IN Agi Uy Pot S Le A | MONTHLY JOURNAL OF | NATURAL HISTORY FOR THE NORTH OF ENGLAND. | EDITED BY ‘ WM. DENISON ROEBUC pK Fi. S., FRPES E, — TO AND EX-PRESIDENT OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SocrETyY; Hon. apie OF YORKSHIRE NATURALISTS’ Union; JormntT-AUTHOR OF ‘HANDBOOK OF TH NA O ORKSHIRE’; Hon EMBER OF BrApFoRD NATURALISTS AND MicroscopicaL Society, CLEVELAND NATURA fc LTON NATURALISTS as TURALISTS Fretp CLUB; ETC., ETC.; WITH THE ASSISTANCE AS REFEREES IN SPECIAL DEPARTMENTS OF J. GILBERT BAKER, F.R.S., F.L.S., CHAS, P. HOBKIRK, F.L.S., : W. EAGLE CLARKE, F.L.S., M.B.O.U., GEORGE T.’PORRITT, F.L:S.,.F.E.S,, j ALFRED HARKER, M.A., F.G.S., W. BARWELL TURNER, F.R.M_-S., : . LONDON: LOVELL REEVE & Co., 5, HENRIETTA STREET, COVENT GARDEN, E.C. PRINTED BY CHORLEY & PICKERSGILL, THE ELEcTRIC Press, LEEDs. PREP AG HE. THE Editors cannot allow the present occasion to pass without direct reference to the irreparable and exceptionally serious loss which this journal sustains by the death of Mr. John Cordeaux, whose valuable papers and notes continued to appear down to the date of his decease. His own complete bibliography of his own papers is in hand, and when revised will be printed in this journal. They have to thank their contributors for the articles and notes they have contributed during the year, and their subscribers for much-appreciated support. A considerable increase in the latter respect is, however, urgently needed, to allow of the enlargement of the journal, in order to cope with the large amount of high-class matter available for publication. THE NATURALIST FOR 1899. OCCURRENCE OF RARE PLANTS IN CUMBERLAND. WILLIAM HODGSON; A.L.S., Workington, Cumberland. Valeriana pyrenaica L. Heart-leaved Valerian. During a week’s sojourn at Netherby, on the extreme north of this county, during the earlier days of July 1897, I made my first acquaintance with this exceptionally rare plant, usually classed as an alien, or occasionally naturalised in plantations. By the courteous permission of Sir Richard J. Graham, Bart., of Netherby Hall, I had gone to Longtown, and from thence to Netherby, with the view of acquainting myself more thoroughly with the botany of the neighbouring district, for the purpose of | a Flora of my native county, which I have long been preparing for publication, and which is now in the hands of the printers. © I was recommended to visit the famous Solway Moss, and on > my way thither to explore a wood adjoining the highway between Longtown and the Moss, where I was informed that I should find a coarse-looking plant which had greatly puzzled the natives to identify. On reaching the wood I found imme- diately within the gate large patches of the plant, which, with a few exceptions, had’ done flowering for the season. Farther in the wood were to be seen more and more of the plants, numbering well over a hundred specimens in all. Many o these exceeded three feet in height, and they seemed so vigorous and healthy that I concluded the locality was congenial to their growth and development. On reaching home with such specimens as I had secured I had no difficulty in their classifica- tion. The flowers bore a strong resemblance to those of V. officinalis, and the large broadly heart-shaped, almost circular root-leaves tended further to the identification of the species. The wood bears, I believe, the name of Silver Hill Plantation, and it stands upon a part of what was formerly known as the Debatable Ground, claimed alike by England and Scotland. : ; : : A 2 Hodgson: Occurrence of Rare Plants in Cumberland. -Rumex maritimus L. Golden Dock. During the same month of July 1897, while visiting the ballast heaps at Maryport, I found about a dozen examples of this dock, a species new to me, growing in a moist hollow, associated with about an equal number of plants of Chenopodium polyspermum , and Ch. opulzfolium, and.a single specimen of Bromus schraderz, a South American brome grass, probably the offspring of a number of that species discovered close to the same place in 1890-91. The dock has not made its appearance this year, and only a few plants of the fig-leaved goosefoot of exceptional size now mark the spot. _ Trientalis europea 1. European Chickweed Winter : Green. Not many days ago I was informed by Mr. Harold Adair, of Foxhouses, Whitehaven, that the Chickweed Winter Green had been discovered in Upper Eskdale, in the south-west of the county, by Miss Edith Pearson, of Wigton, while staying in that valley during the month of June in the present year. She did not know the plant, but my correspondent, who also was staying in Eskdale at the same time, and knew the plant well, explained to her—what the lady herself had no conception of--that the chickweed-looking specimen was of uncommon rarity in these parts, and indeed was not very plentiful where — found Vicia orobus D.C. Wood Bitter Vetch. Mr. Harold _ Adair also informed me at the same time that he had found the Wood Bitter Vetch high up in the same valley beyond the highest railway station, ‘The Boot,’ where it is quite plentiful _ about the edges of meadows. Up to the date of my friend’s discovery all the records respecting this plant were confined to . the district of Cumberland lying between the river Eden and the _ Pennine Hills, or as Bishop Nicolson puts it in his MS., ‘Great Salkeld copiosé, sed presertim apud Blencarn—nostratibus = se.’ I recollect Mr. P. H. Grimshaw having some Aue finds in the same valley a few years ago. _ Chrysanthemum coronaria. Alien. Found growing on "some poultry runs on the south side of Silloth Dock, in August of the present year, 1898. I had noted it on some household refuse at Risehow, Maryport, in 1886. Xanthium spinosum L. Alien. A few stray specimens of the above species have appeared during twelve successive _ Seasons, including the past year, on the south side of the dock at Silloth. They have in no instance been known to. ripen seed Seah and ous there is no ravens diminution in number. The _Natucalit, - 2 Spotted Crake and Albino Sand Martin near Harrogate. 3 specimens have even been more numerous this year than usual, and certainly finer. Since writing the above, dried specimens, with perfectly- developed flowers, have been received from Miss laister, of Skinburness House, Silloth, whom I had coeainegia to. look. <4; out for their probable flowering this year. The accompanying card is dated 3rd October 1898. ae Amaranthus retroflexus and A. albus. These two kindred aliens were both noted at Silloth in August last. The former | has appeared at intervals for many years past at Risehow, Maryport, Flimby, and at the Derwent Tin Plate Works, Workington, usually associated with Cannabis sativa, Phalaris __ plentiful ten years ago, but has Macecet Aap: since the \ works were suspended, and is not now to be met with there, no fresh material being available. It was first seen at Silloth this season. ‘ Ne Ambrosia maritima and A. trifida, two other closely allied species of aliens, were also among the plants gathered at Silloth on the same occasion. Like the preceding pair, the former of them has been located for some years past near the extreme point of land jutting into the sea, on the south side of —__ the harbour entrance, where it appears likely to become per- by Mr. John Glaister, of the Grune House, Skinburness. We subsequently found specimens scattered along the south side of ACs the dock at intervals. It is a coarse species; the flower spikes o 0 closely resemble those of A. maritima, but leaves and stem are © 4 alike covered with stiff hairs, the whole being quite Tough: to. - handle. eee NOTE—ORNITHOLOGY. | Crake and ee Sand Mart » ’ s ole gate, during the past summer. Albino +. SO of the House Mack coer Byera has come under my n the same time a Spotted Fitts “(Porsana porzana) ~~“ shot somentat riearer to Harrogate, where it is probable that they are not ~ is generally sere —J. aa RE Daleside, Harrogate, ate November — pe ees bi NOTE—COLEOPTERA. ochammus sartor at Grimsby Docks.—In July my brother NOC, brduicht tae a fine specimen of Monochammus sartor, taken by him on the Royal Dock-side, = as ico i v. A. Thornley for identification by A. Smith, who the third specimen recorded for hinsobighivn: oe Curtis, Gavibaiass St. cahues, 1oth Dec. 1898. : NaN TER a. oli. dP. cae SR NOTES—-FLOWERING ee Lobelia and i owe um in the Lake Country.—I add a few notes to > Shee std Mr. Lister Petty in the December ‘ Nata ralist.’ Vace m Oxycoccos L. Crain erry, ees or Ciahew: Well might Mr. Pe hy ‘Wenverae the statement that the Cranberry is a rarity in the Lake Country, seeing that my notes for the Cumberland part of Lakeland alone contain the following entries, with the ss Adar annexed, viz., Ennerdale, Black Moss, Egremont, oe (Rev. F. Addison, Mr. Jos . Adair); Floutern Tarn (W. Foggitt); swamps at the highest Soni ‘of the pass over Whinlatter (H. C. Watson); Mockerkin, near the Tarn (W. B. at erfall); south side of Skiddaw, near the foot of the hill (N. J. Winch); Mosedale in Wastdale (Rev. A. Ley); by the river Caldew, near the foot of Wiley Ghyll, in spongy bogs; Mosedale Moss, under Carrock Fell (W. Hodgson); Fok kdale Green, wheeeedral tal g ose aw). i soiat ape there seems to be tw is vate, ne producing red berries, the other a greyish purple es (Jos. Adair). Bo oggy place just off the road senate Latrigg from Skiddaw (Rev. hag Hilderic Friend). ig Also in the low wer valleys of Cumberland Crones are far from being ree. Hute ap nson’s ee of Cumberland, published in 1794, informs us d t ing, ia Dortmanna. With reference to the Blea Tarn mentioned in Mr. Baker's Flora of the Lake District, pp. 142-3, I believe I am correct in ing i E t which lies i lows of the pools is quite hidden by the zure Pints of the flowers. The Lobelia | is here soci with in < ti a fe ere a mo water.’ Probabl _ is intended & Bag latter. I have already i ar toned ae Tarn Wadling now exist: in name. Dr. Nicolson’s list, fro ich I have just quoted, coat ate 16g90.—WILLIAM HopGson, "Workington, 6th Dec. 1898. iO oe i Naturalis’ i TREES AND TREE-NESTERS. Miss MARY L. ARMITT. THERE is a certain strip of woodland left to the Lake country, very hoar and ancient, and which is, in position and character, not a little singular. It lies about an old highway, which skirts a great scar-side at a point that may be termed the ankle-joint of the mountain, because there the steep foot-meadows spread more gently to the lake margin from the steeper fell and scree above. A high-road truly this way no longer is, but only a broad track, levelled and buttressed, showing how man in early days kept his line of route high and dry, and being sound of breath and limb, and well-nigh independent of wheels, shunned the bottom flats and the swamps that filled them. But now that he so much less propels himself by lung and foot, but bowls upon wheels of many kinds along the great high road—smooth as a ship’s deck—that traverses the well- drained valley, this ancient route is lonesome. The grass is scarce worn in its centre; the deep stone tanks that stud it— ancient wells that tapped the rills coursing so strangely under- ground (and faintly audible at places) for the refreshment of man and beast—are choked or empty. No one now pauses | ; to drink at them, and therefore no one tends them. Very wild and lonesome is the place. The great crag, on which Kestrels breed, raises a sheer head aloft, whe between it and = the road, on the huge boulders and shelving screes that fringe the scar, there is a wild growth of forest and fern. There, amongst rocks and piled stones, are wondrous nooks ; mossy chambers, screened within the debris; tiny springs, breaking forth and enriching all things round; seemingly inaccessible steepnesses clothed with green; and great old trees spreading gnarled roots among the rocks. Up and down, too, about the road, fringing it as solitary ae specimens, or, on gentler grassy slopes below, grouped as patches of unwalled woodland, are ancient trees. Like the road, they are reminiscent of man. At first glance they seem but remnants of that pristine forest that probably once clothed the whole of our mountain area—specimens which have sur- vived untouched upon unneeded rocky ground. But presently a e may be discerned about them signs of ancient handling and o ancient guardage, possibly by some common forest-rights ; and protection is happily now extended by a private owner, so that January 1899. ‘ : 6 Armitt: Trees and Tree-Nesters. these aged monarchs may live out the small remnant of their lives in peace. They are Oak trees mostly, interspersed by a few Ash and Cherry trees; and shrubs of Hazel, Holly, Thorn, and Rowan crowd among them; while the Yew trees that here and there cling to the naked scar are far above the general line of woodland. Some of the trees have reached, by an undeterred growth, the height and expanse possible in - these shallow soils, stretching wide arms from a stout main trunk. But t many again, more especially upon certain patches, Oar eros and i oe as they are—by their disposal of limb to trunk, traces of man’s axe, wielded long ago. In the days of their youth, long, long ago, when wood was the only fuel obtainable except peat, and man’s dwellings were roofed with timber grown at hand, these trees would seem to have been lopped, or pollarded, at a distance of from 8 to 14 ft. above the ground. The tree, then, having lost its main stem, threw its arrested growth into several great converging limbs. _In some few instances, these limbs were again lopped at a point - considerably higher, and clearly at a date long subsequent, so _ that from the short, thick trunk there now branch, first, four or _ five vast, rugged elbows, and from these again spring, rocket- : like, a shower of slender stems. ! Very weird and fantastic in shape are the trees of this wood- land, even down to the Hollies and the Thorns. So twisted and _ writhing in form are they, so knotted and gnarled at the joints, _ that they recall the pencil of Gustave Doré, who drew no _ stranger forms than theirs ; for the older they grow the weirder do they become. As decrepitude sets in, the massive elbows, : ees a, and riven at the joint by rain and humus, and growing things that collect therein, snap off, sometimes splitting the _ whole trunk downwards with their fall. Finally, the central trunk alone is left, a weird and crumbling tower of timber, to rot ag Ivy wraps it round perhaps ina eae ay ngside, and like a pennon — above the ruin a fictitious crown o "green. a All sorts of things live wad: grow upon these aging Oaks. f Besides lichen on the slender twigs above, and moss of several en TE 1S: poillible that some few of these trees may have been maimed by _ Nature. Several fine young Oak trees hereabouts lost their main stems the superincumbent weight collected by sks leaves. An early snow, before has — does much — to t Armitt: Trees and Tree-Nesters. 7 kinds upon the bark of stalwart branch and trunk, where rain and mist will filter down, and fungoid growths of many a kind, there is Polypody fern growing in every hollow, gash, or rent; the Broad Boss fern springing here and there in crevices, as well as Wood-Sorrel and many another little flowering weed; — and seedling trees, Mountain Ash, Holly, Hazel, or Silver Birch, sprouting from the cracks. These little seedling trees may be | detected by their stripling-like straightness, where they shoot aloft from the aged boughs, two and three—nay, even six, e : am told by the woodman—upon one tree, up and up to the ; top. Nor are the lodger-trees all striplings. Looking through the woodland in the last week of April, while the Oak trees are bare of leaf and show their centres, we pass tree after tree, | bearing aloft a lodger, stalwart and strong, dark with its cloud of Holly leaves, or bright with the new verdure of the Mountain | Ash. In the hollow of the crown of the Oak, some ro to 15 ft. above the ground—for there only, where moisture lingers, and a little soil doubtless is formed from blown dust and leaves and fern-root, can real growth be obtained—does the lodger sit, stout and strong, reaching up boughs sometimes to a height little short of those of its host-tree. Sometimes there are twin- lodgers in a tree. One Sycamore tree, sound and in its prime, holds both a Hazel _ Bush and a Rowan; an Oak carries two stout Hollies ; another Oak two stout Hollies and a Rowan. In this last instance the size of the lodgers is so surprising that I got the woodman to — measure them. Fe Girth of main stem where it springs from the tap of the oak. Height. st Holly i 1o inches co o> Beet: 2nd Holly ” ae ee ehidene 27 ae _ th ¢ . ? ; branched and top-heavy, that it had split down the oak on one © side, and had toppled over. But still it clung to its foothold on the | knees of the giant—for there, indeed, it was securely rooted, and ay thence it derived nourishment. It lay across, its upper branches leaning against the steeply-sloping ground, and was neither — vanquished nor dead; it was then (26th April 1896) not only — green with leaves, but was preparing a lusty show of flowers. _ _ The Oak, smashed though its branches all were, and its trunk rent on the side of the ral, lived, too, on the other side, ae eet 1899. 8 Armitt: Trees and Tree-Nesters. bravely spread its summer greenery; and the two together, inextricably intertwined, made such a confusion of down-leaning and up-stretching limbs and boughs and foliage as surely was never seen before. The Rowan was later cut out, and now lies, dislimbed, a monument of perverted growth. Its main stem, at the point a little above where it first cast off its seed-shell, and caught hold of the Oak with its little, grasping foot, measures over 14 yards round. Immediately above, it branches into five large, and almost equal arms; the one arm left measures 24 inches round. Immediately below, the main stem passes into what must have been a huge buried stem, or root, e fall of anarm. The Oak, behind and below, contains R. White. Old Oak, by the two Hollies and the Rowan y tines bed.—From a photograph by Mr. of girth little less than the above-ground stem. With this one root it seems to have struck down and pierced the heart of the Oak, reaching down and down, until it not only (in probability) reached the ground, but, swelling ever greater, occupied a great part of the Oak trunk, and finally caused its fracture. In this fact, the secret of these surprising growths is no doubt disclosed, for it is not possible that, seated upon the laps of the giants, they should attain the size they do, dependent only on the moisture of the air (damp though our woods are) and on the fraction of soil in which they first germinate. Their roots N aturalist, Armitt: Trees and Tree-Nesters. 9 frequently, no doubt, go down through the Oak to the soil. In the instance quoted above, where two Hollies and a Rowan live on an Oak, the roots of the Rowan may be detected as certain rod-like excrescences, bursting through the bark of the Oak near the ground.! These lodger trees are no doubt mainly planted by birds. Their species almost attest the fact. The berry of the Mountain Ash is the favourite food of many birds; and Thrushes—Song and Missel—Blackbird, -Bullfinch, and Chaffinch clear the autumn crop with avidity. The Finches that, clinging to the tree, pick the berry and eat its seed forthwith, can scarcely propagate the tree; but the habit of the Thrushes, to carry a whole berry off in the beak to eat at leisure, will cause many to be scattered. The Holly berry makes the winter sustenance of many birds, of Ring Doves, Blackbirds, Thrushes, Fieldfares, and Jays. All these birds swallow the berry whole, and straight away; but perching as they do on the adjacent Oak tree after their feast, many of the rejected seeds must be dropped upon the boughs. It has lately been disputed, indeed, that a seed—such as the Mistletoe—can germinate after passing through the digestive organs of a bird, but this is beyond my knowledge. On entering this woodland, after surprising a party of Doves that feasted on the Hollies, I have found the ground of the wood below the bushes, and below the larger trees on which they have rested, literally strewn with bare seeds; and from the clean appearance of these seeds, and the masses in which they lay, I conjectured that they may have been thrown up by the bird, after it has secured the red covering of the seeds, which it relishes. If such were the case, the germinating power of the seed would not be injured. : The Hazel nut is eaten through to its centre by Great Titmouse and Squirrel; but the little quadruped, if it stores the nut, must sometimes forget where it has laid its treasure; and the bird, carrying off the nut as it does, to break on some adjacent hard and forked bough, may deposit it ina crack. The Silver Birch, of which I have seen only one as a lodger, is manifestly wind-sown. The trees of this woodland are naturally haunted by birds. Not only do they furnish birds with shelter and with food, but with nesting-holes as well. No nesting place is more secure; warm, or comfortable than an old, decaying tree. And so this This Rowan bore a crop of berries this summer (1898), when the — glimmer of their coral red up amongst the Oak leaves made a singular limited area, to abound ; 10 Armitt: Trees and Tree-Nesters. belt of woodland has almost an avian character of its own, owing to the opportunities it offers to hole-breeding birds. Not only do the birds that invariably breed in trees here flourish—the Brown Owl, the Tree-Creeper, the Marsh Titmouse, the Pied Flycatcher—but birds that elsewhere in Lakeland nest generally in walls, such as the Jackdaw, Starling, Great Titmouse, Blue Titmouse, and even the Redstart, here revert to a possibly pristine habit of tree-nesting. n an eight years’ experience in another part of Lakeland, I never happened to know of a Blue Titmouse’s nest in other than a building-hole ; while the first spring’s acquaintance with ws SE) The nesting Oak, for two ogee of the Pied Flycatcher. The hole is in the boss on the left, overshadowed by ivy.—From a photograph by Mr. J. R. White this woodland stretch showed, unsought, three nests in holes of trees. The Great Titmouse, whose secrets are rarely told, was seen to feed its brood in an ancient Holly tree. Redstart afforded the long-sought instance Out of eleven nests known that season in the neighbourhood, nine were in wall-holes Even the of tree-nesting. immediate as usual, one in a natural pile of stones, and the remaining one was placed in the crevice of a pollarded Ash, where Polypody-Fern made green shade about the boss. As for the Pied Flycatcher, it may be said, upon a very and though this area spreads beyond Naturalist, Armiti: Trees and Tree-Nesters. II the woodland stretch above described, the stretch ei makes its centre; so that the birds’ numerousness may be ascribed to these ancient trees, in which it habitually breeds. It loves those little pocket-like holes that are found in the trunk of even sound trees—Sycamore, Wych-elm, but generally of Oak—that are caused probably by the early loss of a branch ; or the larger space of a hollow bough; or those strange, wart- like excrescences, when hollow, that are sometimes seen in old © trees. These the hen lines with moss, bents, and rotten wood, making a deep cushion of such stuff as comes handiest. The same hole is frequently used two years at least. But numerous as are the nesting-holes to be found in these trees, they are not numerous enough for the Pied Flycatcher. When the birds have arrived in full force—the old males in the last week of April, the young ones along with the hens in the first or second weeks of May—there is keen competition for the holes left vacant by other birds. The winter residents have naturally been first on the ground, and suited themselves ; and, indeed, some of them-—the Starling and the Greatand Blue Titmice —seem often to take holes that have been already used by the Pied Flycatcher, with all the nest-stuff therein. The Starling, in fact, I have known to oust the little bird after it was established. It is capable, however, of reprisals. In the orchard of Fox How, as the owner narrated in the ‘ Spectator’ some years ago, the Pied Flycatcher not only turned a pair of Blue Tits from their nest-hole, but ee built its own nest on the top of their eggs. I have been told of several cases, of double nests in Thus it is that, abundant as the Pied Flycatcher is, not all the birds that come remain to nest. In affluent years, the males _ in May are planted thickly, and sing vociferously ; ; then many, either for want of nest-hole or mate, drift away. _ The birds come and go, as the summers come and go, leaving the old woodland much the same. When it is most beautiful, with its sweeps of eases grass, and its mounds of castle-like rocks, who shall say ? ey _ Inspring, when the fresh green begins to breakforth,andthe = Cherry trees are white with blossom, and Oaks first puton the © golden-green of flowers and leaves; and birds from far southern — lands sport, and mate, and sing, and nest in their branches ; and the lake gleams below the trees, and through them, not shut out ‘yet a the expanded leaves; and the caleentdes cry in the Chae above. prune 12 ‘ é Manchester Museum. Or, in summer, when the Oaks have settled to their heaviest green; and the Green Moths, emerging suddenly in the heat from their chrysalids within the folded leaves, hover for the marriage dance by thousands—a light and moving cloud—about the boughs; and families of birds patrol the wood in gay, glad - company—all but the Wood Warbler, that still has a yellow- breasted nestful waiting for supplies on the floor of the wood; and about the dry, hot grass the dusky brown butterflies flit; and the Chaffinch keeps as low, seeking for food where the white clover holds within the withering flower a delicious green seed- pod, with tiniest of peas therein. Or, in autumn, when St. Luke’s summer adds day to day of pure, still sunshine; and the Hollies already have brightened their berries to scarlet ; and the Oak trees bear yet their summer leaves, turned to palest yellow and brown, wanting but a faint ze to bring them down in a sudden shower; and the changeless dark-leaved Ivy, bushing out in the midst of the trees, will not wait for their fall, but opens its myriad blossoms to the sun; and the myriad insects that seek them from far, can be told by the full-toned hum heard underneath ; and the Robin, perched near on a bough, makes low, inward melody of utter content. Or, in winter, when the great trees are bare and naked, and the light is low ; and the Owl snoozes at noon in the ivied Oak, and the Buzzard cries loud from the mist; and Holly and Ivy together—though one flowered in May and the other in early November—offer their fruit to the birds; and the Holm- Thrush rattles the smooth, dark leaves as it picks; and the Ring Dove crosses to where a crowd of its fellows, with loud- fluttering wings, snatch red berries from the prickly-leaved bush; and the Gall Fly hops on the sodden ground; and the Field- mouse, living hard by in the wall—the daintiest feeder of all— leaves at its doorway its refuse of berries, the red husks that birds love, and the seed-cases as well, for out of them it clears, with the neatest of teeth, the kernel within When ? for always the woodland is full “of life, of wonder, and of beauty. Ret ee ———— i i NOTES AND NEWS. have before us the Report of the Manchester Museum for the year 1897-8, on are p ange to see ogee me vigem +. energy and success with Lipa 2 f argh a a . ts fice that by the use at =n iohtinge it is expected that the n may ope on weekday evenings, and thereby its usefulness Sopaiderans enhanced Naturalist 13 THE YORKSHIRE BOULDER COMMITTEE AND ITS TWELFTH YEAR’S WORK, 1897-8. PERCY F. KENDALL, F.G.S., Chairman, AND J. H. HOWARTH, F.G.S., Hon. Secretary. UNREMITTING attention has been devoted to the subject of boulders during the year, resulting in returns which are described in the report of the Boulder Committee of the British Association as ‘a valuable and significant set of records.’ The discovery of two large glaciated boulders of chalk near Scarborough is of interest, as that point is fully 20 miles to the northward of the chalk cliffs of the Yorkshire coast. Attention was directed last year to the remarkable fact that the Belemnitelle collected from the drift of Holderness belonged without exception to the species B. lanceolata, unknown as a constituent of the fauna of the Yorkshire chalk, which contains instead B. guadrata. This conclusion is fully sustained by the work of the past year, and emphasises the well-known fact that b/ack flints, which are unknown ‘in the local chalk, are found plentifully in the glacial deposits of the Yorkshire coast. One such flint, containing a cast of Zchznocorys, is reported from the inland station Market Weighton. Further valuable work has been done upon the distribution of Shap granite, and its sporadic grouping receives a fres illustration from the Yorkshire coast. Further light is thrown upon the source of the in many ways anomalous patch of boulder clay at Balby by the discovery in it of three specimens of Eskdale granite. Our knowledge of the distribution of erratics of Scandinavian origin receives a welcome addition by the observation of a second example of the granite from either Angermanland or Aland (Sweden) at Easington, and by the recognition of a pebble of rhomb-porphyry at Brough. The latter is the first undoubted occurrence of a Scandinavian boulder within the line of the Chalk Wolds. The Committee is also enabled to announce the recognition amongst the far-carried erratics of the east coast of England of a considerable number of Norwegian rocks from localities which were not previously known to have yielded boulders to the English drift. January 1899. - ri 14 Yorkshire Boulder Committee : Its Twelfth Vear's Work. The Chairman (Mr. Kendall) spent a month during the summer of 1 in Norway between ° Christiania and Christian- sand collecting rocks for comparison with the erratics of the east coast of England. He brought away a large quantity of material illustrating important petrological types, and has now distributed about 300 specimens amongst English workers in glacial geology, to whom they may be useful. Other sets will be lodged in public museums. A series of east ‘coast erratic boulders collected by Mr. _ J. W. Stather, F.G.S., and Mr. Thomas Sheppard was taken to consented to examine them. Professor Brégger’s examination was not carried to completion, as the thin sections which should _ have accompanied the specimens had gone astray in the post, but some rocks were nevertheless singled out by him which possessed such marked characteristics as to admit of positive identification. These determinations are of so much interest and importance that it has been thought desirable to publish them in this report rather than to wait for a more complete statement. The well-known rhomb-porphyries yielded examples from the Ringerike, Tonsberg, and Tuft (in the Langendal) districts. Brégger found the pyroxenite of Fettvedt, Christianiafjord ; a soda syenite from the country north of Christiamia; a basic rock from Hitterdal (this is a very pronounced type regarding - which Professor Brégger spoke with great confidence); the Labradorite-porphyrite of Mos (on the east side of the Skager- rack south of Drobak), and rocks from the an, Sai an of Drammen In gadidan to these there are examples of Labradorite- _ porphyrite with porphyritic conspicuously-zoned felspars, which is known as an erratic in Norway, but has not been traced in situ. Finally Professor Brégger recognised three examples of the sandstone or grit representing the curious ‘ Sparagmit-con- glomerat,’ which covers a vast area in the high mountainous interior of Scandinavia northward of Christiania. The speci- mens in question may have come from Gudbransdal, about the northern part of Lake Mjésen. Seas i? PR oS Be eS oe eo rats = Z ae eS See eee 2 ~ Naturalist, me weeks altogether. “Naturalist, Fowler: Presidential Address to Lincs. Naturalists’ Union. 39 Only about four previous occurrences are on record for Great Britain. On 18th September about seventy Pink-footed Geese About fourteen have been recorded in the ‘Field’ (2nd October, p. 537) as arriving on the Yorkshire Wolds on oth September, which is the earliest record for Yorkshire. A considerable amount of work has been done at the insects of the county by the Rev. A. Thornley and Mr. J. Eardley Mason: The former has a list in manuscript of no less than goo species of Coleoptera recorded from the county, which will be a most valuable addition to our knowledge when published. No particularly rare species have been recorded with the excep- tion of Monochammus sartor F., a large longicorn, found in a house in Lincoln. The records for Britain are few, but for my own part I believe that it is not indigenous, but is invariably imported in the larval state. Last year I commented on the rare appearance of the Large Heath Butterfly (Zpinephele ttthonus) in Lincolnshire, but I have since found that in certain localities it is not uncommon. I am very glad to know that the Diptera and Hemiptera are also receiving a share of attention from Mr. Thornley and Mr. Mason, as these orders are usually nt : and Nottinghamshire Diptera, the material a which has been supplied by Mr. Thornley. I do not feel in any way competent to speak of the botany of the county, especially as we have two botanists in the Union, the Rev. E. Adrian Woodruffe-Peacock and the Rev. W. Fowler, who are second to none in their knowledge of British botany. Mr. Peacock, however, informs me that the following are the best species that have been found among the phanerogams :— a Jiliforme L. from both North and South Lincolnshire, Sa/cx undulata Ehr. from Great Cotes, and Euphorbia portlandica L. | Thalictrum collinum Wallr. from the Isle of Axholme, Zrifolium — oe i from Skegness. The latter has been growing at Skegness for nee years, but was first recorded this year by Mr. F. A, Lees In my last address I spoke at some length on the question of the importance of economic entomology, which cannot well be over-estimated in an agricultural county like Lincolnshire, and I alluded to the work of Mr. J. Eardley Mason. Mr. Mason, whom we are all very glad to see again working among us, has — kindly furnished me with the following notes on insect pests © February Sop, : 40 Fowler: Presidential Address to Lincs. Naturalists’ Union. during the current year, which cannot fail to be interesting to (Diplosis destructor L.), but that Corn Aphis (Szphonophora) was prevalent, and the damage caused by its absorbing part of the sap on the way to the ears was shown by the dwarfing of the individual grains. The Wheat Midge (Cectdomyia triticr Kirby) was answerable for about an average amount of injury. _ Feeding within the glumes the maggots, where three or more are present, distort and shrivel the grain, and in some cases, ere numerous, destroy it. The injury caused by these two pests is readily disbuigtished from the complete abortion of the grain due to non-fertilisation, of which there has been too much this year. This is probably due to a few frosty nights at flower- ing time. The Wheat Sawfly (Cephus pygmaeus Curt.) was not noticed, and barley suffered very little from gout, the bulging unemerged ears, the work of the Ribbon-footed or Gout Corn Fly (Chlorops teniopus Curt.) being very rarely seen. A few Hessian Flies made their appearance rather late, but practically no damage was done by this or the preceding species. Oats had about the usual number of side shoots occupied by the larva of Oscinis frit L. or an allied species. In spite of the dry weather nothing was noticed of the presence of the usual moth larve (Mamestra, Agrotis, etc.) in the young turnips just thicken- ing for the bulb. This report is certainly an encouraging one, and bears out my opinion that the scares regarding these pests are, except so far as concerns the particular season, quite unjustifiable. The Hessian Fly, for instance, is always with us, and has probably never been introduced at all; it is only at times that it becomes very destructive, and soperbanty at long intervals; hence the scare about ten years ago when it was thought to be a new plague altogether and the last straw that would break the farmer’s back. This irregularity of appear- ance in large numbers is common to many insects. In the case of harmless species like the Clouded Yellow Butterfly it simply rouses curiosity and admiration, but in the case of noxious insects it immediately causes a panic. Perhaps the worst of all these panics was the one created by the appearance of the Colorado Potato Beetle in America some twenty years ago; we have heard very little about it since, but when the favourable circumstances for its enormous. multiplication again occur history will repeat itself. “Naturalist, Fowler: Presidential Address to Lincs. Naturalists’ Union. 41 It is the privilege of a President in his address to wander somewhat from his special subject and to be allowed a certain license of generalisation, if I may so call it, and such a privilege is certainly a good thing for his hearers, for a man is too apt to think that his hearers know as much of his special subject as he himself does, and to burden them, as I have been often burdened myself, with the ‘sesquipedalia verba’ of a technicality that is meaningless to the uninitiated. 1 would therefore say a few rule, t up to contempt and reprobation, but unless he is wantonly destructive, there is very much to be said for him; in the first place he gets an infinite amount of harmless enjoyment ; there is no pleasure greater than that of a keen collector who steals a half or a whole day to visit some historical locality which he has not explored before, and who finds his expectations more than realised, unless it be that of a collector who unexpectedly strikes a new locality for himself, and comes away with his box, bottle, or vasculum filled with good species which he knows will be a delight for some time to come to himself and his friends. I say to ‘his friends’ advisedly, for the collector who will not share his treasures nor part with them except on the rule of a strict quid pro quo, and who, moreover, is always keeping his localities a dead secret (except strictly in the interests of science to prevent extermination) is no true naturalist but only a mere huckster; we are told that it is ‘by mutual confidence and mutual aid’ that ‘great deeds are done and great discoveries made,’ and nowhere is this more true than in the field of Natural History: the field is a vast one and only a small corner can be explored by one individual, but it is a field in which the very humblest may do good work, and where the greatest workers are necessarily dependent on the most obscure; observers, systematists, and generalisers owe a very great debt, as Darwin himself would have been the first to allow, to individual collectors over limited areas, through whom many of the most important facts on which they frame their inductions, have over and over again been brought to light. At the same time to rest as a mere collector, to collect for the sake of filling deprecated ; it is much the same with these as with certain Febery in 7 ' 42 Fowler: Presidential Address to Lincs. Naturalists’ Union. microscopists I have come across who spent all their energies in finding out ‘how to work with higher objectives than their friends, and who are perfectly happy and contented if they have resolved out a few lines on a diatom which a friend’s microscope Fe icesiiately refuses to reveal; of course, a collector in the strictest sense of the term must to a certain extent be an observer: he must observe localities and habitats and seasons of capture if ‘nothing else, and if he will only keep a record of these he will have done much; but even this is often neglected, and there- fore I would put in a strong plea for more observation and more keeping of accurate records of all kinds. Gilbert White’s work was not of a very solid or wide description, but he observed such facts as were within his reach intelligently and accurately, and recorded them intelligibly and pleasantly, and so earned for himself a reputation that appears to increase rather than diminish as time goes on. Now observations of any kind are most valuable, but as in simple collecting one group regard to observations; some may work at life histories, most interesting and much neglected study, others at structure, others at Saribouce including migration, while others again content themselves with classification; there is, however, one subject, or rather group of subjects, which I think — has a particular charm for the ordinary observer, and that is the question of protection and mimicry in nature, and the allied — questions of warning colours, recognition markings, and other correlated matters; there are some people who think that the observers in these branches go too far and see too much; but granting this to a certain extent, yet the main facts carry con- viction to anyone who can put two and two together. Take for _ instance a branch on which a large number of the caterpillars of the Geometridz are feeding; an uninitiated observer would probably not see one, even if he looked closely, so exact is their _ resemblance to the small twigs of the tree on which they are resting: and then observe a hawthorn hedge covered with the scarlet black and white caterpillars of the Gold Tip Moth (Porthesia similts Fuess.) flaunting themselves in the sun. - What is the reason of the difference? Evidently that one is edible and needs protection, and that the other is distasteful and ~ requires to be made as conspicuous as possible in order to avoid accidental injury by would-be devourers. Many of our British moths are closely protected by their likeness to the rocks or tree trunks on which they rest; some have protective upper wings Naturalist, ae ; allies, the back is furnished with several hairy tussocks or his : Fowler: Presidential Address to Lincs. Naturalists’ Union. 43 but very brightly-coloured under wings, as their names Scarlet Underwings or Yellow Underwings imply. I have watched the large Scarlet -Underwing (Cavtocala nupia L.) flying among willows on the banks of a stream, a flash of scarlet followed by a total disappearance, so exactly do the upper wings resemble the trunk on which it settles. What, however, is the reason of the brilliant scarlet? Probably, as Professor Poulton, who has studied the subject very thoroughly, writes to me, its use is to draw the attention of an enemy to a non-vital part. This appears to be proved by the frequent chipping of the wings at their margins ; the bird makes a dash at the most attractive F Herald Moth (Gonoptera libatrix L.) and the Centre Barred Sallow (Cirrhedia xerampelina L.) and its allies, are also pro- tected by their close resemblance to dead leaves; others, again, like the Buff-tip (Phalera bucephala L.) and the Sharks (Cucudlia) when at rest are just like broken pieces of wood or splinters, while others again, e.g., Abraxas sylvata Scop., closely resemble the droppings of birds from a height on to leaves; and so we may carry the question through the whole animal kingdom, remembering that environment must always be taken into ings that it is scarcely visible to a novice at a comparatively Short distance, even though clearly in sight to an expert; and as we thus observe we are carried on to further fields. _ What animals are better protected by colour than the Rabbit and the Hare? Why then has the Rabbit a conspicuous © white tail and the Hare black ears? In the Rabbit it is plainly a recognition marking for the young ones to follow and so | be guided to safety, and it is probably much the same with _ the black ears of the Hare, although in this case it is not so obvious. We have alluded to warning colours, and we find as a rule that brightly-coloured larve or reptiles are distasteful to birds, =~ lizards, etc. This distastefulness is often heightened by external hairs, unpleasant secretions, and warning attitudes. In the Hop Dog, the caterpillar of the Pale Tussock Moth (Dasychira pudibunda L.), and in some of the Vapourer Moths and their — February 1899. 44 Fowler: Presidential Address to Lincs. Naturalists’ Union. humps of hairs which easily come out. They are the parts first seized by an enemy, and the unpleasant mouthful is usually sufficient to prevent a second attempt. The Squirrel’s bushy tail is probably on much the same principle. An enemy in pursuit would most likely make a grab at the large tail and get simply a mouthful of hair for its pains. If we pursue the subject further we get to variable pro- tection, a most interesting branch of the subject, and to the great question of mimicry. The latter differs from protective resemblance by the fact that it deals with the imitation of living things, whereas protective resemblance is confined, strictly speaking, to a likeness to inanimate objects. The best instances of mimicry are found in tropical countries, but in our own country we have the Clear-wing Moths closely resembling Wasps and Hornets, and so being protected; and the Hawk- like appearance of the Common Cuckoo must have struck most of us. e is, in fact, no limit to this most fascinating field of observation. ften we may make mistakes, but these very mistakes lead to corrections and open up new side-paths o knowledge. Nor t we, in the end, forget the important bearing that even the least of these facts has upon the great question of natural selection and of evolution generally. Our ideas regarding these have been considerably modified of late years. The term evolution has been applied to so many sciences, not to speak of ethics and theology, and in so many connotations, that it has almost ceased to have any definite meaning and has become too often a mere catch-word. At the same time there are vast truths underlying it. We must indeed allow that the old system of teleology or ww causes was to a great extent done away with by the ory of natural selection, tard one can for long be an Zbl in the we have been pactine without feeling convinced that this theory simply shifted the point of view and opened up to us teleology of a far greater and deeper character. I am afraid that I have conisldeealy digressed from county natural history, but I hope that you will forgive me, and, in conclusion, I should like to say that, since I wrote the greater part of my address, a new society has been formed in Lincoln under the title of the Lincoln Scientific Society, which we hope may grow into a County Association, and, as a sectional society for home work and the reading of papers, supplement the excellent field work of the Lincolnshire Naturalists’ Union Naturalist, 45 EXTRACTS FROM A CONCHOLOGIST’S NOTEBOOK. — WILLIAM NELSON, M.C.S., Crossgates, Leeds; Hon. Sec., Leeds Conchological Club. 3-—TO WISTOW AND CAWOOD FOR LIMN42A GLABRA, At the beginning of 1887, having been told by my friend, Mr. J. W. Taylor, of a locality at Bishop Wood for this local species where he had obtained several years before, I deter- mined on an examination of the district to search for it, and during the first week in May I started for Bishop Wood, via Hambleton. 1 stayed a little time to examine the broad — Stream or dyke and obtained specimens of Spherium cor- neum, Bythinia tentaculata, Valvata piscinalis, Planorbts albus, P. vortex, P. carinatus, P. umbilicatus, Physa fontinalis, Limnea peregra and L. truncatula. Having left here and gone towards the wood, I could not but notice the daisy-spreckled banks, and here I saw my first butterfly of the season, a hybernated speci- men of the Small Tortoiseshell (Vanessa urtice). Ina ditch here I found a few specimens of Physa hypnorum, Planorbis spirorbis, and Limnea truncatula, but I searched in vain for a pond where, about 1859, I was wont to get specimens of the Water Violet (Hottonia palustris) for my aquarium; I suppose since that time it has been filled up. I again joined the path, and in a drain near obtained Limnaa peregra and L. truncatula, both rather large. The former were very fragile and, though J brought a good many away, I scarcely got a perfect example home. In a pond near to the farm I obtained additional sia of Physa hypnorum, Planorbis spirorbis, Limnea per and L. truncatula. Having passed through the farmy rs gid road skirts the wood, which at the time was bright with Primroses (Primula vulgaris), and here again I saw some butterflies flitting about, and which from their size and manner of flight, I concluded were the Small White (Pieris rapa). 1 then turned into the road that runs through the wood to examine the ditch On each side of the road, but I failed to find any shells. I spent considerable time at this place, because I understood it was here where Mr. Taylor found the species I was in search of. I left very reluctantly, and gave up all hope of finding my favourite Species of Zimnea. 1 then retraced my steps into the road again, and proceeded till I came to a ditch near Scalm Park. February 1899, _ ng 46 Nelson: Extracts From a Conchologist’s Notebook. Here I found Physa hypnorum, Planorbis spirorbis, Limnea ; 6 igh and ZL. palustris. Proceeding further along the road, I came to a number of small ponds, which are situated close py. to the cross roads here. The first pond I searched yielded no molluscs; the next one I examined had an abundance of _ Planorbis sptrorbts and Limnea palustris, the latter being very small examples. ter a time, in another part of the same pond I began to find Physa hypnorum, and at length was _ rewarded by a specimen of Limne@a glabra, and after a diligent search I obtained two or three additional examples. I then left this pond and tried another, which yielded a goodly number ‘of Limnea glabra and L. truncatula. 1 may here remark that the Z. glabra were small and slender, and many of them were possessed of a thickened rib just within the aperture of the shell. These ponds and part of the ground round seem to @ me, from some of the plants which still survive, to have been a common until a comparatively recent time. Having reached a small stream that crosses the road near _ Wistow, I examined it, but only found Limnea peregra. Passing through the village of Wistow, I turned towards Cawood, and in a ditch near the latter village I found Physa Aypnorum, Planorbis spirorbis, and Limnea glabra, the latter a being of a different form altogether fon those gathered at the cross roads between Wistow and Scalm Park, being lecee and proportionately broader. ving passed the village maypole, | went alongside a dried-up canal in front of the castle and noticed skeletons of Eels (Anguilla sp.) lying on the soft mud. Arriving: at Bishopdyke, I turned to the left and had for some miles a very unpleasant walk. The dyke was undergoing the process of _ being deepened and widened ; the mud which formed was piled up on the roadside which runs alongside the dyke; this gave off _ an unsavoury smell, but amongst the drying mud I obtained well-preserved specimens of Limne@a peregra, L. auricularta, L. stagnalis, L. palustris, Planorbis carinatus, and P. corneus, which, from their long burial in the mud had acquired quite a sub-fossilised appearance. I specimens of Limnea auritcularia, and should be pleased to hear if any readers have so obtained it. Having passed Biggin, which laid to the right, I turned to the left and pop an some a place called Manor Garth. Here I got ‘cna of Planorbis Naturalist, i should like here to remark that I have not met with recent : ponds, which had evidently at one time bee moat, at ae > February Book Notices. AT spirorbis, P. umbilicatus, Limnea peregra, and L. palustris. One of the latter had the body whorl ornamented by white bands due to an absence of epidermis, evidently caused by some injury sustained by the mantle. Crossing a number of fields, I searched the railway line and walked alongside it to the station, where I found I should have to wait some time for a train; so I partly retraced my steps and went into Gas- coigne Wood, where I noticed many Primroses and also some unusually gaudily-coloured flowers of Amemone nemorosa and Oxalis acetosella. 1 left here in time to get the train and arrived home at about half-past vin rs well tired. The day was a most ta p summer’s day. n addition to this, I had been successful beyond my most sanguine expectations. To find two fresh habitats in one day for Zimnea glabra is a feat that is not very often accomplished. [Read before the Leeds Conchological Club, roth December 1898.] i BOOK NOTICES. We lately received the ninth edition of ‘ Skertchly’s Geology,’ by James Monckman, D.Sc. Lond. It is a small 8vo. volume in cloth, and forms one.of Murby’s Science and Art Department series of Text-Books. eine” We eee From Cd Pes Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals we have receiv reprint, ve ry large quarto, of a paper on ‘The Wa igi: Mutilation of Animals,’ by George Fleming, C.B., etc., in which ea and tail cropping in dogs, ear-cropping and slitting and tail-docking in | ho o be te pet are numerous ilustrations of hoieen showing the From Canon A. M. Norman we have receiv ed a further instalment of — Ww ti ns which are contained in his splendid collections. The ee instalment : includes No. % Bikes nicata; 10, Sternaspis, Gephyrea, and Phoronis; 11, Annelida polych a, and ne Ccelenterata. We have only recently received it, ee it boas date at the end of the preface 18th November 1897. ———_0-o—_— An int eresting little book now lying before us is one by Edith Carring- ton, entitled ‘ The Farmer and the Birds,’ which has a preface by Canon Tristram. The book is published by Messrs. George Bell & Sons, ; It j summer workers, workers all the year, and slandered workers, while a brief and succinct patches of the Law about Birds closes the little volume, — CNet ee ed 1899. cae fie 48 FOOD AS INFLUENCING VA VARIATION IN HELICES. JOHN HAWK = oes NS, For the past four seasons I have i. ciade a few notes respecting the forms and colours of Snails feeding on various plants. I find that the Black Horehound (allota nigra) generally produces the Helix nemoralis and H. hortensis of a very dark rown or nearly blac e Epilobtum isan or Great Willow-Herb produces the same shells very large and of a beautiful yellow colour. ave always found the best examples of var. /:lacina feeding on the Ground Ivy (Nepeta glechoma), while Jack-by- the-Hedge (Szsymbrium alliarza) nearly always produces very fine var. rubella. The Common Blackthorn (Prunus spinosa) seems to be the favourite food-plant for the var. castanea of H. hortensts, and the same may be said of var. hyalosonata and the Pastinaca sativa. The Common Nettle (Uréca sp.) supplies most of the five- banded varieties, and on the Coltsfoot or Cleat (Zusszlago Jarfara) | found 32 white examples out of 46 A. nemoralis. e Ash (Fraxinus excelsior) supplies food for H. seen and H. hortensis, which are principally of pale colour When at Castle Howard last summer I noticed a large bed of Knapweed cee nigra) which had n all its foliage eaten off by a white variety of Helzx virgata, and a short distance off the same Snail was feeding on the Plantage, and were nearly all very darkly banded. I also found that the Helzx aspersa fed on the Burdock (Arctium lappa) are much lighter in colour than those fed on the Heracleum spondylium, while some which feed on the Common Ivy (Hedera helix) are quite a bright red colour. he Common Vetch (Vrcta sativa) seems to produce the minor varieties. I have seldom found A. hortensis on this plant larger than 17. virgata. PRESIDE Pin ce eReA RTE NOTE—ORTHOPTERA. Periplaneta aeeparniage at sid rn ral months ago, Mr. S. L. Mosley showed me rie mens of this * Cackroash which had been sent to him by s BL allidaye and bee =n found in considerable num- bers ina Dehaene at S ibden, Halifax. It is only a few years since the species was first noticed in Britain, and like our other representatives of t genus, — d through importation, but it s to be spreading Bag hin the country, though this, I believe, is its first observed occurrence in north.—GEo. T. poner Crosland Hall, Huddersfield, 18th Jane ee DIATOMS OBSERVED AT HATFIELD WEST MOOR, NEAR DONCASTER. J. NEWTON COOMBE, ee WITH LIST oF pa arte case FOUND. ¥: NEWTON COOMBE | AND M.'H. STILES. Ir the members of the various sections represented at the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union Doncaster excursion, in May last, had been able to prolong their explorations on that occasion to that many of them would have been rewarded, as I was, by results which the labours of a single day, however patient and persevering, could not possibly have brought to light. Although the list of the Diatomacez published in the programme as having being found in the West Moor waters was, thanks to Mr. Stiles’ researches, by no means a meagre one, I was pleased to be able to confirm his belief that it was far from exhausting the number of species of these fascinating shell plants which flourish there. I give below the names of Diatoms which I was able to identify as occurring at least twice in the samples which I examined from about a dozen tubes. These gatherings consisted chiefly of flocculent matter which the sun’s rays, liberating the oxygen of the Diatoms inhabiting it, had caused to rise from the bottoms of the ditches to the surface of the niet forming that well-known yellowish-brown scum so leasing the eyes of the diatomists. Decaying portions of ponte T tates also furnished: good material for the habitat of several of the more common species. The letters eB and R? placed after sacihe species indicate that it was ptt ‘frequent’ or ‘rare’ in the gathering, as the case might be. The most interesting features in my ‘find’ were (1) the number of filaments of A/elosra varians containing megafrustules newly formed from the diminutive parent frustule to which they were attached, (2) the numerous instances of conjugation taking ace among Cyméella cistula Hempr. (NoTE—That, contrary to the opinion of Dr. Miquel and other diatomists, conjugation — does actually occur in the case of this species, is proved by February 1 1899. _ D 50 Coombe and Stiles: Diatoms at Hatfield West Moor. photomicrographs I have taken from other gatherings showing the emerging and intermingling of the protoplasmic contents of process), and (3) the frequent occurrence of long crooked frustules of Synedra, evidently newly born and requiring a series of sub-divisions to enable them to regain the symmetry of the parent frustule. (NOTE. Pda. and repeated examinations of several so-called ‘varieties’ of species among the Diatoms have convinced me that in the plastic condition in which the megafrustules emerge from the valves of the parent frustules they are liable to become silicified in a mis-shapen condition and. that, while undergoing the subsequent subdivision necessary to bring about the symmetrical form of the parent, they are frequently mistaken for new varieties.) I may mention that one of the West Moor gatherings con- tained some interesting specimens of the well-known alga Zygnema, in conjugation, and that among the Desmids which were mixed with the Diatoms I came across Closterium strto- latum, C. lunula, C. setaceum Ehrb., Euastrum oblongum and Staurastrum dejectum, the first named being the most common. Mr. Stiles also noticed Closterium ros/ratum and Cosmartum pyramidatum. The following is a list of the Diatoms found in the neigh- bourhood of West Moor, Doncaster, by Messrs. J. N. Coombe and M. H. Stiles :— Amphora ovalis Kutz. (R.). Navicula limosa Kutz. (F.). ree ra ovalis var. pediculus Navicula limosa var. acuta (F.). <)s Navicula exilis Grun. (C.). beecae lanceolata Ehr. (F.). Navicula iridis Ehr, (R.). Cymbella gastroides Kutz. (R.). Navicula peregrina Kutz. (R.) Cymbella cistula Hempr. (F.). Navicula Serians Breb. (R.) Cymbella cuspidata var. naviculi- Navicula humilis Donk. (C.) rmis Auersw. (R.). Navicula reinhardtii Grun. (C.). Encyonema ccespitosum Kutz. (R.). Navicula latiuscula Kutz. (?). Stauroneis phoenicenteron Ehr. (F.). Amphipleura pellucida Kutz. (F.). Stauroneis gracilis Eh * Pleurosig tenuatum W.Sm.(F.) Stauroneis anceps Ehr. (R.). Pleurosigma spencerii W.Sm. (F.) Navicula viridis Kutz. (F.) Gomphonema acuminatum Ehr. (F.). Navicula major Kutz. (R.) Gomphonema constrictum Ehr. (F.) Navicula oblonga Kutz. (F.) Gomphonema intricatum ae (F.). Navicula amphisboena Bory (R.). Rhoicosphenia curvata Grun. (F.). vavicula cuspidata Kutz. (R.). Achnanthes exilis Kutz 2, Navicula semen Eh Cocconeis placentula Ehr. (F.) Navicula elliptica Kutz. (R. ys Cocconeis pediculus Ehr. (F.). Navicula radiosa Kutz. (C.). Epithemia turgida Kutz. (R. -)e ‘Naturalist, - ac sites ah elt —, el eee Short Notes. 51 Epithemia sorex Kutz. (R Denticula tenuis Kutz. Epithemia gibba Kutz. (R. ; Tabellaria flocculosa Roth, (F.). ~ hemia zebra Ehr. (R.) Surirella ovalis Breb. ( Eunotia lunaris Grun. (R.). tzschia linearis W.Sm. (F.) Eunotia pectinalis var. ventricosa Nitzschia dubia W.Sm. (R.). Grun, Nitzschia sigmoid hr. (C.). Eunotia eiaicaths Rab. (F.). Nitzschia fasciculata Grun. (R.). Eunotia arcus var. minor Ehr. (R.). Nitzschia acicularis W.Sm. (R.). Synedra radians Grun: (C.). Melosira varians Ag. (C.). Synedra ulna Ehr. (F.) Cyclotella kutzingiana Chauvin A i Synedra uln \ qualis (R.) Cmatopleura elliptica W.Sm Synedra hapa Ebr. (G:}. Cymatopleura solea W.Sm. (F ge Fragilaria capucina Desi (C..). Diatoma elongatum Ag. (C. ). ‘ Meridion circulare Ag. (R be: Colletonema lacustre Ag. (R.). N ya TRICHOPTERA. ae So ennis in Derbyshire.—On_ igth tober last, fr See. took several specimens of this species a Lathkildale, near Bakev oa "The sites other British localities known for the insect are Pic chonap t in Yorkshire, and Alford in Lincolnshire. —Gro. T. PoRRITT, Crosland Hall, Huddersfield, 14th January 18¢9. > NOTE— LEPIDOPTERA. Ephestea Slope igen in Yorkshire.—The ay Cyril D. Ash informs me he took a men of this shecies at Skipwi CWevsnbee last. The species has heir piers usly been recorded for Vorkshire though several years ago outside Doncaster railway s station, I] saw, but did not. secur wh a ec which *n, and have ever since, fancied was this species.— oO. T. PoRRITT, an January 1899. NOTE—-ORNI THOLOGY. ies as bln veil agro ' of Game-Fowl: a Query.—Can any Ag y »reader, whose memory ack to the time when cock-fighting was a popular sport, say r hether sy was a res ah custom for breeders of game-fowls to place eggs in Magpies’ nests? A few months ago I heard of a farmer at Handforth, in Fast Che shire who sed to do so, in the belief that eclet Bing incubated by Magpies would devel ra fighting qualities above the average. woe infor mant can recollect climbing to a Ma agpie’s nest for : is farmer, in order t birth was proclaimed. f by their plaintive chip ng. This would be some fifty or sixty years ago, when the Magpie s perhaps even more e plentiful in East Cheshire than it is now. To stu ents of folk-lore it would be interesting to know whether the practice of yeti sista ats tsi! eggs for those of the moore Sheed Pica Agel was a gene , or merely the Nar me of a single breeder. o a> = w = > - € y a = : Se eda NOTES AND NEWS. The death of Prof. Henry Alleyne Nicholson is announced. He was a Cumbrian by birth, born at Penrith, in 1844, and was the son of a distin- guished philologist. His work and career as a Professor, at Edinburgh, Dur y at Abe February. ae HULL NATURAL HISTORY. ‘Transactions | of raid A ous ho pb & Field Naturalists’ _— 1898. | Price One Shilling. | (Free Hull: | a harty eee & Co., The Hull Press. | — Hull Naturalists are to be congratulated on the appear- ance of this their first publication. More especially are they to be congratulated on their clear-sighted recognition of the fact that the function of a local society when publishing is to deal with - local matters, and local matters only. Every paper in this part is one of original research, a useful contribution to our local knowledge. The first is by Mr. Thomas Bunker on ‘The _ Natural History of Goole Moor and its immediate vicinity,’ particularly valuable, partly from Mr. Bunker’s long and intimate eg eerie with his own neighbourhood, and anid because moor is fast losing its pristine character. The next paper is ig Mr. H. M. Foster on ‘ The Fishes of the River Hull, which -are treated of very fully and with great wealth of anecdote. _Mr. Thomas Sheppard, the energetic Secretary of the Society, follows with ‘Notes on a large pair of Antlers of the Red Deer (Cervus elaphus) from the peat at Hornsea,’ with an excellent full-page illustration. Some brief notes on the Society’s pro- gramme and work for the past year follow, and there are short notes on ‘Pond Herrings’ (H. M Foster), on ‘Odontidium harrisonii’ (R. H. Philip), and on ‘Local Entomology, 1898’ (J. W. Boult), all of interest. A list of members of the Society is given. The Society and Editor are to be congratulated on stating the exact date of ae and we wish nee all Aesehined prosperity in the futur a No TES—MA MMALIA. Ot and compat 4 feet 2 eas in lengt n Jan ge 1899, at Willingham, Market Rasen, N. Div. 1 we Heenan, ‘keg Street, Market Rasen, goth January 1899. Squi and Fungi (Ante, p. 340).— f interest in this matter to recall what me age Mr. Tom ‘Deckecas he etwoi feos _ Mr. Macpherson, that his experience the fungi a Squirrels were y mantta wehelean the red fleshed, and tunis ieterophila the variable—mushroom. See Mac rpibings ek “Faun of Lakeland,’ 1 e.—-S. L. Petty, Ulverston, znd Nov. 1808. he ormouse in Lake-Lancashire.— pu Dormouse [Myoxus avel- lanarius] occurs spor: spetins in a few of the most sacha 4 age igo ns of Lakeland, from Rusland Valley up to the slopes of the Fells at the southern end of Wi indermere.’ i ‘Macpherson's ‘Fauna of La ad : a eo cutters.—S, L. Petty, ifrevston: ea Nov p- 78. This is 5 tbh correct to the ape bienig matieg Eon by the wood- 1898. +e 'N ataraliet: f 53 CHEMICAL NOTES ON LAKE DISTRICT ROCKS. _1.—THE ORDOVICIAN VOLCANIC SERIES. ALFRED HARKER, M.A., F.G.S., : St. John’s College, Cambridge. SOME years ago, being then engaged with my friend, Mr. J. E. ; Marr, upon the geological structure of the English Lake * District, | began a petrographical study of the lavas and tuffs ; of the Ordovician volcanic series, or ‘ Borrowdale Series,’ which constitutes the greater part of the ground in that area. My unfinished notes consist chiefly of descriptions based on a large suite of microscopical sections, and these could not with advantage be published. There are also, however, a number of determinations of silica-percentages, kindly made for us by chemical friends, and of specific gravities, taken with the hydro- Static balance by the present writer. T it is desirable to make public for the benefit of other costae who may ; occupied with the district in question hie it may be useful to bring together references to t data scattered through various papers already published, Oo taihes belonging to the volcanic series or to other rocks in the district, and these references are accordingly collected below. omplete analyses are not quoted, but their silica-percentages are given as the readiest means of identifying the analyses referred to, The present instalment deals with the Ordovician volcanic series only, and the remaining rocks will be treated in a second part. Those portions of the Eden valley and Teesdale and of the Sedbergh and Ingleton districts which consist of Lower Paleozoic rocks, are included with the Lake District as Heings in a geological sense appendices thereto. The late Mr. Clifton Ward published several complete analyses by Mr. J. Hughes, of which the silica-percentages _ ie are here reproduced.* Ward considered the intermediate group ; (andesites) to be the prevalent lavas of the district, and a like assertion has been made by myself in ‘ The Naturalist’ for 1891 (p. 146); but Mr. Marr and I have since found that it is the basic group that has the widest distribution. There is little doubt that some of Ward’s ‘altered ashes’ are in reality lavas, *The first five from Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. xxxi., pp. 408 _ 597, 1875; also in ‘ The antiga of the Northern Part of the English He District’ (Mem. Geol. Surv.), pp. 16, 18, 28, i The next three from Monthly Micro, Journ., vol, xvii., p. 246, 80%: February : 1899. 54. Harker: Chemical Notes on Lake District Rocks. but this | remark does not, « I think, apply to the two here mentione (1). 60° 418. ane nats, near ecwick pyroxene-andesite ; No. 6 of Ward’s typical section, the basement flow of a very thick series. cba). Bg 5416) Iron Crag: ee No. 12 of same Pie section.” (4). 69 673. Base Brown, near Borrowdale: ‘altered ash.’ : *(4)- 68° q2t. Slight Side, near Eskdale: ‘highly altered coarse inaeees * “ash”. (breccia). sf £8). 39151. Lingmell Beck, Wastdale: ‘altered contempora- pee neous. trap” (andesite). ' (6). 53°300. Eycott Hill: hypersthene-basalt; No. 12 of Eycott "section, microporphyritic. (7). 52600. Eycott Hill: hy Aitigioses es No. 13 of Eycott 2 wae ~ section, very com (8). §1'T00. Ey cott Hill: ‘iipciuitiens soos No. 15 of Evcott s “For comparison with the last three we have a silica-per- centage by Mr. T. Cooksey, published by Prof. Bonney.* (9). 53 40 and 52°73 (mean 53°06). Eycott Hill: hy persthene- asalt; No. 4 of section, with large porphyritic felspars ; sp.gr. 2°754. The analyses given by Mr. J. D. Kendallt of lava and ash- rock of the Borrowdale series are not new analyses but averages deduced from the above, viz., from (1) and (2) and from (3) and (4), respectively. Mr. P. F. Kendall,t in describing a large boulder found at Manchester, and probably derived from the Lake District, gives an analysis of it by Dr. J. B. Cohen, and for comparison one of a rock from ‘near Coniston,’ the locality no being more closely specified. The silica-percentages are :— (10). 63°60. eer! ‘Oxford Street, Manchester: andesite ; 74: (11). Pie, Nea Coniston’ ? andesite. add, as probably another Lake District rock, a : flpathic trap’ boulder at Manfield analysed by Mr. W. F. Stock. (12). ie Greystone boulder, Manfield, near Darlington: andesite, sp.gr. 2°66 * Geol. Mag. for 1885, p. 80. + Trans. a Geol. Soc., vol. xvii., p. 294, 1884. : t Ibid, vol. Xx., p. 145, 1889. § Naturalist om es es 304. Naturalist, Hlarker: Chemical Notes on Lake District Rocks. 55 ‘The following five silica-percentages were published in two apers on the Shap granite by Mr. Marr and the present writer.* Of (14) and (15) partial analyses were given; of (13), oo and (17) only the silica and lime. The work is Mr. E. J. Garwood’s. (13). 59°95. Between Wasdale Pike ied Great Yarlside : amyg- daloidal andesite ; sp.gr. 2°736. (14). 75°95. Stockdale: spherulitic rhyolite; sp.gr. 2-608. (15). 76°95. Wasdale Head Farm, close to Shap granite: nodular rhyolite, metamorphosed ; sp.gr. 2°623. (16). 50°75. Low Fell, Shap: basalt, partly metamorphosed ; sp.gr. 2°800 (17). 50°90. Low Fell, Shien: basic tuff. The next six silica-percentages are given by Mr. W. M. Hutchings in his Petrological Notes on some Lake District Rocks,t and No. (24) is from a complete analysis by Dr. Cohen, quoted in the same paper. Three other rocks examined by Mr. Hutchings are excluded, since it appears from his descrip- tions that they belong to intrusions, not to the volcanic series. (18). 51°35.) Scarf Gap, near summit of pass: vesicular basalt with porphyritic augite.; sp.gr. 2°82. (19). 57°55. Above Nan Bield: augite-andesite ; sp.gr. 2°65. (20). 52°45. Easedale Tarn, right side: much altered andesite. (21). 60°75. Easedale Tarn, left side: andesite. (22). 51°6. Between Seatoller and Seathwaite, roadside quarry: much altered andesite. (23). 53°55. Seatoller Fell: ‘andesitic basalt’; sp.gr. 2°88. (24). 58°69. Thornthwaite Crag, below cairn: andesite (analysis made on material picked free from amygdules). The five following are from the samé author’s Notes on the Ash-Slates of the Lake District, four being by Mr. G. Patterson and the last by Dr. Cohen. Of the first two rocks complete analyses were made; of the remaining three only the silica and alkalies were estimated. For Nos. (25), (26), and (28) the material before analysis was treated with hydrochloric acid and potash to extract the chloritic matter. No. 30is froma complete analysis by Mr. Hutchings published in another paper. § (25). 69°22, Mosedale, near Shap: ash-slate (extracted). * Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. xlvii., pp- 293,302, 1891; vol. xlix., P- 361, 1893. + Geol. Mag. for 1891, pp. 536-544 + Geol. Mag. for 1892, pp. 154-161, 218-228. § pine Mag. for 1895, p. 316. 36 Harker: Chemical Notes on Lake District Rocks. . (26). 74°88. Kentmere, below reservoir: ash-slate (extracted). (27). 61°75. Grasmere, quarry: ash-slate (28). 77°40. The same extracted. (29). 62°43. Near Ullswater, on road to Matterdale: andesite. (30). 53°10. Wasdale Pike, near eae granite: highly meta- morphosed basic tu he above ssa ae cover all the published chemical information that I have been able to discover concerning the Lake District volcanic series. The following are new. They are in all cases only silica-percentages, and to most of them I have added specific gravities taken on the specimens analysed. The first five determinations were made by students of Owens College, Manchester, under the supervision of Dr. A. Harden. (31). 69°48. Illgill Head, Wastwater, on N.E. slope: compact rock with lenticular streaky structure; sp.gr. 2°682. (32). 48°68. Iligill Head, S.W. side, near Devil’s Slidegate: porphyritic basalt of Eycott type; sp.gr. 2°7 (33). 56°2. Great Barrow, Boot: a highly metamorphosed eit lier resting on the Eskdale granite; sp.gr. 2°790 (34). 63°r. Upper part of Eskdale: hornstone (altered fine tuff); sp.gr. 2°755 (35). 66°59. gies Fell, a little S. i summit: dark garnetiferous ock ; ek sgr- 2 "704: The seventeen role ges which follow are by Mr... J. Garwood. (36). 52°6. Galleny Force, Greenup Gill: basalt; sp.gr. 2°757. (37). 52°95. Brimfull Beck, Overbeck, Wastwater: porphyritic basalt; sp.gr. 2°738. (28), 53°A5. een Beck, Mardale: pormiuctiie basalt (Eycott type) ; sp.gr. 2°736. (39). 54°6. opera Pass, Mardale; porphyritic basalt; sp.gr. 2°776. (40). 58°65. Pooley, Ullswater: andesite; sp.gr. 2°708. (41). 61°45. Stoneside Fell, Bootle, N. slope: andesite. (42). 62°95. Whiteside Bank, Helvellyn: porphyritic andesite ; : Sp-8t- 2°744- (43): 56°95. Fordingdale Force, Measand Beck, Haweswater: crushed porphyritic lava. (44). 61°95. Crags Mill, Shap: crushed porphyritic lava. (45). 66°95. Frith Wood, Rosthwaite: crushed lava, garneti- ferous. (46). 76°95. Frith Wood: breccia. (47). 54°6. Borrowdale quarries: agglomerate-slate. (48). 53°45. Honister quarries: ash-slate es Lar ee eee Se te, Harker: Chemical Notes on Lake District Rocks. 5% (49). 61°25. Tilberthwaite quarries: ash-slate. (50). 56°60, Hanging Knott, cae Fell: hornstone (altered fine tuff); sp.gr. 2°667. | 45%). 73°45. Upper part of Mena sl Beck: rhyolite intercalated . in basalt gro | (52). 82°25. Near Hawibwater, Y mile S.E. of Walla Crag ; rhyolite, probably altered. The following I received from the late Mr. Thos. Tate in correspondence, but unfortunately without any precise locality. (53). 83°8. Lake District rhyolite [probably with some secondary quartz}. Finally Mr. Marr has communicated to me the seven given below, the work of Messrs. G. MacFarlane and H. H. Thomas. In each case the first number given : by the former and the second by the latter of the two analyst (54). 54°9 and 54 *8 (mean 54°85). ee Force, Crummock ; lava n Skiddaw Slates. (55). 54°3 and ss 2 Arist +>. Mousegill quarry, Wilton Fell, r Egremont; lava with porphyritic augite ; x a 2°831I. (56). 54°5 aig 54 2 (mean 54°35). E. of summit of Falcon Crag, ? base of No. 5 of Ward’s section: lava. with porphyritic augite. (57). 61°2 and 61°5 (mean 61 35) Falcon Crag section, base of lava No. 10 of Ward: andesite. (58). 57°4 and 571 (mean 57°25). About y seal N.W. of Castle rag, Borrowdale : compact lav (59). 64°5 and 63°9 (mean 64°2). E.N.E. of Stonethwaits Church, orrowdale: garnetiferous rock, ? lav {60). 55°7 and 55°9 (mean 55°8). Great Barrow, Siete a highly metamorphosed lava resting on the Eskdale granite {a different specimen from No. (33)].- In conclusion I give a selection of specific gravities of rocks not examined chemically, arranging them in numerical order for convenience of reference. 2°852. bad W. side, by road: basalt with porphyritic augite 2°849. Brotto, St. John’s Vale: basalt with porphyritic augite. 2°837. Matterdale, S.W. of Church: basalt. 2°833. S.E. of Lanty Crag, Butterwick : bas salt. 2°819. Oliver Gill: metamorphosed porphyritic basalt, close to Eskdale granite. 2°810, Lingmell Gill, at about 500 feet : basalt, porphyritic. 2°799. Witcham valley, roadside: basalt with porphyritic augite. 2°791. Clerk’s Leap, Thirlmere: porphyritic basalt. February 18 1899. . S.E. of Ritchie Crag, near’ Mardale : os with pare: . E. of Kail Pot, Eskdale: basalt. . Ewe Crag, S. of Ullswater : basalt. . Hallin How: compact basalt. * . Melmerby, Eden valley: porphyritic hypersthene-basalt_ 4 . Black Sail Pass, summit : porphyritic basalt. . S.W. (4% mile) of Mosedale Cottage, near Swindale : e . The Hawk, Appletreeworth B . Kidsty Pike: porphyritic and garnetiferous. . Falcon Crag, Keswick: andesite, No. 2 of Ward's section. . Sty Head Pass, summit: garnetiferous rock. . Eel Coop, Naddle Bridge: lava. o . Woof Crag, between Mardale and Swindale: compact . Backside Beck, Sedbergh : icweet flow of rhyolite in . Hanging Knott, Bow Fell: hornstone. . Drygill Head, Carrock Fell: rhyolite (in loose blocks). . Glenridding, Ullswater: ? rhyolite. . Great Yarlside : laminated rhyolite. Harker: Chemical Notes on Lake District Rocks. _ritic augite. on W. of Gosforth Crags basalt . Lingmell Gill at about 850 feet : basalt. . S. of Stepping-stones, Swindale Churclr: basalt. Clough Head, Threlkeld: basalt. . Hallin Fell, Ullswater, near summit : basalt. . Barrow Crag, Ravenglass : basalt. (Eycott type). basalt Iron Crag, Shoulthwaite : pyroxene-andesite. eck, . Upper part of Watendlath an andesite, aeieapaienies: . Thornthwaite Force, below Naddle Bridge, Haweswater : porphyritic lava. Tippy Hills, Greystoke Park: lava. garnetiferous lava. Powley’s Hill, Hareshaw, between Mardale and Swin- dale : witty streaky structure. . Swindale Beck, Knock, Eden valley: rhyolite flow in Coniston Limestone grou SS eee ee Coniston Limestone group. . Roadside by Lower Yewdale, Coniston: rhyolite . Falcon Crag: compact andesite, No. 4 of Ward’s section. . Taith’s Gill, Sedbergh: spherulitic rhyolite in Coniston Limestone group [? intrusive}. Great Yarlside : spherulitic rhyolite. SOME POLYZOA, ETC., FROM WALNEY AND BARDSEA, NORTH min keane" ISTER PETTY Uibicdivne. North POLES : It is stated in Vol. I. of the ‘Fauna of ae Bay,’ 1886, that the portion of the area between Blackpool and Fleetwood was the least worked. But the higher, say Fleetwood. to Morecambe, is still less known, and so far as evidence at present goes, the portion of Morecambe Bay from the town of the name to Barrow is unknown to workers on the Hydroida and Polyzoa. Why, I do not know, unless it be that ‘ working men’ prefer to visit good collecting places. The following short list is given aS a contribution towards the extension of range .of. these classes in Lancashire. All were collected on Walney Island last August, during an hour or so I had to spare, after hunting for a plant, unseen since 1888. If any reader has specimens from this area I shall be glad to name them. Besides the zoophytes - and polyzoa some sponges rewarded me, and I have to thank Mr. Hornell, of Jersey, for their names. With the exception of Sertularia gracilis all were dead; it was not only alive but in fine fruit. Unlike the experience at Filey, Corad/ina officinalis L. at Walney was a good host; even a sponge (Aymeniacidon carunculum) was attached to it. The names and order follow Hincks’ books on Hydroida and Polyzoa. POLYZOA: _Eucratea chelata ©. On Sertularta argcntea. Gemellaria loricata L. On Flustra and Fucus vesiculosus Le Scrupocellaria reptans L. On Flustra- Bicellaria ciliata 1. In fruit on Furcellaria fastigiata Lamour. Flustra folicea L. In quantity. Seen also at Bardsea. etna pilosa L. On Furcellaria Fa ahaa and 2: onan membranacea L. On Tibularia Microporella ciliata Pallas.. On Corallina and Furcellaria, Crisia eburnea L. In fruit on Flustra and Corallina. There were no specimens of C. denticulata, though carefully ought. Amathia lendigera L. On Corallina. : February 1899. 60 Book Notices. HYDROZOA. Tubularia indivisa L. A good piece. Obelia geniculata L. On. Fucus; Bardens: 6 on the same. Campanularia verticillata L. On Furcellaria. -Sertularia gracilis Hassall. In fruit on Fucus. Sertularia argentea E.&5. In fruit on TZudularia; a few ‘4 broken bits, Bardsea, Hydrallmania falcata L. On a sponge (Halichondria panicea); 4 a few bits, beach, Bardsea. SPONGES, Spongelia fragilis Schmidt. Halichondria panicea Johnst. Hlymeniacidon carunculum Bk. All common species no doubt. (The synonyms—perhaps the older names—in ‘Fauna of : Liverpool Bay’ are Dysidea fragilis Johns., Amorphina paniceaS., — and l A. caruncula S., respective y. > BOOK NOTICES. ‘A | Dictionary | of | Bird Notes, | To which is appended a Glossary q of Popular | Local and Old-fashioned Synonyms of | British Birds. | By _ has. Lane Hett. | — | Price 2/6, | — | Ja eben gen t Place, Brigg, small cloth bound volume of 138 s, by one of our Ligcranahice enitholing iste, . “che little book is chlerinten to a i: con- siderable utility as a eck of reference, and the glossary of popular local and old-fashioned names is particuladty accepta ble. The fanlgs ne ‘of the dicticaary | is devoted to the notes, in alphabetical order, t A huck. eee Fb ni A-chuck, chuck, chuc n Sandpipe iper Com a The second 1 Pee is a similar snnioniat pees yaaa of birds and their a notes, thus Alpine Accentor (44). Call, * tr-tri- ‘inl Note, ‘ chick-ick-ick.’ Then the oe of popular local and old-fashioned names which serves lain as an index to the prev ners parts of the book. Following P this is a ae tematic list of British birds as it stood in 1883, copied from the B.O.U. list. A pa Pi of terms applied to wild fowl and a postscriptum bri ring the book toac Every one will cordially sympathise with the author's — ery wish to facilitate “the identification of birds by out-door observation w does not involve their destruction —---0}>e—— ‘Insect Lives | as told by themselves,’ a small book by Edw Simpson, Petipa last September e Religious Tract Sitetye an ene it t frequent with tho pahbsberts lies before There are D twante ines illustrations, and the nineteen c chapters afte? headed by sik! — as ‘a successful trapper,’ ‘a little nuisance,’ ‘a wor se o forth. The idea of putting these sketches of popu a he first person singular is that the author hopes his readers . T 3 0 rm will be led tc take greater interest inthem, The price is 1s. 6d. ea ee bh eS ee a ee aT Nee 4 % ; the C Oat ee Se ns Pe ee ee Oe ee ee a _ Sphagna; I mean the quality, not the quantity. ’ 61 MOSSES AND HEPATICS OF STRENSALL COMMON, WILLIAM INGHAM, B.A., Organising Inspector of Schools, 47, Haxby Road, York. Tuts List contains the Mosses and Hepatics I have gathered and examined during the last two years. ommon, which has been the happy hunting ground of g past, years, has lately altered very much in backs, owing a the military encampment and to the con- sequent a aienok Some of the Mosses and Hepatics for which ommon was once famous have become extinct. he present List may be interesting, as showing what Mosses and Hepatics still exist under the altered conditions. The List is by no means complete, but contains only those that have been examined and verified and that are now in my Herbarium. he nomenclature followed is the same as that for the ‘Skipwith Common Mosses and Hepatics,’ and the plants have _been kindly verified by the same gentlemen as those mentioned in connection with Skipwith Common. I may mention that the rare moss Dicranum spurtum is now much dwarfed in habit, and almost extinct. The Common at the present time is undoubtedly richest in ‘The soil here, as on Skipwith Common, is siliceous, but the Mosses are not as fine as those on the latter Common, through lack of moisture. SPHAGNACE. Sphagnum cymbifolium Ehbrh. Sphagnum cymbifolium v. squarrosulum N.&H. Sphagnum cymbifolium v. congestum Schp, Sphagnum papillosum Lindb. Sphagnum papillosum v. confertum Lindb. rigidum vy. compactum Schp. tenellum Ehrh. subsecundum Nees. subsecundum forma. subsecundum y. contortum Schp. subsecundum v. contortum forma. subsecundum y. viride Boul. squarrosum forma compacta, acutifolium Ehrh. acutifolium v. arctum Braithw. 62 Ingham: Mosses and Hepatics of Strensall Common. Sphagnum acutifolium v. patulum Schp. Sphagnum intermedium Hoffm. 3 Sphagnum cuspidatum Ehrh. Sphagnum fimbriatum Wils. ; TETRAPHIDACE. Tetraphis pellucida Hedw. POLYTRICHACE. 4 Catharinea mrp it W.&M. 4 Catharinea undulata y. minor W.&M : Polytrichum popucntas Willd. Haiiiched urnigerum L. DICRANACE Dicranella heteromalla Schp. - Campylopus pyriformis Brid.. Campylopus flexuosus Brid. — Dicranum Bonjeani De Not. Fs. Dicranum Bonjeani v. rugifolium Bosw. Dicranum spurium Hedw. Ceratodon purpureus Brid. Leucobryum glaucum Schp. FISSIDENTACE sean Fissidens taxifolius Hedw. . GRIMMIACE2, | Rhacomitrium lanuginosum Brid. See note on Skipwith © ommon Mosses. e TORTULACE. Weissia microstoma C.M. Weissia microstoma vy. obliqua C.M. Barbula fallax Hedw. Barbula fallax v. brevifolia Schultz. c.fr. FUNARIACE:. Funaria hygrometrica Sibth. MEESIACE:. Aulacomnium palustre Schwgr. BARTRAMIACE&. . Philonotis fontana Brid. A form approaching Philonotis” adpressa Ferg. BRYACE&., Webera nutans Hedw. Webera albicans Schp. Bryum uliginosum B.&S. Bryum bimum Schreb. Bryum pallens Sw. Mnium hornum L. c.{r. LESKEACEZ Thuidium tamariscinum B.&S. Naturalist, - Ingham: Mosses and Hepatics of Strensall Common. 63 HYPNACEAZ. Brachythecium albicans B.&S. Brachythecium rutabulum B.&S. Brachythecium rutabulum vy. longisetum Bry. Eur. c.fr. Brachythecium purum Dixon. Eurhynchium prelongum B.&S. Eurhynchium Swartzii Hobk.- Plagiothecium denticulatum B.&S. Hypnum riparium _. Hypnum polygamum Schp. Hypnum stellatum Schreb. Hypnum chrysophylium Brid. Hypnum elodes Spr. Hypnum aduncum Hedw. v. intermedium Schimp. Hypnum lycopodioides Schwgr. Hypnum fluitans L. Hypnum fluitans vy. falcatum Schimp. Hypnum fluitans v. Arnellii Sanio. Aypnum exannulatum Gimb. Hypnum intermedium Lindb. Hypnum cupressiforme L. Hypnum cupressiforme L. var. between v. lacunosum Brid. and var. elatum Schp. Hypnum cupressiforme L. v. lacunosum Brid. Alypnum cupressiforme v. ericetorum B.&S. Hypnum imponens Hedw. dAypnum patientiw Lindb. Hypnum molluscum Hedw. Hypnum cordifolium Hedw. Hypnum giganteum Schp. Hypnum cuspidatum L. c.tr. Hypnum Schreberi Willd. Hylocomium squarrosum B.&S. Hylocomium triquetrum B.&S. HEPATICS. Kantia trichomanis L. Cephalozia bicuspidata L. Cephalozia lammersiana Hiiben. Lophocolea heterophylla Schrad. Lophocolea bidentata L. Jungermania inflata Huds. c.tt. Jungermania crenulata Sm. Nardia scalaris Schrad. Nardia geoscyphus DeNot. c. ff. Pellia epiphylla L. eas: calycina Tay. Aneura sinuata Dicks Fossombronia pusiiin. Li February 1899. 64 MOSSES NEW TO YORKSHIRE, AND ADDITIONAL vcutasae OF RARE MOSSES. WILLIAM INGHAM, B.A., Organising Inspector of Schools, 47, Haxby Road, York. Fontinalis antipyretica var. gigantea Sull. This rare moss — I found in a small stream at Saxton, in Mid-West York- — shire, 17th May 1897. Both Dr. Braithwaite and Mr. Dixon have seen it and say it is quite right. Hypnum molluscum var. fastigiatum Boswell. This moss [ found goth April 1898 on the Hambleton Hills, near Kilburn. Mr, Dixon says my gathering agrees exactly with a Staffordshire specimen he has. This is the moss. that, when first found in Derbyshire, was referred to Hypnum canariense Mitt. > gal SEs cee ema Mane ethos ster ca abate Hypnum uncinatum Hedw. var. plumosum Schp. This — I found on a tree at Saltburn, 17th September 1897. It 4 is a very delicate and beautiful moss, intermediate between the type and the var. plumulosum Schp. Verified by Mr. Dixon. Hypnum Wilsoni var. hamatum Lindb. In a bog near the White Force, Teesdale, 5th June 1897. Verified by Mr. Dixon. a _ Amblystegium Kochii B.&S. In addition to the two localities mentioned in ‘The Naturalist’ for July 1898, I have found this moss on Clifton Ings, York, 18th July 1898. The Ings plant agrees exactly with German and Austrian — specimens. 4 Ceratodon conicus ier On the Hambleton Hills, near | Kilburn, roth April 1898. The leaves in this gathering are of a bieaititul ask colour, passing into green below. Tortula brevirostris H.&Grev. In the Huddlestone Quarry, — Sherburn-in-Elmet, 26th April 1897. This is a new moss o for the West Riding. Verified by Mr. Dixon. he Bryum cespiticium var. badium Brid. in Arncliffe Woods, 2 Eskdale, 12th May 1897. Both Dr. Braithwaite and Mr. Dixon have specimens of this moss from me. eS Se ee Ey Se ae The first four mosses and the last one in this List are new to Yorkshire as far as I can discover. a “Naturalist, | LINCOLNSHIRE NATURALISTS AT WOODHALL SPA AND TUMBY WOODS. Rev. EDWARD ADRIAN WOODRUFFE-PEACOCK, L.Th., F.L.S., F.G.S., Vicar of Cadney; Organising and Botanical So aint Lincolushire Naturalists’ Union. THE nineteenth meeting of the Lincolnshire Union was held at Woodhall Spa for a visit to Tumby and Fulsby Woods, in Div. 10, on the 18th of August. As usual at the time of year the meeting was a small one, many members being away on their holidays, but the company included the President, the Rev. W. Fowler, Mr. F. M. Burton, F.L.S., F.G.S., Rev. S. C. Wood, of Great Ponton; Dr. R. T. Cassal, of Ashby; Messrs. B. Crow and T. Gelsthorpe, of Louth; Mr. W. Lewington, of Market Rasen; Dr. G. M. Lowe, President of the Lincolnshire H Science Society; Rev. H. Barker, of Wrangle; Messrs Preston, F.G.S., and W. H. Kirby, of Grantham; the Rev. J. Conway Walter, of Langton; Mr. H. M. Hawley and his son, of Tumby Lawn; Mr. J. Eardley Mason, of Lincoln; the Rev. F. S. Alston, of West Ashby; Mr. G. Alston Ling, and the Organising Secretary. The party drove in carriages from Woodhall Spa Station through Roughton and Kirkby-on-Bain parishes to Fulsby and Tumby Woods, where they worked all day under the guidance of Mr. H. M. Hawley and the Rev. J. Conway Walter. The usual high tea followed at the Swan Inn, Tumby. Mr. Henry Preston, F.G.S., said that the geologists had enjoyed a pleasant and easy sine the actual work of the day having been done by devotees of other branches of Science. But Tumby Wood could tell of something else besides botany, .4 and entomology, and black ants; it represented an interesting _ Section in one of the later chapters of Earth History. ne wood stands on a bed of ancient gravel, composed principally — of sub-angular fragments of flint which have been derived by denudation from the underlying boulder clay. Mixed with the flints is to be found an occasional quartzite pebble which, like the proverbial straw, serves to show the direction from whence the ancient river came which laid down these great gravel ds. The geological map shows that these ancient gravel beds extend westwards, flanking the deposits of the Witham valley nearly up to Lincoln. Without trespassing upon the excellent Paper read some time ago by our friend and Vice-President, ‘Mr. Burton, it may be mentioned that oe westwards © Pe March 1899, , 66 Peacock: Linc. Naturalists at Woodhall Spa and Tumby. from this place and examining these ancient gravels for flints and quartzite pebbles it is found that the flints gradually decrease and the quartzites increase in quantity, until at Bardney the flints are almost absent and the gravel is almost altogether noticed again until, having passed through the Lincoln gap, they reappear and extend in a south-westerly direction as far as ‘the Trent valley at Newark, all the way displaying the same characteristic abundance of quartzite pebbles. Following then the valley of the Trent, these same sige pebbles occur until ‘near Nottingham, the source whence they are derived, is by the river Trent. Thus we have spent the day on the tail end, as it were, of the alluvial deposits of an ancient river Trent which, soon after the Glacial period, ran eastwards from Newark through the gap at Lincoln and on towards the Wash, __ instead of northwards into the Humber, as at the present time. s The Witham and the Fen deposits of the Witham valley are all i subsequent in date to these ancient quartzite gravels, and point to a different origin. Incidentally, Mr. Preston said that as he and Mr. Kirkby passed through Tattershall that morning they which the clay was mixed previous to burning, for studded all over the burnt clay were to be found quartzite pebbles and flint fra wea ents ranging up to as much as an inch in diameter. This _ ee was noticeable also in the mortar, and clearly showed that the : seed quartzite and flint gravels of the neighbourhood had been run upon in connection with the building of Tattershall Castle. Personally I was too busy working at entomology to take much interest in botany. But the Rev. W. Fowler, Rev. F. S. _ Alston, and Mr. B. Crow each kindly sent me a list. Less than 200 flowering plants and ferns were noted. The best things were Nepeta Cataria, Hieracium umbellatum, Marrubium vulgare, Salix aurita, Samolus Valerandt, Scabiosa Columbaria (a lime- loving plant, common enough on limestone and chalk), Calama- grostis lanceolata, Corydalis claviculata, Maianthemum bifolium. he = . J. Conway Walter sent me the following list of Mammals :—Fox, Hare, Rabbit, Mole, Squirrel, Badger (rare), Otter aces Hedgehog, Hanover Rat, Water Vole, House : Mouse, Common Shrew, Common Field Vole, Foumart (rare), ©. Stoat ond Ermine partly white in winter, but he has seen them ; “Naturalist composed of quartz and quartzite pebbles. These beds are not _ reached, viz., the Bunter Pebble Beds, "Which are there skeen 4 3 Peacock: Linc. Naturalists at Woodhall Spa and Tumby. 67 entirely white with the exception of the tip of the tail), Club- tail or Weasel (on 29th June he saw a piebald specimen; it was very pretty). [The female is much smaller than the male, but which is the Club-tail I cannot learn for certain.—E. A. W.-P.]. Mr. H. M. Hawley, the Squire of Tumby, kindly supplied the following short Bird list:—Barn and Brown Owls, Ree Bunting, Redpoll, Goldfinch, Bald Coot, Peregrine Falcon, Hawfinch, Nightingale, Heron, Kingfisher, Greater and Lesser — Spotted Woodpeckers, Redstart, Creeper, Shoveller and Tufted Ducks, Quail, Woodlark, Wheatear (in Roughton Wood), Gold-crested Wren, Dipper, and Yellow Wagtail (as a winter Visitant). The following list of Fish from the Horncastle neighbour- : hood was supplied by the Rev. J. Conway Walter :—Trout, Grayling (imported from Claythorpe, where it was originally introduced; it is now breeding in the river Bain), Pike, Roach, Rudd, Dick Bleak (‘ Blick’ locally), Chub, Carp (ponds at Wispington, etc.), Bream (Witham, etc.), Tench (ponds at Woodhall, etc.), Minnow, Stickleback (the male who guards the nest, ‘Blue-eyed Sailor’), Millers Thumb or Bullhead (Horncastle Canal, Waring and Bain rivers, as much as four inches sometimes), Stone Loach (Horncastle Canal, etc.), Eels (everywhere), Burbot (Witham; it has the flavour of the Eel), Lamprey (or Nine-Eyed Eels, from the holes in its gills, Waring river) The following is a list of Lepidoptera seen or taken by W. Lewington between Woodhall Spa and Tumby:— Pieris brassicz. Epinephele hyperanthus. Pieris rape. Thecla quer Pieris napi. Polyommatus phloeas + fare edus. = Sia $e: rgynnis aglaia. esperia thaumas. Argyiitis ca abia Spilosoma mendica. Two Vanessa io. rve. Vanessa mae Peilura eat Apatura i Plusia gam Pararge me; era. Geometra papilionaria Epinephele janira. Cidaria immanata. - Epinephele tithonus. Eubolia limitata. The following Insects, collected by W. Lewington and . A. W. Peacock, were named by Rev. A. Thornley :— EUROPTERA. us horto S oe : “ Sympetr Formica rufa. Severa egos: ‘rabro cribrarius. One HYMENOPTERA. rabro albilabris. One Vespa germanica. One §. Halictus leucopus. One ¢- Vespa vulgaris. One §. Apis mellifica. Two §s. Bombus lapidarius. “One o- March. 1899. radiata at Kirby Moorside. Die Lagria hirta. One Elatychirus ieee: polyenes s pterygomalis. One. Scatophaga s stercoraria, Strophosomus coryli. Sev yeral. iG a vomitori Otiorrhynchus picipes. One. >sylliodes cupro-nitens. One Ragonyc Iva. ‘ Bei ccoes spin seks : Meligethes zeneus. Several. Geotrupes stercorarius. One ? Necrophorus humator Coccinella 7-punctata. Two. vecroph ruspator. Three. Coccinell riabilis. Several. Necrophorus mortuo Strangalia armata phodius ar w Several undetermined Orthoptera ica Dipte The following species of Hisiitptsid Heieropes’ collected in Fulsby Wood by Rev. E. A. W. Peacock, were named by Mr. j. see Mason :— Miris pol sei iw Leptopterna ferrugata Fall. One. Caloco riaaksehaicbinstG DG. Etorhinus angulatus Fall. One. s Orthotylus scotti RENE, ne. Eélocoris bipunctatus Fab, One. Nabis lativentris. Four, all ma Mason. Those marked * are new to Lincolnshire. *Piezodorus lituratus Fab. Abun- *Orthotylus ericetorum Fall. dant on furze (Ulex enropeus). bundant on heather m. : : as chum Stygnus rusticus Fall. ‘Several “Peal us alnicola D.&S. One off at roots of heather (Calluna). _*Dictyonota strichnocera Fieb. AucibAdcas Maa D.&S. a Some on furze. Several off furze, Miris calcaratus Fall, One. Lygus viridis Fi all One off birch, The Spiders taken were:-— , Anyphzena accentuata bas op ? Epeira marmorea C.L.Koch. Epeira Bibb sa C. ‘This is not certai “he true s is a first fesand tr the marmorea has not in the adult ole county. state yet en recorded in iB Dictyna arundinacea Britain.’ — Rev d cea dorsata Fabr. Another am first reco - for NS a S Xysticus pini Hahn. A new incs., 54 record again. | dicot quidrat ta C.L.Koch. Epeira sollers Walck. _ Epeira scala pale Walck. Linyphia triangularis C.L.Koch. Meta segmentata C.L. Koch, Theridion varians Hahn. ~* The Haves ee or Phalangidea which have been taken this ; ason in Lincolnshire will be published in a separate list later. rhe akey. ae egele= Walter read some natural Peery Dts EOSIN DT OR LEPIDOPTERA. \ Arctia lubricipede var "radint at wei Moo rgion enh t. halter H. Barker, of soo ough, n acknowledging some specimens of one of which produced a sees of radiata. So very few of this form of the iti have — taken in this country in an actually wild state, that — this occurrence ought to be placed on re record.— GEO. T. PORRITT oe land. Hail, Huddersfield, 1 sth Rehewary 1899. YORKSHIRE BATS. OXLEY GRABHAM, M.A., M.B.O.U., Chestnut House, Heworth, York. Ir often appears curious to me how few, how very few, people ever seem to take the trouble to investigate the habits and econony of these little creatures, or even care to know how many species we have in our islands. My enquiries on the subject are generally met with the reply, ‘Oh, we have the Long-eared Bat, the Short-eared, and the Common Large Bat,’ and I am often asked most wonderful questions concerning them, as to whether they are not really birds? If they lay eggs? & as Where they make their nests? etc., etc., and by the great majority of people they are looked upon as beasts of evil omen, blood-suckers, frequenters of church-yards and other unclean places. Yet they are by no means without interest, and I need scarcely say bring forth their young in the same way as other mammals do. I have at various times kept nearly all our British species in confinement, and though they can scarcely be called amusing ome still they exhibit a certain amount of intelligence, and s @ o ct yy 8 —_ ® o 5 ° co if je} = o> 1) je 3 a o ~p 3 io} e- Ce beetle, fly, or piece a raw meat from their master’s hand. 1 have heard the term ‘flittermouse’ applied to them, but in the | Holderness district they are always known as ‘blackbeeraways’— mothers frightening their unruly children by calling on the black object to bear them away. Varieties are very rare, and out of the scores of Bats that I have at antec times examined I have only seen one such specimen. This was taken i 8098 by the Hon. A. H. Baring, of the baa: Alre sSoitt ipases: being 2 found by him, as recorded in the ‘Zoologist’ for June, nailed to a barn door, and in an advanced state of de sai deerme It w by Lal Mr. Baring very kindly sent me this Bat to examine. a Long-eared one, and a pure albino, fur very long and silky, Austen, of the British Museum, as Wycleribia hermanni Leach, Anderson, of York, tells me the station-master’s house at North eamstons on the N.E.R., was found to be swarming with a 1899. - March the month of January 1893 my friend Dr. Tempest ne vie) Grabham: Yorkshire Bats. curious kind of parasite! So troublesome did these become that, as no remedy was forthcoming, preparations were made for pulling down part of the house, and on the work being commenced, no less than between two and three hundred Bats were found between the laths and plaster. Unfortunately none of these Bats or parasites have been preserved. Bell’s ‘British - Quadrupeds’ is still the standard work on the subject, and the account he gives of the British Bats is excellent as far as it brick, the next evening, before dusk, I have fastened a small piece of netting over the hole ; the Bats in due course fly into it, get entangled, and are easily captured. They will sometimes come down to a lantern or light-coloured object thrown up in the air, They are not infrequently caught with a fly, and when hybernating may be found together in great numbers; but unless wanted for scientific purposes, it is a very great pity to kill them; they are perfectly harmless, and do much good by preying on cockchafers and other beetles. How the expression, ‘blind as a Bat,’ originated, I know not; for not only have all our Bats eyes of considerable size, but that they can and do use them I have had ample proof; though from some interesting but cruel experiments that were made some time ago by Spallanzani, it was proved that they depended ‘on the exquisite sense of _ touch of the whole surface of the flying membrane’ to tell them ‘of the approach of any solid body when threading their way through the branches of trees, etc. hen Messrs. Clarke and Roebuck brought out their list of Yorkshire Vertebrates—of which most useful work I would fain see a new edition—six species Of Bats were recorded for the county; now the number has — advanced to eight; and I see no reason why, with further investi- gation, a still greater increase should not be made. Of these eight species, seven are in my own collection. To take them in order :— r. esperugo noctula. The Noctule or Great Bat. Sometimes called V. altivolans, owing to its habit of hawking about very high up in the air; is common throughout the “Naturalist, Grabham : Yorkshire Bats. 71 county. It has a greater expanse of wing than any of our British species, and I have taken specimens measuring over fourteen inches from tip to tip. Last summer, Mr. John Clayton hollow tree at Grimston Park. let most of them go, with the exception of three or four very young ones, which were only just beginning to show indications of fur. hey were dark leathery-looking objects, and reminded me of very young cormorants as much as anything. I have seen this bat dip into a pool of water in the twilight, either for the purpose of having a drink or for ablution. I put four adults into a loose box where I kept a large Tawny Owl, intending to examine them in the morning for parasites; but I found Syrnzwm aluco had pulled off and eaten the head of each, and thrust a headless body into each. of the four corners of the stall. Bell is most certainly wrong in stating that ‘this Bat is seldom seen abroad much later than July.’ I have frequently in mild seasons seen it on the wing in the evenings up to the end of the first week in October. Mr. W. Denison Roebuck remarks that Yorkshire seems to be the northern limit for this species; extremely few records exist for counties further north, while in Yorkshire it is not 2. esperugo leisleri. CLeisler’s Bat or Hairy-armed Bat. The latter name given to it because of a broad band of Short hair extending along the inferior surface of the forearm. But the Noctule also has this feature quite as fully if not more developed. I have never taken this Bat myself or had it sent to me, but I am always on the look-out for it. Messrs. Clarke and Roebuck say that three were.obtained by the late F. Bond about fifty years ago from an old factory chimney at Hunslet, near Leeds. Leisler’s Bat is considerably smaller than the the size and arrangement of the teeth. Dobson epitates them thus :—‘In V. noctula the fur is uni-coloured above and beneath, Or the colour of the hair is slightly paler towards the bases ; while in V. deds/er¢ the terminal one-fourth of the hairs above is bright yellowish-brown, beneath //gh¢ brown, the basal three- fourths of the fur on both surfaces dark brown. The outer upper incisor also in V. /ezslerZ is equal to the inner incisor in cross section at its base, but in V. moctula it is double the size March 7899. . “Grabham: ae Bats. i ve in the direction of the jaws, a semicircle with hardly any verlapping; in V. moctula they are crowded and parallel, set Paiisiualy. and largely overlap one another.’ In 1881 Mr. Roebuck had some correspondence with Mr. Frederick Bond on the subject of this record. Mr. Bon wrote under date 17th May of that year as follows:—‘ About 4o years ago I paid a visit to Leeds and amused myself collecting insects, when I saw in the possession of a working man who also collected insects for his own amusement 3 specimens of the Bat, all injured by the larva of a Beetle, Dermestes sp. Only one was fit to keep, which was kindly given to me; he told me he took them from an old factory chimney shaft. a few months before I saw them, I think at Hunslet. The two specimens that I did not have were so badly injured by the Dermestes larva that they were worthless. In 1874 I received two fine ? specimens from anderagee, Co. Armagh. They were taken from hollow beth P- 3295 is “a harbonnier, who Seagate several shot near Mexborough, but the Editor Rag diners that they thy 3 have been confused with young Noctul espe. ks pipistrellus. Pipistrelle or Small Bat. Is hie: smallest of our British Bats, and the commonest. Throughout the county it is universally distributed. In mild year, and I have frequently seen it abroad at midday. It is very fond of hawking at night in any ‘sheltered place, farm- yards, etc., and it rests in any convenient crevice. It varies much in colour, as most Bats do, some specimens being very _ dark. It is easily tamed and lives well in ca tivity though I have examined many specimens of this Bat, I can distinguish very little red about them. However, as I said , above, Bats vary greatly i in colour, and the food, surroundings, that the same species from widely-different localities may be in the county. essrs. Clarke and Roebuck record two as oe been taken from a tree in Oakwell Wood, Birstal. Naturalist, of the same tooth at its base. The lower incisors in V. dezslert seasons it is on the wing almost uninterruptedly throughout the’ . Vespertilio nattereri. Natterer’s or the Reddish- — Grey Bat. The latter term is to my mind a misnomer, as, — t 2 . very rae coloured. his Bat is either rare or overlooked = March 1899. . Grabham-: Vorkshire Bats. 7S I myself have only once taken this Bat, and that was at Flaxton on 9th August 1895. It is easily recognisable by its long ears and tragus, light-coloured under parts, and long spur. (‘The spur is a long, tendinous process from the heel of the foot, which runs along the margin of the interfemoral membrane, and Serves to stretch it. It, in fact, represents the os calcis. It will be found of very different length in different species, varying _from three to seven lines or more.’—Jenyns.) Between the end of the spur and the tip of the tail the membrane is crenate or puckered and set with numerous short hairs. This character at once distinguishes the species. It is very gregarious. My friend, Mr. James Backhouse, had over thirty sent to him last summer from Wales, old and young. Examples of both he very kindly gave me for my collection, and the young he described for the first time in ‘The Zoologist’ for December 1898. They are quite unlike the old in colour, being pure white beneath, and mouse-grey above, but in other characters exactly resemble adult specimens. In old and young the transverse lines on the interfemoral membrane are few compared to those found in the Same part in the Whiskered and Daubenton’s Bats. Mr. Roeback has had this Bat sent often, and has usually considered it as at least as common in Yorkshire as V. mysfa- cinus. He has had it a seen it from Thorp Arch, Bingley, Nidderdale, and oth 5: Vespert ilio Linen Daubenton’s Bat. Is not recorded by the authors of ‘Yorkshire Vertebrates.’ I have had four sent to me during the past summer, taken in different parts of the county. The first was very kindly sent to me in June by Mr. George Parkin, of York Street, Wakefield; it had flown amongst a party of excursionists at Fountains Abbey, and had been secured by one of them. r. Parkin also forwarded to me two skins of this species, which had been taken some | years ago from a Woodpecker’s hole in Hawe Park Wood, on Walton. For the fourth specimen I am indebted to the kindness of Mr. James Carter, of Burton House, Masham. The Bat was - shot flying over a deep pool in the river Yore. It is essentially an aquatic species, if this term may be applied to a Bat, and out by Mr. W. E. DeWinton, the spur, vide supra, runs three Parts of the distance to the tail, and there is always a distinct notch at its end. Again, the feet are noticeably larger for the size of “i lh ope Grabham : Yorkshire Bats. the Bat than in any other species, and in adult specimens the colour of the back is a dark chocolate brown. Bell states that ‘the wing membranes extend only to the distal extremity of the the tibia, leaving the foot free,’ but this I find to be a varying — quantity, and not to be always relied on. Mr. Roebuck informs me that the first Yorkshire example of this species was one which was sent to Mr. Clarke and himself in 1891 by Mr. Basil Carter, who shot it flying over the Yore at Masham, toth August of that year. This is the only Yorkshire _ Specimen he has seen. It was recorded in ‘ The Naturalist’ for September 1891, p. 275. 6. equities mystacinus. The Whiskered Bat. For my own part I cannot see that it is more whiskered than some of its confréres. It is a small Bat, and only likely to be are. t has Clitheroe, near Scarborough, and | have taken it at Flaxton, in the streets of York, where it ite against a policeman’s helmet, Mr flitting about with a butterfly flight, amongst the foliage of trees, and between tall hedges in a narrow lane. So far as his experience goes, Mr. Roebuck considers this a common and widely distributed Bat. He has had it from many — places, Pateley Bridge, Masham, Goathland, Ingleby Greenhow, Warsill Grassington, Pocklington, Washburn Valley, etc. 7. Plecotus auritus. The Long-eared Bat. This Bat behind a shutter, and one of them was only about half grown. Wards, as all Bats do when at rest, the long ears are folded bac This ae is easily tamed, and does not appear to object to captivi » Rhi sap nees hipposideros. Lesser Horse-Shoe Bat. So euiicd from the peculiar nasal appendage, the anterior see of which is something like a horse-shoe in shape. This = is easily recognised from the rest of our British species by its 1a enormous ears. It is comimon, but not abundant. It generally a _uses old buildings as a resting place, but I once took three from It was nearly pure white beneath. When hanging head down- SRS Ra aN ty 0 po Notes—Orntthology. 7s was not recorded by Messrs. Clarke & Roebuck, and it appears u caves and old workings in that district. Of its flight, except in aroom, I know nothing i Mr. Roebuck semaine that the credit of adding this species to the Yorkshire list belongs to Mr. James Ingleby of Eavestone, who discovered it near Eavestone, Ripon, as far back as 1875 if not earlier, and to Mr. H. Laver of Colchester, who identified the species for him. Mr. Laver sent Mr. Roebuck specimens about March 1882, which enabled him to record it as an addition in ‘The Naturalist’ for May 1882, p. 166. Since then Mr. Ingleby _ and Mr. W. Storey have found it in various caves in Nidderdale, _ Washburndale and the Ripon District. Fae I have to thank my friend, Mr. W. Denison Roebuck, who was : a much earlier worker in this field than myself, for various notes which I have been able to incorporate in this paper. In conclusion, I would ask readers of ‘The Naturalist,’ if they come across any varieties, or the young of any species, if _ they would most kindly send them on to me. Bats travel badly, and soon begin to decompose, so that I should infinitely prefer them alive if possible ; if dead, they will keep much better if a slight incision be made in the abdomen, the entrails extracted, and a plug of cotton wool soaked in spirit, whisky will do, inserted therein. I shall be happy at any time to identify any Specimens about which their owners may be in doubt; and I think we ought to still further add to our county list of Cheiroptera. Ps SERS tal, Skyrethor ton. Report of the Committee he upper teavars perc ra contain bones of sheep, horse, fox, ba a etc.; the lower bison, reindeer, roebuck, horse, and grizzly bear]. Rep. Brit. Assn. for 4 an 5s PP- 272-273. AKE DISTRICT. en Fossil 1 Phyllopoda of the Palzozoic Rocks. ee Report of The table ‘ of ee me cal distri aie ses of (ee Pel © Phyllo ds a pga opsis anat nies m Ul A. lap si orthi from the Skel ill Shales; A. an jars Kon the Brathay Flags (?); oe at om a, Discinocaris browniana,a . gigas from the Shel elgill Shales ; and Pouca la a orthi from Kendall. Rep. Brit. | Assn. for 1893, publ. 1894, pp. 465-470 : T. Rupert Jones [Secretary]. sweet Phyllopoda of the peer Rocks. Eleventh Report of ittee, consistin * Professor T. sd isle (Chairman n), Woodward, and Professor T. Rupert Jon Gf eoane: ry). [Reference is made to some very sm ait "Esthe via from he Li r Co Sal Measures near Colne}. Rep. Brit: Assn., 1894, publ. 1895, pp. 271-272, and Geol. Mag., Dec. 2a p cage On the heat be ca some Liassic Ostracoda of Britain [Yorkshire specimens briefly referred to]. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.. 1894, Vol. 5 2, pp. aye H fol Part A, J. s-BROW an The Sic Plscopic Seacuuce of the Zones of the Chalk [a careful ie descriptio on of the various pire sy the Chalk and their contents ; 5 the irbearing on the origin of the deposits ; the paper pri incipally h Ge ielotonce to the Chalk of the South of England, ‘ The Cha 79 = York. o Shire’ not having yet ‘ been sufficient! , studied either in Structural aspects : gives, p. 395; +o diagram of the zones or the chalk a as developed in the Isle of Wight "]. Proc. Yorks. Geol. and Polyt. Soc., . Vol. 12, Part 5, 1894, pp. 385-305- J. D. Kenpat. FURNESS. ; A Short Description of the Hematite Deposit worked by the Salter, Eskett, and ey meee Gill Mines, and th hod of Working it. rans. N. Engl. Inst. Min. Eng., ee 435 pp- ee aac. ; also Trans. Fed. __Inst. Min. Rus, Vol. 7, pp. 650 et s March 1899. co ead Ke”: "Goliogs and Paleontology, 1894. P.-E Kenparys <: NorTH OF ENGLAND. | Geologica a teen ations upon some Alpine pe age ieee aring the Alpine glacial phenomena with the relics of the ancient glaciers of Britain]. Glac. Mag., Oct. 1894, pp. 43-50; Nov., pp. ae eek pp- 83-90. , CHESHIRE, ISLE OF MAN. F. Ken LANC The pial ee me Section [etc.; aad: =e sections exposed uring ee onstruction of the Manchester Ship Canal; fully described]. Appendix A’ to the nee sage Lewis’ ‘Glacial Geology of Great Britain aon Toland” aed p- -434- y F. KEN IsLE OF MAN. kes the ‘Glacial tecaee of the Isle of Man [divided into thirteen chapters, viz.:—Introductory; Bibliography; Physical Geography an r Manninagh, Oct. 1894, pp. 397-438) with toate folding pay plate of mollusca, and folding plate of cst Pr: B: “eee York Mip W. ** Man a the — Period ’’ [abstract of lecture to the Hull Geolo gic 1 Society; the Victoria Cave at

mee Bibliography: Geology and Paleontology, 1894. 95 Bt G. W. LampLuGH NoRTH OF ENGLAND. 4 Notes upon the Snowfall of the Glacial Period [The amount of : . n t e ee direction of flow of the ice which formerly covered parts ne ph a may be accounted for in this way]. Glac. Mag., June 1894, pp. 231- li a G. W. LAMPLUGH. ORK S.E. a Notes on the Coast between io Moai iG and Filey [describing Re the sections in re Dr ed ace and Speeton Clay, splendidly exposed in i, the Cliffs]. Proc. Yo Geol. and Polyt. Soc., Vol. 12, Part 5, 1894, x PP: 424-431 (with | plan od section). . W. LAMPLUGH. NorTH OF ENGLAND. Review [of] Sota t and Notes on the her pant Meads od eh reer gm in and Ireland. By the late Henry Ca cere "Glae. Mag., Sept. aia pp- 23 : : G. A. LEBouR. NORTHUMBERLAND S. . Frost-Cracks and ‘‘ Fossils’’ [notes oe an pi Dette made at | Cullercoats]. Nature, 1st March 1894, p. 4 .. G. A. LeBour. NORTHUMBERLAND S, On certain Surface- Fgh aceee ie of the Glacial Deposits of the Tyne Valley [pointing out that sent hollows resembling ‘ Kettle-holes’ are being formed at the en time in glacial gravels between Riding Mill and Corbridge, by underg man erosion (str eams), and suggests that these cwm-shaped degesaeions do not afford positive proof of glacial action; also pisadagatrine’ that teh: hedaitige in ea gravels may be caused by ay e083 due to the eroding action of water below ground]. Nat. Hist. s. Northumberland, Durham, Navecunthgaigiok- Tye: Vol. 11, Part a vids Pp- 191-195. HENRY CarvILL Lew NORTHERN COUNTIES. Papers arg’ Das ing on the ms Glacial Searcy | _ i warts ie ee and rand | by the late | Henry Carvill s, | _ | Edit ed from his eee ere He fia an a ee nS | By Hen nry W. Crosskey, LL.D., F.G.S. : Prints | 1694. [Several papers, hitherto publis ahi d only abatrac t, on. the comparison of the glacial phenomena of Britain and jeer the terminal age Pa in the North of England, the evidence of ‘extra sap heae oe akes i the no es in central England, etc.; together with extracts from te- books of the late . Lewis; there are also notes by the editor, i H. W. Crosskey, and ‘records of observations ils P. F. Kendall]. 8vo., : pp. Ixxxi. + 469, with numerous maps and woodcuts ib Nodal Lomas. CHESHIRE, An Ancient Glacial Shore [combating Mr. Reade’s view that the rolled « uate are a proof of shore conditions]. Geol. Mag., May 1894, Pp JosepH Lomas. LANCASHIRE, CHESHIRE, YORKSHIRE, ETC. The Great toh rgence [di ro - = per by fate ce _ which asco ed in a previous issue]. Glac. , 1894, pp- pa rice Caen. ETC. The Grea sf Subuiatpbacs [combating Prof. Hull’s hypothesis of an pet submergence in the ae aoe ae od}. Glac. Mag., March 1894, pp. 185 ik also May 1894, pp. J.-L WESTMORLAND. oo Clay-balls in Drift Deposits [among gravel, A the Be banks of Hoff : » near Appleby]. Glac. Mag., April 1894, p sys Lomax. See ‘Thomas Hick.’ Lanc. S. March 1899. ces 96 Bibliography : Geology and Paleontology, 1894. ARNOLD LuPTON. Linc. N., YorRK S.W. ._ as n the Yorkshire Coalfield and its Eastwardly we coal over 4 inches in PRE ps will be worked, and in many districts wastes MS pee orked over again for the sake of the slack, the pillars, and beds t inferior coal that have not been considered good enough for and sections showing positions and Ben th at the different be) Bist: Yorks. Geol. and Polyt. Soc., ; Vol. 12, Part 5, 1894, pp. 432-436. ee K Mip W. nest of mage bed a hoy bi eh Coalfield. Trans. Fed Mae. Min. 04, pp. 137 q-; also Proc. Midl. . Min. Eng., - oe 13, eee aig 215 et seq. J CUMBERLAND. The Working of Hematite in’ the Whitehaven District. Trans Fed. Inst. Min. Eng., Vol. 8, 1894, pp. 31 et seq E. MA UMBERLAND. Notes on ihe Skiddaw Slates [with special oe & the Zones of graptolites; the following are recognised, in descending order Milburn Beds (= Uppermost Arenig or Lower Llandei By: Ellergill Bedsi ; LTetragraptus Beds (Upper, with Didymograptus nanus, and Lower); Dichograptus ps8 and pit tie dhod Ne: (=Tremadoc)]. Geol. Mage hyn +8 KE DISTRICT. Physiographical Studies in Soren 2 1. Chur eck, Coniston oting the occurrence of fragments of graptolite- Pear Skelgill Beds gravel at Gill Head Bridge, pore erably above the altitude of their ing an ‘ the large Yewdale glacier]. Geol. Mag., Nov. 1894, pp. 489-492, with ai? ie LAKE DISTRICT. Physiographical Studies in Lakeland. Swindale [giving vidence that Mosedale once formed part o Ww et Sleddale, and not, now, of Swindale; the Ppp flat watershed pie he eh Mosedale E from Wet Sleddale was formed in a lake produced b amming of the 2 latter valley by ice, the cavetshan of Ds Mosedale stream into Swindale was a a of the same cause]. Geol. Mag., 1894, pp- 539-545» with two woodcu CHESH On the Occurrence of Phosphate of Iron coating Sand Grains at Tranmere eee Triassic sandstones locally rps with the rich bee: vivianite a Proc. Liverp. Geol. Soc., 1894, pp ; HuGu Rosert MILL. Lake DIsTRICT. Ona pathy eset Survey - the English ee [describing = types of lakes, and gives the length, Lede pth, area, and v of the principal Lake District ‘water rs]. Rep. “Brit Agger 1894, pe 1895, p. 713; also in Journ. Roy. Geog. Soc., Vol. 4, ; Abstract in Oe hen, Sept. 1894, p. 40; Abstract hiag in Nabe: dF June 1894, eee E W. Moncxron. [Note on euiaia of a Dyke from Croxdale oy probably the Hett Dyke]. Quart. Feuer. Geol. Soc., Feb. 1894, p Naturalist, © pacteeea anny - Geology and Paleontology, 1894. 97 Horace W. MONcKTON. Yorn N.E. On a Variety of Ammonites (Stephanoceras) subarmatus, Youn from the Upper — of Whitby Scie aro: arrangement Ke the costz ; abstrac only]. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., Feb. 1894, p. of Proc.; Abstract also in Geol. Mag., Feb. 1894, p. gl. J. NicHOLsc kk S.E, [Boulders at] Swine {in Mood Yorkshire Boulder Committee and its Eighth Year's Work]. , Oct. 1894, a 302-303; and fuller particulars in Trans. Hull Geol. Soc., “Vv ol. I, 1893-4, p. 8. OTTO NORDENSKJOLD Lake District. **Ueber archzische Ergus ssgesteine aus Smaland”’ [comparing (pp. 146-7) Smaland specimens with the rocks of the English Lake District]. Ege of the Geological | Pe gnagh of the University of ses Vol. 1, 1892-3, publ. 1894, pp. oe ISH York S.E. Fsuuders « ‘observed on] the Yorkshire Wolds [a few igneous rocks only, whic re very small and apparently not in situ]. Trans. Hull seol. Soc. v Z is I, 1893-4, pb. : H. M, PLATNAUER. York N-E., N.W., ETC, Appendix to shy: List| of By doin, Specimens in the Museum of the he hana hil {supplying omissions in the former list go rec sal ing sc ome new type Yeon ens]. Ann. Rep. Yorks. Phil. Bee: for eis, publ. 1894, pp. 46-5 H. M. PLaTNAUER Kk SB. Borings made in the Site sg tat of York [at Huby eur ‘Farm, at Huby, and near Raskel ae ; details given]. Ann. Rep. Yor Phil. Soc. for 1893, publ. 1894, pp. 56-57- HARLES POTTER IRE. “*The So-called Forest Beds of Leasowe’’ [bringing evidence to prove that these beds do not contain remains S of forest trees, etc., in itu}. Journ. rae Geol. Assn., 1893-4, pp- Vv C.. RAM NORTHERN COUNTIES, ire Physical Geology and eenearey: * Great Britain. 6th ed. by Joodward, 8vo 21, with coloured map and aes nes yes London, 1894 [not peg - MELLARD RE: Ss The High and Low Level Shelly Drifts around Dubli d Bray [briefly compared with the Lancashire drifts]. Irish Wascrmiee Tina and July 1894, pp. 117-121 ir pp- 150-153 T. MELLARD REA ANG. S, The Dublin and Wicklow Shelly-Drift [briefly compared mein the drifts of N. England]. Proc. Liverp. Geol. Soc., 1894, tehegig pp. 183-206. T. MELLARD READE. Vee An Ancient Glacial Shore [a deposit of shelly sand wit balls of clay, seen in a cutting of the aor Branch of the Wirral Railway]. Geol. Mag., Feb. 1894, pp. 76- F. R. Cowper REED Wega wacdian Museum Notes [describing a new s trilobite, Phacops (Chasmops) marri, from the Coniston Limestone of A poeta Common, near Windermere]. Geol. Mag., June 1594, ~246, LAKE DIsTRICT. . Btls April x oN ve 4. 938 Bibliography - Geology and Paleontology, 1894. ON ReINACH and W. A. E. UssHeEr. NOTTINGHAMSHIRE. e Occurrence of Fossils in the Magnesian Limestone of Bulwell, near Nottingham peg ypaaniied Schizodus, Aucella hausmanni, and stneyesdigsrn cpaton from the ari Magnesian Limestone]. Rep. Brit iene irae ieee 1894, pp- 768-769. mat er AND S.W. Ned lObituar art “oti "Thom mas William Embleto a te ni of the = unders of ‘ The ee Dae at of the V "West Riding of, Yorkshire, nd took an active part oe of geology—espe Finagt in etek ence to coal and coal-mining} Proc. Yorks. Geol. and Polyt. Soc., . Vol. 12, Part 4, 1894, pp. 335-339. SIDNEY H. REYNOLDs. York N.W. Woodwardian Museum Notes. Certain Fossils from d Ss . ower Paleozoic rocks of Yorkshire [giving additions to the fossil lists from > fe Li f Nor row and , with page s a tsilobite (Dindymene hughesie) and a aed cystidea Ateloa: ystte (?)]. Geol. Mag., Ma 1894, pp. 108-111, pl. 4 [also +, fie. 4, in June onbert J. F. RoBInson. YORK. 5.E. {Bould ers at] Sutton cig? Hae [in The are care Boulder Committee. and its —: eee Vork]. Nat. oe 1894, - 3; and fuller par- ticul ars in Trans. Hull Geol. Soc., V: ol. 1893- cee eae FRANK ets EY. DERBYSHIRE. On the Origin of certain Novaculites and Quartzites sonenegere of eee Limesto one, pt uy Ni n the Carboniferous Limestone Series; Cumberland Cavern, Matlock Bath, Housel: in illustration]. aint. Journ.., Geol. ies ‘ “Gnas om Vv ee 2 FRANK RUTLE ESTMORLAND, max” the Sequence of Perlitic and ng tere! Sect res: Rejoinder riticism [maintaining the author's opinion a in the old hyolite . Long Sleddale the Splieriilitic stricture is of secondary origin and pos eag to the perlitic cracks]. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., Feb. — PP. 4, pl. t : LAR. CUMBERLAND, Deseription of the St. Helen’s ro Workington. Trans. 1. Inst. Min. Eng., 1894, Vol. 4 3» PP- 437 et seq. ; also Tr: uns. ~~ rae, ‘Min. Eng., 1894, Vol. 7, pp: Giaete yg, BY portend Lancy S., On Rachiopteris Williamsoni, sp. New Fern from the Coal-Measures gestae: ed and ide el as S alied to the Sanatatea vane n. Bot., tn den e 1894, Vol. 8, pp. 207-218, pl. DvuRHAM. A pan British tesa soda Fossil [found by Geor esvicy: in the wer Carboniferous ig yaad s Sandstone of Stainton Geac ies, Barnard Bast ; described an “gies its relationships disc ussed, aad eferred to Fisaie dentata R, ez. |. Nat., August 1894, pp. 233-240, and ca A. C. SEW York N.E. rages one the Bunbury Collection of Fossil Plants, with a thst type s the Cambridge Botanical Museum figuring Pecopier’s (Aluka exilis Phill. from the Jurassic of the Yorkshire coast]. Proc. . Soc., 1894, Vol. 8, Part 3, pp. 188-199. nee A bw E. CHESHIRE. en pesca and some of an Effects [discussing the phenomena erosion carried on bene a pe hd eer eiidtticd Proc. Chester a Nat. Sci., 1894, No. 4, = 252e : Neca seine : Geology and Paleontology, 1894. 99 1. SH The Cause of Grateritorst| Sand Saag and ro dnee 1893 pret . Chester Soc. N ee 1 Pps 263 WILLIAM SHON Birnd RE, baie SHIRE, ae DERBYSHIRE, Post-Glacial ia in Britain discussing the relative — of Post-Glactal Man to Post-Glacial Geology, on ty strength of evidence in Yorkshire, Cheshire, etc. ]. Geo l. Mag., Feb. eh pp- 78-80. “Wittiase Pn. i amps epee Fr DERBYSHIRE, CHESHIRE. No ta and D e Millstone: ek cere titin bed as Fe —1, Rou ugh Back or Topaieat Rock, s, 3, Middle Grits, 4, ae Si os Kind erscout or Lowest Grits ; cape that all the he h De y3 refer the probable origin of the materials composing the beds; 7 iligutiated by a ‘Diagrammatic Section of the Millstone Grit of Derby- et shire and the West Riding of Yorkshire’]. Proc. Yorks. Geol. and . Olyt. Soc., Vol. 12, Part 5, 1894, pp. 407-420. Mip W. ann’ S.W. Impressions of the Science of Geol ogy hehe chiefly to ip iertaisic ene OBY. Laney escribes in a general way the flagstones around s, the boniferous Limestone of the West of Varta shire, etc. ]. The e Ww hite oak a Magazine of the past and Aeatie students of St. John’s gee York, Vol. 3, No. 3, April 1894, pp. 43-46. . E. SPEIGHT. YORK Mip W. ke er Wharfedale ie gpg et Committee. First Annual Re (1893) [gives = of the articles discovered during the a of mounds, ear _ Minmbieots se : hese include numerous relics of British te sa = nae ‘roshtnan eae Proc. Yorks: Geol. and Polyt. Soc. “ NV ol. 12, Part 5, 1894, Pt 374- Sea SPENCER. York S.W. the Geolo a of Calderdale [describing the SyoetEe in the Monta Limestone, Yoredale Rocks, cued Grit and Coal Measures; and referring to the physical geography o e district ; Mustrate by a * Dias ~ a of Calderdale’ }. Pive! Yorks. Geol. and Polyt. Soc., Vol. 12, Part 5, 1894, pp- 369-373- , Jo We ae ha [Secretary ; not signed]. York S.E. Report of the East Riding Boulder Committee, 1893-4 [details of boulders abserve in different parts of the Riding by its members]. dt Hull Geol. Soc., Vol. 1, 1893-4, pp- 6-8. & oe 3 STATH York S.E. [Boul iaer at] North Cave. letc.; in} 1 the Yorkshire Boulder Com mit and Its Eighth Year's Work. Nat., t. 1894, p. 3025 one falley oe petcuar in Trans. Hull Geol. Soc., Vol..1, oe p. 6 : J. W. STaTHER. York S.E. [Geological ' Ohiaey ons made the] Yorkshire ani vs ona net at Pockli or [6th Sept. itett Nat., March 1894, p STATHER. S.E. The Geatogy fof Hornsea, briefly Beocrivics the Giaciat deposits and giving some ie cula coe respect the ibe preg upon the coast-line ; 59-64 of] Iilustrated Gaal de to Siena pte 65 soe with aa etc; PP ait ms ie date [1894]. S.S 1 DERBYSHIRE. The Siksaie Miller’s Dale pena) Brit. Nat., 15th Jan. and Mic-hed Feb. 1894, pp- 3-5 jd 36-38. ‘Mec » 1859. 100 Bibliography : Geology and Paleontology, 1894. WILLIAM STEVENSON. YorRK.S.E. Ancient Forest Bed under the Town of Hull [a -giatesbe, of the photograph of the ‘Ancient Forest Bed, Chalk Lane, Hull,’ te se appears as frontispiece to the volume]. Trans. Hull Geol. Soc:; V.0l. 1893-4, P- 25 MARK eee YorK S.E. A reply to Sir H. worth’s Paper on ‘*‘ Recent Cuangee of ree its se seran'e Ye the ‘oldaiaterd of rapid subsidence in th se of the sub- erged forests at Hull]. Geol. Mag., Nov. 1894, pp. pn C. Fox STRANGWAYS. YorK N.E, The Valleys of North-East Yorkshire and their Mode of Formation [a general sketch of the physical geography of the district, here divided n inti e mode of e of i asses of boulder clay, n are rg ve tie discussed]. ns. Leicest Lit; PM Soc. Vol. 2 Part 7, 1894, pp. 333-344, ‘id large odie &. vik es ANGWAYS TORK N 7 Dr. Alex. Brown on So lenopora [pointing out that the S. jurassica found at Malton comes from the Corallian]. Geol. Mag., May 1894, p. 2 RosBert M. NORTHUMBERLAND 5S, On pet fender: on and cient 2 of the Coast Line from the Low oun : Durham and Newcastle-upon-Tyne, Vol. 11, Part ey 1894, pp. 187-191. THomMAsS TAT K S.W3'N.W. Ni ES. Be The Yorkshire ‘Rouldes Committee and Its ise Year’ s Work i ig ge Sa y Hemingway, s Tate, W. Gregson, J. W. Stath . F, Walton, Thomas Thelw it we i. Crofts, , Nicholson, and . Hea Rbieon) Nat., Oct. 1894, pp. 297-303. . THELWALL. K [Boulders at] Skidby and Little ote — Scant Se Yorkshire er Committee and Its Eighth Year 1894 aa fuller particulars in Trane. Hull Geol. ee Vol, pani p. 7: . H. TIDDEMAN. York Mip W. The oieusaaes = Lim nebo rete on beg North sme? se the Craven Faults [bringing evidenc rward in support of a proposi which he had previously naioth hat the esate Reefs in the Garhonifecaes Limestone had bee res sla sited in shallow w this evidence is in the form of a limestone conglomerate pence seen Di Gill, nea s at Dibbles r Grassington; points ot that other proof may be brought to light in the 8 rE e r Pro excavations unde = how Hill, then being carried on for the B ord Wate s} Yorks, Geol. and Polyt. Soc., Vol. 12, Part 5, 1894 P WARREN UPHAM, Mip W, The Quaternary neon: # and its division in the Lafa ayette, Glacial, and Recent Periods [the amount of denudation of limesto which drift eeuldecs. lie, in Yorkshire (? at Norber), referred i 3 ibe? cain pared with similar evidence in other _parts of the globe, from which the — phen ee estimates that the ice d the ice only 6,000 to 10,000 years ee. du Cones Géologique International, 6° Session 8-251. Com (Zurich), 1894, p N aturalist;, Bibliography : Geology and Paleontology, 1894. 101 WARREN UPHAM. NORTH OF ENGLAND. Quaternary Time divisible in Three Periods, rye pe Glacial and Recent [a bstract ; ae ntly a summary of the paper referred to ibevel, Teige: erican Assoc. for the DMP hidiont of Science, Vol. 43, 1894 (5 pp. reprint). W. A. E. UssHer. See ‘A. von Reinach.’ F. F. WaLTon, YORK S.E,. [Boulders at] debates tages rede? Lye : in} Mee Yorkshire Boulder Committee and Its hth Yea Oct. 18 «302 ct fuller details in Tene Full Geok, Soc Vol ¥ a ogee F, FIELDER WALTON, YorK S.E. Some New Sections in the Hessle Gravels [describing a series of angular gravels and blown sands banked up against the Pre-Glacial i : pid d by bones of horse and ox have been obtained from the gravels; illustrated by plan and section o 40 07). Proc. Yorks. Geol. and Polyt. Soc. Vol. 12, Part - 1894, pp. 396-406 C. J. WaTSON. NOTTINGHAMSHIRE. The Hemléct ‘Sloge: Journ. Birm. N. H. Phil. Soc., Vol. 1, 1894, p. 29. WILLIAM Watts. Lanc. S. On Waterworks _ Const ruction and the use of Concrete and hwo nts [refere iscussi which followed this paper to the suitability of local rocks for making concrete, etc.]. Trans. cts Geol. Soc., Vol. 23, Part. 2, 1894, pp. 42-63. Wu. [sic] Warts. - oy YORE 5S. W. -< ow Nodules ’”’ [Notes on a septarian eo echiblied at a meeti of the Manchester Geological Society, obtained from the one Clay of eee Piethoets Valley]. Trans. Manch. Geol. Soc., Vol. 22, 1894, pp. 589-590. WwW. W. Warts, YORK -Sc5, **Appendix on Some —— i ea pa by dipole ad yhich are supposed to have been derived Christiania, Proc. Geol. Assn., Vol. 13, Part 9, 1894, pp. GEORGE WILD Presentation of Fossils [to the Manchester Museum, gel iced Sey bert Cairns, of ee Ashton-under-Lyne ; including a large of fish s and other fossils, from the Ration Rois: ‘Dukinfield, and Bar rds} Collieries, and other places]. Trans. Manch. Geol. Soc Vol. 13, Par 894, PP. 447-451: T..R. WILLiAMs. York S.W. **The Ant pepe District of South Wales’’ [abstract ofjlecture delivered to the Hull Geological Senay analyses of Barnsley Coal and Anthracite "give and compared]. Trans. Hull. Geol. Soc.; Vol. 1, 1893-4, De. - R. WILLIAMS. . S.E. Pronliete at] Walkington [Micaceous gai peeone Grit, and hap Granite]. Trans. Hull Geol. Soc., Vol. 1, le LIAM CRAWFORD WILLIAMSON, WIL General, Morphological, and Histological ora the Author’s Collective Memoirs on the Fossil Plants of the Coal "eats Part iii. Ayait’ 1899, 102 Bibliography - Geology and Paleontology, 1894. aera by a list of paths on the organisation of the Fossil Plants of eC oal Measures and G — Index to mgr? contents; deals principally ra the fossil ferns]. aes and Proc. Manch. Lit. and Phil. Soc., ee Vol. 8, No. 2, pp. coda: W. C. WILLIAMSON. Lanc. S: On the igh NORE of the ean tg Plants of ee Coal Measures. - Part x [Oldhamia, etc.]. Trans. Roy. Soc., Vol. 184B, 1894, by ond ‘ph. I-9. RS WILLIAMSON. Lanc.' S. oa Correction of an Error of Observation in Part xix. of the Author’s at sao 8 se e 4 etre ey of the Fossil Plants of the Coal Measures. - Soc., Vol. 55, 1894, p- 422. ~C. Wiitamabnes é «He Lanc. S. The wae of Lyginodendron finest: Will, Proc. Roy. Soc. London, V pee ALBERT WILMO ANC. Ss. Correspondence [a ‘iia to the ae = _ peamesen ane yah ha recording e boulders in the dis Ine, and subgents went |. they may ag a been dispersed by sm eciett in an pope apni lake Glac. Mag., Dec. 1894, pp- fapicer © LINC. Sy The Co omposition of the Fen Soils of en Lincolnshire. Chem News, 28th S Rar Vol. 70, pp. 153-15. Bus L. CHESHIRE. Pebbles of Clay i in gsi Gravel a Sand [refers to a paper vy eade in ag. for ruary 1 3 in eee it is pointed out that ‘eniducen or 1 pebbles 0 of pitas were found in a bed of sand a railway cutting in the Wirral; ‘from evidence of similar ands in Aiea Prof. Winchell adds :—-‘ The conclusion ae drawn : to admit that clay balls . - may be produced and eenbeddiiad 4 in gravel and sand which wer e the di fed or of the wastage of the om glacier, and that they are oe unquestionable evidence of the former ie action of an oceanic shore line’]. Glac. Mag., March 1894, pp. 171-174. am THOMAS WISE. LANc, S,; ETC, The Flora of the Carboniferous isos {a general seinethbet ae but little. definite local application]. and Trans. Manch. Field Nat. Soc. for 1893, publ. 1894, pp. 75-80. A. SMITH esa ARD, York S.E. : d British sp ona of the Jurassic Fish Eury us j Tico th ak oe t rst specimen, described Bs Sir Ben Egerton, - - me o Seicvebenid egerton?, is said : een obtained from he A Gault, ‘Speeton'y Geol. ies, Ma y 1894, ae Wee Sa ee Mer ar ; alee - aa pee Lae ts ai eC GE te cin dee ee FE a ge EIS a) eg es A. SMITH WOODWARD York S.E., Linc. N. anp S, hited on the Sharks’ Teeth from ey Cretaceous Formations [though no specimens from the No ngland are referred to in this paper, descriptions and ilustrations of the Sharks’ teeth considerable value to workers amongst the oR ee rocks o Sper and Lincolnshire]. Proc. Geol. Assn., Vol. 1894, pp- and Plates 5 and 6. eS HENRY Woopw York Mip W. ss . ributions to ¢ wie r knowledge of the Genus Cyclus, from t the . Carboniferous Formation of various British Localities TTwith’ woodcut of . woodwardi Reed, mt Settle]. Geol. Mag., Dec. 1894, pp. 530-539- " Naturalist, 2 Ornithology and Botany. “(903 Notes NRY WOODWARD LANG. Si Note 0 on a Collection of Carboniferous Trilobites from the Banks of e Hodder, near Stonyhurst, Lancashire [preceded by some remarks on ise geological horizon of these fossils; two new species of Phillipsia, named P. van-der-grachtii and P. pollent, are described and figured}. Geol. Mag., Nov. 1894, pp. 481-489, Plate 14. Horace B. Woopvwarpb. Geology in the Field and in the ares Er oceaire Geology. brieily referred to}. Proc. Geol. Assn., Vol. 13, Part 7, » PP. 247-273. Horace B. Woopwarb. ci COLNSHIRE, The ~saeirep'g Rocks of Britain, Vol. 1V. The Lower polite Rocks of England (Yo Aung excepted) [treating the various “She damages apa and Wales, pp. xiv. + 628, rive fe and 137 Figs. in 1 text; London, 1894. Mag., Nov, 1894, pp. 520-525 Horace B. Woopwarp. Sie pe: C. Ramsay.’ cm eat 5° * bes o “ 19) z Q oO oo NOTE—ORNITHOLOGY. _ Is the Missel Thrush Decreasing Ci x Be last ae ial pie bird (Turdus viscivorus) seems to have become ich less an W h i old aga pone — of sep rather i nests of this bird placed in it, but now one ees a bird and very few ea ARTHUR JACKSON, Eh Tree alee ge mm Cs atnn doth “March 1899. >? oe NOTE—BOTANY. Lobelia Dortmanna in Lakeland.—In ‘The Nebaeie ie January, page 4, under the heading of ‘Zobelia Dortmanna, . Wm. Hodgson, of “oda on says:—‘ With reference to the ove age ke mentioned in r. Baker's ‘ — of the Lake District,” pp. 142-3, I believe ect nre Reprint: it to a tarn of that name which lies in < secluded ana males Hick Street, in Wasting reland,’ erence to ee. map, I find that there is a Blea Tarn in Little gus mentions an 5 hidner ‘andl Lawes ‘Ten at Wateu I judge, rightly or pehtat gf that the Lower fae in which Lobelia Dore opt grows (see Bak ‘Flora,’ p. 142, at the bottom of the pessh the ta oe hedrtice that goes by the name of the Watendlath Tarn Is Upper he ce as Blea Tarn, Watendlath, and if not, es is the Loner Toon Waten on ker 5 as grow ane Upper Tarn, rapper ” ‘ymphea Ba (p. 24 of the « Flora’), sriophylun "spicatun (p. 95 of the * Flora’), and — S growing by it, on th n, Scirpus grein (p. 216-7 f the ‘ Flora’); also af oe er oma) lacustris, frequent up to 5 yards, among others, Blea Tarn, Watendl c to Blea ards ars, a diath. > Water, High Street, nor to Blea Tarn, itn sonnrtg but I have been to Blea Tarn, Site Langdale, several times, and each tin ; be Dortmanna growing there.—CHARLES oe Secor gay 10, DeGrey Street, Hull, oth Febru uary 1899. April 18 1899. % ea NOTES--MAMMALIA. Cross between Hare and Rabbit. — Mr. Hawley hasa stuffed specime of ‘hie hybrid, between Hare (Lepus europeus). and Rabbit (L. cuni aia): and I have also one. As I spoke of this hybrid last year (1897), I need not say more now than that it was thought So first that the Hare and Rabbit, being so different in their habits, would not interb ni iry, how- ever, I that, not only were there eb well-known single cases of their having interbred, but that the production of th ss had carrie on, rather extensively, for trading setae in France I have shot five specimens of this pane on Kirkby Moor, and one has been seen there recently. J. Conway WALTER, Langton Rectory, Horncastle, 18th August 1898. Fox and Bae Hybrids near Horncastle.—I exhibited, when the Lincolnshire Naturalists’ Union met at Holbeck and Tetford, in August 1897, a cas i i en a fox an reat e : he sire i : (Vulpes pee and the mother a Sareea bitch between Shepherd Dog ved. The port as bough iy yh Wack savant, M. M. Suchetet, with a view to further experiments. o n one ¢ t Ashby Puerorum, a f ailiff, , tied his Shepherd bitch near a fox-earth; and t pup r is now in the possession of Mr. Fran e, of Scrivelsby Park , a gamekeeper near Lo tied a bitch in the nutting season, to give warning of trespassers, and subsequently the bitch had pu vidently a cross wi Ox. ne of these is now in the possession of Mr. Waltham, dealer in china, High Street, Horncastle. Another is in the possession of Mr. E. Walter, farmer, of Hatton, a cous rie of Mr, Stafford Walter, who stance, the i r shi Ww down ram yields lambs wit black points like the sire, though with the finer wool of the Merino, as a sort of compromise between the two. Speaking of crosses, I may say that there is a living specimen at Horn- castle of a cross between a tame R it and a he se 2 hy and I have recently heard of a supposed cross Bie ace ane Gam = one in scotla gay se Os 2 a S: e Me | a. ay =] 22 = c a3 qo fe) a5 Q 216s w 2 @ og cS & ° a8 fo ae, . | s ies) by e of outlying Pheasant. Confessions of an old poacher with whom I ovca- sionally gee J. Conway WALTER, Langton Rectory, Hornca: tle, 16th August 1898. ‘Natura *, 105 LINCOLNSHIRE COAST BOULDERS. r F.WM. BURTON, F.L.S., F.G.S., Highfield, Gainsborough, Lincolnshire. {n my former paper on this subject in *The Naturalist’ for May 1808, p. 133, I invited information and discussion as to the possibility of these boulders being brought to the Lincoln- shire coast from that of Holderness by what Mr. Harker—who Seems partially, at all events, to entertain the view—calls ‘the powerful tidal scour from N. to S.’ In answer to this I have had two letters: one from Mr. W. H. Wheeler, M.Inst.C.E., of Boston, the other from Mr. A. Atkinson, A.M.Inst.C.E., of volume of ‘The Naturalist.’ To this note I need not specially allude, as all who take an interest in the subject can read it for themselves. Before quoting from the letters referred to I will briefly give my own views for considering the theory of tidal action as being, not partially only, but altogether inadequate to account for the presence on the flat, sandy Lincolnshire coast of the boulders in question. I have already in my previous paper shown that the boulder clay (from which deposit the stones are admittedly derived) lies all along this coast, and is exposed in various places on the land adjoining it near to where the stones occur: a fact which does account for their being found where they are; but besides this 1 would take ordinary reasonable grounds and ask how is it - possible that the tidal current could carry heavy material with it down the shallow Lincolnshire coast against all the obstacles divert the action of the ‘scour’ for a considerable distance, and how can the boulders get —first across the strong rush of water flowing from the river, and then turn towards the land and hug the shore again? Surely great difficulties present themselves in the way of this hypothesis! Then, coming southwards down the coast, we have, successively, the rivers at Tetney Haven, Saltfleet, Wainfleet, with the Witham at Boston and the Fossdyke Wash, besides many minor streams April 1899. 106 ~— Burton: Lincolnshire Coast Boulders. and outflows; all of which deposit in the aggregate vast tracts of mud and sand, covering up the shallow sea-bed and extending in places, as at Saltfleet, a mile or more out from the land; and in all this I fail to see any evidence of a ‘ powerful tidal scour’ _ along the coast, which, if it existed, and was capable of trans- ‘porting boulders along the shore, would surely be able to sweep | away the soft deposits of mud and sand which encumber it. It is not, however, with the present day only that'we have | to deal; we must go back to the time when the powerful stream of the Trent swept through the Lincoln Gap, where the Witham now flows, spreading the drainage of the Midlands over the shallow sea-bed, and irresistibly opposing any tidal current that could, on such a flat coast as that of ‘Lincolnshire, be brought against it; and if it could be proved that this river was diverted from its course through the Gap before the Glacial period, when testified when the land to the east of Lincoln resembled more an inland lake, or the bay of a sea, than a river’s flood. : Let us turn now to the two letters I have referred to. of Mr. Atkinson writes (18th July 1898) :— y ‘Mr. Harker’s theory that these erratics may have been _ brought from the Holderness coast by the tidal scour is scarcely tenable. No doubt the action of the tidal drift is a very important one, but he has overlooked the existence of the wide and deep embouchure of the Humber. The Humber currents © are tranverse to the general direction of the littoral drift, and probably interrupt its continuity for ‘some distance from the — shore.’ r. Wheeler, who, it is well known, has pane tidal action — aac study, deals more fully with the subject, and writes s follows (8th July 1898) :— ‘I have recently, in pursuit of my investigations into the matter of littoral drift, inspected the Yorkshire and Lincolnshire coast from Hornsea to Sutton. I was at Sutton soon after the great storm in March, which had in several places between Mablethorpe and Sutton bared the clay. : I found several | patches and small beds of stones. The conclusion I arrived ‘Naturalist, a re 5s ae ee Sa eel ote at Ba Burton: Lincolnshire Coast Boulders. 107 that these had been displaced from the boulder clay nti "underlies the san This bed of boulder clay extends ver a large area of this part of the country. It underlies all the alluvial deposit at the mouth of the Witham and forms the bed of a great part of the east side of the Wash. I have frequently had to excavate into it, and when constructing the uct and outfall works had plenty of opportunity of making its acquaintance. It is full of fragments of rocks similar to those on the exposed beach at Sutton and Mablethorpe. I gave a description of it and of the rocks represented in my ‘ History of the Fens,’ p. 456 ‘I quite agree with you in rejecting the theory as to ballast. - I am also of opinion that these stones have not come from the Holderness coast. There - no drift across the Humber. As to the ‘powerful tidal scour’ * suggested by Mr. Harker I do not know what this means. The only currents along this coast are those due to the tides, about two to three knots, and these currents are oscillating, and running for six hours one way and as many the other. There is, so far as I know, no regular current from N. to S. There is a drift of material along the beach from N. to S., but this all takes place landward of the point where the waves beat on the beach, and is due to wave action and not to currents. This drift collects at Spurn Point.’ Now, on referring to the chapter in Mr. Wheeler’s valuable work, which he calls attention to, I find the following :— ‘The base or substratum of nearly the whole of the Fenland consists of Oxford and Kimmeridge clay. . . Overlying this clay, throughout a considerable area, is a oon known as the ‘‘boulder clay.” This is an unstratified mass of lead- coloured clay, interspersed with fragments of chalk and lime- Stone, and also with basalt, granite, sandstone, and other formations quite foreign to this part of the country. Many of these pieces of rock are polished and scratched, or striated, in a manner peculiar to stones which have been subject to glacial action. The following specimens of rocks were found by the author amongst the clay excavated for the new outfall of the river Witham and for the Boston Dock: red granite with large quartz crystals, grey granite, volcanic ash, amygdaloid, felstone, felspar, and quartz, porphyry, five different kinds of quartz rock, jasper, several different flints, ferruginous and argillaceous sand- stones, mountain limestone, dark blue silicious limestone with quartz veins, silicious, argillaceous, and carboniferous limestones, §reat oolite, iron ore, greensand, chalk; also ammonites of large 1899. 108 Burton: Lincolnshire Coast Boulders. size, some having a diameter of more than a foot. e excavation for deepening the upper Witham, some boulders of ias li an was about 6 feet x 4 feet and 2 feet 6 eee deep, containing about 57 cubic feet. Many of the fragments of rock found in the boulder clay must have travelled very long distances, some from the Nort of England and Scotland, whilst some have been recognised as belonging to Norway; the rocks being thus pioneers of the Scandinavians who followed ave settled here. The surface of the underlying strata, on which the boulder clay rests, is very uneven, and gives evidence of valleys, river-beds, and other depressions having been filled up by it. Large pot-holes, filled - with gravel and sand, are frequently met with, and in many places this boulder clay rises up above the general level in the shape of mounds or hills, as at Sibsey, and at Beacon Hill, near Sleaford.’ This has a strong bearing on the point; but in a paper on ‘The Action of Waves and Tides on the Movement of Material on the Sea Coast,’ read by Mr. Wheeler—who is an acknowledged authority on the subject—at the late meeting of the British Association at Bristol—which paper has since received ' very favourable mention in the pages of ‘ Nature’—-we find much that is more directly applicable to the question, and from this paper I must quote at some length :— ‘Wave action.—With regard to wave action, whether due to. winds or tides, Deg aad this is transmitted to the shore from the open ocean, the motion is only one of undulation, the particles of outee rising and falling vertically, and having no forward motion beyond that which they perform in the orbit of the wave. i shallow water of the shore, and the depth is no longer sufficient for the free formation of the undulation, the lower particles being retarded by their contact with the shore, and the upper particles being also unable to complete their orbital course, are projected forward, and the motion becomes horizontal. The wave in this condition is capable of carrying forward any substance with which it comes in contact, and which is within the range of its energy, on to the beach and up its slope.’ ‘On a flat, sandy shore the water of the breaking wave is. distributed over a wider horizontal range, and it comes | contact with the beach at a much greater angle than on a shingle bank. The force of the impact is therefore less, and — © z o < o a o 2 fe) = be) < OQ 3 2) o ot ° p=} & 1) uo} ej io) & 2) oO ni ct i ¥ oO Burton ; Lincolnshire Coast Boulders. 109 its effect on the beach less mordant. In this case eee the whole of the energy of the wave is absorbed by the friction.’ ‘On flat, sandy shores, the waves first break seaward of the low water line, a succession of smaller waves following up to the margin of the water. ‘From the seaward side of the breaking point of the wave no material is carried shorewards on to the beach, the motion of the water continuing as an undulation.’ ‘It is stated that stones lying on the sea-bed are moved and displaced during heavy gales by the waves to depths of six or seven fathoms and even more. So long as these waves remain undulations, the movement cannot extend beyond the orbit of wave formation, and there cannot, therefore, be any translation of the stones shorewards.’ ‘In the formation of waves, besides the vertical movement of the particles of water which places the crest above the trough, there is an oscillating, horizontal movement, alternately towards and away from the shore. Any material susceptible of move- ment, lying on the bed of the sea, actuated by the waves, is moved alternately backwards and forwards, the mass of the sub- Stance and the distance over which it is moved depending on the height and on the length of the waves. As the places on which these waves act incline from the shore seaward, owing to the laws of gravity, the retrograde action of the wave must be most effective in the movement of material, and the tendency be rather to drag the material away from, than to push it towards the shore.’ ‘Action of gravity. As already pointed out, the slope of a beach is seaward.’ ‘By the law of gravitation, all material in movement has a natural tendency to work downwards unless prevented by Some stronger opposing cause. Breaking waves no doubt have Sufficient force, under certain conditions, to counteract this downward movement, but their general tendency is to aid the seaward movement by their undertow. ‘It is due to the seaward action of the undertow of the waves that bays and indents along the coast are kept open and free from accumulation of deposit.” ‘It is true that stones and other substances of considerable Size and weight, which have been buried in the sand for longer or shorter periods, are occasionally, in heavy gales causing high Waves, lifted up, carried forward, and left stranded on the beach. These, however, are only rare and isolated events which occur during very heavy gales.’ April: ‘1899. yee Ta a ee a, % -boniferous shale, flints from the chalk cliffs, or boulders from shore, and is found, with very few exceptions, accumulated — 110 Burton: Lincolnshire Coast Boulders. ‘ Material of littoral drift. The material may be classed as rock fragments, boulders, shingle, sand, and_ alluvial ‘Sand. The material next in size, or that generally known as sand, becomes distributed by the waves on the shore, where r it is rolled backwards and forwards by the action of the tides ; but, under the action of gravity, having a continuous downward movement until the shore assumes a slope of from 1 in 30 to 1 in 100, at which it attains a state of equilibrium.’ ‘Where there are no cliffs to supply fresh material, sand- beaches are not subject to littoral drift, and, except to the extent already mentioned, little or no change takes place in their condition. They generally extend out from the line of high water of spring-tides to that of low water at a very flat slope, beyond which the slope becomes steeper.’ Thus, for example, on the east coast of England the drift from the material derived from the waste of the Yorkshire cliffs stops on the north side of the Humber. From the south side of that river to the Wash there extends for 25 miles a low tract of — flat country, bordered by hills of blown sand. The yi consists of sand which extends out at a slope of about 1 in 3 to low water. On this beach there is no appreciable fiecaesl drift or alteration in form. Sand does not accumulate against the piers or groynes which extend across the shore; and the general outline of the beach remains as it always has been so . far as any record exists.’ * ‘ Shingle. The supply and movement of this material is of much greater interest than either that of sand or alluvial matter, inasmuch as where it is forthcoming shingle forms one of the — most important aids to coast protection. ‘The supply of shingle is obtained from the destruction of - cliffs consisting of granite and similar rocks or the hard, car- _ the Glacial Drift.’ . ‘Shingle, unlike sand, becomes heaped up in banks on “the in a zone lying between low water of neap-tides and high water and the Chesil Bank, that the bank has been forced beyond | the jae limits.’ The banking up of the shingle and also the travel along the shore i is due entirely to tidal action. Notes and News. 1 ‘Frequently the shingle travels directly across a shallow bay, and several instances can be given where by so doing the shingle has formed a natural embankment As one example Mr. Wheeler gives ‘that of Spurn Point, which consists of a spit of shingle, which extends southwards three miles, across the entrance to the Humber, the width of ad bank being about 500 feet.’ some cases the shingle bank continues its course across the eos of the river, causing the flood tide to take a con- siderable turn round the end of the shingle bank before it can’ enter the river. The case of the Humber, already referred to, affords an example of a spur or natural groyne being thus projected out from the coast.’ Space forbids my making further extracts, and it is difficult to make the argument plain by a selection of paragraphs. To be thoroughly understood and appreciated the paper itself should be read. , NOTES AND NE “come je are sae to our old colle moa cb Mr. Edga . Wi Angi F.L.S., for orts © w nd a good : cheap sou upply of food-fish for the colony, and our friend, Mr. Waste was attached to the staff of H.M.C.S. ‘ Thetis’ as a scientific investigator, Farnel , the we of the peasy Legislature at whose tnetigenion thie operations were undertaken, seems be con ent of its success from an economical poi xint of view, but however this may be, there can sox no doubt ~~, i aite’s share of the results will e of great value to scie is appendix to the Report ee ee and useful ‘ Dessrwove Ea of Fishes,’ mie figures of many of th ——-#>e aturalists who appreciate the great value of bibliography to all 47 SP si will be glad t ism nag Mr. ste Ruskin But ial apc of Leonard’ oe a, the son of Soe esteemed Yorks ee naturalists, has been entru scr — Ds Elliott Coues, of Washington, with the task of cniieniataned his ‘ List of Faunal Publications relating to British irds,’ which was nh mg in the second volume of t e Proceedings of the that these being apres in ghernies chronological order will show the ornithology in oric 4s willing to support this dry department of their subject as antiquaries are _ to encourage the seh of matter equally oy and anouged valuable, in the form of reprints of parish r egisters. —_- ex e hope, th | Mr. cascpre will add to the value of his a eee ae a cone _. Summary of the scope. of each paper and even geanod needful give sie names of the —— mentioned April 1899. NOTE-ORNITHOLOGY. Unusual Nesting-Places of es Moorhen.—During my rambles in ih the past week I have come across the following curious (to me) places for : (1) The we of a small fir tree about oe feet high and about 100 yards i from any wa This contains two eggs only, which the birds are sitting. re 2) In ‘fie recy mi idle of a thick Sess n- bush over hanging a pond, about six feet from the water. is contained eight eggs. “an (3) At the top rors fir tree, quite 14 feet from the ground and 20 yards a ec a troy a know if this information will be of seabereas or not, but I have h in such positions before.—E. BANkKs, ‘Salimarehe: 2 Howden, sth May 1898. * tl NOTE—ANTHROPOLOGY. Lake Dwellings at Pickering.-_The int issued Journal of the Ant so Dk clara sang (for ee st “ee November nen contains an interesting paper on ‘Evidence of Lake wetines gs on the ss of the Costa, near Pickering, North Riding of Fre by Capt n the Hon. Cecil Dunco F.G. t appears that whilst a stream was bai ig cleared . out in the econ of 1893, Mr. Mitchelson, of the ll, Pickering, noticed some pieces of rude pottery had been thrown out. Other finds were made, and subsequently four rows of piles in the vicinity, crossing the Costa, at a distance of about 100 yards from each sag ae: rows of piles seem to converge upon a point Soerittioe the centre of a quasi island, which it is thought represents the site of a group of La ke Devel similar obtained to fill a cart, it would seem that a find of no mean importance has een made. The bones include ibe of man, deer (3 species), horse, longifrons, sheep, — Pig olf, fox, otter, beaver, voles (‘ different kinds" ), and bi rds. Theh n hones s igre of the remains of at least four individuals, and show chat they were a short but mai! set of people. — Neither poet nor metal instruments of any kind w t with, and aes ‘ pottery is very thick and of a rude type. The ete at are consider to be of very great mo aie (earlier than the Crannogs of Ireland a Scotland) ae are referable to the age as the Ulrome Lake Dwellings in Holderness; certainly in wears case the remains are covered by an ormous acc umulation of peat. The author discusses the probable origin ui f lers som Unfor- ‘ : w upon; nevertheless, it is ge eeehoreree that t n remains should resemble each other in having belonged to ephieaneta small individuals. The siclotan of an adult female geen that she could not have exceeded et 6 inches in height i Ss : e se Th accompanied by a p plate showing ‘Fragments of coarse Pottery, and antlers and limb- bones of Deer ( Cervus); also perforated tines of antlers of I : with the specimens collected, appears from the 2 oceeeas of the erkahics Geological and polpesinie ‘Society for 1 (pp. 21-24).--T. SHEPPARD, Hull, oth January 1899 ma: fe ee Natura 113 LEPIDOPTERA NOTICED IN KILTON WOODS AND VICINITY DURING 1898. T. ASHTON LOFTHOUSE, SAAS ess Tue following notes were made on the occasion of two or three visits paid to Kilton Woods in company with Mr. Sachse, of Middlesbrough. Kilton Woods are situate in N.E. Yorkshire, near Loftus, and consist of richly-wooded valleys running from Skinningrove upward, and branching out at the upper part into three or four smaller valleys. The principal trees are Oak, Ash, and Wych Elm, interspersed with Mountain Ash and Bird Cherry, and close y the stream at the bottom of the valley Alders grow pretty écly ; there are also some young plantations of Scotch Fir, Larch, Spruce, interspersed with Birch, etc. Sugaring was only tried on two occasions and with very little success, the most of the collecting being done during the day time. Sugaring, I think, to be successful requires to be done for a few ene consecutively, and this we had not the Opportunity of d The district ane es been worked by Yorkshire lepidop- terists, as far as we know, we have thought it advisable to give a list of all the species notice 11th June 1898. —Spzlosoma Wendie. 9 taken; Cr/tx glaucata; Lephrosia biundularia, a single specimen me at rest on tree trunk; MNumeria pulveraria, 9 taken whic laid ova, which hatched out on 26th June; Hybernza defoltaria, larvee ; Cherma- tobia brumata, larve very abundant, stripping a great variety of trees, Maple especially suffering; Abraxas sylvata (=ulmata), plentiful and fresh out, sitting about on low plants underneath ‘ych Elm; some of the specimens were dark and _ nicely marked, but none so blue or suffused as specimens I have seen from the York district ; this species was out in this locality for a great length of time, being noticed on the occasion of every visit up to and including roth September; on the latter date larve were also abundant on Wych Elm in all stages of growth; Melanthia albicillata, single specimen taken, fresh out ; also one or two full grown larve off Wild Rasp in September ; Coremia destgnata (= propugnata). 30th July-rst August.— Vanessa urtice ; Epinephele janira; Cenonympha pamphilus; Lycena icarus; Smerinthus popult, April 1899. H 114 Cordeaux » Enormous Skate. larve ; Hepialus hectus; Orgyta antigua, larve on bramble, | perfect insect dashing about in sun on 1oth Sept.; Xylophasia monoglypha, also at sugar on 10th September, when some of the specimens seemed to be quite fresh; Agrotis exclamationts, flying about in sun; 7riphena pronuba; Aplecta nebulosa, one worn specimen taken off tree trunk ; Plusza chrysttis; Plusza iota, at ight; Zanclogn natha grisealis, beaten out of spruce; Hypena proboscidalis; Ruma luteolata; Metroc athe margaritaria; Urop- teryx sambucaria, sparingly; Amphidasys betularia var. double- dayaria, a cripple taken which laid a large number of ova, which hatched out on the 17th August; Boarmia repandata; Asthena luteata, worn; Asthena blomeri, single specimen in good condition; Fupisterta obliterata ( = heparata), worn; Acidalia bisetata; Acidalia aversata; Cabera pusaria; Abraxas grossulariata ; Lomaspilis marginata; Larentia didymata, very abundant; Larentia viridaria; Larentia olivata, several speci- mens, but mostly worn ; Ammelesza affinttata and var. turbarta ; Emmelesia alchemillata, sparingly ; Euptthecta tenuiata; Thera variata, also on 10th September; Aypszpeles sordidata, several, some very dark vars.; Melantppe sociata; Melanippe montanata ; Camptogramma bilineata; Cidaria truncata, a few fresh out, common and variable in September, but much worn; Crdarza populata; C. fulvata; C. dotata; Eubolia limitata, common ; Anaitis plagiata, one or two flying about in sun; TJanagra atrata; Tortrix virridana. 13th August.—Preris rape; P. napt; Polyommatus phieas ; Apamea didyma; Tripheena janthina; Plusita gamma; also larvee of Acronycta rumtcis. 1oth September.—/verzs brassicae; Vanessa atalanta; Phalera ee. took a batch of Jarve off alder, very small for this late , being barely half-an-inch long ; Aydrecta nictitans ; Wetes peo) at sugar; 7riphena comes; Anchocelts litura; Calymnia trapesina, caught; Polta cht; Phlogophora meticulosa; Melanthia bicolorata; Hypolepia sequella, two or three specimens. a NOTE— FISHES. us ety oa apg ag lat; Roebuck's ‘Handbook of | ‘orks * Vertebrat LD ion is made, on my authority, of an enormous e(R tee hatte i . measuring 4 feet 2 inches § in length and 5 feet 8 inches in breadth, These dimensions are now greatly exceeded by one (a Blue apy as aitereet call them) a into Grimsby this week by one of the boats fishing off Iceland. The length over a8 - this monster “8 g feet 4 inches and the breadth 6 feet 7 inches. | am told it is the largest ever seen on the pontoon,— J. CORDEAUX, Great Cotey: Hose, R.S.O., Lincoln, 17th February 1899. Naturalist, FLORA OF CUMBERLAND. Flora of Cumberland | containing a full list of the flowering | atGeS 2 and ferns to be found in the | county, according to the latest and m reliable authorities, by | William Hodgson | of Workington | Rania f the Linnzean Society of London | and late Botanical Recorder to the a i ort r _ Literature and Science | with an Introductory Chapter | on the Soils of Cumberland, by | J. G. Goodchild | H.M. Geological Survey | of the Museum of Science and Art, eewiase | with a Map of the County | Carlisle | W. Meals and Co me Dpetgne Street | 1898 uti cloth, Pp- Xxxvi-+ 398 + folding map, “price 7 The venerable author of the ne of Cumberland is to ce con- gratulated on at last seeing his volume through the press. It has been long and anxiously awaited, and I may add that six years ago I denied myself the pleasure of publishing a similar work because it was understood that everything which was of value for the historical portions of such an undertaking were in the possession of, or had been specially utilised by, Mr. Hodgson. It is therefore with mingled feelings that I take the volume in hand. _No one more competent for the task could possibly be found, and the work has been a labour of love. It is impossible, however, to resist the feeling that, with such resources at his command, the author might have given us much more information. There is little or nothing in the volume to indicate that access had been obtained to special sources of information, and no attempt has been made to trace the history of botany in the county in a systematic and scientific way, or to supply a key to the dates at which first records were made respecting the more interesting plants. The list of plants and habitats is no doubt as full and perfect as present knowledge could make it, and certainly the author has been most careful to verify the records. My own copy of Baker’s ‘Flora of the Lake District,’ which has been my constant companion for the last twelve years, and is pro- fusely annotated with records for every part of the county, has been utilised by Mr. Hodgson to the full, and his tribute to the same is more than ample. But it would have been an immense boon to the student had the author, out of the mass of earlier material at his disposal, indicated when the species first came under notice. Some few records are quite modern, but many date back to the time of Bp. Nicolson and Thomas Lawson. Mr. Hodgson has prepared some excellent papers which have appeared from time to time in the ‘Transactions of the Cumberland and oc canilen 3 Association,’ but we do not se nk he has embodied all the results of those productions in Pril 1899, ° 116 ‘Review : flodgson’s Flora of Cumberland. the best possible way in his ‘ Flora.’ He has disarmed criticism by allusion to the fact that the ‘waifs’ for which Silloth, Maryport, Workington, and other places are so famous, are incorporated under their proper orders in the text; but all students would have been glad if he had also printed one of his many valuable essays on the subject, with a full list of the ‘waifs’ which have been recorded, with indications of their native land, the explanation of their casual appearance in Cumberland, and notes on those which have temporarily or permanently gained a footing there. In the case of those plants at least which have not the slightest claim to be regarded as natives this would have been a decided advantage : The Introduction and the very imperfect chapter on Deceased Botanists do not call for special remark. ey add ne nothing to what Baker had already supplied, except that have a short and welcome appreciation of Dr. Leitch, of Silloth, all too early removed from our midst, and the’ Rev. F. * Malleson, who had nearly completed his fourscore year the Map, the essay on the soils of Cumberland by Mr. Goodchild, and its accompanying chart, we are very grateful. After all, the value of a work like this depends, not so much on the accuracy of the list of plants which a given district yields, as upon the helps it gives the student in solving the problems of distribution. Why is such a plant plentiful here and missing yonder? What light does this or that fact throw on the great problems of plant life? Such are the questions we want to answer. The days of the mere collector are numbered ; records abound, but problems press for solution, and everything that helps towards their solution is welcome. We cannot fail to regret that so competent an authority has not supplied us with at least an attempt at a bibliography of the Cumberland flora. No one has a fuller knowledge of the &; ap veteran botanist to publish in ‘The Naturalist’ or elsewhere as complete a list as he can compile, as a starting point for the workers of the coming century. The volume covers 398 printed pages in addition to xxxvi. pages of introductory matter; is well printed and neatly bound, and betokens on every page honest and devoted toil. No price is anywhere affixed, and while the title page bears date 1898, we find 1899 on the cover. The book is one which it is in every way a pleasure to handle. OcKER HILL, Tipton. Hi_peric FRIEND. "Naturalist, 117 MOSSES OF TADCASTER AND IMMEDIATE DISTRICT. WILLIAM INGHAM, B.A. Organising Inspector af Schools, 47, Haxby Road, York. I sEND this List, as it may prove useful to those botanists who attend the forthcoming Tadcaster Excursion of the York- shire Naturalists’ Union, The most interesting spot in this district is the Jackdaw Crag Quarry, close by Tadcaster. This is a very large and very old quarry on the magnesian limestone, with undulating bed and perpendicular cliffs. I have visited this quarry six times during the last two years and I have found it a most interesting spot for bryologists to work, as the large number of Mosses in this List, from this quarry alone, will testify. Near the entrance of the quarry the Deadly Nightshade (Atropa Belladonna) \uxuriates. Conchologists will also find this quiirty interesting, for I saw here :— Helix nemoralis. Of very large form. Helix aspersa. In abundance. Helix hortensis v. arenicola. Clausilia bidentata. Pientiful. Clausilia laminata. Of large form. On the face of the quarry, in the deep shady parts, the Hepatic, Jungermania turbinata Raddi., fruits well, and covers the cliffs like a carpet. I am much indebted to Mr. H. N. Dixon, M.A., F.L.S., for kindly verifying all doubtful Mosses in this List DICRANACE. Ditrichum flexicaule var. densum Braithw. J. C. Quarry, Tadcaster, June 1808. See purpureus Brid. J. C. Quarry, Tadcaster, June 1898. Dicranella heteromalla Schp., the male plant. Church Fenton, May 1898 Dicranella varia Schp. J. C. Quarry, Tadcaster, April 1897. Boston Spa, April 1897. Sherburn-in-Elmet, April 1897. Dicranoweisia cirrata Lindb. Thorp Arch, April 1897. April 1899. 18, : Ingham: Mosses of Tadcaster. FISSIDENTACE:. Fissidens bryoides Hedw. Church Fenton, February 1897. Sherburn-in-Elmet, December eis Fissidens decipiens DeNot. J. C. Quarry, Tadcaster, April 1897. Sherburn-in-Elmet, Tentiaey 1898. Fissidens taxifolius Hedw. Sherburn, January 1808. GRIMMIACE:, Grimmia apocarpa Hedw. Sherburn, December 1897. Grimmia pulvinata Sm. J. C. Quarry, Tadcaster, June 1898. TORTULACE. Phascum cuspidatum Schreb. J. C. Quarry, Tadcaster, April 1897 Boston Spa, April 1897. Sherburn, January 1898. Phascum curvicolle Ehrh. Sherburn, April 1897. Pottia recta Mitt. Sherburn, January 1898 Pottia bryoides Mitt. Sherburn, January 1898. J. C. Quarry, Tadcaster, January 1808. Pottia Heimii Firnr. Thorp Arch, April 1897. Pottia truncatula Lindb. J. C. Quarry, Tadcaster, January 1898. Appleton Roebuck, December 1898 Pottia intermedia Firnr. _ Intermediate between this species and P. ¢runcatula. Sherburn, January 1808. Pottia minutula Firnr. Sherburn, seal 1895... Jia Quarry, Tadcaster, ve 1898. Pottia lanceolata C.M. J. C. Quarry, Tadcaster, January 1897. Tortula pusilla Mitt. Barkstone, February 1897. Sherburn, April 1897. Tortula lamellata Lindb. Sherburn, January 1897. Tortula brevirostris H.&Grev. Sherburn, April 1897. Tortula rigida Schrad. Sherburn, April 1897 Tortula Ee Angstr. Barkstone, February 1897. Sher- burn, Jan 1898. Tortuta print DeNot.. J. C. Quarry, Tadcaster, January terike margineti Spr. Sherburn, September 1897, Tortula muralis Hedw. J.C. Quarry, Tadcaster, April 1897. Tortula subulata Hedw. J. C. Quarry, Tadcaster, January 1808. Tortula intermedia Berk. J. C. Quarry, Tadcaster, April 1897. Soe Naturalist, Ingham: Mosses of Tadcaster. 119 Barbula lurida Lindb. Boston Spa, April 1897. Barbula rubella Mitt. J.C. Quarry, Tadcaster, area tl 1808. Bramham, June 1897. Sherburn, January 1 Barbula fallax Hedw. Sherburn, January ke Seas 2 Quarry, Tadcaster, January 1808. Barbula fallax v. brevifolia Schultz., c.fr.. Sherburn, April 1897. Barbula rigidula Mitt. J. C. Quarry, Tadcaster, April 1897. Barbula cylindrica Schp. J. C. Quarry, Tadcaster, January 18 Birbate: revoluta Brid. J. C. Quarry, Tadcaster, June 1898. Sherburn, January 1808. Barbula convoluta Hedw. . C. Quarry, Tadcaster, June 1898. Sherburn, January a Barbula unguiculata Hedw. J. C. Quarry, Tadcaster, April 18 Sherburn, April 1897. Weisia squarrosa C.M. Sherburn, January 1898; verified by Mr. Dixon. Weisia microstoma C.M. Aberford, June 1897. Sherburn, January 1898. J. C. Quarry, Tadcaster, April 1897. Weisia viridula Hedw. J. C. Quarry, Tadcaster, April 1897. Weisia tenuis C.M. Boston Spa, April 1897. Trichostomum crispulum Bruch. J. C. Quarry, Tadcaster, January 1808. Trichostomum crispulum vy. viridulum. J. C. Quarry, Tadcaster, September 1897. Trichostomum mutabile Bruch. J. C. Quarry, Tadcaster, January 1 Trichostomum tortuosum Dixon. A very tall and highly tomentose form, J. C. Quarry, Tadcaster, September 1897. 2 ENCALYPTACE, Encalypta streptocarpa Hedw. J. C. Quarry, Tadcaster, ‘April 1897. RTHOT -HACEAE, es viridissimus R.Br. J. C. Quarry, Tadcaster, June AE anomalum vy. saxatile Milde. Barkstone, May 18908. J. C. Quarry, Tadcaster, April 1897 (abundant in this quarry). April 1899. 120 Ingham: Mosses of Tadcaster. Orthotrichum cupulatum Hoffm. v. nudum Braith. Boston Spa, April 1897. Orthotrichum leiocarpum B.&S. Barkstone, May 1808. whereas affine Schrad. J. C. Quarry, Tadcaster, April Barkstone, December 1896. ae diaphanum Schrad. Boston Spa, April 1897. Barkstone, December 1896. J. C. Quarry, Tadcaster, April 1897. FUNARIACE/. Funaria hygrometrica Sibth. J. C. Quarry, Tadcaster, January 1898. _Barkstone, May 1898, a very tall form. Thorp Arch, April 1897. BRYACE/EZ. Webera carnea Schp. Boston Spa, April 1897. Bryum pendulum Schp. J. C. Quarry, Tadcaster, April 1897. Bryum pallens Sw. Boston Spa, April 1897. Bryum intermedium Brid. Sherburn, January 1898. J. C. Quarry, Tadcaster, September 1897. Bryum cespiticium L. Aberford, June 1897. Bryum capillare L. Barkstone, May 1898. Bramham, June 1897. J.C. Quarry, Tadcaster, September 1897. Bryum argenteum L. Sherburn, January 1898. J. C. Quarry, Tadcaster, January 1808. Mnium undulatum L. J. C. Quarry, Tadcaster, April 1897. Mnium cuspidatum Hedw. Sherburn, April 1897. Mnium rostratum Schrad. Sherburn, c.fr., April 1897. Mnium serratum Schrad. Boston Spa, c.fr., April 1897. FONTINALACE/®. Fontinalis antipyretica L. Saxton, May 1897. Fontinalis antipyretica v. gigantea Sull. Saxton, May 1897. NECKERACE&. Neckera crispa Hedw. J.C. Quarry, Tadcaster, January 1808. Neckera crispa v. falcata Boul. J. C. Quarry, Tadcaster, January 1898 Neckera complanata Hiibn. Sherburn, December 1897- J. C. Quarry, Tadcaster, April 1897. LESKEACE. Leskea polycarpa Ehrh. J. C. Quarry, Podcaster: April 1897: “Naturalist, Ingham: Mosses of Tadcaster. 121 Anomodon viticulosus H.&T. J. C. Quarry, Tadcaster, April 1897. Thuidium tamariscinum B.&S. Sherburn, December 1897. J. C. Quarry, Tadcaster, September 1897. HYPNACEA., Pleuropus sericeus Dixon. J.C. Quarry, Tadcaster, September Brachythecium rutabulum B.&S. Sherburn, December 1897. J. C. Quarry, Tadcaster, April 1897. Barkstone, May 1808. Brachythecium velutinum B.&S. Sherburn, January 1808. J. C. Quarry, Tadcaster, April 1897. Brachythecium purum Dixon. J. C. Quarry, Tadcaster, January 1808. Eurhynchium piliferum. Sherburn, January 1898. Bolton Percy, March 1808. Eurhynchium speciosum Schp. Ulleskelf, December 1897. Eurhynchium prelongum. Barkstone, May 1808. J. C. Quarry, Tadcaster, a very robust form, April 1897. Ulles- kelf, May 1898. Sherburn, December 1897. Eurhynchium Swartzii Hobk. Boston Spa, a large form, April 1897. Ulleskelf, a brown form, December 1897. Bramham, a yellow form, December 1897. Barkstone, May 1898. J. C. Quarry, Tadcaster, June 1898, a very glossy form, and another, a very unusual large form. Sherburn, January 18908. Eurhynchium tenellum Milde. J. C. Quarry, Tadcaster, September 1897. _ Eurhynchium striatum B.&S. Sherburn, December 1897. J. C. Quarry, Tadcaster, June 1898. Eurhynchium rusciforme Milde. Saxton, May 1897. Eurhynchium murale Milde. J. C. Quarry, Tadcaster, April 1897. Sherburn, September 1897, a form very near v. julaceum Schp. J. C. Quarry, June 1898. Eurhynchium confertum Milde. Boston Spa, April 1897. Barkstone, December 1897. Sherburn, Dec. 1898. J. C. Quarry, Tadcaster, January 1898. Amblystegium serpens B.&S. J.C. Quarry, Tadcaster, April 1897. Sherburn, January 1898. Church Fenton, May __-1898. Barkstone, May 1898 April 1899. 122 Archer: Little Guill on the Tyne. Amblystegium Juratzkz Schp. Sherburn, c.fr., May 1898. C. Quarry, Tadcaster, c.fr., June 1898. Appleton Reabank! c.fr., May 1898. All these have been confirmed by Mr. Dixon. mblystegium varium Lindb. Ulleskelf, June 1897. Amblystegium filicinum DeNot. Saxton, May 1897. J. C. uarry, Tadcaster, April 1897. Barkstone, May 1 Amblystegium Kochii B.&S. Sherburn, c.fr., May 1898. J. C. Quarry, Tadcaster, June 1808. Hypnum riparium L. Saxton, 1897. J.C. Quarry, Tadcaster, April 1897. olan stellatum Schreb. J.C. Quarry, Tadcaster, September ffs iigunle stellatum v. protensum B.&S. Sherburn, September 1897. J. C. Quarry, Tadcaster, April 1897, abundant. Hypnum chrysophyllum Brid. Bramham, December 1897. Quarry, Tadcaster, April 1897. Hypnum Sommerfeltii Myr. Thorp Arch, April 1897. Hypnum cupressiforme L. J. C. Quarry, Tadcaster, April 1897. Sherburn, December 1897. Hypnum cupressiforme vy. resupinatam Schp. | Sherburn, December 1 Hypnum issu ie Hedw. Bramham, December 1897- Sherburn, September 1897. J. C. Quarry, Tadcaster, September 1897. Hypnum palustre L. Sherburn, December 1897. J. C. Quarry, Tadcaster, January 1898. Boston Spa, April ge O Hypnum cuspidatum L. Bramham, December 1897. J. C. Quarry, Tadcaster, c.fr., June 1898. Sherburn, January 1898. Hylocomium splendens B.&S. J. C. Quarry, Tadcaster, April 189 7 Hylocomium squarrosum B.&S. Sherburn, December 1897- J. C. Quarry, Tadcaster, April 1897. Hylocomium triquetrum B.&S. J. C. Quarry, Tadcaster, January 1898. a NOTE—ORNITHOLOGY. Little Gull on the Tyne.—One of these rare birds (Larus nie was shot here on 26th January. It is curious to ith that whene have occurred here during recent years it has always been during the month of January.—H. T. ARCHER, New Be apatite 28th Fe b. Natu ce Ee hee ee: Ibe a es fe Sh er 9 aoe ie ees a eS ee aan 123 PLANT-NAMES IN USE AT WEST AYTON, YORK N.E. Rev... WiC. HEY,-M.-A., West Ayton, York. SOME months ago I sent a few notes to ‘The Naturalist’ on the bird-names in use at West Ayton, and they elicited several very interesting communications from observers in other parts of the country. I now contribute some notes on the plant-names in use at the same village. To begin with the trees, the Ash is called ‘Esh,’ the Alder ‘Eller,’ and the Oak ‘ Yak.’ There is, however, in Forge Valley a very conspicuous ancient Alder which is widely known as ‘Jack o’ Lamb’s Plane.’ It is handed down to posterity that this tree grew from the walking stick of the above-named individual, and it must be admitted that the perfect straightness of its trunk distinguishes it in the most marked manner from every other Alder in the neighbourhood. Perhaps some etymologist can say whether the name Ayton means Oaktown. I Suppose that such is no doubt the derivation of Aysgarth. Elder is called ‘Bottery.’ You seldom hear the word used alone. The people speak of a ‘Bottery-bush’ or a ‘ Bottery- bedf.’ Is the word a corruption of Bower-tree, because the tree was often used to form arbours? The Mountain Ash is called * Witch-wood,’ and its value as an antidote to witchcraft is still well remembered, if no longer put to actual test. aske a village lad the other day if he could tell me anything about witches. He replied, ‘You want to get Witch-wood, and put salt on the lintels of the windows.’ Then he added in a very diffident tone, ‘ But there aren’t such things, are there ? Very few flowering plants have obtained local names. Wood Anemones, which carpet the valleys here in spring, are called ‘Gammy Nightcaps.’ The Ragw ort (Seneczo Jacobea) goes by r rapidly eradicate i m flexuosum is called ‘ Yennuts’ (Earth-nuts) he children dig up the bulbous root and eat it. All the tall white Um re are dubbed ‘ Humlocks,’ and regarded with aversion. A//ium ursinum is called ‘ Rams. Pastures near woods are not liked for cows, as this herb is said to spoil the milk. Wild Cabbage is called ‘ Brassics,’ which can hardly be a very old name. Wild Plums are ‘ Bullaces.’ A well- polished boot or fire-grate is said to be ‘As breet as a Bullace.’ April 1899. 124 WNotes—-Ornithology and Geology. Mr. Blakeborough, in his new book on North Yorkshire, informs us in the glossary under ‘ Bullace’ ere the Bullace is a ‘ Wild Plum of a green colour when ripe.’ To me they appear to be purple-black. The same author informs us that ‘ Wicks’ are ‘seedlings of the Whitethorn.’ I never heard the term applied to anything but the long running roots of grasses which cause such trouble in arable land. Pteris aqutlina is called ‘ Breckans,’ and is not considered to be a fern. I have heard people say, ‘ Them’s not ferns, they’re only Breckans.’ The Hart’s Tongue fern is invariably called ‘ Hartstone,’ and is the only fern that appears to be specifically recognised. Rushes are ‘Seaves.’ They are mown in the carrs in August to make rough bedding for cattle. It is singular that some of the most conspicuous trees of the district (e.g., the Wych Elm) and some of the brightest and most abundant flowers (e.g., the male Orchis) are undistinguished by the people, who are unable to give them any name. es NOTE—ORNITHOLOGY. Bird-names h Mary L. Armitt’s notes on Lakeland Bird-names in the last number Naturalist,’ may b : o or three o s current in South West- morland :—‘ Bottle Tit’ for Long-tailed Tit, ssi or ow mmer ur cent ia Ann Gibson, calls it ‘B la eg’), ‘Bessie Black-cap’ for Black-headed Bunting, ‘Skell-drake’ for Shell-drake, ‘ Doup Cra r Carrion Crow, ‘Ullet’ for Owl, ‘Mountain Thrush sel Thrush, ‘Jammie Lang-legs’ for Heron, ‘Sea Maw’ for Sea Gull, ‘ Willy Wagtail’ for Wagtail.—G. STABLER, Levens, Milnthorpe, “Westmorland, 15th February 1899. eee NOTES—GEOLOGY. Fell Granite Boulder in Upper Teesdale.—1 have found — Shap a large boulder in the London mie wea par s Park, Middleton-in-Teesdale, of Shap Fell Granite, siz x 3 ft., originally found in the river Lune, but carried + Sriddleton in’ recat ule Park.— Wm. HERDMAN, Lanehead Villa, Middleton-in-Teesdale, 7th Jan. 1 Preservation of the Reveton ‘Shap Granite egeyrnen co Ree ty the erratic lay, consented, at the ’ Societ ty "s reque t, to give it to e Town Council conditionally ‘pon that body providing a site for its display _ “Scena rvation, he condition viigr di eadily acceded to, this Pod ‘ important boulder, recently threatened with destruction, is now suitably : ley; a : ny m accurate; the act o and the published figures. should be altered to & xX 36 x 34 inches Brapy, 5, Victoria Road, Barnsley, 22nd Mar \ Westmorland.—In connection with Miss — of ‘The he report r rove to be not quite f removing showed the boulder to be partials bee a M. Ee meena Naturalist, Pema e = 8 : 4 ; THE BURSTING OF ° THE BUDS IN SPRING. cdi. EGAN.-b Lb: Di; cer Utiswater. ‘Solvitur acris hiems grata vice veris et Favoni.'—HoRACeE. “CRABBED winter dissolves itself in the joyful alternation of Spring and the west wind.’ It is hoped that this translation is sufficiently poetical, and will also serve to rivet attention on what might be termed a counterpart phenomenon presented by science, that is to say, the fact that the unfolding of the buds in the merry spring-time is preceded by a physiological or chemical dissolving and alternation of a very interesting description. Confining our attention to what specially concerns us here, viz., the bark of our forest trees, it is known that this in all cases is Practically devoid of starch during the dreary winter months, its place being occupied chiefly by a fatty oil and glucose. As soon, however, as the lengthening days and not-so-chilly nights return again soon after the opening of the year, a very serious change is brought about in that part of the tree which upholds, feeds, and ministers to the timely necessities of those incipient organs known as the buds. The barky envelope of every twig and bough that has survived the chilly storm and icy blast Wakes up, so to speak, from wintry sleep, e dormant energies of its living tissues are aroused into activity at the imperious summons of the organic needs of what has been called ‘the hereditary periodicity of certain properties of the protoplasm,’ which is stimulated but not caused by the current condition of the environment. The respiratory process, subdued, if not quite stagnant, during the winter months, is now sup- plemented by another vigorous physiological process akin to assimilation. The warm raiment of the winter oil vanishes from every twig and bough, and about the 1st of March a quantity of Starch steps into its place, beginning in the youngest branchlets 1 _ and marching gradually but surely into the crown and centra Shaft of the tree. But all this represents what may be termed - a general preparation which is by no means sufficient as a basis for the operations that are to follow. Other requisites and perquisites are indispensable in the spring-time. For instance, sometimes the pith of the up-to-ten-year-old branches contains at the nodes a sort of diaphragm structure consisting of a kind of ‘albumen’ (like as in seeds) destined for future nutrition ; and again, at the base of the buds themselves a special tissue is detected wholly made up of nucleated cells provided with April 1899. ay 126 Keegan: The Bursting of the Buds in Spring. protein and hydrocarbons, and attended by a host of other cells Be containing crystals. In fact, one of the most notable features | in this connection is the wide distribution, concentrated accumu- lation and persistence of lime (as oxalate of calcium) in the _ young shoots, pith, bud-scales, and buds during the whole of the winter season. we But do the buds themselves participate in the important | transformations that come to pass in their immediate vicinity ? — Yes, they do, but perhaps not quite so completely. In October, or at the time of the fall of the leaf, each bud is enriched with starch, albumenoids, tannin, and a little fatty oil; but it is very remarkable that at this period they are bereft of glucose or other respirable material, and hence they cannot then be arti- ficially made to grow. During the winter this starch disappears, — a portion of it migrating apparently in a modified form into the embryonal organs at the base of the buds, while the other portion undergoes some unknown decomposition. There is See Re fa > ores . Sa | es ees ean, Ee resistance against the wintry chill? The easily coagulable protoplasm, or the passive or active proteid matter, is liberally enriched with non-freezable fatty oil, which is encompassed by a readily-combustible carbohydrate, physiologically influential as a source of heat. In addition to this, moreover, the tannin present. in October persistently remains over unaffected in quantity during the winter, and occupies chiefly the cells which © not contain much oil. In cases like those of the horse- chestnut and our fruit trees, where, even already i in the autumn, not only the end of the young shoot, but a branch-system with flower buds and more or less developed leaves are already so far formed, it is evident that a still further resisting coverlet must. be provided. This is done, in fact, by the formation of what are called leaf-scales, which are incrusted with a waxy, resinous, OF gummy exudation, and lined inside by a felt of cellulosic down or wool; and our poetical evolutionists are always much pleased to trace the gradual transition in form between the scale and the — Satria young leaflet. Keegan: The Bursting of the Buds in Spring. 127 | What, then, is a bud? The text-book definition is, that it is : “the young condition of a shoot; either the whole young shoot, or the young portion at the free end of a shoot already further developed’; or it is ‘the growing point of a shoot surrounded by its leaves.’ Its formation depends on the under side of a foliar organ growing more strongly than the upper side thereof. Then again, buds have been regarded as one of the chief reservoirs of reserve material, viz., essentially only of proteids, carbohydrates, and fats; but this description is correct only under the limitations which we have already alluded to. When the bud unfolds, growth in length commences to become : stronger on the upper side of the embryonic Jeaf, i.e., the blade _ extends in surface by intercalation of new substances by means of water between its base and its apex, both of which points remain as they were before. Strictly speaking, then, it may be concluded that in most cases the principal structural and functional portions of the mature leaf were non-existent in the bud out of which they were produced. In fact, with certain exceptions, only a small portion of the skeleton of the leaf, i.e., ‘ its base and apex, actually existed in the bud (or ‘gem,’ as Dryden calls it); the whole of the lamina or blade is formed ae Subsequently. In other words, in a rigid scientific point of _ View, a bud may be defined as a very rudimentary skeletal Re Structure placed in the immediate vicinity of a magazine of a . . . - j cells, some of which are essentially reproductive, i.e., have a clearly defined nucleus and abundant white, translucent protoplasm, while others are essentially vegetative, i.e., have large vacuoles full of meat or mineral matter, around which the protoplasm may be readily transformed into a vehicle of nutritive substances. At the commencement of their germination there is but little respiration, according to some observers, but its quantity increases with the progressive development of the see time. In fact, the phenomena attending the development of the leaf-bud is very similar to those which are observable on the development of the flower-bud. e need not dwell upon the beauties of the opening woods. ‘ The tops of the horse-chestnut boughs look as if they glowed into the air with life,’ says Hunt. And ‘each young spray a rosy flush receives,’ exclaims another poet. Nor need we travel as far as the tropical West Indies, where, as has been said, ‘at the sii of the rainy season in April and May “April, 809. Ree Sian cS Saree AE nan oe 4 $3 = ee el ee et eae aS Stes 128 Keegan: The Bursting of the Buds in Spring. numerous ‘trees assume entirely a red appearance % the red colouration of the freshly developing twigs: the colour is so intense that the landscape acquires thereby a eels coloura- tion.’ It will only be necessary to offer a few remarks relative to the similar or analogous phenomena presented by our forest trees. A cross section through the winter buds revealed the presence of tannin in all cases under the form of a hyaline, strongly opalescent, and refractive mass occupying a great portion of the mesophyll and the vascular sheaths as well as the epidermis in beech, oak, hazel, rose, etc.; in the epidermis and sub-epidermis of elm, chestnut, walnut, elder, hawthorn, wild cherry, sycamore, and horse-chestnut; while in poplars and willows it is chiefly sub-epidermal. Some of the leaflets just bursting from the buds and the young shoots as well assume a decidedly brilliant and beautiful rosy flush of colour, while others, such as those of the horse-chestnut and lilac, are only feebly, or not at all reddened under precisely similar circum- stances. It is in the unfolding leaflets of the oak, chestnut, walnut, and of certain species of poplar, willow, and maple, that the very pretty pinkish or crimson colouration is most eminently exhibited. The young shoots, leaf-scales, or leaf-stalks of beech, lime, sycamore, aspen, field maple, etc., are much given to blushing very deeply and conspicuously just when, instinct with the fresh vitality of the bursting season, they newly enter into life. The case of our common beech is especially remark- able. No sooner has its young shoot broken through the bud than it is immediately coloured red, the leaf-scales which do not fall off are also capped with red on their upper surface, while a little later the stalks of the tiny leaflets join in the general blushing, especially on the side facing the light; and all this while the baby leaflets themselves burst forth as clearest emeralds. Now, what do those leaflets contain which are specially dis- _ tinguished for a pinky red, as contrasted with those which are brightly, brilliantly, perfectly pure green? Thus, as has been ~ remarked about the oak, ‘a constant succession of pink and brown-tinted glories of the young — is kept up in our moist summers til] Jate in the autumn.’ These Sgnnicee! roseate organisms contain apparently all along and from the first moment of their existence a certain quantity of sae chro=' . mogen ready formed ; = other leaflets contain merely the — tannoid quercetin, or one of its allies, whose presence may possibly influence to sine extent the tint of its infantile drapery. The deep brown of the opening cherry, etc., leaf is due apparently to a decomposition product of albumen called tyrosine. ; ma “Nata uralist, i Ss SS ae PR ag THE AVIFAUNA OF STAITHES AND LOFTUS-IN-CLEVELAND, YORKSHIRE. KENNETH McLEAN, Harrogate; Joint Secretary of the Vertebrate Section of the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union. PERHAPS no more interesting district for the ornithologist can be found than the bit of Cleveland coast extending from Staithes to Skinningrove, and inland for about five miles. This piece of ground is cleft at the coast by two deep valleys, one at Staithes, the other at Skinningrove. These valleys as they go inland are divided and subdivided into many thickly- wooded gorges stretching for miles, the sides of which are in many places very precipitous, and along the bottom of which clear, sparkling streams leap over mossy rocks or ripple over sandy bottoms; following these streams to their sources we find them springing away up on the heather-clad moors of “re shih Waupley, and Liverton. Thus we have in so short a distance the beach with its Stretches of weed-clad rocks exposed at low tide, amongst which we may find hundreds of miniature lakes fringed with the most beautiful marine vegetation, rich feeding places for the Gulls, Herons, Ducks, etc., and here and there little sandy coves where the Sandpiper and other waders find their winter’s home and food. The coast cliffs, commanding and rugged, broken into by the huge quarries which have been worked out in connection with alum making, where the autumn migrants, exhausted with their long flight and battles with the wind and storms they have encountered as they crossed the wild North Sea, land in large quantities, where the Jackdaws, Gulls, Starlings, Rock Pigeons, Cormorants, Kestrels, Martins, Swifts, and many others have their breeding corners. And leading up from the coast the valleys, with sides wooded with oak, ash, beech, birch, larch, etc., draped with luxuriant undergrowth of hazel and briar, interwoven with festoons of ivy and honeysuckle; and underneath all a rich carpet of ferns, mosses, and a thousand other beautiful vegetable growths, and swarming with feathered inhabitants, Between these valleys stretch rich tracts of agricultural land abounding with birds belonging to the Fringilline, Sylvine, and Saxicoline families; and beyond these we find the moorland rising to May 1899. : I OR gS Ee’ OSI EE ShBEn We Mea Rage aie eg ee 130 McLean: Avifauna of Staithes and Loftus-in-Cleveland. about a thousand feet above sea level, with its Grouse, Wild | _ Duck, Snipe, Curlew, and many other moorland birds. Surely, | for the ornithologist a richer or more varied field could scarcely be found in so small a compass. There are, however, some drawbacks from an ornithologist’s point of view. There is a want of marshy ground and of mud banks. There are certainly some pieces of ground with growths this coast a resting-place, a sort of wayside inn, as they pass backwards and forwards during their migrations. 4 nother cause of discomfort to the birds, especially the migrants, has sprung up during the last thirty years in some _ parts of the district. end Skinningrove was once a pretty little quiet village nestling ; between the hills. It has now become a town. e banks to the west were once covered with a thick pine wood, and bramble and gorse bushes stretched nearly down to the sea edge; these | ea have been swept away, and the hillside is now a network of railroads; and at the top stand a number of black furnaces continually belching forth smoke and flame. Up the valley, too, — a transformation scene has taken place; the valley, once beautiful, is now filled with mines, engine shops, pit props, and smoke. Sights and sounds are seen and heard day and night, pleasant no doubt from a financial point of view, but not by any means © pleasant to the delicate senses of the migrants wishing to land — there. Again, a little ee up the valley the calcining kilns con- nected with the rerton Mines are pouring out sulphurous fumes which have ‘Bieced havoc with the vegetation in ei adjoining: woo e whole of the timber in what is called the West Wood was so much injured by the smoke that it had to be cut down. This wild, precipitous gorge has, however, again become filled with — young trees matted together with tangled undergrowth, and the ~ stream at the bottom, which had become sadly polluted with sewerage, is pane comparatively clear, and the home of ee ; a inate trout. ae _ Naturalist, ‘ McLean: Avifauna of Statthes and Loftus-in-Cleveland. 131 Inland, however, the woods retain their pristine beauty. There are many quiet corners where the homes of beast, bird, with. They are full of beautiful scenery, and teem with bird life. In many places the north and north-east winds of early spring are completely shut out by the many twists and turns of the aoe and on these wooded slopes facing the south we may fin e primrose and other spring flowers blooming, and the hea Thrush, etc., nesting very early. ike the wooded valleys on the west of our district we may find here many beautiful retired nooks, where the flowers bloom unseen, and the birds sing their sweetest songs, heard only by their patient sitting mates, or busy feathered neighbours. TURDIDAS, Turdus viscivorus. Missel-Thrush. Pretty common; breed- ing in most parts of the district, and the numbers increased by autumn visitors. Turdus musicus. Song Thrush. Common. Turdus iliacus, Redwing. A regular winter visitor, coming ; in large quantities, sometimes as early as September. Turdus pilaris. Fieldfare. Like the Redwing, coming regularly in the autumn months. Turdus varius. White’s Thrush. Not seen nearer than Danby (Eskdale) by Rev. J. C. Atkinson. Turdus merula. Blackbird. Resident and abundant. Hundreds of migrants to be seen in the autumn amongst the turnips, potatoes, etc., near the coast. iia torquatus. Ring-Quzel. Numbers breed on the high oor, I have seen them on the banks facing the sea in ik Decceber probably some migrants passing southwards. Saxicola cenanthe. Wheatear. One of the earliest to make its appearance as a spring visitor ; breeds freely, especially near the moors Pratincola rubetra. Whinchat. Spring visitor, coming in April and nesting in most parts of the district. Pratincola rubicola. Stonechat. More common than I have known it in any other district. Ruticilla pheenicurus. Redstart. Fairly common; generally distributed as a summer breeder. May 1899, 132 McLean: Avifauna of Statthes and Loftus-in-Cleveland. Ruticilla titys. Black Redstart. Occasional visitor; I have seen it twice, once in mid-winter and once in spring. Erithacus rubecula. Redbreast. Common; many near the coast amongst the bean fields, etc., in the autumn. Dautlias luscinia. Nightingale. No evidence to be depended n of its having been heard or seen SYLVIINZE. Sylvia sylvia. Whitethroat. A ccdeoet visitor, breeding plentifully Koso Te distric Sylvia curruca. Lesser eee Ta Not nearly so common as the preceding, but. generally distributed. Sylvia atricapilla. Blackcap. Not by any means common, but a few breed every season. Frequently met with in the autumn, most likely those which have bred further to the north. Sylvia hortensis. Garden Warbler. Not common. More frequently seen in spring and autumn than in summer. Regulus regulus. Goldcrest. Pretty common as a breeder, and abundant in the autumn. piahactin es cit Chiffchaff. As plentiful as any of the Piyitiaamaie noni Willow Warbler. Very numerous. Phylloscopus sibilatrix. Wood Warbler. Breeds regularly in the district, but is not very numerous. Acrocephalus_ streperus. Reed Warbler. Breeds very sparingly in the district, but is frequently seen in spring and autumn Aérocebeiilibe shi seaahceskeia: Sedge Warbier. Fairly abundant, chiefly in autumn and spring. Does not breed very freely in the neighbourhood. Locustella nevia. Grasshopper Warbler. Of rare occur- rence as a breeder ACCENTORINZ. Accentor modularis. Hedge-Sparrow. Abundant; numbers increased in autumn. SITTIDA. Sitta cesia. Nuthatch. Very rarely seen; not known to have bred in the district. TROGLODYTIDA., Troglodytes parvulus. Wren. Very common, numbers arriving in the autumn. Smee Naturalist, McLean: Avtfauna of Staithes and Loftus-in-Cleveland. 133 PARID Dn oy ce} 3 f fish—the chub, roach, and e . at Thimbleby Mill, lent to me by the owner, Mr. Joseph Willson, of Horncastle. It was caught in the che of the water-mill and killed, because they thought e would attack the ducks in the mill-poo 1. sa u the se : Thimbleby Otter was a young one, and only weighed 13 Ibs. The in of y _ the Thimbleby specimen—possibly stretched in the curing—though a yo : ung , is 50 inches in length irom spout to ie of tail. The Goulc Eby. one, i en de ad ; havi thus vic he once, it fou the harder with me against being caught again. —J. Conway WALTER, Langton Rectory, Horncastle, 18th “Augu st 1898. Naturalist, 149 CHEMICAL NOTES ON LAKE DISTRICT ROCKS. Il.—INTRUSIVE AND SEDIMENTARY ROCKS. ALFRED HARKER, M.A., F.G.S., St. John’s College, Cambridge, In the former part of this paper I have collected the available chemical data relative to the ‘contemporaneous’ or bedded volcanic rocks, lavas and tuffs, of the Borrowdale Series. I proceed now to perform a like office for the intrusive rocks of the district, though here I have but little to add to the information already published. While some of the intrusions are probably of Ordovician age and connected with the same period of igneous activity as the volcanic series which they often traverse, others certainly belong to later dates. The granites and the lamprophyres, for instance, must be referred to the Old Red Sandstone period, or at least to the interval between the Silurian and the Old Red Sandstone, while the Carrock Fell rocks, and perhaps certain others, may — be still younger. In the case of many of the minor intrusions it is scarcely possible to obtain any direct evidence as to their precise age. Beginning with the granites and allied rocks, we have five complete analyses by Mr. J. Hughes of the principal masses of acid intrusive rocks in the districts. The silica-percentages, quoted from Clifton Ward’s papers,* are given under the numbers (61), (62), (71), (72), and (80). Of the Shap granite Ward gave no analysis, but three complete analyses by Dr. J. B. Cohen, (67) to (69), and two ia aspen by Mr. E. 5: Garwood: (66) and (70), are given in a paper on that rock by Harker and Marr.+ Nos. (63) to (65) and (73) to (79) are from a paper by the present writer on the Carrock Fell granophyre and the Grainsgill greisen.{ Of these, (65) and ua are from complete analyses by Mr. L. J. Spencer and Mr. G. Barrow, respectively, while the rest are pre hse only. Nos. (63), (76), and (79) were made by Messrs. W. A. Brend and E. H. Cunningham Craig; (64) in the laboratory of Owens * Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. xxxi., p. 597, 1875; vol. XXXIL., pp. 5, 75 22-24, 1876, + Ibid, vol. xlvii., pp. 275, 276, 278, 280, 1891. + Ibid, vol. li., pp. 125-147, 1895. May i899. ase. - Harker: Chemical Notes on Lake District Rocks. College, Manchester, under Dr. Harden; (77) and (78) at the - Yorkshire College of Science, under Dr. Cohen _ (61). 73°573- Eskdale granite, S. of Great How. (62). 75°223. Skiddaw granite, White Gill. A specimen from near here gave sp.gr. 2°624.. (63). 77°26. Skiddaw granite, bed of Caldew, 300 yards above Grainsgill; sp.gr. 2°604. (64). 78°13. Greisen, near foot of Brandy Gill; sp.gr. 2°646 (65) Greisen, Combe Height, 250 yards S. of Grainsgill; sp.gr. 2° Shap granite, ‘epi gr. 2°687. Shap granite, bulk analysis. Large porphyritic felspars of the same. Ground-mass of the same. Dark patch in Shap granite; sp.gr. 2°769. . Buttermere granophyre, Scale Force. . Carrock Fell granophyre, summit of Carrock Fell. A specimen from here gave sp.gr. 2°657. Carrock Fell granophyre, 100 yards E. of summit; sp-gr. 2°670. Plagioclase felspar of the same; calculated from analysis (65). Augite of the same; calculated from (65). Carrock Fell granophyre, below Scurth and 500 yards W.N.W. of Stone Ends; sp.gr. 2°607. Carrock Fell granophyre, in peat-moss S. of Drygill Head; sp.gr. 2°530. Carrock Fell granophyre, close te gabbro and modified by gabbro material, Furthergill Sike ; sp.gr. 2°805. (79). 58°26. Another specimen of thes (80). 67°180. St. John’s quartz-felsite Gallees oaisieet Threlkeld. A specimen from here gave sp.gr. 2°63. : By a loosely-worded sentence in the Survey Memoir this last ‘analysis (80) is attached to the Armboth and Helvellyn dykes, _and some confusion has arisen in consequence (e.g., in Teall’s ‘British Petrography,’ p. 343). The rock analysed was from _ Threlkeld, as I have verified from Ward’s original specimen in the Keswick Museum. Of the basic intrusions Ward gave an analysis by Hughes _ of the Carrock Fell gabbro only (loc. cit. p. 24). A silica- percentage of this rock was sent me by the late Mr. Tate, but the want of a precise locality makes this of little value, for . " Naturalist, Harker: Chemical Notes on Lake District Rocks. I51 I have shown that this rock varies in a very remarkable degree in different parts of the mass.* Hughes’ silica-percentage is given here under (81) and Tate’s under (82). My paper contains two analyses by Mr. G. Barrow (83) and (92), and eight deter- minations of silica-percentages, (84) to (91). Of these Nos. (85) to (89) were made by Brend and Cunningham Craig ; (84), oy and (91) by students of the Yorkshire College of Science. regards analysis (92), it may be observed that, as eae a in the Quarterly Journal, it is incomplete. The missing con- stituents are alumina 20°64 (probably too high), lime 4°30, soda 3°18, potash traces, ignition (sulphur) 3°00. To the gabbro I append two of the small dykes and veins which intersect both that rock and the adjacent granophyre. Of these (93) is from a complete analysis by Mr. R. H. Adie,t and (94) is a silica- percentage from the Yorkshire College. t (81). 56°656. Carrock Fell gabbro, White Crags. (82). 53°9. Carrock Fell gabbro. (83). 53°50. Carrock Fell gabbro, roadside, 150 yards N.N.W. of Chapel Stone; sp.gr. 2°800. (84). 50°0. Carrock Fell gabbro, same locality. (85). 59°46. Carrock Fell gabbro, White Crags; sp.gr. 2°804. (86). 57°7. Carrock Fell ety 350 yards S. of White Crags: ep.er. 2°877) (87). 50°22. Carrock Fell gabbro, 00 yards S.W. by S. of White Crags; sp.gr. 2°939. (88). 47°11. Carrock Fell tte 120 yards N. of summit of White Crags; sp.gr. 2°848. (89). 44°14. Carrock Fell gabbro, oe of cliff above Mosedale, S. edge of mass; sp.gr. 3°103. (90). 43°4. Carrock Fell gabbro, gill 34 an N. a of Swine- side, S. edge of mass; sp.gr. 2°95 (91). 33°4. Carrock Fell gabbro, mee at ae Sonhergill; ; . edge of mass; sp.gr (92). 32°53. Carrock Fell gabbro, upper st of Furthergill, . . edge of mass; sp.gr. 3°265. (93). 53°63. Spherulitic tachylyte vein cutting Carrock Fell gabbro; sp.gr. 2°99. (94). 59°8. Variolilie Gadesite dyke cutting Carrock F ell granophyre; sp.gr. 2°763. * Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. 1., pp. 311-336, 1894. +Groom, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. xlv., p. 298, 1889. + Harker, Geol. Mag. for 1894, p. 553. May 1899. 152 Harker: Chemical Notes on Lake District Rocks. Of the diabases of the Lake District and adjoining country we have the following analyses:—No. (95) is by Dr. R. Hellon;* (96) to (98), of a much decomposed rock of doubtful relations at Gleaston-in-Furness, by Sir H. Roscoe ;t (99) by Mr. Hutchings, ¢ silica-percentage only. (95). 48°42. Diabase, Robin Hood, Ravsasthwatte: 96). 45°54. Diabase, Gleaston, Low Furness. (97). 50°96. Another specimen of the same. (98). 51°10. Another specimen of the same. The rock where freshest gave sp.gr. 2°92. (99). 45°65. Diabase, above Easedale Tarn, towards Langdale; s "95; In the paper just cited Mr. Hutchings also gives silica- percentages of two rocks of intermediate composition (pp. 537; 544). No. (100) seems to be an example of the less acid quartz- porphyries or quartz-porphyrites common as small intrusions in some parts of the district; (101) is a less usual type of rock. (100). 60°45. ‘Quartz-andesite or dacite’ (quartz-porphyrite), etween Greenburn and Wythburn; sp.gr. 2°74. (101). 61°15. ‘Trachyte’ (porphyry), Shap Wells Plantation. Eight analyses (by F. T. S. Houghton) are given in a paper by Prof. Bonney and Mr. Houghton ‘On Some Mica-traps from the Kendal and Sedbergh Districts.’§ The silica-percentages are cited below in numerical order, (102) to (109). It is to be noted that most of these rocks have suffered considerably from decomposition. Under (110) to (113) | give some figures from four analyses communicated to me by the late Mr. Thos. Tate. These, too, are lamprophyre dykes. Nos. (110), (i11) are duplicate analyses of a dyke at Helm Gill; (103) is from another specimen of the same; and (104) is from ‘Phillips’ dyke’ at Ingleton, ‘the best preserved of all the West Yorkshire traps.’ (102). 61°12. Mica-lamprophyre, Kendal road, 250 yards from third milestone (103). 58°34. Mica-lamprophyre, S. of Haygarth, Docker Fell. (104). 49°52. Hornblende-lamprophyre, Stile End Farm, 5 miles N. of Staveley. (105). 48°57. Mica-lamprophyre, railway, W. of Docker Garth. (106). 47°88. Mica-lamprophyre, Docker Fell; probably a different dyke from No. (103). (107). 46°17. Hornblende-lamprophyre, Gill Bank, 114 miles N.N.E. of Staveley. * Postlethwaite, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. xlix., p. $33, 1893. + Binney, Mem. Lit. Phil. Soc. Manch. (3), vol. iv., p. 93, 1871. 8. § Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. xxxv., pp. 165-179, 1879. ope reas Naturalist, Harker: Chemical Notes on Lake District Rocks. 153 (108). 44°44. Mica-lamprophyre, ed eeen ites 34 mile from Windermere Statio (109). 32°31. Mica-lamprophyre, Helm Gill, near Sedbergh, lowest dyke; a much decomposed rock. (110). 47°2. Mica-lamprophy re, Helm Gill, ‘the most southerly dyke. (111). 47°1. The same, duplicate analysis. (112). 46°34. The same, another specimen. (113). 58°99. Mica-lamprophyre, E. bank of Doe, Storrs, Ingleton. These last four analyses have not been published, and are accordingly given in full below. Since Mr. Tate’s chemical work on the, Yorkshire lamprophyres seems otherwise to be lost,* I am glad to be able to preserve a portion of it here. He had further made analyses or partial analyses of a variety of rocks from the Lake District proper, and intended? to give the results in this journal, but that design was never carried into effect. In analyses (110) to (112) the ‘difference’ represents water and carbonic acid. Since these constituents are not likely to be negligeable in a rock of this group, it is se Sag that analysis (113) was made on material already ignit (r42) (113) Helm Gil, Kiel Gill, Helm Gill. heotens Silica = po ME APA ee BOA I RBG Alumina ... Ie a IO a MOM 6G Ferric oxide Sy aR eee SB Biel >< NOTES—BOTANY. : Lobelia Dortmanna in Lakeland.— not know, unless it was that they were not ordinary articles of diet; but I must have seen others do it ralix is kno ly as ‘ Crow-ling. is Mountain Ash is, besides ‘Witchwood,’ mentioned by Mr. Hey, also ‘Touchwood.’ Potatoes are ‘Taties,’ and often ‘Spuds.’ ‘ _ Rye with many of the old folk is ‘ Mazlishun,’ and in my young days it was seldom called by any other name; but both in oe cultivation and name it is now getting into disus ie Mr. Blakeborough is quite right about ‘Wicks,’ but ‘Wick- wood’ is the commoner term. The troublesome running roots of grass are also called ‘ Wicks,’ but more generally ‘Wickens.’ ag The Dandelion is ‘ Pisimire Flower,’ and the Wild Chicory is '*Swine Thistle.’ The Ariza is ‘ Doddering Jocks,’ or ‘ Dodder- ing Grass,’ and the Chrysanthemum Leucanthemum is ‘Dog | _ Daisy.’ Another plant, common in some places, which, if my ‘memory serves me right is one of the Polygonums, is called ‘Red Shanks,’ and has this interesting tradition attached to it, that when Abel was slain by his brother, some drops of: his blood fell upon the leaves of this ac hence the dark ~ spots now seen thereon. ; I would like to add one or two variants on, the bird- and The Woodpigeon is indifferently called ‘Woodie,’ ‘ Cushat,’ jaa ey gpa nlog ded ; a generation ago it was, freqhedtly called ‘ Cows a. scot,’ and there are places near Loftus-in-Cleveland still bearing ao. the old names of ‘ Cowscot Gill’ and ‘Cowscot Wood.’ i Starnel’ is shortened to ‘Gyp,’ which is doubtless only a North — Riding form of the West Riding ‘Shep,’ allowing for the differences of pronunciation of the same dialect words observ- — able in places even near to each other.. The Weasel is called . ‘Clubster’ in some parts of Cleveland. A ——$— NOTE—FLOWERING PLANTS. Songer ulus ieee gents wn the Trent agi near Doncaster.— Beck Wood,.a station in Doncaster, and at 50 eet above sea level.— % Priory hates peers ist May 1899. Puke HYMENOPTERA SESSILIVENTRES OF THE COUNTIES OF NOTTINGHAMSHIRE AND LINCOLNSHIRE: A PRELIMINARY LIST. Rev. ALFRED THORNLEY, M.A., F.L.S., F.E.S., Vicar of South Leverton, Notts. Tue following short but interesting list of Saw-flies taken in the counties of Nottinghamshire and Lincolnshire will, it is oped, direct the attention of entomologists once more to this exceedingly interesting group. ‘The combined lists contain an aggregate of about 56 species, some of which may prove new to science and some new to Great Britain. Further, this list would have been quite impossible but for the great pains and trouble taken over the specimens by the Rev. F. D. Morice, of Woking, a well-known student of the Order. Not only has Mr. Morice seen the bulk of the specimens recorded, but has sent away all doubtful examples to Pastor Konow, of Teschendorf, Mecklen- urg, an expert of European fame. To these two workers entomologists in our counties owe a very great debt of grati-~ tude. As Saw-flies are commonly taken in the Sweeping-net, I should be glad if our naturalists would let me have any speci- mens to look at, thus taken. Nor, because a species occurs abundantly in a certain locality, let:them think that therefore it is acommon one. There is no need to set out these insects. Larger species may be stuck on tall pins, near the top; an small species on very fine ones, which may then be inserted on a tiny slip of card, through which a larger pin passes. A little judicious blowing after the insect is set on the pin will cause the wings to separate a little, thus exposing these latter organs an the body better. The larve, which are very like caterpillars, mostly feed exposed on various plants and shrubs, and can — easily be reared. The phenomenon of parthenogenesis is Of very common occurrence in this group, and of many species only | the females are known. Asa rule, they are very pretty insects, and many species occur commonly almost everywhere ; and as they do not possess a sting, in spite of their menacing appear- ance, they may be freely handled. I need hardly say, that any Specimens collected should have a neat and accurate label Bresohed, giving on and date of panies 166 Thornley: Hymenoptera Sesstliventres of Notts. and Lincs. -In the following lists, thirty species are to be credited to _ a Nottinghamshire ; and fifty to Lincolnshire. This is due to the Bee greater number of workers in the latter county ; and in some measure to the more varied character of the collecting grounds. — ae : NOTTINGHAMSHIRE, a Sirex gigas L. Worksop, ‘where it occurs regularly’ os G. Alderson, Ent., Oct. 1893, p. 303). Chilwell, ‘common there’ (Douglas H. Pearson, Ent., Nov. 1892, p.. 202)... Grove, ane ¢ (Revo G. Shipton). South Leverton, one 2 in my’ greenhouse, about 1887; two ?S _ brought to me 28th June and 22nd July 1898 (Thornley). Sirex juvencus L. - Worksop, twice (E. G. Alderson, Ent., Oct. 1891, p. 248). Chilwell, 8th October 1892 (ougias H. Pearson, Ent., Nov. 1892, p. 291). pe one. Jucorum L. — South Leverton, one ¢, 1895 (Thornle Trichiosoma tibialis Steph. (= betuleti Cam.). South Lever- ton, two ¢s, May 1896 (Thornley). Pamphilius depressus Vill. South Leverton, one ¢, about 1895 (Thornley). ay Pamphilius sylvaticus L. South Leverton, two ¢s, 1896 | (Thornley). a Tenthredo atra L. South Leverton, one @, var. dispar a. Klug, May 1896 (Thornley). = Tenthredopsis campestris L. Treswell Wood, one @ (var.), 27th June 1898 (Thornley). Nore.—This species is the scufellaris of Panzer. Tenthredopsis spec. nov. South Leverton, two examples, May and June 1897 (Thornley). 4 Ves iirodopsls litterata Geoff. South DANSE OTs one 6g, jaye 1898: (Thornley). Norre.—Mr. Morice remarks that this is the true male of ~ cordata, microcephala, etc. ; see Ent. Mo. Mag., Sept. 1897- hae ee tiliz Pz. (=raddatzi Konow). South Lever- ton, May 1897. Retford, July 1896 (Thornley). e Ducky jrolache rape L. South Leverton, May, July, Aug. 1896 (Thornley). Macrophya ribis Schr. South Leverton, one ?, July 1897 : (Thornley). : Allantus arcuatus Férst. South Leverton, very c Umbellifere. Treswell Wood, with var. sidiog inst J aly 1897 (Thornley). 7, ae eS Eire Gres Seg oy cle gee jp oe ne Thornley: Hymenoptera Sessiliventres of Notts. and Lincs. 167 | Allantus vespa Retz. Treswell Wood, two ¢s, 21st and 30th July 1897 (Thornley). Rhogogastera aucuparie Klug. Nuthall, one 2 18908 (Free- stone). Broxstowe, one 9, 1898 (Freestone). Rhogogastera lateralis F. South Leverton, two 9s, May and June 1896 (Thornley). Lambley, 1898 (Freestone). Selandria serva F. South Leverton, 2 9s, May 1896 (Thornley). _Pecilosoma tridens Knw. South Leverton, one example, 7th May 1898 (Thornley). — Emphytus cinctus L. South Leverton, one ¢, May; 12, June 1897 (Thornley). Not uncommon this year, 1898 — Athalia rose L. South Leverton, June. 1897 (Thornley). Treswell (Thornley). Retford (Thornley). Priophorus padi .L. South Leverton, two examples, ¢s, May and June 1896; one 9, 1897 (Thornley). Monophadnus albipes Gm. South Leverton, one 2, June 1897 (Thornley). Treswell Wood, one 2, 27th June 1898 Dolerus #xneus Common, South Leverton (Thornley). Retford ee Gedling, 21st April 1898 (J. W. Carr). Dolerus gonager F. South Leverton, one 9, May 1896; one ay May 1897 (Thornley). Nottingham, 21st May 1808 We Caar), Dolerus lateritius Klug. Retford, one example, 1896 (Pegler). Dolerus pratensis Thoms. Sutton (Retford), one example, 1896 (Thornley). Pachynematus caprex® Pz. South Leverton, one 9, May 1896 (Thornley). Pachynematus sp. nov. (or incog.). South Leverton, one ?, June 1896 (Thornley). Holocneme lucida Pz. South Leverton, four 9s, May and June 1896 and 1897 (Thornley). “ LINCOLNSHIRE. Sirex gigas L. Kirton-in-Lindsey (C. F. George, Science Gossip, Nov. 1886, p. 259). Gainsborough, ‘One just emerged from pupa,’ 5th July 1859 (E. Tearle, Ent. Wkly. — Intell., 16th July 1859, p. 273). Lincolnshire, in the year 1887, an unusual number of S. gégas occurred in the county (A. B. Wilson, in ‘The Naturalist,’ March 1896, p. 60). : June 1899. : 168 T) eat Sey Wehechop ire ‘Gosselinonbvck of Notts. and Lincs Belton (Grantham), three examples, all 9s, July and Sept, 1896 (Miss F. Woolward). Market Rasen, two ?s, . (Peacock). Ashby, two ?s and one g ne Cassal). Brigg, a y 12th July 1898, one 2? (Peacock). ee _ Sirex juvencus L. Kirton-in-Lindsey (C. F. George, Science a e Gossip, Nov. 1886, p. 259). Tothill near Alford, one 9, 18th Sept. 1889 (J. E. Mason). Belton near Grantham, — z one 2, oth Sept. 1896 (Miss F. Woolward). _ Tenthredo atra L. Torksey, one ¢, June 1897 (S. Pegler). _Tenthredo livida L. Cadney, four examples, 1898 (Peacock — and Thornley). Ashby, three examples, 1898 (Dr. Cassal). _ Tenthredo mandibularis Pz. Freshney Bogs, Great Cotes, — one ?, 13th July 1898 (Thornley). _Tenthredo mesomelena L. Ashby, one example, 1898 — (Dr. Cassal). Cadney, seven examples, 1898 (Peacock and — eh. LNOrmey.): ; _Tenthredopsis campestris L. = (scutellaris Pz.). Scotton. ; Common, one ¢, 1898 (Peacock). Cadney, 1898 (Peacock). marae ~*~ July 1898 (Thornley). Torksey, June sted e 2 (Thornley). bennicbacraes saiisbiiedt Klug. Great Cotes, 21st June 1898, one example (Thornley). Cadney, one ?, 1898 (Peacock). Freshney Bogs, Great Cotes, one example, 13th July 1898 (Thornley).’. Mablethorpe, three 9s, June 1897 (Thornley). : Torksey, one ¢, June 1896 (Thornley). Tenthredopsis dorsalis Lep. Mablethorpe, one 2, June 1897 (Thornley). Tenthredopsis dorsivittata Cam. Great Cotes, 21st June 1898 ; (Thornley). a Tenthredopsis litterata Geoff. Theddlethorpe, two ¢s, June 1896 (Thornley). Ashby, one var. ‘caliginosa,’ 1898 (Dr. Cassal). Cadney, two var. ‘ cordata,’ 1898 (Peacock, and Thornley). ‘See earlier note about this species, A. T. | Tenthredopsis tiliz Pz. (=raddatzi Knw. =sagmaria Know. he : Mablethorpe, June 1897 (Thornley). Torksey, June 1897 (Thornley). Great Cotes, 21st June 1898 (Thornley). e Tenthredopsis sp. nov. Theddlethorpe, June 1896 (Thorney) Mablethorpe, June 1897 (Thornley). These examples a in the hands of Pastor Konow. a : Rhogogastera aucuparie Klug (=gibbosa Cam.): Louth. Recorded as Tenthredo aucuparie by H. Wallis ews, in ‘The Naturalist,’ 8 1886, Pp hae Thornley: Hymenoptera Sessiliventres of Notts. and Lincs. 169 oe lateralis Fab. Linwood Warren, one ¢, 1808 (Peacock). Cadney, one example, 1898 (Peacock). vis a. cces punctulata Klug. Great Cotes, one example, 21st June 1898 (Thornley). Cadney, two examples, 1898 (Peacock). Rhogogastera viridis L. " Scotton Common, four ceatiiels 22nd June 1898 (Thornley). Allantus arcuatus Fést. Torksey, common as early as May (Thornley). Cadney, 1898 (Peacock). Great Cotes and Freshney Bogs, 21st June 1898 (Thornley). Alfantus tenulus Scop. Cadney, one ¢ + two ? s, 1898 (Peacock and Thornley). Allantus vespa Retz. Ashby, one example, 1898 (Dr. Cassal). Athalia rose \.. siete June 1896 (Thornley). Mable- thorpe, June 1896 and 1897 (Thornley). Theddlethorpe, June 1896 and 1897 (Thornley). Linwood Warren, one ?, 1898 (Peacock). Blennocampa tenuicornis Ki. Cadney, one example, var. humeralis = alchemilla Cam., March 1808 (Peacock). Cephus pallipes Htg. ( = phthisicus Fab.). Great Cotes, 21st June 1898, one 2 (Thornley). Cephus pygmzus L. Mablethorpe, several specimens picked up half drowned on the shore, June 1897 (Thornley). Cadney, common, both ¢ and 2, June 1898 (Peacock and Thornley). Freshney Bogs, Great Cotes, 13th July 1898 i (Thornley). Dolerus gonager Fab. Theddlethorpe, June 1896 (Thornley). Cadney, 1898 (Peacock). Linwood Warren, 1898 (Peacock). Great Cotes and Freshney Bogs, 21st June 1898 (Thornley). Louth (H. Wallis Kew, Nat., Sept. 1886, p. 276). Dolerus zneus L. Torksey, May 1896 (Thornley). Theddle-. = thorpe, June 1896 (Thornley). Dolerus hematodes Schr. Cadney, one example (Peacock). _Dolerus lateritius Klug. Theddlethorpe, June 1896 (Thornley). Cadney, 1898 (Peacock). Linwood Warren, 1898 (Peacock). _ Dolerus pratensis L. Freshney Bogs, Great Cotes, one ?., 13th July-1898 (Thornley). Cadney, one ¢, March 1898 (Peacock). South Kelsey, 1898 (Peacock). Epworth, 14th : July 1898, two examples (Peacock and Thornley). Dineura nigricans Chr. (viridedorsata Cam.). Scotton : Common, one R 22nd June 1698 teperaley : Ei 170 Thornley: Hymenoptera Sessiliventres of Notts. and Lincs. 3 a Emphytus cingulatus Scop. Cadney, 1898 (Peacock). Emphytus rufocinctus Retz. Cadney, two ¢s, 1898 (Peacock). — Emphytus serotinus Klug. (var. tarsatus Zett.). Somerby, 2nd Oct. 1897, one example (Peacock). Monophadnus albipes Gmel. Hibaldstow, one @, 1898 _ (Peacock). ‘ Pachynematus caprew Pz. Theddlethorpe, one ?, June 1896 “ (Thornley). Pachynematus sp. nov. (allied to above). Theddlethorpe, three examples, June 1896 (Thornley). Pachyprotasis rape L. Torksey, one 2 , Aug. 1897 (Thornley). Peecilosoma longicornis Thoms. Linwood Warren, one ¢, 1898 (Peacock) Pristiphora (Nematus pars) pallidiventris Fall. | Theddle- thorpe, one 2, June 1896 (Thornley). (Pea Preroms Pie oes ribesii Scop. Cadney, one ¢ and one — , 1898 (Peacock). Sian: interstitialis Th. (=sixii Cam.). Theddlethorpe, - both ¢s and 2s, common, June 1896 (Thornley). Selandria serva F. Mablethorpe, common in June (Thornley). Theddlethorpe, common in June (Thornley). Torksey, not uncommon (Thornley). oe A Sepmeciee’ myosotidis F. Cadney, one ¢, 1898 ck). Taxonus glabratus Fall. Mablethorpe, two ¢s, June 1897 — (Thornley). Theddlethorpe, one ¢, June 1896 (Thornley). Torksey, one ¢, May 1896 (Thornley). *Tomostetias fuliginosus Schr. Freshney Bogs, Great core a one 9, 14th July 1898 (Thornley). te Tomostethus gagathinus K|. Great Cotes, 21st June 1808; ag one ¢ (Thornley). Ze Tomostethus luteiventris KI. (= fuscipennis Fall.). Great Cotes, one 9 , 21st June 1898 (Thornley). Scotton Common, one 9, 1898 (Peacock). = Tomostethus nigritus Fab. Theddlethorpe, one ?, June 1896 : (Thornley). ee Amauronematus vittatus Lep. Scotton Common, one 2; (Peacock). Macrophya ribis Schr. Cadney, 1898 (Peacock). et aoe. | Naturalist, A > So ee ee - NOTE—BOTANY. Bortree or esern hig de Bush=the Elder.—In reply to Rev. W. C. Bey: the name Bor or Bortree-bush is common enough in the north of : a j “a ; liv ch, rae and Provincial Worda ads i yy 4847, va 221) gives a reference ptoriu p.137;:an En compiled, [ SS in 1440 by one of the Dominicans, or Black Friars, of fi M i Med.,’ eh rahin Norfolk, and also a quotation from ‘MS. Lincoln i; reds f it is Bur-tree. In the abridgment of Jamieson’s ‘Scottish Dictionary. Tag , p» 80, col. 2, ‘Borral Tree supposed the Bourtree,’ and 4 Biiveeee Bush, Boretree, Bountree, N, of Eng. Burtree, i, is So called because boys bore it, or in some manner extract the pith for r Stile, just outside Ulverston. I ot phar: what trust is «4 be placed in oe iho aoe but Bye it as a papiosity :—1640. Parkins c Heri of ts io be: ‘ink ambucus, of Sarhbix as it is thought This is, I suppose, a ‘pipe’? The tea ae scree n in N. Lancashire and Cumberland is Bur-tree, hence B = Bort T have no access = the ‘Oxford En ng. Dict.’ or Bretton pay Hollands “Plant N Names,’ but n etna the question is sles foh ae out there,—S. ETTY, Ulverston, tars 1899. . NOTE—MAMMALIA., Badgers in Lincolnshire.—1 exhibited to the Lincolnshire Peat cee ‘Union pe Woodhall Spa the skin of a rie a Sek PR meles), killed at Wood- hall. They used to be common on ie I. Bradwell, Hope. 11. Norton, near Sheffield, ox. Ill. Mickleover, Bindley, turalist, Ete eae Me 5h estat, 5 ewe ae Painter: Supplement to the Flora of Derbyshire. 193 544. Tragopogon pratense L. Page 7o.. Var. minus (Mill.). I.. Blackwell Dale! II. Norton, near Sheffield, Fox. III. Mickleover; Findern, Bizmd/ey ; Chaddesden ! 547. Picris hieracioides L. Page 71. I. Matlock Bath! III. Mansfield Road, Breadsall! Chellaston ! 548. Leontodon hirtus L. Page 71 III. Between Swarkestone and Chellaston ! 553- Hypocheeris radicata L. Page 7r. If. Grindleford; Norton, near Sheffield, Fox. III. Mickleover, Bindley. 554. Lactuca virosa L. Page 71. TH. Radbourne, Bindley. Lactuca Searie Pea 5 Hole. Martyn, Phil. Trans. of Royal Society. 557. Lactuca muralis Fresen. Page 7r. Iii. Anchor Church ; Ra dhinrne, Bindley. . Sonchus arvensis L. Page bs I. Bradwell. Il. Totley, Ill. Vee Bindley; Breadsall Moor! nr. Muses ton ! 560. Soenchus asper Hoff. Page 72. III. Mickleover, Aindley. 561. Sonchus oleraceus L. Page 72 I. Bradley. un csr Xe) II. Holmesfield, Fox. III. Mickleover, Bzndley. _ New. Crepis taraxacifolia Thuill. UI. Yeldersley, Zznfon. ; Crepis nicwensis Balb. Page III. Yeldersley, Zznéon, B. E. C fia 1880, p- 262. _ New. Crepis biennis III. Burnaston, Binaiey, tNew. Hieracium britannicum F.J.H. 1. Chee Dale! Ash- wood Dale, Buxton; Monks Ghyll, Millerdale, /1. 572. Hieracium murorum L. pt. Page 73. I. High Tor, Matlock Bath! Var, ciliatum Alm I ock Sewer Buxton and Miller’s Dale, ZznZon, Jj. of B., 1893, p. 179. \ I have arranged this. genus according to the last edition of the London Catalogue, the oth. _ July 1899. ut New. New. New. New. Painter: Supplement to the Flora of Derbyshire. ,. Hieracium rubiginosum F. J. Hanb. I. Blackwell Dale! . Hieracium pallidum Fries. Page 73. I. Blackwell Dale ! 75*. Hieracium argenteum Fries. is H. vulgatum Fries, fide ev. W. R. Linton. Before submitting this plant to Mr. Hanbury I called it H. vulgatum. Hieracium holophyllum VW. R. Linton. I. Dovedale, Zzzfon, B. E. C. Report, p. 304. Hieracium Orarium Lindb I. Dovedale, £. #. Linton, J. of B., 1891, p. 273- *, Hieracium vulgatum Fr. Page 73. III. Dalbury ; Mickleover, Bzndley. . Hieracium diaphanoides Lindeb. I. Chee Tor, near Woanhill, Rev. A. se Report, p. 264; Ballidon, Zznfon, B. E. C. Report, P- 305 Hieracium schapithies Uechtrits. C I. Charlesworth, Lzzfon, B. E. C. Report, p. 456; near bs oe aa oo asks OB. Ce Purchas, ; ay. Pe III. ne Shirley: Vuidevsles; ; Ballidon; Atlow, Linton, B. E. C. Report, p. 304. . Hieracium boreale Fr. Page III. Mickleover, pte Muggington ! . Hieracium umbellat mL, Page 74. IT. Speen er, Becks, ; Atlow, Zznfon, B. E. p- Arctium reel Bernh. Topographical Botany, [Arctium lappa, Pilkington’s History; no habitat given.| _ Arctium intermedium Lange. Page 75. C, Report, Ki rk M. ‘Se Not included in A. nemorosum Lange, as in my book, _ Topographical Botany.) ‘ Serratula tinctoria L. Page 75 Il. Park Hall Woods, Spinkhill, Chesterfield, Norton, near Sheffield, Fox. III. Mickleover; Barnaston, Bindley. Cnicus pratensis Willd. IfI. Findern and Radbourne, Bindley. Carduus Marianus L. (Mariana lactea Hill). III. Mickleover, on cultivated ground, Bindley. Waterfull; Page 76. Naturalist, Painter: Supplement to the Flora of Derbyshire. 195 613. Centaurea Scabiosa L. Page 76. II. Cresswell, Fox. 619. Eupatorium cannabinum L. Pa I. Haddon, Bindley. II. Besa ey. near Shireoaks, Fox. Ill. Muggington ! 626. Artemisia vulgaris L. P.77. Ill. Mickleover, Bindley. 630. Gnaphalium sylvaticum L. Page 77. Ill. Mickleover, Bindley ; Muggington ! 632. Gnaphalium uliginosum L. Page 77. III. Mickleover and Long Lane, &zndley ! 635. Filago germanica L. Page 78. I. Tideswell, Bindley. 642. Solidago Virgaurea L. Page 78. II. Holmesfield, Fox. 644. Senecio sylvaticus L. Page 78. III. Mickleover and Findern, Bzndley. 647. Senecio erucifolius L. Page 79. II]. Haythorne Hill, between Eckington and Staveley, Waterfall. Wl. Mickleover, Bzndley. Doronicum Pardalianches L. Page 79. I. Haddon Hall, C. 7. Green; Bindley. 656. Inula Conyza DC. Page 79. II. Steetley, Fox. 658. Pulicaria dysenterica Gertn. Page 79. II. Holmesfield, Fox. III. Mickleover, Bzndley. 661. Chrysanthemum segetum L. Page 79. II]. Mickleover ; Swarkestone, Bindley. 663.*Tanacetum vulgare L. 80. II. Banks of R. Rother, onihaw, Waterfall, 664. Pyrethrum inodorum Sm. (Matricaria inodora L.). P. 80. III. Mickleover, Bindley ; Swarkestone! 665. Matricaria Chamomilla L. Page 8o. III. Mickleover, Bindleyv. 669. Anthemis Cotula L. Page 80. III. Mickleover, Bindley. 670. Achillea Ptarmica L. Page 80. I. Near Brough, Fox. Il. Norton, Fox. III. Mickleover, Bindley. 678. Campanula latifolia L. Page 81. I. Matlock Bath! Il. Woods and Hedges, Renishaw, Waterfall. III. Ashbourne, Bindley; near Cubley, Friend; near Muggington! Chaddesden, probably a garden escape! 680. soins Trachelium L. Page 81. . Cressbrook, Fox. II. Plcariey Vale, Friend. 687. Seslae montana L. Page 82. III. Findern, Bindley! July 1 1899. 196 Painter: Supplement to the Flora of ere 691. Erica cinerea L. Page 82. I. Bradwell; Ringinglowe (borders of Yorkshire), Fox. 699. Andromeda Polifolia L. Page 83. II. Coombes Moss, Waterfall. 705. Vaccinium Vitis-idea L. Page 83. I. Wirksworth, Bindley; Ringinglowe, Fox. 713. Ilex Aquifolium L. Page 84. II. In flower rst May 1893 at Ireton! 714. Ligustrum vulgare L. Page 84. II. Steetley, Fox. 716. Vinca minor L. Page 84. III. Radbourne, Bzndley. 719. Gentiana Pneumonanthe L. Page 84. III. Eggington Heath, Pilkington’s History. ; 721. Gentiana Amarella L. 1. Crich! : 724. Erythrea Centaurium Pers. Page 85. I. Near Dore, Fox. III. Mickleover, Bindley. : 725. Chlora (Blackstonia) perfoliata L. (Huds.). Page 85- 'f I]. Near Clowne, Waterfall. 728. Polemonium czeruleum L. Page 85. I. Winnatts! Hogshaw Lane, Buxton, C. 7. Green. 737. Solanum nigrum L. Page 86. III. Mickleover, Bzndley. 739. Atropa Belladonna L. Page 86. I. Haddon Hall, C. 7. Green. 740. Verbascum Thapsus L. Page 86. II. Cresswell and Steetley, Fox. New. Verbascum virgatum S/okes. III. Near Chellaston, Rev. A. C. Hassé. 754. Veronica Anagallis L. Page 87. II. Cresswell, Fox. 756. Veronica officinalis L. Page 87. F I. Matlock, Bindley. III. Mickleover; Radbourne; Knowl Hills, Bzndley. . Veronica montana L. Page 87. I. Haddon, Bindley; Chee Dale! Ill. Kirk Langley, Brindley. 759. Veronica hederefolia L. Page 88. III. Repton, Hagger; Mickleover, Bindley. 761. Veronica polita Fr. Page 88. II.' Between Cresswell and Clowne by a Water~ Of os eed ees: “I on ~T Ja Ill. Misicleover, Bindley. 808. July 1899. 1899, Painter: Supplement to the Flora of Derbyshire. 197 Veronica Buxbaumii Pen. (Veronica Tournefortii Gmel.). Page 88. II. Ockbrook! Mickleover, Bindley. . Bartsia Odontites Huds. Page 88. I. Bradwell; Hope, Fox. II. Holmesfield, Fox. III. Ockbrook! .Mickleover, Bzndley. . Pedicularis sylvatica L. Page 8o. I. Bradwell, Fox. I]. Norton, Fox. III. Mickleover, Bindley. ‘ palpate Smee pratense L. _ Page 88. III. Morle ae: ss ai Bab. aven’s Dale, Sear/e. ; sees Balbisii Horn (S. aquatica L.). Page 89. I. Matlock Bath ! Ill. Repton, Hagger; between Chellaston and Swarke- Stone: . Linaria Cymbalaria Mill. Page Near Hathersage, Fox. II]. Stanton-by-Bridge! . Linaria Elatine Mill. Page 80. III. Boozwood, near Holbrook, Pilkington. . Linaria vulgaris Mill. Page 89. I. Bradwell Dale, Hox. Il. Banks of R. Rother, near Renishaw, Waterfall. II. Breadsall! . Linaria minor Desf. (Z. visczda Moench). Page II. Railway between Chesterfield and Clowne, W aterfall. Mimulus luteus L. Page oo. I. Hathersage and Bradwell, Fox. II. Cresswell, Fox. . Lycopus europzus L. Page 91. II, Canal Bank, Renishaw, Waterfall. Ill. Burnaston; Findern, Bzndley. . Mentha Piperita Huds. Page oI. II. Belper and Snelstone, Zinéon, B. E.C. Report, p. 382. - Mentha hirsuta L. Page 91. i}; Sa sol : Willington ! : Pa . Mentha sativa age 92. Ill. Atlow, Zznfon, B, E. C. Report, p. 307. Var. rubra Sm. (1/. rubra Sm.). ILL. Shirley, Zinton, B. E. C. ee p. 307- Mentha arvensis L. Page III. Yeldersley, Zénton, B. E. C. - Report, p- 308. co ioe) rs Painter: Supplement to the Flora of Derbyshire. Var. Nummutaria (Schreb.). III. Yeldersley, Zzzfon, B. E. C. Report, p. 308. Mentha arvensis x sativa. III. Shirley, Zzv¢on, B. E. C. Report, p. 267. Mentha Pulegium L. Page 92. III. Ockbrook; Radbourne and Langley Commons, Pilkington’s Hrstory. . Thymus Serpyllum Fr. Page o2. I. Turnditch! Bradwell ommnal Fox. . Origanum vulgare L. Page 92. I. Bradwell, Fox. : Calamintie Acinos Clairv. (C. arvensis Lam.). Page 92. I. Miller’s Dale! . Calamintha officinalis Mcench. Page 93. Il. Cresswell Crags, Friend. . Calamintha Clinopodium Spenn. Page 93. I. Bradwell, Fox. III. Mickleover, ABzndley. . Ajuga reptans L. Page 93. I. Hathersage, Fox. Il. Omit, Waterfall. III. Mickleover ; Radbourne, Bindley. . Ballota nigra L. Page 93. III. Mickleover; Burnaston, Bindley ; Swarkestone ! . Lamium Galeobdolon Crantz. Page 93. I. Via Gellia, Bindley ; Grindleford, Fox. II. Clinker Wood, Waterfall; Totley, Fox. III. Anchor Church; Dale Abbey; Kirk Langley, Bzndley. . Galeopsis Ladanum L. Page 94. II. Totley, Fox. - Galeopsis Tetrahit L. Page 94. I. Bradwell, Fox. 5. Galeopsis versicolor Curt. Page 94. I. Bradwell, Fox. II. Near Renishaw, Waterfall. U1. Eggington, Brindley. Galeopsis intermedium Vill. (Not in Lond. Cat.). II. Bolsover, Zzzton, Journ. of Botany, 1895, pp. 155-186. . Stachys Betonica Benth. Page 94 I. Bradwell, Fox. II]. Mickleover, Bindley. . Stachys palustris L. Page 95. I. Near Brough, Fox. III. Findern; Mackworth, Bindley. ambigua Sm. ( x sylvatica). III. Muggington! . Stachys arvensis L. Page 95. III. Eggington, Bindley. ; 4 . Naturalist, — 845. un 847. July 1899. Painter: Supplement to the Flora of Derbyshire. 199 Nepeta Cataria L. Page 95.- III. Tickenhall Lime Quarries, Rev. W. H. Purchas, J. of B., 1887, p. 141. Accidentally omitted in ‘Flora of Derbyshire.’ Scutellaria galericulata L. Page 96 I]. Canal bank, Renishaw, Waterfall. LE, Cand: Findern, Aindley; Canal, Willington! near Muggington ! se to esses Relh. Page Gellia ! id and ae Fox. ee Findern, Bindl Var. strigulosa Wes & Koch. III. Canal Side, Willington! Breadsall ! . Myosotis repens G. Don. Page e 96. III. Between Chellaston and Swarkestone! Repton! . Myosotis cespitosa F. cnn Page 96. Ill. Near Breadsall Priory . Myosotis sylvatica Hoffm. Sigg 97. I shford Dale! Blackwell Dale! near Cromford ! III. Mickleover and Radbourne, Aizd/ey ; near Mugging- ton! . Myosotis collina Hoffm. age Q7- I. Blackwell Dale! III. Bidcgrove, Smith LSS. y Myosotis versicolor Reichb. Page 97. III. Mickleover, Bindley. . Lithospermum officinale L. Page 97. II. Steetley, Fox. . Symphytum officinale L. Page 97. I. Bradwell, Fox. i nico piscn officinale L. Page 98. Fox . Cresswell, . Echium vulgare L. Page 08. Il. Cresswell, Fox. . Pinguicula vulgaris L. Page 99. Foot of Axe Edge, C. 7. Green ; Ashwood Dale ! near Bradwell, Fox. Lysimachia vulgaris L. Page go. I. The entry for Dovedale in Flora is an error on my part. 200 Painter: Supplement to the Flora of Derbyshire. 888. Lysimachia Nummularia L. Page 9g. II. The Hague habitat has been destroyed; near the Ball Inn, Renishaw, Waterfall. III. Findern; Knowl Hills, Bzndley. 889. Lysimachia nemorum L. Page gg. I. Bradwell, “ox ; Whatstandwell, Bindley. II. Park Hall Woods, near Spinkhill, Waterfall. 890. Anagallis arvensis L. Page ioo. II. Totley, Fox. Var. cerulea Schreb. (A. cerulea Schreb.). Ill. Mickleover, Bindley. ta 891. Anagallis tenella L. Page too. I. Near Bradwell, Fox. 893. Samolus Valerandi L. Page 100. s IL. Shireoaks, rzend. got. Plantago major L. Page roo. New. Var. intermedia (Gilib.). III. Shirley, Zznton; Muggington ! 902. Plantago media L. Page 100. . Matlock Bath! III. Chellaston! 909. Chenopodium polyspermum L. Page 101. III. Mickleover, Bzndley. 11. Chenopodium rubrum L. ‘Page 101. III. Mickleover, Bindley. 917. Chenopodium Bonus-Henricus L. Page t1o1. II. Holmesfield, Fox. 922. Atriplex hastata L. Page 102. I otley ; Norton, Fox.’ ; gy 9238. Atriplex erecta Huds. [A. pate tula L. var. erecta Huds.] A Page 102. III. Mickleover, Bzndley. : 933. Polygonum amphibium L. Page 1 I. Bradwell, Fox. III. Repton Park Pond, igi 934. Polygonum Japathifolium L. Page 102. III. Mickleover, Bindley. - 934. Polygonum aviculare L. Page 103. New. Var. vulgatum Sy II. The a Sects: near Chesterfield, Waterfall - Polygonum Convolvulus L. Page 103. II. Totley and Norton, Fox. 943+ ere Hydrolapathum Huds. Page 103._ . Findern, Bindley. Painter: Supplement to the Flora of Derbyshire. 201 947. Rumex obtusifolius L. Page 103. I. Buxton! III. About Derby ! 948. Rumex nemorosus Schrad. (R. sanguineus ie ). Page 103. Var. viridis (Sibth.). II. Muggington! Rumex crispus x obtusifolius. III. Edlaston, near Shirley, Linton. 960. Empetrum nigrum L. Pag I. Coomb’s Moss, eengs Waterfall 962. Euphorbia Helioscopia L. and 971. Euphorbia exigua L. Page 105. Ill. Mickleover, Bindley. 974. Euphorbia amygdaloides L. Page 105. Il. Omit, Waterfall 978. Urtica urens L. Ill. Mickleover, Bzndley; Willington ! 982. Parietaria diffusa Koch (P. officinalis L.). Page 106. Il. Cresswell, Fox. 983. Humulus Lupulus L. Page II. Hedge near Rihishaw: Woke IIf. lc : Ill. Hulland, Zznfon. 989. Fagus sylvatica L. Page 106. I. Lee Hill, Cromford ! Castanea vulgaris Lam. (C. sativa Mull.). Page 107. III. Robin’s Cross, Repton, Hagger. 995- Be sae alba L. Page 107. . ‘ . Field near Renishaw, Wazer/al/. ae jonas nigra L. Page 108. - {If. Swarkestone ! 1001. Salix fragilis L. Page 108. Var. britannica B. White. th Ashiwodd Dale Ill. Mickleover ! SG ag Normanton ! es 1002. Salix alba L. Page 108. a III. Markeaton! Littleover! Willington! Chellaston ! - Muggington ! 1006. Salix rubra Huds. a purpurea L. x viminalis). P. tog. ; . Dovedale, Linton aR. Forbyana Sm. us Near the General Cemetry, Derby ! ! _ July 1899. Painter: Supplement to the Flora of Derbyshire. 202 1007. Salix viminalis L. fala a 109. ie . Ashwood Dale ‘3 1908. Salix pains Willd. (S. viminalis x Caprea). P. 109. | a Ii. Ashover, Bazley. q 1008*, Salix rugosa \Leefe. Page tog. Ill. Bradley, Linton. a 1010. Salix cinerea L. Page t1to. i‘ Ill. Ireton Wood! ee toil. Salix aurita L. Page 1io. I. Mellor, Hannan. III. Bradley; Yeldersley ; Shirley, Zzndon. : x cinerea L. (dudescens A. Kern). III. Shirley; Atlow, Z7n/on, B.E.C. Report, pp. 310-311: x Capre. lil. Atlow ; Bion Shirley, Zznfon, B. E. C. Report, PP: 311, 423: x Smithiana. Ill. Shirley, Zzzton, B. E. C. Report, p. 310. 1012. Salix Caprea L. Page ito. I. Lee Hill, Cromford! Chee Dale! 1029. Pinus sylvestris L. Page 110. Lee Hill, Cromford ! 1038. Listera ovata Br. Page 111. . Haddon, Bindley. 1. Cresswell, Fox. III. Mickleover; Radbourne, &zndley. 1039. Epipactis latifolia All. Page 111. High Tor, Matlock Bath! Bradwell, Fox. Il. Near Holmesfield, Fox. . 1041. Cephalanthera grandiflora Bab. (C. pallens Rich.). age III. Newton Wood, Mr. Coke in Pilkington. 10453. Orchis Morio LL. Page 112. “oF III. Mickleover, Bindley. pe 1046. Orchis mascula L. Page 112. soe I. Lathkill Dale! Cromford, Bindley; Bradwell, /o*- [Ul. Radbourne, Bzndley. 1051. Orchis pyramidalis L. Page 112. II. Cresswell, Fox. : . Gymnadenia oo, Br. (Habenaria conopsea Benth. ) Pa age I ii See Fa PIO. 1103. 1104. 1109, Painter: Supplement to the Flora of Derbyshire. 203 . Habenaria viridis R.Br. Page 113. I. Whatstandwell, Frzend. Ophrys apifera Huds. Page 113. IJ. Shireoaks, Friend. . Ophrys muscifera Huds. Page 113. Il. Shireoaks, Frzend. . Iris Pseudacorus L. Page 113. III. Findern, Bzndley . Narcissus Pseudo-narcissus L. Page 114. II. Scarcliffe Woods, Waterfall. III. Spondon, Bzndley . Allium ursinum L. Page 115. I. Grindleford and Hathersage, Fox. Il. About Renishaw, Waderfal/. . Convallaria majalis LL. Page 115. I. Bakewell, Friend; High Tor, Matlock Bath! II. Cresswell, Fox Polygonatum wintitioraus All. Page 115. II. Pleasley Vale, #riend. Most likely Howitt’s habitat. Vide Top. Botany. Paris quadrifolia L. Page 115. II. Omit, frets Tamus communis L. Page 116. Il. Cresswell ; neces and Totley, Fox. Ill. Mickleover, Bindley. Elodea canadensis Mich. IlJ. Findern ; Markeaton, Sindley. Alisma Plantago L. (A. Plantago-aquatica L.|. Page116. II. About Renishaw, Waterfall. III. Repton, Hagger; Mickleover, Bindley. . Alisma ranunculoides L. Page 117. nd. Il. Shireoaks, Fre: . Triglochin palustre L. II. Near Clowne, sSraea ea. Pied. . Potamogeton pectinatus |. Page 117. II. R. Rother, near Renishaw, Waverfall. I{f. Canal, Borrowa sh! .“Potamogeton zosterzfolius Schum. Page 117. Ill. Canal, Borrowash! . Potamogeton crispus L. Page 118. Il. Between Stanton-by-Dale and Dale Abbey ! JIL. Canal, Findern, Bind/ey ; Canal, Borrowash! July 1899. 1899. 204 Painter; Supplement to the Flora of Derbyshire. 1125. Potamogeton perfoliatus L. Page 118. II. Canal between Staveley and Renishaw, Waterfall. III, Canals, Willington and Borrowash ! 1132. Potamogeton natans L. Page 118. I. Bradwell, Fox : 1136. Zannichellia palustris L. Page 1109. II. Shireoaks, /rzend. III. Repton Brook, Hagger. 1140. Lemna trisulca L. Page 1109. III. Pools, Stanton-by-Bridge ! 1145. Sparganium simplex Huds. Page II. R. Rother, near Renishaw, Waterfall. 1146. Sparganium ramosum Huds. Page 120. II]. Renishaw Canal, Waterfall. of Ill. Mickleover, Bindley. New. VAR. microcarpum Neum. ~ I. Dovedale! named by W. H. Beeby, A.L.S. i 1151. Juncus conglomeratus L. Page 120. III. Willington, Bzndley. 1156. Juncus acutiflorus Ehrh. Page 121. io III. Breadsall! Repton Rocks ! a 1162. Juncus bufonius L. Page 121. ee UII. eas Bindley. :. 1163. Juncus squarrosus L. Page 121, i Ill. Wiskeworth, Bindley. 1169. Luzula sylvatica Bich. (maxima DC.). Page 121. : I. Dovedale, Bindley; near Coombs Moss, Water- — all II. Quarry Dam, Park Hall Woods, Waterfall. Ill. Anis Church; Dale Abbey Woods, Bindley. 1170. Luzula pilosa Willd. (LZ. vernalis DC.). Page 122. I. Lee Hill, Cromford ! Whatstandwell, Bindley. 1200. salar had vaginatum L. Page ¥29: . Derwent Edge, Fox. ae. it gemeap hese Ly te. phbushioisubl Roth.). age hi Suey Edge, Fox. 1211. Carex ovalis Good. Page 12 “ . Breadsall Moor! Mickleover ; Burnaston, Binds. “Naturalist, 1214. I217. L220. 1222. 1261. New. o Painter: Supplement to the Flora of Derbyshire. 205. ; Carex remota L. Page 12. II. Quarry Dam, Park Hall Neste: Spinkhill, Waterfall; Canal bank, Renishaw, Waterfall. III. Mickleover ; Radbourne, Bindley. Carex intermedia Good. (C. disticha Huds.). Page 124. III. Mickleover, Bindley. Carex muricata L. Page 125. I. Haddon, Bindley. Ill. Mickleover, Bind/ey. Carex vulpina L. Page 125. III. Mickleover, Bindley; Canal, Derby ! . Carex paniculata L. Page Can al bank, Renishaw, Waterfall . Carex vulgaris Fries. (C. Goodenowit J. Gay). Page 125. I. Haddon, Aindley. . Carex pallescens L. Page 126. Ill. Mickleover, Bzndley. 7. Carex sylvatica Huds. Page 127 III. Radbourne ; Repton Shrubs, Bzndley. . Carex Pseudo-cyperus L. Page 127. Il. Findern, Bindley. . Carex glauca Scop. (C. ree Schreb.). Page 127. Ill. Mickleov : Bindley . Carex precox Jacq. (C. verna Chalks Page 128. i: een! Mickleover, Bzndley. . Carex hirta L. Page 128 III. Mickleover; Burnaston, Bindley. . Carex ampullacea Good. ae rostrata Stokes). P. 128. I. Buxton, Brindley ; Chee Ill. Mickleover, Bindley. . Carex vesicaria L. Page! II. Quarry Dam, Park Hall Woods, Spinkhill, Waterfaid. aon paludosa Good. (C. acutiformis Ehrh.). Page 129. Haddon, Bindley. Miculesver. Bindley. Carex riparia Curt. Page 129. III. Mickleover; Findern; Radbourne, Aindley. Phalaris canariensis L. Page 120. III. Mickleover, roadsides, Bindley. Setaria viridis Beauv. III. Mickleover, railway banks, Bindley. __ July 1899. a Fe a BN Paes 206 — Painter: Supplement to the Flora of Derbyshire. Agrostis vulgaris With. New. Var. mutica Doell. I. Snake Inn, Zznéon, B. E. C. Report, p. 427. 1294. Arundo Phragmites L. (Phragmiles communis Trin.). age I3I. Ill. Mickleover; Radbourne, Bzndley. 1302. Aira flexuosa L. (Deschampsia flexuosa Trin.). P. 131. IfI. Mickleover, Bindley 1309. Avena pratensis L. Page 132. Chee Dale! 1310. Avena pubescens L. Page 132. III. Mickleover, Bzndley. 11. Avena flavescens L. (7risetum pratense Pers.). Page 132- III. Mickleover, Bindley; Swarkestone ! cl I a1 Koeleria cristata Pers. Page 133. I. Matlock Bath, Brindley. 1317. Melica uniflora Retz. Page 133. I. Via Gellia, Waterfall. I]. About Chesterfield, Omit an error, Waterfall. Ill. Repton, Bindley; Repton Shrubs! 1318. Melica nutans L. Page 133. I. Via Gellia, Waterfall; Cromford, Bindley; High Tor, Matlock Bath! 1320. Breen aquatica Presl. (Beauv.). Page 133. , Swarkestone ! 13 Ree aquatica Sm. Page 133- I. Cromford, Bailey. III. Spondon! Findern, Bindley. 13228.Glyceria plicata Fries. Page 134. Mickleover, Bindley. 1331. hae pratensis L. Page 134. I. High Tor, Matlock Bath ! Ill. Mickleover, Bind/ey. 1333. Poa compressa L. Page lif. Stanton-by- Bridge ! Voidevsiais Linton, B. E. E Report, p. ‘275. Poa nemoralis L. Page 135. Var. angustifolia Parnell. 1, Chee Dale! named by C. Bailey, F.L.S. “Naturalist, ! 1342. 1343. July ‘Bos Painter: Supplement to the Flora of Derbyshire. 207 Festuca ovina L. Page 136. III. Mickleover, Bindley. Festuca duriuscula L. (/. rubra L.). Page 136. I. Blackwell Dale! III. Mickleover, Bindley. . Festuca elatior Auct. (L.). Page 136. ey: IIl. Mickleover, Brindle ‘ Bromus giganteus L. 137: III. Mickleover, Bindley . Bromus asper L. (2B. ramosus Huds.). Page 137. I. High Tor, Matlock Bath! III. Mickleover ; Radbourne, Bindley; Mugg zington ! - Bromus sterilis L. Page 137. III. Mickleover, Bzzdley; Markeaton! > . Brachypodium syivaticum Beauv. (2. gracile Beauv.). Page 128. > III. Mickleover, Bindley. - Brachypodium pinnatum Beauv. Page 138. II. Bolsover, Zznton, B. E. C. Report, p. 429. - Hordeum sylvaticum Huds. Page 138. I. Stirrup Wood, Charlesworth, Hannan, not White- head. . Hordeum pratense Huds. (7. secalénum Schreb.). P.1 III. Mickleover, Azndley. Between. Chellaston ie Swarkestone ! - Hordeum murinum L. Page 139. I. Chapel-en-le-Frith, Hannan. . Nardus stricta L. Page 139. III. Mickleover, Bzndley. . Allosorus crispus Bernh. (Cryvpfogramme crispa R.Br.). Page 140. I. Chinley Hills, near Chapel-en-le-Frith, Mr. Z. Howard in Bot. Guide. . Cystopteris fragilis Bernh. Page 140. I. Via Gellia, Waterfall. If. About Chesterfield, Omit, Waterfall. 3: Polystichum aculeatum Newm. Page 140. VAR. cen Sw. (P. lobatum Presl. var. genutnum Sym a Blackwell Dale ! ___Ill. Trusley, Bzndley. ee Ena) ae * ai al Z a rae TY Ly Cas bie Nhe 2a Ga FAs a ¢ he Phi es ih ar ? Be Pail Le ; A ¥ * 1410. I4{l. 1424. 1425. Painter: Supplement to the Flora of Derbyshire. . Lastrea Oreopteris Presl. Page 140. Horsley Car! . Lastrea dilatata Presl. Page 141. Horsley Car! 5: Asplenium viride Huds. Page 141. I. Wo rmhill, C. 7. Green. ‘ Asplenium Trichomanes L. Page 141. I. Bradwell and Froggatt Belpre, Fox. . Asplenium Adiantum-nigrum L. Page 141. I Near Eyam, Fox. Asplenium Ruta-muraria L. Page 141. I. Cressbrook, Fox. : haat vulgare Symons. Page’141. I 38 a Gellia, Waterfa Il. reals Chesterfield an error, Waterfall. III. Mickleover, Bindley Botrychium Lunaria Sw. bis: 142. I. Cromford, Bindley. Jil. Mickleover, Bindley. Ophioglossum vulgatum L. Page 142. I. Monsal Dale! : II. About Renishaw, Waterfali. III. Mickleover; Radbourne, Bzndley. . Equisetum maximum Lam. Page 143. lil. Muggington! . Equisetum.umbrosum Willd. (#. pratense Ehrh.). P. 143- t is feared that both the entries for this plant in my Flora are errors, as it has been searched for at Ashbourne in vain. . Equisetum arvense L. Page 143. II. Near Holmesfield, Fox. . Equisetum sylvaticum L. Near Bakewell, Friend ; outa, Bindley. Ill. Kirk Langley, Bzndley. Equisetum palustre L. Page 143. ry III. Repton! Markeaton! Mickleover and Radbourne, Bindley. Equisetum limosum L. (Sm.). Page 144. Var, fluviatile (L.). Ill. Radbourne, Pea Morley! Repton! Chara vulgaris L. age I Ill. Ponds, Tickenhall Lime. Works, Bloxam! See Flora, p. 57. pe; Naturalist, Le INTEGRATION IN SCIENCE a (Presidential Address to the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union, delivered 14th December 1898). SIR MICHAEL FOSTER, K.C.B., M.A., Etc., Secretary of the Royal Society, Professor of Physiology in the University of Lambctice, President of the Yorkshire Naturatists’ Union for 1898. WE are told that when the world was young and ‘the will ¢ n bricks, burning them thoroughly, and with these strove to build there a city and a tower whose top might reach unto heaven. We are also told that as they wrought, raising their handiwork higher and higher, their language was confounded, so that they © might not understand one another’s speech, and hence could not carry out their work. They left off to build the city. During the long years which have passed away since those early days, generations of men, still journeying from the East, have been making bricks of another kind, burning them more or less thoroughly, and with them have gone on building a city which they call the city of Natural Knowledge, have gone on raising higher and still higher a tower which they call the tower of Science. During these. latter times, during the last two or three centuries, especially during this last century, the tower has risen rapidly, storey has been added to storey; and, indeed, some have thought, or have seemed to think, that its top was reach- ing unto heaven. But as the tower has been rising higher and higher, especially as the newer stories have been a-building, something of the fate of the old tower of Babel has fallen on the builders ; their language is showing signs of being confounded ; ear by year they are becoming less and less able to under- Stand each other’s speech. The old example of the plain of Shinar bids every thoughtful man ask himself the question, is not this confusion of languages hindering and spoiling the work, even if it will not, as it did of old, stop it altogether ?. Cannot something be done to check this development of tongues, or at least to provide adequate interpreters Let me make use of the opportunity you have to-day offered me, by attempting to illustrate the reality of the danger which threatens us, and possibly to suggest some means to avoid or at least lessen at doh Oe Foster : Integration in Science. The Journal Book of the Royal Society of London for the Advancement of Natural Knowledge, contains the following record of the ordinary meeting of [Sorted Septemb: y® 10": 1662. Mersennus his account of the tenacity of Cylindricall bodies was read by Mr. Croone, to whome the prosecution of that matter Italian treatise, wherein he handleth of this Subject, shall be printed. It was order’d, that, at the next meeting, ee ides should bee made with wires of severall matters of y® same size, ge copper, iron, &c. to see, what bi Sa will beset them e Curatour is M' Croone he reading of the french Manuscript brought in by St Robert Mo about taking heights & atindie a by pan tone was differred, till the description of the instrument should c D* Goddard made an aig AES: concerning the pi ‘that presseth the aire into lesse dimensions; and it was found, that twelve ounces did contract ¢ part of Aire. The quantity of Aire is wanting. My Lord Brouncker was desired to send his Glasse . D* Goddard, to make further ea ts about the force of pressing the aire into lesse dimens D' Wren was put in mind to preeaeuis M’ Rook’s observa- tions concerning the motions of the Satellites of Jupiter. Charleton read an Essay of his, concernin g the velocity — of sounds, direct and reflexe, and was desired to prosecute this matter; and to bring his discourse again geet day to be enter’d. D' Goddard made the Experiment to shew how much aire a man’s lungs may hold, by sucking up water into a separating glasse after the lun s have been well emptied of Aire. Severall three-quarters, &c. Here was observed the variety of whistles or tones, which i water made at the severall hights, in falling out of the seme again. ‘ Evelyn’s Re pacuneat was brought in of Animal engraft- ings, and in particular of making a Cock spur grow on a Cock’s head. t was discoursed whether there be any such thing as sexes in trees and other plants; some instances were brought of Palme- trees, plum-trees, hollies, Ash trees, Quinces, pionies, &c.: wherein _a difference was said to be found, either in their bearing of fruit, sterility, may bee made by ingrafting. or in their hardnesse and softness, or in their medicall operations: some said that the difference, which is in trees as to fertility or Naturalist, _ Foster: Integration tn Science. 2I1 Mention was made by S" Rob. Moray of a French Gentleman who having been some while since in England, and present at a meeting of the Society, discoursed that the nature of all trees was to run altogether to wood: which was changed by a certain way of cutting them, whereby they were made against their nature to beare fruit, and that according as this cutting was done w more or lesse skill, the more or lesse fruitfull the tree would bee. A proposition was offered by S' Robert Moray about the planting of Timber in England, and the preserving of what is now growin Mr Royle shew" a Puppey in a certaine liquour, wherein it had been preserved during all the hott months of the Summer, though in a broken and unsealed glasse. We learn from the entries of the Society that there were present at that meeting men of very different callings and stations in life, noblemen, men of fashion, doctors, lawyers, soldiers, divines, and men of business as well as_ professors. They all seem to have appreciated all the diverse topics, and many to have given their opinions upon them. They each uriderstood each other’s speech. The tower had risen to a very little height in those days. The Journal Book of the same Society in its record of the meeting of 16th June 1897, gives the following list of titles of papers read :— ¢ Cerebro-cortical Afferent and Efferent Tracts. H and K lines of the Spectrum of Calcium. Enhanced Lines. Stars of the 6 Cephei Class Cleveite and other New Gas Lines. Stress and other effects in Resin. Lunar and Solar Periodicities. A Maya Calender Inscription. Morphology of Spore-producing Members Vector Properties of siege rides ‘Magneto-optic Phenomena of I The Chemistry of the Contents of he pone rics Canal. ; ide The Electrotonic Currents of Medullated Nerves. Variation and Correlation of Barometric Heights. Openings in the Wall of the Body Cavity of Vertebrates. Electrification of Air. Mechanical Equivalent of Heat. I make bold to say that neither the President of the Society, nor any other of the Officers nor any one of the Fellows, could, of his own knowledge, state what was the exact meaning of fe ae 1899. 4 212 foster: Integration tn Science. each of all those titles. If you asked such a one to do it, he would tell you that he did not understand the speech of most of them. To-day, as of old, the Royal Society at each of its ordinary meetings listens to communications on diverse branches of natural knowledge; but not, as of old, are all the Fellows present, ready to offer opinions on most of the topics dealt with. A stranger at any of the meetings will often . observe that, at the conclusion of the reading of a paper, or of the discussion sequent upon it, a number of those present will rise up and walk away. If he ask the reason, he will be told that these are physicists or chemists, and that the next paper is on a biological subject; or he may observe that while a paper is being read, some are paying no heed to it, but are reading or writing, or it may be slumbering or whispering. And if the stranger, fearing that such listlessness may be due a would probably receive as an answer, ‘I have not the slightest idea.’ One day, when a botanical author was expounding, with ne the help of a projection lantern, certain remarkable results r the room to hear a physical paper later on, leaning over to an eminent biologist in front of him, whispered, ‘Is it a disease?’ | Th wer has risen to a considerable height since the Royal Society was founded, and its Fellows are no REET able to ec or is it merely the case that the votaries of one science y speak a tongue sence to the followers of another science. Within what may be called ie and the selfsame science, the ee often fail to Demet one another. a nowledge of living things stands sharply apart from all a other hind of knowledge; it constitutes a distinct science, | which we sometimes speak of as ‘biology,’ though exception : - might be taken to the term, since Bios means ‘the course of life,’ ‘ the span of life,’ rather than that which is at the bottom — of the phenomena presented by living beings. This one science, — the knowledge of living things, may be at once divided into the knowledge of plants, which we call botany, and the knowledge im, which we call zoology, using both these terms in their wider sense. Time was when the same _ intellectual ie 209? vl pele Sree ? foster: Integration in Sctenee. 213 tendency which led a man to study plants, led him also to study animals, and it was at least the case that the man who busied himself abo the one could readily hold converse upon their circumstances over which he has no control to listen to a com- munication from his eminent brother in zoology or botany, he is, as in the rarest instance, fain to say, ‘It is all Greek to This mutual unintelligibility may in part be due to the piste use of technical terms. Every year, almost every day, our language is, shall I say enriched or burdened? with ear, made of bits of each stuck together ; ; and the meaning of these new words becomes known only to those who make frequent use of them. But the real discordance goes far deeper than this. New terms are forced even upon those most unwilling to use them by the necessity of expressing new ideas ; for each new idea must have its new sign, otherwise confusion also comes, though in a different way from that on which we are dwelling. The botanist and the zoologist fail to understand each other, not because they use different terms for the same idea, but because each one is gaining new ideas unknown to the other, and is doing that more and more as each science progresses. | : Moreover, even within each of these two great divisions of botany and zoology, further sub-division has split up, an is unceasingly splitting up, the followers of biology into camps, each camp speaking its own tongue and understanding that alone. Both these branches of biology have, in this process of differentiation, followed lines of development more or less parallel, and the changes which have taken place in the one are analogous to those which have taken place in the other ; what can be said of the one can also be largely said of the other. If we take zoology in its wide sense, as the study of animals, we find that it naturally divides itself into three lines of investi- gation. In the case of any animal we want to know its form and structure, of what parts it is made up, and how it is put together; we thus enter upon the study of anatomy or morphology. We also want to know how it lives, how it gets along, how it does what it does, and are thus led to the study ie of physiology. We further want to know how far it is like or July 1899. 214 Foster: Integration tn Sctence. unlike to other animals, what are its relations, its affinities to other animals, and are thus brought to the study of taxonomy — or of zoology in the narrower sense in which that word is sometimes used. In the old time the student was in respect to anatomy content with a knowledge of the outward form and of such of the grosser details of structure as could be learnt by simple dissection, aided at most by nothing more than a simple lens. This gave him all which he at that time wanted for the determi- nation of the relation of this or that animal to other animals for fixing its position in the animal world; it also supplied him with all the data which he supposed he needed for solving the problem as to how the animal performed this or that act. The same student was at once anatomist, zoologist, and physiologist. m oO explained his physiology, and his zoology was the outcome of the two. He readily passed from the one to the other, and was equally or nearly so at home in all three. Nowadays we have changed all this. The anatomist has pushed his analysis of animal structure to no longer be even largely carried on ‘in the field’; the animal can no longer be anatomised on the spot where it is found, or in a natural condition; it has to be treated in special ways by special methods ; the examination has to be conducted in a laboratory fitted up with special means. He replaces the normal hues furnished by the red blood and by natural pigments with the stains of artificial dyes, purpling ~ with gold, blackening with silver, and ransacking the colour — shops to gain some new differential tint. He dips, and soaks, — and washes, and soaks again, now in this fluid and now in that, having built up for him an art far exceeding in intricacy that — of any fuller. He disintegrates with solvents, he hardens with corrosives, he supports the frail fragments of the tissues in beds of cunningly-contrived material, now hard as rock, now melting — into fluidity, and calling in to his aid intricate instruments of precision which will cut with an accuracy defined by a small fraction of a millimetre, he prepares for study by displaying what was once an animal in the form of a riband, of a series of many hundred slices, each of vanishing thinness, and tinted with the somes of the rainbow. praca Naturalist, a M2 ee 2 he ale Foster: Integration in Science. 215 One result is, that his conclusions can rarely be criticised or even appreciated and understood save by those who have passed through a training in his elaborate technique. Moreover, the progress of his study has carried him on to problems essentially his own. He has left far behind the position in which he was content with physiological explanations, in which the question why a part or an organ had a certain form or structure, seemed to be answered by the fact of its being put to such and such a use. The anatomist now explains the phenomena of animal form and structure by referring them to what he calls morphological laws, laws deduced from the obser- vation of a multitude of facts in different animals and in the Same animal at different periods of its growth. In the deter- mination of these morphological laws physiology appears to take no part, and the anatomist as morphologist becomes or seems to become more and more estranged from the physiologist. Further, as the anatomist stretches forth his hand to lay hold of laws more and more general, of laws holding good over a larger and larger part of the animal kingdom, the little differences between this and that animal seem to him to be less and less worthy of his attention. The morphological comparison of extinct with living forms, of embryonic with adult forms, lead him, it is true, to construct phylogenies which, in his view, correctly define the relations and affinities of animals; and so far he still has to do with zoology, that is, with taxonomy. But in these phylogenic speculations he deals with the larger groups of animals only; he rarely, if ever, touches, still less weighs, the importance of those likenesses or unlikenesses, which are all in all to what we may call the zoologist proper who is busied with such small things as genera and species, and even worries himself about mere varieties. Thus the anatomist gets farther and farther apart from the zoologist, each of them less and less able to under- stand and appreciate the other. In like manner the phyiologist who, in times of old, looked mainly to the facts of anatomy to help him in the solution of the problems how and why such and such action took place in the living body, has by the progress of his science been led to seek the solution of the new problems opening up before him, not so much in visible features of structure, whether large and seen by the eye, or minute and revealed only by the microscope, as in the hidden properties of matter common to non-living and living things, properties which men call einen and chemical. He, too, July 1899. ; 216 Foster: Integration tn Science. has been brought to use methods all his own, and carries out his researches, not as largely of old by simple observation and reasoning, but by means of elaborate apparatus. He, too, can no longer work in the field. To pursue his inquiries he needs to be installed in a laboratory, which, in the complexity and variety of its fittings, rivals, if it does not excel, that of the physicist or the chemist. He looks upon all animals as mere material for experimental investigation. He has no interest in the affinities of this or that animal, for these are of little or no help to him, either by suggesting or guiding an experiment. The morphological laws of the anatomist are of no concern to him, and the only morphological facts which seem of any use to him, are those which suggest to him, that, in this or that animal the dispositions of this or that tissue or organ may offer him special facilities for the application of his experimental method. o far from being familiar with the language of the anatomist and the zoologist, the physiologist feels himself more and more at home in company with the physicist and the chemist. Hence the zoologist, deserted alike by the anatomist and the physiologist, goes also his own gait. He is led more and more to make his own selection of the features of form and structure which he finds useful to him in the determination of affinities and in the laying down of systems of classification, regardless alike of the morphological or physiological significance of the facts with which he deals. Anatomists, zoologists, physiologists, have thus from being brothers closely bound together become, through the very progress of their respective sciences, more and more estranged — from each other. Instead of working hand in hand to build together the common tower of biology, each has been con- structing his own chambers, not only without reference to, but in more or less complete ignorance of, what the others are — doing. And now they are so far apart, that even when they wish to call to each other, they can rarely be understood. This estrangement of those who ought to be closest com- — panions has, moreover, been nursed into ex xaggeration by our present systems of education. e exigencies of modern life have, by the very necessity of things, given to the training of — the young, whether at school or college, an increasingly formal character. The growing need that what is taught should directly _ aid the learner in the struggle for existence awaiting him inthe future, and the corresponding wish to ascertain from time to ~ time during the period of instruction whether the teaching has — Foster: Integration in Science. at? been effective, has led to the present complicated system of formal examinations. These, instituted in the first instance at all events as mere aids and servants of teaching, have, by the mere force of circumstances, become its masters. The growth of the empire of examinations in these modern times is indeed a striking example of the sain of machinery, of the triumph of the letter over- the spir Acknowledging that ae object of teaching any ‘branth of knowledge is to nurse the young mind in that branch so that it may not only learn the results already gained by inquiry, but be imbued with the spirit ruling that branch, the spirit which has only. The test, however, is in nearly all cases so loaded ; it is come about that the examination system, with its increasingly — tremendous power, has placed a high premium on knowledge gained in what may be called a mechanical manner, and has tended to drive out of the schools all knowledge which does not fit the examination machine. Hence in biology it has come about that the student is encouraged not only to study anatomy apart from physiology, but to devote himself to the study of the one to the exclusion of that of the other. For not only does the machine provide, or even insist upon, an examination in each, of such a kind that the other is wholly ignored, but also the rewards which attend success in the test, tempt or even compel the student to narrow his efforts to one alone;. lest by attempting both he should fail in each. — 1899. 218 Foster: Integration tn Science. Moreover, in each study the machine heavily handicaps all knowledge which is not of a formal mechanical nature; it gives the prize to that kind.of knowledge which best suits a pointed question and a succinct answer ; for it works easily and exactly when it deals with the letter, but gets entangled and clogged when it tries to touch the spirit. Hence the student in anatomy, guided by the desire to come well out of the machine, spends his energies on the things of morphology, which can be swiftly learnt in the laboratory, with help of the microscope and the microtome, and afterwards deftly put down on paper; or busies himself with the formal questions of the school, in which the arguments for and against this or that view can be repeated with formal precision. In like manner the student of physiology, guided by a like desire, has his horizon likewise bounded by the laboratory and the discussions which arise out of laboratory work. And what can I say of the study of zoology? That is either pushed out altogether, or made a mere appendage to anatomy, a something to illustrate morphological laws and phylogenic speculations, or, if it is allowed to have an independent existence at all, becomes a gathering of the dry bones of formal schemes of classification. As the twig is bent so grows the.tree. The influence of our modern teaching is to intensify the differentiation, and with the differentiation the narrowness and formal character of the biologic learning of our 3 There is a good old word, ‘naturalist,’ which, though it originally had to do with the nature of all things which exist, himself with ‘Nature’ as manifested in living creatures, who sought to solve all the problems which life presents. Form, structure, function, habits, history, all and each of these supplied him with facts from which he wrested his conclusions. Obser- vation was his chief tool, and the field his main workshop. To him invidious distinctions between different parts of biologic learning were unknown. e had not learnt to exalt either form or structure or function to the neglect of the rest. Every- thing which he could learn came to him as a help towards answering the questions which pressed on him for an answer. A naturalist of this kind, however—a whole-minded inquirer _ into the nature of living beings—is for the most part a thing of the past. He has well nigh disappeared through that process of Naturalist, Foster: Integration in Science. 219 differentiation of which I have spoken. He has, as we have seen, been cut up into little bits, and while the bits have Bh ctished and grown great, the whole has vanished from sight. Not only so, but in the partition something has been lost. If you attempt to put the pieces together, you will find that they do not piece into a whole; gaps are left where fragments have fallen away. Looking at the matter more closely, you will find that the one thing which is missing is just that upon observing which the old naturalist was chiefly bent. Watch the work of the modern morphologist, physiologist, systematist, whether he labours among plants or animals, be by his side in the laboratory or the museum, read wha it is only 1 paratively rare instances you shall find that in his discussions and speculations, in working out the morphological, 2286 logical, taxonomic, systematic, conclusions to which he comes, he makes much use of, or even takes much count of, dae which was the chief occupation of the naturalist of old, the study of the habits and ways of living things, such as can only be carried out in the field. This is not a wholesome state of things. But how shall it be mended ? It is no use kicking against the pricks, it is no use attempt- ing to go backwards, it is no use trying to stop the tide of differentiation on which I have dwelt ; that will go on, must go on, swelling as it goes. We must look for help by going forwards, not backwards. And we may do so with hope, confi- dent that the full development of difference will end by opening up the path to unity. We may indeed even now see signs that there is a goal before us toward which we may stretch. The morphologist, when, having satisfied himself touching his lesser morphologic laws, he attempts to go beyond these, finds himself grappling with problems, to solve which he has to join hands with the physiologist from whom he has been parted so long. Along one line of inquiry he has already reached this point. Among the researches of the past few years, none are more pregnant than those in which the morphologist, studying the problems of embryology, has left the beaten track of tracing out the phases through which the developing animal successively passes in the normal course of events when left to itself, and has tried to see what happens when the ovum or the embryo is interfered with on its road. In doing so he has been putting his hand to the physiologist’s chief aid in inquiry, the experimental oe hg @ a 3) 77) < ile a ct oO i _* a “oO 3 n July 1899. yt 220 Foster: Integration tn Science. method ; he will not use that method long before he finds that he is ckeipiting with questions which belong to the phy siologist that the problems presented by the actions of the individual being, when these are pushed beyond a certain limit, carry him, as he seeks their solution, beyond the individual to the race, and land him in the same questions as those with which the morphologist has met. And the taxonomist is finding, or rather has found these many years past, that the affinities of animals or of plants, as they are determined by, so are they to be judged by a knowledge of, things which it is the province of the morphologist and the physiologist to make clear. One, and perhaps not the least part of the many-sided good which Charles Darwin brought to biologic science was that the views which he made known have already served and promise to serve still more in the future as a chain, a golden chain, binding together the several branches of biologic study. The three great divisions of biology—morphology, physiology, and taxonomy — however divergent they may have been during the past, and may still seem to be, give promise of uniting again when they near their ultimate goal; for that is one and the same for each of them. Whether you busy yourself with questions of form and structure, or of action and function, or of _ affinities and relationships, your inquiries all tend to the ultimate question how and in what way have all the phenomena of life come about? How did life originate? How is it renewed? And how in its origin and its renewal has it embodied itself in the long series of living beings, presenting differences of form and differences of function, and yet arranged in an order . marshalled by some pogo or other? It is one, I say, of the many merits of rwin’s work, that he anticipated, in a way, t the final union ‘of the three chief biologic studies. The origin of species is, by its very enunciation, a zoological problem, but the appearance of a variation is essentially a morphological problem, while the influence of the struggle for - existence on the variation is no less a problem of physiology; a problem of physiology, however, in the wide sense of that ‘word, not a problem merely of the limited mechanical physiology of the schools. In that wider sense physiology means the influence of circumstances of the surrounding world on the Organism as well as the influence of the organism on the sur- rounding world. Whether we seek for confirmation or for refutation of the particular thesis put forward by Darwin, we talent neti, Naturalist, 4 = Foster: Integration in Science. 221 are led, whichever of the two be our motive, to consider a hoological problem from points of view which are at once _ morphological att aaa So and further, we are bid to pass beyond the museum an e laboratory, even though we may make full use of all that can be learned there, and go out into the field and watch Nature at work in her own way. . It. is not the least of the results of the direction which the Mino of natural selection has given to biologic study, that it has led the biologist back to his earlier methods, and bid him scrutinise with care the ways of living things, how they tell upon and are told upon by the world around them. The outcome of the eepest, most far-reaching biologic inquiry has been the rehabi- litation of the naturalist of old. On the whole, then, we need not despond.. We may boldly . encourage the divergences of modern study in the sure hope that union will come in the end. We may bear with the con- fusion of tongues while the middle stories of the tower are a-building, feeling confident that the workers will once again understand each other’s speech, and that the more clearly the nearer they reach to the top. ‘ Meanwhile we may do what in us lies to help things onward towards the good end. So far as inquiry is concerned, it is as I have said, not by deprecating and attempting to check, but rather by encouraging and furthering specialisation and differen- tiation that we can hope to hasten the ultimate integration. As regards teaching, however, it might be wished that the paths along which young minds are led were not so narrow and not so bounded by high walls which shut in the view. It is a matter of regret that the enthusiasm of the young learner should be spent wholly on the museum and the laboratory, that he should be pushed by compulsion and drawn by rewards into morpho- logical and physiological studies of the more formal and mechanical kind, while no encouragement is given to him to look Nature face to face in the field, and to catch direct from her lips the catholic teaching which she alone can give. But so long as all our teaching is made to pass beneath the heavy roller of a rigid examination system which flattens out every- thing over which it is dragged, I see no hope of change. Some kinds of learning may, perhaps, be consolidated by the pressure of the roller, but that of the naturalist will be squeezed out of him altogether. Such naturalists as we may hope to rear must be raised apart from, and indeed in spite of, the ~ schools. July 1899. 1899. 222 Foster: Integration tn Science. Learning, of one kind and another, from the times of old, has been encouraged and supported by societies instituted for that purpose, and general biologic learning, the studies which keep in view the fundamental unity of the knowledge of living things, may be greatly aided by such societies, and that in very — different ways. n the one hand, such an encouragement of general in- tegrating biologic studies, as indeed of like studies in other fields of science, is, I venture to think, one and not the least important of the functions of the Royal Society of London. At its origin it was the only scientific society in England, and as we have seen took all the sciences in charge. Since that time, and especially in these latter days, societies have been formed in respect to most of the several sciences for the purpose of doing for each what the Royal Society desired to do for all. In great measure these children have taken up the work of their mother, and relieved her hands. But none of them is in a position to do what she alone can fitly do, none can bring to bear upon a general question, involving more than one science or more than one branch of a science, the energies of minds trained in wholly or greatly differing studies. The Royal Society possesses an in- tegrating power absent from other special societies, and, wield- ing this power aright, may greatly aid the consummation of that unity of biologic studies which we so much desire. n the other hand, societies such as the one to which I now have the honour of speaking, have a no less important function. Your society, if I judge its aims and work aright, is also an in- tegrating machine of no small power. By your very circumstances you are precluded from devoting yourselves to any narrow end, from making yourselves the slaves of any school. You are not ‘cabinned and cribbed’ in any building, you are not trammelled by any traditions, you are not confined to any special line of study. The field is your laboratory, Nature herself is your teacher, and you can roam at your will over all the pastures of biology, without the let and hindrance of prescribed study and academic ordinance. You are the complement of the University and of | the Special Society, and it is your privilege, and in the interests of science your duty, to nurse and cherish that which they, willingly or unwillingly, neglect. It is for you to see that the naturalist of old does not die out; and indeed, as elsewhere, learning goes on its way differentiating and narrowing more and more, your work is more and more called for. It is for you, and such as you, to gather and preserve the bits of knowledge which ee Naturalist, ; Se > Fate t Haworth-Booth: Autumnal Immigration of Goldcrest. 223 help to bind together diverging inquiries carried on in other places, it is for you to keep free from the rust of disuse the simpler way of asking questions of Nature, without the com- plicated machinery which others use; the simpler way, which often brings answers of no little moment in their right place; the simpler way, which others may be apt to overlook. One little bit of advice, perhaps, I may be so bold as to offer you ; if it is needless you will forgive me. Your main work is to preserve and keep intact from the destructive influences which are withering him, the good old naturalist of old, and so to serve as an integrator of biologic studies. To carry on this work efficiently, you must, so far as you can, keep yourselves in touch with the modern developments of our science. Should your ranks be joined by an academic neophyte, trained exclusively in the newest morphologic school, accustomed to view an animal form only through the long vista of a lengthy ribbon of gorgeously ‘stained microtome-cut sections of exquisite thinness, and should you find that in the field, with only homely objects of observa- tion before him, he is, literally speaking, ‘all abroad,’ do not thereby be tempted to look down on his attainments and his methods. Seek rather to bring his results into line with those of your simpler ways. So far as you can, work the one in the other. And in like manner with the gains and the manners of other schools of inquiry. Strive so far as you can, to fit the results of these various methods into those of your own more straightforward ways. Doing so, you will enlarge the. power of the naturalist without spoiling his character, and will increase manifold your office of integration. Such advice, however, I feel sure is needless. One sure token of this is that you have entrusted to me, an academic person, a man moving in a narrow groove, with no claim whatever to the grand old name of naturalist, the honourable duty of addressing you on this occasion as your President. > ovina sieiodomians Autumnal Immigration of the Goldcrest observed in Holderness.—The Golden-crested Wren (Rerun requis) the smallest of British, and indeed pean, bi appea e making its departure to and arrival from No sn cae in central Holderness ast October, on their return migratio ds were seen in the hedgerows and bushes near the cliff at props — Mappleton near Hornsea. In the latter part of April this year a great departure in siuilne hen nu was made fro m Aldborough, a few miles further south, —- 1899. S wth NOTES—BOTANY. Ray’s and Nicolson’s och Cumberland preg ptaaete amo readable notice of eee: s Petiver and his Collections,’ in t ohne sts coy 1899, p. 12 and seq., Me ‘G. ti — tells us shat “the tine 1695 endl Fetiver’ s first appearance as an author, as in that year was issued Gibs son f Camde ns torwhich Bativer contetuibad the list of Middlesex plants. “Says Mr. Apperson :—‘ Ray contributed these lists in every case a botany, but as a sam sou abpanas iF ore ar of a north country ple matter.—S. L. PETTY, Livesaions el April Parable of the Mustard -—I have ee a reprint from the ‘Thirsk and District News’ (no date) of a lecture by Mr. William Foggitt, f Thi Jog a ry of the Bi Wit i matters our journal o business, but some portions Yorkshire botanists may be ‘terested: Speaking of ae paces af. the mustard seed, he says that in his young days he had never seen the plant more than two or two and a half feet high, but a few years ago, in 1 oke’s, one mile south of Thirsk, he saw a number of plants, with stout stems and strong, spreading branches, which he recorded as four and a fer feet high, and two years hegre, tly he saw some taller still, in any o called ‘fowls heaven’ could have lodged. It must have hee a good “saree judging from the range of topics and the known ability of the . ie sie is a far cry to’—we _ ron Sigaedrrrprs! man to the Unicorn, cepa s milk’ on the way, f -are told that ornithagalum bears Rae ianecaretation —S. L. Petty, Ulverston, ye pril 1899. Blea nar: Watendlath Tarns in Baker’s ‘Flora of the Lake District.’ e April number of ‘The Naturalist’ Mr. Waterfall re ‘Flo attention ap some unc ertaitity in the naming of these tarns in the as the sniewend of certain ts. Mr. Bak aks of ‘Blea Tarn’ (p. 24), ‘Blea Tarn, 500 yds.’ (p. 142), ‘Little Langdate e Blea Tarn’ (pp. 173 and 215), ‘Blea Ta ne Watendlath’ (pp. 197 and 247), ‘ Upper ‘Watend- 4 « ntry: 0 (612 ft.), another in Eskdale above Boot (700 ft.), and a third at the head of | the Watendlath Valley sais ft.). There is also Blea Water (1,584 ft.) in High S ds.,’ Mardale under Hig’ reet. Sipe is likely to be the ‘ Blea Tarn, 500 yds., because the Watendlath "Blea rn is distinguished elsewhere by name, but ittorella. There is only one Watendlath Tarn (847 ft.): this is prow Baker's ‘Lower Watendlath Tarn.’ By the ‘Upper Tarn’ I feel sure that Dock r Tarn (1, t.) is meant. This is usually reached from Water lath Tarn and hamlet, to which place, although draining into another vane it lies ch nearer than does Watendlath’s own mother tar i especially mentions (p. 24) that the White Waterlily is very fine the — ‘Upper Watendlath Tarn,’ and I have never seen this noble plant in ein reater perfection than in Ww it o ies a great part of the centre of the water, i beautiful crescent-shaped ga It h g y isit it in July, when it is is a long journey to July, fale) Dock Tarn unusually sheltered in its high position, lying deep Borctignet eric eaolls: Watendlath Blea Tarn (which can be the only other competitor Sie the ar name ‘ r ) es, on the other hand, bleak and bare r- lily certainly does not flourish there, for few plants waters, although under their shallower margins Subularia and Jsoetes lacustris take re uge i in great abundance, and probably al SO J obe z Littorella, ania t Leeds, 7th. April 1899. i WATER-PLANTS AS AS LAND-WINNERS. ALBERT HENRY PAWSON, F.L.S., Farnley, Leeds. THE struggle for life which seems to be the ruling power of the animal and vegetable world, to which our biologists refer all the modifications and varieties of the objects of their study, is not confined to organic things alone. The solid crust of the earth is engaged in like warfare; land and water are in per- petual conflict. This is a true war of the Titans: it is like a battle among the gods. All the four elements are drawn into the struggle. Fire takes the side of the Land, and Air joins itself to Water ; but these last are in their nature fickle and uncertain, and they do not always prove themselves trustworthy allies. The sea wastes the shores and crumbles the cliffs on one coast, at another point he is driven back by shoals and sand- banks. Rains and frost and wind wear down the mountains, but the routed battalions rally again on the lower ground, filling up lakes and forming deltas. In one place the land sinks, in another it is thrown up. So the war rages unceasingly with varying fortunes, Neither are the citizens of the animal and vegetable kingdom altogether neutral in this strife. It is the land which really nourishes all of them, and they have thrown in their lot with it, and in building up coral islands and in filling up swamps and fens they greatly further the cause which they have espoused. The old proverb, ‘It is an ill wind that blows nobody any good,’ will serve us in this case also. In the erosion and redistribution of the land which is continually taking place it must be allowed that the balance of advantage lies with man. If we lose some- thing on one shore line we gain it on another, and in the rich deltas about the mouths of our rivers and in our fertile valleys and deep alluvial plains we find our chief wealth. It is certainly to our profit that the hard rocks are ground up into cornfields, that the soil is removed from bleak heights where it will not reward the tillage and that it is spread out in the warmth of a lower level, that the whole country is being flattened, however gradually, for the plough. It is to the part which plants play in increasing the land surface that I wish to refer—plants which grow everywhere in_ - Our own country and which come under our own observation, as Reeds, Sedges, ee and floating water-plants. There are ts August 1899. oe P % 226 Pawson: Water-Plants as\ Land-Winners. several ways in which these plants tend to diminish the water- space and to increase the dry land. By their own decay they form vast masses of vegetable soil in shallow waters and on water margins ; by occupying running streams they moderate the flow of the current and give it time to deposit its silt; by their creeping rhizomes and spreading roots they fix the bed of a stream and prevent it from being scoured and deepened by floods, and again in times of flood they serve as a sieve or strainer, arresting all floating and much suspended solid matter. In England we have not to do with mangrove swamps and the jungle shrubs of tropical deltas, and yet even on the sea-_ shore there are plants which are helping the land to fight the waves. Many small herbs flourish on the brackish mud-flats where the shore is gaining on the sea, and by fixing the soil with their roots and by retaining the mud which every high tide throws over them they aid in securing the conquest. These are chiefly Chenopodiacee, with some Grasses and Rushes, and their work may be well seen on the northern shores of Morecambe ay. Where the wind blows the sea-sand into hillocks and dunes it is the Marram-grass which renders them firm and stationary, so that in many places a penalty is enforced on those who disturb it. But it is our freshwater plants that we must chiefly consider, and these are nearly all herbs and for the most part Grasses and Sedges and their allies. margin of the water seems to nourish vegetation better than the land; it is noteworthy that — the various species which choose shallow water or the edge of the water for their home are nearly all the most robust of their family. The common Reed is by far the largest of our grasses, taking bulk as well as height into consideration, and next to it, and at a long interval from those ofthe land, come other water-grasses, as Digraphts and Glyceria aquatica. The same rule holds good of the Sedges and other Cyferace@. The Club- rushes and Bulrushes are large plants, so are the Water-flag and the Bur-reeds ; the Hairy Willowherb, the Loosestrifes (purple and yellow), the Hemp Agrimony, the Flowering Rush, the Great Spearwort and the Arrow-Head, the Fen Ragworts (now, alas, all but extinct !), and the Marsh Umbellifers, Crcuéa, Stum, Genanthe, and Peucedanum are among the stoutest of our native herbs. t no doubt, the necessity of preserving shondetees from Hanis overwhelmed that has made these water-plants So vigorous, but the consequence is that their annual rise and _ _ decay soon accumulates an enormous amount of vegetable ‘ Naturalist, i ae oe Pawson: Water-Plants as Land-Winners. 227 matter amongst which they flourish yet more luxuriantly, until at length the water is altogether excluded. The Norfolk Broads are a network of fens-and shallow meres formed along the lower course of several sluggish streams which drain an almost level country. They were formerly much deeper and more extensive than at present, and the city of Norwich— which is now almost in the middle of the county, twenty miles from the coast—was a sea-port in the time of the Plantagenets. Slowly but surely the marsh-plants are turning these fens into dry land. Some of them, although waist-deep, are almost grown up by the common Reed; only a narrow water-way shows the course of the stream, and the rest of the mere is a forest of this, gigantic grass, which rises from the water on either side like a wall. In other broads, as Hickling, the smaller Bulrush takes the place of the Reed, and entirely overgrows the shallow water. Inthe opener and deeper places the S/rafio/es, all submerged except its flowering spike, makes a thick subaqueous tangle, preparing a place for the Reeds and Rushes, as they in their turn will make ready for the plants of more solid ground. Where a river enters a lake there is usually a wide stretch of Sedge and Flag, which forms a natural filter-bed. This is well seen in several of the Westmorland and Cumberland lakes, and notably at the head of Derwentwater. Here the stream, which in ordinary times flows in a well-cut channel, spreads, when in flood, its thick and turbid waters over a square mile of Rushes and Reeds before reaching the lake, and leaves behind it a thick deposit of mud and wreckage. Thus little by little the marshy delta advances and the meadows and pastures steal after it. If it were not for these filtering tracts of rank vegetation the swollen river would carry its solid freight far into the aoe water and the process of lake filling up would be much slower The form of these water-plants is nicely adapte oe to this purpose. Firmly anchored by their tough, matted or creeping, roots in the soft ooze of the bottom, they rear aloft tall, upright, slender stems ranged in endless succession like a fine screen. They bow to the current but they do not break; they take their toll of the water and yield it free passage. Their leaves are all narrow and pointing upwards, so as t r no unnecessary obstacle. In quieter water floating and submerged plants, generally with mesh-like foliage (as Myriophyllum, oo Hippuris, Hottonta, Utricularia, nacharis, the water Ranunculi, Callitriche, Chara, Nitella, and others), are nee busy strainers and mud-gatherers, and August 1899: 4 228 Pawson: Water-Plants as Land-Winners. some of them, as the Pondweeds, are often unpleasant to handle on this account. There are water Mosses, too, which show like é lumps of solid earth coated with black or green velvet, so much soil have these tiny plants contrived to amass. Not many things in Nature are more beautiful than these fen plants as we may see them in the summer time in the marshes of our eastern counties or elsewhere. They court the full sunshine the Great Spearwort displays its cups of polished gold, and the Sweet Flag unfolds its scented leaves; secure the white Water- Lily, though a treasure which a king might covet, floats on the still water. The common Reed, and the two 7yphe and Scirpus lacustris (which share among them the name of Bulrush) venture furthest into the water. With nodding plumes and banners flying, . brandishing their tall clubs and maces, they stand waist-deep and. yield no ground, well stayed by their branching root stocks which are fully as thick as their sturdy stems. In the open spaces _ between them, trusting in their shelter, many floating plants lie at anchor, some of them half submerged and unsuspected during - a great part of the year, the Water Lilies, yellow and white, the a prickly Water Soldier, the delicate Frogbit, and the lovely wis Water Violet; here, too, the hitherto unnoticed Uéricularia, suddenly rivalling a tropical orchis, displays its splendid spike of bloom, and claims our homage for evermore. As the water grows shallower the scene is even more gay, for the purple Loosestrife is abundant, though the yellow one is less common, and here the fern-like foliage of the Marsh Umbellifers, Water Hemlock, and Hogs’ Fennel grows about gay clumps of lilac Hemp Agrimony, and Yellow Iris, and rosy Flowering Rush. Water Plantains, Marsh Speedwells, and Stitchwort, and floating _ grasses bring us to the Mints and the smaller Rushes, and the dry land. Inch by inch as the result of this accumulation and decay, the land creeps in upon the mere ;-more and more solid grows the edge; the aqueous plants retreat from the too shallow margin, the terrestrial plants advance, finding firmer footing; the _ Sedges and Reeds crowd on their floating neighbours which need : space, and cannot endure their shade; these, too, press forward and the open water grows less and less; it is invested on every side, and it is plain that its complete soir is now only a — ‘matter of time. a “Naturalist, i PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS TO THE LINCOLNSHIRE NATURALISTS’ UNION: DELIVERED AT LINCOLN, 24TH NOVEMBER 1898. : Rev. WILLIAM FOWLER, M.A., Vicar of Liversedge, Yorkshire; President of the Lincolnshire Naturalists’ Union, 1508. Ir I take Lincolnshire Botany as my subject for to-day, it is not that I either undervalue or am uninterested in other branches of natural history.. In a union such as ours, some are specially interested in the geology, others in the zoology, others again in the botany of-our county ; and it is well that it is so, for (even if we could give up all our time to the study.of nature) so vast is the subject that we should be utterly unable to master it. Most of us, however, if not all, have daily work to do in con- nection with our profession, or trade, as the case may be, and it is only as a relaxation that we can either study natural history at our homes or collect objects for study on those excursions into the country, which are so health-giving, so instructive, and so enjoyable. There are very few who can devote more than a small portion of time to any one branch of natural history, to say nothing of other branches. Still, it is not always those who have the most leisure who do the greatest amount of work. Perhaps the very opposite is nearer the truth. In my experience excellent work has been done by many before or after business hours. Without any neglect of the duties pertaining to their daily occupation, they have found interest and pleasure in natural history studies, and have, in addition, greatly increased cnowledge, both in their own department and in It is one of the great advantages of a union such as ours that, whatever branch it be to which we give our chief attention, we can receive help from, and give help to, those whose special interest is in other branches. If the geologists disinter from the rocks remains of vegetable and animal life, botanists and zoologists are helpful to them in _ deciding to what class, or order, or genus those remains belong. If the botanists find that certain plants will only grow on i ists are of assistance to them in plants, the botanists can be of service to them in pointing out to them those plants, or informing them where they may be August 1899. % 230 Fowler: Presidential Address to Lincs. Naturalists’ Union. found; while, on the other hand, if the botanist meets with a plant infested by galls, or denuded of its leaves, he can learn from the entomologist what the insects or larva are which have been the cause. We are field-naturalists, but we are a unzon of field-naturalists, ready to receive or give help as occasion may arise ; chiefly interested, no doubt, in our favourite study, but not so absorbed in it as to work only for ourselves and to be indifferent with regard to all knowledge which is not directly ~ peta with geology, botany, or zoology as the case may be. e collectors of natural history objects, but we are not isisctics only. e times at which, the circumstances under which, the places in which, they occur are noted by us, and their mutual relations are studied by us. We collect, not in order to be able to say we have a larger number of specimens than others, but in order to draw conclusions as to the distribu- tion of animal and vegetable life, in time and space, or to enable others to draw them. Hewett Cottrell Watson was a collector of plants, and the head of a band of collectors, but those who are acquainted with his works know what valuable service he rendered by his topographical division of Britain, by his demar- cation of climatic zones, by his grouping of species under six types of distribution. It is only when collection of specimens is regarded as an end, and not as a means to an end, that it can be said to be of little value. It was once said to me, ‘any fool can collect,’ but my reply was, ‘Yes, but it is not any fool who can see the significance of what is collected.’ Now our work, I take it, as Lincolnshire field naturalists is, to find and record what our county contains in the first instance, and from the results and comparison with those obtained in other counties, to draw what conclusions we can in the second. Ba Secretary has not only made several additions to it himself, but has stirred up many others to search for and send to him records and specimens, which have taught us much as to their distribution and as to the soils on which they grow, and which a flora of Lincolnshire is written, his systematic and exhaustive Legros of ee will pomsmensits Laval the labour of f the "Naturalist, s % Fowler: Presidential Address to Lincs. Naturalists’ Union. 2 231 author, whoever. he may be. Not many years ago compara- tively little was known of Lincolnshire botany, but that is not the case now; at any rate with regard to flowering plants. Now and then a species new to the county may be discovered, but it is becoming more difficult every year to make any addition. The woods, the limestone quarries, the sandy warrens, the peat bogs, the drains, the gravelly and clay soils, and the sea-shore have been so well investigated that we know, practically, the species proper to each; so that, knowing the habitat, we can predict what is the nature of the soil, or con- versely, knowing the nature of the soil, we can predict, to a great extent, what plants will be found on it. In Lincolnshire climate and altitude have little or nothing to do with distribu- tion, so far as I can see. North or south, on hills or on plains, certain plants occur, if the soils suitable occur; if not, they are absent. It is a well-established fact that some plants require more lime, others more silica, others more salt, others more decaying vegetable matter, others more water than the average plant, and will not flourish unless they get it. Let me give you a single illustration. A friend of mine in Yorkshire has the wild Clematis (a southern species) growing in his garden. A few years ago he told me that, though it was to all appearance healthy, it never flowered. Knowing it to be a lime-loving plant (though in this instance growing on clay), I suggested that lime should be artificially supplied in the autumn, This was done, with the result that it flowered freely ; but now, when the lime is exhausted, the Clematis has ceased to flower. Surely this is a proof that it was not northern air which prevented it from flowering, but the absence of food convenient for it. Many similar instances might be adduced. In the same garden (and therefore in the same climate and the same alti- tude), highland and lowland, northern and southern plants are seen to flourish, if soil suitable to each be supplied. In a limited | area, like that of Lincolnshire, the distribution of plants depends mainly, at all events, on the nature of the soil. A farmer once told me that, on removing from a limestone to a sandy neigh- bourhood, he had quite a different set of weeds to contend with, and the same would no doubt be the case were he to take a farm on clay or warp land, though in the same county. From > this point of view even common plants are not without interest, showing, as they do, that they flourish best in soil congenial to ~ them, and are much more dependent on it, than on climate or — height above sea-level. August 1899, 232 fowler: Presidential Address to Lincs. Naturalists’ Union. But I must now hasten to give some idea of the richness of our flora. Through drainage and cultivation we have, I ait fear, altogether lost Drosera anglica, Cicuta vtrosa, Peucedanum : palustre, Senecto paludosus, S. palustris, Statice reticulata, Carex filtiformis, and Lycopodium alpinum, and are on the way to losing — a other rarities, such as Lathyrus palustris, Selinum Carvifolia, Senecio campestris, Andromeda polifolia, Lysimachia thyrsiflora, Melampyrum cristatum, Tris fetidissima, Maianthemum Conval- larta, Acorus Calamus, Lastrea Thelypteris, Osmunda regalis,— e Ae these works must needs go on, we shall have to reconcile our- selves to the loss of some of our rarest plants from time to time. ss But, though some plants which once occurred in the county are ~ extinct, and some others seem not unlikely to become so, we can yet produce a list of species, which, though by no means common, are likely to continue with us and those who ceme after us. It would be tedious (at least to those who are not botanists) to enumerate all species occurring in the county, many of which are universally distributed. I shall therefore ; content myself with giving a list of those which, having only — a limited distribution in Britain, are of special interest. Ta ing into consideration the fact that, as a rule, none but lowland i species can. be expected to occur in Lincolnshire, we have, I think, a fair share of uncommon plants, in addition to the very rare ones already mentioned. No flora can well be considered an uninteresting one, which contains such species as the follow- ing, to say nothing of many others, which (owing to their wide, if not universal, distribution in Britain) I shall not include. Thalictrum dunense. Stella nemorum. hz yper rosurus minimus. aiken oii aR inum peren Geranium rotunelfotiven, nant nocti Stell aria aquatica. ys Fowler: Presidential Address to Lincs. Naturalists’ Union. 233 | : athyrus Nissolia. } Potentilla argentea. rosera intermedia Myriophyllum os ventilated Callitriche obtusangula. ilobium m _ Salictornia 5 eae Polygonu Rumex was tank. Rumex limosus. Hydrocharis Morsus-ranz. A Ophrys api ; Ophrys muscifera. spara officinalis. pars: _ eccrstay minimum. Lemna ee nia POyTe Sagittaria eek: é aa Bu umbellatus. ‘ Potamogeton coloratus. : Potamogeton nitens. Nee Potamogeton acutifolius. Potamogeton obtusifolius. ‘ Potamogeton Friesii. gach ren Loghohe ae — ira Zanichellia pedune ulata. Cladium Ginacbiok Carex divisa. Carex divulsa. Carex elongata. Carex Hudsonil. Carex distans. Carex extensa Spa stricta Alopecurus bulbosus. pity he lanceolata. ra Spica-venti. bok discolor. Festuca Rottb ‘ellicides.” stuca Myu 234 Fowler: Presidential Address to Lincs. Naturalists’ Union. Very few of these occur in more than half of the 112 counties stations will be found, perhaps, for species already recorded, ut the day for recording species new to the county has well nigh gone by. It must not, however, be concluded that there is nothing left for botanists to do. e non-flowering plants are full of interest, and though more difficult of determination than flower- ing plants, may be made out, by the exercise of patience, perseverance, and care. The Mosses and Hepatics, the Lichens, the Fungi, and the Algz of Lincolnshire have been only partially recorded, and there is plenty of scope for useful work, if only those willing to give attention to them can be found. The flowering plants (on account of the size and beauty of many of them) are no doubt attractive objects for study, but the lowlier ones have their advantages. Many of them can be found at seasons of the year when flowering plants are few and far between, and have a beauty of their own when examined by the help of the microscope. They are, moreover, full of instruction for those botanists who are interested in the physiology and . development of plant life, since the larger and most highly organised forms can only rightly be understood, when a know- ledge has been gained of the smaller and lower forms. We | have a few members in our union who have shown an interest in cryptogams, and I feel sure there would be more, if some were’ not frightened by imaginary difficulties. Minute organisms— can, if equally patient and persevering. I hope we shall soon have more students of what are sometimes called ‘ the neglected orders.’ I can assure any such that they will be rewarded by the sight of many beautiful and curious objects, and by a con- sequently fuller knowledge of plant life. They will also have the satisfaction of feeling that, instead of recording what has been already recorded again and again, they are adding fresh records, and so increasing the knowledge of the botany of the county. To such intending students I would recommend ‘The Collector’s Handy-book of Algw, Desmids, Fungi, Lichens, — oe Mosses, etc.,’ by Nave, translated and edited by the Rev. W. W- Spicer, M. tae which gives instructions as to where these lower Se anaes wee ! "Naturalist, Fowler: Presidential Address to Lines. Naturalists’ Union. 235 plants may be found, and as to how they can best be obtained and preserved. It is published by Gibbings & Co., and though quite a small book, contains much interesting and valuable information. Every plant, whether flowering or non-flowering, is full of interest, when not only looked at, but examined. It is sometimes said of us botanists that the beauty of plants is lost upon us, and that our only pleasure seems ‘to consist.in pulling them to pieces. For myself, and I think for many others, I beg to decline accepting this view, and hold that our admiration is greatly increased, rather than diminished, by our knowledge of their structure, of their nourishment, of their habitats, and of the marvellous means taken for ensuring their reproduction. I have yet to meet with the botanist who is insensible to the beauty of the Pasque-flower, the Meadow Geranium, the Drop- wort, and the Bee Orchis in our pastures ; of the Marigold, the Blue Bottle, the Greater Yellow Rattle, and the Larger Hemp- nettle in our cultivated fields; of the Marsh Gentian, Grass of Parnassus, Bog Pimpernel, Buck-bean, Asphodel, and Andro- meda on our boggy heaths; of the Wood and Tufted Vetch, the Rose, the Broad-leaved Campanula, the Yellow Loosestrife, and the White Convolvulus in our woods and hedges; of the White Water Lily, the Purple Loosestrife, the Yellow Iris, the Arrow- head, and the Flowering Rush in our drains and pools 5 of the Viper’s Bugloss, Broom, Gorse, and Rest-harrow in our waste places. These, and many other smaller plants which I have not time to mention, are beautiful to behold, but the unscientific have not a monopoly of their beauty, as they sometimes seem to think. We, who study them, see all that they see, but much more in addition; and the more we know of them the greater is our admiration of them, and our reverence for their Maker. An interesting subject for’ those botanists who are favourably situated is that of the extension of maritime plants inland, by way of tidal rivers. Most of them seem unable to exist far beyond the Humber mouth, but a few of them not only live but seem at home on the Trent banks for a considerable distance, Scirpus maritimus, Rumex maritimus, Aster Tripolium, Juncus Gerardi, and Glaux marttima to wit. The seeds of many others must often be carried up by the Humber, but not developed, probably because they require more salt than the plants above- d if any members finding maritime d may be added to those I already have. With a better collection - of data and comparison with those from other counties into ao oe 236 Fowler: Presidential Address to Lincs. Naturalists’ Union. which tidal rivers run, we may be able at some future time to — draw some interesting conclusions. In conclusion, may I be allowed to urge upon all collectors of natural history objects the necessity of making notes in writing as to the time and place of collection? It is possible to forget these particulars in a few years; or the specimens may pass into other hands, and without such notes become almost valueless. I myself know of collections of fossils, of insects, of — plants, which, in consequence of not being labelled, are all but — : worthless. If we have no information as to where and when | a specimen is gathered, its chief interest for us is gone. I hope ~ yet to see a County Museum, in which natural history objects _ : may be safely stored and arranged, and so made useful to the ‘many instead of to the few. I am convinced that, if such a museum were provided, interesting objects in every branch of natural history would be forthcoming, which at present are held back, and without it may eventually pass out of the county in ; Tonia pe eee notes are of the utmost value, ‘litera scripta t.’ In bringing my presidential year to an end, allow me ~ ie to thank my fellow-members of the Union, for their readiness to . eo give me information and to send me specimens, as also for their _ kind hospitality, without which it would have been difficult for — me to attend all the meetings during the year. Though my lot is cast in another county, I was born in Lincolnshire, and, = botanised in it between forty and fifty years ago. Since then, have generally spent my holiday in it, and always been knowledge of its natural history. So I hope I shall continue to be. And if, in consequence of parochial and other engagements, ~ I am unable to attend some of the meetings of the Union, I look _ forward to being present with you at others, and to keep alive — friendships which I so highly value. With advancing years, — dily activity must needs decrease, but this should not be the case with the mental and spiritual part of our nature. To know — more, and to be more, should be our aim, not thinking we know — all because we know something, and not thinking ourselves : perfect because we have made some advance. ‘We know — ‘that which is ieticte is. ene eu that which is in ae shall ~~ done ecainide cies oe ‘ $n Memoriam. HENRY BENDELACK HEWETSON. THE death of Mr. H. Bendelack Hewetson, at the comparatively early age of forty-nine, has caused a wide-spread feeling of regret amongst a large circle of friends and acquaintances, Mg CF SO | many of whom have benefited by his skill as a surgeon. His loss, however, will especially be felt by his scientific friends and naturalists, members of the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union and ugust 1899. Memoriam—Henry Bendelack Hewetson. > 238 the Leeds Naturalists’ Club, of which latter he was four times President. It is not now our purpose to write of his distinguished position in the medical world, and his skill as a surgeon in all cranial diseases, but rather of his place amongst us as a naturalist, for Mr. Hewetson was much more than octor; in Natural History and other kindred sciences he was an cunt! and when off his regular work every spare hour of his life was given to the pursuit of his favourite studies. No one ever saw him idle. Whatever at the time was his special ur first acquaintance with Mr. Hewetson commenced many years since in that corner of Holderness—the Spurn district— which he loved, so well, and where subsequently he became a regular resident; a pleasant retreat at the end of every week's work in Leeds, and in holiday times of the year. Mr. Hewetson was a keen archeologist, and in the last fifteen years of his life brought together a very interesting collection of prehistoric stone implements and pottery, also extinct animal remains from tumuli along the coast and search- ings in the ancient forest bed, at low water mark. These relics of ancient man and beast were as they were got deposited and arranged by him in a small museum attached to his house, at. Easington, best known to his friends as Mount Pleasant. Alas! ow memories crowd in of gatherings of naturalists at that hoepitable board, of the MNoctes ‘Ambrostane there, or in the parlour of the little village inn, or the home of the two Lotens, ather and son. ‘Mr. Hewetson’s finds in his previous exploration of the ‘kitchen middens,’ exposed by the action of the sea along the coast of Holderness, were placed by him some years since in the Museum of the Hull Institution in George Street. Amongst many other things he collected some hundreds of coins, ranging over a wide period, found on the beach, washed out of those fast-vanishing clay cliffs by the united action of frost, rain, and — sea. In fact, anything found in the neighbourhood was certain | to find its way to ‘the doctor,’ for he had a host of friends and neighbours on the outlook who were, in a way, educated by him to take interest in these things. Hewetson was a man of the quickest perception, and always took the greatest possible interest in noting, during the periods of migration, the various species of migrants which found a temporary resting-place in the district, and he assisted in adding edi new birds to the avifaunal list of the county. Naturalist | Sg ee oa ee Te ee Memoritam—Henry Bendelack Hewetson. 239 His notes, too, sent from time to time, to the writer, on the migration of insects, were of great and marvellous interest. A cetacean of any sort, a seal, or any rare and curious fish or marine object cast up by the sea was certain to receive attention, photographed and described ; nothing being overlooked or con- sidered valueless or unimportant. No man was more capable of inditing the chronicles of a sea-side village. During all the useful and busy period of his medical career in Leeds he found time for foreign travel, and in the course of years made two visits to Egypt, two to Morocco, also to Algiers and the Sahara. He had also spent holidays in the south of France and Italy, the Canaries and Cape de Verde Islands, and shorter visits to Norway, Sweden, and Hol .*. His last holiday, of any extent, was made under failing heatth to South America. In all the places he visited he was unwearied in collecting and bringing home objects of interest, amongst these a large dollectibn: of bird skins from Northern Africa. Recently he presented a valuable collection of Egyptian antiquities to the Museum of the Philosophical Society of Leeds; also a fair col- lection of orchids from South America to the Hull Park gardens. During these travels he also took hundreds of views with on 18th October 1896, pictures which were afterwards exhibited at Leeds. _ Mr. Hewetson was a brilliant lecturer and a telling platform eaker ; we were never more struck by this than when listening to his excellent remarks after our reading of Mr. Wm. Eagle Clarke’s Report on Migration in the theatre of the Victoria University at the meeting of the British Association at Liverpool. His language was always good, and his ideas clearly and con- cisely expressed. Mr. Hewetson was a Fellow of the Linnean Society and also of the Zoological Society, and more recently a Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society and a member of the British Ornithologists’ Union, besides several local societies. s a personal friend and a regular correspondent of more than twenty years, we are in a position to speak highly of his abilities and the versatility of his genius. His fault, if any, 240 Prior: Water Shrew mn Dentdale, Forkshire. was in not concentrating on one or two studies instead of © taking up so many various matters which by the very nature of things could not be worked out in a busy professional life. We well recollect, before failing health incapacitated him ‘from exercise, our last visit to the coast together ; this was near the old warehouse on the Humber side. Immense flocks of various waders were gyrating, wildly over the muds, from every side came the cries of birds, the shrill A/ee-e-eep of Grey — Plover, douey-louey of the Godwits, the more distant Aleep-kleep — of Oystercatchers along the tide edge, shrieks of the angry Curlew. On the land side of the protective embankment Lap- ‘wings were all on the wing, careering and tumbling in an agitated fashion. What did it all mean this mighty disturbance of the bird population along leagues of shore? It was Hewetson who was quick to divine the cause. Pointing aloft he drew our attention to three magnificent Peregrines, barely out of gunshot, passing down the coast, their presence sufficient to disturb the various fowl and throw them into ecstacies of alarm. pee Mr. Hewetson will be a much missed man in the Easington and Spurn districts, and memories of the ‘good doctor’ will linger amongst the fisher-folk and farmers when all present | voices have become silent. _ His cheery manner and pleasant smile have comforted and buoyed-up many an old village worthy in his passage down the valley of shadow Always anxious and willing to do a kind action to those he liked and who loved and respected him in turn. An arm of aid to the A friendly hand to re Trends, u o ‘ee The world is wide—these things are aural, They may be nothing, but ae are All. : ; NOTE—MA MMALIA, | er Shrew in Dentdale, Yorkshire.—I forward you one of the = Wat mice Shh are in this valley, which I do not recollect seeing elsewhere. found along the is or brooks, a Deeside, Beak: Sedber rgh, R S. 3., ged. May [The example sént was the Water EBore Crossopus eer Ns D. R: Naturalist. LIST OF DERBYSHIRE MOSSES. Rev. W. H. PAINTER, Stirchley Rectory, near Shifnal, Corresponding Member of the Birmingham Natural History and Philosophical Society, and of the Birmingham Microscopists’ and Naturalists’ Union. The only published list of South Derbyshire Mosses known is that which is included in ‘The Flora and Fauna of Repton,’ the joint work of the late Mr. W. Garneys, surgeon, of Repton, and of the late Mr. J. Hagger, F.L.S., one of the masters in Repton School, MUS CE. Section I.—ACROCARPI. SPHAGNACE#. 1. Sphagnum acutifolium Ehrh. I. Frequent on Kinder Scout, Charlesworth Coombs, and near Buxton, Whrtehead. III. Repton Rocks, Repton F. & F. Var. deflexum Schpr. I. Kinder Scout, Holt in Whitehead’s Derbyshire List. Var. lzetevirens Braith. I. Kinder Scout, Holt in Whitehead. Var. patulum Schpr. I. Kinder Scout, Hol¢ in Whitehead. bag Sphagnum fimbriatum Wils. I. Kinder Scout, Whitehead. 3: Sphagnum strictum Lindb. I. Kinder Scout, Ho/¢ in Whitehead. 4. Sphagnum squarrosum Pers. I. Charlesworth Coombs; Kinder Scout, Whitehead, III. Repton Rocks, Hagger ; Breadsall Moor, Brickfield, in fruit! 5- Sphagnum intermedium Hofim. I. Charlesworth Coombs; Kinder Scout, Wahztehead. ; Q August 1899. ‘ gai ye 242 m “TI % ‘© ° i Painter: List of Derbyshtre Mosses. Sphagnum cuspidatum Ebrh. I. Kinder Scout; Axe Edge, Whitehead. III. Repton Rocks, Repfon, F. . Sphagnum rigidum Schpr. Var. compactum Brid. I. Kinder Scout, Whztehead. Var. squarrulosum Russ. I. Kinder Scout, Holz in Whitehead. Sphagnum subsecundum Nees. I. Kinder Scout; Charlesworth, WaAztehead. Var. contortum Schultz. I. Charlesworth Coombs; Kinder Scout, near Wood- head, Whitehead. Var. auriculatum Schpr. I. Kinder Scout, Whzvehead. Sphagnum papillosum Lindb. I. Kinder Scout, Hod¢ in Whitehead. pai ist cymbifolium Dill. I. Charlesworth Coombs; Kinder Scout, Whitehead. III. Repton Rocks, Hagger. Var. squarrulosum Nees. I. Near Buxton, Zey, 1869; Kinder Scout, Molt in- Whitehead. ; ANDREAZEACEE. . Andreza petrophila Ehrh. I. Charlesworth Coombs ; Kinder Scout ; Edale, Whzte- ead. . Andrezwa crassinervia Bruch. I. Kinder Scout, West; near Woodhead, Whitehead. WEISSIACE. Gymnostomum rupestre Schwg. I. (Wetssta rupestris Schwg. Deep Dale, Buxton, Zey, 1886). Fernilee and Miller’s Dale, Barker in Whitehead. Var. ramosissimum Br.&Sch. I. Castleton, Rogers, 1881; Miller’s Dale, 1882, Holt i in Whitehe ad. “Naturalist, Lal ot i _ ty to i) > Painter: List of Derbyshire Mosses. 243 Gymnostomum calcareum Nees et Hornsch. (In ex- cluded species, Lond. Cat.). Mollia calcarea (Nees et Hornsch,) Lindb., Brazthwatte, Moss Flora. I. On toadstone at Dale End, near Buxton; Monk’s Dale, near Worm Hill, 1886; Miller’s Dale, 1887, Ley; Chee Dale, Holmes, 1874; Monsal Dale, Raven’s Dale, and Ashwood Dale, 1883, Ho/¢ in Whitehead . Gymnostomum curvirostrum Ehrh. I. Wet rocks, Castleton, Ho/t in Whitehead. . Gymnostomum commutatum Mitt. I. Raven’s Dale, Holt, 1883, in Whitehead. Gymnostomum microstomum Hedw. I. (Wetssta microstoma Weiss. Buxton, 1869, Ley). Castleton; Monsal Dale; Miller’s Dale and Lath- kill Dale, Whitehead. Gymnostomum squarrosum N.& H. I. Banks at Mellor, 1868, Scholefield in Whitehead. Gymnostomum tortile Schwe. I. (Werssia tortilis Schwg. Miller’s Dale, Weld, Ley). athkill Dale, 1838, Wezlson; Ashwood Dale, Whitehead. Weissia viridula Brid. I. Banks at Edale; Whaley Bridge; Mellor and Cress- brook Dale, Whitehead. III. Milton and Foremark, Hagger; Mickleover. and Radbourne, Bindley. . Weissia mucronata Bruch. III. Mickleover, Bindley. . Weissia cirrhata Hedw. I.. Buxton, 1869, Zey; rocks and walls, Charlesworth ; Mellor and Whaley Bridge, Whitehead. III. Repton, Hagger; Mickleover and Findern, Bindley. Cynodontium Bruntoni B.«S. I. Matlock, Cash in Whitehead. Dichodontium pellucidum L. I. Buxton, 1874, fruit, Zev. Wet rocks, Charlesworth ; Kinder Scout ; and Chapelc ate Frith, Whitehead. Aupust 1899. 244 Painter: List of Derbyshire Mosses. Var. serratum Schpr. I. (D. flavescens Dicks.) Matlock and Rowsley, Wison, 1834; Castleton, Whitehead. . Dicranella Schreberi Hedw. Var. elata Schpr. I. Clay bank, Stirrup Wood, Charlesworth, fruiting, Whitehead. 26. Dicranella squarrosa Schrad. I. Edale Head, 1881, Zey; Charlesworth Coombs and Kinder Scout, Whitehead. . Dicranella cerviculata Hedw. I. Charlesworth Coombs and Kinder Scout, Whitehead. III. Repton Rocks, Hagger. iS) ut rs) J te = Dicranella varia Hedw. I. Youlgreave, 1876, Zev; frequent on clay banks, Whitehead. Var. callistoma Dicks. I. Ashwood Dale, Hol¢ in Whitehead. 29. Dicranella rufescens Turn. I, Clay banks, Charlesworth; Mellor, Hayfield, Edale, and Coombs Moss, Whitehead. 30. Dicranella heteromalla Hedw. I. Rowsley, 1876, Zey; common, Wazitehead. III. Common in the district ! . Dicranum fuscescens Turn. I, Charlesworth Coombs; Kinder Scout, Whitehead. Var. falcifolium Braith. ‘* Charlesworth Coombs; Kinder patsle Schotefeld i in Whitehead. . Dicranum scoparium L. I. Frequent ; Charlesworth Shoihe and near Buxton, in fruit, Whitehead; Lea Hill; Cromford! Dove- dale, Bindley. Var. orthophyllum Schpr. I. Carmeadow, near Hayfield, Ho/¢ in Whitehead. Var. paludosum Schpr. 7 Kinder Scout, Ho/¢ in Whitehead. Ww ~ o> nN Naturalist. ie Rei e: Migs. teeta sate Peli Wek ret me Mee 2 is ¥ St Ya rae ak i Painter: List of Derbyshire Mosses. 245 33. Dicranum majus Turn. I. eae Dale, 1870, Zey; frequent, Fernilee, near Buxton, Gordon in Whitehead. IIl. eae Bindley. . Dicranum palustre Bry. Brit. I. Charlesworth and Kinder Scout, Whitehead; near Erwood, Buxton, 1874, Ley. wW BS [Dicranum Bonjeani DeNot. | Charlesworth and Kinder Scout, Whitehead. . Dicradontium longirostrum Web. & Mohr. I. Kinder Scout, Ao/¢f; Stirrup and Whitebottom Woods, Charlesworth, Whitehead. 36. Campylopus atrovirens DeNot. I. Kinder Scout, Gordon in Whitehead. w wm - Campylopus flexuosus Brid. I. Charlesworth Coombs, Kinder Scout, and Cromford, Whitehead. III. Repton Rocks, Repfon F. & F. vise i tb paradoxus Wvils. I r Scout, Whitehead. Loe) J w ge a) © Campytopas setifolius Wils. I s Dale, fruit, Barker in Whitehead. ; Sern fragilis B.&S. Chee Tor, Matlock Bath; Miller's Dale, Holt; Mellor, Wahttehead; Dovedale and Matlock, + oO 41. Campylopus pyriformis Brid. I. Kinder Scout, Ho/¢ in Whitehead. | LEUCOBRYACE. 42. Leucobryum glaucum L. I. Moorlands near Buxton; Coomb’s Moss, fruit, 1886, Ley; Charlesworth Coombs, Kinder Scout, and near Glossop, Whitehead ; Whatstandwell, Bindiey. BRUCHIACEZE, . Pleuridium nitidum Hedw. Clay banks, Charlesworth and Chapel-en-le-Frith, + wo Whitehead. : Ill. Mickleover, waarted fee August 1899. 246 44. aS oat - OV > sI Painter: List of Derbyshire Mosses. Pleuridium subulatum L. I. Buxton, 1870, Zev; Mellor, Whitehead. III. Milton, Hagger; Mickleover, Bindley. . Pleuridium alternifolium B.&S. III. Ingleby, near Repton, Hagger; Mickleover, Bindley. SELIGERIACE., . Seligeria Doniana Sm. I. Lathkill Dale, 1886, Zey; Ashwood Dale; Raven’s Dale and Monsal Dale, Holt; shady limestone rocks, Castleton, Whitehead. . Seligeria pusilla Hedw. I. Lover’s Leap, Buxton, 1886; Monk’s Dale, 1886; Lathkill Dale, 1890; Dovedale, 1891, Zey ; Castle- ton, Whitehead. Seligeria acutifolia Lindb. ‘I. Tideswell Dale, 1886; Litton Dale, 1887, Ley. Var. longiseta Lindb. I. Raven’s Dale and Monsal Dale, Holé; Lover’s Leap, Buxton, Welson, 1831; Tideswell Dale; Miller’s Dale and Chee Dale, Whrtehead. . Seligeria calcarea Dicks. 1. Taddington Dale, Ho/¢ in Whitehead: on Travertin, Via Gellia, 1887, Zev. . Seligeria tristicha Brid. I. Miller’s Dale, P. Cunliffe; Castleton, Rogers and Cunliffe in Whitehead. . Seligeria recurvata Hedw. I. Kinder Scout and Monsal Dale, Whitehead. . Campylostelium saxicola Web. & Mohr. I. Near Crich and Rowsley, W7lson in Whitehead. Blindia acuta Hedw. I. Kinder Scout and Edale, AH/o/¢ in Whitehead. POTTIACES., Spherangium muticum Schreb. I. Charlesworth, Whztehead. Naturalist, _ U1 Ve) OV nN = ON as) 65. Patnter: List of Derbyshire Mosses. 247 . Phascum cuspidatum Schreb. I. Miller’s Dale; Tideswell Dale and Chapel-en-le- Frith, Whitehea III. Milton, Hagger ; Mickteover: Bindley. . Phascum bryoides Dicks. I. Wormhill, 7, Nowell, 1845; Miller’s Dale, R. Schole- field; Buxton, Wood; Monsal Dale, Ashton ; Chee Dale, Whitehead. Phascum rectum Sm. I. Miller’s Dale and Monsal Dale, Whztehead. . Pottia cavifolia Ehbrh. I. (Zortula cavifolia Ehrh. Between Tideswell and Miller’s Dale, Zey). Miller's Dale, Cunliffe in Whitehead. . Pottia minutula Schwg. I, Miller's Dale, Whitehead. III. Mickleover, Bindley. Pottia truncata L. I. Frequent, Whitehead. Il]. Foremark, Hagger; Mickleover, Bindley. . Pottia intermedia Turn. I. Miller’s Dale, Ze¢/ow in Whitehead. . Pottia Starkeana Hedw. I. Buxton, Hunt, 1872, in Whitehead. . Pottia lanceolata Dicks. i. Taddington Dale; Monsal Dale; and Miller’s Dale, Whitehead. . Didymodon rubellus B.&S. I, Frequent on walls, Whitehead; Dovedale, Bindley. Il}. Shobnall, Repton F. & F. Var. dentatus Schpr. | Seas richostomum rubellum B.&S. var. densum. Ash- d Dale, 1887, Zev). Miller’s Dale, West in Whitehead Didymodon flexifolius Dicks. I. Moorland near Stanton, 1880, Zey; near Buxton, August 1899. ~} ° x —_ ~] ty Painter: List of Derbyshtre Mosses. Dr. Greville; Kinder Scout, Hol¢; Charlesworth Coombs, Waiztehead; moors north of Manchester Road, Buxton, Wes¢. Didymodon cylindricus Bruch. 1. (Zrichostomum cylindricus Hedw. Brown Head, near Chapel-en-le-Frith, Ley). Kinder Scout, Holt in Whitehead. . Didymodon sinuosus Wils. I. (Zortula stnuosa Wils. Lathkill Dale, Youlgreave, Ley). Monsal and Miller’s Dales, Ho/¢, 1883; Chee Dale, Whitehead. Eucladium verticillatum L. onk’s Dale, fruit, 1887, Zey; Peak Forest and Chee Due, Whitehead. Ditrichum homomallum Hedw. I. (Leptotrichum homomallum WHampe. Wildmoor Clough, Buxton, 1874, Zey). Castleton, Holt; Stirrup Wood, Charlesworth Coombs; Kinder Scout, Whitehead. III. Repton Rocks, Purchas, Braithwaite. . Ditrichum flexicaule Schw . (LZ. flexicaule Schwg. Common, Zey). Common on limestone, Whitehea Var. densum Schpr. I, Monk’s Dale, fine; Deep Dale, Buxton, 1886, Zey ; Miller’s Dale, Ho/¢; Lathkill Dale, Whitehead. . Trichostomum tophaceum Brid. I. Kinder Scout and Miller’s Dale, Whitehead. III. Mickleover, Bzndley. . Trichostomum mutabile Bruch. I. Dovedale, Wrlson, 1867; Lathkill and Taddington Dales, Whitehead. Ill. Repton, Hagger. Var. cophocarpum Schpr. I. Litton Dale, 1889, Zey; Chee Dale; cave Dale, - Castleton, fr.; Tideswell and Taddington Dales, Whitehead. Ldeergattosanym crispulum Bruch. . Monk’s Dale, 1881 ; Rares, s or 1881 ; : Dovedale, Naturalist, : Avgust 1899. Painter» List of Derbyshire Mosses. 249 1875, Ley; Cave Dale, Castleton, West; Chee Dale, Holt in Whitehead. Var. nigro-viride Braith. I. Monk’s Dale, 1886, Ho/¢ in Whitehead. 74- Trichostomum nitidum Lindb. I. Dovedale, Holmes, 1875, in Whitehead. - Barbula brevirostris B.&S. I. Ashwood Dale, George, 1873, in Whitehead. 76. Barbula rigida Schultz. I. (Tortula rigida Schultz. Topley Pike, 1869-1886, Miller’s Dale, Zey). Walls at Peak Forest and Topley Pike, Whztehead. 77- Barbula ambigua B.&S. I. (Tortula ambigua B.&S. Topley Pike, 1876, Zey). II. Repton, Hagger. 78. Barbula aloides Koch. I. Topley Pike, 1870, Zey; frequent on walls in the limestone dales, Whitehead. - Barbula lamellata Lindb. “ , -J. Near Miller’s Dale Station, 1889, Ley. 80. Barbula muralis L. I. Common on walls, Whztehead ; Matlock Bath! III. Repton, Aagger; Mickleover, Bindley; common about Derby! Var. rupestris Schultz. I. Raven’s Dale, 1881; Lathkill Dale, 1886, Ley; frequent on the rocks and walls in the limestone districts, Whitehead. III. Dovedale, Bindley. 81. Barbula unguiculata Dill. e pe eee on the limestone; abundant at Matlock, ~~ or wT \O Eh Michledver, Bindley: Repton, Hagger. VAR. obtusifolia Schultz. I. Miller’s Dale, Ho/t, 1882, in oo 82. Barbula fallax Hedw. I. Frequent in Ashwood and Miller’ s Dales, Whitehead. III. Mickleover, meniersce [e.2) Se ee) i | = Painter: List of Derbyshire Mosses. Var. brevifolia Wils. I. Buxton and Miller’s Dale, Holz, 1883 ; Chapel-en-le- Frith, Whitehead. . Barbula recurvifolia Schpr. I. Abundant in the limestone dales near Buxton, 1874; Ashwood Dale, fr., 1874, Lev. (Barbula refiexa Brid.) Walls, Chapel-en-le-Frith ; Buxton and Miller’s Dale; Matlock; Castleton, Whztehead. Barbula rigidula Dicks. I. Buxton, Wilson, 1864; Raven’s Dale, 1881, Zev; Castleton, Holt; Whaley Bridge ; Ashwood Dale, Whitehead. . Barbula spadicea Mitt. I. Buxton, Wilson, 1863 ; Dovedale, Holmes; Castleton, Whitehead. Barbula cylindrica Tayl. I. Buxton, Matlock, and Castleton, WaAztehead. . Barbula Hornschuchiana Schultz. I. Topley Pike, 1881, Zey; Cromford, Aunt, es Miller’s Dale, /o/¢ in Whitehead. Ill. Shopnall, Repton F. & F. . Barbula revoluta Schwg. I. Monsal Dale, 1881, Zev; walls, Buxton; Miller’s Dale ; Chapel-en- Mec Frith, Whitehead. . Barbula convoluta Hedw. I. Ashwood Dale and Topley Pike, 1874, Ley; frequent on banks and walls, Whitehead. Barbula inclinata Schwg. (Mollia inclinata Lindb.) I. Staddon Heights, Holmes, 1867, in Braithwaite. . Barbula tortuosa L. I. Very abundant on limestone, Buxton, 1869, Zev; Ashford, fr., Meld and Ashton in Whitehead 5 Matlock Bath; Dovedale, Bindley. . Barbula squarrosa Brid. I. Lathkill Dale, Whztehead. . Barbula subulata L. I. Abundant, Buxton, 1869, Zey; Miller’s Han Hagger; frequent in. limestone coins Whitehead. Painter: List of Derbyshire Mosses. 251 III. Repton, Hagger. 94. Barbula lavipila Brid. I. Monsal Dale, Holt; trees, Dovedale; Chapel-en-le- Frith, Whztehead. 95. Barbula ruralis L. I. Buxton, on limestone, Zey; Ashwood Dale ; Worm- hill; Dovedale; Castleton, Whztehead. IIl. Porcine near Repton, Hagger. 96. Barbula intermedia Brid. I. Common on limestone, ge 1869, Ley; walls in limestone dales, Whitehea 97. Barbula princeps DeNot. I. Near Buxton, S. Ashfon; near Miller’s Dale, Cash in Whitehead. 98. Trichodon cylindricus Hedw. I. Matlock, Wzlson in Whitehead. 99. Ceratodon purpureus L. I. Common on walls and banks. III. Common on walls and banks. 100. Distichum capillaceum L. I. Ashwood Dale, Holt in Whitehead. III. Gunn’s Hills! CALYMPERACE. 101. Encalypta vulgaris Hedw. I. Miller’s Dale, 1871 ; Dovedale, 1875, Zev; Harting- ton; Dovedale, Whztehead. III. Repton, Hagger. Var. pilifera Funck. I. Castleton, Miller’s Dale, and Lathkill Dale, Whzve- head. Var. obtusifolia Funck. I. Miller’s Dale and Lathkill Dale, Whitehead; Dove- dale, Bindley 102. Encalypta streptocarpa Hedw. I. Rather abundant on the limestone, Youlgreave, owman in Wilson, Whitehea August 1899. 105. . Grimmia apocarpa L. . Rhacomitrium fasciculare Schrad. . Rhacomitrium lanuginosum Hedw. Painter: List of Derbyshire Mosses. GRIMMIACE/E. I. Walls, Ashwood Dale; Kinder Scout; Whaley Bridge, Whitehead; Dovedale, Bindley; Matlock Bath ! Var. pumila Schpr. I. Miller’s Dale, Holt, 1879, in Whitehead. . Grimmia pulvinata Dill. I. Frequent, Whitehead. a Ill. Repton, Hagger; Mickleover, Bindley; Belper and : Var. obtusa Hiibn. I. Tickwall, Hunt, 1863, in Braithwaite. Grimmia tricophylla Grev. I. Sandstone walls, Stanton, 1886, Zey; Rowsley, Boswell; Chee Dale, Holt, 1885; Kinder, near Hayfield, Whitehead. Grimmia Doniana Sm. t I. Wall, Coomb’s Moss, 1880, Zey; Axe Edge, Holmes, 1874; Charlesworth, 7imker; walls, Kinder Scout; : Castleton; Fernilee, near Buxton, Whztehead. . Rhacomitrium aciculare L. ; I. Moorland streams near Buxton, 1870, Ley; Charles- worth Coombs and Kinder Scout, Whztehead. Var. denticulatum Wils. I. Kinder Scout and Stenior Clough, WaAztehead. . Rhacomitrium heterostichum Hedw. I. Stenior Clough, and near Buxton, Whrtehead. Var. gracilescens Bry. Eur. (Rhacomitrium obtusum Sm.). Kinder Scout, Whitehead. Charlesworth Coombs; Kinder Scout; Stenior © Clough, and near Buxton, Whitehead. I. Raven’s Dale, 1881; Deep Dale, 1880; Lathkill Dale, — 1886, Ley; Kinder Scout ; Charlesworth Coombs ~ and Chee Dale, sfoape tases F " Naturalist, Painter: List of Derbyshire Mosses 253 Rhacomitrium canescens Hedw Lathkill Dale, 1886, Zey; Fernilee, near Buxton, ; Chapel-en-le- I, Waiitehead. VaR. ericoides Bry. Eur I. Fernilee; Chee Dale Frith, Whitehead. 112. Ptychomitrium polyphyllum Dicks I. Abundant on the Millstone Grit, near Buxton, 1869- 1881, Zey; walls, Ashwood Dale; Furnilee, near Buxton ; Kinder Scout, Whitehead. Kinder, Scout 113. Amphoridium Mougeotii B.&S I. Edale Head, 1881, Zey; near Woodhead; Stenior Clough; Kinder Scout; and Ashwood Dale, Whitehead. 114. Zygodon viridissimus Dicks Abundant on limestone, Buxton, Zey; on trees Monsa ale, Holt; Matlock and Chapel-en-le- Frith, Whztehead. Castleton, Chee Dale, Var. rupestris Lindb I. Ashwood Dale, 1867, Hunt and Miller’s Dale, 1886, Ho/¢ in Whitehead 115. Ulota Drummondii Grev I. On trees near Whaley Bridge, Scholefield in Whitehead. 116. Ulota Bruchii Hornsch. _ I. On trees, Monsal Dale, Holt; Dovedale and Castle- ton, Barker in Whitehead 117. Orthotrichum anomalum B.&S Var. cylindricum Schpr. I. On limestone rocks and walls, rather frequent : Whitehead. III. Trees and rocks, Repton, Repion #. & F. 118. Orthotrichum saxatile Brid. I. Very abundant on limestone near Buxton, Ley; Dovedale, Bindley. 119. Orthotrichum cupulatum Hofim. I. Dovedale, 1886, Zev; frequent on limestone rocks and walls, WaAztehead. ‘5 August 1899. 254 Painter: List of Derbyshire Mosses. Var. nudum Dicks. I. Miller’s Dale and Monsal Dale, 1884, Holt; Chee Dale, Whitehead. 120. Orthotrichum affine Schrad. _— to ut 126. I. Very scarce near Buxton; hawthorn stems, Ash- wood Dale, 1870, Zey; on walls, Chapel-en-le- Frith, and near Whaley Bridge; on trees, Topley Pike, Whitehead; Dovedale, Bindley. Var. rivale Wilson. I. R. Wye, Cheedale, Whitehead, 1878; Miller's Dale, ffolt, 1884, in Braithwaite. . Orthotrichum stramineum Hornsch. I. Matlock Bridge, Spruce; Monsal Dale, Holt in | Whitehead. . Orthotrichum tenellum Bruch. I. Matlock Bridge, 1844, Spruce in Whitehead. 3. Orthotrichum diaphanum Schrad. I. Miller’s Dale ; Matlock Bath ; Fernilee, near Buxton, Whitehead. III. Mickleover; Findern, Bzndley. Orthotrichum Lyellii H.&T. I. Ona tree, Ashwood Dale, Whitehead. . Orthotrichum Sprucei Mont. I. On trees by the Derwent, Matlock, Spruce in White- head. Orthotrichum rivulare Turn. I. By the Wye, Chee Dale, 1878, Whztehead. SPLACHNACEZ. . Splachnum spheericum L. fil. I. Kinder Scout, 7. W. in Whitehead. FUNARIACEE. Discelium nudum Dicks. I. Milton Reservoir, Chapel-en-le-Frith, Barker; clay banks, Charlesworth, Whztehead. Epherum serratum Schreb. I. Hedge bank, Charlesworth, Wahztehead. Ill. Mickleover, Brndley. 133. _ o>) mn 136. _ &e <7 Painter: List of Derbyshire Mosses. 255 . Physcomitrella patens Hedw. I. Milton Reservoir, Chapel-en-le- Frith, Barker in Whitehead. Var. Lucasiana Schp. I. With the foregoing, 1887, Barker in, Whitehead. . Physcomitrium sphericum Schwe. I. With the foregoing, 1893, Barker in Whitehead. . Physcomitrium piriforme L. I. Mud of a pond, Buxton, 1890, Zey; Charlesworth, and Chapel-en-le-Frith, Whztehead. III. Spurs Bottom, Repton, Hagger; moist bank, Mickle- over, Bindley Funaria calcarea Wahl. I. Deep Dale, 1870; Miller's Dale, 1872; Dovedale, 1886, Ley; Matlock and Miller's Dale, W/son ; Castleton; Wormhill and Taddington Dale, Whzte- head. . Funaria hygrometrica L. I. Common on banks and walls, Whitehead. III. Repton Shrubs, Hagger ; walls, Mickleover, Bindley. BARTRAMIACE. - Bartramia pomiformis L. I. Goyt’s Bridge, Buxton, 1869 ; Hollings Clough, 1870, Ley; Stirrup Wood, Charlesworth ; Charlesworth Coombs; Kinder Scout, Wahztehead. III. Bank, Eggington, Bindley; Repton, Hagger. Bartramia Cderi Gunn. I. Lover’s Leap, Buxton, 1870; Dovedale, 1881-1886, Ley; limestone rocks, sagieton and Ashwood Dale, Whitehead. j Philonotis fontana L. I. (Bartramia fontana Brid. Edale Head, 1881, Zey), Charlesworth Coombs and Kinder Scout; Castle- ton; Fernilee, near Buxton, Whitehead. . Philonotis calcarea B.&S. L (Bartramia calcarea B.&S. Monk’s Dale, 1881, Zev). inder Scout. and Chee Dale, male plants only, Whitehead. 144. 145; 146. 148. Painter: List of Derbyshire Mosses. — . Breutelia arcuata Dicks. I. (Bartramia arcuata Brid. Raven’s Dale, 1881, Zey). Chee Dale and Kinder Scout, Whitehead. BRYACEZE. . Leptobryum pyriforme L. I. Shady limestone rocks, Castleton, Whitehead. III. Newton ee Hagger; stonework, Mickleover, Bindley oy . Webera cucullata Schp. Not in Lond. Cat. I. Kinder Scout, Whitehead. . Webera nutans Schreb. I. Not uncommon on the Millstone Grit and Coal Measures, Whitehead. III. Repton Rocks, Hagger. . Webera cruda Schreb. (Bryum crudum Schreb. Near Hollinsclough, fruit, 1881; Raven’s Dale, 1881, Zey). Miller’s Dale, Flolt ; Castleton, Whitehead. Webera annotina Hedw. I. Kinder, near Hayfield ; Charlesworth, Wahztehead. lil. Tickenhall, Hagger. Var. angustifolia Schpr. I. Castleton, West in Whitehead. Webera carnea L. I. Clay banks at Charlesworth, Whitehead. III. Damp railway bank, Mickleover, Bzndley. Webera albicans Wahl. I. (Bryum albicans Wahl. F aang at Dale End, near Alstonefield, 1879, Zey). Banks at Castleton; Stenior Clough; Stirrup Wood, Charlesworth ; See and Kinder Scout, Whitehead. . Zieria julacea Schpr. I. (Bryum Ziertt Dicks. Cave Dale, Castleton, 1881 5 Raven’s Dale, 1881, Zev). Cressbrook Dale, Ho/t; Cave Dale, Castleton, West in Whitehead. Bryum pendulum Hornsch. I, Wall near Chapel-en-le-Frith, Whitehead. III, Foremark and ies Rie san F..& F.. Mareen ; 157: Painter: List of Derbyshire Mosses. 257 -. Bryum inclinatum Swartz. I. Wall in Miller’s Dale, Whztehead ; Cromford ! . Bryum intermedium W.&M. I. Walls, Miller’s Dale and Charlesworth, Whitehead. III. Newton Solney, Hagger. . Bryum bimum Schreb. III. Boggy place, Findern, Bzndley. Var. cuspidatum Bry. Eur. I. (Bryum affine Bruch). Buxton, Aunt, 1871, in . Bryum pallescens Schleich. I. Monsal Dale, Holt, 1879, in Whitehead. . Bryum murale Wils. I. Wall top at Cressbrook Mills, 1877, teste H. Boswell, Ley. . Bryum atropurpureum W.&M I. Ashwood Dale, Whitehead. III. Willington, Hagger. Var. gracilentum Tayl. I. Near Castleton, West in Whitehead. - Bryum cespiticium L. I. Wallis near Tideswell and Bakewell, Whitehead. III. Ingleby, Hagger; Mickleover, Bindley; common about Derby! : . Bryum argenteum L. I. Common, Waiztehead; Matlock Bath! III. Willington and Repton, Hagger; Mickleover, Bindley. Bryum capillare L. I. Frequent on walls, Whitehead. III. eee Hills and Repton, Hagger; Mickleover, ndley; Quarndon and Duffield. VaR. macrocarpum Hueben. I. Wall at Castleton, Whitehead. Var. Ferchelii B.&S. I. Buxton, Prof. Barker in Whitehead; Litton Dale, _ Whitehead. qth Sept. 1899. : ‘ : R \ 258 158. ie 159. 160. Painter: List of Derbyshire Mosses. Bryum pallens Swartz. I. Via Gellia, Matlock, 1887, Zey; Ashwood, Miller’s and Monsal Dales; Chapel-en-le-Frith and Matlock, Whitehead. III. Willington, Hagger. Bryum pseudo-triquetrum Hedw. I. Monk’s Dale, 1881, Zey; wet bank near Castleton ; _ nr. Woodhead, male pl.; Charlesworth, Whitehead. Bryum roseum Schreb. I. Cressbrook, Hol¢; Stirrup Wood, Charlesworth ; Castleton; Chee Dale, Whztehead. 61. Bryum filiforme Dicks. Oz. 163. 164. 165. 166, I. Edale, Ho/¢ in Whitehead. MNIACE:. Mnium cuspidatum Hedw. | I, Chee Dale and Matlock, Whitehead. Il. Anchor Church, Hagger. Mnium affine Bland. I. Monsal Dale and Matlock, Waztehead. Var. rugicum Laur. I, Monsal Dale, Holt in Whitehead. Mnium undulatum Hedw. I. Common. Ashwood and Monsal Dales; Matlock, a III. Bretby, Hagger; Mickleover, Bindley. Mnium rostratrum Schrad. I. Stirrup Wood and Whitebottom Wood, Charles- worth; Lover’s Leap, Ashwood Dale, Whitehead. © III. Foremark, Hagger. Mnium hornum L. I. Frequent in fruit, Whztehead; ‘ta 1 Wood, Cromford! III. Foremark, Hagger; Dale Woods, Bindley; Ock- brook ! 167. Mnium serratum Schrad. I. Fernilee Wood, “near ea. ey Matlock, _ Whitehead. € * a Fe Oe st ae eens ie ~ Fgh Lote Mates Sei Tah nee tee See Se ae Se ee ‘ ; : S poy: Naturalist, CAL at ee me pte 169, I ~~ oe; 176, Painter: List of Derbyshire Mosses. LS 59 . Mnium stellare Hedw. I. Raven’s Dale, 1881, Zey; Odin Mine, Castleton, fr., ' 1884, Holt; Ashwood and Taddington Dales; Edale, etc., Whitehead. Mnium punctatum Hedw. I. Rather common in woods and shady places, White- head; Death o’ Lumb, near Belper! III. Knowle Hills, Hagger; Dale Wood and Mickleover, Bindley. . Mnium subglobosum B.&S. I. Carmeadow, near Hayfield, 1882, AHo/¢t; Kinder Scout and Charlesworth Coombs, Whitehead. . Aulacomnium androgynum L. I. Plare Wood, Youlgreave, 1877, Ley. III. Mickleover, Bzndley. . Aulacomnium palustre L. I. Whatford Wood, Buxton, 1874, Zey; Charlesworth Coombs; Kinder Scout; Coombs Moss, White- head. III. Repton Rocks, Repion F. & F. TETRAPHIDACE. . Tetraphis pellucida L. I. Near Rowsley, 1880, Zey. Rather frequent. Stirrup Wood, Charlesworth, and Whitebottom Wood, fr., Whitehead. III. Repton Rocks, Repion F. & F. . Tetradontium Brownianum Dicks. I, Wooded Gritstone rocks, between Rowsley and Stanton, 1880, Ley; Kinder Scout, Ho/¢.in White- _ head. POLYTRICHACE, ; Oligotrichum hercynicum Ehrh. I. Near Goyt’s Bridge, 1874; Brown Head, near Chapel-en-le-Frith, 1881, Zev; Kinder Scout and Edale, Whitehead. Atrichum undulatum L. I, Common in woods and shady banks, Whitehead. th Sept. 1899, iy, Lal ¥ Painter: List of Derbyshire Mosses. Ili. Foremark, Hagger; Mickleover, Bindley. Pogonatum nanum Neck. I. Clay bank at Charlesworth, Clough in Whitehead. III. Repton, Hagger. . Pogonatum aloides Hedw. I. Near Buxton, very common, 18609, 1874, Ley; rather frequent on clay banks, Whitehead. III. Repton Rocks, Hagger. . Pogonatum urnigerum L. I. Charlesworth Coombs; Kinder Scout ; Chapel-en-le- Frith ; Buxton; and near Whaley Bridge, Wazte- head. : III. Repton Rocks, Hagger. . Pogonatum alpinum L. I. Kinder Scout, Clough in Whitehead. . Polytrichum gracile Menz. I. Stirrup Wood, Charlesworth; Ernicroft Wood, Mellor, Whitehead. . Polytrichum formosum Hedw. I. Monsal Dale, Whitehead. Ill. Foremark, Hagger. . Polytrichum piliferum Schreb. I. Whatford Wood, Buxton, etc., 1869, 1870, Ley; Charlesworth Coombs; Raworth; Kinder Scout; Stenior Clough, Whitehead. III. Repton Rocks, Hagger. . Polytrichum juniperinum Willd. I. Charlesworth Coombs, Schofield in Whitehead. Ill. Tickenhall, Hagger; Findern, Bindley. . Polytrichum strictum Banks. I. Kinder Scout, Ho/¢ in Whitehead. Polytrichum commune L. I. Abundant on the moorlands, Whitehead ; ephatond | Ill. Repton Rocks, Hagger. : Diphyscium foliosum L. I. Goyt’s Lane, near Buxton, 188r, eo Seale reese ‘Naturalist. - ™, ; ‘ Painter: List of Derbyshire Mosses. 261 Section II.—AMPHOCARPI. FISSIDENTACE., 188. Fissidens bryoides Hedw. I. Grin Wood, Buxton, 1870, ee : ieee! and White- bottom Woods, etc., Whiteh III. Repton, Hagger ; Mickleover, is Quarndon ! 189. Fissidens exilis Hedw. I. Clay banks, Charlesworth, Whitehead. III. Mickleover, Bindley. 190. Fissidens incurvus W.&M. I. Clay banks, Charlesworth, and near Whaley Bridge, Whitehead. 191. Fissidens viridulus Wils. I. Monk’s Dale, 1887, Zey; banks at Mellor, Schofield in Whitehead. 192. Fissidens pusillus Wils. I. Lover’s Leap, Buxton, Hunt; Chee Dale; Monk’s Dale, Barker in Whitehead Var. madidus Spruce. (/issidens minutulus Sull.). I. Stirrup Wood, Charlesworth, Gordon, Nield, Ashton, and Zedlow in Whitehead, al 93. Fissidens crassipes Wils. I. Via Gellia, Matlock, 1887, Zev; Monsal Dale and Raven’s Dale, Hol¢ in Whitehead. 194. Fissidens osmundoides Hedw. I. Edale Head, 1881, Ley ; abundantly. 4 in fruit at Kinder Scout, Whitehead. 195. Fissidens decipiens DeNot. . Buxton; Deep Dale; Raven’s Dale; Lathkill Dale, 1869-1886, Zey ; frequent in Ashwood and Miller’s Dale and Stenior Clough, Whitehead. 196. Pisdidens adiantoides Hedw. I. Stirrup Wood, Charlesworth; Kinder Scout; Fernilee, near Buxton, Whitehead. : ens taxifolius L. I, Clay banks, Charlesworth, and near Whaley Sridge, Whitehea Ili. Milton, asbne. Mickleover, Bzndley. ne Soi Sept. 1899. _ , 262 198. Schistostega osmundacea Dicks. Cinclidotus fontinaloides Hedw. . Hedwigia ciliata Dicks. . Leucodon sciuroides L. Painter: List of Derbyshire Mosses. SCHISTOSTEGACE. I. Rocks near, Stanton, 1880, Zey; Cratcliff Tor, near Youlgreave, Pullinger ; sliady rocks, Charlesworth Coombs; and in an old coal drift near New Mills, III. Repton Rocks, Hagger. 2 Section IJ].—CLADOCARPI. RIPARIACEZ. I. On stones in the Wye at Chee Dale and Miller’s Le Dale, and in the river at Dovedale, Whitehead. ‘ . Fontinalis antipyretica L. I. Not uncommon in the streams on the limestone, such as the Wye, re and Lathkill rivers, Whitehead. III. Ponds, Mickleover, Bind/ey. Var. gigantea Schpr. I. Miller’s Dale, Ho/¢ in Whitehead. “ Var. gracilis Lindb. e & I. Carmeadow, near Geatheseon Holt; Charlesworth Coombs, Whitehead. . Fontinalis squamosa Se a I. Edale Head, 1881, Zey; in the Goyt, near Fernilee, , fr., Clough; Kinder Scout, Whitehead. me: CRYPHASACEZ. I. Kinder Scout; Fernilee, near Buxton, Whitehead. a. Section I1V.—PLEUROCARPI. 7 | LEUCODONTACE. Be I. Limestone wall, Hartington, in Dovedale; with abortive — of setae, near Matlock and Bakewell, W/son in wee head. Ill. nae nesaet eI giant Painter: List of Derbyshtre Mosses 263 NECKERACE. 204. Neckera pumila Hedw I. Derbyshire, Wz/son in Whitehead 205. Neckera crispa L I. Abundant on the limestone, Buxton, Dovedale, etc., on rocks in the limestone dales, mostly Chee Dale, Whitehead; Dovedale and Matlock Bath, Bindle Var. falcata Boulay I. Castleton, Whztehead. 206. Neckera complanata L I, Rare on the Coal Measures ; common on walls in the Monsal Dale, fr., Ho/¢ in White- limestone dales. head ; on a tree, Matlock Bath, Aindley III. Shobnal, Repton F. & F. 207. Homalia trichomanoides Schreb. Fernilee, near Buxton; Matlock Bath, Wahztehead. III. Mickleover, Bindley HOOKERIACEE. 208. Pterygophylum lucens Sm. I. (Hookera lucens Sm. Fruiting in Wildmoor Clough, Buxton, 1870, Zey). Stirrup Wood; woods at Mellor; Fernilee, near Buxton; Lover’s Leap; - Kinder Scout, Whitehead. III. Repton Rocks, Repton F. & F, LESKEACE2. 209. Leskea polycarpa Ehrh. © I. On stones by the Wye, Chee Dale; on tree by the” Wye, Miller’s Dale, Cressbrook Dale, and Monsal Dale ; by the Derwent in Chatsworth Park, Whzte- head ; Dovedale, Bindley. Ill. Tree by water, Anchor Church, Mickleover, Bindley. 210. Anomodon viticulosus L I. Abundant on the limestone, Buxton ; Dovedale, Zey ; Miller’s Dale, fr., Whztehead. Painter: List of Derbyshire Mosses. . Heterocladium heteropterum Bruch. I. Wet rocks, Stirrup Wood, Charlesworth, Mellor, and Kinder Scout, Whitehead. . Thuidium tamariscinum Hedw. I. Not uncommon, Fernilee and Chee Dale, fr., Whzte- ead. III. Bretby, AHagger; Mickleover, Bindley; Quarndon and Duffield ! . Thuidium recognitum Hedw. I. Romantic Rocks at Matlock Bath, 1790; and again in 1820 with perfect fruit, Szr_/. Z&. Smith (Herb. Smith); Wélson’s Bryologia. In the above place in 1884, Whitehead; Monsal Dale, Holt in White- head ; Dovedale, Bindley; Miller’s Dale, Hagger. HYPNACE:. Cylindrothecium concinnum DeNot. Il. Tickenhall, Hagger. . Thamnium alopecurum L. I. Dirnin Dale, near Ashford, 1869, Zey; wet rocks at Charlesworth and Mellor; rather plentiful on wet rocks in the limestone dales, but-the fruit is rather rarely produced, Whitehead ; Dovedale, Bindley. Thamnium angustifolium Holt, Jour. of Bot., 1886; not in Lond. Cat I. Wet rocks, Raven’s Dale, Hol¢ in Whitehead. The only British habitat. . Climacium dendroides L. I. Buxton, 1869, Zey ; marshy meadow, Charlesworth, with abundance of fruit, Scholefield; Matlock Bath; Caves pipe Castleton, and Kinder Scout, Whitehead, III. Repton Rocks, Repton F. & F, . Pylaisia polyantha Schreb. I. On trees, Matlock Bath, Whitehead. Isothecium myurum Poll. I. Stanton, 1886, Zey; on trees, Fernilee, near Buxton, Lathkill Dale, Whitehead. III. Burton Road, Repton, Rein E ks “Naturalist, Painter: List of Derbyshire Mosses. 265 220. Orthothecium intricatum Hartm. I. Deep Dale, Buxton; Lathkill Dale, 1886, Ley; Chapel-en-le-Frith, Barrat; Castleton, West; Chee Dale, Whitehead. 221. Homalothecium sericeum L. I. Rare on the Coal Measures; plentiful on limestone walls and rocks, Whitehead; Rowsley, Hagger. III. Common; Mickleover, Aindley. 222. Camptothecium lutescens Huds. I. Rather frequent on limestone rocks and walls; Ash- wood Dale, fr., Schofield; near Wormhill, White- head. III. Wood, near Repton Rocks, Hagger. 223. Scleropodium cespitosum Wils. I. Shady places on limestone; Lathkill Dale, 1886, Zey; Cressbrook Dale, Holt; Miller’s Dale, Whitehead. 224. Brachythecium glareosum B.&S. I. On banks, Ashwood Dale and Fernilee, near Buxton; Over Haddon ; Chapel-en-le-Frith, Whztehead. 225. Brachythecium velutinum L. I. Raven’s Dale, 1881, Zey; frequent, Mellor; Whaley ik ils Miller’s Dale, ead Ashwood Dale, Waz‘e- Ill, Wma Bindley ; Quarndon ! 226. Brachythecium rutabulum L. I. Rather common throughout the district, Whztehead; Matlock Bath! III. Tickenhall and Repton, Hagger; Mickleover, Bind- levy; Gunn’s Hills; Mackworth; Ireton and Ock- 227. Brachythecium rivulare B.&S. I. Wet rocks, Kinder Scout and Castleton, Whztehead. III. Ireton! 228. Brachythecium populeum Hedw. I. Raven's Dale, 1881, Zey; Whitebottom Wood, Charlesworth; Mellor; Fernilee, near Buxton, Whitehead. III. Knowle Hills, Hagger; Breadsall Moor! 230. _ 22%. 234. 235- yy ER Pett ee ee ee ee Painter: List of Derbyshire Mosses. . Brachythecium plumosum Swartz. I. Stirrup Wood, Charlesworth; near Glossop ; Kinder, near Hayfield, Whitehead. Eurhynchium myosuroides L. I. Wood at Fernilee, near Buxton; Whitebottom Wood, Charlesworth; Edale, Whitehead; Dove- dale, Bzndley. III. Repton, Hagger. Eurhynchium circinatum Brid. I. Lathkill Dale, 1886, Zey. . Eurhynchium striatulum Spruce. I. Wormhill, West in Whitehead. . Eurhynchium striatum Schreb. I. Stirrup Wood, Charlesworth; hedge bank, Mellor ; and near Whaley Bridge, Whitehead. II. Common, Scarcliffe, 1870, Ley. III. Duffield ! Eurhynchium crassinervium Tayl. I. Dovedale, 1877; Rowsley, 1880; Lathkill Dale, fr., 1876, Ley; Matlock, Wilson; by the Wye in Chee _ Dale and Miller’s Dale ; limestone rocks, Castleton, Whitehead. Eurhynchium piliferum Schreb. I. Whitebottom Wood, Charlesworth; Fernilee, near Buxton; Cressbrook Dale, Over Haddon and | Castleton, Whitehead. ‘ . Eurhynchium Swartzii Turn. I. Raven’s Dale, 1881; . Lover's Leap, Buxton, 1886, — Ley; Stirrup and Whitebottom Woods, Charles- Ee worth; Dell at Mellor, and Castleton, Whitehead. Ill. Bretby, Hagger; Mickleover, Bindley. . Eurhynchium preiongum Dill. I. Frequent in woods on the Coal Measures, White- bottom Wood and Whaley Bridge, fr., Whztehead. Ill. Near Bretby, Hagger ; Mickleover, Bindley ; Little aton! . Actas 238. 239- 241. 242. 243. 245 246. 247 Painter: List of Derbyshire Mosses. 267 Eurhynchium pumilum Wiis. I. Cressbrook, Holt; Wormhill, West; Stirrup Wood, Charlesworth, Whitehead. Eurhynchium Teesdalii Sm. I. (Rhynchostegium Teesdalit Sm. Mill wheel, Crom- ford, 1887, Zey.) Chee Dale and Miller’s Dale, ffolt in Whitehead. . Hyocomium flagellare Dicks. I. On rocks by streams, Kinder Scout, Charlesworth Coombs, and Stenior Clough, 7, W. in Whitehead. Rhynchostegium tenellum Dicks. I. Raven’s Dale, 1881, Zey; shady wall at Mellor; shady rocks in the limestone dales, Whitehead. Rhynchostegium depressum Bruch. I. Raven’s Dale, 1881; Lathkill Dale, 1886, Ley; Cressbrook, Holt; Matlock Bath and Chee Dale, Whitehead. Rhynchostegium confertum Dicks. I. Frequent on walls through the district, Whitehead. “III. Mickleover, Béndley. . Rhynchostegium murale Hedw. I. Very abundant on the limestone near Buxton, Ley; on walls and rocks in the limestone dales; a form near the var. judaceum Schpr. occurs near Whaley Bridge and Buxton, Whitehead; Matlock, Hagger. III. Mickleover, Bizndley. Var. julaceum Schpr. (Teste H. Boswell.) I. On the Lathkill near -Youlgreave, 1877, teste H. Boswell, Ley. Rhynchostegium ruscifolium Neck. I. On stones in streams near Whaley Bridge; Stirrup Wood, Charlesworth ; and Mellor, Whitehead. III. Foremark, Hagger; Mickleover, Bindley. Plagiothecium latebricola Wiils. I. Charlesworth Coombs, Whztehead; Dovedale, Aind- ley. Plagiothecium pulchellum Hedw. I. Miller’s Dale, Hod¢ in Whitehead. our Painter: List of Derbyshire’ Mosses. . Plagiothecium denticulatum L. I. Stirrup Wood, Charlesworth, Whitehead. III. Repton; near Eggington, AHagger; Mickleover, Bindley ; Dale Woods! Var. sulcatum Spruce. I. Castleton and Miller’s Dale, Whztehead. . Plagiothecium Borrerianum Spruce. I. (P. elegans Hook. Edale, 1870; Stanton, 1886; Whatford. Wood, Buxton, 1874, Zev). Common in woods at Charlesworth and other places on the Coal Measures; Ernicroft Wood, Mellor, Meld and Ashton, c.fr. in Whitehead. . Plagiothecium sylvaticum L. I. Wood at Mellor, Whitehead. III. Dale Woods! . Plagiothecium undulatum L. I. Whatford Wood, Buxton, 1869; Stanton, 1886, Zev ; common in the hilly districts; Fernilee Wood, near Buxton, fr.; Ernicraft Wood, Buxton, White- head; Dovedale and Matlock Bath, Bindley.; Lea Hill, Cromford! III. Wood near Repton Rocks, Hagger. . Amblystegium confervoides Brid.! I. (Hypnum confervoides Brid. Raven’s Dale, 1881, teste Rev. C. H. Binstead, Zey). Cressbrook Dale, Holt in Whitehead ; Dovedale, Dr. Fraser, Braith- waite. . Amblystegium serpens L. I. Common, Whitehead. III. Mickleover, Bindley; Gunn’s Hills, Mackworth and ckbroo . Amblystegium radicale P.Beauv. I. Milton Reservoir, Chapel-en-le-Frith, Barker in Whitehead. . Amblystegium irriguum WVils. I. (A. trriguum Wils. In the Wye, Blackwell, 1870; and in the Dove, Dovedale, 1887, Zev). By a rivulet and by the Goyt at Mellor, AHo/¢ in White- head; Matlock Bath! es ices te Naturalist, b| to uo 2m: 56. Painter: List of Derbyshire Mosses. 269 Amblystegium fluviatile Swartz. (AZ. JSiuviatile Swartz. In the Wye, Miller’s Dale, 1881; in the Dove, Dovedale, 1887, Zey). By the Wye, Chee Dale; by the Derwent, “Matlock Bath, Whitehead. Amblystegium riparium L. I. Whaley Bridge and Chapel-en-le-Frith, Barker; Mellor, Whitehead; Dovedale, Bindley. III. Mickleover, Bzndley. . Hypnum aduncum Hedw. I. Miller’s Dale, Hagger. . Hypnum exannulatum Giim I. Bogs on Kinder Scout ae Charlesworth Coombs, Whitehead. Aypnum vernicosum Lindb. I. Kinder Scout, Ho/¢ in Whitehead. . Hypnum Cossoni Schpr. I. Kinder Scout, Ho/¢ in Whitehead. . Hypnum Sendtneri Schpr I. Kinder Scout, Ao/¢ in Whitehead. . Hypnum revolvens Swartz. I. Whatford Wood, Buxton, 1874, Zev; Kinder Scout, Whitehead. . Hypnum fluitans L. I. Kinder Scout, Edale, and Axe Edge, Whitehead. Var. submersum. Brownhead, Chapel-en-le-Frith, 1881, teste Rev. C. H. Binstead, Zey. - Hypnum uncinatum Hedw I. Ashwood Dale, Viiieroa, Charlesworth Coombs, and Stirrup Wood, Charlesworth, Whitehead. -. Aypnum filicinum L. I. Not uncommon on the limestone, as at Castleton and Tideswell, Whitehead; Miller's Dale, Hagger. III. Mickleover, Bindley. Var. vallisclause% Brid. I. Miller’s Dale, HYo/¢ in Whitehead. . Hypnum commutatum Hedw. I. Buxton, 1869; Monk’s Dale, 1881, Zev; frequent, Kinder Scout; Whitebottom Wood, Charlesworth, Whitehead. 7th Sept. 1899. i) “I ut Painter» List of Derbyshire Mosses. . Hypnum virescens Boulay I. Monsal Dale, Ho/¢ in “Wihtehead. . Hypnum falcatum Brid. I. Buxton, 1869, teste Rev. C. H. Binstead, Zey; Ash- wood and Monsal Dales, Barker; bog on Kinder Scout, Wahztehead. . Hypnum rugosum Ebrh. I. Dovedale; Tideswell Dale; Raven’s Dale, 1881, very luxuriant, Zey; rather frequent amongst lime- stone rubble; Chee Dale; Miller’s Dale and Dove- dale, Whitehead. . Hypnum incurvatum Brid. I. Monk’s Dale, Barker; Duke’s Drive, Buxton, Whzte- head. . Hypnum cupressiforme L. I. Frequent on rocks and walls; on a tree, Stirrup Wood, Charlesworth, Whitehead. III, Repton, Hagger ; See: Bindley. Var. tectorum Schpr. Ashwood, Chee, and Miller’s Dales; Cressbrook, Whitehead. Var. ericetorum Bry.Eur. I. Among heather, Charlesworth Coombs, Wahztehead. . Hypnum resupinatum Wiis. I. Dovedale, 1869, Zey; Carmeadow, near Hayfield, flolt; near Whaley Bridge, Whitehead. . Hypnum patientiz Lindb. I. Near Stirrup Wood, Charlesworth ; Chelmorton, Whitehead. . Hypnum molluscum Hedw. I. Very common; Ashwood Dale, 1869; Raven’s Dale, 1881, Zev; rather rare on the Millstone Grit; abundant on limestone, Whitehead; Buxton, West; Miller’s Dale, Hagger. Ill. Mickleover, Bzndley. Var. condensatum Schpr. I. Kinder Scout, Ho/¢ in Whitehead. . Hypnum palustre L. 1. Chapel-en-le-Frith ; Fernilee, near Buxton ; Castle- ae ton; Miller’s Dale and ek cikoe sian ad. ianenies S 277. 280. Painter: List of Derbyshire Mosses. at AHypnum ochraceum Turn. I. Hayfield, fr., Holt; Kinder Scout, Stirrup Wood, and Charlesworth Coombs, Whitehead. - Hypnum polymorphum Hedw. (Sommerfelti Myr.) I. Ravensdale, 1881, Zey; wall near Ashford, Ashton — and Nzeld in Whitehead. . Hypnum chrysophyllum Brid. I. Miller’s Dale; Lathkill Dale and Castleton, WA7zte- head. Hypnum stellatum Schreb. onk’s Dale, Zey; frequent on limestone rocks and walls; rather rare on the coal measures, Whzte- Var. protensum Brid. Miller’s Dale, Ho/¢ in Whitehead. . Hypnum cordifolium Hedw. Ill. Old brickfield, Breadsall Moor ! : Hypnum cuspidatum L. Buxton, fr., 1870, Zey; common in marshy places, Whitehead. Ill. Litcoe tage Hagger; Mickleover, Bindley; Little ; Mackworth and Ockbrook ! ¥ oe: Shc Ehrh. I. Buxton, 1870, Zey ; Charlesworth Coombs; Kinder Scout and Chee Dale, Whzttehead ; Whatstandwell, Bindley. Lea Hill! III. Tickenhall Lime Quarry, Hagger; Quarndon ! . Hypnum purum L I. Rather frequent, Whitehead. Ill. Milton, Hagger; Mickleover, Bindley. . Hypnum stramineum Dicks. I. Charlesworth Coombs and Kinder Scout, Wahztehead. Hypnum scorpioides lL. | I. Fairbage Moor, near Glossop, Whitehead. . Hylocomium splendens Dill. I. Rather plentiful on banks in the limestone dales, Whitehead; Whatstandwell, Bindleyv. _ WM. A A geamaay Hagger. 272 Painter: List of Derbyshtre Mosses. 288. Hylocomium brevirostrum Ebrh. I. Charlesworth Coombs; Chee Dale, fr., Whitehead. 289. Hylocomium squarrosum L. . (Hypnum. Pig Tor, Buxton, fr., 1870, Ley). Common ; Paik rbage Moor, near Giacein: ; Miller's Dale and Charlesworth Coombs, fr., White- head. III. Repton, Hagger; Mickleover, Bzndley; Little Eaton! Var. calvescens Wils. I. Near Whaley Bridge and Mellor, Whztehead. 290. Hylocomium Joreum L. I. Charlesworth Coombs and Kinder Scout; wood near Whaley Bridge, fr., Whitehead. 291. Hylocomium triquetrum L. J. Rather frequent in the limestone dales, Whitehead ; Dovedale, Azndley Ill. Repton, Hagger. ADDENDA. In Bibliography add— _ Science Gossip, 1873, p. 71, 113, 21%. Add Rosa obtusifolia Desv. Var. tomentella (Leman). Repton ! Rosa glauca Vill. Var. inflexa (Gren.). epton ! CORRIGENDA. Rubus saxicolus P. J. Muell. tp his is now aig nee by the Rev. W. Moyle Rogers to be Rubus Bloxamianus (Colem). Rosa sepium Thuill. Supp. his is an error. 381. For Myriophyllum spicatum L., p. 190 of Sup., read 382 Myriophylum alteréietiow DC. 382. This entry should be omitted: it is an error. 75. Hieracium argenteum Fries. I. Matlock Bath! An error. There has been some confusion here ! : Naturalist, BORSA ~ level, also bought by my rene § et not. ye eibvee is about BOULDERS NEAR HORNCASTLE. Rev. J. CONWAY WALT Rector of Langton, Horncastle, PRS ER In the parish of Langton by Horncastle we have at least five large boulders within a distance of some five hundred yards ; and several smaller ones. They lie—or rather did lie, for one has been removed to my own garden at the Rectory—along the road which runs through the village. The road is probably a very ancient one, for, like a Devonshire lane, traffic or some other cause has worn it down to a depth of from four to five feet below the level of the land on either side of it. These boulders are found, one (a) tilted up, doubtless artificially, against the bank slightly above the road level; another (b) on the road level; a third (c) about a foot below the road, in the bank of the ditch; and a fourth (d) is low down in a ditch, two feet or more below the road level. The fifth (e), now in my own garden, used to be close to the road-side, within a couple of yards of (a) the one tilted up. It was nearly three hundred yards from my garden; but it, with another one still in situ, had been bought of the parish by my father many years ago; 'and in the year 1890 I determined, if possible, to transfer it to the Rectory garden. I made a very strongly-constructed sledge, and, with the help of two men, I got it levered on the sledge ; and it took five good cart horses to move it, and some chains were broken in the process; for the five horses could only drag » it a hundred yards or so at a time, and at each fresh start there Was a very severe strain on their gear. Arrived in the garden, with the aid of two more men, five of us in all, we managed to lever it on to a flower bed, and worked it round to form a> prominent wing of a rockery, which I had constructed. There it was seen last year by Mr. John Cordeaux, when he paid me a visit from Woodhall Spa, and was pronqunces by him to be ‘one of the finest boulders in the county.’ We had one, how- ever, very much larger in this neighbourhood, in the parish of _ Edlington, on the farm of Mr. Robert Searby, ‘as big as a hay- stack,’ but that was destroyed by dynamite some two years ago. | The dimensions of the one in my garden are: length about 4 ft. 5 in., height 3 ft. 5 in., and thickness about 2 ft. The one down the village (a) tilted up is less than a being about 3ft. 2 ft. 6 in., thickness not known; the one (b) on the road 274 Notes— Ornithology. the same size as my own. The third (c) in the ditch about” Be a foot below road level is partly buried in the bank, and its size cannot be accurately ascertained ; but it is thicker than my own, | say some21% ft., shorter than my. own, about 3 ft., but how far it is embedded in the bank we cannot say. Of he remaining boulder (d) which is in the ditch, two feet below road level, only one side is visible, which is between 2 ft. and 3 ft. long, thick- ness and other dimensions not known. The boulder (c), one foot below road level, is remarkable for having on its surface the matrix of an ammonite, about 10 in. in diameter and 2 in. er so deep. This locally is supposed to be the impression of a a horse’s hoof, surmised to have been left ets the steed of a local St. George fighting his dragon. ee Mr. T. Sheppard, of the Hull Scientific and Field Naturalists’ Club, visiting me on the 3rd of this month (July 1899) inspected these boulders ; we scraped the soil away from the surface of this particular boulder (c), and he agreed that there was no doubt that the impression was that of an ammonite of large size. He chipped fragments from the different boulders, and pronounced . them all to be ‘Spilsby sandstone (Neocomian).’ They are very hard, from the presence of carbonate of lime. We have many smaller boulders in the parish; and in the adjoining parishes of Woodhall and Thimbleby some large ones. a NOTES—ORNITHOLOGY. _ Unusual Nesting-place of a Spotted Flycatcher.—We have at the \ present time a pair of Flycatch up four young ‘ ones in a Swallow's nest. The nest is about seven feet from the around and is situated under the roof that overhangs the driver's seat of an old van, o asa k-room. Swallows disturbed, as they then forsook the nest, which was later on aay tLe 2 ession | of ne the Flycatchers, who used the nest just as it was.—S. C.S ww, Court — Leys. Brandon, Grantham, 16th August 1899. — e Number of Eggs of the Blue Titmouse. —I lately saw ina : ess Vicarage garden (Mappleton, near igh ote: a nest of oe Lobe (Parus — perio: in a disused with 1 e hen was ntly seen roth July 1 NOTE—BOTANY. on’s ie of ages tah —In the June issue of ‘The enn criticisms on my recently sablistied mberland.’ Serious illness has prevented me from replying to his strictures until to-day, Mr. Ben ies which, in his opinion und plac oe me take these plants in the order sdantod by my friendly ne as follo alg ba eiyexphylus. Fagor Seats Keswick (Winch, Contributions to the pee of Cum and). Thi ne of Hutchinson's History of Cumber aad Tocalities Shorty after 7 first: commenced to take preparatory rity Notes, about i pis s ago, I discovered that Hutchinson as to wa cs eme ely unreliable,-and I therefore declined, for the Holy ae om to Si them, unless supported by modern confirmation. In addition to this, the localities indic aa, though divided only by a comma, are in reality thirty miles apart, and this fact ad my mistrust. have erred by c¢ ing my doubts a little too far. Potentilla v Wood. Contributed also from Hutchinson, Here, again, uncertainty was accentuated by divergence of the views praeeta tained by 1S etent authoritie nk Woods there are any in our he is the i ve a o Mr. Bennett's c mehding sentence I heartily say Am mu ave the sie eatios ihoident to old age Fabia any p awh rock Statice Avs In Top. Botany, P- 341, Mr. Watson tae? it for ~ Cumberland, Heysh sp.’ Here the question arises which Heysham is meant, the old doctor, or his as . C. Heysham, subsequently Micros of Carlisle, some of whose notes, itten on tin slips of. paper, are in my possession. Where was the eferred to gathered? In this con- nection I happen to k where a collection of plant of the Statice family exists, Mick ga athered in Cumberland, but on th arte — f th lway in the county eg Ki rkcudbright, which sees not a Store en named, ex domesticus. Hutchinson ag ter vers ago I found. amples ex maritimus (Golden Cae Maryport, and I found ex les of Rumex another at the same station a fortnight ago, w wien I failed to ides ti A to my i t was, re ii, a little too young. The m ‘Try again,’ must be put in practice yera Aes This species will “rab to Sree ac Fy a on the high r. t it has been noted rtd ‘Cumberland, Bab. MS. Top. Bota By Be 38S He crepant doctores, whose difficulties I a little prepared to solve. Cogie to treat only of the two watts mentioned in the volume, inasmuch as, apart from £. palustris, all the other helle oy I have noticed, with a solitary exception, may be referred to Ep tpactis violacea. is another illustration of discr ed lve. I have Pota ‘on Zisii Roth. With regard to this species, I accept with Backs. Mr pik ti explanation, confirmed as it is by the naming of Mr. Bailey. tes experience lio ape fern insets on the humorous, 3 Shs ~ and r my ey! r the stations men- that they were al Me the aiaining county of hrough what I had inad- arvohity Se am s cet geet to Mr. Bennett for the pains he has been ~ ly os ‘better way.’—-W™M. Hopeson, A.L.S., Werkiiatre, pointing gute ‘21st July = nt, 276 NOTE—FUNGI. pomaphors gigas at eae kt Lincolnshire.—I found — Saturday at Burw eam nes., Div. in a plantation, one of t ee herer inci: M . fe Hobineon6 reat authority here, says it is Mitrophota ‘gigas BENJN. CRow, ea goth May 1899. ee NOTE—LEPIDOPTERA. Hummingbird Hawkmoth near Horncastle,—I have twice within wk the last few days seen a Hummingbird Hawkmoth (iacragtssa ties rum) in my garden here. I also saw one in the adjoining parish o ornton, and I hear that two or three have b een at Woodhall Spa. They were first seen t by myself about fifteen years a if ye not seen any here, nor have | heard of their being seen in this neighbourhood, for a last six rears s se the lon ell of abnormally ho ather ha brought them out.—J. CONWay WALTER, Langto on Dogaieh Horneastle, 29th August 1899. . a NOTE—PROTOZOA. Food of Hydra viridis.—On 3rd June I made an excursion to Swillington, and brought home Aydra viridis. I put them into a basin with tap water and the little sediment which was at the bottom of my bottle. The basin was put into my greenhouse, and next morni I put in a few bre umbs, which we oO use. n put the green fly we is, of the young shoots of the rose ee and found they soon devou t n fact I allowed them to eat all the Aphides I could get. The ‘Ryden etidca thus be very serviceable in a greenhouse it nay could live on plants. —EpDWw WHITEHOUSE, 89, Clarendon Road, Leeds, roth June 1899. heen in NOTE—ENTOMOLOGY. South American Insects in England.—The occurrence of insects in the neighbourhood of our important seaports, import rted from South America, or any part of the globe from which live sheep and cattle are brought to my notice on ig quantity of insect life in the Alfalfa, Anglice Lucerne (Medicago sa L.) which is shipped in Buenos Ayres for ca tle food. The Alfalfa aoe literally swarmed with life, butterflies, mote, beetles, flies, and other forms of insect ite = ae to me. Asw wallow-tailed butterfly of large dimensions crawled ou the last consignmen ' that I took up out of the hold just Retire we entered the Tha whee as also did beetles and flies and a small sort of bee. When passing the Isle of _ Vi happe rnin ith ev ig rend 277 gn Memoriam. JOHN CORDEAUX. By the death of John Cordeaux this journal loses one of its oldest and most valued contributors; Yorkshire and Lincolnshire, a distinguished naturalist; and British ornithology, a leading authority. He was born in the year 1831 at Foston Rectory, Leicester-. shire ; and was the eldest son of the Rev. John Cordeaux, M.A., rector of Hooton Roberts, Yorkshire. He died in his 69th year at his residence, Great Cotes House, on the 1st August 1899, after a short but painful illness. a young man he went to live at Great Cotes, on the Hincolashive bank of the Humber Estuary, and here he made’ for half-a-century those interesting and valuable observations on birds and their migratory movements which have not only made his name familiar to all British ornithologists, but also to those of Europe and America. These records were contributed to the pages of the ‘ Zoologist,’ ‘ Naturalist,’ ‘ Field,’ and other natural history publications and Transactions. In the year 1873, Mr. Cordeaux published his ‘ Birds of the Humber District ’— a book teeming with original observations on the birds resident and migratory of the district whic ad made so pre- eminently his own. Quite recently—indeed it was his very last published work—he issued ‘A List of British Birds belonging to the Humber District,’ in which he brought the information relating to this remarkable region down to date, and wherein no less than 322 species are enumerated, with brief particulars of their occurrence. _ It is, perhaps, in connection with the interesting phenomenon of the migrations of our British birds that Mr. Cordeaux has come most into prominence. He was practically the founder of that elaborate and exhaustive enquiry which was undertaken by the British Association in 1880, in which year a committee of experts was appointed to investigate the subject of bird migra- tion as observed on the coasts of Great Britain and Ireland. To — this end the various light-houses and light-vessels were supplied with schedules on which the various movements and occurrences of birds were recorded by the light-keepers. This work of collecting data (as well as of reporting annually on the results obtained) was carried on for a period of eight years, and the mass of information thus obtained was so vast that much of x ne neice) obtained is still under consideration, although the \ 278 In Memoriam—jJohn Cordeaux. main facts derived from the inquiry have been made public. During all this period—now well nigh on to twenty years— Mr. Cordeaux acted as Secretary to the Committee, a post J hin eee Itet (ose PT paca 32 which was no sinecure, especially during the years of the Committee’s active existence, 1880-1887 ; and it is not too much to say that he was the life and soul of the enquiry, while in later — Naturalist, Notes— Ornithology. 279 years he has been the valued adviser of him who undertook to prepare the results of the investigation as a whole. - Mr. Cordeaux had a competent knowledge in several other branches of natural history, especially as regards botany, mammals, and fishes. He filled, with distinction, the important office of President of the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union, and, on its formation in 1890, he was elected to the chief post of honour in the Lincolnshire Naturalists’ Union as its first President. He was gifted with a graceful pen and a poetical imagination, and these contributed to make his writing peculiarly attractive. As a friend and a man it is impossible to speak in terms too high. He possessed a singularly charming personality, and was beloved by all who knew him, while his sterling worth and lofty principles won for him universal esteem. By his death a wide circle has lost a true and very dear friend, and British natural history an Eee Mustaste and accom- plished devotee. W. EAGLE CLARKE. > oo NOTES—ORNITHOLOGY. Wryneck on the Coast of Holderness.—A female Wry —_ ve torguilia) as caught by a dog near git cli e 4 Ro elation on on the 11 It was in very poor sige I have never before heard of this species in Holderness. pad Dar » the: bird stuffer in in Hull, told me it was 37 ye _ Since he had seen a pe n.—B. B. HAWORTH- seer Hullbank Hall, mall manufacturing eal about two miles from here. e plumage of both birds is much dir than those met — in Norfolk or Essex. —JOHNSON WILKINSON, Huddersfield, sth June N es near Horncastle.—One rara avis of these parts is the Nightingale (Daulias luscinia). Whether Mr. "Hawley i is op ee with visits of this bird I do not know, but the first seca le it in Lincoinshire was as I was walking one mby iia oy is ne morning, on my way to fish at Dogdyke. This work ns ‘before Mr. Hawle is ood of Do recent years, been reported at Welbeck Wath in Yorkshire. It also bred in Northumberland in 1895. In Lincolnshire it has been heard, within the last $n Memoriam. JOHN CORDEAUX, J.P., F.R.G.S., M.B.O.U. WortTuHiER hands than mine will record my good friend’s sketch in rough outline the events of his life, and to attempt to draw a short word picture of the man himself. John Cordeaux, the eldest son of the Rev. John oa at M.A., Rector of Hooton Roberts, Yorkshire, was bor Foston Rectory, Leicestershire, on 27th February 1831. At an - early age he was sent from home to Liverpool Collegiate School, where he obtained a thoroughly sound.education. His vacations were very frequently spent with his maternal grandfather, — Christopher Taylor, at Tothill, near Louth. There, or at Gayton-le-Marsh, close by, wandering over ‘the clays’ or true ‘marsh’ of the Lincolnshire coast, the love of natural history first began to assert itself, along with a keen desire for sport which such a bird-infested coast fostered. Still quite a young man, Mr. Cordeaux settled as a farmer at Great Cotes, near Grimsby, and resided there up to the time of his death, which occurred on the 1st of August, with the exception some years ago of a short residence at Eaton Hall, near Retford. He was ever a keen sportsman, at one time regularly hunting with the Yarborough hounds, and to the day of his death was an exceed- ingly fine shot, and yet found time to take an active part in» estate management and in local affairs. The youngest daughter of Dr. W. Wilson, of Horton Hall, Cheshire, was wooed and won in 1860; and a widow, with two sons who hold Her Majesty’s commissions, are left behind to mourn his loss. The tastes and inclinations of Mr. Cordeaux were singu- larly wide; few men have his grasp or range of interests, but those who knew him most intimately will never think = of him only as ornithologist, zoologist, entomologist, botanist, - geologist, anthropologist, antiquary, or lover of dialect and folk-lore ; all-round student of nature and mankind, he was still _ sdinething more; the man himself overshadowed his interests — and his works. If this is rarely true of the majority of us, it was_ certainly the case with the first President of the Lincolnshire Humber District,’ Anseres in Frohawk’s ‘Illustrations of British Birds,’ or his still later pamphlet on ‘The Humber District — Ornis,’ give no idea of the kind, wide-hearted, sympathetic a brother worker in difficulty. Few people knew that the care- Naturalists’ Union. The ‘Migration Reports,’ ‘Birds of the Fe Pe ae arate student, ever ready to lend a willing ear or helping hand to ~ - ful recorder and pnleas maker ar a pen at command which Naturalist, et a et ose St F In Memoritum—/John Cordeaux. 281 could recall ome i past in graphic flashes, and with equal felicity throw off sketches and verse, which his modesty generally ane eh the wor Above the average height, id of upright and good, if fairly full figure, Mr. Cordeaux was a striking man anywhere with his keen face and soldierly bearing. It is reported that when the hi C Mr. Cordeaux was ready at once with the reply, ‘ Hardly compliment. Ten years older, and not half so good looking.’ JOHN CORDEAUX. CLAUDE LEATHAM. KENNETH MACLEAN. atfield West Moor, 30th May este wv Pameg, Ph ' 4 by Mr. R. A. Bellamy, of Doncaster, at a Union Excursia The Norfolk shooting dress he Boavs wore in the field might mag been designed specially for his use, so well was it adapted the figure and character of the man and his pursuits. His oe stooping walk when busily engaged in observing, with hands ever ready to bring his field-glass to his eyes, or to take up anything for SS if searching, examination, were quite as characteristic of the man as another pose more difficult to describe. When cnidyie out the solution of some difficult 282 In Memoriam—John Cordeaux. problem or thoughtfully reflecting, the two first fingers and thumb of his left hand had a way of seeking the upper part of his nose or forehead, as if to aid cogitation. Never shall I find another such untiring companion for wandering by shore and mud flat, upland common, or tree shaded beck. He was so genial, and yet so full of varied information, as apt in teaching as he was ready to impart, and, withal, as willing and eager to learn himself, as if life were only just unrolling the variegated phantasmagoria of modern know- | ledge to his gaze. If ever a man’s mental characteristic was ‘universal inquisitiveness into things which should be generally and fully known,’ as he said, it was Mr. Cordeaux’s ‘Forty years ago,’ he cried, throwing himself back against the sea-bank we were lunching under, a merry twinkle playing © < in his eyes, ‘I was considered a good-natured lunatic by every- body round Cotes, running about with a field-glass and gun to study birds instead of doing what every other young farmer se ‘‘the thing.” There were only two other scientific orkers known to me in the county then—tor the Boggs were ier out of my line. I had not, at that time, taken much interest in geology or botany. The two workers were the Rev. R. P. Alington, of Swinhope, and your kind friend Sir Charles Anderson. Both were good men as far as their opportunities went. Sir Charles told me the last eggs of the Great Bustard ever known in England were taken in ’35 or 36 on his father’s property at Haywold, near Driffield, on the Yorkshire Wolds. In these days we can form a Naturalists’ Union without being laughed at, and the man who has other sokeaahiig besides the prize ring and racing is not considered an ass.’ Then, perhaps, would follow racy tiles with all Mr. Cordeaux’s picturesque © gift and memory for detail to give them point, now of the parson, who, ‘in his sermon, gave the little Syrian Bear all the — , potentialities of the Grisly, till his mystified congregation were fairly kept awake through the summer afternoon’s heat, and worked up into mildly wondering, ‘‘How David ever escaped, and what was coming next!” You want to put fire and animation into what you do or say in the pulpit as everywhere else, but there must be something else besides manner. The sparrow that sitteth ‘‘alone upon the house top” will give some men occasion to talk undiluted rubbish for half-an-hour, an then they will say nothing whatever—not even where ‘‘the — sparrow hath found an house,” or that human beings ‘‘ are of common enough in Southern Europe.’ He would end _ this masters. His Ln Memoriam— -fohn Cordeaux. 283 discourse on natural history preaching in response to the loud laughter of his audience, with merry, sparkling eyes, and a short, chuckling laugh which was ever infectious. Standing on the same sea-bank later in the year, he pointed out the spots in the famous North,Cotes thorn hedge where he had first viewed some of the rarest visitors to our coast, or where his friend, Mr. G. H. Caton-Haigh, had added the Greenish Willow- Warbler and Rodde’s Bush-Warbler to the British List Walking over what to other people would have been an endless succession of uninteresting fields, he was ever ready does the Bog Rhubarb (Peéasites offictnal’s) grow here and nowhere else for miles? Why does it always grow in clumps, rapidly spreading, unless prevented, wherever it is found?’ On Aylesby Beck, on another occasion, he was peering through a bush, to get a view over the bank, with all the circumspection of a master in woodcraft, searching the feeding-ground of the Summer Snipe (Zo/anus ochropus) with the fieldglass ‘to find out if the young have yet appeared.’ Later on he was advancing theory after theory why the nest was never found, though they seemed to ‘remain with us all the year round. I have had boys climbing the trees and looking into every old nest and likely place, but it is no good. We cannot spo ot it—and they must breed here, for I have seen the young.’ Later in the day he was pointing out the place where the Grass of Parnassus still grows in all its beauty, but from which the more lovely Marsh Helleborine had departed for ever. ‘You have a specimen from this very spot,’ he finally added, ‘ gathered by the Rev. M. G. Watkins and myself. Your problem is, Why has it gone? Now find the true solution; no other will do!’ Space fails me to tell half the thronging memories which come crowding on the mind of his observations, happy suggestions, and general mental position of—‘ Why, would you kindly help me to under- stand, and explain !” In reality birds had no greater interest specially for Mr. Cordeaux than many other natural objects and phenomena that - surrounded him. The circumstances of his life had given him unusual opportunities for observing them, and he had made the most of his time, and prepared himself for taking full advantage of any chance that offered by studying the literature of orni- thology, visiting Heligoland, Norway, and Vads6, and forming a long and cali ee with Herr Gatke and many other , however, was wider than any one science. Chipped flints, aca mounds, ancient camps, or the forest beds 7th Sept. 1899. 284 In Memoriam— -John Cordeaux. with the remains of man, ox, deer, and smaller feral units of geological or prehistoric time, found a diligent student and ‘hue thoughtful SE ponent in the ise tone oer master of Great:Cotes House. He showed me the maps, drawings, and notes from “ fete by which he had Seunanuib that the lost villages th mber shore of the East Riding were long ago buried Resa ro waters of the North Sea; Spurn Head being slowly but surely pushed westward into the embouchure of the river, as the Boulder Clay of the east coast of Yorkshire gives way before the action we frost and waves, and is dispersed over the sea floor. His arguments as he explained everything were so concise, clear, cae suitable that it seemed as if one were listen- ing to a learned professor of geology demonstrating the action of tidal currents and oceanic scour. Truly did a recent writer in ‘The Field’ say of him, ‘Few country gentlemen have done more than he has done to foster a love of natural history in the county in which he resided, and to add to the common store of knowledge by the patient collection of observed facts and the subsequent publication of t The moral and se B. atroceruleum, B. tibiale, and B. decorum—all c 7 Colts | ee got several, and two specimens of 2. schiippeli Dej. They were running ont y ich abound alon river ra ‘ . eine visit to this locality, and on this occasion cimens found their ase into my collecting bottle. This is the loca ality, where « Wes Ge was 57 14 Poet by Bold more than half a century ago, and Mr. A. Ne wberys Ki = Pslcites i gods i were sent for verification, yearn us "hit it has no n Britain for a good many years.—JAs. MuRRAY, 11, Clos peticlty Co dtiske, ai Fay 1899. >> NOTES AND NEWS. The ‘ First Suppl ement’ to Messrs. Britten and Boulger’s pea dex of British and Irish Botanists’ has lately appeared. It follows ae { and its inati on from end o pages and wrappers, a by no means exorbitant figu Se By the recent death of Edward Woodthorpe, of Alford, Lincolnshire, a victim of phthisis, the county has lost a most promising young naturalist. his i i aim considerable mee in sideenpe co while his data as to time an place were and was a ight example o life ~atipeasin J limited time at his disposal. was the first to take the Purple - Emperor (Apatura iris) at Welton Wood, jae ar Alford. His captures I had the opportunity of seeing.—J. E. "M., 17t th May _Lepidopterists will be sorry to dp Koat of the death of an old member of the ¥ Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union, Mr. George Jackson, of Nunnery Lane, — ea ay e. York, at th f 63, which took place on the 3oth June, after a long an lingering e hard-working entomologist and a thorough eld naturalist of th ype, and he a nd varied experience in the branch (Lepidoptera) in which he was interest was very successful in eding the rk variety of Arctia lubricipeda, y of the cabinets in the country being enrich series from his results, H so bred at different times y fine varieties o a caja and Abraxas grossu ariata, and hi ction (as a e) might be considered the best in the district. He was one wists ipsam of the York and District Field gan Society, and was e eady to mags suse devoutly ata to its mem ie ro a to that ‘Section ‘to which hi AIR BLASTS BELOW GROUND. HENRY PRESTON, F.G:S., Hawthornden Villa, Oe ee Geological olgeesitd to the Lincolnshire turalists’ Union j IN relation to soil and romnaie Kaisa and a whole class of facts especially interesting to naturalists at the present time, I send you a few particulars of an air-blast in a well recently sunk at Boothby Pagnell, Lincolnshire, by the Hon. Maurice R. Gifford. On 23rd January 1899, Mr. Gifford wrote to me respecting this well, which was then being sunk :—‘At the 106 feet bed there is a most tremendous blast of fresh air from a fissure in the rock. On Saturday last (21st January), the wind being S.W., it blew the candles out in the bottom of the well. To-day (afternoon), the wind being N.W.., if you put the candles near the fissure it draws the flame out, and when I was down this morning the wind was roaring in the fissure as it escaped like blowing a hurricane.’ Now the 106 feet bed of rock above mentioned is 68 feet in the Lincolnshire Oolite, which is overlaid at Boothby Pagnell by 38 feet of clays and limestones of the Great Oolite and Upper Estuarine series. On Thursday, 26th January, I went down the well and saw the fissures. There are three openings, varying in size. Into the principal one a man could easily insert his arm and shoulder, but I did not measure it. The blast at that time from this largest fissure would blow out a candle held six inches from the opening into the well. The air was quite ‘fresh,’ and so cold that the men had to work with jackets and scarves on. On 23rd February the blast was still blowing into the well; on the 24th there was a slight draw from the well into the fissure ; in fact, the ‘ blowing’ and ‘ drawing’ varied very often, as was noticed by the smoke from the blasting shots. Water was first - reached at 131 feet, or 25 feet below the fissures. The theory of explanation drawn up at the time when all the facts were before me I give here ; it is as follows :— The underground waters having risen in wt ee of the heavy rains during the past few weeks, the in the rocks and that which was drawn down entangled in Bee descending water, had become compressed, and would even be pushed before the water in its easterly and downwards course, if no sufficient outlet was found, and this compressed air would not have the same opportunity to escape during a continuance of wet weather such as was the ease at the time. Therefore as soon as the fissure was opened ~ October 1899. ; bs 290 Neale: Short-eared Owl at Ackworth. there would be a strong rush of air. The intensity and length normal, but as the water slowly sank after the rain ceased by escaping in springs, etc., at a lower level, air would e drawn from the nearest point of access, for a flow of nai water cannot take place without a corresponding air movement, hence a back draught would occur into the fissures, which might or might not continue. The fall of the water level might be stopped by more rain, or less violently by a fall in barometric pressure. In the case of this fissure, while under observation, barometric pressure did not seem to explain matters much. I have seen no reason to alter this opinion, although when writing on the matter, as I hope to do in a paper on ‘The underground water supply from the Lincolnshire Oolite,’ I may enlarge upon it. I have made numerous inquiries, but can only obtain the following Mrcner ents facts :—Mr. J. E. Noble, well- borer, of Thurlby, writes me, ‘I had a similar experience at into it, we learned that ij would carry the waste close to the ys taba side of the bore.’ If readers of ‘ The Naturalist ’ have any further facts about underground air blasts, I should be glad if they would com- municate with me on the point, or publish them in its pages ; for, as my friend Mr. Woodruffe Peacock has pointed out to me, every fact of this kind is most invaluable in:showing how soils are aérated by a downward and upward draught of air as the rain falls or ceases, or even as the barometer changes. It is only by noting such facts as they come under observation — _ that the presence of fresh air in the soil, which the cerobic micro-organisms must have to enable them to break up an re-form the soluble ae cea of organic matter, can be fully demonstrated. + NOTE—ORNITHOLOGY. hort-ea ort Owl at Ackworth.—The Ackworth ela gl Natural History Society have to note with regret that a specimen of the -eared Owl (Asio accipiorinns) was shot on Ackworth School count, ieee Na 16th Se —— inst.—Jos. NEALE, Ackworth School, 't roel pie 1899. eSNG Pe Naturalist, + 29¢ INTERESTING BOTANICAL FINDS IN CUMBERLAND. WILLIAM HODGSON, A.L.S., Workington, Cumberland. In the course of the last few weeks several finds of plants not of common or everyday occurrence have taken place, chiefly in the immediate neighbourhood of Carlisle. These finds are due to ho : for inspection and corroboration or otherwise of the finder’s own ideas as to their identity. I am glad to report that these ideas have in the main proved quite accurate. One of the most productive stations examined by Mr. Thomson appears to have been a gravel bed by the river Eden, opposite the village of Grinsdale, and on the right bank of the river. This gravel bed was mentioned to me some years ago by Mr. W. Duckworth, of Ulverston, during his abode in Carlisle, as a favourite hunting ground in his time, and Mr. Thomson’s recent forays go to verify Mr. Duckworth’s high opinion of its attractiveness in the eyes of a student of botany. The following, with other species, ae been gathered there recently, viz.:—Raphanus sativus, Asperu arvensis, Saponaria Vaccaria, Scandix Pecien-veneris, Sar latifolia, Caucalis nodosa, Stlaus pratensis, this last at King Garth, a fishery station belonging to the Carlisle Corporation, where also he gathered specimens of Thalictrum minus var. montanum, a lakeland species which I had met with long years ago, growing at the foot of the cliffs a pp eget in the Ullswater district of Westmorland. It i ‘far cry,’ surely, from the latter station to King Garth. Mr. Thomson further noted the occurrence of the Knotted Hedge Parsley on the ' opposite bank of the river, near the Caledonian railway bridge. Erigeron acre and Arabis sagittata were found on a garden wall near the Gelt Woods, between Carlisle and Brampton; Pulicaria dysenterica on the Eden banks nearly opposite to the village of Kirkandrews. This plant was formerly reported from Etterby Scar, nearly opposite to Carlisle city, but it is questionable, in the estimation of the Rev. H. Friend, whether it any longer cillatum, which is also a confirmation of previous records by Mee OMe. Duckworth and Mr. T. C. Heysham, at one time Mayor - October 1899. es i 292 Notes—Ornithology. of the city, and a naturalist of more than average ability. Centunculus minimus, heretofore little known to the county, was found both at King Moor and by the edge of Thurstonfield interesting, the similarity in the finds on the river Eden nae beds by Mr. Thomson, and those from the same class of . stations on the river Derwent as described by myself in 1896. Mr. Thomson has since reported the occurrence of Ginanthe Lachenalit from the vicinity of Bowness-on-Solway, and of a considerable patch of Melissa officinalis from the upper portion of the Green at Dalston, towards Hawksdale. This last, of course, is a garden escape. 18th September 1899. - rl i ' NOTES—ORNITHOLOGY. 4 Nightingale at Doncaster.—A on (Daulias luscinia) has been constantly singing ina garden in Regent Square in ne town during © the present spring.—H. H. Corsett, fietonstel: 5th July 1899. Colour-variety of Chaffinch at gird toting e Lincolnshire.—The son of a farmer, young Gibbins, of the Abbey Farm, Stixwould, recently sage- Another about it. Ther were feeding with Shesianen: ie in a ike stackya rd. I sa stuffed by Mr. Fieldsend, of Lincoln, on 7th June.—J. Co NWAY WALTER, Langton Rectory, Horncastle, 12th June 1899. ‘ Cleverly-constructed Thrush’s Nest in Lancashire.—I wish to — note a Song Thrush’s nest in a garden near here, It is in a small fir and — ee pole of the tree, u all twigs o on “oe was much expo: osed- ion snajoining ite b thus giving the nest support against the it JOHN pas 1809, . [A couple of photographs sent for edi torial i inspection by Mr. Thomasson, sho wed the nests from two different i saia ce iew, —Ep. a a pee ) 293 NOTTINGHAMSHIRE DIPTERA: ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS TO MR. PERCY: H. GRIMSHAW’S PRELIMINARY LIST OF MARCH AND APRIL 1898. Rev. A, THORNLEY, M.A., F.E.S., F.L.S., Vicar of South Leverton, Notts. OwING to pressure of work, Mr. Grimshaw has asked me to continue his preliminary lists of the Diptera of the counties of Nottingham and Lincoln. The naming and verification has, however, been done very largely by him, and he has earned the gratitude of the entomologists of these two counties for the great trouble he has taken over local collections of this neglected order of insects. In the county of Nottingham we have not yet many workers, but I am indebted to Professor J. W. Carr, of the University College, and some few other members of our Naturalists’ Society, for several good records. I have also recently received great assistance from our veteran dipterist, Dr. R. H. Meade, of Bradford, whose great kindness I would here publicly acknowledge. There are 45 new records for the county of Nottingham, thus bringing up the number of species recorded to 279. There is one serious error to correct. The examples recorded in the previous list as Arctophila mussit/ans Were not that species, and are now correctly named in the present list. New records are marked with an asterisk. Other species previously recorded are inserted again, because they have been found in new localities, or the discovery of some peculiarity of habit, etc., calls for further remark. It might seem of but small importance to record the date of the capture of a specimen, yet this is often a matter of the utmost moment ; for example, the dates of the appearance of pests, such as _ Hessian Fly. The asterisk * signifies a species new to the county. ae Fam. MYCETOPHILID. *Mycetophila cingulum Mg. One ¢, South Leverton, October — 1897 (Thornley). : *Mycetophila punctata Mg. One ¢, 20th January 1898; one 2, gth February 1898; both South Leverton (Thornley). *Scatopse notata L. Two ¢s, South Leverton, 13th March _ 1898 (Thornley). _ October i859. 294 Thornley : Nottinghamshire Diptera. Fam. BIBIONIDE, Bibio marci L. Gedling, ¢ and 9, 22nd May 1808 (J. W. Carr). I once saw a fine dance of this species by a sheltered hedge-side, roth May 1897. Fam. CULICIDA. *Culex annulatus Schrk. Three 9s, 26th January, 30th March, 4th May 1898, South Leverton (Thornley). *Culex nemorosus Mg. South Leverton, three 2s, 12th and 26th January, roth February 1898 (Thornley). *Anopheles maculipennis Mg. South Leverton, one ?, 7th April 1898; one 9, 1toth February 1898 (Thornley). Fam. PTYCHOPTERIDA. *Ptychoptera paludosa Mg. South Leverton, one 2, June 1897 (Thornley). Fam. LIMNOBIDZ. *Limnobia quadrinotata Mg. Treswell Wood, one 9, 27th June 1898 (Thornley). *Trichocera hiemalis DeG. South Leverton, abundant in winter (Thornley). *Poecilostoma punctata Schrk. South Leverton, one ¢, 7th May 1808 (Thornley). Fam. TIPULID/E. “Pachyrrhina quadrifaria Mg. South Leverton, one 2, July 1898 (Thornley). *“Pachyrrhina histrio Fab. South Leverton, two ¢s and one?, 3 July 1898 (Thornley). Pachyrrhina maculosa Mg. Nottingham, a pair, 16th July 1898 (J. W. Carr). Fam STRATIOMYIDA, *Oxycera pygmzxa Fin. Misterton, one ¢, 7th July 1898 (Thornley * Beris anni Mg. Treswell Wood, one 9, 27th June 1898 (Thornley). Sargus “ deppueae L. var. nubeculosus Ztt. Nottingham (Ryles). o Fam. LEPTIDE. Leptis tringaria ©. South widhaoears one @, 7th July 1898 (Thornl ey) Naturalist, Thornley: Nottinghamshire Diptera. 205 Fam. ASILIDAE. *“Leptogaster cylindrica DeG. South Leverton, ¢ and ?, oth July 1898 (Thornley). *Asilus crabroniformis L. Bulwell Forest, Nottingham, taken Some years ago (see J. W. Carr, ‘ Naturalist,’ June 1898, p- 170). ; Fam. BOMBYLID. *Bombylius major L. Winkburn Woods, Notts, several specimens in April 1898 (J. W. Carr ; see ‘The Naturalist,’ June 1898, p. 170). Treswell Wood, one example, 6th May 1899 (Thornley). Fam. EMPIDA. *Empis pennipes L. Treswell Wood, one ¢ and four 2s, 27th June 1898 (Thornley). *“Cyrtoma spuria Flv. Treswell Wood, one 9, 27th June 1898 (Thornley). Fam. DOLICHOPODIDE. *Dolichopus griseipennis Stan. Treswell Wood, one ¢, 27th June 1898 (Thornley). “Dolichopus trivialis Hal. Treswell Wood, two ¢s, 27th June 1898 ; South Leverton, one ¢, 9th July 1898 (Thornley). *Chrysotus gramineus Flin. Treswell Wood, one ? , 27th June 1898 (Thornley). } Scellus notatus Fab. South Leverton, one 9, July 1898. Fam. LONCHOPTERID. *Lonchoptera lacustris Mg. South Leverton, one 2, 7th May 18098 (Thornley). Fam. SYRPHID. *Pipizella virens F. One example from Notts, locality label lost (Thornley, 1898). : Chilosia grossa Fin. Roe Woods, Winkburn, one ¢, 11th April 1898 (J. W. Carr). Chilosia flavimana Mg. Gedling, one 9, 22nd May 1898 (J. W. Carr). Platychirus albimanus Fab. Nottingham, one ¢ and three Qs, 27th July 1898 (J. W. Carr). Platychirus manicatus Mg. Gedling, three ¢s, 22nd May 1898 (Carr); Nuthall, two ¢s, 26th May 1898 (Carr); Colston Bassett, one ¢, 8th May 1898 (Carr) ; oe ~ one ¢, 28th July 1898 (Carr). October 1899. 296 - Dhoraley: Nottingleameshive Diptera, Platychirus scutatus Mg. Nottingham, one ¢, 27th July 1898 (J. W. Carr). Syrphus balteatus DeG. Nottingham, one ¢, 24th July; one 2, 5th October 1898 (J. W. Carr). Syrphus luniger Mg. Nottingham, two ?s, 24th and 28th 3 July 1898 (J. W. Carr 3 Syrphus corollz F. Nottingham, three ¢s, 24th and 27th July 1898 (J. W. Carr); Hucknall Torkard, 7th June 1898 (J. W. Carr). Syrphus ribesii L. Nottingham, three ¢s, 24th July 1898 (J. W. Carr); Gedling, one ¢, 22nd May 1898 (J. W. Carr) ; Nether Langwith, one ¢, 2oth July 1898 (J. W. Carr). Catabomba pyrastri L. Nottingham, 28th July 1898 (J. W. Carr). Volucella bomaylans L. Teversall, one ? (red-tipped form), 14th July 1898 (J. W. Carr). [Arctophila mussitans F. Must be removed from the List. The examples so named were species of Criorrhina, viz. :] *Criorrhina floccosa Mg. South Leverton, one ?, June with! ; one ¢, May 1897 (Thornley). *Criorrhina oxyacanthe Mg. South Leverton, one 3) June 1896 (Thornley). Eristalis tenax L. Nottingham, several specimens, 24th July 1898, with a very ly: ere of the ¢; and 8th to 12th October 1898 (J. W. Carr). Eristalis arbustorum L. Fanise 18th July 1898 (J. W. Carr). Eristalis pertinax Scop. Nottingham, 9th October 1898 (J. W. Carr); Gedling, 24th April 1898 (J. W. Carr); Roe Woods, Winkburn, 8th and 11th May 1898 (J. W. Carr); Broxtowe, April 1898 (Freestone). Syritta pipiens L. Nottingham, ¢ and 2, 8th October 1898 ( - are *Chrysotoxum arcuatum. South Leverton, one?, June 1898 » (Thornley). Through the kindness of Dr. Meade I am able to add— *Chilosia intonsa Lw. South Leverton, four 9 s, May and July ; 1897 (Thornley). May 1897 Neate *Pipiza (Cnemodon) vitripennis Mg. South Sas heed one d ee me “Natwralist, oe Thornley: Nottinghamshire Diptera. 207 Fam. CONOPID. *Conops flavipes L. South Leverton, one example, August 1897 (Thornley). Myopa testacea L. Rainworth, one ¢, 28th May 18908 (J. W. Carr). Fam. GSTRIDA, *Gstrus ovis L. South Leverton, July 1898 (Gent.). Fam, ANTHOMYID&., Hyetodesia lucorum Fin. Roe Woods, Winkburn, one ¢, 11th May 1898 (J. W. Carr). *Hyetodesia basalis Ztt. Treswell Wood, several, July 1897 and 1898 (Thornley). Fam. HELOMYZIDA. Tephrochlamys rufiventris Mg. South Leverton, common in the house, 9th February 18098 (Thornley) ; Treswell Wood, 5th March 1898 (Thornley). *Blepharoptera serrata L. South Leverton, common in the house and stable on gist January and oth February 1898 (Thornley); Roe Woods, Winkburn, 2nd April 1898; _ Nottingham, roth March 18908 (J. W. Carr). Fam. SCIOMYZID 2. *Tetanocera elata F. Treswell Wood, one ¢, 27th June 1808 (Thornley). *Tetanocera punctulata Scop. Treswell Wood, 27th June 1898 : (Thornley). Limnia unguicornis Scop. Treswell Wood, one ¢, 27th June 1898 (Thornley). — Elgiva albiseta Scop. Linby, 7th April 1898 (J. W. Carr). *Sepedon sphegeus F. South aiid srg) two examples, Sep- tember 1808 (Thornley). Fam, ORTALID&. Ptilonota centralis F. Treswell Wood, two examples, 29th May 1899 (Thornley). 3 Fam. TRYPETIDA. *Tephritis miliaria Schrk. Treswell Wood, one ?, 27th June 1898 (Thornley). Fam. LONCHACIDA *Lonchea vaginalis Fin, South Leverton, twods, May 1897 © “ ___ (Thornley). Fig October 1899. ei 298 Notes—Lepidoptera. Fam. BORBORIDA, *Borborus geniculatus Mcqg. South Leverton, two examples, 7th April 1898 (Thornley). *Borborus equinus Flin. South Leverton, 29th January 1898 (Thornley). *Borborus niger Mg. South Leverton, September 1897 and 17th April 1898 (Thornley). *Phora rufipes Mg. South Leverton, abundant, taken on the following dates :—3oth January, roth February, 2nd and 17th March, be May 1808 (Thornley). HYTOMYZIDA ADbyeorivvnk obscurella Flin. South Leverton, common (Thornley). The larve of this little fly feed between the upper and lower surface on the parenchyma of holly leaves; — sometimes quite disfiguring the trees by giving the leaves a blistered appearance. The fly appears in May. According to Dr. Meade there seems yet to be some difficulty about the specific name.—A. T ee NOTES—LEPIDOPTERA. Vanessa fener at rate ats katte specimen of the Camberwell Beauty (Vi ) was se n Oliver's Mount on the at September inst.—J. H. Reow TREE, Reaebbidingt, 15th September 1899. Pyralis paaslabarte at Doncaster.—This weer I had a female of the above species brought to me. It was found dead in this bipicbe in the centre of Doncaster. The only records for the ae y in Porritt’s List are from York.—H. H. CorsBett, Doncaster, 5th July 1899. Abundance wd Grammesia trigrammica - Doncaster.— During the past ten years I have oped seen two specimens of this spe ecies at Doncaster; but this year it is one of the commonest insects at ‘sugar H RBETT, secaon ed sth July 1899. ngbird Hawkmoth at Ackworth.—The Ackworth Schoo in our neighb s. NEAL shew rth School, th t. sé: Hanae H st August found a freshly-emerged speci f the Hummingbird Hawkmoth (Ja glossa stellat. wel = r ee ue a chink of a wall in the railway station at oceans Ed taying at sg wri St. Mary, Cambridgeshire, seth ie fortnight in September, I had many opportunities watching this interes sting species, which has been unusually abundant there, as it has— in ot arts o she co untry, during the past hot summer. "The oths Hequently visited jasmine and honeysuckle in the garden, and some beds of geraniums proved specially attractive. From early morning until seven o'clock in the evening I could always count on seeing one or two of t si is 299 THE FLORULA OF BARE, WEST LANCASTER. F. ARNOLD LEES, M.R.C.S., Except Walney and the limestone south of Silverdale, the vice- county of West. Lancaster has been sadly neglected since the Rev. .E. F. Linton resided at Preston, from which it follows that the observations of a few days in early September (1899) made on the beach of the Morecambe estuary, strictly confined to the shore and a mile inland between Bare and Hest Bank, have some little value from the definite parochial limit, and the thoroughness with which the small field was investigated by _ the writer. The appended asterisk indicates the species that are adventive although naturalised; and the letters ‘N.C.R.’ stand for a new vice-county record for the Watsonian area 60 of Topographical Botany. . Clematis Vitalba.* Several fine plants about Bare, crowning and festooning Yews amongst other trees, but, of course, originally sown or planted. Adonis autummnalis.* Waste arable where iene ts operations at Bare have broken the ground ; and wit Meconopsis cambrica* about poultry-runs in rough field- corners: probably garden ground originally—the stations being doomed of bricks and mortar both species must soon disappear, as well as their companions, Figwort, Mugwort, Agrimony, and Burdock. Silene maritima. Several pebble banks between Bare and Hest Bank, accompanied by Honkeneya peploides, locally termed by rustic children ‘ Fat- grass ’—a term not in Britten and Holland’s classic Plant- - Name Dictionary. : Geranium purpureum Forster. N.C.R. This or a deep-red, : divaricate and prostrate form of the ubiquitous ‘ Stinking Bob,’ modified by environment, was noticed on a pebbly spit of foreshore north of Bare, growing with the ‘ Fat- grass’ and succulent great-headed Matricaria salina, hard by several spray-washed boulders medalled over with Parmelia parietina and other lichens. Ononis repens (inermis Lange). Here and there on the beach anks, wit Lotus crassifolius Pers., but neither abundant nor continuously. ber 1899. Or md gs 300 Lees: The Florula of Bare, West Lancaster. Prunus fruticans Weibe. N.C.R. (Perhaps this equals var. b. macrocarpa Wallr.). The eas yellow-green leaved Sloe. One or two bushes in thic near canal south of Hest Bank. ‘This might pass for clip insititia, the wild Bullace, but it was only in plum very sparingly. Rubus rusticanus Merc. was the vastly preponderant Bramble in the hedges of the narrow field ‘slypes’ or lanes through the pastures, but now and then by dikes or on earth-banks the writer noticed Rubus rhamnifolius, R. radula, R. coryli- folius, and R. cesius. Spirza Ulmaria var. denudata Hayne. N.C.R. This nude form of the white under-leaf Queen of the Meadow was | noted to occur at intervals for over half a mile on the west © bank of the Lancaster Canal north of Bare. It is a less- robust plant than the silver leaved type, and flowered here as elsewhere only sparingly. It usually grows zm the water not in peat-wet soil, and may be more frequent than the sparing records (eight or nine counties} would indicate. The early leaves of the type even, springing up through the standing fluid of a springtime ditch are unfelted I have noticed. Hippuris vulgaris. N.C.R. In several plashes and muddy +hedge bottoms about Bare. I was told a curiously-distorted notion about this by a farmer-like man, who watched me gazing at the serried ranks in the water. He gravely informed me that it was called Marestails, because it only grew in water wherein ‘mares, but I think horses, too, had staled’—that. is, made water! I objected that there were ‘ Horsetails’ as well. ‘Yes,’ he admitted, ‘and some on ‘em calls it that, I’ve heard, tew,’ or a saving phrase to similar effect. Lythrum Salicaria. Frequent by drains, and the Lancaster Canal south of Hest Bank. Cornus sanguinea. In hedge, Hest Bank. Sium erectum. Brook, Bare Lane. Tragopogon minor. Sea banks, Carduus tenuiflorus, with Carlina vulgaris very sparingly on the sandier banks of the beach. Filago germanica. N.C.R. A form approaching spathulata he seen sparingly on a hen-run near Bare, where the earth: had been much Geo e up. ESAS “a ae Cg arin Naeacalet.. eee nein ieee a Net - a4 Bon ca WE Bet ae a2 iS Pitta. Lo! ah ea rhe fe esis ak a ; ie h Co NNER SOE ee ped fe ater ak ag re: ch ees Ea > The Florula of Bare, West Lancaster. 301 Inula dysenterica. Hedge-bank of one lane off Bare towards Matsicacis salina Bab. N.C.R. This handsomest of the + gathas’ or ‘False Marguerites,’ with neat foliage and a disproportionately large anthodes, grew in clumps on the f pebble beyond Scalestones Point ; with a bold condensed form of Linaria vulgaris almost meriting the term ‘speczosa,’ but that its ‘fat’ leaves were only one-nerved. The salinity ii of the air seems to dwarf the fodder and enlarge the blossoms of many plants, so that, weedy inland, they become posy-worth by the sea. Achillea Ptarmica, with full rosy blossom heads, grew by a ditch in one spot inland, and on a bank near it the common | Yarrow was of a fine red also. The Eyebright of the turf showed a disposition to empurpling of the corolla as well. This may be an exceptional seasonal influence, for the ~ Convolvulus Sepium of the hedges was. pinked, too, in places; and the dykeful Mints were purple-bronze of leaf everywhere; likewise the Black Bryony and Bindweed foliage. Nowhere in the district, either, did the writer notice an albino, a white Harebell, Bugle, Betony Basil, or Self-heal, such as are me years so very frequent. Gentiana Amarella. On sea bank turf north of Bare, sparingly, with Scabzosa Columbaria, rayed Centaurea nigra, Erythrea Centaurtum, and Lycopsis arvensis, Bare, one plant only. \ ae ae Clinopodium Spenn., N.C.R., we rather “a5 common (go vice-counties) high-census species. This was sada on dry, bushy banks in three other spots. Verbascum Blattaria.* Moth Mullein. N.C.R. Three plants in bloom of this fine biennial grew in a poultry-run on.a waste strip of ground near the Elms Hotel at Bare. _ Possibly alien, but harder than usual to decide, as Verbascum — Thapsus grew near it, and in several other places, even on the shingles by the seaa little to the north. The Verbascums, too, are everywhere uncertain visitors, and their seeds are amongst those which can lie, viable yet ungerminating, in soil for considerable periods. This Moth Mullein, too, has, I see from Petty’s Lake Lancashire Flora, turned up occa- sionally in gravelly places in Furness and Cartmel, at least Since 1843, the date of the first record. In the north at any rate—and now seldomer than ever—are these biennial Mulleins grown in gardens as border flowers. Tee 302 Lees: The Florula of Bare, West Lancaster, Veronica Anagallis. Brook, Bare. Linaria Cymbalaria.* Old walls, Bare. _ Mentha sativa var. rivalis.. N.C.R. . By the Lancaster Canal, south of Hest Bank, with a bushier, taller, red-stemmed mint of the saéva section, which most probably is 42. rubra Sm., but as it was on the further bank of the canal I could not get to it. On the tow-path side, where the herbage was much trodden and beaten down, I found only a red- stemmed subglabrous form, with long runners. At the water-edge grew also, fine and handsome, the English lovely picture, both are on record already for the vice- unt county. Lycopus europeus. Gipsywort. In several places. Iris Pseudacorus L. Yellow Flag. Marshes and pool-sides, frequent. Mentioned here only for its extraordinary rustic name. The seed clubs, at this date opening lip-like and revealing the (as yet) ivorine seed squares within, are called (so the urchins told me) thereabout ‘Eyeteeth’ or *Teatheads.’ Boys gather the full-grown green but hard— triangulate pods and pit one against another in a war game, chestnuts perforated and slung on a piece of whipcord. Sparganium simplex. Bare brook. Sparganium ramosum,. Frequent. The caltropsian burr-fruits of both these are styled ‘Wiskers,’ or ‘Whiskers’ by the Bare -boys, and a similar game-use is made of them. I never heard either of these names in any other county, and Britten has neither in his book, before alluded to. Elodea canadensis.* In the canal south of Hest Bank, ‘less | | common than it used to be,’ I was told. Is this aquarium outcast now again on the decline in this country ? Juncus diffusus Hoppe. N.C. R. Three or four clumps of this hybrid in a marsy pasture near a turkey-run, south of Hest Bank ; /. effusus near but not /. glaucus. Juncus obtusiflorus Ehrh. N.C.R. In a bed of Arundo Phrag- mites, by a brook, near the L. & N.-W. Rail. line, north of Bare. A few luxuriant stems (3 feet high) only. Scirpus incurs L. N.C.R. Noted in one place only, by the Marestail duck-pool at the back of Bare neg, With it grows Eleocharis alas hee. DAN ROS IEL ANA like unto that lads play with Ribwort Plantain or Horse- e - Natur. i A Ae i = r is, I believe, the first record for this part o Notes—Coleoptera and Flowering Plants. | 303 Carex ampullacea (rostrata Stokes). N.C.R. A small form of this, not—me judice—the elatior Blytt, but too advanced in its shedden catkins to be sure it is zrvoluta, though its wiry leaves were rolled and narrow, grew in tufts by a ditch bordering the reed-bed mentioned above in connection with Juncus obtusiflorus. The type was seen on Torrisholme moss. ce make an end to these excursive remarks the only Gra of any note seen besides Arundo was Triticum Htbtate Reichb. N.C.R. The squary glaucus-eared grass formerly regarded asa variety of 7. repens, but now allocated to 7. pungens. 1 am not sure (with Watson, Top. Bot.,; p. 503), however, that there is not a bloomy- blue glumed state of both ‘species,’ since the pungens of the southern and eastern coasts is a plant of sandhills, and this grew on a steep hedge-bank facing the bay above Scalestones Point; and the ‘sea change’ facies of plants at the sheltered head of Morecambe Bay is much less marked than even on Walney, not to say the Cumberland seaboard. Explicit. gth September 1899. at ll dp abit NOTE—COLEOPTERA. Rhipiphorus gyda and Carabus coseeer near Ackworth., —The Ackworth Sch ol Boys’ Natural History Society have to record that this September two specimens were taken from conti Wasps’ nests of Rhipiphor rus paradoxus, female; and that at Ferry Bello Gy ate. in osiers as if in search of larvae oe food, were found t specimens of Carabus granulatus. These fin new records for us ar Pe NEALE, Ackworth School, 19th September i tn a NOTES—FLOWERING PLANTS. Fer errybridge Plant Records,—The Ackworth ae 1 Boys’ Natural History Society have to note that in June were gathered near Ferrybridge Allium Scorodoprasum ors Scirpus sylvaticus. They v identified by oth new records for us. Pig aa ck ALE, Ackworth W. Gowice, poraig sai hee ce t previously seen it. In an old Flora it is said to have been observed in Gaitaan only. —BENJ. Crow, Louth, 15th Sept. 1899. Sedum — in Littondale, Mid ee Lbcsumtonaigy Se origi. I found Sedum oe um growing and in bloom between Arncliffe and Hawkswick na ary, ately. and stony Toei tion; which is sometimes ublic road, and about a mile from any house. The us and were e ecideaity suffering dens the drought, This orkshir Mr. F. A. Lees speaks it as ry rare on Silurian slate ;’ he een it on weill Fells, Littondale is on the lim s must have been carried by a bird to the place mention it is pos [Nam sgn escape, bu A oy. now be _ id to be firoaly established her — see NOTE—MOSSES. m ——- in Wh seme le eee the last few weeks - pa ams the Naturalist, 1866, Pe 266, in a paper on the Botany of Malham, under #1. scorpioides—‘\ belie e the Beamsley rocks, cited as a station in ‘‘T “ Flora of bers West Riding” with name is ge kage in The moss I foun Has e been any record a Wharfedale since iti above ?—C. P. HopKIRK, tikley, po July 1899. $= NOTES—FLO WERING PLANTS. Stratiotes aloidea near Doncaster,—This plant is now aeabe ge ng eye! zy in a ditch by the side of the Great N others Railway a n Doncas and Rossington.—H. H. CorBett, Doncaster, 5th July ¥ Ranunculus arvensis and Epilobium hadaeiil at 750 feet in Wharfedale. —The former of these plants - as appeared in a border in my ord there is i dale, under a Holly tree in the same garden, ees says it is ‘rare in the dales epee 450 feet.’ ave never seen it before this above Kilnsey.— ; FFREY, Arncliffe Woamee: toth August 1899. arn and Lobelia Peale RED some comments of mine id tarn n Mr. J. G,: District,’ pp. 142-3. A few weeks have ret tein since, in ~ course of . on fae he t ta me a. was to the effect that he had himself forgotten Geterty Hi n which sheet » water he had observed 6 Re nie suggested that the ee Sactened y him, viz., 500 sufficient to determine dispute. 1 had mentioned ay “belief t that “Bie Tarn, under High Street, in Westmorland, was the locality meant by Mr. Baker, a view which has 2 Bisa ‘ F hitherto failed to meet with general acceptance. Among the objectors 1s i i e e Nat o » Q ate ‘al may not have = an experience 0} 2 a 2 cae » 5 =] i 2 = Q gs ae se Q o ye a Qo. z toad 1 t, Baker's given altitude of 1,500 _ feet. I have nee sree persona ally the ‘shore of either the Cum berla oe roe a tenant of both wt of water.—W™M + BBQ, - surrounding eg and shoul not be ir aay to grea ai HODGSON, ie Sa ESE me Naturalist, Fe BIBLIOGRAPHY : _ Papers and records published with respect to the Natural History and Physical Features of the North of England. ‘ GEOLOGY AND PALAZONTOLOGY, 1895. THE pressst rita ie has been compiled and edited by | THOMAS SHEPPARD. a Previous instalments of the ntwdiaaid of Geology and Paleontology have appeared as follow For 1884, in ‘Naturalist,’ Dec. 188. pp: 394-406. i. TooR, yy SNOW. 1886; ‘pp. 340°362. i 5, 1886, i June 1888, pp. 178-188. : 3 Oy 1S; Feb. 1889, pp. 61-77. : », 1888, ' April-May 1890, pp. 121-138. », 1880, is Nov. 1890, pp. 339-350. “oe », 1890, age Oct.-Nov. 1891, pp. 313-330. : »» 1891, ” July-Aug. 1892, pp. 219-234. : 3) e802, aes Sept. 1893, pp. 265-279. * » 1893, 7. Sept.-Oct. 1898, pp. 273-296. », 1894, A March-April 1899, pp. 81-103. I, have to thank Mr. W. Denison Roebuck,. F.L.S., and Mr. Alfred Harker, M.A., F.G.S., for assistance. t Particulars of papers, etc., omitted from the following list . _ will be gladly received and included at the commencement o o, the 1896 Bibliography. Every effort will be made, however, to ensure these lists being as complete as possible. The lists for 1896-1899 will be published as soon as possible, and it would render them more complete if editors of periodicals, secretaries of societies, and especially authors of papers in local = __ journals, etc., would send copies to the editor of this journal at _ 259, Hyde Pack Road, Leeds. Reprints and authors’ separate _ _ copies should bear the name of the publication, the number of © the volume or Pact, the ee paging and the actual: date — of publicatio: on. . > We would here refer to the difficulty of ascertaining the date Etc Of publication of certain Transactions and Proceedings, such as, _ for instance, those | of the Manchester Geological Society; the date of the meeting reported does not afford any real clue, and _ _ We venture to suggest that the actual date of publication should always be indicated on the cover of each part ie bo ae Ee: Watsonian vice-counties are adopted throughout hats et oemabie « as more convenient | ne uniform in extent than : 306 F Bibliography: Geology and Paleontology, 1893-5: the political counties; those comprised mahi the North of | ngland are the following :— §3, Lincoln S.; 54; Lincoln .N.; 56; Notts.; os Derby; 58, Cheshire; 59, Lancashire S.; 60, Lancashire W.; 61, York S.E.; O2;> York N. Bis Gae:¥ orc S.W.: 64, York Mid BEN 65, York — _N.W.; 66, Durham; 67, Northumberland S.; 68, Cheviotland ; 69, Westmorland with Furness and Cartmel; 70, Cumberland; and 71, Isle of Man; with their adjoining seas. 1893. Boyp DAWKINS LANG, Sa, DERBYSHIRE. | The Coalfields of New anspad Wales [under ‘ haipaatadil with the | ritish Carboniferous Rocks Sib sa with the beds of Lancashire and ~ mercies ire]. Trans, Manch. Geol. Soc., Vol. 22, pt. 5, 1893 (9 pp. of nt). 1895. ANON. [not signed]. DERBYSHIRE. A Field Meeting {at Matlock Bath; Report of Excursion of Liverpool Geol. Assn.]. Journ. Liv. Geol. Assn., Vol. 25, 1894-5, pp- 17-18. ANON. [not signed]. York Mip W. Field Meeting [held at Clapham; Report of eager 4s i i eol. Assn. oe Gigante Caves, etc.]. Journ. Liv. Geo Assn., Vol. na 1894-5, Aue [not sign me Lanc. S., CHESHIRE, ~ The Field Mp {of the ig wid sb Geol. Assn, to ‘ce Birkenhead neighbourhood ; cores from local bores, and slabs, with footprints, from the Sistéion Quarries, rekisinh Journ. Liv. Geol. Assn., Vol. 25, 1894-5, PP- 30-31. ANON. [not signed]. ' Iste oF MAN. _ An Auriferous Quartz-vein . . [near Douglas, Isle of Man; first record of gold from the island]. Nature, 24th Jan. 1895, p. 2 ANON. [not signed]. York S.E. East Riding Antiquarian Society. The Danes’ Graves [Report of Meeting at Driffield], N.and E. Yorks. Science Notes, Dec. 1895, pP- 65-66. ON. [not signed]. York Mip W. nd Gaping boi [note of Martel’s Exploration]. Nat. sah en a Pp. 20 NON. ei signed]. Geotoxical Excursion to Saltersgate and Winny Nab [Brief Notes . sion organised and reap ted by the Rev. E. M. Cole]. Natusahe Notes; Vol. 4 1894-5, p. 27 d}. E NORTHERN COUNTIES, Geologic ogre | cage to me | feces secant s Library | during the | half year ended D | BRE es 1895 | . ity : Copiata ns numerous | peferences to papers bearing on the geology of the northern counties}. oN, [not signed]. ISLE OF MAN. — pes the Isle of ory fa paying vein found at Douglas}. — Nat. » Feb. 1895, p- 3 th 8S: ee ak ane Ae = oy peat hha ea) Bibliography : Geology and Paleontology, 1895. 307 ANON. [not signed]. K N.E. anp S.E. Historical Note on Malton Spa [shows aa ane ee waters of Malton have been known for a considerable time; brief geological notes]. Naturalist Notes, Vol. 1, 1894-5, pp. oe 49. ANON. [not signed]. YorK N.E. anv S.E. Important Excavations at Malton [in connection with the North Eastern Railway extensions; several British tumuli unearthed, ete. ]. Naturalist Notes, Vol. 1, 1894-5, PP. 63-65. ANoNn. [not signed]. York N.E., Lance. S., eT. In ‘ews William Crawford Williamson, LED. R.S., &c. rn aa W. Crawford ae erie F-R.S., etc.’]..’ Proc.’ Yorks. Geol, and Paljtec. Soc., 1895, pp. 95-111, with portrait plate. ANON. [not signe Ss York N.E. ann. S.E. Matton Naturalists’ Society. Presentation to Mr. S. Chadwick [on his departure to New Zealand; references made to the geological specimens got together by Mr. Chadwick in vel Cpgion Museum]. N. and E. Yorks. Science Notes, Sept. 1895, pp. 2 ANON. [not signed]. CH rep Stafford shire arcomansreg oe sn yee 4 Marston Mine and the Cheshire Salt-beds, 4t lay 1 e Rance ; detailed account of the district]. Sci. Nasas” a "June tS Pes lit. ANON. [not signed]. York N.E., Lanc. S. anp S.W, Professor William C. Williamson, LL.D., F.R.S. [Obituary ay $ work in Yorkshire aud Lancashire referred to], Geol. Mag., Aug. N. [not signed]. K Mip W., NWS. We Reports of Field Excursions fot the Leeds Geoiogica geen Sh : © Ripon, on rst July 1893, New Red Sandstone, Magnesian Limestone a and Glacial beds ; to Marsh Lane Cutting. i 8 Sue 4 on 8th July, sec- : ie e Co n rot Yorkshire Na torsiinis Union, sections in the fe) ae Glacial beds, e to Bolton and Eastby, on 15th July, Carboniferous Limestone, Millstone Grit, etc.; to Gisburn and Sawley Abbey, with Y. NU ; hi st, sp Satedlamimd imestone, Millstone Grit, etc Jetherby, on h August, Carboniferous and Magnesian Limestones, Glacial beds, etc.; t Ronald’ oor, on 2nd tember, Millstone Grit and Glacials; to nengp Thee wi N.U., on 7th September, Chalk and Lias; r ay ae ing, on 21st April 1894, Coal Measures; to Sedbergh, with U., on 14th May, Carboniferous basement beds, etc.; to Ferry- brides, ‘with v. N.U., on 16th June, Magnesian Limestone and Millstone Grit]. Trans. Leeds Geol. Assn., Part 9, 1893-94, publ. 1895, pp. 65-83. ANON. [not signed]. YORKSHIRE, ISLE OF Man, Review. The pg dg a Survey [Report for 1894; briefly refers to the work don reondie ey in the Isle of Man, Yorkshire, etc. ]. Geol. Mag,, Des. i. oes Avon. [not signed]. York S.E. anp N.E. The Inhabitants of Yorkshire in Pre-Roman Times [describing Various posi etc., from the tumuli on the Wolds]. Naturalict Notes, Vol. 1, 1894-5, pp. 58-60. ANON, [not signe ve cs The Lancashire Coalfield. Coll. Guard., Vol. 69, 1895, pp. 592 Be weet aus 1899. a Bibliography: Geology and Paleontology, 1895. ON. [not signed]. Mip W. pD S.W. The Yorkshire Coalfield, | Coll. Guard., ss rite Poe pp. as "é. "113, 159, 207, 255, 304, 353, 400, 448, 1029 et sé ON. [not signed aopoce. Naturalists’ Union [at FI pute Pag br it bik noted. rth and East Yorks. Science Notes, July 1895, N. [not signed; query P. F. Kendall, ans LANCs., CHESHIRE. iinet Glacial Bibliography. Geological Magazine, New Series, _ ecade iv., ay sags cap gee i 1894 ee oke respite: papers bearing on Glacial Gestony ; som which refer to the northern ounGene Glac. Mag., Jan. 1895, eR seattes, and Feb., pp. a 39. ANON. [not signed ; query P. F. Kendall, Editor]: LAKE DISTRICT, ETC. Current oe Bibliography. Geological Magazine, Decade IV., ol, uary-December, 1895 [includes abstract of a paper on ‘Physiographical Sy! in Lakeland,’ by J. E. Marr, etc.]. Glac, Mag., Dec. 895, Pp- signed; query P. F. Kendall, Editor]. Lanc. S., CHESHIRE. rocee i Geological Society. Session 1894-95, Part 3, Vol. VII. . [Gives abstracts of numerous papers bearing on the geology of the Liverpool neighbour- ho o. Glac. Mag., Dec, 1895, pp. 159-162. N. [not signed; query P. F. Kendall, Editor]. York S.E. ona Glacial Setar, gir Proc. Yorkshire Geol. and Polytechnic Soc. N.S Part! 5, pps 347 -475, 1894 [gives abstract of paper on at hang Ne Ss ctions in ee Hesple Gravels,’ by F. Fielder Walton]. Glac. Saul, Dec. 1895, pp. eats DISTRICT, on. [not signed; query P. F. Kendall, Editor]. IsLE OF MAN. Siceeut Glacial aera ie rege Soo sei Journal of the Geological S — al. LL; 3, August ist, 1895 [contains abstracts of papers on ‘An cn aerate io: “Tis strate the gg of Flow of a Viscous Fluid,’ by | Protec Wil, S cope to the Isle of Man); ‘ Notes on some Ra rites age near Ree ick, By. J. Soaileanvaaee etc.].. Glac. Mag., Sept 1895, 104. See signed; query P. F. Kendall, Editor]. LAKE DISTRICT. 5°) Gavceat Glacial Bibliography. The a iach Journal, Vol. vi., 2, August 1895- [Co ntains a len ngthy summary of Dr. Hu Bb Roe co ineaie hae: Survey of the Pactish h Lakes,’ Was water, Coniston Wace er, Haw ahh ter, Ullswater and Windermere) Glac. Mag., Sept. 1895, pp. ene 452 re =, ue) Pon | ° 3 Anon, [not signed ; query P. F. Kendall, Editor]. Lance. $., ETC. Glacial Geology at yee? British Association [abstracts of Bee given, some of whic soot briefly refer to the northern sae ah Glac. Mag., Sep. 1895, pp- 94 NON. [not signed ; P. F. Kendall, Editor ; Meeting of ss Glacialists’ Association [at York; Pagid Rosca describes a an excursion moraines tr York, whi ore e laid down by the | Vale of York piabier Glac. Mag., pet 1895, p J. B. ATKINSON. ; ALL THE NORTHERN COUNTIES. — Home Department. Mineral Statistics of the United Kingdom of — Great Britain — eo with the a. of Mpc for the year eit ; London. 1895 [no “Naturalist Bibliography: Geology and Paleontology, 1895. 309 4i-By ager ALL THE NORTHERN COUNTIES. Mines. List of Mines in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, oe the Isle of Man, for the year oe on red by Her Majesty’s saps of Mines. London. ssc [not s THE NORTHERN COUNTIES. Ann ake - ‘British Geology, B93, A digest of the Books and Papers published during the year; with an Introductory Review; pp. XXIV. + 365 seigmae London. HERBERT BOLTO Lanc. S. Note on some Fossil Trees at Doulton’s Delf, St. Helens, Lancashire tet oe eae erect tree trunks and the remains of vege etation, Nic rin a bed of Coal Measure shale; discussion by various gentlemen ais, printed’, Trans. Manch. Geol. Sits. : Vol. 23, pt. 3, 1895, pp. 73 80. OLTON. CUMBERLAND, ISLE OF MAN. On the Metamorphism of Coal [briefly refers (p. 129) to the graphite from Borrowdale, Cumberland, and Beary, Isle of Man; discussion by various gentlemen also printed]. Trans. Manch. Geol. Soc., Vol. 23, pt. 5, 1895, pp. 122-144. HERBERT BOLTO Lance. S. anD W. ee cere of Nort! th-East I hire in it lation to the Physical Seeaper [deseri ibes in some det il the various beds exposed in North- Ee st Lancashire, and refers to the various changes in athe phi sical ale of the district as shown by a‘careful study of the structure an ents of the beds]. Trans. Manch. Geol. Soc., Vol. 24, pts. 3 and 4, aes pp. 56-67. T. G. BONNEY. K S.E., Linc. N. AN Supplementary Note on the Racibeoueb. District ‘Letcastetabing: ‘(thinks that the pe Wales of chalk and flint in the boulder c oc y at Narborough bably came from Yorkshire or Lincolnshire; but in a footnote ade — ae chalk is not from the northern part z Yorkshi re (i.e. Flam ugh)]. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., Vol. 51, pt. 1895, Pp panel Harwoop Br RK The Yorkshire avis sey Springs: “ “ieee Newton; described at length]. Nature, 26th Dec A. J. oats ths See cre Jatin Brn NE. wae Preliminary. Notice of an Exposure of Rhetic Beds, near East e, tinghamshire (Fourth Contribution to nat Cola describing: tpn on exposed during the construction of the a aan er Sheffield, “ete Lincolnshire Railway; list of teens given]. Rep. Assn., 1895, P 688-690. ses F. M. Burton Line. N. anp S.- The Story of the oe Gap [gives a detailed account of the oo ge oe features of the district, and Seats out ae former courses f the Trent, Witham, nica Nat., ai th 1895, pp. 273-280. 5, LINCOLNSHIRE. Lincolnshire Natairatiets at Sleaford [Geology]. Nat., Nov. 1895, 4. PP? 343 oe ane Linc. N. anv S. ee Geology es a list of papers relating to the _ geology of the eae publi oe ogc 1819 and 1893]. Trans. Linc, — Nat. Union, Vol. 1 ppt ; October 1899 310 Bibliography: Geology and Paleontology, 1895. Bur Linc.cN, Address to the Lincolnshire Naturalists’ Union, Grimsby, 1894. the land between Gainsborough and Lincoln was formed [describes a various strata, and points out the probable conditions bagel which | they were sk aor etc.]. Trans. Linc. Nat. Union, Vol. 1, pp. 33-44 [not sae ed]. J. Burt York S.W [Boulders ay Millwood, Todmorden [Mirfield ; and Horbury ; in The Yorkshire ppt a ‘Committee and its Ninth Year’ rs Work’}. N as, Dec. 1895, pp. eu Bick. P; VAN NorTH EASTERN COUNTIES. A Schem rath ir Perfecting the ccernieiatba’ of Boulders isteeerr the formation of an International Committee to examine and report upon the petrological panei sige of the Aaah al etc., the Lien aF be published _ in a monthly m ne]. Glac. Mag., Dec. 1895, pp- 10: Paes ie spenibdt et DistRICT: (Geology of Lake District briefly summarised in the vinta * 9 to] A List of the Araneidea of Cumberland and the Lake District. Jan aise, Pp 32. T. CROSBEE CANTR CUMBERLAND, YORK MipD W. AND S.W. On the Occurrence ah ‘Golidbhealvansined and thin Coals in ve so-called Permian Rocks ‘sf bs re ror c =e Considerations as to the Systematic Position of t ermia f Salopian Type [compa Grad with the rocks of the cinbesiad ann Vorkobihs oe Ids}. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., Vol. 51, Part 3, Aug. 1895, pp. 528-548 es JOHN T. CARRINGTON CUMBERLAND, YORK S.W. Mineralogy [describing a visit to Thomas D. Russell’s collection, and mentioning som alcites and other minerals from pages a: Cleator Moor, =" ee grid ‘peacock’ coal from Barnsley]. Sci. Goss t. 1895, ie L. Car Yi preted idee vue by the] Lage ine Naturalists’ Union at Ferry- bridge. WNat., April egg p- Ww. pees CARTE York Mip W., N.E., S.E. **A Peep =e Nature’ s Sculpture Gallery ”’ [briefly refers to the plane of marine denudation in North-West Yorkshire, and the erosion 0 the Yorkshire coast]. Trans. Leeds’ Geol. Assn.; Part 9, 1893-94, publ. 1895, Pp- 12-17. D. bas LE OF MAN. Further Notes on the Geology of the Isle of Man ae a nage ne face under the heads pt Palzeozoic as zoic, and Cainozoic]. me verp. Geol. Assn., Vol. 15, 1894-5, pp. 19-29. ARD CLODD. RK S.E., ETC. The peelar of | ‘* Primitive Man” | re de gees as bey | | | | London | [206 pp. Several East Yorkshire implements, etc.; gar and desea J C. T. CLouGH. See ‘W. Gun . MAULE COLE. ORK N.E. The Yorkshire eee: Union at the Hole of Horcum Eerie Nat., July 1895, pp. 211-2 E Stok ae rag signed}. N.E. Trigonias, Encrinites, a TY, a incurva in antes at the t top end of the wilaged Nat. Hist. yg ks sith 1895, p. 103. -Wathealist; Bibliography: Geology and Paleontology, 1895; 311 ae CONNELL. Lanc, S., CHESHIRE. Our Work ph aan of the work done at the Meetings and Excursions o}! e Liverpool Geological Aaseiiting, Session 1894-5]. ourn. yisdied ies 1. Assn.,; Vol. 25, 1894-5, pp. 5-8. JOHN CORDEAUX. Linc. N. anv §S, Address to the Lincolnshire Naturalists’ Union, Delivered - Lincoln, May wand 1894 [refers to the geology of the county at som length, and suggests the pam ns a Boulder Committee]. Trans Linc. Nat. Union, Vol 1, 1895, pp. Gu, Crick, York Mip W., IsLE OF MAN. On a New Species of Prolecanites from the Carboniferous Lime- ead of Haw ao k Tunnel, Skipton, Yorkshire [describes and figures a new specie rolec canites, design ated oie similis, found and presented to ti Manchester Maen m by Rev. E. Jones; compared with P. ceratz- toides from Nassau, and P. compressus end the Isle of Man, both of w oie! ie fea figured; discussion by she ae ames printed}. Froid 1. Soc., Vol. 23, Part 3, 1895, 80-88. Veena DaL DERBYSHIRE. Further Notes on the Glaciation _ the Neighbourhood w Buxton [describes the boulders in the Goyt Valley, etc., some of which have come from the Lake District]. Giae. Mag., Dec. 1895, pp. va 124. T. W. Davies AND T. MELLARD READ CHESHIRE, eee cption of the Strata exposed dicéied the construction of the Sea e branch of the Wirral Railway [Sections in the Trias and Glacial tad exposed, surfaces of bec) former being frequently striated; lists of shells and foraminifera giv iverp. Geol. Soc., Vol. 7, Part 3, Pion Sy. PP- 326-348, and 2 plates -pbstentt in Glac. Mag., Dec. 1895, aa WwW. Linc. N. anp S., YORK S.W. anp S.E. On vee Secucbicss of Certain a seb OT xe eo the Trent, Humber, etc.]. Geog. Journ., Feb. 1895, - [not se _ .[W.] Boyp Dawkrys. LE OF MAN. The Geology of the Isle of Man. Part II. laren ott under the heads of (1) Introductory ; (2) the Continuation of t oring at Ballaw- hane; (3) the Triassic Sandstones; (4) the Upper Keni ans of the Stack. 3 Series ; (5) the Carboniferous Lime: estone ; at the Evidence of a Fault; (7) the Dip of the Rocks and the Two Geological Breaks ; and (8) the i i i i ous gent he Borin: 5 printed]. Trans. Manch. Geol. Soc., Vol. 23, Part 6, 1895, pp- ne 159, with Section v. ‘ Lhen Moar—Point of hy re’; also Coll. Guard., Vol - 69, s 416 et se . DERANCE [Secret ary]. L THE Accent COUNTIES. The | inate of Erosion of the Sea Ss asts of England a es, and the Influence of the Artificial Abstraction of Shingle or hes material mittee ‘Estuary of the Humber’ rham, Cumber BER ME eee i a es a3, MELO OR ee Ege geese Pre RaW EMA BE RC Lent Mert 5 eae Sia ath ha so Nb # se be ah ay Ch yay oats RR ee . PS oh) , a) ayer oe Revs Ene has FAPRO a Sr2. Bibliography : Geology and Paleontology, 1895. ” Cuas. E. DERAN On Glacial Theories, Past and Sahay Recah er: Applications te “cage aa gent seen]. Ann. Rep. a ee N.F. Vol. 29, for 1894-95, publ. oe pp- 107-1 ari _ JoOsEPH DICKENSON [not signed]. La The Permian Maris [Mr. Di ckenson exhibited and described e mia a piece of Permian Marl obtained in situ fi he co ton ; . Street, Manchester, which proved th he Permian Marls ' extended . about a a e sina south than had been mapped by the Geologic cal Survey}. s. Manch. Geol. Soc., Vol. 23, Part 8, 1895, pp. 189-190 E. Dickson. Notes on the Geology of the Country between Preston Blackburn [describes the Glacial, Triassic, Permian, and Ca sinenaifecoes sats gth; LSS through the district; with plate showing the ‘present and Pre-Glacial r , Vol. 7, Part 3, i pp- 2 Farther’ eles on the Section at Skillaw Clough, near Parbold ce ocks met with are ee ries ease red-purple marls shales, : rown sandstone, and grey and purple shales gate gri ts ‘e (Millstone elie Proc. Livers Geol. a "Yok ae) a 18945) pp. 314- a 320 (sections . Dickson [not signed]. Lanc. S., CHESHIRE. "s President’s Address. Chemistry as Aid ‘to Geokeey? Pres) chemical Rik remy of some of the local oe referred to]. Liverp. Geol. Soc., Vol. 7, pt. 3, 1894-5, pp. 243-270. ‘bya NORTHUMBERLAND, cs Mip W., CUMBERLAND, . a Miss JANE tame WESTMORLAND, Lanovs: : Notes on the Genus Murchisonia and its Allies; witha Revision of i e om Clattering Ford, Cumberland, M. m'coyi C1 . n.) from Widdale Fell, Ww Soe ae: i. oweni (sp. n.) from Todmorden, and AZ. tabulata from ae Slaidburn an a Ke ndal; all from the Cachoalinrsiet Quart. Journ. Geol. oe Soc., May 1895, pp. 210-234, plates 8-10; abstract in Geol. Mag., 1895; ve pp- 185-186. eas W. L. H. DuckworTH AND F. E. SWAINSON, NOUTNGRARSHTRE, Poe oe A New Ossiferous Fissure in Cresswell poh. {abstract only; at ee the top is a white earth with human and other remains, and this passes down into a red sand with jpg of fox. , badge er, roe-deer, etc.]. Quart. — Journ. Geol. Soc., May 1895, p. 2375 abstract j in Geol. Mag., April 1895, be: : - os AJR WERRYHOUSE]. NORTH-EASTERN Counties, ETC Gurcent. Glacial Bibliographiy._ Aawgebd. Baa LX. [abstracts the papers and notes bearing upon some of had refer to ‘the northern counties}. Glac Mee Meio ibe: pp- 159-162. ae A. R. D[wEeRRYHOUSE]. Lake District. _ Current Glacial eden at The TET pidge ‘ieaeast, Vol. IV. [contains summary of Hugh Robert Mill’s pa on ‘A Survey of the English Lakes,’ etc. ]- Glac. Mag., Jun © 1895, P- oes ; Notes on the Glacial Deposits on the Cheshire ‘Shore ‘oe i estuary’ Sacre the eer beds oe in the Cliff tt ne Dee Bibliography: Geology and Paleontology, 1805. 313 and their contents; ae boulder clays are attributed to the direct action | of an ice-shee t, and the gravels and sands to the sub- faa cial drainage eee System]. Glac Nats: oe 1895, pp. pool (and plate). WERRYHOUS CHESHIRE. Note ont: a or | Surface A pee Mollington, Cheshire Saget, striz running fi true).on the Pebble Beds]. Glac Mag., ‘Bes: + Ae 6. toes. LANCASHIRE, sahare ERRYHOUSE. LakE District, ISLE OF Man. On ie aul Deposits in the Neighbourhood of ine Wrekin [briefly refers to the ies and boulders Se the counties bordering the Irish Sea]. Glac. Mag ne 1895, pp. 4 ar seege HOUSE ISLE OF Man. nal Gurvat ure oe the Isle of Man [in the Ordovician _ Slates on tee Cliffs above Bulghan Bay ; attributed to ice-movement t fro the north]. Glac, mee ‘ Math eae pp. 164-165. [Misses] G. L. ELLES AND E. M. Woop. CUMBERLAND. Supplementary Notes on the bid Shales [mear Carrock Fell; ving an enlarged list of fossils, confirming the c orrelation of the group with the Coniston Limestone, and dividing it into two parts, an upper with ab nt Zrinucleus and a lower with fea Ii Ampyx and Orthis testudinaria). Geol. Mag., ; June 1895, pp. 246-249. ARTHUR H. Foorp. N.E. A Short Account of the Ammonites and their Allies, as Saalediee in the Cepha aopon dep nal of the British Museum (Natural istory) [refers t 2, to the aes ae ammonites in the “ah tata zone,’ or Jet Rock, of the Yorkshir ek. Geol. Mag., Sept. 1895, p. 391-400. C. Le hae paens IsLE OF MAN, ETC. snide! of H.M. Inspector of Mines for the North Wales, SE, 8 an f Man district (No. 9), to Her eget s Secretary of Sta ne or the year 1894. PP 1895 [not seen]. J ae 5 HERN COUNTIES. oe miei Races. Proc. Roy. Inst. Gt. Britain, oa 14, 1895, p. 248 seq. oe seen]. E. J. GARWOOD AND J. E. Marr. NORTHERN COUNTIES. Zonal bisisious of the Carboniferous wc atitatn [the following zones i are shown as pose represented in the Low r Carboniferous beds of the : : ss e roduc urge zone of dtc he latissimus, zone of Productus giganteus, zone of Chonetes papilonacea and zone of Spzrifera ne tcata; the authors — as ‘ est Centers. Rew: Brit. Assn., 1895, p. 696; sina Geol. Mag., Dec. 895, pp. 550SS#- CHEVIOTLAND. ‘tue : nein f Northumberland, issued under the — direction pf the Northumberland County History Committee, Vol. fi. [ } y mbleton Parish, Ellingham, Howick, ry; Appendix I., contin ve - iogra raphy Sill, ete. }. P x. +570; Newcas cans sow: Reviewed by G, A Lebour i in Geol.’ , Nov. ios, PP: 519- vs Reainavy A Ga nts oo See ages 58 ints [describes and figures some small worked fl up 9 half a an- oe in length, found on. the fields in East Judrande imal 'Sci. 2 Gose, 1 1895, pp- 36-37- | 314 Bibliography : Geology and Paleontology, 1895. CUMBERLAND, ISLE OF MAN, ARCHIBALD GEIKI YorK Mip W. anv S.W., LANCASHIRE. Annual Report of the Geological Survey for . . . 1894 [with notes on the Skiddaw Slates of the Tata ot Man and their crush- ibe | “|. -|- . | Cambridge |... | 1895 | - vl with oe criptions i Pca 8 North Country rocks, i igneous and sedimentary]. 8vo, Py ick a DuRHAM. Some Metasomiatie Changes in Limestones [the Magnesian ~ecspeeat of Durham referred to}. Sci. Progress, Vol. 4, 18955. P , 50 seq. BONS S OF MAN. Report of the wie caer fesse (C.) [Isle of ‘ion oe Lioar Mesninagh, Vol..'3, 1895, LE OF MAN. Riaread IGtacia Geology, ean * the Isle of A Yn Lioar Manninagh, Vol. 3, 1895, p. 27 € sg _ JEROME HARRIS tee igs THE ORTEEEN COUNTIES. A Rih ot ey of a ge 250 books and - papers, several of which have reference to the northern counti es]. Proc. Birmingham Nat. Hist, and Phil. Soc., Vol. 9, ee 2, 1895 [reprint of 86 pp. ]. W. JEROME cari Yorn N. E. AND S.E. } mpares Midlands ; with Appendix, a ‘List of the mor precio nt ooka and Papers relating to the Glaciology of the Yorkshire Coa and abstrac le Pee me Titan , Sept. 1895, pp. 67- tes aad two views of the Ss, fro E. Haw sogiig ese atl Saltburn ag bir Yorkshire ea cenane ot Samara er in ee alk Fe several fousliiens in Lincolnshire and York- re]. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., Vol. 51, Part 4, Nov. 1 ain plate ; abiteact | in Geek Moe: -» Aug. 1895, p. 372. Be os WHEELTON HIND. Lanc., S., NortHu MB. S. ae A Monograph on Cacho, Anthra se and ae heen ee? fet Part II., pp. 81-170, Pl. XII,-XX. {deserbing and figu species of Rees ae from the Lancashire and Newenstte Head, Holt Hill, teal re, Birk head. ittle Stonion Little Mollington, Seacombe, Bidston, and Flaybrick Hill, which are attributed o ‘an immense she ice overriding the Pei from the N.W.’] Glac. Mag., June 1895, pp. 15-21, with table Heres J. Lomas. CUMBERLAND, WESTMORLAND. Report of Excursion [of the Liverpool Geological Society] to Appleby, Easter 1895 [a description of the sections visited in conjunction with the geologists ee the Yorkshire otlegs: Leeds]. Proc. Liverp. ahr oS Vol. 7, pt. 3, 1894-5, pp. 349-350. NY GEORGE “fae ER. Lanc. S., CHESHIRE, Drddging. Operations on the Mersey Bar [describes appliances used for making a deep channel through the bar, and refers to the variety in the material dredged up]. Rep. Brit. Assn., 1895, p. 799. C, A. MCMAHON AND W. Maynarpb Hutcnuines. York N.W. or N.E. Note on mn ct gh a a {briefly refers to observations made on the Whin Sill in a previous issue of the Geol. Mag.]. Geol. Mag., June 1895, Pps 257-250. J. E. Mar a ice ane bebe of | Lakeland Mectradideriss that numerous tarns from which ter issues over ock are. not true peter plans hen old exit now filled by drift Gana ers a power level than the present one; various examples are given of the diversion of the drainage system by mo raine matter]. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., Feb. 1895, pp. 35-48, with 11 figs. i text; abstract in Geol. Mag., Jan. 1895, p. 44. J. E. Mar KE DIsTRICT. Physiographical Studies i in pakeiané {deals with ‘ ees rivers Caldew a a) § ing of the drainage of the Troutb ck ib). The e aters ed he aa se bom and reap nt and (c) Progress ro the Study of the iret Yeton Sediments. Sci. Progr., lL 4, 1895, pp. 313 et seq. [not seen]. < E. MARR LAKE ptien Forms of Mountains {pointing out the characteristic forms due water er dey action respectively]. nae Science, April 1895, pp. aserghing Pas RR. See ‘E. J. Garwood.’ J, E. ee ae See A. Nicholson.’ HERBERT Maxw HIRE, Growing Stones Inote of Folk-lore in Cheshire]. Notes and ‘Oisier _ oth Nov. 1895, = paeapireretge e Newcas Mae oum st Natural chgenty iam to the geological contents, pee Nat. Science, Aug. 1895, 115 ERES. ale . AND W., FURNESS. A. D. MEE Erosion of Coast of Lancashire since 6-inch Survey, July 23rd, fi i e of sion at dite the Sea ales and of NORTHUMBERLAND, YORKSHIRE, ‘ 320 | Bibliography : Geology and Paleontology, 1895: [?] MELVILLE. NorTHUMB., DURHAM, CUMBD., WESTMORLAND. | Northumberland, yeaa Cumberiand, sins Westmorland {Erosion — of the coasts of; in the Bri the Rate of Erosion of the eee a of England and Wales: gapticince given]. Rep. Brit. Assn., BY . ae TCALF . AND DERBYSHIRE. : The Gypsum Deposits of Pegg cee seen y and Derbyshire, Ann. ns. Nottingham Na 1894 ; , 1895, p- 308 not be WwW GLEY. . DERBYSHIRE, escice ns from Mountain Limestone [giving a reproduction of slide ’ from the Peak of Letey shire, showing ZLithestrotion a finns en occurs. ae at Castleton]. Sci. Goss., July 1895, p. 128, and fi IIDGLEY. Lan Vor K Mip W. Foraminifere in Mountain eae arin “Wigaring sections from “precy and from an erratic found in ee er Wyre, Lancashire]. Sci. Goss., Aug. 1895 65, and two figur HuGuH RospertT MILL. Lake DIsTRICT. The 9 aha Lakes: “pipeieshie of a wise Spree dae pie a seit study of the gen of the lakes by mean merous cea rey og. Journ., Vol. P- 46-73, 135-166, with Sekt | foldi ing maps. HvuGuH RoBerRT MILL. LakE DISTRICT. sax fade ich Survey of the English Lakes. Rp hestet Vol. 6, -166; abstract in Glac. Mag., Sept. Pave al -106. “ARTER MITCHELL. cee Mip W. [Boulders at] Baldersby [in ‘ The Yorkshire pence! Conn and its Ninth Year’s Work ’]. Nat., Dec. 1895, pp. 342-3 J. R. MORTIMER. YorkK S.Be The Ciel of Six Mounds at Scorborough, near Beverley Lfoacribe s he contents of some British tumuli]. Trans. East Riding ee -23. ve Soc., Vol. 3, 1895, pp. 21 . MORTIMER. York S.E. The Gistip ing of Barrows and its bearing on the religious cope of the Sicteas Britons [from observations on the barrows on the Yorkshir Wolds]. Trans. East Riding Antiq. Soc., Vol. 3, 1895, pp. 53-62 ‘elate ne G. H. Morton. Lanc. S., CHESHIRE. | The Recent and Fossil Flora and ee of the Country around — * Liverpool. Proc. Liverp, Nat. F. Ciub, 1894, pp. 10 et seq. [no not seen]. . ‘ ieee NICHOLSON AND J. E. MAR LAKE DISTRICT. ylogeny of the Graptolites [specimens ag., Dec..1895, pp. 529-539 . ADRIAN WoopRvuFFE PEeac ood and Twigmoor Gullery sg ogy]. Nat., Aug. peas pp. 230-231. E. ADRIAN WOODRUFFE PEACOC +. N. AND” < The Natural pomersat Divisions a Lincolnshire (Geotozy yA. J. Teesapaie wntel. : oe L. PerLer. See K, A. Hinde. yee FREDK. O. PICKARD-CAMBRIDGE. See under‘ Cambridge.’ fs Notes on the Skididaw Slates of Troutbeck and Outerside, near Keswick, described]. referred sit Nat., 5» PP- 209-301 ; with coloured map of the ce etc, — Me 4 | Line. Nut 9) ~The Yorkshire and Linco Inshire e i Naturatiene Latels at Broughton | Bibliography: Geology and Paleontology, 1895. gat S. SYDNEY PLATT Notes on a large Fossil icehaiy Sie oid found in Shale of the Coal Measures, at Sparth Bottoms, Rochdale [describes and figures an erect stem of Sigv//laria, —. fe oy in height, su, roots in sounisc discussion by various gentlemen also printed]. Trans. Manch. Geol. Soc., Vol. 23, 5 72. S. SYDNEY Pratt. Large ores Trees found at Sparth pene; Rochdale tin pre oal Measures]. Trans. Rochdale Lit. and - Soc., Vol. 4, 1895, 4 90-92, with photograph: as frontispiece. J. POSTLETHWAITE ISTRICT. Notes on Some Railway pity near Keswick [Abstract only ; dda describes sections in fib Skiddaw Slates, an ee diabase dyke], Qua ae 8 “Geok Soc., Vol. St Part. a Shag. Pp. 493; abstract p. dog in Geol. Mag., Juné 1895, p. JOSEPH PRESTWICH K N.E. ann S.E. On Certain Phenomena | belonging to the Sie of | the last Geological Period | on their Pag ay | The Tradition of the Flood | by | Joseph Prestwich, DCL er , Pao. 2. a London | . - | pp. v y lecmtaads brief references. to 1895. ™ drifts of the Eastern Counties heir bb A sera Scandinavian erratics, c.}. “ E. DERANcE. See under ‘ DeRance.’ JOHN Ran The Midland. Coalfields and Hpermreres Rocks. Coll. Guard., Vo . 70, 1895, pp. 652 e dats 782 e . MELLARD READ ALL THE NORTHERN COUNTIES. Britten Geology a relation to Earth-Folding and Faulting jest Address to bye Liverpool Geological Society, 1895) oo numerous references to the northern counties}. Geol. Mag., 1895, PP: 557-565. T. MELLA ADE. Note of further Glacial Striz at the ragged Little Crosby records striz 30° wet of north, on a surfac euper Fane set boulder of Eskdale Granite was s found in Pane covering me bove ee striz]. Proc. Liverp. Geol. Soc., Vol. 7, pt. 3% 1894-5, P- 3 T. MELLARD READE. aga Ww. Davies.’ ~ R. COWPER REED. AKE DISTRICT. The Geology of the Country around Fishguar ard, Rcalck cate [briefly Bia