plants in the Southwest.............0.0..0...0000000--. 180, 182 Two views in the country of the white sobralia.................... 189 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 197 General Index Figures in italics refer to page numbers of plates and cuts. A Acacia Greggti, 186 Aeonium, 99 Agarita, 185 Agave atrovirens, 92; Lechuguilla, 184; parviflora, 92 Agaves, uses of, 92 Ailanthus tree, uppermost section of, 120 Aizoaceae, succulent, 108 Allen, Paul, 2; extracts from a let- ter received from, 78; A hedge of orchids, 188 Aloe, 95; the true (Aloe vera), growing in the South African House at the Garden, 96 Aloe vera, 96; further comment about, 58 Amaryllidaceae, succulent, 22, 92 Amaryllis family, succulents of the, 92 Amateurs, winter courses in gar- dening for, 22, 170; advanced course, 171; elementary course, 170 Anderson, Dr. Edgar, activities of, during 1937, 23, 25 Annual bequests, 44; annual flower sermon, 20, 44; Gardeners’ Ban- quet Fund, 45; Trustees’ Ban- quet Fund, 45 Annual reports: of the Arboretum, 9; of the Director, 1; of the her- barium, 34; of library and pub- lications, 37; of research and instruction, 23; of the ‘Tropical Station, 2 Ants, control of, at Tropical Sta- tion, 6 Apache plume, 185 Apprenticeships, Garden, 1937, 27 Arboretum, 9; assistance at, 11; chocolate plants grown at, 47, during 47; flora of, 10; management of, 10; Mollusea of the, 56; nurseries and plantations, 11; orchid range at, 11; sunshine record at, 12; trails at, 9; vegetation of, 9; wild flower garden at, 9 Arbuckle Mountains, plants in, 182 Arctostaphylos ledifolia, 80, 81 Argyroderma, 69; Jacobsonianum, 69; Schlechteri, 69; testiculare, 69 Ariocarpus fissuratus, 185 Aroid house, 22 Asclepiadaceae, succulent, 89 Ash, white, planted at Garden, 49 Asparagus Sprengeri, pot of, sus- pended by a transformed coat hanger, 70 Attendance, Garden, for 1937, 59 Azalea show, 20 B Baby toes, 69 Bagby, Mrs. Martin. The white redbud found again, 82 Balboa, C. Z., see Tropical Station Banana-coffee fineca, 22 Basswood, the behavior of a, dur- ing an artificial windstorm, 50 Beilmann, A. P. The behavior of a basswood during an artificial windstorm, 50; The Chinese elm, 48; Common native trees of Mis- souri. III. Osage orange (Ma- clura pomifera (Raf.) Schnei- der), 75; The general care of shade trees, 115 Bequests, annual, 44 Berberis trifoliata, 185 Big Bend country of Texas, col- lecting plants in, 184 Boerhaavia linearifolia, 186 Bow-wood, 75 Bracing and cabling trees, 719 198 Bromeliad house, 22 Bromeliads, succulent, 111 Buckeye, Mexican, 185 Bumelia sp., 186 C Cabling trees, 116, 779 Cactaceae, 101 Cacti in Garden collection, 22 Cactus: a bed of, 102; golden bar- rel planted among other succu- lents, /07; hedge-hog, 182; lace, 182; old man, 5; pincushion, 182; prickly-pear, 184; rainbow, 186; sea-urchin, 98; twisted rib, 187 Cactus family, 101 Canal Zone, notes from the Mis- souri Botanical Garden ‘Tropical Station, 78, 188 Candelillo, 184 Carbon monoxide gas, use of, in killing moles, 147 Castilleja trazuensis, 80; 186 Catsclaw, 186 Cat-tail background for the chry- santhemum show, /36, 145 Cattleya Deckeri, 8; speciosissima, 7 Cavity filling of trees, 124, 725 Ceniza, 187 Cercis canadensis var. alba, 82 Cereus, night-blooming, 22, 85 Ceropegia, 89; Sandersonii, 89; stapeliaeformis, 89; Woodii, 89 Cerro Horqueta from the side of Volean de Chiriqui, 4 Cheiridopsis, 70; Caroli-Schmidtii, 70; peculiaris, 70; speciosa, T0 Children, school, supervised — in- struction for, 12 Chocolate plant, 47; effect of city and country atmosphere on, 47 Chrysanthemum show: in 1937, 21; what is involved in setting up a, 142; cat-tail background, 7.36, 144; constructing a, 742; model of a, 142; staging of, 144; varie- ties used in, 136 Chrysanthemums: bush, 20, 740, 144, field of, 738, lifting, 738; lanata, MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN cascade, 140, 142; hanging-bas- ket, 735, 186; insects infecting, 144; Japanese, 140; single-stem, 156, 140; specimen, 138; stand- ard, 138 Cissus, 21; quadrangularis, 111 Coat hangers, a new use for, 70; how to make plant hangers from, 70; pot of Asparagus Sprengeri suspended by transformed, 70; series of pots in a modern rack suspended by hooks made from, ~ 72 Collecting plants: in Costa Rica, 78; in Panama, 4, 8, 26 Collectors at Tropical Station dur- ing 1937, 8 Commelinaceae, succulent, 112 Common native trees of Missouri. III. Osage orange (Maclura pomifera (Raf.) Schneider), 75 Compositae, succulent, 111 Compost, garden, 17 Cone plants, 68 Conophytum, 68; altum, 69; Erni- anum, 69; Luisae, 63, 69; Maughani, 69; minusculum, 69; minutifiorum, 69; odoratum, 69; Purpusti, 69; truncatum, 68; vanrhynsdorpense, 69 Construction and repairs in 1937, 14 Coryphantha macromeris, vivipara, 182 Costa Rica, collecting plants in, 78 Crassulaceae, succulent, 22, 99 Creosote bush, 112, 184; desert of, on Roberts’ Ranch, /80 Crotalaria, an exotic, at home in St. Louis gardens, 168 Crotalaria retusa, 168, 169; sagit- talis, 168; spectabilis, 168, 169 Curtain vine, 21 Cutak, Lad. Guide to the = sue- culent plant collection of the Mis- sourl Botanical Garden, 85, 99; Living pebbles and stones, 70; Report of a plant hunt in Texas, 180 Cycead house, 21 186; MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN Cycas Beddomei, 21; circinalis, 21; revoluta, 21; siamensis, 21 D Dahlia show, fall, 21 Dasylirion texanum, 184 Datura suaveolens, 80 Degrees, advanced, in Shaw School of Botany in 1937, 27 Dendrograph records of trees, 17, 53 Desert plants: at the Garden, 22, 85, 85, 90, 96, 98, 99; in the South- west, 180, 780, 7/82; non-succu- lent, 86, 112; on slopes of Doubt- ful Canyon, 182 Didymaotus lapidiformis, 70 Dioon spinulosum, 21 Director, forty-ninth port of the, 1 Diseases: of ‘“mesembs,” 67; of roses, 19; of trees, 124 Dodge, Dr. C. W., activities of, during 1937, 23 E Echeveria strictiflora, 185 Echinocactus horizonthalonius, 185 Echinocereus chloranthus, 186; dasyacanthus, 185; enneacan- thus, 186; Reichenbachii, 182; stramineus, 184 Economic garden, in 1937, 19 Elephant plant, 110 Elm: the Chinese, 48; pruning of, 50, 119 Encephalartos caffer, 21 Ephedra Reedii, 186 Escobaria tuberculosa, 184 Euphorbia antisyphilitica, 184 Euphorbiaceae, succulent, 93 Euphorbias, succulent, 22, 93; uses of, 93 Experimental greenhouses, 15, 22 F Fairburn, D. C. Labeling plants permanently, 153; A new use for coat hangers, 70; Ridding the garden of moles, 146 annual re- 199 Fallugia paradowa, 185 Feeding gun, pressure, 1/5 Feeding of shade trees, 120, 123 Fellowships at Garden in 1937, 27 Fenestraria aurantiaca, 69; rhopa- lophylla, 69 Fertilizer, green-manure as a, 16; for shade trees, 122; how dosage is calculated, 723 Fertilizing: lawns and shrubbery, 17; plantings at Tropical Station, 6; shade trees, 120; use of pres- sure feeding gun in, 175 Fig-marigolds, 66, 108 Fire at Tropical Station in 1937, 7, 8, 26 Flame of the woods, 22 Flora of Arboretum, 10 Floral display house, repairing of, 14 Floral displays in 1937, 20 Flower sermon, annual, 44 Fouquieria splendens, 180, 184 Frost heaving, effect of, on plant labels, 756 G Garden Club of America, annual meeting held in St. Louis, 1; ex- hibit arranged for, 2 Gardeners’ banquet fund, 45 Gardening, winter courses in, for amateurs, 22, 170; advanced course, 171; elementary course, 170 Gasteria, 95 Geraniaceae, succulent, 111 Geraniums, breeding of, 23 Gibbaeum, 69; album, 69; angu- lipes, 69; Bosscheana, 69; dispar, 69; geminum, 69; molle, 69; pachypodium, 69; perviride, 69; pilosulum, 69; pubescens, 69; Shandii, 69; velutinum, 69 Gladioli, hardy, 20; further com- ment about, 58 Gouty plants, 69 Graduates and 1937, 26 Green-manure as a fertilizer, 16 Fellows during 200 Greenman, Dr. J. M., activities of, during 1937, 23; celebration of seventieth birthday of, 60 Guayacan, 185 Guide to the succulent plant collec- tion of the Missouri Botanical Garden, 85, 99 H Hackberry, desert, 112 Hamatocactus setispinus, 187 Hangers, coat, a new use for, 70, 70 Haworthias, 95 Hayward, Mr. Wyndham, further comment about hardy gladioli and Aloe vera by, 58 Heating plant at the Garden, 16 Hedge garden in 1937, 19 Hedge: of orchids, 188; orange as a, 75 Heising, Miss Clara M., appoint- ment of, as guide and instructor for school children, 13 Herbarium, report of, for 1937, 34; exchanges, 36; field work, 8, 36, 78; mounting and insertion of specimens, 36; new accessions, 34; statistical summary, 37; use of herbarium, 36 House plants, succulents as, 87 Hoya carnosa, 89; in bloom, 90 Hubricht, Leslie. Mollusea of the Missouri Botanical Garden Ar- boretum, 56 Osage I Imitaria Muirii, 63, 70 Indian paint-brush, 186 Insect pests: control of, 128; dur- ing 1937, 17; at Tropical Station, 6; of dahlias, 20; of chrysanthe- mums, 144; of “mesembs,” 67; of roses, 18; of trees, 128 Instruction, supervised, for school children, 12; lessons, 13 Irazu Voleano, collecting plants on, 79; highest of the three craters of, 87 Iris and pansy garden in 1937, 20 Italian garden in 1937, 19 Txora coecinea, 22 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN J Juttadinterias, 70 Kk Kleinias, 110 Knolls in 1937, 18 Koeberlinia spinosa, 185 Kohl, Paul A. What is involved in setting up a chrysanthemum show, 185; What shall we do with the Christmas Poinsettia, 175 L Labeling plants permanently, 15, 153 Labels, plant, 153, 758, 160, 162, 164, 166; alloy, 155; copper, 155; lead, 156; in succulent house, 85; on chrysanthemums, 136; plati- num tetrachloride used on, 155; pyralin, 155; ratings of, 158, 160, 162, 164, 166; tags, 167; test for, 154, at beginning and one year later, 156; wooden. stick, 156; wooden stake, 156; zine, 155, 156 Larisey, Maxine. An exotic Crota- laria at home in St. Louis gar- dens, 168 Lechuguilla, 184 Lectures by members of Garden staff during 1937, 30 Leucophyllum frutescens, 187 Library and publications, report of, for 1937, 37; Garden publica- tions, 41; new accessions, 39; sta- tistical summary, 44; use of li- brary, 42 Lightning, effect of, on trees, 719; protection for trees, 116 Lilacs, 20 Liliaceae, succulent, 22, 95 Lily family, succulents of the, 95 Lily pool, new, at Tropical Station, Balboa, C. Z., 2, 5 Linnean garden in 1937, 18 Lippia ligustrina, 186 . Lithops, 63, 68; alpina, 68; Au- campii, 68; bella, fs. Comptonii, 68; Dinteri, 68; Eberlanzii, 68; Elisabethae, 68; Erniana, 68; floris albis, 68; Fulleri, 68; fulvi- MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN ceps, 68; gracilidelineata, 68; Julti, 68; karasmontana, 68; kuibisensis, 68; kunjasensis, 63, 68; Leslici, 68; marmorata, 68; Meyeri, 68; mickbergensis, 68; Mundtii, 68; opalina, 68; optica, 68; Peersii, 68; pseudotrunca- tella, 68; rugosa, 68; Ruschiorum, 68; summitatum, 68; terricolor, 68; turbiniformis, 68; wndausen- sis, 68; urikosensis, 68; Vallis- Mariae, 68; Vanzijlii, 68 Living pebbles and _ stones, 63, 63, 185 Lycoris squamigera, 18 M Machine, wind, 50; in operation, 50 Maclura pomifera (Raft.) Schnei- der, 75; at the Garden, 75 Main conservatories and ranges, 21 Malvaviseus grandiflorus, 22 Maple, sugar, explosive effect of lightning on, 179 Mealy bugs, 67 Meseal plants, 92 Mesembryanthema, see Mesembry- anthemums Mesembryanthemums, 22, 64, 108; culture of, 64, 108; grown from seed, 65; watering of, 64 Mesquite, 112, 184 Milkweed family, succulents of the, 89 Missouri, common native trees of. III. Osage orange (Maclura pomifera (Raf.) Schneider), 75 Missouri Botanical Garden, guide to the succulent plant collection of the, 85, 99; Arboretum, see Arboretum; Tropical Station, Cc. Z., see Tropical Station Moisture in trees, 53 Moles, ridding the garden of, 146 Mollusea of the Missouri Botanical Garden Arboretum, 56 Moon-cereus, 22 Moore, Dr. George T., 23 Mule crippler, 185 exotic 201 Mussels of the Missouri Botanical Garden Arboretum, 56 N National Shade Tree Conference, fourteenth meeting of, in St. Louis, 115 Neobesseya, 184 Neomammillaria meiacantha, 186 Nopalea Brittoni, 187 Notes from the Missouri Botanical Garden Tropical Station, Balboa, Canal Zone, 78, 188 Nursery: at Arboretum, 11; at Garden, 20 O Oak, pin, before and after pruning, 116 Oaks in Costa Rica, 80 Ocotillos, 112, 780, 184 Oklahoma, collecting plants in, 152 Oncidium varicosum Rogersii, 7 Opuntia imbricata, 186; lepto- caulis, 186; Lindheimeri, 182 Orchids: at Arboretum, 11; at Tropical Station, 2, 6, 7, 188, hedge of at, 188; bouquet of Veiled Prophet Queen, 21; col- lecting, in Costa Rica, 78, in Pan- ama, 8, 188, 788, 190; show of, in 1937, 20; Sobralias at Tropical Station, 6, 188, 790 Orpine family as succulents, 99 Osage orange (Maclura pomifera (Raf.) Schneider), 75, at the Garden, 75; economic uses of, 75; pistillate and staminate flow- ers of, 76 Othonna crassifolia, 110 Outdoor activities at Garden dur- ing 1937, 16 | Padre Island, plants of, 187 Painting at Garden during 1937, 15 Palm house, 21 Panama: collecting plants in, &, 8, 26, 190; Tropical Station at, see Tropical Station Pebbles and stones, living, 63, 6° 202 Peersia macradenia, 70 Pelargonium echinatum, 111 Pelargoniums, exhibit of, 20 Peniocereus Greggti, 185 Peonies, 20 Pepper, creeping, in palm house, 21 Pernettya coriacea, 81 Phlox “Miss Lingard,” 18 Pirtle cactus garden, 187 Plant curiosity house, 22 Platinum tetrachloride for writing labels, 155, 166 Pleiospilos Bolusii, 70; simulans, 63,70, flower of, just before clos- ing, 114 Poinsettia: cuttings rooted, 778; flower, center of, 178; plant cut back and grown a second year, 177; pollinating, 780; propagat- ing from cuttings, 176; from seed, 180; seed pod, 779; show, 21; what shall we do with the Christmas, ? 175 Porlieria angustifolia, 185 Portulaca grandiflora, 110 Portulacaria afra, 110 Portulacaceae, succulent, 111 Pressure feeding gun, 7/5 Pruning: during 1938, 17; of shade trees, 115; pin oak before and after, 7/6 Published articles by members of staff in 1937, 27 Purslane family as succulents, 110 Q Quercus irazuensis, 80 R Rabb Palm Grove, 7/80, 187 Rabbit pests at Garden, 18 Rattle-box, 168 769 Redbud, the white, found again, 82 Research and_ instruction during 19387, 23 Reynolds, Dr. E. S., activities of, during 1937, 25 Ridding the garden of moles, 146 Rimarias, 70 Rio Grande valley, succulent gar- dens in the, 184 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN Roberts’ ranch, plants on, 780, 184 Rondeletia leucophylla, 22 Rose garden in 1937, 18, 20 Rosette, limestone, 6% °/ © Rye as a green manure crop, 16 S Sabal texana, 180, 187 St. Louis: air, plants grown in, 47, 47; gardens, an exotic Crotalaria at home in, 167 St. Louis Horticultural Society: annual spring flower show of, 20; silver cups awarded by, 45 Santiago Mountains, Texas, plants collected in, 184 School children, supervised instruc- tion for, 12 Sedums, 99 Seed testing during 1937, 23 Selenicerei, 22 Selenicereus pteranthus, 85 Sempervivums, 99 Senecio Oerstedianus, 80 Shade Tree Conference, fourteenth national, 115 Shade trees, the general care of, 115; cabling and bracing, 115; cavity filling of, 124, 725; feed- ing of, 120, 723; insects infect- ing, control of, 128; lightning, effect of, on, 719, protection, 116; pruning of, 115, //9; spraying, 128; types of, 124 Shaw School of Botany in 1937, 23 Smoke, effect of, on plants, 47; on Theobroma Cacao, 47 Snails of the Missouri Garden Arboretum, 56 Sobralia: hedge of, at Tropical Station, 188, 790; white, 190; packing to the road, 790; two views in the country of the, 788 Sobralia leucovantha, 190, 190: panamensis, 6, 190, 190 Sotol, 184 South African house at the Garden, Aloe vera growing in, 96 Southwest, plant collecting in, 180 Soy-beans as a fertilizer, 16 Spanish dagger, 184, 186 Botanical MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN Spider, red, control of, 17, 67 Spraying trees, 17, 128 Spurge family, succulents in, 93 Stapelias, 22, 89; follicles of, emit- ting seed, 90 Statistical information: for De- cember, 1937, 45; January, 1938, 62; February, 74; March, 82; April and May, 113; June and July, 133; August and Sep- tember, 150; October, 174; No- vember, 193 Stomatium, 70; murinum, 63 Stonefaces, 68 Stones, living pebbles and, 63, 63, 185 Succulent plant collection of the Missouri Botanical Garden, guide to the, 85, 99 Succulent houses at the Garden, 22; one of the, 85 Succulents, 63; as desert plants, 86; as house plants, 87; culture of, 88; miscellaneous, 110 Sulphur in air of St. Louis, 47 Sunshine record at Arboretum, 12 Supervised instruction for school children, 12 Sycamore: rotted interior of larg- est, in lowland tract, Mississippi Co., Mo., 127; surface injury to, from lightning, 779 T Talinums, 110 Tasajillo, 187 Tecoma stans var. angustifolia, 185 Temperature of tree trunks and soil moisture, 55 Texas: rainbow, 185; report of a plant hunt in, 180 Thelocactus bicolor, 185 Theobroma Cacao, 47; effect of city and country atmosphere on, 47 Thrips, 67 Tilia americana, effect of wind on, 52 Titanopsis, 70 Tradescantia navicularis, 112 Trails, system of, at Arboretum, 9 203 Trees: basswood, 50; cabling and bracing, 116, 7/9; cavity filling, 124, 725; Chinese elm, 48; com- mon native, of Missouri. ITI. Osage orange, 75; dendrographic studies on, 17, 53; diseases of, 126; feeding, 7/5, 120, 123; in- sect pests, 128; lightning, effect of, on, 19, protection, 116; moisture in, 53; pruning, 17, 115, 116, 119; spraying, 17, 128; tem- perature of trunks, 55; trunk expansions, 53; water content of, 55; wind, effect of, on, 50; shade, the general care of, 115, types of, 124 Tropical Station of the Missouri Botanical Garden, Balboa, C. Z., 2, 78; collecting work of, 8; de- scription of, 188; exchange of plants, 7; fertilizing plants at, 6; fire at, 7, 26; insect pests at, 6; new lily pool at, 2, 5; notes from the, 78; orchids at, 2, 7, 188; scene at the, 7; Sobralias at, 6, 188, 788, 190 Trustees’ Banquet Fund, 45 U Ulmus pumila, 48; growth of, at Garden, 49 Ungnadia speciosa, 184 V Vegetation at Arboretum, 9 Veiled Prophet Queen’s orchid bouquet, 21 Vitaceae, succulent, 111 Volean de Chiriqui, collecting plants on, 8; Cerro Horqueta trom the side of, 5; collectors’ camp on the portrero near sum- mit of, 5 Voleano Irazu: collecting plants on, 79; highest and oldest of three craters, 8/ WwW Water content of trees, 53; use of dendrograph in measuring, 53 204 Water-lily garden at Tropical Sta- tion, 2, 5 Water pump, new, 15 Wax-mallow, 22 Wax plant, 184 Weather, effect of, on trees, 50 White brush, 186 White redbud found again, 82 Why plants prefer the country, 47 Wild flower gardens at Arboretum, 9 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN Wind-machine, 50; effect of, on trees, 17, 50; in operation, 50 Windstorm, artificial, the behavior of a basswood during an, 50 Winter courses in gardening for amateurs, 22, 170 Woodson, Dr. Robert E., Jr., ac- tivities of, during 1937, 25 Y Yueca, 95; elata, 180; filamentosa, 18; glauca, 184; macrocarpa, 186, \: SOME FACTS ABOUT THE GARDEN The Missouri Botanical Garden was opened to the public by Mr. Henry Shaw about 1860, From that date to the death of Mr. Shaw, in 1889, the Garden was maintained under the personal direction of its founder, and while virtually a private garden it was, except at certain stated times, always open to the public. Although popularly known as “Shaw’s Garden” the name Missouri Botanical Garden was designated by Mr. Shaw as its official title and in his will and all of his writings he specifically referred to it as the “Missouri Bo- tanical Garden.” By a provision of Mr. Shaw’s will the Garden passed at his death into the hands of a Board of Trustees. The original members of the Board were designated in the will, and the Board so constituted, exclusive of certain ex-officio members, is self- perpetuating. By a further provision of the will, the immediate di- rection of the Garden is vested in a Director, appointed by the Board of Trustees. The Garden receives no income from city or state, but is supported entirely from funds left by the founder. The city Garden comprises 75 acres, where about 12,000 species of plants are growing. There is now in process of development a tract of land of over 1,600 acres outside the city limits which is to be devoted to (1) the propagation and growing of plants, trees, and shrubs, designed for showing either indoors or outside, at the city Garden, thus avoiding the existing difficulties of growing plants in the city atmosphere; (2) gradually establishing an arboretum as well as holding a certain area as a wild-flower reservation, with the idea that possibly at some future time this may become the new botanical garden. The Garden is open to the public every day in the year, except New Year’s Day and Christmas—week days from 8:00 a. m. until sunset; Sundays from 10:00 a. m, until sunset. The main entrance to the Garden is located at Tower Grove Ave- nue and Flora Place, on the Sarah car line (No. 42). Transfer south from all intersecting lines. STAFF OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN THE GARDEN, 2315 TOWER GROVE AVENUE, ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI Grorce T. Moore, Director HERMANN VON SCHRENK, Carro~t W. Dopar, Pathologist Mycologist Jesst M. GREENMAN, Epear ANDERSON, Curator of Herbarium Geneticist Ernest §. REYNOLDS, Rosert E. Woopson, JR., Physiologist Assistant Curator of Herbarium Neti C. Horner, Librarian and Editor of Publications Grorce H. Prine, Superintendent Joon NoyEs, Pav A. Kout, Consulting Landscape Architect Floriculturist Wim F. LAana@an, Aveust P. Bri~mMann, Chief Engineer Arboriculturist JOSEPH LANGEN, Davip C. FAarrBurn, _Assistant Engineer Horticulturist ArtHourR D. FORRESTER, Joun H. Keiioee, Plant Recorder Plant Collector Apert Prarson, JOSEPH CUuTAK, Painter In charge of Exotics LADISLAUS CUTAK, In charge of Succulents THE ARBORETUM, GRAY SUMMIT, MISSOURI Lars P.. JENSEN, Manager Roy E. Kissecx, Davip MILteEr, Engineer Orchid Grower TROPICAL STATION, BALBOA, CANAL ZONE Pau. H. ALLEN, Manager REPRESENTATIVE IN EUROPE Gurney Wixson, F. L. 8., Hove, Sussex, England