Gk agree ‘at ree sere Syste pts cy CoA eer er Reece ete re phi hante Oe ena ee Lem ‘ot Rar igi, J OURNAL OF Tue New York BoranicaL GarprEN VoLuME IX, 1908 PUBLISHED BY THE AID OF THE Davip Lypic Funp BEQUEATHED BY CHARLES P. DaLy JOURNAL OF The New York Botanical Garder EDITOR WILLIAM ALPHONSO MURRILL Assistant Director VoLuME IX WITH 12 PLATES AND 39 FIGURES 1908 PUBLISHED FOR THE GARDEN Ar 4x Norty Quen Street, Lancaster, Pa. Tue New Era Painting CoMPany PRESS OF THE New ERA PRINTING COMPANY LANCASTER. Pa. OFFICERS, 1908. PRESIDENT—D. O, VicE- PresipentT— ANDREW CARNEGIE, TREASURER—CHARLES F, COX SECRETARY—N. L. BRITTON BoARD OF MANAGERS. 1, ELECTED MANAGERS. HON. ADDISON BROWN, J. PIERPONT MORGAN, ANDREW CARNEGIE, GEORGE W. PERKINS, W, BAYARD CUTTING, AMES A. SCRYMSER, ROBERT W. ve FOREST, FRANCIS LYNDE STETSON, JOHN I. KANE, W. GILMAN THOMPSON, D. O. MILLS. SAMUEL THORNE, 2. EX-OFFICIO MANAGERS. THE PRESIDENT OF THE DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC PARKS, HON. HENRY SMITH. THe MAYoR OF THE Ciry oF NEw York, H GEORGE B, McCLELLAN 3. SCIENTIFIC DIRECTORS. PROF. H. H. RUSBY, Chairman. DR. apa: ae BUTLER, PROF. JAMES F. KEMP, PROF. C. pe DLER, PROF. FREDERIC S. LEE, CHARLES - co HON. E. L. WINTHROP, Jr. DEN STAFF. . L. BRITTON, plies Chief. . A. aren Assistant Director. DR. jor % SMALL, Head aie of the Museums, at “s we < oO o a £ es iy mt DR. JOHN A. SHAFER, ae Custodian. stant. NORMAN TAYLOR, Custodian of the a, Members of the Corporation. GeorGE S. Bowpo1n, Pror, N. L. Britton, Hon. ADDISON Brown, Dr. NIcHOLAs M. BUTLER, ANDREW CARNEGIE, Pror. C. F. CHANDLER, WILLIAM G. CHOATE, CHARLES F. Cox, Joun J. CROOKE, W. Bayarp CUTTING, James B. Forp, RoBertT W. DE FOREST, HENRY W. DE Forgst, CLEVELAND H. Dopce, SAMUEL W. FAIRCHILD, RICHARD W GILDER, Hon. Tuomas F, GILRoy, Hon. Hucu J. GRANT, Henry P. Hoyt, ADRIAN ISELIN, JR., JouN I. KANE, EUGENE KELLY, JrR., Pror. James F. Kemp, Joun S. KENNEDY, Pror. FREDERIC S. LEE, Hon, SETH Low, Davin Lypis, Epcar L. MARSTON, D. O. MILLs, J. PreERPONT MorGAN, THEODORE W. MYERS, GeorcE M. OLcoTT, Pror. HENRY F. Osporn, Lowe. M. PALMER, GEORGE W, PERKINS, James R. PITCHER, Percy R. Pyne, Joun D. ROCKEFELLER, WILLIAM ROCKEFELLER, Praor. H. H. Russy, JaMEs A. SCRYMSER, HEnryY A. SIEBRECHT, WILLIAM D. SLOANE, NELSON SMITH, James SPEYER, Francis L, STEtson, Dr. W. GILMAN THOMPSON, Louis C. TIFFANY, SAMUEL THORNE, GEORGE W. VANDERBILT, Hon. Ecerton L. WINTHROP, JR. TABLE OF CONTENTS. No. 97. JANUARY The epee Of PUN gi ie 9 obs ete erie heed bad She cece Eaavode din woe pe iare I The Ban ee ° Preamble. a Resolution Adopted by the nips Directors Relative to the Death of PS haa ee Lucien M. Under 13 Notes, — and 14 ACCESSIONS: 2355.5 vasawinwshas deuce ie alee eee aeteeee tetratel cael GaGa aieenlee 15 No. 98. FEBRUARY The Herbarium of the Late Dr. ae Kuntze 19 a Collections of vonens ia evans ACS ook ahcace gat egebarxtisare cece ner: weer ae 21 ‘The Spread of the Ches Dise 23 Paliations of the Stal, ‘Scholars and Students of the New York Botan- Ete During the Yea: 30 No ae News # nd Cn 38 Accession: 39 No. 9 MarcH Report on the pera Exploration of the Bahama and Caicos Islands.. 41 Spring Lectures, §r Notes, ae and gcc 52 Accession 54 No. 100. APRIL Registered Investigators at the New York Botanical Garden, 1897-1908... 57 No. ror. May Botanical ageoe in Jamiaice 81 Notes, News and Comme 91 Accessions 93 No. 102. June Leaf Blight of the Plane Tre 105 Adulterants in Fo ey and Deuce and their Detection 107 The Lace-bark Tre 116 Notes, News and Comnicnt 119 Accessions 122 No. 103. JULY The sents of Alg 123 An Unusual gee of a “Flor de San Sebastan”’..... 0.0... 00 cece 130 Notes, News d Comm 132 AccessionS so... sees eee e errr enters 133 viii CONTENTS. No. 104. Aucust Sang Fungi at ano Supplement 2 the Merc ade of Proximate Principles of nae eee “+ 144 Not ba Aoi and 4 Access: SEPTEMBER : Report on Botanical es in Panama....--- eee ee eee tee 149 ae ane TQOS wir cerrencc cence recrnteeeeeererrnts ts eteenes 158 otes, ore and Comment 159 Accessio: 160 No. 106. OcToBer Further Exploration in 163. The Museum ago ea eee Plants ? 172. Dr. Gager’s Position .- 179, The Newly Appointed canetagg of the Laboratories 181 base a and Ci 182 Access’ 183 No. 107. NovemMBEr A New Genus of C 185 Letchworth Park and ‘the Fal of the Genesse 188 Notes, News and C 201 Accessions 202 No. 108. DecemBEr Edible Mushrooms in Bronx Park cee 205 The Museum Collection of Fossil Plants 214 Enriching Soi Cri 226 otes, News and Comment................... 228 Accessions 229 Vol, IX JANUARY, 1908 No, 97 JOURNAL OF The New York Botanical Garden EDITOR WILLIAM ALPHONSO MURRILL Assistant Director mie Collections of Mungi.y 6 Gi ieee ie we es bois aaah sak eye fe SMES NL Le Rte ni rtehheriicOln 1a iat ate S ol erLel tte Nia Gye iiags a Ce anol hw ae) vat vat aiv, ay ie 10 (mean and Resolution Adopted by deal ee Directors Relative to the of Professor Lucien M. Underwood... ......-...-..... I ae Wea ands COMmment ever suck kesh es See hie WES ieee casks 14 an EMMI eee Rage eas Sot coe PEED BON ya ae, Ceca es abab, vain 1p ee Mandae yume PUBLISHED FOR THE GARDEN At 41 NortH Queen Street, Lancaster, Pa. vy Tne New Exa Printinc ComMPpany OFFICERS, 1908. PRESIDENT—D, O, MILLIS, ICE-PRESIDE xt_ ANDREW CARNEGIE, TREASURER—CHARLES F, COX SEcRETARY—N. L. BRITTON » BoARD OF MANAGERS. 1, ELECTED MANAGERS. HON. ADDISON BROWN, J. PIERPONT MORGAN, ANDREW CARNEGIE, GEORGE W. PERKINS, W. BAYARD CUTTIN JAMES A. SCRYMSER, ROBERT W. ve FOREST, FRANCIS LYNDE STETSON, JOHN I. KANE, W. GILMAN THOMPSON, D. O. MILLS, SAMUEL THORNE. 2. EX-OFFICIO MANAGERS. THE PRESIDENT OF THE DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC PARKS, HON. HENRY SMITH. THE MAyoR OF THE CiTy OF NEW YORK HON. GEORGE B. McCLELLAN. 3. SCIENTIFIC DIRECTORS. PROF . H. RUSBY, Chairman. DR. NICHOLAS MURRAY ee PROF. JAMES F, PROF: ‘GF (CHA CHARLES F., CO> oe . KEMP, ROF. FREDERIC S. LEE, HON...E.. L. WINTHROPS IE. GARDEN STAFF. zo N. RITTON ns -tn- Chief. W. ay SORE Ass 1 Director. DR. Jon 3 K. eae Head pie of the Museums, . RYDBER ROBERT Ss. WILLIAMS, Asstt Curator GEORGE NASH, Head Gar DR. C. Morn eit he ue "Laboratori, DR. JOHN HENDLEY BARNHART, Ziéra I R. JOHN A. SHAFER, Jas tod te Tess WILSON, Cheah ilies Assistant. JOURNAL The New York Botanical Garden Vor. IX. January, 1908. No. 97. THE COLLECTIONS OF FUNGI. The fungus collections of the garden are arranged in two series, one in the museum of systematic botany on the second floor of the museum building, and the other in the mycological herbarium room on the floor above. The former is for the bene- fit of the general public, the latter for the use of students only. The public museum collection, consisting at present of about 700 separate exhibits, is insta in 20 cases and 50 swinging frames, arranged in ecblocks a as shown in the accompany- a plan (Fig. 1). Sp mounted on blocks or cardboard in fames, or are s caresenved in alcohol or formalin. Photo- Soke and colored drawings form an important part of the col- lection. Two cases, with 70 exhibits, are devoted to the smuts and rusts; and two cases, with 45 exhibits illustrate the coral- fungi, the hedgehog tuner and closely related groups. The large and conspicuous polypores fill six cases, with 185 exhibits ; while the gill-fungi, very perishable plants, occupy at present only one case, with 55 exhibits. Many colored drawings of agarics, however, are now being mounted in the swinging frames. The puffballs are well represented in a separate case by 45 exhibits. The chestnut disease so prevalent about New York is also ex- hibited in a single case. Four cases are devoted to the lichens, with 120 exhibits; and the sac-fungi and imperfect forms, with over 100 exhibits, are shown in the remaining three cases. The study collection of these plants, consisting of about 160,- 000 specimens, has been recently removed to a large room over ‘SvIqIyxXs snSuny aq} 0} pajyoaap ae “Burm ysom ay} Jo sour Burddnooo ‘77 0} 7 seutwyy SurBurms pue g oj > saseo jo syoorg *Auvjoq 18} ISAS J q) Jo uefd-s00[q “1 “ony iY wie ty 3 forty feet long and nearly thirty feet wide at the northwestern corner of the building, where thirty new herbarium cases have been installed to receive it. general idea of the arrangement of the herbarium may be gained from the accompanying plan. The six central blocks of four cases each contain the regular groups of fungi in series, ten cases being devoted to moulds, sac-fungi and imperfect forms, two to smuts and rusts, and twelve to the higher groups. The side cases contain the synoptical collection, duplicates, and mis- cellaneous specimens. At one end of the room are desks and Ke ZS ES DW WY md WSVWy, ISS YlIVMW.NNNV SZ KWKWCWZs\/\KYZZ > Fic. 2. Plan of the Mycological Herbarium. other equipment for the use of students, and in the center large tables for laying out specimens. At the other end is the office of the curator in charge of the fungi. The original Ellis collection of 80,000 specimens was pur- chased in 1896, and his residual collection of 20,000 specimens in 1900. Since that time the Garden has obtained an average of over 8,000 specimens a year, making a total of 60,000 acquired in the past seven years. Mr. Ellis was at work upon his collection for forty years, dur- ing which time he not only collected extensively himself, but 4 received material from all parts of this country and many parts of Europe for determination and exchange. More species of fungi were described by him than by all other American’ botanists together, and the types, or orginal specimens, of these species were all preserved in his collection. Among the contributors whose names frequently appear, the following are perhaps the best known: Messrs. H. W. Ravenel, A. B. Langlois, G. L. Smith, A. P. Morgan, B. M. Everhart, A. Commons, J. Macoun, J. Dearness, A. C. Waghorne and Charles Wright. Since 1900 there has been no very large single collection of fungi added to the herbarium, but specimens have been derived from many different sources, chiefly through material sent in for of the Garden Staff. Certain groups that were poorly repre- sented in the Ellis collection, such as the gill-fungi and many of the large wood-loving species, have recently been collected in great quantities in Maine, New Hampshire, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Virginia, North Carolina, and Florida; and in the Bahamas, Cuba, Porto Rico, Jamaica, Costa Rica, Hon- duras, and other parts of tropical America. Among those not connected with the Garden who have assisted in building up the mycological herbarium in recent years, are the following: Messrs. E. W. D. Holway, H. J. Banker, F. E. Clements, C. F. Baker, T. D. A. Cockerell, W. Trelease, G. F. Atkinson, F. S. Earle, A. D. Selby, L. Abrams, J. J. Davis, . M. Tracy, A. A. Heller, F. E. Lloyd, C. F. Millspaugh, D. Griffiths, W. A. Kellerman, E. C. Howe, A. Nelson, R. M. E. R. Memmimger, . Hanmer, A. O. Garrett, J. Macoun, L. Romell, A. J. Hill, W. E. Broadway, N. M. Glatfelter, M. E. Peck, W. R. Maxon, D. S. Johnson, A. D. E. Elmer and C. H. Demetrio; and Misses A. Eastwood, S. F. Price, V. S White, M. L. Overacker and G. S. Burlingham. Important European collections have been recently obtained 5 from Abbé G. Bresadola, of Trient, Austria-Hungary, and from Mr. George Massee, of Kew Gardens, England. Sets of current European exsiccati are purchased as they appear. Considerable attention has also been given to the collection of oriental species in certain groups. Very valuable material was acquired by Mr. R. S. Williams, ‘assistant curator, during his explorations in the Philippine Islands, and this has been extensively supplemented by Philippine specimens sent in for determination. Most of the specimens of groups below, and including, the rusts are mounted in packets glued on herbarium sheets such as are used in the herbarium of flowering plants. The higher groups, however, contain many bulky specimens which must be preserved in boxes, and these are in most herbaria kept in a separate series, entailing much extra labor and no little inconven- ience. In order to avoid the double series here, we have had light wooden drawers made to fit the compartments in the her- barium cases and into these, in their regular order with the sheets, and insects, and, on the whole, appear to solve the problem as well as could be desired. Any one who has attempted to handle loose boxes in quantity will welcome some such convenient arrangement as this. For ready reference in the comparison of these bulky speci- mens and for the use of students consulting the herbarium, a synoptical collection is being arranged in alphabetical order in boxes glued on cardboard, each box containing good representa- tive specimens of a single species, with as many variations as are obtainable. This arrangement will save much time and will largely prevent the usual wear and tear and displacement of specimens in the regular collection. In the fungus collection are many field notes of great value relating to the size, color, form, etc., of the plants when fresh. idea being to keep everything relating to a given specimen as close to it as possible. The same disposition is also made of 6 notes taken in foreign herbaria, characters obtained from micro- scopic study, and letters containing information regarding habitat, distribution and other points of interest. A collection of auto- graph letters from mycologists and collectors is kept separately for reference in case the identity of labels or miscellaneous data is in doubt. Specimens preserved in alcohol or formalin are desirable in some groups, but no attempt is made to preserve any large number in this way except for special studies in morphology or for museum purposes, as such a collection is of doubtful value in taxonomic work, especially when one considers the immense amount of time, space and money involved. T reservation of fungi against insects has always been a difficult problem for the curator. Many methods have been tried in various herbaria without complete success, Carbon bisulfid has been mainly used in this country, but the results are not satisfactory. Corrosive sublimate, so extensively employed for flowering plants, is not only valueless but decidedly harmful to many of the higher fungi, since it alters or destroys their sur- face characters and often changes their substance to a marked degree. It is much better to lose some specimens than to have the whole collection thus altered. In the case of large woody specimens, also, it is very difficult to secure sufficient penetration to preserve the interior portions. The substance I have used with great success is naphthalene flake, of the best quality. Experiments conducted here have shown that adult insects are killed in a few hours when placed in a box with this substance, and it is probable that those emerging from the pupa stage succumb in less time. Specimens are treated when first obtained, and those peculiarly susceptible are kept in an atmosphere of naphthalene more or less all of the time. In going through the collections, when a packet or box is found containing insects, a spoonful or more of naphthalene is added and the incident closed. Possibly there are insects not yet acquired or some that do not thrive in this region that are not amenable to this treatment, but it has been more satisfactory here so far than any other method I have seen tried. 7 All fungi found upon leaves are treated with corrosive sub- limate. This is done chiefly to preserve the leaves intact, the fungi being so small that, with few exceptions, insects would hardly do them serious damage. All other fungi, particularly the conspicuous forms known as mushrooms, bracket fungi, etc., are placed in boxes with naphthalene flake for several wccls or After a box collection has been once cleared of pests, it is not so difficult to keep them out, with a fair amount of precaution and vigilance. At Kew Gardens, fungus specimens are treated once a year with carbolic acid (or a cheaper substitute) and alcohol. This mixture is easily applied with a brush to the large number of - specimens there that are pasted flat on the sheets without packets. Dr. Magnus, of Berlin University, advocates the carbon bi- sulfid treatment once a year, in case there is not sufficient time for separate treatment of specimens with corrosive sublimate, which latter he considers superior. Dr, Magnus works almost entirely with rusts and other minute fungi that attack the leaves of plants. Dr. Patouillard, of Paris, uses corrosive sublimate exclusively for all groups of fungi, simply immersing the specimens in a mix- ture of sublimate and alcohol. He is of the opinion that this is the only practical method of preserving them. He says that naphthalene is very good at first, but that when it evaporates the insects return. This might not be possible if his specimens were in close-fitting box Mr. Hennings, a hie Berlin Botanical Garden, uses corrosive euelinete also, having no faith in naphthalene. esadola, of Trient, claims that insects are entirely killed or ernie by naphthalene and that this substance is far superior to carbon bisulfid, chloroform, strychnine, corrosive sub- limate, or carbolic acid. He places fresh specimens of woody forms that are infested with insects ina tight box with naphthalene for a day or less, then dries them and keeps them in a drawer 8 for several weeks with naphthalene before removal to the her- barium. Agarics, because of their perishable nature, are dried before treatment. No naphthalene is used in t the regular collec- tion and none appears to be necessary, as I did not find a single insect in his entire herbarium, and not one has appeared in the thousand packets of fungi obtained from him for our collection. Lars Romell, of Stockholm, follows Bresadola in the use of naphthalene and has no use whatever for sublimate, claiming that specimens are worthless unless recognizable. e frequently places infected agarics under a belljar with chloroform on return- ing from the field, in order to kill the insects before drying the specimens. The value of this immense collection of fungi can hardly be overestimated. From a purely botanical standpoint, it is highly -important that original and representative specimens of all groups of plants be thus preserved for the purposes of reference and com- parison ; and, since questions of origin, distribution and variation always enter into studies of classification, it is desirable to have these collections as complete as possible. From the standpoint of applied botany, the vast number of destructive plant diseases caused by fungi relate this subject very intimately with horticul- ture, agriculture, forestry and allied sciences. The damage done in this country by wheat rust alone amounts to pe billions of the importance of the fungi in relation to forestry, both as regards the host of destructive forest diseases already known and those that may yet be discovered. Aside from the fthis collection by systematic botanists, plant pathologists and foresters, there is a large and increasing interest in fungi by the plant-loving public, drawn by fondness for the forms, or by their extensive use as fo ei To all these, the col- lection “affords the keenest pleasure and offers opportunities for further knowledge and enjoyment. 9 This collection is to be the basis of nine volumes of the North American Flora. As the various groups of fungi are worked over and new species published, the number of type specimens in the herbarium will be greatly increased. Students, collectors and investigators of fungi throughout the country will continue to send in specimens for determination and comparison, and will come here in greater numbers to consult not only the originals, but the array of additional specimens that show the variation and the geographical distribution of given species and groups of species. As material accumulates, without doing violence to the integ- rity of the collection, duplicates will be sent out in exchange for material from new regions, and to various botanical institutions for the purpose of stimulating activity along certain lines of col- lecting. It is hoped that important contributions may in time be made to questions of geographical distribution on the basis of these various collections from distinct regions. For the purpose of recording the distribution of species conveniently and quickly, the distribution chart found at the end of this number of the JouRNAL has been prepared ; copies of which are properly marked and pasted on the inside of the species covers, to show at a glance just where a particular species has been collected. If one wishes to distinguish plants from different regions in the herbarium, he may use gummed paper markers of different colors on the genus covers, or simply indicate the regions by numbers or letters, as shown in the following table : I, . Indi In,,...Orange cna and = ae Cj..... Yellow Ill. s “8 Malaya. ... Brown IV. Eur urope and Sibevia Gray IN. ‘Australian: Au.... Pink Vy Africa vei ania Black X. Islands. Is Green . A. Morrirl. 10 THE BANYAN TREE. e northwest corner of house no. 4 of the public con- servatories will be found a specimen of this interesting tree, which is so highly esteemed by the Hindus. As the accom- Fic. 3. A young banyan tree in the conservatories, 11 panying illustration indicates, this specimen is beginning to show plainly the growth of the large aerial roots which make this tree an object of wonder to travelers ; but it can, of course, but faintly suggest its magnificent appearance in its native home along the lower reaches of the Himalayas and the Dekhan peninsula. There are many other trees which attain the height of the banyan tree, but the latter is remarkable for the great spread of its branches, which extend horizontally and send down roots which eventually reach the ground ; and many of these, increasing greatly in diameter, form subsidiary trunks, so that the final effect is more that : a small grove than of a single tree. The size to which this tree grows in its native wilds is not defi- size in a state of cultivation. There was a specimen growing at Satara in 1882, said to have an average diameter of five hundred and twenty feet in the spread of its branches, and a girth of over fifteen hundred feet. This mere statement, perhaps, does not convey an adequate idea of its magnificent proportions; but think of such a tree as not only entirely filling the house in which the conservatory specimen is located, but of covering an area with a diameter equal to the entire length of the conservatory range! One has perhaps heard the statement that a banyan tree could shelter under its branches an army of twenty thousand men ; the tree at Satara would furnish shelter for over fifty thou- sand men, allowing four square feet for each man. Another remarkable specimen, somewhat smaller than the one at Satara, is in the botanical garden at Calcutta, and is about one hundred and twenty-five years old. It was described some years ago by Dr. King, who gave the girth of the main trunk as forty- two feet, the circumference of the leafy crown as eight hundred dred and thirty-two. It originated about 1782 from a seed dropped in the crown of a date-palm, presumably by some bird, a common method of dissemination of this and other similar trees. Following its usual custom, it grew vigorously, tightly encom- passing the sheltering and supporting palm with its roots, and finally cueing it, taking the place of its foster parent in the vegetable w 12 The banyan tree is often a very active agent in the destruction of the walls of temples and other buildings. A seed, deposited by some passing bird in a crevice of some wall, soon geimindics, sending its stout roots further and further into the crevice, and finally destroys the structure. One would immediately suggest that such destruction might be avoided by merely uprooting the young plants ; but this tree is held sacred by the Hindus, and, if any damage threatened the young tree, the building, and not the tree, would be sacrificed. The word “banyan” seems to have been first applied to a large tree of this species which grew at Gombroon. This speci- men was a favorite of the “ Banyans,”’ or Hindu traders, who had settled at this place and had built a pagoda under its branches. Economically, the banyan tree is of considerable importance to the people in the regions where it grows. It yields a milky juice, as others of this genus do, and from this an inferior quality of rubber is extracted. It is also made into a bird-lime by mix- ing with it a certain proportion of mustard-seed oil. A coarse rope and more or less paper are made from its bark. Medicin- ally, it is used externally to relieve pains and bruises, and it is considered of great value as an application for the soles of the feet when cracked or inflamed. An infusion of the bark is con- sidered of great value as a tonic and in the treatment of diabetes. In times of scarcity the small red figs are eaten by the poorer classes, this large tree being a relative of the fig-tree which fur- nishes the edible figs of commerce. The leaves and young twigs are eaten with apparent relish by elephants and cattle. The leaves also fill another want, for they are frequently used as plates. The wood is said to be of moderate hardness, but is not of much value; its durability in the presence of moisture, how- ever, makes it useful for well-curbs. The wood of the aerial roots is said to be stronger, and this is often used for tent-poles, cart-yokes, etc. The genus /icus, of which the banyan tree is but one species, is widely distributed, almost exclusively in tropical regions, in both the old world and the new, being especially abundant in the former. At the present time there are said to be about six hun- 13 dred known species, of which two are well known to many as the rubber plant, Ficus elastica, and the edible fig, Ficus Carica. All of them have the peculiar fruit known as a fig, consisting of a . modified branch in the shape of a hollow receptacle, on the inside of which are borne the numerous flowers, the pistillate ones developing the small seeds, which are so numerous in the edible g. In the immediate vicinity of the banyan tree in house no. 4 will be found a number of other species of the genus Ficus, including a large specimen, in the center of the house, of the common rubber plant, Azcus elastica. Grorce V. Nasu. PREAMBLE AND RESOLUTION ADOPTED BY THE SCIENTIFIC DIRECTORS RELATIVE TO THE DEATH OF PROFESSOR LUCIEN M. UNDERWOOD Wuereas, Death has removed from this Board Professor Lucien Marcus Underwood, our associate from the commence- ment of our organization, and our chairman since the year 1901, We therefore desire to record an expression of our profound sorrow at the severance of such happy personal relations as have always existed between the deceased and members of this Board, and at the untimely ending of a career of such present value and of such great promise We desire also to since upon record our appreciation of the great value to the New York Botanical Garden of the services rendered by Professor Underwood, both in his official capacity and by virtue of his high and broad scholarship. s our chairman, Professor Underwood has always performed his duties in a prompt, studious and efficient manner, and has shown rare wisdom in conserving the higher interests of the insti- tution and of those served by it As an original investigator in ieee lines of research which it is the object of the Garden to promote, Professor Underwood has 14 displayed untiring energy, combined with independence and originality, and his work has been fruitful in many important contributions to science. As an adviser and guide in the investigations of others, here and elsewhere, Professor Underwood has exerted a wide influence, and has displayed unselfish devotion and a generous regard for the interests of those so engaged cheerfulness and general good-fellowship of Professor Underwood in his personal relations with us, and with the mem- bers of the Garden Staff, have been such as to combine the most pleasant recollections with the most sorrowful regret that we are to enjoy them no more. Resolved, that a copy of this memorial be transmitted to the family of Professor Underwood, and that the same be entered upon our minutes and published in the Garden JouRNAL. (Signed) J. F. Kemp, Secretary. December 14, 1907. NOTES, NEWS AND COMMENT. t a recent meeting of the board of managers, Dr. W. A. Murrill was advanced from the position of first assistant to that of assistant director. Dr. M. A. Howe and Percy Wilson returned from the Bahamas January 5, with a large collection of plants, in which both ter- restrial and marine species are well represented. . W. R. Maxon, of the U. S. National Museum, spent several ed at the Garden early in Tannery examining the fern collec N. L Britton attended the meetings of the American As- sociation for the Advancement of Science and Affiliated Societies at Chicago during the holidays. Mr. H. S. Jackson, of the State Experiment Station, Newark, Delaware, spent the latter part of December at the Garden study- ing the fungus collections from Delaware. Professor J. C. Arthur and Mr. F. D. Kern, of Purdue Uni- 15 versity, were awarded research scholarships for the month of January, to aid them in their investigations of the North American species of rusts (Uredinales), a group of parasitic fungi very destructive to cultivated plants The orchids are at their best during January and February. The large additions of rare and attractive species during the past year make the collection one of great interest and beauty. Some Recent Visitors. — Professor W. L. Bray, of Syracuse University ; Professor A. W. Evans, of Yale University ; Dr. C. F. Millspaugh, of the Field Museum of Natural History, Chi- cago; Professor A. H. Graves, of the Yale Forestry School ; Professor John F. Cowell, Director of the Buffalo Botanic arden; and Mr. Stewardson Brown, of the Academy of Natural Gaences: "Philadel phia. Meteorology for December.— The total precipitation for the month was 4.42 + inches. Maximum temperatures were recorded of 57° on the 8th, 58° on the roth, 55° on the 23d, and 53° on the 28th ; also minimum temperatures of 18° on the 5th, 23° on the 13th, 22° on the 20th, and 26.5° on the 25th and 27th. The maximum temperature recorded for the year was 93”, occurring on July 8, 18, and 25; the minimum temperature for the year was — 2°, on February 6; the mean temperature for the year, therefore, was 45.5°. The total precipitation recorded for the year 1907 was 47.01 + inches. The first fall frosts occurred during the first week in October. ACCESSIONS. LIBRARY ACCESSIONS FROM NOVEMBER 1 TO DECEMBER 31, 1907. ARTHUR, JosepH CHARLES & MacDoucaL, DANIEL TREMBLY. ing plants and ee properties. New cL 1898. a by the tase a Columbia University. ) RITTON, NATHANIEL LorD. BoARD OF MANAGERS. 1. ELECTED MANAGERS. HON. ADDISON BROWN, a Pace Ra ANDREW CARNEGIE, ERKINS, W. BAYARD CUTTING, Tas. x pe SER ROBERT W. pe FOREST, riser ee LYNDE STETSON, JOHN I. KANE, . GILMAN esas D. O. MILLS. Ae THOR 2. EX-OFFICIO MANAGERS. THE PRESIDENT OF THE eee Sua = Pusiic PARKS, HON. HENRY SM THE MAYorR OF THE CiTy oF NEw York, HON. GEORGE B, McCLELLAN, 3. SCIENTIFIC DIRECTORS. PROF. H. H. RUSBY, remit an. DR. NICHOLAS MURRAY BUTLER, PROF. JAMES F. ree PROF. C. F. CHANDLER, oa eee S. LE CHARLES F. COX, HON. E, L. INGER OPE sta GARDEN STAFF. a a L. BRITTON, Duirector-in- Chief. . A. MURRILL, First Assistant. DR. TOBE Sg ore Head Wacetor of the Museums, DR. P. YDBERG, San) » Curator. DR. ree HOLLICK, Curasor. DR. MA LA. ator, ROBERT S. WILLIAMS, Assistant Curator. GE V. NASH, ‘ardener. DR. C. STUART GAGER, Director of the Laboratories. R. JOHN HENDL AR My avian. DR. H. H. SBY, Curator of ¢, onomic Collections. DR. WILLIAM IES, Consulting Chemist. . A. SCHILLING, Superintendent. BRINLEY, Seeds Enginee: JOHN R. ee Ss. Pee ee Clerk a R. JOHN A. us: 2 PE ERCY WILSO Pg eres at Assistant. NORMAN TAYL one Oiioiion of the Plantations, JOURNAL The New York Botanical Garden VoL. Ix. pean 1908. No. 98. THE HERBARIUM OF THE LATE DR. OTTO TZE Dr. Otto Kuntze, a distinguished German botanist who died at San Remo, Italy, on January 28, 1907, accumulated during his busy life a large and important herbarium which was offered for sale. Through the generosity of Mr. Andrew Carnegie, vice- president of the board of managers, this valuable collection of prepared specimens of plants has been acquired by the New York Botanical Garden. It comprises 403 boxes about 8 inches long, 12 inches wide, and 6 inches deep, of dried specimens attached to sheets of paper, thoroughly poisoned to prevent insect depredation and carefully labeled by Dr. Kuntze. A rough esti- ee indicates that there are over 30,000 specimens. is herbarium contains plants from all parts of the world, and ee specimens of many species not heretofore represented in the collections of the Garden. Dr. Kuntze travelled widely and collected and observed plants in many countries. During the years 1874-1876 he made a trip around the world, proceeding from Bremen to the West Indies and collecting on the islands of St. Thomas, Porto Rico, and Barbados; thence to Trinidad, Venezuela, and Colombia; thence to Panama and Costa Rica, returning to Panama; he reached New York in July, 1874, and proceeded westward, collecting in New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Illinois, Missouri, Kansas, Nebraska, Colorado, Wyoming, Idaho, Nevada and California; he reached Japan in December of that year, and in January proceeded to China where he collected 19 . 20° about Hongkong and Canton, in Anam, Cochin China and Siam, irri to Java, Singapore, Penang, Birma, thence to India, e he explo ered about Calcutta, going north into Sikkim, hee to Bengal and Bombay ; the early part of the year 1876 he spent in Arabia and Egypt. He visited eastern Asia and Russia in the year 1886, and the ae Islands in 1887-1888. cember, 1891, he proceeded to South America, reaching roe in December and remaining in Uruguay, and in the Argentine Republic through part of January, 1892. He crossed the Andes into Chili, collecting at several localities, including the Desert of Atacama, proceeded to Bolivia, where he visited regions botanically very little known, and remained in that country through the summer, reaching Paraguay in September and pro- ceeding to Brazil at the end of the year, reaching Pernambuco December 27, 1892. In January, 1894, he explored in South Africa, landing at the Cape of Good Hope and collecting in Cape Colony, the Orange Free State, the Transvaal and Natal, reaching Durban in March and proceeding northward by sea to Delagoa Bay, Beira, Mozam- bique, Dar-es-Salam and Zanzibar, returning to Europe by the Suez Canal. His last extensive trip was made in 1904, when he reached Ceylon in February, proceeded to Australia, Tasmania, New Zea- land, Samoa, the Sandwich Islands, and returned to Europe by way of the United States. He studied his extensive collections principally at the Royal Botanical Garden in Berlin and at the Royal Gardens at Kew, England, where the writer had the pleasure of meeting him for the first time in 1888. The scientific results of these expeditions are mostly presented by him in the three volumes entitled “ Revisio Generum Plantarum, cum Enumeratione Plantarum Exoticarum in Itinere Mundi Collectarum,” published from 1891 to 1898 ; in these he gives a list of plants collected, with many critical notes, records of geographic distribution, descriptions of species new to science, and discussions of nomenclature, this subject being one to which he paid enthusiastic attention and through which he 21 will probably be best known in the future. A considerable part of his collections was referred to other experts for critical study. To American botanists the greatest interest of his herbarium is in the large number of type specimens which it contains of species from South America and Tropical America described either by himself or other botanists ; he collected few duplicates, his rapid movements from place to place during his travels requiring that he should reduce his luggage to as small an amount as practic- able, and in a large number of cases the specimens obtained for the Garden by the generosity of Mr. Carnegie are thus unique, not being represented at any other institution. . L. Brirron. THE COLLECTIONS OF MOSSES AND HEPATICS. The moss collections at the Garden are arranged in two series, like those of the fungi, one in the museum of systematic botan on the second floor of the museum building and the other in the moss room and in the cryptogamic laboratory on the top floor. The former is for the benefit of teachers and the general public, the latter for the use of students only. The public museum collection consists of about 599 specimens and illustrations and is installed in 8 cases and 12 swinging frames. The structure of Punaria hygrometrica, Mnium cuspi- datum, Polytrichum commune, and two species of Frullania are also illustrated by microscopic exhibits. Specimens are mounted on blocks or cardboard or preserved in formalin. Illustrations have been obtained for most of the species exhibited, and speci- mens in bulk have been secured to show their habit of growth and general appearance. The swinging frames are designed to illustrate the local flora, or all species known to grow within a radius of 100 miles from New York City, and to give the range of each species and its common name: 468 species are included in this series, 384 of these being mosses and 84 hepatics. The study collection of these plants may be found on the top floor, the mosses in the cryptogamic laboratory, under Mrs. 22 Britton’s care, and the hepatics with the algae, under Dr. Howe’s care. The ee _ the Mitten Herbarium of mosses anc hepatics, an account which was published in the JouRNar for February, 1907, has eo necessary a great deal of mount- ing, as all his specimens were laid loosely in folders or pinned tc sheets and these are gradually being incorporated with collections already at the Garden. The American species, including those from South America, Central America and the West Indies are parison d exchanges which throw light on our knowledge before the publication of the volume on mosses of “‘ North Ameri- can Flora.” It is increasingly evident that there has been much duplication of naming by various European authors and we acknowledge our ee to Professor Max Fleischer and Dr. Urban of the Royal Botanical Garden and Museum at Berlin for numerous comparisons with the aroinals of American species named by S. E. Bridel and Karl Miller. We are also under lasting obligations to Mr. C. H. Wright at Kew Gardens and Mr. Anthony Gepp at the British Museum of Natural History at South Kensington for comparisons with valuable col- lections preserved at these two institutions. It is expected that some adequate acknowledgment will be made when we come to distribute the duplicates from the Mitten Herbarium and the large number which have accumulated as a residue from our West Indian collections. We are also indebted to Messieurs Renauld and Cardot for portions of types or authentic specimens of many of their Central American and North American species and have arranged for an exchange of notes and specimens with Mr. V. F. Brotherus, who is enumerating the mosses of the world for Engler and Prantl’s Natirlichen Pflanzenfamilien. An effort has been made to follow critically all the species listed from North America and a card catalogue has been kept for this purpose, to which are added corrections in synonymy and extensions of range. These cards now record 148 acrocar- pous genera with 1,642 species and 98 pleurocarpous genera with 491 species, and the enumeration is not yet completed rom Mr, William R. Maxon, of the National Museum, we 23 have received duplicates for determination of all his West Indian and Central American collections, and Dr. George N. Best has continued to examine and report on all the Leskeaceae sub mitted . him for study. R. S. Williams has devoted much time to studying the col- ree made by him in Bolivia and has extended his studies extensive collections by C. G. Pringle and Jared G. Smith in Mexico, Percy Wilson in Honduras and W. R. Maxon in Costa Rica having been submitted to him for determination. Before the death of Professor Underwood his collections of hepatics had been purchased for the Garden and these with the Mitten specimens and the Austin Herbarium have been arranged so that they are available to students of these groups in the room where Dr. Howe can give them personal supervision. Miss C. C. Haynes has availed herself of this privilege and for several years has devoted her time during the winter to naming miscel- laneous collections from various parts of the United States in connection with her work as Hepatic Curator of the Sullivant Moss Chapter. Occasional visits are made by Dr. Evans, of Yale University, who is engaged in a critical study of the Hepaticae, and he has with great patience and care named all the collections of hepatics thus far made by the various explorers sent out by the Garden. He is planning to devote several months to the arrangement of the Mitten collections of hepatics, in exchange for which he will have the privilege of selecting duplicates for the herbarium of Yale University. ELIZABETH G. BRITTON THE SPREAD OF THE CHESTNUT DISEASE.* The disease of our native chestnut, discovered in Bronx Park in 1905 and described in the JourNaL for June and for Septem- * Murrill, W. A. A serious chestnut disease. Jour. N. Y. Bot. Garden 7: 143- 153. f 17-zg. June, 1906. ; Merkel, H. W. “A deadly eae on ie American chestnut. Ann. Rept. N.Y. Zoél. Society 10: 97-103. 1906. (Illu: & urrill, W. A. aes remarks on u serious chestnut disease. Jour. N. Y. © Bot. Garden 7: 203-211. f. 25-30. September, 1906. Senin W. A. A new chestnut disease. Torreya 6: 186-189. f. 2, Septem- er, 1906 24 ber, 1906, has continued its ravages among the chestnut trees in and about New York City with unabated virulence. Preventive measures have apparently not affected it in the slightest degree. The pruning of diseased branches has entirely failed to check it, Fic. 4. Chestnut trees in the New York Botanical Garden killed by the disease. 25 even in the case of very young trees. Branches have been care- fully removed and wounds covered, leaving trees apparently Fic. 5. Affected chestnut trees in the nursery. entirely sound, but upon inspection a few weeks or a few months later they would be found badly diseased at other points. From 26 ten to fifteen different infections were counted on single specimens of young trees near the hemlock forest during the past season. When the infections are as numerous as this no means of preven- tion is worth the experiment ; and, moreover, some of them are: practically certain to be infections of the main trunk, which cannot eee FIG. Inoculation experiments with young chestnut trees. Specimen on the right ae to the base of the trunk by a body infection; specimen on the left reserved be treated by pruning. This is especially apt to occur because the spores that are washed down from diseased branches find lodgment at the base of the branch where the bark is rough and very often cracked. The disease is abundant in and about New Vork City, on Long Island, and in New Jersey, and is known to occur along the Hudson as far north as Poughkeepsie. Specimens have been sent in from Connecticut, Massachusetts and Maryland. It is reported from Washington, D. C., and from Virginia, but I have 27 seen no specimens of it from these localities. Some have thought that the death of numbers of chestnut trees in the lowlands of Georgia and Alabama, as reported some years ago by Mohr and Small, was due to this disease, but no field studies have been made as yet to determine this point. A visit to Biltmore, N. C., however, where dead and dying chestnut trees are exceedingly abundant, failed to discover a trace of the fungus ; death appar- ently being due to poor soil, forest fires, the chestnut beetle, and the disturbance of natural forest conditions in various ways. he disease was at first supposed to be confined to our native chestnut, but in the autumn of 1906 an affected branch was found Hpon one of the Japanese chestnut trees (Castanea crenata) affected area and no other infections were noticed on the tree during the remainder of that season. During the spring and summer of 1907, also, the tree appeared healthy and it was thought that the disease had been effectually eradicated by timely pruning; but a closer examination last autumn revealed a large diseased area near the base of the trunk, and the tree will doubtless succumb soon after the next season opens. This discovery is especially timely because of the fact that the Japanese chestnut has been under observation elsewhere in the vicinity of affected native trees and has been considered immune, so that it has been mentioned as a desirable substitute for the native tree in some of our parks. Two specimens of chinquapin (Castanea pumila) recently ex- amined in the Garden fruticetum have also been found to be suffering from the disease for the past two or three years. It was reported several months ago that the cultivated chinqua- pins on Long Island were badly affected, but I have seen no specimens. It is now certain that the chestnut disease attacks all species of Castanea, both native and cultivated, that occur in this region, namely, ane dentata, the common native chestnut, Cas- tanea crenata, t apanese chestnut, and Castanea pumila, the cninquapin, Aina native from New Jersey to Florida. Fic. 7. Cultures of the fungus on sterilized and living chestnut branches. 29 It is highly important that some effort be made in the near future to determine as accurately as possible the distribution of the chestnut disease and to prevent its spread. Care should also G. Fruiting pustules and spore masses of the fungus from cultures, « 16. A, stages in the dev sie ed of the pustules; &, C, D, various forms of spore dis- charge in a moist atmosphe: be taken to prevent its introduction into new localities through diseased nursery stock. The chestnut growers of southern Europe should be warned against the importation of any species of Castanea from this country for public or private parks or 30 plantations without inspection by a competent person. The European chestnut is so closely related to our native tree that the fungus would doubtless attack it with a violence, caus- ing great loss and distress where it is cultiva Owners of standing chestnut timber ans the affected area are advised to cut and use all trees, both old and young, that stand within half a mile of diseased trees, unless protected from infection through wind-blown spores by dense forest growth or some other natural barrier. This may not prevent the spread of the disease through the agency of storms, birds and squirrels, but it will at least retard its progress. Old weathered chestnut trunks that have been dead several years have no power to spread the disease, and these may be cut at leisure for the tannic acid factory or for firewood. Trees of good size recently killed should be turned into lumber as soon as possible; the fungus affects only the bark, but other fungi may afterwards impair the value of the wood if allowed to stand too long, Discarded the spores they contain; but if - are well within the zone of infection such precaution is useles t is not considered safe at et to put out chestnut planta- tions at any point within the known area of distribution of the fungus, and those made elsewhere should be started from the seed and carefully guarded. W. A. Murri_t. PUBLICATIONS OF THE STAFF, SCHOLARS AND STUDENTS OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN DURING THE YEAR 1907. genres M. P. Nature-study as an education. Jour. N. Y. Gard. 8: 32-42. 7 Early European botanists in Japan. Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 8: gg—-I10. r 1907. Arthur, J. C. genera of Uvedinales. Jour. Myc. 13: 28-32. 1 Ja —_——. Uredinales.. ”y. Am. Fl. 7: 83. 6 Mr 1907 31 Uredinaceae. N. Am. Fl. 7: 97-127. 6 Mr 1907. ——— Coleosporiaceae, N, Am. Fl. 'y: 85-95. 6 Mr 1907. Aecidiaceae (pars). N. Am. Fl. 7: 129-160. 6 Mr 997. Barnhart, J. H. The local floras of Vermont. Bull. Vt. Bot. Club 2: 11-16. Ap Igo ae dates of Rafinesque’s New Flora and Flora Tel- luriana, Torreya '7: 177-182. 21S 1907. Benedict, R. C. ae on some ferns collected near Orange, N. J. Torreya 7: —-138. Jl 1907. The genus pe ae Synopsis of subgenera, and the American species. Bull. Torrey Club 34: 445-458. 19 O 1907. Britton, E.G. Notes onnomenclature— VII. Bryologist 10 : 7,8. 2 Ja 1907. The Mitten collection of mosses and hepatics. Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 8: 28-32. Mr 1907. & Hollick, A. American fossil mosses, with description of a new species from Florissant, Colorado. Bull. Torrey Club 34: 139-142. pl. 9. Britton, N. L. Two undescribed species of Comocladia from Jamaica. Torreya'7: 6,7. 7 F 1907 A new polygalaceous tree of Porto Rico. Torreya 7: 38, 39. 28 F 1907. Report of the Secretary and Director-in-Chief for the year 1906. Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 5: 195-203. 7 Mr 1907. Pioneers of science in America. John Torrey. Pop. Sci. Mo. 70: 297, 299, portrait. Ap 190 Report on the continuation of the botanical exploration of the Bahama Islands. Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 8: Ap 1907 Ribes chihuahuense sp. nov. Torreya 7: 102. 20 My 1907. iil Erythroxylaceae. N. Am. Fl. 25: 59-66. 24 Au 1907. The sedges of Jamaica. Bull. Dep. Agric. Jamaica 5 : Suppl. 1-19. 1907. Further exploration in Jamaica. Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 8: 229-236. fe) 32 The boulder bridge. Jour. N. Y, Bot. Gard. 8: 247-250. N 1907. Lucien Marcus Underwood. Columbia Univ. Quart. D 190 & Rose e, J. N. Periskiopsis,a new genus of Cactaceae. Smithsonian Misc. Coll. 50: 331-333. 28 O 1907. Burlingham, G. S. Suggestions for the study of the Lactariae. Torreya 7: 118-123. I9 Je 1907 Some Lactarii from Windham County, Vermont. Bull. Torrey Club 34: 85-95. 9 Ap 1907. A study of the influence of magnesium sulphate on the growth of seedlings. Jour. Am. Chem. Soc. 2g: 1095-1112. Jl 1907 Cook, M. T. Notes on polyembryony. Torreya 7: 113-117. 1-3. 19 Je 1907. The embryology of Sagittaria lancifoha L. Ohio Nat. 7: 97-102. pl. 8. 12 1907 ——— The embryology of Rigtidophylish, Bull. Torrey Club 34: 179-184. pl. ro. 11 Je 1907. ——— The embryology of Rhizophora Mangle. Bull. Torrey Club 34: 271-277. pl. 22, 23. 26 Jl 1907. Eggleston, W. W. New North American Crataeg?. Torreya 7: 35, 36. 28 F 1907. The flora of Pownal. Bull. Vt. Bot. Club 2: 21-24. map. Ap 1907 ——— Peter Kalm’s visit to Lake Champlain in July, 1749. Bull. Vt. Bot. Club 2 — C.S. (Diel’s) Juvenile forms and flower maturity. Tor- reya'7: 9-14. 7F 1907. (Revie Annual report of the director a the laboratories. Bull, N. ¥. Bot. Gard. 5: 233-240. 5 Mr Radium in biological research. ees II. 25: 589, 590. 12 Ap 1907 ——— An occurrence of glands in the ae of Zea Mays. Bull. Torrey Club 34: 125-137. 7 My ——— Science and poetry —a protest. ee IT. 25: 908, go09. 7 Je 1907. 33 (Cook’s) Aspects of kinetic evolution. Torreya'7: 147- 152. 19 Jl 1907. (Revie The breathing of nea Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 8: 143-156. Jl 1907. ——— Radium may solve the world-old riddle. Discovery 1: 81-83. Au 1go07. (Illust.) The absence of undergrowth in the hemlock forest. Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 8: 237-240. O 1907. Two recent papers by O. F. Cook. Torreya 7: 204- 205. 18 O 1907. (Review.) The self-pruning of trees. Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 8: 252-254. The tardy defoliation of the trees. Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 8: 254. N 1907. The evaporating power of the air at the New York Botanical Garden. Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 8: 269-274. D 1907. Gies, W. J. On the effects of magnesium sulphate on the growth of seedlings. Science II. 26: 214-216. 16 Au 1907. Haynes, C. C. Ten Lophozias. Bryologist 10: 9-12. f/. 2, le) Two new species of Aytonia from Jamaica. Bull. Torrey Club 34: 57-60. 9 Ap 1907 Hollick, A. The cretaceous flora of southern New York and New England. Monographs of the U. S. Geol. Survey No. 50. p. 1-219. p/. z-¢o. Washington, Dec. 1906. A collection of fossil gums. Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 8: 163-165. Jl 1907. Description of a new tertiary fossil flower from Floris- sant, Colorado. Torreya 7: 182-184. 215 1907. House, H. D. New species of /pomoea from Mexico and Cen- tral America. Muhlenbergia 3 : 37-46. p/. 7-3. 28 Mr 1907. Studies in the North American Convolvulaceae — III. Calycobolus, Bonamia, and Stylisma. Bull. Torrey Club 34: 143-149. 7 My 1907. New or noteworthy North American Convolvulaceae. Bot. Gaz. 43: 408-414. f. 7-4. 17 Je 1907 B34 Hanks, L. T. me J. K. Geraniaceae. N. Am. FI. 25: 3-24. 24 Au 1907. Howe, M. A. ee on a visit to Jamaica for collecting marine algae. Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 8: 51-60. Mr 1907. (Gardner's) fan oes ee in Cyanophyceae. Torreya 7: 104, 105. 20 1907. (Review. ycological ce —III. Further notes on Hatimeda and Avrainvillea. Bull, Torrey Club 34: 491-516. pl. 25- 30 17D Kern, E. D. The rusts of Guatemala. Jour. Myc. 13 ! 18-26. 1 Ja 1907. New western species of Se essa and Roestelia. Bull. Torrey Club 34: 459-463. I9 O1 Knox, A. A. Fasciations in Drosera, Ieruillea and Cecropia. Torreya 7: 102, 103. 20 My 1907 The relation of fasciation to injury in the evening prim- roses. Plant World 10: 145-151. f. 29. Jl 1907. The stem of /bervillea Sonorae, Bull. Torrey Club 34: 329-344. pl. 24. 12S 1907. Kupfer, E. Studies in plant regeneration. Mem. Torrey Club 2: 195-241. f. 7-73. 10 Je 1907. Murrill, W. A. Report of the First Assistant. Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 5 : 214-223. 5 Mr 1907. Exercises commemorative of the two hundredth anni- versary of the birth of Linnaeus. Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 8: 123-139. Je 1907. Leaf blight of the plane-tree. Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 8: 157-161. Jl 1907. An old locust post. Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 8: 173- 175. Au 1go7 Some nea ak Polyporaceae. Bull. Torrey Club 34: 465-481. 9 —- Pasporace ae N. Am. Fl. 9: 1-72. 19D 1907. mete G.V. The rapid growth of the young Pazlownia. Jour. Yy. Bot. Gard. 8: 13-16. Ja 1907. Report of the Head Gardener. Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 5: 263-271. 7 Mr 1907. 35 A new flower garden adjoining the conservatories. Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 8:.118, 119. Mr 1907. Costa Rican orchids — I, Ball, Torrey Club 34: 113- 124. 7 My 1907 Structure and classification of orchids. Jour. Hort. Soc. N.Y. 1: 24-26, 07. An attractive Philippine shrub in flower. Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 8: 161-163. Jl 1907. A collection of American desert plants. Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 8: 169-173. Au 1907. The economic garden. Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 8: 189- 193. Au 1907. Water lilies and other aquatics: their relation to horti- culture. Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 8: 202-220. S 190 The Ames collection of orchids. Jour. N. Y. Bot. (orl 8: 250-252. 7. A visit to Letchworth Park. Torreya '7: 209-214. 19 N 1907. Pond, R. H. Why is a substance poison? Jour. N. Y. Bot. ard. 8: 110-11 y 1907. (Jost’s) Lectures on tea physiology. Torreya 7: 168-170. 21 Au 1907. Robinson, C. B. Some Jee a the Philippine flora. fo) reya '7: I- 7 F 1907. Ipomoea tr doa: in the Philippines. Torreya 7: 78-79. 15 Ap 1907. Some features of the mountain flora of the Philippines. Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 8: 113-117. Mr 1907. Contributions toa flora of Nova Scotia —I. Plants col- lected in eastern Nova Scotia in August, 1906. Bull. Pictou Acad. Sci. Assoc. 1: 30-44. My 1907. The seaweeds of Canso; being a contribution to the study of eastern Nova Scotia algae. Further Contrib. Can. Biol. 1902-1905: 71-74. 7. Botrychiums in sand. Torreya 7: 219, 220. 19 N 1907 Rusby, H. H. The wild grains and nuts of the United States. Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 7: 269-273. Ja 1907 36 —— A biography of the drigeists circular. Druggist’s Circular and Chemical Gaz. 51: 8-15. Ja 1907. —__—— Fifty years of materia medica: Druggist’s Circular and Chemical Gaz. 51: 29-43. Ja 1907. Report of the Honorary Curator of the economic col- lections. Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 5: 231-232. § Mr 1907. The failure of a standardization bubble to form. Drug- gist's Circular and Chemical Gaz. 51: 298. 0 y 1907. —- Review of Kraemer’s Botany and Pharmacognosy. Science a 26: 43, 44. 12 Jl 1907 ——— The future of the national association of retail druggists. ee Circular and Chemical Gaz. 51: 550. Au 1907. — What to see at the New York Botanical Garden and how to see it. Amer. Drug. & Pharm. Record 51: 101-104. Au 1907. - Some little known edible native fruits of the United States. Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 8: 175-188. Au 1907. An enumeration of the plants collected in Bolivia by Miguel Bang. —IV. Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 4: 309-470. 5 S 1907. The work of Professor Lucien Marcus Underwood. Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 8: 263-269. D 1907. The present crude drug supply of the New York market. Proc. Am. Pharm. Assoc. 55: 331. Cooperation between the medical and pharmaceutical professions. Proc. Am. Pharm. Assoc. 55: 256. 1907. Rydberg, P. A. Studies on the Rocky mountain flora — XVII. Bull. Torrey Club 34: 35-50. 27 F 1907. Address ng ate at the exercises commemorative of the two hundredth anniversary of the birth of Linnaeus. Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 8: 124-135. 1907. Linnaeus and American botany. Science II. 26: 65-71. 19 Jl 1907. The genus Pélosella in North America. Torreya 7: 157-162. 21 Au Igo 37 Studies on the Rocky Mountain flora— XVIII. Bull. Torrey Club 34: 417-437. 10 O 1907. Scandinavians who have contributed to the knowledge of the flora of North America. Augustana Library Publications No. 6: 5-49. Rock Island, Ill. 1907. Shafer, J. A. Report on a visit to the island of Montserrat. Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 8: 81-88. Au 1907. Small, J. K. Exploration of southern Florida. Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 8: 23-28. F 1907 Report of the Head Curator of the museums and her- barium. Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 5: 224-230. 5 Mr 1907. Additions to the tree flora of the United States. Torreya 7: 123-125. 19 Je 1907. Oxalidaceae. N. Am. Fl. 25: 25-58. 24 Au 1907. Linaceae. N. Am. FI. 25: ae 87. 24 Au as Geraniales. N. Am. Fl. 25: 1,2. 24 Au New museum cases. Jour. nN Y. Bot. ae a 254, 255. N 1907. Taylor, N. On some distribution factors of the Sierra Maestra, Cuba. Torreya'7: 49-55. 19 Mr 1907. Anew Mikania from Cuba. Torreya 7: 185,186. 21 A rare re at the propagating houses (Zumdboa Bainesii). Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 8: 240-243. Underwood, L. M. American ferns — VII. Bull. Torrey Club 33: 591-605. f. 7-76. 7 F 1907 Report of the chairman of the board of scientific direc- tors for 1906, Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 5: 285-289 1g07. Concerning Woodwardia paradoxa, a supposedly new fern from British Columbia. Torreya'7: 73-76. 15 Ap 1907. The progress of our knowledge of the flora of North America. Pop. Sci. Mo. 70: 497-517. f. 1-7. Je 1907. American ferns—VIJI. A preliminary review of the North American Gleichentaceae. Bull. Torrey Club 34: 243- 262. 10 Jl 1907. The names of some of our native ferns. Torreya 7: 193-198. 18 O 1907. 38 & Maxon, W.R. Two new ferns of the genus Lindsaea, Smithsonian Misc. Coll. 50: 335, 336. 28 O 1907. Vail, A. M. Note ona little-known work on the natural history of the aula Islands. Jour, N. Y. Bot. Gard. '7: 275-279. Ja 1907. ae Colden, an early New York botanist. Torreya 7: 21-34. 28 F 1907. ace of the Librarian. Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 8: 241- 262. 5 Mr 1907. Wilson, G. v. Melanospora parasitica. orreya 7: 57-59. 19 Mr 1907. Studies in North American Peronosporales—I. The genus Albugo. Bull. Torrey Club 34: 61-84. 9 Ap 1907. An historical review of the proposed genera of Phycomy- cetes —1. Peronosporales. Jour. Myc. 13: 205-209. 12 S Studies in the North American Peronosporales— 11. Phytophthoreae and Rhysotheceae. Bull. Torrey Club 34 : 387- 416. 100 1907 NOTES, NEWS AND COMMENT. Mr. R. S. Williams, assistant curator, sailed for Colon on January 25, expecting to devote several months to botanical explorations in the Republic of Panama, a region very imper- fectly known botanically. Dr. C. B. Robinson, assistant curator since July 1, 1906, left New York January 21, for the Philippine Islands. His appoint- ment as economic botanist of the Bureau of Science, Manila, was noted in the Journa for November Mr. F. V. Coville, botanist in charge of the economic collec- tions, Bureau of Plant Industry, United States Department of Agriculture, spent several days at the Garden early in February examining the herbarium. Mr. Norman Taylor, who has been a Garden aid for several years, was recently appointed custodian of the plantations. 39 Mr. W. W. Eggleston has been assigned a research scholar- ship for two months to aid him in continuing his work upon North American Thorns, genus Crataegus. Mr. George E. Davenport, an enthusiastic and well known student of North American ferns, died at Medford, Massachusetts, November 29, 1907, at the advanced age of seventy-four. Many specimens collected by him are preserved in the Underwood Fern Herbarium of the Garden. Volume 9, part 1, of the North American Flora, appeared December 19, 1907. Volume 9, part 2, is expected to appear this month. These two parts contain descriptions of all known native species of the Polyporaceae (a large group of woody fungi), except some of the lower resupinate forms, which will be treated at the close of volume 8. Meteorology for January. — The total precipitation recorded for January was 2.48 inches. Snow flurries occurred on the gth, snow turning to rain on the 16th, and 10 inches of snow on the 23d and 24th. Thunder and lightning were recorded on the 12th Maximum temperatures were recorded of 51° between the 6th ACCESSIONS. MUSEUMS AND HERBARIUM 248 specimens of marine algae from Barbados, West Indies. (Collected by Miss Anna Vickers. 6 specimens of ferns. (Given by Dr. C. B. Robi 8 specimens of — ie Texas. (Given by Bora x S. W. Stanfield. 13 es from Cuba. (By exchange ote the United Ses National Museum. rm.) 6g specimens of marine algae from North Carolina. (Given by Mr. W. D. Hoyt.) ue specimens of marine algae from the Bahamas. (Collected by Dr. M. A. 4 specimens of flowering plants from Georgia. (Given by Mr. M. H. Hopkins. ) 40 6 eae of mosses from New Hampshire, (Collected|by Mr. Percy Wilson. ) specimens of mosses from Colombia. (By exchange with the United States visa Musew 3,418 specimens ae, flowering plants from the Bahamas. (Collected by Mr. Percy Wilso 7 specimees of mosses, hepatics and lichens from the Bahamas. (By exchange ss the F ield Museum of paul custo) ent he Penf; ks.) 1 ipcaines of rust from ‘British Columbia, (Gi en by Mr. E. W. D. ei ) 16 specimens of rusts from western localities. (Giv en by Mr. Frank D. Kern.) 5 museum specimens of f fungi from Forked River, New Jersey. (Given by Mr. . H. Ballou. t specimen of Fomes geotropus from Tennessee. I pee of fungus on a moss from North Carolin: I speci es (Given by Mr, Perley Spaulding. ) oss fro: of Fomes from Pennsylvania. ina, (Given by Dr. A. J. Grout.) (By exchange with Professor D. R. Sumstine. I specimen of Citocybe amethystina from Indiana, (Given by Professor J. C. Arthur. 12 specimens of polypores from the (Collected by Mr, Percy Wilson ) 200 specimens, ‘ F; fad Col aca Centuries XXV. and XXVI. (Distributed by Mr. E. Bartholom PLANTS AND SEEDS. 3 plants for conservatories. (Collected in Jamaica by Dr. N. L. Britton.) 4 plants for conservatories. (Given by Dr. D. T 1 plant for conservatories. through Dr. J. N. Rose. a BR — . MacDougal (By exchange with United States National Museum, (By exchange with eta . Plant Industry. ) 1 plant for conservatories. (Given by Mr. L. M. Sim . (By exchange with ea Gaee Jamaica, ) 6 plants for conservatories. (Given by M ffmann. ) 3 plants for conservatories. (Given by Mr. Sacket, ‘ 1 bulb for conservatories. (Given H Rusby. ) 1 bulb for conservatories. (Giv Mr. H. C. Pearson. ) 1 packet of seed. (Collected by Dr. N. L. Britton.) 4 packets of seeds. (Given by H. Rusby.) acket of seed. (By exchange with Hope Gardens, Jamaica. ) I packet of seed. ( of seed. (Given by Mr. J. Borin. 2 packets of seed. (Collected by Dr. J. A. Shafer. ) seed. r. O, Beccari, ees Ttaly.) 59 plants derived from seed ee various source: Members of the Corporation. GrorGE S. Bowpo!n, Pror. N. L. BritTTon, Hon. ADDISON Brown, Dr. Nicuo.as M. BUTLER, ANDREW CARNEGIE, Pror, C. F. CHANDLER, WIL11AM G. CHOATE, CHARLES F, Cox, Joun J. CRooKE, W. Bayarp CuTTING, James B. Forp, Rogert W. DE ForREsT, Henry W. DE FoREsT, CLEVELAND H. DopcE, SAMUEL W. FAIRCHILD, Gen. Louis FITZGERALD, RICHARD W GILDER, Hon. Tuomas F. GiLroy, Hon. Hucu J. GRANT, Henry P. Hoyt, ADRIAN ISELIN, JR., Joun I. Kane, EUGENE KELLY, Jr., Pror. James F. Kemp, Joun S. KENNEDY, . Pror, Freperic S. LEE, Hon. Setu Low, Davip Lypic, Epcar L. MARSTON, D. O. MILLs, J. PrERPONT MORGAN, THEODORE W. MYERS, GEORGE M. OLcorTT, Pror. HENRY F. Oszorn, LowELLt M. PALMER, GEORGE W, PERKINS, James R. PITCHER, Rt. Rev. Henry C. Potrer, Percy R. Pyne, Joun D. ROCKEFELLER, WILLIAM ROCKEFELLER, Pror. H. H. Russy, James A. SCRYMSER, Henry A. SIEBRECHT, WILLIAM D. SLOANzE, NELSON SMITH, JAMES SPEYER, Francis L, STETSON, Dr. W. Gr-MAN THompson, Louis C. TIFFANY, SAMUEL THORNE, GEORGE W. VANDERBILT, Hon. Ecerton L. WInTHROP, Jr., WILLIAM H. S. Woop, PUBLICATIONS The New York Botanical Garden : of the New York Botanical Garden, monly, illustrated, con Free to all mem- Journal aining notes, news and non- Rs age palate of Bret ie no bers of the rab To others, a copy; $1.00 ee, on offered in exchange. oe » 1900, vill 2 tea Vol. II, 1901, wie ae Vol. III, — 4962, Tee tiand . Vol. IV, 1903, ee 238 pp. Vol. V, ae garry Pp. Vol. VI, 1905, aia 224 pp. Vol. VII, 1906, viii 300 pp. Vol. VIII, 1907, viii fe) 0 of the New York Eotanical Garden, containing the annual reports ‘ of the Director-in-Chief and other official documents, and 2 a of investigations carried out in the Cae Free to all members of the Garden; to oe $3.00 per volume. ol. I, Nos. > 449 pp. lates, ae Vol. II, Nos. 6-8, are pp-» 3° plas, I90I- 1903 Vol. TIT aT PP-» 14— plates, Pee eit Fie “Vol. V, | s. 15217, 309 BA 7 pla wee S, iaaberae Worth A ipti i Vol. 22, part 1, issued May 22, sae mtains descriptions of the a Rosales by Dr. J. K. Small, and of the families Dodldshenionaeeae b fe V. Nash, Crassulaceae by Dr. N. L. Britton and Dr. J. N. Rose, Penthoraceae a Parnassia- i eae by Dr. P. dbe ol, 22, part 2, aed D December 18, 1905, perp descriptions of the families — Saxifragaceae and Hydrangeaceae by Dr. sage nd Dr. P. A. Rydberg; the unoniaceae, Iteaceae and Ham: ana} aa speley Britton ; oe ee Dr, J. ma c og y as H. us of Vol. q; issued Oct 1906, contains casero of the families Ustilag- inaceae and Prilletiacene, by peace G. P. Clint Vol. 7, part 2, issued March 6, 1907, contains ; Resctiniiboe of the families Coleo-_ sporiacene, A iredinaceae and Aecidiaceae (pars), by Professor J. C. Arthur. Bi: 1. 25, part 1, issued August 24, 1907, contains descriptions of the family aniace eae by Miss L, T. Hanks and Dr. J. K. Small, ie moe eae ant Tene ye tae J. K. Small, and the Erythroxlacen by em| r. W. A. Murrill. moire a the New York Botanical Garden. Price to ae of the Gucden $1.00 per volume. To others, $2.00. [Not offered in exch Vol. I. An Annotated Catalogue of the Flora of Montana and the Vellowstond : Park, by Dr, Per Axel Rydberg, as assistant curator of the museums. arrangement gotes from the author’s field book, including descriptions of 163 new species. i iled : . 8vo, with detailed m: ; Vol. II. The Influence of Light and Darkness upon Growth and Development, ue! t r. D. T. MacDougal, assistant director. An account of the author’s researches © with a general consideration of the eae of light to plants. he principal morphological features are illustrated. i + 320pp. Roy. 8vo, with 176 Contributions from the New York Botanical Garden. A series of tech papers written by students or members of the staff, and reprinted from journals other than the . ce, 25 cents eac! per v ; ky Ss. I-25, vit 400 pp. 35 id 34 plates, e. Vol. II s. 26-50, vi 340 pp. 55 figures in the text and 1 # Vol. III oh ge 75, vi 398 pp. 6 figures in the text and 21 plate: ¥ I 6-100, vi+ 444 pp. 65 figures in the text, 2 maps, 3 diogams Vol. and 29 plates. RECENT NUMBERS 25 CENTS BACH. All subscriptions and remittances should be sent to a NEw YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN : x PARK, wee YorK omy t Vol. 1X MARCH, 1908 No, 99 JOURNAL OF The New York Botanical Garden EDITOR WILLIAM ALPHONSO MURRILL Assissant Director CONTENTS PAGE Report on the Botanical Exploration of the Bahama and CaicosIslands. ... . 41 PNRINITOLENIR EMV NQOM Ee ee cuee's ct) cs bh elas eh a bee ae ws pes EMIEUBIATIOM COMMENT, stu) ee Fee ee Ree ee 52 SEN UMM EEN hm ee ae eee ele ee 54 PUBLISHED FOR THE GARDEN Ar 4x Nortu Qugen Street, Lancaster, Pa. by Tue New Era Printinc Company OFFICERS, 1908. PRESIDENT—D. O. 5 VicE-PRESIDENT—ANDREW Sn aa Se CHA gee OX, SECRETARY—N. L. on BoARD OF MANAGERS. 1. ELECTED MANAGERS. J. PIERPONT MORGAN, GEORGE W. PE no JAMES A. SCRY age: cel on . GILMAN T ro PSON, eae THOR HON. ADDISON BROWN, 2. EX-OFFICIO MANAGERS. THE PRESIDENT OF THE DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC PARKS, HON. ee SMITH. THE MAYoR OF THE CiTy oF NEw York, HON. GEORGE B. McCLELLAN. 3. SCIENTIFIC DIRECTORS. PROF. H. H. RUSBY, Chairman. DR. NICHOLAS MURRAY SOLER, PROF. JAMES F. KEMP, PROF. C. F. CHANDLER, PROF. FREDERIC S. LEE, CHARLES F. COX, HON. E. L. WINTHROP, Jr. GARDEN STAFF. DR. N. re BRITTON, Durector-in- Chief. DR. MURRILL, Assistant Director. DR. JOHN K. ‘alee? Head Curator of the Museums, DRIP: YDBERG ARSH OWE, Curator. ROBERT Ss. WILLIAMS, Asitant t Curator EORGE V. NASH, Head Gar DO ReaGe peste GAGER, Director ‘f ae Passe DR. JOHN HENDLEY BARNH , Librarian. DR. H. H. RUSBY, Curator of the pa nomic pre JecG SCHIL. , Superi Be INLEY, Landscape neer. WALTER S. GROESBECK, Clerk and Accountant. JOHN A. SHAF ‘ustodian. : » Museum WILSON, Administrative Assistant. NORMAN TAYLOR, Custodian of the Plantations, JOURNAL The New York Botanical Garden Vou. 1X. —_ March, 1908. No. 99. REPORT ON THE BOTANICAL EXPLORATION OF “THE BAHAMA AND CAICOS ISLANDS. Dr. N. L. Britton, DirectTor-1n-CHier. Sir: We beg to present herewith a brief report on our recent expedition to the eastern and southeastern islands of the Bahamian archipelago and to the Caicos Islands, which are really a part of the Bahamas geographically, though now for more than half a century associated politically with the Jamaican government, The main object of the visit was to secure herba- rium and museum specimens, illustrating both the land and marine flora, for the New York Botanical Garden and the Field Museum of Natural History of Chicago, the latter institution having shared the expense of this and several previous expedi- tions to the Bahamas. In fact, the present expedition was the seventh that has been sent to the Bahamas since the winter of 1904, either by the New York Botanical Garden alone or by the Garden in codperation with the Field Museum, and, in addition, much collecting for these two institutions has been done on vari- ous islands of the group by Mr. L. J. K. Brace, a botanist resi- dent in Nassau. On this, as on previous visits, considerable attention was given to securing living plants of scientific and economic interest for the conservatories of the Gar We left New York on the Ward Line steamer “ City of Wash- ington” on Friday, November 15, 1907, and reached Nassau, New Providence, on the morning of the nineteenth. Accom- panied by Mr. Lewis Brace of Nassau, we sailed eastward the 41 42 following afternoon on Mr. William J. Pinder’s schooner, the “ Nellie Leonora,” which had been chartered for us previously to our arrival. Owing to a strong head-wind and heavy seas, we put in at the Bight, Cat Island, on the afternoon of November 22. Little time was given to collecting the commoner land- ge sit Fic. 9. The ‘ Nellie Leonora’’ at Rose Island. plants of this locality as extensive collections were made at this point earlier in the year by yourself and Dr. Millspaugh. A ‘‘creek” in this vicinity furnished a number of marine alge of interest. Leaving the Bight at about noon on the twenty-third, we anchored at sunset near the Southwest Point of this island, where we remained for a few hours during a squall, sailing in the night for Cockburn Town (‘ Riding Rock”), Watling’s Island, where we arrived on the twenty-fifth. Cockburn Town is the port of entry of Watling’s Island, and we carried letters of intro- 43 duction to Mr. Rigby, the Assistant Resident fee there, to whom we are indebted for various courtesies. atling’s Island is about twelve miles long and six miles wide and a ears part of its area is occupied by salt-water lakes or lagoons which have no obvious connection with the ocean. The bottoms of these shallow salt lakes are clothed with enormous quantities of the siphonaceous green alge, Batophora Oerstedi and Acetabulum crenulatum. Chara Hornemanni is also common. As you and Dr. Millspaugh spent four days last March in this western and northern part of Watling’s Island, we did not attempt to collect the land-plants here so thoroughly as we might have done other- wise ; nevertheless, specimens were taken rather freely and the esis seem to justify the trouble, as certain species were found in better condition for collecting in November than they had been in the previous March. The following day, the twenty-sixth, was spent in the vicinity of Graham’s Harbor, near the north- eastern extremity of the island, not far from the monument on the eastern shore marking the spot where Christopher Columbus is supposed to have ‘first set foot upon the soil of the New World.” Returning on the evening of the same day to Cock- burn Town, we proceeded the next morning to the southeastern end of the island, a part which was not visited by the expedition of last spring. Four days, accordingly, were spent here and ex- tensive collections were made. A plant of special interest here was Euphorbia vaginulata Griseb., which was quite common on the sands a short distance back from the coast. This was for many years known only from the Turk Islands, where it was obtained in 1858 by J. A. Hjalmarson, who spent fourteen days there in collecting materials which were used by Grisebach in preparing his “ Flora of the British West Indian Islands.” The plant is now well represented in our herbarium, having been taken by Mr. Nash and Mr. Taylor on Great Inagua and Little Inagua in 1904 and by them also in the type locality in 1905. It was found by us also at South Caicos and on Castle Island. Grow- ing in the sand back from the shore, this species of Euphorbia develops into a shrub with a height of from one to nearly three feet, but occurring, as it sometimes does, on exposed littoral 44 rocks, it becomes dwarfed and more or less prostrate and ap- pressed, as may be seen in the accompanying illustration (Fig. To). A‘ ak ” near the southeastern extremity of Watling’s Island furnished some marine algz of peculiar interest, including fertile specimens of Halimeda tridens, which are of exceedingly rare occurrence, having, in fact, been previously reported only from Porto Rico, where they were obtained by a New York Euphorbia vata Griseb, (the low ead iia shrub) on ae cee sea-cliffs, Long Cay, Cockburn Harbor, South Cai Botanical Garden expedition in 1906. Halimeda tridens and Halimeda Monile, two closely related and occasionally confused species, were growing in great profusion and in most intimate association in this creek, yet showed no traces of intergrading orms, From the southern end of Watling’s Island, we sailed on the afternoon of November 30 for Atwood (Samana) Cay, a small island about eighty miles to the southeast, anticipating covering this distance by the following daybreak, but the wind shifted and “4 45 fell during the night and we did not reach the island until the morning of December 3. Atwood Cay is now uninhabited except at certain seasons, when small parties from the neigh- boring islands visit it in order to gather cascarilla bark, the bark of Croton Eluterta. This shrub is still fairly common at certain localities on this island, but in view of the rate at which it is now being uprooted, it seems only a question of a short time when the species will become very scarce. Atwood Cay, we believe, had never been visited by botanists before and the marine flora in particular we found of much interest, including several forms which we think will prove new to science ; but up to this time we had suffered considerable delay owing to head winds and calms, so on the morning of December 5, after a stop of only two days, we took advantage of a brisk fair wind and set sail for the island of Mariguana, and the intervening distance of fifty-three miles west end of the island, where the soil is said to be especially good, but with the wind then prevailing it was not advisable to launch a boat or to anchor at this point, so we skirted the more sheltered south shore until about ten miles west of Abraham Bay, where we dropped anchor. Mariguana is nearly twenty- eight miles long and has a maximum width of six or seven miles. Its highest elevation is given on the charts as 101 feet. This island, like Atwood Cay, had not previously been visited by botanical collectors, so far as our information goes, and we accordingly devoted a week to exploring the southern and western parts of the island. The isolation and scanty popula- tion of Mariguana make it an attractive resort for various kinds of birds, of which the most showy and perhaps the most inter- esting is the red flamingo. A flock of between one hundred and two hundred of these picturesque birds was at the time of our visit dividing its attention between a shallow salt-pond at the eastern end of the island and the almost equally shallow bay or reef-harbor adjacent. Owing to a long-continued drought, many of the plants in this region were in a badly dried-up con- dition and scarcely suitable for the herbarium, yet nearly seven 46 hundred specimens of flowering plants were secured while we were on this island. In certain rocky areas, the cacti were well represented, and of these one of the most peculiar and striking was the Turk’s-head cactus, the plant from which the Turk Islands, about one hundred and twenty miles further southeast, are said to have derived their name. Several living specimens of this cactus were obtained for the conservatories. The photo- graph (Fig. 11) reproduced herewith illustrates the odd form Fic. 11. The ‘‘ Turk’s-head cactus’’ ( Afeocactus sp. ) on the island of Mariguana. assumed by this plant. The hog-palm (Psendophoenix Sargentit) appeared to be represented at the southeast end of Mariguana by a single specimen, less than six feet high On December 12, we sailed from Mariguana for the Caicos Islands, arriving at the port of entry, Cockburn Harbor (* East outh Caicos, a little after noon on the fourteenth. Sout Chicos is only about twenty miles from the island of Grand Turk and it shares with the Turk Islands the fame of producing salt of an excellent quality. It is situated in longitude 71° 30° and latitude about 21° 30’, and was the most southern and most 47 easterly of the islands visited on this expedition. We remained here from the fourteenth to the night of the sixteenth and col- lected many interesting plants not found on the other islands, including the Jamaican lignum-vitae, Guadacum officinale, a species which, we believe, has not hitherto been re ported from the Bahamas. Cockburn Harbor also furnished us numerous algae of interest. During our stay at South Caicos, we heard much of the rich- ness of the flora of the neighborhood of the settlement known as Kew, on the island of North Caicos, some forty or fifty miles to the northwest by a direct line, though considerably further by the “outside” or ‘ocean’ route which our schooner was obliged to take in order to reach it. Late in the afternoon of the seven- teenth we anchored off Fort George Cay and Pine Cay, at the western end of the island of North Caicos. Pine Cay takes its name from the presence of Pinus caribaea, which is fairly com- western islands of the Bahamian group, at least on Andros, Great Bahama, Abaco, and New Providence. Arrangements having been made for a visit to Kew, one of our party (Mr. Wilson) started for that point at daybreak of the eighteenth in a small boat, accompanied by two natives and the first mate of the “ Nellie Leonora.” The distance from our anchorage to Kew Landing was about four miles, and, the route lying over a part of the shal- low northern border of the Caicos Bank, a considerable portion of the trip was accomplished by pushing the boat along with a pole. The landing was reached at about ten o’clock and after following a trail for nearly three miles, we sighted the settlement of Kew, where our visit was evidently of as much interest to the inhabitants as the plants found there were to us. The tree locally known as the “oak” (Bucida Buceras) here attains a large size, excellent examples of it growing along the main thoroughfare of the village. Owing to the richness of its soil and consequent development of its vegetation, North Caicos was by far the most 48 interesting of the islands visited during the voyage. Some species of woody plants which are shrubs on the other islands here attain the size of trees. A more thorough exploration of this region at some future time would undoubtedly yield results of much scien- tific value. We were obliged to return to our schooner late in the afternoon of the same day, wading a part of the distance over banks that had been left nearly dry by the ebbing tide. On the nineteenth a stop of a few hours was made on the the island of Providenciales, in the vicinity of Malcolm Road; ood collections of marine algae were made here, but little to exploring the the island of West Caicos. A large portion of this island is under cultivation and its flora, probably for that reason, seemed rather less varied and rich than that of some of the other islands of the Caicos group. There is a large planta- tion here for the cultivation of sisal (Agave sisalana), the prop- erty of a London company incorporated under the name of “ Pita Ltd.”” About 1,600 acres are fully planted with sisal, over 1,400 acres are partially laid out and planted, and 700 acres in addition are now being cleared and burned over. An interior salt lake or pond contained several algae of particular interest, one of them eae the plant that has commonly been identified with Valonia egagropua, originally described from the lagoons of Venice, Bie itis said to be very abundant. This Valonia was common of the manager of the estate of the Pita company, Captain Henry T. W. Holdsworth, and his accomplished wife, and we are much indebted to Captain Holdsworth for assistance and helpful suggestions in our investigations of the flora of the island. art of December 21 was spent at Little Inagua, which was explored for the Garden by Mr. Nash and Mr. Taylor in 1904, and on the afternoon of the following day, we went ashore for a few hours on Castle Island, near the south end of Acklin’s Island, while on our way to the Ragged Islands group, which we reached 49 on the afternoon ot December 23, We remained at Great Rag- ged Island until the morning of December 27, making good col- lections there both of the seed-plants and of the algae, including several additions to the known flora of the Bahamian archipelago. A low gray fine-branched shrubby plant of rather striking appear- ance found there is a member of the morning-glory family, Evolvulus bahamensis, recently described as a new species by Fic. 12, volvulus bakamensis House (in foreground), Great Ragged Island. Mr. Homer D. House. Our photograph (Fig. 12) gives some idea of its habit of growth. During our stay at Great Ragged Island we were the recipients of various helpful favors from the Resident Justice, Mr. Stevenson, to whom we carried a letter of introduction from Hon. Herbert A. Brook, of Nassau, Registrar of the Colony. From the Ragged Islands we headed northward for the return to Nassau, spending a few hours on the twenty-eighth on Harvey's Cay of the Exuma Chain and the morning of the next day on Rose Island, a few miles northeast of New Providence. Nassau 50 was reached on the afternoon of the twenty-ninth and the follow- ing three days were devoted to packing for the voyage to New York, where we arrived on January 5. e algae secured on the expedition are represented by 830 collection-numbers and the seed-plants by 741 numbers, the total doubtless aggregating over 8,000 herbarium specimens. In addition, a considerable amount of museum material was obtained. The living plants collected, representing particularly the Cactaceae, were left in the care of Mr. L. J. K. Brace, of Nassau, to await a more favorable season for shipment to New York. Respectfully submitted, MarsHaLt A. Howe, ‘Percy WILSON. 51 SPRING LECTURES, 1908. Lectures will be delivered in the lecture hall of the museum building of the Garden, Bronx Park, on Saturday afternoons, at 4:00 o’clock as follows : 2. ‘A Botanical Expedition to Jamaica and Cuba,’ by Dr. ARTHUR HOLLICcK. ay 9. ‘ Early-Flowering Trees and Shrubs,” by Dr. N. L. BritTOon. May 16. “ Plant Life of the Sea,” by Dr. M. A. Howe. May 23. ‘Ornamental Shrubs; Their Selection and Ar- rangement,”’ by Mr. Gzorce V. Nasu. May 30. ‘Plants that Feed on Insects,” by Dr. C. Stuart GAGER. June 6. ‘ Adulterants in Foods and Drugs and their Detec- tion,” by Dr. H. H. Russy. The lectures will be illustrated by lantern slides and otherwise- They will close in time for auditors to take the 5:28 train from the Botanical Garden Station, arriving at Grand Central Station at 5:57 P. M. The museum building is reached by the Harlem Division of the New York Central and Hudson River Railway to Botanical Garden Station, by trolley cars to Bedfork Park, or by the Third Avenue Elevated Railway to Botanical Garden, Bronx Park. Visitors coming by the Subway change to the Elevated Railway at 149th Steet and Third Avenue. wr ic NOTES, NEWS AND COMMENT. Dr. and Mrs. N. L. Britton and Dr. Arthur Hollick sailed for Kingston, Jamaica, on February 22. They have planned to make collections at the western end of the island, and a Bahamian schooner has been chartered for this purpose. It is expected that a stop will be made in eastern Cuba on the return voyage early in Apri Some inuerestag and very successful experiments with color photography were recently made in the conservatories of the arden by Mr. F. C. Berte. Twenty- ae sets of duplicate polypores, representing nearly a hundred of our more common species, have recently been sent out by the Garden to certain botanical institutions in the eastern United States and Europe. Vol. 9, part 2, of the North American Flora, appeared March 12, 1908. This part concludes the treatment of the polypores, and contains most of the large tree-destroying fungi of special interest to foresters. An attractive Philippine shrub, Medinilla magnifica, described and figured in the JournaL for July, 1907, is now‘in flower in the public conservatories, house no. 4. The seedling of Zumboa Bainesii, described in the October number of the JouRNAL, has made considerable growth since that time. By reference to the lower figure there shown it may be seen that the leaves which are eventually to be the perma- nent ones are considerably shorter than the cotyledons. Now they are at least three eighths of an inch longer than the seed leaves. The only other change of note is the flesh color that has gradually come over the whole plant; but as yet there is nothing that gives one a hint as to the remarkable adult form that it is hoped the plant may some day attain. Among the cyclamens represented in the conservatories, Cycla- men Neapolitanum has avery curious arrangement of its seed pods. After the flower has dropped off, the stalk with the immature fruit begins to spirally contract, so that when the seed is ready to be discharged the pod is tightly held ina closely coiled spiral which 53 is capable of considerable movement when rolled over the ground by the wind or other agencies. A specimen of this plant at the conservatories now presents all stages of this interesting process. Meteorology for February.— The total precipitation recorded for the month was 5.45 inches, including snow-falls of 7 inches on the 6th, § inches on the 19th, and traces of snow on the 16th and 26th. Maximum temperatures were recorded of 46° on the ist, 44° on the 6th, 51° on the rith, 40° on the 17th, and 46° on the 27th; also minimum temperatures of 0.5° on the sth, 11° on the 11th, 13° on the 23d, and 11° on the 25th. ACCESSIONS. LIBRARY ACCESSIONS FROM JANUARY 1 TO FEBRUARY 29, 1908. , STEWARDSON, Alpine flora of the Canadian Rocky Mountains. New my ne (Given by the author. CoLE, GEORGE WATSON. Sermuda in periodical literature. [Boston}, 1907. (Given by the author. Curtis, CARLTON CLARENCE. Mature and oe of plants. New York, 1907. (Deposited by the trustees of Columbia Uni y-) Fircu, WALTER Hoop, & SMITH, WORTHINGTON GEORGE. J/ilustrations of the b inberg. ) GRISEBACH, AUGUST HEINRICH RUDOLP Flora of the British West Indian Lslands. ae 859- “ Peis oe Mareret B. Wilson.) Mlinois 8 Transactions. Vols. 5,25. Springfield, 1865, 188 ols, Mtinois State Horticultural Society. Transactions. New ser. Vols, 21-22, War- saw, 1888-89, 2 vols, fowa State Agricultural Society. Report for 1863-64, 1868~69, 1874-75. Des Moines, 1864-76. 6 vols, Jorpan, Davip STarr. Fishes. New York, 1907. (Given by Dr. N. L, Britton. ) Kansas State Board of Agriculture. Report for 1875. Topeka, 1875. Low, ALBERT PETER. Lefort on the Dominion government expedition to Hudson Bay and the arctic islands on board the D. G. S. Neptune 1903-1904. Ottawa, 1906, (Given by Mr. J. M. Macoun.) Massachusetts Board of Agriculture. Synoptical and analytical index, 1877-92. Boston, 1893. MicuLa, W se elie Flora von ae a Deutsch- Osterreich und der Schweis iene + Algen. 1 Teil. Gera, R 8 3 + VIDAL ¥ SOLER, SEBASTIAN. een ee philippinarum. Manila, 1885. Wisconsin State Agricultural Society. Transactions. Vol. 7. Madison, 1868. Wisconsin State Horticultural Society, Transactions, Vol.12. Madison, 1882. MUSEUM AND HERBARIUM. 104 specimens of flowering plants from British America. (By exchange with the Geological Survey of Canada. ) 2 specimens of flowering plants from Indiana. (Given by Professor J. C. Arthur. ) 2 museum specimens of bark and sap of the Cow Tree from Venezuela. (Given by Mr. F. F, von Wilmousky. ) I specimen of yam root, (Given by Dr. H. H. Rusby.) 55 6 specimens of drugs and spices. (Given by Dr. H. H. Rusb 116 specimens of flowering plants from Nevada. (By exchange with Professor P. B. Kennedy.) 230 museum specimens of marine algae from the Bahamas. (Collected by Dr. M. A. Howe.) 240 specimens of flowering plants from Barbados, West Indies. (Collected by Mr. J. S. Dash.) 6 specimens of violets from South Carolina. (By exchange with Mr. H. D. House. ) 6 specimens of ferns from eastern North America. Slosson. ) I 1 s of (Given by Miss Margaret s from North Carolina. (Given by Dr. A. J. Grout.) 140 specimens of mosses and hepatics from Guadeloupe. (Collected by Rev. Pére uss. } 2 specimens of mosses from Guatemala. (By exchange with the U. S. National Museum.) (Distributed by Mr. J. Car 7 specimens of mosses from Georgia. 60 cee ‘*Musci Americae Septentrionalis Exsiccati.’ (By exchange with Professor J, F. Collins. ) 20 spec! olypores from Delaware. (By exchange with the Delaware Azria Boprinen Station. ) Ayllum from the eastern United States, (By exchange with the U. S. Department oe Agriculture. ) 149 specimens of fleshy fungi from Massachusetts. (Given by Mr. Geo. E. Morris. } 1 package of ‘‘ Koffeno.’’ (Given by the Sleepy Eye Milling Company. ) 3 specimens of drugs. (Given by Dr. H. H. Rusb: I specimen of fruits of the Stone Pine, (Given by Dr. H. H. Rus| by. ) 35 rane of marine algae from the Danish West Indies, (By exchange with Mr, F. Borgesen. ) PLANTS AND SEEDS. I plant for conservatories, (Given by Miss Helen M. Gould.) 2 plants for conservatories. (Purchased. ) 5 plants for conservatories. (Given by Mr. C. Wercklé.) 3 plants for conservatories. (By exchange with Department of Parks, Borough of Brooklyn. ) 1 ees for conservatories. (Given by Mr. Oakes Ames.) exico for conservatories. (By exchange with United States J. N. Rose, 2 $s fro Naticnal a through Dr. I root for conservatories. (Given by Dr. H. H. Rusby.) 56 I packet of seed. (Given by Dr. H. H. Rusby 14 packets of seed from Costa Rica. (Given by Mr. C. Wercklé. ) I packet of seed from Jamaica. (By exchange with Public Gardens, Jamaica. ) 33 packets of seed from North Carolina. (Collected by Mr. W. W. Eggleston.) 1 packet of seed from Sonora. f By exchange with the United States National D: N oe 5 acket of seed from Bronx Park. (Collected by Mr. R. C. Schneider, ) 28 ie derived from seed from various sources. Members of the Corporation, GrorGE S. Bowpo1n, Pror. N. L. Britton, Hon. ADDISON Brown, Dr. NicHoras M. BuTLer, ANDREW CARNEGIE, Pror. C. F. CHANDLER, WILLIAM G. CHOATE, CHARLEs F, Cox, Joun J. CROoKE, W. BAYARD CUTTING, James B. Forp, Rosert W. DE Forest, Henry W. DE Forest, CLEVELAND H. Dopcer, SAMUEL W. FAIRCHILD, Gen. Louis FITZGERALD, RicHARD W GILDER, Hon. Tuomas F, GiLroy, Hon. Hucu J. GRanv, Henry P. Hoyt, ADRIAN ISELIN, JR., Joun I. Kang, EvuGENE KELLY, JR., Pror. JAmes F. Kemp, Joun S. Kennepy, Pror, FREDERIC S. LEE, Hon. Setu Low, Davip Lypic, Epcar L, MARSTON, D. O. MILLs, J. Prerpont Morcan, THEODORE W. Myers, GEoRGE M. OtcoTT, Pror. Henry F. Osporn, LowELt M. PALMER, GEORGE W, PERKINS, Percy R. Pyne, JouN D. ROCKEFELLER, WILLIAM ROCKEFELLER, Pror. H. H. Russy, James A. SCRYMSER, Henry A. SIEBRECHT, WILLIAM D. SLOANE, NELSON SMITH, JAMEs SPEYER, Francis L. STETSON, Dr. W. GILMAN THOMPSON, Louis C. TIFFANY, SAMUEL THORNE, GEORGE W. VANDERBILT, Hon. Ecerton L. WINTHROP, JR., WI1u1AM H., S. Woop, PUBLICATIONS OF The New York Botanical Garden Journal of the New York Botanical Garden, monthly, illustrated, con taining ‘totes news and non-technical articles gs general interest. Free to all mem- bers of the Garden, To others, 10 cents a copy; $1.00 a year. [Not “offered in exchange.] Vi a z 1900, viii-+ 213 pp. Vol. II, we viii + 204 PP. Vol. III, 1902, viii + 24 Vol. IV, 1903, viii + 238 pp. . V, 1904, vilit242 pp. Vol. VI, ipa: Seas pp- Vol. VII, 1906, ee Np pp. Vol. Vit, 1907, viii ++ 290 pp. Bulletin of the New York Botanical Garden, containing the annual reports of the official Creat 3 and oe pe faagi ate of investigations carried out in the Ga an Fre a of the Garden ; to others, $3.00 per eae ol. I, I-5, tos Se aa 12 plates, Pee Vol. II, Nos. 6-8, 518 pp., 138 ae toeioree Vol. ae Nos. 9-11, 463 pp., ae plates, _so9g-t99 5. vet V, Nos. 12-14, 479 pp., I plates, 1905-190 7 105 pp., re No, 16, 88 pp., 17 Paid 190 a es ae Bis Te Vo re VI, No. ate 114 pp., 19 an Flora. Descriptions of the wild plants of North America, nelu uding Greenland the West Indies and Central America. Planned to be com- Ea in thirty volumes. Roy. 8vo, Each vo tune to consist of four or more parts. Subscription price $1.50 per part; a a ited number of separate parts will be sold for $2.00 each. [Not offered in exchan: ol. 22, part 1, issued May 22, 1905, ieontains descriptions of the order Rosales y Dr. J. K. Small, and of the families Podostemonaceae b Mr. Geo. V. Nash, Crate by r. N. L. Britton an . J. N. Ros e, Penthoraceae and Parnassia- e by Dr. P. A. Rysibet erg. BL 22, part 2, issued December 18, 1905, pee descriptions of the families Saxifragaceae and Hydrangeaceae by Dr. 1 iL make nd Dr. P. A. Rydberg; the Cunoniaceae, Iteaceae and Hamamelidac eS ty N. L. Britton; the Pteroste- monaceae by r. J. K. Small; the Altingiaceae iy Percy Wilson and the Phyllo- omaceae by H. Rusb Palde y- ol. 7, part I, issued Oct. 4, Le contains descriptions of the families Ustilag- inaceae and Tilletiaceae, by Protes r G, P. Clinton. Vol. 7, part 2, issued Mar i gor contains seer ane of so families Coleo- sporiaceae, Urediae ae and Acedia aceae (pars), by Professor J. C. Arthur. Vol. 25, part 1, pes August on cate contains descriptions of the family Geraniaceae by Mi Hanks K. Small, the Oxalidaceae and Linaceae by Dr. J. K. Sinai, and the Beincoicee byt Dr. N. L. Britton. 9, parts I and 2, issued Dece “ee 19, 1907, and March 12, 1908, contains descriptions of the Palypordeeees by Dr. W. A. Murrill. Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden. Price to nee of the Garden, $1.00 per volume. To others, $2.00. [Not offered a cere Vol. I ana notes from the author’s field book, including descriptions of 163 new oped ix + 492 pp. Roy. 8vo, with de tailed ma Vol. II. The Influence of Light and Darkness upon Growth and Development, by Dr. D. Gs as ee ugal, assistant director. An account of the at thor’ s researches with ral sideration of the ere of light to plants. The principal sonphologica featiies are illustrated. xvi + 320 Roy. 8vo, with 176 figures. Cc tion: Yo ee B . i 8 plates. ahr III. Nos. 51-75, vi + 398 pp. 26 figures in the text and 21 plate es Nos. 76-100, vi-+ 444 pp. 65 figures in the text, 2 maps, 3 diagane RECENT NUMBERS 25 CENTS EACH. oe Studies — III. Further Notes on Halimeda and Avreinedlleal by M. te Hov Wigston: from Tropical America, by R. S. Williams. 103. Alabastra Philippinensia —I, by C. B. Robinson. All subscriptions and remittances iow ie sent to NE RK pilin tee! GAR ONX PARK, hen. aan City — Vol. 1X APRIL, 1908 No. 100 JOURNAL oF The New rack Botanical Garden EDITOR WILLIAM ALPHONSO MURRILL Assistant Director eh a WOON EE a oT, OR eS, S1E8 912 CONTENTS Registered Investigators at the New York Botanical Garden, 1897-1908. . - - « 57 PUBLISHED FOR THE GARDEN At 4x NortH Queen STREET, Lancaster, Pa. ny Tas New Era Parenting COMPANY OFFICERS, 1908 PrRESIDENT—D. O. MILLS, VicE-PRESIDENT—ANDREW CARNEGIE, TREASURER—C . , SEcRETARY—N. L. BRITTO BoARD OP MANAGERS. 1. ELECTED MANAGERS. meee ADDISON BROWN, “ baaned cu Bette ORG I FANS “ eat = ROBERT W. DE FOREST, JOHN I. KANE, D. O. MILLS. mar Meee THOR . EX-OFFICIO MANAGERS. THE PRESIDENT OF THE DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC PARKS, HON. HENRY SMITH. THE MAYOR OF THE CITY OF NEW York, HON. GEORGE B, McCLELLA 3. SCIENTIFIC DIRECTORS. PROF RUSBY, Chairman. DR. ueape pee MURRAY ent PROF. JAMES F. KEMP, ROF. C. LER, PROF. FREDERIC S. LEE CHARLES ca ‘coe 5 ON. E, L. WINTHROP, je. RDEN STAFF. . BRITTON, Divrector-in-Chie; oe MURRILL, Assistant Director. DR. an K. SMALL, Head Curat x of the lara . P. A. RYDBER ‘ator. THUR HOLLICK, Curator. DR RSHALL A. HOWE ndent. . BRINLEY, Lands Engineer. ianiete : eee Clerk a DR. . SHA m Cutoion ERCY Tatsont Saaiene Assistan NORMAN TAYLOR, Custodian of the AC JOURNAL The New York Botanical Garden Vor. IX. April, 1908. No. 100, REGISTERED INVESTIGATORS AT THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN, 1897-1908 Asrams, LERoy, Stanford Univ, Calif. b. cn Ia, Oct. 1,74. Stanford, A.B, 99, A.M, 02; Columbia (fel.) and N. Y. Bot. Garden, 04-05; research sch, N. Y. Bot. Garden, 05. Act. prof. bot, Idaho, 99-00; asst. syst. bot, Stanford, oo-02; instr, 02-04 ; asst. curator, Div. Plts, U. S. Nat. Mus, 05; asst, prof. bot, Stanford, o6-. A. A. A. S; Nat. Geog. Soc; Wash. Bot. Soc; Wash. Biol. Soc; Torrey Bot. Club. Taxonomy. AnpeErson, Mary Perve, Horace Mann School, N. Y. C, and East Berkshire, Vt. b. East Berkshire, Vt, June 9, 64. Mt. Holyoke, B.S, 90; Mass. Inst. Tech, 97-98 ; Woods Hole, 99 ; Chicago, 02~04; Columbia and N. Y. Bot. Garden, eee Kew, and Jardin des Plantes ous Tea. sci, K. C. L. College (Independence, Mo.), 90-94; tea. sci, Plymouth (Mass.) H. S, 94-95; instr. biol, Caan (Mass.) H. S, 95-02; instr. nat. study, Vermont State summer schools, 02, 04, 05; instr. biol. and nat. study, summer session, Columbia, 03; instr. bot, Mt. Holyoke, 04-06; critic tea, biol. and nat. study, Tea. Coll, Co- lumbia, 07-. 1st Stokes prize essay, Wild Flower Pres. Soc. Am, Am, Nat. Study Soc Geographical distribution of the ferns of Japan. ArtTHuR, JosEPH CHARLES, Lafayette, Ind. b. Lowville, N.Y, Jan. 11, 50. Iowa State, B.S, 72, M.S, 77; Hopkins, 78-79; Harvard, 79; Cornell, Sc.D, 86; Bonn, 96; N. Y. Bot. Garden, 57 58 03, 04, research sch, 06, 07, 08. Instr. bot, Minnesota and Wisconsin, 79-82; bot. Exp. Sta, Geneva, N. Y, 8 veg. pial and path, Purdue, 87-; bot, Ind. Exp. Sta, 88~; Int. Cong. Arts and Sci, St. Louis, 04 (speaker); Internat. Bot. Cong, Vienna, 05 (del. Smith. Inst.). Fel. A. A. A. S (sec’y, : y, 87; v.-pres, Ae Bot. Soc. Am, (pres, 02); Soc. Prom. Agric. Sci; fel. Ind. Acad. Sci, (pres, 93); Iowa Acad. Sci; Wash. A i Sci; Phila. Acad. Sci; SOC + Co Ns ass Ri Mycology ; fungus diseases of ne crops ; development of plant rusts. BaiLey, Harriet Brown, N. Y. City. Deceased, Nov. 25, 05. N. Y. Bot. Garden, 02~04. Wild Flower Pres. Soc. Am BANKER, HowarpD JAMES, De Pauw Univ, Greencastle, Ind. b. Schaghticoke, N.Y, April 19, 66. Syracuse, A.B, 92; Columbia, A.M, 00, Ph.D, 05 ; N. Y. Bot. Garden, 99-00, 02, 03-04, 05, 06. Instr, biol, S. West. Nor. Sch, California, Pa, 10-04 ; prof. De Pauw, oj-. Fel. A. A. A.S; Bot. Soc. Am ; Torrey Bot. Club. Mycology. Banta, May, Wellesley, B.S, 89 ; N. Y. Bot. Garden, 99-00. BARNHART, JOHN HENDLEY, 34 Windle Park, Tarrytown, N.Y. b. Brooklyn, N. Y, Oct. 4, 71. Wesleyan, A.B, 92, A.M, 93; Columbia, M.D, 96; N, Y. Bot. Garden, 01-03. Ed. asst, N. Y. Bot. Garden, 03-, librarian, o7-. Fel. A. A. A.S; Am, Soc. Nat; Torrey Bot. Club, (editor-in-chief, 03~07); N. Y. Bot. Garden, (life mem.) ; Biol. Soc. Wash Botanical bibliography and nomenclature ; taxonomy of flower- ing plants ; local floras of North America. Barrett, ALIcE IRENE, Deceased. N. Y. Bot. Garden, 00-01. BaRRrETT, Mary FRANKLIN, Wellesley College, ee Mass. b. Bloomfield, N. J, August 25, 79. Smith, B.L, o o1-02; Woods Hole Marine Biol. Lab, 02; Columbia and N. Y. Bot. Garden, 03-06; Columbia, A.M, 05; Cornell, summer session, 06. Tea, H.S, Verona, N. J, 04; tea. sci. and math, Randolph-Pond Sch, N. Y. C, 05-06 ; znstr. bot. Wellesley, 06-. Torrey Bot. Club. Taxonomy of fungi. BaTEson, CHARLES Epwarp WacsTAFFE, 145 West 58 St, N. Y.C. Columbia, E.M, 02, A.M,o5; N. Y. Bot. Garden, 04-05. Paleobotany. BENEDICT, RatpH Curtis, N. Y. Bot. Garden, N. Y. C. b. Syracuse, N. Y, June 14, 83. Syracuse, A.B, 06. Asst. biol, Syracuse, 05-06; student and aid, N. Y. Bot. Garden, o6-. Taxonomy of pteridophytes. Bitiines, EvizaseTH, 279 Madison Ave, N. Y. C. b. Wood- stock, Vt, 71. Barnard (spec. ee 95; N.Y. Bot. Garden, 02-03, 04, o 06, o8-. N.Y. Acad. Sci. (life mem.); Torrey Bot. Club; N. Y. "Bot. Garden (life mem.). tee Taxonomy BLopGETT, FREDERICK H, College Park, Md. b. Rockford, Ill, Sept. 12, 72. Rutgers Coll, B.S, 97; M.S, 99; student and i . ¥. Bot. n 06; grad. en asst. bot, Johns Hopkins, o6-. Fel. A. A. A.S Embryology and Ontogeny. Brackett, Mary M. 604 W. 115 St, N. ¥. C. N.Y.C. Nor. Coll. 93; N. ¥. Bot. Garden, 04. oes Wadleigh A. S. (MY. a os-; asst. ed, Plant World, o6-. Torrey Bot. Club. AS Bralstin, ANNA Priscitia, (Mrs. Thomas H. Montgomery, Jr.). Vassar, A.B, 97; Univ. of Penn, Philadelphia; N. Y. Bot Garden, 99-00. BRANDENBURG, ELLEN Kiapp, 915 French St, Washington, D. C. b. Philadelphia, Pa, 82. Columbian, B.S, 04; Harvard Sum- mer Sch, 03 ; Cold Spring Harbor, 05 ; Cornell Summer Sch, 06 ; N. ¥. Bot. Garden, 07-. Instr. in biol. and english, Washington H. Schs, 04-07 Botany ; mycology. BROADHURST, JEAN, Teachers College, Columbia Univ, N. b. Stockton, N. J, Dec. 29, 73. N. J. State Nor. Sch. (Trenton), 92; Tea. Coll. Columbia, B.S, 03; N. Y¥. Bot. 60 Garden, o1-02. Asst. bot, Barnard Coll, a tea. N. J; State Nor. Sch, 03-06 ; zustr. biol, Tea. Col, o6-— A. A. A, Torrey Bot. Club ; Wild Flower Pres. Soc. Am. (2nd Stokes) prize essay, oH Nat. Study Soc. Lditor, Ti orveya, O8—. Morpholog ROOMALL, aun Baker. Michigan, B.S, 98; N. Y. Bot. Garden, 03. Embryology of spermatophyta. Bruckman, Louise, 1022 Lexington Ave, N. ¥.C. b. New York, March 16, 72. N.Y. C. Nor. Coll, 87—91; N. Y. C. Nor. Coll, Pd.B, 95; N. Y. Univ, Pd.M, 95; B.S, 07; Cornell Summer Sch, 99; el Spring Harbor, 00, 01, 03; N. Y¥. Bot Gard -O1. Tea, elementary Schools of N. Y. C, a znstr. eh Girls’ a S. Brooklyn, N. Y. 0o2-. Torrey Bot. Club. Pedagogy of biology. Bruges, CHartes Tuomas, Milwaukee Public Museum, Mil- waukee, Wis. b. Wheeling, W. Va, June 20, 79. Univ. a B.S, o1, M.S, 02; N. Y. Bot. Garden, 02-03; fel. zo lumbia, 02-03; Scholar zool, Columbia, 03-04. ae field agent, U. S. Dept. Agric, 04-05 ; member of staff, Marine Biol. Lab. Woods Hole, Mass, 03; curator invert. zool, Milwaukee Pub, Mus, o5-. Wisconsin Nat. Hist. Soc. (gen. sec’y, and ed. of their Quarterly Bull.); Sigma Xi; Washington Entomol. Soc; Entomol. Soc. Am ; Assoc. Economic Entomol ; fel. A. A. A. S; Wisconsin Acad. Scis, Arts and Letters. Morphology of algae. Byrnes, EsTHER FusseE.t, 193 Jefferson Ave, Brooklyn, N. Y. b. Philadelphia, Pa, Nov. 3, 67. Bryn Mawr, A.B, 91, A.M, 94, fel, 94-95, Ph.D, 98; Woods Hole, 91; N. Y. Bot. Garden, 02-03, Demonstr. biol, Vassar, 91-93; Bryn Mawr, 95-97; tea. biol, Girls’ H. S, Brooklyn, g8-. Am. Soc. Nat; Mar. Biol. Assoc; fel. N. ¥Y. Acad. Sci; N. ¥. Assoc. Biol. Teas. (v. pres.). Cytology, Zoology, Experimental morphology. Bupincton, Ropert Asyn. Williams, A.B, 96, A.M, 99; N. Y. Bot. Garden BURLINGHAM, GERTRUDE Simmons, N. Y. Bot. Garden, N. Y. 61 C. b. Mexico, N. Y, April 21, 72. Syracuse, A.B, 96; Woods Hole, 99; N. Y¥. Bot. Garden and Columbia, 05-08. Precep- tress, Ovid (N. Y.) Union Sch, 98; tea. biol. sci, Binghamton (N. ¥.) H. S, 98-05 ; zstr. biol. N. J. State Nor. Sch, Trenton, 08—. Biology, aint Plant ecnatre ButLer, BERTRAM THEODORE, Helena, Mont. b. Nashua ee 22, cae "Hamline Univ, Ph.B, o1; grad. stud, ae . Garden, 07-. ea oes and Hi 07- Schs, oe eens Sci, Montana Walesa Univ, Helena, Mont, 03-05 ; city supt. schs. and sci. tea, High Sch, Glendine, Mont, 05-07. Regional botany. Cannon, W1Ltiam Austin, Tucson, Ariz. b. Washington, Mich, Sept. 23, 70. Stanford, A.B, 99, A.M, 00; fel. Co- lumbia, 00-02, Ph.D, 02. Asst. in bot, Stanford, gg—oo ; lab. asst, N. Y. Bot. Garden, 02-03, (Carnegie fel.) 06; ; resident investigator, Desert Bot. Lab, Carnegie Inst, Tucson, Ariz, 03- 05; member of staff, Dept. of Bot. Research, Carnegie Inst, 03-. Fel, A. A. A. S; Bot. Soc. Am; Nat. Geog. Soc; Am. For- estry Assoc. Structure of plant hybrids, biology of desert plants. CarpirF, Ira Dietricu, Salt Lake ue oe a Goshen Tp, Stark Co, Ill, June 20, 73. Knox, B. 5S, 97; cago, 99- 04; Columbia, Ph.D, 06; N. Y. Bot. Garden, oes . sch.) summer, 06. Asst. bot, Col. Univ, 04-07; prof. & Univ. Utah, 06-. 0: Morphology and cytology Carss, ELIzaBeETH. Cornell; Ph.B, 95; N. ¥. Bot. Garden, 00-O1. Crark, Anna May, Training School for Teachers, 241 East 119 St, N. Y.C. b. Brookfield, Vt, April 21, 74. State Nor. Conn, 98-99 ; tea. sci, State Nor. Sch, Framingham, Mass, 99- ' 62 03; tea, sci. and nature study, N. Y. C. Training Sch. for Teas, 04-07 ; first asst, and head of dept, 07-. Biology, botany and nature study. CLEMENTS, FREDERIC Epwakp, Univ. of Minnesota, Minne- apolis, Minn. b. Lincoln, Nebr, Sept. 16, 74. Nebraska, B.S, 94, A.M, 96, Ph.D, 98; N. ¥. Bot. Garden, 02. Asst. bot, Ne- braska, 94-97, instr, 97-01, adj. prof, o1-03, asst. prof, 03-05, assoc. prof. pit. physiol, 05-06 ; prof, 06-07; prof. bot, Minne- sota, o7—-. Sec.’y, Nebr. Bot. Surv, g4—; fel, A. A. A. S; Bot, Soc. Am ; Geog. Assoc ; Bot. Cent. States ; Micros. Soc ; Mycol. Soc. Phytoecology. Crements, Mrs. F. E. (See Schwartz, Edith) Coker, WILLIAM CHAMBERS, Chapel Hill, N. C. b. Harts- ville, S. C, Oct. 24, 72. S. Carolina, B.S, 94; Hopkins, Ph.D, o1; Bonn, o1~o2; N.Y. Bot. Garden, 05, 07. Asst. bot, Cold Spring Harbor, 00; assoc. prof. bot, No. Carolina, 02—; chief of bot. staff, Bahama a Peped: of Baltimore Geog. Soc, 03. Fel, A. A. A.S; Am. Soc. Nat; Bot. Soc. Am; N. C. Acad. Sci. (v. pres, Oo = Cytology, embryology. Cook, MeEtvitte Tuurston, Agric. Exp. Station, Newark, Del. b. Coffeen, Ill, Sept. 20, 69. De Pauw, 88-89, 91-93 ; Stan- ford, A.B, 94; De Pauw, A.M, or; fel, Ohio State, o1—02, Ph.D, 04; N. Y. Bot. Garden (research sch.) 07. Prin, H. S, Van- dalia, Ill, 94-95; instr. biol, De Pauw, 95-97; prof, 97-04; lecturer human embryol. Central Coll. Physicians and Surgeons, Indianapolis, 02-03 ; comp. anat, Med. Coll. Ind, 03~04 ; chief, dept. plt. path. and econ. entom, Estacion Central Agronomica de Cuba, Santiago de las Vegas, Cuba, 04-07 ; prof. bot, Dela- ware Coll, and plt. path, Del. Agric. Exp. Sta, o7-. Fel, A A. S; Assoc. Econ. Entomol ; Ind. Acad. Sci. Embryology ; insect galls. Crane, AURELIA Barr, Scarsdale, N. Y. Barnard; N. Y. Bot. Garden,"04-05. Torrey Bot. Club. Mycology. . 63 Cummines, Ciara Eaton, deceased, Dec. 28, 06. b. Ply- mouth, N.H, July 13, 55. Wellesley, 76-79; Ziirich, 86-87 ; N. Y. Bot. Garden (Cinchona), 05. Instr. bot, Wellesley, 79-87, assoc. prof, 87-03, prof, 03-06. Chief Ed. “ Decades of N. A i and ‘‘Lichenes Boreali”’; assoc. ed. Plt. World, 05-06; fel, A. A. A..S; Soc. Plt. Morph. and Physiol. (v. pres, 04); Mycol. Soc; Torrey Bot. Club; Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist ; Bost. Mycol. Club ; Wild Flower Pres: See. Lichenology. Dar.inc, CHESTER A, Columbia Univ, : Y.C. b. Leon, N. Y, Oct. 4,80. Albion, A. B, 04, A.M, 06; N. Y. Bot. Garden t. 4, and Columbia, 06—. Prof. biol, De a Defiance, O, 04~ 06; asst. bot. Consibia, o06-. Ohio State Acad. Sci. Cytology, Plant physiology. DELAFIFLD, Mrs. Joun Ross (see White, Violette S.) Dow, BertHa McLane, 123 West 80 St, N. Y.C. b. New York City, June 3, 69. Barnard (spec. student), 95 (certifi- cate), 01-02 ; N. Y. Bot. Garden, 00-01 ; Woods Hole, summer 06. Instr. sci, Park Avenue Sch, N. Y. C, o1-05; éns¢r. sci, The Alcuin Prep. Sch, N.Y. C, 05-. Biology, teaching. Dorour, ALICE, Stockbridge Hall, Yarmouth, Maine. b. Gal- 00-01, 02-03, Columbia, A.M, 03; Directora, Hacuels Practica de Sefioritas, Guatemala City, Cent. Am, 05-07; principal, Need Hall, Yarmouth, Me, 07-. Ateneo, Guatemala City, eS botany. Dunn, Louise Brispang, deceased Dec. 18, 02. Columbia, A.B, 97, A.M, 99; N. Y. Bot. Garden, 99-00. Duranp, Extas Jupau, Cornell Univ, Ithaca, N.Y. b. Canan- daigua, N. Y, Mch. 20, 70. Cornell, A.B, 93, Sc.D, 95. N. Y. Bot. Garden (research sch.) 05. Asst. bot. Cornell, and asst. crypt. bot. Agric. Exp. Sta, 95-96, zustr. bot. 96-, asst. curator herb, g8-. Fell. A. A. A. S; Bot. Soc. Am; Sigma Xi. Mycology, Discomycetes, Embryology. 64 Eaton, Eton Howarp, Rochester, A.B, 90, A.M, 93; N. Y. Bot. Garden, 99-00. EccLeston, WILLARD WesstErR, Rutland, Vt. b. Pittsfield, Vt, Mch. 28, 63. Dartmouth, B.S, g1; student, Gray Herb, 97; studying ee Biltmore Herb, 07-08; N. Y. Bot. Garden (research sch.), 08. Studying and collecting, local flora of ermont, gI-04; asst. city engineer, Rutland, 93-97; civil . Bot engineering, 97-04; ai ‘ ot. Garden, peek lecturer, civil engineering, Bilenbwe Forest Sch, o8-. .S; Ver- mont Bot. Club; N. E. Bot. Club; Thayer a ee agiiecrs (Dartmouth). Taxonomy of Crataegus. Arctic-alpine flora of New England. Emerson, Jutia Titus, 131 East 66 St, N. ¥.C. b. N. YC, April 6, 77. Coll. Pharm. (Columbia), 98 ; Tea. Coll, Columbia, 98-99; Woods Hole, gg, of, 03, 04; Briarcliff Manor Agric. Sch, 01; N. ¥. Bot. Garden, 02-04, o4-. Spec. asst, plt. path, Purdue, 02; lab. asst, N. ¥. Bot. Garden, 03-04. Torrey Bot. Club; Wild Flower Pres. Soc. Am Taxonomy of Mosses. Evans, HELena, 205 W. Court St, Rome, N. Y. Syracuse, Ph.B, o1. N.Y. Bot. Garden, 06-07. Mosses. Fawcett, Epna ee Dept. Agric. Washington, D.C. b. Washington, D. C, Feb. 26, 79. Smith, B.L, o1 ; Barnard, 02-03; N. Y. Bot. ne 04-05; tea. pub. schs, Spring Mass, 01-02; tea, primary work and nat. study, Miss Keller’s Day Sch, N. Y. C, 02-05; Sct. asst. Bur. Plant an (Lab. Soil Bact. and Water Purif. Invest.) U. S. Dept. Agric., Wash, ‘Sail ensioay GaGER, CHARLES Stuart, N. Y. Bot. Garden, N. ¥. C. b. Norwich, N. Y, Dec. 23, 72. Syracuse, A. B, 95; N. Y. State Nor, Coll, Pd.B, Pd.M, 97; Cornell, Ph.D, 02. Lab. asst. biol. Syracuse, 94-95; v. prin, Ives Sem, (Antwerp, N. Y.), 95-96; rof. biol. sci. and physiog, N. Y. State Nor. Coll. (Albany), 97-05 ; asst. bot. summer sch, Cornell, o1, 02; instr, 05 ; col- 65 laborator, Jour. Applied Micros, o1-o2; Jab. asst, N. Y. Bot. Garden, 04-05 ; acting prof. bot, Rutgers, 05; prof. bot, N. Y. Univ. summer sch, 05, 06; tea. biol, Morris H. S, N. Y. C, 05; director of the laboratories, N. Y, Bot. Garden, 06-; assoc. ed. Plant World, 05. A. A. A. S; fel. Am. Geog. Soc, 05-06 ; N. Y. State Sci. Tea. assoc. (mem. Committee on Physiog.) o1-04; Albany Entom. Soc. (Chart. mem.) 98-04, (v. pres, 98-99); Torrey Bot. Club (See’y, 05-); Soc. Exp. Biol. & Med, (Charter mem.); Am. Soc. Biol. Chemists; Bot. Soc. Am; N Y. Club, Phi Beta Kappa; Sigma Xi. Plant physiology ; cytology. GAINES, ELIZABETH VENABLE, 297 Ryerson St, Brooklyn, N. Y. b. Mossingford, Va, Ap. 25, 69. Vassar, 89; Mass. Inst. Tech, 92-94; Chicago, 98; Adelphi Coll, B.A, 99; N. Y. Bot. Garden, 02-03. J/ustr. biol, Adelphi Coll, 99-. Sanitary biology. GARDENER, JOHN R, Upper Univ. Iowa (Fayette), B.S, go ; Iowa State, C.E, 94; N. Y. Bot. Garden, 00, and at various times thereafter. Taxonomy of Celastraceae of N. A. ILMAN, CHARLES WINTHROP, Palisades, N. Y. N. Y. Bot. Garden, 00-01. Mosses Greason, Henry ALzan, Univ. of Illinois, pee Ill. Illinois, B.S, o1, M.A, 04; Columbia, Ph.D Bot. Garden, a. 063. fustr. Hlinois, o6-. A. ik A.S; Torrey Bot. Club. Taxonomy. Gorpon, CLARENCE Everett, Amherst, Mass. Mass. Agric. Coll, B.S, 01; Boston Univ, B.S, 03; Columbia, A.M, 05; N. Y. Bot. Garden, 05-06. Asst. prof. zool. and geol. Mass. Agric. Coll, o5-. Zoology, Geology, Paleobotany. GrirFitus, Davin, U.S. Dept. Agric, Washington, D. C. b. Aboristwyth, Wales, Aug. 16, 67. So. Dakota Agric. Coll, B.S, 92, M.S, 93; Columbia, Ph.D, 00; N. Y¥. Bot. Garden, 66 gg-00. Tea. scis, H. S, Aberdeen, S, Dak, 93-98; prof. bot. Ariz, and bot. Ariz. Agric. . Sta, 00-01 ; asst. div. agrost, Gramineae ; forage plants. Grout, Leon Everett, Jamaica, Vt. b. Newfane, Vt, Sept. 14,77. Univ. of Vt, B.S, 02; Tea. Coll, Col. Univ. and N. Y. GRUENBERG, BrEnyAmin C, 69 West 88 St, N. “ - b. Czer- nowitz, Austria, Aug. 15, aa B.S, 96; N. Y. Univ. Sch. o agogy, o1-02; N. aa ere 02-06; Co- lumbia, AM, 0 o4. Sugar testing oe U. S. Appraisers’ ehics N. Y. C, 98-02; instr. biol, High Schs, N. Y. C, o2—; tea. Evening Schools, N. Y. C, 02-03, 04-07; lecturer biol, Rand Sch, Social Sci, 07. A. A. A. S; N. Y. High Sch. Teas. Assoc; N, Y. Assoc. Biol. Teas. Botany: Physiology of Nutrition; Zoology: Tropisms, etc. Mechanics of animal behavior; Pedagogy of science teaching. Hanks, Lenpa Tracy, 425 Nostrand Ave, Brooklyn, N. Y. b. New York, Jan. 1, 79. Columbia, A.B, o1, A.M, 02; museum aid N. Y. Bot. Garden, 01-02; Adelphi Coll, 03-04. Tea. sci, Adelphi Acad, Brooklyn, N. Y. C, 03-04; tea. biol, Girls Tech. H.5, 04-05 ; Zea. biol, Girls High Sch, o5-. Torrey ot. Club; Linnaean Soc Biology Har.ow, Sarad Havens, Norfolk, Conn. b. Florida, Orange t. arden, 99-01 ; Columbia, 00-01, A.M, o1. Tea. Amer. Col- legiate Inst, Smyrna, Turkey, 93-96; Tuxedo Park Tuxedo Park, N. Y, 96-99; Randolph Cooley Sch, Plainfield, N. J, 01-03; Private tutor, Norfolk, Conn, o Harper, Rotanp McMittany, College Point, N.Y. b. Farm- ington, Me, Aug. 11, 78. Univ. of Georgia, B.A, 97; N. Y. Bot. Garden, 99-05; Columbia, Ph.D, 05. Aid, U. S. Nat. 67 Herb, o1, 02; Forestry Collector, Geol. Surv. Ga, 03-04; Mu- seum Aid, N. Y. Bot. Garden, 04; Bot, Geol. Surv. Ala, M : Sci; A. A. A.S; Columbia Ph.D. Assoc; Ga. Forest Assoc. Geography. Phytogeography of Eastern North America, especially of the Georgia coastal plain Haynes, CaRoLinE Coventry, Highlands, N. J, and 16 East 36St,N.Y¥.C. b. N.Y. C, April 13, 58. Pinas from Mrs. Sylvanus Reed’s Sch, 76; N.Y. o t. Gard o2a-. Torrey Bot. Club ; Sullivant Moss Chapter (v. ann 08) : Wild Flower Pres. Soc. Am ; N. Y. Bot. Garden (Ann. Mem.). Hepaticae. Hazen, Tracy E.Luiot, Barnard College, N. Y.C. b. Jericho Center, Vt, July 4, 74. Vermont, A.B, 97; Columbia, A.M, 99, Ph.D, 00; N. Y. Bot. Garden, gg-00. Director, Fairbanks Mus. Nat. Sci, St. Johnsbury, Vt, o1-o2; asst. bot, Barnard, 02-03, tutor, 03-07, zvstr, o7-. Fel, A. A. A. S; Bot. Soc. Am ; Torrey Bot. Club; New Eng. Bot. Club; Vt. Bot. Club. Algae, chiefly Chlorophyceae. Henry, Florence (Mrs. Hervey W. Shimer), Mass. Inst. of Technology, Boston, Mass. b. Sacramento, Calif, Sept. 24, 79. N.Y. State Nor. Sch. Cortland, 7 : Cornell, A.B, o1 ; Columbia, A.M, 02 ; Columbia and N. Y. Bot. Garden, 02-03. Hewins, NELLIE Priscritia, Elmhurst, N.Y. b. Maspeth, N. Y, Har Alliance Frangaise, Paris, Summer, 03 ; Stern Sch. of languages, 03-05; N. Y. Bot. Garden, 99-00, 04-05 ; Zea. Coll. (Columbia), o6— ; Columbia Summer Sch, 07. Tea. sci, South Orange H. 5, ol; instr. biol, Newtown H. S, Elmhurst, L. [, or-. Torrey Bot. Club. Teaching of Biology in Secondary Schools. Hocxapay, Era, Sherman, Texas. No. Texas Nor. Sch; N. Y. Bot. Garden, 05-06. Lichen flora of Texas. Morphology. 68 Hom (Herman) Tueovorg, Brookland, D.C. b. Copenhagen, pela Feb. 3, 54. Grad, Copenhagen, 80; Catholic, Ph.D, . Y¥. B .)) 0 ied Danish North Pole Exped, 81-82,; travelled in West Greenland as botanist and sve for the Danish Gov’t, sum- mers of 84-86; asst. bot, U. S. Nat. Mus, 88-93; U.S. Dept. Agric, 93-96. Danish, Swedish, French, German and Canadian Sci. societies. Anatomy and morphology of phanerogams. Horne, WItuiam Titus, Estacién Central Agronomica, Santi- ago de las Vegas, Cuba. Univ. of Nebraska, B.S, 98; grad. stud, 98-00 ; fel, Columbia, 03-04; N. Y. Bot. Garden, re Instr. bot, Nebraska Wesleyan Univ, 98-00; instr. bat Agric, Univ. Neb, 99-00 ; Botanical Seminar (Univ. Neb.). Botany. Housse, Homer Dotiver, N. Y. Bot. Garden, N. Y. C. b. Oneida, N. Y, July 21, 78. Syracuse Univ, B.S, 02; N. Y. Bot. Garden, 02-03; Columbia, M.A,o4. Asst. bot, Columbia, 03-04; substitute tea. bot, Rutgers, 04; aid, U. S. Nat. Mus, Div. Plts,o4-o5 ; Bur. Plt. Industry, Dept. Agric, 05-06 ; assoc. prof. bot. and bact, Clemson Coll, S. C, 06-07; aid, N. Y. Bot. Garden, 07-. Torrey Bot. Club. Taxonomy. Hoyt, Wittiam Dana, 609 Lennox Street, Baltimore, Md. b. Rome, Ga, April 16, 80. Georgia, A.B, 01, M.S,04; Hopkins, og-; N. Y. Bot. Garden, 07. Tutor biol, Univ. Georgia, o1-04. Phi Beta Kappa. Plant physiology, algae. Humpureys, Epwin WILLIAM, 2155 Bathgate Ave, N. Y. C. b, New Jersey, June 15, 83. Coll. of the City of N. Y, A.B, 03; Columbia Summer Sch, 04, 05, M.A, 06; N. Y. Bot. Garden, 05-06. Zea. Elementary Schs, N. Y. C, 03-. eology, Paleobotany. Irvinc, Mrs. Leonarp (See Rennert, Rosina Julia). IsHam, Florence, N. ¥. Bot. Garden, 02-03. Taxonomy of local sedges. 69 Jackson, HERBERT SPENCER, Newark, Del. b. Augusta, N. Y, Aug. 29, 83. Cornell, A.B, o5 ; N. Y. Bot. Garden, 07. Asst. bot. (Mycology), Cornell Summer Sch, 04 ; asst. bot. Cee Cornell, 04-05 ; asst. plt. path, Delaware Coll. Agric. Exp. Sta, Newark, Dei, o5-,; instr. bot, Delaware Coll, o5-. Mycology, plant pathology, flora of Delaware. Jounson, Duncan Starr, Johns Hopkins Univ, Baltimore, Md. b. Cromwell, Conn, July 21, 67. Wesleyan, B.S, 92; Hopkins, Ph.D, 97 ; Tropical Lab, N. Y. Bot. Garden eae 03, 06. Curator, Mus. Brooklyn Inst, 97; Munich, ot ; éx charge crypt. bot, Biol. Lab. Brooklyn Inst, g6—; assoc. bor flopkins, 98— OI; assoc. prof, 01-05; prof, o5-. Bot. Soc. Am. (See’y, 06-); fel, A. A. A.S; Torrey Bot. Club. Plant embryology, marine algae. KELLICOTT, WILLIAM ERSKINE, Woman’s College, Baltimore, Md. b. Buffalo, N. Y, April 5, 78. Ohio State, Ph.B, 98; Co- lumbia, Ph.D, 04; N. Y¥. Bot. Garden, gg-00. Asst. zool, Barnard, 01-02, tutor, 02-05, instr. 05-06; prof. biol. Woman's Coll. Baltimore, o6-. N.Y. Acad. Sci. Vertebrate morphology and embryology. Kern, Frank Dunn, Purdue Univ, Lafayette, Ind. b. Rein- beck, Ia, June 29, 83. University of Iowa, B.S, 04; Purdue Univ, M.S, 07; N. Y. Bot. Garden, 06, research sch, 07, 08; ; Amer. oer Assoc ; Amer. Biceders Assoc; Torrey Bot. Club; Sigm Meee ee Kimura, Tokuzo, 501 West 22 St, N. Y. C. b. Hirobuchi, Miyagiken, Japan, Dec. 2, 80. Nogakushi from Sapporo Agric. Coll, Japan, 03; Stanford, A.B, 06; grad. stud. Columbia, 07-; N. Y. Bot. Garden, o7-; Tohoku Gakuin Missionary Coll, Sendai, Japan, 01-03 Biology, Sex-determination, Artificial Parthenogenesis. Kine, Cyrus AMBROSE, 661 Flatbush Ave, Brooklyn, N. Y. C. 70 : ae Tree, Ind, June 6, ye Indiana, A.B, 93; Harvard, 97, A.M, 98, Ph.D, 02; N. Y. Bot. Garden, 03-04, 05. = nat. sci, H. S, Decorab, is 93-96; asst. bot, Harvard, 96-00; asst. bot, Harvard Summer Sch, 97-01 ; Radcliffe, 99-00 ; instr, Indiana, 00-02; instr, in charge Bot. Biol. Sta, Indiana Univ, Summer Sch, 02 ; tea. biol, De Witt Clinton H.S, N.Y. C, o2- 07 ; first asst. biol, Erasmus Hall H. S, Brooklyn, o7-. Fel, A. A. A.S; Soc. Nat. Cent. States; Torrey Bot. Club; N. Y, Assoc. Biol. Tea. Cytology. Kirxwoop, Jos—EPpH Epwarp, Hacienda de Cedros, Mazapil, Zac. Mex. b. Cedar Rapids, Ia, Jan. 24, 72. Pacific Univ, A.B, 98 ; special fel. in biol, Princeton, g8—99, A.M ; Columbia and . ¥. Bot. Garden, gg-01, 02 »04 (research ce Columbia, Ph. ; 0 prof. bot, 03-07; prof. bot. and en of dept, 07; asst. dot, Dept. Investigation, Continental-Mexican Rubber Co,o7-. Fel S; Sigma Xi; Torrey Bot. Club; Bot, Soc. Am Economic Botany, Embryology, Ecology. y Knox, ALICE ADELAIDE, Care of Miss M. F. Knox, Lakewood, Bot. Res. Carnegie Inst, 06-07; teacher, The Knox School, Lakewood, N. J. Torrey Bot. Club ; Barnard Bot. Club. Plant morphology and physiology Kornmann, Exvsiz W, Nor. Coll, N. Y. C; N. Y. Bot. Garden, o0-o1. Kuprer, Ersiz M, Cedarhurst, N.Y. b. Bayreuth, Germany, Sept.5,77. Barnard, A.B,99; Columbia, A.M,o1; Ph.D, 07; Columbia and N. ¥. Bot. Garden, or-. Asst. bot, Columbia summer session, O1, 02; tea. biol, L. I. City H.S, 02; sa. diol, Wadlegh H. S, 03~. Torrey Bot. Club; Wild Flower Pres. Soc, Am. . Plant physiology. 71 LEAVENWORTH, GEORGE, St. Genevieve, Mo. b. St. Genevieve, Mo, Sept. 30, 75. Missouri, A.B, 02; N. ¥. Bot. Garden, 02- 03; Columbia, 03. Forestry. Lewis, Ivey Foreman, Cor. pelea and Hargett Sts, Raleiet N. C. No. Carolina, A.B, 02, M.S, 03; Hopkins, 03-07; N. Y. Bot. Garden (Ginchana), 06; Marine Biol. Lab, Naples 07-08. - Algae. LivINGsTON, ge Epwarb, Desert Bot. Lab, Carnegie Inst, Tucson, Ariz. b. Grand Rapids, Mich, Feb. 9, 75. Michigan, 98; Chicaee, Ph.D, o1. N.Y. Bot. Garden, 03 (research ch.), 05. Asst. bot. lab, Michigan, 95-98; instr. sci, H. S, Fee Ill, 98-99; asst. plant physiol, Chicago, 99-04, assoc, 04; field work, Mich. Geol. Surv, o1; collaborator, U. S. B Forestry, 02; instr. biol, summer sch, Easton, Ill. State Nor Sch, 03; Carnegie research asst, 04; soil expert, U. S. Bur. Soils, 05-06; mem. staff, Desert Bot. Lab, Carnegie Inst, 06-. Fel, A. A. A.S; Am. Soc. Nat; Bot. Soc. Am. Walker prize, Boston Soc. Nat. Hist, 03. Plant physiology and ecology ; Soil Physics. Livincston, Mrs. Flora Viroinra, Scarsdale, N. Y. N.Y. Bot. Garden, 04, 05. Mycology. Locke, Emity Pautine, 72 Mt. Auburn St, Watertown, Mass. Smith, B.L, oo; N. Y. Bot. Garden, 02. Embryology of spermatophyta. — a 303 West 74 Street, N. Y. C. b. New ; 3-04, 05, 06, 07, 0 Bot. Club; A. A. A. S; League for Political Education Morphology of algae. General bryology Mars eg, DELIA WEST, Bedford, N. Y. b. New York City, 68. Spec. stud, Columbia, 97-98, 05; N. Y¥. Bot. Garden, o1-02. 2 Private tutoring in botany. Torrey Bot. Club; Wild Flower Pres. Soc. Am. Local Flora N. Y. C, Ferns and Mosses. Matuewson, CHESTER A, Station A, Cincinnati, O. b. Cin- cinnati, O, Dec. 11, 78. hicago, 99; Cincinnati, 01-03; ; N. Y. Bo F .M, 06; Coll. P&S. (Clumbin o7—, instr. Technical Sch. of Cincinnati, 98-03 ; Tea. Coll. (Columbia), 05-06; Plainfield (N. J.), H. S, 06-07 ; A. S. Commerce, N. Y. C,07~. Am. Nat. Stud. Soc ; N. Y. Assoc. Biol. Teas. (sec’y.). Maxon, WILLIAM Raten, U. S. Nat. Museum, Washington, D. C. b. Oneida, N. Y, Feb. 27, 77. Syracuse, Ph.B, 98; N. Y. Bot. Garden, 03; research sch, 05. Asst, N. Y. Bot. Garden, 98; aid, crypt. bot. Div. of Pits, U. S. Nat. Mus, 99- 05, asst. curator,o5—-. Fel, A. A. A.S; Tinnaeed Fern Chapter (pres, 00-01); Bot. Soc. Wash ; Wash. Acad. Sci; Wild Flower Pres. Soc, Am, (charter mem.). Taxonomy of ferns. MIpDLETON, FLORENCE, 366 St. Nicholas Ave, N. Y.C. b. New London, Conn, Aug. 2, 63. Nor. Coll, N. Y.C, 85; Tea. Coll, Columbia, oo~—02 ; Barnard, 02-08 ; Cold Spring Harbor, 04 ; N. ot. Garden, 05-06. Asst. tea. biol, Wadleigh H. S, N.Y. C, og-. Wild Flower Pres. Soc. Am Biology, botany. MILLSPAUGH, CHARLES FREDERIC, 5748 Madison Ave, Chi- cago, Ill. b. Ithaca, N. Y, June 20,54. Ithaca Acad, 69-71; Cornell, 72-75; N. Y. Homoep. Med. Coll, M.D, 81; N. ¥. Bot. Garden, 03. Prof. bot. W. Virginia, 91-92; curator, Dept. Bot. Field Mus. Nat. Hist, 94-; professorial lecturer bot, Chi- cago, 95—-+ prof. med. bot, Chicage Homeop. Med. Coll. 96-; Mem. Pan Am. Commission Med. Plants, g9-o1. Wild Flower Pres. Soc. Am, (charter mem, director, 02-); Explorers Club; Broome Co. (N. Y.) Homeop. Med. Soc, (hon. mem.) ; Bingham- ton (N. Y.) Acad. Sci, (hon. mem.); Mexican Med. Soc, (hon. fel.) ; Brazilian Med. Soc; Torrey Bot. Club; A. A. A. S; Soc. Nat. Cent. States ; Sigma Xi; Geog. Soc. Chicago ; ed, Homeop. 73 Recorder, 89-90 ; has studied at various times in herbarium, N. Y. Bot. Garden and other eon herbaria, Kew, British Museum Nat. Hist, Linnaean Society, Owen’s College, Man- chester, Leyden, Berlin, Praag, ed Florence, Geneva, and Paris, ; Systematic botany. Motwitz, ERNESTINE, 88 East 165 St, N. Y. C. Columbia, A.B, 02; N. Y. Bot. Garden, 01-03. Plant anatomy and physiology. Mutrorp, Fannie Avucusta, Hempstead, N. Y. b. Nevada City, Calif, Sept. 20, 55. N. Y¥. Bot. Garden, 02-03. Wild Flower Pres. Soc. Am, (charter mem.); Torrey Bot. Club. Flora of Long Island. MorriLi, WiLtt1AM Axpuonso, N. Y. Bot. Garden, N. Y. C. b. Campbell County, Va, Oct. 13,69. Virginia Polytechnic Inst, Agric. Course, ; Mechan. Course and BS, 87; Ran- dolph-Macon Coll, B.S, 89; A.B, 90; A.M, 91; Cornell, Ph.D, oo; N. ¥. Bot. Garden, o1-04. Prof. nat. sci, Bowling Green Sem, Va, 91-93; prof. nat. sci, Wesleyan Female Inst, Va, 93- 97; Cornell, scholar in bot, g8-g9 ; asst. crypt. botanist, gg-00 ; tea. biol, De Witt Clinton H. 5, N. Y. C, 00-04; asst. curator, N.Y. Bot. Garden, 04-05; first asst, 06-07; asst. director, o8-. Sigma Xi; Torrey Bot. Club; Bot. Soc. Amer. Mycology. Patuser, HeLen Letitia, Vassar College, Poughkeepsie, N. Y. b. Bridgeport, Conn, May 4, 82. Barnard, A.B, 05; Tea. Coll, Columbia, 03-05 ; Columbia, A.M, 06; N. Y. Bot. Garden, o5- 06 ; asst. biol, Vassar, o6-. Torrey Bot, Club. Mycology. Ponp, Raymonp Harnes, Bonn Univ, Bonn, Germany. b. Topeka, Kansas, March 3,75. Kansas State Agric. Coll, B.S, 99; Univ. of wre Ph.D ; N. Y. Bot. Gar- den Aes sch.), 05, 06, 07; Bonn Unio, Germany, 07-. Asst. bot, Kan. State i Coll, 95-97, asst. chem, 97-98 ; in charge of herbarium, Univ. Michigan, 98-99, asst. plt. physiol, 99-00; spec. investigator, Bur. Fisheries, 99, 00, 01 ; 74 asst, bot. and path, Maryland Agric. Coll. & Exp. Sta, 00-01; instr. chem. and biol, Township H. S, Sterling, Ill, 02-03 ; pick bot. and pharmacog, and director miscrop. lab, Northwestern, 03 -o7 ; asst. plt. physiol, Chicago, 06. Fel, A. A. A.S; Bot. Soc. Am; Bot. Cent. States ; Sigma Xi ; Am. Soc. Biol. Chem. (char- ter mem.). Plant physiology. Rann, Evita Epwina, 223 West 106 St, N. ¥Y. C. b. Norwich, Conn. Smith, A.B, 99, fel, 99-00; Woods Hole Biol. Lab. fel. zool, 00, fel. bot, or ; N. Y. Bot. Garden, 01-02; Tea. Coll, Columbia, A.M, 02. Lab. asst, zool, Smith, 97-00; ‘ea. biol. sct, Horace Mann H. S, 02-. Botany. Rea, Paut MarsHALt, The Charleston Museum, Charleston, >: : arden, A.M, 01; Columbia, 02-03. Asst. biol, Williams, 00-02; field asst, Bur. Forestry, U. S. Dept. Agric, 02, 03; prof, Coll. of Charleston and director Charleston Mus, 03-,; instr. Woods Hole, o6-. Am. Ass. Museums (Sec’y, 07-); A. A. A.S; ed, Bull, Charleston Mus, 03-. Museum administration, Zoology, Polychaetae, Oligochaetae, fauna of S. C. REwnerT, Rosina Jui, (Irving, Mrs. Leonard), 366 W. 120 St, N. ¥.C. b. N. Y. City, July 8, 78. Nor. Coll, N. Y.C, A.B, 97; Columbia, A.B, o1, A.M, 02; N. Y. Bot. Garden, 99-01, 02-04. Asst. tea. biol, Washington Irving H. S, N. Y C, 02-03; Wadleigh H. S, N. Y. C, 03-07. A. A. A.S. Plant anatomy and physiology. Rosinson, CHARLES Bupp, Jr, Bureau of Science, Manila, P. I. b. Pictou, Nova Scotia, Oct. 26, 71. Dalhousie (Halifax), B.A, ; Cambridge, Eng, non-collegiate, 97-98 ; Christ’s Coll, 98- oo Columbia and N. ¥. Bot. Garden, 03-06; Columbia, Ph.D, 06. Tea, Kings County Acad, N. S, 92-93; tea, Pictou County Acad, 93-97, 99-03; night schools, N. Y. City, (No. 3, Bronx), 03-06; asst. curator, N. Y. Bot. Garden, 06-07; 75 econ. bot, Bureau of Science, Phil. Govt, o8-. Torrey Bot. Club; Bot. Soc. Am ; Nova Scotian Inst. of Sci; Sigma Xi. Systematic botany, especially phanerogams of eastern Canada and the Philippine Islands Rosinson, WINIFRED JOSEPHINE, Vassar College, Poughkeep- sie, N.Y. b. Johnstown, Mich, Oct. 17,67. Mich. State Nor. Coll, 92; Mich. Agric. Coll, summer, 94; Univ. of Mich, B.S, B.Pd, 99 ; Woods Hole Marine Biol. Lab, summer sch, gg, 00; N. Y. Bot. Garden, 02, 03 (research sch.), 04, 07-08; ce lumbia, M.A, 04. Thee, training dept, Mich. State Nor. Coll, 93-05 ; is in biol, Vassar Coll, oo—,; lab. asst, N. ¥. Bot Garden, 07-08. A. A. A. S; Am. Soc. Nat; Torrey Bot. Club Biology, botany. RvUBRECHT, WILLIAM Ketter. Muhlenberg Coll, B.A, o1; N. Y. Bot. Garden, 02. Algae and fungi. SAGE, LILLIAN: ces East 12 St, N. Y.C, or Norwich, N.Y. b. Norw Mt. Holyoke ; Cornell, A.B, N. Y. Bot. eens Ps Tea. biol, Washington Irving H. ve N.Y. C, og-. Torrey Bot. Club; Sigma Xi. Mosses. Scuwartz, Eprra, (Mrs. F. E. Clements), University of Min- nesota, Minneapolis, Minn. Nebraska, A.B, 98; N. Y. Bot. Garden, 02. Experimental evolution. Scott, GzorcE GILMAN. Williams, A.B, 98, A.M, 99. N.Y. Bot. Garden, 99. Algae. Seaver, Frep Jay, No. Dakota Agric. Coll, Fargo, N. D. _b. Webster Co, Ia, 77. Chicago, summer, 01 ; Morningside, B.S, 02; univ. scholar bot, State Univ. of Iowa, 02-03; spec. asst. to Dr. Arthur, Purdue, spring, 03; fel. bot, State Univ. of Iowa, 03-04, M.S, 04; fel. bot, Columbia, oe Y. Bot. Garden, 06-07. Asst. bot, State Univ. of Iowa, 04-05 ; instr. (in full charge) biol, lowa Wesleyan, 05-06; eee prof. biol, 76 06 ; asst. prof. bot, N. Dak. Agric. Coll, o7-. Fel. Iowa Acad. Setgy, AucustinE Dawson, Ohio Agric. Exp. Station, Woos- ter,O. b. Athens Co, O, Sept. 2, 59. Ohio State, B.S, 93; N.Y, Bot. Garden, 03-04. Supt. schs, Huntington, W. Va, 84-86; principal, H. S, Ironton, O, 86-87; tea. bot, H. S, Columbus, O, 90-94; botanist and chemist, Ohio Agric. Exp. Sta, 94-02; botanist, o2~. Fel, A. A. A. S; Bot. Soc. Am; Bot. Cent. States; Ohio Hort. Soc. (chairman, Comm. Veg. Path, 95-08) ; O. Acad. Sci, (pres, 01); Columbus Hort. Soc, (sec’y, 88-89, 91-94); St. Louis Acad. Sci; Torrey Bot. Club Diseases of plants. a CorneELius Lott, U. S. Dept. of Agric, eee . Coeymans Hollow, N. Y, March 26, 65. pane Sie - Sch, Albany, N. Y, 88; Univ. Nebraska, a un- dergrad. scholar, 94-97; B.S, 97; grad. fel, 97-98; A.M,o1; N. Y. Bot. Garden (research sch.), 03; George Washington, Ph.D, 06; studied in various European laboratories and herbaria three months in 05. Spec. Field Agt. Div. of Agrost, U. S. Dept. Agric, summers of 95, 96 and 97; asst. agrost, U. S. Dept. Agric, 98-01 ; asst. path, Ol-02 ; path, o2— ; ed, Asa Gray Bull, 98-00; assoc. ed, Plant World, 00-05. Sigma Xi; fel, A. A. A. S; Bot. Soc. Am; Wash. Biol. Soc; Bot. Soc. ashe Wild Flower ool Soc. Am, (charter mem.). Plant Pathology. Sumer, Mrs. Hervey W. (see Henry, Florence). SHIMER, HERVEY Woopsurn, Mass. Inst. of ee Boston, Mass. b. Martin’s Creek, Pa, ei 17,72. Gettys burg, 91-93 ; ete A.B, 99, A.M, o1 ; = Columbia: Ph.D, 04; N. Y. Bot. tte, turer stratig. geol, Mass. Inst. Tech, 03; instr, ee instr. Hist. ALA Geol. and Physiog, Yale Summer Sch, oF A.S; Boston Soc. Nat. ee Am, Anthrop. Assoc; Nat oe Soe: Am. Forestry Assoc; Assoc. of Ph.Ds o P Columbia: Sigma Xi. eology, oe paleontology, etc. 77 SHOEMAKER, CORNELIA JANNEY. Swarthmore, A.B,94; N. Y, Bot. Garden, 01-02; instr. Friends’ Seminary, N. Y. C. Plant physiology. SHREVE, Forrest, Woman's College, Baltimore, Md. b. Easton, Md, July 8, 78. Hopkins, A.B, 01, Ph.D, 05; Bruce fel, o5— 06; hon. asst, N. Y. Bot. Garden (Cinchona), 05-06; instr. in charge phanerogamic bot, Biol. Lab, Cold Spring Harbor, 04, 05; assoc. prof. bot, Woman's Coll, Baltimore, 06-08 ; member of staff, Desert Bot, Lab, Carnegie Inst. Wash, Tucson, Ariz, o8-. Torrey Bot. Club Plant ecology, regional botany. SLATEK, FLorENcE W. Cornell, B.S,00; N. Y. Bot. Garden, oo-OI. Stosson, MarGareET, 852 Lexington Ave, N. Y.C._ b. Paris, France. N. Y. Bot. Garden, 02-03, 04. Linnaean Fern Chapter (sec’y, 00-01). Pteridology. Srewart, Lrur1an, 533 Manhattan Ave, N. Y.C. Carlton Col- lege; N. Y. Bot. Garden, 04-05. Plant physiology. SrockarD, CHARLES R, Columbus, O. Miss. Coll, Agric. and Mech. Arts, B.S, 99, M.S, 02; N. Y. Bot. Garden, 04-05. Cytology. STREETER, STELLA GEORGIANA, Cummington, Mass. b. Cum- mington, Mass, Aug. 6,74. Smith, B.L, 98; N.Y. Bot. Garden, 02-03 ; Columbia, M.A, 03; Tea. Coll. Columbia, Masters Diplo- ma, 03. Head dept. sci, H. S, Hempstead, N. Y, 99~02 ; tea. biol, H.S, Trenton, N. J, 04-07 ; tea. bot, H. S, Jersey City, N. J, 07-. Plant physiology. Torrey, Joun Cutter, Cornell University Medical = N.Y. b. Burlington, Vt, April 19, 76. Vermont, A.B, 98; N. Y. t. Garden, 99-00 ; Columbia, Ph.D, 02 ; fe/, Exp. an Med. a Cornell, og-. Asst. zool, Columbia, 00-o1 ; bacteriologist, Sea Side Hess: Staten Id, N. Y, 03-04; asst. instr. histol. an bacter, Med. Coll, Cornell, 03-04. Soc. Exp. Biol. and Med; . Acad. Sci. Medicine, pathology. 78 Uuuic, Witttam CULLEN, 242 Halsted St, East Paes N. me b. New York, Dec. 22, 70. Columbia, Ph.B, , 043 N. Y. Bot. Garden, 02-03. Asst. analyt. chem, rin nl Soc. Chem, Industry ; Nat. Geog. Soc. Sanitation, water supply. VALENTINE, Morris CRAWFORD, 259 West 131 St, N. Y.C. b. N. Y. City, April 18, 76. Coll. City of N. Y, A.B, 96; Co- lumbia (P. & S.), 96-98; Path. Inst. State Hospitals for Insane, 98-01; N. ¥. Bot. Garden, 04. Tea. chem, Harlem (N. Y.C.) Evening H. S. for men, 00-04; asst. tea. biol, De Witt Clinton H.S,N. ¥.C, o1-04; Wadleigh H. S, N.Y. C, og-. A.A. A no Teaching of biology. Wane, Cuune Yu, Care Lin Fong & Co, 29 West Houston St, N. ¥. C. Univ. Tientsin, China, 99 ; Columbia, A.M, 04; N. Y. Bot. Garden, 04-05. Paleobotany. Watterson, Apa,(Mrs. Robert M. Yerkes), 3014 Mellen St, Cambridge, Mass. b. Cleveland, O. Columbia, A.B, 98, A.M, 00; N. ¥. Bot. Garden, 99-00 ; Marine Biol. Lab, Cold Spring Harbor, gg, 01 ; Marine Biol. Lab, Woods Hole, oo, 06; Harvard Summer Sch, 06. Asst. bot, Barnard, 99-02, asst. bot. and zool, 01-02 ; tutor biol, Tea. Coll. (Columbia), 02-05 ; instr. nat. study, Summer Sch, Columbia, 04-05. Plant and animal physiology. Wuippte, Dorris Wittiam. N. Y. Coll. Pharmacy, Ph.G, o1; N. Y. Bot, Garden, 02. Bacteriology. Waite, VIOLETTE S, (Mrs. John Ross Delafield), Riverdale- on-Hudson, N. Y. C, or 17 East 79 St, N. Y. C. .Y. Garden, 01-02. Fel, Wild Flower Pres. Soc. Am ; Torrey Bot. Club; N. Y. Bot. Garden (life mem.). Taxonomy. Witcox, Epwin Merap, Auburn, Ala. b. Busti, N. Y, May 21, 76. Ohio State, B. S, 96; Harvard, A.M, 98, Ph.D, 99; fel, 99-00; N. Y. Bot. Garden, 04. Asst. bot, Ohio State, 94 79 97 ; prof. bot.and entom, Okla. Agric. and Mechan. Coll, oo-o1 ; biol. and hort, Ala. Polytech, 01-04; prof. bot, and pit. physt- ologist and pathologist, Ala. Exp. Sta, og-. Fel, A. A. A. S; Am. Soc. Nat Plant anatomy. Wirkins, Lewanna, Eastern High School, Washington, D. C, or 1414 Girard St, Washington, D.C. b. Fairfax Co, Va, Jan. 21,69. Wellesley, B.S, 91; Martha’s Vineyard, summers 92, 94; Woods Hole, (Wellesley Coll. Table) 96; C. Hart Mer- riam’s Camp, Mt. Shasta, Calif, summer 98 ; Goettingen, (Germ.), spring and summer, 01; Chicago, summer 05; Columbia, biol, Eastern H. S, Washington, D. C, 92-. Wild Flower Pres. oc. Am, (charter mem.). Taxonomy. Witson, Guy West, Upper Iowa ae Paved Ja. b. Carmel, Ind, June > ri De Pauw, B.S, 02, A.M, 03; Purdue, M.S, 06; N. Y. Bot. Garden, 06-07; a biol. and curator mus Mount .. Coll, Alliance, O, 03-04; instr. bot, LaFayette (Ind.), H.5,o04-05 ; aid, N. ¥. Bot. Garden, 06-07; prof. diol. and curator mus, Upper Iowa Univ, Fayette, la,o7-. Ind. Acad. Sci. Local Flora of Indiana. Mycology. Wo tp, Emma Marie, 658 Patterson St, Eugene, Oregon. b. Trondhjem, eas Sept. 29, 73. Oregon, A.B, 94, A.M, 97; Univ. Calif, Summer Sch, 03; Columbia and N. Y. Bot. Gar- den, 04-05; Cie Oregon, o7-. Instr. Sci, Eugene H. S, Eugene, Ore, 99-04; instr. biol, Mills Coll, Calif, 05-07. Algae. Woop, GrorGE CLayTon, 798 Lincoln Place, Brooklyn, N. Y. b. Mexico, Oswego Co, N. Y, Feb. 2, 78. Syracuse, A.B, 00; Columbia and N. Y. Bot. Garden, 04-05; Tea. hist, Syracuse Class. Prep. Sch, 99~00 ; principal, Jefferson Gram. Sch, Little Falls, N. Y, 00-02; tea. biol, Port Richmond H. S, Port Rich- mond, Staten Id, N. Y, 02-03 ; asst. tea. biol, Boys’ H. S, Brooklyn, Y, 03-. Amer. Acad. Soc. and Polit. Sci; Brooklyn Inst. 80 Arts and Sci. (mem, exec. comm, dept. bot.); publisher H. S. Biol. Leaflet (periodical) Brooklyn, N. Y, 06-08 Plant distribution and ecology, lichenology. Worvuey, Irnvinc Turrer. Cornell Forest Sch, 00-02; N. Y. Bot. Garden, 03. Native and cultivated shrubs. Yamanoucui, Suiczeo, Univ. of Chicago, Chicago, Ill. b. Tokyo, Ea Sept. 7, 76. Tea. Coll, Tokyo, M.S, 98 ; Columbia and N. Y. Bot. Garden, — ; Chicago (including Woods Hole Marine a Lab.), 05-07, Ph.D, 07. Asst. prof, Tokyo Tea. Coll, 04; asst. dot, Chicago, o7-. A. A. A.S. Cytology Yatsu, Naonipé£, Columbia, N. Y. C. b. Tokyo, Japan, Sept. 8,77. Imper. Univ, Tokyo, A.B, 00; Columbia, Ph.D, 05; N. Y. Bot. Garden, 03-05. Soc. Exp. Biol. and Med; Tokyo Zool. Soc. Zoology, cytology, embryology. Yerkes, Mrs. Ropert M, (See Waterson, Ada). York, Hartan Harvey, Univ. of Texas, Austin, Tex. De auw, OI-O2; tutor human anat. and physiol, De Pauw, OI-02; stud. asst. bot, De Pauw, 02-03; fel. bot, Ohio State, 03-04, asst. bot, 04-05 ; fel, Columbia and N. Y. Bot. Garden, 05-06; spec. asst. bot, Nat. Mus. (Wash.), 06; assoc. in bot. Biol. Lab, Cold Spring Harbor, 06, 07; elected spec. asst. Dendrology, Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist, 06; éustr. bot, Texas, o6-: Ohio Acad. Sci; Tex. Acad. Sci; A. A. ALS Taxonomy. ZELENY, CHARLES, Indiana Univ, Bloomington, Ind. b. Hutch- inson, Minn, Sept. 17, 78. Minnesota, B.S, 98, M.S, 01; N. Y¥. Bot. Garden, o1-02; Chicago, Ph.D, 04. Instr. zool, /udiana, 04-07, assoc. prof, o7-. Fel, A. A. A.S; Soc. Zool Zoology. Members of the Corporation. GEorGE S. Bowporn, Pror. N. L. Britton, Hon. ADDISON BRown, Dr. NicHouas M. BuTLer, ANDREW CARNEGIE, Pror. C. F. CHANDLER, WILLIAM G. CHOATE, CHARLEs F. Cox, JouN J. CROoKE, W. BAYARD CUTTING, JAMEs B. Forp, RoBErT W. DE FoREST, Henry W. DE ForEsT, CLEVELAND H. Dopcg, SAMUEL W. FAIRCHILD, Gen. Louis F1TzGERALD, RICHARD W GILDER, Hon. Tuomas F. Gitroy, Hon. Hucu J. GRANT, Henry P. Hoyt, ADRIAN ISELIN, JR., Joun I. Kang, EUGENE KELLY, JR., Pror, JAMEs F. Kemp, Joun S. KENNEDY, Pror. FREDERIC S, LEE, Hon. SetH Low, Davip Lypic, EpcAr L. Marston, D. O. MILts, J. Prerront MorGan, THEODORE W. Myers, GEorGE M. OLcottT, Pror. Henry F. OsBorn, Lowe Lt M. PALMER, GEORGE W, PERKINS, JAMEs R. PITCHER, Rr. Rev. Henry C. Potter, Percy R. Pyne, Joun D. ROCKEFELLER, WILLIAM ROCKEFELLER, Pror. H. H. Russy, JAMeEs A. SCRYMSER, HEnrRyY A. SIEBRECHT, WILLIAM D. SLOANE, NELSON SMITH, JAMEs SPEYER, Francis L. STETSON, Dr. W. GILMAN THOMPSON, Louis C. TIFFANY, SAMUEL THORNE, GEORGE W. VANDERBILT, Hon. EGERTON L. WINTHROP, JR., Wi 1am H, S. Woop, PUBLICATIONS OF The New York Botanical Garden al of the New York Botanical Garden, monthly, illustrated, con taining notes, news and non-technical articles of Bereta interest. Free to all mem- bers of the Garden. To others, io cents a copy; $1.00 a year. [Not offered in exchange.] Vol. oy 1900, viii pp. Vol. Il, gol, a rig a p- Vol. III, 1902, viii + 244 Vol. IV, fae Whi + 238 pp. Vol. V, 1904, viiit-242 pp. ab Vol. VI, 1905, LE aaa pp. Vol. VII, 1906, viii 300 pp. Vol. VII, 1907, Vili + 290 pp. Bulletin of the New York potatos Garden, containing the annual reports of results of investigations carried out in the Steet Free to ay members of Garden; to oe $3.00 ie volume. Vol. I, Nos. 1-5, 449 pp., 3 maps, and 12 plates, 1896-190 0. 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An Ann peace Catalogue o of the Flora of Montana and the Yellowstone Park, by Dr, Per Axel Rydberg, assistant curator of the ae arrangement and critical discussion of the Pteridophytes and Phan ms of the region with the author’s field » in r. D. T. Mac irector. with a general consideration of the relation of light to pla morphological features are illustra me xvi + 320pp. Roy. Syae bigs 176 fares Contribution: Pp 3 from the New York Botanical Garden. A series of tech- ‘ical papers watteh Ley. students oF ‘embers of the staff, and reprinted from oat other eo the above. Price, 25 cents each. $5.00 per eae 5. - I. Nos. ae vi aie 400 A 35 figures and 34 Se Val, II. Nos. 26-50, vi-+ 340 p 55 satel sin thet ee and 18 plates. Hol III. Nos. 51-75, vit 398 pP- 6 figures in the text and 21 plates. . IV. Nos. 76-100, vi-+ 444 pp. 65 figures in the text, 2 maps, 3 diagrams and i pla tes RECENT NUMBERS 25 CENTS EACH. Iol. Ehyeclegicn! Studies — III. Further Notes on Halimeda and Avrainvillea, by M. A. How st Mosses from Tropical pee by R.S. Pans 103. Wigmene Philippinensia —I, by C. B. Robins All subscriptions and remittances nea be sent to NEw YORK patente GARD EN X PARK, NEW YorK City _ MAY, 1908 No. 101 JOURNAL The New York Botanical Garden EDITOR WILLIAM ALPHONSO MURRILL Assistant Director CONTENTS PAGE Botanical Exploration in Jamaica... - - 6. 0 ee ett ee tt ee eee 81 Seeevowsand Comment, . 9... <- . 2 1 es te te ee ele ee gr rT EME eo a. nico e iS) ave oh vskdie ve epien oh eee ay 93 PUBLISHED FOR THE GARDEN Ar 4x Nortu Queen Street, Lancaster, Pa. y Tue New Era Printinc Company OFFICERS, 1908. PRE —D. O. MI ; VicE-PREsIDENT—ANDREW CARNEGIE TREASURER— Cae F. COX, SECRETARY—N. RITTON. BoARD OF MANAGERS. 1. ELECTED MANAGERS. nee ADDISON ee J. PIERPONT moneam ce) iN , ROB BERT W. bE FOREST, FRANCIS LYNDE STETSON, JOHN I. KANE, 7. GEE D. O. MILLS. SAMUEL THORNE 2. EX-OFFICIO MANAGERS. THE PRESIDENT OF THE RTMENT OF PUBLIC PARKS, 4 Fee SMITH. THE MAyor OF THE City oF NEW YORK HON. GEORGE B. McCLELLAN 3. SCIENTIFIC DIRECTORS. OF. JAMES F. KEMP, ROF. C. F. R, a OF. eReDeE S. LEE, CHARLES F. aoe ON. E, L. WINTHROP, Jr. PROF. H. H. RUSBY, eee DR. ages pac esi LER GARDEN STAFF. . L, BRITTON, Director-in- Chief. . A. MURRILL, Assistant Director. DR. joan K. SMALL, Head Cu tor of the Museums, Vv. N Head Gardener. DR. C. STUART GAGER, Director of the -aboratories. R. JOHN HENDLEY H ; rian R. H. H. RUSBY, Curator of the E mic Collections. DR. WILLIAM J. GIES, Consulting ist. IL. F. A. SCHILLING, Superintendent. OHN R. BRINLEY, Za ngineer. WALTER S. GROESBECK, Clerk and Accountant. DR N A. E PE a NORMAN TAYLOR, Custodian of the Plantations JOURNAL The New York Botanical Garden Vor. IX. May, 1908. No. 101. BOTANICAL EXPLORATION IN JAMAICA. To THE ScIENTIFIC DireEcrTors, Gentlemen: In continuation of botanical exploration of the West tndies ek oe I spent the month of March and part of the month of April in Jamaica, being absent from the one for this purpose Hate February 22 to April 16. I was accompanied by Mrs. Britton and Dr. Arthur Hollick, who assisted me in the collection, care and preparation of the large collection of plants and specimens secured, and, during the month of March, we were favored by the company and assistance of Mr. Wm. Harris, Superintendent of Public Gardens and Plan- tations of Jamaica. Special attention was given to the flora of the coastal regions of the island and to that of hills and mountains near the coast, previous collecting on behalf of the Garden having been mainly accomplished in the interior. In order to carry the work forward efficiently, the schooner “ Nellie Leonora”’ on several occasions for botanical exploration in the Bahamas, was chartered from Mr. W. J. Pinder and sent to Kingston, where we found her upon our arrival on the steamer ‘‘ Trent,” on March 27 Three days were given to outfitting and to visits to Hope Gardens, Kingston, where we were hospitably received by the Hon. Wm. Fawcett, Director of Public Gardens and Plantations, and where plants and specimens desirable for our collections were secured ; some collecting was done in the vicinity of King- of Nassau, used by us SZ ston and at Hardware Gap in the higher mountains. I was cordially received at King’s House by Sir Sydney Olivier, Gov- ernor of Jamaica, who had most kindly anticipated the needs of the expedition, upon the request of Mr, Fawcett, by issuing a general order to harbor masters and other officials, including the police, to aid our work in any way possible ; this order relieved our schooner of all port charges, gave us efficient assistance just where it was needed, obtained for us time-saving information on many occasions, and was, altogether, most important in the pros- ecution of our work. I have expressed to His Excellency our keen appreciation of his valuable codperation. Mr. Harris, Dr. Hollick and I set sail in Kingston Harbor on the morning of March 2 and made our first stop the same day at Fort Henderson, at the mouth of the harbor, where the day was spent in studying the flora of the Salt Pond Hills, a very dry region abounding in cactuses and other plants requiring but little rainfall. Leaving Fort Henderson at daybreak on March 3, we reached Old Harbour Bay early in the afternoon, and went ashore on Little Goat Island, where we found, among other inter- esting species, the white-flowered vine-like tree Vallesia glabra, of the Dogbane Family, new to Jamaica. March 4 was given to collecting on the adjacent Great Goat Island ; this island is inter- Jamaica; we saw many of these large lizards, which, on being startled, race through the bushes with great speed, seeking refuge in holes and crevices of the limestone. Sailing south and west the following morning, the day of March 8 was spent near the extreme southern promontory of Jamaica, between Portland Point and Rocky Point. Here we were delighted to find a primitive race of cotton (Gossypium) growing on a rocky plain elevated a few feet above the sea, and on the coastal sand dunes, over an area about a mile long and in places several hundred feet wide. The region is singularly devoid of weeds of cultivation, and the nearly complete absence of soil practically forbids cultivation. On the rocky plain the cotton plants attained an average height of about four feet, while on the 83 sands they grow higher, sometimes up to fifteen feet. The small flowers of this interesting race open white in the morning and fade pink ; the small pods are nearly round, pointed, and the cotton fiber is short and adheres to the seed. Some of the plants are very hairy, others very nearly without hairs. We secured a quantity of the seeds, some of which I immediately sent by mail to Mr. F. V. Coville, Chief of the Division of Botany, United States Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C., for experi- mental work in plant breeding, and Mr. Harris took a supply to Hope Gardens; abundant museum and herbarium specimens were also collected. Among many interesting shrubs and trees observed here, the beautiful and rare Catesbaca parvificra, a low shrub of the Madder Family with small dark green leaves and snow-white berries, deserves special mentio We anchored during the night in Carlisle Bay and early next fi then nearly northwest, the total distance about fifty miles; an obliging ‘‘norther” blew vigorously during the day, and after some beautiful sailing we landed at the old castle at Bluefields early enough in the afternoon to make arrangements with the willing corporal of police for the ascent next day of Bluefields Mountain, and also had time to study the coastal thickets a mile or two west of the town. ; Bluefields is classic ground biologically, for here resided the English naturalist Gosse during his visit to Jamaica, and it was mainly here that the materials for his books, entitled “ The Birds of Jamaica” and “A Naturalist’s Sojourn in Jamaica,’’ were derived. We gave March 7 to the ascent of Bluefields Moun- tain, traversing some of the region studied by Gosse. Ponies were supplied by Police Corporal A. A. Williams, and Constable Wallace was detailed as guide. The land has been much cleared for cultivation since the visit of Gosse and it was only after long riding that we came to tracts of forest at altitudes of over 2,200 feet, where some species not heretofore collected by us were obtained, notable among them a fine red-flowered Colummnea, a vine of the Gesneria Family, which we hope to introduce into 84 cultivation, and three Species of the bromeliad Hohenbergia, to of Westmoreland, and Mrs. Vickers at their sugar estate, “ Fontabelle,”’ where Mrs. Britton had been their guest for a week while collecting in the vicinity. Mr. and Mrs. Vickers gave us valuable information relative to the extreme western end of Jamaica, which we were next to examine botanically, and we gratefully appreciate their kindness and hospitality. The land about Savanna-la-Mar is a plain almost all under cultivation, and of botanical interest mainly in its crops of sugar- cane and logwood. We therefore sailed westward at once on the afternoon of March 12, exploring the thickets and wood- lands on the hills and near the coast, by aid of information and personal guidance of Mr. J. S. Brownhill, Lighthouse Superin- intendent at Negril Point. These yielded specimens of many rare species, including the “ wild sago” (Zama), the existence of which in Jamaica was known only from a stem seen by Professor Grisebach in the botanical museum of the Royal Gardens, Kew, prior to 1860, but not preserved there at the present time. This fine cycad inhabits rocky woodlands east of Negril and is locally abundant. Its stem is nearly embedded in the soil, and its leaves reach a height of over three feet. March is evidently not its flowering season, but after long search Mr. Harris found a ripe cone, and several plants with staminate flowers were ob- tained. We dug out a quantity of the plants for cultivation, and for Museum specimens, these stems acum much starch, like their Bahamian congeners. Dr. ick made a careful drawing spider-lily (Hymenocallis) urlknown to us. Opportunity was 85 taken at Negril for exploring the borders of the Great Morass ot Westmoreland, a marsh of large extent similar in some of its features to the Everglades of Florida. The rare tree Crudya spicata seen by us last September on the banks of Black River was again found, as well as the marsh cabbage palm are and ripe seeds of both were taken for germinatio He we found ourselves in a veritable forest of the long ae palm (Geonoma Swartzit) with ripe fruit, a magnificent sight long to be remembered. Sailing northward on March 13 we cast anchor in the after- noon in Green Island Harbour, and devoted the two days follow- ing to the hills in that vicinity, to those about Fish River and to the coast near Orange Bay. We were hospitably entertained by Arnold G, Clodd, Esq. at his estate, ‘‘ Phoenix,’’ where we found another rare spider-lily (Hymenocallis) on a fa hill, and by Mr. other members of the Green Island Club. R. F. Lindo, of Fish River, kindly Sried us to examine his interesting wood- lands, wh btained specimens and seeds of a fine thatch palm (Zérinax) and of other interesting trees; we could have spent more time there to advantage. In Orange Bay River, under the guidance of Mr. W. A. Hewitt, we were much pleased to find quantities of the beautiful aquatic fern Ceratopteris, rare in Jamaica, and obtained needed specimens for comparison with the related species of South Florida for Mr. R. C. Benedict, who is studying this group of ferns for ‘‘ North American Flora.” We made the attempt to send living plants, in a large can of water, to Hope Gardens, in the hope of establishing them there and subsequently removing them to the aquatic house at the Garden, but the plant proved to be very tender and delicate, and the necessary delay in shipping until we reached the railroad at Montego Bay, has probably defeated us ; oe the aid of Mr. Hewitt, we hope to succeed at another on After beating the strong northeast a nearly all day, the beautiful harbor of Lucea was reached in the afternoon of March 16 and here we anchored until the morning of March 21, giving four days to the study of Dolphin Head and adjacent hills and mountains some six miles back from the coast. Mrs. Britton 86 had come to Lucea several days previous and had secured con- venient quarters in a cottage on the shore; the collections had now become so large that the time of all members of the party was fully occupied in their increase, care and preservation and this condition obtained during the rest of the trip, one or two persons usually remaining in camp or on the boat with the speci- mens while the others collected. We are indebted to the Hon. Mr. Sanftleben, Custos of Hanover, for advice and aid. Mr. Harris had made a previous visit to Dolphin Head and had obtained specimens of some rare plants, but his work was then hampered by almost continuous rain. This time we had two clear _ splendid mountain days and two broken ones. tion, reached by carriage from Lucea; Dolphin Head is 1,816 i Its forests contain a variety of trees and shrubs not wn to grow elsewhere, and our collections there include a ; flowered ASlakea, a vine of the Melastoma Family, clothes the trees in places; the nickel tree (Ormoszu), a tall (ores tree related to our locusts, is endemic here, as is the red-flowered shrub Gesneria scabra, and there are many fine orchids and bromeliads. Here Mrs. Britton found rich collecting ground for mosses and hepatics, On a wooded foothill we found the magnificent tree flernandia with its curious pouch-like, translucent fruits, each enclosing one black eight-ribbed seed; in order to secure these we had to have felled a tree over sixty feet high, with a trunk diameter of about two feet, and this afforded us an interesting illustration of the efficiency of the machete, our negro guide hacking this large trunk through with the long thin blade in less than half an hour, quite as expeditiously as one of our northern woodsmen would have done it with an axe and appar- ently with no greater effort. We had to fell many trees here and elsewhere in order to get their flowers or fruits, though in many instances they were had by climbing; this same guide gave us an unconscious expert exhibition of climbing on one occasion when we sent him up a fifty foot Mayepaea, and happened to notice that he balanced the machete on his head all the way up to the lowest branch, some thirty feet ! 87 Montego Bay, reached on the afternoon of March 21, was made the base of operations until the afternoon of March 25. Here Dr. A. T. McCatty obligingly permitted us to use his sana- torium, on the shore, as a very convenient and hospitable work- ing place; we are also indebted to Messrs. J. E. Kerr & Co. for courtesies and information. The collecting grounds were low hills near the bay, and the range of mountains some six miles to the southeast on which the Kempshot Observatory, established by Judge Maxwell Hall, is situated. On the coastal hills we n many trees and shrubs not previously seen b including an undescribed species of prickly ash (Zanthoxylum) wholly devoid of prickles, another thatch palm (7Z/riuax), and the broad-stemmed R/zpsalis, an interesting climbing cactus Near Montego Bay we had a good opportunity to observe the disease of the cocoanut palm which has caused much damage to the crop in places, evidenced by the yellow color of the foliage, the small size and reduced number of the nuts produced, and the eventual death of the trees. The trouble seems to be caused by planting the trees on level stretches of land too little elevated to give them the drainage they require. We observed several groves in such situations between Montego Bay and Port Antonio and they were almost invariably affected, while those on slopes or on sand dunes were healthy. The simple remedy is to avoid plant- ing cocoanuts in poorly drained soils. The same conditions obtain near Nassau, New Providence, Bahamas, where the trees are un- healthy over a large low level area where they have been planted. Sailing from Montego Bay in the afternoon of March 25, the schooner reached St. Ann’s Bay the next afternoon,.and four days were then devoted to the study of the coastal vegetation from Roaring River Falls to Runaway Bay and to the hills a.few miles to the south. The flora of the Parish of St. Ann’s has been little known recently, and it proved to be quite different i in many features from that of regions hitherto explored by us. The Roaring River, which reaches the sea about four miles east of St, Ann’s Bay, is a picturesque stream and in its valley we found 88 some interesting shrubs and trees; about two miles back from the coast it plunges over a rocky precipice, forming a very attractive cascade which is a landmark for mariners, being visible many miles from shore; near its mouth, where it passes under the road from St. Ann’s Bay to Ocho Rios, there is a series of low waterfalls separated by nearly level stretches which _ present the curious aspect of many large trees growing directly in the water. These trees are mainly the ‘ wild olive’’ (Buczda Buceras) and the large- leaved “anchovy pear”’ (Gries caulifiora). Their seeds germi- nate in the calcareous travertine or tufa deposited from the water, and individuals of all ages may be seen growing under these un- usual conditions. This valley, containing these two remarkable natural features, ought to be madea park, and all encroachments of cultivation rigidly prevented ; as it is, the land along the river at the foot of the cascade has already been cleared and cultivated and presents an unattractive aspect, much of it grown up with weeds: the natural features could be restored by judicious plart- ing and care of native trees and shrubs. One can only imagine what a glorious natural landscape it must have presented before it was devastated for the production of a few dollars worth of agricultural products annually. Near Runaway Bay the land is a nearly level rocky plain, with many sink- holes, covered by low at Eton Hall, Runaway Bay, grows the characteristic Riacicallis maritima, a shrub of the Madder Family, known in Jamaica only at this point, but common on the coasts of other West Indian Islands ; we were cordially received and entertained at Eton Hall by Rev. and Mrs. Geo. Leonard Chaney. At Liberty Hill, St. Ann’s Bay, the Misses Stennart kindly furnished aid and infor- mation; from this hilltop a magnificent ocean view is obtained, the Cuban mountains being visible under favorable atmospheric conditions. We are also indebted to Mr. A. B. Berrie for letters of introduction and other assistance. At this time Mr. Harris was obliged to return to Hope Gardens 89 on account of the approaching retirement of Mr. Fawcett from the position of Director of Public Gardens and Plantations. Being especially desirous of learning more about the flora of St. Ann’s Parish back from the coast, I concluded to abandon the further examination of the coastal region at this time, and on March o Mrs. Britton proceeded to Moneague, where a new base was established. I took the schooner to Port Antonio on March 31, and gave the next day to collecting on the hills a few miles to the southeast, and about the marshes east of the town, where I found quantities of a pretty yellow-flowered bladderwort (Uéricu- faria). I sent the schooner home to Nassau on April 2 and travelled by rail to Bog Walk, where I had a few hours time between trains for a study of the hillsides and the magnificent deep valley of the Cobre River. Here I met Dr. Hollick, who had remained for a week at Montego Bay, and proceeded with him in the after- noon by rail to Ewarton and by carriage to Moneague, where we rejoined Mrs. Britton. The party remained at Moneague until the morning of April 9, and, although hampered to some extent by rain, collected specimens of some 250 species, most of completely ; we rediscovered some of the rare species found here by the older collectors. To F. B. Sturridge, Esq., of Union Hill, we are under special obligations for aid and hospitality ; his beau- tiful estate, largely forest lands, reaches elevations of some 2,200 feet, and here we collected many varieties, including fine fruiting specimens of the thatch palm (7érinax tessellata), previously observed in the neighboring hills at Hollymount, from which a crop of seedlings may be grown. We were also much pleased to see the large forest tree, black yacca (Podocarpus Purdicanus), of the Yew Family, from which fine specimens were obtained. Bromeliads, orchids, mosses and ferns were collected in variety. The day of April 4 was given to the “ Fern Gully,” on the road from Moneague to Ocho Rios. We had heard much of this ravine, but were unpleasantly surprised to find that its great natural beauty has recently been vandalized by the planting of 90 bananas and other food-plants and the necessary clearing of its sides for this purpose in places quite down to the roadway. It is really a great deprivation, at least to visitors, that this marring of the beauty of the gully should have been permitted ; the only apparent way to correct the evil is to make a park of the valley, clear out the extraneous bananas and other unnatural features and permit the wild ferns and other interesting plants to resume their former attractiveness and beauty. Leaving Moneague on the morning of April 9, we proceeded to Kingston. The next day was given to packing the collections and to a visit to Ferry River, about six miles east, especially for specimens of the rare shrub Bumelia rotundifolia, of the Sapo- dilla Family, growing on the hillsides there, and for some water plants which inhabit that river and its banks. We boarded the steamer “‘ Orinoco ”’ in the evening and sailed for New York early next morning, arriving on April 16. Altogether, on the expedition, 1,407 field numbers of speci- mens and plants were secured, the total number of — aggregating nearly 4,000, and to these are to be added some 400 collection numbers of Mr. Harris, of which we will receive the duplicates. The work has added materially to our knowledge of the West Indian flora and to its representation at the Garden. My original plan for the expedition was to cross over to east- ern Cuba for about ten days, after having spent most of March in Jamaica, and upon the request of Judge Addison Brown, Chair- man of the Executive Committee of the Board of Managers of the Garden, the Commandant of the United States Naval Station at Guantanamo, Cuba, had been requested by the Honorable Sec- retary of the Navy to permit me to land there for the purpose of collecting plants and specimens and to facilitate this work. found, however, that more time than I anticipated was necessary to accomplish what I wished to do in Jamaica, and also concluded that ten days in eastern Cuba would be insufficient to obtain what we desire from that region, so I decided to defer hee Cuban work, and have so informed the Commandant at Gua amo. aie saecae apes . L. BritTon, ee in- Chief. NOTES, NEWS AND COMMENT. Professor A. H.R. Buller, of the University of Manitoba, Win- nipeg, recently visited the Garden to examine the collections of fungi. A work on North American trees by Dr. N. L. Britton, as- sisted by Dr. J. A. Shafer, appeared May 6. This work is fully illustrated, and is comprehensive, including also many tropical species as well as those of temperate regions. Dr. Small visited Washington and Baltimore late in April to examine collections of flowering plants in connection with his work on ‘North American Flora.” The herbarium of the late Professor A. P. Morgan has been given to the University of lowa. A number of his specimens of fungi are to be found in the Ellis collection at the Garden. Pro- fessor Morgan was one of the leading mycologists of the country. Two others, Professor Underwood and Professor Kellerman, have died during the past winter. The spring course of lectures to the 4B and 5B grades of the public schools of the Bronx, comprising fifteen lectures with ac- companying demonstrations, began April 20 and closed May 22. Mr. Percy Wilson recently visited Philadelphia and Washing- ton to examine specimens of certain groups of plants which he is monographing for ‘North American Flora.” The eighth annual meeting and floral exhibition of the Horti- cultural Society of New York were held at the Garden on May 13 and 14. Dr. B. T. Galloway lectured before the Society on “The Foundations of Successful Violet Culture.” A feature of the exhibition was the attractive display of orchids by the recently established Orchid Section. The fifth annual botanical field “ symposium ”’ will be held at Georgetown, Delaware, July 6 to 12. The botanical clubs of Philadelphia and Washington will codperate with the Torrey Botan- ical Club on this occasion as in former years. Dr. Murrill visited Washington about the middle of April to examine the collection of Boleti at the Division of Vegetable 92 Pathology, and to confer with Dr. Metcalf, of the Division of Forest Pathology, regarding the distribution of the chestnut canker. Meteorology for March, — The total os cgaee recorded for March was 2.35 inches. Snow fell on the 2d, 3rd and 6th, hail on the 17th and 18th. Maximum temperatures were recorded of 51° on the 7th, 63° on the 16th, 79.5° onthe 27th; also mini- mum ao oaineae of 20.5° onthe 5th, 21° on the 1oth and 2ist, and 30° on the 26th. Meteorology oe April, — The total precipitation recorded for April was 2.22 inches. Maximum temperatures were recorded of 61° on the 2d, 77° on the 7th, 63° on the 13th, 84° on the 26th, 72° on the 28th; also minimum temperatures of 21.5° on the 5th, 31° on the roth, 26° on the 17th, and 30° on the 21st. ACCESSIONS. LIBRARY ACCESSIONS FROM MARCH 1 TO APRIL 30, :o08. AKES. 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SLOANE, NELSON SMITH, JAMEs SPEYER, FRANCIS ie STETSON, Dr. W. GILMAN THOMPSON, Louis C. TIFFANY, SAMUEL THORNE, GEorGE W. VANDERBILT, Hon. Ecerton L, WINTHROP, JR., PUBLICATIONS The New York Botanical Garden Joumal of the New York Botanical Garden, monthly, illustrated, con: taining nen news and non-technical articles of general interest. Free to all mem- bers of the Garden, To others, Io cents a COP, ; $1.00 a year. [Not offered in Ble iii 5 k Bull ae of the New x ork Botanica Garden, containing the annual reports of the Direct: Chief and ocuments, and technical articles embodying results of investigations carried out in te Garden. Free to all members of the Garden ; to others, $3.00 pee ts Vol. I, Nos. 1-' .» 3 Maps, and 12 » 449 Pp.» plates, ee: as Vol. II, Nos. 6-8, 518 pp., 30 plates, 1901-1903. Vol. III, Nos. 9-11, 463 pp., 37 Paes, 1903-1905. Vol. IV, Nos. 12-14, 479 pp., 14 eee ae ih Vol. V, 15, ig Pp-, 1906; ae ae 88 pp., 17 plates, 1906 ioe Pp-, 1907. Vol: VI, No. 19, 114 p 908. an Flora. Descriptions of the au Aue of North America, iaclestng Sere ae the West Indies and Central America. Planned to be com- pleted in thirty volumes. Roy. 8vo, Each volume to consist of four or more parts. Subscription price $1.50 tek part 3 a limited number of separate parts will be sold for $2.00 ea o ch. [N : chee in exchange. Vol. 22, part 1, issued May 22, 1905. Rosales: Podostemonaceae, Crassula- ceae, Penthoraceae,. Pamassiace ae. Vol. 22, part 2, ued December 18, 1905. Saxifragaceae, Hydrangeaceae, Cunoniacene, Iteac eae: , Altingiaceae, Phyllo- Vol, ef part 1, issued Oct. 4, 1906. Ustilaginaceae, Tilletiaceae. ol. 7, part 2, issued March 6, 1907. Coleosporiaceae, Uredinaceae, Aecidia- 1. 25, “part I, issued August 24,1907. Geraniaceae, Oxalidaceae, Linaceae, SEE oa Vol. 9, parts I and 2, issued December 19, 1907, and March 12, 1908. Poly- poraceae. Vol. 22, part 3, issued June 12, 908, contains descriptions of the family Gros- sulariaceae by F, V. Coville and he L. Britton, the Platanaceae by H. leason, the Crossosomataceae by I. all, the Connaraceae by N. L. Britton, the Caly- canthaceae by C. L, Pollard, and ithe Rosaceae (pars) by B. A. Rydberg. Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden. Price to members of the Garden, $1.00 per volume. To others, $2.00. [Not offered i in exchange. Vol. I, An Annotated Catalogue of the Flora of Montana ores the beet An arrangement Park, by Dr, Per and critical discussion of the Pteridophytes and Paaecsai of the region wi notes from the author’s field book, pineinding descriptions of 163 mew species. ix + 492 pp. Roy. 8vo, with detailed map. Vol. Il, The Influence of Tighe aad Darkness upon Growth and Development, by Dr. D. i acDougal, assistant director. An account of the author’s researches a gen consideration of the relation of light to plants. The prin nies + Roy with a Dorpbelesical ieee are illustrated. xvi + 320 pp. . 8vo, with 1 176 f igures, Contributions from the New York potnical Garden. A series of eh nical papers wate by nee fe bas ibe rae from journals other than the above, Price, 25 cents each. $5. ol. \S + pp. 35 figure pana a! Vol. II. Nos. 26-50, vi-++ 340 pp. 55 figures in thet re aa 18 plates, Vol. III. Nos. 51-75, vi+- 398 pp. 26 figures in the text and 21 plates. Vol. IV. Nos. 76-100, vi-++ 444 pp. 65 figures in the text, 2 maps, 3 diagrams and 29 plates. ° Lal 1 Oe a ES 8 RECENT NUMBERS 25 CENTS B&B 105. The Taxonomic Aspect of the ee Question »b a L. Britton. 106. The Genus Ernodea: A Study of Species and Races, y N. L. Bri 107. Further Studies of Solution Tension and Toxicity in Lipolysis, a R. H. Pond. All subscriptions and F be NEw WORK: Boranican Ga EN o* xX PARK, she YORK Gity — Vol. 1X AUGUST, 1908 No. 104 JOURNAL OF The New York Botanical Garden EDITOR WILLIAM ALPHONSO MURRILL Assistant Director ‘4 b fs 2 AN la AI TANS \ Nt Noe eli OND ° iS) CONTENTS PAGE Collecting Fungi at Biltmore. ...-------- srr t tts 135 Sirmutyitorthe Parkas... 25s eet tt tt tt ete 141 Meenilertion of.vines.s. .--- +s te ett ht te ee ee ee 142 Supplement to the Merck Collection of Proximate Principles of Plants. . . . 144 Notes, News and Comment ....-- +++ ee eset rrr errs 146 (op seta) ay 9d NAS DSS ee ue oe eo 148 PUBLISHED FOR THE GARDEN AT 41 ay Queen Street, LANCASTER, Pa. = New Era Pranrinc COMPANY OFFICERS, 1908. PRESIDENT—D. O. MILLS, Bae nee eee ee. TREASURER—CHARLES F. SECRETARY—N. : ae Po BoARD OP MANAGERS. 1. ELECTED MANAGERS. HON. ADDISON BROWN, J. PIERPONT MORGAN, ANDREW CARNEGIE YA , GEORGE W. PERKINS, G ROBERT W. be FOREST, FRANCIS LYNDE STETSON, JOHN I E, W. GILMAN THOMPSON D. O. SAMUEL THORNE, 2. EX-OFFICIO MANAGE THE PRESIDENT OF THE DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC PARKS, HON. HENRY SMITH. THE MAyor OF THE CITY or NEw York, HON. GEORGE B. McCLELLAN. 3. SCIENTIFIC DIRECTORS. . H. RUSBY, Regge DR. ee MURRAY Sones OF. JAMES F. apa PROF. LER, Eee FREDERIC S. LE CHARLES - Coe HON. E, L. WINTHROP, ris GARDEN STAFF. Bie sae e BRITTON, Director-in-Chi - MURRILL, Assistant Di DR. are K. Soya Head Curato: ; 7 RCY LSON, Administrative Assistant. NORMAN TAYLOR, "Custodioh of the Plantations, JOURNAL The New York Botanical Garden Vor. IX. August, 1908. No. 104, COLLECTING FUNGI AT BILTMORE. Dr. N. L. Britton, Director-IN-CHIEF, Sty: With your permission, I accepted an invitation from Dr. C. A. Schenck, Forester of the Biltmore Estate, to spend two weeks in July at his summer home in Pisgah Forest for the purpose of studying the fungi of that region. My report on these studies is prefaced with a brief account of this interesting estate. The estate of Mr. George W. Vanderbilt is situated in Henderson and Transylvania counties in the western part of North Carolina to the south and southwest of Asheville, a region famous for its superb climate and magnificent scenery, many o the mountains being over 5,000 ft. in height and a few, the highest in the eastern United States, attaining an elevation of nearly 7,000 ft. By far the greater part of the 130,000 acres in the estate is mountain land covered with virgin forest, the arable land being situated in the valleys of the Swannanoa and French Broad rivers near the village of Biltmore. Biltmore House, modeled after the famous chateaux of the Loire, was completed nearly twenty years ago, and with its rich furnishings and splendid landscape effects that have only recently been brought to maturity, it is easily the finest country seat in America. Biltmore village, two miles from Asheville and twenty- four hours by rail from New York, has the appearance of an exceedingly neat and comfortable old English village, with “houses in half-timbered style built of cement mixed with sand and 135 136 pebbles from the adjacent river bottoms and molded on frames of wood and wire. Near Biltmore are the nurseries, the dairy, the swine and poultry oe and other adjuncts of farm life for which the estate is fam Mr. Vanderbilt isially, Te about six months of the year at Biltmore House. e lives quietly, being devoted to literature and to the study of natural history, and his guests are usually selected on account of personal achievement rather than because of social distinction. Occasional visits are made with friends to his hunting lodge on Pisgah and to the excellent trout streams in various parts of the estate. Once a year the favored families of Asheville and vicinity are entertained together at Biltmore House ; and during the Christmas holidays every family on the estate is invited there to a feast, after which each man, woman and child receives a suitable gift. The effect of this magnificent estate on the people of western North Carolina, combining as it does the artistic and the practi- cal, must have been very marked in the past twenty years, being no less than that of a great educational institution diffusing knowl- edge of facts and methods, giving employment and encourage- ment to many, and depending upon and developing the energy, experience and devotion of those employed. The forest lands are in charge of Dr. C. A. Schenck, who suc- ceeded Mr. Gifford Pinchot many years ago as forester of the estate. Forestry at Biltmore is twenty years old, the oldest of its kind on American soil. According to Dr. Schenck, the prob- lems are totally different from those in 1 Germany, where he re- followed original lines of development. Lumbering operations are conducted on an extensive scale, and the denuded hills and abandoned fields near Biltmore, comprising about 2,000 acres, have been planted with a variety of useful trees, such as white pine, pitch pine, hemlock, oak, chestnut, maple, ash, yellow poplar, walnut, basswood, locust and cherry. It is possible to see in a short drive all stages of these plantations from young trees just removed from the seed beds to trees twenty years of age. 137 The Biltmore Forest School, organized ten years ago, is located at Biltmore from November to April, and is removed to Pisgah Forest for the remainder of the year. The forenoon of each day is regularly devoted to lectures and the afternoon to excursions for observation and the practical application of forestry methods n direction of Cold Mountain, The Balsams, and Pisgah Ridge. The valley is about eight miles long, with an elevation of 3,000 to 3,500 ft., and the surrounding ridges that completely shut it in, except at two points, reach an elevation of a thousand feet more. The forest is composed of hardwood species, chestnut, oak and tulip predominating, while pitch pine occurs sparingly on the dry ridges and white pine and hemlock along the streams. Minor hardwoods are hickory, black gum, basswood, saurwood, birch, maple, black locust, butternut, ash and Fraser's magnolia. Rho- dodendron, Kalmia and Azalea are exceedingly abundant, forming impenetrable thickets in many places, which, when in flower, are visible from a distance as pink-colored masses or “beds.” Gay- lussaccia ursina and Vaccinium corymbosum are also very abun- dant in the undergrowth. Balsam and spruce forests are found at an altitude of five to six thousand feet on summits easily reached from Pink Bed Valley. When I reached the valley, on July 13, a season of wet weather had brought out quantities of fleshy fungi, which, with the assistance of Dr. H. D. House, were collected in abundance. Many of the thinner forms dried readily in the sun, but the more fleshy agarics and all of the Boleti had to be dried by artificial heat, excellent facilities being provided for this purpose by Dr. chenck. This collection, with the notes I was able to obtain from the study of specimens in the field, should be especially val- uable to the student of American fungi because of the pioneer work done in North Carolina by Schweinitz and Curtis, the former having published in 1822 a list of 1,373 species of fungi found in 138 this state, many of them described as new, and the latter having sent nearly 2,500 species from North Carolina to Berkeley in London for determination, a large percentage of which were pub- lished as new species under the joint authorship of Berkeley and Curtis. The condition of all these early collections, even when they still exist, together with the brevity of the descriptions drawn from them originally, makes it necessary in many cases to study recent collections in order to properly understand the relation- ships of a given species. Among the gill-fungi collected, species of Lactarius, Russula, Amanita, Amanitopsis, Cortinarius, Marasmius, Collybia, Mycena, Cantharellus, Pleurotus, Crepidotus and Hygrophorus, were quite mon, while many other genera were represented more or less sparingly. Lactarius voleneus and L. piperatus were very abundant, while L. lignyotus, L. fuliginosus, L. torminosus, and several other species were frequently seen. Aussz/a was found in various col- ors, white, yellow, red, olive and green, RK. emetica, R. foetida and RX. virescens being common. All of the species of Cantha- rellus usually found in the eastern United States were repre- ente cibartus, C. aurantiacus and C. floccosus being common. Aires Palos was rather common, varying from pure white to bla n color, while A. caesarea, A. solitaria, A. rubescens and certain ae species were € several times collected, mant- topsis vaginata and A, farinosa were exceedingly common. Chitocybe laccata was just beginning to be abundant, and C. ilu- dens was found once. Cortinarius was represented by about six species, several of them common. Paxillus rhodoxanthus was very common along the roadsides and was frequently mistaken for a Boletus, the upper surface being very similar to certain members of this genus. Collybia radicata, usually so abundant, was very rare, but C. dryophila was more common than usual ; C. platyphylla and a few other species were also collected. Mycena was represented by several of the smaller species, Om- phalia by O. campanella, O. epichysium and others, Pleurotus chiefly by P. ostreatus, and Hygrophorus by H. conicus and a few other brilliantly colored species. The rosy-spored agarics were 139 represented by a few species of Ciitopilus, Entoloma and Lepto- nia. Flammula, Inocybe, Hebeloma, Claudopus and Crepidotus were also collected, the last being quite abundant in C. versutus. Clavaria was more abundant than I have ever seen it before, it being one of the few genera of fungi that can exist and thrive in such dense shade as that of Kalmia and Rhododendron overtopped by forest trees. Several species of C/avaria were collected for the herbarium, and certain of the larger forms were gathered almost daily during my stay for table use. Other fungi made use of in this way were Lactarius volemus, two or three species of Russula, Pleurotus ostreatus, Lycoperdon gemimatum, Cantharellus cibarius and Hydnum repandum, It was too early in the season for a number of excellent autumnal species of gill- fungi and for a sufficient quantity of many of the edible Bo/letz. The species to be avoided at this time in the collections for the table were chiefly Amanita phalloides and most other species of Amanita, Lactarius rufus, Russula foetida, Russula emetica and Cantharellus aurantiacus. A very common branched species, Lachnocladium Schweinitsii, resembling Clavaria in form, was easily distinguished by its exceeding toughness and flexibility. The Hydnaceae collected were nearly all terrestrial species, 7. imbricatum, FH. repandum and H. putidum being abundant. Ca- lostoma cinnabarium was the most abundant member of the Gas- tromycetes, while Lycoperdon and Geatter were sparingly repre sented in three or four woodland s . The season MVorchella had past, but Spathularia sets “Lootia lubrica, Sarcoscypha cocctnta, and a few other mycetes were fairly abundant. wo species of are were collected, Cordyceps miliaris in several specimens on pupae of a species of moth buried under moss and leaf-mold, and an undetermined species on the larva of a large moth which had fallen among mud and leaves by the roadside. Several specimens of Tremella mycetophila, parasitic on Collybia dryophila, were > found. The wild crabs were all aes “Oe Gymn 4 ywium, and the wild plum and cherry trees d d with Plowrighita. Erobasidivin was rather common on species of l’acctnium and dzalea of the best known parasitic fungi were rare, as might be ex- . 140 pected in such a locality, but wood-destroying kinds, both sap- rophytic and parasitic, mostly belonging to the Polyporaceae, were quite abundant. The principal wood-destroying species observed were, Poro- daedala Pini, on pitch pine; Pyropolyporus igniarius, on species of oak; Pyropolyporus Robiniae, common on all the black eens trees seen; Fomes populinus, chiefly on maple ; E// common on several hard-wood species ; nee Tee on hemlock ; Laetiporus speciosus, common on oak and a few other lus versicolor, on various hardwoods; Fistulina hepatica, on chestnut; and Ayduum septentrionale, on black gum. Daedalea guercina was not seen. As beech and birch were very rare in the valley, no specimens of A/fvingia fomentaria were collected, although it must be common at other elevations. Avimellaria mellea, a very destructive root-rot, was known to be present in abundance, but the sporophores were only beginning to appear. chestnut tree is of immense importance in the Biltmore Forest, being cut in great quantities annually for lumber and for tannin extract. It is said that the successful employment of chestnut wood pulp, now a waste product from the extract factory, for the making of paper, would increase the value of Pisgah Forest, with its wealth of chestnut timber, one hundred per cent. This tree is very sensitive and is dying in many parts of the forest from the effects of the chestnut borer and the disturbance of the natural forest conditions, but, fortunately, this new disease, so abundant and destructive about New York, has not yet been introduced at Biltm Besides the ee mentioned in the above list of wood- destroying species, Aurantiporus Pilotae was twice collected on decayed oak logs, Cyctoporus Greenet was found in two places along the roadsides attached to underground roots, and A/icropo- rellus dealbatus was common in open thickets on the roots of various members of the heath family. Coltricia cinnamomea was very abundant on the banks along the roads and trails, while C. perenmis was found only once and C. obesa twice. 141 The Boletaceae, while not as abundant in July as a little later in the season, were well represented by a number of very inter- esting species, and particular attention was given to this group, which can be profitably studied only from fresh specimens. er one hundred special collections of Boleti were made, comprising about forty species, and all of these were critically studied and described in the field. A list of these, with notes of special interest, will be published elsewhere. In closing, I wish to express my appreciation of the cordial re- ception tendered me by Dr. and Mrs. Schenck and the young men of the Forest School, and of the efforts of everyone to make my visit delightful as well as successful. I wish also to thank Mr. Vanderbilt for the privileges I enjoyed on the estate. Re nace oe A. Murrit, ee Director. OUR DUTY TO THE PARKS. Every privilege brings with ita duty. Every good thing that we have ought to have two effects upon us. It should cause us to take care of it. It should make us willing to let others have the good of it as well as ourselves. We all love the great and beautiful parks of our city — those wonder places, those stretches of country sweetness and freshness and greenness and beauty, set right down in the busy city streets to refresh and cheer and charm us. Many a city child owes its good health to the trees and streams and fountains in the parks. And almost all city children love these pleasant playgrounds. And what duty does this lovely gift bring with it? Surely we should do our best to keep the parks at their fairest, surely we should obey all the rules that are made to protect them, surely we should be willing that those who come and see them after we have gone to our homes should find them as beautiful and pleas- ant as we did. Bronx Park is perhaps the most marvellous of all our city parks, because it is instructive as well as charming. And yet, 142 last Saturday, I saw two little girls wantonly tearing off great bunches of the flowering phlox that the city had carefully nur- tured for us all to enjoy together They were hurting the bushes, saa stealing the flowers. I say ‘stealing’? because no one person has any right to take and keep for himself the things that belong to all of us together. If any of you, my boys and girls, see anyone devastating the people’s garden, I want you to be good citizens, and go right up to them and make them stop. If they will not obey you, tell them that you will call a gar- dener ; and, if that does no good, call one. It is your duty to the city of New York. —TuHE Bronx Homr News, Friday, July 31, 1908. A COLLECTION OF VINES. The recent labelling of the collection, and the construction of adjacent paths, has practically made available to the public the Sona installed and interesting collection of vines. The secluded nature of its position, and lack of comprehensive labels, has tended to obscure a plantation that has developed into one of the most picturesque features in the Garden. The Viticetum is just west of the border of the Hemlock Forest, and winds for about three hundred feet along the ridge to the east of the Economic Garden. At present the collection consists of thirteen families, seventeen genera, and thirty-four species, represented by about seventy specimens. The plants are supported by a substantial arbor of rough-hewn logs, and there is a pathway underneath so that people may walk from one end to the other. The vines are planted along both sides of the arbor and some of them have already run wild over the top. During the spring and summer the walk underneath is a beauti- fully shaded cloister with a charming vista looking down into the hemlock woods. Beginning at the southerly end, one of the first of the larger plants is the Dutchman’s pipe of the eastern states, belonging to 143 the birthwort family. It is a splendid vine for covering porches, its large kidney-shaped leaves affording a dense shade. The plant is also interesting as being a northern representative of a genus, Aristolochia, that in tropical countries produces perhaps the largest flowers known, except in Raffesia. In this native species, however, they are small and half hidden by the leaves. They are of a curious pipe-like shape, and it is from this resemblance that the plant has derived its common name. Near the Dutchman’s pipe is Brannichia, of the buckwheat family, one of the few native representatives of the group that is enough of a trailer to warrant its appearance in such a collection as this. It is little more than a climbing herbaceous perennial. Just above this is a collection of the familiar Clematis. None of the plants are very large as yet, and Clematis vitalba, or “Traveller's Joy,” of England, is scarcely what one would ex- pect from reading descriptions of this historic vine. It was called ‘‘ Traveller’s Joy’ by Gerarde in his Herbal (1597), and it is interesting to read what he said then of one of the most beautiful vines of rural England : ‘ These plants have no use in Phisicke, as yet found, but are esteemed onely for pleasure, by reason of the goodly shadowe which they make with their thicke bushing and clyming, as also for the beautie of the flowers and the oe sent (sé) and savour of the same.” “ Akebi Kadsura ” (Akebia ee from China and Japan isa pee climber with a 5-foliolate leaf, and curious flowers druggists make an emollient from the sap that is used in bron- chial troubles. The orientals of San Francisco use a vegetable decoction, a large part of which is made from the juice of “ Akebi,” that is credited with being the usual panacea for all ills ; much after the fashion of similarly exploited occidental reme- dies. The flowers are fugitive, being of a dark red color and partly hidden by the profusion of leaves. Passing by the Actinidia or ‘' Saru Nasi,” the fruits of which l44 are eaten by the Japanese, we come to the group of wistarias. Of all the vines suitable for arbors or porches these are perhaps the most beautiful. The delicacy of their color and the harmony and grace of their flower-clusters will always make them most desir- able for decorative planting. They are particularly well suited for city homes, for they seem to have the faculty of oa good care -of themselves under apparently adverse condition The Japanese honeysuckle (Lonicer eee is a particularly sweet-smelling climber and well merits its popularity as a cover for fences and trellises. It was introduced into England by the Dutch East India Company in the early part of the last cen- tury and has spread throughout the civilized world. But space forbids an account of all the vines in the collection. However, mention must be made of the grapes, bittersweets, and Virginia-creepers, all represented by good-sized plants. There is also a fine plant of the trumpet-creeper, just now showing an abundance of scarlet and orange flowers. There is still room for expansion in the collection, and it is ultimately planned to include all the vines that will stand the variations of our climate. he collection will then be one of great interest botanically, and will also serve to illustrate the hor- ticultural possibilities of vines at present little used for decorative purposes. Norman TAyror. SUPPLEMENT TO THE MERCK aerate gl OF PROXIMATE PRINCIPLES OF PLANTS. Messrs. Merck & Co. have supplemented their valuable and important gift of last year, consisting of several hundred vege- table principles, with a collection of most of the crude vegetable substances from which the former are derived. This addition comprises one hundred and twenty articles, many of them of con- siderable rarity. While many of the substances are represented by but a single constituent, others possess several. Opium heads the list with twelve constituents, mostly alkaloids. Cinchona follows with eight, amygdala and ergot with five each, and coca, 146 dita, digitalis, sabadilla, turpentine, soap-bark, and belladonna have four each. The new acquisition necessitates an entire rearrangement of the original collection. It has heretofore been classified according to the chemical nature of the products, and in this form has attracted much attention from visitors during the year, especially from students. By the new arrangement, the crude articles stand in botanical sequence, and each is surrounded by the prin- ciples pertaining to it. Suitable pedestals and labels are now being prepared for each of these groups. The collection now comfortably fills an entire section of cases, and may be found in the northwest corner of the Economic Museum, 146 NOTES, NEWS AND COMMENT. Dr. Homer D. House, who was connected with the Garden and Colu nee University in 1902-04 and again in 1907-08, has recently accepted the position of associate director in the Bilt- more Forest School Dr. Raymond H. Pond, research scholar at the Garden at vari- ous times during 1905, 1906, and 1907, has been appointed biologist of the Metropolitan Sewerage Commission of New York, toi tigate important biological problems connected with New York Harbor. Mrs. Cornelius Van Brunt has recently given the Garden an assortment of over five hundred museum bottles, which will be used chiefly for preserving in alcohol or formalin the flowers of rare orchids as they appear in the conservatories. Mr. n Tiirckheim, the veteran botanical collector of Coban, Gees visited the Garden August 13 and 14, onhis way to Europe. He began collecting for Mr. John Donnell Smith his collections, directly or indirectly, for the past ten years or more. Practically all of his collecting work was done in Guatemala. The severe drought which was experienced during June and the first part of July was broken by the showers at the middle of July, and there has been sufficient rainfall ever since, although the rainfall of the summer is still considerably below the average. Grass has grown again on the burnt portions of lawns and banks and, while newly planted shrubs were considerably set back, the actual loss has not been very great, much less indeed than was eared. This experience has emphasized the need for an exten- sion of the water-supply system, and it is planned to accomplish this by the expenditure of a portion of the recent additional ap- propriation for construction made by the city. An additional construction appropriation of $25,000, voted by the Board of Estimate and Apportionment June 26, 1908, adopted by the Board of Aldermen July 21, and approved by His Honor 147 the Mayor August 4, will be expended in the continuation of con- struction of driveways and paths, principally on the eastern side of the grounds, in the completion of the grading operations neces- sary at the museum building, in the extension of the system of water-supply and drainage, and for minor works. All the earth and rock to be excavated at the museum building is required for filling and for the telford foundation of roads and paths, so that the same money will effect two pieces of work, as has been the case in nearly all the grading operations hitherto accomplished, a result made possible by following the original plan of de- velopment approved by the Board of Managers in December, 1896. It is now planned to complete the driveway system and to build at least an additional mile of paths. Meteorology for July.— The total precipitation recorded for July was 3.29 inches. Maximum temperatures were recorded of 92.5° on the 5th, 99.5° on the 6th and 12th, 95.5° on the roth and 20th, 89.5° onthe 27th, 28th and 31st; also minimum temper- atures of 63° on the Ist, 52.5° on the oth, 54° on the 17th, and 63° onthe 26th. The meantemperature for the month was 76°. 148 ACCESSIONS. MUSEUMS AND HERBARIUM. 47 specimens of flowering plants from central New York. (By exchange with 9 1 fi Jamaica. (By exchange with the Department of Agriculture, Jamaicas, Ww. i ) 21 m Long Island. (Given by Dr. R. M. Hay, rper.) 45 oe anea of cacti and ee from North America. (By exchange with the Aa 8. Na oo eae Scotland. (Given by Mr. J. Hunter.) pe ecimens of mosses and hepatics from the Philippine nee (Collected by eae D. E, Elmer. ae Pliotogmp he mostly of cacti. (By exchange with the U.S. National ager > © specimens ‘‘ Hepaticae Europaeae Exsiccatae, series V, nos, 250. er, eae of flowering plants froth Nantucket, Mass. (Given by Mr. E. P. ell. 3 specimens of Nopatea. exchange with U. S. National Museum. m Jamaica, (By exchange with the Department of Aagiulure Jonsin, Wil. 27 specimens of flowering plants from the Philippine Islands. (By exchange with the U.S. Na tional Museum. 5 specimens of drugs. (Given by Dr. H. H. Rusby.) Ir specimens of mosses from Westchester County, New York. (Collected by Mrs. n.) 18 speci f from Northern Black Hills, South Dakota. (By exchange with Miss F. Grace Ernst.) PLANTS AND ee 7 plants from Jamaica f d by D: d Mrs. N, L. Britton. ) Io filmy ferns from Jamaica. (Collecte ed 7: Mr. William Har I plant of Sedum Poloseni for conservatories. (By e aera with the U. S, h . N. Rose « Rose. 18 succulents for caseivatones (By exchange with Mr. F. Weinberg.) i sta Rica. . C, Zeled I seedling of Segzorta for conservatori (Given by Mr. GC. N. “ricoche.) 2 plants for herbaceous collections. (Colle cted by Mr, F. 1 plant of Zeea for conservatories. (By exchange with Fasc Poe Philadel- ad 1 packet of seed of Astragalus Blakei from Vermont. (Given by Mr, W. W. sae 2 packets of seeds of economic plants. aaa i Dr. H. H. Rusby.) 53 plants derived from seed from various sourc Members of the Corporation, GrorcE S. Bowporn, Pror. N. L. BRITTON, Hon. AppIsON Brown, Dr. NicHoias M. Butter, ANDREW CARNEGIE, Pror. C. F. CHANDLER, WILLIAM G. CHOATE, CHaRLEs F. Cox, Joun J. CRooxE, W. Bayarb CuTTING, James B. Forp, RogerT W. DE Forest, Henry W. DE Forest, CLEVELAND H. Dopcg, Samuel. W. FAIRCHILD, Gen. Louis FITZGERALD, RIcHARD W GILDER, Hon. Tuomas F. Girroy, Hon. Hucu J. GRANT, Henry P. Hoyt, ApRIAN ISELIN, JR., Joun I. Kane, EucEneE KELLY, JR., Pror. James F. Kemp, Joun S. KEennepy, Pror. FREDERIC S, LEE, Hon, SeTH Low, Davip Lypic, Epcar L. Marston, D. O. MILLs, J. PrERPONT MORGAN, THEODORE W. MYERs, GEorGE M. OLcoTT, Pror. Henry F. Osporn, LowE Lt M. PALMER, GEORGE W. PERKINS, James R. PitTcHer, Rr. Rev. Henry C. Potter, Percy R. Pyne, Joun D. ROCKEFELLER, WILLIAM ROCKEFELLER, Pror. H. H. Russy, James A. SCRYMSER, Henry A. SIEBRECHT, WIL1AM D. SLOANE, NELSON SMITH, JAMEs SPEYER, Francis L. STETSON, Dr. W. GILMAN THOMPSON, Louis C. TIFFANY, SAMUEL THORNE, GEORGE W. VANDERBILT, Hon. Ecerton L. WINTHROP, JR.. PUBLICATIONS OF The New York Botanical Garden Joumal of the New York Botanical Garden, monthly, aorta con ne notes, news and non-technical articles of general interest. Free to all mem- of the Garden, To others, 10 cents a copy; $1.00 a year, TTINot offered in exc the ange.] Vol. a 1900, viii-+ 213 pp. Vol. Il, 1901, viii + 2 04 pp. Vol. I (902, viii + 244 Vol. IV, 1903, vies 238 pp. Vol. V, 1904, vili+242 PP. Vol. VI, ees tay pp: Vol. V I, 1906, viii + 300 pp. Vol. VIII, 1907, viii + 290 py Bul ti tin of the New York Botanical arden, containing the annual | reports of the Director-in-Chief and other official documents, results of investigations carried out in the Garden. Free to all members of the Garden ; to others, he ie volune 8 Vol. I, Nos, 1-5, 449 pp., 3 maps, and 12 plates, 1896-1900. , Nos. 6-8, 518 pp., 3°, plates, 1901-1903. Vol. III, Nos. 9-11, 463 pp., 37 lates 1903-1905. Vol. IV, Nos. 12-14, 479 pp.» 14 pe Homma teks V, No. 15, 105 pp., 1906; No. 16, 88 pp., 17 plates, a 17, 115 pp., 1907. Vol. VI, No. 19, 114 pp., 1908 orth American Flor Descriptions of mae wild nee of Norge merica, ieaaune Geauent the West Indies ane Central America. Planned to be com- pleted in thirty volumes. Roy. 8vo cones me to consist of fut or more parts. Subscription price $1.50 per part ; “a Timid number of separate parts will be sold for $2.00 each ot of XC) Vol. 22, part 1, eee el 72 Teor Rosales: Podostemonaceae, Crassula- a Vo » part am sued "December 18, 1905. Saxifragaceae, Hydrangeaceae, Cunoniscen, Itea Altingiaceae, Phyllo- oma Vol. a part 1, issued Oct. 4, 1906. Ustilaginaceae, Tilletiaceae. Vol. 7, part 2, issued March 6, 1907. Coleosporiaceae, Uredinaceae, Aecidia- ceae (pars). Vol. 25, part I, issued August 24,1907. Geraniaceae, Oxalidaceae, Linaceae, Erythroxylaceae. Yol. 9, parts I and 2, issued December 19, 1907, and March 12, 1908. Poly- porcene. Vol. as 3, issued June 12, 1908, contains cpus. oa the family Gros- sulariaceae by F. V. Coville and a L, Britton, the Scie maceae by H. A. Gleason, the Crossosomatacese by I. K. Small, the Connaraceae . ‘Brition, the Caly- canthac y CL, Pollard, and the Rosaceae (pa aie A. Rydberg. Memotrs of the New York Botanical Garden. Price to members of the Garden, $1.00 per volume. To others, $2.00. [Not of offered i a exchange. Sao I. An Annotated Catalogue of the Flora of M and the Yellowstone by Dr. Per Axel Rydberg, assistant ean of t ae ms, ent na critical discussion of the Pteridophytes and Phan eoeanil of the region wi notes from the author’s field book, cluding descriptions of 163 new species. ix on ee pp. Roy: vo, with detailed map. I._ The Influence of Light and Darkness upon ( Growth and Der ee by Dn a we MacDougal, searches with a general consideration of the rae of light to es, The. rhea worplioleeal features are illustrated. xvi + 320pp. Roy. 8vo, with 176 figures. Contributions from the New York Botanical Gar den A series of tech- nical papers aaitten by students or members of the staff, and xepree from journals other that the above. Price, 25 cents each. $5.00 volum Nos. 1- i . i [ie Gs S ae ‘28 Gs) w wn ch I ¢ & Pp 5 a w 2 a = . N 50, Pp: gu x! 18 plat Nel III. Nos. 51-75, vit 398 pp. 26 figures in the text and 21 I plates. Vol. IV. Nos. 76-100, vi 444 pp. 65 figures in the text, 2 maps, 3 diagrams and 29 plates. a an NOME a, 25 CENTS ee . The us Ern A Study of Species and Races, by ritton. aS pais "Studies of A oauea Tension and Toxicity in Lasciges i R. H. Pon 108. Studies of West Indian Plants—I, b y N. a Britton. All subscriptions and remittances should a seni New Yo EN Xx PARK, NEW YorRK GITY ORK Botanica GARD Li ee Vol. IX SEPTEMBER, 1908 No. 105 JOURNAL OF The New York Botanical Garden EDITOR WILLIAM ALPHONSO MURRILL Assistant Director CONTENTS } PAGE i Report on Botanical Exploration in Pamama ....... © +++ ++eee- 149 MUMMEIEMEEEOYOESIXQOS s 7c) oaks ‘S*'s tems) es) eno oe et eights ee 8 158 Muneemewarand Comment... ...0s0 cee ce ee ee te 159 | PEOSTOTE: 2 Gh INCE (TI GS Ge aa A raion eee ere 160 - - PUBLISHED FOR THE GARDEN Ar 4x Nortu Queen Street, Lancaster, Pa. sy Tus New Eaa Prontinc Company ei Sah Renae Ce OFFICERS, 1908. PrESIDENT—D. O. MILLS, VicE-PREsSIDENT—ANDREW CARNEGIE, TREASURER—CHARLBS F. COX SEcRETARY—N. L. BRITTON, BoARD OP MANAGERS. 1. ELECTED MANAGERS. eae ADDISON eeeiae : pie nic kanes Ce N = BAYARD ale a rane A. Sene Ee ROB pe FOREST, phates LYNDE STETSON, JOHN I ; LMAN ons PSO’ D. O. MILLS. ee THOR - EX-OFFICIO MANAGERS. THE PRESIDENT OF THE DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC PARKS, HON. HENRY SMITH. THE MAyor OF THE CiTy OF NEW YoRK, HON. GEORGE B. McCLELLAN. 3. SCIENTIFIC DIRECTORS. PROF. H. H. RUSBY, Bccatgn DR. NICHOLAS MURRAY BUTLER, F. JAMES F. ee PROF. C. F. CHANDLER, aoe FREDERIC S. CHARLES F. COX, HON. E, L. wiNEae Ba GARDEN STAFF. DR. N. L. BRITTON, Director-in-Chief. DR. W. A. MURRI irector. DR. JOHN HENDLEY BARNHART, Librarian. DR. H. H. RUSBY, Curator of the Economic Collections. DR. WILLIAM J. GIES, Consulting Chemist. E SCHILLING, 5S BRINLEY, Landse 6 A. SHAFER, Museu ‘odian. ERCY WILSON, Administrative Assistant. RED AVER, Director of boratories DR. JOUN 1 . SMALL, ee Curator of the Museums, . RYDBERG, Curator. cad RORMAN Peet af of ie lanka JOURNAL The New York Botanical Garden Vor. XI. September, 1908. No. 105, REPORT ON BOTANICAL EXPLORATION IN PANAMA Dr. N. L. Brirron, DrrecTor-1n-CuIzErF. Sir: In accordance with your instructions, I left New York January 25, 1908, for the Republic of Panama, in order to make collections for the Botanical Garden, especially outside of the canal zone. I was delayed by illness for two weeks at Kingston and did not reach Colon until February 16, where I remained over Sunday, taking the 8:40 A. M. train the next day for Pana- ma, a ride occupying over three hours, owing to the many stops at stations along the route of forty-eight miles. The entire canal zone, as well as Colon and Panama, was so greatly improved since the American occupation that I scarcely recognized it as the same region passed over a few years before. After getting located at one of the many hotels in Panama, I called on Pinel Brothers, to whom I had a letter of introduction from the Colon agent of the Royal Mail Steam Packet Company, to inquire about transportation to Pacific coast ports within the Republic of Panama. From the information kindly given me I concluded to make my headquarters at Penonome for a time, the town being some twenty miles inland, in the vicinity of mountains, and some one hundred miles west of the canal zone, As the next boat for Porto Posada, the nearest landing to |Penonome, did not leave for several days, I put in some time collecting near the town. Panama bay has a tide of sixteen or eighteen feet, and at low 149 140 water numerous rocks project one third to one half mile from shore. Here I spent parts of two days looking for algae, but with little success, only six or eight species being obtained. drifting in along shore. Doubtless some of the many islands a few miles out in the bay would prove better collecting ground. Fic. 23. Porto Posada, the nearest port to Penonome. Another day was passed in climbing Ancon Hill, just outside of the town and 600 feet above the ocean. The hill is partly covered with rather small timber and brush, with grass-covered slopes intervening, but at this season the grass was dry and wn, while many of the trees and shrubs were more or less leafless and wilted from the hot sun. However, a few species were just coming into bloom, and quite a number of others were bearing fruit. Mosses and lichens, of the larger forms at least, were scarce, and I did not secure a specimen of either. On February 22, I boarded the small steamer ‘“‘ Cocle ” bound 151 for Penonome. We left Panama about 8 A. M. and, after making short stops at the island of Taboga and the Port of San Carlos, came to anchor at midnight off the mouth of the Sarotee River. At daylight we began steaming up the river, which proved to be a stream of moderate size with but little current and with low, often heavily wooded banks, the mangrove being one of the Fic. 24. Palms near Penonome. The one in the center is the oil-nut palm; the others are cocoanut palms. most conspicuous trees. White and blue herons, parrots, and sandpipers were common, otherwise we noticed little animal life. We reached Porto Posada in about two and one half hours, and found it to consist of a small wharf with a couple of open sheds a few rods away, from which a nearly straight road led to the town of Penonome, some twelve or fourteen miles distant. Mosquitoes were in swarms and no fresh water apparently to be had for miles, except that on the boat. I had ordered a saddle horse to take me to the town, but, finding only some ox-carts for the freight, concluded to walk and do some collecting along 152 the way. This proved rather more of an undertaking than I had counted on, having had almost nothing to eat since the day before at noon. There was no food or water to be had on the way and having stopped here and there along the road to collect, I reached the town seven hours later, dry and hungry, with a wel -filled press. is situated at the upper side of a rather level savanna at the foot of hills that reach down from low, more or less timber- covered mountains beyond. The place is only a hundred feet or two above sea level, with the nearer hills some six or eight hundred feet higher. It proved to be a town of some impor- tance, being the capital of the province, and consisted of several hundred native inhabitants, quite a number of Spaniards, some Frenchmen, and at least one American and one German. The streets, though narrow, seemed quite clean, and the connected houses, which were built in long narrow blocks, were mostly entirely without yards and with doors opening directly to the streets on either side. Many of the trees about town seemed to be cultivated, among them the cocoanut and oil-nut palm. 17 Piatie) 1906 ; No. 17, 115 ee ce Vol. VI, No. 19, 114 anes North American Descriptions of the wild ae of North America, including Greenlanay ? ae Wat Indies and Central America. Planned to be com- eae in thirty volumes. Roy be ach value to consist of four or more pa er vA ice $1. ao per "pat Aig ue ted number of separate parts will be sold | for $2. [Not offered in pe ae a 28 ee I, issued May a; ean Rosales: Podostemonaceae, Crassula- ceae ssi ol. 22, part 2, issued December 18, 1905. Saxifragaceae, Hydrangeaceae, Cunoniacene, lier, Hamamelidaceae, Pterostemonaceae, Altingiaceae, Phyllo- "Vo e e part 1, issued Oct. 4, ake Ustilaginaceae, Tilletia Vol. 7, part 2, issued March 6, 1907. Coleosporiaceae, Uieieases Aecidia- ye 25, part 1, issued August 24,1907. Geraniaceae, Oxalidaceae, Linaceae, Ege ae, Vol. 9, parts 1 and 2, issued December 19, 1907, and March 12, 1908. Poly- guste ol. 22, part 3, issued June 12, 1908, contains descriptions of the family Gros- slatacen by F. V. Coville and N. . Britton, the Platanaceae by H. A. Gleason, e Crossosomataceae by I. K. Small, "ie Connaraceae by N. L. Briton, the Caly- air ese e by C. L, Pollard, and the Rosaceae (pars) by P. A. Rydberg. Memotlrs of the New York Botanical Garden. Price to mene of the Garden, $1.00 wee volume. To others, $2.00. [Not offered in exchan; Vol, Annotated Catalogue e of the Flora of Montana and the Yellowstot Park, by Dr. Pet Axel Rydberg, curator of the museums. ix + 492 pp. Roy. 8vo, with cate map. IT. The ese of Fight and Darkness upon Growth and Dera by Dr. D. T. Mac ougal. xvi + 320pp. Roy. nantes e New York Botanical Garden. ries of tech- aical papers written by students or es of the staff, and reprinted pas journals other than the above, Price, 25 cents each. $5.00 per volum ol. I. Nos. 1-25, vi 400 pp. 35 figures and 34 plates, Vol. II. Nos. 26-50, vi+ 340 pp. 55 figures in the text and 18 plates. Vol. III. Nos. 51- 75, vi-+ 398 pp. 26 figures in the text and 21 plates. Vol. IV. Nos. 76-100, vi 444 pp. 65 figures in the text, 2 maps, 3 diagrams and 29 plates. ECENT ae anes ae ee ean hat 108. Studies ie West Indian P —I, L. Brit 109. A Study of the Spee pee a aye nee by Winifred J. Robinson. 110. Additional Philippine Polyporaceae, by W. A. Murrill. 111. Boleti from Western North Carolina, by W. A. Murrill. All subscriptions and remittances should be sent to NEw YORK pies are: GARDEN RK, NEW YORK CITY NOVEMBER, 1908 No. 107 JOURNAL OF EDITOR WILLIAM ALPHONSO MURRILL Assistant Director CONTENTS PAGE SMEIRTEDIITISIOGICACTACCHE) 21 -. 2. 2e se 24:3) ane) 2d lesen waehe eee Sees 185 Letchworth Park and the Falls of the Genesee... .-...-......, 188 BameeeNews aud Comment -; . cs cscs 8 ee te ee ee ee 201 URE ye CE I Se eae SG en a eee ee 202 © PUBLISHED FOR THE GARDEN At 4x Nortu Queen Street, Lancaster, Pa. sy Tse New Esa Parntinc ComPany OFFICERS, 1908 PrESIDENT—D. Sy VICE- Prastpawt— ANDREW ue reer TREASURER—CHARLES ef SECRET. oe BRIT BoARD OP MANAGERS. 1. ELECTED MANAGERS. HON. ADDISON BROWN, J. PIERPONT MORGAN ANDREW CARNEGIE i GEORGE W. a ee W. BAYARD CUTTING, JAMES A. SCR ROBERT W. DE FOREST, FRANCIS Ape is STETSON, JOHN I NE, W. GILMAN THO D. O. MILLS. SAMUEL THORN a 2. EX-OFFICIO MANAGERS. THE PRESIDENT OF THE DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC PARKS, HON. HENRY SMITH. THE MAYoR OF THE City oF NEw York, HON. GEORGE B. McCLELLAN. 3. SCIENTIFIC DIRECTORS. PRO . H. RUSBY, Chairman. me NICHOLAS MURRAY BUTLER, see JAMES F. KEMP, ROF. C. F. CHANDLER, PROF. FREDERIC S. LEE, - cre F, (COX; one E, L. WINTHROP, Jr. RDEN STAFF. DR. N. L. BRITTON, Director-in-Chief. DR. W. A. MURRILL, Assistant Director. DR. JOHN K. SMALL, Head Curator of the Museums. BERG. 3 F » Museum 01 PERCY WILSON, Administrative Assistant. NORMAN TAYLOR, Custodian of the Plantations “TWIATX FLV 1d ‘NHCUVD IVOINVLOG MYOA MAIN FHL AO TYNUNOf JOURNAL The New York Botanical Garden VoL. IX. — November, 1908. No. 107. A NEW GENUS OF CACTACEAE. The gigantic cactus of Arizona and adjacent regions, known in its home by the common name sahuaro, is one of the most re- markable of plants and the most striking element in the desert vegetation of the southwest. As pointed out by Dr. D. T. Mac- Dougal, it was probably first observed by Europeans about 1540, when the expedition of Coronado passed through the region which it inhabits ; Onate in 1604 passed through the valley of the Bill Williams Fork of the Colorado River in Arizona and noted the plant, and his account is probably the earliest printed record of it (see Journ. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 6: 129-130). While known to earlier explorers from the Atlantic eee) the first specimens of this interesting plant were collected on the expedi- tion of Lieut. W. H. Emory, a military reconnoissance from Fort Leavenworth in Missouri to San Diego in California, during the autumn of 1846, and the plant is frequently referred to in his report. These specimens were sent to Dr. George Engelmann at St. Louis and after a study of them he gave this cactus the botanical name Cereus giganteus. e plant grows on hillsides in southern Arizona, south- eastern California and northern and central Sonora, sometimes reaching a height of sixty feet, branching at from twelve to twenty feet above the ground. Travelers through these regions are always impressed by its very unusual form, and many thousands of people have become familiar with it since three plants were brought to the New York Botanical Garden by Dr. MacDougal in the spring of 1902, where they have since been 85 186 successfully maintained, flowering every year in late spring and early summer (Journ. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 3: 96-98). During our study of the North American Cactaceae, which has now extended over several years, the species included by previous students in the genus Cereus have been critically examined; most of them have been seen in the living state, and living specimens are now in the conservatories of the New York Botanical Garden, and in those of the United States Department of Agriculture at Wash- ington. As these specimens have come into flower from time to time it has become increasingly evident that the conception of the genus Cereus by previous authors has been altogether too broad. This was inferred at the outset of the investigation from a study of the published descriptions and illustrations, and from the fact that the plant-body of species of Cereus ranges all the other gigantic species which inhabit southern Mexico. The type species of Cereus is Cereus peruvianus Miller, a night-blooming species native of South America, fine large specimens of which may also be seen in the conservatories of the Garden. Some genera have already been suggested as distinct from Cereus by one author or another. The most noteworthy recent study of these plants has been by Mr. Alwin Berger, gardener at the late Sir Thomas Hanbury’s amous home at La Mortola, Italy, entitled “A Systematic Re- vision of the Genus Cereus Miller” (Report Mo. Bot. Gard. 16: 57-86. 1905), which isa great improvement over the preceding discussion of these plants by the late Professor Karl Schumann (Gesamtbeschreibung der Kakteen, ed. 2, 1903), inasmuch as Mr. Berger first definitely groups most of the species into sub- genera, more or less well-defined by floral and fruit characters ; whereas Professor Schumann was obliged to group them only in series, many of these being very unnatural, and based almost wholly on the plant-body instead of on the inflorescence. Mr. Berger’s contribution is a noteworthy advance, and we find our- selves largely in accord with his groupings of the plants, although there are some results in which we are obliged to differ with him, JOURNAL OF THE New York Botanical GARDEN, PLateE XLIX. Courtesy of the Carnegie Institution of Washing! SPECIMEN OF CARNEGIEA GIGANTEA OF MAXIMUM SIZE, NEAR AGUA CALIEN'IF, ARIZONA, ON THE SLOPES OF THE CATALINA MOUNTAINS, OTOGRAPHED MARCH 25, I “| aiwig “NYC VE) CIVOINV LOG: SOO MAND AHL AO cIVNanOf 187 reached mainly from a more complete knowledge of flowers and fruits. Dr. Engelmann in his Synopsis of the Cactaceae of the United States (Proc. Amer. Acad. 3: 260-346. 1856) had earlier indicated some subgenera and had recognized Cereus gi- ganteus as belonging to one of these, which he called Lepido- cereus, a name which it is neither necessary nor desirable to main- Fic. 32. Cluster of flowers at apex of stem of Carnegiea gigantea growing near ucson, Arizona. tain; he also included in this subgenus C. Thurberi Engelm., native of Sonora and Arizona, which we now know should be excluded, leaving only the sahuaro in the genus which we here propose under the name CARNEGIEA. A day-blooming cactus, with stout upright stems and few branches, or none, strongly ribbed, the areoles velvety, close together, and bearing 12-18 spines. Flowers borne at the are- oles near the top of the stem and branches, funnelform, the tube 188 nearly cylindric, about half as long as the limb, bearing a few broadly triangular-ovate acute scales with tufts of wool in their axils ; petals white, short, widely spreading and somewhat reflexed when fully expande ; ovary spineless, oblong, with similar scales very small, numerous, black and shining. The genus consists only of the species. Carnegiea gigantea (Engelm.). Cereus giganteus Engelm. Rept. Emory’s Recon. 159. 1848. The genus is dedicated to Mr. Andrew Carnegie. The Desert Laboratory of the Carnegie Institution of Washington, at Tucson, Arizona, is surrounded by typical specimens of this unique plant. N. L. Britton, J. N. Rose. LETCHWORTH PARK AND THE FALLS OF THE GENESEE.* The Genesee River rises in the northern part of Pennsylvania, in the Allegheny plateau, and during its course of one hundred and twenty-three miles in the state of New York it has a fall of fifteen hundred and fifty-three feet, finally emptying into Lake Ontario at Rochester. This river is unique in two particulars: It is the only river in New York which flows entirely across the state; and it is the only river crossing the southern boundary which flows to the north. Fora part of its course it forms the boundary line between the counties of Wyoming and Livingston, and it is to a short distance of this boundary portion, some three miles in length, that I wish to call your attention. Here, in a strife which was begun in ages past, but which is still continued between the waters and the land, this river has cut for itself a deep bed, known as the Portage or Glen Iris gorge, and in this short three miles is comprised some of the most striking and mag- nificent scenery in the eastern United States, being second only to * From a lecture delivered at the New York Botanical Garden, October 31, 1908. “YT Taivid ‘NEQUVD IVOINVLOG MYO, MAN AHL JO IVNUNOf PLATE LJ JOURNAL OF THE NEW York BOoranicaL GarDIN. Si ECIMENS OF CARNEGIEA GIGANTEA COLLECTED NEAR TuCsON, ARIZONA, IN: 1902 IN BLOOM IN THE CONSERVATORIES OF THE NEW YoRK BOTANICAL GARDEN, 189 that of Niagara, which, though more imposing and on a grander scale, must perhaps give way in some respects to its smaller rival. To this place, about the middle of the last century, was attracted a gentleman destined to be one of the great men of New York — a man of deep charity and broad human interest — a descendant from sturdy Quaker stock. This man is the Hon. William Pryor Letchworth, for a long time a member of the state board of chari- ties, and for many years its president. A gentleman of the old school, courteous and kindly, with an open hospitality which makes the guest feel at once at home, and with a broad human sympathy which embraces all mankind — to know this gentleman is indeed a privileg To this man ie state, the nation too, owes a debt of grati- tude, for to his generosity the people of the country are indebted for a gift of almost priceless value. As will be shown in detail below, Mr. Letchworth has given to the state of New York, for all time, the beautiful tract of land, containing over one thousand acres, now known as Letchworth Park, including within its con- fines all three of the falls of the upper Genesee. It was in 1859, about two years after the Hon. Andrew H. Green, a kindred spirit, had begun improvements in our own Central Park, that Mr. Letchworth made his first purchase of land along the Genesee. From time to time since then he has made additions to this original acquisition, until now, as stated above, the tract comprises over one thousand acres, and upon its acquisition and improvement there have been expended by Mr. Letchworth over five hundred thousand dollars. At the time of its purchase it had been devastated by lumbermen, and the tract was littered with only such refuse as a lumberman, in his greed for gain, can make — old limbs and branches, rotting logs, chips and stumps. All vestiges of these have been removed and in their place have appeared stretches of new timber, care- fully preserved, and paths and driveways affording access to the beauties of nature here so lavishly displaye From its very inception, Mr. Letchworth has designed his estate as a public park, and the public has at all times been welcome to it, The immediate surroundings of his home have 190 been restricted, but to all other parts visitors have had free access, His home is known as Glen Iris, a name early conferred upon it by Mr. Letchworth, suggested by the beautiful rainbows which form constantly on bright days in the mists which rise from the middle fall. From a private park, private only in the sense that it belonged to a private citizen, it was but a step to the broader outlook of a public park, and eventually we find Mr. Letchworth seriously considering the step to which I have already alluded — its free gift to the eile asa public park or reservation. A committee mittee called on Governor Hughes, explaining their mission, and it is said that he responded as follows: ‘In the midst of so many calls from people who are asking for something from the state, it is a novel and delightful sensation to have some one offer to give something Zo the state. This is certainly a most generous benefaction.”” On January 10, 1907, a bill was introduced into the legislature providing for the acceptance of this gift A week later the assembly passed this unanimously, but in the senate opposition developed. An amended bill was there proposed, ut, on the insistence of Mr. Letchworth, the original bill was finally passed by that body on the twenty-third with but four opposing votes, and on the twenty-fourth it became a law by the addition of the governor's signature. The bill provides that “the land therein conveyed shall be for- ever dedicated to the purpose of a public park or reservation, subject only to the life use and tenancy of said William Pryor Letchworth, who shall have the right to make changes and im- provements thereon.”” The bill also provides that after the death the donor, control and jurisdiction of the tract shall be in the hands of the American Scenic and Historic Preservation Society, of which Mr. J. Pierpont Morgan is honorary president, and Mr. Geo. F. Kunz, the noted gem expert, president, thus placing it in safe’hands. Early in February the senate and assembly adopted a concurrent resolution conferring the name of Letch- worth Park upon this tract in honor of its donor. 191 That this park might be made of even greater service to the public, by emphasizing its educational side, Mr. Letchworth wished to have a study made of the arboreal vegetation in the park and the trees properly labelled. Dr. N. L. Britton, the Director-in-Chief of the Garden, was consulted in this matter, with the result that I was selected to visit the park and consult with Mr. Letchworth in reference to this. My first visit was made in the fall of 1907, and a sample of the label used on the trees in the New York Botanical Garden was submitted. Mr. Letch- worth approved of this, and during July of the present year I made a second visit for the purpose of superintending the affix- ing of a number of labels of this type. With this brief oe of the history of Letchworth Park, I some of its beauties and points of interest. A reference to the accompanying map will help make clear the positions of the various places mentioned. rom New York City the region is reached most conveniently by the Erie railroad. Leaving the train at Portage, which is on the Livingston county side of the river, a short walk brings us to the long viaduct, upon which the railroad crosses the Genesee. From the middle of this structure, which is two hundred and thirty- four feet above the level of the river, a magnificent view of the Genesee gorge may be had. Before us to the north, as far as the eye can see, lies a beautiful panorama of undulating hills and forest stretches, with the gorge and river winding like a narrow ribbon to the north. About five hundred feet from the viaduct the Genesee takes its first plunge, a cloud of spray and rising mists marking the position of the chasm into which the river leaps. This is known as the upper fall. Away to the northeast, about twenty-one hundred feet beyond the upper fall, another cloud of mist and spray reveals the spot where the river takes its second plunge, this being known as the middle fall. It is but a few hun- dred feet from this, on the left bank of the stream, that the resi- dence of Mr. Letchworth is located. Between this and the third and last fall, out of view beyond the distant bend, lies the pictur- esque gorge of the Genesee. , 192 (90g ‘ar9s91g 7 aa momar Ay Ue “IPT pue ‘ussg -x9OUly “Iday wWo1z) “weg YUomyojay jo dey “ a HLYOMHOLAT do wh NOH OFLNISFIG JAN ALNNOD NOLSONIAST FOvLuOd JO NMOL ony ALNNOD ONIWOAM SVVV¥5 33S3N39 30 NMOL MuVd HLYOMADLAT do d¥W HOLES fo ott ~~} = we FFary Sin ae ee Frag wats + = = le nd = pateug lars ive [— fem ee ff ‘og aA z0rs008 20 a8 store oy3 fo apppere oy YSnosy? ~ fund ‘gpa dy us '4gunoy uogsSurapy ~ ‘oSagaoy fo wenez oyg BUD gromeye uo "sN ‘Rywne Surwoly pes zertuay fo umnoy “Ne \? bye weempzey aur Aaopuncy 9, e204 SS "5 AE 3 eit rey iF at cog > a) % S€ mets ie oy me Weoww wey : ats, oy Ree MS, Tp J MOD i A Oo - — soa A wlan Q y 2 O % vou Kyoeny 2 seney J22«n99 Leipes £ ‘wor swer hiew Jovanin % twouem 2277M PIO. uerarrpy £0120A wateued & 03 fe wyunof pur puag 2 eoweprres TYPO" Y2707 AHP ag: etnoy 5. 193 At the further end of the bridge will be found a series of steps and galleries which will conduct us to the vicinity of the upper fall. About half way down these we come to the falls of the De-ge-wa-nus, a small stream which empties into the Genesee at this point, and a little later to the picnic grounds. tables and benches have been provided for visitors, and hitching posts for horses, for many people drive from the surrounding country to see these falls. At this point glimpses may be had of the upper fall, but if one really wants to enjoy its grandeur, : Le My rc Fic. 34. Upper fall, seventy-one feet in height, veiled in its own mist. let him pick his way carefully along the slippery and stony bank of the west side of the stream until he comes to a vantage point from which he may view the fall as seen in the above illustra- tion. Along the west bank the road continues, and soo hear the roar and see the mists of the middle fall, the greatest of the three. From an observatory on a small rocky plateau at the very brink of the fall, an impressive view may be had of the great volume of water as it drops over the precipice to the river about one hundred and seven feet below. 194 Leaving the little GbSErVatOry, the path follows along the brink ort ama gorge, looking northeast. The accompanying illustration gives idea of this, but only a visit to the spot will make one re- alize its beauties. On either side are perpendicular walls of rock, beautifully variegated by alternating strata of shale and sand- stone, rising to a height of three hundred and fifty feet, twenty feet higher than the palisades opposite New York City, crowned on the left bank with a mass of vegetation to an additional height of one hundred and fifty feet, making the total on that side nearly five hundred feet. This gorge of the Genesee is often known as the Portage gorge, and these rocks, laid down nearly fifty million years ago, belong to the Portage epoch of the upper Devonian age. Most of what is now New York state then lay under a vast sea. The rivers of what land there was at that time washed their sediment down into this apparently shallow sea where it settled and formed not only the Portage rocks but also others of central and western New York. As time passed on, other and more modern strata were laid down on this Portage formation, burying it out of sight. Ages passed, and finally came a great upheaval of the continent, when the bottom of this sea was raised up and dry land was formed. As the center of this upheaval was to the north, the strata, which were formerly horizontal, assumed a gentle dip to the south. Then the elements attacked the land; eroded, until finally in millions of years the Portage rocks were again brought to view About the time of the glacial age a great depression occurred in the north, reversing the inclination of the land, making the rivers which formerly flowed to the south now take a northerly direction. But the glaciers, stopping up the valleys with their debris, formed large lakes, and one of these was located in the large basin-like area, a part of the old Genesee valley, to the south of the present Portage gorge. As the depression con- tinued in the north, this lake began to overflow, naturally at the IVT Savi “NHQOUNVS) IVOINVLOG MYO MAND HELL FAO IVAN. 195 lowest point in its brim, which happened to be not at the region of the old valley, but at the site of the present gorge. This stream, probably at first but a small brook, following the line of least resistance, gradually wore for itself a tortuous channel, sinking it deeper and deeper as the years went by," until it ormed and is still forming for itself the deep channel known as Fic, 35. Lower fall, looking up-stream from table rock, the separation into two cascades clearly s 196 the Portage gorge. At first there was probably but one fall, but, owing to the variation in the hardness of the strata, which wore away unevenly, the original fall began to split into two and then into three falls, and these are still changing their relative positions. Leaving this interesting spot and continuing along the path which skirts the gorge, a walk of about one and a half miles brings us to the plateau above the lower fall. From this place a series of stairs and galleries descend to the bottom of the gorge, and bring us into a magnificent strip of old timber, consisting of large tulip- one side is a tall cliff, now clothed with verdure, and on the other the raging waters of the river, two obstacles which the lumber- man could not surmount, and so we have left to us a remnant and a reminder of what this whole region once was Passing through this strip of forest by a delightful woodland path, we suddenly emerge upon the brink of the chasm through which rush the waters of the lower fall. The view here pre- sented of this fall is that which one sees from the upper end of Table Rock, displaying both cascades. Here is demonstrated the manner in which the three falls have separated, for you see the first step of the process, the breaking up of the lower fall into two cascades. In time these will separate more and more, and there will be four falls instead of three. Two of the most interesting features of the lower fall region are Table Rock and Cathedral Rock, shown in the accompany- ing illustration. Many years ago Professor Hall said of Table ck: ‘The table above, which was formerly the bed of the river, will in a few years become covered with soil and vegeta- tion ; strong grass and willows will have taken root in the fissures, and these collecting about them a little earth, giving a soil for the support of other plants, the evidence of its original condition will be lost. A century hence, some incredulous observer may stand on the edge of Table Rock, then covered with shrubs and trees, and deny that the insignificant stream flowing in its bed 197 can have excavated this deep chasm. An observer of similar disposition may now stand on the margin of the great gorge of the Genesee at Portage and say that it is impossible for this river to have worn it to the depth of 350 feet and a breadth of 600 feet. But the Genesee was once a more powerful stream, and it has flowed in its present direction longer than we are usually ac- customed to consider as the age of the world.”’ How true this prophecy was is evidenced by the trees and shrubs, and grass and other herbs now securing a firm foothold on this plateau. Fic. 36. Table rock, with the flume to the left, and cathedral rock, as seen from the left bank. Leaving this beautiful region of the lower fall, we will return to the upper portions of the park, traversing this time, however, not the path along the brink of the gorge, but the road inland which passes through the farm lands, comprising several hun- dred acres of the estate. To the right of this road which paral- lels the Genesee, we see the Chestnut Lawn Farm, equipped as a modern dairy, while opposite to this, on the other side of the 198 road, is the Prospect Home Farm, and beyond these the Lauter- brunnen Farm. It is but a short step from this last farm to the residence of Mr. Letchworth. Here we find a commodious house with an ample porch on two sides, with large columns running up for two stories, so that many of the sleeping apartments look out upon it. To one side, between the residence and the front gate, is a little pond with a fountain playing continuously, fed by a perennial spring in the hillside near by. is fountain seems to be a vista-point, for it may be seen here and there from various parts of the grounds. Large evergreen and deciduous trees surround the house, among them a fine American elm and some magnificent specimens of the Norway spruce, perfect in shape and branched entirely to the ground, their long branches trailing in the grass. From the group of trees surrounding the house spread broad lawns, the planting so arranged as to form charm- ing vistas, which terminate in many cases in the woodland beyond. The open stretches of lawn contain no flower beds, and the shrubbery does not oo ee and detract from the harmony falls and gorge meet the eye as one strollsalong the paths. All trees and shrubs not native to the vicinity are confined to the regions in the immediate neighborhood of the residence, so that the woodlands beyond contain native plants only, It isa delight to walk through these woods and see the tulip-trees, white pines, Norway pines, cucumber-trees, elms, oaks, chestnuts, beeches, hornbeams, butternuts, and many other trees, natives of this region, in such great abundance. ne of the roads through these woodlands finally leads us to structed of hewn logs, is about forty feet long and seventeen feet wide. Its exact age is uncertain, but it is known to antedate the revolution. It is a work of the Seneca Indians, and was formerly located at Caneadea, or Ga-o-ya-de-o, the uppermost of their 199 villages on the Genesee, about eighteen miles from its present location. It was falling to decay when Mr. Letchworth decided to remove it to its present site in 1871. In taking it down each part was carefully numbered so that it might be put together exactly as it was originally. The Senecas were one of the five nations which composed the league of the Iroquois; the other four being: the Mohawks, Oneidas, Onundagas, and Cayugas. Of these the Senecas were the most numerous, enterprising, and chivalrous, and were set to guard the western door of the confederacy. They were organ dea was in the southwestern border of the Seneca country, it was a convenient rendezvous of war-like parties passing to their fights in Ohio and Pennsylvania. On October 1, 1872, the last council of the Senecas was held in this house, nineteen warriors, a mere remnant, being present from the neighboring reservation. At this council the Indians urged Mr. Letchworth to consent to adoption into the Seneca nation, which was their way of showing appreciation of his devo- tion to the interests of the Indians, for whom he had done so much. Mr. Letchworth, however, declined. That evening he was surprised by a visit from them,.when they repeated their re- quest, to which he acceded, the ceremony being performed on his front porch. As was their custom on such occasions, they bestowed on him a name — Hai-wa- i is-tah — meaning, “the man who always does the right thing. Not far from the council house is the ‘‘ White Woman’s Cabin,” and near by the grave of Mary Jemison. The house was built by Mary Jemison for one of her daughters on the Gardeau reser- vation. The monument in front of this house was erected b Mr. Letchworth to her memory. Upon this are two inscriptions which tell the story of her life among the Senecas. At the further end of the Council House Grounds is a section of the big treaty oak which formerly stood on the banks of the Genesee below Mt. Morris, opposite Geneseo. This tree stood near where the treaty was made transferring practically all of the land west of the Genesee to the whites. It took place in 1797, 200 in the presence of three thousand Indians, and consumed twenty- one days. our million acres were disposed of for $100,000. This amount was placed in trust in the hands of the government, and the interest is still paid on it as an annuity to the Indians. The Genesee Valley Museum contains many objects of interest relating to this section, among which are numerous Indian relics ; also the head of a large mastodon, found about seven miles from Glen Iris in 1879, and purchased by Mr. Letchworth. Fic. 37. Middle fall and the view up-stream, as seen from the lawn in front of the residence of Mr. Letchworth. Before leaving Letchworth Park, let us descend the charming woodland path which connects this reservation with the home grounds and take a farewell look at the middle fall, which is shown in the last illustration. Here we are standing on the edge of the Jawn, but a few feet from the south porch, looking up the gorge f the Genesee. Below, but a few hundred feet away, is the middle fall, sending up its clouds of mist and spray, which, on windy days, is blown upon the house near by, and in which, when 201 the sun is shining, rainbows come and go. To the right is the little observatory, just on the brink of the fall, from which we have looked out upon the waters as they plunged below. Further on we see the hazy distance of the other shore, and still beyond the mist rising from the upper fall to the railway viaduct above. This is the view which Mr. Letchworth has looked upon for many years and of which he is very fond. GeEorGE V. Nasu, Flead Gardener. NOTES, NEWS AND COMMENT. Dr. N. L. Britton spent November 18 and 19 in Washington and Baltimore examining collections of cacti, and in attending a meeting of the Committee on Policy of the American Associa- tion for the Advancement of Science. Dr. W. A. Murrill visited Harvard University November 7 to examine he of certain Boletaceae in the Farlow collection. The autumn course of lectures to the 4 B and 5 B pupils of the public ae of Bronx closed November 10. No postpone- ments on account of rain were necessary during the entire course, and on only one occasion was the attendance materially reduced by threatening weather. An interesting and unique celebration will be held on the estate of Mr. George W. Vanderbilt at Biltmore, North Carolina, dur- ing the Thanksgiving holidays, commemorating the twentieth anniversary of the beginning of practical forestry at Biltmore and the tenth anniversary of the Biltmore Forest School. The regular autumn course of public lectures delivered in the large hall of the museum building on Saturday afternoons closed November 21 with Dr. H. H. Rusby’s lecture on “ The Rubber Plants of Mexico.’’ These lectures have been well attended. The first botanical convention of the present collegiate year was held in the library on the afternoon of Wednesday, Nov- ember 4. Mrs, N. L. Britton gave an account of her recent collections in Jamaica ; Mr. E. W. Humphreys described an inter- esting analogy existing between fossil plants and those now living; Mr. F. J. Seaver showed specimens of some fungi collected by him in North Dakota; and Mr. G. V. Nash exhibited a living specimen of Stangerta, a peculiar cycad obtained in Europe in 1902. An interesting plant of the genus Stangeria, a native of south- house No. 1 of the public conservatories. Unlike all the other genera of the sago-palms, this one has pinnately veined leaflets, giving it much the appearance of some ferns. It was from this resemblance that Kunze, many years ago, named a leat of this plant Lomaria — Living plants were brought into cultiva- tion, which, on producing cones, disclosed the real nature of this plant. The name Stangeria paradoxa was then given to it, but the specific name must now give way to that used when it was described as a Lomarvia. A young cone may be seen onthe plant. The total precipitation recorded at the Garden for October was 1.46 inches. aximum temperatures were recorded of 75° on and 67° on the 26th; also minimum temperatures of 36° on the 3d; 39.5° on the 6th; 31° on the 13th; 37° on the 22d, and 34° onthe 31st. Mean temperature for the month, 59.5°. First frosts occurred about the middle of the month. ACCESSIONS. LIBRARY ACCESSIONS FROM OCTOBER 1 TO OCTOBER 31, 1908. BERGER, ALWIN, Mesembrianthemen und Portulacaceen, Stuttgart, 1908. y Dr. Britto’ NGER, EMILE. He tes sur la truffe. Lons-le-Saunier, 1906. (Deposited rsity. ) ER, HEINRICH GUSTAV ADOLF. Die Vegetati 7 tropischer und & NGL subtropischer Lénder. Leipzig, 190) E WwW, GEORGE. The hevedioy of acquired characters in plants. London, I NDT ConincK, A. M. C. Dictionnaire Lati A eee Hollandais, des principaul termes employés en elie eten Hodinaitere: Bussum, 1907. 203 KRAEMER, HENRY. 4 ¢ext-book of botany and ae ag Ed. 3. Phila- NARD, ALFRED. Zssai sur la valeur pe xigue de Paliment couplet et, i m AGRA, RAMON DE LA. Sistoire physique, politique et naturelle de Vile de Cuba. jotanigue. sare 1838-45. 2vols. (By exchange with the Department of Agri- culture, Jamaica. : — Die Gestalts- und Lageverdnderung der Phlanzen-Chromato- phor pzi Zatti o ene Abstammungs- und Vererbungsiehre. Band 1, Heft 14 Berlin, MUSEUMS AND HERBARIUM. 113 specimens of mosses from Japan and Korea. (By exchange with Mr. J. Cardot. ) 92 specimens ‘‘ Uredineen,”’ Fasc. 44 & 45. (Distributed by Professors H. & P. Sydow. 3,000 herbarium specimens from Jamaica, W. I. (Collected by Dr. and Mrs. N. L. Britton. ) 1 specimen of Arca sativa from Pennsylvania. (Given by Messrs. J. M. Thor- burn & Co. 10 specimens of flowering age from Galt, Ontario. (Given by Mr. W. Harriot, ) ms ‘‘Musci Frond. Archipelagi Indici et Polynesiaci.’’ (Distributed 7 specimens of Lea (Given by Miss Annie Lorenz. 4 specimens of mosses from the Himalaya Mountains. ie exchange with the iB 32 specimens ‘* Musci Norvegici.’ es exchange with Dr. N. Bryhn.) 5 specimens ‘‘ Hepaticae Canariensia.”’ (By exchange with Dr. N. Bryhn.) wi S ‘ummins, 7 — . one plants, co-types, from New Mexico, (Given by Pro- fessor EO. W ea ae from North Dakota. (Given by Professor H, F. Bergman.) 00 herbari m New York, Virginia, Tennessee and North Carolina, g o. 2 i] a) ® peas B 3 =] wn ydberg. 4 specimens of Phcagmites aquehongensis, tertiary (?) fossil plants. (Given by Dr. A. Hollick. 8 specimens of fossil plants from the eastern United States. (Given by Dr. A. Holi lick.) * lants from Long Island and Martha’s Vineyard. (By eichatigs with the U. S. a Survey. ) PLANTS AND SEEDS, actus plants for conservatories. (By exchange with United States National Meu, through Dr. J. N. Rose.) id for conservatories. (Given by Mr. J. C, Zeladon.) 3 ae of Pandanus utilis for conservatories. (Given by Mrs. John H, Hall.) 1 plant of Livistena chinensis for conservatories. (Given by Mr. W. H. Mehlich.) ‘ 204 1 plant of Beaucarnea recurvata for constrvatories. (Given by Mr. J. Chr. G. Hupfel. ; erns for conservatories. (Given by Miss Margaret Slosson. ) 14 cacti for conservatories. (By exchange ied x. F, Weinberg.) h t c ec 60 plants for conservatories. (Collected in oa by Dr. and Mrs. N. L, ritton. 2 packets of Crataegus seed from Montana. (Given by Mr. B. T. Butler. ) dberg. ) 33 packets of Rubus seed. (Collected by Dr. P. A. Ry 50 plants derived from seed from various sources ri on it Members of the Corporation. GrorcE S. Bowporn, Pror. N. L. BRITTON, Hon. AppIsoN Brown, Dr. NicHoias M. Butter, ANDREW CARNEGIE, Pror. C. F. CHANDLER, WiLuiAM G. CHOATE, CHARLEs F. Cox, JouN J. CROOKE, W. BayarpD CUTTING, JAmMEs B. Forp, RoBERT W. DE ForEsT, Henry W. DE Forest, CLEVELAND H. Dopce, SAMUEL W. FAIRCHILD, Gen. Louis FITZGERALD, RICHARD W GILDER, Hon. Tuomas F. Giroy, Hon. Hucu J. GRANT, Henry P. Hoyt, ADRIAN ISELIN, JR., Joun I. Kane, EvcEne KELLY, Jr., Pror. James F. Kemp, Joun S. KENNEDY, Pror. FREDERIC S. LEE, Hon. SETH Low, Davin Lynpic, Epcar L, MARSTON, D. O. MILLs, J. PreERPONT MorGAN, THEODORE W. MYERS, GEORGE M. OLCOTT, Pror. HENRY F. OsBoRN, Lowe Lt M. PALMER, GEORGE W, PERKINS, James R. PITCHER, Percy R. Pyne, Joun D. ROCKEFELLER, WILLIAM ROCKEFELLER, Pror. H. H. Russy, James A. SCRYMSER, Henry A. SIEBRECHT, WILLIAM D. SLOANE, NELSON SMITH, JAMEs SPEYER, Francis L. STETSON, Dr. W. GILMAN THOMPSON, Louis C, TIFFANY, SAMUEL THORNE, GEORGE W. VANDERBILT, Hon. Ecerton L. WINTHROP, JR.; PUBLICATIONS OF The New York Botanical Garden ae pe Journal of the New York Botanical Garden, monthly, illustrated, con- isining notes, news and non-technical articles of general nee Free to all mem- N bers of the Garden, To others, 10 cents a copy; $1.00 a ot offered in exchahge.] Vol. I, 1900, viii + 213 pp. Vol. II, apo viii p- Vol. III, 1902, viii + 2 Vol. IV, 1903, viii + 238 pp. Vol. V, ieoa) viii-242 pp. Vol. VI, 1995s viii-+-224 pp: Vol. VII, 1906, viii + 300 pp Vol. VIII, 1907, viii + 290 pp Bulletin of the New York Botanical Garden, containing the annual reports of the Director-in-Chief and other official documents, and baigi ue embodying Gar all m sah results of investigations carried out in the Garden. Fre of pe Garden; to others, $3.00 per v eres Vol. I, Nos. ie) ae and I plates, 1896-1900. Vol. II, Nos. 6-8, 518 PR. . 30 wee IgoI- aaa Pal. Mf, Nos. 9-11, 463 pp., 37 plates, 1903-1905. Vol. IV, Nos. 12-14, 479 pp.» plates, 1905-1907. AB 1. V, No. 15, 105 pp., aa No, 16, 88 pp., 17 vale) 1906 ; 17, 115 p ah Vol. VI, No. 19, 114 pp., 1908. ‘a. Descriptions of the wild plants of North A including Greenland, ae Wai Indie poe Central America. Planned to te pee pleted in thirty volumes. y. 8vo ach volume to consist of four or more parts. Subscription price $1.50 a c past : a ti ted number of separate parts will be sold for $2.00 each. [Not t offered in Se ange. Vol. 22, part 1, issued cel 1905. Rosales: Podostemonaceae, Crassula- ssi ol. 22, part 2, issued Deen ber 18, 1905. Saxifragaceae, Hydrangeaceae, Because Itea aceae, Hamamelidaceae, Pterostemonaceae, Altingiaceae, Phyllo- no "Vol. ;. pa S issued Oct. 4, 1906. Ustilaginaceae, Tilletiacea Vol. BP issued March 6, 1907. Coleosporiaceae, Uredionee! Aecidia- ceae (pa Vol. fe part 1, issued August 24,1907. Geraniaceae, Oxalidaceae, Linaceae, Erythroxylaceae, Vol. 9, parts 1 and 2, issued December 19, 1907, and March 12, 1908. Poly- Vol. 22, part 3, issued June 12, 1908, contains descriptions of the family Gros- miluriateas by F.ViGa mills and N. L. Britton, the Platanaceae by H. A. Gleason, the Crossosomataceae by I. K. Small, the Connaraceae by N. L. ee the Caly- canthaceae by C. L. Pollard, and the Rosaceae woe re P. A. Ry@dber Memolrs of the New eis Botanical Gar Price to nents of the Garden, a es 00 per volume. To others, $2.00. [/Not offered in exch: : Vol. An Annotated Catalogue e of the Flora an Montine and the Yellowstone y Dr. Per Axel Rydberg, curator of the museums, ix + 492 pp. Roy. 8vo, Park, b vue “Atailea map. Vol. II. The Influence fs Bees and Darkness upon Growth and Devel r. D. T. MacDougal. xvi + 320pp. Roy. 8vo, with 176 figu oe tributions from the New York Botanical Garden. A series of tech- cal papers mten by students or members of the staff, and reprinted from journals eter ae the above. Price, 25 cents each. $5.00 per volum . I. Nos. 1-25, vi 400 pp. 35 figures and 34 pistes, Vol. Il. Nos. 26- 5°, vi-+ 340 pp. 55 figures in the text and 18 pl Hs 2 and 29 plates. RECENT NUMBERS 25 CENTS BACH. 110. Additional man Polo by W. A. Murrill. 111. Boleti fro n No Lae a, by W. A, Murrill. 112, Notes on hile ae ne Bev All subscriptions and remittances aaa be sent to w YORK gectdcontas GARDEN ARK, NEW YORK CITY DECEMBER, 1908 No. 108 JOURNAL OF EDITOR WILLIAM ALPHONSO MURRILL Assistant Director CONTENTS PAGE Gemushtooms invBronx Patk.~.. 0. fo. se ee 205 mmemollection of Nossil'Plants =... 2. 6 en 214 PePDENOUEbyCrIMBOn Glover! .- 02 8 ee ee, eee ee 226 GL (CEST TES Se Saar ee re aha ae EE A es 228 229 PUBLISHED FOR THE GARDEN Ar t nei ‘Oueex STREET, yee Pa. = New Eaa Printine Comp. OFFICERS, 1908. DENT—D. O. MILLS, VicE-PRESIDENT—ANDREW CARNEGIE, TREASURER—CHARLES F, COX, SECRETARY—N. L. BRITTON. BoARD OF MANAGERS. 1. ELECTED MANAGERS. HON. ADDISON cs. e PIERPONT eens ANDREW CARN E, EORGE W. PERKINS. W. BAYARD CUTTING, ey SA. oe MSER, ROBERT W. pe FOREST, FRANCIS LYNDE STETSON, JOHN I. KANE, . O. MILLS. SAMUEL THORNE, . EX-OFFICIO MANAGERS. THE PRESIDENT OF THE DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC PARKS, HON. HENRY SMITH. THE MAyor OF THE City oF NEw York, HON. GEORGE B. McCLELLAN. 3. SCIENTIFIC DIRECTORS. PROF. H. H. RUSBY, ieee DR. NICHOLAS MURRAY BUTLER, OF. JAMES F. KEMP, PROF. C. F. CHANDLER, ao . FREDERIC S. LEE, CHARLES F, COX, . E, L. WINTHROP, Jr. ARDEN STAFF. DR. N. L. BRITTON, Director-1 -in- Chief. a P. N, ta NORMAN Teton, Came of the Plapiatioes? JOURNAL OF The New York Botanical Garden VoL. 1X. December, 1908. No. 108. EDIBLE MUSHROOMS IN BRONX PARK. The popular interest in mushrooms of all kinds is almost phe- nomenal. This is due to their beauty of form and color and the supposed mystery surrounding their origin and growth, as well as to the use of certain kinds for food. Their nutritive value is not great, being about equal to that of cabbage, but they afford variety in flavor and add greatly to the relish for other foods. Mushroom eating is much more in vogue in Europe than in this country. The struggle for existence is greater there, and the edible and poisonous varieties are better known by all classes of.people. In China it is almost impossible for a botanist to get specimens, on account of the thorough manner in which all wild food is collected by the natives. The use of mushrooms in this country is as yet very limited, being confined chiefly to our foreign-born population. Even in New York City many excellent kinds go to waste every season because they are different from kinds known in Europe. This is especially true of the puffballs, which do not seem to be gen- erally recognized here as edible. On the other hand, many common mushroom and the stumps for the ‘‘beefsteak”’ mush- room and the honey agaric, appear to gather everything they find at all resembling edible forms known to them. ’ All knowledge regarding the edible and poisonous properties of mushrooms is based on experiments, either intentional or un- 206 intentional. The only safe rule is to confine oneself to known e forms until others are proven harmless. If one is a be- ginner, he is like an explorer in a new country with an abundance of attractive fruit near at hand, which may be good or may be rank poison; he cannot tell without trying it, unless some native, who has learned from his own and others’ experience, shares his knowledge with him. The writer on this subject undertakes a very responsible task, owing to the vast number of similar forms among the mushrooms which are distinguished with difficulty by those not accustomed to fine distinctions ; but it should be possible to describe a few striking kinds in such a way that no serious mistakes will be made. The common field mushroom (PI. 55, fig. 4) is known to almost’ everyone who pretends to collect mushrooms at all, and the Y pre ee of collectors limit pate entirely to this one kind. It grows in low grass on meadows or on rich, moist upland pastures, being common after rains from August to October. The upper side is white with brownish fibrils or scales, and the under side is a beautiful salmon-pink when young, changing gradually to almost black when old. The stem is colored like the top and has a loose white ring around it. There is little or no swelling at the base of the stem and no “cup,” as in the deadly amanita, which latter, moreover, is white underneath and grows usually in woods or groves e “ spawn,”’ or vegetative portion of the common mushroom, bodies, known as “‘ buttons,’”’ appear on the spawn and soon de- velop into “mushrooms,” which are in reality only the mature fruit bodies of a delicate and widely branching plant entirely con- cealed in the earth. The parts of the fruit body are known as the “stem” and the “cap.” On the under side of the cap are the “ gills,’ which bear countless tiny bodies known as “‘ spores,” which are distributed by the wind and produce new plants as seeds do in the case of flowering plants. The cottony “ring” on the stem is what remains of a thin white “ veil”? which cov- 207 ered the gills in the younger stages of growth. This veil is not present in all kinds of mushrooms. In the cultivation of the common mushroom, bricks of spawn are planted in suitable soil and the conditions of growth attended to with great care. Anyone wishing to grow mushrooms should provide himself with a good handbook on the subject, or learn the secret from a practical man in the business. It is not easy to do successfully unless done properly. “ Here’s a destroying angel with its head broke off,” shouted my small companion as we entered a beautiful oak grove in search of mushrooms. And, as we passed through, we found that several other “angels” had lost their heads, leaving the large “ death- cups’”’ almost hidden in the thin grass and leaf-mould where they grew. Evidently, this most poisonous of all mushrooms, the deadly amanita, had gone to grace somebody’s feast,—and a single specimen of it is sufficient to kill four or five persons ! I have frequently noticed a tendency in young or inexperienced persons to belittle the dangers of mushroom eating, apparently believing that a show of bravado or fearlessness will overcome the effects of the poisonous kinds, as though they belonged to the category of myths or ghosts. It is, indeed, true that many varieties have been called poisonous when they were not, just as most of our snakes have been under the ban on account of the mischief done by three or four; but there are a few mushrooms that contain poisons just as deadly as that of the rattlesnake or copperhead, and these are responsible for practically all of the eaths due to mushroom eating. These poisons are narcotic, rather than irritant, and their effects are slow to appear. If distress is experienced within four or five hours after eating mushrooms, it is a case of indigestion or minor poisoning and should readily yield to a prompt emetic. If, however, from eight to twelve hours have elapsed since eating the mushrooms, disa- greeable symptoms should be taken very pion since it is almost certain that one of the deadly poisons is at wo phy- sician should at once be called and the heart action crmulies by a hypodermic injection of about one sixtieth of a grain of atro- pine, which should be repeated twice at half-hour intervals. 208 Atropine is an antidote to the poison of the “ fly amanita,” which paralyzes the nerves controlling the action of the heart. If the ‘‘ deadly amanita;’’ which dissolves the blood corpuscles, has been eaten, the atropine will probably do no good, and death will surely follow if the amount eaten is sufficient. The ‘ deadly amanita,” shown in one of its forms in the accom- panying illustration (PI. 55, fig. 2), isa very conspicuous and beau- tiful object, occurring throughout the summer and autumn in open groves and along the edges of woods. Neither its odor nor its taste is disagreeable, asis the case with most inedible mushrooms, and it must be recognized by a careful study of its form and parts, which are, fortunately, very characteristic. most important part of the deadly amanita is the sheath at the base of the stem known as the ‘‘death-cup,”’ which is well shown in the illustration. This is what remains of the outer coat of the ‘“‘egg”’ after the cap has burst from it and has been carried upward by the growing stem. The ring on the stem is similar to that of the common mushroom, but the gills are white, both when young and old, those of the common mushroom being at first pink, then black. Nothing can be told from the color of the upper surface of the cap because it varies so much, being pure white, yellowish, brownish or blackish. Sometimes the surface is perfectly smooth and at other times it is adorned with pieces of the “death-cup,”’ which were caried up on it when the cap burst through the roof of the “ When gathering se ee it is exceedingly important to get all of the stem and not leave a portion of it in the ground, since the “death-cup”’ may thus be overlooked. Mushrooms shou not be gathered in the “button” stage unless mature specimens are growing in the same place, otherwise an “egg” of one of the poisonous kinds may be collected by mistake. The “fly amanita”’ is as beautiful as it is dangerous. The cap is usually bright scarlet, yellowish or orange, sometimes fading to nearly white, and covered with conspicuous warts, which are portions of the death-cup carried up from below. The rest of the cup will usually be found in fragments in the soil about the swollen base of the stem. The gills are white and remain so, 209 thus differing from those of the common mushroom. The warts on the cap also distinguish it. I have not found this species common here, but it is very abundant in many localities, both in this country and in Europe, The death-cup and its remains on the surface of the cap should always be looked for, and no mushroom of this group should be eaten by the beginner, although some of them are most excellent. fe) learn to know it accurately. The cap is fawn-colored or brownish, and its surface is broken up into broad, thick scales, which, being a part of the cap, do not separate readily. In the amanita the “scales” are parts of the roof of the death-cup and may be easily removed from the cap. The parasol mushroom also differs from amanita in having a free and movable, instead of a fixed, ring, and in having no cup nor fragments of a cup at the base of the stem, although the base is swollen. This excellent variety grows in thin woods or along the edges of fields. It is one of the best to dry for winter use. The oyster mushroom, found in dense clusters on decayed logs in woods, can hardly be mistaken for any poisonous kind. It is attached to the log by its side or by a very short stem, and is white throughout, with a slight grayish or brownish tinge. A very nearly related edible species, the sapid pleurotus (Pl. 55, g. 5), which cannot be distinguished from the oyster mushroom by the amateur, grows especially on elm logs in this vicinity. The “‘ink-caps”’ are abundant and excellent, and it is almost impossible to confuse them with poisonous species on account of the peculiar way they have of melting into a black fluid when mature. e glistening ink-cap grows abundantly about stumps and dead trunks, especially of elm, and appears very early in the season. It grew last year on buried wood under a tree in my yard, the small, light buff caps appearing by the hundreds in dense clusters after rains from April to November. When seen in the early morning, when the plants were a and fresh, they glistened as though dusted with powdered mica. Later in the day, the caps expanded and turned black on ie under side and 210 finally went to pieces. They should be gathered young and cooked within a few hours after picking. e common ink-cap grows in close clusters on lawns, appear- ing about the same time with the field mushro t is muc larger than the glistening ink-cap and is gray or Pca above with a few scales on the very top of the cap, and white below, but soon becomes black and melts away. The “ shaggy-mane”’ is a very striking object when it appears on lawns, being cylindrical in shape, with shaggy, white upper surface and white or pinkish gills, which melt into an inky fluid at maturity. This is the largest and best, but also the rarest, of the ink-caps. The many-headed clitocybe (Pl. 54, fig. 4) occurs in dense clusters on lawns, especially in rather long grass, and is usually found in great abundance when found at all. Its flesh is very firm, with a slight oily flavor, and it may be kept for several days ithout deteriorating. t is a valuable species and worth ane ng. The rough-stemmed boletus (Pl. 54, fig. 5) is a very handsome edible species and the most abundant of the group of fleshy fungi having tubes instead of gills on the under side of the cap. The majority of these are edible, but they are rather difficult to dis- tinguish, and a few species are considered dangerous. The Ger- mans collect many of these edible forms under the name of “ steinpilz.”’ The equestrian tricholoma (Pl. 54, fig. 3), occurring in sandy soil under or near evergreen trees, is too rare in this region to be of i The specimens figured were collected in New Jerse The honey-colored armillaria, or honey agaric (Pl. 54, fig. 2), occurs in great profusion in the autumn in this locality on and about old stumps and attached to buried roots of both deciduous and evergreen trees, on which it grows as a parasite. It is well known to the Italians, being common also in Europe, and is eagerly collected by them here. I recently saw one in the hem- lock grove with over a bushel of the sporophores of this fungus. The “brick-top,” or perplexing hypholoma (Pl. 54, fig. 1), 211 likewise occurs abundantly in this vicinity until very late in the season, but is confined to the stumps and roots of deciduous trees, appearing in conspicuous reddish clusters of considerable size. Its flavor is not particularly good, but it is useful because of its very late appearance, and it improves puffballs and other species with little flavor when mixed with them. Puffballs are the safest of all mushrooms for the beginner, none of them being eee Oh they are at the same time very excellent and very easy to The field puffball (PI. ns js 1) is found on the lawns and in fields where the common mushroom grows. Very few persons seem to know its excellence. It is often picked when young because of a faint resemblance to the common mushroom in color, and at once thrown away. The accompanying illustration was made from a specimen collected in the fruticetum of the Garden, measuring six inches in diameter, but it is often not larger than a good-sized pear, which it somewhat resembles in shape. The surface is gray and nearly smooth, and the inside milk-white, becoming purple when old and dry. The name puff- ball is assigned because of the cloud of dust which arises from one of these old dried specimens when stepped upon A much smaller kind, about the size of a large marble, is abundant in the same localities where the field puffball occurs (Pl. 55, fig. 7). It is pure white and so abundantly adorned wit spines that it appears shaggy. When older, these spines peel away and show the thin, brown inner coat, thus suggesting the name “ separating’”’ puffba The studded puffball (Pl. 55, fig. 3), found on the ground in woods, is smaller than the field puffball, but is abundant and has a longer season. It is pure white, pear-shaped, and ornamented with spines having bases resembling cut gems. Another kind, slightly darker and smaller but of similar shape, called the pear- shaped puffball, occurs in dense clusters on rotten logs and stumps in woods. I have found this abundant here late in November. The giant puffball, which is rarely smaller than a man’s head and sometimes attains the huge size of ten feet in circumference, also occurs in woods, usually near old stumps or in rich leaf- 212 ould. There is a shallow pit in the hemlock grove in the Botanical Garden where it appears every year; and at Ithaca, New York, there used to be a stretch of low beech woods with a ene of old stumps, where one might be sure of finding it the weather was seasonable. At a distance these giant ae Looked like a group of smooth white boulders, and a small section of one of them was sufficient for a meal. Puffballs are good either stewed, or fried in thin slices with butter, but cooked in the latter way they soak up a quantity of butter and are very rich. Being tender they cook quickly and are easily digested. They should asa rule be cut open before cooking to see that they are not too old and that they are really puffballs. If they are white and firm like cream cheese inside, showing no yellow or brownish discoloration, they are of the right age to use, If the interior shows no special structures, ‘but is smooth and of the same color and a all the way through, then one may be sure he has a puffball. The “egg” of the amanita contains the young cap ne stem inside, which is readily seen when the egg is cut ; and the egg of the poisonous stinkhorn (Pl. 55, fig. 6) shows the stem and a green mass inside surrounded by a layer of jelly-like substance. The hard-skinned puffball, although edible when young, is an exception to the color rule, being almost perfectly black inside. It also differs from most puffballs in having a hard yellowish- brown, warty rind, which must, of course, be peeled off if an attempt is made to use this kind for food. It is commonly found in rather firm’soil in dry woods. The coral mushrooms are easily known by their ees Peo ie to clusters of ay branched coral. They on the ground or on rotten wood in dense shade, and are a or yellowish in color. Unfortunately, I have not found them abundant about New York. When tender and of mild flavor they make a delicious dish. None of them are poisonous. A near relative of the true coral mushrooms, called Sparassis, was found recently at New Rochelle by Miss Daisy Levy and brought to me for determination. This is a very excellent edible species and cannot be confused with poisonous kinds. 218 There is still one excellent kind that I must not fail to men- tion. The “beefsteak’’ mushroom, common on chestnut and oak stumps, may be readily recognized by its resemblance to a piece of beefsteak. The cap is red and juicy, and is attached by a short lateral stem. When cut open, the inside appears reddish and streaked or mottled like the cut surface of a beet root. The flesh is very firm and keeps for several days. If the acid taste is objectionable, it may be easily corrected by the use of soda while cooking. This mushroom will probably be very abundant about New York in the next few years because of the great number of dead chestnut trees. In conclusion, my advice to beginners is to confine themselves at first to the common mushroom, the beefsteak mushroom, the forrfts, being careful to carry with them when collecting an accu- rate mental picture of the deadly fae which have the death-cup or the peculiar patches on the cap, and to avoid mushrooms that are either too young or too old when selecting specimens for the table. If one must experiment, let him begin with experiments in cooking, since the way in which a mushroom is cooked often has much to do with its flavor and digestibility. The photographic work for the accompanying illustrations was done by Mr. F. C. Berte and the color work by Mr. E W.A Volkert. : Assistant Director. EXPLANATION OF PLaTes LIV anp LY. PuaTE LIV. Fig. 1. ‘‘ Brick-top’’ or perplexing hypholoma, Fig. 2. Hone ed armillaria or honey agaric. Fig. 3. Equestrian tricholoma Fig. 4. Many-headed clitocybe Fig. 5. Rough-stemmed boletus Piate LV, Fig. 1. Field puff-ball. Fig. 2, ‘* Deadly amanita.”’ Fig. 3. Studded puff-ball Fig. 4. Common field mushroom Fig. 5. Sapid pleurotus Fig. 6. Poisonous stinkhor Fig. 7. ‘* Separating”’ uf ball. 214 THE MUSEUM COLLECTION OF FOSSIL PLANTS. Tue OricinaL Co-LectTion. —The nucleus of the museum collection of fossil plants is the material deposited by Columbia University with the Garden under an agreement dated May 3, 1901, in which year it was transferred from the University to the museum building. It consists almost entirely of collections gathered together during a period of some forty years by the late r. John Strong Newberry, formerly professor of geology and paleontology at Columbia. The number of specimens in the collection at the time when the transfer was effected was roughly estimated at about 8,0co. Subsequent work, however, in the arrangement of the museum, clearly indicated that this estimate was too low. It also did not include a large number of specimens contained in several bexes which had apparently never been opened. These have recently been unpacked and the specimens arranged with the others in their proper sequence — a piece of work which was impossible of accomplishment until this year, when the six new cases provided for the purpose became available. A somewhat hasty enumera- tion now indicates that at least 2,000 specimens from this source should be added to the original estimate and that the Columbia University collection may be conservatively credited with not less than 10,000 specimens. The scientific value of this collection in its entirety, and the historical interest which attaches to a large part of it, cannot be adequately described or discussed within the limited scope of this article; but brief references to the more important facts in connection with certain of the material may serve to at least in- dicate what the collection as a whole represents. Among the most interesting specimens, from the historical standpoint, are those collected by Dr. Newberry about 1850, upon which he based his earliest paleobotanical contribution, “ Fossil Plants from the Ohio Coal Basin.” This paper was read before the Cleveland Academy of Natural Science in 1853, and may be found in the Proceedings, pp. 26-53. This same paper, with additions, was also published as a series of articles, sparsely 215 illustrated, in the Annals of Science, 1: 95-97; 106-108; 116, 117; 128, 129; 152, 153; 164, 165; 268-270; 280-281. 1853, and 2: 2,3. 1854. These papers are among the earliest contributions to American paleobotany and the specimens de- scribed in them are among the earliest described American fossil plants. Unfortunately, however, many of these are impossible of identification with the descriptions and figures, although for the most part they are designated as to name and locality by printed labels, evidently text cut from the articles in the Annals of Science. nated by the text labels are the exact ones upon which the names and descriptions were based, except in the case of those which can be identified by means of the figures. Other important collections, made by Dr. Newberry person- ally, or made by others and reported upon by him, are such as were obtained during the prosecution of various government ex- plorations, from about 1855-60, viz., the Northwest Boundary Commission, the Pacific Railroad and the Macomb, Ives, and Raynolds expeditions, in what was at that time generally known as “the far West.’’ Just how complete these collections may be can probably never be determined, but they contain a large num- ber of the type specimens described in certain of the published reports of these expeditions and for that reason alone their scientific value can hardly be overestimated. Subsequently Dr. Newberry was Director of the Ohio Geolog- ical Survey and also assisted in the preparation of several paleon- tological reports for other geological surveys, and further collec- tions of fossil plants were obtained from these sources, the most extensive of which is that from the Cretaceous of New Jersey, upon which he based his “ Flora of the Amboy Clays,” published in 1896 as Monographs of the United States Geological Survey, Volume XXVI. This latter collection is practically intact and includes not only all of the type and figured specimens described in the Monograph but also a large number of duplicates which serve as valuable material for exchange. Among the smaller collections may be specially noted those upon which Dr. Newberry based the following contributions : 216 “Descriptions of Fossil Plants from the Chinese Coal-bearing Rocks, etc.” Smithsonian Cont. 15: 119-123, pf. 9. 1867. “Descriptions of Some Peculiar Screw-like Fossils from the Chemung Rocks.” Ann. N. Y, Acad. Sci. 3: 217-220, pi. 78. 1885. “Fossil Fishes and Fossil Plants of the Triassic Rocks of New Jersey and the Connecticut Valley.” Monog. U. S. Geol. Surv. 14. Washington, 1888. “ Rhaetic Plants from Honduras.” Amer. Jour. Sci. 36: 342 —351, pl. & “ Devonian Plants from Ohio.” Jour. Cincinnati Soc. Nat. Hist. 12: 48-57, 104, 105, pls. 4-6. “ The Flora of the Great Falls Coal Field, Montana.” Amer. Jour. Sci. 41: 191-201, pl. rg, 1891. A few specimens only are lacking in the above-mentioned col- lections, and these may possibly be found among the unassorted specimens when these are subjected to final careful scrutiny. Among the miscellaneous material may be specially noted the extensive collection made in Australia in 1838-42, by the Wilkes Exploring Expedition, containing the type specimens de- scribed by Dana in volume 10, Appendix to the Report on the Expedition ; two collections of Upper Devonian plants from the celebrated ‘‘ Fern Ledges’”’ of New Brunswick, made and identi- fied by C. F. Hartt ; a suite of specimens from the Tertiary sand- stone of Bridgeton, N. J., mostly collected by the late Dr. John I. Northrop, which have been made the subject of a forthcoming Bulletin of the U. S. Geological Survey, by the writer, and numer- ous lesser collections upon which more or less well-known con- tributions have been based. Among these latter may be noted the following : “The Potomac or Younger Mesozoic Flora.”” Wm. M. Fon- taine. Monog. U.S. Geol. Surv. 15. Washington, 1889. (A small number only of the specimens described “Note on a Collection of Tertiary Fossil Plants from Potosi, Bolivia.” N. L. Britton. Trans. Amer. Inst. Min. 250-259, t#lust. 1893. (Collection complete.) “ Preliminary Contribution to Our Knowledge of the Cretace- 217 ous Formation on Long Island and Eastward.” Arthur Hol- rans. cad. Sci. 12: 222~237, pls. 5-7. 1893. (Colleton complete e.) Additions to the Paleobotany of the Cretaceous Formation on Long Island.” Arthur Hollick, Bull. pies Bot. Club 21: 49-65, pls. 174-180. 1894. She complet “The Cretaceous Clay Marl es e at Cliffvood, N. J.” Arthur Hollick. Trans. N. Y. Aca a. Sci ci. cee 124~136, pls, rI- 14. 1897. (Collection complete.) “Notes on Block Island.’’ Arthur Hollick. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 11: 55-88, pls. 2-9. 1898. (Collection com- plete. “A Report on a Collection of Fossil Plants from Northwestern Louisiana.” Arthur Hollick. Geol. Surv. La., Rept. 1899 : 276-288, pls. 32-48. 1900. (Collection complete.) ACCESSIONS BY THE GARDEN. — Accessions have been received from a variety of sources since the original collection was in- stalled, either by the purchase of specially desirable material; by exchange; by donation; or by collections made during the prose- cution of field work under the auspices of the garden; and it seems pertinent to here call attention to the fact that these acces- sions were mostly all obtained from time to time, either for some special purpose in connection with the museum, or through some important investigation or report, and not merely with the object of increasing the size of the museum collection. 'y Purchase. — The largest single accession is the collection purchased from Mr. Charles H. Sternberg. This contains some 1,400 specimens, beautifully preserved and admirably adapted for display purposes. It also includes some of great biological flower and two well-preserved fig fruits. Both of these are unique fossils, not elsewhere represented in any museum, so far as known. They may be found described and figured in a paper entitled “‘A Fossil Petal and a Fossil Fruit from the Cretaceous (Dakota Group) of Kansas” in ‘the Bulletin of the Torrey Bo- tanical Club, 30: 102-105, jigs. A. B. 1903. 218 By Exchange,— Three collections have been added by ex- change of specimens. One of European Jurassic and Tertiary plants, from the Natural History Museum of Paris, containing 5 specimens; the others of Tertiary plants from the John Day Valley beds of Oregon, and Cretaceous and Tertiary plants from the Yellowstone National Park, from the U. S. National Mu- seum, consisting of 15 and 50 specimens, respectively. In exchange for reports on collections submitted for examina- tion to the curator of fossil botany the following accessions are to be noted : About 500 specimens representing the flora of certain Cre- taceous, Tertiary and Quaternary horizons in Maryland, from the Maryland ee Survey. Two reports on this material have been issued, viz.: ‘“ Plantae: Phanerogamia.” Md. Geol. , Miocene: 483- 486, jigs. Ia-1h. 1904, and “ Systematic Palconiclicy of the Pleistocene Deposits of Maryland: Pterido- phyta and Spermatophyta.” J/ézd. Pliocene and Pleistocene: 217-237, pls. 67-75. 1906. All of the type specimens de- scribed and figured in these reports are included. About 200 specimens representing the Cretaceous flora of Long Island and Marthas Vineyard, from the U. S. Geolog- _ical Survey. These are duplicates, a number of them counter- parts of type specimens, forming a part of the material upon which et logical Survey, Volume L., Washington, 1906. In this instance the Garden could only secure the duplicates, as all type or figured specimens collected through the Survey are by law required to be deposited in the U. S. National Museum. About 160 specimens of Tertiary plants from Louisiana, not yet reported on, from the Louisiana Geological Survey. About 25 specimens from the Grand Gulf formation of Ala- bama, from the Geological Survey of Alabama. Examined and reported upon. out 20 specimens from the Laramie formation of the Bad ands, from the American Museum of Natural History. Examined and reported upon. 219 By Donation, —The following collections have been added through donations : About 350 specimens from the Cretaceous clay marls of New Jersey, by Mr. E. W. Berry, containing all of the type and figured specimens described in the following contributions : “The Flora of the Matawan Formation (Crosswick’s clays).” Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 3: 45-103, pls. 43-57. 1903 ‘“New Species of Plants from the Matawan Formation.” Amer. Nat. 37: 677-684, figs. 1~9. 03. ‘Additions to the Flora of the Matawan Formation.” Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 31: 67-~82, pls. 7-5. 1904. “ Additions to the Fossil Flora from Cliffwood, New Jersey.” Bull Torrey Bot. Club 32: 43-48, pls. 7, 2. 1905. out 75 specimens from the Tertiary shales of Florissant, Colorado, by Professor T. D. A. Cockerell. These include several unique and interesting examples of the preservation of delicate plant remains, two of which have been made the subjects of special papers, viz “ America Asal Mods. with Description of a New Species from Florissant, Colorado.”’ E. G. Britton and Arthur Hollick. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 34: 139-142, p/. 9. 1907 “ Description of a New Tertiary Fossil Flower from Florissant, Colorado.” Arthur Hollick. Torreya 7: 182-184, figs. 7, 2 1907. About 50 specimens from the Lower Cretaceous (Great Falls Group) of Montana, by R. S. Williams, including the type of Zamites Montanensis Font. (See articlein the JOURNAL, '7: I15. 1906. ) In addition to the above collections there have been several lesser ones donated, probably aggregating about 100 specimens in all. By Collection, — Through the members of the staff and others interested in the Garden, specimens are constantly being added from collections made in the field. Three of these may be speci- ally mentioned, viz : About 150 specimens from Long Island and Martha’s Vine- yard, forming part of the material previously mentioned as the 220 basis of the U. S. Geological Survey Memoir on “ The Cretaceous Flora of Southern New York and New England. * A number of the type specimens there decribed and figured are included. study ever discovered. Several preliminary papers dealing with these remains have been issued viz. : ““The Occurrence and Origin of Amber in the Eastern United States.” Arthur Hollick. Amer. Nat. 39: 137-145, pls. 2-3. 190s. “ Affinities of Certain Cretaceous Plant Remains Commonly Re- ferred to the Genera Dammara and Brachyphyllum.” Arthur Hol- lick and E. C. Jeffrey. Amer. Nat. 40: 189-216, p/s. 7-5. 1906. “ On Cretaceous acl ” E.C. Jeffrey and M. A. Chrysler. Bot. Gaz. 42: 1-15, pds. 2, 1906, “The Wound Reactions of Brachyphyllum.” E. C. Jeffrey. Ann. Bot. 20: 383-394, pls. 27, 28. 190) « Araucariopitys, a New Genus of A raucarane E. C. Jef- frey. Bot. Gaz. 44: 435-444, pls. 28-30. 1907. “On the Structure of the Leaf in Cretaceous Pines.” E. C. Jeffrey. Ann. Bot. 22: 207-220, pls. 13, 74. 1908. Part of this material has also been utilized in the preparation of a forthcoming Memoir of the Garden, now ready for the press, and the remainder for a subsequent contribution which is planned to be issued as a publication of the U. S. Geological Survey, from which source a grant of ies was ‘obtained for the ears of field and laboratory w ut 15 specimens of Devonian (Cots Group) plants, from Tanserscile Pennsylvania, an horizon which has yie yielded ,, comparatively few well-defined fossil eee in this reg Summary of Accessions, —It may thus be seen that 7 Garden has added to the original collection: By purchase, 1,400 ae ‘« exchange, 1,045 “donation, 575 a * collection, 215 “s Total, 3,235 221 It should also be remarked that the number indicating the number of specimens collected (215) is more or less misleading for the reason that a large part of these consist of finely divided lignitic material, contained in vials or massed in bulk, each so- called specimen, therefore, including many individual specimens. ARRANGEMENT OF THE CoLLection. — The general arrange- ment of the collection is on the basis of geologic sequence, and is designed primarily to indicate the evolution of plant life from its earliest appearance on earth up to the present time. The best preserved specimens, or those which have some special signific- ance or are of value for general educational purposes, are displayed under glass, and the remainder are arranged in the tiers of drawers beneath the floor cases. There are now twelve floor cases and five wall cases, located in the main basement hall, to the east and west of the central part, and numbered in accordance with the geologic sequence of time and periods, as follows: (See Fig. 38.) FLOOR CASEs, No. 1— Paleozoic Time. Cambrian, Ordovician, Silurian, Devonian and early acticen Periods. 2-4 — Paleozoic Time. Carboniferous Period. 0. 5 — ozoic Time. Triassic and Jurassic Periods. Nos. 6-8 — Mesozoic Time. Lower Cretaceous Period 9 — Mesozoic Time, er Cretaceous Perio No, 11 Neozoic Time. Tertiary Period (Eocene and Miocene). No, 12— Neozoic Time. Tertiary (Miocene), Quaternary and Modern Periods. WALL CasEs. No. 1— Paleozoic Time. Cambrian, Ordovician, Silurian and Devonian Periods. Nos, 2-4— Paleozoic Time. Carboniferous Period, No. 5—Neozoic Time. Tertiary and Quaternary Periods, A fair idea of the sequence of plant life in the history of the earth may therefore be obtained by observing the specimens in their sequence in accordance with the numbering of the cases, as indicated in Fig. 38. This, as previously stated, is a geolog- ical arrangement, but incidentally it is also roughly biological and follows the same system as that on which the museum of systematic botany is arranged, inasmuch as the plants of the earlier periods are low in the scale of life and those of the later uorDaT[09 [eaURjoqoated ay} Surursjuoo sasea oy] Jo usueduBUIY SuLMoYs “1ooy JUaUTESEq ULeW Jo sSuia ysam pue ysva jo weiseiqy “gf ‘ory WH BZ LEE Oo0 7 e § ©@© go @ q al ime iA Loto P ee wy Y flit YY ae) Wd. periods include a constantly increasing number of the higher forms. Thus, for example, in the cases representing Paleozoic time the plants are all thallophytes or seaweeds, pteridophytes or ferns and their allies, cycado-filices or cycad-ferns, and a few conifers. In the first case representing Mesozic time, contain- ing the plants of the Triassic and Jurassic periods, the majority consists of gymnosperms, both cycads and conifers, while in the next succeeding Mesozoic cases, containing the Lower and Upper Cretaceous plants, nearly all are angiosperms, many of them included in genera now in existence. The cases representing Neozoic time contain a constantly increasing number of living genera of angiosperms, until finally, in the last case, may be seen the remains of Quaternary plants which are indentical, both gener- ically and specifically, with our living flora. Coincident with this general arrangement, which illustrates the evolution of the vegetable kingdom as a whole, each case con- tains some individual specimens, or groups of specimens, which illustrate certain features or indicate certain phases of the subject, which are of interest to students in special lines of investigation. For example, most of the problematic fossils, those which have been ¢lassed by some authorities as the remains of plants and by others as traces of animals or as inorganic markings, may be seen in floor and wall cases No. 1 ; namely, Plamulina, which is prob- ably a hydroid; Phytopsis, whieh may bea coral; Scolithus, al- most certainly cau by worm burrows ; D. s phycus, which ay represent current markings; Dictyolttes, whi likely due to sun cracks, T , and others under the genera Paleophycus, Fucoides, Arthophycus, Archaeophyton, etc., have all been and some still are subjects of controversy as to their origin or relationships. In floor case No. 2 and floor and wall cases No. 3, are most of the fern-like plants, all of which were formerly thought to be true ferns, but many of which are now known, from critical study of the remains, to belong to an extinct order, Cycadofilicales, which had the outward appearance of ferns with fructification similar to that of the cycads or sago palms. Repre- sentatives of the interesting “ Glossopteris flora” may be found in floor case No. 5, —a flora of uncertain botanical relationship 224 which flourished in the transition period between Paleozic and Mesozoic Time, particularly in the southern hemisphere, and may yet have its living prototype in the South African genus Stangeria, e vicinity, in New Jersey and on Long Island, are displayed in floor cases Nos. 6 and 7. Methods of preservation, either by seme incrustation or carbonization, are shown by numer- ous specimens of silicified wood, remains of various kinds from the cee of calcareous or silicious springs, and from Quater- nary and recent swamp deposits, in wall case No. 5, and in floor cases Nos, 11 and 12. A large part of the material in floor case No. 12 is designed especially to indicate how our living flora is being preserved in our peat bogs and other swamp and pond de- posits and gradually converted into lignite, by the slow process of natural distillation. A view of the north side of the east wing of the museum hall, containing floor and wall cases Nos. 1-3, is shown in Fig. 39. visitor to obtain a general idea ot the significance of the collec- tion and the salient features which it represents, it is also well adapted for critical study and research. The plants of any given horizon or period may be found in their proper stratigraphic position in the cases, in accordance with’ the general arrange- ment of the museum, and the specimens from each locality, or those collected by any expedition at any one time from an exten- sive area or region are grouped together, and whenever possible a duplicate copy of the paper in which the specimens are described is deposited with them for ready refgrence. Type specimens are designated by red stars and others which have been with practically every palennotsnices in the world, with the result 226 that nearly all important works or papers on paleobotany come to the library as soon as published. Every year students and investigators in paleobotany have availed themselves of the opportunities and advantages which the Garden supplies in this line of work, which are believed to be unequalled by any other institution in America, and which could be still further enlarged by including within their scope equip- ment for morphological as well as systematic work. THUR HOoLticx. Curator. ENRICHING SOIL BY CRIMSON CLOVER. value of clovers and other leguminous plants in the ferti- lization of soils has long been recognized but it is only within comparatively recent years that the reasons for this have been thoroughly studied. Nitrogen which is contained in the soil in the form of com- pounds is necessary to the life of the plant, and although free nitrogen is present in the air in great abundance it is not avail- able to the average plant inthis form. When the nitrogen com- pounds become exhausted from the soil by constant use it be- comes necessary to restore these through fertilizers. Although free nitrogen is not available by the average plant it has been found that certain bacteria which are known as nitrifying bacteria are able to use the free nitrogen from the air and to fix it in the form of compounds in which form it is available by other plants. These bacteria do not act alone but live as parasites on the roots of clovers and related plants where they form swellings known as nodules. Although parasites, they give in return for the sus- tenance which they draw from the plant on which they grow, the nitrogen so necessary to that plant. Through this adaptation leguminous plants are able to grow in soils which contain a very small amount of nitrogen compounds and to restore to the soil through their remains these compounds in sufficient quantity to supply the needs of other forms of vegetation. By the growth and the subsequent plowing under of leguminous crops it has 227 been found that worn out soils may be fertilized at much lower cost than by other artificial means. As noted in the Journar for June an area of about half an acre of land at the rear of the museum building was graded and prepared for sowing crimson clover seed in April and May. The area was one that had to be denuded in the general grading op- erations around the building and a great deal of rock taken out of it, and it was subsequently covered to an average depth of about 10 inches with top-soil hauled from other parts of the grounds, affording excellent opportunity for the use of crimson clover instead of manure for fertilizing. The record of growth is as follows: May 14, seed sown and the ground rolled. May 20, first appearance of seed-leaves above ground. May 30, first simple foliage leaves abundant. June 2, tubercles on main roots nearly 1 mm. in diameter ; minute tubercles on secondary roots. June 15, plants about 2 inches high; increase in tubercles on the root system. July 1, crop averaging 6 inches high, with proportionate in- crease of tubercles on the root system The continued and severe drought through June and July greatly retarded growth, so that not more than about one third the full crop was obtained. A small proportion of the plants came into bloom late in July. August 7, the crop was plowed in.. September 9, area sown with lawn mixture. December 1, area well covered with young grass. EXPENDITURES IN May, Plowing, team and 2 men, one day $7.00 aie a and ee ‘eae and 1 man, } day......scsecsees 1.25 Sowing, 1 man, 3 day +40 Cost of crimson clove seed 72 EXPENDITURES IN AUGUST. Plowing, team and 2 men, § day..... sseccese cersseererrettrees 5.25 EXPENDITURES IN SEPTEMBER. Cost of lawn grass see Harrowing, sowing and rollin: Total expenses for half an acre ....seseseseversesesseceeeeers 228 The cost of thus enriching a large acreage would, of course, be considerably less, probably not more than $30 per acre. N. L. Britton. NOTES, NEWS AND COMMENT, Volume 22, part 4, of North American Flora, containing de- scriptions of the family Rosaceae (pars), by P. A. Rydberg, was issued November 20, 1908. Dr. and Mrs. W. A. Murrill sailed for Jamaica December 5, to study and collect fungi at various points on the island. lant of Acacia platyptera has just come into flower at the conservatories. The flowers are bright yellow and are borne on what appear to be stiff, flat leaves, but these are really branches. The plant has no true leaves, and these leaf-like branches take the place of leaves in the economy of the plant. This acacia is native in Australia, and is now in house No. 12. The collection of orchids in house No. 15 has been of great interest for some time back, and promises to continue this interest for some weeks to come. Dendrobium Coelogyne, with the habit of a Coelogyne but the flower structure of a Dendrobium, has been in flower for several weeks, and is still in bloom. This is a most peculiar plant, and this is the first time it has flowered with us. Some showy oncidiums, including O. altssimum, will be a mass of yellow during December. The large collection of Venus-slippers, representing the genera Paphiopedilum and Phragmipedium, forming a part of the large collection of orchids presented to the Garden by Mr. Oakes Ames last year, has been attracting much attention for some time past, and the buds in sight now give promise of an interesting exhibit during Decem- er. ere are in this collection a large number of hybrids, some of them of extreme beauty and attractiveness. A view of these plants would well repay any visitor to the collections. Through the generosity of Mr. Henry Hicks, Cornell University will be enabled to establish an arboretum of about twenty acres on a tract of land recently bought from the late F. C. Cornell, adjoin- 229 ing the campus on the east and the new athletic field on the south. This tract lies along the sides of the Cascadilla ravine and pre- ing trees according to their natural affinities. No attempt will be made at landcsape gardening ; the contour of the ground will be left as it is, and various groups of trees will be arranged in lanes running northward and southward across this ravine. Mr. Hicks’ gift will include many foreign species, notably certain hardy kinds from Japan and Manchuria. Meteorology for November.'— Total precipitation for November .42 inch. Maximum temperatures were recorded of 64.7° the 3d, 60.3% on the oth, 57.3% on the 20th, and 59° on the 26th and 27th; also minimum temperatures of 31.7° on the 2d, 25° on the 5th, 24° on the 16th, 25.7° on the 21st, and 34° on the 29th. The mean temperature for the month was 44.35° While the amount of precipitation in the form of rain was very low for the month this was in part counterbalanced by fogs and mists which kept the air saturated and prevented excessive evapora- tion. Heavy fogs from the 23d to the 26th kept the surface of the soil thorougly moist. This followed by very light showers but heavy mists. ACCESSIONS. LIBRARY ACCESSIONS FROM NOVEMBER 1 TO NOVEMBER 30, 1908. Ames, OAKES. Orchidaceae: illustrations and studies e nee family Orchidaceae. Fascicle III. Boston, 1908. iven by KINSON, GEORGE FRANCIS. Studies a Aan oa) Ed. 2. New York, EDWARDS, SYDENHAM. The new flora Britannica. London, 1812. GEIGER, PHILIPP LORENZ. i ey Botanik, Zweite Auflage, neu bearbeitet von T. F. L. Nees von Esenbeck und J. H. Dierbach, Heidelberg, 839-40. 2 vols. Linpiey, JoHN, & Moore, THomas. Treasury of botany. New edition. Lon- don, 1870. 2 vols. LockR, JOHN. Outlines of botany. Boston, 1819 USTAV. shee und oe ae Praktikum der Botanik + Lehrer. Zweiter Teil: eile: gamen. Leipzig, 190 ntroduction to systematic and physiological botany, Pout ae 1830. ena Homer L. College and school directory of the United States and Canada, Chicago, ee ja yg 230 BINSON, beet Lincoin, & FERNALD, MERRITT LYNDON, any ‘any, Seventh edition. New Yo Morrill. Gray's new ork, 1908, (Given by Dr. W. A. ScHWEINITZ, Lewis DAVID VON. Synopsis cig in America boreali media degentium. Philadelphia. 1832. (Given by D Pee) ming. Science-Gossip. Edited by M. C, Cooke @ J. E. Ta oe London, 1866-77. 12 vols, THONNER, FRANZ. Die ra een legs Berlin, 1 & Van Warzurc, OTTO, OMEREN BRAND, J. E. ae der Welt. wirtschaft. Leipzig (19 ILLIAMS, J. R. Suceruions for school gardens, Jamaica, 1908. (Given by Dr. N. L. Britton.) MUSEUMS AND HERBARIUM. 77 aie of hepatics from the Franconia Mountains, New 2 (Given ie Lo oth ae of 1908. y: 1 museum specimen of Meemeris from Singapore. (Given by Mr. A. H. Church.) gap 6 specimens of the leaves of Sassafras Sassafras. (Given by Mr. Edwin W. Humphr eys. ) 4 from New Hampshire. (Given by Miss Annie Lorenz. ) 4 fossil specimens of Picea canadensis. (Given by Dr. Arthur Hollick. 13 oe of various fossil plants from Colorado and New York. (Given by Mr. Edwin W. Humphreys. II specimens ‘‘ Hepaticae Norvegici.’? (From the herbarium of N. Bryhn.) aa oe of marine algae from the Dutch East Indies. (By exchange with Mrs. A. Weber-van Bosse. 22 specimens “ Musci Canariensia.’’ (From the herbarium of N, (Fr Bryhn. ) I specimen of fungus from Santiago de las Vegas, Cuba. (By exchange with Mr. H. eee ring. © specimens of Canadian mosses. (Distributed by Mr. John Mac in.) 1 specimen of Meomeris from the Friendly Islands. (Given by Trinity College, Dublin.) ; 1 model of the morel. (Given by Dr. W. C. Deming.) I specimen of fungus from Lancaster County, Pennsylvania. (Given by Dr. J. K. Small. 5 — of resupinate polypores from Lincoln, Nebraska. (Given by Mr. R, J. Poo! 2 specimens of Boletus granulatus from Biltmore, North Carolina. (Given by Dr. H. D,. House.) 5 specimens of polypores from Flat Rock, North Carolina. (Given by Mr. E. R. Memminger. 52 specimens of marine algae from Pacific Island and Australia. (By exchange ) with Maj. Th. Reinbold. SEEDS AND PLANTS. 5 palms for conservatories. (Given by Hon. W. G. Choate.) 2 plants of Phyllocactus for conservatories. (Given by Mrs. M. Mott.) 231 1 fern for conservatories. (Given by Mr. C. Lanier.) 1 levi of Paphiopedilum Fairieanum for conservatories. (By exchange with Mr. J. A. M 3 ae a. Stylophyllem for conservatories. (Given by Miss E. M. 8.) nts of fra/ia for conservatories. (By plea with the ae of n afted cacti for conservator (Given by Mr. Henry Schmidt.) 529 ae for the woody eileseake frarchaced 3 packets of choice 4/thaea seed. (Given by Miss W. A. ea : 14 packets of Crataegus seed. (By exchange with Mr. B. F. Bus 19 plants derived from seed from various sources INDEX. Abra: y 4, aes ‘platptere ns Accessions, see N, Y. Botanical Gar- Acetabulum crenulatum 43 Actinidia 143 Adu getiak in foods and drugs and their detection 107 “6 3 aoe bee ea 126, 127, The collections of (Pl. XLVI., gs. 17-21) 1 mie m1 bs an NI Allen, Dr. T. Amanita 138, raped ee oo 208, 213 fly pholoies a 139 4 Armillaria, ce ies 210 me. ade Arr o pibentiaee 22 ae T; ae J. Xo 14, 57, 181 Ash sey i. AG Ir Atkinson, Prof. G, F. 4, 182 Aurantiporus Pilotae 140 Averill, Mr. Horace 126 Azalea 137, 139 ee and Caicos Islands, Repor the botanical i of the 9Q-12) 41 Bailey, H. B. ailey, Dr. J. bi 124 aker, C, F, alsam forest ae ee false 156 anker, H. J. 4 38 nta, ‘May ee ie The (fig. 3) I0, 12, 13 W.C. ity wn w € £85 one 7 w Aoas - ge le I root III enedict, » R 59, 85 erger, Mr, Alwin 186 errie, Mr. A. 88 er ne Mr. E . 219 erte, Mr. F. C. 52, 213 ertholeia 185 N. 23 ae . E Bilin, Elizabeth 59 Billings, J. S. 178 aay 112, aa 140 Bittersweet 1 Blakea Bligh, oe oe 119 Blodgett, F. Boletus 138 ae ar 210, 213 Borg , FP. Boel exploration in Jamaica 81 J. K. 41, 50 Bridel, S. or on, E. CG. 177, 219 The collections of mosses and hepatics 21 Britton, De. a ee 159, I Botanical tpl aca in Jamaica 1s oe oe 120, 132, Enriching soil by crimson clover 6, Further exploration in Jamaica 163 The gl aie _ the late Dr. tto Kuntz Britton, N. L. & R J. N., A genus of Cactaceae (Pls. LVIII-LIL, fig. 32) 185 Britton, Mrs. N. 52, 81, 84, 85, L. 163, ee 201 Broadhurst, jean 8 paaanied 4 Brom is Bromeliat 16, onx Park, ‘Edible ra Pls . LIV, ne "A in rotundifolia 90 Sota a G. S. 4, 60, 120 Butler, B. T. nes, E. Cabbage 205 Cactaceae, - ew genus of a IL-LIt, rind 32) 1 Cactus, ae s-head . 46 ee mee nds, Report on the botan- (eaee of ns Bahama 12) 4 floccosus 138 233 Cardiff, I, D. Carnegie, pe ae 19, 21, Carnegiea 188 C ottbacs ‘gorvitor a 83 Ci pes g ley Ze Cattleya 131 owringiana 131 Skinneri 130 Cecropia 156 Ceratopteris 85 Cereus 186 giganteus 185, 187 abst se Thurber Chambecai, "7. 178 Cha 173 Chara i anh 43 Cherry 136 Chestnut 23, ta 27, 29, 30, 115, 136, : ne 198 40 ee The spread of the (figs. Clinton, P. Clitocybe iludens 138 a 13 a 210, 213 Ciitopitus 139 Cledd, G. 85 Clover, Enriching soil by crimson 226 144 Ce palm 87 shells 112 ead rr 165 vifer Cockeal Prof T. D. A. 4, 219 Coelog: ker OW 234 Colchicum 11 Collecting fuel at Biltmore 135 ai fossil plants, a mu- figs. 38, 39) 2 . he Colletions - aa (Pl. XLVI., figs. of. ‘Bowering plants, The museum (Pl. XLVIL, aa 29 sal 172 of fungi, The mosses prs ieee The 21 Ss. 13 Coltricin cinnamomea 140 obes 140 bea 140 Columnea 83 Commons, Mr. A. Construction work, ae oN. Y. Botan- cal Garden Cook, M. T. iy Cordyceps 13 militar ale’ be eese 140 Corn F, C. 228 eee ce Cotton 82 Cousins, Hon, H. H. 163, 168, 170, 170 Coville, Mr. F. V. 38, — 120 Cowell, Prof. , - Cox, Mr. C. ae we mae an oJ. Bin ree 45 ahah bide 85 one r-tree 198 ae Cc. E. 63 Cyclamen neapolitanum 52 Cycloporus Greenei 140 Daedalea quercina 140 Daphne Lagetto 117 Cc. Darling, A. 63 Davenport, Mr. G. E. 39 Davis, Z 4 w: oelogyne Dendrophycus 223 Dictyolites 223 the" fT idatatiee The ae isd ed 181 Discula Plater Dock x as Ada Mr. H. S. Allestany, Ss. Ms Museum of Natural Atkinson, Prof. G F. ae Ballou, Mr. W. H. 17, 40, 103 Barnhart, Dr. J, H. 16, ay 134, 161 artlett, Mr. H. H. 17 artram, : hae Labor 1 Dowell, De > philip 1 Earle, Prof. F. S. 162, 183 Eggleston, Mr. W. W. 17, 148 e: Frye, Prof, Tc Dr. W. J. 16 chieffelin & Co., als 122 Glatt, Dr. N. M. 17, 103 chmidt, Mr. Henry 2 Dr. H. C. i1fo hafer, Dr. J. A. - on “Miss H, M. 55 imonson, Mr. L. M. qo Grout, Dr. A. J. 40, 55, 102 leepy Eye Milling Co. 55 Hall, Mrs. J. H. 203 losson, Miss ie os 55, 204 Hanmer, Mr. C. C. 103 . mall Dr. j. K. Hapeman, Dr. H. 103 mith, t D 34 Harper, Dr. R. M. 148 outhwick, E, BL 1 tr W. 203 paulding, Mr erley 40 Harrison, Mrs, W. H. 183 tanfield, P.: S 9 Haynes, Miss C. C. 122 teele, Mr. S. 183 Hemert, Mrs. P. L. von 183 we za Messrs. J. M. & Co, Hoffmann, Mr. 40 Bee Dr. Arthur 17, 133, 203, To a Botanical Club ae Treadwell, Prof. A. L, Holuay, Mr. E. W. D. 16, 40 Tricoche, Mr. od Hopkins, Mr. M. H. 39 es ne ege, ‘Dublin 2 House, Dr. H. D. 16, 103, 134, Trus f£ Columbia University 162. a 161 Hoyt, le Tirckh ; r. H. von 162 Humphreys, Mr. E. W. 230 Underwood, Prof. L. M. 16 Hu Mr. J. 148 Vail, Miss M. 133, 134 Hupfel, Mr. J. C. G. 204 Weinberg, Mr. Jackson, Mr. H. S, 10 enisch, M: 148 Kane, Mr. J. I. 17 Wercklé, Mr. C. 55, 56 Kennedy, Dr. P. B. 103, 122 Wickes, Miss E. M. Kern, Mr. F. 40 Wilson, Pr G - 103, 162 Lake, Prof. E. R. 162 Wilson, Dr. Margaret B. 54 Lanier, Mr. C. 231 Wilmowsky, Mr. F. F. von 54, Lloyd, Prof. F. E. 183 Lorenz, Miss Annie eo 122, 134 Wooton, Prof. E, O. 203 203, 230 Zeledon, Mr. . C. 203 MacDougal, Dr. D. T. He 40 eS 170 Mackenzie, Mr. K. K. 103 ordifolia 171 Macoun, Mr. J. M. 54 Dow, aa McL. 63 Mehlich, Mr. W. H. 203 Drugs and their oe Adulte- Memminger, Mr. E. R. 230 rants in foods and 1 Merck & Co., Messrs. 134 Dufour, Alice 63 Miller, Mr. Wilhelm Dunn, : is, Mr. G. - ~Durand, rs. M. Dutchman’s pipe 142, 143 rae Dr. Wo n 16, 17, 104, 230 Earle, F. S. 4, 177 Nash, Mr. G. V. 161 Eastwood, Alice 4 almer, L . 122 Eaton, rke, Davis & Co. 17 Economic Garden 142 Pauls, Mr. ed useum 145 Pearson, Mr. Cc. 104 Edible mushrooms in pa Park Pierson & Co., gyeea oF. R. 122 (Pls. oP . LV.) 20 ool, Mr. R. J. 23 Edwards, H. Zobinson, Dr. C. B. 16, 39 Buvleston, Mr. “w. W. 39, 64 tolfs, Prof. P. H. 17 Elecampane 1 Zomell, Mr, L. 162 Elfvingia fomentoria 140 es Dr. H. H. 16, 17, 40, 54, megatoma 56, 104, 122, 134, 148, 162, Ellis, Mr. J. B. 178 Elm 198 Ryd bere Dr. P. A. 16 Elmer, A. D. E. 4 Sacket, Mr. 40 Emerson, J. T. 64 236 Emory, Lieut. W. H. 185 Engelmann, Dr. George 185, 187 Enriching - by crimson clover 226 Entoloma Bpidendrum iieeotdale 17t Euphorbia vagi ule 43 Evans, Prof. A. W. 15, 23 Evans, ae 64 Everhart, 4 Evolvulus per 49 Exchanges Baker, Prof. C, F. 102, 103, 122 est, . G. N, 162 Blumer, Mr. J. C. 134 Borgesen, Mr. F. 55 British beseke tags Bryhn, D: Bureau of Plant in a ae, 134 £ e, or 161 Bu aa a . FF, Car Mr. — a Colina Prof, J. F. 55 Delaware oe Experi- ment Statio: trtoues: Of caine Ja- ica, W. I. 148, 203 Parks, Borough Bronx 231 Borough of Brooklyn 55 Public Gardens and Pl tions, Jamaic Dixon, M i rnst, M1: Fairmount Park 148 pa Museum of Natural His- y 4 Geological Survey of Canada 54, 103, pes r. Hasselbring, H Hope G: eae ae = House, AL 55, 1 Howard Memorial Crary 161 Kennedy: Prof, P. . Manda, Mr. J. A. Missouri oo icundea 16, 04 Natural History Museum, Vienna 183 New York Zoological Society 104, 122 Paris [E. Public Gardens, “Jamaica 56 Any 230 Réll, Dr. J. aoe les “Kew ee 203 f, D. R. a ee e U. S. Department of Agriculture Sane Survey 203 nal yeaa 17, 39, 40, ve . , 104, 148, 162, 183, 203 Weber-van Bosse, A, 230 Weinberg, Mr. F. 17, 122, 148, aa Zel , Mr. J. C. 148 ee erent — 139 Explorations, see N. Y. Botanical Garden Farlow G Faweett, H. Faweett, Hon. Wiltiem 81, 82, 89, 167 tree 167 Fernald, Prof. M. L. 182 Ficus 12 a 13 elastica 13 Fistulina hepatica 140 Flammula 139 Fleischer, Prof, Flower yet plants, “The muse col- oe ns of (PI. XLVIL, figs. 3r aise Fomes ve cou Foods and aie And i detection, ulterants in sahale igearolee 137 a eM Hes eee "The museum collection of (figs, 38, 39) 214 14 ox-glove 1 Frullania 21 ucoides Funaria hyarometice 2 2 Fungi 1 9, 158, fles y fs The co tiecdead of (figs. 1, 2) 1 Further exploration in Jamaica 163 Gager, Dr. C. S. 51, 64, 159, 179, 180, 181 ett, 4 rae eee ursina 137 Geaster 1 Genesee and Letchworth Park, The falls of the (Pl, LIII., figs. 33-37) 188 e Gentian Coonan Steorta 85 Gepp, Ant! 22 Gesneria panel ibbes, L. I Gill-fungi 138, 139 ie ada Plumier’s 165 Seer as 170 raves, Prof. A. H, 15 reen, Hon. A. H. 189 rias caulifiora 88 rifiths, Da » 65 rifola Berkeleyi 140 risebach (A. H. R.) 8, rout, - 66 TOVES, A. 169 uenberg, B. C, uaiacum officinale 47 ‘um, bi; 137, 140 cane i> Gusmania 165 cabiuligere 167 ‘awe 167 Gamnasporangium 139 Gynerium 156 airtel ais 44 dens Hall, ine ‘Maxwell 87 Ha: nbury, os Thomas 186 aoe 66 ae Me vwilign ie forest, 142 ‘ove 132, 212 83, 84, 165, 167, 237 Henbane rr Henne, Mr. Hugo 152, 153 Hennings, Mr. Henry, 17 Henry, Florence 67 Hepatics, The collections of mosses and 21 ar ig the late Dr. Otto , The 19 Hernandia 36 Hi Hill, A.J. 4 be: 165 Holdsworth, Capt. H. ick, Dr. Arthur 3 ee ig 82, 4, 9, 159, 217, 219, oa Saag um collection ot fossil sae 38, 39) 2 ies "Theor Holw: Honeysuckle, Javanese 144 dele Horticultural Society of New York, see iety House, Dr. H. D. 49, 68, 137, 146 E 159 wi . 8 Howe, Dr. M. A. 14, 22, 23, 51, 159 T algae (Pl. I -a o ° 9 = ay Bo ° r=] a ° ad = . 3 Howe, M. A. & Wilson, P., Report on ’ P' the botanical exploration of the Bahama eau Caicos Islands S. Q-I Hoyt, 68, 1 iauianage 84, 85 Pen erates aeleene 210, 213 Inocybe 139 238 Inonotus hispidus 140 Inul Irving, Mrs. Leonard 68 Isham, Florence 68 Jackson, Mr. H. S. 69, 159 Jamaica, Botanical exploration in 81 Further ite tion in 163 Jeffrey, E. C. ae Macy. ae mman, G. S. 178 nee D. S. 4, 69 Kalmia 137, 139 Kamala urea es W. A. 4, 91 Kellicott, W. 69 Kemp. F,, a eamble and resolu- tion adopt by the scientific ectors relative the death f Lucie: fet od 13 Kern, F. 4, Kerr, Messrs. J. E, & Co. 87 Kimura, Tokuzo g, C. A. 69 Kirkwood, J. E. 70 nox, A, 70 Kornman n, EL he Kuntze, Dr. Ott The he cae "Of ae late Dr. tto 1 Kunz, Mr. G. e nee Kupfer, E. M. Lace-bark tree, The (figs. rae 116 Lach oclad ium Schweinitati 13 volemus 138, Lagetta Lage area , fig. Leatherw 117 nworth, George 71 tures, see N. Y. Botanical Gar- Leotia lubrica 139 re ala 187 neds » 177 Letchworth Park and the Falls of an Ge: pre (Pl. LIL, figs. 37) ieehworth, Ww. 9 189, oe 191, 194, 198, 199, 200, 20 Levy, Miss Daisy 212 Livingston, B. E Livingston, Mrs. F. V. 71 Lloyd, ~4, 1 Locke, E 71 Locust 1 bla 37, 140 ee Fraser s, Martin, G. Lea Mr es > 178 enn ~ A. Re 2 14, 22, 23, 72, 0, : I Moscpace 8 McCat Dr Mediniila sini si Meissner 173 m: M f, Dr. 92 Meteorology, see N. Y. Botanical Microporellus dealbatus 140 Middleton, Florence 72 Millspaugh, Dr. C. F. 4, 15, 42, 43, 72 Mitten, I Mnium cuspi idatum 21 Molwitz, Ernestine 2 ontgomery, Mrs. T. H., Jr. so Moosewo Morgan, Prof. A. P. 4, 91 Morgan, Mr. J. P. 190 239 Mosses 123, 150, 158, 167 and hepatics, The Sees of 21 Mouriria 171 Mulford, +73 Maller, Karl 22 Murrill, Ps 14, 73, 91, 132, 158, Collecting Pies at t Biltmore 135 Edible mushr in a Park (Pls, 1 » L 7) 20. Leaf blight of the ‘lane. tree (Pl. XLV., fig. 13) 1 The collections Of nae (figs. 1, 2 I ae spread of the chestnut dis- ase (figs. aye 23 Murril, Mrs. W. Museum _caletions “Of flowering = ne (PL XLVIL., figs ee eee of fossil plants (figs. 38, 39) 214 Mushroom 205, 206, 207, 208, 209, 211, 21 pail aa 213 coral 2 fiel ld 2 in ae Pale Edible (Pls. LIV., Nash, Mr. an Bie 43, 48, 51, 159, 202 speci: men of as Flor de oe Sebastian ” (fig. Letetwort bis and the Fal e (Pl. LIIL, 2 ai pre The baease tree (fig 3) 1 e lace-bark tree (igs. Tee) Bae Nelson, A. Newberry, Dr. Jus. ee 214, 2 ew genus of Cactaceae, A (Pls. VIII.-LII., e 32) 185 Newly Lame director of the lab- The New York aaeanica! ne Accessions 15, 39, 54, 93, 122, I 48, 160, 183, 202, 229 Construction work 121, 146 Explorations 41, 81, 135, as 163 es, 19 ‘0: n oo 201 Meteorology, 1907, December 15; i ny ix Brett. see Meteorology Publications - the staff, scholars and students for 1907 3 Ra sinfall, see Meee orology Registered investigators at the 1897-1908 orts 41, 81, 135, 149 7 163 Repo: Resignation o of Dr. Gager 179 a ani see Meteorology orth ‘Atwerican Flora 39, 52, 120, 14, Nester. Dr. J. I No ment 38, 146, 159, a . 216 otes, News and Comm 52, OI, 119, 132, 228 I, Oak aff ie 137, 140, 198 altissimum 228 Orchids 152, 166, 167, 168 Ormosia ur duty to the oe 141 Overacker, M. L. Paleophycus 223 Palliser, H. L. 73 P; > FS] + o = aon sas 7, 89 Panama, Report on Sara oe dz tion in oes —28 Paphiopedilum 228 Patouillard, Dr. Paxillus a merrier 138 Pear, anchovy 88 Peck, C, H Peck, M. E. 4 Penicillus capttatus 124 Pepper, ey 112 cayenne 113 Perry, Rev *G. W. 125 Philodendron tripartitao 167 aie “public ee children 91, 182, Phragmipediur Phytopsis 223 240 Pike, Col. Nicholas ae 178 Pinchot, Area Giffo oes Pinder, WwW. S. 4 Pine » Pinus car’ Man iper, a Pitcairnia 1 : Plane-tree 10 Leaf blight "of the (Pl XLV., fig. 13) 10 Platanus pecidentaiis 105 Pleuro 8 treatus 138, 139 pid 2173 ee. eg ithe a evans 89 Poe a Ill ard, C. L. lyrica commune 21 Dr, oe ae 73; . 146 Bale y 136 Poroda Bae "Pini 140 Potato Iro aac and resolution adopted by sci ee directors oa death of Professor Lu- cien M. Salerw ood 13 Precipitation, see N. °v. Botanical Price, S. Mapa 3 CG. 23 Prior, a Cc. A. 169 Prior a copat ae Pseudophoenis Sargent 46 Publications, N. Y. Botanical G ea Puffball 205, 211, 212, 213 field 211, 213 studded 211, 213 Pyropolyporus igniarius 140 Robinitae 140 Rafflesia 14 Rainfall, N. Y. Botanical Garden Ramalina, 154 Rand, E. E. ca Ravenel, H. W. Rea, P. M. 74 Reinbold, Th. oe Rennert, R. J. Rane on botanical exploration in ma Rae 23-28) 14 . Bo nical Garden . Mr. binson, ans B. L. Robinson, Dr. c B. i a Robinson, 2 75 omell, L. 4, 3 Rose. =o sae see N. L. &, ew Cactaceae an XLVI. Stn, fig. 32) 185 Roystonea 85 Rubrecht, W. K. 75 wellia 112 Rusby, Dr, H. H. sr, 159, 180, 201 virescen 38 fee ~ 120, 177, 228 Rydber; age, ago, anftleben, Mr. 86 Sarcoscypha coccinea 139 aunders, D. A. 128 chenck, Dr. C. A. hae oe 137, 141 chenck, Mrs. C. A. chuma Prof. Karl "186 chwartz, Edith 75 colithu 3 tt, 75 eaver, Mr. F. J. 75, 181, 202 eaweeds 125, 130 elby, A. D. ennart, The Misses 88 etchell, W. A. 1 hafer, Dr. J. A. gt hear, C. L. 76 himer, H ~7 himer, Mrs. H. W. 76 hoe er, C. J. 77 hreve, Forrest 77 isa kin ae Mr. 130 later, F. W. 77 losson, erence 7 mall, Dr. J. K. 120 241 The te nar Siagere of flower- ing plan ac XLVIIL., figs. 29-31) 1 Smith, C. L. Smith, Mr. J. D. 146 Smith, J. G. 23 Soap-bark 745 Society, American Rose 120 hortic cilsareli QI, 120 Sorrel ae Sourwood Spathularia Sclulibes 139 Spigelia 112 Spread of me oe disease, The 3. Spruce forest 3 7 Stangeria 202, _ paradoxa 20. . R. ea N. ue Taylor, Mr. Norman 38, 43, 48 A collection of vines 142 eee see N. Y. Botanical Theobroma Cacao 168 85, 8 Traveller's i 143 Tree, n ae 1 86 sy (figs. 14-16) 116 Turpenti ine 145 Uhlig, W. C. Underwood, Pee L. M. 13, 14, 23 OI, 17 Preamble and resolution adopted by the scientific directors rela- pee to the death of Professor 4 a ilar cea n the nS ebastias on . Ignatius 22, 16. a fie de 30 139 corymbosum 137 Vai a A. M. 177 Valentine, M. C. 78 Ce held 82 Valon; ae cet zr opila Van i Cornet 146 Vanderbilt, Mr. G. W. 135, 136, 201 illa Volkert, Mr. E. & 213 Waghorne, A. C. 4 Wallace, Mr. 83 Walnut 136 ang, C. Y. 78 Watterson, Ada 78 3 Williams, Mr. R. S. 38, 219 Report on botanical Calgnees n Panama (figs. 23-28) 149 oy Wilson, a 79, 132 Wilson, gms 119, 169 Wilson, Mr. 14, 23, 47, 91, iy Wils Hov a M. A., & Repor n the botanical exploration i” e Bahama and Caicos Islands Ces. 9 12) 41 Wold, M. as Wo od, 6. C. 79 242 Worthley, I. T. 80 Yatsu, Naohidé 80 ae ee as. 4 Yerkes, Mrs. R. M. 78, 80 fe é York, H. H. 80 Wallschlae H. R * 66 Zamia 84 Wal ie 166, 170 Zamites Montanensis 219 Zanthoxylum Yacca, black 89 Zeleny, Charles 80 Yamanouchi, Shigeo 80, 128 Members of the Corporation. GrorcE S. Bowpo1n, Pror. N. L. Britron, Hon. Appison Brown, Dr. Nicuoras M. But_er, ANDREW CARNEGIE, Pror, C. F. CHANDLER, WILLIAM G. CHOATE, CHARLES F. Cox, Joun J. CROOKE, - _W. Bayarp CuTTING, JAMEs B. Forp, RoBERT W. DE Forest, Henry W. DE Forest, CLEVELAND H. Doncer, SAMUEL W. FAIRCHILD, RICHARD W GILDER, Hon. Tuomas F. GILroy, Hon. Hucu J. Grant, Henry P. Hoyt, ADRIAN ISELIN, JR., Joun I. Kane, EUGENE KELLY, Jr., Pror, JAmes F. Kemp, Joun S. KENNEDY, Pror, FREDERIC S, LEE, Hon. SetH Low, Davip Lypic, Epcar L. Marston, D. O. MILLs, J. PizerronT MorGAN, THEODORE W. MYERs, GrorRGE M. OLcotT, Pror. Henry F. Ostorn, Lowe Lt M. PAumer, GEORGE W. PERKINS, James R. PITCHER, Percy R. Pyne, Joun D. ROCKEFELLER, WILLIAM ROCKEFELLER, Pror. H. H. Russy, James A. SCRYMSER, Henry A. SIEBRECHT, WILLIAM D. SLOANE, NELSON SMITH, JAMEs SPEYER, Francis L. STETSON, Dr. W. GILMAN THOMPSON, Louis C. TIFFANY, SAMUEL THORNE, GEORGE W. VANDERBILT, Hon. Ecrerton L. WINTHROP, JR.; ee ae be hm PUBLICATIONS OF The New York Botanical Garden Joumal of the New York Botanical Garden, monthly, illustrated, con- taining noies, Bae non jfechtival anticles 0 a peu ae Free to mem ders of the Garden, To others, 10 cen cop [Not offered in exchange. ] Vol. I, ‘1900, Vili aw 213 war II, tor viii sigs 204 p- Vol. III, 1902, viii + Pp: 244 pp. Vol. IV, 1903, viii + 238 pp. Vol. V, 1904 4, vili+242 pp. Vol. VI, 1995) * viii+224 pp. Vo al: VII, 1906, viii + 300 pp. = Vol. VIII, 1907, viii + 290 pp Bulletin of th ical Garden, containing the annual reports of the Director-in-Chief and other official paves and technical articles embodying results of investigations carried out in the Garden. Tice to all members of the en rs, $ rv Vol. plates, 1896-1900. Vol. II, Nos. 6-8, 518 pp., 30 plates, 1901-1903. Vol. III, os. 9-II, 463 pp., 37 plates, 1903-1905. Vol. IV, Nos. 12-14, 479 pp-, 14 plates, ee ue El V, No. 15, 105 pp., 1906; No, 16, 88 pp., 17 plates, 4 7, 115 pp., 1907. Vol. VI, No. 19, 114 pp., 1908. h American Descriptions of the wild pn of North sn inc hane Gresalends't he Wat Indies and Central Ameri Planned to be leted in thirty volumes, Ro oy. 8yo, S ach volume to Sonia of four or more ba Subscription price $1.50 per part; a ea number of separate parts will be sold for $2.00 each. [Not offered in exchange. ] Vol. 22, part 1, issued May 22, 1905. Rosales: Podostemonaceae, Crassula- ceae, Penthoraceae, se aceae 2, part 2, ued December 18, _ 1905. Saxifragaceae, Hydrangeaceae, Cunoniacese, atric ae, Altingiaceae, Phyllo- pom Vol. = part 1, issued Oct. 4, 1906. Ustilaginaceae, Tilletiaceae Vol. 7, part 2, issued March 6, 1907. Coleosporiaceae, (ureninaceres Aecidia- 25, part I, issued August 24, 1907. Geraniaceae, Oxalidaceae, Linaceae, Er eines Vol. 9, parts 1 and 2, issued December 19, 1907, and March 12, 1908. Poly- Vol. 22, part 3, issued bee 12, 1g08, contains descriptions of the weet Gros- sulariacea eb F. Vv. tee and ae L. Britton, the Platanaceae by H. A. Gleason, the Crostarcmatatens the Connaraceae eee the Caly- canthace = by C, ‘eller, and the Rosaceae (pars) by P. A. Rya Vol. 22, part 4, issued Nov. 1908. Rosaceae (pars) by P. A. ‘Beabers moirs of the New eae Botanical Garden. Price to es: of the Park, by Dr. Hes Axel Rydberg. ix + 492 pp., with detailed Be #8 Vol. II. The ee of Light and Darkness upon Growth and Development, by Dr. D. ae ougal. xvi + 320pp., with 176 figures. 1903. Vol. VO eet hel a ess. Jol. IV. Effects of the Rays of mess Bt Plants, by Charles Stuart Gager. viii + 278 pp., with 73 figures and 14 plate: 908. Contributions from the New York Eee Garden. A series of tech- nical papers writen, a snore or members of the staff, and reprinted from Jpcrale other than the above, Price, 25 cents each. $5.00 per volume. Four volum RECENT NUMBERS 25 CENTS E ie "113. Some Notes on the Chemical Composition and ee of ioe Sonorae, by Julia T. Emerson and William H. Welker. : 114. The Boleti of the Frost Herbarium, eye William Ay ial 115. Some North Dakota Hypocreales, by a J. Sea’ 116. Notes on SORES: by Per Axe Ryd 117, Studies in North American Peronbesbieles TV. Host Index, by Guy Vest Wilson. NEw YORK eoTAneet GARDEN x PARK. NEw YORK City eae hie me ee: a gac trate reser sertee of, TPS Ty NEC CREE a Seg RCr eerste MlCEDORNa Ys Vented grave eee) Rareieprecertnns eleanor rey er Yellen chctnla tah nee ace ~ eeeretite ee ew Ns Geman. : : - Paearis se sd) sige aliaalneee Letras teen rT, ae ‘ Cet mentye ination: Renee sere id reepienerent apie ee ede dato ete ieee eg toe ese a chat Pec otte here mee seme one BOG inf oie ee feet wer wes ehepett Sat eile ecm ae ee Be pee hE ee Te z Lone ee El eecacwee US ticese bola oe Tyee gel we zn Lf 1 ROOTS SY Oe eee Sede atten 2 ete mole neve Ot OTT Les - nee Ty harry wee rae pare esate octet rs SI nS Nalco Riera Lolectencatiirts et gith te AE ee RIN Sa re aes 3 y et sae Journat OF Tue New York Botanica GarpEn VoLUME X, 1909 PUBLISHED BY THE AID OF THE Davin Lypic Fuxp BEQUEATHED BY CHARLES P. DaLy JOURNAL Or The New York Botanical Garden EDITOR PERCY WILSON Administrative Assistant VoLuME NX WiTH 19 PLATES AND 37 FIGURES 1999 PUBLISHED FOR THE GARDEN Ar 41 NortH Queen Street, Lancaster, Pa . Toe New Era Printinc Company PRESS OF “HE New ERA PRINTING COMPANY LANCASTER. PA. OFFICERS, 1909. Prestpent—D. O. MILLS, Vice-PresIpeENT—ANDREW CARNEGIE, TreasurER—CHARLES F. COX, Secrerary—N, L. BRITTON. BOARD OF MANAGERS. 1. ELECTED MANAGERS. HON. ADDISON BROWN, J. PIERPONT MORGAN, ANDREW CARNEGIE GEORGE W. PERKINS, W. BAYARD CUTTING, ME ; 'MSER, ROBERT W.pr FOREST, yates LYNDE STETSON, JOHN I. KANE, . GILMAN THOMPSON, D. O. MILLS, earuEL THORNE EX-OFFICIO MANAGERS. Tue PresipENT OF THE DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC Parks, F RY Tue Mayor or THE City oF ho York, GE B. McCLELLAN. 3. SCIENTIFIC DIRECTORS. PROF. WH. H. RUSBY, Chairman. DR. NICHOLAS MURRAY BUTLER, PROF. JAMES F. KEMP, PROF. C. F. CHANDLER, PROF. FREDERIC S. LEE, CHARLES F . COX, HON. E. L. WINTHROP, Jr. GARDEN STAFF. ae - BRITTON, Direct tor-in-Chief. MURRILL, Assistant Director, DR. ior i ae Head Curator of the Rasen D t E A wer. FRED J. SEAVER, Director of the Laboratortes. DR. JOHN HEND ARNHART, Librarian. DR. H. H. RUSBY, Curator of the Economic Collections. AM J. i RICHARD C. SCHNEIDER, Custodian of the te auiae Members of the Corporation. Joun D, ArcuEoLp, Georce F. Baker, Georce S. Bowpoin, Pror. N, L. Britton, Hon, Appison Brown, Dr. Nicnotas M. Butter, ANDREW CARNEGIE, Pror. C. F. CHANDLER, Wiiiiam G. CHoate, Cuar.Les F, Cox, Joun J. Crooxe, W. Bayarp CurTTiNG, CLEvELAND H. Depcez, A. F. Estaproox, H. C, Faunestocx, SamuEL W. Farrcuip, James B. Forp, Henry W. bE Forest, Rogert W. ve Forest, Hon. Tuomas F, Giroy, Hon. Hucu J. Grant, Epwarp S. Harxness, Henry R. Hoyt, Tuos. H. Hussarp, ApriANn ISELIN, Jr., Joun I. Kane, Eucene KELLY, Jr, Pror. James F, Kemp, Joun S. Kennepy, Epw. V. Z. LANE, Pror. Freveric S. LEE, Hon, Setu Low, Davip Lypic, Epcar L.. Marston, D. O. Mitts, J. Prerpont Morcan, Tueopore W. Myers, Pror, Henry F. Osrorn, LoweLt M. PALMER, Georce W. PERKINS, James R. PircHeER, M. F. Pant, Percy R. Pyne, Joun D. RockeFELLer, WILLIAM ROCKEFELLER, Pror. H. H. Ruspy, Mortimer L, Scuirr, James A, ScrYMSER, Henry A. SIEBRECHT, Witiram D. Stoane, Nerson Situ, JAMES SPEYER, Francis L. StTerson, Cuartes G. Tuompson, Dr. W. Gitman Tuompsen, SAMUEL THORNE, Louis C. Tirrany, GrorceE W. VaNpDERBILT, Hon. Ecerton L. Winturop, Jr. TABLE OF CONTENTS No. 109. JANUARY Enclosing the Garden The a Aa of Mex Conference the Scientific St aff and Students, December 2, 1908 ...... Publications - the Staff, ae eee — of the New York Botani- cal Garden During Notes, — and oo. Accession No. 110. FEBRUARY Collecting ae a Jamaica : Conference Not aes tidy ond. Comment Accessions ..........0.. No. 111. MarcH Spring Le cutres, 2 37 mh o 3 Q o a Notes, peg and. Comment) .gs-ci: ssesoaie Sco wk See a RE eS Accessio: No. 112. APRIL The Fern papa ae of the New York Botanical Garden .............. Experiments o Effect ‘of the Soil of the Hemlock Grove of the New York Bonalcal Garden upon Seedlings .......... 6... cece eee cence eee Some East Indian Economic Plants and their Uses ............-00e0ee nid e Preservation of Native Plants ........ 0... cece eee eee eee eee enee ve nen News and Comment Accessions ..........5.. No. 113. May Eins ane in the West Indies and Florida .....-.......506- Report o pedition to Jamaica, Cuba, and the Florida Keys ........ Conference ummer Exhibition of oa Horticultural Society of New York ........-. Notes, Dies d Commen Accession No. 114. search Facilities at the Garden in Codperation with Columbia University 132 Re ae — sae ations in Northeastern Cuba AR the Conservatories Conference, Note: viil CONTENTS. Notes, nies and Comment ...........cesceeee eee rere etretee oe (ACCESSIONS. aie ariti-o4o-atere sh ss Nah iets Oui graawelo es Bde eae Mes aca Gre fan No. The ie ee the Wild Flowers A Rare Cyc otes, Mego a Comment ...........00 ee eee A. C@ESSIONS ~accncish i @ Strack hack BAG ob OR chante ae Eee Ree Re erie ee No. 116. Aucu he Botanical Garden in the Hudson-Fulton Celebration ........----++ yr Reso rt on the Botanical Exploration of the Islands of an Salt Key Bank, ahamas Some American Botanists of Former Days A * Cana Plant” in Bloom Notes, News and Comment Accessions No. 117. SEPTEMBER Autumn Lectures, 1909 197 The aaa ane Against Fungi 198 The Aqua ave ard: 205 Notes, New and Comma eeu te 208 Accessi 2mr No. 1138. Ocroper Need of Additional Funds .......... 217. Report on a Visit to the Royal Gardens, Kew, and to the British Museum f Natural History, London, England 221 The Cycad Collecti 225 Report on Botanical Work on the Pacific Coast 227 A Desi ee Autumn Shrub 235 Notes, News and Comment ...... 236 Accessions ............. 239 No. 119. NovEMBER Some Plant Diseases: Their Cause and Treatment ................0005 241 The “Tropical Fern oo 256 The Flowers Seas of the Turtle-grass 261 Conference Not 264 Notes, eu WS a Comment! ss. iererane aversive cides! triis tent Ra wade watanee eaten ceed 267 Accession No. 120. DECEMBER Coiperation in the das Study Work of the Public Schools ........., 273 The Kafir-Bread Plan oe Conference Notes otes, — and Comment Accession Index Vol. X JANUARY, 1909 No. 109 JOURNAL The New York Botanical Garden PERCY WILSON Administrative Assistant PAGE Conference of the Scientific Staff and Students, December 2, 1908. ..... . “seat of the Staff, oo and Students of the New York Botanical Gar- den Ht CHE PY GAXSRQUS we re aiautom «nafuc eam Men eae ct eae ct gee Notes, =e acd aerate ede BY, "a ete Mohan ee, Cog beMMeMD are cnt as' byl arate y 17 MEDEA ete Noe seeee Soke teva. “far ovat Sage y Gat ig Me epGR ae et Sg aig Me eae 19 PUBLISHED FOR THE GARDEN At 4x Nortw Quzen Street, Lancaster, Pa. sy Tae New Era Printinc Comrany OFFICERS, 1909. PresipENT—D. O. MILLS, Vice-PresimENT—AN DREW ae TREASURER—CHARLES F. COX, SzcreTary—N. L. BRITTON. BoaRD OF MANAGERS. 1. ELECTED MANAGERS. ON. ADDISON BROWN, J. PIERPONT MORGAN, GEORGE W. PERKINS, D. O. MILLS, SAMUEL THORNE 2. EX-OFFICIO MANAG Ss. Tue Presipent oF THE DEPARTMENT OF PuBLIC Pagks, fot H. ENRY THE Masia’: OF THE CITY abs York, HON. GEORGE B. McCLE AN. 3. SCIENTIFIC DIRECTORS. H. RUSBY, Chairman. DR. NICHOLAS fe a Tore PROF, JAMES F. oe PROF. C. F. CHANDLER, ROF. FREDERIC S. CHARLES F. COX, SOx E. Lk. WIN SES ape GARDEN ST. 7 te L. BRITTON, Directo -in-Chi . A. MURRILL, Assistant Divectee: DR. an is SMALL, Head Curator of the Museums. DR..Po As BERG, Bees 5 Remon Eibiedien of ¢t se Des nS. a a ee Plate LVL, JOURNAL OF THE NEW York BoranicaL GARDEN, 4 4 i t t t ' 4 ' JOURNAL OF The New York Botanical Garden VoL. X. i January, 1909. No. 109. ENCLOSING THE GARDEN. Other than cheap and simple wire fences and rubble-stone walls, scarcely any work has been done toward the permanent fencing of any of the boundaries of the Garden until this year; the need of permanent barriers has been keenly felt, however, in order to reduce vandalism and the theft of plants, and plans for fences have been carefully considered by the Board of Managers. By means of a city appropriation for construction and improvement of the grounds, it became possible early this year to award a contract through the Department of Parks for the complete dary, adjoining the land of Fordham University, from the ter- minal Bronx Park Station of the Elevated Railway, easterly to the Southern Boulevard Entrance, a distance of about 2,000 feet. is contract was awarded to Galardi and Guidone, the lowest bidders, for $16,000, being about $8 a running foot, the limit set y the Executive Committee of the Board of Managers when approving plans for the fence, drawn by Mr. John R. Brinley, landscape engineer of the Garden. The structure, completed in September, has, for most of the distance, a rubble-stone base averaging about two feet in height, on a three foot stone foundation, surmounted by an iron fence about seven feet high which is broken into bays by square piers with the same granite; along the approach to the Elevated Rail- way Station the stone base was dispensed with and the wall of — 2 this approach here formed a part of the fence. The character of the fence is well shown by the accompanying reproduction of a photograph (Plate 56) taken early in Nov ember, before the planting of shrubs in the strip of land between the path and the fence; it is an elegant, simple and substantial barrier, and will require a painting at intervals of about three years and oc- casional pointing of the masonry for its ordinary maintenance. At the request of the president of Fordham University a gate six feet wide was provided for the use of students near the Elevated mae station. The f g of the western boundary of the Garden along the right of way ve the New York Central and Hudson River Rail- way Company, from the terminal Bronx Park station of the Elevated Railway northward, a distance of about 3,900 feet, to the none boundary near Williamsbridge, has long been under sioner of Parks of the Borough of the Bronx. The problem has been complicated by the telegraph and telephone poles and wires of the railroad company and the Western Union Telegraph Company standing along this line, some of the poles having been located on land of the Garden and others on Jand of the railroad company. It became apparent during the inquiry that the poles standing on Garden land had been set there without authority some years before the Garden was established, and also that the right of way of the railroad was too narrow to allow of their removal, at all events without completely modifying the railroad structure and roadbed for a long distance. From the standpoint of the Garden these poles and wires are distinctly detrimental, not only from an aesthetic consideration, but because the wires while the necessity for a barrier fence has been becoming more urgent, on the Garden side by the increase of depredations and the making of trails across lawns, and on the railroad side by reason of the electrification construction, and the consequent danger to trespassers from live wires. A solution of the problem satisfactory to all concerned has 3 recently been made possible, by the approval of the Board of Managers, the Commissioner of Parks and the railroad company of detailed plans, which contemplate the removal of all poles and wires along this western boundary, the wires to be laid in an underground conduit, the top of which shall be at least three feet below the surface of the ground, partly on Garden land and crete piers, deemed good enough for its location, to be built along the entire boundary, except where it is rendered unneces- sary by the masonry driveway approaches at the Bedford Park Boulevard, the Mosholu Parkway and the Woodlawn Road, and by the Botanical Garden railway station. All this work is to be carried out by the railroad company without cost to the city or to the Garden; the plans provide that the railroad company shall be permitted to set the fence back two feet on Garden land for a distance of about 600 feet where the railroad’s right of way is narrow; the necessary authority for this is to be requested from the Sinking Fund Commission of the city. The southern boundary of the Garden reservation, adjoining land of Bronx Park west of the Bronx River, from the Southern Boulevard Entrance eastwardly through the woods to the Bronx Park Entrance has been fenced with red cedar posts and logs cut from dead or unsightly trees and saved for fencing purposes. This low rustic fence serves to indicate the southern boundary through the woodland; most of it was built during September of this year, a small part, south of the Herbaceous Garden, was constructed a few years ago; it is a protection to t mlock Grove and other woodlands, and may readily be se ee h eastwardly to the Bronx River, which in itself, without any construction, forms a good barrier boundary north from this point to the bend above the water-fall at the Lorillard Mansion. As to the northern and eastern boundaries of the Garden, it will not be practicable to permanently fence these before the boundary streets contemplated by the plan of the city are con- structed, certainly not for several years N.L. Britton. 4 THE RUBBER PLANTS OF MEXICO.* Until within a few years, there was but a single known source of commercial rubber in the entire republic of Mexico. Now two species are contributing regular supplies, and a third to be specially considered here, is likely soon to become a very im- portant factor in this industry. Mexico thus becomes one of the most important of the world’s rubber-producing countries other sources remain to be developed is very certain, since the families Euphorbiaceae, Moraceae and Apocynaceae, which comprise most of the rubber-yielding plants, are abun- dantly represented in the Mexican flora. The same may be said of the Sapotaceae, the family that yields gutta percha, chicle and balata. An accurate understanding of the Mexican rubber plants re- quires a consideration of the general climatic divisions of the country. Although approximately half of the republic lies within the tropics, geographically, this statement cannot be understood in a climatic sense, because most of this region is so high and dry that its productions range from subtropical to temperate. The climatically tropical region is confined to the extreme southern portion and strips of low land upon the Pacific and Gulf coasts. Over much of the southern part, where the elevation exceeds 3,000 feet, the climate can hardly be described as tropical, while even the lower portions, being exposed to strong sea- breezes, do not experience the torrid heat known to inland tropics. This region is abundantly supplied with rain. Although the rainy season extends only from June to November, yet the remaining months are by no means dry, there being normally an abundance of rain at all seasons. The temperature rarely falls below 70° or rises above 100°, some of the valleys about Vera Cruz being an exception, due to their peculiar location In this region grows the Castilla elisha the Central Amer- ican rubber tree, known also as the Mexican rubber tree or “hule,”’ in all but recent literature. So abundant is this tree * Abstract of a lecture delivered at the New York Botanical Garden, November 21, 1908. in one pcan that it and its railroad station, are known as El ule. is tree also yields rubber in the West Indian Islands. It is a near le of the Ficus, yielding the East Indian rubber, to which its product bears considerable resemblance. On the large tree, some authors state up to six feet in diameter, and lives to a great age. Owing to the destructive methods of collecting its latex, the exportation of Mexican rubber declined from 160,000 in 1882-3 to $47,000 ten years later, and the government was faced with an almost certainty of the practical extermination of the tree. It therefore not only established rules for the method of collection, but offered a handsome subsidy for the planting of the trees. This is one of the most satisfactory of rubber trees for cultivation. It grows well up to an altitude of 1,500 feet and requires a well-distributed rainfall of at least 100 inches, and good drainage. The seeds must be planted very soon after collection, as they do not long retain their vitality. At one year old the tree is about three feet high, and collection can commence when it is from five to seven years of age. Although a number of trees can often be found in proximity, the species can by no means be classed as gregarious. The milk, after collection, must be coagulated artificially. This is mostly eats Hee by boiling in water, which causes the rubber to separate as a super- ficial crust, which is dried and hardened by rolling. The same result is sometimes obtained by merely mixing the milk with water and rae it to stand. Sea water acts much better than fresh water. Sometimes the coagulation is accomplished means of adding citric or sulphuric acid. The yield of rubber is nearly one half of the weight of the latex, and the rubber is of only medium quality. The second variety of rubber to be considered is produced in a region where all the conditions are opposed to those of the Cas- tilla region, namely, the high and dry table-land of the north- western district. Owing to the high degree of radiation, this region is subject to great variation of temperature by day and night, respectively, yet it can be regarded as a hot district. Dur- 6 ing ine the heat is often extreme. It is excessively dry, the unt of rainfall, even in the short rainy season, being but eae Except for some large yuccas, and a few leafless species, trees are almost wanting, and the shrubs are mostly low and stunted. Characteristic shrubby species are Covillea, Ephe- dra, Fouquieria, several species of Atripler and Artemisia, or so- called sage-bush, and many Cactaceae. Among these shrubs oc- curs one, namely, Parthentune aes which is an important rubber-yielder, and therefore ca “ guayule,” the Indian equiv- lent for ‘‘ wild rubber.” It is a i shrub of some two or three feet in height, of robust and densely branching habit, and some- what gregarious. The stem is rarely so thick as the wrist, and branches from the base, the branches being rather short and stout. This shrub is of very slow growth, requiring probably forty or ae years to reach its full size. It is as yet too little known to nable us to say how many years it must grow before it will yield eee rubber to be worth gates but this is believed to re- quire fifteen years or more. Little is known about its natural methods of reproduction, but it appears to propagate sparingly, in the desert, from seeds. The prospects for a new crop of rubber within a human generation, when all the shrubs of a district have been uprooted, are therefore very poor. Advantage has been taken of this aes by those engaged in exploiting it, to bring about a monopoly. aving purchased all the most important guayule ne nae offered to purchase the shrubs collected from the outlying districts. The price, at first $10 per ton, has been advanced to $130, a price so high as to tempt the collectors to uproot it, a process which is certain to exterminate it except on the company’s own lands When it was first suggested that rubber could be obtained from this shrub, a member of the daisy family, the greatest incredulity was encountered, and the enlisting of capital in the enterprise was a matter of extreme difficulty. At present, the total capitali- zation of the interests engaged in this enterprise is said to be about $130,000,000, and there is every prospect that even on this great scale, the business will be very profitable. The collection of this variety is by a method unknown else- 7 where in the rubber industry. By it the entire woody portion of the plant is finely ground, and the rubber extracted by liquids from the dust. This plant has been made the subject of exhaustive study by Professor Francis E. Lloyd, and we hope to have him present the subject to us soon, in an illustrated lecture. The third, and what we may call the new variety of Mexican rubber, is also unique as to its character, and the methods em- ployed in preparing it. It is produced by the Euphorbia elastica, and is therefore a near relative of the Para rubber. This tree inhabits a region intermediate in location and climatic character between those producing the two previously described eee namely, the hilly country where the western edge of the e-land breaks down into the coast slope, at an altitude mostly from 5,000 to 7,000 feet. The climate of this region might be called subtropical. The banana and the orange grow here, but only exceptionally produce fruit. Some poor apples are grown and corn is the staple agricultural product. Although there is a long dry season, the rainy season is long enough, and its rains abundant enough, to produce the crops without irrigation, for the most par This Buphotiia will not grow on the alluvial plains, but only on the rough rocky hillsides, where the drainage is good. Its arborescent associates are Randias, Acacias, Convolvuli and a number of Cactaceae. It is a gregarious species, the branches often interarching over considerable areas, although many smaller trees and shrubs are intermingled. It is a rather small tree, the trunks usually less than two feet in diameter, and the height usually under fifty feet. Its branches and branchlets are rather few and massive, there being a dearth of fine twigs. It is there- fore not very leafy and does not afford much shade. The leaves are mostly crowded at the ends of the branchlets, and are oblong, thick and smooth, and about six ae in length by one to one the trunk and large branches soon exfoliates in large, very thin, papery, translucent sheets of an orange-yellow or orange-red 8 color, which impart a shaggy appearance, and a color that has given the tree its vernacular name “palo amarillo,” or yellow. trunk, which becomes also the commercial name of this variety of rubber. The flowers appear in January, or there-about, before the appearance of the new leaves, and the fruits mature in June and July. The seeds, which are much like those of the castor-oil, contain about 50 per cent. of a fatty oil, which can be pressed out, and is good for soap-making. As soon as the bark is wounded, a milky juice exudes, which is very irritant, and capable of producing violent inflammation of the eyes, if it enters them, as it is quite liable to do in spat- tering, when the tree is cut. A part of this latex soon coagulates, but the coagulum is soft and curdy, rather than tough and elastic, like that of most rubber milks. Rather more than half of it does not coagulate at all, except as a result of drying out. The coagulated portion contains the rubber, about ten per cent. of the entire weight, but with it there is more than twice as much resin. It is this intimate mixture of resin with the rubber that compels a resort to different processes for the manufacture of this rubber from those which apply elsewhere in the rubber industry. The separation has to be effected by solvents, and by the aid of special machinery. Nevertheless, the cost is inconsiderable, and the business bids fair to be very profitable The great value of this tree as a rubber-producer lies in its abundance over large areas, and the proximity of the trees to one another, facilitating collection of the milk, as well as the ease with which it can be propagated, and the rapidity of its growth. All that is necessary for propagation is to thrust the newly cut branches into the soil, where they Practically all grow. From ‘other sources of rubber were to fail, this one could probably sup- ply the world’s entire requirements. e added that this and several similar species form a peculiar division of the genus which will in all probability be elevated to generic rank. It is said that one known as the “alo colorado,” or red trunk, growing in ne ae ee part of 9 the palo amarillo region, and mingled with the latter species, is probably another member of this group. The properties of the palo amarillo rubber are peculiar. Taken by itself it is of only medium quality, but mixed in aa proportion with other varieties, especially with Para rubber, markedly improves them H. H. Russy. CONFERENCE OF THE SCIENTIFIC STAFF AND STUDENTS, DECEMBER 2, 1908.* The botanical conference of the New York Botanical Garden met on December 2. Dr. W. A. Murrill in a few opening remarks called attention to two species of stinkhorn fungus common in this locality, plants so-named on account of the carrion-like odor which serves to attract insects thus bringing about the distribu- tion of the spores. The egg-like structures from which these plants are produced and which are considered poisonous, from their close resemblance are likely to be mistaken for some of the common, edible puffballs. Photographs were shown to illus- trate this similarity in general appearance as well as the various stages in the development of . stinkhorn. So closely does the odor of these plants resemble that of decaying flesh that long searches are often made about peat by those unfamiliar with these facts, for the remains of decaying animals, when it is finally found that the disturbance is caused by one of these, com- paratively innocent, plants growing on the lawn. In this con- nection, Dr. . Britton showed a specimen of Clathrus collected in Jamaica, one type of fungus characterized by the odor so offensive to man but so attractive to ins Dr. Arthur Hollick exhibited a se of fossil plants from Florissant, Colorado, one of the best known localities for fossil plants in America. Here the deposits, which consist of thinly bedded shales, deposited evidently under quiet conditions, offer eetings of the staff and students of the Garden are held at intervals for the discussion of investigations in progress; abstracts of the proceedings of these conferences will hereafter be recorded in the JourNaA: 10 unusually favorable conditions for the preservation of very deli- cate structures, such as insects, petals of flowers and similar structures which are entirely destroyed under ordinary conditions of sedimentation. A number of specimens collected in this locality by Professor Cockerell have been submitted to the Garden for critical study. From the material already examined, three new species have been described and the types preserved in the museum of this institution. Of these, one specimen of moss represents the first record, for America, of a fossil moss in fruit. Mention was also made of fossil plants collected in connection with mammoth remains at Elephant Point, Alaska, received from the American Museum of Natural History. Among these are several specimens of mosses identical with living species occurring in northern regions. Specimens of wood from a fossil beaver dam at this place were also shown. Mr. B. C. Gruenberg spoke of some of the problems connected with the study of mycorhiza, delicate fungous threads associated with the roots of many of the higher plants. The existence of such structures has long been known and many theories have been advanced to explain their origin and the relation existing between them and the host on which they occur. The most commonly accepted view at the present time is that of the symbiotic or mutual relationship existing between the two organisms. The fungous filaments are thought to be beneficial to the host in several ways, such as the disintegration of soils and absorption of water, thus functioning as root hairs, these benefits being ren- dered in return for those offered by the host to the parasite. It has been thought that plants in which mycorhiza are normally present cannot live without them but this has been proved to be untrue in case of plants with the green coloring matter, chloro- phyl. Mr. Gruenberg is making a special study of mycorhiza-in certain of the orchids. Miss Mary P. Anderson read a very interesting paper on the organization of nature study in the public schools, which paper will be published entire in a later number of the Journa Dis- cussions followed the reading of each of these papers ee much interest was shown by those present. F. J. Seaver. 11 PUBLICATIONS OF THE STAFF, SCHOLARS AND STUDENTS OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN DURING THE YEAR _ 1908 Anderson, M. P. The cedar of Lebanon. Torreya 8: 287-292. 6 Ja 1909. Arthur, J. C. Cultures of Uredineae in 1907. Jour. Myc. 14: 7-26. 4 Ja 1908 New species of Uredineae—VI. Bull. Torrey Club 34: 583-592. 27 F 1908 Barnhart, J. H. Report of the Librarian. Bull, N. Y. Bot. Gard. 6: 51-73. 24 F 1908. A new Utricularia from Long Island. Bull. Torrey Club 34: 579-582. 27 F 1908. — The published ne of Lucien Marcus Underwood. Bull. Torrey Club 35: 17-38. 29 F 1908 Benedict, R. C. Studies in the Ophioglossaceae—I. Torreya 8: 71-73. 29 Ap 1908 Studies in the Ophioglossaceae—Il. Torreya 8: 100103. 19 My 1908. Notes on ferns seen during the summer of 1908. Torreya 8: 284-286. 6 Ja 1909 Britton, E.G. A trip to Jamaica in summer. Torreya 8: 8-12. 27 Ja 1908. The collections of mosses and hepatics. Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. g: 21-23. 908. Notes on Nomenclature—IN. Bryologist 11: 24, 25. Mr 1908. Birds’ nests from Jamaica. Torreya 8: 138. 30 Je 1908. ——— The genus Zygodon in North America. Bryologist 11: 61-66. Jl 1908 Britton, N.L. Report of the Secretary and Director-in-Chief for the year 1907. Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 6: 1-21. 24 F 1908. — Professor Underwood’s relation to the work of the New York Botanical Garden. Bull. Torrey Club 35: 39-41. 29 F 1908 The herbarium of the late Dr. Otto Kuntze. Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 9: 19-21. F 1908. 12 Wild Jamaica cotton. Science II. 27: 665. 24 Ap 1908. The genus Ernodea Swartz: a study of species and races. Bull. Torrey Club 35: 203-208. 29 Ap 1908 North American trees. I-X, 1-894. f. 1-781. Ap 1908. Botanical exploration in Jamaica. Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 9: 81-90. My 1908. The taxonomic aspect of the species question. Am. Nat. 42: 225-242. My 1908. Connaraceae. N. Am. Flora 22: 233-236. 12 Je 1908. The generic name Bucida. Bull. Torrey Club 35: 303- 304. I Jl 1908. Studies of West Indian plants—I. Bull. Torrey Club 35: 337-345. 30 Jl 1908. Beccari’s.American Palms. Torreya 8: 238-241. 22 O 1908. (Review. ) Further exploration in Jamaica. Journ. N. Y. Bot. Gard. g: 163-172. O 1908. Studies of West Indian plants—II. Bull. Torrey Club 35: 561-569. 31 D 1908. Enriching soil by crimson clover. Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. g: 226-228. D 1908. Urban’s Symbolae Antillanae. Torreya 8: 293. 6 Ja 1909. (Review.) & Coville, F. V. Grossulariaceae. N. Am. Flora 22: 193-225. 12 Je 1908 —_——- & Rose, J. N. A preliminary treatment of the Opunti- oideae of ens America. Smithson. Misc. Coll. 50: 503-540. 20 F 1908. ——. ew genus of Cactaceae. Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. Put N 1908. a usby, H. H. Druce’s list of British plants. Torreya 8: es 19 My 1908. (Review.) a isaaz ea G.S. A study of the Lactariae of the United States. fem. Torrey Club 14: I-109. 26 My 1908. ie W.W. Crataegus in New ee Torreya 7: 235, 236. 16 Ja 1908. 13 A trip to Mount Mitchell. Bull. Vermont Bot. Club 3: 40-42. Ap 1908. Gager, C.S. Kellogg's Darwinism of today. Torreya 8: 17-19. 27 Ja 1908. (Review.) Report of the Director of the Laboratories. Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 6: 42-50. 24 F 1908. Curtis’ nature and development of plants. Torreya 8: 31, 32. 26 F 1908. (Review Sturgis’ the Myxromycetes and fungi of Colorado. Tor- reya 8: 79. 29 Ap 1908. (Review.) A simple modification of the experiment to show the gaseous exchange in plant respiration. Torreya 8: 121-123. 19 My r90 Teratological notes. Torreya 8: 132-137. 30 Je 1908. Effects of the rays of radium on plants. Mem. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 4: 1-278. 2D 1908. Hollick, A. Drift boulders from the shore at Tottenville. Proc. Stat. Island Assoc. Arts & Sci. 2:9. 17 O 1908. Discovery of lignitic and bituminous coal at Kreischer- ville. Proc. Stat. Island Assoc. Arts & Sci. 2: 13. 17 O 1908. Chemical analysis of cretaceous amber from Kreischer- ville. Proc. Stat. Island Assoc. Arts & Sci. 2: 34. 17 O 1908. Wheat’s list of Long Island shells. Proc. Stat. Island Assoc. Arts & Sci. 2: 38, 39. 170 1908. (Review.) museum collection of fossil plants. Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 9: 214-226. D 1908 House, H. D. Two Bahamian species of Evolvulus. Bull. Torrey Club 35: 89, 90. 9 M 1908. The genus Rosenbergia. Muhlenbergia 4: 22-25. 14 Ap 1908 Studies in the North American Convolvulaceae. Bull. Torrey Club 35: 97-107. 20 Ap 1908. ———— The North American species of the genus Ipomoea. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 18: 181-263. 11 My 1908. Synopsis of the Californian species of Convolvulus. Muhlenbergia 4: 49-56. 26 S 1908 14 Howe, M. A. Lucien Marcus Underwood: a memorial tribute. Bull. Torrey Club 35: 13-16. 29 F 1908 Cole’s Bermuda in periodical literature. Torreya 8: 56, 57. 27 M 1908. (Review.) The collections of algae. Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 9: 123- 130. Jl 1908. & Wilson, P. Report on the botanical exploration of the Bahama and Caicos Islands. Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 9: 41-50. Mr 1908. Humphreys, E. W. An analogy between the development of the plates of crinoides and the leaves of Sassafras. Bull. Torrey Club 35: 571-576. 31 D 1908. Jackson, H. S. aia Ellisii Winter, a composite species. Bull. Torrey Club 35: 147-149. 20 Ap 1908. Development of pee resistant varieties of plants. Trans. Mass. Hort. Soc. 1908: 123-136. 1908. Kern, F. D. Studies in the genus Gymnosporangium. Bull. Torrey Club 35: 499-511. 3 N 1908 Murrill, W. A. The collections of fungi. Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 9: 1-9. Ja 1908 A collection of Philippine polypores. Leaflets Philipp. Bot. 1: 262-271. 14 Ja 1908. The spread of the chestnut disease. Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 9 : 23-30. —— Report of the First Assistant. Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 6: 22-28. 24 F 1908. A key to the white and bright-colored sessile Polvporeae of temperate North America—II. Torreya 8: 28, 29. 26F 1908. Polyporaceae (conclusion). N. Am. Flora 9: 73-131. 12 Mr 1908. Collecting and studying Boleti. Torreya 8: 50-54. 27 Mri 8. Leaf blight of the plane tree. Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 9: 105-107. Je 1908. ——— A key to the white and bright-colored sessile Poly poreae 15 of temperate North America—III. Torreya 8: 130-132. 30 Je 1908. The chestnut canker. Torreya 8: 111, 112. 19 My 1908. Collecting fungi at Biltmore. Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 9: 135-141. At 1908. ~———— Additional Philippine Polyporaceae. Bull. Torrey Club 35: 391-416. 26 Au 1908. Notes on the life and work of Charles C. Frost. Torreya 8: 197-200. 1 S 1908. ——— Bolcti from western North Carolina. Torreya 8: 209- 217. 265 1908 The Boleti of the Frost herbarium. Bull. Torrey Club 35: 517-526. 30 N 1908. Edible mushrooms in Bronx Park. Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 9: 205-213. D 1908. Nash, G. V. The banyan tree. Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. g: 10-13. Ja 1908. Report of the Head Gardener. Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 6: 29-36. 24 F 1908. The story of the mangrove. Torreya 8: 73-78. 29 Ap 1908. The lace-bark tree. Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 9: 116-119. Je 1908. Two new grasses from the West Indies. Bull. Torrey Club 35: 301, 302. 1 Jl 1908. An unusual specimen of the “Flor de San Sebastian.” Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 9: 130-1 J1 190 Letchworth Park and the falls of the Genesee Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. g: 188-201. 08. A tragedy of the forest. Torreya 8: 255-259. 25 N 1908. Robinson, W. J. A study of the digestive power of Sarracenia purpurea. Torreya 8: 181-194. 1 S 1908 Rusby, H. H. Report of the Honorary Curator of the economic collections. Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 6: 74-76. 24 F 1 Report of — of the Board of Scientific ce for 1907. Bull. . Bot. Gard. 6: 82-86. 24 F 16 —__— Adulterants in foods and drugs and their detection. Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. g: 107-115. Je 1908. Professionalism in Pharmacy. Drug. Circ. & Chem. Gaz. 52: 363, 364. Au 1908. ———— Report of the Dean of N. Y. College of Pharmacy. Rep. Col. Univ. 1907: 129-132. 1907- Crude and powdered eeecubie drugs at the port of New York. Proc. Am. Pharm. Assoc. 56: 783-795. 1 ——— Botany and Pharmacognosy of the National Standard Dispensary. ed. 2. 48. 1-2011. f. 1-478. ——— & Britton, N. L. Druce’s list of British plants. Torreya 8: 113-116. 19 My 1908. (Review.) Rydberg, P. A. Rosaceae (pars). N. Am. Flora 22: 239-292. 12 Je 1908. Notes on Philotria Raf. Bull. Torrey Club 35: 457-465. 29 5 1908. —— Rosaceae (pars). N. Am. Flora 22: 293-388. 20 N 1908. Notes on Rosaceae—J. Bull. Torrey Club 35: 535-542. 30 N 1908. Seaver, F. J. Color variation in some fungi. Bull. Torrey Club 35: 307-314. 1 Jl 1908. Some North Dakota Hypocreales. Bull. Torrey Club 35: 527-533. 30 N 1908. ——— North Dakota slime moulds. Bull. Torrey Club 35: 577- 580. 31 D 1908. Small, J. K. Report of the Head Curator of the museums and herbarium. Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 6: 37-41. 24 F 1908. Crossosomataceae. N. Am. Flora 22: 231, 232. 12 Je 1908. The museum collections of flowering plants. Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 9: 172-178. Taylor, N. The guide to nature - to nature literature. Tor- reya 8: 141-143. 30 Je 1908. (Review.) A collection of vines. Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 9: 142-144. Au 1908. 17 Williams, R. S. Report on botanical exploration in Panama. Jour. N. Y. Bot Gard. 9: 149-158. S 1908 Wilson, G. W. Studies in North American Peronosporales—III. New or noteworthy species. Bull. Torrey Club 35: 361-365. 30 Ji 1908. Studies in North American Peronosporales—lIV. Host Index. Bull. Torrey Club 35: 543-554. 30 N Wilson, P. Notes on Rutaceae. Torreya 8: 138, 139. 30 Je 1908. owe, M. eport on the pe poration of the Bahama and Caicos Islands. Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 9: 41-50. Mr 1908. NOTES, NEWS AND COMMENT. Mr. T. J. Fitzpatrick, of Iowa, spent two days in the library of the Garden looking up notes on the life and writings of Rafinesque. Mr. C. J. Humphrey, assistant in the department of botany at Cornell University, spent several days at the Garden the latter part of December, studying fungi of the family Polyporaceae. Dr. Shigeo Yamanouchi, a former student, called at the Garden n December. At present Dr. Yamanouchi is connected an the Naples, Italy, where he will carry on investigations at the Naples Zoological Station. Professor Elsworth Bethel, president of the Colorado Academy of Science, spent a few hours looking over the collections of the Garden on December 7. Professor Bethel was on his way to Washington to attend the conference called by President Roose- velt to discuss the question of “ Conservation of Natural Re- sources.” For some time past Professor Bethel has been prom- inent in the work in the fungous flora of Colorado, as well as in other phases of local botanical work. ; Mr. Wm. R. Maxon, assistant curator, U. S. National Museum, Washington, D. C., served as an assistant curator at the Garden during the month of December and was engaged in studying and 18 atianging the fern collections in connection with his work on “North American Flora.” Dr. C. F. Millspaugh, curator of botany at the Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, recently spent a month at the Gar- den carrying on further investigations on the flora of the Baha- mas in coéperation with Dr. N. L. Britton G. V. Nash, head gardener, visited the National \[useum, Washington, and the Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences during December to examine the collections of grasses at these institutions in connection with his work on ‘“ North American Flora.’ Dr. J. K. Small, head curator of the museums and herbarium, accompanied by Mr. J. J. Carter, of Pleasant Grove, Pa., left for South Fiorida on January 2, expecting to devote four or five weeks to botanical exploration and collecting on the everglade keys, in continuation of his previous work in that region and his studies of the plants of the southeastern United States. Dr. J. A. Shafer, museum custodian, sailed for Nuevitas, Cuba, on January 13. He has been commissioned to spend about three months collecting in the northeastern portion of that island, which has been little visited by botanists. The plant of Crassula portulacea in house number six of the large conservatories is in full flower. This plant is a South African representative of the Orpine family and it is one of the few plants of the family that have a woody trunk. The eae oe the roots of this under the vernacular name of “T’Kar Garden Memoirs, Vol. 4, “ Effects of the Rays of Radium on Plants,” by Dr. C. S. Gager, late director of the laboratories, was issued December 2, 1908; the volume is illustrated by 73 figures and 14 plates. Meteorology for December.—The total precipitation recorded for December was 2.32 inches. Maximum temperatures were recorded of 67.5° on the Ist, 54.7° on the 7th, 49.8° on the r4th, 48.3" on the 2tst, and 49.7” on the 29th; also minimum tem- 19 peratures of 16.5° on the 6th, 18.5° on the 11th, 18.7° on the 1gth, and 14.7° on the 24th. Mean temperature for the month was 41.1° ACCESSIONS. MUSEUMS AND HERBARIUM. 25 specimens “ Fungi Dakotenses.” (Given by Dr. J. F. Brenckle.)} 18 specimens of lichens from North Dakota and Minnesota. (Given by Dr. . F, Brenckle.) 175 specimens of mosses from the Pacific eee eee South America and Australia. (By exchange with Professor V. F. 1 specimen of Orthotrichum speciosum from oe River, Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming. (Gi by Mr. E. J i) en i 50 specimens “ Lichenes Suecici Exsiccati,” Fase. i. and IV. (Distributed by Dr. G. O, A. Malme.) 212 specimens of varnish resins. (Giv y Mr. A. P. Byerregaard.) specimens of hepatics from the baa Islands. (By exchange with the Bureau of Science, Manila.) I museum specimen of Atractylis gummifera. (Given by Dr. H. H. Rusby.) 1 specimen of Sagittaria from Long Island. (Given by Mr. E. P. Bicknell.) 1 hepatic from New Hampshire. (Given by Miss Annie Lorenz.) specimens of mosses from the Philippine Islands. (By exchange with e. ila.) a. 17 specimens of mosses from Iceland, Spitzbergen and Faroe Islands. (Given on.) 100 specimens of an from the Philippine Islands. (By exchange with the Bureau of Science, Manila. 21 specimens from Hawaiian Islands. (Given by Dr. H. Hapeman.) 231 specimens from Bermuda. (Collected by Mr. Searle Brow 1 specimens of American grasses. (By exchange with the Bureau a Plant Industry, Washington, 30,000 specimens, , ng the herbarium of the late Dr. Otto 8 specimens of types of New Mexican plants. (Given by a E. O. Wooton.) 25 museum specimens from Jamaica. Collected by Dr. N. L. Britton.) 11 specimens from North Dakota. (Given by Professor ae gman.) 13 specimens of Carices from Nantucket. (Given by Mr. E. P. Bicknell.) PLANTS AND SEEDS. 1§ plants of Rhipsalis for conservatories. (By exchange with La Mortola Gardens, Italy.) 20 1 plant of Epiphyllum for conservatories. (Given by Miss M. E. Schu- macher.)} 6 plants from China for conservatories. (By exchange with Bureau of Plant Industry, 3 orchids Department of Agriculture.) c ries. (By exchange with Mr. J. A. Manda.) 3 begonias for conservatories. M in.) ee : 1 packet of Aristolochia seed. ( n ir. . Rusby.) y exchange with Public Gardens, Jamaica.) Menibers of the Corporation. Joun D. Arcupotp, Grorce F, Baker, GeorcE S, Bowporn, Pror. N. L. Britton, Hon. Appison Brown, Dr. Nicwotas M. Butter, ANDREW CARNEGIE, Pror. C. F. CHANDLER, Witiiam G. Cuoare, Cuartes F, Cox, Joun J. Crooxeg, W. Bayarp CuTTING, Creverann H. Donce, A. F. Estasroox, H. C. Faunestock, SaMueEL W. Farrcuixp, JaMeEs B. Forp, Henry W. ve Foresr, Rozert W. ve Forest, Hon. Tuomas F, Griro Hon. Hucu J. Grant, Epwarp S. Harkness, Henry P. Hoyt, Tuos. H. Husgarp, Aprian ISELIN, Jr., Joun I. Kane, Eucene KELLy, Jr., Pror, James F, Kemp, Joun S. KEnnepy, Y, Hon. EGERTON Eow. V. Z. Lane, Pror. Freperic S, Lee, Hon. Setu Low, Daviv Lypic, Epcar L, Marston, D. O. MILts, J. Prrrpont Morcan, TueoporE W. Myers, Pror. Henry F. Oszorn, LoweLL M. PatmMer, Georce W. PERKINS, James R. Pitcuer, M. F. Pant, Percy R, Pyne, Joun D. RockEFELLeER, WILLIAM ROCKEFELLER, Pror. H. H. Russy, Mortimer L. Scurrr, James A. ScrYMSER, Henry A, S1eBRECHT, Wiriiam D. SLOANE, NeEtson SmMitu, James Speyer, Francis L. Stetson, Cuarites G, THOMPSON, Dr. W. Gitman Tuomrson, SaMuEL THORNE, Louis C. Tirrany, Greorce W. VaNpDprBILT, L. WintTHROP, Jr. PUBLICATIONS The New York Botanical Garden Journal of the New York Botanical Garden, monthly, pean con. alain ice and non-technical articles of general interest. Free to mem m bers of tl e Garden. To others, 10 cents a copy; $1.00 a or. [Not Bice os cae Vol. I, 1900, viii + 213 pp. Vol. II, 1901, viii + 204 pp. Vol. L, 190 244 pp. Vo . IV, 1903, viii + 238 pp. Vol. = 1904, vili+-242 pp VI, 190 vili+224 p Vol. VII, Bey viii ate 300 pp. Vol. VIII, fae aig 290 pp. Vol. IX, 38; pie is Bulletin of the otanical Garden, containing the annual report of the Director-i in- Chiet ad fbr of oe case corn and technical articles e en. ‘0 0s. » 449 PP.» 2 plates, xe 6- oes Vol. II, Nos. 6-8, 518 PP-5 30 plates, 1901-1903. Vol, III, Nos. 9-11, 463 pp., 37 ae Pare 1905. Vol. os. 12-14, 479 pp., plates, 195 1907. Vol. V, s. 15-18, 463 pp., 17 plates, 1906-1905 ; Vol. VI, No. 114 pp-, 1908. merican Flora. vee of the wild plants o f North America, iealunine Greenland, re West Indies and Central America. Planned to ie com- pleted i n thir rty v volumes. Roy. 8vo. Bia olume to consist of four or more parts, Subsection price $1.50 per part; a nee number of separate parts will be sold oT Res each. ot 2, part I, issued May 22, ee Rosales: Podostemonaceae, Crassula- ceae, "Fenthore ceae, pees es Vol. » part 2, issued Decker 18, 1905. Saxifragaceae, Hydrangeaceae, Cunoniscen, rencehe Hamamelidaceae, "Pterostemonackae: Altingiaceae, Phyllo- pnomace: Vol. 5, part 1, issued Oct. 4, eee. Ustilaginaceae, Tilletiace “ Vol. 7, part 2, issued March 6, 1907. Coleosporiaceae, Tichinacaie Aecidia- ceae (pars). Vol 25, part I, issued August 24,1907. Geraniaceae, Oxalidaceae, Linaceae, Er ythroxy laceae, Vol. 9, parts 1 and 2, issued December 19, 1907, and March 12, 1908. Poly- PORES Vol. 22, part 3, issued June 12, at eee descriptions ie the family Grose salasacen by F. V. Co ville and N. L. Britto Sine si tanaceae b: ; os: y J. K. Smal canthaceae by C. L. Pollard, ane ate ie Conn ae) by P. A. Rydberg. ol. 22, part 4, issued Nov , 1908. Tse aceae fuss} by P. A. Rydberg. Memoirs of the New York aoe Garden. Price to members of th Gaiden, § $1.00 per volume. To others, $2.00 pot t offered in exchange. ] 4 Vol. I. An Annotated Catalogue of the Flora of Montana se the Yellowstone sa ve a and Axel Rydberg. ix + 492 pp., ith aru may 900. — Jol. bpeeorsr ia Light and Darkness up aoe ee and Developmen by De D "th eee gal. xvi + 320pp., with 176 fea 903. Vol. III. In tS Se Vol. IV. Bifects of the Rays of Radium en Plants, by Charles Stuart Gager. viii + 278 ae with 73 figures and 14 plates. 1908. _ ons from the New York ie Garden. ical papers writen ky students or members of the staff, and re olume. Fou: yolaned RECENT NUMBERS 25 CENTS EA 114. The Boleti of the Frost Herbarium, oe a = Monit. 115. Some North Dakota eee reales, ed J. Sea a Notes on Rosaceae, by Per Axel Ry ‘a a 117. Studies in North American Phoncaenics TV. H a West Wilson. ost Index, by Guy” 118, Studies of West Indian Plants—II, by N. L. Britton, ‘ w YorRK BOTANICAL Gar 1X PARK, New, ‘YORK City * FEBRUARY, 1909 . mee fe Ne JOURNAL The New York Botanical Garden PERCY WILSON Administrative Assistant CONTENTS PAGE Collecting Fungiin Jamaica... ..... +--+ eee esses iy pan Mppterence Notes’... <0. . sn eee et ee ee 39 Notes, MPR Ure eA COMMON: aie stato eke 8 wy cla sitmrpergin es tap Dek 2 tees bone oe 40 4t INTIS ce ea a alee 8) a pS SRL eam Se ane kee PUBLISHED FOR THE GARDEN At 4x Nortu Queen Street, LANCASTER, Pa. sy Tue New Era Printinc CoMPany OFFICERS, 1909 PRE er O. MIL: NDR ade CARNEGIE, EASURER—CHARLES F. Secrerary—N. L. BRITTON. x, BoARD OF MANAGERS. 1, ELECTED MANAGERS. HON. ADDISON BROWN. J. PIERPONT MORGAN, ANDREW CARNEGIE, ORGE W. PERKINS, W. BAYARD CUTTING, JAMES A. ROBERT W.pr FOREST, JOHN I. KANE, SAMUEL THORNE X-OFFICIO MANAGE s. Tue PRESIDENT OF THE DEPARTMENT OF PuBLIC PARKS. HON. H 3 NRY i Tue Mayor oF THE CIT New York, HON. GEORGE B. MeCLE LLAN, 3. SCIENTIFIC DIRECTORS. ROF. H. H. RUSBY, oe ee DR. NICHOLAS pape BUTLER, OF. JAMES F, M PROF. C. F. CHANDLER, ack yaRoain ‘S.i3 CHARLES F. COX, ON. E. L. WINTHR RDEN ST. AR FF. . L. BRITTON, Director-in- Chie) ea L ibrarian. Ss) ae Chemi. | PLate 7 LVII. JOURNAL OF THE NEW YorK BOTANICAL GARDEN. JOURNAL The New York Botanical Garden VoL. X. February, 1909. - No. 110. COLLECTING FUNGI IN JAMAICA. Dr. N. L. Brirron, Drrector-1N-CHIEF. Sir: In accordance with your instructions, I left New York on the afternoon of December 5 with Mrs. Murrill on the S. S. “Prinz August Wilhelm,” of the Hamburg-American Line, for Kingston, Jamaica. Watling’s Island was passed in the fore- noon of December 9 and a short stop was made at Fortune was reached and a superb view obtained of the precipitous south side of the island just beyond the cape, with its deep cafions and dry foothills but sparsely covered with desert vegetation. Dur- ing the day the mountains of Haiti. said to reach elevations of 10,000 feet or more, about 2,000 feet higher than any other moun- tains in the West Indies, were dimly visible in the distance on our left he revolution there in progress only emphasized the need of a stable government to make exploration and development possible, where the natural resources in lumber, minerals and virgin soil are at present probably greater than in any other island of the West Indian group. In the afternoon of December 10 the mountains of Jamaica became visible ahead, and we anchored in the harbor at King- ston about midnight. Early the next morning we drove through Kingston to the Constant Spring Hotel and established our headquarters there for the remainder of the month. In the 2) 22 afternoon we visited Hope Gardens and were entertained at the home of Mr, William Harris, Superintendent of Public Gardens and Plantations, who very kindly assisted us with the details of plans for exploration during our stay in the island. The next morning being Saturday, we visited the large Kingston market with Miss May Harris at an early hour to see the various fruits Fic, 1. Hope Gardens and the hills to the north. On the left is the residence of the director. and vegetables brought in by the market-women from the neigh- boring hills. Oranges, grapefruit, limes, pineapples, bananas, papaws, watermelons, muskmelons, sweet-sop, sour-sop, cherimoyer, a few late mangoes, cocoanuts, yams, coco, sweet potatoes, cassava, tomatoes, plantains, pumpkins, squash, guavas, eggplant, bread- fruit, jackfruit alligator-pears, annatto, ackee, rice, cabbage, cucumbers, beans, onions, cocoa-beans, sugar-cane, sugar, ginger, pimento, coffee and tobacco were the principal products found in the market in December. It is surprising how few of these are 23 native to the island, most of them having been introduced from the old world. The original Arawak Indians, exterminated by the Spaniards, lived principally on fish, cassava and the common wild yam. The papaw, guava and mammee are native. The chief products of Jamaica are bananas, sugar, coffee, pimento or allspice, cocoanuts and ginger. The orange-market has been ruined by unscrupulous middlemen who were in the habit of buying up green fruit and shipping it to America early 1G. z. Residence of Mr. William Harris, Hope Gardens, — show- ing Eucalyptus citriodora, Bignonia venusta, etc. Photographed by . M in the season. After the Florida freeze many orange-planta- tions were put out in Jamaica, but few cf them have been at ail profitable. The seedless orange does not grow to perfection there, and the ordinary sweet orange, although delicious in flavor and very juicy, cannot be profitably marketed. 24 Kingston is situated on the dry side of the island and few fungi are to be found there except after the heavy rains in May and October, nevertheless a number of species, especially those poe and old logs in the fields contained certain common tropical American species in abundance, such as Gloeophyllum striatum, Ss re alneum, Pycnoperus sanguineus, Daedalea aman toides, Coriolus maximus, Coriolus membranaceus, a arenicola, Pogonomyces hydnoides, and Elfvingia torna n Monday morni cember 14, we drove to ee an in company with Mr. Harris and his daughter, arriv- ing at 11 A. M. The rainfall being much greater there, fungi were abundant. Thirty-four species were collected before luncheon, many of them different from those seen at Kingston. e more interesting portions of the gardens were examined NV dens that afternoon. Other collections of fungi were made later in the day and the specimens described and dried during | the night in a special drying oven taken with me from New Tuesday morning I collected in the banana, cocoa and hat- palm-plantations along the Wag Water River and obtained a number of eer species, which were described and partially dried before 1 P. M., when we drove to Annotta Bay and took the 5:15 train for Port Antonio, arriving at the Titchfield Hotel about 7 o’clock. On the way to Annotta Bay we passed an old native sugar-mill, but the heavy rain prevented us from examining it. Mr. Pringle’s immense estate on the lower mea- dows of the Wag Water River was passed shortly before reach- ing the railway station. Our first excursion from Port Antonio was made December 16 to Moore Town, an old Maroon village ten miles to the south, at the foot of the Blue Mountains where the rainfall is very heavy. On a steep ridge to the west of Moore Town a stretch of moist virgin forest was found which yielded a num- - 25 ber of interesting species,among them twoagarics strongly resem- bling Armillaria mellea and Volvaria bombycina of our own tem- perate regions. The banana-plantations and fence-posts along the road were also rich in species. We lunched on sandwiches and cocoanut-water and returned to the hotel in time to pre- pare the specimens for drying that night. On account of the delicacy of the coloring and surface character of the fungi it is necessary to make descriptive notes and drawings by daylight, which fades all too soon in the tropics after sundown. The next day, December 17, I leit Mrs. Murrill in charge of the collections and drove eastward along the north shore by Blue Hole and Priestman’s River, and some distance beyond turned inland toward the John Crow Mountains until the road stretches of virgin forest yielded rich and varied collections. A young cocoanut-grove near the end of my drive, about fifteen miles from Port Antonio, was particularly rich in species, partly because of the dead logs and stumps left from clearing the original the forest. magnificent clustered species of Lepiota, visible fifty yards from the road on an old stump of Cedrela odorata, was doubtless preserved in this way. While collecting in this grove I was fortunate enough to meet Mr. Henslow, the owner of a cocoanut-plantation to the south, situated considerable higher up on the hills, containing trees a century old which are still vigorous and free from disease. Henslow pointed out trees ten years of age that had been sprayed with Bordeaux mixture for tlie bacterial disease of the bud which has wrought such havoc with the cocoanut in Cuba, the Bahamas, and elsewhere. This treatment has undoubtedly yielded good results, but the eas of the mixture is sometimes a difficult pro The forenoon of ae ea ecadits 18, was spent in caring for the large collections of the day before, and in the afternoon we drove westward along the shore as far as ‘St. Margaret's 26 Bay, finding several species ‘io previously collected, among them a beautiful cluster of Pleurotus and large sporophores of what appeared to be Fomes auberianus growing from the side of an irrigation ditch in a banana-field, just as it normally grows from a decayed log. The very large percentage of dead organic mat- ter in the soil probably pane for this peculiar habitat. Fic, 3. Fruit and foliage of ackee, Blighia oo al Gardens, Jamaica, Photographed by Dr. M. How On Saturday, December 19, the collections in hand were completely dried, packed and shipped to New York by one of the United Fruit Company’s steamers, through the kindness of Mr. Carter. The next morning at six o’clock we left Port Antonio by train for Kingston, arriving at the Constant Spring Hotel about noon On Monday, December 21, we drove to Newcastle, 3.719 feet above sea-level, in the forenoon, and, after a basket-lunch ‘there, Oa: Jrove over Hardware Gap and down to Silver Hill Gap, about ae ae miles from Kingston, by three o’clock in the after- n e the buggy left us and I waited with the luggage eae Airs, ee walked to Chester Vale, a distance of nearly two miles. While waiting for the bearers I collected sixteen species of minute fungi on the roadside at Silver Hill Gap. Fic. 4. Jamaica negroes removing the seeds from cocoa-pods. December 22 and 23 and the forenoon of December 24 were spent with Mr. and Mrs. Sidgwick at Chester Vale, where important collections were made at elevations of fron 3,000 to 4,000 feet. The species found here and at Cinchona were for the most part strikingly distinct from those already collected. Jamaica has a foundation of igneous and metamorphic rocks, with white and yellow limestones and carbonaceous shales lying above. The geological formation may determine the soil, the elevation, and even the amount of moisture, all of which have a decided influence on the character of the fungi found in any given locality. In addition to this, the period when a given area was elevated above the sea may largely determine whether 28 the majority of the species are common to adjacent islands or are endemic. If the species at these higher elevations in the older parts of the island have affinities with those elsewhere, they are probably to be found in Honduras, on the mainland, but 7 percentage of endemic species is undoubtedly very large. On the afternoon of December 24 we rode up the stecy! trail from Chester Vale to Cinchona, ascending 2,000 feet in‘ distance of three miles, and were most cordially received by Mrs Taylor and her daughter, who did everything in their power to make our stay with them comfortable and pleasant. The weather was unusually rainy for the season, but sufficiently warm duri the day, and in the evening we always had a wood fire. | were abundant, the daily rains bringing them out in unusual’ numbers, and on account of the great quantity of dead wond near by, the result of the hurricane a few years ago, it was possi: ble to collect them between showers in the immediate vicinity of the laborator : The trees blown down were mostly exotics, some of them of immense size, such as the blue-gum of Australia (Eucalyptus globulus) and Masson’s pine, from China and Japan. The native red cedar (Juniperus barbadensis) was extremely abundant # this elevation, and its dead trunks and branches yielded a plent- ful sup of Tyromyces caesius, a temperate species found iferous wood. Other minalis, Cryptomeria japonica, Datura suaveolens, cherimoyet, tree-tomato, peach, coffee, tree-ferns, various bamboos and palms, roses in great profusion and beauty, and several large clumps @ pampas-grass (Gynerium argenteum). Numerous vines and smaller flowers added to the charm of this enchanted spot. On Christmas day, fifty-one species of fungi were collected, among them Boletus granulatus, a temperate species not before te ported from tropical America. Boleti are exceedingly scarce il tropical climates; only four species have been reported from out 29 ropics, two of them from Cuba, one from Costa Rica, and one rom Guadeloupe. The evening of Christmas day was devoted to an unique cele- yration arranged by Mrs. Taylor and Mrs. Britton for the colored yeople at Cinchona, the new and conspicuous feature being a arge tree of Juniperus barbadensis brilliantly lighted and heavily oaded with presents. The next few days were spent in collecting and describing the species near at hand. Ponies and a guide were then secured and onger trips taken into the oe mountains. On Tuesday ind Wednesday, December 29 and 30, we visited Morce’s Gap, famous for its tree-ferns and Hatake and secured a number nf species peculiar to this and similar localities of great precipi- ation and dense shade. One of the most interesting novelties vas a handsome species of Agaricus, a near relative of the common field-mushroom, discovered by Mrs. Murrill. Species of Clavaria were also abundant, being adapted to dense shade It rained heavily the next two days and the trails were con- ‘idered unsafe for horses, but there was plenty to occupy us ndoors and near by. Boletus granulatus and Pluteus cervinus vere found in such quantity on December 31 that we had them erved for dinner. It is generally unwise to eat fungi in foreign countries, but these two species were very well known and not asily confused with poisonous kinds, and were, moreover, very rood. On January 1, I explored the Latimer Trail for some dis- ance on foot, but this was the dry side of the ones and ae cultivated, so the collections were not extensive. Then y, Saturday, Mrs. Murrill and I completed nee pee ~ 2 Gap and vicinity, adding three species of Hygrophorus, wo species of Tremella, and several other novelties to our col- ‘ections there. A rather severe earthquake shock was felt at ‘o o’clock that morning. On Monday, January 4, we rode to New Haven Gap, a ‘levation of 5,600 feet, and made large collections ie . rail near the end of our journey. Returning, we examined the Mantations of Pinus Massoniana and found that ee all the leshy fungi had been eaten by the mongoose, which thus adds 30 one more to the list of serious charges against him. This animal, imported in 1872 to rid the cane-fields of rats, has exceeded his authority and cleaned out all the snakes and many of the small birds of Jamaica, thereby increasing the number of ticks and other insects. On Tuesday, January 5, Mrs. Murrill, Miss Harris and | rode to Monkey Hill, arriving at the end of the horseback trail at 10 o'clock, where I took the guide and walked to the top of Fie. 5. Characteristic negro hut, Jamaica. Sir John Peak, at 6,100 feet elevation, by 11 A. M., lunching on the summit. The trail cut for Dr. Shreve is still open, but ugh and weedy; the platform of poles used by him in his experiments is rapidly falling to decay; but the conspicuow: clumps of a splendid species of grass discovered by him on the summit will forever associate his name with this peak. 4 a (Vaccinium) and Clethra Alevandyri, the latter reminding e our mountain-ash im habit, were the most conspicuots aes plants on the summit. The Clethra was covered with? 31 species of mistletoe. Forty-four species of fungi were collected between Monkey Hill and the top of Sir John Peak, most of them common to wet localities at somewhat lower elevations. About nine species were additions to our collectio nm returning to Monkey Hill I found that my horse had ee away from the Fic. 6. View in Castleton Gardens, showing tree-ferns and other tropical vegetation, tree-fern to which he had been fastened and had followed the other horses down to Cinchona, where I arrived somewhat later in a heavy rain. Mrs. Murrill and Miss Harris had in- tended to collect between the top of Monkey Hill and New Haven Gap, but they were driven homeward about midday by the threatening weather, the trail being very steep and treacher- otis in places, even when dry. In the late afternoon of the same day, Mr. Harris secured for me a number of small specimens of “native bread” or “ground bread” from the exposed clay trail below Cinchona. These represent a species of Tuckahoe” similar to that found 32 in the eastern United States, but the fruiting form of it is unknown. Mrs. _ collected “eggs” of a new species of All of January 6 was spent in the laboratory among the collec- tions. On Thursday, January 7, I collected in the valley of the Clyde River and found a number of novelties, among them | | Fic. Vi of Cinchona, showing the principal buildings. The labora- tory is in one acharownd Gan concealed by clumps of pampas-grass. Photo- graphed by . Forrest Shre what appeared to be a new genus of phalloids, although I cannot be certain of this until the collections are studied. Un- like most phalloids, this species does not develop a special struc- ture for the distribution of its spores, but the “egg” simply S open when the spores are mature and the contents are ia oO » r washed away by the rains On Friday, January 8, we left Cinchona and rode our ponies down to Hope Gardens, taking our luggage and collections with us on a pack mule. The specimens were left there in the care of Mr. Harris until finally packed for shipment. A number of fungi were picked up in the gardens the next day, and excellent specimens of a species of dgaricus were secured for me near the 33 Knutsford Park race-track by Miss Brooks. This same species was common about the house at Chester Vale and on the lawns at Hope Gardens and Constant Spring, where I found it growing in immense “ fairy-rings.” It reminded me very much of <4. ar- vensis, as it grows in some parts of Sweden, and it is certainly edible, although not often eaten in Jamaica. Three species of puff-ball were collected for me at Hope Gardens by Mr. Harris and I found a very large one growing in “ fairy-rings”” on the Fie. 8. Scene in the forest near Cinchona, Jamaica. golf-links at Constant Spring, which developed beneath the soil and burst through the ground at maturity covered with particles of soil and having an abundance of dirt enmeslied in the fibers of its outer coat. We had now visited the Blue Mountains, the foothills of the John Crow Mountains, the lowlands on both sides of the eastern end of the island, and the middle altitudes between Constant Spring and Annotta Bay. Our plans also included a visit to the Cockpit Country in Trelawney, and to Moneague, in the cele- brated parish of St. Ann. We were fortunate in having the 34 company of Mr. Harris during our stay in Trelawney. This wild and neem region was unknown to botanists until “ dis- covered ” by Mr. Harris and Professor Underwood a few years ago. Since ne a number of persons from our institution have visited it and brought away rich botanical treasures. e formation is white limestone, elevated 2,000 feet or more above sea-level and eroded by solution into numberless conical hills of similar size and appearance, separated by pits or sink-holes Fic, 9. Logwood-plantation near Montego - Jamaica. Photographed by Dr. M. A. How mela: in depth and extent. The region is rough, heavily d, without water, without distinct trails, and without ae so that native ere are necessary for even short journeys. It contains an abundance of mahogany, Spanish cedar, mahoe, yacca, satinwood, and other excellent timber trees, but these are largely unavailable at present. On Monday, January 11, we left Kingston with Mr. Harrts 35 by train for Balaclava, which we reached at 3 o’clock, in time to drive the _ eight miles to Troy before sundo M the edge of the Cockpit Country. He also has charge of the immense government holdings to the north and west of Troy and Tyre. Mr. Carter’s house is situated on an eminence overlooking a beautiful valley, the slope on the north side adjoining the yard being covered with between one hundred a fifty and two hundred species of native trees, the individuals well separated and splendidly developed, forming the finest natural arboretum in the island, if not in the West Indies. Some photographs of these trees were taken for publication by Mr. Cousins shortly before our visit. On Tuesday, January 12, Mr. Harris and I collected in Troy, securing over a hundred species, many of them different from those seen elsewhere. A gray, campanulate species of Laschia, foun r. Harris, was particularly interesting and attractive. I discovered an undescribed — of Boletus, a six in all known from tropical Amer On January 13, we spent the day in Tyre, being fully as penne as on the previous day. We were fortunate in having fair weather, as it usually rains in the Cockpit Country, and we had a guide who knew the “ yam- trails,” the “ water-holes,” and the wet and dry localities to Aes He carried a “ fire-stick,” most of the natives here do, with which he quickly made a a at noon to keep away the swarms of mosquitoes while we ate our lunch. His small son carried a large calabash gourd filled with water, this being the only water we saw during the day except in one deep, shady ravine where a deposit of a had prevented its escape through the porous limestone below Parrots are abundant in this region, the yellow-billed species being most common. Wild pigs are frequent and are often hunted. The natives dig wild yams and cultivate small patches of cocoa, pimento, annatto, ginger, coffee, bananas, yams and sweet potatoes. On the larger estate, cattle are raised, and bananas, coffee and pimento grown on an extensive scale. Most of the region, however, is uncultivated oe uninhabited. 36 On Thursday, January 14, I had to remain at home and assist Mrs. Murrill in caring for the large collections, while Mr. Harris made an extended excursion for flowering plants. The next day we returned to Kingston, arriving at 3 P. M. Along the rail- way we saw large groves of logwood in flower, the conspicuous yellow blossoms attracting swarms of bees, which furnish the famous “logwood-honey ” of commerce. At the stations, log- to. Pimento-grove near Montego Bay, Jamaica. Photographed by Dr. M. A. Howe wood chipped clean of all the light-colored sapwood was being weighed for sii to England, Germany and elsewhere. I was told by . Harris that the logwood industry in Jamaica aad not ee nie at all by the introduction of aniline dyes. The logwood-tree grows spontaneously in abundance on the dlains and requires no cultivation except thinning. The dye is formed only in the heart-wood of the trunk and roots, from which it is extracted by a secret process and sold in the liquid 37 form, very much as our “tannin extract” from chestnut is marketed. An unknown disease of the logwood, which spreads from one tree to another through the roots, causes considerable damage in some localities. On Saturday, January 16, Mrs. Murrill and I left Kingston at 2:15 P. M. by train for Ewarton, arriving at 4 o’clock, and drove from there over Mt. Diabolo to Moneague, a distance of ten miles. The afternoon was perfect and the view from Mt. iabolo over the great plain of St. Thomas-in-the-Vale to the foothills a the Blue Mountains in the distance was one of the finest of its kind seen in the island. On the other side of the mountain we entered the parish of St. Ann, the largest and coolest parish in seinen often referred to as the “ Garden of Jamaica.” The hotel at Moneague is exceedingly well managed, and Mr. Sims, ve ona host, showed us much kindness during our stay of thre Collections were ie in the grove, gardens and pastures about the hotel, and in the virgin forests in the direction of Union Hill, at an elevation of from 1,500 to 2,200 feet. e geological formation is similar to that of the Cockpit Country and the elevation nearly the same, so that any considerable variation in the character of the flora was not to be expected. As a matter of fact, it proved to be largely identical with that or Troy and Tyre, with an oe of species found at Castle- ton Gardens and a few new eleme I was entertained at Union Hill - T. B. Sturridge, Esq., who rescued me from a heavy shower of rain and insisted upon my remaining with him to breakfast. He has a large coffee and pimento estate, with a splendid barbacue cut from the solid rock of the mountain top, having the appearance of a fortress. He showed me how the pimento was gathered, dried, fanned and stored in large sacks for the European market. This crop has no diseases and no enemies except the yellow-billed parrot, which wantonly cuts off the clusters of berries in a wholesale and very wasteful manner. Mr. Sturridge also gave me specimens of the native trap-door spider and its curious nest, a banana bird’s nest, made of’ dark vegetable fibers much resembling 38 horsehair, the nest of the doctor-bird (Aithurus polytmus), the largest hummingbird in the island, and the very peculiar nest of the swift, which is made from the silk of the ceiba-tree and the down of various species of Tillandsia. On January 19 we returned to Kingston and spent the next day at Hope Gardens packing the various collections for the return trip to New York. In the afternoon we were entertained at the home of Hon. H. H. Cousins, Director of Agriculture, who showed his kindness in many ways during our stay in Jamaica. In the evening a farewell dinner was given us by Mrs. Brooks. On January 21 we sailed from Kingston on the $.S. “ Prinz see ea Wilhelm,” arriving in New York January 27. The results of our expedition cannot be definitely stated at nts "Tare collections of fungi were obtained, from four- teen distinct localities, with complete descriptions of perishable species and various field notes of importance and interest. Over two hundred colored illustrations of interesting species were ob- tained by Mrs. Murrill, which supplement the descriptions and t poss nner. The speci i heretofore reported from Jamaica have been exceedingly few, partly owing to the fact that most of the forms are concealed by other vegetation and must be diligently sought for. Prodigal nature has also, under most favorable conditions of heat and moisture, clothed every available spot with vigorous green plants, driving the fungi to dead wood and chance openings in soil too rich in humus or two shady for other plants to thrive. The fungi of Jamaica, like the higher plants, are extremely local, having probably developed and grown in the same localities for long periods of time, where changes in climate have been frost and snow. Under these conditions many ** endemic ” species would be produced, either from originals now lost or by variation from species introduced at later periods from neighboring lands. The best growing seasons for fungi in Jamaica are probably just after the May and October rains. The species are adapted to relative amounts of heat and moisture, responding to the 39 stimulus of the best growing seasons and resting during compara- tively dry or cool weather. The past season was unusually wet far into January, which was our good for ane aoe W. A. RILL, Assistant caer CONFERENCE NOTES. The regular monthly conference of the scientific staff and stu- dents of the Garden met on January 6 and was presided over by Neomeris, forms of marine, calcified, green algae which, partly from their small size and in part on account of the obscure places in which they grow, have been very little studied until compara- tively recent years. As is often the case with simpler forms of plant life, they were confused by the earlier writers with those of the animal kingdom, some of which they quite closely resemble in general appearance. Little is known of the details of repro- duction of these plants since these facts must be acquired b very close and careful study of the plants in their living condition and so far no one has found the time to carry on such observa- tions. It is thought, from analogy, that the spores which are pro- duced at the ends of the primary branches form sexual cells on germination, two of which must unite in order that a new indi- vidual may be produced, but these points have never been demon- strated with certainty. From the work of Dr. Howe, based on material collected by him in the West Indies and by others in the Pacific and Indian oceans, he has been able to work out six well- defined ie where but two were known to exist up to 1904. -Mrs. N. L. Britton outlined the results of her critical ee on some Aiectean mosses contained in the Pringle collection, display- ing some of the more interesting forms. As a result of this study several supposed species have been eliminated and of the one hun- dred and eighteen species examined ten are to be recorded as new. Mention was also made of the fact that two species of fossil moss 40 collected at Elephant Point, Alaska, are identical with living spe- cies, one of these having been previously reported on. These facts are of interest since they furnish an index to the conditions . of climate of that region at the time these deposits were made. Mr. R. S. Williams also reported some of the results of his study on Mexican mosses of the collection referred to above, and discussed briefly the matter of distribution. In addition to the new species reported by Mrs. Britton, Mr. Williams added three to the list Dr. N. L. Britton exhibited models in wax of flowers, leaves and fruit of some of the higher plants which are so real that it is difficult to distinguish them from the natural objects. Such mod- els are prepared for exhibition in public museums and are valu- able for illustrating plants which cannot be shown in conserva- tories. F, J. SEAVER NOTES, NEWS AND COMMENT. “Dr. W. A. Murrill, assistant director, and Mrs. Murrill re- turned from Jamaica, January 27, bringing a large number of fleshy ae collected at fourteen different localities on the island, many of which represent species new to s' Dr. J. K. Small, head curator of the museums and herbarium, has recently returned from an exploring trip to the everglade keys of south Florida. A large number of herbarium specimens and some living plants were secured, and many ‘observations made, all of which will furnish valuable material for the further- ance of his studies on the flora of the southeastern United States. Dr. L. W. Riddle, instructor in botany in Wellesley College, saan he ae several days at the Garden, consulting the lichen collectio Mr. W. W. Eggleston spent several months in North Carolina, southwestern Virginia, eastern and central Tennessee and Georgia during the past summer, engaged in studying and collect- ing North American thorns, genus Crataegus, of which he secured several thousand specimens. He has been assigned a research 41 scholarship at the Garden for one month to aid him in continuing his work upon this interesting genus. r. L. Britton, director-in-chief, accompanied by Mrs. Britton a ad Dr. rsha. . Howe, curator of the museums, sailed for Jamaica, ae 20, expecting to be absent about six weeks. He has planned to visit the eastern parts of Jamaica and Cuba, and possibly some of the southwestern Bahamian islands. An interesting and beautiful cycad, collected by Dr. D. T. MacDougal and Dr. J. N. Rose in Tomeilin Cafion, Mexico, in 1906, has only within the last few weeks shown signs of growth and has developed a fine crown of leaves. This plant may prove to be a new species of Dioon. Meteorology for January.—The total precipitation recorded for the month was 3.47 inches. Maximum temperatures were re- corded of 49.7° on the 3d, 56° on the 5th and 6th, 53° on the 1ith, 51.7° on the 22d, and 55° on the 25th; also minimum tem- peratures were recorded of 19.7° on the 2d, 13.5% on the 8th, 15° on the 16th, 3.7” on the roth, and 20° on the 31st. Mean temperature for the month was 29.85°. ACCESSIONS. LIBRARY ACCESSIONS FROM DECEMBER ., 1908, TO JANUARY 909 3t, Exrtrs Ayres & ApcGar, AUSTIN hase Apgar’s plant analysis. ash.) 875. , ASCHERSON,FERDINAND Moritz. De fungis venenatis. Berolini, 1827. ASCHERSON, FERDINAND Moritz. Pharmaceutische Botanik in Tabellen- Au, Lout . Monographie des Bignoniacées ou histoire génér- dee et de me plantes qui composent cet ordre naturel. Paris, 1864. Catespy, Marx. The natural history of Carolina, Florida and the Bahama Islands. . d. 3.1] London, 1771. 2 vols Cazin, F. J. sia ae et raisonné des plantes médicinales indigénes. Ed. z. Paris, 18 HAMBERLIN, mn Curowver & Satissury, Rortin D. Geology. New York, 1906-07. 3 vols. CHoMEL, PIERRE Jean Baptiste. Abrégé de l'histoire des plantes usuelles. [Ed. 6.]. Paris, 1761. 42 Cuarx, Georce H. & Fiercuer, James. Farm ee of Canada. Ottawa, 1906. (Given by the Trustees of Columbia Uni 5) CLEMENTS, FrepEric Epwarp. Plant ph: nes we ecology. New York, 1907. (Given by the Trustees of Columbia University.) ERT, Purripre. La flore alpine. Genéve (1908). rs. SSON, Ernest SarinT-CHaRLes GERMAIN DE SAINT-PIERRE, ERNEST. 8 gaan — nee de la flore des environs de Ed. « Paris, 1859. AN’ Flo "Auvergne, ou aoe des plantes de cette ci- ASTRE, CHAR: Jean nae analytique et descriptive du Dé- partement de la Vienne. P. EUZE, JosEPH Puiiirpre Francois. Histoire et description du Muséum royal d'histoire naturelle. Paris, 3s 1823. 2 vols. ,» Epouarp ADOLPHE. Traité du Mais ou blé de Turquie. Paris, 33 Fasre, Jean Henri. Recherches sur les tubercules de VHimantoglossum hircinum. Paris, 1855. Féz, Antorne Laurent APOLLINAIRE. Cours d'histoire naturelle phar- maceutique... Paris, 1828. 2 vols. Four Vade-mecum des herborisations parisiennes condui- , EuGiNE DE sant... Ed. z. Paris, 1866. FrancuHeET, Aprien. Essai sur les espéces du genere Verbascum croissant SP CUIGR EINER dans bed centre de la France. Angers, 1868. ‘ARSAULT, FRAN ALEXANDRE DE. Les figures des plantes et animaux dusage eine, pee dans la matiére médicale de Mr. Geoffroy Medecin, dessinés inne ure, Paris, 17[64-]65. 6 vols. U, . ae des plantes qui croissent aux environs de Montauban. . . Montauban, 17 GfRaRDIN, SEBASTIEN. sue baat de botanique. Paris, = Friepricn. Allgemeine Geschichte der Pe urnberg, 1 Conus CHARLES H ae lément u la Flore du Jura... Neuchatel, 1869. GuILLeMEAU, Jean Lours Marie. Histoire naturelle de la Rose. Paris, k 1800, Hates, Steruen. La statique des végéta' ris, 1779. Harte, Jonann Samuet. Die de ae Fos ne Ed. 3. Berlin, 1794-95. Hanuwam, Frenericx. Natural illustrations of the British grasses. Bath, 1846. Hocusretrer, CuristrAN Friepricu. Populére Botanik. Ed. 2. Reut- lingen, 1837 OFMEISTER, WILHELM. Beitraége sur kenntniss der Gefisskryptogamen, LII. pase 52-57. Ho: Ez, JEAN eae Jacques. Nouvelle flore de la Moselle... Ed. 2. Metz, on 2 vols. HoLTerMANN, CARL. i aeeiees Vorlesungen tiber mechanische Prob-' leme der Botanik. Leipzig, 1909. Jarcer, Georc FrizpricH von. Ueber die Pf i welche in dem Bausandstein von Stuttgart vorkommen. Stuttgart, 1827. Karsten, Hermann. Gesammelte Bettrige zur Anatomie und Physiologie der Pflanzen. Band I, 1843-1863. Berlin, ETCHUM, ANNIE CHAMBERS. Botany for aeudeans and colleges. Phila- delphia, 1894. (Given by Mrs. N. L. abbr: Kicxx, Jean. Flore cryptogamique des environs de Louvain. Bruxelles, 35+ Lecog, Henri. Etudes sur la géographie botanique de l'Europe... Paris, 1854-58 9 vols. Lecog, Henri. Traité des plantes ee es. 2. Paris, 1862 Héricuer, Epouvarp. Essai sur la flore eis: de Node et d’Angleterre. Avranches, 18 EJEUNE, ALEXANDER Tenekc Simon. Revue de la flore des environs de e, 1824. y, Nicovas. BL Materialien-Lexicon. Leipzig, 1721. oupon, Joun Craupius. Observations on laying out farms... London, Mincdien, Lion. Des classifications et des méthodes en botanique. Angers, 1867. son, Francis. Burmah, its people and natural ian or Notes on the nations, fauna, flora and minerals of Tenasserim, Pegu and Burmah. Rangoon, 0. Massatonco, ApraMo BartoLtoMMEO. Memorie lichenografiche, con un’ ap- pendice alle ricerche sull’ autonomia ae Lichena crostosi. Verona, 1853. ITFORD, ALGERNON BERTRAM FREEMAN. The Bamboo garden. London, i b MUxier, Kart. es ae du monde végétal. Traduit per J. P. E. Husson & J. Husson. Paris (1860-62). 2 vols. USSET, tes. Nouvelles recherches anatomiques et physiologiques sus les Pe aa pene ouse, : UTEL, AUGUSTE. Eléments de botanique. Ed. 3. Grenoble, 1867. Mute, Aucuste. Flore du Dauphiné. Paris, 1830. 2 vols. in 1. bh Naupin, Cuartes, Etudes sur la slice des Solanées... Paris, 1842. Nerwretcu, Aucust. Flora von Wie Wie 846. ew York. irst annual report of ie phir commission of the State of New Yor k for the year 1885. Albany, 1886. (Given by the aes of Co- h Fae in sacris et civilibus oe usitatissim: oe , L. Apergu systématique des végétaux dicinaux. Paris, 1867. . Pauguy, Cuartzes Louris ConsTan' Statistique bot eo. jens, 1831 Perotti, Carro. Fisiologia delle piante. , 181 Ba 0. Poucuet, Fextrx ArcHimepe. Histoire qiiielle et i An ‘de la famille 2: CHET, FELIx pecan Traité élémentaire de botanique appliquée. Rouen, 1835-36. '0UZOLZ, PIERRE Cuan Martz ve. Flore du Département du Gard. Mont- pellier, 1862. 44 ECHINGER, Lity & RecHincER, Kari. Streifziige in Deutsch-Neu-Guinea und auf den Salomons-Insein, Berlin, oe Remy, E. A. Flore de la Ch ham paen eims, 1858. Reveit, Pierre Oscar, Dupuis, pene. apa Fr. & Hérinco, F. Le régne végétal. Paris, 1870-72. vols. p, ACHILLE, Wee. jp heae de botanque et de physiologie végé- : P; 5. Ropet, ‘Hews: J. A. Cours de botanique élémentaire... Ed. z. Paris, 1863. Rousset, Ernest. Des champignons comestibles et vénéneux... Paris, Scuacut, Herman. Le miter oscope et son application spéciale a lVétude de Panatomie végétale. fade, tion francaise publiée d’aprés la 3¢ édition alle- mande par Jules Dalimier. Paris, 5. ScHNIZLEIN, ADALBERT. nalysen 2u den natirlichen Ordnungen der Gewiichse. I. anerogamen. Erlangen, 58. ScuHNIzLeiIn, Kartu Frreprich CuristorpH WILHELM. De Sedo acri Linn: Erlangae, 1804. SERINGE, Nicoeae Cuartes. Flore du pharmacien, du droguiste et de ? herboriste... Paris, 1852. MYTTERE, ERILIEEE a EMANUEL DE. Phytologie pharmaceutique et médicale. .. . ; Annas eae Ueber die steinbewohnenden Opegrapha-Arten. Dresden, 1865. URPIN, JEAN PiERRE Francois. Observations sur la famille des Cactées, Paris, 1830. VAILLANT, SEBASTINE. Botanicon paristense. Editio nova. Lugduni Ba- tavorum, 1743. Vriese, WitteM HENpRIK DE. Tuinbouw-Flora van Nederland en zijne overzeesche Bezittingen. Leyde —56. vols. att, Guorce. The ges aide India. London, 1908. Wittemet, Remi. Phy hg ace encyclopédique, ou flore de I’ ancienne au raine. Nancy, 1805. MUSEUM AND HERBARIUM. 8 oe of flowering plants from Iowa. (By exchange with Mr. M. P. Som specimen of Microlejeunea ulicina (Tayl.) Evans from Nova Scotia. ce by Mr. J. D. Low 2 specimens of henuties from New Hampshire. (Given by Mrs. Annie Lorenz. 45 specimens of oe plants from Iceland and Spitzbergen. (Given by Miss Julia T. mn.) 14 specimens wi eae from the eastern United States. (Given by Mr. * Witmer Stone.) 7 rt specimen of Potamogeton from Nantucket, Mass. (Given by Mr. E. P. Bicknell.) 45 329 specimens of flowering plants. (By exchange with the University of Copenhagen. 1 specimen of Quercus Pricei Sudw. (By exchange with the United States Forest Service.) 2 specimens of Texan hickory-nuts and pecan-nuts. (Given by Dr. Robert T. Morris.) 30 specimens for the drug collection. (Given by Dr. H. H. Rusby.) 2 specimens, twigs and fruits, of Hicoria microcarpa. (Given by Dr. J. A. Shafer.) 1 specimen of “ Guayule” from Sonora, Mexico. (Given by Dr. F. J. H. Merrill.) 31 specimens of commercial powdered drugs. (Given by Dr. H. H. Rusby.) 48 specimens of flowering plants. (By exchange with the United States National Museum.) 276 specimens of flowering plants from Missouri. (Collected by Mr. B. F. Bush. 16 apie of Euphorbia elastica and various fruits from Mexico. (Given by Dr. H. H. Rusby.) SEEDS AND PLANTS. i plant of Epiphyllum for aa lnsaae (Given by Miss E. aan 6 cuttings of Peperomia reflexa? for conservatories. (Given by Dr. H. 2 cacti for the conservatories. (By,exchange with United States National h Dr. J. N. R ose. 1s plants for conservatories. (By exchange with Mr. Frank Weinberg.) so plants of Dionaea muscipula hee conservatories. (Purchased. 1 packet of seed for conservatories. (By exchange with Hortus Teng- gerensis, Lawang, Jav 2 packets of Hane seed from Colorado. (Given by Mr. W. W. Egg- leston.) 43 packets of mes seed. (Collected in North Carolina, Georgia and Tennessee, by Mr. W. W. Eggleston.) Members of the Corporation. Joun D. Arcunorp, Georce F, Baker, Georce S. Bowporn, Pror. N. L. Britton, Hon. Appison Brown, Dr. Nicuoras M. Butter, ANDREW CARNEGIE, Pror. C. F. CHanpter, Wittiam G. Cuoate, Cuartes F, Cox, Joun J. Crooxe, W. Bayarp Curtine, CLeveranp H,. Donce, A. F, Esrasroox, H. C. Faunestocx, SamMuet W. Farrcuitp, James B, Forp, Henry W. ve Foresr, Rosert W. ve Forest, Hon. Tuomas F, Girroy, Hon. Hucu J. Grant, Epwarp S, Harkness, Henry P. Hoyt, Tuos. H. Huszarp, Aprian ISELIN, Jr, Joun I. Kane, Eucene KEL Ly, Jr., Pror., James F, Kemp, Joun S, KEennepy, Epw. V. Z, Lang, Pror, Freperic S. Les, Hon. Serm Low, Davip Lypie, Epcar L. Marston, D. O. MILts, J. Prerront Morcan, TueoporE W. Myers, Pror. Henry F. Osnorn, LoweLt M. Parmer, Georce W. PERKINS, James R. PITcHER, M. F. Pranrt, Percy R. Pyne, Joun D. RockeFrELtrr, WiLu1aM ROCKEFELLER, Pror. H. H. Russy, Mortimer L, Scuirr, James A. ScryMser, Henry A, SIeEBRECHT, Wivuiam D. SLoane, Netson Situ, JaMes SPEYER, Francis L. Stetson, Cuaries G, THompson, Dr. W. GitMan TuoMmpPson, SAMUEL THORNE, Louris C. TrFFany, Georce W. VANDERBILT, Hon. Ecrerton L, Winturop, Jr. PUBLICATIONS The New York Botanical Garden nal of the New York Botanical Garden, eee illustrated, con- os pote and non- -ecinical articles of general interest. Free to members of the Garden, To others, 10 cents a copy; $1.00 a year, ENote un in ‘oa tp Bulletin of the New | York Botanical Garden, Q f the Di i cca! gone: a technica beech pestid eculee of paaaracaer sr carried out in the ous . Free Sn embers of the Garden ; S, $3. ee rohume, Vol. I, I- as -» 3 maps, and 12 bane I 06 toe Vol. II, Nos. 6-8, 518 pp., eee plates, ee 1903. Vol. III, Nos. 9-11, 463 pp., 37 pies "r903- toes Vol. IV, Nos. 12-14, 479 pp.» 14 pla tes, reps 1907. Vol. V, 15-18, 463 pp., 17 plates, 1906-1905; Vol. 4 pp-, 1908. ° & VI, No. 114 North American Flora. Descriptions of the wild plants of North Ane including Greenland, the West Indies eee Central America. Planned to be co: pleted in thirty volumes. Roy. 8vo, volume to consist of four or more parts. Subscription ener $1.50 per part; a Tinted number of separate parts will be sold for $2. (Not offered in exchange. 5 aed I, issued Rand Re 1905. Rosales: Podostemonaceae, Crassula- < 2 » part 2, issued eceates 18, 1905. Saxifragaceae, Hydrangeaceae, pasoubeeas Iteaceae, Hamamelidaceae, Pterostemonaceae, Altingiaceae, Phyllo- nomaceae. Vol. 1 part 1, issued Oct. 4, Path Ustilaginaceae, Tilletiaceae. eo ol. 7, ee 2, issued March 6, 1907. Coleosporiaceae, Uredinaceae, Aecidia- ceae (par: ol. a "part I, issued August 24,1907. Geraniaceae, Oxalidaceae, Linaceae, Bay enynese ae, . 9, parts and 2, issued December 19, 1907, and March 12, 1908. Poly- Ree e. Vol. 22, part 3, issued June 12, ee contains descriptions of the family Gros- sulariaceae by F. V. Co dis and at L. Britton, the Platanaceae by H. A. Gleason, the oasis bana iee if the onnaraceae by N. L. se the Caly- canthaceae by C. L. Pollard, and the Rosaceae eer) by P. A. Rydber Vo! fe 2 25 4, issued Nov. 908. ae (pars) by P. A. Rydbers Memoirs of the Ne niys Fone Botan < Men: Price to members of the Garden, $1.00 per volume. To Ss, $2. oe offered in exchange. Vol. I. An Ani pictater Gals of the F Flora f Montana and the Yellowstone Park, by Dr. Per Axel Rydberg. ix + 492 4 crith detailed map. 1 by Dr. D. T. ae ae xvi + 320 pp., with 176 figures Vol. III. In pre Vol. IV. Bifects of the ae of Radium ae Plants, by Charles Stuart Gager. viii + 278 Paes ith 73 figures and 14 plates. 1908. Contributions from the New York isaac al Garden. A series of tech- — cal papers 3 veitien by students or members of the staff, and reprinted from journals eee than the above. Price, 25 cents each. $5.00 per volume. Fate volumes. CENTS EACH. 114. The Boleti of the Frost Herbarium 8 William = ae 115. Some North Dakota Hypocreales, by Fred J. Sea . ih Notes on Set a by Per Axel Ryd rg. * 117. Studies in North American Peronosporales—IV, Host Index, by Guy West Wilson. 3 118. Studies of West Indian Plants—II, by N. L. Britton. ip: North Dakota Slime- pote! by Fred 2 Seaver. Yo & BOTSN Uae GARDEN x PARK. New York CITY MARCH, 1909 No. 111 JOURNAL OF The New York Botanical Garden EDITOR PERCY WILSON Administrative Assistant CONTENTS PAGE CUE UOT on Gli tun See ae) wha be koe ar eg 82h ey lye wy was 47 Ripper inthe! WVerplades). co ih lee ee veces al) a ee ee aoa wee wl 48 The Educational Organization of Nature-Study. ........-...... 56 “he Ames Collection of Cypripediums. ..... 2. 2s ee ee ee ee 63 An Ee ast Goliection- or, Varmish-Resins:. oy i. ee ieee 68 II ROR Ree SEG ce har a apes a. Se Rare lea site Re a cae 63 PENS OWE MN GO MCOMMMONG. cece jek a bho. soe) eiva® a) le ip bere fol e o's. o's 7° (SHUT Shy ASE Oe ee ee a oe 72 PUBLISHED FOR THE GARDEN Av 41 Nortu Quzgsn fos Dae eaen Pa= & New Era Partinc Company OFFICERS, 1909. PRESIDENT—D. MILLS, Vicr-PreswwentT—ANDREW CARNEGIE, TreasureER—CHARLES F. COX, Secretary—N. L. BRITTON BoARD OF MANAGERS. 1, ELECTED MANAGERS. HON. ADDISON BROWN, J. PIERPONT MORGAN, sane e 4 CARNEGIE, GEORGE W. PERKINS, W. BAYARD CUTTING, JAMES A. SCRYMSER, NOBERE: aE pE FOREST, FRANCIS LYNDE STETSON, JOHN I. KANE, W. GILMAN THOMPSON, D. O. MILLS, SAMUEL THORNE. 2. EX-OFFICIO MANAGERS. Tue PRESIDENT OF THE DEPARTMENT OF PuBLIC PARKS, HON. HENRY SMITH. Tue Mayor oF THE City oF New York, HON. G GE B. McCLELLAN. 3. SCIENTIFIC DIRECTORS. ROF, H. RUSBY, Chairman. DR. NICHOLAS MURRAY ee LER, PROF. JAMES F. KEMP, PROF. C. F. CHANDLER, PROF. FREDERIC SBE CHARLES F, Came HON. E. L. WINTHROP, Jr. GARDEN STAFF DR. ne L. BRITTON, Director-in- eae DR. W. A. MURRILL, Assistant Direct DR. JOHN x SMALL, Head Curator of the pa or VE DR. JOHN Senne BARNHART, a6 brarian. DR. H. H. RUSBY, Curator of the Economic Collections. DR. W M J. GIE Chemist. P RICHARD C. SCHNEIDER, Custodian of no Pieces z z i t. i JOURNAL The New York Botanical Garden Vou. X. March, 1909. No. IM. SPRING LECTURES, 1909. Lectures will be delivered in the lecture hall of the museum building of the Garden, Bronx Park, on Saturday afternoons, at 4:00 o'clock, as follows : April 24. ‘A Winter in Jamaica,” by Dr. William A. Murrill. May 1. ‘Spring Flowers,” by Dr. Nathaniel L. Britton. May 8. ‘How Plants Grow,” by Dr. Herbert M. Richards. May 15. “ eli : How to Know and Cultivate Them,”’ by Mr. George V May 22. “ Ce Seaweeds in Tropical Waters,” by Dr. Marshall A. Howe. May z9. ‘Vanilla and Its Substitutes,” by Dr. Henry H. June 5. “The Selection and Care of Shade Trees,” by Dr. William A. Murrill. June 12. ‘The Ice Age and Its Influence on the Vegetation of the World,” by Dr. Arthur Hollick June tg.“ Haiti, the Negro Rese as seen by a Botanist,”” by Mr. o V. Nas June 26. ‘Some Aeaehen Botanists of Former Days,” by Dr. ios H. Barnhart. July 3. “An Expedition up the Peribonca River, Canada,” by Dr. Carlton C. Curtis. July 10. Fi eeths Experiences in the West Indies,” by Dr. Nathaniel L. Brit The lectures will : simuaeed by lantern slides and otherwise. 47 48 They will close in time for auditors to take the 5:34 train from the Botanical Garden Station, arriving at Grand Central Station at 6:04 P. M. The museum building is reached by the Harlem Division of the New York Central and Hudson River Railway to Botanical rs — by trolley cars to Bedford Park, or by the Third d Railway to Botanical Garden, Bronx Park. o coming by the Subway change to the Elevated Railway at 149th Street and Third Avenue. EXPLORATION IN THE EVERGLADES. Dr. N. L. Britton, DirecTor-IN-CHIEF n attempt on the part of the writer and his asso- ciates to a the southwestern extremity of the Everglade Keys during the fall of 1906 was defeated by conditions brought about by a severe hurricane. However, the sup- posed topography and vegetation of that unique and _fasci- nating, and perhaps least known portion of the United States, continued to excite a desire to explore beyond the point ere our progress had been interrupted. Consequently, having a plans based on the experience gained during previous work in the everglades, with your permission I left New York. for Florida on January 2, in company with Mr. J. J. Carter, of Pleasant Grove, Pennsylvania, my former associate in the ex- ploration of South Florida. Upon reaching Miami, we at once made the Subtropical Labo- ratory and Garden of the United States Department of Agri- culture our general headquarters, by the invitation of Mr. P. J Wester, who is in charge of that important branch of the Bureau of Plant Industry, and we here wish to express our thanks to Mr. Wester and his associates for doing all in their power to facilitate our work. The principal undertaking before us was the exploration of the group of keys forming the southwestern extension of the ever- glade reef or chain of islands. This group, extending westward 49 from near Camp Jackson for about ten miles and thence south- westward for about eight miles, dies out in the everglades eighteen miles from Cape Sable. It is popularly known as Long Key, and has furnished the basis of much misunderstanding among the native Floridians and superstition among the Seminole Indians. enue oe the arrival of baggage delayed in transit from nor took occasion to visit some of the upper Florida ae iced the group of Ragged Keys, making notes of observations and complete collections of the plants inhabiting them. Our main object was to determine whether or not Soldier Key and the Ragged Keys really belong to the Florida Keys, from the standpoint of their structure and vegetation. The fact that these islands are members of the Florida Keys was demon- strated in the affirmative by evidence furnished by their coral structure and tropical vegetation. Thus Soldier Key is to be considered the most northern member of the Florida Keys. A glance at a map of that region will also indicate that it is separated from the two islands lying north of it by about five miles of water, including a natural channel. The two islands just referred to, namely, Virginia Key and Key Biscayne, are generally included among the Florida Keys; but a previous study of their structure and vegetation proved them to be merely detached portions of the narrow coastal peninsula, which thus ends at the historic Cape Florida. Soldier Key consists of several acres of partially sand-covered coral-rock with both herbaceous and woody vege- tation, the number of species growing there amounting to about five dozen. The Ragged Keys lie about five miles south of Soldier Key and consist of about six islands, the majority of them being larger than Soldier Key. They are well named for they are very unequal in size and uneven in shape, and are irregu- larly placed. Their plant-covering is also varied and uneven. Some of the islands harbor but a few inconspicuous herbs, while others are densely wooded. The total number of species there is about double that of Soldier Key. Having finally assembled our supplies and camp-outfit at Homestead, the nearest settlement to our objective point, we set . 50 out on foot for Camp Jackson, where we arrived just after sun- down on the first day. To this point our party consisted, in ad- dition to Mr. Carter and the writer, of one camp-man, two car- riers and one beast of burden, a blind mule. As the trail from Homestead to Camp Jackson is rough beyond the power of words to describe, the mule’s misfortune was really a blessing, for he s thus saved the mental strain, the sight of the almost impas- sable trail might have caused him and the physical pain he would have suffered had a view of the trail caused him to become balky and necessary persuasive methods had been applied. However, in spite of the loss of the shoes from his feet and the skin from his shins, he emerged none the worse for his experience. Camp Jackson is the limit of transportation for any domesticated crea- tures except man and dog. The mule having been dispensed with, and the baggage divided between the members of the party, a start was made for camp on Long Key four miles distant. Misgivings arose in our minds before we had proceeded a quarter of a mile from camp, for we found the intervening everglades filled with water as a result of the unseasonable rains of the previous week. ing the eae then proceeding further, we pushed on oe three miles through mud and water on the one hand and heavy showers on the other, before we defi- nitely ascertained that the water was too high about Long Key for the prosecution of our intended wo Greatly disappointed, we were eh es to retrace our steps to Camp Jackson, carefully avoiding stepping on the water-moc- casins which seemed to arise from the mud and water about us as if by magic. While drying our clothes around the camp-fire and mending our shoes which had nearly been destroyed during the few hours spent in the attempt to reach Long Key, we formu- lated plans for further action. With good prospects for clearing weather, it was decided to postpone our exploration of Long Key, assuming that the water in the everglades would subside sufficiently within a week or ten days time to warrant another attempt on that line. Thus reversing some of our previously made plans, we called the blind mule into service again and re- turned to Homestead the following day. Storing our supplies 51 there, we went directly to Key Largo and spent several days ex- ploring the southern portion of that key for a distance of about fifteen miles. We found a considerable original forest about the middle of the key, where four species of cactus were quite com- n, two spreading opuntias, one spine-armed and one spineless, and two climbing forms, one a Cereus with three-angled stems, the other a Harrisia, with fluted stems. The leaf-mould i forest was very deep, in some places covering the ae . a depth of one or two feet, but curiously enough, herbaceous vegetation was almost, if not completely, absent, and places where humus-loving orchids should have grown were barren. In such places the only visible plant not a shrub or tree was the climbing fern Phymatodes exiguum, a tropical American plant known from the United States only on Key Largo. On parts of the key where the forest had been cleared off we found several plants evidently lately introduced from other parts of the tropics, while near the lower end of the island we found Zhrinar flort- dana growing at what seems to be the northern limit of the range of this beautiful palm, and also some specimens of the fourth species of cotton for the United States. Returning to our general headquarters for a day, we arranged to visit several heretofore unexplored Everglade Keys belonging to the upper part of the chain, some on the extreme southeastern side and some on the extreme northwestern side. The investi- gation of these islands resulted in the discovery of several nov- elties for the flora of the United States, a typically West Indian shrub or small tree new to the Florida mainland and a collection of fresh flowers of one of the rarer and very diminutive flowering plants of our flora. This plant consists mainly of a leafless un- branched stem commonly one or two inches tall, the whole thing so inconspicuous that it has to be hunted for on hands and knees; it might be designated as the smallest flowering plant bearing the largest names, for it has borne the generic name Polypompholx and the specific name /ongeciliata. \Ve encountered a peculiar phenomenon on a large island in the front prairie about eight miles below the settlement of Cutler. The tropical American fern Odontosoria clavata had heretofore been found in the United 52 States only in one isolated pot-hole near the trail between Home- stead and Camp Jackson. All previous exploration on the Ever- glade Keys failed to bring the plant to light elsewhere. Curi- ously enough on this newly explored island nearly every pot-hole, both large and small, was lined on the eastern side with dense masses of this peculiar and graceful fern. The rains having become less frequent and a steady dry south- east wind having set in, we assumed that the water in the ever- glades had fallen sufficiently to allow us to reach Long Key more conveniently than on our former trip, and to carry on at least some exploration there. Consequently, we again moved our baggage to Camp Jackson. After reaching that point, sev- eral hours spent in mud and water again brought us to a camp- ing place on a small island which forms the eastern end of the Long Key group. Here again, as in the case of our mule, nature was kind to us, and the advantageous make-up of our party was forcibly dem- onstrated. Our two carriers were strong men of moderate size, well suited to transporting a large amount of baggage; our camp-man on the other hand was over six feet tall and thin, and boasted of wearing a number thirteen shoe! This combination, of peculiarities proved to be of great utility, for whenever one or another member of the party with a heavy pack would bog ina submerged pot-hole filled with soft mud, the camp-man, because of his superior height on the one hand and the area of his shoes on the other, would soon have his companion extracted. After a night’s rest in camp we set off at daybreak, with several days’ rations, in nearly a direct line over the everglades for the southwestern extremity of the chain of islands, about fifteen miles distant, deviating from the line only to cross out- lying islands near our course. On the most distant island visited we found another tree to add to the arboreous flora of the United States. Returning we crossed portions ‘of the three larger islands which form the backbone of the group, exploring both the pine- lands and such hammocks as had not been burned out by recent fires. The flora of the pinelands was both rich and interesting, but that of the small hammocks turned out to be rather disap- 53 pointing as compared with that of the hammocks twenty miles to the northeast. The larger hammocks certainly contained a more varied flora than the smaller ones, but the fires had been so re- cent that not a plant could be found in a condition to collect. The second journey was made along the northern side of the largest key for more than half its length. The everglades seem to be lower on the northern side than on the southern, for we found them submerged, and when the depth of the water pro- hibited further progress we gradually worked across the key towards the south, and returned to the supply-camp across the higher prairies. A third journey was made along a course close tq the southern side of the largest key for eight or nine miles to the west, and then up through the narrow intersecting prairie into the everglades on the north side directly west of the point where we were forced to turn south on the second journey. We then returned to the supply-camp, crossing the largest key through both pinelands and hammocks. The last day of the Long Key expedition was devoted to work on Royal Palm Hammock and the two smaller islands adjacent to its western side. Royal Palm Hammock is remark- able for the growth of palms (Roystunca regia), from which it takes its name. These trees are visible across the open ever- glades almost as far as the eye can reach, and curiously enough this species of palm is confined to this island, with the exception of two plants which grow on the small key which lies near its western side and a very few plants which exist on a key about two miles directly east. Royal Palm Hammock is also noted as being the only locality in the United States where several tropical American epiphytic orchids grow naturally. These movements gave us a very good idea of the character of the islands and enabled us to collect from nearly all possible localities. The Long Key group resembles the upper and larger group in most particulars, but the country is much more rugged ; everything has the appearance of being either unfinished or com- letely worn out. The rock, which forms the only dry land, is rough beyond the power of description and even beyond the power of imagination, except to those who have actually been 54 over it, The vegetation is decidedly stunted, the pines and the hardwood trees, although apparently of the same age as similar trees on the aed oo portion of the reef, attain mostly less than one half thei A large percentage of pe area of the islands is so anomalous that the only way to describe the condition is to say that the surface consists chiefly of holes. The rock is honeycombed, the cavities commonly with a dignietes of one to eight feet and with a similar depth, the pre aver less than a foot thick and sometimes so much ero that they will not bear one’s weight. Progress over such areas is oy slow, for unless one picks his way with extreme care a fall would surely result which would mean a number of punctures and broken bones, if not more serious results, In spite of general appearances the Everglade Keys are almost ideal for camping. Good firewood is plentiful and delicious cool water is always within easy reach. Besides a small tent to pro- tect the food and specimens at the supply-camp, no shelter is essential. In the field at sundown it is only necessary to gather together enough firewood for the night, to start a fire and cut a few palm-leaves for a bed, and the camp is complete. In case of rain a piece of oilcloth or a small india-rubber poncho is suf- ficient protection, for the honey-combed rock has drainage like a sieve. Notwithstanding the decidedly cool nights, with a good camp-fire one may sleep with impunity in either wet or dry cloth- ing. The total absence of dust and other irritating things from the atmosphere is noticeable both in the delightful effect of the air on the organs of respiration and the surprising apparent nearness of the stars on cloudless nights. Nearly all existing conditions redeem the monotony of the long nights, during which one is confined to the area within a few feet of the fire, both on account of the dangerous honeycombed rock and the presence of venomous snakes. ree kinds of the latter are to be expected at any moment; the water-moccasin in wet places, the ground-rattlesnake in dap or moderately dry places and the diamond-rattlesnake on the dry rocks. Thus surrounded, one has a great desire to stay near the camp-fire at night. 5D We were surprised to meet with a number of plants, both herbaceous and woody, characteristic of more agree or cooler parts of the country. Among the woody p the more spicuous were the laurel-leaved greenbrier (eae esr Ward’s willow (Salix ee: sweet bay Ci 1a virgini- ana), Virginia creeper (F fia), persimmon (Diospyros virginiana), French muller ( Gallicae pa americana) and buttonbush (Cephalanthus occidentalis), The most interesting of these was the sweet bay, which occurred in diminutive forests, the plants assuming the form of a tree and ranging from one to three feet tall. Their trunks were characteristically but- tressed, with a diameter of several inches at the base, tapering to about one half an inch a foot above. The diminutive trees bore both flowers and fruit. Our last field work was done on the Vacca Keys, Crawl Keys and Grassy Key. We secured a good collection of the plants inhabiting these islands, including some additions to our flora, and a view of the remarkably dense growth of the palm, Thrinav floridana, which is well worthatripthere to see. There too we. had the only really unpleasant experience of the expedi- tion. For two days we were at the mercy of the mosquitoes. I will not attempt to describe our experience, but may say that the insects almost devoured us, and besides breathing and eating them, we had great difficulty in extracting them from our eyes and ears, We returned to New York on February 4, with a number of museum specimens, about oes hundred herbarium specimens, and notes on many import bservations on the plant covering of the Everglade Keys. Respectfully submitted, J. K. Sari Head Curator of the Alusenms and on , 56 THE EDUCATIONAL ORGANIZATION OF NATURE-STUDY.* In the years since the introduction of nature-study into our schools there has been a series of conflicts sometimes alarming, sometimes petty, and not infrequently absurd between the scien- tist and the naturalist. here has been experiment and ae and until the subject crystallizes out from a mass of heteroge- neous material, there will continue to be experiment and criticism. The selection of subject-matter from the vast amount of avail- able material, and the formulation of this subject-matter into courses adapted to the different grades in our schools is still in the early stages of the evolutionary process. The great trend of the lines of nature-study to-day is towards the concrete, the practical, the thing that is of use to the child. This is true not only of nature-study, but of all departments of education. ‘‘ How does this bear upon the life of the child?” is the question of the hour as it has never been before. It is not sufficient that a thing in itself is interesting or curious, and pleases and amuses the child; we must look for that which is perhaps equally interesting ne pleasing, and has the added quality of touching the child’s life more or jess directl mple, we no longer make a study of insects as insects, We no longer begin, ‘‘ Now, children, here is a June-bug ; let us learn all we can about him; he is a good example of the beetle; and when we have learned about the June-bug, we shall know a good deal about the whole class of beetles.’’ Perhaps the last point to be made was that in the larval form the June-bug is a source of trouble in our lawns. Now we start at the other end. Here is a patch of dying grass on this beautiful lawn; we dig into the earth and find fat white grubs at work upon the roots of the grass; we take them into the schoolroom and keep them in a jar of earth; we dig them up from time to time and watch the change that is taking place; by and by the mature insect appears, and eager hands and eyes are ready to make the most of him * Paper read at the Conference of the Scientific Staff and Students, December 2 1908, 57 Again, we do not teach the parts of the flower, because they are parts of the flower. The’introduction may be through the e when we are learning about the source of thé honey on the oe table, or it may come through our garden-work, as we see the bees going from flower to flower. The carrying of the pollen by the bee is of vast interest to the child. Where does he get it?) How does he carry it? What does he do with it? What does the flower do with it? And because they want to talk about it and must have words, calyx and corolla, sta- mens and pistils, come naturally into the vocabulary of the child. It is not the parts of the flower but their functions that are of interest to him. Neither do we at the present time teach the star-fish according to Mrs. Agassiz’s “A First Lesson in Natural History.’”” We were loth to give up the star-fish ; those lessons were dear to the children. But we had to subject ourselves to the cross-ex- amination of the times: How does this star-fish affect the lives of these children? At what point do the children and the oe me in contact? They cannot eat it; they cannot wear i it aie not make a good pet; the great mass of children in ns United States live and grow up and die without ever seeing a living star-fish or perhaps a dead one. Is there xo pcint where the star-fish touches the life of the child? Ah, yes! Through the oyster! The child eats oysters; the star-fish eats oysters ; and the more the star-fish eats, the fewer there are for the child. And so while we are studying about the oyster it takes per- haps no longer than five minutes for the children to learn all that was really gained formerly in one or more lessons wholl devoted to the star-fish. Where interest is aroused, assimilation is rapid. Moreover, the star-fish is not an isolated subject in the child’s mind, but it occupies a place related in common to the oyster and to himself. This is not a scientific ules of the star-fish, so long secure among the radiates. It must be humili- ating to be taught no longer because one isa es but because one eats oysters. The child is not ready for scientific classification or organiza- tion, and to attempt it, is to fail in more ways than one, and to 58 lose that which is of far more importance in the early years. Yet to “teach the star-fish’' and leave it an isolated subject, and to continue the sime process with other subjects is to create for the child a world of objects and ideas neither related to themselves nor to the child. The question of unity is a vital one, and seems to us to-day that in nature-study unity must be on an educational basis. Gradually and naturally, with increase of knowledge and development of the reasoning powers, this edu- cational unity will become scientific. n shall we choose for subject-matter in nature-study and what shall be its order? When we remember that each indi- vidual is the center of his own universe, the question simplifies ee to some degree. Toa certain extent the answer will vary h the environment of the child; nature-study for the country- a will differ somewhat from chat of the city-child; still the governing principles are the same. Taking the normal child as the center, let the naturally widening circles of his environment furnish the subject-matter. These widening circles too often lose their symmetry in nature-study, and become an irregular coast- line with peninsulas and promontories, and worst of all, with shoals or outlying islands entirely cut off from the mainland. No one knows better than the teacher of nature-study the tempta- tion to lead a bright-eyed eager child out into the unknown ; but one must know where to turn back, and one must make sure that the child can find his way back alone. Our schools are full of lost children who cannot find their way back alone. One bright Saturday morning not i since a lady sat watch- ing a little girl in Riverside Park. e child skipped up toa cluster of dry seed-pods, shook ie. over her hand, and ran along the path scattering the seeds as she went ; she flew up to some fluffy white balls of dandelions that had gone to seed, knelt in the grass, and blew the seeds as far as she could; then she began picking up the maple-keys from the walk. The curiosity of the lady on the bench was aroused and she approached the child: ‘What are you doing, little one?” she asked. “ Help- ing nature,” was the brief but enlightening reply, and the little maid danced away upon her mission, leaving in her wake a 59 shower . maple keys whose distribution-area was thus consider- ably widened. Now [ the teacher puts herself in the attitude of this little girl, and is willing to “help nature,” instead of expecting nature to help her by making a dull geography-lesson more interesting, she will find that she and nature and geography can all help each other. In the first and second grades, the home and its timmediate sur- roundings furnish abundant material for nature-work. The do- mestic animals, and such animals as make desirable pets — the dog and cat, the rabbit, the canary, the goldfish — the squirrel that frisks in the yard, the butterfly that hovers about the flower- bed, the sparrows in the street — all these are good subjects. In the plant-world, the potted plants and window-boxes in the school- room, the common vegetables and their manner of growth, the planting of bulbs and the collection and planting of seeds are all things of absorbing interest to the child. The work should con- tain a large element of “doing,” the child should take care of the pets and plants, he should feed the squirrel and the sparrows, he should gather the seeds and plant them. He should learn as much of habit and life-history as his years will allow. He may ecause learning the names of things is the special business of Sf cilaien of this age and younger — he may in these grades learn the names of many things that are not studied. It is as natural for him to learn the names of the common birds and butterflies, trees and wild flowers and bright berries, as it is for him to know ae names of the furniture about the house, or the tes upon the In the third ne the oe may widen to the limits of what is ie “home-geography.”’ The yard and its improvement furnishes endless material: trees, and their value for shade, for beauty, for fruit or nuts for children or for squirrels ; vines, and their value for shade or screen, or cover for unsightly walls, also their value for fruit, or beauty of flower or autumn-coloring ; the manner of the climbing of vines, by twining, tendrils, rootlets, twisting leaf-stalks or reflexed prickles; the kind of support needed for vines,—stone, wood, or trellis of wire or cord; the 60 making of poles for the beans, and trellises for the morning-glory vines and nasturtiums in the schoolroom window-boxes ; shrubs, and their value for hedge or flowers or fruits or winter-berries for the birds; flowers and their value for beautifying the yard or gathering for the house. In the third grade it is possible to teach the elements of landscape-gardening, and to arouse an interest in the subject that I venture to predict will never be lost. The coming generation will not leave the monopoly of beautiful grounds to the rich or to the comparatively well-to- middle-aged professional man whose boyhood was spent on a beautiful farm, and one who well understands the principles of growing oe said to me plaintively on unas taking posses- sion of a new home with ample grounds: ‘I cannot afford to have a eee gardener plan these ak for me.’ Besides I want to do it myself, for I enjoy that kind of thing; but I do not know what shrubs and vines to get, and the more I study into the matter, the more confusing the florists’ catalogues be- come. If I only knew what the things look like when they are growing, I could do it with ease, but I don’t know clematis from wistaria. We didn’t have all these things when I wa ry.” This then is a new and legitimate demand upon oe. and one that nature-study courses should endeavor to meet. the third grade, too, a codperative vegetable-garden may be planned, plotted on paper (the beginning of maps), planted, and in the fall carried to completion in the fourth grade. As preliminary to this work, some simple soil experiments are help- ful. The insects that are beneficial or injurious in the garden, and the friendly toad come naturally into the course during the gardening season. At the completion of the third grade, the child should be in- telligent about the source of such things as enter into his daily life in the way of food, clothing and shelter, provided that those things can be produced in the vicinity of his home. The grains that can be raised, the vegetables, the fruits and nuts both wild and cultivated ; butter, cheese, meats; honey and all home-pro- duced articles of food; wool for our clothing, leather for our shoes ; wood for fuel and oe aa etc 61 The work of the fourth grade supplements that of the third by widening the environmental circle into Jndustrial Geography. Those things that we use daily and that form a part of our very lives as it were, but that cannot be produced or profitably pro- duced “around home”’ may be studied with a view to a wider knowledge and broader outlook for the child. In the Horace Mann School the children of this grade raise and make a study of flax and cotton ; they raise wheat and plant winter-rye; this year, owing tothe long dry summer, the peanuts matured as well as the cotton and tobacco. By means of pictures combined with eae it is possible to learn how bananas and pineapples grow; how cocoanuts are adapted for floating and Brazil-nuts for ling to know something of how and where all the fruits and nuts grow, also tea, coffee, sugar, the various spices, and ated A slash in the stem of a rubber-tree gives a child an affection for his rubbers that he never experienced before. The arrangement of all these things and more, with pictures and photographs upon three shelves in the front of the schoolroom, illustrative of the cold, the seins and the hot belts, is not only delightful ; it is bet instruc As regards the industry of 6 something is learned of the trees that are of value for lumber, but this subject is for the most part reserved for the forestry work of the fifth grade. In. the line of fisheries, there is new and exhaustless material- both from fresh and from salt water ; the clam and oyster (and the star-fish), the big French snails that make “ good pets,” the lob- ster with the craw-fish for a delegate, and a more detailed study of the fishes in aquaria. In ing and quarrying there is a series of valuable lessons on building. materials and the metals in common use, all of which can be easily and amply illustrated. The fifth grade in the Horace Mann School makes a very cred- itable study of trees and birds. The study of trees includes the recognition of twenty-five or thirty of the most common trees of the parks, with preservation of the leaf, twig or fruit in a port- folio; the study of the tree as a plant and the functions of its various parts, involving simple experiments in plant physiology 62 to illustrate absorption, transpiration, nutrition and photo-syn- thesis ; the study of the forest as a unit and some of its problems, such as injurious insects, fungi, storms and fires ; questions of reforestation, and the planting of acorns in the fall, with a trans- ig of the seedlings in the spring to home or country resi- ce. Birds are a source of never-failing interest and the a quite naturally links itself to the work on trees in the fifth g In the sixth grade of the Horace Mann School the aeeare! vahidy is wholly physical ; in the seventh, there is at present no place assigned to it in the curriculum. e hope, however, at an early date to insert some work on the sea-anemone and coral with a view to making clear the formation of coral islands; and with lantern-slides to arrange a short course in geographical botany, showing desert-plants with their ecological adaptations ; trees, plants, and scenes characteristic of the different zones ; the change in the vegetation of a mountain from base to summit ; and forests of different types. This should to some degree unify the earth for the seventh grade boys and girls. At the mention of the name of a continent they should be able to form a different con- cept from that of a certain outline filled in with pink, and blue, and yellow In a cenin grade of the same school, which is the beginning ‘of the five-year course of the high school, the facts and princi- ples of nature-study are gathered up, together with new material, in which the frog plays a part, and are applied to human phys- iology. Yeasts and bacteria ene into the work of this year, and although these subjects are up-hill work for a time, they are worth while in the end. This then is the present trend in nature-study — to be able to give a reason for the faith that is in you for presenting every sub- ject that you bring before the children; and to speak no idle word ; to set the children at work doing things — planting bulbs, making flower-beds, setting out vines, shrubbery and trees at school, at home and abroad; to keep pets and to take care of them ; to set up aquaria for fish and tadpoles and all manner of swimming things; to encourage them to make bird-houses and 63 gather the birds about their country-homes ; to make the best of city-life by making the most of our beautiful parks; to take a pride in those same parks that will keep one’s feet off the grass where it is thin and one’s fingers from the blossoming shrub ; to make wide the narrow home because every article that enters into it has its own interest, and can lead the thought over all the earth. This organization of everyday nature-study material, accord- ing to the natural development of the child and his environment, is certainly not a scientific organization ; utilitarian is too narrow a word ; commercial is to be ignored ; practical perhaps expresses it; pragmatic is newer, and more fashionable ; but for the present let us regard it simply as an attempt at the educational organiza- tion of nature-study. Mary PerLe ANDERSON. THE AMES COLLECTION OF CYPRIPEDIUMS. The large and valuable collection of cypripediums, which formed a part of the collection of orchids given to the Garden in the fall of 1907 by Mr. Oakes Ames, of North Easton, Mass., and to which reference has been made several times in the pages of the Jourwat, has been flowering freely for the past few months and gives good promise of continuing to do so for some time to come. It is needless to say that this collection is one of the largest and best in the country. It contains in the neighborhood of seven hundred plants, representing about two hundred and twenty-five kinds, among which are about twenty of the original species; the greater part of the collection, however, is made up of hybrids, of which there are many beautiful and striking forms. Many of these plants are located in house no. 15 of the public conservatories, arranged on the north and center benches of that hous re have been brought together about four hundred and fifty plants, representing in the neighborhood of one hundred and eighty kinds. The remainder of the collection, made up for the most part of the smaller individuals, is at the propagating houses Before proceeding to a consideration of certain individuals of 64 this collection, a word with reference to their classification may not be out of place. While these plants are commonly known to horticulturists and many others as all belonging to the genus Cypripedium, and have aes received the collective name of ‘ cypripediums,” they vided by botanists into four genera, two of which, Seen ee and Phragutipedium, con- cern us particularly at the present moment. The distinguishing characters of these genera may be readily appreciated by even the casual observer. Orchids, belonging to the large division of monocotyledonous or endogenous plants, follow the general rule among these plants, having the perianth or floral envelope com- posed of six parts, three outer, the sepals, and three inner, the petals. In the cypripediums there are apparently but two sepals, two of them, known as the lateral sepals, being united into one organ, which is found immediately below the lip. The dorsal sepal, sometimes known as the standard, is directly opposite this, and is usually a very showy part of the flower. The petals comprise two strap-shaped, lanceolate or linear, sometimes long, tail- organs, and the highly nga nae petal, known e lip or slipper, a sac-like orgar an opening on i upper side. It is in the margin of a opening that the general observer will find the readiest means of differentiating between the genera FPaphiopedilum and Phragmipedium. In the former this pay is sharp, he no i ane rim, while in the latter there is broad infolded portion. Moreo in Paphiopedilum hee is usually but a ee flower on be eee naked stem, very rarely more, while in the other genus the stem is usually elongated, often provided with numerous bracts, and owers are several, sometimes many. A visit to the collec- tion will help fix these characters in the mind, for there are many examples in flower of each genus, so that the differences may be studied in the living plants. These more apparent characters are plants which inhabit the old world tropics, in Asia, the Malay Archipelago and Peninsula, and the Philippines, belong to Paphio- pedilum, while those which claim the new world as their home, 65 being abundant in tropical continental America, belong to Phragnipedium. The leaves in both of these genera are strap-shaped, thick, fleshy, and narrow. This character serves at once to distinguish them from the two other genera, Cypripedium and Selenipedinm, com- pleting the group of four already referred to. In these latter the leaves are broad, thin, and many-nerved, a character by which they may be readily separated from Paphiopedilum and Phragmi- pedium. In this latter group of two the perianth falls off early, while in Cypripedium and Selenipedium the perianth is persistent, remaining in a withered condition upon the developing seed-ves- sels. To Cypripedium belong all the plants of our woods and The remaining genus, Selenipedium, is a native of acechern South America. It is very rare in cultivation, and is repre- sented by only three species. The interesting forms in this collection are so numerous that it would be impossible to designate them all. Some of those which have flowered recently or are now in flower are referred to below. In Poplipedion in insigne, one of the early introductions from the Himalayan region, we have a charming orchid, quite varia- ble in its ane scheme, the various color-forms apparently being of local distribution. Mr. Ames has brought together a choice collection of these Hari among them eae Dorothy, Chan- tinii, Laura Kimball, Sanderianum, Harefield Hall, and Sande- The last, cane , is the most ee of them all, the whole flower being of a beautiful ae ice with the ex- ception of the upper part of the dorsal sepal, which is a pure white, with a few minute brown dots at its base. This has been onjunction with another Himalayan orchid, de ede Pitcherianum, in the production of an exquisite little hybri eral plants of which came from Mr. Ames labeled: “ Cas x tsigne Sanderae.” These vary considerably in shades and markings, but all of them are free-flowering and good growers, the flowers being large and of clear color. One of these plants is especially noteworthy, having a large, pure white dorsal sepal, 66 with but little green at the base and a few small spots, the petals eing a clear yellow, the lip of a similar color, a little flushed with purple, and the shield light yellow with a brilliant orange pot. Paphiopedilum Spicerianum has been one of the parents in a number of noteworthy hybrids represented in this collection. One of the best of these is P. Pitcherianum, the other parent be- ing P. Harrisianum ee the standard showing clearly its Spicerianum ancestry. Another of these is P. Lathamianum, the Spicerianum element ae out markedly again in the dorsal sepal, its other parent, P. villosum, appearing in other character- istics. Another with this common parent is P. semorta-Moensit, the other factor being P. cenanthe superbum. It is interesting to note the modifications apenas 7 injecting different factors in hybridizing with some one spec: Paphtopedilum eet a hybrid between P. barbatum and P. Cone both of which are in the collection, is of a d ae color, the leaves on green with a rich purple ee sur- face, a ae derived from venustum, Paphiopedilum Rothschildianum, from New Guinea, and P. Law- renceanuin, from Borneo, are both in the collection. The former is an unusually vigorous species for the genus, and out of the ordinary in having 2-5 flowers on the scape; its strong, striking foliage and the large flower command attention at once. The dorsal sepal is creamy white, marked with nearly black longi- tudinal stripes, the petals are horizontal, of a yellowish green with dark blotches and lines, and the lip a reddish brown Lawrenceanum, of which many plants will be found in the col- lection, has beautifully tessellated leaves, the markings being light green upon a dark background. Its large flowers have the dorsal sepal white with pure red veins, and the petals are of a ee color shaded with purple, especially at the tips a An interesting hybrid between these two is Paphiopedilem Mahler ae, which will also be pea in the collection, with markings interme- diate between the pare aps one of nee most valuable and remarkable plants is Paphiopedilurn Gandianum, a hybrid of P. Curtisti, a species 67 native in Sumatra, and P. Harrisianum superbum, itself a hybrid between P. darbatum and P. villosum. The flower is large and deep black-purple in color, the petals long-ciliate and with deeper spots of the ground color, and the dorsal sepal is green with white margins and purple stripes. The foliage is also remark- able in its breadth and heavy texture. It is interesting to com- pare this plant with Paphiopedilum Pitcherianum, referred to above, in which there is one parent in common, and note how the exceptional element in each case has modified the common actor. Paphiopeditum Prewettii, a hybrid between P. Harristanum, itself a hybrid, and P. vilfosum, a species from Moulmein, should be compared with some of the above in which FP. Harriszanum is a factor. This is also true of P. Ledouxiae, a hybrid of P. callosum and P. Harrisianum.. Another hybrid in which P. Hlarvisianum is one ai is P. Donatianum, the other parent being P. tusigne IViotts Pajhisjediiun Frau Ida Brandt, a hybrid betweeen P. fo grande and P. Youngianum, is another of the strong growers of this genus, sometimes bearing three flowers on the stem he dorsal sepal is a pea-green at the base, fading into pink and white, the margin being marked with brown spots. The petals are drooping, ciliate, the color green shaded into rose, variegated with purple spots. 2. Morganiae is another hybrid; the dorsal sepal is bil banded with purple, and the lip rose, with darker venatio n genus Phraguipedium hybrids have also been made. produced from P. Boissierianum, from Peru, and P. Schlimii ee from Colombia, the result being a dainty white flower delicate ushed with rose; this bears the name of C7eola. pee eerie Hardyanum is an example of the type with the petals extended into long tails. It is a hybrid between P. cauda- tum, a native of Central America, and P. Aimsworthi2. It would be possible to give many other examples in this rich collection, pointing out the modifying influences of the different 68 factors in varying combinations. Enough has been said to indi- cate how interesting this collection is and how well one would be repaid by visiting it, not only once, but many times, and studying its various elements as they appear from time to time. The hybrid and its parents are often in flower at the same time, and may often be studied side by side. GrorGE V. Nasu. AN IMPORTANT COLLECTION OF VARNISH- RESINS During the year 1908, the Garden received from Mr. A. P. Bjerregaard the gift of a collection of varnish-resins numbering upward of 212 specimens. It was hoped to get the collection classified botanically, as well as commercially, before eas the attention of the public to it. e task has been found ex- ceedingly difficult, and it is doubtful if the oe state of our knowledge will permit of the reference of some of the varieties to their botanical origin. r. Bjerregaard has studied the specimens with great care as to thet physical and chemical ia eal and their present classi- fication is that which he has based.o udies The collection includes many specimens each of amber and other fossil resins, African and American animis, African and so. The collection as a whole is one of the greatest interest and of great value. It may be seen in a case in the central portion of the west wing of the museum. H. H. Russy. CONFERENCE NOTES. The regular conference of the scientific staff and students of the Garden met in the library on the afternoon of ii 3, at which time the following programme was rendered. Dr. Arthur Hollick discussed at some length a P. Penhallow’'s “Tertiary Plants of British Columbia,” issued in 1908 by the 69 Geological Survey Branch of the Canada Department of Mines. Attention was especially called to the puzzling arrangement of the text, the innumerable errors of typography and punctuation and the peculiar methods adopted throughout for citation and nomenclature Mr. C. A. Darling presented a paper on ‘Sex in Dioecious Plants,” those plants in which the male and female flowers are borne on joel individuals. Heredity, the transmission of characters from a to offspring, is one of the fundamental problems ~ biolo The determination of sex as now view ae be considered a Ge onet of heredity. » Until within the last few years it was generally believed that sex was determined in large measure, at least, by external factors ; however, more recent observations and experiments tend to show that sex in strictly dioecious forms is not determined by surrounding condi- tions, but that it is predetermined in the germ cells. € ex- cellent work of the Marchals upon dioecious mosses has shown that in the nates cases . the moss two kinds of spores are formed ; pon mination, half of the spores will produce only Bale as me half only ee plants. Correns working upon some of the dioecious flowering plants has found that two kinds of pollen spores exist; one half of the spores possessing the male tendency, the other half the female tendency. Noll has indepen- dently arrived at the same conclusion in his work upon dioecious hemp So far as is known, up to this time nothing has been published on the behavior of the chromatin (one of the microscopic ele- ments of the plant cell) in dioecious plants. In working upon the formation of the pollen-spores in box-elder (Acer Negunde) which is strictly dioecious two kinds of chromosomes (bodies which result from the separation of A chromatin into a definite number of parts) are found which are formed in different ways. Considering all that has been done upon dioecious plants it seems probable that there is a separation of the two sets of sex charac- ters in the formation of the spores in mosses; and that in dioe- cious flowering plants the spore-bearing plant normally contains both sex characters but that one set is latent while the other is 70 dominant and that the latency or dominancy is determined by two kinds of pollen-spores. It also seems probable that the chromosomes which have to do with the determination of sex are rmed differently than the ordinary ones. These papers were fully discussed by the various members present at the conference meeting. At the close of the regular programme Dr. N. L. Britton ex- hibited 2 a specimen of cotton heat hirsutum L.) collected in Jamaica. Also two specimens bromeliads were show which ie been associated in he: same genus but which are quite different in size and general appearance. FRED. J. SEAVER. NOTES, NEWS AND COMMENT. Dr. Marie C. Stopes, of the Manchester University, visited the Garden last month on her return to England from Japan. One ceous lignitic material from Kreischerville, Staten Island, upon which the recent investigations by Dr. Arthur Hollick and Dr. E. C. Jeffrey were based, which have —— considerable interest abroad, pierce in France and En win Memorial aes | 7 New York Academy of ae was held at the American Museum of Natural His- tory, February 12, the one hundredth anniversary of Darwin's birth. A bust of Darwin was presented to the museum by the academy, Mr. Charles F. Cox, president of the Academy, mak- ing the presentation address. ther addresses were made as follows: John James Stevenson, ‘ Darwin and Geology ”’; Na- thaniel Lord Britton, ‘‘ Darwin and Botany’’; Hermon Carey Bumpus, “ Darwin and Zoology. The Darwin Memorial Exhibition, consisting of letters, writ- ings and portraits of Charles Robert Darwin, and exhibits demon- strating various aspects of the process of evolution of the human species, of other animals and of plants, with special reference to the Darwinian Principle of Natural Selection, will continue until March 12 ” 71 The application of Darwinian principles to plants is illustrated in the following manner : Variaiton under domestication by races of Indian corn; races of daffodils. Variation in nature by races and closely-related species of serie thorn trees. truggle for existence by the water hyacinth, a plant which has been introduced into Florida, a new habitat, where it has multi- plied at such a rate as to choke the streams ; a demonstration of the struggle for existence of young plants grown from seeds planted in areas that overlap ; Seis of the conditions in forests, where low shrubbery is prevented from growing because of the lack of light in the shade of the large trees. Flybvidism by specimens of hybrid ferns, oaks, verbenas and Valerianodes, together with their parents. The fossil record by a series of specimens of fossil plants show- ing the succession of their appearance upon the earth. ee distribution by specimens of the larger fungi as amples of invariable circumboreal and circumtropical plants. Principles of classification by living specimens of cactus plants. Principles of homology by specimens illustrating the different forms of leaves of the ferns and their relatives. Rudimentary and vestigial organs by a prickly-pear cactus and a New Zealand bramble showing reduced leaves. Lnsect-eating plants and climbing plants by displaying two dif- ferent kinds of adaptations — one in respect to nutrition, and the other in respect to the development of structures to afford mechanical support. Fertilization in plants by charts demonstrating the peculiar nature of the process of fertilization, and the special mechanisms that these organisms have developed to bring about fertilization in various ways. € processes are adjusted intimately to the visits made by insects to flowers for nourishment. Meteorology for February. — The total precipitation recorded at the Garden for February was 4.56 inches. Maximum tem- peratures were recorded of 58.5° on the 6th, 58° between the 8th and 15th (thermograph failed to record exact date), 56° o 72 the roth, and 54.5° on the 22d. Also minimum temperatures were recorded of 8° on the 2d, 22.5° between the 8th and rsth (exact date lost as above), 28° on the 18th, and 18.3° on the 26th. The mean temperature for the month was 33.25°. The precipitation for the month was 4.56 inches, and consisted almost entirely of rain, with a light snow fall on the 3d a flurries on the oth, 1ith, and 28th. ACCESSIONS. MUSEUMS AND HERBARIUM, 329 herbarium specimens from North and South America, (By exchange with the University of Copenhagen.) : 240 specimens, ‘‘ Glumacées de Belgique.’’ (Distributed by Professor Cogniaux hal. oo. of Lophozia longiflora from New Hampshire. (Given by Miss An- nie Lor 2 specimens of mosses from Providence, Rhode Island, (By exchange with Mrs. B. J. Handy. 14 area . Crataegus from the northeastern United States. (Given by Mr. R. C.B nee ee aa Columbiani,’’ Century 27. (Distributed by Mr. E. Bar- tholomew. ) 21 specimens of sedges and grasses from Staten Island, New York. (Given by Dr. Arthur Hollick. : 9 specimens of hepatics and mosses from Monteer, Missouri. (Distributed by Mr. B. F. ST sh, 50 ens of large woody fungi from northern Europe. (By exchange with the University of Copenhage n.) f woody fungi fi d West Virginia. (By exchange with Peolesser John L. Sheldon.) 3 - specimens of fungi from Jamaica. (Collected by Dr, and Mrs. W. A. Murrill. ) 50 specimens of woody fungi from New York and Indiana, (By exchange with fe, Van Hook. 41 ioag ens of hepatics from Central Americaand Mexico, ( Distributed by Dr. E. Levie 71 specimens of Crataegus from Rochester, New York. (By exchange with Mr. C. C, Laney. 16 specimens of Crataegus from Denver, Colorado. (By exchange with Profes- sor E. Bethel. 30 specimens of Crataegus from Iowa and Montana. (Given by Mr. B. T. Butler. 8 specimens of Crataegus from Nantucket, Massachusetts and Long Island, New York, (Given by Mr, E, P. Bicknell. } House. ) 73 4 specimens of Crataegus from New York. (By exchange with Dr. H. D. 7 specimens of Crataegus from Virginia. (By exchange with the United States National _ ‘um. 127 specimens of mosses from Central America. (Distributed by Dr. E. Levier. 306 scala of lias ia from the southern United States. (Collected by Mr. W. W. Eggleston.) PLANTS AND SEEDS. 5 orchids for conservatories. (By with oe . A. Manda. } 33 plants from Cuba, for conservatories. (Col by Dr. J. A. Shafer.) 2 plants from the Everglades, Fla., for doneetate ies (Collected by Dr. J. K. (By exchange with Bureau of Plant Small. ) roo plants fi ‘ sery. Industry, U. S. Department of ie dcilten re, Washington, D. C. 8 cacti from Key Largo, Florida, for conservatories. (Collected by Dr. J. K. Small. 1 plant of Opuntia arizonica from Arizona, Md conservatories, (By exchange e. ) h U. s. National Museum, through Dr. J. N Members of the Corporation. Joun D. Arcuzotrp, Georce F, Baker, Georce S. Bowpo1n, Pror. N. L. Brirron, Hon. Appison Brown, Dr. Nicnotas M. Butter, ANDREW CARNEGIE, Pror. C. F, Cuanpirr, Wi1aM G. Cuoate, Cartes F, Cox, Joun J. Crooxe, W. Bayarp Curtine, CLEVELAND H. Dopce, A. F. ESTABROOK, H. C. Faunestock, SaMuEL W. Farrcuitp, James B, Forp, Henry W. ve Forest, Rozert W. pve Forest, Hon. Tuomas F. Girroy, Hon. Hucu J. Grant, Epwarp S. Harkness, Henry P. Hoyt, Tuos. H. Husgarp, Avrian ISELIN, JR, Joun I. Kane, Eucene KE ty, Jr., Pror. James F,. Kemp, Joun S, KENNEDY, Epw. V. Z. LANE, Pror, Freprric S. Leg, Hon. Setu Low, Epcar L. Marston, D. O. Mitts, J. Prerront Morcan, THEODORE W. Myers, Pror. Henry F. Osporn, Lowett M. Parmer, Georce W. PERKINS, James R. PItcHer, M. F. Prant, Percy R. Pyne, Joun D. RocKEFELLER, WILtIAM ROCKEFELLER, Pror. H. H. Russy, MortiMer L, Scutirr, James A. ScryMSER, Henry A. SIeprecut, Wixriram D. SLOANE, Netson SMITH, James SPEYER, Francis L. Stetson, Cuartes G. THOMPSON, Dr. W. GILMAN THoMpPSON, SaMuEL THORNE, Louris C. Tirrany, Georce W. VANDERBILT, Hon. Ecerton L. WINTHROP, JR. PUBLICATIONS OF mal of the New York B ical Garden, monthly, illustrated, con- sing notes, ‘and non- sae na ne or: of aati interest. Free to members ‘of the Gar To oe s a copy; $1.00 a year. [Not o offered in sxe Vol. - ‘1900, sen ghd 9 Vol. e 1901, viii + 2 04 pp. 1. III, 1962, viii+ 244 pp. Vol. IV, 1903, Mai ii 4 238 Vol. ss 1904, Sree pp. Vol. VI, 1905, viii+224 pp 1. VII, ae vik EE 300 pp. Vol. VIII, 1907, viii + 290 pp- { the kes York Botanical Garden, containing the annual reports of the Di Chi d other official documents, and technical articles embodying results of favestiga Hons carried out in the Garden. Free to all members of the xarden ; to others, $3.00 per volume. bs I, Nos. 1-5, 449 pp., 3 maps, and 12 plates, 1896-1900. Vol. II, Nos. 6-8, 518 pp., 30 Hes Spek coaet Vol. III, Nos. 9-11, 463 pp., 3 plates, aes Fist Vol. S. 12-14, 479 pp., 40 piates, 1905-1907. Vol. V, 15-18, 463 pp., 17 planes, 1906-1905 ; ee VI, No. 19, 114 pp., 1908. North American Flora. Descriptions of the wild plants of North A merica, including Greenlee + ws West Indies aud Central America. Planned to be com- pleted in thirty volum . 8v0. ach volume to consist of four or more parts Subscription price reas Ba art; a Tin ted number of separate parts will be sold for $2.00 each art I, issued May 22, tek, Rosales: Podostemonaceae, Crassula- e. Vol. 22, part 2, issued December 18, 1905. Saxifragaceae, Hydrangeaceae, Cunoniaceae, Iteaceae, Hamamelidaceae, ’Pterostemonaceae, Altingiaceae, Phyllo- eke a part I, issued Oct. 4, 1906. Ustilaginaceae, Tilletiaceae. ; Vol. 7, part 2, issued March 6, 1907. Coleosporiaceae, Uredinaceae, Aecidia- ol. 25, "part I, issued August 24,1907. Geraniaceae, Oxalidaceae, Linaceae, ea Sie . 9, parts I and 2, issued December 19, 1907, and March 12, 1908. Poly- wate eC. ol. 22, part 3, issued June 12, 1g08, contains descriptions of 3 family Gros- sulariaceae by F. V. Coville and N. L, Britton, the Platanaceae by H. A. Gleason, the Cioenennnau y I. K. Small, the Connaraceae by N. L. Britton, the Caly- canthaceae by C. L, Pollard, and the Rosaceae ( (pars) bye: A. Rydberg Vol. 22 ued Nov. 20, 1908. Ros rs ) by P. A. Rydbens 3 Mem mast tae! yore a otanlcal Price to me of the — Garden, $1 S, $2. [No “offe ered in exchang “a Vol, I. An aan e Calais of the hbk of Montana and the Yalow Park, by Dr, Per Axel Rydberg. ix + 492 pp., with detaile dmap. Ig0o. to) AU i Ge] p Est +e Ag a a a by Dr. D. T. MacDougal. xvi + 320pp., with 176 figures In Vol. a Effects, of the Re ys of fo aes on Plants, by Charles Stuart Gager. viii + 278 pp., with 73 figure aa 14 plates, 1908. Co sie w York as al Garden. A series of tech- nical papers writte tudents o semen of the wi arte rjrinted a jou j other than the above, T Pice 25 canted me. RECE 8 25 CENTS EACH. 114. The Boleti of the Frost Herbarium, by Milan es Higgs 116, Notes on Rosaceae, by Per Axel Rydbei ze. : Luz anes in North American Pees cilen: <1'V" Host Index, by Guy W me Wilso: "Studi ies of West Indian Plants—II, by N. L. Ls aes att North Dakota Slime-Moulds, by Fred J. Sea ORK EG, GA EN BRONX Park. Hes YORK City — == APRIL, 1909 No. 112 JOURNAL The New York Botanical Garden PERCY WILSON Administrative Assistant CONTENTS PAGE The Fern Collections of the New York BotanicalGarden. .......... 75 Experiments on the Effect of the Soil of the Hemlock Grove of the New York Botanical Garden upon Seedlings. ...-..-- +... +... es 81 Some East Indian Economic Plants and their Uses. .......-.-.-.- 87 eM ECEC COMM LCM Rite serie AS ele gv oils’, sess oovy tame) cee se wey se 93 The Preservation of Native Plants... ....----2 2 eee sere 95 OSES SO SS ota See ar nr er eS 95 (TEL Sgt 8 RAS SESE Sole ar ES oR eae cr oa ea ee 97 PUBLISHED FOR THE GARDEN At 41 NortH Queen Street, Lancastsr, Pa. ay The New Eaa Pamrinc Company OFFICERS, 1909. PRERIDEN O. MILLS, Tica ANDREW CARNEGIE, aa kas F. COX, Srecretary—N, L. BRITTON. BoARD OF MANAGERS. 1, ELECTED MANAGERS. HON. ADDISON BROWN, J. PIERPONT MO ANDREW CARNEGIE, GEORGE W. P| W. BAYARD CUTTING, JAMES A. SCR ROBERT W.pr FOREST, FRANCIS LYNDE JOHN I. KANE, W. GILMAN THOM! D. LS, SAMUEL To ON. HENRY Pa Tue Mayor oF THE City oF NEw York, HON. GEORGE B. oe LLAN. 3. SCIENTIFIC DIRECTORS. OF. H. H. RUSBY, Chairman. DR. NICHOLAS Pee BUTLER, PROF. J. PROF. C. F. CHANDLER, CHARLES F. COX, HON. GARDEN ST. DR. N. L. BRITTON, | Dien t ROBERT S. ibaa MS, Assi. stant — "ee MAN TAYLOR, Assistant Cur ORGE a NASH, Head Gar ; FRED " SEAVER, Director of the Laboratories, DR. JOHN HENDLEY BARNHART, Librarian. « DR. H. H. RUSBY, Curator of the Economic Colleetions DR. W: J. Ci a RICHARD C. SCHNEIDER, Custodian of on pees : JOURNAL The New York Botanical Garden Vo..X. April, 1909, No. 112. THE FERN COLLECTIONS OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN. erns to be found in practically every department of the oo collections. They have their a jee in the system tions, but are found a bee in the eee pent in “ living collections, and to some extent in the economic collections. The, economic uses to which ferns are put, to take them up in an order inverse to that just noted, may almost be counted on the fingers of one’s hand. few species are used as food in various parts of the world, particularly the leaves of certain suc- culent kinds. Preridium aquilinum, a cosmopolitan species, is one of these. The young, unrolling leaves are prepared and eaten like asparagus. A few other kinds have medicinal uses. The rhi- zomes of the male-fern, Dryopteris Filix-mas, are so used. Speci- mens of this fern may be seen in the drug collection and in the economic garden. One of the lycopods, Lycopodium clavatum, is also used as a drug. A further use for lycopods is found for the copious eg of certain species which are used in some kinds of fire s. In the south side of the middle case of the fiber eee may be seen a bundle of the slender leaf-stalks of a Javan species of Dicranopteris, together with brown fibers taken from the leaf-stalks, and various articles of native manufacture in which these are used. The fibrous, black root-masses of cer- tain of the osmundas and some tree-ferns are extensively used, sometimes under the misnotner ‘“‘ peat,”' for the growing of orchids and other epiphytic plants. 75 76 Besides these limited uses, ferns, and pe sae as well, are also sed largely for decorative purposes. Every autumn bands of Paul establish camps in the mountainous regions along the usatonic and else ates and gather huge baskets full of the *. Christmas fern, Polystichum lose fern, Dryopteris intermedia, together with shoots of laurel, These are packed in bales and are later shipped to New York and other cities to be used with cut flowers. . Living specimens of these species may be seen in the fern-bed at the south side of the herbaceous grounds. This brings us to the collections of cultivated ferns, among which are numerous species of horticultural value. It is as living plants, undoubtedly, that ferns find ae largest commercial use. The cultivated ferns at the Garden are comprised in two col- lections, the hardy outdoor species and the tender conservatory cies. ost of the hardy ferns are in two beds, located, as noted above, at the south end of the herbaceous grounds, and comprising forty to fifty species. The larger bed includes also a thriving colony of Polypodium vulgare, one of the twélve or fifteen species native in the Garden. Recently, also, a bed has are grown under the most favorable conditions. number of recently described and older Dryopteris hybrids ‘have also been placed here, and it is hoped to make this collection as complete as possible, since fern hybrids constitute a class 6 plants which are best preserved under cultivation. € propagating houses in the same region contain a consider- able number of ferns, including plants sent over from the larger range to recuperate, many young plants not yet large enough for the public houses, and a case of filmy-ferns, representing all the plants of this family in cultivation at the Garden, This collec- tion is of value not only on account of the interest which attaches to this peculiar order of ferns, but because, as they have been grown, they have served as a sort of nursery for many other inds. The plants comprising this collection were shipped from 77 Jamaica just as they were found, on pieces of rotten logs, and mixed with various sorts of mosses, some of which are more con- epicious than the associated “filmies’”’ themselves. Included kinds of ferns. Young plants have been constantly spring- ing up, self-sown in the Jamaican woods, but coming to germi- nation only after the material had reached the Garden. As these Fic. t1, Evergreen spinulose fern, Dryopterts intermedia. reach sufficient size they are picked out, and, if of interest, potted and grown to maturity. Inthis way a considerable num- ber of species, new to the garden collection, have been added in the last two or three years and more new ones continue to appear. But aside from the filmy-ferns, the large public conservatories contain the most complete collection of living ferns to be foun at the Garden. Several hundred species are represented here, located principally in houses No. 10 and No. 11. A few requir- ing cooler winter temperature are kept in house No. 12, anda few 78 others, water-ferns, are grown in the aquatic house, No. 9. Prob- ably the largest number of species are to be found in house No. 10, where the plants are arranged along the benches in taxo- nomic sequence. But the plants in No. 11 are of rather more general interest. In this house are to be found ferns of the greatest variety of habit and appearance, from simple-leaved unfern-like species of Aspleninm, Doryopteris and others, to tree- ferns with tall trunks and leaves many times divided ; from the bizarre, well-named “‘ staghorn” ferns to the Lygodiums, ferns whose leaves may climb to a height of ten feet or more. Not the least interesting are the plants of the Marattia alliance, a group of ferns whose ancestors can be traced back in geological history to the coal-measures, strata whose age is variously estimated up to fifty millions of years Fossil specimens of these ancestral forms and of other types of ancient fern-plants are to be found in the palaeobotanical collec- tions in the basement of the museum building. aad of fossil- ferns is becoming increasingly important nowadays, as it is gen- erally accepted that somewhere in this alliance ae exist the ancestral forms of all our modern vascular plants with the excep- iv of the ea and horsetails. These last mentioned groups, ugh commonly designated as ‘‘fern allies,” are really less ae related to ferns than are the cycads, the conifers and probably also the dominant modern group, the flowering plants. In coal-measure times, plants of the lycopod alliance formed the dominant type of vegetation, including great tree-like species of “horsetails” and ‘‘lycopods,”’ 100 feet high and more, some of which had developed the seed-bearing habit. Impressions of the trunks and leaves of some of these plants are also to be seen in the collection of fossil plants. he remaining fern collections of the Garden are comprised in the systematic collections on the second and third floors of the building. On the second floor, ferns occupy their proportionate share of the series of public exhibits, and are found in the micro- scope exhibit, in which a few of the characteristic features of fern anatomy are shown, in the general display herbarium, and in the local flora stands, the last-named containing forty-three species. 79 The most valuable of all the fern collections at the Garden and, from a scientific standpoint, the most important, is the general working herbarium, located on the top floor, where it occupies sixteen cases in the long east-and-west laboratory, east of the library. Since January, 1908, the fern herbarium of the Scientific Directors has been officially known as the “Underwood Fern Herbarium,” and recently a bronze tablet bearing this name has been put in place on one of the cases. Fic. 12. Bronze tablet recently installed in the Underwood Fern Herbarium. The herbarium contains a total of about 16,000 specimens. The greater part of these are North American species, of whic the Garden probably has the most comprehensive pane in any herbarium. The collection was built up under the direc- tion of the late Professor L. M. Underwood, after whom it is named, and it owes its present efficiency as a working herbarium almost entirely to his efforts. Its efficiency is due not only to the large amount of recently collected material which it contains but in a very considerable degree to the fragments of older col- lections, often scraps of type material, which were obtained 80 through the courtesy of the curators of various European Professor Underwood always insisted on the necessity of the study of type material in connection with revisionary work, and he probably did more in the line of “international” study than any other botanist has done. But in addition to North American material, the fern herbarium contains a considerable collection from other regions, notably uth America. The flora of the northern part of that continent is particularly important in connection with the preparation of North American Flora, as many species are common to the tropics of both regions, and the real relationships of some of these can be determined only by studying them throughout their ranges. Bcigece the collections of H. H. Smith, R. S. Williams, usby, and Miguel Bang, together with parts of earlier eee the Garden has now a fair representation of the ferns of northern South America. The Old-World ferns are of course not nearly as well repre- At present they are divided into four collections. Two of these, the Hawaiian ws and the Japanese ferns, are being studied by Miss W. J. Robinson and Miss M. P. Anderson respectively, in connection with graduate work at Columbia. A third set of Philippine ferns has been partly identitied but awaits a student who will take them up thoroughly, making use of the larg principally by Dr. E. B. Copeland and Dr. Hermann Christ. The material consists principally of a splendid set of Mr. Williams’ collection, but includes also a considerable amount obtained from the Government botanists and a few numbers of older collectors. he remaining Old-World material is included in the general fern herbarium and consists principally of scattered collections. has proved to be remarkably rich in undescribed species, and although a number of European botanists have worked with other sets of his plants, there are undoubtedly many novelties yet to be distinguished. 81 In general, the fern herbarium stands in need of careful study of two sorts: first, to arrange it in accord with the best results of recent research, and second, to extend still further our knowl- edge of these plants by original work. There is scarcely a genus of ferns which does not need monographic study. Pro- fessor Underwood had made a start at this in connection with North American Flora work, and had published results for a part 1 of Volume 16 of North American Flora, But the groups he had been able to work with most, occupy less than two of the sixteen cases, so it may be seen that the greater part of this work remains to be done. Attention should also be paid to the collections of living ferns, as these can be made of considerable value both from a scientific and from a popular standpoint. The collections of filmy-ferns and of fern hybrids in particular have already furnished material for study. Recently the conservatory specimens of Cyathea arborea, a large Jamaican tree-fern, served to clear fe a doubtful point in connection with North America Flora wo he value of ferns from the horticultural coin 68 view has already oe referred to. Ferns out-of-doors do well in situ- ations not favorable to most flowering plants and, if properly established and arranged, will be attractive from early spring to ate fall. e indoor collection forms already one of the most attractive exhibits in the whole conservatory, and should improve when transferred to the more favorable conditions to be had in the new conservatories. The larger space will also allow a better display, as they are at present rather crow RALPH eee BENEDICT. EXPERIMENTS ON THE EFFECT OF THE SOIL OF T MLOCK GROVE OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN UPON SEEDLINGS. The slow growth of the forest tree, the uncertainty of the amount and vitality of the seed crop, the lack of knowledge of 82 the relations between the character of the soil and the vigorous development of the seedling make the raising of the sapling of sufficient size for planting a matter of great importance. York Botanical Garden the hemlock grove is not only a feature of great natural beauty but of much scientific in- terest. It occupies about thirty-five or forty acres along the banks of the Bronx River, and is the largest stand of hemlock to = Fic. 13. Opening in hemlock grove where youn ing ti the favorable light relation. ed a Prof. C. C. Curtis. be found so far south, near the Atlantic seaboard. A large part of it is primeval forest, for it has been protected for many years by the former owners, the Lorillard family. The soil is a thin layer of humus and disintegrated rock overlying the gneiss and schist of the formation of this locality. The roots of the hem- lock spread near the surface of this thin soil so that;much dam- age is often done by a heavy wind, which may overturn trees 83 whose development has occupied hundreds of years. The area is not entirely covered by hemlock but has numerous openings where deciduous trees and shrubs gr Among these, hemlock seedlings are seen in considerable numbers but the floor beneath the hemlock trees is comparatively naked. This bareness of the forest floor is also true of the undisturbed Canadian forests fur- ther North. Dr. N. L, Britton called attention to this in an ad- dress before the Bronx Society of Arts and Sciences in May, 1905 (Trans. Bronx Soc. of Arts and Sci. 1: 6. 1906), in which he said: ‘“ The shade is too dense for the existence of much low vegetation, and this is also unable to grow at all vigorously in the soil formed largely of the decaying resinous hemlock leaves ; . the floor of the forest is arian devoid of vege- eeds of many plants growing outside the hem- a oe are eed Ns into it by the wind and by birds but grow very sparingly ; the seeds of the hemlock do little if at all better; they cannot germinate immediately under the trees which bear them, but species exposed to the light are soon occu- pied by seedling hemlocks, and it is in this way that the forest is perpetuated.” Prof. F. E. Lloyd (Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gar. 17: 97. 1900) has described the growth of hemlock seedlings, as he observed them n the New York Botanical Garden. Development begins about ae first of May and the growth for the first season is an inch or less. A similar amount of growth for successive seasons brings the height to four or five inches at the end of four years. the number of seedlings of one year’s growth which he found in June, 1900, he inferred that the preceding year had been good for the production of seeds. No seedlings of the previous year, 1898, were found, and only two from the crop of 1897, while there were so many seedlings of four years’ growth that it was evident that 1896 was a favorable year for seed production. His conclusions were as follows: ‘“ The matter of seed production is variable, depending upon conditions from year to year, It is also to be noted that the hemlock seedlings fail to germinate, or die soon after, unless they are in the proper conditions as to shade and moisture. They thrive best in humus soil, while to 84 other soil factors they are comparatively indifferent. Too much sun, however, or too much moisture kills them very readily. They are to be found, therefore, on the forest floor and less abundantly about the shaded edges of the forest. They do not appear to be able to compete with grass or other tightly growing herbaceous plants but piece a clean floor. They grow very readily on rotting woods. . e, 1906, eee William J. Gies, Consulting Chemist to the Botanical Gardens, suggested that the series of experi- ments described in this paper be undertaken to determine whether any chemical constituent’ of the soil in the hemlock grove was the detrimental factor causing the failure of the hemlock seed- lings to develop. Areas shaded by three or four trees each, were marked out and the number of hemlock seedlings that germinated that spring were counted. The number varied from thirteen or fourteen under trees in the interior of the grove, to from sixty to seventy- five under trees near the margin. In an open space of equal area where ash saplings four feet high, red-berried elder, viburnum, and sear ea aa such as sweet cicely were found, nearly one ndred w noted. One month later only about a fourth of Sella remained, and at the end of three months only thirteen seedlings survived in the entire area shaded by hemlocks, while the number beneath the deciduous trees and shrubs nearly aide that of the first count observed. ne 29, 1906, about one half bushel of surface soil was taken eA the hemlock woods near the Lorillard mansion and the same amount from the grove of deciduous trees adjacent. There were no evidences of the work of earthworms or chipmunks under the hemlocks but there were signs of both under the deciduous trees, In contrast with the bareness of the soil beneath the hem- under the deciduous trees, including dogwood, sassafras, violets, jack-in-the-pulpit, ashes, viburnums, and young hemlocks. Soil from each of these localities was ground in a mortar on four successive days and allowed to dry in the intervals. Then a part of each was sifted through sieves and cheese-cloth, and 85 after further drying at room temperature was preserved in tightly corked bottles. Extracts of this sifted soil in distilled water, in proportions varying from two parts to forty parts of soil per hun- dred of water were made, the water being allowed to remain four days upon the soil at room temperature, with frequent shaking. Similar extracts of 2zstfted soil from the two localities were also prepared. The filtered extracts were placed in chemically clean beakers, 400 c.c. in each. Lupine seeds were soaked in water six hours and then planted in moss. When the hypocotyls had grown to a length of about a centimeter they were marked five millimeters from the tip with India ink. They were then sus- pended so that their tips were just immersed inthe solution. To do this, glass rods were bent into L forms and pointed at their lower ends, which were thrust through the cotyledons of the a while their upper ends were pushed through oo sheet of cork which rested on the top of the beake ae an interval of eighteen hours each seedling was ae the root was gently dried with filter paper and placed upon glass over a ruler, where its length above five millimeters showed the growth for the period it had been in the solut Measure- ments were made at intervals of twenty-four ees ae four days. Seedlings of corn were used in the same way. In September, 1906, thirteen hemlock seedlings were placed in a pot containing soil from beneath the hemlocks and the same number were put in a pot containing soil from beneath the decid- uous trees. These were left in the propagating house of the w York Botanical Garden. At the end of three months all were alive and in good condition, though scarcely any growth was perceptible. After six months four of the seedlings in the emlock soil and five in the deciduous woods soil had died. Meantime the pots became choked with moss and liverwort and t of a year, September, 1907, only four survived in each pot. After a year and a half three were alive in each. This result, together with the irregularity of the curves that might be plotted from the tabulations given above, indicates that the failure of hemlock seedlings to germinate beneath the adult trees is not due to a special toxic constituent of the soil, but rather to 86 such ecological factors as the amount of moisture and light, and to'the physical condition of the soil caused by the mat of hem- lock needles that accumulates beneath the trees. The following table gives the average growth per hour for each of the solutions 7 Average Growth per Hour. Grams of Soil i | - H Sf] Date 1906. Se soe Seeding, Growth. aaa Hemlock Soil | Deciduous Soil P —: Extracts. Extracts, Aug. 28 | Sifted Corn 66 2 1.9901 mm. | I. ae mm. ‘ “ “ “ 4 1.8674 9797 “ “ “6 oe 8 I 9536 at 3 “ “ “ ae 16 1.6565 1.3287 July 2 - Lupine a: 2.5 0.7007 0.7045 “ “ +6 Re 5 0.8030 | 0.9015 “ “ te “ | 10 6666 8257 “ “ “ “ | 20 0.7727 0.8143, Aug. 28 ae fs “ | 2 0.6098 0.5464 ae ae ae oe 4 0.7121 0.5075 = . . 8 0.5719 0.7575 a a “ ‘fe 16 0.9500 0.7310 "© 25 | Unsifted 7 “s 2.5 0.7803 0.6136 ed in = 5 0.7592 9.7575 « “ « “ to 7234 0.7811 ‘ “ “« “ 20 0 7766 0.7875 Sept. 6 Sifted ff < 2.5 0.5075 0.4356 e ce ce ce 5 ¥.4376 0. 5643 6 “ “ce « 10 0.6969 0.6250 “ ce “ “ 20 0.8068 0.6477 July 21 Check oe ts Dist. water | 0.6477 Aug. 25 ee “ce oe cad ae 0.4545 Sept. 6 ec e “ee oe “ce 0.3863 The results in the table are too obvious in their significance to call for discussion. Fernow (U.S. Dept. Agr. Div. For. Bul. 1891) says: “ ree to aa ceriiey to soil we need eoisider ae the physical condition of the soil, for forest trees require such small amounts of mineral matter that it is questionable whether a soil could be found that does not contain in sufficiency those that seem necessary.” According to Dr, Ebermeyer (Fernow, Garden and Forest 6: 34. 1893) the air in the forest soil contains less carbonic acid than that of the field, varying from three to four times less in the 87 winter to five or six times less in the summer. Forest soil en- courages sap bacteria and no pathological bacteria are found in it. Roth (For. Cond. and Int. of Wis. U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. of For. Bul. 16: 34. 1898) says: ‘“ Hemlock has a shallow system of roots, sensitive to the interference in soil moisture, hence furnishes a great quantity of dead and down material. Over wide areas only old trees occur, these often dying out. There is apparently no lack of seed, for the hemlock, like the pine this season (1897), was full of cones, and yet there is very little repro- duction of this timber. For miles no young growth is seen, and the small trees, often mistaken for saplings, generally prove to be runts, suppressed individuals, often 150 and more years old. The only places where this tree still seems to hold its own are in some of the wet half swamps of the eastern part of this area. The young hemlock stands a great deal of shading and close crowding, but grows slowly both in height and thickness.” We must look then to the hemlock seedlings which germinate in the open spaces in the grove, where deciduous trees and shrubs shelter them as they develop yet do not form too dense a cover, for the continuance of the hemlock grove. WINIFRED J. ROBINSON. SOME EAST INDIAN ECONOMIC PLANTS AND THEIR USES. Economic plants are those whose products, such as fibers, starches, and sugars, are utilized by mankind. Fibers are obtained from the bark, stems, and leaves of many plants and are made use of in various ways. Of the plants from whose leaves useful fibers are obtained, one of the commonest and most extensively utilized types is the group of the screw-pines, a genus of plants contain- ing over one hundred species, which are confined entirely to the eastern hemisphere, and a dozen or so to the islands of the Malay Archipelago and vicinity. The screw-pines derive their appella- tion not from any resemblance to the pine-family, but from the spiral growth of their leaves and the similarity of their foliage to that of the pineapple. Some species attain the size of trees, with 88 ea stems, but the greater majority are more or less e leaves are often long, rather tough and leathery and aca armed along the margin and on the midrib of the under surface with numerous sharp, recurved prickles. On some islands large tracts of land are covered with these plants, growing Fic. 14. Fancy basket made from the leaves of the screw-pine. so close together as to form an almost impenetrable mass of vegeta- tion, while other species are to be found growing singly or few ina group. The leaves and roots of the screw-pine are the two parts commonly utilized. The former are cut in large numbers, tied into bundles and carried by the men to the village, where the prickles from the margins and under surface are removed by the women. Each leaf is first exposed to fire, and is then taken in the left hand and with a sharp, four-bladed knife, held in the right hand, it is cut into strips of a uniform width. After soaking in water for several - days, the strips are spread out and bleached in the sun. Upon wrought into any desirable shape without injury to the fiber. 89 Two species in particular, ‘ Pandan tikar,”’ the mat screw-pine, and “ Pandan Lawut,” the sea-shore screw-pine, are considered as yielding the best grade of leaves for mat and basket weaving € “ * * , 4% * 7 e x © :! a ’ 3 1 a 5] a a real Fic. 15. Hat made from the leaves of the screw- a The black fiber on the margin is obtained from fern ste Other species, bearing “much larger leaves, are regarded as an inferior grade because of their coarseness. By placing the leaves of these species side by side, — overlapping and sewing together with a coarse fiber, they are often made into large mats called ‘‘ Kajangs,” which are used in the construction of native houses or serve as a covering for carts Coarse sacks made of this fiber, in which various articles of com- merce have been shipped, are sometimes found in our markets 90 In some sections the thick aérial roots are said to serve as corks. Other leaf-fibers are woven into “ Ataps,” large shingles, from the leaflets of the ‘“‘ Nipah” (Wipa fruticans), a low, stemless palm with large, unarmed leaves common in tidal mud in many sections. Useful fibers are of rather uncommon occurrence among the spore-bearing plants, but among the ferns aay are several species, both of tropical and temperate regions, of which the entire stipe (stem) is utilized. In order to obtain the Ae. from some species the stems are cracked, when the outer brittle portion falls away. The central fibrous portion is then scraped with a knife and split into small strips which are sharpened at one end and drawn through holes of diminishing sizes punctured in a piece of atin. Fiber of this sort are used mostly for hats, which are worn by the Malay men at their various festivals. Fern-fibers are also used by the Hoopa Valley Indians, in northern California. The entire stipe of the maiden-hair fern and the dyed fibers sbeained from the stalks of one of the chain-ferns are woven into hats, which are said to be the ordinary head-dress of the squaws. rs are manufactured into many different articles and ee usage is common throughout the world. The of the cocoanut yields a tough, somewhat elastic fiber aoe i some- times made into rope, or more commonly manufactured into door- mats The variety of uses to which some of the woody fibers are applied is almost endless. Of these, the bamboo, “ Bulu”’ of the Malays, ranks with the foremost. These plants, the largest of the grasses, sometimes attain a height of over sixty feet with a diameter of three inches or more. The natives of Java use the culms (stems) largely in the construction of their houses. young shoots are split into thin strips and used as cordage, while the hollow stems serve as pails or conduits for conveying water. The rapid growth together with the smoothness and roundness of the stem make this plant one of nature’s most valuable gifts to the natives, Starches occur in the tubers, fruits, and stems of many plants and are extracted in various ways. ago, a kind of starch, is a product of several species of palms and palm-like plants, the bulk ‘Wy3u 9g} UO UMOYs JUaTINSUI UN aq) Ul sofoy GSno1g) UMBIpP SIdqu-Usay WO. ape ‘Jey pUe aswo-IeBI-y “QI ‘OTT 92 of which is probably derived from the trunk of Wetroxylon Sagu, the true sago palm, native of many of the islands of the Malay Archipelago and vicinity. This species of palm, which prefers damp places, sometimes attains a height of forty feet, and has a large, comparatively smooth trunk, bearing at the summit a crown of pinnate leaves. In the preparation of sago, a full-grown plant is selected, the palm is felled close to the ground, cut into sections three or four feet in length, and soaked in water for several days, after which the outer fibrous portion is removed. Each section is then ground into sawdust by a coarse grater constructed of two pieces of board in which are driven many small nails filed down to within a quarter of an inch of the wood. The sawdust is then thrown into a large receptacle made of coarse sacking and propped n poles several feet from the ground. Into this receptacle a native enters and tramps up and down, while an abundance of water is being added. Asa result of ae treatment the starch sinks and flows out through a small bamboo trough into a vessel below, leaving the woody portion floating behind. After several days the water is drained off and the sago meal dried, when it is put into bags and shipped away for refinement. Sugar is obtained from the sap of many plants, and is usually extracted by the crushing of their tissues. At the present time sugar-cane is one of the world’s chief sources of supply for this product but the sugar-beet is gradually assuming greater relative importance. The sugar-palm (Arenga saccharifera) and the cocoa- nut-palm (Cocos nucifera) are among the two principal sources of palm-sugar. Just before the opening of the flower-buds the pence of each cluster are bound together, the ends chopped off, and several incisions made on the lateral branches; the end of each cluster is then forced into the mouth of a receptacle made from the stems of the bamboo. In this manner many palms are treated in a single morning. At intervals of twenty-four hours the native returns to the palms, empties the pails of their contents, and, after replacing them, carries the sap away to be boiled down, when it is made into small cakes, wrapped in leaves and sold in the market. Masticatories are frequently indulged in by both sexes through- 93 out the Orient. Of these the betel-nut, “ Pinang ” of the Malays, the chewing of which is a common practice, is one of the best. This palm is cultivated in many places solely for its fruit, and is occasionally found on some of the islands of the West Indies, where it has been introduced and where little is known of its properties. The fruit is about the size of a lime, of an orange color, and has a rather thick, fibrous husk; the seed bears some t pepper leaf with a little lime and placed Belween the lower lip and teeth. The constant use of this stimulant imparts a reddish tint to the lips and mouth and blackens the teeth. Among the aged, who have long lost their most important members for masti- cating, and in a land where artificial teeth are seldom seen, it is a common practice to crush the nut into a powdery mass, when it is chewed with as much vigor as in youth, Percy WiLson. CONFERENCE NOTES. At the March conference of the scientific staff and students of the Garden, held on March 3, Dr. C. C. cu first spoke on the “Flora of the Peribonca River, Quebec,” giving an account of a recent a oon that region which is so seldom visited by the white After cae the shores of Lake St. John in Indian canoes, the Indians refusing to the cross the lake under any conditions for fear of rough water, the party passed into one of the many narrow mouths by means of which the Peribonca River empties into the lake. Here the stream was narrow and unpretentious and after a short trip we camped for the night and the next morn- ing entered the main channel of the stream which stretches out a magnificent river almost a half mile in width. From this time to the end of the trip, a journey « of eleven days, it was a constant struggle to plow our way against the swift current where the waters surged and boiled so that the surface was continually dis- turbed and covered with foam. 94 The country is hilly and the river in many places is bordered by rocky precipices which in the upper reaches of the stream rise abruptly to a height of 1,500 to 1,700 feet and are often covered with an abundant growth of timber. One of the attrac- tions of the first ten miles of the trip was the thrift of the farmers, mostly of French descent, with their farms of flourishing crops. This was a surprise to us as the soil at first sight appears to fact that while the top-soil is light it is stratified with layers of clay from which the water seeps. The clay subsoil lies so close to the surface of the ground that it holds a sufficient amount of moisture to supply the needs of the growing vegetation, and makes it possible for the farmers to produce excellent crops. Astudy of the timber regions shows a comparatively small num- ber of varieties of deciduous trees, this region being too far north to furnish conditions favorable for this kind of vegetation. The pre- dominating types are the paper birch and aspen; a few yellow birches and slippery elms were noticed along the lower part of the stream, Of the coniferous trees the spruce and balsam-fir are the most abundant, but these are usually small rarely attaining a diameter of a foot and usually much less. A few varieties of pine are occasionally seen. The whole region has been fire swept, virgin: forests being very rare, and offers most favorable conditions for the study of the problems of reforestation. The aspen and white birch are the deciduous trees which usually follow the fires, sometimes the one predominating and sometimes the other, but appearing never to mix, a fact which is difficult to account for as there is apparently no differences in soil conditions. Of the smaller woody shrubs, the mountain-maple, alder, bear- berry were common and the ground hemlock occurred in abun- dance often covering considerable areas. hile the number of varieties was small the number of individuals was very great. Among herbaceous plants, the willow-herb, bellflower, ragweed, dock, smartweed, gentian, golden rod, and asters were some of the most common, Sedges were very abundant but grasses were comparatively few. Among the lower plants, a few ferns were seen, an abundance 95 of mosses and their allies especially marchantia which often formed dense mats several yardsin diameter. Fleshy fungi were found to be most abundant, but as the season was aaa by an abundance of rain, it became impossible to preserve these forms by drying in the usual way. Dr. P. A. Rydberg spoke at some length on “ Application of the Vienna Code of Nomenclature” to American botany, giving illustrations of some of the intricate problems which are encoun- red by the student of systematicbotany. Owing tothe technical nature of this discussion, it becomes impossible to present a full synopsis at this time. FrepD. J. SEAVER. THE PRESERVATION OF NATIVE PLANTS. Stokes Funp Prizes. The New York Botanical Garden offers the following prizes for essays not exceeding 5,000 words, from the income of the Caroline and Olivia E. Stokes Fund for the Preservation of Native Plants: (1) $40.00, (2) $25.00, (3) $15.00. ssays must be typewritten in duplicate and must reach the Garden not later than a 20, 1909. vy York BoTanicaL GARDEN, Bronx Park, New York City. NOTES, NEWS AND COMMENT. Mr. Lowell M. Palmer has recently given to the Garden about one hundred plants, mostly ferns, from his conservatories at Stamford, Connecticut. The Garden has recently secured through exchange with the Zodlogical Park about five hundred excellent nursery trees, which are especially valuable at this time for planting along the new roads and in the vicinity of the new conservatories. Dr. J. A. Shafer, Museum Custodian, has made several ship- ments of plants from the eastern provinces of Cuba, where he has been engaged for several months in botanical exploration. 96 Dr. N. L. Britton and Dr. Marshall A. Howe returned to the New York Botanical Garden on April 14 after a successful ex- pedition to eastern Jamaica, eastern Cuba, and the Florida Keys. Mrs. Britton, who was a member of the party, returned a few days earlier, A more detailed account of the expedition and its results will ie published in a later number of the JourNAL. We learn from Sczence that “The University of Michigan has acquired by gift of an alumnus, and from the City of Ann Arbor, a tract of land of about ee acres to serve as a botanical garden and arboretum. This land has an exceptional variety of soil, elevation and exposure, ae a border of over one half mile on the Huron River.” Dr. Ezra Brainerd, of Middlebury College, Vermont, spent a a at the Garden early in March studying certain species of iolets. He was on his way to Florida to study the violets of i peninsula as part of his eds Suge preparatory to the com- pletion of a monograph of the violets of North America. On his return in April he spent ae day and reported interesting observations. 18, completing Vol. V. of the Bulletin of the New York Botanical Garden was issued February 8, 1909. It contains the following papers: ‘Contributions to the Flora of the Ba- hamas—IV,” by N. L. Britton; “The Elgin Botanical Garden, its Later History, and Relation to Columbia College and the Vermont Land Controversy,” by Addison Brown; ‘“ The Genera of North American Gill Fungi,” by F. S. Earle. These papers were published in advance at considerable intervals, the first being distributed in pamphlet form as long ago as October 26, 1907. mber 20, Vol. VI, of the Bulletin of the New York Botanical Garden, containing the annual reports of the Director-in-Chief and other official documents was issued March 23, 1 Meteorology for March. — The total precipitation recorded for the month was 3.53 inches, including a snow-fall of 3 inches on the 4th and a light snow on the 30th. Maximum temperatures were recorded of 49.5° on the 2d, 68.5° on the roth, 51° on the 21st, and 56° on the 24th; also minimum temperatures of 97 18° on the 6th, 27° on the 12th, 21.5° on the 18th and 26° on the 27th. The mean temperature for the month was 43.25° ACCESSIONS. MUSEUMS AND HERBARIUM. 210 specimens of flowering plants from Connecticut., (By exchange with Dr. E. H. Eames, i specimen of Aypnun dt Pa from Vermont, haha by Dr. fos Grout. ) 2 Zpecimens of woody fungi from Georgia. (Given by Dr. ae er. ) fungi from New a rsey. (Giv en 7, by M = "Dall ou. - I museum specimen of Peridermium from South Carolina. ie by Dr. H, H. pi ry.) 0 specimens, ‘* Fungi Columbiani,’’ Cent. 28 and 29, (Distributed by Mr, E. Peet 2 specimens of Zriglochin concinna. (By exchange with the University of Cali- fornia. I museum specimen of cat-tail —— — Tealy. (Given eh si Charles ra i rida, (Coll 1,500 specimens of flowering and P by Dr. J. K. Small and Mr. J. J. Carter.) 3 ee of Scleroderma vdlgare from Pennsylvania. (Given by Dr, J. K. Smal 1 snecinien of Fomes ungulatus from Colorado. (Given by Prof. E. Bethel.) I specimen of Jvonotus perplexus from Connecticut. (Given by Prof. A. Graves. I specimen of Cia versicolor. (Given by Mr, P. I. Bryce.) LIBRARY ACCESSIONS FROM FEBRUARY 1 TO MARCH 31, 1909. ARTHUR, JUSEPH CHARLES, BARNES, CHARLES REID, cares te MERLE, Handbook of plant dissection. New York, 1893. (Given Dr, » Murrill.) ER, EMANUEL R.. Laboratory pana in elementary Hees ae 1898. Ww Murrill. LARK, CHARLES H. aerated manual in practical botany. New York, 1898. (Given by Dr. W. A. Mur Darwin, FRaNcis. Te ‘and letters of Charles Darwin. New York, 1904. 2 vols, DrEtTMER, WitHELM. Das kleine phanzenphysiologische Praktikum, Ed. 3. Jona, 1 Die.s, Lupwic. Pflanzengeographie. Leipzig, 1908. (Deposited by the Trustees of Columbia Universit DodrF LER, IGNAZ. Botaniber-AdvetsBuehs Ed. Wien, 1909. ERREEA, Recueil d'oeuvres. Bruxelles, ek 3 vols. (Given by Err ra.) eS ee & Massart, Jean, Notice sur Léo Errera. Bruxelles, 1908, (Given by Madame Léo Errera, ) 98 ONG, WILLIAM FRANCIS. A /aboratory course in plant physiology. Ed. 2. be osited by the Trustees of Columbia University. ND. Histoire dela botanique. Paris, 1882. ” (Given by Dr. W. A. Murrill. Hunter, Georce WILLIAM. Elements of biology. New York, 1907. (Given by Dr. W. A. Murrill.) ee FrIEDERICH. Die Etymologie der Ph V4 fe Gera, 1908. Linnagus, CARL. Species plantarum. UHolmiae, 1753. Facsimile-Edition, published in 1907. 2 vols. Naccari, Fortunato Luici. Algologia adriatica. mae 1828, POON, n S., HELL, WALTER REYNOLDS, & MAXWELL, FRED BALDWIN. Studies of plant life. Boston, 1900. (Given . Dr. Me é ae ill.) LGER, Ros Das System der Blitenpflanzen mit Ausse er Gymno- spermen, Leipzig, nan Ee oan Dy the Tinsiees: of Columb ‘Unive fi ZOW, a Insein, Ziirich, 1909. ARL S ae wee ur “Dist a des "hpi Jena, 19 Voc Ontersuch: aur experimentellen Anatomie una Pei os Ftementrg sSpraige 190) WETTSTEIN, RICHARD von. Handbuch ae Delma enim Botanik. Vol, 2, Leipzig, 190. a Woo D, ALPHONSO. flora atlantica: descriptive botany ; being a succinct ana- Murrill. ) lytical an New York [1870]. (Given by Dr. W. A. PLANTS AND SEEDS. 6 plants for the conservatories. (By exchange with Mr. Frank Weinberg. ) 1 plant of Dendrobium Phalaenopsts for the conservatories, (By exchange with Mr. A. J. 1 plant of “Tochpite for the conservatories. (Collected in Jamaica, W. I., by Dr. N. L. Brit 2 plants Ass grande for the conservatories. ee and Schumacher. ants of Cae: Go the nursery. (By exchange with Bureau of Plant In- (Given by Messrs, dustry. : 3 a of Crataegus Candyi for the nursery. (Given by Mr. W. W. Eggleston.) 1 plant of Swi/ax lanceolata for the conservatories. (Collected in Summerville, S. C., by . x. H. H. Rusby. ) aS “Members of the Corporation. Joun D. Arcueocp, Georce F, Baker, Georce S. Bowporn, Pror. N. L. Britton, Hon. Appison Brown, Dr. Nicnoras M, Burter, ANDREW CARNEGIE, Pror. C. F, CHANDLER, WitiiaM G. Cuoate, CwHartes F, Cox, Joun J. Crooxe, W. Bayarp Cuttin, CrLevetanp H. Donce, A. F, Estasroox, H. C. Faunestock, Samvuet W. Farrcwip, James B. Forp, Henry W. ve Forest, Rozert W. ve Forest, Hon. Tuomas F, Girroy, Hon. Hucu J. Grant, Epwarp S. Harkness, Henry P. Hoyt, Tuos. H. Hussarp, AprIAN ISELIN, Jr., Joun I. Kane, Evucene KELLy, Jr., Pror, JaMes F, Kemp, Joun S. KENNEDY, Epw. V. Z. LANE, Prov. Freperic S. Ler, Hon. Setu Low, Davip Lyopic, Epcar L. Marston, D. O. MILts, J. Pizrront Morcan, Tueopore W. Myers, Pror. Henry F. Ossorn, Lowett M. Pater, Georce W, PERKINS, James R. PircuHer, M. F. Prant, Percy R. Pyne, Joun D. ROCKEFELLER, WiiitAM ROCKEFELLER, Pror. H. H. Russy, Mortimer L, Scuirr, James A. ScryMSER, Henry A. SIEBRECHT, Wiriiam D. SLOANE, Netson Situ, JAMES SPEYER, Francis L. STETSON, Cuarites G. THoMPson, Dr. W. Gi~tmMan THOMPSON, SAMUEL THORNE, Louis C. TIFFANY, Grorce W. VANDERBILT, Hox. Ecrrton L,.. WINTHROP, JR. PUBLICATIONS OF To others, 10 cents a copy; $1.00 a year. Not mee ce oko Vol I. ‘1900, viii + 213 pp. Vol. II, 190f, viii} 204 pp. Vol. III, 1902 ea 24 Vol TW, 1903, viii -- 238 pp. Vol. V, 1904, viii+-242 pp. Vol. VI, 2 r 238 viii+224 pp. Vol. ; ae viii + 300 pp. Vol. VIII, 1907, viii + 290 90 PD " Vol. IX, oe wakes : ‘ Bulle the awe Yo rk Botanical Garden, containing the annual re of the Direstor-n Chief and other official documents, and tec! meee articles par i results of investigations carried out in the Garden. Free to all members of the Il, s, 6-8, 518 OS. 9-I1, 463 pp., 3 ia ets ton: Vol. IV, Nos. 12-14, 479 pp», 14 plates, 1905-1907. Vol. V, Nos. 15-18, 463 pp., 17 plates, 1906-190:; Vol. jer No. 19, 114 pp., 1908. ‘ North American Flora. Descriptions of the wild plants of North Aménae 7 including Greedlandot pe West Indies a Central America. Planned to be com- pleted in thirty volum Roy. 8v c a ume to consist of four or more parts. Subscription price Po pe er part; a Tite number of separate parts will be sold — for $2.00 eac c Vol. 22, part I, issued May 22, ee Rosales: Podostemonaceae, Crassula- siace’ 22, part 2, issued December 18, 1905. Saxifragaceae, Hydrangeaceae, Cunoniaceae, Iteaceae, Panacea Pterostemonaceae, Altingiaceae, Phyllo- nomacea ‘Vol 7 part I, issued Oct. 4, 1906. Ustilaginaceae, Tilletiac Vol. 7, part 2, issued March 6, 1907. Coleosporiaceae, Uredingesaa! Aecidia- ceae facts Vol. 25, part 1, issued August 24,1907. Geraniaceae, Oxalidaceae, Linaceae, Pea tinanes, ae, B . 9, parts I and 2, issued December 19, 1907, and March 12, 1g08. Poly- Vol. 2 2, part 3, issued June 12, 1908, contains descriptions of the family Gros- saline by F. V. Coville and N. L. Britton, the Platanaceae by H. A. Gleason, ae N. L. Bi a . K. Small, the Co canthaceae by C. L, Pollard, and the Rosaceae (pars) by P. A. Rydberg. Vol. 22, part 4, issued Nov. 20, 1908. Rosaceae = (eae) by P. A. Rydberg. Memoirs of the oi York Suave Price to members of the Garden, coin per volume. To others, [No ototeed in exchange. ] — Vol. I, An Amotated femneageiiis of the > rics of Montan pe va Yellowstone — i oat by Dr. D. T. MacDougal. xvi + 320pp., with 176 figures Vol. III. In press. Vol. IV. Effects of the Rays of Radium on Hae by Charles Stuart Gager. viii + 278 pp., with 73 figures and 14 plates. 1908 : Contributions from the New York Botan! eetioat Garden. A series of coals nical ee sine a si students or ee ita of en er and reprinted from journal other than the above, Price, 25 ¢ ach. $5. volume, Four volumes. RECENT eager ern 25 anne EBACE. 114. The Boleti of the Frost Herbar' By William a Rape 115. Some North Dakota Fy elens by red J. Sea 116, Notes on Rosaceae, by Per Axel Rydtoe 117, ad in North American Peronosporales—IV, Host Index, by Guy W est Wilse 18 Stik dies of West Indian Plants—IT Hales Benen, I tig. North Dakota Slime- bend by aust i ‘Seav eotanical GARDEN ‘ONX PARK, New YORK omy MAY, 1909 No. 113 JOURNAL OF ; EDITOR ' PERCY WILSON ” : Administrative Assistant CONTENTS s PAGE Botanical Exploration in the West Indies and Florida. ......-.-... Report on an Expedition to Jamaica, Cuba, and the Florida Keys ....... 115 SERMEEPNCOR NUT ORS Art an tM ras si cae 6 503 ee Bnet ea el cae ea le oes ie 118 Summer Exhibition of the Horticultural Society of New York... ...... 121 Notes, News and Comment. .... ee atic Mea Setcedipa earn ine ape cata: Fla nee 122 | ISLITEE! 32. oid Sue ei GEERT SiR ia A PC Sia a a er a 124 PUBLISHED FOR THE GARDEN Ar 41 Nortu Quzen Street, Lancaster, Pa. sy Tus New Eaa Parenting CoMPany OFFICERS, 1909. PresipENT—D, O. MILLS, iat rai as Capa gatas oes TREASURER—CHARLES F. CO Secretary—WN,. L. cc ek TON. BoARD OF MANAGERS. 1. ELECTED MANAGERS. eae ADDISON BROWN, J. PIERPONT MORGAN, DREW CARNEGIE, GEORGE W. PERKINS, a BAYARD CUTTING, JAMES A. SCRYMSER, ROBERT W.pe FOREST, FRANCIS LYNDE STETSON, JOHN I. KANE, W. GILMAN THOMPSON D. O. MILLS, SAMUEL THORNE 2. EX-OFFICIO MANAGERS. THE PRESIDENT OF THE DEPARTMENT OF PuBLIC ParKS, HON. HENRY SMITH. se Mayor oF THE City or New York, N. GEORGE B. McCLELLAN. 3. SCIENTIFIC DIRECTORS. PROF. H. H. RUSBY, Chairman. DR. NICHOLAS Santee BUTLER, PROF. JAMES F. Be PROF. C. F. CHANDLER, PROF. FREDERIC SE CHARLES F 5 cae HON. E. L WurEeReee 7 GARDEN ST pe L. BRITTON, Director in-Chie tg . A. MURRILL, Assistant Director. DR. Pats x SMALL, Head Sa of the Museums. DR. LL A. HOWE, Curator. ROBERT 8 TEL MS, Assistant Curator. NORMA OR istant Dale V. NASH, Head er. FRED J. SEAVER, Director of the Laborato DR. JOHN HENDL BARNHART, Librarian, DR. H. H. RUSBY, Curator o conomic Colicetions. D ILLIAM J. GIES, Consulting mist. I PER RICHARD C. SCHNEIDER, Custodian of vy peer JOURNAL The New York Botanical Garden VoL. X. May, 1909. No. 113. BOTANICAL cane ets IN as WEST INDIES ND FLORID To THE SCIENTIFIC DIRECTORS. Gentlemen: In continuation of botanical exploration and col- lecting in the,West Indies and tropical continental America, as previously authorized, I was absent from the Garden from Feb- ruary 20 to April 14, 1909; I was accompanied by Dr. Mar- shall A. Howe, a curator of the museums, and by Mrs. Britton Dr. Howe’s special errand was the increase of our collections of algae and the study of habitats and distribution of these plants ; he also aided me in the collecting and preservation of land plants and took many photographs of plants and of landscapes which will furnish valuable additions to our collection of lantern slides for public lectures and supply important illustrations for our publi- cations ; his account of work accomplished is appended to this report. The first part of this expedition was the continuation of work in Jamaica, commenced several years ago, in codperation with the Department of Public Gardens and Plantations, now the De- partment of Agriculture, of that island,* looking toward the completion and publication of the annotated catalogue of Jamaica flowering plants which I have been preparing with Mr. William Harris, Superintendent of Public Gardens and Plantations. We reached Kingston on February 25 and devoted two days to studies at the Hope Botanical Gardens, where we were cor- * See Journal N. Y. Botanical Garden, 7: 245; 8: 51, 229; 9: 81,163; 10: 21. 100 dially received by Hon. H. H. Cousins, Director of Agriculture, who facilitated our work in many ways; we had a pleasant in- terview with his Excellency, Sir Sydney Olivier, and are grateful to him for his interest in our investigations. Our principal object in visiting Jamaica at this time was the exploration of the difficult John Crow Mountain Range, near the eastern end of - island, which we had failed to accomplish last autumn, owing to heavy rains. We proceeded by carriage from Kingston on See ary 28, accompanied by Mr. Harris, driving forty miles east along the south coast to Bowden, on the beautiful harbor of Port Morant, where the Peak View Hotel of the United Fruit Company was made the collecting base for two weeks. A number of interesting plants were found in thickets and wood- lands along the road, among them a fine climbing vine of the genus Paullinia, of the Soapberry Family, covered with showy fruit, museum specimens of which were obtained. The next day was taken up with making arrangements for guides and bearers and in visiting Stokes Hall, the residence of A. C. Bancroft, Esq., where we were hospitably received by Mrs, Bancroft, and were shown the interesting stone mansion, which was built in the time of Cromwell, and the pond in which the Asiatic lotus (Ve/umbée) has been established for many years. Our first penetration of the John Crow Mountains was accom- plished on March 2, 3, and 4, leaving Mrs. Britton at Bowden to care for the collections. Mr, Harris and I drove to Bachelor's Hall, the scene of our failure last autumn, and with five men climbed into the southeastern foothills of the range, traversing cleared and cultivated slopes up to about goo feet altitude, suc- ceeded by the wonderfully attractive virgin forest, composed of many kinds of tall trees, among them magnificent specimens of the mammee apple (Mammea americana), widely distributed in the West Indies, but here reaching splendid development, and the local and little-known Lunania polydactyla, of the Flacourtia Family, of which excellent specimens were collected ; the under- growth of the forest is composed of many kinds of small trees and shrubs, several of them seen here by us for the first time, together with many ferns, and a fine growth of the long-thatch 101 palm (Geonoma), among which we camped at 1,200 feet eleva- tion, using the leaves for bed mattresses and for the roof. The night was wonderfully clear and cool, the moon shining brightly down through the splendid palms, and the chorus of tree-toads, or other batrachians, evidently of several kinds, supplying quite novel music which rose and fell Starting soon after sunrise the next morning, we climbed steep slopes up to a plateau known as the “‘ Big Level” at about 2,200 feet elevation ; the collections made up to noon were sent out to Bachelor's Hall by one of the bearers and thence to Bowden for preservation. We were disappointed in finding that the forest on the ‘‘ Big Level” had been practically destroyed by the hurricane which devastated much of Jamaica a few years ago, but succeeded in crossing it by hunters’ trails, and by slow climbing through fallen logs reached 2,620 feet altitude, by aneroid barometer reading, the crest of the range be eld apparently at least 400 feet higher. Camp ‘‘ Geonona” was occupied again, and on March 4 we explored the forest in the ae, which ae: to be the best collecting ground, yielding specimens of many interesting species, the most elegant being a vine of the Meadow Beauty Family with great masses of rose-pink flowers. We walk down to Bachelor’s Hall in the iow and reached Bowden in the evening, well satisfied with the results of the trip. Mr. Harris having to return to Hope Gardens for a few days for official duties, a second trip to the John Crow Range was deferred until the following week. On March 5 a study was made of the coastal hillsides near Bowden; on March 6 a horse- back trip was made to the Cuna Cuna Gap, and the following day was given to collecting in the coastal woodlands and thickets at Holland Bay and Morant Point ; many interesting species of trees and shrubs were found on these trips and large co ais were made. We were game received at the Morant Point Lighthouse by Capt. W. H. Boorman and Mrs. Boorman. Our second penetration of the mountain range was made on March 9, 10, and 11, with the kind codperation of the Hon. Commander Edward Codrington Hall, R. N., Custos of the Parish of Portland, who placed his mountain camp at our dis- 102 posal and permitted us to use some of his men as guides and bearers ; this excellent base is located on the eastern slope of the southern end of the John Crow Mountains at an altitude shown by the aneroid barometer to be about 1,600 feet, at a clearing in the primeval forest; although not more than five miles distant from our camp of the previous week, the forest trees and other plants were quite different, well ae the peculiarly local distribution of many elements of the West Indian flora, associated with different exposures, annual rainfall, ace altitu st noteworthy tree is,a magnificent fan-leaved palm i the genus Thrinax, with leaves of young plants over Io feet in diameter, the old trees with trunks up to 60 feet high or perhaps even higher and nearly a foot in diameter, truly the monarch of the genus, a splendid addition to our knowledge of it; a fine spider-lily (Hy menacallis) with large white flowers was abundant and the tree Lunania racemosa, with long drooping clusters of small flowers, was of special interest, because it had not been seen by botanists for many years. e had rain at Commander Hall’s camp, but not enough to interfere seriously with fem and by sending bearers out with the specimens to Mrs. Britton at Bowden, everything obtained was safely preserved. The upper slopes and crest of the John Crow Range may be reached from this camp by cutting a trail through the forest; Commander Hall cordially assented to a suggestion that such a path be made through his extensive forest lands at some future time, to enable botanists to go still further into this fascinating wilderness ; the large number of new and rare species found by us within a few miles of his camp is evidence that many more await the botanical explorer in the more distant parts of this forest. Camp “ Thrinax Rex” thus becomes of much botanical importance, and we are grateful to Commander Hall for facilitating our work. March 12 was taken up in packing the collections and in wnt- ing up the note-books. While at Bowden our operations were facilitated by Mr. and Mrs. J. B. Kilburn, of the Peak View Hotel, and by Mr. C. C. Langlois, manager of the United Fruit Company ; they have our gratitude for their kind codperation. 108 On March 13, Dr. Howe, Mrs. Britton, and I drove from Bowden to Port Antonio, and took the steamer “ Aviles” for Santiago, Cuba, thus closing this episode in the botanical exploration of Jamaica. The scientific results were noteworthy and the collec- tions of the Garden were materially increased. I now plan to com- plete the manuscript of the Jamaica flora Our purposes in visiting eastern Cuba were the increase of the Garden’s collections of Cuban species; to further determine the Fic. 17. Acrocomia, near San Juan Hill, Cuba. relations between the Cuban flora and that of the Bahamas, Florida, and Jamaica; to obtain additional plants and specimens or study in connection with the preparation of the annotated list of Cuban plants by Mr. Percy Wilson, my administrative assistant ; and to obtain more information about the cactuses of Cuba for use in the studies of Cactaceae which I am prosecuting in codpera- tion with Dr. J. N. Rose, of the United States National Museum. 104 Arriving at Santiago on the morning of March 14, we visited the historic military points in the afternoon and took photographs of some typical trees, including. the beautiful Svercu/ia on San Juan Hill and fine specimens of the Corozo Palm (Acrocomia), March 15 was spent in studying the flora of the coastal hills along the harbor of Santiago. The most striking plant found was a maguey (Agave) in full bloom and abundant ; its large panicles of yellow flowers were very showy and we secured plenty of living plants and herbarium specimens for division with Professor William Trelease, Director of the Missouri Botanical arden, who has long been prosecuting studies of the “century plants.” The privilege of stopping at the United States Naval Station at Guantanamo Bay, east of Santiago, had been kindly granted by the Hon. Truman J. Newberry, Secretary of the Navy, upon the request of Hon. Addison Brown, Chairman of the Executive Committee of the Board of Managers of the Garden, and we pro- ceeded there on March 16; we were most cordially received by C. H. Harlow, Commandant of the Station, who hospitably entertained us on the station ship ‘‘ Newark,” gave us the use of a large bungalow on shore, and provided us with bearers, carts, row-boats, and steam-launches, and evidenced much interest in our work. We kept house in the bungalow for two weeks, and it was a most satisfactory collecting base; supplies were obtained from the station store and from the canteen of the ‘“ Newark,” while Capt. Harlow’s kind permission to botanize his garden for fresh shat contributed greatly to our comfort and happiness. aval Reservation includes yes seh square miles, partly hilly, a mangrove swamp, and partly plains of very slight elevation called savannas or salinas, ne are flooded after heavy rains, and a bench of coral limestone about forty feet high extends around the bay, much ee by erosion, forming pic- turesque headlands and islands; the corals composing this interesting bench are serie well preserved, masses three or four feet in diameter being exposed in cuttings for roads and wharfs. Numerous roads, trails, and survey lines intersect the thickets and woodlands, permitting studies of the vegetation with- 105 out much clearing of the way and we were thus enabled to ex- amine the vegetation of a large part of the area, the launches of the “ Newark”’ obligingly landing us wherever desirable. e coral limestone bench is characterized by a beautiful silver-thatch palm (Coccothrinax) and with it is associated a flora of low trees, shrubs, and herbaceous plants of great variety, some of them of much botanical interest. Along the borders of the low plains grow plants of saline soil, mostly of wide distribution Fic. 18. Cucevthrinax, Guantanamo Bay, Cuba. in the West Indies. In the thickets at low elevations, another group of species occurs and here we were delighted to find two of the cactuses which we were especially desirous of seeing. One of these is a diminutive species of Mami/laria, not over two inches in diameter, which grows among fallen leaves under trees and shrubs, difficult to detect, but fortunately found by Mrs. Britton while searching for mosses, and after its habitat had been thus determined, it was found in considerable quantities, growing in 106 colonies up to two feet across; its small yellowish flowers are inconspicuous. Inasmuch as we had searched the Jamaican thickets in vain for this interesting little plant, we were especially pleased to find it here, and a basketful of it was gleefully taken. The other cactus of particular interest is the gigantic Cereus nu- difforus known only from Cuba, a most extraordinary plant attaining tree-like dimensions and outline. A magnificent speci- men was found within a hundred feet of the first Mamillarias, Fic. 19. Cereus nudiflorus, Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, with a trunk two feet in diameter branching at four or five feet ove the base into several stout limbs, and these repeatedly eae into a round-topped plant about 35 feet high with a spread as great as its height, the ultimate 3-angled to 5-angled branches characteristically drooping. I was told that the plant attains even greater dimensions, its height sometimes being 50 feet ormore, It was just coming into bloom at the time of our visit, its 107 ultimate branches covered with buds, but none expanded before we came away ; I carried a branch along hoping to see a flower expand, but the buds wilted. I hope to secure flowers and fruit later, however, our guide being instructed to pick them and preserve them in a jar of formalin solution left with him for that purpose. : In all, thirteen species of cactuses were seen in the Guantanamo Valley and on the hills, and cuttings or plants of all of them were collected and shipped to the Garden; the coastal hillsides Fic. 20. Cereus Hystrix, Guantanamo Bay, Cuba. are veritable cactus deserts in places, and the rainfall is evidently very little. Cereus Hystrix, a columnar species with upright branches, reaches 35 feet in height, and is sometimes so scattered in the landscape as to form natural cactus parks. These coastal hillsides also harbor quantities of the Cuban melon cactus, and a ' large number of small trees and shrubs not found farther inland. The maguey or century plant found on the hillsides of San- tiago harbor grows here also abundantly, as well as another 108 sae of agave having whitish leaves, not in bloom in March, he Cuban Furcraea, a related genus, also occurs in the aes flowering later in the year. Living plants of all were collected. Altogether, within the naval reservation we found os probably includes at least 500 species. We are indebted to Mr. G. W. Miller, manager of the station of the Central and South a Am ee. ee Fic. 21. Agaves and Furcraca, Guantanamo Bay, Cuba. American Telegraph Company at Fisherman’s Point, Guanta- namo Bay, and to Mrs. Miller, for their delightful hospitality and for aid in collecting plants, a letter of introduction to Mr. Miller having been given me by Mr. James A. Scrymser, president of the Telegraph Company and chairman of the Board of Managers of the Garden. Mr. Theodore Brooks, manager of the Guantanamo Sugar Company, has been of great service to naturalists visiting eastern 109 Cuba, and his interest in natural objects was well known to me, so it was with keen pleasure that we made his acquaintance at a dinner thoughtfully arranged by Capt. Harlow on the “ Newark,” the evening after our arrival, and I gladly accepted an invitation to study certain of the woodlands and thickets on the vast estates under his management, which are intersected by railroads in all directions through the valley north of the naval reservation ; I spent March 19 with him, his private locomotive-car furnishing Fic, 22. ereskia, Nuevaliches, near Guantanamo, Cuba. a convenient means of moving from point to point between Cai- manera and Guantanamo, mainly on the Los Cafios Estate, where we were pkererae received by Mr. Daniel Batiste, manager, and on further invitation we proceeded to Guantanamo on leav- ing the naval station on March 31 and devoted two days to ad- ditional work in this field. Near Nuevaliches, we found and studied an interesting cactus of the genius Pereskia; this genus differs from most cacti in having well-developed leaves. We are 110 grateful to Sefior Don Manuel Leon Valdes, Chief of Customs at Caimanera, for his aid in shipping our collections to New York. On the San Carlos Estate we were enabled, under the guid- ance of Mr. Chas. F. Ramsden, manager, to examine the fine forest, which yielded us specimens of many plants not seen nearer the coast, many of the trees up to go feet high, and the under- growth very dense. A very small and delicate filmy-fern, grow- ing on tree-trunks, was one of the more interesting species de- Fic. 23. The Cuban “cherry,” Cardia calococca, near Guantanamo. tected. Here, on the San Carlos estate, we saw and photographed a curious palm, one of the endemic Cuban species of Copernicia, its young growth covering large areas and almost impossible to eradicate, The hospitality of Mr. and Mrs. Brooks was un- bounded and we left Guantanamo with delighetal recollections of our visit and with an invitation to return and occupy any of the five great estates as collecting bases in the future. lil Proceeding by rail to San Luis, north of Santiago, on the morning of April 2, the afternoon was given to collecting in the hills a few miles to the south, and a valley in natural woodlands yielded us specimens of many species, including several kinds of maiden-hair ferns (Adtantum), mosses, and fungi. Traveling east by rail we stopped over a day at the picturesque old city o Camaguey, and devoted it to collecting and photographing in the interesting palm barren at Santayana, a few miles east, where Fic. 24. Copernicia in palm barren, Santayana, Cuba. specimens of seventy-five species not seen elsewhere were ob- tained. The Hotel Camaguey, located in old Spanish cavalry barracks, is a delightful and unique hostelry operated by the Cuba Railroad Company. n order to obtain plants and specimens illustrating the flora of northern Cuba, I had detailed Dr. J. A. Shafer, Museum Cus- todian, in January, to work in the vicinity of Nuevitas and other parts on the north coast and, in response to a telegram, he met 112 us at Camaguey, and rendered a preliminary report showing that his errand had been satisfactorily accomplished, very large col- lections having been secured and shipped; his complete report will be separately submitted. Camaguey was our last Cuban collecting point; the results of our work will add much to the knowledge of the flora, but a great amount of exploration in Cuba will be necessary before its plants can be fully known. Fic. 25. Cephadocereus, Key West, Florida, We reached Key West from Havana on the morning of April 7. I was much pleased to find in thickets on this island the tall branched columnar cactus found there many years ago by Dr. Blodgett, and ee described in Dr. Chap- man’s “Southern Flora” under the name Cereus smonoclonos, which is really a Haitian species ae probably different; in Dr. Small’s “ Flora of the Southeastern United Sarat Dr. Chapman’s incomplete understanding of the plant is repeated; 113 in both descriptions the plant was confused with the Florida Harvisia, This cactus attains a height of 18 feet, and is abun- dant in hammock-lands back of the fort known as the first tower ; as these are government lands it is hoped that the plant may be preserved, andas Key West is the only place in the United States where it is known to grow this is very desirable. Isolated speci- mens were seen at other points on the key, indicating that it was formerly more abundant than now. It is the same as a species Fic. 26. Opuntia inermis, Boot Key, Florida. of the Bahama Islands, or closely related ; photographs, living in these thickets, but this is widely distributed through the Florida Keys. Specimens of several interesting trees and shrubs were also collected here. I had hoped, in order to complete the manuscript of the “ Ba- 114 hama Flora,” in codperation with Dr. C. F. Millspaugh, of the Field Museum of Natural History, to visit Cay Sal, situated across the Gulf Stream about east-southeast from Key West, and the nearest Bahamian island to Cuba. ith this in view I had arranged with Mr. Norberg Thompson, of Key West, for the use of a schooner, and he had obligingly prepared the “ Etta L. Thompson” for our use. We sailed from Key West on April 12 and eee up the Florida Keys under light southeast winds, unfavorable for our purpose, to Boot Key near Knight’s Key, the nearest Florida point to Cay Sal, where the wind failed ae s gave us a capital opportunity, however, to ex- amine the and water vegetation on and around Boot Key, and quite large collections were made ; I am not aware that this key had been previously visited by botanists; the prickly-pear cactus Opuntia inermis is abundant, and fine living specimens were secured ; living plants of an interesting narrow-leaved Agave were also s shine ed to the Garden. When the wind blew the next time its direction was right for crossing the Gulf Stream, but there was too much of it and a northerly gale swept the coast for two days, changing to all points of the compass, and having given five days to the weather, we reluctantly concluded that our available time would not permit us to attempt the trip to Cay Sal. Dr. Howe and I returned to New York from Knight’s Key by rail, Mrs. Britton having preceded us by four days. The collections, including living plants, museum and _herba- rium specimens made by us and by Dr. Shafer are represented by over 3,000 field numbers, aggregating at least 10,500 individual specimens, and their study will throw much light on the charac- ter and distribution of the West Indian flora. The expenses of the work were defrayed by liberal contributions to the Explora- tion Fund by Mr, J. Pierpont Morgan and by Mr. D. O. Mills, president of the Board of Managers. Respectfully submitted, N BRITTON, Director-in- Chief. 115 REPORT ON AN EXPEDITION TO JAMAICA, CUBA, AND THE Fioripa Keys. Dr. N. L. Brirton, DirEcTor-IN-CHIEF. Dear Sir: By way of ee eies to your report on our recent Route to Jamaica, Cuba, and the Florida Keys, I beg to submit the following brief outline of the work accomplished during ee period in connection with the collection and study of the marine algae. On the morning of February 25, I was landed at Port Antonio, Jamaica, from the steamer “Clyde” of the Royal Mail Steam Packet Company, while you and Mrs. Britton proceeded to King- ston, During avisitto Jamaicain December, 1906, and January, 1907, I had enjoyed the privilege of collecting the algae of the about Montego Bay on the northwestern coast. A plan to visit Port Antonio at that time was frustrated by the disastrous earth- quake of January 14, 1907. The algae of Jamaica and of Port Antonio in particular have become fairly well known through the collections made by the lamented Dr. James Ellis Humphrey, associate professor of botany in Johns Hopkins University, who lies buried in the Port Antonio cemetery, and through the collec- tions of Mrs. Cora E. Pease and Miss Eloise Butler. The sp mens obtained by these collectors formed the chief basis of i list of Jamaican marine algae published by Mr. F. S. Collins in 1901. With the hope of adding to the Garden’s herbarium most of the species found here by the collectors named, as well, possibly, as others that escaped their attention, I found the oppor- tunity of spending a few days at Port Antonio most welcome. remained there about six days, during which time I was enabled to examine the marine flora of the harbor and of points on the adjacent coast as far east as the ‘“‘ Blue Hole” and as far west as St. Margaret's Bay. The reefs to the north of Navy Island, which forms the main barrier of the inner harbor of Port Antonio, were perhaps of the greatest interest. In some of the more pro- tected places on the landward side of these reefs were growing three species of Azvrainvillea and five of Halimeda (Tuna, tridens, 116 Monile, simulans, and Opuntia), while on the seaward exposu urge-loving Liagoras, Galaxauras, and ae On a pebble, intermingled with Meomeris annulata, was the minute and dainty Acetabulum Ge lael which is probably on ghout the West Indian region, even though it ordinarily remains undetected owing to its small dimensions. One of the most interesting finds at Port Antonio was what appears to bea plant of the species originally described from Guadeloupe in 1854 by J. Agardh as Bryopsis Duchassaingii and redescribed in 1860 by ie as representing a new genus, Tia with Antillarum as its specific name. So far as the writer is aware, this plant has hitherto been known only from the Guadeloupe collections of fifty or more years ago. It was found growing attached to a stone at about the low-water line. The same thing was found in greater abundance a few days later at Port Morant on the eastern coast of the island, where I arrived on March 3, stopping at the Peak View Hotel t Bowden, where you and Mrs. Britton and Mr. Harris had sey esauie ed headquarters. In and about Port Morant a great variety of conditions as regards the nature and degree of exposure of the shore-line, from the protected waters of the harbor to the outside rocks and beaches, where the easterly trade-winds keep the waters in almost constant agitation. Ac- cordingly, the marine plants of the Port Morant region are varied and abundant. On the wooden piers of the wharves of the east- ern side of the harbor, six species of Caulerpa thrive luxuriantly. On the stones and pebbles near by grow the interesting ‘“ 771- chosolen”’ mentioned above and the almost equally rare Siphono- cladus tropicus. In shallow water on rocks nearer the mouth of the harbor grows the exquisitely formed Dictyurus occidentalis, a species which I had previously found only in the form of frag- ments washed on the shore. Creeping on exposed surge-swept rocks outside the harbor, a handsome Asparagopsis was found. An interesting day was spent at Holland Bay and Morant Point, extreme eastern end of the island of Jamaica. Here good specimens of Gracilaria cervicornis were being washed ashore, and Petrosiphon, an encrusting Valoniaceous plant which I ven- 117 tured a few years ago to describe as a new genus from the Bahamas, was growing on the rocks The next of our stations at which I was able to make any con- siderable collections of algae was at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, on he U. S. Naval Station’s reservation, where I began work on March 17. The inner portions of this large bay are or have been fringed with red melas sacle eis and the adjacent bottom consists mostly of “mangrove mud,” on whi a marine plants are not aes diversnca, or an but ward the mouth of the harbor and-on the outer coast, which : chiefly rock-bound, there is much of interest. Several of the plants collected here were entirely new to me and I would not venture an opinion as to their affinities until there has been an opportunity for a more critical study of their structure. Amon the more readily recognizable plants of peculiar interest were that which I described in 1905 from Cape Florida as Sarcomenta Jilamentosa and which, so far as I know, had not been collected elsewhere, and also Neomeris mucosa, a well-marked species I had recently proposed as new on the basis of material ete last year in the Caicos Islands and the southern Bahamas. In Key West, Florida, on April 7, I enjoyed an Sepa of making a brief comparison of the spring marine flora, a hibited by the seaweeds washed ashore, with the autumn ae of the same places, as recalled from previous experiences in Key West in October and November, 1902. Most of the species ob- served were common to these two periods, but my general im- pression is that the marine flora of the autumn months is consid- erably more varied and abundant. In the two days that we spent on and about Boot Key I was able to secure several plants of in- terest, including good specimens of the large and handsome Caw- lerpa Ashineadii, which previously I had found only in the form of fragments washed ashore at Key West. Caxderpa lanuginosa had ever seen it elsewhere and Caulerpa prolifera was not uncom- mon, I was able also to obtain a good series of luxuriant speci- mens of the recently published Halimeda simulans, here, as 118 usual, growing associated with Hadimeda Monile and H. tridens but without a trace of intergrading. Halimeda discotdea and LH. scabra were well icohaayies but in a different exposure from the three species just mentio A portion of my time in cae Cuba, and the Florida Keys was devoted to photographing cacti, agaves, palms, and other characteristic plants of the regions visited. The marine algae secured during the expedition are iyaiciat by 713 collection numbers, embracing, perhaps, 4,000 specim epectlly submitted, Mar A. H ie urator. CONFERENCE NOTES. At the regular meeting of the conference of the scientific staff and students, held in the library of the museum of the New York Botanical Garden, April 7, Mr. B. T. Butler presented the paper of the afternoon on “Collecting in the Flathead Region, Montana.”’ The paper was illustrated by numerous photographs and specimens. The following abstract was prepared by the uthor : The University of Montana has a biological station situated at the town of Big Fork on the northeast shore of Flathead Lake at outh of the Swan River. This is one of the richest oo. fields to be found anywhere. In early summer, rains are plenty and the entire country is an immense flower garden. One is astonished at the abundance of each species and at the lavish display of form and color. my first visit to this region several years ago, I did not visit ihe station but remained to the southwest of the lake. It was about the first of June and valleys, hillsides and every open place in the forests were one mass of bloom. Species of lupine were very abundant, looking from a distance as if the hills were covered with a lilac carpet. Some of the wet meadows were blue with the Indian camas, wild onion and death camas mingling tints of purple and yellow with the bright green of grasses and 119 . The drier hills were coucrcd with the large leaves and fading yellow flowers of the wild sunflower or arrow-leaf, while along the shores of the mee the balsam cottonwood and the aspen were common. Species of willow were found everywhere along the lake and bordering the streams and ponds. The hills and mountain slopes on both sides of the lake are heavily timbered. On the west lie and south, rising more or less steeply from the lake shore and reaching its highest elevation some miles south of the lake, being lowest at its northern extremity at Big Fork. The prevailing timber on the west of the lake is made up of the yellow or bull pine, the red or Douglas spruce and the western larch or tamarac, with the Lodgepole pine on the higher slopes. In one of the stately yellow pine forests I found the yellow moc- cassin-flower growing very luxuriantly in great masses as far as one could see. Ona moist slope where ferns and mosses were Serene the fragrant lady’s-slipper was found growing in large clumps over a foot high and with usually three large blossoms on a stem. The dainty little Venus’ slipper was found at the highest altitude in the Lodgepole forests. The black haw, red cedar and ninebark were common along the lake ag the latter converting the rocky slopes into masses of white. mock orange or syringa was found just coming into om on the steep, rocky banks of the Pend ]’Oreille River, the outlet of the lake to the south. During the past summer about six weeks were spent in this de beginning July 15. Our headquarters were at the station ork and most of our collecting was to the east and north- east ee the lake. In the party were Dr. M. J. Elrod, of the University of Montana, Professor Marcus E. Jones, of Salt Lake City, Mrs. Joseph Clemens, of Fort Douglas, Utah, Miss Ger- trude Norton, of Salt Lake City, and Miss Carrie M. Green, of Kalispel, Montana, who were more especially interested in plant d 120 The timber about Big Fork is chiefly yellow pine, Douglas balsam cottonwood mong the smaller trees and shrubs were dwarf maple, black haw, alder, red cedar, low juniper and species of willow and wild rose. The wild syringa was in full loom on our arrival, the large waxy-white flowers borne in clusters in great profusion vieing with a species of Holodiscus and a Spiraea in being the most conspicuous object in the woods. e latter, having large, plume-like panicles of small, white flowers ing to cream-color then yellowish-brown, forms large, graceful shrubs several feet tall, usually occurring in clumps. The nine- bark, service-berry, silver-berry, choke-cherry, thimble-berry, prickly currant and gooseberry were common. The latter, which was found with fruit nearly black, or sometimes wine-colored an in some cases a clear golden-yellow-brown, was mildly sour and een good to eat. They may possibly prove to be different spec The bucethonn from which Cascara Sagrada is made, was n common but occasional here and also at Ravalli. The aie trumpet honeysuckle was one of the attractive features of the deep woods. Mountain alder was found with white cedar, silver pine or white pine, Lodgepole pine and dwarf yew a few miles east of Big Fork along the Swan River. The highest elevation at which we collected was on Mt. Mac- Dougal (7,500 feet), which we visited on July 31. This gave us a range of 4,500 feet in elevation from the lake level. The way lay mostly through heavy timber with occasionally a small lake orswamp. The silver pine became more abundant as we neared the mountains and Lodgepole pine, western larch and balsam cottonwood were found extending far up the slopes. Our trail up the mountain pe was through a “burn” thickly overgrown with Jersey tea. Three species of huckleberries, which were delightfully area were abundant, the two large, purple- fruited ones and the low red, small-fruited nes pe or Alpine fir, Englemann’s spruce, Alpine pine and Alpine juniper were found on the highest elevations. 121 Snow was still found on the northern slope of the rocky ridge which forms the top of the range at this point, and the moist ground even to the edge of the snow was a carpet of brilliant flowers. Around the little lakes and along the tiny streams the dark red monkey-flower was just coming into bloom. Hoary anemone was common, mingled with species of buttercup, and cae stars were very abundant. ellow columbine growing in low clumps and surrounded by the brilliant purple candytuft and glowing yellow sulphur-plant reached the highest peak. This was the ah — where the shrubby five-finger (Dasiphora fruticosa) was fou ime will ha ie ermit the mention of even the most notice- able and striking features of the flora of this magnificent country. Many new species were found during the summer and many others not before reported from Montana. Among the latter were sweet flag (Acorus Calamus), Sandberg’s birch (Betula Sandberg?), the Utah birch (Betula utahensis) and several species of Crataegus. Frep J. SEAVER. “SUMMER EXHIBITION OF THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF NEW YORK. The Horticultural Society of New York will hold its summer exhibition of plants and flowers in the basement of the Museum uilding of the Garden on the afternoon of Saturday, June 5, and the exhibition will remain open to the public during Sunday, June 6, until § o’clock in the afternoon. Prizes are offered for the best exhibits of peonies, hardy roses, flowering shrubs and trees, hardy rhododendrons and azaleas, and ardy herbaceous plants and irises, as well as for any meritorious exhibits of other hardy plants or flowers. In accordance with the previously announced course of public lectures for Saturday afternoons, Dr. W. A. Murrill wil speak at 4 o’clock on the ‘“ Selection and Care of Shade Tre At § o'clock, opportunity will be provided for viewing ie new public conservatories of the Garden, recently built; Mr. George V. Nash will escort the party, leaving the Museum Building at that time. 122 The complete program for this exhibition and the rules and regulations governing it are now being printed and will be dis- tributed to all members of the Garden. NOTES, NEWS AND. COMMENT. The spring course of lectures and demonstrations to the 4B and 5B grades of the public schools of the Bronx, comprising fifteen lectures, began April 22. r. J. K. Small, head Curator of the museums and herbarium, visite — Washington late in April to examine specimens of the Malpighiaceae as which he is monographing ee ee American Flor r. M. A. am Curator, lectured before the Barnard Botan- ical Club, April 23, upon ‘“‘ The Plant Life of the Seventy-one packets of Japanese polypores were recently re- ceived for determination from Professors S. Kusano and S Nohara, of Tokyo Imperial University. This collection is the first of any importance to reach us from Japan, and it will throw light on the distribution of a number of species. A detailed account of it will shortly appear in Mycologia. The specimens will become a permanent addition to the Garden herbarium. Miss Emilia Noel, a granddaughter of the Earl of Gains- borough and a member of the Linnean Society of London, visited the Garden on April 22, She has traveled in central Africa in connection with her botanical studies. While in this country she expects to visit the Grand Cafion of the Colorado, Yellowstone Park, California, and various botanical laboratories and museums, Professor Edward C. Jeffrey, of Harvard University, visited New York during the latter part of April and spent four days in field work with Dr. Arthur Hollick, collecting lignites in the Cretaceous clays of New Jersey and Staten Island. Further in- rea material of this kind was thus added to the museum collectio 123 A tour of the conservatories at the present time would repay the observer with a view of many interesting and showy plants. In house no. 1,in which the large palm and cycad collections are located, is that novel plant, Stangeria eriopus,to which atten- tion has been called before. The cone is now well developed. In southern Africa, where it is native, it is known as the Hotten- tot’s head. In house no. 2 many of the attractive members of the arum and pine-apple families may now be seen, some of them gorgeous in their bright colorings. In no. 4, in addition to the always interesting bananas, may be seen, in the glory of its bloom, that attractive shrub of the Philippine Islands, Medinilla adie A large specimen and a smaller one, the latter more to the requirements of the ordinary private Saved are eae in great profusion their large masses of t pink blossoms. In this house also is Roxburgh’s fig, Ficus Roche sie from Burma and the Himalayas, with its large masses of de- pressed fruit borne in clusters near the base of the trunk. Another plant is a interesting on account of its economic im- portance. This e chocolate tree, Theobroma Cacao, now with a single een a a condition in which it is not often seen under glass. In no. 5 the desert plants from southern Africa are at the height of their season. The members of the genera Aloe, Gasteria and Haworthia make the bench on which they are placed very attractive, many of the aloes being especially gor- geous. In no. 13 the bottle-brush tree, Callistemon citrinus, from Australia, is just donning its mantle of bright flowers, the odd shape of its inflorescence giving to it the popular name. little further on one is greeted with the delicious perfume of the Tobira, Pittosporum Tobira, another Australian plant. Still fur- ther on are plants of the palm genus Zrachycarpus ; T. Fortunet, now just passing out of flower, a native of northern and central China, and 7. exce/sus, the Japanese representative, now at its height, with great masses of rich golden-yellow flowers borne among the leaves. In no. 15 the tropical orchids hold sway, and here may be seen at any time many plants of interest and at- tractiveness from all parts of the tropical world. Meteorology for April. — Total precipitation for the month was > 124 6.13 inches, including a light snow-fall on the 29th. Maximum temperatures were recorded of 61.5° on the Ist, 77.5° on the 7th, 65° on the 13th, 85.5° on the roth, and 61° on the 26th. Also minimum temperatures were recorded of 23.5” on the 11th, 36° on the 16th, 31.5° on the 25th, and 32.5° on the 29th. The mean temperature for the. month was 54.5°. 125 ACCESSIONS. MUSEUMS AND HERBARIUM. 16 ferns from Vermont. (Given by Miss Margaret Slosson. ) I specimen of Sphagnum pases from Georgia. . (Given by Mr, H. H. Bartlett. §o spe “* Ascomycetes,”’ fasc. 42 and 43. (Distribated by Prof. Rehm. ) D. Holway.)} 2 oe of rusts. (Given by Mr. E. W. 5 ferns from Staten Island, New York. (Given by Prof. Philip Dowell. ) 593 specimens of flowering plants from Arizona. (Distributed by Mr. J. C. Blumer. 217 specimens of oe plants from the Old World. (By exchange with the Museum of Natural History, Paris. 17 ferns from the eastern United States. aie by Mr. R. C. Benedict. ) 3 specimens of Malpighiaceae from Mexico. (By exchange with the University of California. 28 specimens of ferns from New Jersey. 200 specimens, ‘‘ Kryptogamae ara eee x h the K. K, D (Given by Mr. Macy Carhart. ) 15 ot 16, for the Columbia Hofmuseum, Vienna, { By exchange with Mr rC. C. 44 specimens of flowering plants ns Florida. ia from Ohio. (Given by Mr. J. H. Scha 508 specimens of flowering plants and ferns ci Méxéo: C. A, Purpus. 8 specimens of flowering ames from Georgia and Alabama. with the United States National Mu: ach of Wect; (Distributed by Dr. (By exchange tria erence and Sphaerostilbe intermedia, hi ange with Rev. G. Bresadola. m South Carolina. (Given by Dr. H. H. Rus! usby. } 113 specimens of miscellaneous fungi, from Guadeloupe, W.I. (Collected by Pére Dus: = a SS => EB -_ g PLANTS AND SEEDS, 155 packets of seeds. (By e: georal eee La Mortala Gardens, Italy.) 1 packet of seed from China, (Give Dr. H. H, Rusb 6 tubers of Caladium sp. from aie for eondervaloriee Roddie Minor. 2 packets of hickory-nuts fromeVan Buren, Arkansas. Morris. 19p plan ts for conservatories. (By exchange with Mr, H. I. Pra | gh oni i Cereus from Cu oe (Collected by Dr, J. A. oh conservatories. (By mane with Bureau (Given by Miss (Given by Dr. R. T. of hae ae ) 117 plants for conservatories from Cuba, (Collected by Dr. N. L. B 6 of Bananas, from Surinam, S. A. (By exchange a United P Fruit Canpaay, ae pian. 126 6 plants for conservatories from Florida. (Collected by Dr. N. L. Brit 2 ame of Cattleya labiata Trianae for conservatories. (By Gane with Mr. J. A. Manda. ) 4 olan for ies from Jamaica. (Collected by Dr. N, L. Britton 5 plants of Vitis guadrangularis from Philippine Islands. (Given by Dr. c B. Robinson. on. ) IIo plants, mostly ferns, for conservatories. (Given by Mr. L. M. Palmer.) 6 plants for conservatories from Key West, Florida. (Collected by Dr. N. L. Britton. ) 22 plants derived from seed from various sources, 2 plan i of Clematis from a Carolina. (Collect ted by Dr. H. H. Rusby, 13 pla Cuba. (Collected by Dr. J. A. Shafer.) 6 plan ts ae ‘conservatories from Jamaica. o exchange with Dep’t of Agricul- ture, Jamaica, West 9 plants for Segoe a ‘(By exchange with Mr. Frank Weinberg. ) Members of the Corporation. Joun D. ArcuszoLp, Georce F, Baker, GeorcE S. Bowporn, Pror. N. L. Britton, Hon. Appison Brown, Dr. Nicnoras M. Butter, ANDREW CARNEGIE, Pror. C. F. CHANDLER, Wittiam G,. Cuoate, Cuartes F, Cox, Joun J. Crooxe, W. Bayarp Curtine, CLeveLanp H, Dopce, A. F. Estrasrook, H. C. Faunestocx, Samuet W. Farrcurxp, James B. Foro, Henry W. ve Forest, Rozert W. DE Forest, Hon. Tuomas F. Girroy, Hon. Hucu J. Grant, Epwarp S, Harkness, Henry P, Hoyt, Tuos. H. Husparp, Aprian ISELIN, Jr., Joun I. Kane, Eucene KELty, Jr., Pror, James F, Kemp, Joun S, Kennepy, Epw. V. Z. LANE, Pror. Freperic S. Ler, How. Setu Low, Davip Lypic, Epcar L. Marston, D. O. Mitts, J. Pierpont Morcan, TueEoporE W. Myers, Pror. Henry F. Oszorn, Lowett M. PALMER, Grorce W. PERKINS, James R. PITCHER, M. F. Piant, Percy R. Pyne, Joun D. RockKEFELLER, WILLIAM ROCKEFELLER, Pror, H. H. Russy, Mortimer L. Scurrr, James A, ScryMSER, Henry A. SIesrecut, Wittiam D. SLoane, NeEtson SMITH, James SPEYER, Francis L. Stetson, Cuarces G. THomPson, Dr. W. Gitman TuHompson, SaMUEL THORNE, Louis C. TIFFAny, Grorce W. VANDERBILT, Hon. Ecrerton L, WINTHROP, JR. PUBLICATIONS OF The New York Botanical Garden Joumal of the New York Botanical Garden, monthly, illustrated, con- taining notes, aN non-technical peters of general interest. Free to mem%ers ‘of the Garden, Too others, a cents a copy; $1.00 a year. [Not offered in exchange,] Now in its tenth volum Mycologia, bim incall illustrated in color and otherwise ; devoted to fungi, including lichens; containing technical articles pada news and) notes of See ral in-— x est. 33. 00 a year; single copies not for sale. No 1 its first volume. 4 }0. » 47 plates, 1905-1907. Vol. V, Nos. 15-18, 463 ie a plates Tone: -190 ; Vol. VI, No. 19, 114 ae 1908. Vol. ‘VL, No. 20, 112 Worth American Flora. Descriptions of the Ly plants 0 f North America, including Greenland bg West Indies and Central America. Planned to bes on . pleted in thirty volum Roy. 8vo, Each volume to consist of four or more parts. Subscription Sine raps per part; a ae number of separate parts will be sold for $2.00 each. han ce) Pp a Aa = & 22 ery Rosales: Podostemonaceae, Crassula- , part 2, issued Decembe 1905. Saxifragaceae, Hydrangeaceae, Cunor cen Iteaceae, Sac: ’Pterostemonaceae, Altingiaceae, Phyllo 20 “Vol. ry, part 1, issued Oct. 4, 1906. Ustilaginaceae, Tilletiaceae. Vol. 7, part 2, issued March 6, 1907. Coleosporiaceae, Uredinaceae, Aecidia- sa pars Al E 26, part I, issued August 24,1907. Geraniaceae, Oxalidaceae, Linaceae, poameniede E Vol. 9, parts, I and 2, issued December 19, 1907, and March 12, 1908. Poly- _ poe : Vol. 22, pes 3, issued June 12 ae contains seopeae of the family Gros: sulariaceae by F, V. Coville and N. L, Britton, the Platanaceae by H. A. Gleason , bh acDougal. xvi + 320 pp. i AE Gee fen 03. Vol. III. Studies of Cretaceons Coniterovs Remains from ee i York, by Arthur Hollick and Edward C, Jeffrey. viii 138 pp., with 29 plates. 1909 : Vol. IV. Effects of the Rays of Radium on gee, by Charles Stuart Cl viii + 278 pp., Maric marin 19 : fe focus from the New York Bek a Garden. A series of t tech ical papers written 2 ane is Bt atiemibere of the staff, and reprinted from journel sth than the above. Price, 25 cents each. $5.00 per volume. Four volumes. ’ RECENT NUMBERS 25 CENTS BACH. Phyco oleae Studies—IV. The Genus Neomeris and Notes on other Sitios, ees hall A. Howe. pro bee by Budding in Drosera, by Winifred J. Robin on Nae on North American Hypocreales—II, Nectria Poise by Fred Seaver. a NEW Yor«K ah iota GARDEN JUNE, 1909 No. 114 JOURNAL OF ‘he New York Botanical Garden EDITOR PERCY WILSON Administrative Assistant CONTENTS earch Facilities at the Garden in Codperation with Columbia University . . 127 Botanical Explorations in Northeastern Cuba. .....---...-2.. 132 Rare Moss in the Conservatories... ...-.-- 0+ eee ee eee 140 SI EMRE Ra saa 7G T orl. x we gy | on he Seed on Wet wae? My eee ee 141 otes, News and Comment. ....... eRe aes er etic a ee ere 142 Ccessions é MMSE CM LS etree chai pis Reinier caen de sel, cast ey aiites Pada 145 PUBLISHED FOR THE GARDEN Art 4x Norte Queen Srreer, Lancaster, Pa. BY THs Exa Paria ComMrany OFFICERS, 1909. mig Sse O. MILLS, ANDREW ‘autre fee Eosacins @ SrcreTtary—N. L. BerONG BOARD OF MANAGERS. 1, ELECTED MANAGERS. HON. ADDISON BROWN, J. PIERPONT MORGAN, ANDREW CARNEGIE, GEORGE W. PERKINS, AYARD CUTTING, JAMES A. SCR R, ROBERT W. pe FOREST, FRANCIS LYNDE STETSON, JOHN I. KANE, W. GILMAN THOMPSON, D. O. MILLS, SAMUEL THORNE 2. EX-OFFICIO MANAGERS. THE PRESIDENT OF THE DEPARTMENT OF PuBLIC PARKS, HON. HENRY SMITH. Tue Mayor oF THE City oF New York, HON. GEORGE B. Scere 3. SCIENTIFIC DIRECTORS. PROF. H. H. RUSBY, eth = NICHOLAS MURRAY BUTLER, F. JAMES F. ROF. C. F. CHANDLER, ee re FREDERIC a LEE, CoRnEne F. COX, HON. E. L. WINTHROP, Jr. GARDEN ST. DR. N. L. BRITTON, Directors -in-Chief. R. W. A. MURRILL, Assistant Director. DR. H. H. RUSBY, Curator of the Economic Cetetons, DR. WILLIAM J. GIES, she mein Che COL, F. A. SCHILLING, Super inane dian, WILSON, Administrative Assistant. mene c byob tani Custodian of the Plantations. PLaTE LX. JOURNAL OF THE New York BoTANIcAL GARDEN. JOURNAL OF The New York Botanical Garden Vou.X June. 1909. No. 114. RESEARCH FACILITIES AT THE GARDEN IN CO- OPERATION WITH COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY. A description of the facilities for research at the Garden was published in this JouRNAL for January, 1904. The numerous changes which have been made, together with the steady growth of equipment for investigation in the various phases of botanical work, make it desirable to publish a revision of the statement at this time, The four years since the date mentioned above has been a period of growth in all directions. The library, which at that time contained something over 14,000 volumes, has been increased to more than 21,000. This includes books and periodicals which are devoted entirely or for the most part to botanical work, in- cluding horticulture, agriculture and forestry. These facilities are still further extended by the oe afforded students for consultation at other New York li The herbarium has been ey in — same length of time by the addition of more than 200,090 specimens, including repre- sentatives of all of the various groups of the plant kingdom, w hich brings the total up to more than 1,500,000 specimens, i present equipment, the herbarium affords unusual opportunities for special taxonomic work on any of the plant groups, either phanerogamic or cryptogamic. The collection of living plants has also been proportionately extended by the addition of species from various parts of the world, especially from tropical America. = =. In order to accommodate these additional tropical plants new greenhouses have just been constructed 127 128 The equipment of the laboratories for work in morphology, physiology, physiological chemistry, or culture work with the fungi, including pathological studies, has also been extended to meet the demand of students desiring to carry on investigations along these lines. The tropical iabeiion: at Cinchona, in Jamaica, in codperation with the Department of Agriculture of Jamaica, offers oppor- tunity for those who care to carry on investigations with the plants of that region. The elevations within reach of Cinchona range from sea level to over 7,000 feet, offering a large variety of conditions within a comparatively short distance. Fic. 27. THE CHEMICAL LaBoraTory, New York BoTANICAL GARDEN. Conferences are held in the library of the Garden on the first Wednesday of each month from October to May. At these meetings papers are presented by the students and members of the Garden staff containing the results of investigation accom- plished at the Garden. These papers are open for discussion by members of the staff or students, as well as by visiting botanists. A synopsis of each paper presented at the monthly conference is published in the Journat for the following month 129 The Board of Managers of the Garden have established research scholarships of the value of $50.00 a month to each person to whom such privileges may be granted. The scholarships are designed to meet the needs of professors or instructors in colleges, officers = museums, or botanists of equivalent training or experi- o desire to utilize the facilities of the Garden for continu- ing a. already begun or for carrying on aa oot requiring facilities beyond oa command at hom Applications for the privileges of resident eer: scholar- ships may be made in writing to the director-in-chief. Such ap- plication should present a detailed statement of the nature of the View of Cinchona, showing the principal buildings. The laboratory Fic. is in the back pound almost concealed by clumps of pampas-grass, Photographed by Dr. Forrest Shr investigations the applicant desires to pursue, the facilities needed, and the length of time the applicant desires to hold the scholar- ship. The application should give a statement of the papers published by the applicant, copies of which should be submitted if desired. The codperative relations between the New York Botanical Garden and Columbia University make it possible for students registered at the Garden to apply work done at this institution toward the completion of requirements for an advanced degree at 130 Columbia through work accomplished in any of the following subjects. RESEARCH SUBJECTS. The collections of living and preserved plants and of books, the equipment and arrangement of the laboratories and herbaria, and the facilities for cultural work under glass and in the open air are organized in such manner that opportunities for research are offered in the following subjects Taxonomy of Algae. — The re characters and relation- ships of selected families and genera. Field, herbarium and laboratory. Doctor Howe ; Doctor Hazen. Taxonomy of Fungi. — The diagnostic nae and relation- ships of selected families and genera. Field, herbarium and labo- ratory. Doctor Murrill ; Mr. Seaver. Taxonomy of Bryophyta. — The diagnostic characters and rela- tionships of selected families and genera. Field, herbarium and B laboratory. rs. Britton ; Doctor Howe Taxonomy of Prviopeece The diagnostic characters and relationships of selected families and genera. Field, herbarium, garden, conservatories and laboratory. Doctor Howe. Taxonomy of Spermatophyta, — Study of the principal families and genera. Field, herbarium, garden, conservatories and lab- oratory. Doctor Britton; Doctor Small; Mr. Nash; Doctor ydberg. Morphology of Algae. — Problems in the structure and devel- opment of algae. Field and laboratory. Doctor Howe ; Doctor Hazen. Morphology of Fungi. — Problems in the structure, polymor- phism and development of fungi, including culture methods. Field and laboratory. Mr. Seaver. Morphology of Bryophyta. — Problems in the structure and de- velopment a musci and hepaticae. Field and laboratory. Mrs. Britton ; Doctor Howe. A . of Preridophyta. — Problems in the structure and development of ferns and fern-allies. Field, garden, conserva- tories and laboratory. wi Morphology of Spermatophyta. — Comparative anatomy and THE Aguatic House, 131 development of the seed plants. Field and laboratory work. Not less than ten hours a week for one year. Doctor Rydberg; Professor Curtis. Experimental Morphology. — Problems in variation of form and structure, and determination of the causes. Morphogenic reac- tions. ae ssor Richards ; Professor Curtis. Embryology of Sper sia piegte — Comparative nee of special ieee Special embryological eae Techniq Laboratory. Doctor Hazen. Special Taxonomy. — Critical study of a family or genus of plants of not less than fifty species. The group may be chosen from the entire scope of the vegetable world. Field, herbarium, laboratory, conservatories and garden. Directed, according to the group chosen, by Doctor Britton, Doctor Small, Doctor mee Doctor a Doctor Murrill, Mr. Nash, Mrs. Brit- on, Mr. Sea Regtonal om — Collection, determination and comparative study of the plants of some restricted area. Field, herbarium and laboratory. Doctor Britton. Developmental Taxonomy. — Comparative study of the living and fossil representatives of some family of plants. Laboratory useum. ctor Britton ; Doctor Hollick Palaeobotany. — Developmental history and arrangement of the fossil flora of some selected locality. Study of structure of fossil plants. Laboratory, field and museum. Doctor Hollick. Plant Geography. — Occurrence, characters and arrangement Factors governing distribution. Professor Britton; Professor Curtis. Physiology of the Cell—Problems in the chemical and the physical properties, movements and irritability of unicellular and other generalized organisms. Laboratory. Professor Richards. Chemical Physiology.— Problems relating to nutrition, nature of storage substances and composition of secretions and excre- tions. Professor Gies; Professor Richards. Physiological Anatomy,—Problems in the relationships of 132 tissues and functions. Laboratory. Professor Richards; Pro- fessor Curtis. General Physiology.— Problems in absorption, excretion, nutri- tion, and transformation of energy, growth, the general irritable organization of the plant, and the mechanism of its movements, Laboratory. Professor Richards; Professor Curtis. General Pathology. — Causes of diseases of plants with special attention to the morphology of pathological organisms. Also roblems in pai and effects of unfavorable environment. Pro ae Ric ; Mr. er. Economic ae —_ eee of plant products used in the arts and sciences and of the methods employed in their produc- tion. Professor Rusby. Frep J. SEAVER, Director of the Laboratories. BOTANICAL EXPLORATIONS IN NORTHEASTERN CUBA , Dr. N. L. ay DiRecTOR-IN-CHIEF. Sir. The S. Olinda, upon which I embarked from New York, ae 13, entered Nipe Bay five days later, but her des- tination, Nuevitas, was not reached until January 22. On land- ing at Nuevitas I proceeded to La Gloria, in the province of Cama- guey, in a small boat, sailing through the beautiful Marinavo Bay, w called ‘‘bay number one,” the narrow Zanji, the shallow bay of Sabinal, with its mangrove-covered banks and numerous small islands, and finally the much deeper Guajaba Bay, to Porto Biaro. a Gloria, which is situated some four miles inland across a low savanna, was reached on the night of January 23, and was made my headquarters for several weeks. It is surrounded bya dense, mostly primeval, forest with an altitude of approximately 50 feet. The village is the center of the first and oldest of the American colonization schemes, but the operations of the colon- ists have had very little effect upon the vast forest area. Their chief occupation has been the planting of citrus groves, which are scattered and often very far apart, consisting of from 5 to 133 20 acre clearings in the forest. A tract of land is cleared by chopping and burning, no attempt being made to save the timber, the young trees are then planted without further preparation of the soil, and, if cultivated for a few feet about each tree an the rank vegetation kept down, the young trees grow rapidly, while the old stumps decay and in about two years have mostly disappeared. The ground is then plowed and kept under clean cultivation, or, in some instances, smaller crops are grown be- tween the trees. Oranges, mandarins and grape-fruit do exceed- ingly well and are of very fine quality. emons are not in favor on account of the additional work involved in curing them. As yet, the citrus industry cannot be said to be on a commercially paying basis, on account of the abnormally high rates for the very poor transportation facilities now available. The forest, which is truly tropical, is made up of a large number of hardwood species, several others besides cedar and mahogany being of local economic value. The trees are, as a rule, densely set, usually long and slender, their tops often interwoven with a considerable variety of vines, thus shutting out the light; conse- quently, there is little undergrowth, the shrubs being restricted to a very few species, while herbaceous plants are rarely met with. The tree trunks and branches, however, support a rich growth of epiphytes, about twenty species of orchids having been met with as well as many bromeliads. Several cactuses also occur fre- al palm is common, mo 4 quently; ferns are rarely seen; th especially in the lowest and richest portions of the forest. The savanna already mentioned, which is probably not over three miles across in either direction, has a deep, rich, black soil, covered by several kinds of wiry grass and quite thickly set with a common palmetto, some specimens of which are of very large size, Clumps of hardwood trees composed of a variety of species, many of them shrubby, are also scattered about. These clumps usually have one or two larger trees as their nucleus, the com- monest being the mahogany, but the West Indian ebony is fre- quently the central tree of these groups, and it is also met with in isolated individuals. Mistletoes are very abundant and in great variety on these trees and bushes ; a purple-flowered orchid, 134 Epidendrum, is also very abundant and in late February adds much color to this rather dreary region. he low coast is fringed with red mangrove, back of which the white mangrove and the buttonwood, Conocarpus, predomi- nate, the latter in the white, silky-leaved form as well as in aes form with smooth, green leaves, the two varieties seemingly b connected by various intermediates. Poisonwood, ie, black olive, Bucida, are also very abundant, the latter highly valued by the Cubans, who call it ‘‘Jucaro” on account of its hardness and durability. A palm, Copernicia, is sparingly scattered through this region, as well as many other trees and shrubs not seen farther inland, except when the two forests are joined, when one finds an intermingling of the trees common to both regions. To the westward, toward Pilota, is a large lagoon and salt marsh, but only the usual plants of such formations were observed there. About Pilota, however, the ground is somewhat higher and the forest resembles more closely that surrounding La Gloria, only in its more depressed areas it is even richer in epiphytic plants and contains many ferns. The Maximo River, the principal stream of this region, was visited from its mouth upward. It is low and sluggish for some distance, and with the exception of occasional small slippery places, called ‘‘alligator slides,” for these reptiles are quite abundant, it is fringed by the red mangrove, the predominating tree back of it being the white mangrove in very large specimens. On the whole, this region was rather disappointing, although a few plants not observed elsewhere were obtained. I also had the satisfaction of seeing the two large ferns Acrostichum aureum and A, excelsum (A. lomarioides) growing almost side by side, the former in clumps at the water’s edge and with dimorphous fronds, the latter forming dense, almost impenetrable thickets back from the water; thus seen, one cannot doubt that they are distinct s : The Cubitas Mountains, a narrow limestone ridge of no great elevation, approximately parallel with the north coast and about 25 miles inland, separates the wooded region above mentioned from the large dry savanna to the south. This ridge is very 1385 rough and composed Hae of Very hard perforated limestone they are much smaller and less abundant. The ravines which usually transverse the range are also very rough and rocky and, except after much rain, are devoid of water, the larger of them being used as “ passes,” through which trails are worn. That nown as the “east pass”’ is near a magnificent cavern of great extent and the surrounding region was found to be rich in ferns, in species of Peperomia, and other small plants which prefer a similar environment. The ‘“ middle pass,’ which is deeper, with very high perpendicular walls, is even richer in these interesting plants and is a place of great natural beauty. he savanna to the southward is of great extent, but I was able at this time to examine only a few miles of it. The soil is thin and poor, overlying a seeenieh rock, apparently a chlorite schist, and supports a hard, wiry grass which is largely nae e most conspicuous features were two lofty species of palm the spiny-petioled Cogernicia and the silvery-leaved Ce which are in great abundance and much intermingled. A smaller palm with soft, almost herbaceous leaves thickly coated with a waxy substance underneath, the long panicles of unripe fruit in- dicating that it is probably a species of Copernicia, was found in only a few clumps. Numerous spiny shrubs were scattered about, usually in small clumps, and many other smaller plants were found among the grasses. One of the objects oe this trip was to ascertain if there is any closer relationship between the Cuban and the better known Baha- mian flora than hitherto ascertained, but up to this point in my ex~- plorations there seemed to be very little similarity. An examina- tion, however, of two of the chain of islands stretching along the north coast from Nuevitas to Cardenas, none of which, presuma- bly, had ever been visited by a botanist, revealed a very different flora, which is probably quite Bahamian in its composition. Cayo Guajaba, across a bay of the same name and just north of the mainland upon which I have reported above, is about fifteen 186 miles long and scarcely one half as broad. Its southern side is made up of a Series of small, flat islands and low, ma ngrove- fringed shores, with shallow “salinas” inside. The interior toward the north is more elevated and broken up by low hills, none of them, probably, exceeding a height of 200 feet. The formation is rather soft coralline limestone. I succeeded in touching this region at two different points and secured a fairly representative collection of plants, but the ela and most hae ay tions I was not able to reach. Two small Bahamian tre m- mon here and not ee from Gis are pen Sate and Jacquinia keyensis ; also a small specimen of the hog cab- bage palm, Pseudophoenix Sargentii, In this latter identification I was corroborated by a Bahamian negro who seemed familiar with this palm and its peculiar economic uses. He also stated that a dozen or more large specimens existed toward the western end of this island. The Sabinal, which is the easternmost of the chain of islands, is an aggregation similar to Cayo Guajaba, but is much larger, and its northern higher portion, which is made up of a harder ie stone rock, is very low and flat. The sea northwestern point is pure white sand, extending southward along ee Channel for probably half a mile ; to what extent it occurs along the sea to the eastward I was unable to ascertain in the limited time at my disposal there, but the name Punta Arenas would seem to indicate that it was an unusual formation for that region of the coast. A tall palm, probably a 7hrinax, and fine trees of - the Joe-wood, Jacguinia keyensis, were conspicuous objects in the flora, which differed markedly from that of any other region seen on my entire trip. A nearly prostrate Chrysobalanus said to bear white fruit was widely different in appearance from the black- fruited Icaco seen on the edge of the forest on the mainland. A small, low hill surrounded by a limited area of palmetto-covered savanna on the southwestern end, is probably the highest point on this island. The bulk of the island, however, is covered with low forest composed largely of small trees of the pigeon plum Coccolobis laurifolia, In this forest one finds many small open- ings containing palmetto, Pithecolobium, or Acacia coriophylla ; 137 while in the forest itself is seen an occasional columnar cactus, often 12 to 15 feet high, and scattered specimens of gee In one place many small plants of Furcraca were seen. he eastern end, along the Nuevitas Channel, is also ae and flat, but the growth for several miles inland is one of low shrubs, many of them spiny, some of which were not seen elsewhere. Along the sea for several miles is a dense thicket of shrubby sea- grape, Coccolobis Uvifera, with an occasional clump of the bay- cedar, Suvzana, while back of this is an extensive salina. From Nuevitas, to which I had shifted my headquarters about March 15, 1 made excursions mostly by sailboat, Be various say about the bay, all of which afforded much additional mater he peninsula upon the neck of which the oe is built, aes as the Pastelillo, is rough and hilly, and, on account of its porous lime- stone formation, is quite dry. This contained many trees and shrubs that had not been collected by me elsewhere. The two larger of the three small islands in the bay were found to be quite similar to the Pastelillo. A fresh-water lagoon at Atalaya was found to be rich in trees and shrubs seldom met with elsewhere in this region. The extensive palm barrens northward along the railroad to Camaguey were explored, and the waxy-leaved palm already noted was detected several miles east of Minas, where it became arborescent, with a trunk often 6 feet tall. No stops for collect- ing were made between Camaguey and Cococum, but several oe stations were noted in this region. Holguin, where I collected plants during most of April, i on a dry nen encircled by high eruptive hills or mountains that have been made bare by frequent burnings, but their gullies and rocky places harbor a distinct vegetation not seen by me at any other point. It is largely composed of spiny shrubs, grow- ing in impenetrable thickets, while on the tops of some of the highest mountains one finds the maguey and a columnar cactus similar in appearance to the one seen on the coastal islands, but one can scarcely believe that it is the same species. On the sides of these hills a small palm, probably a 7#rinax, which I have not seen elsewhere, is sparingly persistent, but it is evident that the 138 fires will eventually exterminate it, as there are many charred remains, but very few young plants to be seen. The surrounding c ring in forest-like abundance, with many spiny shrubs in the rocky places. This region has numerous springs and moist swales, and along these a very interesting variety of plants, some large trees and many shrubs and herbs, thrive in luxuriance. t of these were seen in no other place, but some of them occur farther along the streams and rich valleys into which the streams flow and in which one finds some dense and interesting forests. Outlying the eruptive hills and valleys, one encounters |pw lime- stone hills with much scrubby vegetation upon them, and barren valleys covered with a dense growth of the palm knowp as Da- raguana, a silvery-leaved Coccothrinax, the young leaveg of which are largely used in this part of Cuba in the manufacturg of rope. ibara, a seaport town south of Holguin, was visited for the purpose of examining the coastal flora at that point, but not much of special interest was discovered there, although some collect- ing was done between there and Holguin. Cacocum, on the railroad, was visited to secure a palm of peculiar appearance seen from the car window. It proved to be the Cuban Yaray, a species of Copernicia, the leaf fibers of which are woven into hats and baskets ; brooms are also made of it and it is commonly used as a substitute for twine, even by American settlers. Alto Cedro, a miserable railroad junction town, was visited on account of the dense forest surrounding it; but it was found that the forest could be more comfortably examined at Paso Estancia, which also offered an opportunity of examining the vegetation on the Cauto River, and proved to be a convenient point from which to reach the Pinales of the Sierra Nipe, a range of eruptive and limestone hills running north and south and probably the most eastern location on the north side of the island for the pine tree of eastern Cuba. The Pinales were reached by traversing a rough, most wooded territory eastward from Paso Estancia for about fifteen miles, which proved a very interesting region, but lack of time 189 prevented me from making any collections there. The pine trees occur on the tops of mountains about 1,500 feet in height, growing in a red, pulverulent soil, said to be rich iron ore. They are very much scattered, and some have reached a height of 75 or 80 feet, with a trunk diameter of 2 feet. The species is prob- ably Pinus cubensis of oe Among these pines a number of peculiar shrubs are met with, but the moist ground in the depressions affords a oe variety of plants not seen elsewhere, among them many kinds of trees and shrubs, two palms, a tree- fern, several climbing ferns, and many herbaceous plants, includ- ing a large terrestrial orchid. ipe Bay was reached on the afternoon of the fourth of May, and a trip was taken out to the mouth of the narrow channel and the shore was examined for several miles on either side of the channel and for a short distance along the ocean. This hurried trip resulted in the apres of the large tree cactus Cerevs nudiflorus, a speci of which was fully 30 feet tall, with an equal spread, its eas formed trunk being two feet in diameter ; only three individuals were found after a careful search, one of them bearing a few flower buds. An arborescent specimen of the bay cedar with a trunk fully 6 inches in diameter was also noted. Returning ne this trip, I had but a few hours in which to board the S. S. Curityba, which one me to New York on the evening of May 12. I have not related various personal experiences, agreeable or otherwise, that usually fall to one’s lot in a sparsely settled region, especially when one is not very familiar with the language of the people; but it would seem proper to state that I met with no serious mishap and that I enjoyed the advantages afforded by the presence of American colonists whenever practicable ; and that much of the success of the expedition is due to the kindly interest and hospitality shown by them. Respectfully submitted, Museum Custodian. 140 A RARE MOSS IN THE CONSERVATORIES. It is almost impossible, and in many cases undesirable, to keep the pots in the greenhouses free from various mosses and hepatics ; many plants grow better in wet moss or on peat, notably certain orchids and ferns. Among the mosses in the large green- houses of the New York Botanical Garden there have been several species which are quite common and have been brought in from the garden, especially Catharinea angustata, Physcomitrium tur- binatum and ae ee as well as the ubiquitous, often iniquitous, Marcha But besides these ae ones there are a number of rarer mosses and hepatics which do not grow elsewhere within the limits of the Garden and have probably been brought in either by spores or attached to plants introduced from the tropics. On one of the palms in the cool house (no. 13) there is a thriving and most interesting colony of a beautiful tropical genus Hypo- pterygium and in the orchid house (no. 15), on one of the pots of the Venus-slipper orchid, Paphiopediom, I discovered on January g of a small fruiting moss which proves to be a species of a rare tropical genus, ge ea probably the same as the species which was described by Mr. H. N. Dixon in the Journal of Botany for 1907, from plants grown in warm forcing- houses in England, also in a collection of orchids. Three times previous to this other plants of the same genus have been found in greenhouses, first at the Botanical Gardens at Glasnevin, Scot- land, in 1872, then in Cherbourg, France, in 1902, and in Eng- land in 1904. Our record is the fourth, but egies second in importance, for only one previous collection has been found fruiting. Ten species of this genus have os described from tropical America ranging from the West Indies to Peru and Chile, but it is very doubtful whether all these will stand the test of critical study and comparis The plants are eee aunutes matted together by brown rootlets, with small blunt leaves, usually entire, with the vein ending below the apex and the fruit erect on a slender terminal The peculiar character of the capsule is that its mouth 141 is bordered by athick dark-colored rim of cells and the teeth are deeply inserted below this rim. It is probable that all the species escribed from cultivated plants will prove to be some one of the West Indian species, native to Cuba or Jamaica, or else South American in origin. EvizaBETH G. Britton. CONFERENCE NOTES. The last regular conference meeting of the academic year just closed was held in the library of i Garden on May 5 and was aig over by Dr, W. Mur Dr. Arthur Hollick discussed i subject of botanical supplies in the public schools of the city, with special reference to the matter of the destruction of wild flowers indicated in the list of supplies for high schools and training schools, and recent efforts which have been made to replace them with cultivated ones. In the list for 1907 some thirty species were included, all of which should be protected. Agitation of the subject resulted in the elimination of a majority of these from the list for 1908, but a number yet remain. Following is a list of these with the number of specimens ig during the school year 1907-08, and the cost of each item No, of Specimens Supplied, Cost. tdiveme marginale SW oececccse coves veseveceees $21.30 olypodium vulgare L 31.50 Salamonia biflora (Walt.) Britton 26.50 dlegia canadensis Li. ciccceesseeee 1.05 Geranium maculatum L.......0. 8.75 ae ronium americanum Ker 19.25 Gen vinita Froel 40.00 pie ‘rithm (L.) Torr 8.40 Caltha palustris L 31.50 Palani acaule Ait 11-25 Trillium s 62.50 Wild al sp 36 1.80 0,414 $263.80 Steps are being taken to substitute cultivated for wild flowers wherever possible and the farm and grounds of the recently 142 established Parental School on Long Island are being in part planted and developed with that end in view, so that the Depart- ment of Education may grow and distribute as many as possible of the items of botanical supplies required in the public schools. Dr. Hollick suggested that if those who are interested in the matter of the preservation of our wild flowers would write to the Board of Education, asking that everything possible be done to eliminate wild flowers from the list of supplies, it would have the effect of hastening the end in view. Mr. Nash exhibited for the second time before the conference the specimen of Stangeria eriopus, to show progress in the de- velopment of the cone which was just forming when first exhib- ited. It has now developed so that the Seer character of the cone is evident from its ovoid shape. The staniinate cone is much longer and cylind Mr. Nash again me attention to the pinnate venation a the leaflets of this odd plant, a character unique in the family Cycadaceae, for all the others have parallel venation. The leaves much resemble those of a fern, and in the absence of the cone this plant was first described as a Lomaria. A collection of polypores from Japan was exhibited by Dr. W. A. Murrill, who spoke briefly of our meager knowledge of ----- Japanese fungi and the desirability of further material from that region, as throwing light on the distribution of temperate species. The collection consists of 72 numbers, containing 44 species, 26 of which occur throughout the North Temperate Zone, 2 are Eurasian, 8 are oriental, 3 are known Japanese species, and 5 are undescribed. A detailed account of this collection will be ished in Mycotocia. Professors Kusano and Nohara, who sent these specimens for determination, are planning to collect fungi in various parts of Japan on a larger scale. FRED J. SEAVER. NOTES, NEWS AND COMMENT, Mr. Oakes Ames has been appointed director of the Harvard Botanical Garden to fill the position recently made vacant by the retirement of Professor George L. Goodale after thirty years of active service 143 Prof. W. C. Coker, of the University of North Carolina, is in residence at the Garden carrying on further investigations on the f the Carolinas. At the annual meeting of the Horticultural Society of New York, held on May 12, Mr. George V. Nash, head gardener, was elected secretary. Mr. Norman hae assistant curator, delivered an illustrated a lecture on the care and protection of trees, at Yonkers, n Fr nee evening, May 7. The lecture was given at ae pene of the Civic League, which is starting a cam- paign for the benefit of the trees of Yonkers. Eight specimens of African rubber plants and rubbers were recently presented to the Economic Museum by Mr. I. H. Hunicke, who has traveled extensively in eastern Africa. Mr. J. J. Carter, of Pleasant Grove, Pennsylvania, who accom- panied Dr. Small in several exploring expeditions to southern Florida recently spent several days at the Garden. An important and interesting paper on the Timbers of ae was st ees contributed by Mr. William Harris, of Hope to the West Indian Bulletin (9: 297-328. 1909). The Dutchess County Horticultural Society visited the Garden on Thursday, May 27, arriving about noon. Between forty and fifty members were expected, but owing to the inclemency of the weather only twenty-seven came. Starting with the large con- servatories, various parts of the grounds were visited, including the pinetum, herbaceous grounds, hemlock forests, new conser- vatories, fruticetum, and museum building. The recent course of fifteen lectures to the pupils of the 4 B and 5 B grades of the public schools of the Borough of the Bronx was attended by 8,500 children, accompanied by 280 teachers. Only two lectures were postponed on account of in- clement weather. Mr. d J. Seaver spent May 6 in the Museum of Natural History at Philadelphia looking over types of fungi in the Schweinitz collection. Nineteen types were examined and per- 144 manent slides of the spores made for future study, and numerous other specimens in the same collection were examined less criti- ca A few of the specimens desired were missing from the collection. The recently issued. administrative report of the Missouri Botanical Garden, and an announcement of, Washington Univer- sity concerning the Henry Shaw School of eed indicate that the Shaw foundation is about to enter upon much increased activity. Last year a well designed fireproof buil nee of about 12,000 square feet of floor space was put up. A part of this is being furnished in steel for stack purposes, and the remaining — and larger —— part is being equipped for laboratory use. Itis now announced that a definite step toward the fuller development con- templated by the founder and planned by the director has been taken in the establishment of the post of plant physiologist at the Garden, and the creation of a professorship of plant physiology and applied botany in the Shaw School of Botany, with provision for two research fellowships in botany. To the new professorship, Dr. George T. Moore has been called, as possessing to an unusual extent the desired combination of established reputation, breadth of view, and expert appreciation of the economic applications of botany. The research fellowships are open to capable graduate students, and are believed to offer unusual opportunities for the productive use of talent in investigation. The library (58,538 books and pamphlets), herbarium (618,872 specimens) and gar- den (11,464 living plants) furnish the Searle facilities for the most advanced investigation, and the work in the School of pee is to be so planned that the individual ee of students engaging in research will be met in every way possible, while S. Vol. 3 of the Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden, “Studies of Cretaceous Coniferous Remains from Kreischerville, New York,” under the joint authorship of Dr. Arthur Hollick, of the New York Botanical Garden, and Dr. Edward Charles Jeffrey, of Harvard University, was issued May 20. The volume con- tains 138 pages of text and 29 plates. The material described was obtained by the authors from the cretaceous deposits at 145 Kreischerville on Staten Island. It consists of leaf impressions, lignites, lignitic débris and amber. The leaf i impressions are all of well recognized species; the lignites and smaller fragments represent for the most part new species which were determined by sectioning and microscopical examination of the internal structure 2 Meteorology for May. — The total precipitation for the month was 1.33 inches, the month being characterized by many light showers and. much cloudy weather but with the total precipita- tion light. Maximum temperatures were recorded of 87° on the th and rqth, 72° on.the 18th and 86.5° on the 31st. Also minimum temperatures were recorded of 44° on the 5th, 40° on the 12th, 43.5° on the 23d and 45° on the 26th. Mean tem- perature for the month was 63.5° _ACCESSIONS. MUSEUMS AND HERBARIUM. 20 specimens of fungi from Ohi (Given by Dr. B. Fink.) 25 ae “« Fungi Utehensis,” fasc. VII. (Distributed by Prof. A. O. Garrett. 2 specimens of Camptosorus rhizophyllus from Penmsylvania. (Given by Mr. Arthur S_ Haines.) 43 specimens of woody plants from the New York Parental School, Jamaica, Long Island, New York. (Collected by Mr. P, Wilso: 2§ specimens ‘‘ Lichenes Suecici Exsiccati,’’ i Vv. (Distributed by Dr. G. O, A. Malme. I specimen of pie platyphylla from New Rochelle, New York. (By exchange with Mr. W. H. Ballou 7 pea of poly ete oe Java. (By exchange with Rev. G. Bresadola. ) 1 specimen of Lycoperde m Jamaica, W. 1. (Given by Mr. W. Harris. ) I a of Clathrus ae from Jamaica, W.1, (Collected by Dr, M. A. How 2 specimens of polypores from the Philippine Islands. (By exchange with Rev. G. eae at of oe from the Cairi River region, Brazil. (Collected by Messrs. Weivs and Sc e specimens eae plants from Jamaica, W.I. (Given by Mr. W. Harris.) specimen of Lastocarpus salicifolius. (By exchange with the University of ete en 2 aeeaneae of Brysonima from Mexico. (By exchange with the Natural History Museum, Paris. ) 146 1 specimen of Limodorum graminifolium from Florida. (Given by Prof. C. Clyde Fis her, 8 specimens of fungi from Florida. (Given by Mr, H. S, Fawcett.) Io, oi herbarium specimens from Jamaica, Cuba . Florida. “(Collected by Dr, an s. N. L. Britton, Dr. M. A. Howe and Dr. . Shafer. 126 specimens of mosses from the East Indies. re exchange with the Bureau ot Science, Manila. 2 specimens of flowering plants from Washington. (Given by Mr. R. C. Benedict. ) PLANTS AND SEEDS, 4 plants from Cuba, for conservatories. (Collected by Dr. J. A. Shafer.) 3 plants of Agave zapupe, for conservatories, (By exchange with the Missouri eet Garden. ) of Zolutfera perierae, for conservatories. (By exchange with the Bureau nN Bb ’ . Dept. t 1 plant of Epidendrum sp., from the Isle of Pided a by Dr. H. H. Rusby.) 5 cacti, from California, for conservatories. (Given by Mr. W. F. Schaller.) 324 packets of seed By exchange with the St. Petersburg eas ae I ee of spores Py Dennstaedtia flaccida, from Java. (Given by Mr. F. H. S Cona: I oe of Dioscorea sp., from the Azores. aves by Dr. H. H. Rusby.) 1 packet of seed of Arisaema sp., from Cub: Naa by Dr. J. A. Shafer.) 1 packet of seed of Tribulus terrestris, (Gises HH. Rusby.) 1 packet of seed of Coccothrinax sp., from Hee " (Collected by Dr, N. L. Britton I puelet of seed of Altium giganteum. (By exchange with the Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. ) Members of the Corporation. Joun D. ArcHBoLp, Georce F, Baker, Georce S, Bowpo1n, Pror. N. L. Britton, Hon. Appison Brown, Dr. NicHoras M. Butter, ANDREW CARNEGIE, Pror, C, F, CHANDLER, Witi1aM G. CHoarTE, Cuartes F, Cox, Joun J. Crooxe, W. Bayarp CurTIne, Crevetanp H. Donce, A. F, Esrasroox, H. C. Fannestocx, Samvue W. Farrcuixp, James B. Forp, Henry W. ve Forest, Rozert W. ve Forest, Hon. Tuomas F, Girroy, Hon, Hucu J. Grant, Epwarp S. Harkness, Henry P, Hoyt, Tuos. H. Husparp, Avrian IsE.in, Jr, Joun I. Kang, Evucene KELty, Jr., Pror. James F, Kemp, Joun S, Kennepy, Hon, Epw. V. Z. Lang, Pror, Freperic S. Leg, Hon. Setu Low, Davin Lypic, Epcar L. Marston, D. O. Mitts, J. Prerpont Morcan, THEopoRE W. Myers, Pror. Henry F. Ossorn, Lowett M. PAtMer, Grorce W. PERKINS, James R. PITCHER, M. F. Pant, Percy R. Pyne, Joun D. RocKEFELLER, WitiiaM ROCKEFELLER, Pror. H. H. Russy, Mortimer L. ScuiFrF, James A. ScrYMSER, Henry A. SIEBRECHT, WILLIAM D, SLOANE, NeEtson SMITH, James SPEYER, Francis L, Stetson, Cuar_es G, THOMPsonN, Dr. W. GitmMan THOMPSON, SaMvuEL THORNE, Louis C. TiFrFany, GrorceE W. VANDERBILT, Ecerton L, Winturop, Jr. PUBLICATIONS The New York Botanical Garden of the New York Botanical Garden, meee poets con- taining notes, and non-technical articles of general interest. Free to members of the Garden, To others, sn cents a copy; $1.00 a year. [Not t offered i in exchange.] Now in its tenth volum Mycologia, bimonthly illustrated in color and ee 4 pen to. fungi, ncluding lichens; containing technical articles and 2 and n s of Na: ral in- terest. {3.008 Lye ar ; sale copies not for sale. Now n its first volum ae New York Botanical Garden, containing the annual reports of the Director. in-Chief and other Sue Souci oe ba are embodying results of investigations carried out e Ga ee ree embers of the Garden ; to others, $3.00 per vila’ val 1 ae a par and 12 plates, peat eie Vol. II, Nos, 6-8, 518 aa i a6 epee oeaees Vol, III, Nos. 9-11, 463 pp., 37 ad 1903-1905. Vol. IV, Nos. 12-14, 479 PP 14 ale t905- ah Vol. V, Nos. aS 18, 463 pp., 7 laters 1906-1905; Vol. pp:, 1908. vo IV I, No, 20, 112 pp., Flor: Descriptio ions of the wild ees f North America, including Greenland, or West Indies ae Central America. Planned to bene one pleted in thirty volum Roy. 8vo, Each volume to consist of four or more parts Baler pion Price re = per art; a a Tinited number of separate parts will be sold for rae es [Not offered in mee , part I, issued May 1905. Rosales: Podostemonaceae, Crassula- ceae, “Pent ceae, Parnassincen Vol. 22 » part 2, issued Dec ember 18, 1905. Saxifragaceae, Hydrangeaceae, Cunoniaceae, Iteaceae, Hamamelidaceae, Pterostemonaceae, Altingiaceae, Phyllo- no oe Vol. 7, part 1, issued Oct. 4, 1906. Ustilaginaceae, Tilletiaceae. Vol. 7, part 2, issued March 6, 1907. Coleosporiaceae, Uredinaceae, Aecidia- ceae (pars), Vol. 25, bert I, issued August 24,1907. Geraniaceae, Oxalidaceae, Linaceae, Erythroxylacea' Vol. 9, ae 1 and 2, issued December 19, 1907, and March 12, 1908. Poly- poraceae, Vol. 22, part 3, issued June 12, 1908, contains descriptions of the family Gros- sulariaceae by F. V. Coville a a N.L. on the sige: naceae by H. A. Gleason, the Cronseatrane cade by 7. K. Small, the Connaracea nt 7 Been, the Caly- canthacea os by C. Pollard, and hes Rosacen Gaye yp 2, part 4, ‘issued Nov. 2 1908. Rosaceae (pars) ty E A ‘Ryden aes of me ey York =n ca Garden. Price to members of the Garden, $1.00 nee s, $2. [Not re atteealt in exchange. Vol. I. An aes Catto of the Flora of Montana and the Yellowstone ae by xe Axel Rydberg. ix + 492 pp., with detailed map. Jol. The es of teh and Darkness s upon Growth and Development, b: D “LD tas ar ten sa p., with 176 figures. 1903. ol. Cr etaceous Coniferous Remains from Kreischerville, New III. Stu ue 0 York, by Dr, Aan Hollick and Bes Edward Charles Jeffrey. viii + 138 pp., with 29 ie 1909 TVs Effects of the Rays of Radium on Plants, by Charles Stuart Gager. eae pp-, with 73 figures and 14 plates. 1908. 5 from the New York ‘Botant al Garden. A series of tech- nical papers written by students or members of the staff, and reprinted from journals other than the above, ahs 25 cents each. $5.00 per volume. Four volumes. RECE NUMBERS 25 CENTS EACH. 0. Phyc ee Sides —1V, The Genus Neomeris and Notes on other Sioa, by Marshall owe. production by Budding i in Drosera, by Winifred J. Robinson. ee a on North American Hypocreales—II. Nectria Peziza, by Fredy Seaver. New YORK pattie GARD xX PARK, NEW soe ory ae as Ee JULY, 1909 No. 115 3 JOURNAL New York Botanical Garden PERCY WILSON Administrative Assistant BSI CONTENTS : PAGE MPentReNWild: Klowerd 9... 6... es elon es ace eae ls 147 SMD RG ee se ae tae 163 Bammeueominenti ey ed 165 . PRM a Ou detiel etn satu se seyret esa a ase ean Nah oe es 167 PUBLISHED FOR THE GARDEN Av 4x NorrH Queen Street, Lancaster, Pa. sy Tus New Eva Prentine Company OFFICERS, 1909. Presipent—D,. O. MILLS, Secretary—N. L. BRITTON. BoARD OF MANAGERS. 1. ELECTED MANAGERS. HON. ADDISON BROWN, _ PIERPONT MORGAN, ANDREW CARNEGIE, EORGE W. PERKINS, W. BAYARD CUTTING, pee A. SCRYMSER, ROBERT W. DE ST, FRANCIS LYNDE STETSON, JOHN I A W. GILMAN ee fee. D. O. MILLS, SAMUEL THOR 2. EX-OFFICIO MANAGERS. THE PRESIDENT OF THE DEPARTMENT OF PuBLIC Parks, N. HENRY SMITH. Tue Mayor oF THE CITY see! York, HON. GEORGE B. ae CLELLAN. 3. SCIENTIFIC DIRECTORS. ROF. H. H. RUSBY, Chairman. my NICHOLAS MURRAY BUTLER, PROF. JAMES F. KEMP. ROF. C. F. CHANDLER, PROF. FREDERIC S. LE uaa Py, cae HON... E. 1. Winieees Ti GARDEN ST. oes N. L. BRITTON, gia ns Chief. . W. A. MURRILL, Assistant Director. DR. cen