aries eee Tie retcemet eas nn eee ve ar cabnerewe aoe hele eee ameereirt Journar OF Tue New York Boranicat GARDEN VOLUME NV, 1914 . PUBLISHED BY THE AID OF THE Davip Lypic Fuxp BEQUEATHED BY CHARLES P. DaLy JOURNAL OF The New York Botanical Garden EDITOR ARLOW BURDETTE STOUT Director of the Laboratories VoLUME XV WITH 14 PLATES 1914 PUBLISHED FOR THE GARDEN AT 41 NortH Qugen Street, Lancaster, Pa. Tug New Era Printinc Company PRESS OF THE NEW ERA PRINTING COMPANY LANCASTER, PA. OFFICERS 10914 PresipenT—W. GILMAN THOM ANDREW CARNEGIE | PRANCIS eta STETSON TREASURER—JAMES A. aoe SER Secretary—N,. L. BRIT + BoARD OF MANAGERS 1. TED MANAGERS Term expires January, 1915 N. L. BRITTON _ J. MATHESON ANDREW CARNEGIE GILMAN THOMPSON LEWIS RUTHERFORD 1 MORRIS Term expires January, 1916 THOMAS H. HUBB FRANCIS LYNDE STETSON GEORGE W. PERKINS. MYLES TIERNEY LOUIS C. TIFFANY Term expires January, 1917 EDWARD D. ADAMS JAMES A. SCRYMSER ROBERT W. ve FOREST HENRY W. ve FOREST J. P. MORGAN DANIEL GUGGENHEIM 2. EX-OFFICIO MANAGERS THe Mayor or THE City or New York HON. JOHN PURROY MITCHEL THE oat OF THE ENT OF PuBLic Parks GEORGE *CABOT WARD 3, SCIENTIFIC DIRECTORS PROF. H. H. RUSBY, Chairman EUGENE P. BICKNELL PROF. orate , Saal DR. NICHOLAS cre BUTLER PROF. R. A. URCH PROF. haMes: -. RREMP THOMAS W. CH PROF. FREDERIC S. LEE GARDEN STAFF DR. N. Me BRITTON, Director-in-Chief (Development, Administration) . A. MURRILL, As. aie a heere (Administration DR. ION k. SMALL, on erg tor “sew (Flowering Plants) a ae V. NASH, Head Ala! ener DR B. STOUT, Director of the La boratories DR. SOHN ena ‘BARNHART, Bibliographer ARA 2 ih rian nates wo ao NR. BRINLEY gineer TER S. GRO ECK, Clerk and Accountan Ae ; TCORBEER epee pae of Buildings ae Grounds Members of the Corporation Fritz Achelis, Edward D. Adams, Charles B. Alexander, John D. Ar ine old, Gone F. Baker, aylies Eugene P. Bicknell, K. G. Billings ae Blumenthal, F. Chander, Thomas W. Soa Hon. W. A. Clark, C, A. Coffin, Samuel P. Colt, Edmund C. Congees, George W. Folsom, James B. Ford, Henry W. de Forest, Robert W. de Forest, Henry C. Frick, Prof. W. J. Gies, Daniel Guggenheim, Anson W. Hard, Prof. R J. Horace Hardin; J. Montgomery Hr, Edward S. Harkn R. A. Harp TILA. seh seas ‘ Heckscher, H Pierre Jay, Walter B. Jennings, Otto H. Kahn, Prof. James F. Kemp, Darwin P. —— Edw. V. id Ly Kenneth K. Mackenzie, V. E. Mac are L. ig Emerson MeMilhn, Ogden Mills, Ogden L. Mills, J. Pierpont ee Dr. Lewis R. Mor Theodore W. M Frederic R. Newbold, C. D. Norton, Eben E. Olcott, Prof. Henry F. Osborn, Lowell M. Palmer, pa w. ae Henry James R. Piteher, F ockefeller, Henry A. einen, m ieee G. Thomps ir. W. Gilm: ts Thompion = muel Thorn Biiieon Winthrop. Members of the Women’s Auxiliary Mrs, aaa Bacon, Mrs. Delancey Kane, Mrs. James Roose : Mrs mas H. Barber, Mrs. A. A. Low, Mrs. Archibald D Russell, Miss Laer Billings, Mrs. V. Everit Maes 8. Benson B, an, iss Catherine A. Bliss, Mrs. Henry Marquand, Miss Olivia EB, P. Stokes, Miss Eleanor Blodgett, | Mrs. George W. Perkins, Mrs. Henry 0. T. yl Mrs. James L. Breese, Miss Harriette Rogers, Mrs. Gene Cabot A, Mrs. E. Henry Harriman, (2) TABLE OF CONTENTS No. 169. JANUARY Vegetable Foods; cae Distinctive Characteristics and Classification....... I Digestion of Vegetable Foods............ 5 Dr. Hollick's OSILION 4. ie icb ihe need Pada Beare s eee yadees 9 Conference Notes... 0.0000. 0 ccc cence teen tenet ete n ene ee 12 Notes, News and Comment. ....00...0. 0000 cece cece nt ene e eens 16 SACCESSIONS 9 6.603 in tyre olee-t eave -Searant Wyeth an eneann naw Gehy a odes eames 17 . 170. FEBRUARY Cereal Foods............. see. 30 Starchy ae Sugary Foo Publication of the it ee and Students of the New York Botanical arden abe: ChesyearlO13 sae nox sa noi war een aes ei ae oe Notes, News and Comment. . 22.45.45 ¢.¢eeb Gude ee pbyeete deine pests 43 ACCESSIONS 12a 1g iecttn tive ters crete sie acer ect nena te ae aba Hite lat cots Sa ae aha 44 No. 171. Marcu Forsythias or Golden Bells..... 0.0.0... cece tte teens 47 Vegetable Foods of the American Indians..........00.. 000. cece ee 50 Report on a Collecting Trip to Georgia and Florida 60 Spring. Lectures,1914s 64 02ce0-e 2 hot on re eee eel Pate ala ade tetas eee fed 64 Notes, News and Comment a eres ihe eine erteeeee haus Diag ebasen 2 Schaerer oy eee wea 65 Accesslons is) Gann e are Mh Acid aie in sativa ee Aan ea Neat he a eae kas 65 No. 172. APRIL Explorations in the Everglades and on the Florida Keys................... 69 —— for oe i Gardens: sc84 oivecGes ceeugey ceaele Sere eee 79 splay.of Tulips: .ccccveiceceaddchacrdauist i pote ee atte OE heck ened Dee tae 89 eS News ene Comment) ios steer nl oe eer cts ae eee ao ee ead 90 ACCESSIONS iss reagan ey es a Rey as su te eee eet eee gI No. 173. May ce Exploration in Porto Rico and ties ands Adjacent iar Spring Inspection of Grounds, Buildings and Collections The Preservation of our Native Plants... 0.0.0... 00. ccc eee eee eee Summer, Lectures) 26a ad Sob oe ths Ss HAAS Sea eh ae Oe ees N ACCESSIONS 2 os: hs eats we ul a ew soe hs Se ee oe ae Pan Sis hohe ected eee ate ae Be er 119 tokes has Essays Vill CONTENTS Goerge Megane eosin RTE eer eee are 126 Notes, News and Comment..........00. 00.0000 e cece teen ees 127 poi By eeicectee etapa tuned de te enaeecaseicirte atear cage regen eaeeaaende amherane 129 Administrative— Act of ean oo By- Regulations for the Office of Director-in-Chief...............0.+e eee 142 Provisions see aes ‘ibuting Membership. ..... 2.2.0... 5: e ese e eee aee 143 rovisions of the Charter of the City of New York for Mainvenauce:: 144 The Rose Plantat: See Notes, News and aaa se stianeci dihal ye dtsh tdi Meta Ges 148 Accessio: .. 150 No. 176. AuGustT Selection and Preparation of Vegetables... .. 153 Deadly Poisonous Mushrooms... .. 2.02... cece eee eee 159 Stokes Prize Essays II]. The Protection of Trees. 169 Professor Frankli: Hooper. ummer Lectures, 1914 Notes, News Com : Accessions No. 177. SEPTEMBER The John Innes Kane Fund... . 175 Poison [Vy iscsi sedis deci ares oh ght Maas eee aed eae ane eee hes ead 176 Fossil Wood from the Petrified Forest of Arizona. . 181 Antumin Lectures, 1914 65 eco sees cose e ais elace ie iececaetee av aree ata ww ated EN SG e 182 Convention of the Slag Association of Park Superintendents........... 183 Notes, News and Comment. .........0 0... c cece eee eect eect eee tees 185 ACCESSIONS 2:8. tiucs5 a aa eniena eta itln dena GelekG oases 'cn heen ae te an 188 ©. 178. OCTOBER The Soil, The Basis of Success in Gardening and in Other Lines of Productive A Plea for the Wild Flowers.......0.0.0.0000 000 ccc cece cece crete etneuaceues 197 Notes, News and Comment. ..........0. 20.0... c cece cece e uc eeeeeanes 199 Accessions. . Feu a spihe gags mat ants ater fa eae taeda tree ncaa eg nw ob 202 No. 179. NOVEMBER Variegated Abutilons.) choi ada tease aig nd oa bi a eae oe Bee - 207 Report of the See of the Laboratories on his Trip to Europe........_.. 213 The Dahlia Exhibition. 2.0.0.0... ieee cece eee eee ne cee ees 220 The Underwood Library a and Collection of Fungi..........06 00.00.0000... 223 Notes, News and Comme fiadane He IDA a yk 224 Accessions : eee ee ore . 224 No. 180. DECEMBER Index to volumes I-XV..... 1. cee eee eee eee ene e ee. 233 York Botanical Garden - ARLOW BURDETTE STOUT Director of the Laboratories PUBLISHED FOR THE GARDEN Art 41 NortH Queen Street, LANcasTER, Pa. Tue New Era Printinc Company OFFICERS 1014 PresipeEnT—W,. GILMAN THOMPSO Vice Parsipents--FRANCIS res aTeTsoN DREW we EGIE TREASURER—JAMES A. SCRY oe Srecretary—DR. N. L. BRIT = BOARD oF MANAGERS 1. ELECTED MANAGERS - Term expires January, 1915 N. L. BRITTON W. J. MATHESON ANDREW CARNEGIE W. OMAN THOMPSON LEWIS RUTHERFORD MORRIS Term expires a 1916 THOMAS H. HUBBARD RANCIS LYNDE STETSON GEORGE W. PERKINS MYLES TIERNEY LOUIS C. TIFFANY Term expires January, 1917 EDWARD D. ADAMS JAMES A. SCRYMSER ROBERT W. ve FOREST HENRY W. ve FOREST J. P. MORGAN DANIEL. GUGGENHEIM . EX-OFFICIO MANAGER THE Presi OF THE DEPARTMENT OF ee PARKS ON. GEORGE CABOT WARD Se Mayor oF THE City or New York HON. JOHN PURROY MITCHEL 3. SCIENTIFIC DIRECTORS HH. PROF. RUSBY, Chairman EUGENE P. BICKNELL ee gene J. GIES DR. NICHOLAS MURRAY BUTLER PROF. R. RPER THOMAS W. CHURCHILL Peae TiGiEE F. KEMP PROF. FREDERIC S. LEE GARDEN STAFF DR. N. L. BRITTON, ee te -Chief (Development, Administration) DR. W. A. MURRILL, Assistant Director (Administration Ss Cu DR. JOHN ‘kK. MALL, Head Curator of th ums (Flowering Plants) DR RYDBERG, Curator (Flowering Ss DR. MARSHALL A. , Curat Flowerless Plants) 10) DR. ‘JOHN HENDLEY BARNH ART, Biblioorepher eae H. HARLOW, Libra DR. H RUSBY, Honorary Curator an the Economic Collechians pie eee e, BRITTON, Honorary Curator Mos DR. ARTHUR HOLLICK, Honorary Curator of Fossil Plants DR. W: & emist ae gine ER S. "GR BECK, Clerk and Account leat 7 Coen iiterte of Buildings cai Grounds l JOURNAL OF The New York Botanical Garden VoL. XV January, 1914 No. 169 VEGETABLE FOODS; THEIR DISTINCTIVE CHAR- ACTERISTICS AND CLASSIFICATION* Our vegetarian friends are quite insistent upon the immorality of raha: the lives of the lower animals for the purpose of securing our food supplies. They sometimes go so far as to declare ie this constitutes murder. they are reminded that these animals are brought into existence on an enormously increased scale for the very purpose of furnishing this food supply and that the sum total of animal happiness is thereby greatly increased, they reply that, in any case, we should be better off if we used only vegetable food. It is not the purpose of this series of lectures to discuss ques- tions of this kind, but it is not out of place to say here that con- siderations of economy will more and more compel a resort to vegetable foods. Meat products grow and will continue to grow more high-priced as population increases, and great numbers of people who can now make a free choice between animal and vegetable food, will eventually be forced to depend largely upon the latter. To a certain extent, this condition will certainly ure, because it cannot be denied that, while we can eeu subsist upon a mixed diet, our digestive organs a better adapted to deal with animal than with vegetable foods: The anticipated change will involve the necessity for an exten- sive adaptation to meet it, and the human race cannot too soon * Abstract of a lecture delivered at the New York Botanical Garden on Oc- tober 4, 1913 (ouaNar: for December, 1913 (14: 195-230) was issued January 22, 1914] 1 2 begin its study of the best method of fitting its vegetable food supply to its digestive provisions. e must remember that only a portion of almost any food can become fitted for assimilation by our body, the remainder being rejected as waste. The portions which are thus used are called nutrients, and one of the functions of digestion is to separate them from the foods that we eat. These nutrients are of different classes. Those which are inorganic include such substances as water, iron and the lime salts. The organic nu- trients are divided into those which contain nitrogen, called albuminoids, and those which do not, the latter known as carbonaceous. Some of the latter, as sugar, starch and inulin, contain two atoms of hydrogen for each atom of oxygen, as in water (H.O) and are therefore called carbohydrates, while those not based on this formula, as the fats, are called hydrocarbons. The carbohydrates become at least partly converted into fat by the body, but this is done at the expense of considerable labor by the system, while the fat eaten calls for very little such labor. A given weight of fat in the food is therefore rated as about four and a half times as valuable, as a nutrient, as the same weight of carbohydrate. A pound of albuminoid is re- garded as equally valuable with a pound of fat. We are thus enabled to readily calculate the relative nutritive values of different foods. Suppose, for example, that we have three foods with the composition given below: Carbohydrate Hydrocarbon Albuminoid ee anenerces ee 40 4 6 i eticaters gumiceneameaiste 20 2 3 ieee 49 7 I Reducing each set to carbohydrates, we get the following results: A B Cc Carbohydrates.......... 40 20 49 Hydrocarbons .......... 4X4% 18 2X4% 9 7X 4% 31.5 Albuminoid 6 X4¥% 27 3X44 13.5 1X4 45 85 8s The number of nutritive units in A and C is the same, so that the money value per hundredweight of these two would agree, while that of B would be only half as great. 3 The kind of effect upon the system of eating A and C would, owever, be vastly different. Good health demands a definite relation between the amounts of the albuminoid and carbonaceous nutrients, the ratio differing of course with the individual, with his condition at a particular time, his environment, occupation, etc. Such ratios for the three foods above would be as follows: A = 6to (40 + 18) 58, or I to 9.66; B = 3 to (20 + 9) 29, or I to 9.66; C = 1 to (49 + 31.5) 80.5, or I to 80.5. This ratio is called the nutritive ratio and is consulted in order to ascertain whether a food supply is composed of the proper inds of nutrients. A and B, although one contains twice as much nutrient as the other and is therefore twice as valuable, have the same nutritive ratio, while C, of equal value with A, has a nutritive ratio about as different as could well be imagined. S e charge of providing food supplies for large numbers of aie whether human or inferior, must, in making their selection, consider the feeding value for purposes of econ- my, and the nutritive ratio for purposes of sanitation. When the individual has a varied supply of food accessible, nature is quite likely, through the appetite, if this be not perverted, to create a desire for such foods as will give his diet the proper nutritive ratio I 6 kappa that there are, in both animal and vegetable bee very similar series of albuminoids and of fats, so that, so far as securing the proper nutrients is concerned, we are equally favored by both classes. As to the conditions of these nutrients, affecting their digestibility, there is a great difference between the two series. In meat, both the albuminoid and the fat are con- tained in little sacs or pockets, the walls of which are themselves albuminoid in nature. The stomach is peculiarly adapted for cee these albuminoid walls, so that the contents are readily freed for prompt digestion, in either the stomach or the intestine, according io the natural conditions. The nutrients of vegetable foods, on the other hand, are contained in cells or sacs whose walls are of cellulose, which is a carbohydrate, and is with 4 difficulty, if at all, digested in the stomach. These walls may thus be left intact until the a is reached, being there digested off and the contents expose the ee processes in that organ. Some of these contents may, however, be much better adapted to stomach digestion than to intestinal digestion, t they cannot now avail themselves of such preference. It must be remembered further that it is only the best quality of vegetable foods whose cell-walls consist of pure or nearly pure cellulose. The great majority of plant tissues have their cell walls mets in various ways, the usual result being that theic digestion becomes much more difficult. Thus, the cells of wood tissue, onecully of pure cellulose, become lignified by the addi- tion to their walls of a thick coating of almost indigestible lignin. The cells of cork are invested with suberin, almost impervious to the digestive juices. The term ‘‘cork,’” as here used, include all substances of the same nature as that composing the tissue of ordinary corks, such substances, or very similar ones, being exceedingly abundant in vegetable foods e facts are of the utmost importance for our consideration in this lecture. They prove conclusively that the human diges- tive organs cannot deal so effectively or generally with vegetable as with animal foods, and they prove with equal certainty that the problems of selecting vegetable foods and of preparing them for our digestive organs, are much more serious and difficult than are those relating to animal foods. It is these considerations which must occupy us in our attention to the lectures which will follow in this course. They will receive special attention in our eighth lecture, by Miss Shapleigh, on the selection and prepara- tion of vegetable foods. In this connection, it must be remembered that great numbers of highly nutritive vegetable products are unavailable as foods because of the presence in them, along with their nutrients, of poisonous constituents of one sort or another. Some of these eliminated by cultivation and plant breeding that those sub- stances have now become staple and valuable foods. The lima i) bean and the sweet cassava might be cited as illustrations of such developed foods. In other cases, as those of the bitter yam and young pokeberry shoots, we are able to remove the poisons from vegetable foods by the process of an so as to convert a deadly poison into a table delic We may note in conclusion ae it frequently happens that foods in the same family exhibit a general agreement in their nutritive properties. Thus, the cabbage, vga kohl rabi, brussels sprouts, turnip, radish, horse-radish, cress and mustard belong in the Cruciferae; the bean, pea, a and garbanza, in the Leguminosae; all of our cereal grains in the Gramineae; the spinach, beet, swiss chard and lambs-quarters in the Cheno- podiaceae, and the parsnip, carrot, celery, parsley and arracacia in the Umbelliferae. H. H. Russy THE DIGESTION OF VEGETABLE FOODS* . Typical eee foods” vary in digestibility, in a given normal individual, their texture and composition. In general they are a. digestible and wholesome. Mastication disintegrates the comparatively impervious masses, such as corn Masticated corn, boiled potato and similar vegetable masses, n eaten, expose comparatively large extents of surface to the digestive sae thereby mee solution and the chemical changes which characterize digest The ne fibers, baie sao crystals, gelatinous masse: and juices of the true “vegetable foods’ are composed ie ae f the following es are small number of types of con- stituents: 1. Carbohydrates (starches, sugars, celluloses, etc.). 2. Lipins (fats, lecithins, etc 3. Proteins (albuminous substances). * Abstract of a lecture delivered at the New York Botanical Garden on Oc- tober II, 1913. 6 4. Extractives (many substances of divers nature that occur in minute proportions, such as pigments, and vas as a hetero- eneous group, are conveniently designated in this w: 5. Organic acids and their salts (malic acid, citric eer potas- sium tartrate, e 6. Mineral pee i. é., salines (chlorids, phosphates, etc.) 7. Enzymes (substances that induce important chemical changes during the life and after the death of the vegetable forms containing them). ‘ases (oxygen, carbon dioxid, etc.). 9. Water—usually the most abundant constituent. Of these types of substances, the extractives (4), organic acids and their salts (5), mineral salts, 1. e., salins (6), and water (9), are easily absorbed (without essential molecular changes) from the pase: tract—their molecular simplicity, diffusibility and comparative non-toxicity give them ready access, Lata feu aa absorbing channels, to the blood. The ¢ es (7) and gases (8) are present in very minute quantities tn ak foods and add nothing of consequence to the nutritive value of such foo The digestible substances in vegetable foods, the carbohydrates . lipins (2), and proteins (3), are characterized, for the most part, eee co ace colloidal perversity and comparative non-diffusibili There are exceptional substances in these three “pace ce as cane-sugar, which, though comparatively simple molecularly, non-colloidal in character and_ readily diffusible, are nevertheless chemically unsuited for direct assimi- lation—they don’t seem to fit in the body anywhere! As in the case of the rest of the members of these groups, however, digestion changes these substances into products that are directly absorb- able and readily assimilable. The representatives, in vegetable foods, of these three groups of nutrients are like large rock-masses direct from the quarry—unsuitable in form and size for construct- The carbohydrates, lipins and proteins in vegetable foods are ‘‘cut and shaped” by the digestive processes into construction units of small molecular size, which are non-colloidal in character, 7 which are readily passed (absorbed) through the Rion of the alimentary tract into the blood, or lymph, or both, and which ji in the cell structures. From the circulation these simple “construction units” are taken up and utilized by the cells in all parts of the body in the constructive operations that character- ize the extensions of development, the substitutions of mainte- nance, the depositions of accumulation, and the repairs of self- preservation. I. Alimentary digestion is a process of progressive conversion of complex compounds into comparatively simple substances The digestive juices are the mechanical media, and the enzymes in the juices are the chemical agents, in these peer ce digestive Lees es, which are collectively called ‘‘hydro- lases,”’ induce rapid reaction between the carbohydrates, lipins and proteins on one side and water on the other: hydrolysis ensues. The enzymes themselves are not consumed in the proc- ess; they are agents that order things about into new relationships. Through the influence of hydrolases, by their direction let us say, water molecules are driven into, so to speak, and break with, the molecules of the digestible substances, hydroxyl from the water passing into one part of a cloven complex molecule, hydro- gen entering the other. This process continues nae the large molecular blocks are chopped into very small fragmen hus the molecule of cane sugar (CwH2On), which may be eee by the formula CeHuOse—CeHuOs, is converted into glucose and fructose, by the enzyme sucrase in intestinal juice, in harmony with the cleavage indicated by the following general equation: CeHnOe—CeHnO; + aa CeH 206 + ee Can ar Wat Glucuse (CeHuOs +H) (cee on) e hydrogen and hydroxyl of the water are divided, in this reaction, between the two isomeric hydrolytic products, glucose and fructose. In similar reactions, starches, cane sugar, fats and albuminous substances (the leading representatives of the types of substances 8 in vegetable foods that are digested, and require digestion, prior to their assimilation), are converted into the products indicated in the appended summary f He +H: Starch — dextrins — maltose — glucose (monosaccharid) + H:O Cane sugar — glucose and fructose (monosaccharids) +20 , glycerol Fats —3< ’ fatty acids (soaps) + H:0 +H H:0 Proteins — proteoses > peptones > amino acids Monosaccharids io _ aie fructose), glycerol and is (soaps), and amino acids the ‘‘end products of dige ” These ss em of Gee from) the digestible ae substances are absorbable and assimilable, whereas most of the compounds from which they are produced nil digestion are neither and, without digestion, are non-nutritio Alimentary digestion results, in brief, in es conversion of a very large number of dissimilar complex ‘‘foreign’’ compounds into a few simple ‘‘native’’ substances. The digestive products in animals are comparable to the common mineral nutrients for plants—they are the construction units with which all the building and rebuilding in animals are accomplished Ill ‘end products of digestion,” which the animal cells cannot produce from inorganic matter, are synthesized in great bundance, in plants, from carbon dioxid, water, and mineral substances such as nitrates, and then are condensed into carbo- hydrates, lipins, proteins and many other substances. Thus, tl production of sie in planes may be indicated by the follow. ing abbreviated equati 6CO2 6H:O0 —= CsH 206 + 602 Carbon dioxid Water Glucose Oxygen The condensation of glucose into starch, in plants, is suggested by the appended equation nCgHwOs — 2H2O = (CoHi0Os)n. 9 Carbohydrates, lipins, and proteins are synthesized, in plants, from such simple mineral substances as carbon dioxid, water and nitrates, by processes of reduction and de- Eiaas Carbo- hydrates, lipins, and proteins, when eaten by animals, are hydrated into the ‘‘end products of digestion,” ae absorbed into the circulation and, in their subsequent assimilation, are oxidized into carbon dioxid, water, amino products (e. g., urea), etc., and excreted in these useless forms ( (The excreted amino products are ultimately oxidized on and in the soil into nitrates.) The general nature of the fundamental biological cycle of trans- formation which is suggested by the above remarks, is indicated more fully and graphically, though not completely, by the fol- lowing arrangement: carbon dioxid 2 dehydration —O |monosaccharids — starch Lanit reduction an . —> water 7 glycerol synthesis —— fat fatty acids nitrate amino acids —-—> protein | | carbon dioxid +H.0 | hydration | +0 |monosaccharids < starch Animal oxidation . wy ,. water —— glycerol assimilation — fat fatty acids nitrate amino acids <— protein WILLIAM J. GIES DR. HOLLICK’S NEW POSITION November 17, 1913. Dr. N. L. Britton, DrrEcTOR-IN-CHIEF, New York BOTANICAL GARDEN. Dear Sir: { beg to advise you that at a meeting of the board 10 of trustees of the Staten Island Association of Arts and Sciences, held on Friday, November 14, 1913, I was tendered the position of curator-in-chief of the museum of the Association, and that I have accepted the same I therefore tender herewith my resignation as a member of the curatorial staff of the Garden, to take effect at your con- venience, but not later than January I, 1914, on which date it is my intention to enter upon the duties of my new position. In thus severing my connection with the Garden, after having enjoyed the privilege of over thirteen years of service, which was especially concerned with the installation and development of the fossil plant collections, I wish to express my sincere apprecia- tion of the encouragement with which my efforts have been received, and to add the assurance that I shall always be pleased, at any time in the future, to be called upon for any assistance which I may properly render the Garden in connection with my special line of work. Very respectfully, ArTHUR HOLLick November 20, 1913. Dr. ArtHUR HOLtick, New York BoTaNnIcAL GARDEN. Dear Sir: I am in receipt of your letter of November 17, conveying your resignation as a curator of the museums of this institution, to take effect not later than January 1, 1914, in order to accept the position of curator-in-chief of the Staten Tsland een of Arts and Sciences to which you have been electe On behalf of the board of managers of the New York Botanical ae I accept such resignation, to take effect at the termination of your present appointment, on December 31, 1913. Yours very truly, . L. Britton, Director-in-Chief. January 2, 1914. Dr. ArTHUR HOLLICK, CURATOR-IN-CHIEF, STATEN IsLAND ASSOCIATION OF ARTS AND SCIENCES. Dear Sir: I have the honor to transmit the following resolu- tions adopted by the Scientific Directors of the New York Botan- ical Sue at a meeting held December 13, 1913. “Resolved: That the scientific directors of the New York hase Gorden oa withdrawal of Dr. ene aes taff. curator over 13 years, aie which period he has discharged the duties of his position with enthusiasm and ability; his mania and published contributions to science have been noteworthy, and highly creditable to himself and to the Garden. “ Resolved: That the scientific directors wish Dr. Hollick all success in his new position of usefulness, in the development o the museum of the Staten Island Association of Arts and Sciences and in the aig of the scientific and educational work of that sae “ Resolve That subject to the approval of the trustees of the Staten ce Association of Arts and Sciences, the board of managers of the New York Botanical Garden be requested to designate Dr. Hollick honorary curator of the collection of fossil plants. “ Resolved: That the Director-in-Chief be and he is hereby authorized to loan the Staten Island Association of Arts and ciences, from time to time, such specimens of fossil plants of the Garden collection as Dr. poe may wish to study in continuation of his investigations.’ meeting of the Board of Managers of the New York Botanical Garden held December 18, 1913, the foregoing request by the scientific directors was granted. Yours very truly, N. L. Britton, Secretary The following resolutions were adopted by the Executive Committee of the Board of Trustees of the Staten Island Associa- 12 tion of Arts and Sciences at a meeting held on Thursday, January 8, 1914: Resolved: That the Executive Committee of the Board of Trustees, of the Staten Island Association of Arts and Sciences has learned with gratification of the designation of Dr. Arthur Hollick as Honorary Curator of the Collection of Fossil Plants in the museum of the New York Botanical Garden. Resolved: That this Committee, on behalf of the Board of Trustees, hereby records its approval of said designation. CONFERENCE NOTES The December conference of the scientific staff and students of the New York Botanical Garden was held in the laboratory of the museum building on the afternoon of December 3. Summaries of the subjects presented are here given as follows: Philippine Mosses, by Mr. R. S. WILLIAMS. The Philippine islands extend from about 514° to 1814° north latitude, a distance of about 900 miles, and contain mountain ranges and peaks rising to an elevation of 8,000 to 10,000 feet, so that considerable variation in temperat frosts being not unknown in some of the northern mountains. Previous to the American occupation not much attention had been given to the moss flora. mong the first to collect these plants to any extent, I believe, was an Englishman, Hugh Cum- mings, who lived on the islands from 1836-40 and quite a number of his plants are in the Garden herbarium. At about this same time, the Wilkes Expedition, on its trip around the world, 1838- 42, touched at both the northern and southern islands but only Considerably later on, 1870-71, G. Wallis spent some time on 13 the islands and seventeen new species are credited to him by C. Miller in Linnaea, 1874. The next and most extensive collec- tion made during Spanish rule apparently was that obtained by A. Loher, chiefly in northern Luzon, who began his collecting in 1890. r. Loher was, and very likely is still, a druggist in Manila who made a number of trips to northern Luzon especially for ferns and mosses. His ferns, some 270 species, were named by Christ, but the mosses remained si unstudied. Dr. Bro- therus finally determined some fifty sp Since the American occupation a nae many collections from various parts of the islands have been sent in to the Bureau of Science in Manila and have been determined by Dr. Brotherus. These collections embrace some 375 species, of which about 160 are said to be endemic or nearly 43 per cent. My own collecting in the islands extended from November, 1903, to de 1905. The principal regions visited were as follow. Lamao river and Mt. Marivales, 3,800 feet sigue: Pe across the bay from Manila. Baguio and ens 5,200 feet altitude, about 150 miles north of Manila, and Santo Tomas, 8,000 feet altitude, some 10 miles from ae It was in Baguio, by the way, that a fire, while I was temporarily absent, burned up the hotel in which I was living and destroyed my entire eee outfit, all the mosses of some two months’ work, s about one half the other collections. This seer te a = to Manila for a new outfit, obtaining which I returned and remained in the same region to the end of the year. A short stay in Los Bafios on Laguna de Bay early in 1905 ended my collecting on the island of Luzon. I next went to southern Mindanao collecting for some time in the mountains a few miles back from San Ramon, a former penal colony of the boanga. m this point, I traveled eastward some 250 miles to Davao, a town near the head of the Gulf of Davao, collecting along the coast for a distance of some fifty miles southward but chiefly at Santa Cruz and on the slopes of Mt. Apo, about Todaya, some 6,000 feet elevation, the mountain itself attaining a height of 10,000 feet. On the way back to Manila a short stop at Jolo 14 enabled me to add a few more een to the collection and were the last I obtained in the Philippines. The entire collections of rae nee include about 240 species of mosses. Of these apparently some 7 per cent. are undescribed. Four of the species occur in the United States. Others occur that have before only been reported from the Fiji islands and from Asia and many of the species are common to Java, Borneo and New Zealand as might be expected. Notes on Truffles Recently Collected in the Eastern United States, presented by Dr. SEAVER and Dr. MuRRILL The truffles are the most valuable of the edible fungi and are, at the same time, the most difficult to collect, since they occur buried from two to eight inches in the ground. In Europe, where these fungi are collected and sold as a commercial article, they are collected with the aid of trained animals, such as pigs and dogs. These animals are Se to scent the fungi and are taught to hunt and dig them uropeans coming to America who are familiar with the habits Pe these fungi in Europe arfd the means employed there to collect and put them on the market, are naturally interested in finding them in this country in sufficient quantity bring financial returns. Several attempts have been made to interest the Garden in the matter, and it has been difficult to impress these various individuals with the fact that we are interested in the matter only from a scientific point of view and as a commercial enterprise In October of this year, a box of truffles was sent to the Garden for our examination with a note requesting information regarding their food value. Later, the sender of this material made a visit here and stated that the truffles had been collected in the vicinity of New York through the aid of a trained dog imported from Italy. The specimens were filed away in the herbarium for later study. In November of the same year, a second package of these fungi was received which v was os to have been collected in New Jersey. of these plants showed them to be two different species: Later, a third collection of the plants was 15 sent for examination, which collection was found to contain some examples of both of the species previously sent. These plants were of especial interest to us since they represent the only Three species of Tuber have been previously reported from the eastern United States, none of which accord well, so far as we can judge from the aa pian Aas the two recently collected. The identity of the tr has not been determined with pes but the specimens are kept for further study. The indications are that this genus may be well represented in the eastern United States Correspondence with Wiese: Robba and Giavelli was read, and the specimens they have recently collected in New York and New Jersey exhibited. very brief account was given of the literature and t classification of truffles, with brief descriptions of the ane edible species of Italy and France. In the market at Trent, the following species are usually found: Tuber aestivum, Tuber brumale, Tuber mesentericum, Tuber melanosporum, a uncinatum. In France, from six to seven million dollars’ worth of truffles are marketed annually at one to two dollars per pound. Fresh truffles shipped to New York sometimes sell as high as eight dollars per pound In his work on underground fungi occurring in California, Harkness reports thirteen species of Tuber, but all of them are so rare as to be of little economic value. Harkness did not find any of the species of truffles usually eaten in Italy, but Tuber ces approaches very nearly to one of these Italian species. In addition to Tuber, a number of other genera of underground fungi contain edible specie NOTES, NEWS AND COMMENT Dr. W. A. Murrill, Assistant Director, represented the Garden at the inauguration of John Huston Finley as President of the University and Commissioner of Education of the State of New ock at Albany on January 2 16 North American Flora, Volume 22, Part 5, was issued Decem- ber 23. It comprises 92 pages (389-480), and is devoted eee to the continuation of the treatment of Rosaceae, by ya- erg. This part does not complete oe volume, as anne in the September number of the JOURN The annual meeting of the New York State Forestry Associa- tion was held at ee January 22, with morning and afternoon sessions, and a banquet in the evening at which Hon. ie Ss. Whipple, the newly pe president, was toastm. W. A. Murrill represented the Garden and gave an lame address on “Trees and Children.” Dr. Marshall A. Howe was the delegate from the Garden staff nnual meetings of the American Association for the Advancement of Science and of the Botanical Society of America, held in Atlanta, Georgia, during the Christmas holidays. In the absence of President Douglas H. Campbell of California, he acted as chairman at the meetings of the Botanical Society. ter the meetings Dr. Howe devoted two weeks to field work in Georgia and Florida. Dr. Charles Budd Robinson, of the Bureau of Science, Manila, who had been engaged for several months in the botanical exploration of Amboina, was murdered on December 5 at a spot about eight miles from Ambon, the principal town of the island, by a party of six Mohammedan natives of the island of Boeton. Five of the six were promptly captured and confessed their deed, but of course no punishment that may be meted out to them can atone for the loss they have inflicted upon American science. Dr. Robinson was a native of Nova Scotia, and a teacher for ten years in the schools of that province before devoting himself exclusively to botany as a profession. He was a graduate of Dalhousie University at Halifax, studied for two years at Cam- bridge University, England, and took the degree of Doctor of Philosophy from Columbia University in 1906. He was con- nected with the New York Botanical Garden, as student, assis- tant, and curator, for more than four years before his appointment 17 as economic botanist of the Bureau of Science in Manila. He occupied this position for four years, and after a brief visit to this country, during which he spent several months in work at the Garden, he returned to Manila in the fall of 1912. He had hosts of friends in Nova Scotia, and among the botanists of the United States. A more extended biographical sketch, now in prepara- tion, will probably be published in the Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club, of which he was at one time an associate editor. Meteorology for December—The total arraeen for the month was 2.68 ie with traces of snow on the 1oth and the 26th. Maxim mperatures recorded for each aa were 62° on the 3d, aie « on aie 15th, 5514° on the 22d, and 45° on the 30th. Minimum temperatures were 28° on the 8th, 1814° on the 12th, 28° on the 19th, and 16° on the 2 Meteorology for the Year 1913.—The aes srscinitarion at the New York Botanical Garden for the year was 41.53 inches dis- tributed as follows: January 2.49; February 2.91; March 4.97; April 5.18; May 2.14; June 0.63; July 4.06; August 3.00; Sep- tember 2.91; October 8.89; November 1.67; December 2 he maximum temperature recorded was oe on July 2. The minimum was 9° on February 13 to be noted that more os one fifth of the total pre- Siete for the year occurred during October. A special account of the ua conditions curing else was reheat in the November Journ. une. On August Io, ~ ee was swept by the most pe tive storm in its history, the results of which are recorded in the September JOURNAL. ACCESSIONS PLANTS AND SEEDS 30,750 ee for decorative beds. 2r ea f Opuntia. (By exchange with U. S. Nat. Museum, through Dr, J.N.R =) 60 ann s for conservatories, mainly cacti. (By exchange with U. S. Nat. Museum, meee h Dr. J. N. Rose.) 18 I plant Opuntia Bentoni?. (By exchange with U. S. Nat. Museum, through Dr. J. N. Rose.) 77 plants fi i Laredo, Texas. (Collected by Dr. J. N. Rose.) 6 plants for conservatories from San een Texas. (Collected by Dr. J. N. Rose. 35 plants for Devil's River, Texas. (Collected by Dr. J. N. Rose.) 41 plants for fi Sierra Blanca, Texas. (Collected by Dr. J. N. Rose. 81 ncaa for conservatories from near El Paso, Texas. (Collected by Dr. J. N. Ros I ie tt for conservatories, from Maricao, P. E. (Collected by Bro. Hioram)}. Cuban plants for conservatories. (By exchange with Bro. Leon. 2 plants of Epidendrum from Jamaica. (Given by Miss Helen Ingersoll.) Le: by Mr. J. A. ‘Donald. I plant for conservatories, from New Providence. (Given by Mr. Giorge.) : cacti for conservatories. (By exchange with Mr. F. Lighte.) plants for conservatories. (By exchange with U. S. Dept. Agric., Bureau of a Industry. plants for conservatories. (Given by Mr. bs M. 2 plants for hardy cue tions. (Gea by Miss M. ae artley.) 26 plants fe from Bermuda. ‘Cole by Dr. - L. Britton.} 1 plant Veltheimia capensis. (By exchange with Mr. W. L. Schultz.) 6 plants _ Conse lce (By exchange piles Mr. Geo. W. ie chin } I plant of Given by n Bister.) 24 plants for conservatories. (By exchange with Missouri ates Garden.) 3 plants Thymus Serpylium. (Given by Dr. W. Gilman Thompson.) 7 plants of hybrid Hibiscus Hawaii. pe change wit! ee rr. 7. J. MacNeil.) 267 lilac plants, derived from cuttings. (By exchange with Board of Park Commissioners, Rochester, N. Y.) Philadelphus plants, derived from cuttings. (By exchange with Board of Park Commissioners, Rochester, 1 plant Azalea nudifiora alba, ioai Spring Valley, N. ¥Y. (Given by Miss E. M. dge. 45 orchids from Mexico. (By exchange with Dr. J. C. Harvey.) nts of sugar-loaf pineapple from Isle of Pines. (Given by Dr. W. A. 2 can r plant of Citrus Limonum. (Given by Mr. E. S. Reimier. ) 46 plant maiioe from ceeds from various source: (By exchange oe Board of Park issi :. Rochester, N. Y. 20 conifers et oe court. (Purchased.) 917 herbaceous plants for new beds at conservatories. (Purchased.) r plant Juglans seria (Purchased.) 5 plants for conservatories. (By exchange with U. S. Nat. Museum, through Dr. J. N. Rose.) 3 plants of Opuntia. (By exchange with the U. S. Nat. Museum: through Dr. J. N. Rose.) 19 15 plants for conservatories: from Brownsville, Texas. (Collected by Dr. J. N. ) se. I plant from Texas, for conservatories. (Collected by Dr. J. N. Rose.) €.) 1 plant of Peristeria elata. iven by Mr. Frank A. Whit: 30 plants for conservatories. (By ca oa with Buffalo Botanic Garden.) 8 palms. iven « Cony 16 seedlings of eee ee (B ieee with Porto Rico ei Sta.) 35 herbaceous plants from vicinity. oe lected by Mr. K. R. Boynton.) 5. ody plants for hardy collectio: (Purchased.) I ee (Given by Mr. . . ms. cket ie Biareyres Lotus. (By exchange with U. S. Dept. Agric., Bureau of meee seed. (Given by Dr. H. H. Rusby.) 6 packets Jamaican seed. (By exchange with Dept. Agriculture, Jamaica.) § packets spores Hawaiian ferns. (By exchange with Mr. Wilbur J. MacNeil.) I packet seed. iven by Dr. H. H. Rusby.) 2 packets Copernicia seed, from Curacao. mate - Dr. N. L. Britton.) Sequoia. i . Alfred T. Whit 1 packet seed of Prunus Besse eyi. (Given by Dr. C. E. Bessey.) USEUMS AND HERBARIUM 469 specimens of flow g plants, mostly from New Mexico. (By exchange with the United States Reed Museum. 96 specimens of flowering plants from Vancouver Island, British Columbia. (By exchange with the Geological Soe of Canada.) 18 ree ofZflowering plants from Nevada and California. (By exchange with Dr. A. A. Heller.) 42 specimens of flowering plants for the Local Herbarium. (By exchange with Mr. Witmer Stone.) 134 specimens of flowering plants from Cuba. (By exchange with Brother Leon.) 25 specimens of flowering plants from Porto Rico. (By exchange with Brother Hioram.) 245 specimens of flowering ares from Porto Rico. (By exchange with the College of Agriculture, Porto R 12 specimens of flowering a from Jamaica. (By exchange with Mr. William Harris.) 59 specimens of flowering plants from Porto Rico. (By exchange with the Proerinent Station, Porto Rico. 416 specimens of flowering plants and ferns from Nevada and California. fest by Dr. 673 specimens fron Aas Mr. Stewardson Bro 43 specimens of eae drugs. (Given by Dr. H. H. Rusby.) (Collected by Dr. and Mrs. N. L. Britton and 20 Dr. Mary S Whe 2 specimens . ie from New York. (By exchange with Mr. William E. Abbs.) 2 specimens : i sphaerosporus from Minnesota. (By exchange with ne.) if New York. Fred S. Boughton.) 2 ce of fleshy fungi from Iowa. ‘(By eehanke aa Mr. O. M. Oleson.) ante of plant rusts from New York and New Hampshire. (Given by Mr. oe Kun specimens of fungi from Colorado. (By exchange with Professor Ellsworth Baha I specimen of fleshy fungus from New York. (By exchange with Mr. William E. Abbs.) ££, +e fork. (By exchange with Mr. Fred S. Boughton.) 2 specimens of fungi from ie York. (By exchange with Mr. William E. Abbs. ; 64 specimens of fungi ‘‘Plants of Wyoming.’ (Distributed by Professor Aven Nelson. 31 specimens of fungi from North Carolina. (By exchange with Mr. Paul C. Standle y-) £ oll ¢: New York. (By exchange with Dr. F. M. Bauer.) 35 ‘specimens of fungi ‘‘Ascomycetes ” fase. 53. (Distributed ie Dr. ces Rehm.) 4 specimens of fungi from Minnesota. (By exchange with Dr. S. M. Stoker.) t specimen of fungus from Long Island, New York. (By exchange with Mr. Leonard Bari rron s men of suneue on Texas. (By exchange with Dr. J. N. Rose.) 3 d oils for the Perfumery exhibit. (Given by the Manufacturing Perfumers’ Association.) of fungus from Illinois. (By exchange with Dr. C. F. ae Io ee of fungi from Japan. (By exchange with Dr. A. Yasuda.) 70 specimens of fungi from North Carolina. (By exchange in Dr. W. C. Coker. 9 colored photographs of fungi from the Field Museum of Natural History. (By a with the Field Museum of Natural History. I a imen of fleshy fungus from New York. (By exchange with Mr. William E. Abb 0 specimens from the West Indies. aera by Dr. and Mrs. N. L. a Dr. J. A. Shafer, and Miss Delia W. 3 specimens of Ricciaceae from ee “(Given by Miss Helen E. Greenwood.) ypecimens . prick sig punctatus from Winona, Minnesota. (Given by Professor J. M. Holzinger. 5 specimens Ricciaceae from Indiana and Illinois. (Given by Professor LeRoy H. Harvey. I specimen of Rite californica from Alberta, Canada. Brinkman. 3 specimens of Ricciaceae from Maryland, South Carolina, and Jamacia. (Given by Professor W. C. Coker.) (Given by Mr. A. H. 21 I specimen of Riccia sorocerpa from Pullman, Washington. (Given by Pro- fessor H. T. Darlington 3 specimens of Notothylos orbicularis from Minnesota. (Given by Professor jJ. M. Hoizinger. 2 specimens ele tae natans and Riccia Frostii from Indiana. (Given by Professor F, L. Pickett. cacenientys of type specimens of marine algae in the Agardh herbarium. aie as 2 sp s, Riccia arvensis and Ricciella Sullivantii, from New Jersey. (Given me we Gacsline C. Haynes.) specimens, Riccia Frostit and Ricciella crystallina, from Montana. (Given by mite J. E. Kirkwood.) specimens, Riccia arvensis, R. sor ao Riciella 7 R. pda and Ricciocarpus natans, from Connecticut. ( y nie 6,273 specimens from the Everglades a cl be (oes by Dr. J. K. Small. specimens, log of Amyris sae and bottle oil of Amyris balsamifera, Ga vena: Gi ven by Magnus, Mabee, and Reynard. fi sae and Guam. (By exchange with the Bureau of Science, Manila. 24 specimens from Washington. (Given by Mr. A. M. Johnson.) 31 specimens from British America. (By exchange with ae oe Survey of Canada.) 161 lichens from the Philippine Islands. (By exchange with the Bureau of Science, Manila.) 790 specimens from vada, aaa Ake Wyoming, and Utah. (By exchange with the uae of Wyom 2 specimens, fossil oe from the eae Roslyn, New York. (Given by Mr. Howar 2 specimens, any ae from the Cretaceous, Glen Cove, New York. (Given by Mr. Howard J. Shannon. 3 specimens, fossil plants from the Cretaceous, Glen Cove, New York. (Given by Mr. Howard J. Shannon. 2 specimens, fossil plants from the Cretaceous, Glen Cove, New York. (Col- lected by Dr. Arthur Hollick. o specimens, fossil plants from the Cretaceous, Glen Cove, New York. (Col- ie by Dr. ees nom ick.) the Cretaceous, Japan. (Given by Mr. H. Yabe.) cage fossil plants from the Lower Carboniferous, Indiana, Kentucky, and Ohio. ( n by Dr. L. Hussakof.} 40 specimens, fossil plants from the Devonian, Canada. (Given by Dr. L. Hussakof. 8 specimens, fossil plants from the Devonian, Ohio. (Given by Dr. L. Hussa- kof. 24 specimens, plants from Great Falls, Virginia. (Collected by Dr. Arthur Hollick.) 14 specimens for the economic museum, from southern Florida. (Collected by Dr. J. K. Small.) PROVISIONS for Benefactors, Patrons, Fellows, Fellowship oe Member: Sustaining Members, Annual Mem and Life Members. 1. Benefactors 7 e funds of the lie by gift or by bequest entitles the conbHbitat to oe a Caron: of the Gar 2. Patrons The contribution of $5,0 or more to funds of the mesh by gift or by bequest shall entitle the hiner to be a patron of the Gar 3. Fellows ial me r Cc y one time shall entitle the contributor to be a fellow for life of the Garden. 4. Fellowship Members Fellowship members pay $100.00 or more annually and become fellows for life en their p t te $1,000.00. 5. Sustaining Members Sustaining members pay from $25. pe to $100.00 annually and become fellows for heh when their p . Annual Members aoe pagsibers nays an ate fee of $10. the follwing eis es: T, ts to all lect the auspices of the Board of Managers 2. aeons to all exhibitions given under the auspices of the Board of Maw a copy of all handbooks published by re (Caalen 4. A copy of all annual reports and Bulletins. 5. A copy of the Monthly Journal. 7. Life Members Annual Members may become Life Members by tt f a fee of $250.00 DB FORM OF BEQUEST Thereby bequeath to the New York Botanical Garden incorporated under the Laws of New York, Chapter 285 of 1891, the sum of PUBLICATIONS OF The New York Botanical Garden al of the New York Botanical Garden, monthly, illustrated, con- tie none news, and non-technical articles of general interest, Free to all mem- bers of the Garden. To others, 10 cents a copy; $1.00 a year. [Not offered in ex- change.] i me. Mycologia, ee illustrated in color and otherwise; devoted to fungi» melding lichens ; en technical articles and news and notes of general in- terest, and an index to current American myealoeical dee $3.00 a year; ge.] Now ee copies me for sale. UN ot offered in exchan; its sixth volume, ulletin o} Botanical Gar ant nb eeee the annual reports of ra Director -in-Chief and other ane documents, and technical articles’ eabotying 11 m s sults of investigations carried out in the Garden. Free to a embers of the Garden ; to othe S, $3.00 per vi Se Now in its eighth volume, rth American Flora. Descriptions of the Kore plants of pce oe nadine Greenland the West ins ad Central America. ae d to be pleted in 32 volumes, Roy. 8vo h volume to consist ir OF more sie Subscription price, $1. 50 per par! art 5 a Tinted number of ae atts will be sold for $2.00 e cae ete offered in exchan Vol. 3, p: IgIo. sbigscie Pinan Vol. 7, Lees 1906; part 2, 1907; part 3,1912. Ustilaginaceae—Aecidiaceae (pars Vol. 9, parts I and 2, 1907; part 3, I910. Polyporaceae—Agaricaceae (pars). (Parts 1 and 2 no longer ‘sold separate ely. ) Vol. 15, parts I pe 2, 1913. Sphagnaceae—Leucobryac: Vol. 16, part 1, 1909. Ophioglossaceae—Cyatheaceae (rae Vol. rr, Ls i, 11099 part 2, 1912. Typhaceae—Poaceae (pars). Vol. 2 , 1905; parts 3 and 4, 1908; part 5, 1913. Podostemona- iad Reese Ge ety Vol. oS Zhe 1907; part 2, 1910; part 3, I9IT. aacsanrann ancy Sari of the New York Botanical Garden. Price to members of t Garden, ae ea Bp volume. To others, $2.00. ier offered in exchange. ] Vol notated Catalogue of the Flora of Montana ae Yellowstone Park, by se ren Rydber rg. ix +492 pp., with detailed map. Vol. II. The Influence of Light and Darkness upon Growth oa "Davelovment, i h e! D. T. MacDougal. xvi S. 3. Vol. IIT. Studies of Cretaceous Coniferous Remains from Kreischerville, New York, by Arthur Hollick and Edward Charles Jefrey. viii + 138 pp., with 29 I 9. Effects of the Rays of Radium on Plants, by Charles Stuart Gager. viii + 278 pp., with H figures and 14 plates. 1908. Contribution: arden. A series of tech- nical papers auttes ae students or pats of ae a a reprinted from journals other than the above. Price, 25 cents each, $5.00 per volume. In its seventh volume. RECENT NUMBERS 25 unr EACH 155. Polycodium, by C. B. Robin 156, Studies on the Rocky Mountain Flora—XXVIU, by P. A. Rydberg. 157. New Ferns from Tropical Am —II, by Margaret Slosson. 158. Studies on the West ee Verionteat vith One New Species from Mexico by Henry Allan Gle: 159. A Case of Bud- Variation 1 in "Pelargonium, by A. B. Sto 160. Studies on the Rocky Mountain Flora—X XIX, by P. 7 sate NEw YORK Stag GA x PARK, New: York City Vol. XV FEBRUARY, 1914 No. 170 JOURNAL oF The New York Botanical Garden EDITOR ARLOW BURDETTE STOUT Director of the Laboratories > Seiaet Cate y Zz L18'91 CONTENTS v PAGE Circular of the Endowment Fund Committee.....--...-.---.-., 23 Dereal Foods... - - - ee te ee ee 30 MERC HHA SCARY OOUS sii (s) ec eis Sa ie eaten re) allie tee hes wie) tsa 33 Publications of the Staff, Scholars and Students of the New York Botanical Garden during the year 1913... -- 0 2 2 ee este ee eee ee 37 Notes, VOWS ANG COMMEND yor!) 6