MiussOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN JBULLETIN VOLUME XXVIII WITH 19 PLATES AND SoOOoL BA LT- FIGURES 1940 ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI PUBLISHED MONTHLY EXCEPT JULY AND AUGUST, BY THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES SUBSCRIPTION PRICE: ONE DOLLAR A YEAR SINGLE NUMBER FIFTEEN CENTS Mi6souUR! BOTANICAL GARDEN LIBRARY Mussouri BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN Vol. XXVIII JANUARY, 1940 No. 1 CONTENTS Page Fifty-first Annual Report of the Director . . . | 1 Statistical Intoriadtion <7.) ey a ee ee BD Office of Publication: 1201-5 Bluff Street, Fulton, Mo. Editorial Office: Missouri Botanical Garden, 2315 Tower Grove Avenue, St. Louis, Mo. Published monthly except in July and August by the Board of Trustees of the Missouri Botanical Garden. Entered as second-class matter February 23, 1937, at the post-office at Fulton, Mo., under the Act of March 3, 1879, SUBSCRIPTION PRICE: ONE DOLLAR A YEAR : } 3 BOARD OF TRUSTEES | | OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN THE ORIGINAL MEMBERS WERE DESIGNATED IN MR. SHAW’S WILL tat AND THE BOARD SO CONSTITUTED, EXCLUSIVE OF THE mt EX-OFFICIO MEMBERS, IS SELF-PERPETUATING President Grorce C. HircHcock Vice-President Daniet K. Catrin Second Vice-President Tuomas S. Marrirr | L, Ray Carter Grorcs T. Moore | Gc Samuen C. Davis EvuGENE PErTus : in Dopey Frence | A. Wxssrt SHAPLEIGH Eruan A. H. SHEPLEY EX-OFFICIO MEMBERS iY Grorcr R. THRooP, WitiAM SCARLErt, x Chancellor of Washington Uni- Bishop of the Diocese of Missouri 4 versity Rye i Bernard F, DicKMANN, J. B. Macenwanz, S. J., Bice , Mayor of the City of St. Louis President of The Academy of Sci- ¢ ence of St. Louis 3 Marx D. EaG eron “a President of the Board of Education of St. Louis P(r Secretary GERALD ULRICI Missourl Botanical Garden Bulletin Vol. XXVIII JANUARY, 1940 No. 1 FIFTY-FIRST ANNUAL REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR To rue Boarp or TRUSTEES: The Director of the Garden has the honor to submit his report for the year 1939. In anticipation of the celebration of the twenty-fifth anniver- sary of the Garden in October 1914, an elaborate scientific program was arranged a year in advance. One of the most dis- tinguished groups of European botanists ever to be assembled for such an occasion planned to be present and read papers. With a few exceptions all of these scientists were prevented by the war from attending. October 1939 was the date for the fiftieth anniversary celebra- tion of the founding of the Garden, and it would have again af- forded a fitting time to bring together outstanding botanists and horticulturists of the world. For financial reasons it seemed ad- visable to forego any such recognition of the occasion as was arranged for the twenty-fifth anniversary. Fortunately for the Garden, but most unfortunately for the world, another war inter- vened and any comprehensive program would have had to be abandoned. While no formal celebration was held in the fiftieth anniversary year, as was twenty-five years ago, 1939 will always be distin- guished for the tangible recognition by its many friends of the place the Garden holds in the community and the state. Early in the year the public was informed that the sole sources of income, the real estate and investments of the Henry Shaw estate, were no longer adequate for the proper support of the Missouri Botanical (1) 2 MISSOURL BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN Garden. For the first time in its history an opportunity was af- forded the public to assist in its maintenance and development. The special need at the time was for the improvement of the 1,600-acre Arboretum, located thirty-five miles southwest of the city. Fifty thousand dollars was estimated as necessary to complete the roads, build bridges, a large reservoir for fire protection and numerous other items, before the public could be admitted. In addition a fund was desired for the immediate maintenance of the Arboretum, after the necessary improvements were completed. Contribution to this latter fund, to be known as the “Friends of the Garden” fund, it is hoped will become an annual affair, and $25,000 was set as the goal to be reached as soon as possible. Such satisfactory progress was made in securing the improvement fund, which amounted to $43,745 at the end of the year, that by June it was possible to begin making definite plans. Elsewhere in this report is summarized what has been accomplished during the last six months. It is earnestly hoped that the balance of the necessary $50,000 may be obtained shortly in order that the Arboretum may be open to visitors, at least at stated times, in the spring or early summer of 1940, The “Friends of the Garden” fund amounted to $6,871.73, as of December 31. This sum, made up chiefly of small gifts, repre- sents the widespread interest in the Garden throughout the state. A large proportion of the garden clubs of Missouri have made donations, and the St. Louis Garden Club held a pilgrimage to twenty-two of the gardens of its members, which resulted in the largest single subscription from any club. It is a pleasure to list the names of those who have contributed to the improvement or maintenance of the Garden in any way during 1939. Akin, ‘Thomas R. Better Gardens Club of Greater Anheuser-Busch Ine. St. Louis Anonymous subscriptions (three Bishop, Dr. George H. contributions ) Blackburn, Mrs. Jasper Baer, Mrs. Harold M. Blair, Dr. V. P. Baer, Julius A. Blanchard, Dr. Irene M. Bakewell, Edward I.. Blossom, Mrs. Marion C. Bantel, Gustav EF. Board of Education, Hmployees Bauer, Bill of, acting through a Committee Baumann, J. L. of Supervisors, Principals and Becker, Louise and Emilie ‘Teachers Bennett, ‘Thomas W. Boehm, F. J. MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 3 Bond, Charles P. Book and Flower Guild Borgman, H. A. Borgwald, Mathilde Bostwick, Dr. Arthur E. Bovard, Mrs. O. K. Boyd, Ingram F. Briner, F. E. Brokaw, Mrs. A. V. L. Brown, Helen J. Bruer, Ransome C., 32nd District Association Bucholtz, Dr. A. F. Burrough, Jean Caldwell, Otis W. Calfee, Joseph S. Cannon, Mrs. Bradford Cape Girardeau Garden Club Carpenter, Mrs. George O. Carpenter, George O. Carr, James A. Carter, Mr. and Mrs. L. Ray Catlin Estate Chandler, Albert Charles, Joseph W. Chivvis, Mrs. Leland Christ Church Cathedral (Organi- zations) Woman’s Club Clayton Garden Club No, 2 Clopton, Dr. M. B. Corley, Mrs. Robert C. Couch, Dr. J. N. Cox, Willard R. Culver, Mrs. B. B. Curlee, S. H. Danforth, Adda B. Davis, Mrs. John 'T. Davis, Mrs. Samuel C. Davis, Samuel C. Dean, William B. Deane, Mrs. E. 'T. Delphinium Circle, Rosemary Gar- den Club Delvirs Club Desloge, F. V. Desloge, Joseph Eaton, Mrs. Francis G. Elliot, Georgie Elliot, Mrs. Henry Emig, Dr. W. H. Ensee Study Club Eves, Mrs. August Ewing, Mrs. Fayette C. Fall, C. B. Farmington Garden Club Ferguson Garden Club Fichtel, Edwin B. Fillmore, Frank G. Foote, Arthur H. Fordyce, Mrs. Samuel Founders’ Circle, Rosemary den Club French, Dudley Frerichs, Hildegarde Freund, Mrs. Michael W. Frey, J.J. Friedman, Mrs. A. Fuhlage, A. E. Fuhr, Clara Fuller, Dr. and Mrs, Harry J. Fulton Garden Club Gaertner, Mrs. Walter Garden Club of Hermann, Mo. Garden Club of St. Louis Gardenia Garden Club Gempp, Christine Gentry, Mr. and Mrs, Thomas F. Glatfelter, Misses Alice M. M. and Edith FE. Glendale Garden Club—Chapter 6 of Assoc. Garden Clubs of Kirk- wood Godfrey, Brainard M. Good Earth Garden Club—Chap- ter 8—Kirkwood Garden Clubs Goodman, Dr. George J. Graf, Mrs. Herman Graham, Dr. and Mrs. Evarts A. Gray Summit Lodge A. F. & A. M. No. 1738 Greater St. louis Gardeners, Inc. Green, S. M. Grover, James H. Gurney, James, Jr. Guth, Alice H. Guth, Joseph 'T. Hammar, F. V. Ilammar, Park G. Hanley, Lucy EF. Harrington, Goldie A. Ifawthorn Garden Club Gar- Association of 4 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN Hazenstab, Mrs. O. A. Heinrich, Herman Heising, Clara M. Heltzell, Misses Cora, Ida and Lil- lian M. Henry, Mrs. J. Norman Hintéern Esche, Norman Hirth, William Hitcheock, Dr. Charles [eo Hiteheock, Ethan A. Hitchcock, George C. Hitchcock, Mr. and Mrs. Henry Hoffmann, Arthur Hollmann, ‘Tillie A. Hornbein, Mr. and Mrs. Leonard Howard, Dr. Grace E. Huntington, Mrs. Howard R. Huse, Misses Gertrude and Mary B. Imboden, George KR. Imbs, Al and Robert Ittner, Mary S. Ives, Caroline Jennison, Dr. Harry M. Kennerly, Mr. and Mrs. Claude S. Kingsbury Place ‘Trustees Kitby, Daniel N. Kirkwood Garden Club, Chapter 2 Koch, Dr. Otto W. Koerber, Harry G. Ladue Garden Club Lamy, C. Oscar Lang, Bert H. Lang, George, Jr. Langenberg, Mrs. Roy 'T. Latzer, Mrs. R. Ll. Iauman, Mrs. Arthur F. Lawnin, lL. D. Leadbelt Garden Club Lee, Archie L. Lenenberg, Marie Lewis, Gill M. Lewis, Mrs. Joseph W. Liggett, W. KE. Lindenwood College Literary Alumnae Lockwood, Miss A. P. Longstreet, Mrs. Alice P. Louisiana Garden Club Love, E. K., Jr. Lowenhaupt, Abraham Ludlow, Josephine B, Iuehrmann, George EF. W. McCaughey, James McCoy, Frank J. McHenry, H. S. Meckittrick, Mrs, lL. S. Maestre, Sidney Maffitt, ‘Tl. S. Mallinckrodt, Edward, Jr. Mangelsdorf, EKdward F., & Inc. Maplewood Garden Club Group 1 Markham, W. H. & Co. Marten, C. A. Martin, William McC. Mason, Dr. Jean F. May, Morton J. Mexico Garden Club Mever, Mr. and Mrs. Louis 'T. Milius, Mr. and Mrs. William S. Missouri Pottery & Supply Co. Mitchell, Owen H., Montgomery, J. 'T. Moore, C. Wickham Moore, Dr. Morris Morrill, Mrs. Charles TH, Morrison, H. C. Morton, Strattord lee Multen, Mr. and Mrs. Charles H. Nagel, Charles Nagel, Lillian Nelson, Mrs. Earl F. Nettie’s Flower Garden New Era Club of St. Louis Nies, John E. Niesen, Adela J. Nims, E. D. Normandy Group, Rosemary Gar- den Club O'Reilly, Mrs. Joseph M. Oran Garden Club Orr, Isaac H. Osage Hills Garden Club Patton, Dr. John F. Perkins, Mrs. A. L. Perkins, Mrs. A. 'T. Peters, Alvina Peters, Arthur Pettus, Eugene Pettus, Mrs. James T. Pickel, Alice Pine Tree Circle, Rosemary Gar- den Club Bro. MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 5 Plass, Ada E. Pockels, Sidney Post, Dr. and Mrs. M. Hayward Primm, A. T., Jr. Radke, Mrs. E. P. Rassieur, Judge Leo S. Rassieur, Theodore Renard, Mrs. W. Rhoads, Mrs. J. A. Rice, Charles M. Rickman, Mrs. E. J. River Hills Garden Club Roantree, Mrs. James E. Roberts,’ Mrs. John C., Jr. Roethig, Fred J. Rowe, Vernon H. Rowena Clark Garden Club—Chap- ter 1—Kirkwood Garden Clubs Ruemeli, Mrs. Emilie Ruffer, Ida Rumbold, Dr. Caroline St. Louis Hills Garden Club St. Louis Horticultural Society Salter, Matilda F. Saxton, Mrs. E. C. Sayman, Mrs. L. B. Scarlett, Right Rev. William Schaberg, Mrs. Frank W. Schneider Electric Co. Schwarz, Hermann Seele, W. C. Semple, Mrs. F. H. Senn, G. William and Elizabeth Shapleigh, A. Wessel Shapleigh, Margaret Shepley, Ethan A. H. Shepley, Mrs. John F. Shoenberg, Sydney M. Sibley, Charles K. Siemer, Clara E. Small, Mrs. Herbert P. Smith, Mrs. George Smith, Mr. and Mrs. George A. Smith, Tom K. Smith, Walter W. Soutiea, W. G. Stark, Governor and Mrs. Lloyd E. Stifel, A. G. Stix, Charles H. Stout, Harriet M. Strauch, John B. Studhalter, Dr. and Mrs. Rich- ard A. Sutherland, George W. Swift, John S. Switzler, Mrs. R. H. “Talisman Circle,’ Rosemary Gar- den Club Teehan, Kate Terry, Dr. Robert J. Thompson, Frank C. Thompson, Mrs. Genevieve L. Tracy, Mrs. Virginia T. Tuttle, Mrs. George M. Valentine, Edward P. Valier, Charles FE. Vogler, Bertha von Windegger, Mr. and Mrs. F. R. Wallace, Harry B. Walsh, Mrs. Julia M. Walter, Kate Warrenton Garden Club Watkins, Horton Watts, F. O. Webster Groves Garden Club (Mis- cellaneous from the Club) Webster Groves Garden Club: Group 2 Group 6 Group 7 Group 8 Group 9 Group 11 Group 13 Webster Groves High School Weil, Maurice K. Welschan, Ben Wible, Roy E., Co. Williams, Charles P. Wilson, Mrs. May B. Winther, Cornelius Wisteria Garden Club Witek, Mrs. Joseph Wohl, David P. Wolff, Mrs. Edward H. Wolff, Mrs. Sigmund Woodson, Dr. Robert E., Jr. Wright District Garden Club Wuerpel, Mrs. Edmund H. Yeckel, Louis F. Zahner, Mrs. W. T. Zumbalen, Joseph H. 6 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN While the Garden has not been eligible for Federal aid of any kind, a project of the W.P.A. outside the Garden has resulted in one of the greatest improvements that has been made in years, so far as the safety and comfort of visitors are concerned. At the time the stone wall was built by Henry Shaw, along the east frontage of the Garden, the street had not been improved. The grade of Tower Grove Avenue as finally made was as much as four feet below the sidewalk in some places. This left an embankment impossible to climb in bad weather and most difficult at all times. Drivers of automobiles were frequently compelled to get out into the street and walk for some distance exposed to the hazard of passing machines. Probably more complaints from visitors were received because of the serious difficulty of parking along Tower Grove Avenue than from any other single cause. The obvious remedy was to move the sidewalk to the curb, leaving any neces- sary embankment between the sidewalk and the stone wall. This necessitated the removal of the old trees, chiefly maples, which had not only outlived their usefulness but as developed were positively dangerous to passers-by because of the decayed condition of their large limbs and trunks. Furthermore, trucks frequently broke off branches extending into the street, and the roots had raised the concrete slabs of the sidewalk causing many irregularities which were additional sources of accidents. The removal of these trees, skillfully accomplished by the City Forester, demonstrated that, in addition to the many benefits ob- tained, they were not even greatly missed. The trees planted just inside the Garden overhang the stone wall and offset any effect of bareness. Present plans provide for a more careful selec- tion of trees for this location, and with the addition of selected specimens to be used outside the wall, the appearance of the en- tire frontage along Tower Grove Avenue will within a short time be more attractive than was possible before. That the old practice of planting trees between the sidewalk and the curb has become obsolete is indicated by the following quotation from Horticulture (Feb. 19, 1939), under the title, “New Life for Street Trees.” “The planting of shade trees along the roads is a custom which dates back to the early settlers. At that time, and for many years afterward, MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 7 trees were considered a necessary source of shade for pedestrians and horse-drawn vehicles. Then came the automobile, bringing many chang- ing conditions, some of which have affected our trees, often to their disadvantage. “The extensive use of the automobile and the ever-extending water, sewer and gas mains have been contributing causes for much of the damage to street trees. Overhead electric wires, as well as hard-surfaced roads and sidewalks, have also done their share to weaken the physical structures of the trees and make them more susceptible to insect and disease infestation. “A recent bulletin of the Massachusetts Forest and Park Association points out that the space between the sidewalk and the traveled way on most streets is not a suitable place to plant shade trees. It is called too narrow for the proper preparation of the soil without provision for the adequate seepage of moisture. Obviously, too, it hinders the proper development of the roots. In addition, trees which are planted in this area are subject to injury and mutilation by automobiles, animals and children. Moreover, roots are cut off whenever water, gas or sewer mains are laid or repaired, and the curbstones restrict their growth. “To correct some of these obvious faults, it is now recommended that shade trees be planted inside the sidewalk and on private property if necessary. In some states, the statutes have been so drawn up that a property owner may sign a certain form which allows the local tree warden to plant a municipally owned tree on his property providing that it is not more than 20 feet from the property line. There is no ex- pense of transplanting or maintenance levied on the property owner and he may, at any time, order the removal of the tree. “If the trees stand inside the sidewalk, there is much less danger of their being injured by automobiles; their roots will not be restricted so much by curbstones nor damaged by trenches for water mains; and the open lawn surrounding them will allow more moisture to reach their roots.” THE ARBORETUM Through the generosity of the many public-spirited citizens, both in St. Louis and elsewhere, interested in the development of the Arboretum, a substantial beginning has been made towards opening this new tract to visitors. Under favorable conditions this should be some time during the coming year. The work has been under the supervision of Mr. A. P. Beilmann, Arboriculturist to the Garden. A reservoir, 106 feet long and 76 feet wide and 10 feet deep, with a capacity of 300,000 gallons, was completed during the summer. All four sides slope, giving the bottom a dimension of 30 by 60 feet. It is planned to keep the reservoir filled during the winter, and the sloping sides should prevent injury by freezing. The purpose of the reservoir is twofold: to supply water 8 MISSOURT BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN for irrigation, and in connection with a pipe line to furnish water for fire fighting. To supply the reservoir with water a six-inch cast-iron water main was laid to a point near the Meramec River, a distance of nearly 3,000 feet. Four standard fire hydrants have been placed on this water-main to serve as outlets for irrigation, as well as for fire protection. Water is being taken from a shallow well near the river. This is a drilled well reaching to bedrock twenty-seven feet below the ground surface and cased with a ten-inch pipe to the top of the gravel strata which is fifteen feet deep. Inserted in this casing and extending through the gravel bed is an eight-inch screen of our own design, within which is the four-inch pipe lead- ing to the pump. Since the well may be submerged during floods, provision has been made to seal the opening and remove the pump. Two pumps are used to force the water to the reservoir 240 feet higher and 3,000 feet away. The first is a four-inch cen- trifugal pump mounted atop the well casing on a concrete base. This supplies a second pump 200 feet away and 15 feet higher, also mounted on a concrete base. Both pumps are powered by gasoline engines delivering a total of 36 horsepower, and their delivery is synchronized through the use of pressure and vacuum gauges. The capacity of the pumping system, at the low stage of the river this fall, was approximately 7,500 gallons per hour. The pipe line follows “Ledge Ridge Trail,” one of the four fire roads which have been completed. To the east is “Cliff Ridge Trail” and 1,200 feet to the west is “West Valley Trail”; these are all connected by an additional trail. This system serves as service roads and pedestrian walks, although their chief func- tion is to facilitate the movement of fire-fighting equipment in the woods. The gravel surface, seven feet in width, should make these trails effective fire barriers. A length of nearly two and a half miles tends to subdivide this area and assist in localizing a fire. River-run gravel was chosen as the least costly as well as the most natural and pleasant surfacing for the 10,150 feet of newly graded roads. The gravel was obtained from a bar near the river at the east edge of the property. Approximately 5.000 cubic yards MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 9 have been hauled, including some stock piled for future use. Nearly all grading of the roads was done by Garden equipment and crews. The main roads are thirty-six feet wide from the ditch on one side to that on the other, permitting a gravel surface for trafic of eighteen feet. Drainage of the roadsides is accomplished by sixteen culverts; those of vitrified tile range in size from twelve inches to thirty inches for the largest, while the four con- crete box culverts are longer and larger. It is quite possible that additional culverts will be required during a very wet spring. It would be very difficult to estimate the amount of soil moved dur- ing the road-making operations. The roads have been made with- out disturbance of the near-by hills and slopes, thus preserving the desired landscape effect. To make them look natural, far more grading was done than is usually necessary or practical in road- building. Work was begun in December on two bridges across Brush Creek. It is hoped that they will be completed in the early spring of 1940. These bridges, constructed of steel and concrete, have a clear span of forty feet, and are alike in design. Bridge No. 1 will have a four-foot dam placed between the breast walls, designed to impound water for irrigation and fire protection at this point. Bridge No. 2, because of the conditions encountered during exca- vation, will be constructed without the dam at the bridge site. It is proposed to place a dam two hundred feet downstream, forming the same type of pool at this location. Brush Creek, on account of its steep gradient, is nearly dry for most of the summer, but for the same reason often carries “flash” floods during rainstorms. Therefore the new bridges are about forty per cent longer than the old bridge, and the creek at the bridge site will be widened to provide a greater cross-section in case of floods. While much of the construction work is under contract, such items as trail clearing, cutting and clearing right-of-ways, culvert installation, sodding of reservoir slopes, etc., is being done by the Garden crew. The water, both for mixing and curing concrete, was hauled in our tank truck; de-watering the bridge excava- tions was accomplished with our own pumps. Our own com- pressor, air drills and tools were used in the rock excavating for both Bridge No. 1 and the reservoir. This arrangement has 10 MISSOURL BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN lessened the cost of the work, since it was reflected in the contract prices. Apart from the fundamental construction work referred to above, various items of repair and upkeep were necessary. The head house of the orchid range and the engineer’s house were each re-roofed. The old barn, near the farm house, was wrecked and the lumber from it stored; the old roads were regularly graded and kept in repair; several miles of old wire fencing were removed, and numerous minor items of repair attended to. In addition to the maintenance of the nursery, cold-frames, seed-beds, orchards, other plantations, etc., an area of approxi- mately eighteen acres was cultivated, limed and seeded to blue grass. The old nursery was sown to cow-peas in the spring, later plowed under and sown to rye. One thousand trees and shrubs, including 335 magnolias and 100 conifers, were removed from the nursery to permanent locations and approximately 1,200 trees and shrubs, including 200 peonies, were transferred from the old to the new nursery. Orchids.—During the year 10,598 plants were repotted, and orchid flowers, either cut or displayed on the plants, numbered 39,000. Of the Cattleya group, including both hybrids and species, 9,214 flowers were shown. The Cypripediums produced 1,701 flowers, Cymbidiums 1,375 flowers, Dendrobium Phalae- nopsis 708 spikes (2,852 flowers), Dendrobium nobile hybrids 757 plants (7,570 flowers), Oncidiums 458 spikes (11,450 flowers), botanical species 486 spikes (4,860 flowers ). The orchids grown in the Plant Curiosity House (at the city Garden) have given an added display of flowers, as well as an opportunity of showing how the plants grow naturally. The Cattleya group produced 314 flowers, Phalaenopsis (moth orchid) 140 flowers, Oncidium varicosum 125 flowers, Cypripedium 47 flowers, totaling 626 flowers for the vear. Sunshine Record.—This record, as in the past, continues to show the advantage to plants of living outside the city. During the nine years in which these comparative readings have been published, the number of hours of sunshine at the Arboretum, par- ticularly during the winter months, has always been in excess of that at the Garden in St. Louis: MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 11 Month City Garden Arboretum SUE ey iaseenc veges 5 mean ven eh toss plat as 87 122 ICD EUAD Vicars ecm ter ee renier ee ere en, « uaie tise 104 125 NAT Che see ee ener Ae ere ae eee 171 194 aX 2 ol Wea e Poe aerate eee gs nee rear Re ee ea ee ee 174 186 My averse rn eae neers eer ieriatc reese sea sie caress 270 274 ULI rae ere ner eter To reat er le Sik te ec ddce td far 240 244 ULL Yi eepeyter petit reek aren vet reese eran OM ees as ac eet Be 283 298 PAULUS Geet ree eer ea ee TU SVD Neon sb oe ence 260 273 WIE P LEM DSL arrears eee he Riis Srey. a: divanssurtnancon bem 291 278 CD CTODE Ure carrer eet ee Ee cs Sceherenccaorens 233 246 IN'OVEMDER eacerye Vein Rte Pe ee oe dsc dices 99 126 TYCCOTMDETS ea rc tee are wind: tase beatae 98 132 2,310 2,498 2,310 Excess of sunshine hours at Arboretum...... 188 ADDITIONAL CONSTRUCTION AND REPAIRS While the work at the Arboretum has constituted the main con- struction item, various minor improvements and replacements in the city Garden have received attention. As was the case last year, the heating plant, now twenty-five vears old, has needed unusual attention. All three boilers were re- tubed, requiring 370 tubes, 18 feet long. New brick walls and new tiling were supplied where necessary. Some 1,500 feet of heating pipe were rearranged, and 250 feet of water pipe supplied in the experimental greenhouse. The entire heating and water systems were overhauled, including replacing valves, repairing steam traps, new gaskets, etc., all necessary to keep this most im- portant branch of the service department in perfect condition. In order to provide room for the greatly enlarged amateur garden classes, one wing of the experimental greenhouse was en- tirely remodeled. New and enlarged concrete growing benches were built to furnish working space for one hundred or more stu- dents. The basement has been refinished to serve as a lecture room. A portion of the south wing was converted into an orchid-seedling house and the steam sterilizer removed from the laboratory to a more convenient location in the head-house. A new gas line was run from the administration building to supply this sterilizer. The north house of this range was supplied with new mullions and reglazed. Because of the necessity of supplying new mullions 12 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN for the south house, advantage was taken of an opportunity to try an experiment with a new product designed as a substitute for glass. Plants grown in this house will be checked with those under glass to see if there is any advantage from the supposed passage of ultra-violet rays. The usual amount of painting and of general upkeep of the build- ings and grounds has been attended to. Mention should be made of salvaging some 1,800 feet of six-inch cast-iron water pipe, dug from an abandoned water main in the North American tract. This supplied more than half the pipe needed for the line installed at the Arboretum to carry water from the well at the river to the new reservoir. EXPERIMENTAL GREENHOUSES The improvements and changes in this range, referred to above, should make it possible to carry on the experimental work, as well as the amateur classes, more satisfactorily than in the past. Some of the activities now conducted in this range under the direction of Dr. D. C. Fairburn, Horticulturist to the Garden, are: 1. Orchid Seedlings.—The culture of hybrid orchid seedlings is again of importance in maintaining the orchid collection at the Arboretum. Plants are being raised by the symbiotic and asymbiotic method, using various culture media. 2. Plant Propagation.—Numerous cuttings of woody and herbaceous plants were rooted, using both root-promoting chemi- ‘cals and vitamin B. The rooting of rhododendrons by leaf-bud cuttings is also being investigated. Some 300 kinds of seed, in- cluding new or unusual annuals and perennials, were sown. Par- ticular attention is being paid to raising from seed various species of Magnolia, including M. grandiflora, M. glauca, M. Soulange- ana, and M. stellata. 3. Plant Breeding.—In addition to the breeding of water-lilies, carried on by Mr. G. H. Pring, Superintendent of the Garden, work is being done by Dr. Fairburn toward developing an im- proved geranium for St. Louis. Several hundred seedlings have been selected from crosses made previously. These seedlings made a satisfactory showing in the nursery, many of them having thirty or more heads of flowers and abundant all-round vigor. Crosses MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 13 between commercial varieties of Penstemon and native species give promise. 4. Plant Nutrition.—Extensive tests to determine the compara- tive growth of plants in various media, sterilized and unsterilized, have been made in order to check recent investigations made along this line elsewhere. 5. Advanced Course in Gardening.—Class members raised over 5,000 seedlings of various annuals and perennials, and rooted about 5,000 cuttings of more than 50 kinds of plants. Tulips, hya- cinths, lilies-of-the-valley, gladiolus, and other bulbous plants were also raised. MAIN CONSERVATORIES AND EXOTIC RANGES The large xerophytic collection at the Garden attracts many visitors to the two Desert Houses. Only within the last decade have the cacti and other succulents assumed such an important position in the garden world; vet these strange plants of desert, mountain, canyon, and mesa have been more or less in vogue for nearly three centuries. Visiting cactus enthusiasts pronounce the Garden collection of succulents to be outstanding. All the various methods of plant propagation have been carried on, as in former years, and many new species were added by germinating seed. More attention has been given to grafting, for this form of propagation aids in “accelerating” the growth of slow-growing species. The oldest graft on exhibit, Monvillea Cavendishii, which was made in 1923, has now reached the roof. It has become a most prolific bloomer, producing flowers from early April to late September. The annual trek to the southwestern deserts by Ladislaus Cutak, in charge of Succulents at the Garden, has netted several outstand- ing specimens for the collection, while valuable data and photo- graphs were secured on the Mexican cacti. A full report of this trip appeared in the September BuLietin. Initial-carving culprits have transferred their vandalistic acts to the palms, and two of the fan-leaved palmettos have been seriously scarred. Almost all the ground area in the Palm House is now covered by the creeping pepper plants. Saguerus (Arenga ) mindorensis, one of the sugar palms received from the United 14 MISSOURI BO'TANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN States Department of Agriculture in 1916, bloomed for the first time in December. Several small clumps of Marica, a tropical plant related to the iris, were planted under the palms and thrive exceedingly well. The blooms are very showy but last only a day. Maricas make excellent house plants. The beds in the Fern-Cycad House were replanted with Nephrolepis ferns, which make a fine ground cover. The Ceriman, or Monstera deliciosa, an ornamental vine, evokes more comment perhaps than any other plant in the house. It is a vigorous, strag- gling climber with immense, broad, long-petioled, perforated and scalloped leaves that attain a length of two feet or more. Its un- usual long cone-like fruits are very delicious, but it takes about ten months for the fruit to ripen, and usually some visitor snips it before it has a chance to mature. The banana plants unfurled their purple buds beneath the clusters of green fruit, and there was an exceptionally good crop during the past year. The coffee trees likewise brightened the scene with their cherry-like berries. These two most useful plants always hold a special attraction for the visitors, particularly school children. In the Citrus House several outstanding lianas held the spot- light during their flowering season. The most floriferous were Petrea volubilis, the Queen’s Wreath, with very attractive racemes of mauve and blue flowers, and Anemopaegma Chamberlaynii, producing a wealth of striking pendulous clusters of yellowish blossoms. Two of the alcoves in the Aroid House were entirely renovated and the old plant material replaced with ornamental foliage plants. Several of the shrubby, free-flowering Clerodendron fal- lax were added to the tropical plantings, enhancing the luxuriant verdure with flame-spattered clusters of brilliant flowers. FLORAL DISPLAYS Much of the outdoor gardening, as well as the special shows in the Floral Display House, are managed and arranged by Mr. Paul A. Kohl, Floriculturist to the Garden. Abundant rains and cool weather during the first part of the summer afforded all plants an ideal growing season. Although a protracted dry spell MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 15 started in late August, it came too late to injure seriously any trees or shrubs. However, shallow-rooted plants and particularly evergreens had to be watered until late in the fall. With this good weather all of the plants in the various gardens responded with a fine display of flowers, and we had the feeling that for once the weather approximated that of England which we like to think has the ideal climate for most plants. Indoor Displays.—The indoor floral displays were continued in the same manner as in previous years. The orchid show was ready February 4 and again the shadow-boxes were used. The next important display was the 2,500-foot azalea garden in the center of the Arena for the Greater St. Louis Flower and Garden Show, held from March 18 to 26. At the Garden the cineraria show opened March 26. The hydrangeas were displayed April 30, and on the same Sunday 230 flowering plants were sent to Christ Chureh Cathedral for the annual flower sermon. The St. Louis Horticultural Society held its spring show on May 20 and 21, and on May 26 the pelargoniums and caladiums were displayed. After the summer intermission the St. Louis Horticultural Society held its dahlia show on September 30 and October 1, and on October 12 the Veiled Prophet Queen’s bouquet was exhibited for a day. The chrysanthemum show lasted from November 5 to December 3, and on December 10 the poinsettias were exhibited in combina- tion with chrysanthemums, stevias and begonias. For insect control 1,000 gallons of spray material are used in the floral display department each vear. In August the small hand- operated sprayer was replaced by an electrically operated pump which has greatly increased the efficiency of the spraying program. TRANSFER OF TROPICAL STATION The tropical station, maintained at Balboa, C. Z., for the past twelve years, was transferred to the Canal Zone Government in March, 1939. It was a matter of regret that for financial reasons this became necessary, since the Station has from the first formed a most useful adjunct to the activities of the St. Louis Garden. Fortunately, Mr. Paul Allen, the former manager of the Station, decided to remain on the Zone and has since been appointed Horticulturist at the Summit Garden. This makes it possible for 16 MISSOURT BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN Mr. Allen to continue to represent the Garden in the tropics. He will be able, not only to maintain the old station as an attraction for Canal Zone visitors, but will likewise give the Garden the benefit of his wide experience in collecting plants for the proposed “Flora of Panama,” a project in which considerable progress has already been made. SUPERVISED INSTRUCTION FOR SCHOOL CHILDREN The work with school children, under the supervision of Miss Clara M. Heising, Special Nature Study Teacher, assigned to the Garden by the Board of Education, has continued as in former years. More than 8,000 pupils of elementary and high schools have had lessons on plants, including flowers, trees and fruits, also birds, insects and other creatures. Frequently the weather was also. discussed, especially when some interesting or unusual phenomena were visible. Whenever possible, the lesson was correlated with the work in social studies, affording the pupils a clearer knowledge of the flora of certain regions and therefore a better understanding of the home life and problems of the inhabitants of those particular areas. Nature lessons in the Garden frequently provided subjects for art and craft lessons, and motivation for language and Eng- lish, particularly composition, letter-writing and public speaking. Lists of guiding questions to stimulate interest in, and observation of, living things in their home and school environment were given to teachers accompanying the classes. High-school classes came for lessons in physiography, conserva- tion, pollination, and inter-relation between plants and insects. As an experiment, several kindergarten classes came for field trips. To classes of elementary schools were given lessons on plants, stressing: 1—their growth and development; 2—their response to proper care under the watchful eve of experts here; 3—their adaptation to particular types of environment and climate; 4— how certain plants are provided with the means of gathering an extra supply of moisture from the air; 5—the unique insect traps of the Venus flytrap and pitcher plants; 6—how plants overcome certain difficulties that arise; 7—competition among plants to ob- tain the maximum amount of light; 8—the beauties of the growth MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 17 of buds, leaves and flowers ; 9—how to beautify even a small yard by planning the garden carefully; 10—Nature’s way of reproduc- ing plants; 11—Man’s methods of propagation of plants; 12— seed dispersal; 13—Nature’s way of protecting plants over win- ter; 14—-Man’s methods of protecting plants when necessary; 15—leaves, particularly the gorgeous autumn leaves here; 16— galls; 17—how to become acquainted with our native plants; 18—how to recognize our state flower, the hawthorn; 19—the art of arranging flowers and plants to produce pleasing effects as exemplified throughout the Garden both outdoors and in green- houses; 20—the proper way to smell a flower; 21—how to ob- serve and enjoy flowers without plucking them; 22—the loss of a plant’s “little children” when somebody picks a flower; 23—con- servation of wild flowers ; 24—how Nature tries to heal or repair plant injuries; 25—results of thoughtless mutilation of plants; 26—the growth of a tree; 27—how a tree accommodates itself to its neighbors; 28 co-operation among plants; 29—how to read a twig’s story. Whenever birds were observed or heard, a brief lesson was im- mediately given to create and stimulate interest in birds. The inter-relation of plant, insect and bird life was stressed, and in that connection insect study was pursued whenever: 1—injurious insects or their depredations were observed; 2—beneficial insects or their eggs were seen; 3——ants were observed—their co-opera- tion for the welfare of the colony; 4—bees were seen visiting flowers and paying for their meal; 5—honeydew was observed; 6—bagworms and other cocoons were discovered; 7—grasshop- pers were seen; 8—leaf-rollers were observed in their “airs,” and also when sparrows were seen twitching them out of their neat little “rolls” and devouring them. The following are some of the objectives in mind when plan- ning lessons: 1—that a beautiful garden is not only a joy to the person who plans and work in it, but it is an inspiration to one’s neighbors and all who see it; 2—an appreciation of color harmony and beauty as exemplified by the beautiful floral displays and also by the arrangement, growth and development of plants out- doors; 3—recognition of many of our common flowering plants; 4—realization that a plant is actually a living, growing thing; 18 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 5—a knowledge of conditions necessary to the growth of certain crops. (Project work with materials from the economic garden not only helped pupils to learn the use of reference books at school and home, but gave them a better understanding of industries essential to their daily comforts, and a growing interest in the life and work of the farmer, the miller, and the manufacturer. Much interest centered in the soy bean.) ; 6 a realization of how dependent we are upon others ; 7—a growing interest in life about one; 8 an interest in the changing seasons; 9—an appreciation of the beauty as well as the usefulness of a tree; 10—realization that a tree is a living, growing thing and needs protection; 11— development of keen observation, keen sense of hearing, as well as the ability to report accurately what one observes; 12—realiza- tion that only through the splendid co-operation of all workmen here can the beautiful displays and lovely vistas enjoyed by the class be made possible. Individual pupils, as well as teachers and classes, have written letters of appreciation, telling how much their visit to the Gar- den has meant. Last spring and this fall many children attended early morning “Bird Walks” and “Nature Walks.” After school hours, there were also frequent nature walks with adults, particu- larly girl scout leaders who came for work in “Creative Nature Study.” RESEARCH AND INSTRUCTION Dr. J. M. Greenman, Curator of the Herbarium and Professor in the Henry Shaw School of Botany of Washington University, has devoted most of his time and energy during the year to cura- torial duties of the herbarium. In addition to these exacting duties, he has continued to direct the research work of the gradu- ate students in taxonomy; he has also given advanced courses in comparative morphology and taxonomy of ferns and flowering plants, as listed in the catalogues of Washington University. Dr. Greenman, in the limited time available, has also continued research on various groups of flowering plants, and on mono- graphic and floristic projects of several years’ standing. Dr. C. W. Dodge, Mycologist to the Garden and Professor in the Henry Shaw School of Botany of Washington University, MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 19 spent the early part of the year in routine determination of many small series of lichens, mostly from tropical regions. Mr. Timothy Murphy has assisted in the preparation of microscopic slides, and Mr. Donald F. Flint and Mrs. E. C. Berry have aided in clerical work and in the insertion of specimens in the lichen and fungus herbaria. A large series of specimens of Panamanian and Costa Rican polypores collected by Dr. Dodge have been identified by Dr. J. A. Stevenson, of the Mycological Collections of the U. S. Department of Agriculture, and are being inserted in the herbar- ium. Miss Margaret Fulford, of the University of Cincinnati, has identified a large series of hepaticae from British Honduras. During the summer, a large series of antarctic and subantarctic lichens have been received from Sir Douglas Mawson, Rector of the University of Adelaide. These consist of collections of the northern party of the British Antarctic Expedition under Shackle- ton 1907-09, from the west coast of Ross Sea in South Victoria Land; collections of the Australian Antarctic Expedition 1911-14, under Mawson from Adélie, King George V and Kaiser Wilhelm II Lands, and Macquarie Island; and collections of the British Aus- tralian New Zealand Antarctic Research Expeditions in the Discovery 1929-31, from Enderby, MacRobertson (Lars Christen- sen) and King George V Lands, as well as the subantarctic islands: Possession Island of the Crozet group, Kerguelen, Heard Island and Macquarie Island. The autumn has been spent in sorting and in a preliminary determination of this material. Under a grant from the International Cancer Research Foun- dation, a study of the action of methyl cholanthrene and other carcinogens on Saccharomyces ellipsoideus has been continued. Dr. G. T. Johnson has served as research assistant on this project since September 15. The usual courses of instruction and research have been given. Plant pathology has been given during the autumn. Dr. G. T. Johnson has offered general bacteriology in University College. Dr. Johnson completed his studies on the morphology and_rela- tionships of the Pyrenocarp lichens, especially the Trypethelia- ceae. Mr. E. C, Berry is completing his monograph of the species of Parmelia of the western hemisphere north of Mexico. Miss Elizabeth Heuser, besides assisting in the course in general bac- 20 MISSOURL BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN teriology, has continued her study of the morphology and cytol- ogy of Gymnoascus sudans Vailionis. Miss Jean E. Martin has undertaken a study of the effectiveness of the impregnation of leather with fungicides, at the request of a local shoe manufactur- ing company. Dr. Edgar Anderson, Geneticist to the Garden and Engelmann Professor in the Henry Shaw School of Botany of Washington University, has continued to center his research upon the species problem, though with a definite shift of emphasis. Utilizing the insight into species differences which has been gained in previous studies, he is attempting by regular genetical techniques to analyze the total differences between the germ-plasms of related species. Such morphological differences are ultimately the outward reflec- tion of an inherent difference in the germ-plasm, a difference com- pounded from various changes in structure and in chemical com- position. When, therefore, the morphological differences between related species can be determined accurately enough, it should be possible to interpret the results of species crosses in terms of the protein chemistry of the related germ-plasms. While this goal has not yet been reached, or can scarcely be said to be in sight, a very definite advance has been made during the past year, and the work which is under way at the present time (largely with two species of Nicotiana) is even more encouraging. A rough indication of the effectiveness of this general program of research is given by the extent to which work at other institu- tions is being carried out more or less under the direction of Dr. Anderson. Dr. H. P. Riley, of the University of Washington, completed and published two investigations on hybridization in Tradescantia and Iris; Dr. C. C. Epling, of the University of Cali- fornia, has well under way a study of variation in populations of Yucca; and Dr. N. C. Fassett, of the University of Wisconsin, is studying the comparative variability of species in relict and non- relict areas. The integration of a research program of this character with the duties of a botanical school and a botanical garden would have been impossible without the expert assistance of Mr. Leslie Hubricht. During the year considerable progress has been made in identi- fying the various outdoor collections at Gray Summit, principally MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 21 the conifers in the Pinetum and the large plantation of several hundred oriental flowering crab-apples. With the assistance of one of the graduate apprentices, Mr. Robert Clark, this is now virtually completed, and we are now beginning to build up these collections by purchases, exchanges, and (let us hope) donations. In the Pinetum, for instance, we are very much in need of the common Japanese white pine, Pinus parvifolia, which, while it is grown in several American collections, is not regularly offered in the trade. It is to be hoped that some friend of the Garden will be able to supply us with a few young plants. Dr. Robert E. Woodson, Jr., Assistant Curator of the Her- barium and Assistant Professor in the Henry Shaw School of Botany of Washington University, has, as in previous years, spent the majority of his time with classes at the University. The ele- mentary class, Botany 101, has continued to grow in interest to the undergraduate body, as evidenced by the registration, quality of work, number of students participating in the voluntary field trips, and number of those electing succeeding courses in botany. The work in this class during the past year has been facilitated greatly by the appointment of Dr. Henry N. Andrews (Ph.D. ’39) as instructor in botany, in charge of the elementary laboratories. Dr. Andrews is also in charge of the classes in plant anatomy and microtechnique. He likewise continues studies in his special field, paleobotany. Graduate students acting as assistants in the ele- mentary laboratory during the past year have been Elizabeth Ammermann, Edward L. Berry, Ralph W. Emons, Jean Elder Martin, and Ralph E. Rawlings. The second year class, Botany 317, is designed as a survey course of the whole plant kingdom, exclusive of bacteria, espe- cially as represented in the flora of Missouri. During the two semesters of 1939, a total of twenty-five students enrolled in this course, more than in any previous year. Six graduate students have undertaken research in morphology. Dr. Woodson’s research during the past year has centered chiefly about the preparation of a “Flora of Panama” and taxo- nomic studies in the Asclepiadaceae. Tentative plans have been made for the publication of the first volume of the “Flora,” to deal with the Monocotyledonous families, in 1941. Several of the 22 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN most prominent botanists of America and Europe are contribut- ing important sections of this project. During the year, approxi- mately two thousand numbers of specimens have been received from Panama, chiefly due to the zeal of Mr. Paul H. Allen, the Garden’s representative in Panama. The larger part of the rou- tine classification of these collections has been facilitated greatly by the assistance of Mr. Robert W. Schery. Graduates and Fellows.—The following appointments were made in the Henry Shaw School of Botany for the year 1939- 1940: Assistants in Botany (half-time assistants): Elizabeth Ammer- man, A.B. and M.S., Washington University (Taxonomy and Morphology); Ralph E. Rawlings, B.S., University of Arkansas (Mycology and Taxonomy); (quarter-time assistant) Ralph W. Emons, A.B., Washington University (Morphology). Washington University Fellowships: Ralph O. Erickson, A.B., Gustavus Adolphus College, St. Peter, Minn. (Taxonomy); Rus- sell J. Seibert, A.B. and M.S., Washington University (Taxonomy and Morphology ). Jessie R. Barr Fellowship: Dorothy Irene Henson, B.S. in Ed., University of Missouri, M.S., University of Oklahoma (Morphol- ogv and Taxonomy ). Independent Students: Edward C. Berry, B.S. in Ed., State Teachers College, Warrensburg, Mo., M.A., University of Mis- souri (Mycology); William L. Brown, B.A., Bridgewater College, Bridgewater, Va. (Cytology and Taxonomy); Alexander Reyburn Gordon, Jr., A.B., Washington University (Morphology and ‘Tax- onomy); Elizabeth Jeannette Heuser, A.B., Washington Univer- sity (Mycology). Graduate Apprenticeships: Stanley Bettoney, B.S., Massa- chusetts State College (Cytology); Robert B. Clark, B.S., Massa- chusetts State College (Taxonomy and Morphology); Robert W. Schery, A.B., Washington University (Morphology and Tax- onomy ). Degrees.—The following students in the Henry Shaw School of Botany received advanced degrees at the Washington Univer- sity commencement in June: (Doctor of Philosophy) Henry N. Andrews, B.S., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, M.S., MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 23 Washington University (Taxonomy and Morphology); Hugh Carson Cutler, B.A. and M.A., University of Wisconsin (Taxon- omy); Mary Maxine Larisey, A.B. and M.S., Washington Uni- versity (Taxonomy and Morphology); George Thomas John- son, B.A., University of Arkansas, M.A., Washington University (Mycology and Taxonomy); Francis Marion Ownbey, B.A. and M.A., University of Wyoming (Taxonomy); (Master of Science ) Elizabeth Ammerman, A.B., Washington University (‘Taxonomy and Morphology). During the year, with the cooperation of Washington Univer- sity, it has been possible to establish the graduate apprenticeships on a more definite basis. For a summer period of thirteen weeks these young men participate in the regular horticultural work of the Garden, while during the school year they work only three full days per week and spend the remainder of their time as half-time graduate students in Botany. Their wages, however, are equalized so that during the summer period and the school vear, as well as during their two weeks’ vacation, they are paid at the rate of $11.00 per week. The university, on its part, grants half tuition to these graduate apprentices, thereby making it possible to at- tract candidates of outstanding ability. While it is much too soon to estimate the ultimate success of this departure, it is now ap- parent that the plan has many attractive features. As the details of its administration become adjusted it should prove mutually advantageous to the Garden, the apprentices, and the University. Published Articles.— Allen, Paul H.: Some Experiences of an Orchid Collector. Mo. Bot. Gard. Bull. 27: 81-93. March, 1939, Anderson, Edgar: A Classification of Weeds and Weed-like Plants. Science 89: 364-365. April, 1939: Creating a Flowering Meadow. Mo. Bot. Gard. Bull. 27: 102—106. April, 1939; Has This Plant Become Extinct in Missouri? Mo. Bot. Gard. Bull. 27: 102. April, 1939; John Kellogg, 1862-1939. Mo. Bot. Gard. Bull. 27: 127-129. June, 1939; Pickle Worms. Real Gardening 22 l= 53. November, 1939; The Rediscovery of Prenanthes crepidinea, Mo. Bot. Gard. Bull. 27: 189-191. November, 1939; with John S. Lehmann: An Old-fashioned Rose. Mo. Bot. Gard. Bull. 27: 262-263; with Ruth Peck Ownbey: The Genetic Coefficients of 24 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN Specific Difference. Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. 26: 325-348. Novem- ber, 1939. Andrews, Henry N.: One-Way Trees. Mo. Bot. Gard. Bull. 27: 98. April, 1939. Brown, William L.: Chromosome Complements of Five Species of Poa with an Analysis of Variation in Poa pratensis. Amer. Jour. Bot. 26: 717-723. November, 1939. Cutak, Ladislaus: Along the Cactus Trail. Gard. Chron. Amer. 43: 205-207, 223. July, 1939, and reprinted in Southern Florist 47: 8-9. August, 1939; Cincinnati Opens a New Desert House. Desert Plant Life 11: 185-186. December, 1939; Desert Ter- rariums. Gard. Chron. Amer. 43: 317—318. October, 1939; Desert Trails and Jungle Paths in Old Mexico. Mo. Bot. Gard. Bull. 27: 145-156. September, 1939; Exploring for Cacti in the Big Bend Country |Texas|. Desert Plant Life 11: 48-51. March, 1939; Gardens in the Land of Dolly Madison. Gard. Chron. Amer. 43: 341-343, 350. November, 1939; Hardy Succulents. Garden Gos- sip 14: 10-11. May, 1939; Hardy Succulents for the Rock Gar- den. Cactus and Succulent Soc. Amer. Jour. 10: 205-208. June, 1939 (Reprinted from Mo. Bot. Gard. Bull. 25: 149-154. Novem- ber, 1937); Haworthias, the Dainty Succulents. Mo. Bot. Gard. Bull. 27: 112-122. May, 1939; The Misunderstood Kalanchoids. Gard. Chron. Amer. 43: 53-54. February, 1939, and reprinted in Southern Florist 46: 16-17. February, 1939; Plant Life in the Shimmering White Sands. Desert Plant Life 11: 145-147. Octo- ber, 1939; Report of a Plant Hunt in Texas. Southern Florist 46: 3—4, 18-19. January, 1939 (Reprinted from Mo. Bot. Gard. Bull. 26: 180-187. December, 1938); A Review of ‘‘Kaktusarske Listy.”” Cactus and Succulent Soc. Amer. Jour. 10: 198. May, 1939; Sacred Tree of the Papago Indians. Mo. Bot. Gard. Bull. 27: 197-201. December, 1939; Succulents for Winter Window Gardens and Terrariums. Cactus and Succulent Soc. Amer. Jour. 11: 42-43. September, 1939 (Reprinted from Garden Gossip 12: 4—-5. December, 1937); Winter Care of Succulents. Garden Life 12: 93. December, 1939. Cutler, Hugh C.: Monograph of the North American Species of the Genus Ephedra. Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. 26: 373-427. No- vember, 1939. MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 25 Fairburn, David C.: The Culture of African Violets. Mo. Bot. Gard. Bull. 27: 203-207. December, 1939; How to Force Hardy Bulbs. Mo. Bot. Gard. Bull. 27: 137-145. September, 1939; Identification and Control of Common Plant Pests. Mo. Bot. Gard. Bull. 27: 207-211. December, 1939. Garland, Hereford: A Microscopic Study of Coniferous Wood in Relation to Its Strength Properties. Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. 26: 1-94. February, 1939. Goddard, Mary: Studies on Variation in Gibberella Saubinetii (Mont.) Sace. (Fusarium graminearum Schwabe). Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. 26: 99-164. April, 1939. Kohl, Paul A.: Chrysanthemums. Mo. Bot. Gard. Bull. 27: 163-180. October, 1939; Daylilies. Mo. Bot. Gard. Bull. 27: 109— 112. May, 1939; Growing Roses in St. Louis. Mo. Bot. Gard. Bull. 27: 51-80. February, 1939; Silver Lace-Vine, or China Fleece-Vine. Mo. Bot. Gard. Bull. 27: 201-202. December, 1939. Ownbey, Ruth P., with Edgar Anderson. The Genetic Coeffi- cients of Specific Difference. Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. 26: 325-348. November, 1939. Ownbey, Marion, and Ownbey, Ruth P.: Calochortus—Grow- ing Globe Tulips and Mariposa Lilies in Missouri. Mo. Bot. Gard. Bull. 27: 185-189. November, 1939. Pring, George H.: Bulbophyllum Medusae—Medusa’s Head. Amer. Orchid Soc. Bull. 8: 5—6. July, 1939; Bull-Headed Den- drobium (Dendrobium taurinum Lindley). Mo. Bot. Gard. Bull. 27: 97-98. April, 1939; New or Noteworthy Plants for St. Louis. XIII. Mo. Bot. Gard. Bull. 27: 183-184. November, 1939. Reynolds, Ernest S.: Tree Temperatures and Thermostasy. Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. 26: 165-255. September, 1939. Seibert, R. J., with Robert E. Woodson, Jr. Contributions to- ward a Flora of Panama, III. Collections during the summer of 1938, chiefly by R. E. Woodson, Jr., P. H. Allen and R. J. Seibert. Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. 26: 265-324. November, 1939. Woodson, Robert E., Jr.: Apocynaceae, in H. A. Gleason & KE. P. Killip, The Flora of Mount Auyan-tepui, Venezuela. Brit- tonia 3: 190. November, 1939; Apocynaceae, in A. C. Smith, Notes on a Collection of Plants from British Guiana. Lloydia 2: 207-208. September, 1939; Asclepiadaceae, ibid. 208-209, Sep- 26 MISSOURL BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN tember, 1939; New or Otherwise Noteworthy Apocynaceae of Tropical America. VI. Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. 26: 95-98. April, 1939; ibid. VII. 26: 257-259. November, 1939; Two New Ascle- piads from the Western United States. ibid. 261-264. figs. 1-2. November. 1939; with R. J. Seibert: Contributions toward a Flora of Panama, III. Collections during the summer of 1938, chiefly by R. E. Woodson, Jr., P. H. Allen and R. J. Seibert. ibid. 265-324. November, 1939. Zingiberaceae, in A. C. Smith, Notes on a Collection of Plants from British Guiana. Lloydia 2: 171- 172. September, 1939. Scientific and Popular Lectures,— Dr. Henry N. Andrews, Instructor in the Shaw School of Bot- any: December 28, at Columbus, Ohio, paleobotanical section, Botanical Society of America, “A New Cupule from the Lower Carboniferous of Scotland, with a Note on the Morphological Sig- nificance of Paleozoic Cupules.” Dr. Edgar Anderson, Geneticist to the Garden: May 12, Fed- erated Garden Clubs of Missouri, Jefferson City, “Something About Herbs”; May 15, St. Louis Flower Show Association, “Judging Amateur Classes.” Mr. A. P. Beilmann, Arboriculturist to the Garden: February 20, Good Earth Garden Club of Kirkwood, “Some Diseases of Shade Trees”; October 23, Louisiana Garden Club, Louisiana, Mo.. “Trees and Their Care’; November 7, Ladue Garden Club, “Trees.” Mr. W. L. Brown, graduate student in the Shaw School of Bot- any: February 7, Greater St. Louis Association of Gardeners, “Lawn Problems of the Middle West’; and Edward C. Berry, graduate student in the Shaw School of Botany: December 29, at Columbus, Ohio, general section Botanical Society of America, “Abnormal Microsporogenesis in 'Tradescantia.”’ Mr. Ladislaus Cutak, in charge of Succulents at the Garden: January 12, St. Louis Florist Club, “Searching for Botanical Treasures in Texan Deserts’; February 8, Group 8 of the Web- ster Groves Garden Club, “Gardens of Virginia and Texas”; April 20, St. Boniface Holy Name Society, May 8, Nativity Holy Name Society, and May 10, Scottish Rite Club, “Exploring MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 27 Texas with Camera and Tripod’; June 13, Executives Club of St. Louis, and September 12, Holy Name Society of St. Pius’ Church, “Along the Cactus Trail” ; September 24, Chicago Cactus Society, at Chicago, Ill., “The Culture of Succulent Plants’; October 18, Kiwanis and Rotary Clubs, of Edwardsville, IIl., “Exploring for Plants”; November 4, Irwin M. Krohn Conserva- tory, Eden Park, Cincinnati, Ohio, “Cacti and Their Universal Appeal”; November 28, St. John Nepomuk Holy Name Society, “Along the Cactus Trail’; December 1, St. Louis Horticultural Society, ““Cactus—lIndoors and Out.” Dr. Carroll W. Dodge, Mycologist to the Garden: September 4, Third International Congress for Microbiology, at New York, “Some Effects of Carcinogenic Substances on Saccharomyces ellipsoideus.” Dr. David C. Fairburn, Horticulturist to the Garden: Febru- ary 8, Delta Gamma Mother’s Club, “House Plants’; April 7, College Club of St. Louis, “Spring Gardening” ; September 21, Ferguson Garden Club, and November 15, Webster Groves Gar- den Club, “Bulbs.” Dr. J. M. Greenman, Curator of the Herbarium: December 28, at Columbus, Ohio, Presidential Address, American Society of Plant Taxonomists. Mr. L. P. Jensen, Manager of the Garden Arboretum: April 7, Gray Summit School, “Planting and Care of Trees”; April 28, Washington Mo. grammar school, ‘The Value of Trees to Poster- ity’; May 19, Washington Mo. grammar school, “The Value of Trees to Man’; July 9, Meramec State Park, Sullivan, Mo.. “Popular Interest in Botany”; August 22, Missouri State Fair. “Some Interesting Native Plants”; September 7, Garden Club of Washington, Mo., “The Activities of Garden Clubs in the Conservation of Native Plants.” Mr. Paul A. Kohl, Floriculturist to the Garden: February 21, Business Girls’ League of the Y. W. C. A., “A Tour Through the Missouri Botanical Garden”; March 7, Triangle Alumni Asso- ciation of St. Louis, “The Missouri Botanical Garden”; May 1 Northwoods Garden Club, “Landscaping the Home Grounds”’: ’ May 2, Ladue Garden Club, “Gardening”; October 6, St. Louis ’ 28 MISSOURL BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN Horticultural Society, “Growing and Displaying Chrysanthe- mums”; October 6, Musicians’ Guild of St. Louis, “A Trip Through the Missouri Botanical Garden.” Dr. George 'T. Moore, Director of the Garden: April 4, Gar- den Club of Ladue, “Organizing a Garden Club”; September 25, Hawthorn Garden Club of Jefferson City, Mo.; December 27, science section, Wednesday Club, “The Plant:—the Greatest Chemist of Them All.” Mr. George H. Pring, Superintendent of the Garden: Janu- ary 5, Men’s Club of the Shaw Avenue Methodist Church, ‘The Romance of the Plant World’; February 6, Chicago Association of Gardeners, at Chicago, “The Breeding of Tropical Water- lilies’; February 9, Chicago Men’s Garden Club, “Development of the Russell Lupines”; March 13, over Radio Station KXOK, “The Greater St. Louis Flower and Garden Show”; March 16 and March 21, over Station KSD, “The Greater St. Louis Flower and Garden Show”; March 31 and April 4, over Station KXOK, “Plant Collecting in Central and South America”; April 17, Busi- ness and Professional Club of St. John’s Episcopalian Church, “Floral Displays at the Garden throughout the Year’; Septem- ber 21, Ladies’ Coterie of Granite City, Ill., “The Missouri Bo- tanical Garden Arboretum”; October 3, interview over Radio Sta- tion KMOX, “Orchids for the Veiled Prophet Queen’s Bouquet.” Mr. Russell J. Seibert, graduate student in the Shaw School of Botany: September 16, Shiloh Valley Grange, Belleville, IIL, “Plant Collecting in Panama’; September 20, Mascoutah Wom- en’s Club, Mascoutah, IIl., “The Romance of Panama.” Dr. Robert E. Woodson, Jr., Assistant Curator of the Her- barium: February 3, St. Louis Horticultural Society, “Panama.” HERBARIUM It is a pleasure to record that a normal growth and expansion, accompanied by the many other activities incidental to an her- barium, have continued during the year. Marked progress has been made in the further organization of the general collections in order to bring them in accord with the treatment of recent monographs and other current publications—thus rendering the herbarium of greater usefulness as a reference medium for ob- MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 29 taining ready information concerning the identification, varia- tion, and geographical distribution of species of plants. Particular emphasis has been given to the acquisition of addi- tional material to further amplify the representation of the flora of western United States, Mexico, Central and South America; although several important series of plants have been obtained to augment the Garden’s representation of exotic floras. It is noteworthy also that an exceptionally large number of specimens of horticultural plants have been added to the herbarium during the year. The need for such material is felt to be constantly increasing. The larger series of plants which have been acquired during the year are here assembled: New Accessions—Paul Allen, 113 plants of Costa Rica; Edgar Anderson, 330 plants of central United States and of horticulture ; F. A. Barkley, 1217 plants of Montana and Idaho; Botanic Gar- den, University of Jagellonica, 208 plants of Poland; Botanical Museum, Harvard University, by L. O. Williams, 436 orchids, mostly from Mexico, the Philippine Islands, and China; Botani- cal Museum, University of Helsingfors, 200 lichens of Finland; Mrs. H. P. Bracelin, 392 plants of South America, collected by Mrs. Ynes Mexia; Brigham Young University, 43 plants of Utah; California Academy of Sciences, 50 plants chiefly from the Pa- cific Coast states; Albert Chandler, 124 plants from central and eastern United States; M. A. Chrysler, 51 ferns of Jamaica; Hon- orable Joseph R. Churchill estate, 500 plants of North America; Ira W. Clokey, 39 plants of Utah; Cornell University, 104 plants of New York; D. S. Correll, 68 orchids of southeastern United States; Arthur Cronquist, 500 plants of Idaho; Hugh C. Cutler, 611 plants from southwestern and western United States; Otto Degener, 451 plants of Hawaii, Philippine Islands, and Borneo; Division of Botany and Plant Pathology, Central Experiment Sta- tion, Ottawa, 48 plants of Canada; C. F. Erichsen, 100 lichens of Germany; Field Museum of Natural History, 1720 plants of Mis- souri and Central America; F. R. Fosberg, 500 plants of Arizona, California, Mexico, and Hawaii; A. O. Garrett, 51 plants of Utah; Howard Scott Gentry, 352 plants of Lower California; T. H. Goodspeed, 61 plants of South America; Gray Herbarium of Har- 30 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN vard University, 100 plants of the United States; J. M. Greenman, 36 plants of Wisconsin and Missouri, and 30 photographs of type specimens; H. Hapeman, 102 plants chiefly from South Dakota and Nebraska; Bertrand F. Harrison, 133 plants of Utah; A. A. Heller, 350 plants of California; I’. J. Hermann, 51 plants of Michigan; L. R. Hesler, 125 fungi chiefly from Tennessee ; George B. Hinton, 500 plants from Mexico; Harry Hoogstraal, 101 plants of Mexico; Leslie Hubricht, 726 plants mostly from central and southeastern United States; Herbarium of Miguel Lillo Insti- tute, 22 plants of Argentina; H. Harold Hume, 33 specimens of Zephyranthus from Florida and from horticulture; Iowa State College, 234 plants of Iowa; Maxine Larisey, 40 specimens of Baptisia chiefly from southeastern United States; Ethel H. Looff, 55 plants from Alaska; Los Angeles Museum of History, Science, and Art, 383 plants of California and New Mexico; A. H. Mag- nusen, 50 lichens of Scandinavia; Marshall College by F. A. Gil- bert, 100 plants of West Virginia; Montana State University, 495 plants of Montana; Narodin Museum, Prague, 48 fungi from Czechoslovakia; Natural History Museum, Stockholm, 277 plants of Europe; New York Botanical Garden, 1011 plants of tropical America and 30 photographs of types and authentic specimens ; Marion Ownbey, 1107 plants of western United States and of horticulture; William F. Palsson, 100 lichens of Iceland; Edith A. Purer, 184 plants of Alaska, Yukon Territory, Washington, Oregon, and California; Rocky Mountain Herbarium, 208 plants of southwestern United States and Canada; Royal Botanic Gar- dens, Kew, England, 50 plants of Siam; R. J. Seibert, 65 plants of Illinois and of horticulture; Alexander IF, Skutch, 638 plants of Costa Rica and Ecuador; A. C. Smith, 91 plants of Venezuela and British Guiana; F. Solis Rojas, 351 plants of Costa Rica; Fraulein Johanna Stephani, 750 tracings from F. Stephani’s “Teones hepaticarum”; James R. Stokes, 49 ferns from Georgia; H. Sydow, 300 fungi from various countries; Mrs. R. A. Terry, 362 plants of Panama; United States National Museum, 160 plants of Virginia and South America; University of California, 321 plants chiefly from California; University of Lowa, 63 plants from Iowa and the American tropics; University of Michigan by C. L. Lundell, 38 plants from Mexico and Central America; Uni- MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 31 versity of Oklahoma by Milton Hopkins, 91 plants of Oklahoma; University of Wisconsin by N.C. Fassett, 135 plants chiefly plants of Wisconsin; Fr. Verdoorn, 50 mosses from various countries: R. E. Woodson, Jr., 1935 plants from southern United States and Panama; T.G. Yuncker, 685 plants of Honduras. Many smaller collections have been received and recorded in current numbers of the Garden BULLETIN. Mounting and Insertion of Specimens.—The mounting and in- sertion of specimens have continued throughout the year. Miss Elizabeth Ammerman and Mr. A. R. Gordon, graduate students in the Shaw School of Botany, Washington University, were em- ploved by the Garden during the summer months, as extra mounters; and some assistance has been obtained through employ- ment of NYA undergraduate students. Mrs. Edward C. Berry and Mr. D. Flint have also assisted in mounting and distributing lichens and fungi. This extra service has greatly expedited the routine work of preparing specimens for reference and study; but there still remains a relatively large number of unmounted speci- mens to be sorted, mounted, and placed in the organized herbarium. The interpolation in the general collection of new material has been greatly handicapped during the latter half of the year, be- ‘ause of the crowded condition of many parts of the herbarium. To alleviate this congestion, arrangements were made for the instal- lation of additional cases; and an order was placed for them early in August. The delivery of the new cases, however, was delayed until late December; but the new cases are now in place and will be ready for use within a short time. The rearrangement of the herbarium will necessitate a shift of about two-thirds of the entire collection. It is estimated, however, that the present addition of new cases will eliminate the existing congestion, and at the same time will furnish the necessary case-capacity for a normal growth of the herbarium for five or six years. Eaechanges.—During the year there were received from scien- tific institutions and individuals with whom the Garden maintains exchanges approximately 8000 specimens. In the same period about 4000 duplicate herbarium specimens have been distributed to correspondents. These numbers are somewhat lower than they would be under normal international conditions. Because of the 32 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN disturbed situation in Europe, few shipments of herbarium speci- mens have been received from European countries since the first of September of the past year; and only a small amount of dupli- cate herbarium material has been sent abroad. Several rather large series of duplicate specimens are being withheld because of present delays and uncertainties in transportation. Field Work.—Considerable field work has been carried on dur- ing the year by members of the staff and by graduate students. Noteworthy among these are the collections made in western United States by Mr. and Mrs. Marion Ownbey; in central and southeastern United States by Leslie Hubricht; in central United States by E. Anderson; in the southern states by R. E. Wood- son, Jr. and R. W. Schery; and in Central America by Paul Allen. Many former graduates and several of the present graduate stu- dents of the Shaw School of Botany have continued to contribute collections of plants made in different parts of the country; these have often formed the basis for new and important scientific records. Use of the Herbarium.—The herbarium continues to perform an increasing service to the community, as well as to those whose interests are more professional. Many botanists, as in previous years, have consulted the herbarium, some for extended periods of time. ‘The number of specimens loaned to scientific institutions for study by graduate students pursuing research in taxonomy and to specialists for monographic study is much larger than in any one previous year. In fact it has been extremely difficult to meet promptly the numerous and legitimate requests for loans of material. Groups of Plants Under Special Study.—The particular groups of plants which have been under intensive taxonomic study during the year are the following: Compositae, particularly Palafoaia, Polypteris, and Othake, by Elizabeth Ammerman; Gramineae, particularly the genus Poa, by William L. Brown; Bumelia, by Robert B. Clark; Ephedra, by Hugh C. Cutler; Hepaticae, by George T. Johnson; Baptisia and Thermopsis, by Maxine Larisey ; Calochortus, by Marion Ownbey; Bignoniaceae, especially T'abe- buia and Jacaranda, by R. J. Seibert. MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 33 Statistical Summary (for the year ending December 31, 1939). Number of specimens received during 1939: BV PCOS pn eee erie eee wks hwo ene 6,217 Es MENU aaa eee tenia Sea RG Soe eck peas ei OES 3,432 EV OCU Oe eer a ane sie sia Ks a gra aca wom 7,834 op ge og sul tt.) ame newer Dy eC a ae anv ae 109 EY MOI WOE Greate e ee Wl oka ds-a ake deem 3,169 Nd: 1 Rae asec OTC ee aoe ee 20,761 Number of specimens mounted and incorporated in 1939, includ- ing 9,246 from previously acquired accessions ............. 30,491 Number of specimens carried forward from 1938, less 9,246.... 1,273,886 GMT OLN peste gen cet nete eee eRe te sie) be cock cos and avn a ofc ee 1,303,877 Number of specimens discarded in 1939 ................... 8 Number of duplicates withdrawn in 1939 .................. 22 EQ ee eee) ec cenG cake ae boas 30 Total number of specimens in herbarium ............ 1,303,847 LIBRARY AND PUBLICATIONS Due to economy and conditions in Europe, the vear 1939 has seen no abnormal growth in the Garden library. The most im- portant serial publications have been continued to be subscribed to, and some books have been ordered from catalogues but nothing particularly outstanding. However, advantage has been taken of this lull to finish a lot of accumulated work. Chief among these was the shifting of the thousands of books and pamphlets now housed in the basement. A good start has been made. but as the work can only be done when nothing else is urgent it will not be finished before the end of 1940. During the course of the shifting, every book is cleaned and checked. If it can be dispensed with, it is removed, and the cards taken out of the file. By discarding such useless material enough space will be made available for expansion for another several years. Another accomplishment during the year has been cataloguing the several years’ collection of seed and nursery catalogues. The Garden has the most complete and valuable file of such publications in the Middle West, but as they are not often used they had been allowed to accumulate until more pressing work was out of the way. Last spring, through the kindness of Mrs. Nellie Bauer, they were all catalogued, and are now on the shelf. Mrs. Bauer is a citizen of St. Louis and a graduate of the 34 MISSOURL BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN —e University of Missouri, who gave her services to the Garden in response to the “Friends of the Garden” campaign. During the summer the library cooperated with the W.P.A. in its Missouri Imprints Inventory, a project to record every book printed in America from 1639 to 1876. The number of such pub- lications found here was beyond expectation, and during Decem- ber two cataloguers were sent from the branch office to check up. The library will receive a carbon copy of the report when it is completed. Accessions.—No unusual collections were acquired during the year, but a number of serials, foreign doctoral dissertations and floras, etc., unimportant individually but helping to complete col- lections, were ordered from catalogues. The following are some of the more interesting acquisitions: American journal of science and arts. Ser. II, vols. 16-17. 1853-1854; Darrah, W. C. Principles of paleobotany. 1938; Fassett, N.C. The leguminous plants of Wisconsin. 1939; Fenneman, N. M. Physiography of eastern United States. 1938; Leighton, W. A. The lichen flora of Great Britain, Ireland, and Channel Islands. 2nd ed. 1872; Leopoldina, vols. 52-58. 1916-23; Lynge, B. Index specierum et varietatum lichenum. 2 vols. 1915-22; Merrill, E. D. and E. H. Walker. A bibliography of eastern Asiatic botany. 1938; Miller, P. Gar- deners’ Dictionary, 3 vols., 4th abridged ed. 1754; Niwa, T. Chry- santhemums of Japan. 1937; St. Gallische Naturwissenschaft- liche Gesellschaft, Bericht tiber die Thatigkeit, 12 vols. 1878— 1890; Societé des sciences naturelles de Neuchatel, Bulletin, vols. 10-14, 16-18. 1876-1889; Turner, R. Botanologia: British phy- sician or the nature and virtues of English plants. 2nd ed. 1687; Veendorp, H. and L. G. M. Baas Becking. Hortus academicus Lugduno-Batavus. 1938; Willdenow, C. L. Florae Berolinensis Prodromus. 1787. A complete set of Walcott’s North American Wild Flowers (5 volumes) was presented by Mr. and Mrs. R. McKittrick Jones. Several sets of serial publications have been sent to the library of the department of biology at Washington University on an indefinite loan. Among these are “‘Biochemische Zeitschrift,” “Chemical Abstracts,” “Biochemical Journal,” and “American Chemical Society Journal.” The University has agreed to bind MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 35 them in the standard binding for Garden books and to keep their identity separate. None of these is now being used at the Garden, but they will be of great benefit in the department of zoology. Furthermore, there is room for them in the biology library, while the Garden space is extremely limited. Garden Publications.—Volume XXVI of the quarterly ANNALS or THE Missourrt BoranicaL GarpDEN was issued during the year, the volume containing 433 pages and 28 plates. One of the papers in this volume was Dr. E. S. Reynolds’ “Tree Temperatures and Thermostasy,” the results of several years’ research work on the subject. The 1939 volume of the BuLitetiIn (Vol. XXVIII), issued monthly except July and August, contains 222 pages and 42 plates. Some of the important BULLETINS were the February num- ber on “Roses,” and the October number on “Chrysanthemums,” both by Paul A. Kohl, and profusely illustrated with photographs and drawings. Work has been started on a “Spring Flora of Missouri” by Dr. Julian A. Steyermark, to be published by the Garden, with the Field Museum of Natural History at Chicago furnishing the plates. The book will comprise about 500 pages, 164 plates, and over 400 text-figures and will describe every known plant blooming in Mis- souri before June 1. From all accounts such a work has been long needed by nature-lovers, scouts, amateur botanists, ete., and it is fortunate to have it undertaken by Dr. Steyermark, who is more familiar with the Missouri flora than any one in the state or else- where. Every plant, in addition to being taken up in the keys, will be briefly described and usually it will be illustrated. Emphasis will be placed on the common name, although the botanical name will also be given; and an effort will be made to make the deserip- tions so simple and untechnical that any one, with the help of the illustrations, will be able to identify even the most uncommon spring plants. The book will be sold at about cost. Two hundred and sixty-two persons and institutions subscribe to the BuLLETIN and 128 send publications in exchange. There are 83 subscriptions to the ANNaALs and 428 foreign and 126 domestic exchanges. The Bureau of International Exchanges of the Smith- sonian Institution has not yet let it be known what exchanges will be discontinued. 36 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN Use of the Library—In addition to the staff and students in the Henry Shaw School of Botany, the following out-of-town botanists have consulted the library during the year: Dr. Ernst Abbe, As- sistant Professor of Botany, University of Minnesota, Minne- apolis; Dr. Esther Adams, Teacher of Biological Sciences, Mo- berly Junior College, Moberly, Mo.; Dr. W. A. Anderson, Associ- ate Professor of Botany, University of Iowa, Iowa City; Dr. F. A. Barkley, Instructor in Botany, University of Montana, Missoula; Mr. J. M. Batchelor, of the U. S. Soil Conservation Service, Wash- ington, D. C.; Dr. Earl E. Berkley, Associate Cotton Technologist, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C.; Mr. James Bible, Superintendent of City Parks, Denver, Colo. ; Dr. C. A. Brown, Associate Professor of Botany, University of Louisiana, Baton Rouge; Dr. J. T. Buchholz, Professor of Botany, Univer- sity of Illinois, Urbana; Dr. E. A. Cockefair, Professor of Bot- any, Central Missouri Teachers College, Warrensburg; Dr. Hugh C. Cutler, botanical explorer in the Southwest; Dr. W. B. Drew, Assistant Professor of Botany, University of Missouri, Columbia; Dr. Carl C. Epling, Associate Professor of Botany, University of California, Los Angeles; Dr. Walter S. Flory, Horticulturist, Texas Agricultural and Mechanical College, College Station ; Mr. M. Truman Fossum, student in horticulture, Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y.; Miss Susann Fry, graduate student, Washington State College, Pullman; Dr. Harry J. Fuller, Assistant Professor of Botany, University of Illinois, Urbana; Dr. Hereford Garland, Instructor in Forestry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville; Miss Mary Gentry, graduate student, University of Wyoming, Laramie ; Mr. Richard Gnade, graduate student, Harvard University, Cam- bridge, Mass.; Mr. Neil E. Gordon, Central College, Fayette, Mo.; Mr. H. 'T. Hartmann, graduate student, Department of Hor- ticulture, University of Missouri, Columbia; Mr. L. H. Harvey, graduate student, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Dr. Albert W. Herre, Curator of Ichthyology, Natural History Museum, Stanford University, Calif.; Mr. W. E. Hopper, graduate stu- dent in botany, University of Illinois, Urbana; Dr. L. O. Jimenez, of the Academia Costarriquena, San Jose, Costa Rica; Dr. George Neville Jones, Instructor in Botany, University of Illinois, Urbana; Mr. F. L. Kellogg, of the Central States Forest Experi- MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 37 ment Station, Columbus, Ohio; Dr. E. P. Killip, Assistant Curator, U.S. National Museum, Washington, D. C.; Dr. Maxine Larisey, Instructor in Botany, Wellesley College, Wellesley, Mass.; Dr. E. J. Little, Jr., of the U. S. Forest Service, Tucson, Ariz.; Mr. Thomas M. Little, Geneticist to the W. Atlee Burpee Seed Co., Lompoc, Calif.; Dr. Juan E. Mackinnon, Assistant at the Instituto de Higiene Experimental Seccion Parasitologia, Montevideo, Uruguay; Dr. Paul C. Mangelsdorf, Assistant Director of Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, College Station; Dr. J. Francis Macbride, Assistant Curator, Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago; Mr. J. Myrlin McGuire, research assistant, University of Iowa, Iowa City; Mr. J. T. Middleton, Graduate Assistant in Botany, University of Missouri, Columbia; Dr. C. E. Moore, Head Biology Department, State Teachers’ College, Memphis, Tenn.; Mr. H. KE. Morris, botanist and bacteriologist, Montana State Col- lege, Bozeman; Mr. M. J. Reed, graduate student, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Ind.; Prof. Alfred Rehder, Curator of the Herbarium, Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University, Jamaica Plain, Mass.; Dr. Philip K. Reynolds, in charge of Banana Dietetic Research, United Fruit Co., New York City; Mr. F. I’. Rockwell, Garden Editor of New York Times; Mr. Art Smith, Horticulturist, Boone, Ia.; Mr. Julian F, Smith. Central College, Fayette, Mo.; Mr. H. A. Stevenson, of the U. S. Soil Con- servation Service, EKlsberry, Mo.; Cora Shoop Steyermark, Chi- cago; Dr. J. A. Steyermark, Assistant Curator of the Herbarium. Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago; Dr. Delbert Swartz, Associate Professor of Botany, University of Arkansas, Fayette- ville; Mrs. J. J. Taubenhaus, in charge of the Herbarium, Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, College Station; Dr. F. A. Var- relman, Professor of Botany, DePaul University, Chicago; Mr. EK. Walther, member California Academy of Science and Assist- ant Superintendent of Golden Gate Park, San Francisco; Dr. Selden R. Warner, Professor of Botany, Sam Houston Teachers College, Huntsville, Texas; Mr. Stephen White, graduate stu- dent, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Dr. F. L. Wynd, Assist- ant Professor of Botany, University of Illinois, Urbana. Among the groups visiting the library were: a party of super- intendents of Texas public schools, Mr. C. M. Selman, of Bren- 38 MISSOURL BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN ham. Mr. W. C. Perkins, of Shamrock, and Mr. Allen Kavanaugh, of Wheeler County; students from the University of Illinois Li- brary School, Urbana, accompanied by Dr. Errett W. McDiarmid ; botany students from Junior College of Moberly, Mo., accom- panied by Dr. Esther Adains ; classes in plant taxonomy and hor- ticulture, University of Missouri, Columbia, under the leadership of Prof. H. W. Rickett and Prof. T. J. Talbert respectively ; eco- nomic botany class, University of IHlinois, Urbana, accompanied by Dr. Harry J. Fuller; Senior High School of Wood River, IIl., under the leadership of Mr. W. E. Hopper; Dr. L. A. Kenoyer, chairman of the biology department, and Mr. Frank Hinds, in- structor, Western State Teachers College, Kalamazoo, Mich., with a group of their students. The library also loans books on the interlibrary-loan plan, 181 such loans having been made to 38 institutions during the vear. Statistical Information.—- There have been donated to the library or received in exchange during the year 538 books valued at $1,328.68, 2,638 pamphlets valued at $384.67 and five manuscripts valued at $5.30. Three hundred and seventy-two books were bought at a cost of $2,457.52 and 27 pamphlets at a cost of $52.08. Ninety-four parts of pub- lications purchased at a cost of $237.85, and previously listed as pamphlets, now compose complete volumes and have been re- catalogued under that category. The library now contains 53,730 books and 84,029 pamphlets. There are 349 manuscripts valued at $1,709.70 and 1,062,444 index cards valued at $13,385.03. A total of 10,407 cards were added during the year, of which 1,030 were written by Garden employees, and 9,377 were purchased at a cost of $222.74. Two hundred and thirty-eight books were bound. ANNUAL BEQUESTS The annual flower sermon “On the wisdom and goodness of God as shown in the growth of flowers, fruits, and other products of the vegetable kingdom,” provided for in the will of Henry Shaw, was preached at Christ Church Cathedral, on April 30, by Dr. Angus Dun, of the Episcopal Theological School, Cambridge, Massa- chusetts. MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 39 The Gardeners’ Banquet Fund was used to provide turkeys for employees at Christmas. Neither the Trustees’ Banquet Fund nor the fund for the pro- vision of prizes at flower shows was drawn upon during 1939. ATTENDANCE FOR 1939 (Not including visitors to Arboretum) Week-days Sundays TU UAT Vinee see rene citer ole SRE ira eS gurend! watanece 88 8,198 4,132 CDT Ue Vier eyereert oe ya rerevear ae tara: io i doa wea 11,257 17,969 DVN Te CEN grees ede eae eee eet IEEE: Sesig vaio Gin iedo dee 11,501 6,939 CENSTO Tel receipe fice TA ites PUN ok. 6 cnc cas 11,017 16,172 IVE Vin getters nae waste eparn ee rare ee Ecos one SHG 22,767 15,407 UITN Chee erent ace re ee eB So he, o 13,812 9,151 UML Ve tenatcn syn ena Nera wrt ete nt ke ae ce aii 17,644 11,439 PNT RUS ee lp wreaks eve retro eile so cis 0S a 24,755 11,298 S12) O12) 10100) ompR no oP a area oe 14,167 11,407 OCTOD ETS ai. Senter terete eC a eI a ied aa den 16,022 15,670 INOVEIN DE Tex. ude Ror Ae eA ne ete Pe eo Susi, eek esa 24,133 22,540 DECEMID ER ers cree ee hee i ccebeee a 754 12,143 182,627 154,262 182,627 NG lee eee eee Oe She Does xb 9 de has eaeawe eis os.0< eee GeorGe TI. Moore, Director. STATISTICAL INFORMATION FOR DECEMBER, 1939 GARDEN ATTENDANCE: Motel nmmiper Of VIsIOTS: .xs.2554564 oe 80.04 68 G6 Sa edaeE eS 19,497 PLANT ACCESSIONS: Total number of plants received as gifts .................. 4. Liprary ACCESSIONS: Total number of books and pamphlets bought .............. 11 Total number of books and pamphlets donated ............ 92 Herspartum ACCESSIONS: By Purchase— Cronquist, Arthur—Plants of Idaho ....................000.. 500 Smith, A. C.—Plants of Venezuela and British Guiana, collected EYEE RRS le oe hh Efib dw nk de oos aoe meee ion Bees 91 Terry, Mrs. R. A.—Plants of Panama ..................0005 362 Palsson, William F.—Plants of Iceland ...................... 100 40, MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN By Gift— Anderson, Edgar—Plants of ‘Tennessee 2... 0.06000. 0 000s 3 Baxter, R. W.—Spathoglottis from the Hawaiian Islands ..... Cheesman, C. EK.— Plants of ‘Trinidad and Tobago ............. Davis, R. J.—-Asclepiadaceae and Apocynaceae from Idaho ... 12 Featherly, H. 1.—Vorestiera acuminata (Michx.) Poiret from Ou AROMAKS 32 ica gee oh tae Hae Sone Hee wet eee eas I Museo Rocha, Ceara, Brazil—Lichens of Brazil .............-. 11 Schultes, R. K.—Plants of Mexico 2.0... 00.0006. eee 4 Seibert, R. J.—Plants of [linois and of horticulture .......... 24 Smith, A. C.—Plants of South America ............ 0020.4 2 U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Bureau of Plant Industry, Plant Introduction Garden—Tanaecium crucigerum (1...) Seem. from: horticulture: +. ..205 640hGG sir iiwu dee tees ree. 2 U.S. Nat. Museum, by E. P. Killip—-Plants of Venezuela ..... 6 University of Kentucky, by Frank F. MeFarland— Plants of Kentucky? }issi5.¢0cns ta tine de i ocie Feu ania nade eae Bes SK 8 University of Michigan, by C. L.. Lundell—Plants of Mexico .. 7 By Exchange— Iowa State College, by Ada Hayden—Plants of Lowa 234 U.S. Nat. Museum by E. P. Killip—Plants of South America 59 Total STAFF OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN THE GARDEN, 2315 TOWER GROVE AVENUE, ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI Groree T. Moors, Director _ HERMANN von SCHRENE, Epa@ar ANDERSON, Pathologist és ‘Geneticist ve Rosert E. Woopson, JR., JESSE M. GREENMAN, Assistant Curator of Curator of Herbarium Herbarium Neti C. Horner, Carrout W. Donez, Librarian and Editor of Mycologist } Publications Groree H. Prine, Superintendent JoHN NOYES, Pav A. Konn, Consulting Landscape Architect Floriculturist Wittiam F, LAnGan, '> Aveusr P. BerLMann, Chief Engineer Arboriculturist JosEePH LANGEN, Davyp C. FAarRBuRN, Assistant Engineer ; ; Horticulturist. Aubert Pearson, | JOSEPH CuTAK, Painter In charge of Exotics Lapisuaus Curak, In charge of Succulents THE ARBORETUM, GRAY SUMMIT, MISSOURI Lars P, JENSEN, Manager Roy E. Kissecx, Davin Miter, Engineer j : Orchid Grower REPRESENTATIVE IN THE TROPICS Paut H. ALLEN, ~ Balboa, Canal ‘Zone REPRESENTATIVE IN EUROPE Gurney Witson, F. L. &., Hove, Sussex, England: —_ Missouri BoTANICAL GARDEN JBULLETIN Vol. XXVIII FEBRUARY, 1940 No, 2 CONTENTS Page The Dragon-blood: Tree! iV gn ae ed thai Se Gee Crete hee es Rh APs CO tet Ak eat rede ch ot oe Identification and Control of Common Plant Pests. Plant Pest No: 2—Mealy-bugs ... . +. .. ... 47 The Library. of Henry’ Shaw io. 8 a hie ie? 49 1 fo. Re at SOs AME "eh EP LOL Sie Ecce Mg Ee eR Sa Statistical Lutormation 555. oe Pee Ra ee BS Office of Publication; 1201-5 Bluff Street, Fulton, Mo. Editorial’ Office: Missouri Botanical Garden, 2315 Tower Grove Avenue, St.. Louis, Mo. Published monthly except in July and August by the Board of Trustees of the Missouri Botanical Garden, Entered as second-class matter February 23, 1937, at the post-office at Fulton, Mo., under the Act of March 3, 1879, SUBSCRIPTION PRICE: ONE DOLLAR A YEAR BOARD OF TRUSTEES OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN THE ORIGINAL MEMBERS WERE DESIGNATED IN MR. SHAW’S WILL AND THE BOARD SO CONSTITUTED, EXCLUSIVE OF THE EX-OFFICIO MEMBERS, IS SELF-PERPETUATING President Groreze C. Hircucock Vice-President Dante K. Catiin Second. Vice-President Tomas 8. Marrirrr L. Ray Carter Grorce T. Moore Samvet C. Davis EvaGene Perrus Dupiey Frencu A. WESSEL SHAPLEIGH Eruan A. H, SHeriey EX-OFFICIO MEMBERS Grorce R, THRoop, Wiii1am SCARLeETt, Chancellor of Washington Uni- Bishop of the Diocese of Missouri versity Brernarp F, Dickmann, A. H. Timmerman, Mayor of the City of St. Louis President of The Academy of Sci- ence of St. Louis Mark D. EaGuetron President of the Board of Education of St. Louis Secretary GERALD ULRICtI SOME FACTS ABOUT THE GARDEN The Missouri Botanical Garden was opened to the public by Mr. Henry Shaw about 1860, From that date to the death of Mr. Shaw, in 1889, the Garden was maintained under the personal direction of its founder, and while virtually a private garden it was, except at certain stated times, always open to the public. Although popularly known as “Shaw’s Garden” the name Missouri Botanical Garden was designated by Mr. Shaw as its official title and in his will and all of his writings he specifically referred to it as the “Missouri Bo- tanical Garden.” By a provision of Mr. Shaw’s will the Garden passed at his death into the hands of a Board of ‘Trustees. ‘The original members of the Board were designated in the will, and the Board so constituted, exclusive of certain ex-officio members, is self- perpetuating. By a further provision of the will, the immediate di- rection of the Garden is vested in a Director, appointed by the Board of Trustees. The Garden receives no income from city or state, but is supported entirely from funds left by the founder. The city Garden comprises 75 acres, where about 12,000 species of plants are growing. There is now in process of development a tract of land of over 1,600 acres outside the city limits which is to be devoted to (1) the propagation and growing of plants, trees, and shrubs, designed for showing either indoors or outside, at the city Garden, thus avoiding the existing difficulties of growing plants in the city atmosphere; (2) gradually establishing an arboretum as well as holding a certain area as a wild-flower reservation, with the idea that possibly at some future time this may become the new botanical garden. The Garden is open to the public every day in the year except New Year’s Day and Christmas—week days from 8:00 a. m. until sunset; Sundays from 10:00 a. m. until sunset. The greenhouses are closed every day at 5:00 p. m. The main entrance to the Garden is located at ‘Tower Grove Ave- nue and Flora Place, on the Sarah car line (No. 42). Transfer south from all intersecting lines. Mo. Bor. Garp. BuLu., Vou. 28, 1940 PLATE 1 / DRAGON-BLOOD TREE IN FLOWER Missourl Botanical Garden Bulletin Vol. XXVIII FEBRUARY, 1940 No. 2 THE DRAGON-BLOOD TREE Less than seventy-five years ago a hurricane swooped down upon the Canary Islands and destroyed one of the most famous trees of the world. Curiously enough, though, it was not a tree in the strict sense of the word but a kind of Lily, which supposedly had its origin in the dawn of history. According to the naturalists of that day, it was the oldest living plant in the world, much older than the big trees and redwoods of California. In California’s Mariposa Grove there stands the venerable “Grizzly Giant,” ap- proximately 3,800 years old. In the Sequoia National Park there is another hoary veteran, “General Sherman,” which is even older by about two hundred years. Only the giant cypress of Tule, in Mexico, is said to have nearly approached the antiquity of the dragon-blood tree of the Canary Isles. The age of the destroyed Canarian Methuselah was estimated at 6,000 years, yet it was only seventy feet high, a mere Liliputian when compared with the mammoth Sequoias, which are four and five times higher. The celebrated dragon-blood tree flourished on the isle of Ten- eriffe, near the town of Orotava, and much of the romance of the Canary Islands was centered about this ancient specimen. When the Spaniards assumed authority of the islands, nearly five cen- turies ago, they found that rot diseases had taken their toll of the inner pulp of the tree and that the whole trunk was hollow. A chapel for Catholic services was built in the huge cavity by Alonzo del Lugo and his conquistadores. Later a staircase was built in the interior by which the tree could be ascended as far as the forking of the trunk. No one really knows for what length of (41) 42 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN time the Guanches, the original inhabitants of the island, had used this “living sanctuary” for their religious ceremonies. The dragon-blood tree, known botanically as Dracaena Draco, is not an uncommon plant in collections. It is said to have been introduced into England prior to 1640, and probably every botan- ical garden in Europe and America possesses a plant of greater DRAGON BLOOD TREE IN FRUIT or less size. Unfortunately, this species rarely flowers outside of tropical and subtropical regions; therefore it is worth recording here the specimen which condescended to bloom for the first time last summer in the cactus house of the Missouri Botanical Garden. The plant in question is the gift of the late D. S. Brown, a philanthropic St. Louisan who possessed the finest and most ex- tensive private collection of tropical plants in the Midwest. It MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 43 ‘ame to the Garden in 1918 and at present is thirteen feet tall, three outstretched branches arising from the trunk. Evidently the dragon-blood must have flowered in the Brown greenhouse for it is known that branching does not occur until after the tree blos- soms; and since it generally does not flower until the fifteenth or thirtieth year, our plant must be at least forty or fifty vears old. The trunk of our dragon-blood branches in octopus fashion at five feet. The branches are scarred by the transverse lines of the fallen leaves and bulge at unequal intervals, greatly remindful of a snake that has swallowed several small live animals. The trunk is conspicuously fissured by the scale-like splitting of the bark, a natural condition of the plant. Each branch is four to five feet long and is crowned by a tuft of about 135 leaves. The leaves at- tain a length of three feet, are quite glaucous, coriaceous, narrowly sword-shaped, and sheathing at the base. Irom the center of the crown of leaves arises the flower stalk, on which the clusters of five or six minute flowers are arranged in a panicle. Several thou- sand flowers were produced but only a small proportion have ma- terialized into fruits. The fruit is a globular olive-green berry, turning an orange color at maturity. It may be of interest to re- cord that the fruit sprouts from a three-celled ovary, yet very rarely do the three ova develop into seed. Generally a single tan- nish pearl-like seed is contained in a berry but two are not un- common. The French missionary nuns in Portugal used the seeds for rosaries when they took up their residence at the asylum of Ajuda, where a large dragon-blood flourished. The dragon-blood tree receives its mystifying name from the fact that at certain times a blood-colored resinous substance exudes from cracks in the trunk. This “dry-blood” can be plainly dis- cerned on the Garden specimen. The resin has been found in the sepulchral caves of the Canary Islands and has hence been sup- posed to have been used by the aborigines in embalming their dead. At one time the resin formed a considerable article of commerce, being highly esteemed in medicine and in the preparation of var- nish. The commercial dragon’s blood of the present day is not obtained from Dracaena Draco but mostly from several species of palm. The dragon-blood is a fit subject for the indoor gardener, grow- ded: MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN ing very readily from seed. It takes its place with sansevierias, aspidistras, various bromeliads, and other ornamental house plants that can withstand a lot of abuse. The young plants are very sim- ilar in appearance to those of the graceful Yucea gloriosa. A year- old seedling will produce a tuft of approximately thirty-five leaves, eight to twelve inches in length. L. C. FROST CRACKS A very cold, very wet or very dry season usually provides the gardener with some new problem. ‘To cope with the “unusual dry weather” he must begin to irrigate and perhaps to mulch. In ab- normally wet times he must either devise some drainage system or change his plantings. Extremely cold winters usher in other prob- lems. Just what the cold of January, 1940, will reveal cannot be determined at this date. So far as shade trees are concerned we need not expect many new difficulties. The occurrence of ‘frost cracks,” however, has caused some comment and not a few calls for information. Frost cracks are those longitudinal splits which appear in tree trunks during cold weather. They are seldom seen at their worst since few gardeners have the inclination to inspect trees during sub-zero periods, and the cracks partly close when the weather moderates. Native trees are seldom injured by the cold of winter; vet a list of the trees likely to be damaged would include most of the oaks in this vicinity. The willow oak (Quercus Phellos L.) of the South—of which there are several specimens in the Garden— is very liable to this injury. The tulip tree (Liriodendron tulipi- fera L.) commonly cracks during periods of low temperature, as does the horse chestnut (Aesculus Hippocastanum L. and its orna- mental hybrids). Even the American elm (Ul/mus americana L.) and the cypress (Tarodium distchum) may be fractured in some seasons. Frost cracks may open wide enough to permit the insertion of most of a hand. When this happens we have a practical demon- stration of the forces involved. During sub-zero weather the ac- tual contraction of the tree trunk may be measured with a common MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN a5) tape line. An explanation of the shrinkage phenomenon seems to center upon the stresses set up when ice crystals form. The center of a tree may remain quite warm until the beginning of a cold wave. With the rapidly dropping temperature the outside begins to cool first and finally to freeze while the very center remains much warmer. As ice forms in the intercellular spaces water is withdrawn and the wood undergoes a rapid drying out. The weather checks we see in a piece of lumber exposed to the sun are very much like frost cracks, except for size. Both are caused by dehydration. | Sun Mon Tue = Wen | True | Fer | Sat | Eyeree « Omm : DenpRocRraPn -3o0 | -40 | * | | | 40° Fahr | Pa { INTERNAL | TEMPERATURE ; o : par THIS POINT ICE FORMS 60 F IN THE INTER-CELLULAD SPACES | AND THE TRUNK SHRINKS. ATMOSPHERIC : | TEMPERATURE | 10° Y _ Frost cracks then are the direct result of extreme cold and the rapid translocation of water which follows freezing. The accom- panying diagram shows the behavior of a bur oak (Quercus macrocarpa Michx.) during zero weather in February, 1934. 46 MISSOURL BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN The dendrograph line indicates the expansion or contraction of the trunk; for comparison, the air temperature and the internal- trunk temperature are also included. The chart shows that a tree trunk begins to freeze at about 19° Fahr., and at which point the dendrograph records an abrupt contraction of the outer layers of wood. The slow cooling of a tree trunk can be seen in the internal-temperature curve; in fact, eight hours may elapse be- fore the internal temperature begins to approach that of the air. Therefore, the outer laver—perhaps four or five inches thick is freezing and shrinking around a warmer core, which is com- pressible only within certain limits. This sets up a tremendous tension and the outer portion suddenly fractures with the boom of a shot gun. The split always follows the grain and, of course, re- leases the strain. With milder weather the wood thaws and reabsorbs the proper amount of water. The crack then nearly closes and no permanent harm is apparent. This would be the end of the matter except that the corky bark—which is an armor—has been ruptured and can no longer offer complete protection to the underlying wood. Healthy trees always attempt to heal over such wounds, just as they do pruning cuts, but the succeeding winters usually re-open them. The healing processes are repeated annually and just as regularly come to naught. Often the wound tissue of six or more such attempts can be counted. The importance of the bark is well known and we indicate our acceptance of this fact when we apply pruning paints. Frost cracks may be considered as very large and deep pruning wounds which do not dry out in summer. Thus they offer even better op- portunities for the entrance of those enemies of woody plants— insects and wood-destroying fungi. Frost cracks should be watched, and if healing is slow or disease enters, the tree surgeon should be consulted. Some degree of pro- tection can be obtained by the installation of a filling as is done with ordinary cavities, but usually such work requires more judg- ment and experience than is needed in simple trunk cavities. Aa Fe Bs MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 47 IDENTIFICATION AND CONTROL OF COMMON PLANT PESTS PLANT PEST NO. 2—MEALY-BUGS Second place on our present insect “hit parade” goes to mealy- bugs by a wide margin. In fact they become so pestiferous at times that aphids have to keep busy twenty-four hours a day pumping out plant sap to even “win by a nose.” Mealy-bugs are closely related to the scale insects and may be found on house plants at any time of the year. They are brownish to light orange in color and entirely covered with a dense white, waxy, mealy material which takes the form of short projecting filaments along the lateral margins of the body. This waxy cover- ing protects the bugs from certain insecticides which are used to control them. The mature female mealy-bugs are small, sluggish, soft-bodied insects about one-fourth inch in length and broadly oval in shape. They may occur singly or in clusters anywhere on the host plant, but mostly they prefer the tender growing tips, the under-sides of the leaves and protected areas where they can feed and multiply unmolested. The males are small, delicate, two- winged flies of the retiring type that do not feed in the adult stage and die soon after mating. So, as might be expected, it is the female of the species that causes all the trouble. They have suck- ing mouth parts like aphids and rapidly devitalize the host plants by extracting the cell sap. Infested leaves become deformed, turn yellow and drop prematurely. [Flowers are sometimes deformed by mealy-bugs feeding just below the buds. Unless checked these pests soon swarm all over the plant and eventually kill it. In ad- dition they secrete a sweet sticky honey-dew which encourages sooty fungus and ants. There are several kinds of mealy-bugs but only three are of im- portance to the indoor gardener: 1. Common mealy-bug 2. Long-tailed mealy-bug 3. Mexican mealy-bug. The common mealy-bug is the one that causes most of the dam- age to house plants. It attacks nearly all kinds of vegetation but prefers soft-stemmed specimens such as coleus, geranium, croton, 48 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN cyperus, ivy, orchid, African violet, cactus, begonia, poinsettia, fuchsia, fern, gardenia and oleander. The females are active up to the time that they are ready to deposit eggs. Then they select a favorable spot on the plant, become more or less stationary and build up a colony of 300 to 600 yellowish eggs which is covered with a loose, white, cottony secretion. These eggs hatch in about ten days and the youngsters, which resemble the adult female, soon spread over the entire plant and immediately get to work pumping out cell sap. ‘They grow rapidly and a new generation appears about once a month. The long-tailed mealy-bug is easily identified by its long tail filaments. This type is a tropical or semi-tropical species found ae AN Me | Chong wk A, common mealy-bug, greatly enlarged; B, long-tailed mealy-bug, greatly enlarged; C, typical mealy-bug in festation on coleus. mostly in greenhouses. It is not as destructive as the common mealy-bug because the family increase is not so rapid, the females giving birth to living young instead of laying countless eggs. Long-tailed mealy-bugs seem to be particularly happy on ferns, but in a pinch there is no doubt that they will gladly feast on nu- merous other plants. The Mexican mealy-bug is of fairly recent introduction and oc- curs mostly in the South. It resembles the common type and has been reported destructive on chrysanthemums, cotton, and citrus fruits. In time it may become a pest of major importance. Control measures.—Mealy-bugs are more easily prevented than cured. A thriving infestation is often hard to eradicate without MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 49 damaging the host plant. The safest and most economical means of control is to wash off the bugs and egg clusters with a forceful spray of water. This treatment works remarkably well in the ma- jority of cases. Plants which are too fragile to stand strong syringing with water may be dipped in a strong soap solution to which 40 per cent nicotine sulphate (1 teaspoonful to a quarter of water) has been added. Spraying the mealy-bugs with a solution of Black Leaf 40 and Volck (14 teaspoonful of each to a quart of water) has proved effective. Plants that may be injured by such potent sprays should be thoroughly washed with water about two hours after the spray is applied. Sponging and brushing in- fested plants with soapy water can be used to advantage in cer- tain cases. Sprays containing kerosene should be avoided as they may injure the plant. Anointing the bugs with a drop of alcohol is another method of control frequently heard about. This is not only a tedious and uncertain process but also a downright waste of good antifreeze. In the March issue of the Garden BuLuetin we will consider Plant Pest No. 83—Red Spiders. DC.F, THE LIBRARY OF HENRY SHAW The following paper was kindly contributed by Mr. John Francis McDermott, of the department of English of Washington University. Not the least part of Henry Shaw’s contribution to science was the collection of books that he left to the Missouri Botanical Gar- den. The idea of a library formed to complement his cherished project was apparently suggested to him by Sir William J. Hooker, Director of Kew Gardens, who wrote to him, on 10 Au- gust 1857, that ‘very few appendages to a garden of this kind are of more importance for instruction than a library and economic museum, and these gradually increase like a rolling snowball.” Dr. George Engelmann, then in Europe, started that ball rolling the next year by purchasing, on Shaw’s order, thirty-four works which Shaw had selected from a list prepared by Engelmann in consultation with European botanists. From this time on Shaw 50 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN must have bought such books in quantity, for when he died in 1889 he left a very considerable library. At that time (as we can discover from the record of his estate in the files of the Probate Court) in the library of the Museum build- ing there were “83 volumes of EKngelmann’s Edition” which were appraised at $13 each, reaching a total of €1,079. There were also “1077 volumes of Botanical Works” by the following authors: John Abbott ; W. Aiton; J. Fiske Allen; J. H. Balfour; P. Barry; Wm. P. C. Barton; S. O. Beeton; Elisabeth Black- well; A. Bonpland and Alex. de Humboldt; Joseph Breck; Robert Brown; Robert Buist; Boissier; Agnes Catlow; 'T. Caruel; James Henry Coffin; William Curtis; John Darby; Wm. Darlington; Aug. Pyr. de Candolle; Alphonse de Candolle; L. G. Delamarre ; |R.| Desfontaines; Dillenius; George Don; P. N. Don; Du- hamel; Dumortier; D. C. Eaton; G. B. Emerson; EK. Kmmons; W. H. Emory; S. Endlicher; G. Engelmann; Ellis; A. Fendler ; Flore [?]; C. C. Gmelin; S. G. Gmelin; A. Gouan; Asa Gray; > Asa Gray and John Torrey; Gussone; R. K. Greville; J. Ff. Grono- vius; S. Hales; W. H. Harvey; Peter Henderson; J. S. Henslow; J. Hull; J. D. Hooker; W. J. Hooker; J. Hoopes; Franklin B. Hough; C. M. Hovey; G. Hughes; Alex. de Humboldt, A. Bonpland and C. S. Kunth; H. N. Humphreys; C. Jacquin; N. J. Jacquin; J. Kennedy; C. S. Kunth; Lehmann; W. Lem- priere; J. Lindley; Ledebour; Linnaea; Linnaeus; C. Linné; Adam Lonicerus; J. C. Loudon; J. Lunan; C. I. P. Martius; J. Martyn, P. A. Matthiolus; C. Milne; T. Moore; H. Muhlen- berg; Michaux; Michaux and Nuttall; P. Miller; W. Neubert; N. J. de Necker; J. S. Newberry; T. Nuttall; Owen; P. S. Pallas; Paxton; C. H. Persoon; A. Philipps |H. Phillips?|]; G. Pinney; Poiret; Pursh; Rousseau; Richard; Risso; Rumphius; Sagra; * Biographical information in this article is drawn from “The Library of the Missouri Botanical Garden,” Missourr Boranican Garpen But- LetTIn) (Dec., 1926); and Thomas Dimmock, “Henry Shaw,” reprinted from the Firsr ANNUAL Report or ‘rite Missourt Boranicat GARDEN, 1890. The specific detail concerning Shaw’s library in 1889 is from the records of his estate in the Probate Court of Saint Louis (File No, 17,369) ; in- formation concerning the purchase from the Mullanphy estate, from Pro- bate Court Records, File No. 1074. The various lists given in this article are reproduced as they appear in those papers. MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 51 Aug. de Saint-Hilaire; P. A. Schenck; Schleiden; Schoepff; Schott; Seemann; Smith & Abbott; Smithsonian Institution; O. Swartz; Sprengel; Schwemme [?]; Schkuhr; R. Sweet; J. Torrey; Tilli; Tournefort; Van Houtte; Van Heurck; Vil- morin, Andrieux & Cie; Wight; Willdenow; O. R. Willis; Alph. Wood; H. C. Wood; Walpers’ Annales; W. Woodville; J. K. Hasskarl. A number of works were listed by title in this inventory of 2 September 1889; these were mostly periodicals and special ref- erence works: The Botanical Magazine; The British Florist; Dictionnaire des Sciences Naturelles; Flora Atlantica; The Gar- den; The Gardeners’ Chronicle; The Gardener’s Monthly; The Horticulturist; |Lunan’s| Hortus Jamaicensis; | Aiton’s| Hortus Kewensis; Principes de Botanique; Reports of the St. Louis Pub- lic Schools; Vegetable Substances; Transactions of the Linnean Society; |St. Hilaire’s| Plantes de la France; | Humboldt, Bon- pland & Kunth] Nova Genera et Species Plantarum; | Don’s| His- tory of Dichlamydeous Plants; Phillip’s Voyage to Botany Bay; {Duhamel’s| Traite des Arbres et Arbustes; [DeCandolle’s?] Succulent Plants; [Coffin’s|] Winds of the Globe; Patent Office Reports on Agriculture; Diseases of Domestic Cattle; ‘Trans- actions of the Department of Agriculture of Illinois; Wisconsin Farmer; Popular Field Botany; Fleurs de Pleine Terre; Journal of Agricultural Society; lot of books marked “Executive Docu- ments, etc.”’; Michigan Horticultural Society; Minnesota State Horticultural Society Annual Reports; |de Candolle’s| Regni Vegetabilis Systema Naturale; United States Geological Explo- rations. Following this list in the inventory was a reference to “all other books and pamphlets contained in six glass cases in the Library- Room of the Museum, altogether 1077 bound volumes and a lot This statement probably means that the ’ of unbound pamphlets.’ total quantity includes all items in the Museum library, except possibly one lot of “7 Trunks containing Pamphlets and unbound periodicals valued at $14” that seems to be mentioned only in the appraisement of 10 September. The total value then set on the library was $3,050.00. One other part of the Museum furnishings may be of interest here: pictures (oil portraits) of John Lindley, 52 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN Adr. de Jussieu, Thomas Nuttall, George Engelmann, Alexander Wilson, Charles V. Riley, F. André Michaux, Asa Gray, Tourne- fort, De Candolle, Linnaeus, and Magnol were appraised at $50 each. A portrait of Shaw, done in 1835, was valued at $200. The authors and publications listed above, with a few excep- tions, represent Shaw’s interest in botany and his intention to build up a scientific collection as a valuable addition to his garden. They do not show, however, the full extent of his library nor do the records cited show how early his purchases began or what variety they offered. The quantity of his books is illustrated by further reference to the records of his estate. He maintained, be- sides the Museum building, two residences and apparently wher- ever one turned in those houses one found books. In the library at the city residence, 7th and Locust Streets, the appraisers located “1 Lot of Books in Book Case” (valued at $50), “224 Books in Book Case” ($100); “1 Lot of Books & Pamphlets in Base of Book Case” ($25). A room on the second floor contained “1 Lot Old Books” valued at $1. Atleast five rooms in the Tower Grove house contained books. In the front parlor was a “Rosewood Book Case and Books” worth $200, “1 music stand and lot of Books” valued at $25, and “1 Mahogany Desk Book Case and Books’’ ($50). “‘] Large Mahogany Book Case and Books” ($200) stood in the din- ing room. In the upper hall was another “Lot of Books in Case’ ($100). But the principal lot upstairs was housed in ‘Room No. 3.” Here were “1 large Book Case and Books” ($200); “1 Cylinder Book Case and Books” (#50), and ‘1 Lot of Books on Secretary” ($1). The indifference of the appraisers deprives us of the possibility of knowing what these numerous bookcases contained. Shaw’s biographer, however, tells us that he was “especially fond of French literature and his library is quite rich in the standard authors as well as lighter works’’; he had also “‘well-thumbed grammars and dictionaries, and a good selection of Italian and Spanish books.” This account so far represents the books that Shaw possessed at the time of his death but his interest in books was not simply the diversion of a man retired from business. Early in life he began to build a widely assorted library. The first record of this ac- MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 53 tivity comes twenty-five vears before the first purchase toward a museum library. When the library of John Mullanphy was sold at auction, 7 December 1833, Shaw bought twenty-two items, amounting to one hundred and twelve volumes, and paid for them $54.09. This purchase included works of history, biography, travel, literature, geography, classics, and other subjects. Since it illustrates so well the varied taste of the man, I give the entire purchase as it appears in the Mullanphy bill of sale—with a warning that the document was not always legible. No. of Vols. Title Price Paid 1 Hutchinson’s Xenophon $ .95 12 Works of Frederic I] 30 3.60 4 Voyage to Greece 28 1.12 4A Rotbur’s [2] Voyages 80 4 Letters of du Deffand 33 1.32 2 Journal of a Lady [ * | 26 56 1 Latin dictionary 38 6 Mirror of Pans | *| 26 1.56 2 Dobson’s Petrarch 50 1.00 1 Cabinet of Momus .20 4 Manual Croncile | * | 1.00 1 Hallam’s Letters | ? | 31 Bl 6 Letters of St. Augustine 18 72 16 Geographie Universelle of Biisching 5 2.40 7 History of Malta 15 1.05 8 Voyage in Italy 15 1.20 4 Famous proceeding 28 1.12 12 Works of La Fontaine 0.00 2 Letters of Pope Clement XTV .20 40 11 Antigastus of Herculaneum 2.25 24.75 3 Atlases 3.12, 9,38 1 Hall [7] Journey | ? | 31 NOTES The “Land We Live In,” the subject of radio talks given Sun- day evenings over Station KMOX, depicted the life of “Henry Shaw,” in the program of January 14. The New England Gladiolus Society Year Book for 1940 con- tains an article by Dr. D. C. Fairburn, Horticulturist to the Garden, entitled “Gladiolus Are Hardy in Missouri.” 54 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN Mr. Ladislaus Cutak, in charge of Succulents at the Garden, gave a talk before the Missouri State Growers School, at the Hotel Chase, January 31, on “Along the Cactus Trail.” Dr. George 'T. Moore, Director of the Garden, spoke at the Junior League lecture course, February 12, on “What's New in the Plant World—If Anything.”’ Dr. David C. Fairburn, Horticulturist to the Garden, spoke at the Monday Club of the St. Louis Horticultural Society, Feb- ruary 6, on “Raising Plants from Seeds.” Dr. Henry N. Andrews, instructor in the Henry Shaw School of Botany, and Mr. Russell J. Seibert, graduate student at the Gar- den, spent Jan. 27-Feb. 11 collecting plants in Florida. Mr. George H. Pring, Superintendent of the Garden, spoke before the Optimists’ Club, January 19, on “Romance of the Plant World”; and before the Kirkwood Garden Club, January 22, on “Plant Reproduction.” Mr. Paul A. Kohl, Floriculturist to the Garden, was one of the participants in the after-dinner forum discussion on “Smoke and Its Effects on Living Things | Plants],” over Radio Station KXOK, December 12. On January 31 he gave an illustrated talk before the Missouri State Growers School, at the Hotel Chase, on “The Missouri Botanical Garden’; and on February 6 he lec- tured on “Roses” before the Ladue Garden Club. Recent horticultural and florists’ magazines have reprinted the following BuLuetin articles: “Chrysanthemums,” by P. A. Kohl (from the October 1939 BuLietin), reprinted in the November 15 issue of Horticulture; “What Shall We Do With the Christmas Poinsettia?’ by P. A. Kohl (December 1938 But tetin), in the January 1940 issues of Flower Grower, Garden Digest, and Real Gardening; “Winter Care of Succulents,” by Ladislaus Cutak (December 1939 BuLierin ), in the January issue of Desert Plant Life; “African Violets,” by D. C. Fairburn (December 1939 BuLLetin), in the January Real Gardening and January 19 Southern Florist. Recent visitors to the Garden include the following: Mr. Walter S. Reeves, secretary of the California Fig Growers and Packers, ISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 55 Fresno; Miss Elizabeth A. Meredith, of the Wm. C. Meredith Co., Wood Preservers, Atlanta, Ga.; Dr. C. Audrey Richards, Pathol- ogist, Forest Products Laboratory, U. S. Dept. Agr., Madison, Wis.; Dr. Henry Schmitz, Dean of the School of Forestry, Uni- ours of Minnesota, St. Paul; Dr. Hugh C. Cutler, botanical collector, Santa Fe, N. Mex.; Dr. Louis Wheeler, instructor in botany, University of Missouri, Columbia; Dr. Harry J. Fuller and Dr. F. Lyle Wynd, Associate Professors of Botany, Univer- sity of Illinois, Urbana; Mrs. Edward Rodeman, of the Jefferson City Garden Club, Jefferson City, Mo.; Miss Esther Adams, in- structor in biological sciences, Junior College, Moberly, Mo., ac- companied by her botany students. STATISTICAL INFORMATION FOR JANUARY, 1940 GARDEN ATTENDANCE: Total number of visitors ...... Berd ed fin & ts ae ee pee ee. Oba Prant ACCESSIONS: Total number of plants and seed-packets received as gifts .... 29 Liprary ACCESSIONS: Total number of books and pamphlets bought .......... re 32 Total number of books and pamphlets donated ......... aan 33 Herpartum ACCESSIONS: By Purchase Avenue Camera Store—Photographs of type specimens of TSRUNUOVACL. oho ace eno» 2S: ase Goes eS Ewe are BE wb eae week 4 Bracelin, Mrs. H. P.—Plants of Mexico and South America, collected: by Mrs. Ynes Mexta occ. 40.63 -20ss0e sponse 558 Harper, R. M —Plants of Alabama and ne sighboring states .. 58 By Gift— Anderson, EK.—/elenium tenuifolium Nutt. from Arkansas 1 Bock, H. S.—Plants of horticulture ..................04.6. 2 Chandler, Albert—Plants of eastern and central nite a States 4 Clark, Robert B.—Plants of Oklahoma and Texas .......... 24. Hancin; John—Plants of Kansas .. ......5.02:0+ seveeces 30 Penland, C. W.—Plants of Venezuela .................2.-255 13 Seibert, R. J ants” Of horticulture 20.4 seid vveaGar sae ae 6 By Exchange— Brown, Clair A.—Plants of Louisiana .......... 14 Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh—Plants of New foundland, ‘col- lected by Mrs. S. T. Brooks ...... gts at gracwte unease ee 144 56 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN Iowa State College, by George J. Goodman—Plants of Iowa, Oklahoma, and Arizona ..... 0.000.000.0000 e cee eee. Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences—Plants of eastern United States ......... 0c ce ce ee eee ee ewes Rocky Mountain Herbarium, by C. L. Porter—Astragalus sp. from Arizona eateig aaevaly hie ie Stecees eat ede) 4s pisie Secures Tae oe University of Michigan—Plants of Mexico and Central PIMOCQTICA: 25 6 cdi ks eck ros ba em oe ars basta baal d ee ahead University of Minnesota By Transfer— Seibert, R. J. Piper nigrum 1... Ot Al cic alccoaniatecue ocat paenua = ace aie ae gale guare « STAFF OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN THE GARDEN, 2315 TOWER GROVE AVENUE, ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI George T. Moors, Director HERMANN VON SCHRENK, Ep@ar ANDERSON, Pathologist . Geneticist Rozsert E, Woopson, Jr., Jesse M. GREENMAN, Assistant Curator of Curator of Herbarium Herbarium ; Nett C. Horner, Carrot W. Dopar, Librarian and Editor of Mycologist Publications Grorce H. Prine, j Superintendent Joun Noyes, - Paut A. Koun, Consulting Landscape Architect Floriculturist Witiiam F. Langan, - 30 Aveust P, BernuMann, Chief Engineer Arboriculturist JOSEPH LANGEN, Davin C. Farrpurn, Assistant Engineer Horticulturist ALBERT PEARSON, aie JosmPH CUTAK, Painter In charge of Exotics LADIsSLAUS CuTAK, In charge of Succulents _ THE ARBORETUM, GRAY SUMMIT, MISSOURI Lars P, JENSEN, Manager Rory B. Krssecx, Dayvip Minuer, ‘ Engineer baa bo Orchid Grower REPRESENTATIVE IN THE TROPICS Pau H. Auten, Balboa, Canal Zone REPRESENTATIVE IN EUROPE Gurngyr Wixson, F. L. S., Hove, Sussex, England Mussourt BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN Vol. XXVIII MARCH, 1940 No. 3 CONTENTS Page Camoensia maxima . . : she ON eel, RCT SA Trapeze Artists of the Palm Hose Sih» th eS Identification and Control of Common Plant Pests. Plant Pest No. 3—Red Spiders . . . . . ... 60 The Pruning of Shrubs ks Se eee 62 Sunshine (?) in yaks Yin Yh ee 1 en tae ON PE eee, SS Notes... , BS ET On OR IR tow Mle te, ON Statistical Entortaadan Sr) sea SCENE Lt alco RR Mi «| Office of Publication: 1201-5 Bluff Street, Fulton, Mo, Editorial Office: Missouri Botanical Garden, 2315 Tower Grove Avenue, St. Louis, Mo. Published monthly except in July and August by the Board of Trustees of the Missouri Botanical Garden. Entered as second-class matter February 23, 1937, at the post-office at Fulton, Mo., under the Act of March 3, 1879, SUBSCRIPTION PRICE:, ONE DOLLAR A YEAR _ BOARD OF TRUSTEES OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN THE ORIGINAL MEMBERS WERE DESIGNATED IN MR. SHAW’S WILL AND THE BOARD SO CONSTITUTED, EXCLUSIVE OF THE EX-OFFICIO MEMBERS, IS SELF-PERPETUATING President Grorce C. Hireucock Vice-President Danriet K. Carin Second Vice-President Tuomas §. Marrirr L. Ray CarTEer GerorceE T. Moore Samvet C. Davis EuGENE Perrus DupLey FRENCH A. Wrsset SHAPLEIGH Eruan A. H. SHEepiey EX-OFFICIO MEMBERS Grorcr R. THROOP, WitiiAM SCARLETT, Chancellor of Washington Uni- Bishop of the Diocese of Missour! versity Brernarp F, Dickmann, A. H. Timmerman, Mayor of the City of St. Louis President of The Academy of Sci- ence of St. Louis Mark D. EaGurron President of the Board of Education of St. Louis Secretary GERALD ULRICI SOME FACTS ABOUT THE GARDEN The Missouri Botanical Garden was opened to the public by Mr. Henry Shaw about 1860. From that date to the death of Mr. Shaw, in 1889, the Garden was maintained under the personal direction of its founder, and while virtually a private garden it was, except at certain stated times, always open to the public. Although popularly known as “Shaw’s Garden” the name Missouri Botanical Garden was designated by Mr. Shaw as its official title and in his will and all of his writings he specifically referred to it as the “Missouri Bo- tanical Garden.” By a provision of Mr. Shaw’s will the Garden passed at his death into the hands of a Board of Trustees. The original members of the Board were designated in the will, and the Board so constituted, exclusive of certain ex-officio members, is self- perpetuating. By a further provision of the will, the immediate di- rection of the Garden is vested in a Director, appointed by the Board of ‘Trustees. The Garden receives no income from city or state, but is supported entirely from funds left by the founder. The city Garden comprises 75 acres, where about 12,000 species of plants are growing. There is now in process of development a tract of land of over 1,600 acres outside the city limits which is to be devoted to (1) the propagation and growing of plants, trees, and shrubs, designed for showing either indoors or outside, at the city Garden, thus avoiding the existing difficulties of growing plants in the city atmosphere; (2) gradually establishing an arboretum as well as holding a certain area as a wild-flower reservation, with the idea that possibly at some future time this may become the new botanical garden. The Garden is open to the public every day in the year except New Year’s Day and Christmas—week days from 8:00 a. m. until sunset; Sundays from 10:00 a. m. until sunset. The greenhouses are closed every day at 5:00 p. m. The main entrance to the Garden is located at ‘Tower Grove Ave- nue and Flora Place, on the Sarah car line (No. 42). Transfer south from all intersecting lines. Mo. Bor. Garp. BULL., VOL. 28, 1940 PLATE 2 *AMOENSIA MAXIMA CC Missourl Botanical Garden Bulletin Vol. XXVIII MARCH, 1940 No. 3 CAMOENSIA MAXIMA “ONE oF THE Most GorGeousLy BEAUTIFUL OF Tropical CLIMBERS” This showy woody climber flowered at the Garden for the first time in January, 1928, producing a single flowering growth bear- ing but three flowers. The following season it again flowered, and was described in the Garden Butierin, Vol. 17, No. 10. At that time it was stated that, judging from its behavior, it could not be regarded as a fast grower under greenhouse cultivation. How- ever, since it has become established it has proved to be a rampant woody climber, demanding plenty of head room for its growth, which may exceed ten feet ina season. It has consistently flowered annually during January, and at the present time the plant is bear- ing over two hundred blossoms, snow-white flushed with gold at the time of opening. By the time that the flowers are fully open, a smoky atmosphere may have discolored the margins to a dark chocolate as shown distinctly in the photographs. Since the flowers are produced upon the current year’s growth, control pruning should be done immediately after flowering. The genus Camoensia consists of but two species, and Bentham states: “This genus stands alone in Leguminosae, as combining the lofty climbing woody stem and habits of many Dalbergieae with digitately trifoliate leaves of Podalyrieae and Genisteae, whilst the flowers place it among Sophoreae.’’ The name Camoen- sia was given by Dr. Welwitsch as a tribute to the illustrious Por- tuguese poet, Luis de Camoéns (or de Camoes). It is a woody (57) 58 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN Flower and bud of Camoensia maxima climber with long pendulous flowering branches, the young shoots, petioles and inflorescence having a peculiar brown scurfy decidu- ous woolly covering. The leaves are digitately trifoliate, some- what resembling the poison ivy. The flowers are most peculiar in their formation, possessing bunches of milk-like petals which are tinged with gold on the fringed edge and finally dropping off from the vase-shaped calyx. Of the five segments the standard, which is fan-shaped and more than three inches in diameter, overhangs the four narrow lower ones. Looking up at the flowers one gets the effect of a fan, shielding the combined lower petals, the long filamentous stamens and the pistil. G, As. MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 59 TRAPEZE ARTISTS OF THE PALM HOUSE “He flies through the air with the greatest of ease, The daring young man on the flying trapeze.” Not long ago this song was on everyone’s lips. And why not? It had a catchy tune and trapeze artists have always thrilled people. For the past few years trapeze performers have occupied the palm house in the main conservatory, and their aerial antics have been greatly enjoyed by countless children and grown-ups alike. Swinging with the greatest of ease they fly through the air and alight on the graceful leaves of adjoining palms. If the leap is not accurate they come hurtling down toward the ground; sometimes their plunge is broken by the dense undergrowth; again their leap lands them on the frail swaying ends of date-palm leaves, where they lose their precarious grip and land in the soft ‘arth. Yet they arise with lightning agility and there they go up the trunk to try again. Despite these occasional mishaps, the writer has yet to see a dead performer or even one that has been injured in any noticeable way. The trapeze artists of the palm house are none other than the cunning grey squirrels, scientifically known as Sciurus carolinen- sis. Cute little rascals are they and quite tame. The grey squirrel is a North American arboreal rodent and is said to be a larger and more powerful animal than its European cousin, Several broods make their home in the Garden and in adjoining ‘Tower Grove Park. Some have even chosen the greenhouses for their abode, making their nesting places under the glass roof. This isn’t the first time that the Garden greenhouses have been used as a haven. Perhaps animal instinct has guided the birds and squirrels indoors where perpetual summer prevails and where it is possible to escape the cold, the rain, and the other harsh ele- ments. During the warm months, when the ventilators are kept open, the birds fly in and out of the greenhouses at their will. ‘The tall trees and thick vegetation afford a secure retreat wherein to build their nests and to rear their young. The strong fibers that clothe the trunks of palms serve as excellent material for con- structing nests, and in the springtime visitors may notice the birds 60 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN plucking out strands of the matted fiber for this purpose. At one time more than ten pairs of grackles (blackbirds), with iridescent plumage, made their abode in the palm house, utilizing girders, vines and palm trees for nesting sites. Cardinals have made attempts to inhabit this conservatory but the noisy grackles have driven them out on every occasion (“Blackbirds in the Palm House,” Butierin, October, 1928). However, the redbirds built several nests in other portions of the main conservatory, particu- larly in the thick vines of Bougainvillea, Clerodendron and the night-blooming Cereus. lor some unknown reason the chattering blackbirds have made an exodus from the greenhouses and the impish squirrels have moved in. Whereas the birds could get in and out only through opened ventilators during the summer season, two small openings near the rain spouts give the squirrels an opportunity to come and go when they please the whole year round. The squirrels have proven such an attraction that no attempt has been made to plug up the holes to keep them out. The squirrels utilize available food of the outdoors such as horse-chestnuts, acorns, walnuts and gingko fruits, but they also feed upon the berries of various palms, particularly those of Sabal Palmetto, Livistona chinensis, and various species of Phoe- nix. It is a delight to watch these frisky animals as they straddle the pendent fruiting branches and pluck at the small berries. The palmetto and date palms have always produced sufficient seed, which, on ripening, fell to the ground and germinated, but since the squirrels now appropriate most of it very few reach the ground. LG, IDENTIFICATION AND CONTROL OF COMMON PLANT PESTS PLANT PEST NO. 3—RED SPIDERS Red spiders or mites are often very troublesome on house plants. The common name is rather misleading for they are not spiders although somewhat closely related. Neither are they true insects MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 61 for they have eight legs instead of six. In spite of these technicali- ties they can make a plant look awfully sick in a relatively short time. They attack nearly all kinds of plants and are found prac- tically everywhere. Red spiders are quite small, the adults being less than 1/64 inch long. In color they vary from pale green and yellow in the immature stages to orange and dark red as adults. Infested leaves often look as if they have been sprinkled with red pepper. Mites RED SPIDER A. Salvia leaf (x one-half), showing many tiny brown dots and fine web connecting them. This infestation has reached an advanced stage. B. Adult red-spider mite (x 80). The body is dull red. Note the sucking mouth part. C. Under-surface of Salvia leaf (~ 2), showing habit of red spiders. Note the various sizes, the many spherical eggs, and a portion of the web which com- pletely covers the leaf. have sucking mouth parts like those of aphids and mealy bugs. They extract the plant juices, causing the leaves to become speckled a dull gray, turn yellow, curl up and drop prematurely. Infestations generally start on the under-sides of the leaves and soon spread to all parts of the plant. Delicate silken webs are formed which protect the mites and serve both as highways and as depositories for eggs. The female lays about 75 eggs during a life span of four or five weeks. The number of generations a year depends on the climatic conditions. A hot, dry atmosphere is favorable to the 62 MISSOURL BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN development of these pests, so in the house they remain active at all times and increase rapidly. Control, A thriving infestation of red spiders is not easy to eradicate, so prevention is far better than cure. Always inspect plants carefully before bringing them into the house, even when they come from the florist or nursery. All house plants should be examined about once every two weeks just to make sure no hardy pioneers stake a claim. The most effective way for indoor gardeners to combat red spiders is to wash the “bugs” off the infested plants with a forceful spray of cool water. Moisture is obnoxious to them and frequent syringing with water removes the webs, eggs and adults. Special attention should be given to the under-sides of the leaves. Certain lethal sprays, dusts and fumigants are recommended, but there is hardly any reason why it should be necessary to use such insecti- cides on house plants when a simple spray of water will do the job. D.C. F. THE PRUNING OF SHRUBS At some time or other every gardener is confronted with the task of pruning. No matter what method is followed, nor what season is selected, he will be well within his judicial rights, since there is a precedent for every mistake as well as every correct cut. The art of pruning dates back to dim antiquity, and the succeed- ing generations have long ago exhausted the statistically possible errors. Probably no other horticultural art is so riddled with custom and habit—shrubs are pruned because they have always been pruned. The one method of avoiding mistakes and growing large plants—by simply not pruning—seems never to have be- come well established. There are a number of reasons why shrubs are pruned. First of all, those which have outgrown the space allotted to them are always cut back, although this can hardly be considered a good reason. A more careful selection of planting material would yield greater satisfaction. Then there is the gardener who cannot resist the urge, cach spring, to take pruning shears and get busy. MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 63 For this individual there can be no summer until he has pruned away all flowering wood from the unfortunate shrubs within his reach. After this, he whitewashes all nearby tree trunks and then blithely awaits the first robin. Actually very fine shrubs can be grown by not pruning at all, except to cut them to the ground periodically. The time to do this is when they become unsightly or when the interior and shaded portion is bare of leaves and full of dead branches. Many shrubs enjoy this treatment. It removes, temporarily at least, many insect pests and the very vigorous shoots quickly resume their characteristic growth. Lastly, there ” is the method known as “renewal pruning,” which is a very satis- factory way of keeping a shrub border young and producing flowers. Of the methods in use only “renewal pruning” needs much amplification. The system is simply the annual removal, during late winter or early spring, of the largest and oldest shoots. The oldest branches begin to lose their ability to produce an abundance of flowers shortly after reaching maturity. This is especially noticeable when there is competition with younger and more vigorous branches or plants and when water and food are inadequate. It is not possible to state a definite age when this happens, nor when pruning should begin; so much depends upon the vigor of the whole plant and its freedom from insect attack. However, it is suggested that the oldest shoots be removed when, by comparison with other plants or other parts of the same plant, they seem to have begun to decline. In the common bridal-wreath (Spiraea Vanhouttei) this may require ten years. With the com- mon lilac (Syringa vulgaris) twenty years may elapse, while some species of honeysuckle ( Lonicera) may not reach this stage before death, In addition to what pruning method to use or whether to prune at all, there is need for some knowledge concerning the time when this work should be done. And so we come to the matter of rules. There is but one rule which has extensive application; and that concerns the time of pruning rather than the method. Since most shrubs are grown for flower production, it will not do to prune away those portions normally producing flowers. Those shrubs 64 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN which flower after June first should be pruned before this time and preferably in very early spring. Those which flower along with the first warm days of spring—and even until June first— should not be pruned until after blooming. In this group any removal of live wood usually reduces the number of flowers pro- duced. However, as will be seen, even this simple rule is subject to many reservations and amendments. Tor instance, if the shrub border is not in bad condition and it is still possible to carry on a system of renewal pruning, we may disregard the rule covering the time of pruning. Renewal pruning can therefore be carried on each winter without reducing the number of flowers. If we consider the Spiraeas we have a classical example of how difficult it will be to formulate simple rules for guidance in prun- ing. Almost every garden contains some species of Spiraea; some begin to flower in spring before the leaves unfold (Spiraea pruni- folia ); others (Spiraea Billiardii) do not flower until late summer, Thus, for this one genus almost every specialized type of pruning should be done. Renewal pruning is necessary for those blooming in early spring, since the flowers are produced on the wood of the past season and open before growth begins. Those developing flowers in late summer produce them as terminal inflorescences on the new growth of the current season, and therefore any prun- ing which stimulates the production of new shoots will also in- crease the number of flowers. At the same time the last type would be properly pruned if they were cut to the ground each winter. The early-flowering types, such as Spiraea Vanhouttei, might grow beyond the control exercised by renewal pruning and require cutting to the ground every ten years, The most important equipment of the gardener contemplating pruning is not a sharp knife—as has often been said—but rather a thorough knowledge of the flowering habits of his plants, and the reasons why they are being grown. The following list is an attempt to reduce pruning to a set of rules and regulations, although in some cases several rules or methods are proposed. MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN PLANT Abelia grandiflora Acanthopanax pentaphylhum Albizzia Julibrissin Amelanchier sp. Amorpha sp. Amygdalus sp. Aralia spinosa Aronia sp. Azalea sp. Baccharis halimifolia Benzoin aestivale Berberis sp. Buwus sp. Callicarpa sp. Calycanthus floridus Caragana sp. Cephalanthus occidentalis Cercis canadensis Chaenomeles sp. Chionanthus virginica Cornus mas Cornus stolonifera Corylus sv, Cotinus, sp. Cotoneaster sp. Deutzia sp. Diervilla sp. al 2 ‘. Hlaeagnus, sp. Evonymus sp. Exochorda sp, Fontanesia sp. Forestiera sp. Forsythia sp. SEASON TO PRUNE any time spring spring AF spring AF spring AF spring any time AF spring spring AF spring spring spring early spring | AF spring AF spring in spring AF spring AF spring in spring AF spring in spring in spring in spring in spring in spring in spring me ~ = spring in spring in spring in spring AF spring AF spring remove dead wood remove dead wood may freeze to ground remove dead wood annual vigorous pruning stimulates flowering remove root suckers remove old trunks remove dead wood needs little pruning severe pruning when old remove dead wood shear as a hedge; remove dead wood as specimen usually sheared needs little pruning unless frozen remove dead wood and very old shoots remove dead wood; very old shoots annual pruning stimulates flowering remove dead wood remove dead wood remove dead wood remove dead wood and suckers renewal prune—cut to ground remove dead wood remove dead wood needs little pruning renewal pruning—cut to ground renewal pruning—cut to ground remove dead wood in tree forms; renewal prune shrubby kinds remove dead wood remove dead wood renewal prune remove dead wood remove dead wood—renewal prune 66 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN PLANT Grewia sp. Tlalesia sp. Hamamelis sp. Hibiscus syriacus Hydrangea paniculata Hydrangea arborescens Nerria japonica Nolkwitzia amabilis Ligustrum sp. (except when used as a hedge) Lonicera sp. (shrubby types) Mahonia Aquifolium Philadelphus sp. Physocarpus sp. Pyracantha coccinea Ribes sp. Robinia sp. Securinga ramiflora Sorbaria, sp. Spiraea Vanhouttei, Spiraca prunifolia, ete. Spiraca Douglasii, Spiraea Billiardii, ete. Symphoricarpos sp. Syringa villosa Syringa sp. (named varieties ) Tamarix sp. Viburnum sp. SEASON TO PRUNE in spring in spring AF spring in spring | in spring in spring in spring in spring in spring = =) spring in spring in spring in spring AF spring AF spring in spring in spring in spring AF spring in spring in spring in spring AF spring in spring | in spring | REMARKS remove dead wood remove dead wood remove dead wood—renewal prune thinning top assists flowering reduce number of terminal shoots cut to ground annually renewal prune renewal prune renewal prune when full- grown; cut to ground when unsightly renewal prune when full- grown; cut to ground when unsightly remove dead wood renewal prune when possible; cut to ground when unsightly renewal prune—cut to ground remove dead wood renewal prune—cut to ground head back to two feet head back annually head back—cut to ground renewal prune when possible; cut to ground when neces- sary; don’t head back heavy pruning produces new shoots which flower same summer cut to ground when unsightly remove dead wood and_ old flower spikes remove dead wood, old flower spikes, root suckers ‘an be headed back annually, or left grow like a tree renewal prune as long as pos- sible, cut to ground if nec- essary MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 67 The above list does not include every shrub grown in this local- ity; the gardener in possession of an unusual shrub generally has a definite idea of its use and possibilities and therefore pruning is not a problem. Under the heading “Season to Prune,” the nota- tion “in spring’ means that the work can be done as long as the plant is dormant, either fall, winter or spring. The note “AF spring’ means: after flowering has finished in spring. At this time many branches bearing leaves will be removed when renewal pruning is practiced—no harm will result. rae ea 8 SUNSHINE (?) IN FEBRUARY Since 1931 a record has been kept of the hours of sunshine at the Arboretum, thirty-five miles southwest of the city, in order to compare it with the amount registered at the city Garden. The average for the month of February for the past eight years has been 118 hours in town, and at the Arboretum it was 20 hours more. This February the total number of hours of sunshine in St. Louis yas 58, a trifle less than half the normal amount, while at the Arboretum the regular average excess was maintained over that of the city, 20 hours. Since many plants are more or less depend- ent upon bright sunlight for their flowering, the past month was particularly trying for growers planning to use forced material for the Greater St. Louis Flower and Garden Show at the Arena. The least amount of sunshine in February for St. Louis in the previous eight years was 9984 hours in 1935. The greatest amount was 1591, hours in 1933. The maximum for the Arboretum was 17214 in 1933 and the minimum 121 hours in 1931. NOTES Dr. George 'T’. Moore, Director of the Garden, spoke before the St. Louis Women’s Club, March 7, on “California vs. Missouri, Horticulturally Speaking.” The botany class from Southern Illinois State Normal Univer- sity, with Prof. Walter B. Welch in charge, visited the Garden February 26, 68 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN Mr. Ladislaus Cutak, in charge of Succulents at the Garden, gave an illustrated lecture, “Foot-loose in Mexico,” before the St. Pius Holy Name Society, March 12; and on March 14, he spoke before the St. Louis Florist Club, on “The Quest for Plants in Mexican Deserts.” Mr. L. P. Jensen, Manager of the Garden Arboretum, spoke before the members of the Marguerite Krueger Conservation Club, February 22, on “The Henry Shaw Gardenway”; and on March 7, he gave an illustrated talk before the members of the Washing- ton Garden Club, Washington, Mo., on “Steps in Landscape De- sign.” Recent visitors to the Garden include: Mrs. Edward J. Rode- man, of the Jefferson City Garden Club; Mrs. Vincent Kolkmeyer, Botanist of the Missouri Research Museum, State Capitol, Jef- ferson City, Mo.; Dr. F. Lyle Wynd, Assistant Professor of Bot- any, University of Illinois, Urbana; Dr. Paul B. Sears, Head, department of botany, Oberlin College. Mr. Ladislaus Cutak, in charge of Succulents at the Garden, has recently been elected honorary vice-president of the Cactus and Succulent Society of America “in recognition of outstanding service in the preceding year for a better understanding of xerophytic plants, . . . who, by writings and lectures, has brought knowledge of cacti and other succulents to many people.” Mr. George H. Pring, Superintendent of the Garden, spoke on “The St. Louis Flower Show” over Radio Station KMOX, March 5 and 8,over KSD, March 9, and KXOK, March 13. On March 1, assisted by Mr. Paul A. Kohl, Floriculturist to the Garden, he showed Mr. Kohl’s colored pictures of the “Garden Floral Dis- plays Throughout the Year” at the meeting of the St. Louis Horti- cultural Society; and on March 7 these pictures were shown at the Tyler Place Presbyterian Church. The February number of the ANNALS or THE Missourt Borant- cAL GarveNn (Vol. XXVII, No. 1) has recently been issued, with a paper by G. 'T. Johnson on “Contributions to the Study of the Trypetheliaceae,” and one by H. N. Andrews, “On the Stelar Anatomy of the Pteridosperms, with Particular Reference to the Secondary Wood.” MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 69 Dr. Edgar Anderson has received a grant-in-aid for 1940 of $900 from the American Philosophical Society of Philadelphia to be used in monographing the genus T'ripsacum which is of spe- cial interest because of its close relationship to Indian corn, The taxonomic work will be carried on by Dr. Hugh C. Cutler under the joint auspices of the Missouri Botanical Garden, Washington University, and the ‘Texas Agricultural Experiment Station. STATISTICAL INFORMATION FOR FEBRUARY, 1940 GARDEN ATTENDANCE: Total number: Of VISItOTS a6 wc 0 os ace boss 0 ME eal ee ens Ses eee 15,386 Piantr ACCESSIONS: Total number of plants received as gifts .......-....+-.006+ 14 Lisrary ACCESSIONS: Total number of books and pamphlets bought ............-- Total number of books and pamphlets donated ...........-. 523 Herpartum ACCESSIONS: By Purchase— Cronquist, Arthur—Plants of Idaho and Utah .............. 625 Hoogstraal, Harry—Plants of Mexico .............--.-+-5- 174 Looff, Mrs. Henry B.—Plants of Kodiak Island, Alaska .... 97 Williams, Louis O.—Orchids of Mexico ................000. 100 By Gift— Baxter, Re W.—Plants: of (Hawall. .4.06 os sis a re eee eee 134 Brown, William L.— Poa stiriaca Fritsch & Hayek from Bosnia 1 Cheesman, EK. E.—Bonafouria undulata (Vahl) A. DC. from the West: IndiéS e052 os dis oe nk Se Se Rovdka oa ead ee aes 1 Clark, Robert B.—Plants of Oklahoma and Texas .......... 44. Cutler, Hugh C.—Plants of western United States .......... 325 Daniel, Hermano—Plants of Colombia ................0045. 2 Field Museum of Natural History—Plants of Mexico ....... 6 Kenoyer, L. A.—Plants of Mexico ........... 0. cece eens 75 Penland, C. W.—F phedra sp. from Ecuador ...........-..-. 1 Seibert, Russell J.—Bignoniaceae .....................0... 36 By Exchange— Daily, William A.—Freshwater algae, chiefly from Indiana .. 20 Gray Herbarium, Harvard University—“Plantae Exsiccatae Grayanae,” (Cent. A aici seins s eee h eae meee eb ae sy ba’ 100 Gray Herbarium, Harvard University—Miscellaneous dupli- COLES ayers eae te ee Mes ta WAG Ye Rega as ge a torres 84 Hermann, F. J.—Plants of eastern United States .......... Th New York College of Agriculture, Cornell University— Plants of Whatcom County, Washington ..................... 102 Smarods 02 PANS Ol pA CVI aR Sica. 94 od acaous elle arom eee ea 28 By Field Work— Woodson, R. E., Jr.—Plants of Panama .................065 444 POCA liaise a: ah atscaear ga oe ahaa: ack eaves aa ee eo eG 2,773 | STAFF OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN THE GARDEN, 2315 TOWER GROVE AVENUE, ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI Grorce T. Moore, Director — HERMANN VON SCHRENK, Epcar ANDERSON, Pathologist Geneticist » ‘ Rospert E. Woopson, Jr., Jesse M, GREENMAN, Assistant Curator of Curator of Herbarium Herbarium : Neu C. Horner, Carrot W. Donez, Librarian and Editor of Mycologist ., Publications * Grorar H. Priva, Superintendent JOHN NOYES, Pau A, Kout, Consulting Vehidacape Architect Floriculturist Wituram F. Lanaan, Aueustr P. Brinmann, Chief Engineer : Arboriculturist JOSEPH LANGEN, . Davin C.. Farrpurn, Assistant Engineer Horticulturist ALBertT Prarson, JosepH Curak, Painter In charge of Exotics LADISLAUS CUTAK, In charge of Succulents THE ARBORETUM, GRAY SUMMIT, MISSOURI Lars P, JENSEN, Manager Roy E. Kissecr, - Davip MrILuer, Engineer Orchid Grower REPRESENTATIVE IN THE TROPICS , Pavt H. Aten, Balboa, Canal Zone REPRESENTATIVE IN EUROPE Gurney Witson, F. L. S.,. Hove, Sussex, England rv Missourt BOTANICAL GARDEN JBULLETIN Vol. XXVIII APRIL, 1940 | No. 4 CONTENTS Page The Kudzu Vine... rig eR Mme ietg apie & S Sweet Corn with a College ‘Paupation Re dake os his 7X Arka Mak hee A Review of Dendrobium superbiens . . . 76 Missouri. Botanical Garden Orchid sich ‘February, LOGO ay } J at es 85 Winter Injury. . Biota SEM he ig urea, Garden Club of St. Loins arigileaes bas MR: BEC esc ane Notes... MOPED MUTE, OO OU AA" A MOSER Ieee. Statistical ileuaution A A ie we PT MY aS BARR OTR Office of Publication: 1201-5 Bluff Street, Fulton, Mo. pane Office: Missouri Botanical Garden, 2315 Tower Grove Avenue, t. Louis, Mo. Published monthly except in July and August by the Board of Trustees of the Missouri Botanical Garden. Entered as second-class matter February 23, 1937, at the post-office at Fulton, Mo., under the Act of March 3, ‘1879. SUBSCRIPTION PRICE: ONE DOLLAR A YEAR BOARD OF TRUSTEES OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN THE ORIGINAL MEMBERS WERE DESIGNATED IN MR. SHAW’S WILL AND THE BOARD SO CONSTITUTED, EXCLUSIVE OF THE EX-OFFICIO MEMBERS, IS SELF-PERPETUATING President Grorce C. Hrrcucock Vice-President DanieEL K. Catiin Second. Vice-President Tuomas 8, Marrirr L. Ray Carrer GrorGE T. Moore - SamveEt GC. Davis Evucenr Perrus Dupiey FRENCH A. WerssEL SHAPLEIGH Eruan A. H. SuHepiey EX-OFFICIO MEMBERS GrorGEe R. THRoop, . Witi1am Scarier, | Chancellor of Washington Uni- Bishop of the Diocese.of Missouri versity ; Brrnarp F. Dickmann, A. H. Timmerman, Mayor of the City of St. Louis President of The Academy of Sci- ence of St. Louis Mark D. EaGueron President of the Board of Education of St. Louis Secretary. GERALD UBRICI SOME FACTS ABOUT THE GARDEN The Missouri Botanical Garden was opened to the public by Mr. Henry Shaw about 1860. From that date to the death of Mr. Shaw, in 1889, the Garden was maintained under the personal direction of its founder, and while virtually a private garden it was, except at certain stated times, always open to the public. Although popularly known as “Shaw’s Garden” the name Missouri Botanical Garden was designated by Mr. Shaw as its official title and in his will and all of his writings he specifically referred to it as the “Missouri Bo- tanical Garden.” By a provision of Mr. Shaw’s will the Garden passed at his death into the hands of a Board of Trustees. The original members of the Board were designated in the will, and the Board so constituted, exclusive of certain ex-officio members, is self- perpetuating. By a further provision of the will, the immediate di- rection of the Garden is vested in a Director, appointed by the Board of Trustees. The Garden receives no income from city or state, but is supported entirely from funds left by the founder. The city Garden comprises 75 acres, where about 12,000 species of plants are growing. There is now in process of development a tract of land of over 1,600 acres outside the city limits which is to be devoted to (1) the propagation and growing of plants, trees, and shrubs, designed for showing either indoors or outside, at the city Garden, thus avoiding the existing difficulties of growing plants in the city atmosphere; (2) gradually establishing an arboretum as well as holding a certain area as a wild-flower reservation, with the idea that possibly at some future time this may become the new botanical garden. The Garden is open to the public every day in the year except New Year’s Day and Christmas—week days from 8:00 a. m. until sunset; Sundays from 10:00 a. m, until sunset. The greenhouses are closed every day at 5:00 p. m, The main entrance to the Garden is located at Tower Grove Ave- nue and Flora Place, on the Sarah car line (No, 42). Transfer south from all intersecting lines. Mo. Bor. Garp. BuLL., VoL. 28, 1940 PLATE 3 The Kudzu vine, on May 22, 1939 “ c bh Se ae ois Mm The vine on Aug. 22 THE KUDZU VINE (Pueraria Thunbergiana) Missourl Botanical Garden Bulletin Vol. XXVIII APRIL, 1940 No. 4 THE KUDZU VINE When choosing a vine to cover a trellis quickly or to hide some unsightly object why not consider the Kudzu vine? Pueraria Thunbergiana is its botanical name and it is native to China and Japan. The leaves are large, the entire plant making a bold mass of foliage. The speed with which one established plant will cover a large area ina few weeks’ time is amazing. Kudzu likes a warm soil, and on that account only commences growing in early May. It is almost unbelievable, except for picture records, that a few tender shoots in May will effectively screen a wide area in late June. The first frost will brown the foliage and kill the young shoots but the heavier stems will survive a mild winter. Should the temperature reach zero the vine will freeze to the ground but new shoots will spring from the roots. For good exercise try digging a ten-year-old root system of a Kudzu vine. The section shown in fig. 1 measured twenty-four inches in length and three inches in thickness, and this was only a small portion of the root system. Established plants, or such as have not been frozen to the ground, will bloom freely during the summer months. Kudzu is a legume, the purple pea-shaped flowers being borne in axillary spikes. There are many flowers but they are partially hidden by the large leaves. The fragrance, which is most delightful, very much resembles that of grapes. One plant at the Garden covers an arched trellis, and invariably visitors passing under this arch stop to investigate the source of this captivating odor. The hairy seed-pods measure about two and one-half inches in length but (71) 72 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN each pod contains only two to five viable bean-shaped seeds which measure one-eighth inch in length. Kudzu vines may be started from seeds in the spring but a few years are required before the plants produce the characteristic Fig. 1. Tuberous root of the Kudzu vine. heavy growth. Occasionally plants will appear from self-sown seeds. For quicker results it is better to purchase two- or three vear-old plants from nurserymen. Other methods of increasing the plants are by division and layering. It is customary when singing the praises of a plant to balance the good qualities with the disagreeable pest-control program MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 73 but fortunately in this instance we can say that, so far as we know, there are no insects or diseases to harass this vine and what is more it is drought-resistant. In this country the Kudzu vine is being extensively used in soil Fig. 2. Flowers of Kudzu vine. Fig. 3. Seed-pods of Kudzu vine, erosion work and to some extent as a forage plant. The Chinese make flour from the roots and weave the fiber into cloth popularly known as grass linen. Beneficial and harmful drugs are also ex- tracted from the roots and stems. P. A. K. SWEET CORN WITH A COLLEGE EDUCATION Until recently the St. Louis gardener who wished a supply of sweet corn for the table was caught between the horns of a dilemma. He had to choose between a northern variety not adapted to this climate or one of the better field corns picked at 74 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN the roasting-ear stage. Neither of these courses appealed to a discriminating gardener. The northern sweet corns, brought this far south, tasseled too early and produced little “nubbiny” ears, while in dry years or in dry situations they often produced no ears at all. The “roasting ear” corns grew well, particularly on a good piece of corn land, and they produced large well-filled ears, but they were scarcely an acceptable substitute for true sweet corn. Even when picked young they were not really sweet and the more they matured, the more strongly did they acquire the flavor of laundry starch. One had the feeling that he was eating a high- grade horse food in lieu of a table vegetable. But Missouri gardeners no longer need despair of growing green corn for the table since sweet corn, like field corn, has been to college. In the great cooperative corn-breeding program under- taken in the last two decades by the agricultural colleges, experi- ment stations, and seed companies of the corn belt, sweet-corn breeding has had a share. As a result there are now becoming available in the trade a number of hybrid sweet corns, adapted to the home garden. Like the hybrid field corns which have been so successful that even the average city dweller is hearing about them, these hybrid sweet corns are the result of a long and intri- cate breeding program. From the original stocks selections were made year after year, the tassels and silks being covered with paper bags to prevent the inter-crossing which ordinarily takes place and the silks of each plant dusted with the pollen from its own tassels. A weird way to produce superior corn, for each season saw the selections becoming smaller. Many of the lines died out altogether, but the runts were being eliminated and hid- den weaknesses brought to light. Even the best of the strains which at last emerged, though uniform, were distinctly inferior in appearance to the average of the original stocks. But cross two of these selected inbreds together and learn that in corn breeding, as in many other matters, it does not pay to put too much trust in appearances! The corn which grows from these crossed inbreds is tall and strong, with fine long ears. The plants are amazingly uniform. Looking down a row, tassels all at the same height, ears the same shape and size, one who is used to ordinary fields of corn MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 75 has the feeling that he is looking at a machine-made product. It is as though one had selected one of the best plants from a corn field and then by some miraculous machine had made a thousand copies of the original. The first of these hybrid seed corns to reach the seed market originated in the North. This was only natural, since it is there that sweet corn has been longest grown and there that it is a standard bill-of-fare every summer. These crossed inbreds of northern origin have not done as well in St. Louis as in the North, but even here they have produced a usable crop in all but the driest years. Meanwhile other inbreds from closer at hand have made their appearance in the trade and the best of those now avail- able should satisfy the most critical gardener. Eight of these crossed inbred sweet corns were grown in a small experimental plot at Gray Summit during the summer of 1939. Of those which are already in commercial production, the most satisfactory was “Joana.” The earliest plantings were in their prime the 20th of July, the last plantings were ready for table use between the 8th and the 17th of August. The plants were remarkably uniform, even for a hybrid corn. Every stalk bore one large, well-filled ear, and in the later plantings most of the stalks carried a smaller but well-shaped ear. Particularly noticeable was the almost complete absence of nubbins, even in rows which had been too thickly planted. “Toana” is a cross between two selections from “Golden Bantam.” One of these was originally started at Purdue Univer- sity in Indiana, the other at the Experiment Station at Ames, Iowa. Technically known as “Iowa 45 x Purdue 39,” the hybrid was given the popular name “Ioana,” a portmanteau expression for Iowa x Indiana. To the average gardener its only objection is that, like all crossed inbreds, it does not breed true from seed and must be purchased from the breeder (or his agent) every spring. For the small quantity used by the home gardener, the difference in price between the hybrid seed and ordinary sweet corn is but a trifle, and is more than compensated by the better quality, higher yield, and greater reliability of the best hybrid varieties. B.A. 76 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN A REVIEW OF DENDROBIUM SUPERBIENS For many years, orchid enthusiasts from various parts of the world have discussed the parentage of this elusive hybrid from Australia. Dendrobium Phalaenopsis, D. bigibbum, D. undulatum and recently D. veratrifolium have all been suggested. The writer's part in the discussion will consist of bringing together most of the references from the literature. During 1915 an importation of orchids, supposedly all D. Phalaenopsis, was received from Australia through Stuart Low & Co., Enfield, England. However, in addition to D. Phalaenopsis, l 2 Fig. 1. Parents and progeny: left to right, (1) the first plant grown at the Garden since 1915, showing characteristic fusiform pseudobulbs of D. undu latum; (2) typical D. ‘“‘Louis Bleriot’’ likewise in the collection since 1915. The growth resembles D. Phalaenopsis. The reader might question height, but many of our own Garden-raised D. Phalaenopsis measure 30 inches; (3) D. Phalaenopsis, rather a poor specimen, but the only plant carrying flowers at the time of photographing (Feb. 1, 1940). This is the first time we ever managed to get the entire group in bloom at this date; (4) typical D. undu latum. Note height of pseudobulbs, number of leaves which decrease in size toward the top; (5 and 6) hybrids of recent importation, (5) with light mauve flowers, (6) with dark mauve. Fig. 2. Top row: D. Phalaenopsis and D. undulatum; below, left, two flowers of the natural hybrid D. ‘‘Louis Bleriot.’”’ Note white margined sepals; right (below undulatum), flowers of D. swperbiens raised at the Garden. Note linear twisted sepals and petals. The 4 lowest flowers are from the most recent im portation and show variation in color a | MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 7 there was finally identified D. bigibbum, D. superbiens, and one hybrid which was a puzzler. It did possess the characteristic white-margined sepals and petals of D. superbiens and was de- scribed under that name in the Garden BuLLetin (Vol, 21, p. 142. 1933). Recently, while visiting the orchid range of Sherman Adams, Wellesley, Mass., Mr. Adams drew my attention to one of his new purchases, Dendrobium “Louis Bleriot.” It had been raised in France by Vacherot in 1929, and was a progeny of D. Phalaenop- sis var. Schroderianum and D. superbiens. Being in full bloom at the time, it was immediately recognized as the same plant as the Fig. 3. Dendrobium hybrid im Fig. 4. Typical Dendrobium undu ported from Australia in 1915, show latum, showing erect flower spike and ing erect flower spike. characteristic sepals and petals (see Bot. Cook’s Voyage, p. 111, t. 299). puzzling one received from Australia in 1915. Again Nature must be credited with making the first hybrid, for the same cross was made in Tokyo, according to the Orchid Review (1923, page 355). Its vigorous growth resembles D. undulatum, and the cane shape is that of D. Phalaenopsis. The flowers are very dark mauve like those of D. bigibbum but smaller. ‘The dominant character of D. undulatum, the white margins of both sepals and petals, is 78 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN shown. The puberulous ridges of the crest of the lip are character- istics of either D. Phalaenopsis or D. bigibbum. Its flowering pe- riod is intermediate between that of the parents, perhaps nearer D. superbiens. Consistent flowering periods of the group show: D. Phalaenopsis, October-December; D. bigibbum, November- January; D. undulatum, October-March; D. superbiens and D. “Louis Bleriot,’ December-February. An interesting fact, re- corded for several years in the orchid show at the city garden, is that D. undulatum is the most resistant to smoke palls, D. super- biens and D. “Louis Bleriot” less so, while D. Phalaenopsis and D. bigibbum are decidedly sensitive. In the Orchid Review (Vol. 40, page 246), Mr. R. F. Leaney, of Sidney, Australia, stated that he had observed a hybrid grow- ing among “large quantities of both parents |D. Phalaenopsis and D. undulatum| and in places that in the past have been simply covered with D. Phalaenopsis and D. undulatum. The fact that this plant [D. superbiens| grows in fairly large colonies, but only in very few places and not scattered over districts, lends colour to my suggestion that it is a natural hybrid.” In August, 1937, 260 plants, presumably of D. Phalaenopsis, were received at the Garden from Mr. Leaney. The following sea- son all of them were found to be D. bigibbum (Bot. Mag. pl. 4898 ). A study of the plants in the shipment for the past two flowering seasons showed that the average growth is 18-24 inches, shaped like D. Phalaenopsis and green with prominent lines of deep purple. The old stems were brown, whereas D. Phalaenopsis has green stems and membranous bracts. The flower spikes are pendant, supporting 4-12 dark mauve flowers varying from one inch (suggesting D. “Louis Bleriot”) to 214% inches across. A lighter color is extremely rare, in which case the sepals have white margins. The new growth of D. superbiens is 24-30 inches, enlarged at the middle, lined with green-purple, brown with age; leaves 10-15, with purple margins; flowers light mauve to dark mauve; sepals and occasionally petals white-margined; spikes usually erect (one specimen pendant like the Garden-raised specimens described in the Garden Butietin Vol. 21, pl. 41). Parental characters noted from D. undulatum: vigorous growth, MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 79 Fig. 5. Top: Hybrid Dendrobium superbiens with pendant spikes, raised at the eet bottom: Dendrobium ‘‘Louis Bleriot’’ imported from Australia in 1915, proving to be identical to the plant raised by Vacherot of France. 80 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN fusiform shape, increase in number and size of leaves; vertical spikes; petals twisting or rolling; serrulate erect keels; longer and later flowering period; greater resistance to sulphur in the atmosphere. If growing in the same area as D, Phalaenopsis or D. bigibbum: pseudobulbs cane-shaped with white membranous bracts; flower spikes pendant; petals rhomboid-orbicular; five to seven obscure puberulent ridges; prominent spur; variable mauve color, particularly in association with D. Phalaenopsis. Fig. 6. Dendrobium bigibbum imported as D. Phalaenopsis in 1937 (see Bot. Mag. 1856: pl. 4898). PUBLICATIONS REVIEWED D, bigibbum (Bot. Mag. 1856, t. 4898 ).—Contains colored il lustration of a specimen grown by Mr. Loddiges in November 1855, and “received from Dr. Thomson, who found it on Mount Adolphus, Torres Straits, on the northeast coast of New Hol land.” D. superbiens (Orchid Album. Vol. 7, t. 31:2. 1878).—Colored illustration of plant “discovered and sent home by our collector, Mr. Goldie, in the year 1877, from Torres Straits on which abut the northern extremity of Australia and the southern shore of PLATE 4 Mo. Bor. Garp. BuLL., VOL. 28, 1940 1. Forms of Dendrobium Phalaenopsis flowers grown from seed. 2. Flower of D. superbiens raised at the Garden. 3. Flowers of D. superbiens (left) and of D. ‘Louis Bleriot’’ (right). 2 and 3 show pale rose margins characteristic of D. superbiens. 82 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN the Island of New Guinea.” The flowers are said to be “rosy purple, bordered with white, .. . and continue in beauty for three months.” The illustration was taken from a specimen grown by M. le Due de Massa, Chateau de Francouville, par Luzarches, France. D. Phalaenopsis (Bot. Mag. 1885, t. 6817 ).—A colored illus- tration of two spikes of flowers. Article quotes Mr. Fitzgerald as stating: “‘that he regards this as the finest of Australian orchids . . . and closely allied to D. bigibbum, Lindl., superbiens, Reichb., and Goldiei, all natives of the same botanical region.” D. Goldiei (The Garden, vol. 14, pl. 4. 1878).—A colored plate shows two pendant flower spikes. Flowers more red than mauve, sepals lighter mauve and margined with white. Side lobes of the lip mostly shielding the column; base of the lip showing 5-7 dark ridges. Pseudobulbs green at the nodes, narrowed towards the apex, typical of undulatum. “This beautiful species, at one time thought to be D. superbiens, but now found to be dis- tinct.” D. superbiens (Sander’s Reichenbachia, vol. 1, page 87, pl. 39. 1888).—A_ beautiful colored plate showing one erect and one pendant spike. Pseudobulbs and shape and color of flowers cor- respond with hybrids raised at the Garden and Low’s of England. The plate is captioned D. superbiens, whereas the description is headed D. superbum, evidently a printer’s error. D. Leeanum (Orchid Review, vol. 31, page 355. 1923).—Im- ported by Sander and described as a new species by Mr. Jas. O’Brien. The late Mr. Rolfe of Kew “suggested that it might be a natural hybrid between D. Phalaenopsis and D. superbiens” and noted that the crest of D. superbiens “consists of three serrulate erect keels at the base of the front lobe, but in Phalaenopsis the dise is simply puberulous without any crest.’’ Several thousand flowers of D. Phalaenopsis and D. bigibbum examined at the Gar- den show that both have the same type of dise. D. undulatum has three definite serrulate erect keels, while the keels of D. super- biens will vary from three to seven. This variation, combined with white margins on the sepals and infrequently the petals, is a dominant character inherited from D. undulatum. MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 83 “Dendrobium superbiens, a Natural Hybrid,” by G. H. Pring (Mo. Bot. Gard. Bull., vol. 21, page 142. 1933). D. superbiens (Mo. Bot. Gard. Bull., vol. 22, page 141. 1934). —Reply by Gurney Wilson to the above note: “The notes on D. superbiens have no doubt been read with interest by many orchid folk who have hitherto regarded the plant as. a species. That D. superbiens is a hybrid between D. Phalaenopsis and D. undulatum has definitely been proved by the seedlings raised in the Missouri Botanical Garden. The recording in 1932 of hybrids of similar parentage under the respective names, ‘Pauline’ and ‘Greystone,’ brought forth a note from Mr. R. E. Leaney that he had discovered ‘Pauline’ in the form of a natural hybrid, in places that in the past have been simply covered with D. Phalaenopsis and D. undulatum.” D. superbiens: (“Is it a Hybrid of Dendrobium bigibbum and D. undulatum?” Australian Orchid Review, vol. 3, page, 29. 1938 ).—Reference is made to D. H. L. Lyon, Director of the Ex- perimental Station of the Hawaiian Sugar Planters Association, who has raised hybrids between D. bigibbum and D. undulatum which he states are typical D. superbiens. Concerning the natural locality he writes: “In all places where D. superbiens occurs there also is found D. bigibbum and D. undulatum. West of Cook- town, where D. Phalaenopsis is found in such large numbers, D. undulatum is conspicuous by its absence. Neither are there any superbiens to be found.” D. superbiens: (“Is D, superbiens a Hybrid?” by R. E. Holt- tum, in dustralian Orchid Review, vol. 3, page 117. 1938).— Dr. Holttum, Director of Botanic Gardens, Straits Settlements, possesses hybrids between D. veratrifolium and D. bigibbum and states: “These hybrids approximate closely to our D. superbiens, except that the flowers are smaller and less deeply coloured.” He suggests that “doubtless the wild plants are a mixture of hybrids, and are the results of many generations of selfing and possible back crossing.” D. undulatum, (Specimens identified: Banks and Solander’s Illustrations Australian Plants Collected during Captain Cook’s Voyage, vol. 3, t. 299. 1905. 84 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN VARIABILITY OF SPECIES Collecting expeditions since 1923 in Central and South America have given the author an excellent opportunity to study the vari- ability of species in the “wild.” Upwards of 4,000 plants of Cat- tleya T'rianae, C. Schroederae and C. gigas have been collected. The C. Trianae, known to the natives as Tulipans, presents re- markable variation, the pseudobulbs and leaves ranging from short and stout to long and narrow. Sunlight is definitely a factor in growth. The sturdier plants are always found in exposed posi- tions, and the more elongated growth in shadier locations upon the trees. The following season under cultivation the flowers showed variations in size and in color from pure white and light mauve to dark mauve. Plants of Brassavola nodosa have been collected in Panama on both the Atlantic and Pacific coast. They were growing in clumps upon low-growing trees, their growth averaging about ten inches. Those on the Pacific coast were much stronger, influenced by a greater precipitation of rain. North of the Canal Zone, on the Atlantic side at El Valle, at an elevation of 2,000 feet, more or less terrestrial pygmy-flowered specimens were collected from large boulders. Phragmopedilum caudatum was also noted in pygmy form. Farther north, bordering Costa Rica, the same orchids were collected, at an elevation of 4,000 feet, where they were growing upon tall trees. A most unusual plant adaptation was the epiphytic genus Stanhopea growing under bushes in leaf mold. They would possibly have been passed unobserved if they had not been in full bloom and fragrant. Variability in hybrids is often beyond expectation, Within the past ten vears upwards of 10,000 hybrids of varied genera have flowered in the greenhouses at the Garden. First-generation crosses between Phalaenopsis Schilleriana and P. amabilis have produced some progeny with the mottled foliage of Schilleriana and the white flowers of amabilis, and some with the leaves of amabilis and the pink flowers of Schilleriana. However, amabilis was the dominant parent, most of the plants possessing dark green leaves and white flowers flushed with pink around the base of the sepals and petals. The number of flowers was increased by Schil- leriana parentage. Brassavola parentage is dominant over Cat- MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 85 tleya, but the revolute sepals from Brassavola is an annoying factor to hybridists. The Cattleya color is of course dominant. One of the Garden’s best hybrids is C. Trianae x Brassocattleya Fournierae (B. Digbyana labiata) x (C. Trianae x B. C. Fournierae), in which the growth is the same as noted in the “wild” with C. Trianae and the flowers are larger than in the parents. Color varied from pure white to light and medium mauve. Other forms (often referred to as “runts” for the discard) pos- sessed narrow and revolute sepals and petals. Gs Hee MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN ORCHID SHOW, FEBRUARY, 1940 The following article by Mr. G. H. Pring, Superintendent of the Garden, from the American Orchid Society Bulletin (March, 1940) is herewith reprinted: “The general effect of the 1940 Orchid Show at the Missouri Botanical Garden was probably even more pleasing to the orchid lover than to the general public. In years past, often one did not see the orchids for the beauty of the staging. This year, to avoid not seeing the trees for the forest, as it were, the shadow boxes in which the plants were displayed were painted a soft, dull green, as nearly like the color of the orchid foliage as possible. Addi- tional interest was given the show by center formal beds of prim- roses, and cyclamen in the various orchid colors, intermingled with white Pelargoniums, while the boxes and niches of orchids stood out beautifully against the cool, restrained background. The usual naturalistic display of orchids at the far end of the Floral Display House looked really natural, for the first time in the history of the show, and the general effect, as one viewed the display as a whole, was one of restrained good taste and beauty. “Thirty shadow boxes, arranged in groups of three around the wall, were broken occasionally by four large niches, the whole line being backed by our permanent planting of Ficus. In making the circle tour of the show, the first shadow box contained Cat- tleya T'rianae and the very fragrant Flor de Mayo, C. Schroe- derae, both from Colombia. Like the other shadow box groups, 86 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN this one was covered on top with a group of Dendrobiums of the Nobile type, raised from seed in St. Louis. “The first large niche contained moth orchids, in blue and white. Phalaenopsis amabilis was usual in the shows here, but an unusually deep blue Vanda coerulea created a sensation. We have had the plant for some ten years, but it seldom blooms at exactly the right date for the orchid show. “Continuing with the rows of shadow box groups, we came next to a collection of Brassocattleyas, ranging from pure whites through mauve to dark mauve. Most of these are crosses from Brassocattleya Fournierae « C. Trianae, raised in St. Louis from seed. Lighter shades of mauve are found in the next shadow box group, containing hybrids of Brassocattleya Fournierae x C. Schroederae, also raised in St. Louis. In this same display was Oncidium splendidum, the Tiger Orchid. “Then came three forms of Dendrobium nobile, followed by a group of Botanical orchids, including Brassavola nodosa (Lady of the Night), Laelia Lindleyana, Dendrobium amethystinum from the Philippines, the Braided Orchid, Lockhartia pallida, and also Oncidium stipitatum, with its stiletto-like leaves two and a half feet long. “Next came the jungle scene, flanked on both sides by large niches. These niches displayed collections of various spray orchids, including Dendrobium superbiens, with four types of natural hybrids from Australia; D. bigibbum, Laelia acuminata, L. Gouldiana, L. anceps, L. anceps brilliant, and hybrids of D. undulatum x D. Phalaenopsis raised in St. Louis. Varieties of D. Phalaenopsis were displayed ranging in color from almost pure white to extremely dark mauve, raised from selected seed strains in St. Louis. “The so-called jungle scene contained large groups of Cym- bidiums and Dendrobiums, both evergreen and deciduous; 3 large Vanda tricolor tive feet tall; masses of over 300 Cypripediums, including 20 specimens of C. callosum and about 100 hybrids such as C. Arthurianum, C. aureum, some good C. actaeus, ete. “Orchids and Bromeliads were displayed on trees, the whole picture being framed by Cibotium Schiedei and one superb speci- men of Anthurium, along with the usual miscellaneous greenery. “The next group of shadow boxes contained a collection of MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 87 Cypripediums, and the fourth niche showed Laelia anceps and its pure white forms. “Another collection of Cypripediums followed in the next shadow box group, including C. cymatodes beechense superbum, whose name is more than justified, since it is still an outstanding thing, though we have had it over twenty years. Other lady slip- pers included C. “Olivia,” the pink lady slipper; C. “Sidney Brown,” the yellow lady slipper; the pink flowered C. Nandi, and both C. Holdenii and C. Maudiae. “Tt may interest the readers to note that the plants on exhibi- tion were transported from Gray Summit to the Botanical Gar- dens in St. Louis, a distance of forty miles, during subzero weather in a small heated half-ton truck. The plants were packed in two layers, those from the cooler, higher altitudes next the floor, those from the tropical slopes on a shelf more completely insulated from local temperature conditions. The transportation of the plants during the subzero weather in such excellent condition was a great achievement.” WINTER INJURY While last winter brought extreme cold weather to gardens in Missouri, it was accompanied by heavy snow. The cold, though severe, was practically continuous so that there was little winter injury due to plants coming into growth too early. Such plants as were seriously damaged were either killed outright by the cold, or were weakened by the dryness which always is an accompanying feature, or by the bright sunlight reflected from the snow. The middle of April is too early to give a complete report; some plants which look seriously damaged now will undoubtedly recover. Others will not reveal the full extent of their injury until much later in the season. Although the conditions were somewhat dif- ferent, the record of winter injury in 1935-1936 (BuLuetin, vol. 24, p. 130) is interesting as a matter of comparison. No very satis- factory conclusions can be drawn, however, from the record of but two seasons. There does seem to be additional evidence for the statement that plants and trees supplied with water and fertilizer during the growing season are hardier than those not supplied. 88 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN WINTER INJURY TO WOODY PLANTS IN THE GARDEN AT ST. LOUIS AND THE ARBORETUM AT GRAY SUMMIT, 1939-40 71939 | | | growth | |Flower- Leaves| killed | Frozen! | buds dehy- back to to snow Willed Remarks \blasted drated ripened level | wood | | | Abies homole pis Acanthopanax tri- * foliatus Acer carpinifolinm * Acer palmatum Albizzia julibrissin . Amorpha_ micro- * Slight phylla injury Berberis Julianae ne * Brachychiton . acerifolium Broussonetia papyrifera® Buddleia alterni- | * | | Slight | folia | injury Bueus koreana i | | |; Moderate Buxus microphylla * sun-seald Bueus microphylla * injury as sinica | || early as Burus semper- mid-Nov. virens Callicarpa dicho- * or * toma Callicarpa japon- 7 ica angustata Callicarpa rubella = “Dehydration of bark; injury will not become evident until late sum- mer or autumn. MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 89 Flower- Leaves | growth | | buds | dehy- killed | Frozen Killed Remarks blasted drated back to to snow | ripened level | wood | Cedrus atlantica Cedrus libanotica Chamaecy paris Lawsoniana Cornus kousa i Un- Cornus kousa | - injured chinensis | owing to pro- tection Cotoneaster Fran- cheti | | Cotoneaster hori- | | | | zontalis per pu- | | silla Cotoneaster tenu- ipes Cupressus arizon- | | . | ica Deutzia scabra | * | ; : Slight “Pride of Ro- | | 6 chester” Elaeagnus ‘“Fruit- * land” Evonymus japon- * Possibly ica killed Evonymus japon- | e ica microphylla Evonymus radi- * cans minima Tay “4 x | Forsythia sp. | | About 1% | fl. buds | blasted 90 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN WINTER INJURY TO WOODY PLANTS—(Continued) 1939 growth Flower- Leaves killed | Frozen buds dehy- back to to snow, Killed Remarks blasted drated ripened level wood | | Hedera helix | | baltica Ilex cornuta | a Ilex crenata Jasminum fruti- cans Jasminum nudi- florum Kerria japonica Kerria japonica plena Ligustrum ovali- folium Liquidambar for- | mosana Lonicera implexa Magnolia grandi- or * Growing flora in pro- Mahonia A qui- tected locality * * Slight folium | Mahonia haemato- carpa Morus alba* Morus rubra* Nandina domestica or Pinus cembroides * | | Only 2nd- yr. leaves } 7 affected | | | | | “Dehydration of bark; injury will not become evident until late sum- mer or autumn. MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 91 WINTER INJURY TO WOODY PLANTS—(Continued) 1939 growth \Flower- Leaves killed | Frozen buds | dehy- back to to snow Killed Remarks blasted drated ripened level | | wood Prunus, certain sp. Pterocarya Reh- * | Slight deriana Pyracantha coc- cinea Lalandtt ericadl Quercus laurifolia Rhododendron * mucronatum Rhododendron ob- tusum amoenum Rhododendron * * yedoense pouk- hanense Rosa climbers | * Except hyb. | Wichura- iana * Especially Tausend- schon Rosa hybrid per- petuals Rosa hybrid teas Sapium sebiferum Spiraea prunifolia | * | | Slight plena | | | | Spiraea japonica + Slight Spiraea Thun- . Slight bergii Styrax japonica | | | | Taxus baccata ad- pressa Taxus baccata | fastigiata | | 92 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN WINTER INJURY TO WOODY PLANTS—(Continued ) | 71939 | growth: \Flower- Leaves, killed | Frozen buds — dehy- back to. to snow Killed) Remarks blasted drated ripened level | wood — | Taxus brevifolia i * ’ | Slight Taxus cuspidata i Slight Taxus Washing- toni Teucrium Chamaedrys | Viburnum rhytido- phyllum | Viburnum | W rightii GARDEN CLUB OF ST. LOUIS VISITING DAYS The Garden Club of St. Louis will again open the gardens of sixteen of its members to visitors on May 18 and 19 from 10:00 a.m. to 6:00 p.m. Last year a very substantial sum was raised by the Club for the “Friends of the Garden Fund.” This year it is hoped that an even greater number of garden lovers will welcome the opportunity to view some of the more beautiful gardens in this vicinity and, at the same time, help the Missouri Botanical Garden. The gardens listed include those of: Mr. and Mrs, Frederick R. Von Windegger, 315 S. McKnight Road Mr. and Mrs. Royall H. Switzler, 8 Ridgewood Road Mr. and Mrs. Mortimer P. Burroughs, 700 S. Price Road Mr. and Mrs. A. Wessel Shapleigh, 23 Fordyce Lane Mrs. George Mepham, 7 Fordyce Lane Mr. and Mrs. Archie Lee, 8 Fordyce Lane Mr. and Mrs. Boyle O. Rodes, 8 Upper Ladue Road Mrs. Edward Walsh, 9 Upper Ladue Road Mr. and Mrs. Joseph L. Werner, 9625 Ladue Road Mr. and Mrs. John V. Janes, 5 Apple Tree Lane Mr. and Mrs. John S. Lehmann, 10 Apple Tree Lane. Mr. and Mrs. Chapin 8. Newhard, Lindbergh and Ladue Roads MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 93 Mr. and Mrs. John K. Wallace, Lindbergh and Ladue Roads Mr. Peter Seltzer, 302 Leffingwell, Kirkwood Mr. and Mrs. Hermann von Schrenk, Florissant Mr. and Mrs. Samuel W. Fordyce, Brown and Hazelwood Roads, Florissant Tickets are $1.00 for the entire list of gardens. They may be obtained at various florists and department stores as well as from members of the St. Louis Garden Club, and at the Missouri Bo- tanical Garden. NOTES Dr. George T. Moore, Director of the Garden, spoke before the Delta Gamma Mothers’ Club, April 22, on “Keeping Up-to-Date in the Garden.” Dr. Henry N. Andrews, Instructor in the Shaw School of Botany, broadcast over Station KSD, on April 2, his subject be- ing “Spring Flowers in Missouri.” Mr. Ladislaus Cutak, in charge of Succulents at the Garden, gave an illustrated lecture before the St. Louis Ladies’ Florist Club, April 1, on “Cactus Hunting in Texas and Mexico.” The annual flower sermon for which Henry Shaw provided in his will was preached at Christ Church Cathedral, April 28, by the Rt. Rev. William Scarlett, Bishop of Missouri. Mr. G. H. Pring, Superintendent of the Garden, gave a talk before the Friendly Fellows Club of the Shaw Avenue Metho- dist Church, March 28, on “Hybrid Tropical Water-lilies.” Mr. Russell J. Seibert, Graduate Student at the Garden, gave an illustrated talk before the Mascoutah Women’s Club, Mas- coutah, Ill., April 17, entitled “Spring Comes to the Arnold Arboretum.” Mr. Ladislaus Cutak, in charge of Succulents at the Garden, has an illustrated article in the April number of Desert Plant Life (12: 68-71), entitled “Succulents at the Greater St. Louis , Flower and Garden Show.’ Mr. G. H. Pring, Superintendent of the Garden, acted as judge of the nature-study exhibitions during the annual ‘‘Pow-Wow’”’ 94 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN of the Indian Guide Organization at the Webster Groves High School Armory, March 22 and 23. Mr. A. P. Beilmann, Arboriculturist to the Garden, gave a talk before the University City Parent-Teachers Association, March 12, on “The Tree as a Living Organism”; and before the Colum- bine Chapter of the Daughters of the American Revolution, April 2, on “Conservation and Thrift of Plant Life.” Mr. Paul A. Kohl, Floriculturist to the Garden, gave an illus- trated lecture on “‘The Missouri Botanical Garden, March 26, before the Hannibal Garden Club, at Hannibal, Mo. On April 2, he gave an illustrated talk on “Roses” before the St. Louis Hills Garden Club. Mr. George H. Pring, Superintendent of the Garden, as one of the members of the tree-planting committee, spoke at the tree- planting ceremonies at Fairground Park, April 5, when 100,000 soft maple trees were presented to the city and county schools by John S. Swift, of St. Louis. Dr. George 'T. Johnson, Research Assistant, and Lecturer in Botany, Henry Shaw School of Botany, has received a John Simon Guggenheim Fellowship to continue his studies of tropical American lichens. He plans to center his work in Cuba, Panama and Costa Rica. Recent visitors to the Garden include: Dr. A. P. Saunders, professor of chemistry, Hamilton College, Clinton, N. Y., and one of the directors of the American Peony Society; Mr. Paul H. Allen, of Balboa, C. Z., the Garden's Representative in the Tropics; and Miss Bernice G. Schubert, technical assistant and graduate student, Gray Herbarium of Harvard University, Cam- bridge, Mass. STATISTICAL INFORMATION FOR MARCH, 1940 GaRDEN ATTENDANCE: Total number of visitors...........0.00 20.0.0... eee eee eee 24,422 PLANT ACCESSIONS: Total number of plants, seeds and bulbs received as gifts.... 578 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 95 Liuprary ACCESSIONS: Total number of books and pamphlets bought................ 25 Total number of books and pamphlets donated..........-.... 240 Herpartum ACCESSIONS: By Gift— Allen, Paul—Phyllocarpus septentrionalis Donn. Sm. from PAM AT Bey ey tere ieee ions anon aha vacs agree eateinp ener ong 1 Braun, E. Lucy—Plants of “Kentue Yi sc'eh ihe eee eee é Bureau of Plant Industry, U.S. Depa rtment of Agriculture— Apocynaceae and Asclepiadaceae from Costa Rica and IM GXICON ee eee eek gS eee ee 17 Cutler, Hugh C.—Plants of New Mexico, Arizona, ‘and Utah 13 Hancin, John—Salix nigra L. from Kansas..............0665. 1 Penland, C. W.—Plants of Ecuador............... 000s wees 3 Questel, Adrien—Plants of Guadeloupe................-.-. 8 Ragonese, A. E.—Plants of Argentina..................... 30 Scully, F. J—Plants of Arkansas.................0005-- 16 Seibert, R. J.—Specimens and illustrations of Bignoniaceae. . 2 Seibert, R. J—Plants of Florida................. 0.0 eee 175 von Schrenk, Hermann—Pinus sylvestris L. from Missouri. . 1 By Exchange— ‘Clokey, Ira W.—Plants of California and Nevada.......... 333 University of Pennsylvania by John M. Pop Jr— Plants of AUG hog hal Enea ee ee eae Gistiye aGty ai eranlorcaety seen geen 215 By Field Work— Woodson, R. E., Jr.—Plants of Panama..................-5. 18 yt a eS — or rk. . oO A ee Oe ee ol eee ‘ rake : 0 neh , STAFF OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN THE GARDEN, 2315 TOWER GROVE AVENUE, ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI GrorGe T. Moors, Director HrrMANN VON SCHRENK, EpnGgar. ANDERSON, Pathologist Geneticist Rosert E. Woopson, fe R., Jesse M. GREENMAN, Assistant Curator of Curator of Herbarium Herbarium Newt C. Horner, Carroty W, Dover, Librarian and Editor of Mycologist Publications Grorce H., Prine, Superintendent JOHN NOYES, Pau A. Kout, Consulting Landscape Architect Floriculturist Wim F. Langan, Avueust P. BrrmMAnn, Chief Engineer Arboriculturist JosEPH LANGEN, Davip C. FArRBURN, Assistant Engineer Horticulturist ALBERT PEARSON, JOSEPH CUTAK, Painter In charge of Exotics Lapistaus Curak, In charge of Suceulents THE ARBORETUM, GRAY SUMMIT; MISSOURI Lars P, JENSEN, Manager Roy E. Kissrcx, Davin MILurEr, ‘Engineer Orchid Grower REPRESENTATIVE IN THE TROPICS _ Paut H. AEN, Balboa, Canal Zone REPRESENTATIVE IN EUROPE Gurney Witson, F. L. &., Hove, Sussex, England NOTICE ATTENTION is called to the recently issued “Spring Flora of Missouri” by J. A. Steyermark. About 1,400 plants blooming in Missouri and adjoining states before June 1 are described and most of them illustrated. Designed primarily for nature- lovers, scouts, amateur botanists, etc., emphasis is placed on the common name; also, an attempt is made to write the descriptions in simple untechni- cal language so that, with the help of the keys and the illustrations, identification of spring- blooming flowers should not be difficult. The book is cloth-bound and comprises 590 pages, 163 plates, and 444 line drawings. For sale by the Missouri Botanical Garden. Price $3.00. Mussourt BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN Vol. XXVIII MAY, 1940 No. 5 eT AE Men ene +E A nat /3 V8 (fae! a) Sas Meira yy iene °: CONTENTS Page Scouting the Short-leaf Pine .. . .. 2). 0s... 97 ‘Monarch of the Cactus House Falls . . . . . . 101 Identification and Control of Common Plant Pests. Plant Pest No. 4—White-flies . .- >. . . . «. 104 Notes from the Missouri Botanical Garden Arboretum 106 Pe LF a eS Se Nd ona ae cae 2a Sa Statistical. Information. 33.3 A REARS Se ee 2109 Office of Publication: 1201-5 Bluff Street, Fulton, Mo. singe ee Office: Missouri Botanical Garden, 2315 Tower Grove Avenue, t. uis, Mo. Published monthly except in July and August by the Board of Trustees of the Missouri Botanical Garden. Entered as second-class matter’ February 23, 1937, at the post-office at Fulton, Mo., under the Act of March 3, 1879, SUBSCRIPTION PRICE: ONE DOLLAR A YEAR i ees BOARD OF TRUSTEES OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN THE ORIGINAL MEMBERS WERE DESIGNATED IN MR, SHAW’S WILL AND THE BOARD SO CONSTITUTED, EXCLUSIVE OF THE EX-OFFICIO MEMBERS, IS SELF-PERPETUATING President Grorce C. Hrroucock Vice-President Dante K. Cattrn Second Vice-President THomas 8S. Marrirr L, Ray Carter GrorGe T, Moore Samus. C. Davis Evcrene Perrvs Dup.iey Frencu A. Wrssen SHAPLEIGH Eruan A..H. SHeriey EX-OFFICIO. MEMBERS GrorcGe R. THROop, WitutAmM SCARLETT, Chancellor of Washington Uni- Bishop of the Diocese of Missouri “ versity Bernarp F. DIcKMANN, A. H. Trtmerman, Mayor of the City of St. Louis President of The Academy of Sci- ence of St. Louis Mark D. Eacurron President of the Board of Education of St. Louis Secretary GERALD ULRICr SOME FACTS ABOUT THE GARDEN The Missouri Botanical Garden was opened to the public by Mr. Henry Shaw about 1860. From that date to the death of Mr. Shaw, in 1889, the Garden was maintained under the personal direction of its founder, and while virtually a private garden it was, except at certain stated times, always open to the public. Although popularly known as “Shaw’s Garden” the name Missouri Botanical Garden was designated by Mr. Shaw as its official title and in his will and all of his writings he specifically referred to it as the “Missouri Bo- tanical Garden.” By a provision of Mr. Shaw’s will the Garden passed at his death into the hands of a Board of Trustees. The original members of the Board were designated in the will, and the Board so constituted, exclusive of certain ex-officio members, is self- perpetuating. By a further provision of the will, the immediate di- rection of the Garden is vested in a Director, appointed by the Board of Trustees. The Garden receives no income from city or state, but is supported entirely from funds left by the founder. The city Garden comprises 75 acres, where about 12,000 species of plants are growing. There is now in process of development a tract of land of over 1,600 acres outside the city limits which is to be devoted to (1) the propagation and growing of plants, trees, and shrubs, designed for showing either indoors or outside, at the city Garden, thus avoiding the existing difficulties of growing plants in the city atmosphere; (2) gradually establishing an arboretum as well as holding a certain area as a wild-flower reservation, with the idea that possibly at some future time this may become the new botanical garden. The Garden is open to the public every day in the year except New Year’s Day and Christmas week days from 8:00 a. m. until sunset; Sundays from 10:00 a. m. until sunset. The greenhouses are closed every day at 5:00 p. m. The main entrance to the Garden is located at Tower Grove Ave- nue and Flora Place, on the Sarah car line (No. 42). Transfer south from all intersecting lines. PLATE 4 1940 28, VOL. Bot. GARD. BULL., Mo. ee ee 7 + FZ br gt Belli _ XAS J ET, T PINE FOREST IN THE BIG THICK Missourl Botanical Garden Bulletin Vol. XXVIII MAY, 1940 No. 5 SCOUTING THE SHORT-LEAF PINE Missouri, unlike many states, cannot boast of a varied conifer- ous flora. There are but three true conifers within the state. The most commonly distributed is the juniper (Juniperus virginiana LL. and J. mevicana Spreng.), most frequently called cedar. The much more majestic cypress (T'avodium distichum Rich.) is known from only a few counties within the ancient embayment, south and southwest of Cape Girardeau. While this tree is tech- nically a conifer it is also deciduous and therefore not very imposing during the winter—the period when evergreens enliven the landscape. The third conifer is the short-leaf pine (Pinus echinata Mill.) which agrees with our notion of how an evergreen should look and grow. However, it seems never to have penetrated much farther north in Missouri than a point some forty miles south of Gray Summit. Although many attempts have been made to establish a group in the plantings at the Arboretum, so far it has never become more than a transient. It seems that other factors— in addition to climate—are responsible for some of these failures. Gardeners are well aware that plants are often reluctant to establish themselves even a few miles beyond their natural range, unless every soil, moisture, exposure and climatic requirement has been met. The difliculty usually is in determining what the re- quirements are and applying the knowledge before the struggling plant dies. Often the needed information can be obtained only by a study of the plant in its natural surroundings, and this became the purpose of a trip covering a considerable portion of the range of Pinus echinata during December, 1938. Although the log of the trip includes many references to wholly unrelated trees and shrubs, the various associations often hold a (97) 98 MISSOURL BO'TANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN clue to the climatic requirements of a species. Certainly the pre ferred soil types are indicated, leaving little doubt concerning a tolerance for acid or neutral soils. A condensation of the log, covering 2.700 miles of travel through six southern states, while following a single tree species from its northern to its southern range, is presented here. It is not often that most of the geo- graphic range of a species can be covered so quickly, nor that so many individuals can be found for study. ford Following U. S. Highway No. 67 south, the short-leat pine makes its first appearance just south of Fredericktown, Missouri. From here until near Poplar Bluff it is an active competitor of the hardwoods over many of the hillsides. Near the town of Mar- quand, pine logging has been carried on for many years. Below Poplar Bluff the flora changes to one typical of drained swamp land and this continues as far as Little Rock, Arkansas. Although much of the region is given over to cotton farming, at one time it contained a magnificent stand of hardwoods. A remnant of such a forest can be seen in the Big Oak State Park at East Prairie, Mis- sourl, Somewhat south of Little Rock the swamp flora gives way suddenly— on. slightly higher ground—to that associated with pine, and here is one of the few places where pine and cypress grow within fifty feet of each other. It was also interesting to observe that the sweet gum (Liquidambar Styraciflua L.), so suc- cessfully used as a shade tree in St. Louis, could leave the swam) and become a competitor of the pine on the higher ground. The adaptability of the sweet gum, its vigor and aggressiveness, are really remarkable. The holly (Jlea opaca Ait.) can be found with the pine, usually in the wetter places. Two species of pine are found in the pine belt of Arkansas, the short-leaf and the loblolly (Pinus T’aeda L.), and there is some evidence that they hybridize. At least, there is a third pine, a very vigorous tree, rather difficult to identify, sometimes resembling short-leaf and sometimes loblolly pine. While scouting for seed it was observed that the short-leaf produced the greatest number of cones, loblolly far less, and the presumed hybrid almost none. Both species of pine are at “home” in this region; both are sut- ficiently aggressive to restock an abandoned field, yet they do not reforest a “burn” or a bare logging site until huckleberry has MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 99 become established. The soil under a tangle of huckleberry (J’ac- cinium arboreum Marsh.) is usually very acid, and this may be an important requirement—aside from protection—for seedlings, or for the mycorrhiza always found with the pines. The probable role and importance of the mycorrhiza will be discussed later. Within the town limits of Malvern, Arkansas, seeds were col- lected from an old and well-established hedge of wild lemon (Poncirus trifoliata Raf.). After dodging the spines while photo- graphing the plant and collecting the seed, there was no doubt in our mind that a wild lemon hedge is a “cattle tight” fence. The Osage orange (Maclura pomifera Nutt.), as noted in the Buivietin of April, 1938, grows in pure stands only in the Red River Valley of East Texas. A tree of such general interest to the gardener and of such importance to the aboriginal tribes was well worth the day-long drive necessary to collect and photograph it. The largest stands are within Bowie and Red River counties and are rapidly being cut to make more land available for farm- ing. The mistletoe (Phoradendron flavescens Nutt.) attacks every hardwood within the vicinity, and the Osage orange tably free of enemies—is no exception. Normally this tree grows no- only in the black alluvial soil of the river valley, the red soils of the slopes supporting both species of pine and the Sabal Palmetto. From New Boston, Texas, southward. is a stretch of country very reminiscent of portions of Missouri, in that old fields and fence rows are dotted with groups of sassafras—an uncommon tree since leaving that state. Near Black Cypress Bayou, a pro- jection of the Louisiana lowland, some cypress and Spanish moss were seen. Beyond, the country is more rolling and pines again appear. Just outside the city limits of Nacogdoches, Texas, short-leaf pines were found growing to a height of 110 feet with trunks meas- uring 28 inches in diameter. On the banks of the Angelina River the overcup oak (Quercus lyrata Walt.) grew equally as tall and much larger in diameter. A specimen of this oak growing in the Garden has not exceeded 25 feet in 40 vears. The water oak (Quercus nigra L.) attains the same stature as the overcup oak in East Texas, but specimens in the Garden appear never to grow larger. While both species have proven entirely winter-hardy in St. Louis they fail to flourish as they do 600 miles farther south. 100 MISSOURL BOTANICAL GARDEN BULILE’PIN The Big Thicket in East Texas is an immense tract which re- tains much of its primeval character. The town of Livingston is at the western edge and Woodville is the present eastern edge. While much logging has been done in the Big Thicket, time, the great aid of Nature, has healed many of the scars and one can travel for days in this pine forest covering 1,000,000 acres. The abrupt change from the usual farm land, after leaving Livingston, to the deep forest of the Big Thicket is breath-taking. ‘To measure and photograph a bull bay (Magnolia grandiflora L.) 79'y feet high and eight feet in circumference is to express better than words what has been lost through ill-advised land clearing which at best vields only another form of sub-marginal agriculture. Both the short-leaf and the loblolly pines reach their climax in this region. The growth rate is remarkable and the regeneration more than ample to maintain the species as the dominant tree. In the very sandy soils there is little competition from other species of forest trees. To anyone familiar with the beeches of the eastern states, those of the Big Thicket—festooned with Spanish moss—would seem quite bizarre. The sweet bay (Magnolia vir- giniana L..) is rather uncommon in parts of the region but is abundant near the Neeches River. However, cultivated specimens often surpass these wild plants in symmetry and profusion ot bloom. The youpon (Ilex vomitoria Ait.) is browsed by deer and ‘rattle, and the continued cutting of the more succulent tips pro- duces a very symmetrical and sometimes formal shrub. The plants growing ina small “bay gall,” an acid bog or swale and part of the surface drainage system, should be of interest to many gardeners. The following list, including only mature plants, was made within a radius of fifty feet of a little bridge near Swab City, Texas: Azalea nudiflorum Pinus Taeda Hlex opaca Magnolia grandiflora Ilex vomitoria Magnolia virginiana Fagus grandifolia Persea borbonia Ostrya virginiana Quercus alba Vaccinium arboreun (Quercus nigra Cephalanthus oecidentalis Quercus rubra A program to preserve some of this area is the purpose of the East Texas Big Thicket Association. 'To its president, Mr. R. E. Jackson, are due many thanks for the opportunity of examining this tract. Thanks are also due Mr. J. R. Keig, Mr. L. J. Fischer. MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 101 and Mr. P. A. Winkler, for their many courtesies during a tour of several hundred miles through the Big Thicket. Fifty short-leaf pine seedlings, the gift of Mr. Balthis of Kirbyville, were potted and continued their growth during the summer of 1939. If they withstand the cold of this January they will be moved to Gray Summit for planting in the Pinetum. The pines are not found in the coastal plain of Louisiana. ‘They reappear north of Lake Pontchartrain, where the spruce pine (Pinus glabra) replaces the short-leaf pine. As one continues north into Mississippi the loess bluffs support magnolias, beech. holly, as well as various oaks and some loblolly pine, but the im- pressive pine forests of eastern Texas are not duplicated near the highway. Mycorrhiza was found on the roots of the pine seedlings ob- tained from Mr. Balthis, and it has been present in the potted plants ever since. Roots of pine examined in Arkansas and ‘Texas were infected, but the frozen soil and lateness of the season made the collection of infected roots in Missouri rather uncertain. The mycorrhiza of a tree root is a fungus which replaces the root tip with an absorbing organ much more capable of extracting food from an infertile soil. The success or failure of many tree plant- ings may be due in part to the absence of this fungus which enters into a symbiotic association with the tree roots. Hatch! has shown, through the use of soil free of mycorrhiza, that pine seedlings are incapable of absorbing mineral salts from infertile soils. Mitchell,? working with nursery stock, has confirmed this work. Trees may succeed on very fertile soils without the mycorrhiza, but they cannot grow on poor soils without it, and one might suspect that the mycorrhiza becomes increasingly important to trees planted farther and farther beyond their natural range. FW de MONARCH OF THE CACTUS HOUSE FALLS The much battle-searred veteran of the Cactus House is reduced to a mere skeleton of itself. For nearly twenty-five years, or ever since the present desert house was established, it reigned supreme *Hatch, A. B. Black Rock Forest Bull. 1937. * Mitchell, H. L. Black Rock Forest Paper. 1937. 102 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN in the collection. By no means was it the tallest cactus but it was a behemoth in all other respects. Branching from near the base it had sent up huge, wide-spreading succulent arms, while the cen- tral trunk rose fifteen feet above the ground. It had come to the Garden in 1898, but beyond that no data is available. It was prob- ably nearly fifty years old. Greenhouse plants are much slower growers than those planted in the open ground, and under California and Texas skies this species would have required only about twenty years to reach a height of fifteen feet. Our plant would have been more massive were it not that numerous joints had to be cut off frequently in order to keep prospective initial carvers at a distance. This speci- men, as well as many others, suffered great abuses in 1931 and 1932, so much so that it was decided to close the Cactus House un- til the wave of depredation had abated. Beside the perpetrations of initial carvers, umbrella pokers, souvenir hounds and reasonless visitors, our plant was also badly damaged by falling glass during the memorable hailstorm of May, 1927. On April 19, this once proud monarch collapsed in a heap—a victim of top-heaviness. Fortunately, only one plant growing in the immediate vicinity was damaged, a highly prized, five-foot Cephalocereus polylophus being decapitated by the falling mass. Outside of being reduced considerably in size, which of course is greatly lamented, the heavily branched “King of the Shaw’s Gar- den cacti’ escaped with negligible injuries. ‘Two or three long, many-armed stems were salvaged, almost intact, and these will be allowed to callus before being placed in sandy soil to encourage root growth. Although shorn of its former magnificence, this cactus still will command attention. Plants of this species have existed for a long time, usually parading as Cereus Jamacaru or under some other name. When Dr. Werdermann, of Berlin, visited the Huntington Botanic Gar- den in California a few years ago, he found a specimen which seemed to warrant a distinct name. After careful study, he decided that it should be known as Cereus grandicostatus, which literally means ‘the large-ribbed torch or candle cactus.”’ A description of this species, growing in the Garden collection, is given here as an aid to its identification: Generally it is an upright, very robust grower with extremely Mo. Bor. Garp. Butu., Vou. 28, 1940 “THE MONARCH” (Cereus grandicostatus) 1. As it looked in 1931. 2. After the fall. 3. Initial-scarred infected joint. 104 MISSOURT BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN heavy limbs, the oldest stems averaging eight to ten inches in diameter. A very short trunk, less than twelve inches in length, is noticeable. The branches arise terminally, as well as laterally, and in great profusion. The young growth is of a striking bluish color, caused by a thin coating of wax which can be rubbed off very easily. This glaucous covering is characteristic of many cacti and is extremely typical of our plant. As the stems mature they lose their azure color and take on a greenish hue, finally becoming gray and scaly in old age. Gazing upon the drab epidermal coat of the trunk and oldest branches, it isn’t difficult to compare it with the thick, wrinkled hide of an elephant. The voung branches are deeply six-ribbed, but five and seven ribs are not uncommon. ‘The ribs are rounded at the ridge and three-eighths inch wide at that point, also more or less undulate, the large prominent areoles appearing in the scallops. The areoles are at least three-eighths inch in width and slightly less than one to two inches apart. These organs are filled with gray- brown felt and white cobwebby hairs and some reddish-brown spines of variable lengths, but all under five-sixteenths inch. On older stems, the web-like hairs disappear and the felt assumes a grey-white cast, until in the very old stems it appears as a densely packed, circular, slightly raised cushion. ‘The spines in these areoles usually fall off. only the knob-like bases persisting in a semi-lunar fashion in the lower portion, ‘The spines, averaging thirteen to sixteen for each areole, gradually change in color, be- coming nearly black with age, and occupying the lower two-thirds portion of the areole. L. C. IDENTIFICATION AND CONTROL OF COMMON PLANT PESTS PLANT PEST NO. 4—WHITE-FLIES Certain kinds of house plants are very susceptible to white-flies whereas others seem to be partly or completely immune to their depredations. The plants which they prefer most are fuchsia, lan- tana, ageratum, begonia, coleus, calendula, salvia, penstemon and geranium (especially the scented varieties). White-flies are tiny, pure white. harmless-looking parasites and are generally found on MISSOURI BO'TANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 105 the under-sides of the leaves. The adults are very active and fly off in all directions when disturbed, thus making control by sprays, dips and washing rather doubtful at times. The insect increases by means of eggs which are deposited in large numbers on the under-sides of the leaves. These eggs are quite inconspicuous and resistant to insecticides. They hatch in about two weeks and the young gradually develop into adult flies which immediately start laving eggs for another generation. White-flies are sucking insects and injure plants by extracting the juices from the leaves and stems. Infested plants turn yellow, wilt, and finally die if these pests are not checked. The larvae and pupae excrete a sticky substance that accumulates dust and encourages the growth of a sooty fungus. A B A, adult white-fly (x15); B, White-flies and eggs on under-side of leaf (nat. size). The most effective control for white-flies is fumigation with cyanide, but this is an extremely lethal gas and should be used only by those who know and appreciate its deadly properties. The recommended dosage is one-fourth ounce to 1,000 cubic feet of space, the treatment to be repeated at two-week intervals until the infestation is cleaned up. Spraying the under-sides of the leaves with nicotine (one teaspoonful to a quart of water) and soap solu- tion helps matters somewhat, but it is not a sure cure. Washing the adult flies and eggs off the plants with soapy water is a simple method which is most successful when the temperature is cool (45-60° F.), because then the insects do not fly away as readily as they do when it is warm. Perhaps the best idea is to adopt pre- cautionary tactics and never bring plants into the house unless you are sure that they are free of all harmful insects. D.C. F. 106 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN NOTES FROM THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN ARBORETUM Under this heading it is planned to publish from time to time random observations of general interest which are too short or too trivial for separate treatment. NARCISSI DURING 1940,—As in previous vears the narcissi were in bloom for almost exactly two months, but the entire season was delayed a full two weeks so that they blossomed from the middle of March to the middle of May rather than from late February to the last of April. The height of the season came during the week of April 14 when nearly half of the collection was in full bloom. Many of the varieties provided an attractive display in spite of severe freezing weather with snow and sleet. “February Gold” came into flower the last week in March at the same time as the old-fashioned yellow trumpets. It is certainly one of the best if not the best daffodil for early-season display in Missouri. Many of the more expensive new varieties are not to be recommended for mass display in such a climate as ours. “Gallipoli” and “Myte- lene,” for instance, have flowers too large for their stems and are knocked down by the wind, particularly when they are weighted with snow or rain. Some, such as “King Alfred,” tend to “run out” when planted in the grass and left to themselves. Many of the newest and largest have such large flowers that they are un- sightly in the landscape after they have gone out of flower. In contrast to all of these, the old reliable variety “Emperor” has stems which remain erect through wind and rain and although so floriferous as to make a showy mass of soft yellow in the land- scape, the withering flowers are noticeable for only a day or two. It has the longest blooming season of any of the yellow trumpets at Gray Summit and was attractive this vear from the first of April until about the twentieth. Of the newer and more expensive varieties “Beersheba” con- tinued to give a very good account of itself. The disproportion- ately short stems, which are often considered a defect, are a posi- tive advantage in the Missouri climate and its large clear white flowers remained erect through two snowstorms and one heavy rain. The last of the collection to bloom was the old-fashioned MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 107 variety ““Recurvus.”” Though old and cheap, this is one of the best varieties for mass planting. It differs from the other poet narcissi by the way in which its white perianth is curved or rolled back- wards and by the heavy substance of its flowers which conse- quently make a fine display in the landscape and continue in bloom in spite of hot sun and dry winds. DUCKS IN THE PINETUM.— Every spring sees a larger number of waterfowl using the artificial ponds in the Arboretum during mi- gration. The small reservoir in the Pinetum is deep enough so that it attracts a number of species which are seldom seen on such a small body of water. Ring-neck ducks arrived the last week in February and were seen more or less continuously until late in March. On March 17 over fifty individuals of this species were counted at one time, together with a few lesser scaup, a pair of mallards, four pintail, and a few coot. COLOR VARIETIES OF Mertensia virginica.—In addition to the change from pink to blue, which is seen in most inflorescences of Mertensia and which is variously affected by soil differences and by the temperature, there are several marked variations in color to be found in the Ozarks. Pure whites are rare but a number have been reported. These show no vestiges of either pink or blue in the buds or in the fully opened flowers. A much commoner vari- ation is frequent at Gray Summit and has been noted at other points near by. In this form the flowers are lavender rather than pink in the bud, and open to a soft gray-blue, rather than the bril- liant blue of the typical Mertensia. At times they have a rather washed-out look and after several sunny days they may fade to a gray-white. In a large planting of Mertensia they add variety to the color and though they are themselves less brilliant they make the other plants seem brighter by contrast. In a perennial border they might be used to give a particular effect since they make a most attractive combination with yellow tulips. Last spring several plants of this color-form were staked when in flower and were moved to a new location during the summer after their leaves had died down. They all blossomed well this spring and showed the same characteristics in their new location that they had in the old. BE, A. 108 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN NOTES Mr. George H. Pring, Superintendent of the Garden, broadcast over Station KWk, May 20, on “What to Plant in the Garden.” Mr. A. P. Beilmann, Arboriculturist to the Garden, has a paper on “Frost Cracks,” in the February number of Shade Tree (Vol. 13, No. 2). Dr. George T. Moore, Director of the Garden, has been ap- pointed Honorary Counselor of the 1940 California Spring Gar- den Show, Berkeley, Calif. Dr. Harry J. Fuller, assistant professor of botany, University of Illinois, Urbana, brought his class in economic botany to visit the Garden on May 10. Dr. Edgar Anderson, Geneticist to the Garden, acted as judge at the annual flower show of the Associated Garden Clubs of Kirk- wood, on May 16. The April number of the Cactus and Succulent Journal (12: 66-70, 1940) contains an article by Mr. Ladislaus Cutak, in Charge of Succulents at the Garden, entitled “Beyond the Beaten Path.” Dr. William B. Drew, Assistant Professor of Botany, and Dr. Louis C. Wheeler, Instructor in Botany, University of Missouri, brought a group of twenty students, May 18, to study the outdoor plantings in the Garden greenhouse collections. Mr. Ladislaus Cutak, in Charge of Succulents at the Garden, gave an illustrated lecture, “Camera Clicks in Old Mexico.” be- fore the St. Louis Camera Club, May 15, and before the Holy Name Society of St. Boniface Church, May 16. Dr. Hugh C. Cutler has been appointed research fellow in the Henry Shaw School of Botany and is collaborating with Dr. Anderson in a monographie study of T'ripsacum. During the com- ing summer he will be botanist on the Norman Nevills expedition down the Green and Colorado Rivers. The April number of the ANNALS oF THE Missourt BoTraNICAL Garven (Vol. 27, no. 2) contains two papers by Dr. Mary Maxine Larisey, formerly Instructor in the Henry Shaw School of Bot- MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 109 any: “Monograph of the Genus Baptisia,” and “A Revision of the North American Species of the Genus Thermopsis.”’ Mr. George H. Pring, Superintendent of the Garden, gave a talk before the Belleville Woman's Club, April 29, on “Henry Shaw and His Garden”; and before the Scottish Rite Club, May 1, on “The Romance of Plant Life.” On May 2 he presented films showing “Tour Seasons in the Missouri Botanical Garden,” before the Floriculture Club of the University of Ilinois, Urbana. The following, from the Garden or the Shaw School of Botany, were recently elected to the Society of Sigma Xi at Washington University: full members—Dr. David H. Fairburn, Horticultur- ist to the Garden; Mr. Ralph E. Rawlings, Assistant in the Shaw School of Botany, Elizabeth Jeanette Heuser, Assistant in the Shaw School of Botany, and Robert W. Schery, graduate ap- prentice at the Garden. Recent visitors to the Garden include: Dr. Henry A. Moe, Sec- retary John Simon Guggenheim Foundation, New York; Dr. Julian A, Steyermark, Assistant Curator of the Herbarium, Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago; Dr. S. J. Record, Dean of the Yale School of Forestry, New Haven, Conn.; Miss Bernice Schubert, Technical Assistant, Gray Herbarium of Harvard Uni- versity, Cambridge, Mass. The May Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club contains a symposium on “The Concept of the Genus,” the second part (67: 363-369) being a discussion by Dr. Edgar Anderson, Geneticist to the Garden, on “A Survey of Modern Opinion’; and the third part (67: 371-374) by Dr. J. M. Greenman, Taxonomist to the Garden, on “Genera from the Standpoint of Morphology.” STATISTICAL INFORMATION FOR APRIL, 1940 GARDEN ATTENDANCE: Total number of visitors......0. 0.0.0... 0.00. ccc eee eee eee 20,661 PLANT ACCESSIONS: Total number of plants and seed packets received as gifts.... 1,683 liprary ACCESSIONS: Total number of books and pamphlets bought................ 32 Total number of books and pamphlets donated. ............. 182 110 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN Herpartum Accerssions: By Purchase— Cooke, William Bridge—*Mycobiota of North America”..... Edwards, Mary ‘Taylor—Plants of Mexico............ 50.555 Field Museum of Natural History—Photographs of type specimens of NKrameria, Bumelia, and Bignoniaceae....... By Gift— Clark, Robert—Plants of Illinois.........0.........00 20005. Clark, Robert—Plants of horticulture........0.000.000 00446: Cutler, Hugh C.—Plants of Oklahoma...........0...0.50065 Epling, Carl C.—HIllustrations of Salvia. ........... Greenman, J. M.—Plants of Illinois...................40.5. Hubricht, Leslie—Plants of Illinois..................0.205- James, Leslie—Plants of Alabama..........00..00..2055 : Lodewyks, Maude C.—FMorestiera acuminata Poir, from Ilinois Seibert, Russell J.—Plants of Florida...................44. Seibert, Russell J—Plants of horticulture............ Smith, A. C.—Plants of Bolivia.............. ae Sasa ete U. S. National Herbarium—Plants of Colombia........ By Exchange— Field Museum of Natural History—Photographs of type specimens of Asclepiadaceae............-.-.0seseeeeeeee University of Kentucky by F. ‘T. McFarland—Plants of Ken- tUCKY 4.26. sie cet we abetages Sauk aren susaa Oud teen ails WIEG IE Gis ase goto OLA Gs cu.snhan sa asgip hte a bed-bs tau ates 70 603 io) ~ mnwnm me Wh Oh el oe _ i os STAFF _OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN THE GARDEN, 2315 TOWER GROVE AVENUE, ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI Grorae T. Moors, Director . HERMANN VON SCHRENK, Ep@ar ANDERSON, Pathologist Geneticist Rosert E. Woopson, JR., Jesse M. GREENMAN, Assistant Curator of Curator of Herbarium Herbarium Neti C. Horner, Carrot W. Donar, Librarian and Editor of Mycologist Publications Grorce H. Prine, Superintendent JoHN Noyss, Paut A. Kounn, Consulting Landscape Architect Floriculturist WitiiaM F. Lanean;, Aveust P. BrrnMANN, Chief Engineer Arboriculturist JOSEPH LANGEN, Davin C. Farreurn, Assistant Engineer Horticulturist ALBERT PEARSON, JosEPH CUTAK, Painter In charge of Exotics LapIsLaus CurakK, In charge of Succulents THE ARBORETUM, GRAY SUMMIT, MISSOURI Lars P. JENSEN, ; ‘ Manager Roy E. Kissrck, Davip Minurr, Engineer — : Orchid Grower REPRESENTATIVE IN THE TROPICS Pau H. Auten, Balboa, Canal Zone REPRESENTATIVE IN EUROPE Gurney Wixson, F. L. §., Hove, Sussex, England NOTICE ATTENTION is called to the recently issued “Spring Flora of Missouri” by J. A. Steyermark. About fourteen hundred plants blooming in Missouri and adjoining states are described and most of them illustrated. Designed primarily for nature- lovers, scouts, amateur botanists, etc.., emphasis is placed on the common-name; also, an attempt is made to write the descriptions in simple untechni- cal language so that, with the help of the keys and the illustrations, identification of spring- blooming flowers should not be difficult. The book _is cloth-bound and comprises 590 pages, 163 plates, and 444 line drawings. For sale by the Missouri Botanical Garden. Price $3.00. Missouri BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN Vol.. XXVIII JUNE, 1940 No. 6 CONTENTS ; ‘Page The Bald ‘Cypress asa Shadé Tree > 2002) 2 os 01 A New Pygmy Water-lily .. . ; 114 Identification and :Control of Soinenpik Plant Pests. Plant Pest No. 5—Scale Insects... 9... >. AMT Colchicine to Aidthe Plant Breeder. . . 119 Notes from the Missouri Botanical Garden Mc bocetien 120 Notes. 7 4iy ot: MRCS vane ES Srey a Re eke ge Ne 92 Statistical Tnigtmatisn x dee aS SI Sa ee GP tA Os BPR <5 Office of Publication: 1201-5 Bluff Street, Fulton, Mo. Editorial Office: Missouri Botanical Garden, 2315 Tower Grove Avenue, St. Louis, Mo. Published monthly except in July ‘ahd August by ‘the Board of Trustees of the Missouri Botanical Garden. Entered as second-class matter February 23, 1937, at the’ post-office at Fulton, Mo., under the Act of March 3, 1879, SUBSCRIPTION PRICE: ONE. DOLLAR A YEAR NS BOARD OF TRUSTEES | OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN THE ORIGINAL MEMBERS WERE DESIGNATED IN MR, SHAW’S WILL AND THE BOARD SO CONSTITUTED, EXCLUSIVE OF THE EX-OFFICIO MEMBERS, IS SELF-PERPETUATING \ President Grorce C. Hirrcucook / Vice-President Dante K. Catnr Second Vice-President Tuomas 8. Marrirr L. Ray CARTER GrorGeE T. Moore ‘ Samuzn OC. Davis : Evanye PEertus Dupiry FRENCH te A. Wessel SHAPLEIGH Erman A. H. SHEPLEY EX-OFFICIO MEMBERS Grorce.R. THROOP, Wriir1am ScARLerr, . Chancellor of Washington Uni- Bishop of the Diocese of: Missouri versity Bernarp’ F. DirckMANN, A. H. Timmerman, Mayor of the City of St. Louis "President of The Academy of Sci- ; .- enee of St. Louis Marx D. Eacueron President of the Board of Education of St. Lonia Secretary Geranp Unrict SOME FACTS ABOUT THE GARDEN The Missouri Botanical Garden was opened to the public by Mr. Henry Shaw about 1860. From that date to the death of Mr. Shaw, in 1889, the Garden was maintained under the personal direction of its founder, and while virtually a private garden it was, except at certain stated times, always open to the public. Although popularly known as “Shaw’s Garden” the name Missouri Botanical Garden was designated by Mr. Shaw as its official title and in his will and all of his writings he specifically referred to it as the “Missouri Bo- tanical Garden.” By a provision of Mr. Shaw’s will the Garden passed at his death into the hands of a Board of ‘Trustees. ‘The original members of the Board were designated in the will, and the Board so constituted, exclusive of certain ex-officio members, is self- perpetuating. By a further provision of the will, the immediate di- rection of the Garden is vested in a Director, appointed by the Board of Trustees. The Garden receives no income from city or state, but is supported entirely from funds left by the founder. The city Garden comprises 75 acres, where about 12,000 species of plants are growing. There is now in process of development a tract of land of over 1,600 acres outside the city limits which is to be devoted to (1) the propagation and growing of plants, trees, and shrubs, designed for showing either indoors or outside, at the city Garden, thus avoiding the existing difficulties of growing plants in the city atmosphere; (2) gradually establishing an arboretum as well as holding a certain area as a wild-flower reservation, with the idea that possibly at some future time this may become the new botanical garden. The Garden is open to the public every day in the year except New Year's Day and Christmas—week days from 8:00 a. m. until sunset; Sundays from 10:00 a. m. until sunset. The greenhouses are closed every day at 5:00 p.m. The main entrance to the Garden is located at Tower Grove Ave- nue and Flora Place, on the Sarah car line (No. 42). ‘Transfer south from all intersecting lines. “ll * — - te 42 > £2 = - +. AVENUE OF 1 BALD CYPRESS, TOWER GROVE PARK, ST. LOUIS 9 GROUP OF BALD CYPRESS AT ALFRED AVENUE ENTRANCE OF THE GARDEN ‘OI ‘Log “T1ag auvy “IOA G Q OP6I ‘8 aLVId 9 v Missourl Botanical Garden Bulletin Vol. XXVIII JUNE, 1940 No. 6 THE BALD CYPRESS AS A SHADE TREE The bald cypress (T’axrodium distichum) was featured in the December, 1932, issue of the BULLETIN where it was called “The Most Interesting Tree in Missouri,’ and at other times it has been the subject of short articles. Some six years ago seed germi- nation and later growth tests were begun, and the information thus gathered seems worthy of attention. The bald cypress is one of only three conifers—and the only deciduous one—growing in Missouri. It is of a very ancient race of trees. Fragments found in the Far North and identified by paleobotanists indicate that it was once very common and of wide distribution. Some evidence indicates that it might have been the dominant tree some eons ago when the polar regions were much warmer. Seemingly the advancing cold and the glaciers gradually forced it farther and farther south. During these migrations the family became separated and developed what we recognize as three genera to-day: Sequoia (the redwoods) of the west coast, Glyptostrobus of the Chinese rice paddies, and Taxodium (the cypress) of the Mississippi Valley and the Gulf Coast. In its travels over half the western hemisphere the cypress has out- distanced and outlived most of its enemies. ‘To-day we find it rela- tively free of disease and not often attacked by insects. Aside from its botanical interest the bald cypress has played a very important part in the economics of the Mississippi Valley. As structural timber the wood is famous for resistance to decay when submerged, and the logging operations in the Delta country have furnished a livelihood for several generations. ‘To-day the land once occupied by forests of cypress has been drained and given (111) 112 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN over to cotton farming, and only a few isolated stands in inacces- sible places remain to indicate the grandeur of this tree. Some of the finest specimens of bald cypress to be found any- where are growing in the Garden and in ‘Tower Grove Park, many of which were planted by Mr. Shaw. As an ornamental shade tree it has few equals. It is perhaps the most adaptable North Ameri- can tree. We find it growing to maturity in the deep well-drained soil within the city limits, and it does well in the shallower soils at Gray Summit. It grows in the dry arroyo near San Antonio, Texas, and the writer once saw a specimen within sight of the state capitol in Albany, New York. In short, it thrives and can attain maturity in any locality east of the Rockies where the rain- fall is about 30 inches, and as far north as the Great Lakes. A tree so well adapted to a wide variety of soils, so economical in its use of water, so resistant to disease and equally repugnant to insects should be more frequently planted as a shade tree. Usually the potentially “perfect” shade tree presents some peculiar propagation problem, otherwise it would be easily ob- tainable and not too expensive. In the case of the bald cypress— which is grown from seed—the chief difficulty seems to be in ob- taining seed, and secondly obtaining seed which germinates well and produces a vigorous plant. Since it was known that all cypress seed, especially those from the North, did not germinate well, some attempts were made in 1934 to locate seed yielding a high percentage of plants with suf- ficient vigor to carry them through the critical first and second years. For this work seeds have been obtained from the follow- ing localities: Missouri: Florissant, St. Louis; Arkansas: Mari- anna, Marked Tree; dlabama: Livingston, Monroe County, Es- cambia County; North Carolina: Laurinburg, Columbus County; Louisiana: Lake Charles, Donner; Texas: Kerrville, Comfort, San Antonio, Waring; Florida: Barton, Palatka, Sebring, Olustee ; Mississippi: Hollandale; T'ennessee: Reelfoot Lake. When possible a thousand seeds were obtained for germinating each vear. They were collected in the fall and winter, and stored at room temperature in paper bags and boxes. In the spring they were sorted and counted and the obviously sterile and imperfect seeds discarded. Planting was done in temporary cold-frames— sometimes 50 feet long—to facilitate planting, counting, irriga- 6? MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 113 : | Number Number Per cent Source seeds planted germinated germinated Florissant, Mo. 160 5 3.1 Marked Tree, Ark. 100 | 17 17 Columbus Co., N. C. 400 37 9,2 Columbus Co., N. C. 600 71 8.5 Palatka, Fla. 1,000 24 2.4 Barton, Fla. | 400 9 2.4 Monroe Co., Ala. 1,000 12 Be Escambia Co., Ala. 800 | 15 5.6 Covington Co., Ala. 1,000 50 5 Donner, La. 4.00 48 12 Lake Charles, La. 1,000 var Net Comfort, Tex. 1,000 58 5.8 Center Point, Tex. 1,000 1 0.1 Kerrville, Tex. | 717 6 0.8 Polk Co., Fla. | 300 = S—) = ww) bo tion and weeding. Small cypress must be protected from the midday sun by lath shades. Transplanting cypress is difficult because even small seedlings have a tap-root considerably longer than the top is high. There- fore every nursery procedure should be directed toward produc- ing a fibrous root system. Cypress which have stood in the nurs- ery row for several years have a root system reaching downward as far as rock, hard pan or the water table, and become very dif- ficult to transplant. Annual transplanting of nursery stock is essential, and even then many secondary roots will be found growing straight down. One can plant cypress as a shade tree with the assurance that its roots will effectively anchor it against any wind. No one has ever seen a cypress uprooted by wind or washed out and carried away by flood water. Of course germination of the seeds is but a small part of the problem. When planting a cypress one is much more concerned about the possibility of growing it to maturity. If there are physi- ological races of cypress, then it follows that there will also be some marked differences in the adaptability and growth rate of the seedlings. A hasty glance at a nursery row of such plants shows striking differences in habit as well as rate of growth. It may be said that the cypress seed collected from trees growing near their northern limits are inferior in most respects. Those 114 MISSOURL BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLE'TIN from Louisiana and Texas are superior in rate of growth and ability to stand transplanting. The Texas trees are the farthest west outpost of Taxodium and are separated from other cypress by several hundred miles of country not suited for ‘Taxodium. The West Texas types are distinct; they grow very rapidly, germinate well and are so resinous that rabbits, usually very fond of young cypress, leave them alone. Seed collected in Louisi- ana germinate well and produce a fast-growing very symmetrical plant entirely suitable for shade-tree use. There is some objection to northern seed; the germination percentage is rather low and becomes lower as one goes north, and usually the seedlings are more difficult to transplant. All types have proven hardy regard- less of their origin; those from San Antonio planted at Gray Sum- mit have not been injured by cold. 7, Ome aa > A NEW PYGMY WATER-LILY (Nymphaea colorata ) The seeds of this pygmy water-lily were received from Africa by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, England, and from there they were sent to the Garden by Mr. R. S. ‘Trickett, in March, 1938. Immediately on arrival they were sown in the greenhouse propagating tanks, and the resulting four plants were planted later in the outside pools. When the first flowers opened in July the plant immediately suggested itself as a very charming sub- ject for small garden pools. ‘The color of the petals is an attrac- tive blue-violet. The stamens are originally purple, but on the second day the bases turn bright vellow which is enhanced by the normal reflexing of the outer whorls. The anthers, which are at first purple, turn decidedly reddish, with the tips blue. The sepals are white, flecked with light blue. When grown in the greenhouse the plants produce only single crowns, resulting in fewer and larger flowers. However, grown outside under more normal conditions, three or four crowns soon develop laterally from the original vertical tuber. During August, upwards of one hundred leaves measuring from four to six inches across will radiate from the center of the plant. When young, the under-sides of the leaves are purple, but with age they turn dark 7 PLATE 28, 1940 Mo. Bor. Garp. BULL., VOL. A NEW PYGMY WATER LILY (Nymphaea colorata) 116 MISSOURL BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN brown with green venation. The petioles also change in color, from light green to brownish-green. The number of flowers open at one time will vary from eight to ten, sometimes twelve, on a plant. Two new water-lilies were described in 1928 by A. Peter (“Wasserpflanzen und sumpfgewichse in Deutsch-Ostafrika,” in Ges. d. Wiss. z. Gottingen, math.-phys. Kl. Abhandl. n.f, 13°: 1— 128), under the names Nymphaea colorata and N. polychroma. At first it was a question in which species to place the four plants raised at the Garden, and the following season thirty plants were erown as a check for variability. After careful study, the key dif Q0¢ SePAL PETALS STAMENS Nymphaea colorata (natural size). ference between the two species was found in the horizontal rhi- zomes of N. polychroma. Young plants flowering in the green- house answered to the description of N. colorata whereas those grown outside to either N. colorata or N. polychroma, The fol lowing description is from fully developed plants observed at the Garden, growing both in the greenhouse and in the outside pools during August. The color terms are according to Ridgway’s “Color Standards and Color Nomenclature.” Flowers 3—4 inches across, 8-10 opening at one time, bud ovoid, light green; sepals lanceolate-acuminate, 11 inches long, 4, inch wide, light green suffused with blue towards the apex, 8-10 nerves (5-6 in the greenhouse plants); petals 14-16 (10— MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 117 12 in the greenhouse) in two rows, pale violet fading with age, light yellow at the base; stamens 90-95 (36-38 in the green- house), litho-purple, lighter towards the apex; appendages prim- rose-yellow, outermost row 1 inch long, innermost 1% inch long; carpels 18-20 (in the greenhouse 12-14) with primrose-yellow styles; stigmatic surface more or less flat; fruit subglobose, 1 inch in diameter, containing many fertile seeds; mature leaves sub- orbicular-sagittate, irregularly undulate-sinuate, about 6 inches in diameter, lobes overlapping one-third from the center, above dark green, below purple turning greenish-brown (in the greenhouse the purple does not change); mature plants bearing 100 leaves radiating from community crowns; rootstock erect, branching laterally within four weeks after planting outside, and produc- ing nests of 8-12 small nut-like tubers in September, these soon drying up during winter storage. Cee s Oe oP IDENTIFICATION AND CONTROL OF COMMON PLANT PESTS PLANT PEST NO. 5—SCALE INSECTS Certain kinds of house plants such as ferns, palms, oleanders, ivies. rubber plants and orchids are subject to attack by various types of scale insects. Injury by scale progresses slowly com- pared to that by aphids, mealy bugs, red spiders and white-flies, but the results are usually serious. These insects suck the vital cell sap out of the leaves and stems, causing the host plant to turn yellow and lose its normal vigor. Seale insects, for the most part, are rather inconspicuous and may become well established before detected. They come in a number of different shapes, sizes and colors. Some are round and flat. others have a convex surface, and there are pear-shaped as well as hemispherical varieties. They range from the size of a pin point up to about that of a kernel of wheat. The colors are vellow, brown, red or greenish-black. The males are often white. Like turtles, the insects hide under a protective shell or scale where they can feed and multiply in comparative safety. The females do little moving around. The males have wings and are 118 MISSOURL BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN more active, but do not injure the plants as much as the females. Eggs or living young are produced under the mother scales. and the voungsters soon crawl away to establish themselves in new quarters. Seale on ferns should not be confused with spore cases on the under-sides of the leaves. ‘These cases contain spores which are on the order of seeds and used to propagate the ferns. They occur in definite patterns on the leaves whereas scale is scattered ir- regularly on the stems and leaves. Plants badly infested with scale generally are not worth saving. The pests may be hard to destroy and the plants too weak to re- Scale insects: A, on fern leaf (« 12); B, young stage (« 25); C, mature stage (x 8); D, old stage (* 5). cuperate. If only a few leaves are heavily infested, they can be cut off and burned. Syringing the plants with water under pres- sure Is sometimes effective. Ferns may be dipped in a pail con- taining 40 per cent nicotine sulphate (at the rate of one ounce to three gallons of water with three ounces of laundry soap added), or if too large to dip they can be sprayed with this same solution. In either case they should be rinsed with clear water about two hours afterward, Continue the treatment at weekly intervals until the pests disappear. Palms and oleanders may be sprayed with miscible oil or fish-oil soap, but do not use this with ferns or orchids in flower. Nicotine also discolors flowers. D. C.F. MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 119 COLCHICINE TO AID THE PLANT BREEDER The work of plant breeders up to date has been remarkable in the production of more useful and varied plants from the stocks available. As these stocks are limited and becoming widely ex- ploited by hybridizers, a new development is obviously needed if progress is to continue at its present rate. An introduction that promises fair to become an important aid to the plant breeder is the chemical, colchicine. This chemical, a complex narcotic similar to morphine and codeine. is found in the roots of Colchicum autumnale, the meadow- saffron. It is a very potent and very poisonous substance whose immediate effect on growing tissue is to produce stunting and dis- tortion. Until recently, colchicine has been used only in the medi- cal profession as a remedy for gout. In normal plants the cells pull apart when they divide. The effect of colchicine on the individual plant cells is to cause a doubling of the chromosomes by more or less drugging the mech- anism. Chromosomes are the minute units in any cell of an or- ganism that make it what it is, and each plant has a definite group of chromosomes different from that of other plants. By doubling the number of these units in each cell the plant is changed, but not radically, so that it still resembles its original self yet is usually improved. From the above discussion one can see that this chemical must be applied to growing tissue so that it may act upon cells which are in the process of dividing. Colchicine treatment may be given by spraying or injecting the plants with the solution or immersing them in it. In spraying the plants care must be taken to keep the solution from the soil. The resulting roughening or crumpling of the leaves is caused by the unequal growth of the cells under the new conditions. From the affected areas a new type of growth emerges if the treatment has not been too severe. This new growth is sim- ilar in appearance to that of the original plant, yet it should pro- duce rather different flowers and fruits. Applying the chemical in a lanolin paste is a neat and effective way of producing the same effect. Injecting growing plants with solutions is practiced with some 120 MISSOURT BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN varieties but many plants do not react well to this treatment. Moreover, as injection is rather difficult this method is seldom used, Soaking seeds or young seedlings in colchicine solutions is the best method of producing doubled chromosomes, for when a seed is affected the resulting plant is completely of the new type of tissue; whereas, when a plant is sprayed, only certain portions of the plant are altered. The main difficulty is to obtain seeds with enough tissue affected so that a new type of stem will be produced, yet not so severely affected that the root fails to develop. Colchicine is a water-soluble chemical obtainable at most drug- gists or from chemical concerns; its solutions are unaffected by light or by standing and the same solution may be used repeatedly. Concentrations used may range from 0.01 to 0.8 per cent with those below 0.2 per cent giving more consistent results. Immer- sions may last from six hours to ten days, depending upon the plant treated. There has been too little work done to date with this chemical to give the optimum concentration and length of treatment for more than a very few plants. A little experimenting, however, soon indicates the optimum for the plant you happen to be working with. The ultimate effect of chromosome doubling is the production of larger, more vigorous plants bearing larger flowers and fruits but resembling those of the original untreated plants. The pro- duction of an increased size of flowers is the most useful end to be attained because most fruits thus produced are of an inferior grade. Other effects predicted by some breeders from the use of this chemical, but not yet attained, are the changing of annuals to perennials, increased disease resistance, and the production of hybrids between rather widely separated species of plants. STANLEY Berroney. NOTES FROM THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN ARBORETUM ALTERNATE FLOWERING OF Echinacea pallida.—For six years the purple cone flowers on the glades in the wild-flower garden have flowered heavily every other year. In the odd-numbered MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 121 years, 1935, 1937, and 1939, there have been so many blooms that they showed in the distance as a patch of rose-purple. In the even-numbered years, 1936, 1938, and 1940, flowers were so few that one had to hunt to find them and two or more were seldom found near together. It seems probable therefore that the purple cone flower, like many other plants (as, for instance, some vari- eties of apples), tends to flower heavily in alternate years. THE PURPLE ROCKET, Jodanthus pinnatifidus.—For a short time in late May and early June the purple rocket is one of the daintiest and loveliest of our native wild flowers. Growing in damp and shady spots in flood-plain woodlands it is seldom noticed even by people interested in wild flowers because it blooms after the Mer- tensias and other early spring flowers have gone to seed and the woods are dank and “‘mosquitoey.”” The flowers are a very pale rosy-purple, almost white, and are borne in long delicate racemes. If it proves easy to grow from seed it may perhaps make an at- tractive flower for shady perennial borders. E. A. NOTES Dr. David C. Fairburn, Horticulturist to the Garden, gave a talk before the St. Clair Garden Club, Belleville, Ill... June 4, on “Garden Soil.” Mr. A. B. Beilmann, Arboriculturist to the Garden, gave an il- lustrated talk, June 3, before the Building Officials Conference of America, on “The Tree as a Living Organism.” Mr. Ladislaus Cutak, in charge of succulents at the Garden, gave an illustrated lecture, “Camera Clicks in Old Mexico,” June 21, before the Married Men’s Sodality of St. Anthony Church, Mr. Paul A. Kohl, Floriculturist to the Garden, showed two reels of colored motion pictures depicting “Spring and Summer in the Missouri Botanical Garden,” before the Neighborhood As- sociation, May 16. Mr. George H. Pring, Superintendent of the Garden, gave the graduating address at the Lindenwood Public School, June 11. On June 13 he spoke to the Optimists Club of Granite City, IIl.. on “The Romance of Plant Life.” 122 MISSOURL BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN Mr. Russell J. Seibert, graduate student at the Garden, spoke at a meeting of the North St. Louis Real Estate Salesmen’s As- sociation, June 5, on “Panama.” His talk was illustrated with natural-color slides. Mr. L. P. Jensen, Manager of the Garden Arboretum, gave a talk before the Bourbouse Council, Boy Scouts of America, at Union, Mo., April 16, on “Nature Study and the Sccut’; and before the Garden gardening classes, May 10, on “Recent Ac- tivities in the Development of the Arboretum.” The number of schools from a distance which come to the Gar- den is constantly increasing. During the month of May over 1,600 pupils from schools or colleges in Missouri, Illinois, Indiana and Oklahoma visited the Garden, the majority arriving in chartered buses. The largest representation was from Sedalia, Missouri, with 600 in the party. The seventh annual convention of the Missouri State Federa- tion of Garden Clubs was opened on the morning of May 23 at the Arboretum, with the Sullivan Garden Club as hostess. More than 300 ladies registered at the Gateway Lodge, after which they were conducted through the grounds, visiting the pinetum, one of the trails in the wild garden, and the orchid houses. In spite of the incomplete condition of the roads and bridges and much of the planting. a good idea of the future possibilities of the Arboretum was obtained. Recent visitors to the Garden library include: Prof. O. S. Aamodt, of the U. S. Dept. Agr., Washington, D. C.; Dr. Cath- arine Lieneman, assistant professor of botany, Wisconsin State Teachers College, River Falls; Mr. C. J. Gould, instructor in botany, lowa State College, Ames; Dr. Harold Morrison, of the bureau of entomology and plant quarantine, U. S. Dept. Agr., Washington, D. C.; the Hon. George D. Aiken, Governor of Ver- mont and an authority on horticultural subjects; Dr. Julian F. Smith, Associate Director Hooker Scientific Library, Central Col- lege, Favette, Mo.; Mr. H. A. Stevenson, of the U. S. Soil Con- servation Service, Elsberry, Mo.; Dr. George J. Goodman, assist- ant professor of botany, Iowa State College, Ames. MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 123 The following articles by members of the Garden staff and students have recently appeared in gardening or botanical publi- cations: “The Gladiolus in St. Louis Gardens.” in the June num- ber of Garden Life (13: 45-46), “Ridding the Garden of Moles,” reprinted from Garden BuLLETIN, in the June Garden Digest (12: 53-54), by Dr. David C. Fairburn; “The White Pygmy Water- Lily.” by Mr. G. H. Pring, in the June Flower Grower (27: 27 ®)-3 “Shading New Transplants with Brush,” by Dr. Edgar Anderson, in Real Gardening (3: 20-21.); “Suggestions to Clubs on Road- side Development,” in the March number of Garden Forum (2: 11). by Mr. L. P. Jensen; “The Chromosome Complement of Bumelia lanuginosa,” by Mr. William L. Brown and Mr. Robert B. Clark, inthe April American Journal of Botany (27: 237-238). STATISTICAL INFORMATION FOR MAY, 1940 GARDEN ATTENDANCE: Total number of visitors......0..000.0.0..00 000 cece cee eee. 42,255 Prianr AccrEssions: Total number of plants and seed packets received as gifts. ... 873 Taiprary ACCESSIONS: Total number of books bought........................2222. 15 Total number of books and pamphlets donated...... Herpartum Accrsstons: By Gift— Ammerman, Elizabeth—Plants of Texas.................... 60 Anderson, E.—Plants of central United States........ er 2 Andrews, Henry N. Jr., and George TI. Johnson—Plants of the southern United States.................cc.000000055, 173 Bailey, L. H.—Astianthus viminalis (HBK.) Baill. from Mexico Ge, «phases Mena els ce a 4-8 hos ais dene ane 4 Goh eames: ake J Beilmann, A. P.—Plants of horticulture.................... 2 Henson, Dorothy—Plants of Oklahoma................ 5 Hubricht, Leslie—Plants of Illinois.................... 6 Massey, A. B.—Plants of Virginia......................... 2 Parks, H. B.—Plants of Texas .... 0.20. cecccccccuceucs. 8 Peebles, R. H.—-Plants of Arizona.............. .......... 11 Seibert, Russell J.—Plants of Florida and of horticulture... . 74 Seibert, Russell J.— Photographs of types and authentic speci- mens of Bignoniaceae.. 2. 0..0..0 2.0.02. ce ee ee ee eee 37 Stitt, L. I.—Plants of Arizona........ fe eases. case dee 6 von Schrenk, Hermann—Plants of Texas... ................ 115 von Schrenk, Hermann—Plants of horticultuce...... 2 124 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN By Exchange— Bureau of Plant Industry—U. S. Department of Agricul- ture—Plants of western United States and Mexico........ 1,470 Field Museum of Natural History—Photographs of type specimens of Marantaceae and Zingiberaceae............. 150 Field Museum of Natural History—Plants of Costa Rica. 643 Gray Herbarium, Harvard U niversity— Plants of North and South Carolina.... 2.00... ce cee ce cece tet t eee e eee 949 State College of W “ashington—Plants of northwestern United States i+ ieee axe Se Wk. “asn-