JOURNAL OF The New York Botanical Garden EDITOR MARSHALL AVERY HOWE VOLUME XXXI WITH 45 TEXT-FIGURES AND 1 PLATE 1930 Published for the Garden AT LIME AND GREEN STREETS, LANCASTER, PA. THE SCIENCE PRESS PRINTING COMPANY THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN RD OF MANAGERS Henry W. DE ae ‘OREST, Presiden JosepH P. Hennessy Henry be Forest Batpwin, Vice President CLARENCE Lewis F. K. Sturcts, Vice pee LPH LewisoHN Joun L. Merritt, Treasurer ohne iee JR. 4 Ee DD, Mont ae tary D.T. MacDoucar KennetyH K. MACKENZIE Epwarp D. CHARLES ae H. pe ta MONTAGNE, JR M TB Barrincton ees Means PIERPONT Se Geor pyere Lewis RuTHE = Morris N. EET H. Hosart Port Nicuio.as Money ee H. een Ropert W. ve Fore J.R arene A. Eprson Mortimer L. SCHIFF Cuitps Frick ae np W. SINNOTT . Harper oer ASE ioaeee J. Waker, Mayor of the City of N 2 R. Herrsc 1, President of the ee of Parks SCIENTIFIC DIRECTORS R. A. Harper, Pu. D., Sc. D., Chairman e T. MacDoucat, ars ae D CHARLES P. es Pu. D.. . D. ARRINCTON ee A. : Marston T. Bocert, Sc. D., D. Fenny H, Rusay, M. D., ‘Se. D Georce J. Ryan, EL. D. : LL. a Murray Butter, Pu. D., Ep DM UND Ww. _ Sivwort Pu. D. L. D., Lirr. D, .D. m F. TRE E, PH DIRECTOR EMERITUS N. L. Britton, Pu. D., Sc. D., LL. D. ARDEN STAFF D. Merritt, Sc. D F Director-in-Chief MARSITALL A. Howe, Pu. D., Sc. D. sistant Director oun K. Smatt, Pa. D., Sc. D. ... eee Head Curator of the Museums B ut, Pu. D. rector of the Laboratories A. Rypperc, Pu. D. urator H. A. Gieason, Pu. D. Curator Frep J. Seaver, Px. D, for RTHUR Hottick, Pu. D. a obotanist ERNARD QO. Dopce, Pu. D. at Pathologist oRMAN T. McLean, M. F., Pu. D. ........ Supervisor of Publi Education OHN ae BARNHART, -Ay Ni Mi Dy eos eee eee ican ee Bibliographer ERcY WIL! Associate Curator ALMYRE oe °C. MITCHELL Associate Curator ARAH H. Hartow, A. M. ibrarian 1. H. Ruspy, M. Dexees Honorary Curator je ihe ae ieee ZABETH BRITTON: 4.2 sicas cuy a eniieadeisece ary Curator of M E. ‘Artist Administrative Assistant Assistant Curator Assistant Curator Technical Sipe aac Pathol ee Techn oe ssista Herbarium Honorary Curator of area é ER S. d Accountant ARTHUR J. CORBETT ound. MEMBERS OF THE CORPORATION Edward D. oo ae R. A. Harper Chas. Lathrop Pa ck Vi pa Ast - A. Havemeyer Rufus L. Patterson . Atkin _ Heckscher Henry Phipps a Ww. Arciitcloes Hon Joseph P. Hennessy F. R. Pierson George F. Baker nton G. Hodenpyl ames R. Pitcher Stephen Bake Mahal A, Howe H. Hobart Porter enry de Forest Baldwin Archer M. Huntington Johnston L. Redmond Sherman Baldwin Adrian Iselin gden Mills Reid Edmund L. Baylies alter ae ohn D. Rockefeller Prof. Charles P, Berkey tto rof. H. H. Rusby C.K. G. Billings Darwin - ee Jon. Geo J. Ryan seorge Blument Clarence Lewis fortimer L. Schiff farston T. Bogert Adolph Lewisohn anes A. erties 3 e P. Brett Frederick J. Lisman K. Small seorge S. Brewster Henry Lockhart, Jr. i lcsune - meet Prof. N. L. Britton Dr. D acDougal James Spe: r. Nicholas _ a Kenneth K. Mackenzie J. E. Spin, ae rof. W. H. Carpenter arker McCollester Frederick Strauss ichard i ar L. Marston F. K. Sturgis farin Le Brun Cooper xcorge McAneny B ames W. Cri tH = Ex Merrill Dr. William S. Thom enry W. d rest hn L. Mi Charles G, Th 11 Robert W. de Forest ton. Ogden L. Mills Robert Th Rev. Dr. f, ee I. de la Montagne, Jr. ouis C. Tiffany Thomas A. “Ediso arrington Moore rof. Sam F. Teles Benjamin T. Fairchild J. orn ae elix M. Warburg Marshall Field Dr. Lewis R. Mor aul M. Warburg William B. O. Field a Robert T. Mortis Allen Wardwell Childs Frick Hugh Be .H.V “estinghouse Murry Guggenheim Prof. Henry F. Osborn Bronson Winthrop Edward S. Harkness Frederic R "Newhold renville L. Winthrop MEMBERS OF THE ADVISORY COUNCIL Mrs. John W. Draper, Mrs. Robert C. Hill m. Kelly Prentice Chairman Mrs. Frederick C. Hodgdon Mrs ce Roosevelt Mrs. David Ives Mackie, Mrs. Walter Jennings s. Arthur H. Scribner Secretary Mrs, Delancey Kane ie Samuel Sloan I rs. Gustav E. Kissel Mrs. Charle: Stout Miss Elizabeth Billings Mrs. Frederic S Mrs. Theron G. Strong Mrs. Edward C. Bodman — Mrs. William A. Lockwood Mrs. Henr: lor Mrs. Andrew Carnegie Mrs. John R. McGinley Mrs. John er Mrs. Charles D. Dickey Mrs. Roswell Miller Mrs. Harold McL. Turner Mrs. Carl A. de Gersdorff Mrs. Wheeler H. Peckham Mrs. Louise Beebe Wilder Miss Flizabeth S. Hamilton Mrs. George W. Pe on Mrs. William H. Woodin Ars. A. Barton Hepburn Mrs. Harold I. Pra HONORARY MEMBER OF THE ADVISORY COUNCIL Mrs. E. Henry Harriman TABLE OF CONTENTS No. 361. JANUARY The Resignation of Doctor Nathaniel Lord Britton as Director-in- Chief of The New York Botanical Garde nm Doctor Elmer Drew Merrill, the New Director-in-Chief ............ mber Public Lect de ae oe ‘Winter of 1929-30 Notes. News d Com Accessions 0. Further Notes on Iris Troubles P oni as The Planting of Stahlia eras Day j in Porto What Ferns Grow Best he House? Rie schists teers The Tumors of Plants and How They Differ fr ee om Animal Cancer. . mor Conference Rae for aes s f otes, News, uaa Comment” essions No. 363. Marcu Chronicle of the Palms of the Continental United States ............. The pores of the Annuals Morris & Eames’ Our Wild Or ae A Bul ietin on “ Pollination of Fruit Trees” .............2.000see eee elie Lectures du oe ch, aaa ead” iy Notes, News, and Com No. 364. Aprin A Collecting Trip Across Peru Publications of the Staff, Scholars, ie a of The New York B otanical n during the Year 1920 ...... 0... cece eee eee es The Alphabetical Iris Chec Notes, News, t Accessions No. 365. May Cot Methods of Preserving and Arranging Herbarium Specimens Growing ne Flowers No tes, News, and Comment Accessions No. Jun Impressions of The New York aa ‘Cauileals 1930 Display of 137 Narcissi Some Examples of Interrelations of Rocks and The Origin of Civilization in Relation to the Origin of Cultivated Plant THOS: svaeceeteniia tad I4I lants : The Ten Commandments of Rose-growing Ornamental "Planting for Small Grounds Notes on e Pleistocene Mosses Recently Discovered ......... Conference ‘Notes for March and April Pul as ic Lectures during June, July, and August ews, and Comment s viii CONTENTS No. 367. Jury Scientific Survey of Porto Rico and the Virgin Islands..... offe Plant Life South of the Ice Front during the Glacial Epoch. The a and ues of “Greater New York. ..........0 50ers Notes, News, and C Accessions No. 368. Aucust ire cal Exploration of Borneo 185 s on Boxwood Troubles 191 Pin Nutrition 108 The ee Islands _ Notes, News, and Comment 203 aoe 6 ns 208 SEP The Improbability of Pre- ae ae nea American are in the Light of ne oe and Distribution of ae Plants.... 209 Gladiolus Exhibition at The New York Botanical Garden............ 213 ustralia, Past and cern 217 Chine of Study Offered at The New York Botanical Cade 1930-31 226 227 Public Lectures during September, October, and November.......... Noe ae ys, and Comment 228 Acce 229 No. 370. OCTOBER Iris Studies in The Gulf States 237 aes Iris and Iris Species A “Big Tree” Section See the Garden 252 Plant Ecology Course Started 254 Notes, News, and Comment 257 Accessions 258 No. 371. NovemMBer Botanical Observations in Europe 261 Report on Botanical Study in Europe, 1930 264 Unusual n tirrences und New York ........ Coss ee Wie i 267 Harvesting Iris See the Gulf States Expression of Appreciation of Services of Dr. and Mrs. Britton by the Inter- American Conference on Agdcaleare, Forestry, and 2 Animal Industr 77 Nee ea : The Green U cat 278 Notes ey and Com 279 Acces 279 : 372, DECEMBER Forestation with Poplar 285 cae a usand Miles down ve Yukon by Canoe: 292 Public Lectures durin ie inter BF 1930-3 296 Rupale s, New. Sand Com Accessions Index to Volume XXXI VOL. XXXI JANUARY, 1930 No. 361 JOURNAL OF Tue New York BOTANICAL GARDEN THE RESIGNATION OF DOCTOR NATHANIEL LORD BRITTON AS DIRECTOR-IN-CHIEF OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL CARDEN DOCTOR Garetes DREW MERRILL, THE NEW RECTOR-IN-CHIEF THE OKEECHOBEE GOURD K. SMALL THE PETRIFIED FORESTS OF ARIZONA ArtHuUR Ho.iiick CONFERENCE NOTES FOR NOVEMBER PUBLIC LECTURES DURING THE WINTER OF 1929-30 NOTES, NEWS, AND COMMENT ACCESSIONS PUBLISHED FOR THE GARDEN Av LIME AND GREEN STREETs, Lancaster, Pa. Tue Science Press Printine CoMPANY Dntered at the post-office in Lancaster, Pa., as second-class matter. Annual subscription $1.00 Single copies 10 cents Free to members of the Garden THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN BOARD OF MANAGERS Henry W. bE Forest, President JosepH P. HENNESSY Henry DE Forest BALDWIN, Vice President umence Lewis F. K. Sturcis, Vice Presi Ho AvotpH LEWwISOHN Joun L. Merril, Treasur ACDOUGAL H. DE LA ROR KAEES jr. Achat Secretary KennetH K. MACKENZIE Epwarp D. Apa Parker McCoLestTer Cartes P. Bence E. D. Merritt Marston T. Bocert BarrRINGTON Moore RGE S Dela? J. ORGAN L. Brr Lewis RUTHERFURD Morris NrcRoutat Pras ae H. Hosart Porter BERT E Fore ENRY USBY Tuomas A, mircon GerorcE J. RYAN Cuitps Frick pom L. ScuiFF ARPE SHuNoTE ae J. Watker, Mayor of the City a New Yor TER R. Herrick, President of the Department ra Parks SCIENTIFIC Pend R. A. Pai Pu. D., Sc. D., Chairman D. T. MacDoucat, Pu. D., LL. D. Cuar.es P. BERKEY, , Pu. faa ms D. BARRINGTON Moore, A B., M. F. Marston T. Bocer RT, Sc. DALEDD: Henry H. Russy, M. D, Sc. D. NicuHoLtas Murray Butter,” Pe “DL, GeorceE J. Ryan, LL. D. HD}, p W. Srwnortt, Pu. D. DIRECTOR EMSs N. L. Britton, cites ee F THRO, Chief eee A. cae “Pu. Diy Seu a yehiaoen rented istant Directo Nn K. SMALL , Pu | B a Tce D ee a a Head Curator a the Museums A. B. Strout, Pu. Director of the Laboratories P. A. Rypperc, Pu D H. A. Greason, Pu. D. Curator Frep J. SEAVER, PH Curat HuR Ho.ticx, Pu. D. botan Bernarp O. Donce, Px. D. nt Pathologist Forman T. McLean, M. F., Pu. D. ........ Supervisor of vablic Education JouHNn eae BarNHABRT, "A. i, IM.) TD) |. rasesance amtcroe unite Bibliographer Percy WILso: Associate Curator PALMYRE DE °c MITCHELL Associate Core Saraw H. Hartow, A. M. EE RUSRY isin crn Honorary Curator as the Economic Gollecntone ExtzaseTtH G. Britton Honorary Curator of Mosses Mary E. Eaton Artist Rosert S. WILLIAMS Ad: Assistant J. ALEXANDER Assistant Curator Apert C. Smitu, A. B ssistant Curator LYDE CHANDLER, A. M. Technical Assistant Marjorie E. Swirt, A. M Assistant Pathologist Seer WEIKERT 1 R 1 Assistant H R. Boynton, B. S. Head Gardener Tel M. TNE, i M, Ditters Honorary Custodian of Local Herbarium 15), 12), SoutHWIcK, Pee Dick coe eeeeaee Custodian of ers Grounds Ere Anson S. PECkHAM. Honorary Curator, Iris and Narcissus Collections oHN R. Brrnwey, C. E. Peote cape Engineer ALTER S. GROESBECK erk and Accountant ArTHurR J. Corbett Supert lent of Butea and Grounds Journat or Tue New York Botantcal GARDEN PLATE 305 NATHANIEL LORD BRITTON DreecroR-1N-CHIEF OF THE New York Boranicar Garden, Juty 1, 1896, TO AvGUST I, 1929 JOURNAL OF The New York Botanical Garden Voit. XXXI JANUARY, 1930 No. 361 THE ean OF DOCTOR Des LORD N AS DIRECTOR-IN-CHIEF OF THE me EW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN EXTRACT FROM THE MINUTES OF THE SPECIAL MEETING OF THE Zeno DIRECTORS HELD IN THE OFFICE OF PRESIDENT y W. ve Forest, 165 Broapway, JULy 8, 1929 The Chairman reported he had received the following communication from Dr. Bri May 25, 1929 f We See Directors of York Borne Garden: Genemen ursuant to appointment as Director-in-Chief by the ae Sree on May 9, 1896, I have now served continuously that capacity for a little more than thirty-three years. Th is ser- vice I have greatly enjoyed. I have passed my sev entieth birthday and desire to have my time free for scientific investigation and my. tender my signat ion as Director-in-Chief to take effect at your convenience and that of the Board of Managers. Yours very Gua ee (Signed) . L. Britton.” The following resolution was then oe The Scientific ous of The _ ew York Botanical Garden accept the resignation of Dr. Natha aL Britt tton as Director-in- Chief of The Nay Yor Botanical Gate to take effect August I, : 29. acquiescing in Dr. Britton’s desire to have his time more Ge for scientific investigations the Scientific Digecion desire to 2 rete their deep appreciation of his ena public service n planning and developi ng the Garden through its thirty-three ears of uninterrupted growth and leadership among the botanical i ae ry. oth personally and officially, we congratulate Dr. Britton on so distinguished ‘a record of service to plant science and to the public parks and gardens of peed York Cit Ret wish to ee i is new freedom from exec m years of successful effort in ee fields of — in which ie has already made such notable contributions. it was further moved that, Wauereas, Dr. Nathai aniel L. poe ae ee ae years of TS c WueEreas, We, the Scientific Directors, in ac cepting his reg: nation, have appropriately expressed our appreciation of his ser- 0 G it ved, That, as a further expression of our cece and Penh we hereby appoint him Director Emerit The following further resolutions were also aoe: In recognition of the great ee ce of Dr. Britton’s botan- ical work we recommend the assignment of Associate Curator Percy Wilson to be Dr. Britton’s. research assistant. We further recommend that a — be oe to draft a record of the services of Dr. Britton to The New York Botan- ical Garden for publication in the Garden JouRNAL Pursuant to the above resolution, the oo record was pre- pared by a committee of the Scientific Directo A Brier Recorp oF THE ae oF Dr. es to Tur New YOR OTANICAL GAR Having before us ne ae te of our ee ~in- age Dr. ritton, we, the Scientific Directors of The w York Botanical Garden, become reminiscent of the services ofl :. Brit- ton, not alone in the ina tion and con n, but in the earlier years, durmg which public sentiment in this a h as being prepared to entertain and develop the idea of such a i The beginning of the Garden may be said to have existed in the early life of the Torrey Botanical Club and the oe of its ee perc College. = the early pes of the Club, sritton were among the most active and i eter ial Ba en in its activity aie ee lopmiene: ovhile the establish- 5 3 nent of a home fa botany Gi en Reece is to be regarded and a source of information for others concerning plants and plant products. Although these operations were carried on for years before the establishment of the Garden was proposed, they should be re- r possessed a rare combination of executive and scientific ability, of ae and patience, and the success of the undertaking becan red. A oe Ser difficult and ever-present burden of the early management was the utter inadequacy of its resources to offer satisfactory compensation for competent service in any of the 4 departments. So great has been the burden of management under this condition that the success attained is a veritable marvel to look back upon. owever great the future success of the Garden may be, it will have been made possible by these labors that have gone before. However competent, fai tnfel, and successful future directors may be, a part of their reaping must always come from what Dr. Brit- on In view of the above considerations, we desire to place on recor p sense of appreciation and gratitude for the life that our retiring Director-in-Chief has expended in our service; to express our great admiration fo uiccess that he has achieve the position that he is relinquishing, and our un- bounded satisfaction ae eis toc ue wor! s, pursuing his scientific work while in the full possession of his natural powers and cndionitbed by burdens of executive responsi- bility. e minutes of the eae : the Scientific Directors held on ae 8 a further record th It oved and carried that Dr. Elmer D. Merrill be ened Rene in- Chet of a New York Botanical Garden to succeed Dr. Nathaniel L. Bri The meeting of the Sc a Teton = adjourned and reported its action to the Board of Manager EXTRACT FROM THE MINUTES OF THE SPECIAL MEETING OF THE D OF MANAGERS HELD IN THE OFFICE oF PRESI- DENT Henry VW. DE Forest, = Broapway, Jury 8, 192 The resignation of Dr. N. L. Britton as Secretary of the Board of Managers, received at the meeting of the Board on June 21, 1929, and laid on the table, was accepted, to take effect August J, 929. The Scientific Directors reported their acceptance of the resig- nation of Dr. Britton as Director-in-Chief, and this action was approved. On recommendation of the Scientific Directors, Dr. Britton was appointed Director Emeritus, to take effect August 1, 1929, and Associate Curator Percy Wilson 4 was assigned to him as a re- search assistant in his scientific investigations. 5 The following resolution setting forth Dr. Britton’s invaluable services to the Garden was adopted: Wuereas, Nathaniel Lord Britton has tendered his resignation as Director-in-Chief of The New York Botanical Garden and h y t c were require The actual need o odern botanical garden t he interests of plant science in the regio ew York City was first formally and definitely set forth by it- on at a ti { the Torrey Botanical Club ctob 4, n O er 1888, and as a result of the sentiment which was thus developed a public appeal for support for the idea was printed and circulated t u 2 ce etter moment could have been chosen, as at this time the importan: f botanical science as fundamental to gardening, horticulture, and agriculture was becoming plainly apparent to very one. In such a setting the movement assumed such speed Bri tion was organized in 1891. The selection of an a of 250 q by cf Ww mation of the collections of fiving plants, specimens, and was abe an in this ee and horticultural operations were even in outline the oe achievements of Dr. Britton and the staff of the Garden in the ye Be years, except to say that these have be of such value as to bring The New York Botanical Garden to the highest nia among such institutions. In view of these notable ane Therefore, Be It Resolved, by th ard of Managers of The New York Bota ge ecea that hey Bike to record their deep Gone ch see eepoeble for the remarkable success of the Garden. with great satisfaction that we have designated Dr. Britton 6 s Director Emeritus in order that his name continue to be aad with the institution of which he is so largely the pee Mr. H. de la Montagne, Jr., was elected Acting Secretary of the Board of eee from August 1, 1929. The following preamble and fecolutions were adopted: Verges, the Scientific Directors have appointed as pee in-Chief .. The New York Botanical Garden, Dr. Elm Trew Merrill, Recceed. that the ae is hereby ee to confer with Dr. Mer rill, and to a with him as to his sala Further Resolved, ghee pending the installation of Dr. Merrill s Director-in-Chief, Dr. Marshall A. Howe, Assistant Director, fll the duties of that office as Acting Director-in-Chief. RESOLUTION OF THE EXECUTIVE eas OF THE ApvIsory Coun a ie meeting of the ee Committee of the Ad- visory Cou of The New York Botanical Garden on November ith ian the following resolution was moved and carried: Resolved: The eons peaenee on behalf of the Advisory Council, wishes to express its since: ales of the long and devoted service of Dr ave who has resigned as Director of The New York Botanical G i fen, nd for many ye: i of an institution of high rank for the benefit of scientists Heats the world, and or the education and pleasure of the American people, Dr. Brit- ton has performe oteworthy task, and this the Advisory Council here recognizes thes gratitude. cutive Committee hopes that bas Britton’s increased pans will enable him - ire with complete success the re- work h o much at heart, ae it will follow these ac- tigites with much interest. (Signed) Ipa M. Bopman, Secretary. DOCTOR ELMER DREW MERRILL, THE NEW DIREC- T F Dr. Elmer Drew Merrill, who took up his new duties as the January 1, 1930, was born at East Auburn, Maine, October 1876. He was graduated from the University of Maine in 1898, 7 with the degree of Bachelor of Science. He developed an early Mai 1 and Brown’s “Tllustrated Flora of the Northern United States, ELMER DREW MERRIL Drrecron-1x-Cuter or THe New York BoranicaL Cane JANUARY I, 1930 Canada, and the British Possessions.” His later studies of plants were of such a notable character that his alma mater conferred upon him in 1904 the degree of Master of Science and in 1926 the honorary degree of Doctor of Science. Following his gradua- 8 n, Mr. Merrill was for a year an assistant in the natural science een of the University of Maine, after which he was for h he Depar £B e versity of the Philippines rom 1919 to 1923 he was Director of the Bureau of Scien at Manila 24 Dr. Merrill became Dean of the College of new California Botanic a located in Los Angeles. the eee Society of America, the New England Botanical Club, alayan nee , Royal Asiatic Society, the Deutsche rea Gesellschafft, and the Société Botanique de France, and a corresponding member of various learned societies. He was editor of the Philippine — . Science for nineteen years and has been editor of Hilgardia s 192 The following appreciative review ae the career of Dr. Merrill rle ar of the University in general and of the College of Agriculture in particular. It is given to few men who carry the burdens of an 9 important office with numerous and alates ie over a r office on terms o. recor repetition here, but four stages of his er may be mentioned contribu pai to those fine qualities of iesdennis to which I have referred above. “ The first of these stages concerns Ae ied life, Speer in his graduation at ea University fae e, where h att ained ate eff prosecution of berate on fndeieee problems which underlie the science of agriculture. “Tt is fittin: hate as he takes leave of us to take up the ee position of Direct tor of The New York Botanical Garden, we Io the University of California record, not only our ae regre losing him, but also our profound appreciation m of his r rae his success gute oe be life which we all hope aa aradice out before him. We i him Goden eed.” [M. A. H.] THE OKEECHOBEE GOURD Several years ago we published an article giving some of the records of the wild gourds or pumpkins of Florida from the be- ginning of historic time and some notes on the wild cucurbit of the Lake Okeechobee region: Although the Lake Oleechotce ntury, when the water highways through the Everglades, con- killed during occasional “freezes” there were alw enoug seeds safely contained in the numerous pumpkins o aan a copious new growth of vines. oday most of this hammock area has been destroyed, not only the hammock growth itself, but also the vast humus sponge in which the trees grew. This huge accumulation of humus not only oe ees Journal of The New York Botanical Garden 23: 19-23. Figure 1. On the eastern shore of re sce etaae The Okeechobee- gourd on ft! No edge 2 ie ham: eo r the shore. The copious growth of the vines and t ade en aS a recut of a cold spell of weather which ae the ten der lea att to fall, The roots and the seeds in the pods are not killed by cold weather, and the damaged plants are soon replaced. 12 held a be amount of water, thus restraining the too rapid outflow eet e lake in flood times, but also materially tempered the climate of the immediate sad ne it, perhaps the most r € And no advantages have been gained to compensate for aa re has been lost, perhaps forever. This native pumpkin may be named and described as below:? So far as we know, this pumpkin does not grow elsewhere. lies about twenty miles northwest of Lake Okeechobee. Explora- tion in the hammocks about Lake Istokpoga have so far failed 0 reveal it okeechobeensis Small, nov. Vine climbing over shrubs and tall trees. Ste: ere terete, finely striate-ridged, cl. ‘y- pubescent with short and long spreading hairs, 1 irs decidu- Florida. 8 Journal of The New York Botanical Garden 23: 22. 1922. “payjour oF 9013 WMOFIUN JSOW]S WOLF SoA VdeJINS 9y] JO BUIIO[OI ay, ‘auIOG a1e Spoes pues a¥ejUadETd dy} AjIARO aSOYM UNTIM YSIP Uly}y B SIBA0D [YS UTY. prey YW “ozs jeanjeu sy) Fyey-ouo ynoqe ‘panoB-saqoyoaayQ oy} JO smi “Z TANI 14 t would have been altogether natural to expect this eae v ca) not been burned over during the ee two ae This wild pumpkin will not withstand fire. It is less resistant ily burns and destroys the However, there is anot! pump’ tly met with in the islands and also about Lake Okeechobee and Lake Istokpoga, and also in many other places in the southern part of the rida peninsula. It is the so-called Seminole Indian pumpkin, a variety o ‘po moschata, of un- nown origin. Its presence indicates, usually, a former Indian thus insure a new crop of vines even after fire has swept over the spot where they grow. Joun K. Saar THE PETRIFIED FORESTS OF ARIZONA? Every intelligent person today knows that all fossil wood was formerly the wood of living trees; but it may not be known.to of the opel writers on nauieal eet) had eae vague ideas in regard to the and natu f fossils n general. Gerarde, in his “ Herbal,” a abished a in pee a in con- 1 Abstract of an illustrated lecture ae at The New York Botanical Garden on Saturday afternoon, August 24, 1929. 15 nection with a description of a fossil tree-stump: “Among the wonders of England this is one of great admiration, and [it is] th some stones, to AES and ae our pcre or exercise our Wits. Fossilization may be due to any i — different causes. ood, for example, in the form of 1 r ‘brown coal,” is wood that ‘has been buried in mass a ae to pressure and s of natural ata, by means of which the Nace he e b ff a slow process, even under the most favorable conditions 16 The fossil forests of Arizona belong in this ae category, and the mineral matter concerned is silica, which has transformed the : a which, in the eastern United States, is represented by the red sandstones and shales of New Jersey and the Connecticut River lle y. A number of specimens of the wood have been subjected to belon: he gymnosperms and to be related to the existing arau- carias, one of which—the Norfolk Island Pine (Araucaria ex- ort h graphic and climatic aie of the Tertiary sige that cul- are, were covered with sedii ments—clay, s and, and gravel—per- meated with siliceous water, and thus, in - course of ages, were slowly petrified. Subsequently, when these sediments, trans- 17 formed into shales and sandstones, were elevated and subjected a. erosion, the ones were either left scattered on the surfaces of e eroded or remained more or less exposed in places in 7 sides of ales and the faces of escarpments. n visualize a quantity of newly cut timber, ready for many great rivers, such as the Nile, the Mississippi, and the Yukon, represent such scuations el débris in actual process of formation at the present tim There are at least six of ee accumulations of logs, or “ for- ests,” within the region, four of which are included in the reserva- osition to set aside a portion of the region as a gov ernment reservation first a concrete shape in 18 e Ter- ritorial Legislature of Arizona memorialized “ Congress of the United States to direct the Commission ral Land Offic draw from entry all public lands within the area specified and stating, among items o ation in support of the memorial, that “ruthless curiosity-seekers are destroying these huge trees and logs by ing the piece searc ernment protection none too soon is well known to those who are Said with what was done, and what was projected, in con- 18 nection with the commercial exploitation of the material during r a he lecture was illustrated by colored interne slides of the sev- eral forests and certain special ate of each, hae be specimens of living Araucarias from the Garden and rough and polished sections of she fossil logs a ae an wd donated to the Museum by the late Mrs. John Innes Kane. ART HUR Hotiick. CONFERENCE NOTES FOR NOVEMBER monthly conference of the Scientific Staff and Registered ou Cue iieuta clidemioides and Acanthella Sots, pan ed type localities. Dr. N. L. Britton brought to the conference a large fruit erbarium specimen of the tree Bernoullia flam- mea Oliver. he specimen, given by Prof. Samuel J. Record, of Yale rsity, represents a th Mexican and North Central Sou i coe of the Silk-cotton Tree family. It is noted 19 for the brilliance of its scarlet flowers in November and Decem- ber, and is grown for the timber, called “Palo calabazo,” or “Pa lo le perdiz.” . Dr. Arthur Hollick presented the results of recent studies of ae cycads, based. Re leaves from Eocene deposits in south- eastern Alaska, and tru or stems from Miocene deposits in Cc i 7 that the average temperature in Alaska at N. Lat. 57° was about that of northern Mexico and northern Florida at the present ime. Tertiary cycad remains in ae ae World have been recorded n identity as a cycad and is referred to the fossil genus clnomosamites, e advancing of cold of the Tertiary period, which culminated xtensive continental glaciation of Quaternary time, ex- terminated the European cycads. e mountain systems, run- em off m migrati along the sula antic coast. The former distribution of Encephalartos a Cycas in the Old World, and Dioén, Cerato- samia, and Zamia in the New World is exactly what might be ex- 20 pected when viewed in the light of what we know in regard to the distribution of these genera as elements in the existing flora. T . B. Stour, Secretary of the Conference. PUBLIC LECTURES DURING THE WINTER OF 1929-30 ourse of free lectures and demonstrations during the urday afternoons at three o’clock. The program follow: Dec. 7. “Plant Nutrition,” Dr. Forman T. McLean, Super- visor of Public Education. Dec. 14. “ What Ferns Are Best for the Home?” Dr. ak C. edict, Editor of the American Fern Journa Dec. 21. “ ae haan Plants,” Dr. Marshall A. Howe, ae recto ne ne Mr. Kenneth R. Boynton, Head Gar- ener. Jan. 11. “Construction and Planting of Rock Gardens,” Mr. . H. Everett, Head Gardener at the Manville Es- tate, Pleasantville. wal ay 5 EN ntv. Jan. 18. “ Disease and Pest Control,” Dr. B. O. Dodge, Plant Petes ist. Jan. 25. “ House Plants and Their Care,” Mr. H. W. Becker, ‘o 8. Feb. 1. “ ed Exhibition Flowers,” Mr. James Stuart, 8 i} oO 3 8 Og ° 5 nn a pp = oO tS on i) y ao pe 8 » a} 3 =} oOo a Feb. 8. “ Cold Frames,” Mr. Kenneth R. Boynton, Head Gar- dener. Feb. 15. “ ae Plants,” Dr. A. B. Stout, Director of Lab- oratories NOTES, NEWS, AND COMMENT Mr. E. W. Killip, of the Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., and Mr. A. C. Smith, Assistant Curator of The New York Botanical Garden, returned late in November from an expedition 21 to Peru, bringing back more than 9,000 field numbers of her- barium specimens. The following visiting botanists have registered in the library during the autumn: Mr. E. J. Palmer, Jamaica Plain, Mass.; Prof. Samuel J. Record, New Haven, Co E. H. eames, MD., Bridgeport, Conn.; Prof. H. Whetzel and Mr. Stewart H. Burnham, Ithaca, N. Y.; Prof. L. O. Overholts, State College, Pa.; Mr. John A. Small, New oe N. J.; Prof. Chas. S. Mar Ww ae ae Mr. H. A. Ballou, St. Augustine, Trinidad; Dr R. Nakazawa, Poros Japan, and Prof. T. Mackawa, Sapporo, The meetings of the manda Society of America held in Des Moines, Iowa, from December 30, 1929, to January 1, 1930, were well sitended aud the Hee interest was manifested in the various papers. The attendance was, however, doubtless reduced some- what in anticipation of the meeting of the International Botanical Botanical Garden was Rast by Doctors B. O. Dodge and F. J. Seaver, and the substance of the papers presented by them was ‘printed! in the Seni issue of Mycologia. k on the widening of Bronx Park East, authorized by an Pe es - State Legislature, began on January 3. This change involves a loss of a strip of land forty feet wide from the eastern margin of the Botanical Garden and the rebuilding of the bound- topsoil was remove n item of about $15,000 in the City ap- propriation for the street-widening is for rpose of replant- ing the new eastern border of the Garden. It is expected that the through-traffic that has been using the existing roads of the Garden. 22 Meteorology for October. The maximum temperatures re- corded at The New York Botanical Garden for each week or part corded were: 40° on the sth; 31° on the roth; 32° on the 18th; 41° on the 25th; and ae on the 29th. The total precipitation for the month was 4.83 in AMleteorology for November. The maximum temperatures re- on th d. the lakes in the ee Garden were frozen over solidly on the morning of the Aleteorology for December. The maximum temperatures re- ded at The New York Botanical Garden for eac and th 13° on the 4th; zo 23rd. The total precipitation for the month was an inches. A 4-inch snow on the 2nd, a 2-inch snow on the 12th, and a 24-inch snow on the 23rd Aigued in the total amount a nee as 85 inches of rainfall. Meteorology for the year 1929. The total precipitation for the year was 35.324 inches, nae a total snow fall of 15.54 inches; which is figured as eq oO 1.554 inches of rainfall. This was distributed b: ths as follows: January, 2.924 inches (includ- ing .104 as melted snow or 1.04 inches snow measurement) ; Feb- ruary, 4.11 inches (including .6o as melted snow or 6 i snow measurement) ; March, 3.12 inches (only traces of snow) ; April, ches; May, 3.15 inches; June, 1.13 inches; July, .74 ances , 1.52 inches; Septem 2.69 es; Octo u e mber, October, 48 inches; November, 2.07 inches, and December, 4.20 ae Ge 23 anne 85 inches as melted snow or 814 inches snow measure- e€ maximum temperature recorded during the year was 99° of September. e minimum temperature eis g 2 48 > As) y A light local frost was as early as October roth, while the first killing frost of the autumn occurred on the morning of November 22nd, when the temperature reached 27° F. The a freezing temperature of the spring was 31° on April 2nd ACCESSIONS LIBRARY ACCESSIONS DURING AUGUST, 1929 (CONTINUED) NatHorst, ALFRED GABRIEL. Nouvelles observations sur des traces d’ ani- maux et autres phénoménes d'origine purement Penne décrits commes ibis * fossiles” Stockholm, 1886. ——. Polarforsknings bidrag till forntidens vixtgeograf. n. p. [1883] ——-. Zur mesozoischen Flora Spitzbergens gegriindet auf die Samm- lungen der schwedischen Expeditionen. Stockholm, 1897. —. erdevonischen Flora der Baren-Insel. Stockholm, 1902. ui ozotsch or ee n Zone enthaltend die auf Spitzbergen, auf der Baren-Insel w ovaja Semlja von den schwedischen Expeditionen entdeckten jae bethen Pflanzen. Stock: holm, om Nowak, Ju Documenta microbiologica: ia ae taal Atlas der Botiron der Pilze und der Protozoen. Erster Teil: Bak- erien, Jena, 1 res, TIBER, ED. eked der wissenschaftlichen Biologie. Vols. 1-2. erlin, 1928, Pretrrern, Hans, Grundlinien zur Entwicklungsmechanik der Pflanzen- Ramis, Aty Isranim. Bestimmungstabellen sur Flora von Aegypten. Jena, 1929. (Given by Dr. RoSENTHALER, LEOPOLD. Grundsiige der chemischen Pflanzenuntersuchung. Ed. 3. rlin, § SAMUELSSON, Cee Scottish peat mosses. Uppsala, tg10. Scuuster, Jurrus. Weltrichia und die Bennettiales. ces IQIt. ———. Ueber ee und Nicolien Ghnliche Hélzer. Uppsala, 1910. Serrz, Orro, & Gor , WartHer. Palaeontologisches Praktikum. Ber- lin, 1928. Sotereper, Hans, & Mever, Fritz Jtrcen. a Anatomie der pa eoedoacn Heft. 3, 4. Berlin, 1928-2 24 SPRECHER VON BERNEGG, ANDREAS. Tropische und subtropische Weltwirt- schafispflanzen; ihre Geschichte, Sua und pe iG Be- deutung. 1. Teil. Starke- und Z mn, Stu Stern, Kurt. Elektrophysiologie der "Pflan Be rlin, 1 ie StRaspurceR, Epuarp, & oruers. Lehrbuch i. Botanik fiir Hochschulen. Ed. 17, bearbeitet von Hans Fitting, Richard Harder, Hermann 20 na, T, NO. We inom Stangdns och Swar- tdns vaitenomréden. - Stockholm, 1917. , Frrepricu. Biologie der Flechten: Entwicklung und Begriff der Symbiose. Berlin, 1925. Travaux de Institut botanique Léo Errera. Vol. 1. Bruxelles, 1928. (By exchange. ) TROLL, WILHELM. Organisation und Gestalt im Bereich der Bliite. Ber- lin, 1928. Utsricu, Eseruarp. Biologie der Friichte und Samen (Karpobiologie). Berlin, 1928. Uncerer, Emit. Die Regulationen der Pflan. Ed. erlin, Watter, HernricH. Einfiihrung in die licencia Feeney Deutschlands. Jena, 1927. Warminc, JoHANNES Eucenius Bitow. Handbuch der oe Ae Deutsche Aufgabe. Ed. 3, von Dr. Martin Mobius. Ber- lin, 19 Wastcky, ‘oxaan Physiopharmakognosie fiir Pharmabeuten, Pt. 1. Wien, 19 WIESNER, ae & OTHERS. Ge Rohstoffe des Pflanzenreiches. Ed. 4, Vol. 1. Alkaloide bis "He Leipzig, 192’ ZAHLBRUCKNER, ALEXANDER. eee lichenwm universalis, Vols. 1-5. Leipzig, 1922-28. MEMBERS OF THE CORPORATION rof. N. ritton Dr. Nicholas M. Butler arpen' Murry Guggenheim Edward S. Harkness MEMBERS Mrs. John W. Draper, Chairman Mrs. David Ives Mackie, Prof. R. A. Harper Hugh Neill T. A. Havemeyer Prof. Henry F. Osborn A. Cha Hon. Joseph P. Hennessy Rufus L. ae Frederick Trevor Hill Henry Phi F. R. Pi nton G. py! a Marshall € mes R. Pi rcher Me ‘Huntington H. Hobart Porter drian Johnston L. Redmond Walter anes Ogden Mills Re tto H. Kahn John D. Rockefeller arwin P. Kingsley W. Emlen Roosevelt Clarence Lewis Prof. Iph Lewisohn H e J. Ryan Frederick J. Lisma Mortimer L. Schiff nry Lo cree J Henry A. Siebrecht rt acDougal John Ken ackenzie Valentine P. Snyder aie McCollester mes V. Everit Mac: eS) n Edgar L. Marston Frederick Strauss atheson F. K. Sturgi George McAnen: . B. Thaye is . D. Merrill Dr. William S. Thomas hn L. Merrill Charles G. Thompson Hon a L. Mills Robert Thorne Louis C. Tiffany HL de is ne Wize Felix M. Warburg Bhaiiaaien oore Paul M. Warburg J. Pierpont M ae Allen Wardwell Dr. Lewis R. M on dals aa Dr. Robert T. Morne ronson Win thro ay Ik, Winniees OF THE ADVISORY COUNCIL Mrs. Robert C. Hill Mrs. Wm. Kelly Prentice rs. Frederick C. Hodgdon Mrs. James Roosevelt Mrs. Walter Jennings hur H. Scribner s. Delancey Kane Ars. Samuel Sloan s. Gustav E. Kissel harles H. Stout Mrs. William A. Lockwood Mrs. Ther Strong Mrs. John R. McGinley enry at r. ndrew Carnegie Mrs. Charles D. anes H. m : arl A. de Gersdorft eorge W. Perkins Mrs. Louise Beebe Wilder Miss Elizabeth Ss. Hamilton ieee Harold I. Pratt Mrs. William H. Woodin Mrs. A. Barton Hepbu HONORARY MEMBER OF THE ADVISORY COUNCIL Mrs. E. Henry Harriman GENERAL INFORMATION Some of the leading features of The New York Botanical Garden a e: Four hundred acres of beautifully diversined land in the northern Bats of the City of pew ce rurcueR which fl ne Bronx River. A nat hemlock forest is one of the features of the | Plan’ ete of ean of native and cela trees, shrubs, and flowering plant Gardens, iddliidiae a beautiful rose garden, a rock garden of rock- loving plants, and fern and herbaceous gardens. Greenhouses, coueaining, thousands of interesting plants from America and foreign countri Flower shows deacaiiaont the year—in ie spring, summer, and autumn displays of narcissi, daffodils, tulips, irises, peonies, roses, tilies, water- lilies, agin. dahlias, aoe chr yeanthennntes in the winter displays of an g ming pl Am Seenicn. containing exhibit & fossil plants, existing plant families, leeal plants occurring within one hundred miles of the City of New York, t i eco vatic uses of plant herbarium comprising more than one million specimens of Amer- ican and es species. xploration in different parts of the United States, the West Indies, Central a and South America, for the study and collection of the character- tic Sci ntific Repeaten a laboratories and in the field into the diversified prablemie of plan ibrary of botanical literature, comprising more than 39,000 books and numerous pamphlet Sree on a Coreen variety of botanical topics, continuing on botanical subjects, partly of technical, scientific and The education of ee ol children and the public through the abov features and the giving of free information on botanical, horticulfaral jects. Garden is dependent upon an annual appropriation by iY City of New York, payee Cenc eae and membership fee possesses now nearly two thousand m ae and apokeauere te membership are ae Welcome. The classes of membership are: Benciatey a contribution 25,000 single contribution 5,000 Folios for Life 1,000 Memberytornsleikennmster ere single contribution 250 Fellowship Member ...... 60 annual fee 100 Seeiain g eae ded arene ae one fe 25 Mem ual fee Paeaaar mT to tee Gpkgien may be ase from taxable incomes. The following is an approved form of beque I hereby bequeath to The New York Bot ead arto incorporated under the Laws of New York, Chapter 285 of 1891, the of All requests for further ee eeuta be sent to TH RK BoTANICAL eae ARON eee NEW YORK CIT { VOL. XXXI Frpsruary, 1930 No. 362 JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN FURTHER NOTES ON IRIS TROUBLES B. O. Dopce anp Marjorte E. Swirt THE NEW SPECIES one MULTIFLORA A. B. Sto CHRONICLE OF enn AMERICAN IRIS Joun K. SMaLi THE PLANTING OF STAHLIA ON ARBOR DAY IN PORTO RICO N. L. Britron WHAT FERNS GROW BEST IN THE HOUSE RateH C. BENEDICT THE TUMORS OF PLANTS AND HOW THEY DIFFER FROM ANIMAL CANCER MicHaet Levine CONFERENCE NOTES FOR DECEMBER CONFERENCE NOTES FOR JANUARY NOTES, NEWS, AND COMMENT ACCESSIONS PUBLISHED FOR THE GARDEN At Limg AND GREEN STREETS, LANCASTER, Pa. Tue Science Press PRINTING COMPANY Wntered at the post-office in Lancaster, Pa., as second-class matter. Annual subscription $1.00 Single copies 10 cents Free to members of the Garden THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN ee OF MANAGERS Henry W. ve Forest, Presiden Josern P. HENNEY Henry pe Forest BALDWIN Bice President CLARENCE LEW: F. K. Sturcis, Vice Presi iden ADOLPH Teieor Joun L, MeErriLt, The D. T. MacDoucaL 13, 1D), aed , Secret ry KennetH K. MACKENZIE Epwarp D. Parker McCOoLLestTeR Cuartes P, caer H. pe LA Monracneg, Jr., Marston T. Bocert Barrincton Moore GEORGE S. dichictiat ORGAN ile Lewis RutTHERFURD Morris NiGeoraaN Munnay pones H. Hopart Porter OBERT W. DE ENRY Y Tuomas A. mieO | Gerorce J. RYAN Cuitps Frick Moeee L. ScuirF HARPER DW. pnees James J. WALKER, Mayor of the City of Ne York Watter R. Herrick, President of the Department of Parks SCIENTIFIC DIRECTORS R. A. Harper, Pu. D., Sc. D., Chairman D. T. MacDoucat, Pu. D., LL. D. Cuartes P. BERKEY, Pu. DSc: BarriINGTON Moors, A. B., M. F. Marston T. Bocert, Sc. D., LL. D. Henry H. Rosey Mt See Sc. D. NICHOLAS baa Butter, "Pa. 158 Gree J. Ryan, LL. D ICIL. ID), Jin, 1D), Epmunp W. SinNorTt, Pu. D. DIRECTOR Pe ee N. L. Britton, Pz. Ste) 1D), GARDEN STAFF OD EMERRIDIN SC. De aeennee Director-in-Chief MarsHatt A. Howe} PeyDy See Day Gyeeasaseeeeenee Assistant Director Joun K. SMatt, Pu. Disc oD a cea Head Curator of the Museums Tee leh age! PH Director of the Laboraion | . A. RYDBERG, Pa D. ‘urato H. A. Gieason, Pu. D. Casaioh Frep J. Seaver, Pu. D. Curator ArTHUR Hottick, Px. D. bal eobot ony Bernard O. Donce, Pa. D. + Palbotod Forman T. McLean, M. F., Pu. D......... Supervisor of Public paul JoHn HENDLEY BARN HART, TX, M,, MDs ee a oe eeron eee ee Bibliographer Percy WILson Associate Curator Patmyre DE C. MITCHELL Aso rishi, SARAH Hy) enLOw A. M. brarian H. H. Russy, M. joey mn Honorary Curator aoe the Economic Collection Taare G Britton Honorary Curator of ue Mary E. Eaton Rosert S. WILLIAMS Administrative agen J. ALEXANDER Assistant Curator Apert C. Smitu, A. B Assistant Curator E C LER, A. M. cal Assistant Marjorte E. Swirt, A. M. Assistant Pathologist RosaALic WEIKERT Tec ee Assistant Kennetu R. Boynton, B. S. ‘ardener H. M. Denstow, A. M., D. D...... iene pavodion of Loch Herbarium E. B. Sournwick, Pu. D. .......000.200 dian of Herbaceous Grounds Em Anson S. PECKHAM. Honorary Cie Weeela nd Narcissus Collections nw R. Brintey, C. E. ee ndscape Engineer Warren Sh Guozsneck erk and Accoun ARTHUR.) CORBETT) Nueces Superintendent of Balen and Grown JOURNAL OF The New York Botanical Garden VoL. XXXI FEepruary, 1930 No. 362 FURTHER NOTES ON IRIS TROUBLES Sot STERILIZATION EXPERIMENTS The continued Ghee out of plants of many varieties in the Iris “variety beds” at The New York Botanical Garden was so ex- only four plants a died by August, 1929, i.e, about one jen ne with the larvae of the lunate onion fly, Eumerus strigatus. identification was obtained ee Dr. ae R. Orton, who was codperat- ing at the time in the exper On the other hand, certain aconite beds in which also . ae Deiphinii rot occurred in 1928, and which received no treatment, suffered severely from the disease again this year. On April 1, 1929, the old plants which still survived in one of the suntreated: Iris beds, showing a great deal of disease, were : T : 16, this bed was ee oe RE . The eres bee de- - , B. O. Notes on some Iris troubles. Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. Dodge 30: 5-10. ‘Ta 19 29. 25 waquinu E61 “arnurs ayz ur br wano yw qa ‘Sawezya yo MnNqoaqursip pus POs Man BO v 27 rived from the addition of aew soil and treatment of the old A noti 1, + af dia th os {- Bacillus carotovorus Jones is generally said to be the cause of the rot, although other bacteria have been reported to produce the same symptoms.? This organism, represented by many panes strains, oecaie ee a alee vegetables, as of other ornamental p Bee =e are Logiunund exactly how B. carotevorus is carried from , but Richard- son’s* umake ered have ved Be te super tat iedep on the soil, he £ rt i ily necessar ¥ for entrance of the bacteria. Infection may occur, however through stomata and lenticels. Smith‘ states that the usual mode m1 Richardson’s work has thrown some light on the behavior oi B. carotovorus — the pent awa ne fom it to be both 2 Massee, George. 319. New York. 1015. 8 Richardson, J. K. A study of soft rot of Iris. Ann. Rep. Quebec Soc. Prot. Plants 1§: 105-120 1923. 1922-1 4Smith, E. F An introduction to bacterial diseases of plants, 231. paepunom yueld 3x2294D “q “SH4oae;O4n2 sHpIDgG YUM uoTEMIGNT saiye skep WB wep sup oy Zz sway 29 inter- and intra-cellular. The cells of infected rhizomes were eae indefinite in shape, and showed disintegrated con- tents. The middle lamella was destroyed and the cells separated. A similar condition was found in the leaf tissue where the water- s mark similar to those to be desenbed | in the present accou: Inoculation experiment. Diseased plants in ie “test” plantings at the propagating were the source aoe bacteria used in inoculations made in sca ry and greenhouse in the present experiment. 1 plants sae ed by puncturing developed typical rot oo an bact cteria were ] se ey ia t em. The work bacterial ooze on the surface of the rhizome. The rotted tissue has been riddled by insects which were attracted in cnr rs to the diseased plants. When bacteria from a culture were merely smeared on the d. Atte face of the | , no symptoms develo empts were also made to cause infection by placing leaves of diseased plants in irect contact with those of healthy plants nly one infection result itive results in this were clearl esulted. The positive si the fact that the tip of the healthy leaf was broken. n one case where the rot appeared after eighteen days, it caused three the outer leaves o o collapse ater the pathogene seemed to lose virility and the plant ap itr an- ter tips of two leaves in contact with the moist w all of the bell jar. 31 The rot failed to develop further in one leaf, but progressed slowly downward in the other until, eleven days after spraying, i re ha the crawling of insects, or contact with soiled tools—should be taken into con aes in dealing with the disease. Consequently, a ce was, selected for observation of the effe S of i i i cultivating. The bacteria, however, are apparently unable to a ihe unwounded root hairs and epidermis of sound fleshy Too Ric shardson reported a tendency of the organism causing soft rot to lose its infective power when kept in culture for several months. The strain used in the foregoing experiments has borne out this observation. The original isolation from diseased plants was made in June, 1929, and despite several re-isolations of the organism from inoculated plants, it has now (November) lost its 32 ability to produce symptoms of the rot and a fresh source of the bacterium must be found. Control n determining efficient control measures for the bacterial rot, the beg medium - transmission, namely, the soil, must be st consideratio Sterilization with formaldehyde or He suitable disi aan a is frequently recommended. Replace- ment of badly infected soil with a new supply should go far in ° Fh 2 ct a 5 p 3 Fh a 9 ~ os 5B 2 it wo as) 3 oO Pee ina & > ct o @ 5 = o uo) = FT} 5 a B mM i= ° = 0 any disease through accumulation of rubbish and moisture. Am- ple space should be left between plants to allow free penetration of air and sunlight during the growing perio DAMPING-OFF e case of seedling damping-off was called to the atten Isolations from affected plants yielded cultures of one of thi common damping-off fungi, Rhiz 1 Ithough this pathoge as a wide range of hosts, no mention has been u 5 Gregory, C. T,, and Davis, J. J. Common garden pests. Published by Better Homies and Gardens. 1928. INSEcts Last summer’s dry weather, while checking some of the fun- gous diseases, may have lowered the resistance of — nts to a de- gree where certain insects became an unusual mena ed apanese and German Ins have been hosts to the aphid h p. insect feeds on the upper parts of leaves as well as on the base near the growing = often below the soil surface. — ne Mo nA feeding for the adult, the eggs are desposited on the pod surface. The hatched larvae enter the pod and feed on the seeds until ready to pupate. As there are at least four generations during the sea- cati sho ald be made, beginning soon after the pods begin to form. or within seeds. It has been widely reported not only as a pest of Iris, but as a “ general feeder ” on plants. Weevil The other insect observed attacking Iris seeds was identified by hamb ae assistant state entomologist, as the weevil This i ugh t Menonsehn splice h ect tunnels through the seeds, eal co) an aving of each seed only a thin ring At Gee ee ] a ee which sometimes extends through a whole ds, the small d weevil may be found with its flat om a faa s) wn a o 5 a ° ° a th ° a 3 ja FS} o a oO OQ uw) ° a wa 5 rh 5 @ ing < oO ie Blue Flag, according to Dr. Chamberlain, but its occurrence on 6 Ries, Donald T. Two Iris Insects. Bull. Am. Iris Soc., 32: 27-47. Jiri cultivated Iris is somewhat rare. It was reported in 1921 from Connecticut’ as eatin ng the ae and breeding in the seed pods of before its eggs are laid and the larvae bore into the p Citrus Scale on Iris Plan interesting fe caer Florida red-scale (Chrysom- Picts aonidum L.) on Iris leaves—is illustrated in Ficure a, C. It occurred in the propagating greenhouse, where an infested would ser s host e plants affected present a very dis- figur: pearance with conspicuous chlorotic spots about the ye several will be necessary to treat infested plants in order to save them. B. O. Dopce axp Maryjorte E. Swirt THE NEW SPECIES HEMEROCALLIS MULTIFLORA The latest member of the wild daylilies to be discovered and 7 Britton, W. E. Twenty-first ae . the Stat te Entomologist for 1921, Conn. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. 234 8A list of the insects of New eee "Carnal Univ. Agr. Exp. Sta. Mem. tor: 506. Aug. 1926. 35 new species is to be considered i in this respect. The description ppl ab wth they are all very similar, and they are distinctly different es any other known spec One outstanding ae ef this species is the rather large bi n hich a scape may bear $ are, asa rule, abundantly branched above and thus a dagies scap y pro- d red flowers during the entire season of y to many a blooming of the entire ae nt may Seas ue for a period of six to n Th n 1929 $s yield flowers until as late as November 22, which was the date of the plants - Hy. multiflora do not have the “ evergreen ’ habit o growth characteristic of certain other daylilies. Their FIcure 4 37 leaves turn brown in mid-autumn with the coming of near-freez- ing temperatures, after which the flowers of the late-blooming individuals continue to develop and open—a behavior unknown for any other daylil ee In the so-called “ evergreen” daylilies, new leaves continue to appear throughout the summer and autumn and the plants remain ith fres with fr green foliage until severe freezing temp re- vai he wild species now known, only Hemerocallis auranti- aca is decidedly evergree: he H. fulva is only htly en, he foliage of the species Hemerocallis minor, H. Du- mortierti, H. M dorffii, an wi dies early i utumn or even in late summer. The foliag ct re- But meanwhil aurantiaca and numerous of the named horticultural clons, such as Luteola, Aureole, Ajax, Golden Bell, icha ster, Shirley, Mikado, Vesta, Wau- n- grown at The New York Botanical Garden which have the ever- Fisure 4. A single scape typical for the species Hemerocallis muiti- flora. Thece flowers are open; several have already bloomed; numerous buds, some of small size, will continue the blooming over a period of sev- I weeks. This anes scape was photographed on September 14 from nt that is late-bloo: green habit also ie a rer period of blooming, or, what is more common, an occasional scape with flowers appears through- cy om: this ren the oamesmch habit of certain plants of H. multiflora which e one period of flowering, which continues after the foliage is a) dead and until cold weather arriv The scapes of all the plants of H. nnltifiore are rather slender, der load in a wild s : 1 are often the basis for the selection of different races, or of dif- ferent clons. The plants with such minor differences as are seen ‘eonusp! jsoulle are y10q FO saynsd¥s pur siaMoy ey, ‘“Surpouesq e1our yeyMouios pue ‘90719 s10ur ‘Jayye} are JeEyT sadeos sey ajay le quel 9 “vsogfaypni srpos0samazy yO syueld Buowe uses yyMor8 FO yqey Ul UOT}ETIeA BuIMOYS “Gg Fano 39 in these plants of H. multiflora may be expected to give somewhat different habits of growth to the offspring from hybridization with daylilies. he species H. i we is itself not especially valuable as a as plant. The flowers are of fair size and rather full with ficiently numerous on any one day to give a showy dis i. i color in the gar lants a Hemerocallis ee have already been hybridized with other species, including s of those that ane earliest in spring. Thi is was ceases ae saving the pollen of Ficure 5. Typical flowers of aA lige oe about four-fifths fatural size, ce the two extremes in nta ot whi ne ee ers of daylilies may oe The color is of a hade c be tw en chro cad- mium-yellow— nd t bree € 0 combinations that give somewhat new types of daylilies for garden culture, A. B. Stour. 40 CHRONICLE OF EASTERN AMERICAN IRIS The present wide-spread interest in iris and the long neglect of our native irises as botanical, not to mention horticultural, sub- jects make a chronicle of our eastern species time The technical botanical history of Iris ir in North America begins w. mal ingly Poa. cece through the two hundred years in- volved. The authors and their botanical works in which American irises figure, published prior to the appearance of the Species here in chronological sequence, recorded a) e 3 fe = 0 4 Omg o 4 4 u by Linnaeus as follo Leonard Plukenet ene 1706), Almagestrum, 1696. John James Dillenius nae 1747), Hortus Elthamensis, 1732. Jan Fredrik Gronovius (1690-1762), Gees Flora Vir- ginica, 1739. Georg Dicay sius ae an Plantae et Papiliones Rariores, 174 Late in the a ce ntury, American irises found their assembled this matter and with the aid of specimens in some cases published in his Species Plantarum, /ris versicolor I. virgint and J. verna® Iris virginica L. is not be confused with the eee Iris virginica of the horticultural trade. lJris versicolor L. Sp. Pl. 39. 1753; various provinces, eastern North America. 2 Tris virginica L. Sp. Pl. 39. 1753; various provinces, southeastern United States. 8 Iris verna L. Sp. Pl. 39. 1753; various provinces, southeastern United States. a 41 The next important step in our iris chronology was made by Thomas Walter (1740-1788), pioneer American flora writer and ker e se i i ica, W ri ag a ; versicolor. Among these, Iris hexagona* and J. tripetala” were new species, while /. verna was the same as the Linnaean species, but his 7. versicolor was the Linnaean J. ee ‘alter nubiisbe he four oo. Me his region, another species was launched by ae Aiton (17 1793), in 1789, in his Hortus Kewensis. Thus Jris re was dde More than ee In 1812 uite oa quarter was heard from sh (1 20 scribed the same aes en nieadenh, under thes name Iris prismatica. ® Within four years the heart of the Great Lake region con- tributed an iris to the growing list when Thomas Nuttall (1 1859), published Iris lacustris.© Within a decade and a hal the Shee of Iris lacustris, Thomas Nuttall contributed an atris he oo Walt. Fl. Car. 66. 1788; Coastal Plain, southeastern puree Sta Tris ae Walt. Fl. Car. 66. 1788; Coastal Plain, southeastern United States. 6 Iris cristata 2 Hort. Kew. 1: 70. 1789; various provinces, south- eastern United Sta t Iris fulva ce “Bot. Mag. pl. 1496. 1812; Gulf Coastal Plain, south- een United States and ea Diglogiel provinces. Sep is prismatica Pursh. Fl. Am 30. 1814; various provinces, pes North America. 9 Iris aie Nutt. Gen 23. 1818; northern end of the Mack- inaw peninsula, Michigan, a sere shores of Lake Michigan an Lak 42 aioe iris from what was then the “Far West,” [ris imuis- however, This, ot an additional species, but a Fepublication of Linnaeus’ J. virginica, wa Vithin a few years the far northeast produced an iris, for in e Penny, British nurseryman of the early part of the near century, published [ris Hookeri™ from the eastern Canadian regio At this point ‘the discovery and describing of new species of is i America ceased for a period of ov: th er sixty ys it is true, ho er, as in th f Iris carolina cited above cial article by Sereno Wats 888, the name = is carolinians aaa but this, too, proved to be the same as anaes Ley ca. ‘e may - convenience divide the Iris chronology into three t period embraces is ae and a half i in which oo of the tyenticiv century oad > spell of a was the publication of Iris foliosa by Mackenzie and Bush in 1902. Thus the beginning of the present century may be he: as the inauguration of the second period of our Iris chronology. ris missouriensis Nutt. a Acad. Phil ptovinces, western North Amer 1 Lyi. okert Penny; Ste a Noneadl Ed, 2. pt. 1, 822. ern New England Coast oe eastern Canada. . 7: 58. 1834; various 1840; north- 43 After this beginning, more than two decades elapsed before vidence of further iris act: ed 8 botanical exploration in the Gulf St rogressed, ces of irises u ed for in our botanical horticultural literature were brought to our notic 1924 two irises from ere is ely ae from the savannas and prairies of penin: sular Flo rida and 4 nort ie erm jase ry in 25, aroused our suspicions abou t th € oi of further iris dis- in the lowe: Furth to date, has disclosed the most unique development of Iris in the world as far as number of species and variety of color in flowers is concerned in a very restricted area. 12 Iris sa vannarum Small, Addisonia g: 57. pl. 317. 1924; Coastal Plain, peninsular Flo 13 Fris Kimbaltiag Small, Addisonia g: 59. pl. 378. 1924; Coastal north- ern Florida. ae : 14 Tris iat) Small, Addisonia 12: 11. pi. 390: 1027; watershed of the St. Mary’s River, Florida, and Georgia. : 15 Iris erin Small, Addisonia 12:13. pi. 301. 1927; lower Mississippi ieers generally. Tris flexicaulis Small, Addisonia 12: 9. pl. 389. 1927; lower Missis- sippi watershed. lt Ivis vinicolor Small, Addisonia 12: 1. pl. 385. 1927; lower Missis- sippi Delta. 44 e next epoch in this second iris period was in 1929. The This ce age characterized by the launching of seven siiitionl s from the Coastal Plain of oe ae of Mexico. All these orida, as pr furnished one, namely Iris Albispiritn 8 This 3 is rela eat to let-purple ground-color in the perianth; Iris giganticaerulea,? with a violet-blue ground-color in the h; Iris chrysophoe- nicea, wit m-color ground-color in th rianth ; Iris a fe mirabilis, with a lavender ground-color in the perianth or white; Iris chrysaeola,** with a violet ground-color in the perianth; Jris atrocyanea,** with a very dark violet-blue ground-color in the perianth. A total of twenty-four species have been referred to on the preceding pages. They are all growing in the study plantations e Ne en. I iti there are Yor otanical Gar n addi : growing in these plantations at least a dozen species that are not yet publi These more than three dozen species of /ris are known to tive in eastern Nort hese plants are all desirable pereierinie subjec A species belonging to the first period hav: n in eee for cond period have recently been They will form a more ae series than the members of the second perio a8 Ibispiritus Small, Addisonia 14: 1. pl. 449. 1929; peninsular Feri, ey the western parts. : 19 Tris violipurpurea Small, Addisonia 14: 1. pl. 449. 1929; lower Mis- sissippi Delta. 20 Tris li icaerulea Small, Addisonia 14: 5. pl. 45%. 1929. 21 Iris chrysophoenicca Small, Addisonia 14: 7. pl. 452. 1920. 22 Iris mirabilis Small, Addisonia 14: 9. pl. 453. 1929. 28 [ris chrysaeola Small, Addisonia 14: 11. pl. 454. 1920. 24 Iris atrocyanea Small, Addisonia 14: 13. pl. 455. 1929. 45 The seolicc ious at the Garden are divided into two sections. f the additional ace ae for a group of plants now so much in vogue. he species from the lower Mere Delta are hard ocks to replace the parts seri- ’ ti bove, collections ae. for and exhibition aes been installed in widely sepa d James at Coconut Grove, Skee an ‘Mire. Coie eae Mc- Fort Myers, Florida; ui Mrs. ea Robins on Chinsegut Lewis at Skylands Farm in the Ramapo Mountains of New Jersey. Joun K. SMa.t. THE PLANTING OF A STAHLIA ON ARBOR DAY IN PORTO RICO* Dr. Agustin Stahl, whose useful life we meet here today to com- memorate, was for many vears a resident of Bayamén, Porto oe where he died in the year 1917. He practised the profession bor Day — at Mufioz Rivera Park, San Juan, Porto Rico, i nee 29, I 46 of medicine, Me his love was for the study of plants and of ani mals, and he added greatly to the knowledge of Porto Rican botany and vesines by his collections of specimens and his publi- cations. Through these his name come nt h and on eas Islan Porto Rico. An excellent account of his life and works has been pee hed by ee distinguished Commissioner of Agriculture and Labor, Carlos E. Chardo: s to the tree itself, like many other native Porto Rican trees, Stahlia by studying a single leaflet its rather large, yellow h flowers form long clusters and are to be see the spring ; its ey ate is a hard pod, four or five centimeters ee 47 The planting of a Porto Rican tree is symbolic of the ey need uw will ae that today: we have met to honor the memory most eminen f science; your thoughts have been ae as his were és ae study of nature pared to give aid and sympathy to the progress of reforestation, and in this you will be wisely directed and guided by His Excel- lency, Governor Theodore Roosevelt. N. L. Brirron. WHAT FERNS GROW BEST IN THE HOUSE? Vari ious kinds of ferns are so commonly grown as house plants rooms. Unfortunately, this is not true, as many have can pa 1 Abstract of a lecture given at Conservatory Range York Botanical Seda on ae 14, 1929, by the ae ey ae American Fern Jour. 48 trying to grow some beautiful woodland plant in a clay pot inside a glass window Ferns, in general, are rather captious in their environmental u in dry upland woods and thickets but does not like a dry house condition. This is a common native pues which the amateur often mistakes for Pe sili Boston Fer: There are a few kinds of ft native ve which can be grown indoors inside a special glass case (Wardian case) or even a o 3 i] G + c o ce Qo g eS B = ° Fr a oO i} c Q 5 Bo a R ad = 5 and usually He uu tani of dwelling houses which ferns all sorts dislike and suffer under. To obtain fern aries which can stand up best under this rather unhygienic air condition, it is necessary to select certain tropical w. quantities by the florists, is a native of islands of the Pacific, where it grows often as an epiphyte clinging to the branches of trees many feet above ground, with no secure subterranean rater, The Bear’s-foot Fern (Polypodium aureum), which, in the variety Afandaianum, has most beautifully ruffled leaves, is a fern of the American tropics wi chant for perching on trees, like the Bird’s-nest (lsplenium Nidus). In general, it appears that ferns adapted in the tropics to grow nder conditions of uncertain moisture possess a quality of resistance to household g' hereby qualify as good house-ferns. F nately, in the ton Fern and these other two just named, we have three extremely beautiful types reach proportions far beyond the space available, even in the most palatial mansions. Some of these species have a vine-like habit 49 and extend many feet up and down the trunks of trees. Ther are species of climbing ferns (Lygodium sp.) which have eee as much as 100 feet in length. In connection with the extensive product: new varieties from the original Boston Fern, itself appearing about 1895, the aia: of the florists ha: to fav nd smaller ypes, as these are better adapted to ks and thrive in the limited amciiae a light which a window offer ention might = made of the fact a there are ferns, or fern allies, which you can grow in an aquarium more or less success- ully. Two of es are little floating forms, Salvinia, known as n the Mo ch of the e ; These itl floating ae are scarcely peeoenizable however, to the uninitiated, as fern: e most stately cae are the tree ferns, one or two of which are often shown in florists’ windows, with spreading expansions of pale yellow-green leaves (Cibotium). They are not, however, suitable for house growth except under very special conditions, as of small conservatories. From the little Mosquito Fern of one-half inch in diameter, ferns range in size to certain South Sea Islands species with trunks 80 feet high. It is probable that the tropics still hold many fern species which would be suitable for house culture on the same basis as the n s-f i varieties es not find that it pays to experiment with novel- les ever, for the individua a small amount of reenhouse space, I can t of ing more enjoyable and in! nothin Hee easy than experimental culture from spores of vari- ous untried tropical types. Ratpy C. BENEDICT. 50 THE TUMORS OF PLANTS AND HOW THEY DIFFER FROM ANIMAL CANCER? ile our knowledge of cancer dates back to ancient times, the is the r of studies made i pres e lecturer briefly traced the development of various hypotheses which attempt t account for the origin of cancer in h eings and animals. ote, t re the begonias and the cacti, appear to be ae rom disease Thi ‘ a plant groups. Lantern slides of various domestic ee with artificially produced tumors were shown on A careful analysis was then made of the eee of ani- mal and human cancer. Step by step the lecturer contrasted the avior. However, he stated that the malignant types of plant cancers are distinct entities and belong to another category of the cancer dis: 1 Abstract of an illustrated lecture given at The New York Botanical Garden on Saturday afternoon, September 14, 1929 51 The speaker went briefly into a very detailed study of the can- cer cells and showed that while human, animal, and plant cells ore or less similar in appearance, they differed in behavior. piace of many types of cancer cells were projected n the sc The ieatinede of the plant for removal of their tumors is a simple surgical procedure. The use of radium and X-rays has by also been tried by the speaker, not primarily for the purpose of curing the plant but principally to study what effect various doses Numerous lantern slides were shown on this phase of the lec- ture, Besides lantern slides, living and preserved plants with tumors were shown. The experiments were done at Montefiore Hospital, New York City MicHaev LEvINE. CONFERENCE NOTES FOR DECEMBER regular monthly Conference of the Scientific Staff and Meo cae ef the Garden was held on the afternoon of December 11, 1929 rt. B. O. Dodge reported on “An Albino Race of the Monilia Bread Mold.” The origin of this albino race and the hereditary behavior of the albino character in breeding tests were discussed. The detailed report of this study will be published in the near ure Professor W. J. Bonisteel gave to the conference “A Survey f During the past year seeds or living the s cies and their importance in medicine and in horticulture were also discusse . B. Stout, Secretary of the Conference. 52 CONFERENCE NOTES FOR JANUARY A monthly Conference of the Scientific Staff and Registered Students of the Garden was held on the afternoon of January 8, Dr. B. O. Dodge and Dr. Fred J. Seaver, who attended the Moines as delegates from the rden, e reports of these meetings r. Arthur Hollick presented an account of the re c eet { the Geological Society of America and the e ings o e me Paleontological Society of America, held in Washington, D. C. Mr. E. J. Schreiner reported on his determination of the per- fect stage of Cytospora ee (Pers.) Fr. and of this re- port the following is a condensed summary : In the fall of 1929 ies twigs of ae were collected with perithecia of Valsa shes Nke. and pycnidia of Cytospora eel sosperma (Pers.) Fr. in close association. Single-spore cultur of the ascospores of ie Valsa sordida were made and these were grown on steamed poplar as After 3 to 4 weeks pycnidia of tage o Si the causal organism of the canker disease of poplars described by W. H. Long in 1918. A. B. Stout, Secretary of the Conference. NOTES, NEWS, AND COMMENT Dr. and Mrs. N. L. Britton are spending the winter in Porto Rico, where they are continuing their studies of its flora. They left New York on November 21 and are expecting to return in H. Gle , Curator, has been appointed Associate ete of the new Sede Ecologia! Monographs, to be pub- lished for the Ecological Society of America by Duke Univer oe Publication will begin in 1931 53 . O. Dodge, Plant eas of the Garden staff, is con- tinuing his services, begun last summer, as consultant to a com- mittee of the medical ain) a Columbia Lavenig) in the vestigation of some of the smaller fungi that cause ee diseases. of the Bulletin of The New York Botanical Garden, d. in the Garden and will prove of future interest as a historic ecord. Mr. Chien P’ei of Chengtu, Szechuan Province, China, who es completed all of his requirements for the Ph.D. degree at nford University, except his thesis, has reported to the Garden . his thesis work. His subject is a taxonomic consideration of supervision of Dr. E. D. Merrill, Director-in-Chief Mrs. Adelaide S. Van Brunt died suddenly on January 12. is ing of mi tern-slide photographs of plants i the collection of The New York Botanical Garden. She was the wido t Cornelius Van Brunt, expert photographer of plants, wh 1903 account of the life oe wore of Mrs. Van Brunt will appear in a later number of the JourRNAL. Among the Asiatic collections recently received for identifica- tion is an important one, comprising several hundr ed numbers, m Chi i by Dr. versity, Fukuok sae ree the past summer in the Caroline and Marianne Islan During the past summer, Chaplain and Mrs. Joseph Clemens, who have prosecuted very extensive botanical explorations in the 54 Philippines, British North Borneo, ae! China, and China, spent several months in Sarawak, Bor: The collections made by I. the work of arranging this, one of the aie and most important botanical collections ever made in Borneo At the annual meeting of the Board of Managers of The New York Botanical Garden, held on January ee in the office of Presi- dent Henry W. de Forest, a Broadway, omas A. Edison, Mr. Clarence Lewis, and Dr. E. D. Merri ae were ce new mem- Dougal, Dr. E. D. Merrill, and Dr. William S. Thomas were added to the list of members of the Corporation. According to Mr. Charles H. Totty, in a lecture on “Chrys themums,” given at The New York Botanical Garden, ae start to open about the first week in October and give from six to 55 eight weeks bloom. Most of these early varieties are of the large- flowered group. The pompons are later bloomers, coming in h by Mr. Totty and most admired at the present time anemone type, which is recognized by the cushion of long tubular corollas in the center of the flo Man these are qu ard mo m H. Wilson is pure white. Other good ones are Cap- tain Boshen and R. Collins. Chrysanthemu: ly grown, thriving in almost any kind of soil, but they blossom best if protecte m hwest winds e plan h ould not be removed too early in the spring. Amon, the pompon varieties, Queen of the Whites is very pretty and easily grow to rs. Being a dwarf, it ot have t be pinched back ve uch. The y-flowering type was de- larger-flowered of the most interesting of these are Mrs arles Stout, Lillian Doty, and Roupel uty, which is a deep pi n1Ze is one of the best in its color. ueen Totty aie discussed rather fully the finest of the erecahouce varieties. Meteorology ahs January. The maximum temperatures re- corded at The New York pair Garden for each week or part of a week were: 58° on the 2nd; 6314° on the oth; 49° on the 15th; and 36° on the 21s he minimum temperatures recorded were: En on the 5th; 16° on the 11th; 10° on the roth and 20th; ie 13° on the 31st e total Precipitation for the month w. re inches. This ee 33 inches of snow measurement, Which was figured as -375 inches of rainfall. 56 ACCESSIONS LIBRARY ACCESSIONS+«-SEPTEMBER, 1929 AcreEL, Joan Gustav. De usu Linnaeae medico. Upsaliae, 1788. Acta florae Sueciac. Vol. 1. Stockholm, 1921. Arzetius, ADAM. De origine Myrrhae controversa. Specimen 1-5. Up- saliae, 1818-29. E. N, FREDRIK AS. Hallands vixter: forteckning éver fane- rogamer och Fariptgamer Lund, 1924. Axerman, Nicotaus, & LItHELL, Cart Gustar. De plantis Sueciae vene- natis pottoribus nee non ae tis. massan och stamtillvdrten hos mellansvensk ARESCHOUG, Joun EruHarp, Symbolae algarum rariorum florae scandi- navicae. Lundae, 1838. Batscu, Aucust JoHann Grorc Cart. Botanik for fruntimmer. Orebro, 1810. BErcGREN, Sven. Nédgra nya a A kanda arter af nysee- la: erogamer. [Lun Biologiska féreningens ies "Vols, 1-4. Stockholm, 1888-92. Biytr, Maty ‘S Ptr. engess 1847. LIN, PEHR R nska Gra. eras botaniska olm, waktiver samt deras praenste ‘varde och ae. Stockh 1927. ot atl cael Anteckningar till Skanes flera, Lund, 1870 BuscuspauM, Hem Die Geféss-Pflanzen des Fiirstenthums- Osna- rick. eae “1878. Coun, Ferpinanp Jutrus. Desmidiaceae bongoenses. Halle, 1879. Die Enlwicbeliageneschiente der Gattung Volvox. Breslau, 18: Couurnner, Erik. Medelpads flora. Uppsala, 19 Datnmon, Juves, & Gras, CAMILLE. pene ee dans la flore Parisienne. Paris, 1877. DAM MER, Lepeect Uno. Anleitung fiir Pflansensammler. Stutt- gart, DANNEMANN, Frepricn. Frén de stora forskarnes arbetsfalt. Stock- holm, 191 DECAISNE, JOSE ae sur une classification des algues et des polypiers alciféres. Paris, Dusty, Per HyatMa einem Bettrage sur Osten der magellanischen Vegetation. holm, 1903. Ecxman, Peur ImMANuEL. De Papavere somnifera Pt. 834. Pflanzenvereine der Magellanslinder nebst Stock- I. Upsaliae, PUBLICATIONS OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN Journal of The New York Botanical Garden, monthly, containing notes, news, and non-technical articles. Free to members of the Garden. To others, 10 cents a copy; $1.00 a year. Now i in its thirty-first volume. Mycologia, bimonthly, devoted to fungi, including lichens; $4.00 a year; dealt copies Bee for sale. [Not offered in ebanse | Now in its twenty- second volum Bddivenis, Farin devoted exclusively to colored plates accompanied by popular descriptions of flowering plants; eight plates in Jaa norte thirty-two in each volume. Subscription price, $10.00 r. [Not e. Bulletin of The New York Botanical Garden, containing reports of the Director-in-Chief sad « other official documents, and pecan articles em- bodying results of investigations. Free to all members of the Gar den; to others, $3.00 per volume. Now in its fourteenth volume. N American Flora. Descriptions of the wild Plantes gE Nerth Amer- ica, including Greenland, the West dies and Cen ca. Planned to be completed in 34 volumes. Roy. 8vo. Each Sohne: G consist of four or more parts. 64 parts now ee Subscription price, $1.50 per part; a limited number of separate parts will be sold for $2.00 each. [Not offered i in exchange.] Memoirs of The New York Botanical Garden. Price to members the eanae, vols. I-VI, $1. so per volume; to others, $3.00. Vol. VII, $2. o to members; to others, $5.0 Vol. I. An Annotated eeiloee of the Flora of eee and the lowstone Park, by Per Axel Rydberg. ix-+492 pp., with detailed Pia 1900. Vol. II. ube fluence of Light and pees upon Grom ene Devel- opment, by D. T. MacDougal. xvi + 32 ., with 176 figu 1903. Vol. III. Studies of Cretaceous Coniferous Remains ain ecahee ville, New York, by A. Hollick and E. C. Jeffrey. xiii-+ 138 pp., with 29 plates. ice Vol. IV. Effects of the Rays of Radium on Plants, by Charles Stuart Gager. viii-+ 478 pp., with 73 figures end aA plates. 10908. ork ol. V. Flora of the Vicinity o BN Contribution a Plant Geography, by Norman Taylor ee 83 a with 9 plates. Papers presented at oe Ge cpretion oF the Twenticth Anni- Gardner; The Flower Behavior ‘of Avocados, by A. Sis Descrip- tions o ow Cae and Pucci of hailey, Collected on the Mulford Biological Exploration of the Amazon Valley, 1921-1922, by H. H. Rusby; and The Flora of the Saint ibngare Silts, Racca eles British Co- fieahia, by cata slollick, viii-+ 464 pp., with 47 plates, 10 charts, and II text-figures. Contributions fas The New York Botanical alge A series of tech- nical papers written by students or members of the staff, and reprinted from journals other than ue shovel Price, 25 cents each. $5.00 per vol- ume. In the thirteenth v THE NEW YORK eaaenig GARDE nx Park, New Saath City GENERAL INFORMATION Some of the leading features of The New York Botanical Garden are: our hundred acres of Braue eye Gi erenee land in the northern tart ae oe City of New York, through w ws the Bronx River. A nativ mlock forest is one of the ee ie Re tract. Conenaed of thousands of native and introduced trees, shrubs, and Seta plants ardens, Parte ing a beautiful rose garden, a rock garden of rock- loving plants, and fern and herbaceous gardens. Giectnataes containing thousands of interesting plants from America and foreign countries. Flower shows throughout the year—in the spring, summer, and aut ae displays of narcissi, daffodils, es ee, irises, peonies, roses, lilie water-lilies, sicily make and c anthemums: i in the winter displ of greenhouse-bloomi nts. A museum, coun exits of fossil plants, existing plant families, local plants occurring within o eke ndred miles of the City of New York, and we economic uses ct plan An herbarium, comprising more than one million specimens of Amer- ican ae foreign species. xplor: in different parts of the United States, the West Indies, Cael ae ieaath America, for the study and collection of the character- istic flora. Scientific Feseareh 4 in laboratories and in the field into the diversified problems of plant life. A ee of beteniee literature, comprising more than 39,000 books and numerous pamphlet Public lectures on a feeeat variety of botanical topics, continuing throughout the year. Publications on botanical subjects, partly of technical, scientific and partly of popular, interest. The education of school children and the public through the above features and the eine of free information on botanical, horticultural, and forestal subje e Garden is sina nt upon an annual appropriation yy a City of New York, peel ese and membership fee possesses now nearly members, and nee BS membership are says ieee ‘The classes of membership are: Sravheral gta oumteeaersts «ee... single contribution 25,000 single contribution ,000 Belge for Life 1 1,000 Memberstonglite eeeeteenr aS single So ehEaee 250 Fellowship Member ....... «see. annual fee 100 Sustaining Microbe A ovate steteter suas fe 25 ual fee Contributions a rie Garden we He aces from taxable incomes. The following is an | PLEO form of beque I hereby Peaneent e New York Botanical Ea incorporated wnder the Laws of N a ores Chepee. 285 of 1891, the sum of ————— All Nee for further information should be sent to TH K BoTaNIcaL aut BRONX Biaes NEW YORK C VOL. XXXI Marca, 1930 No. 363 JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN CHRONICLE OF THE PALMS OF THE CONTINENTAL UNITED STATES Joun K. Smati THE GLORY OF THE ANNUALS ARTHUR HERRINGTON MORRIS & EAMES’ OUR WILD ORCHIDS H. A. GLeason A BULLETIN ON “POLLINATION OF FRUIT TREES” PUBLIC LECTURES DURING MARCH, APRIL AND MAY NOTES, NEWS, AND COMMENT PUBLISHED FOR THE GARDEN Art Lime AND GREEN STREETS, LANCASTER, Pa, Tue Somnce PRess PRINTING COMPANY Wntered at the post-office in Lancaster, Pa., as second-class matter. Annual subscription $1.00 Single copies 10 cents Free to members of the Garden THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN DF) OF MANAGERS y W. ve Forest, Presiden JoserH P. pee: HEN? pe Forest BALDWIN, Vice President CLARENCE LEW F. K. Srurets, Vice President ADOLPH eg cea Joun L. MeErriLL, Treasurer D. T. MacDoucaL E. D. apes , Secret KENNETH MACKENZIE Epwa Parker McCoLLestER Cuartes P Beneey H. pe LA Monrtacne, Jr. Marston T. Bocert Pa ie GeorceE S. Beye te Lewis Ronen Morrts NICHOLAS TRAY poe Jel, Jak Rosert W. De Fore! Henry H. Recne) Tuomas A. Epon” GeorcE J. RYAN CuiLps Frick oe L. ScuiFF rae Ep Be SINNOTT James J. Wavxer, Mayor of the City of Nea Wa tter R. Herrick, President of the Debartniont of Parks SCIENTIFIC DIRECTORS R. A. Harper, Pu. D., Sc. Ds Chaimen D. T. MacDovaat, Pu. D., LL. D. Cwar es P. Berk KEY, y, Pu. D » Se BARRINGTON Moore, A A. B., M. F. Marston T. Bocert, Sc. D., Ot, D, Henry H. ea M. D, Sc. D. NicHoLtas Murray Butter, Pu. D., GrorceE J. Ryan, LL. D. ie De errr Ds EpMUND Ww. Storr, Pa. D. DIRECTOR pea nee D N. L. Britton, Pu. D GARDEN STAFF Wha, SE; ID, S650 sa08 Director-in-Chief MarsHat A. "Howe, Pa: Ds. Sc: Die case cc eee Assistant Director Joun K. SMatt, Pu. ID Ly Stes SDs avons Head Curator of the Museums A. B. Stout, Px. D. Director of the Laboratories P. A. Rypserc, Pu. D. ‘ura H. A. Greason, Pu. D. Gusates RED J. SEAVER, PH Curator ArtHur Hottick, Pu. D. ae leobotanist Bernarp O. Doncez, Px. D. Plant Pathologist Forman T. McLean, MAB. Pa Die at ares Supervisor of Public Education Joun HENDLEY BARNHART, "A. M., IM, MD edhe apiece ees Bibliographer Percy WiLson Associate Caraten PALMYRE DE C. MITCHELL Associate Curator Saran H. Hartow, A. M. Librarian } uspy, M. Die Se Honorary Curator py the Economic Collections EuizasetH G. Britton Honorary Curator of Mos. Mary E. Eaton rst Rosert S. WILLIAMS MaMa Assistant E. J. ALEXANDER Assistant Carat Apert C. SmituH, A. B. A t Curator LYDE CHANDLER, A. M. Technical Assistant Marjorre E. Swirt, A. M. Assia: Pathologist OSALIE WEIKERT ical Assistant Kewnetu R. Boynton, B. S. nee ad Gardener . M. Denstow, A. M., aD. Dek Honorary Custodian of Local Herbarium E. B. SourHWwIck, nd BD Benaaenonbacodon ustodian of Herbaceous Grounds ErHet Anson S. PecKHAM. Honorary Curator, Iris and Narcissus Collections ouN R. Brintey, C. E. andscape Engineer ALTER S, GROESBECK Clerk and Accountant AgtHur’). GoRBETTian deine dare Superintendent of Buildings and Groun JOURNAL OF The New York Botanical Garden VoL. XXXI Marcu, 1930 No. 363 CHRONICLE OF THE PALMS OF THE CONTINENTAL UNITED STATES At the time of the publication of the Species Plantarum, Linnaeus ee but eight kinds of palms. These were all from the orl Old World. They were botanically oe in 1753 and may be listed in a ea ote as a matter of interest. This of Linnaean palms represents the accumulation of the ee. of highly specialized plants as a result of the slow place over two centuries and a half before 1753, not one of its numerous palms was then described by Linnaeus. In spite of his lack of material on which to make botanical de- eee: Linnaeus was, ae not wholly ignorant of the oc- 1A list of these pio s may be of interest. Linnaeus divided nem oe three groups as ee below. FLABELLIFOL! alae ide necceprugiles em 1 m—Mediterrancan region. Borassus fl Indies. Corypha Lae ala Len Africa and East Indies. PENNATIFOLIAE. = Cocos vee a— Ci falay fee ee Pacific region. Phoenix N: n Africa and Arabia. ig Cothecu Bet nut—East Tes ane Mala ay Ela t Indi pe saan Car’ ens—Wi ] 1 Asi: ames Linnae gave thes a sti stand today, with the exception of Elate sylvestris ont now is Phoe enix sylvestris. 57 58 currence of palms in the New World, for there were many refer- coe Hemis here, In ad ition, oo and corre- go Following is a list of the palms of the continental United ey arranged in the order of the appearance of their specific nai “Gbens nucifera (1753 )—Coconut-palm Phoenix ete (1753)—Date-palm Sabal minor (1770)—Dwarf-palme The type specimens of the species first er in insular tropical America and later eels on the continental side of the Gulf Stream came from us islands of the West Indies. For ex- ample, arranged pre te they are Thrinax paiuiare (1788). ie Cape Bahamas, Florida. ne tonea regia (1815). Havana, Cuba—West Indies ‘and Cen- ral pees Flodda. 59 Coccothrinax argentea (1830). Described from cultivated spe- We: cimens—West Indies, Florida. cae d vinifera a 1845). Santo Domingo—Cuba, Ba- . lorida Keys. eee Wrightii (1866). Cuba—Bahamas, Florida mainland. On the other hand, several species were first described from the continent and later discovered in the West Indies or Mexico. The Sabal Palmetto Oe): Coastal Plain of South Carolina—Ba- amas, Neowashingto onia fifer (1879). yeas ao Thrinax microcarpa (1896). Florida Keys—Bahamas, The palms ee in the continental United States were eid described from material derived from the southeastern States and California. Arranged chronologically they are, with citations of their type regions in aaa divisions, followed by their geographic distribution Sabal minor (1770). Exact regions not known. Described from mens in the Schénbrunn Garden, Vienna.—Florida to (one and North Carolina. Serenoa repens (1791). Coastal islands. Georgia—Florida to na and South Caro Rhapidophyllum Hystrix (1814). ‘Coastal se South Carolina. —Florida to Mississippi and South Carolin Sabal Etonia (1896). Peninsular Florida. Sabal texana (1908). Southern Texas. Lower Rio Grande elta. Sabal Deeringiana (1926). Southern Louisia Sabal Jamesiana (1927). Everglade Keys, cous peninsular Florida. Tw he most important food palms of the world are ates vies the range under consideration. They are Cocos nucifera (1753). India—Malay and Indo-Pacific on a dactylifera (1753). India—Northern Africa ee ia —Now cultivated in many tropical and warm temper- nee oe and often lo peal naturalized. Taking up the species as they were published, we may start with r flora. In launching thes mo ee ieee: ca little to ne ree short formal descrip- 60 tions and citations of earlier descriptions, he gives eg onenel is” and c (Corypha minor, 1770), an endemic too, was done by Jacquin ith much mor i flowered first in some year before 1773 in the Imperial Schonbrunn Garden, cultivated there by the superintendent, Richard van der Schot, an excellent Gard- ner and companion at one time on my American journey for the purpose of collecting plants for me.” The colored illustration ac- h made from a culti which was a scrub-oak and dwarf-palmetto or chamaerops; here we cooked a fine mess of palm-cabbage.” The g ey affinity of the blue-stem is with pies American type ur palms was published in ee The second, Sabal Palmetto (Corypha ee ies 1788) was published by Wal- 61 ter in America with more than Linnaean anaes the whole record comprising six words of description—a small beginning for a palm that soon after achieved much prominence and use- f ly as 1732, Catesby in referring to the Plant that these Palms grow to their usual stature, which is about 40 feet high, .. .” The cabbage-tree is strictly a tropical American type of pal alm. e third palm, Thrinax parviflora, 1788, took its place in botany remote from our region, having been published by Swartz as growing in ii and Hispaniola, West Indies. Patrick Browne, who first referred to this palm, records that it is ‘“fre- ica, and c collected at the extreme no part its range ew coast of Florida—the Cape Romano r It occurs on 0 eys and the Cape Sable region his ree is widely ean in Cuba and ahamas. 0 an bee kes as in on case of Sabal minor, was a ublished in ica b : whose stem has left the ground apparently originally from some 62 unusual irritation caused by drifting sand, fire, or water. There are many earlier non-botanical references to this palm in the i ti e da the sixteen egies or earlier. eae uc unlike any other palm, the ial aes to n typ fth eam "Rhapioplon "Hystriz eer Hys- trix, ina, also demic, was published by Fraser, through the r in 18 ei i ae . its ene — It was discovered oo fot oh our Seine are in a par calee or general way re- i n has recorded that this ca beara naw ning it oe nally t century that he silver-palm: was collected aad ines “East Florida,” in colonial times, was the designation of our penin- ae Florida. 63 recorded as a member of the flora of the continental United States. Apparently it was first found this side of the Gulf Stream oe ‘ori hee . specimens wer ly taken to Europe, and the t ecal widely cultivated and almost universally noticed in horticultural publications is also cultivated in South Ameri Like s. The ninth palm in our chronology is i bucaneer-palm, Pseudophoenix vinifera (Euterpe vinifera, 1845), which was i red i is e begi discovered i ispaniola about inning of the eighteenth century, but not botanically published until near the mi (o) the nineteenth ury. Over forty years later it was published i overed in 1886. West of the Gulf Stream it is nown from only three of the Florida Keys. Otherwise, aside from its type region, the bucaneer-palm is known on e ortherr nd in t ahamas. It came into prominence at an early date through the sugar which is stored the trunk. This conte: s a handy source of an alcoholic beverage for the early bucaneer he tenth palm, the saw-cabbage palm, Paurotis Wrightii, (Copernicia IT rightii, 1866) ) to our series, was originally déscribed fr stern Cuba full score of years passed be- d on Stream. In 1887 this palm without flowers or fruits was dis- 64 covered in the Cape Romano region of the Big Cypress Swamp of Florida. In the fall of the following year, seeds and a few by itself. A primary Ss hers character i is the undcse ound stem development fro: f{ branches or a colony. The eleventh palm, described as late as 1896 from Florida speci- is yet rather imperfectly known in relation to its associated ara -palms. It produces the smallest fruits of any of our pa The twelfth species in the list of our native palms, the scrub- palmetto, Sabal Etonia, 1896, is one of our half dozen endemics. (S congested palm region of Florida, or in other words in the ies r delta of the Rio Grande in Texas. This plant has the longest his- tory of any of our native palms. It was the first palm of the North American mainland referred to by Europeans. It is 65 crystalized in the early name of the present Rio Grande—the Rio de las of Florida and nearby states ee the Atlantic Ocean, with which, in fact, it was associated as late as the latter part of the nineteenth vi alm. e fifteenth palm to b nsder ed in this series, growing All the palms of the continental United States are in cultivation, usually a few kinds in various plantations; however, several 66 plantations contain specimens of all assembled together. The palm m plantations that r. Charles Deering maintained in his reser- i h had grow. rT than any other i ae ea, Unned S tates. The preceding pages show a notable assemblage of palms for an extra-tropical region, where this group of plants is as a rule not to be expected. Judging from the geologic history, ‘onl- sider this dozen and a half palms a remnant representing the las stan, i roup in temperate. North America, fo the most recent ice for the present, hundred trees a generation ago, now can boast of less than two dozen individuals! Joun K. Samant. THE GLORY OF THE ANNUALS! great assemblage of garden flowers is comprised in the group that we designate as annuals... They are ae annuals ae Abstract of an illustrated lecture pas at The New York Botanical ee on a afternoon, March 23, 1929. 67 they spring up from seed, grow, flower, provide for their own alae with seeds, and die within the year. these annuals are to be eis cetehe ee to none i brilliancy, charm, variety, and fragrance; in fact, possessing al the attributes of true beau eae so ail Spy that we may in erfect truth call them glor They are na turally short-lived £ ing c > . > 7 a bz) io} oa + = = mh Q £88 a o co a ia) 4 o ° ° 3 o w & fo} ° A ioc parts of the ae may be called upon to contribute, because many and oy we can pow them b st ut before we review with pic- ower our gardens, a few practical cultural hints may be helpful eee of Good See First, I would emphasize the paramount importance oF obtain- prolific in seed production. It costs no more to grow the 68 best and the difference between satisfaction or eee nay be only a matter of paying a few more cents per packet the original purchase. Sowing the Seed Some of the tenderer or slower-growing annuals are started natural spread a statur ulture, therefore, is up in sowing the choicest seed obtainable, in well-prepared ani soil, and giving every plant its place sun ater on, when the plants are blooming, the tarding or paieue 3 seed production makes for a longer-con- tinued flowering, p We will now p: aaa review some of the many desirable and early grown Aas annuals. ste Ww as we acne ae asters are not asters in the strict bo- tanical sense. The t aster is a native perennial a € popular annual asters ne ardens are the progeny of a Chinese flower botanically known as Callistephus chinensis. a variety 69 is amazing in type, habit, and color. There are fee and ow. e and have them in abundance ee late summer and fall un- til frost puts an end to them Antirrhinums hese are popularly known as snapdragons or rabbits’ mouths. They are not ee annuals, as the wild species from which the beautiful modern have been developed is a hardy bushy perennial European Ee found growing among rocks and on old stone walls. Be 2 as an ann El however, it has glorious pos- anes ie not being a true annual it ae a longer season of tbe ee early under Given the facility of a plese or frame, so as to have cttone plants for plant- = aes late in May, Antirrhinums are the most persistent and rofusely beautiful flowers, continuous throughout the sea- d = Larkspur There are true annual Delphiniums, the greatly gene progeny of wild ies known as Delphinium Ajacis, weed in British cornfields. They are easily grown, oa and profusely blooming, varied as to types and colors from dwarfs of one foot to taller varieties up to three feet or more, embracing many shades of color from white through pinks to vscalet and from palest mauve to deep Fades -blue Po ppres Annual poppies are sufficient in number and variety to make a garden of them alone. They should always be sown where they a : poppies are a selected strain originating from the common re 7O oppy of we ee fields. They flower early and are over in early w. of color from white to pink, mauve, scarlet, crimson, and black. They will make a truly brave show in the summer garden argemone mexicana An annual yellow poppy from Mexico, both interesting and pretty. Sweet Sultan his is a gem among annual flowers, perh: not as easy ti cu lasting long in water and possessed of a refined fragrance. It embraces many shades of color in white, yellow, mauve, purple, d red. Nemesia A South African annual of exceeding beauty, with a wide color i] P great heat arrive. It arrests the attention and commands the ad- miration of all who see it Lavatera This is an annual oa from the south of Europe and there- fore ought to do well with It does wonderfully in British parently the heat of July and August is not to its liking, but if sown very early it would do well before the very hot days arrive. Having heard it highly praised by English gardeners, I thought I would give my neighbors a welcome surprise, so lat te i oe I lifted my Darwin Tulips which had been four years i ae border and sowed this Lavatera, but what I actually showed ie 71 was a very fine later border of zinnias, and these were not sow till the third week in July when it was apparent the tae : i; yinni : wise flowerless Sunflowers Everybody knows these, but t sunfl are tall and coarse. ome bronzy red varieties are now offered that are distinct and ful for cutting and if there are sae humming birds in Cosmo. This needs no e is the tallest and latest of annuals but a great joy in its seaso: re now early summer-flowering forms not ee as Ps fo er but none the less gracefully pretty and valuable for cutting double-flowered Cosmos is now on and is a really pretty type. It was used exten sively in a basket of flowers at an exhibition late in October ben many inquiries were made as to wha ower was. Ther also a yellow Cosmos, but this seems to be of a different ae and sparse- ane Cornflow So aie doubtless because it is a weed in the cornfields of Europe. It is really a Centaurea, but very hardy, easy to grow, has a long flowering season and can be had in light or dark blue, pink and white Statice This is popularly known as sea lavender and is not only attrac- tive in the garden, but the flowers are everlasting and can be kept for a long time. They can be had in varied shades of pink, rose, mauve and yellow 72 Salpiglossis Overhead a bright August sun, beneath the eye a mass of Sal- le y e or harmonious coloring. Truly a oes family worthy of the best and most extensive culture. Godetias This is another great group of easily grown, long lasting, and most profusely blooming annual flowers. ere are pigmies tha Ww t oot in 0 acre of them in glorious bloom, and the ealy befitting word is phenomenal. Zinnias tuly an annual for everybody and deservedly popular. The different from tha t on nthe wuteide: Few people seem to know like a Cactus Dahlia. If you are off with the old love for Zinnias, u will assuredly be on with a new love as seen in these recent pee emia of the flow 73 C se eae The annual lace ronie of sas and beauty, con- one a long-lasting in bloom and admirable for cutting. Their progenitors are simple wilde found in European fields From Chrysanthemu a m there has been developed a lovely group, the flowers strikingly colored with concentric rings of contrasting color. From C. coronarium have been raised charming varieties in single and double white and yellow flowers and they all grow as easily as weeds. Coreopsis A California wild flower but in its garden development an an- nual of highest merit, rich in glowing yellow, brown, and crimson, graceful in the garden and charming for cuttin ea This is a South African group botanically known as Senecio elega' “he single types are like small Cinerarias and there are double owed kinds of great merit in white, rose, purple, and n. 5 t Scabious i is all the name would imply. A graceful the eep sweet and fresh for two weeks as a cut flower in the hou Marigolds Among these there are two well-defined groups known as the garden, too, they can stand Le cold, as it takes quite a severe frost to put an oe to their persistent flowering. 74 ane old garden favorite is the apes or pot marigold. These in lemon and dee ange shades he flowers are Nigella. A simple little flower but exquisitely pr ere provided one has the best blue strain. It is very hardy and best in the early season ake a ie Calendula a you will have a most pleasing combination. Dianthus he annual pinks are of great value in the annual garden and are well worthy of a much more extended planting. They are easily raised and the best strains have so perfected and se- lected that they come very true y flower freely and persistently all ough the season, are brilliantly effective in masses in den, while for cutting use in the house their 8 , form and fragrance are most appealing. There are single and double-flowered varieties in every shade of color from pure white to deepest crimson. elcroclinium roseum The everlasting flowers or straw flowers as they are now com- and others. A delightful — are when cut and dried for winter use in the house. They em almost every shade of Swan River Daisy Brachycome iberidifolia is a charming daisy-like Australian an- nual, flowering persistently all through the season. It grows less than a foot high and there are white, rose, and blue-flowered ms Fe The flax family has some charming annual kinds, the most note- worthy being Linum grandiflorum rubrum, which has bright scar- let flowers appearing persistently for many weeks. 75 Viscaria A dwarf but pretty annual most meine in masses with white, pink, rose, carmine, or blue flowers. Californian Poppy The Eschscholtzias are well known and deservedly popula They are brilliantly effective in masses of feathery foli lage = wider color range in the future Phlox Drummondi This is a Texas wild flower but its Ae ‘development has raised it to an important position in the annual group by reason of the many distinct types now in existence. The best strains come very true to color and the color rai om white to deepest crimson, with every conceivable intermediate sh The re full round-flowered types and ot inted petals of a r lighter effect, all easily raised and grown, persistent and long-last- ing in Dimorphotheca aurantiaca Is a terrific name for an exquisite yellow daisy which comes from South Africa. It is a brilliant flower, com arly into om, and continues over a long period. The or aeinal type has rich orange flowers but there are others now to be had in pale yel- low, buff, and salmon hues Verbenas These are old garden favorites but they must be started early under glass to insure strong flowering plants Nasturtinms These are so well known it is needless to praise them. are dwarf, some are climbing and all are delightful. Avoid rich und when planting them or the flowers will be hidden in an ee ‘of leaf growth. Candytuft "A very old garden annual but charming all the same in early summer days. It can be had tall or dwarf and in many shades of 76 mi planted out would flower ene the very hot days. Som ewhere served it in flower you will find some evening your entire garden is pervaded with an exquisite perfume Nicotiana ven the tobacco family has some members that are grown for hi bloomers in rosy hues, and especially the white Nicotiana affinis, which exhales its perfume on the evening air. Sweet Peas The sweet peas are a ica host and too comprehensive to enlarge upon on this occasio Portulaca If you have some poor light soil wherein most annuals would starve, sow it with Portulaca and the entire area will become a mosaic 7 ‘brilliant hues Sweet Alys. An old eae and delightful, too, as an edging to beds and borders Gypsophila The annual Gypsophila is indispensable for its many uses as a cut flower, Mi pas te her old favorite of which one never tires because of its de- a fragrance. The selection ne shown surely demonstrates the Glory of the Annuals though it by no means exhausts the subject. Other im- ene el must the garden be if one attempts to grow them ARTHUR HERRINGTON. 77 MORRIS & EAMES’ OUR WILD ORCHIDS? have received so much attention and at- rts, are notoriously incomplete he particular flower which attracts our attention by the roadside, or the bird which we ob- ser 1 hore, the ve be omitted. After a ew su riences with the: oks one becomes rather doubt- ful about the reliability of the identifications which he es and rather hesi bout using them is orchid book, on the other hand, is te. It covers the so-called ‘‘ Manual range,” of the northeastern states and adjacent Canada, and includes every spe- i chid known to occur there e) e itted, to m. atin one, and that we taxonomists do frequently. 1Morris, Frank, and Edward A. E Our wild orchids; trails and portraits. Pp. xxxi+464. 130 ie "New York, Charles Scribner’s Sons; 1929. $7.50. Vis) Latin name is given also, but is distinctly subordinated, and syn- onyms are thoughtfully omitted, for which we should all be grate- ful he aise distribution, favorite habitat, and soil pref- cies sta what must have been a series of glorious botanical experiences. H. A. Gieason. A BULLETIN ON “ POLLINATION OF FRUIT TREES” For a number of years, Dr. A. B. Stout, of the Scientific Staff portant varieties of apples, eek cherries, peaches and nectarines grown in the te of New York. The results indicate that the apples, the pears, the sweet ae and the Japanese plums are 79 as a rule decidedly self-fruitless, aes from pollen abortion or from pareraeaiae Also, in certain Duke eis there is uch pollen abortion. Betwee' en various of the sweet cherries and f the growers of these eer fruit crops are to obtain maxi iel fruits, there mus i p cross-pollination. Thi be provided by the proper interplant- may well au: considered as equal in importance to the quality o the fruit.’ PUBLIC LECTURES DURING MARCH, APRIL, AND MAY The following is the program of the free illustrated lectures given at The New York Botanical Garden in March, April, and May. These lectures are in the Museum Building on Saturday afternoons, beginning at 3:30. Late-comers are admitted at 3:45. March 1. “ Omamental Planting for Small Grounds,” Prof. eae of Horticulture, and hite e a a> er) iti L March 8. “History an ae of the Narcissus,’ Mrs. Wheeler H. Peckham, Honorary Curator of Iris and Narcissus Collections March 15. “ Plan Life South of the ice Front during the Gla- al Epoch,” Dr. Arthur Hollick, Paleobotanist. March 22. “ cee Peculiarities of the Gladiolus,” Dr. Forman T. McLean, Supervisor of Public Ediedoe: March 29. “ Reproduction and Sex in the Fungi,” Dr. B Dodge, Plant Pathologist. 80 April 5. ‘‘ Czecho-Slovakia,” Dr. H. A. Gleason, Curator, April 12. “ John Burroughs,” Dr. Cla arrus, Author April 19. “ The Origin of wilizatiog in Relation to the Orig’ of Cultivated Plants,’ Dr. Elmer D ill, Di- rector-in-Chief, The Sey York Botanical Garden. April 26. “ Birds and Their Vegetable eee Mr. A nders, Ornithologist and Forester. May 3. “ Jamai lora and Scenery,” ‘Dr. Marshall A. owe, Assistant Director. May 10. “Color in the Garden,” Miss Grace Tabor, Author, ee ona and Garden Editor of the Wom me Companion “ How Plant anes and A sricultaral Machinery Increase Food Production,” Dr. iam aa Director, Boyce Thompson haste for Pla: Researc “ Some Plants of Recent Introduction,” Dr. B s o 1 N = ~ td bb aN and South Dakota,” Dr. Fred J. Seaver fo} 28 Bo. NOTES, NEWS AND COMMENT Tr. , Director of the Laboratories, gave an illus- trated fee on “ Sterilities in Flowering Plants” on Friday afternoon, February 28, in Milbank Hall, Barnard College, under the auspices of the Barnard Botanical Club. he New York Times of February pe announces he retire- ms ae June 30, of Dr. Henry Hurd Rusby as Dean of the Col of Pharmacy of Columbia Eade and . Dr. Rob- Scientific Directors, in which important post he succeeded Dr. Rusby. MEMBERS OF THE CORPORATION er Edward D. Adams i oi Astor Bec: ins John W. Auchincloss George F. Baker eine aker ween a Best Baldwin aldw: Field Daniel Guggenheim Murry Guggenheim Henan S. Harkness esr 2 ae McCollester Everit Macy dgar L. Marston . J. Matheson e Aaa ee ris r Robe oh Wate mae h Nei Frederia a Newbold Prof. F. Osborn Chas. aes Pack Rufus L. ase enry Phi: F. R. Pie: Jam hn K. Sma! Valentine P. Snyder James Speyer E. Spi Brederick Strauss F. K. Sturgis rgi B. B. Thayer Charles G. Thompso Benjamin T. Fairchild ouis C. Tiffan Felix M. Warburg Paul M. Warburg Allen Wardwell . H. Westinghouse onso inthro Grenville L. Winthrop MEMBERS OF THE ADVISORY COUNCIL (1929) Mrs. Arthur H. Scribner, . Robert C. H b Seas Hoddon ; m rs. George W. Pe rkins Mrs. A. Barton Hepburn aot GA feck 5 a r H. Scribner HONORARY MEMBER OF THE ADVISORY COUNCIL Mrs. E. Henry Harriman GENERAL INFORMATION Some of the leading features of The New York Botanical Garden Four hundred acres ct Deagabs divcrsined land in the northern oat pay of New York, through the Bronx River. A n: mlock forests is one oe the eee re ee Mes antations ka thousands of native and introduced trees, shrubs, and owen plan dens, aie ding a beautiful rose garden, a rock garden of rock- loving planet and fern and herbaceous gardens. Greenhouses, congas thousands of interesting plants from America and foreign countri ower shows eee hout the year—in the s pale g, summer, and autum displays of narcissi, daffodils, tulips, lilacs, irises, Peonies, roses, lilies, water-lilies, gladioli, dahlias, and chipeauthemimne: in the winter displays green ouse-bloomin ng plants. A museum, containing exhibits of fossil plants, existing plant families, ieee plants occurring within one hundred miles of the City of New York, the economic uses of plants. herbarium, comprieine more than one million specimens of Amer- ican and een species xploration in differe cht parts of the United States, the West Indies, Cental ‘and South America, for the study and collection of the character- homer Pescara in laboratories and in the field into the diversified problems of plant life. A library of A tanical literature, comprising more than 39,000 books and numerous pamphlet mabe lectures on a sak variety of botanical topics, continuing oughout the year. “Publiaton on botanical subjects, partly of technical, scientific and ts The Teese of school children and the public through the abov features and the eine, of free information on botanical, horticuleacal the ees of New Yor a, Pee benefactions and membe eae fees. It possesses now nearly two gue members, and applications for 1 Ge membership are always welcome. The classes of members ship ar Benefactor ......:2-ccccs+s ..... single contribution 25,000 Patro single contributi 5,000 Below SOE ihe wey eee eee spel contribution 1,000 ingle contribution 250 ant al 100 anne fee 25 a fee Cassa vee ia Grnaion Tes be deducted from taxable incomes. The following is an ape Ts form of beque I hereby bequeath to The New ork Perea orien incorporated under the Laws of New Yo ie Chapter 285 ee 1891, the of All requests ei further information read be sent to Tue New York Botanica GARDEN BRONX PARK, NEW YO! ITY VOL. XXXI Aprit, 1930 No. 364 JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN A COLLECTING TRIP ACROSS PERU A. C. Smira PUBLICATIONS OF THE STAFF, SCHOLARS, AND yey HE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARD DURING THE YEAR 1929 THE ALPHABETICAL IRIS CHECK LIST MarsHatt A. Howe NOTES, NEWS, AND COMMENT ACCESSIONS PUBLISHED FOR THE GARDEN Av Lime AND GREEN STREETS, LANCASTER, Pa, Tuer Sorence Press PRintINe COMPANY Wntered at the post-office in Lancaster, Pa., as second-class matter. Annual subscription $1.00 Single copies 10 cents Free to members of the Garden THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN BOARD OF MANAGERS y W. pe Forrst, President Josern P. Hennessy rake pe Forrest BALDWIN, Vice President Ciarunce Liwis . K. Sturcis, Vice President Apotpn Lewisoun Joun L. Merriw., Treasurer Wy Ai, ay sDoOuGAL E. D. Merrie, Secretary Kunnern K, Mackenzie Epwarp D. Apams pene Macoltesne Cuarces P, Berkuy J. ot LA Monrracnn, Ju, M Bocerr Barwncton Moo RGES. ae ER J. Pizeront Mor N. L. Ber Lewis Ruruerrorp Morus NIcworas Meera Butier H. Honart Portier ree W. ve Forrest Henry H. Rusay Tuomas A. Epson Grorcet J. RYAN Bae Frick ee L. Senirer ARPER np W, rela AMES J. Wavxer, Mayor of the City of Nees Yor ALTER R, Herrick, President of the Department iy. Parks SCIENTIFIC DIRECTORS ER, Pu. D., Sc. D., ‘eB D. T. MacDoucar, Pu. D., LL. D. Cuaries P. Benxey, Pu, Di; BaArrincron Moore, A. B. M. F, Marston T. Bocert, Sc. D., Henry H. Ruspy, M. D., 'Sc, D, Be ets Wiieely apined Pa D. Gronrcn J. rage LL, dD, ), 1D), pM UND . SINNOTT, Pu, D. DIRECTOR EMERITUS N. L. Brrrron, Pu. D., Se. D., LL. D. GARDEN STAFF IDE Mh yang t, Cle IB) nigu ono Director-in-Chief Maxsnat, A. "Howe, Vg DIF, Be DY Areirdiaiae cnn Assistant Director Joum Ko Smarr) Pr Dy Sc Divan. anced Head Curator of the Museums ik D. Stout, Pu. D. Director of the Laboratories P. A. Rypnerc, Pu. D. f H. A. Greason, Pu. D. Curator Frep J. Seaver, Pu. De Curator \etHUR HoriicK, Pu Le ERNARD O. Dover, Pu Bs t Patholo agist 7ORMAN N, M. peu anieee Supervisor of bt Education OHN Hinitey, TBeaee ie M., M. Diliideacdvenacetern Bibliographer ERCY WILSON Associate Curator PALMYRE DE C. Oy Associate ou ARAH H. Harrow, A. M. arian J. Ruspy, M. %, aaadadd Honorary CMa Hs the Geile, Collections Suizanetn G. Brrrton onorary Curator of ag Pi AkY E. Eaton ast topeRT S. WILLIAMS Administrative pre I LEXANDER Assistant Curator LEBER Smith, A. B. Assist Curator LypE CHanpier, A. M. Technical Assistant Vanjome E. Swiet, A. M. Assistant Patho ied OSALIE, WEIKERT Te pe cal Assistant CennetH R. ach B. S. d Gardener . M. Demstow, A. M., D. D...... Honorary Custodian o tae Caray 7. B. SourHwicr, Pe Die eaten Custodian of Herbaceous Grounds ZTHEL ANSON - Pecknam, Honorary Curator, Iris and Narcissus Collections oum R Briney, oF dscape Engineer Navter S. Ski Clerk and Accountant AaTHOR J. CORBETT) 75-0527 7 a7 Superintendent of Buildings and Grounds JOURNAL OF The New York Botanical Garden VoL. XXX1 APRIL, 1930 No. 364 A COLLECTING TRIP ACROSS PERU vast region of the Peruvian “ montafia ”—the lowlands which lie in the Amazon drainage basi without doubt one of the richest sections of South Amer: cate a ain — cana The tropical jungle which reaches the Atlantic to the bas names of Weberbauer, Ule, Tessmann, Macbride, and others have become well known to students of taxonomy. With the intention of adding to the material in American herbaria, an expedition was sent last year, under the auspices of the Smithsonian Institution, to make general collections in the basins of the Ucayali, Marafion, and Huallaga rivers. The p sonnel of the expedition was Mr. Ellsworth P. Killip of the Na- > fc) 5 7 mouth of the Rio Rimac at the base of the Andes. The im- 81 82 mediate enny, and indeed the entire western slope at low alti- the end of a week we were ready to leave the capital. This was a week of busy preparation, punctuated by visits to the famous ey Ficure 1. A valley on the western slope of the Andes. cathedral, the University of San Marcos, the Museum of A ology, the modern Country Club, and many other aire cna ive Lim. h Z inter teg: our Eieeedce of Peruvian flora. He gave us aie useful ad- 83 vice concerning localities in the interior, and indeed there are few parts of Peru which one can visit without following the footsteps of a eae botanist. aliey of the Rio Rimac forms the gateway to the interio roe iis es a its mouth to its source in glacial snow is Ficure 2. A family of Indians of the Campos tribe visit our camp at Kimpitiriki. built the Central Railway of Peru, a piece of engineering work I which one can only admire in awe, In a brief 171 kilometers of track it attains an altitude of 4776 meters, a height equalled by ther passenger in the worl ain winds upwar no o g s along startling precipices and among tremendous crags, passing through innumerable tunnels and often “side-stepping” by means 84 of switch-backs. The traveler is so impressed by this engineer- t c h iw = we bh ) + ef fo B ua) ” 9 5 oO ot oO ope ee oq nn @ > o oo ° 3 og @ ° a a wa QO fc) =] oO 4 ae fact, as seen from the train, the country does not promise a profusion of material to the collector. he opposite proves to be the case, however, if he stops off me of the small towns. To break trip “up the hill” and thus avoid the “soroche,” the mountain sickness against which w. one is warned a hundred times, we spent two days at Rio Blanco, Ficure 3. A glacier at 4700 meters altitude, Mt. La Juntay, near Huancayo. a ence little collection of huts at 3500 meters altitude. Here we obtaine eee collection of the many herbs and dwarf aa of the western slope. As usual at this altitude, the predominating flower color is yellow, a brilliant tinge being given to the landscape by many Calceolarias and Compositae. ce the less noticeable but still characteristic plants are Valerianas, Lupines, Pitcairneas, and ferns of the ee ype. Troceeding along the railway, we crossed the crest of the western range by a tunnel under the beautiful snow-capped peaks 85 and saw a tributary of the Amazon for the first time. The rail- on een Ww. tim dilapidated “camion,” for Tarma. The road, with no prelimi- Ficure 4. Aina, a town at the junction of the tropical and subtropical zones. aries, winds crazily up to the summit of the second ee which n the surrounding countryside. The re a is oe y and too well 3 : y He thrives at this altitude is the introduced | Eucalyptus ae rows of which form patterns on the hillsides 86 Our plans had called for continuation in an easterly direction e Ficure 5. Travel by land—our caravan on the Pichis Trail. Institution. Mr. : an nu Mrs. Paul Ledig, our hosts at the Observa- tory, made our visit to Huancayo a delightful o: most ae field trip in the aoniny . Huancayo was Pe ni to Mt. La ] ay, the “Mountain rpetual Snow.” Collect- ing at the a f the -line revealed many species of small herbs, such as Castilleja, H’erneria, Gentiana, Halenia, Barista, and in ting grasse mountain i up into several peaks, resulti the formation of various glaciers and beautiful ries of small lakes isited a different glacier and met We eac again at dusk wee the most enjoyable and exciting day of the entire tri 87 Huancayo lies in the valley of the Mantaro river, which here has a southeasterly course. Eventually it makes a sudden turn, to - ge. At Hu for our eae mule trip, a rather difficult ee because the — S i i ch Ficure 6. Travel by water—a difficult stretch of the Pichis River. they will neither work nor allow their bea work. However, we prevailed upon “ Sefior el sub-Pre ae to” to ae ft eight or ten mules for us, and with this motley outfit we started eastward over the mountains. ade which divides these two large rivers reaches a height 4g reached a subtropical climate and flora in the town of Aina. Here about ten huts are assembled in a tiny valley, whose orange trees and orchid-laden woods were doubly welcome after our 88 weeks in the mountains. Aina became our headquarters for a en day i eis none of the head-hunting proclivities assigned to certain tribes of them. Having made satisfactory collections in ie part of the mon- tajia, we retraced our route throug uanta and Huancayo to rma, wher de plans for our ee Iquitos, the capital of the Department of Loreto and the only town of impor- tance in east u. The first stage of t trip, by auto, is interes ly ed. M lip mai trip westward to istana, a locality made famous by Dr eberba' and doubtless re-collected many plants from the type locality. Att altitude of Huacapistana (1700 meters) such mountain plants as a ( Vernonia, Eupatorium, Lupinus, Thibaudia, Calceolaria, and ter- restrial orchids were much in evidence, while at lower altitudes in the Chanchamayo valley proper these gave way to an abun- es of soli Sonia Rubiaceae, Piperaceae, Araceae, and eat erns; among the latter, ree: ee large Dislevivis. a ee Paya were com From this part of Peru ule trail leads over a ee range to the navigable rivers of the Amazon syster This is the only ute of any importance which co s Amazonian Peru with y imp the central nein eae region. It is known as the Pichis Trail, 89 with a total length of about 200 kilometers and an altitude range Ww. r. Killi Ficure 7. A path through lowland forest. The Pichis Trail is traveled twice a month by a mail caravan, Aan other travelers are few. We often went the entire day, seeing no one but nule drivers and ea weary charges. At inter- him up against a solid mass of green without variety. Scenery go is not comparable with the trails of the eee mountains, for on withou ti m aceae, a dishia, a Weinmannia, several Xyris, peautiful terrestrial orchids, and the common cinnamon fern of the nort After eleven ue this trail we eer the terminus on own The as fif eet. For a week or two we slowly worked downstream, traveling in a capacious dugo noe, and making headquarters at three very ideally located settlements—Puerto Yessup, Pue ermudez, and Cahuapanas, the latter a missi here we were he guests of countr. This method of traveling is the most delightful to be found in the tropics e canoe is propelled along by leisurely Indian boys are n r o overwork being little danger of rain in the dry season, cots are set up in e sand, a supper of fish, ywca, and turtle eggs is prepared by the gI crew boys, and there is quiet until bands of howler monkeys roar dawn ve up canoe travel and met the mail launch which a month. From it may be iueiacd that the mule trails are falling more and mo into disuse. Ficure 8, The deck of a river boat in the siesta hour. n comparative lu uxury we continued the length of the Ucayali, I posal, which served as living and working quarters during the rest of our stay in Peru, and from which we made trips of con- siderable length g2 The last half of August ce the first half of September were t navigable part of the Marafion = the Morona, w r. Killip and I made headquarters at Yurimaguas, a town on the Rio Hual- laga about five days Iquitos. Collecting in this region proved very profitable. There is little variation in elevation, but a different flora is found in various habitats ich is in- undated gh water is designated by th es as “mont of ae of both vari a and abun a ities as Tarapoto, Moyabamba, and Chachapoyas can be reac ed. W i Before leaving ae for the last time we made a short trip up took advantage by traveling to Man: n the comfort of an English boat. Here Mr. Dennis cn ae to New York. m3) 93 while Mr. Killip and I stayed to collect near the city for a few days. In Manaos we had the good fortune to become acquainted with Dr. Adolfo Ducke, of the Museu Nacional at Rio de Janeiro, from whom we obtained much interesting and valuable informa- tion. Unfortunately our time in- Brazil was _ very limited. After joints touc by steamers on the lower river. The up-to- date atmosphere of these river cities—Ma nd Para—cannot be overemphasized ; one feels perfectly at home, and the sense of n: is quite lost. After considerable delay we boarded a freighter, steamed out of the mouth of the tre- mendous Para river, and were landed in New York two weeks later, at the end of Noven SUMMARY OF COLLECTIONS The total field nee of the trip were about 9200, collected in three or four sets when ates These were represented among important sa as follow Lower cryptogams....... 44 tie cece 395 Pilicales cise isd eect ene 927 Solanaceae ............. 250 CAC eras ope aware 264 Paine ead Leet aerate 121 Gramineae ...........- 209 Gesneriaceae ........... 144 Orchidaceae ............ 335 Acanthaceae ............ 222 Piperaceae ..........40. 531 Rubiaceae .............. 574 Leguminosae ........... 519 Compositae ............. 423 A. C. Smirn PUBLICATIONS OF THE STAFF, SCHOLARS, AND STUDENTS OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN DURING THE YEAR 1929 Barnhart, a . The ascidia of the bladderworts. Jour. N. Y. Bot. Mrir ure]. Ses new work describing - pee of — pee Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 30: My —-———. Report of the ae ae ar Bull, N. Y. Bot. Gard. 13: 370. [Biographical ° notes. an N. Y. Bot. Gard. Pedro de Cieza de Ledn (1518-1560). 153; William ee (1596-about 1658). ee Jean Baptiste Christophe Fusée 94 Aublet (1720-1778). 154, 155; Raymond Breton (1609- F 16 55; Hans Sloane (1660-1752-3). 155, ran- cisco Hernandez (1514-1587). 156; Joseph de Acosta (about ay 157; lo (about 1254-1324). 157, 158. 1929.—Arthur Carl Victor Schott (1814-1875). 280, 281. Ni 29. Bowers, C. G. The ie dates for rhododendrons and azaleas. Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 30: 18-20. Ja 1929. Boynton, K.R. The sana house. Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 30: 38-40. f. 9. F 1929. ——_——. Report of the Head Gardener [for 1928]. Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 13: 361-363. 31 My 1920. . The 1929 i display. Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 30: 145-147. f. 2. 1929. SaaEEEnAE McKelvey’s “The Lilac.” Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 30: 284, 285. N 1929. | Britton, E. G. The lantern- id nae of The New York Botanical Garden. Jour . Bot. Gard. 30: 20-22, Ja ———. Report of the Honorary Curator of Mosses [for 1928]. Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 13: 389, 390. 31 My eee Canada geese in the Botanical Garden. Jour. N. Bot. lene 30: 169-171. f. 2, 3. 929. ———— ild plants needing protection. ee oe or “Bluebells” [Mertensia virginica (L.) DC. rN. Bot. Gard. 30: 209-211. pl. jog+f. 4 1929. Britton, N. L. Report of the Secretary and Director-in-Chief for the year 1928. Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 13: 351-354. 31 ae 192 g ——_—— Further studies in Porto Rico. Jour. N. Y. Bot. ce 30: 101-103. My 1929. a The shrub yellow-root. Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 30: ae SSS oie eae Botanical nomenclature. ] New York Botanical Garden. Bull. Am. tH oc. No. 31: 11-19. Ap 1929 95 Densiow, H.M. Report of the Honorary Custodian of the Local Herbarium (for 1928). Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 13: 391. 31 ¥ 1929. Epidendrum conopseum Ait. in Louisiana. Torreya 171. My-Je 1929. Biden B. O. Notes on some Iris troubles. Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 30: 5-10. f. 3-5. Ja 192 Observations on a shot- hale disease and insect pests of ie Japanese cherries. Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 30: 81-85. fir. ox hae EEE gus diseases and insects in the Rose Garden. ear . Gard. 30: 105-124. f. 1-3. My 1929. ——. Report of Plant Pathologist [for 1928]. Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 13: 373-375. 31 My 1929. The nature of giant spores and segregation of sex Beton’ in Neurospora. Mycologia 21: 222-231 jJi-Au 1 29. . Segregations ees in ane the Monilia bread moulds. Science II. 70: 2 Cytological ent ey on . sexuality and origin of life on) in . Uredineae. Proc. Internat. Cong. Pl. Sci. 2: ae 1766. Dodge, B. O., cae G. The bulb- or stem-nematode (Tlencs tips Kuhn) as a pest of Phlox. Jour. N. Y ard. 30: 177-184. f. ry. Au 1929. Paling E. H. Anguide to the Pinetum. Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 21-165. f. 1-19. 2 maps. 30 Au 1929. Decorative mixed coniferous-evergreen collections in The New York Botanical Garden. Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 228 — 1929; 244-26 29) Gleason, H tudi n the flora of th America—XI ew or noteworthy monocotyledons from British Guiana Bull. Torrey Club 5 -23. 22 29 ;— XII Cie gee Bull. Torrey Club 56: 97-112. 26 Mr 1929;—XIII. Tate collection from Mount Roraima. Bull. Torrey Club 56: 391-408. 12 D 1929. ——. Plant associations and their eee a reply to Dr. Nichols. Proc. Internat. Congr. Pl. Sci. 1: 643-646. 1929. 96 —_— A collection of plants from Mount Duida. Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 30: 166-168 929. The genus Monochaetim in South America. Am. a Bot. 16: 502-522. The genus Monochaetum in North America. Am. tous. Bot. 16: 586— ————. Two mndesribed species of Peas from South ets _ Torrey ya 29: 138. S-O s’s Plant life a its romance. eue N.Y. Bot. Gard, 30:22. Ja 1929. [Review.] ————. The significance of Raunkiaer’s Law of Frequency. Ecology 10: 406-408. Brockmann- Digan Die Vegetation der Schweiz. Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 285, 2 N 1929. [Review.] Hee, S. H. Report of the ‘Librarian Uo 1928]. Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 13: 380, 381. 31 My 1 Hollick, A. New species of fossil plants on the oe shales : De Beque, Colorado. Bull. Torrey Club 56: 93-06. He 2. . Mri 1929. SS. port of the hal ee a 1928]. Bull. N. Y. Bot. eal 13: 382-384. 31 My ——-——. Botany in relation to ne. Joan N.Y. Bot. Gard. 30: 162 266: 1 1929. Howe, M. A. Horticultural and educational features of The w York Botanical pee Year Book Federated Garden Clubs N. Y. State. 5: 17,1 1929. w York’s fst horace garden. Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 30: “19-58 f. 1,2. Mr 1929. SS new species of Chara from tropical America. Field Mus. Nat Hist. Bot. Series 4: 159-161. pl. 16. 5 Jl 1929. ——. [Round-table era botanical pees) Proc. Internat. Congr. Pl. Sci. 2: 1561-1564. 1 Kirkpatrick, K. C., with Stout, re B. Report on Ate 1928 Iris- breeding = at The New York Botanical Garden. Bull. Am. Iris Soc. No. 31 Ap 1929. McLean, F. T. ne e gladiolus and its eet from the wild. Torreya 29: fin Ja- oo A fan orca: in eee con N. Y. Bot. Gard. go: 37; 37. 8. Fi 97 ————. Helxine as a ground cover. Horticulture 7: 109. 1 Mr e’s Sugar cane and its culture. Jour. N. Y. Bot. on - a 89. Ap 1929. [Review. ——. gladiolus society rip organized for New York City. ae N. Y. Bot. Gard. 30: 89, go. 1929. Report of the rales of Public Eaaeion Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 13: My 1929 — . The first show of the oe Gladius ee Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 30: 233-238. - —-_——. Hardy water-lilies. Heel: ves 1S 1929. ——-—. Gladiolus display a e Horticultural Grounds. Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 30: 239-2 2. O 192 43. 929. ————. House plants for the winter. Horticulture 7: 537. 1 N 1929. —. The pink sweet-alyssum. Horticulture 7: 546. 15 N 1929. ————. Saving the autumn leaves. Horticulture 7: 557. 15 N 1929. Peckham, E. A. §. Naturalistic plantings of early-flowering bulbs. Jon N. Y. Bot. Gard. 30: 1-5. f. 4, 2. Ja 1929. ——-—. Table Iris. Bull. Am. Iris Soc. No. 31: 29-31. Ap . 1928 Bibliography [Iris]. Bull. Am. Iris Soc. No. 31: 41— a Ap 1929. —_— Report of the Honorary Curator, Iris and Narcissus Colts, 1928. Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 13: 364-367. 31 1929. —~——. American iris-breeders. Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 30: 137143: Je aa [ieditor]. ental Iris check list. Pp. 1-300. 1929. ————. Narcissus “Fairy.” Addisonia 14: 33, 34. pl. 465; Noveiseus “Peter Barr.” 35, 36. pl. 466; Narcissus a. * 37, 38. pl. 467; Narcissus “White Queen.” 39, 40. 68; Narcissus ‘“Bath’s Flame.” 41, 42. pl. 469; Nereus “Bernardino.” 43, o; Narcissus 47 “Queen of the North.” 45, 46. 7 qt; Narcissus “Mas terpiece,” Sing 48. pl. 472. 31 D 1929 98 Rusby, H. H. To practitioners of medicine. Medical Worid 47: a 108. 1929. -————. An interesting test of ergot. The Messenger 6: 54. 9. ————. Concerning official and legal standards for drugs and medicines. pace Druggist 47: 18. r 1929. : on’s “Story of geology.” The Messenger 6: 77. 1929. [Review ———. he value and limitations of histology in vegetable a Proc. Internat. Cong. Pl. Sci. 2: 1356-1360. 192 —. New species of wild edible fruits from eastern 1376 2 search. Brit. Pharmaceut. Jour. and Trans. 123: 312-317 19 —-———. The first century of the New York College of Pharmacy. [Annual report of the Dean of the College of eres of Columbia University.] The Messenger 6: 210-214. 1929. Address of acceptance of Hanbury Medal. The Mes- senger 6: 228-231. 1929. Comments on cockscomb test for quality is ergot. our of the Am. Pharm. Assoc. 18: 1124-1126. 29. ~-___——. Facts concerning the character of the a used in the United States. Western Medical Times 49: 7-9. 1929. Rydberg, P. A. Sag a ee Galegeae (pars). N. Am, Fl. 24: 251-314. 929; 315-378. 15 My 1929; 19 _ enera of North American Fabaceae—V. Astra- ae and related genera. Am. ot. 15: 584-594. pl. 44, 45. 14 Ja 1929. [“ Desa 1928] ;—VI._ Astra- galus ai related genera (continued). Am. Jour. Bot. 16: 197-206. pl. 15-17. 1929. ———. ee or Charybdis. Proc. Internat. Congr. Pl. Sci. T§39-1551. 1929. ea F. J. Notes and brief articles. ie ar: ao 53: 2 Ja 1929; 112. 1 Mr 1929; 232. I Jl 1929; IN 1929. Oo 4 99 $s in tropical apes ——.. Studie Phyllachora ees Cedronis. Mycologia 21: 178, 1 f 1 ji small, J. K. Peninsula ne Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 30: 62-71. f. 3-6. 929. Iris idputyien peas 14: 2. p 9; Tris fe Albispites 3, 4- j Tris Gane a. 5, pl. 452; Iris clrysophoenici. 8. . 452; Tris recov: ris chrysaeola, 11, 12. . 454; Iris atro- 1. 455; Iris verna (mountain form). 15 16. pl. 456. 30 Mr 1929. ——. Report of the Head Curator of the Museums and Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 13: 355-360. Herbarium [for 1928]. 31 My 1929. coconut-palm—Cocos nucifera. Jour. XG ae Gare, 30: 153-161. f. zr. Jl 1929; 194-203. - 8, 9. Au 1929. ————. From Eden to pes aes tragedy. 1-123. pl. 1-22, O 1929. Lan . Palmetto: ene -a- eter Saal Deeringiana. Jour. N. Y. Bot. ee 30: 278-284. ff. 5, I ——— ation and erosion on the Everglade Keys. ar Monty 90 > 33-49. 24D [“Ja 1930”] 192 oe A.B. New oc for the garden. House and Garden 2 88, oa — ae in aa life. Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 30: 25-37. t 1929. ———~. Conference notes for January. Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 30: 71, 72. Mr 1929;—-for March. Jour. N. Y. Bot. y 1929. oe of the a daylilies. House and yl ea ae flava. Aad 14: 17, 18. pl. 457; Hencioenie minor. 19, 20. pl. 458; Hemerocallis Thun- berg. 21, 22. pl. 459; Hemerocallis fulva clon maculata. 23, 24. pl. 460; Foner callis aurantiaca, 25, 26. pl. 461; Hemerocallis aie 27, 28. pl. 462; Hen zerocallis i. 1. 463; Peers multiflora. 31, 32. pl. 4o4. a 1929. 100 — The fulvous daylilies—I. Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. : 129-136. f. 4. —II. Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 3 185-194. f. 5-7 1929. ————.. The develop a of seedless fruits by breeding. Jou @NOY. Boi Gard: goxe 270-277. f. 2-4. N 1929. Stout, a B., with Chandler, C. Report of breeding work w: Irises at The aes York Botanical Garden. Bull. Am. His Soc. No. 31 -19. Ap 1929. ——— with Kirkpatrick, K.C. Report on the 1928 Iris-breed- ing ScoLGhe at The New York Botanical Garden. Bull. Am. Iris Soc. No. 31: 20-28. Ap 1929. some irregularities in- relation Ann. N, Y. — with Susa, T. Chromo to sterility in Eeseeeds, fulva clon Europa. cad. Sci. 31: 1-30. 1929. with Wellington, R., Einset, O., — van Alstyne, L. i “i . Y. State Agricul. Sica, T, ith Stout, A. B. ‘Ch romosome irregularities in rela- ion to ase in a fulva clon Europa.. Ann. N Y. Acad. Sci. 31: I-30. 1929. Williams, R. S$. residents poe eae Moss Society— Tryelog! t 32:40. gr Sli lanai Ae oes sp. nov. Bryologist 32: 1929. 69. pl. 5. THE ALPHABETICAL IRIS CHECK LIST? In preparing and publishing the Alphabetical Iris Check List, H. m1, Sra of the Iris and Narcissus Collections of The erican Iris Society. Alphabetical Iris Check List. Edited by Mrs. Ww fae EL Peckham [Ethel Anson S. Peckham], New Rochelle, N. Y. Pp. 1-300. Baltimore, 1929 IOI Botanical Garden, with the coéperation of various other members of of information, such as group and color classifi pais name of introducer, date of oe references to literature, awards and citations, ratings, parentage, synonyms, viheriet extinct or superseded, etc. The style of type indicates whether a name is approve 0 investigated. The tre to Eighteen Acres of Irises.” The book has been attractively made by the Waverly Press of Baltimore. MarsuHaty A. Howe. NOTES, NEWS, AND COMMENT The firm R. Vincent, Jr., and Sons Company, of White Marsh, also ten plants of the Abutilon “ Eclipse.” These plants will be propagated for use in experimental wudies and for general dis- play in the Garden 102 r. G. W. Martin, of the University of Iowa, spent the month of March at The New York Botanical Garden working over the slime-mould collection. Dr. Martin is collaborating with Pro- fessor T. H. Macbride on a revision of his slime-mould book and is planning later to monograph the group for North American Flora. Mr. John T. Scheepers has recently presented to the Garden a case of 100 bulbs of Lilinm auratuim, collected from wild plants in Japan, and ten bulbs of the same sort have come as a gift from Mr. . Havemeyer. Ordinarily some of the plants grown m commercial bulbs of this species possess the ae disease of plants in the garden. It is the hope that bulbs of wild ee will give plants free from this very destructive disease mong the visitors who enrolled in the library during the winter were the following: Dr. E. P POL 5 5 a . tt a 4 a ° B as ° a 1 > =] ga oe o aA @) e er College, Japan Drs. E. D. Merrill, A. B. Stout, J. H. Barnhart, H. A. Gleason, and B. O. Dodge have been delegated to represent The New York Botanical Garden at the Fifth International Botanical ae Dr. M nt papers. arm, 0 e merican ment on the International ad interim com- mittee on the nomenclature of plants ee Lathrop ae Forest Education Board, 1214 Six- or Street, N. W., Washington, D. C., announces the estab- lishment of a ener es of pneaaa to “gifted men who demon- strate natural powers of intellectual and personal leadership and 103 who intend to make forestry their life work.” . The amount be authorized by the Board rout, who has been for some years Chairman of the iT! gust. He is a member of the international committee on the nomenclature of the bryophytes Mr. Maturin Livingston Delafield, a member of a distinguished New York family and life member of The New York Botanical Garden, 7 on De eriher 18, 1929, at the age of 60, in Lausanne, a grad n (189 ). In , Mr. Delafield became the first Patron of The Botanical Society of America, a distinction that he later shared rgan and ritton Mr. J. d Mrs. N. L. Til health led to his early retirement from bases. after which he lived abroad, chiefly in Switzerland. Meteorology for February. The maximum temperatures re- corded at The New York Borauical Garden for each week or part of a week were: i? and; 54° on the 3rd; 48° on the 13th; 73° on the 20th; and 75° on the ath. The minimum peratures recorded we 11° the ; 2° on the 16th and 17th; and 15° on the 18th. The total precipitation for the m as 2.61 inches which includes a 3-inch figured as .30 inches o and the Afeteorology for March. The maximum temperatures re- corded at The New York Botanical Garden for each week or part 104 a week were: 55” on the Sth ; 65° on the 13th; 57° on the 2oth; 1.70 inches. There were traces of snow during the night of the 2nd and during the morning of the 27th ACCESSIONS LIBRARY ACCESSIONS—SEPTEMBER, 1929 (CONTINUED) Eisen, Aucust Gustar, & Sruxgerc, Anton JuLius. Gotlands fanero- gamer och thallogamer, med fyndorter fér de sdalisyntare. Upsala, Eurvinc, Freprik Emit Votmar. Kasvitieteen oppikirja. Helsinki, 1903 Errxson, JOHAN. Hallands Vaderé: Hovs hallar. Stockhol . Fatcx, Cart Martin ALrrep IMMANUEL. Bidrag till kannedomen om den sydsvenska vegetationens ursprung och vagen fér dess invandring. n Lund, 1868. Farcx, Kurt Ricuarp. Lérobok i botanik. aig 1925. FaLx, Herman Gustar. Om Sstra Blekinges la riskrona, 1874. see Awnpr& Sercrjewirscu. Uebersicht i Leistun eit eu el o ‘e der Botanik in Russland wahrend des Jahres 1891. St. Peters- burg, 1893. FIEK, a Flora von Schlesien preussischen und dsterreichischen Antheils. Breslau, 1881. i vid nordiska ee likaremétet 1 Helsingfors en 7 till r2 Juli 1902, Helsingf 1903. ne ALBERT BERNHARD. Pflanzen- a bellen ge der héheren Gewéchse Nord- und Mittel- Deeds Ed. 4. Leipzig, 1881. Fries, Ettas Macnus. Véren. En botanisk betraktelse. 2 pts. Upsala, 1842. 1842. ———-. Ammirkningar oe de i Sverige vaéraude Pilarterna och deras ekouomiska nytia, Ups 1859. Aro aay nagot bildnings-medel? 3 pts. Upsala, 1842. Fungi guineenses (Adami Afzelti). Pt. 1. Upsaliae, 1837. Grunddragen af Aristotelis vextléra, 3 pts. Upsala, 1842. Spicilegium plantarum neglectarum. Pt. 1. Upsaliae, 1836. ———. Synopsis wicorum e aeorum. Pt. 1. Lu i Gapp, Penr Aprtan. Skidfrukts warter och Legum Abo GARCKE, Hae Avcust. Iilustrierte Flora von Dalen on 17. Berlin, . Ea 21. Berlin, 1912. PUBLICATIONS OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN Journal of The New York Botanical Garden, monthly, containing notes, news, and ie ee ae prec to menos of the Garden. To others, 10 cents a c 1.00 a Now s thirty-first volume. Mycologia, earn neveeea ie ‘fungi i, Meat lichens; $4.00 a year; single copies ee for sale. [Not offered in exchange.] Now in its twenty- second v Addi aa eiecteniy, devoted er elisively to ere plates accompanied by popular descriptions of flowering plants; eight p each number, thirty-two in each volume. Sake retion price, Deke Bot a year. [Not offered in exchanged.] Now in its fifteenth volume. Bulletin of The New York Botanical Garden, containing report Director-in-Chief and other official documents, and technical articles em- Boeyine results of eae ay Free to all members of the Garden; to s, $3.00 per volume. Now in its fourteenth volume ce American Flora. (Deseret of the wild plants of North Amer ica, including Greenland, ie We sting dies, and ba ee 2 pence Planned to be completed in 34 volumes. oy. 8vo0 olume to consist of four ee more parts. 64 parts now Se moe price, $1.50 per part; a limited number of separate parts will be sold for $2.00 each. [Not Memoirs of The New York Botanical Garden. Price to members of the Garden, vols. I-VI, $1. po per volume; to others, $3.00. Vol. VII, $2.50 to members; to others, Vol. I. An Annotated Crionte of the Flora on eens and the powsrone Park, by Per Axel Rydberg. ix-+ 492 pp., with detailed ae 00. Vol. II. The Influence of Light and eae super Growth and Devel- opment, by D. T. MacDougal. xvi 176 figures. 1903. Vol. III. Studies of Cretaceous Coniferous eae ue alien ville, New oe k, by A. Hollick and E. C. Jeffrey. xiii + 13 with 29 Vol. Vv. Precis of the Rays of Radium on Plants, pe Charles Stuart Gager. viii 478 pp., with 73 figures and ue plates. 1908. Vol. V. Flora of the Vicinity of New York: A Contribution to Plant Geography, by Norman Taylor. vi-+ 683 pp., wit 9 plates 15: Vol. VI. Papers presented at the Celebration of the Toe Anni- versary of The New ork Botanical Garden Berea: pp., with 43 plates and many ne es, I 16 Wolk, WAU Teeciee “New Myx xoph yceae from Porto Rico, by N. L. Gardner; The Flower Behavior of Avocados, by Stout; Descrip- tions of New Genera and Species of Plants Gollecta d on the Muli ford Biological Exploration of the Amazon Valley, 1921-1922, by H. H. Rusby and The Flora of the Saint Eugene Silts, Kootenay Valley, pe ce lumbia, by iM thie Hollick. viii+ 464 pp., with 47 plates, 10 charts, and 1927. Contributions from Th w York Botanical Garden. A series of tech- from journals other than the above. Price, 25 cents each. 5.00 per vol- ume. In the thirteenth volume. THE NEW YORK Regma GARDEN x Park, New York, N. Y. GENERAL INFORMATION Some of the leading features of The New York Botanical Garden are: hundred acres of Deanery diversified land in the northern part of the City of New York, through which flow pits Bronx River. A native hemlock forest is one of the! eeatates of the t eee et thousands of native and A ae trees, shrubs, and flowering plan Gardens, ae ines a beautiful rose garden, a rock garden of rock- loving plants, and fern and herbaceous gardens. Greenhouses, containing thousands of interesting plants from Ame and forcken countri Flower show: s thr See the year—in the spring, summer, and a n displays of faeces daffodils, tulips, lilacs, irises, Peonies, roses, “Tes, water ilies! gladioli, SOE: and chrysanthemums; in the winter di splay: of greenhouse-bloom plan A museum, containing exhibits He fossil plants, existing plant families, local plants occurring w undred miles of the City of New York, and the econ Cane uses OF ae ium, com ae more than one million specimens of Amer- ican and foreign species xploration in different parts of the United States, the West Indies, central a) and South arenes for the study and collection of the character- Seenaae research in laboratories and in the field into the diversified Ree of plant life. of peta literature, comprising more than 39,000 books and neeaaeains pamphlet Public lectures on a “ences variety of botanical topics, continuing throughout the year. Publications on botanical subjects, partly of technical, scientific and partly of popular, interest. The education of school children and the public through the abov features and the givin g of free information on botanical, horticultural and forestal subjec The Garden is idenendert upon an annual appropriation by the n nd Peaberian are always welcome. The classe S bes mbers hip ar Sd eoda ced so single contribution 25,000 single coutibution 5,000 1,000 seiatncts : single parr 250 annual fee 100 Abe +++ annual fee 25 em fee Contributions ae ne igaecient me ise deducted from taxable incomes. The following is an approved form of beque I hereby bequeath to The New York Botanical orden incorporated wnder e Laws of New A ————— All requests for further information Heid i sent to Tue New York BoTanicau Cent), BRONX PARK, NEW YORK, VOL. XXXI May, 1930 No. 365 JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN COTTON H. H. Russy METHODS OF PRESERVING AND ARRANGING HERBARIUM SPECIMENS H. A. Gieason anv A. C. SmirH GROWING EXHIBITION FLOWERS JAMES STUART NOTES, NEWS, AND COMMENT ACCESSIONS PUBLISHED FOR THE GARDEN Ar Lime AND GREEN STREETS, LANCASTER, Pa. Tue Science Press PrintiInc CoMPpANY Entered at the post-office in Lancaster, Pa., as second-class matter. Annual subscription $1.00 Single copies 10 cents ree to members of the Garden THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN BOARD OF MANAGERS W. ve Forest, President JoserH P. HEeNNESsy Hewny DE Forest BALDWIN, Vice President ene Lewis F. K. Srurcis, Vite. sidan en ApvotpH LEWISOHN Joun iL MERRILL, ure: on . T. MacDoucaL 1p 1D} aoe alae Kenneto K. MACKENZIE EDWARD AM. Parker McCoLtesTER Cuartes P. Brunet H. pe LA MonrtTAGNE, Jr., Marston T. Bocert Barrincton Moore GrorcE S. BREWSTER J. Prerront Morca RITTON Lewis RuTHERFURD Morris NicHotas Murray ButLer H. Hopart Porter Rosert W. DE Forest Henry H. Ruspy Tuomas A. Epison GErorcE J. Cuttps Frick Mortimer L. ScHIFF : ARPER DMUND W. SINNOTT James J. WALKER, Mayor Bh the City of New Yor. ‘Watter R. HErRIcK, President of the Deperinent of Parks SCIENTIFIC DIRECTORS R. A. Harper, Pu. D., Sc. D., Chairman D. T. MacDoueat, Pu. D., LL. D. Cuar_es P. Berkey, Pu. D., Sc. D. BARRINGTON Moore, A. B., M. F. Marston T. Bocert, Sc. D., LL. D. Henry H. Russy, M. D., Sc. D. Nicuotas Murray Butter, "Pu. D,, Geos ye oe LL. D. ILIL, JD), Wing, 1D), W. Srwnort, Pu. D. DIRECTOR yeaa N. L. Britton, Pu GARDEN aie aD MERRIPE, Sc: Discs eee th Director-in-Chief Marsuat A. "Howe, ‘Pu. ID), Be ID RAO EME ioiaLe ask © Assistant Director Joun K. SMALL, , Px. Di Scr De 2 eee Head Curator of the Museum A. B. Strout, Ht Director of the Tabara P. A. Rypserc, Pu. D. Curator H. A. Greason, Pu. D Curator RED J. SEAVER, Pu ‘urator ArtHur Hotticx, Pu. D. ist ERNARD O. Donce, Pu. D. lant Pathologist ‘oRMAN T. McLean, M. F., Po. D......... Supervisor of Publi Education oHN HenpDLEY BARNHART, "A. M, Me Des eee eens iographer ERCY WILSON ance Curator ALMYRE DE C. MITCHELL Associate Canek ARAH H. Hartow, A. M. 1. H. Ruspy, M. Daas Honorary Curator of the Economic Coll rier: LIZABETH) Ge SRUTTONG ee eieicisieistasisestes telat Honorary Curator of Mosses ARY E. Eaton a a OBERT S. WILLIAMS Administrative Assis . J. ALEXANDER t Custer ALBERT C. SMIT: AGH BS Assistant Curator LYDE CHANDLER, A. M. Technical Assistant [arjoriE E. SED A. M. Assistant Pathologist Aue WEIKE Technical Assistant : HR. rau aes By or ner ae: Wenn A. M. Docent I. M. Denstow, A. M., D. D. ..... Honorary Custodian of Local Herbarium OBERT | EUAGEUSDEDN( IL) ss jclnmins spetelilpiaielerslays Honor Curator of Myxomycetes : eens 124: ah DJ ML Meets chao 4 Custodian of Herbaceo ‘ound. THEL ANSON S. PECKHAM. Honorary Pore Iris and Narcissus C ollections oun R. Brin ey, C. E. a? Engineer ae S. Grozsneck Clerk and Accountant INHUR))).) CORBETI) ster sielaiuis Sialevellelale Superintendent of Buildings and Grounds JOURNAL OF The New York Botanical Garden VoL. XXXI May, 1930 No. 365 COTTON on consists of the hairs growing on the of the seeds it bears hairs of various lengths. The longer these are, the more e many uses. As the hair: within the becomes impossible for them to r ane straight position and they become crowded and eae “4 a matted mass. t pressure, they assist in causing the ripened seed pod, the cotton boll, to split open. Thus released from pressure, the cotton ex- pands and forms a fluffy white mass, which soon makes its escape from the pod. Viewed at this time, the cotton entirely conceals the seeds, which occupy the center of the mass. As soon as convenient after the bursting of the pods, the cotton from the n entire Aad aces at the e avoiding the taking of pane of ° pee oreign matter. e operation is a tedious one, oe eo performed chie y the negroes 1 vesting the crop. There is great competition among them in the 105 106 performance of this work and prize contests frequently occur. Many attempts have been made to invent a machine which would successfully pick the cotton crop. The difficulty of producing si i pparent w. ider that tl them is so efficient as to have come into common use in some sec- ns. h on thus gathered is loaded into wagons and taken to ibilit: meet the world’s present demands by that method. The cotton- 10 fanning machine, while the seeds are dropped into their own re- ae of the interesting sights to be seen at a cotton-gin is the uiosen of the huge wagons. A long tube with an open mouth is 1 n into bales, the bales being ma ery comp nd ha ough the application of hydraulic pressu From each bale a large sampl parated, and fro: ec ter of this sample, the quality and price of each bale are determined. Thus, in every are e re cotton it offered e, there are huge cases containing thousands of these samples he cotton is classed in iffere rades, ac ing to its color, toughness, and strength, free rom impurities, collection without exposure to weather, and especially the length of its fib e fiber is known as the The cotton grown along the coast and known as Sea The Acala variety of upland cotton, growing in the oes valley Califor ia. Approximately one million acres of this pees are gro n in the ee walleys of the southwestern United States. Photograph mecd by courtes he Bureau of Plant Industry of the United States Deparment Agricu. iar 108 Island cotton has the longest staple. The classification is carried much farther than is indicated by the three terms mentioned, the actual length being stated on a rane attached to each sample thus, q inch, +¢ inch, 1 inch, 17 1h, a es ecial eae a qu ae - cotton depend in part cotton of our southe ates is monly — as cet gee herbaceu ; other oe species are G. an barbadense L hybridization, new culti Sie varieties have $ place of growth, cine conditions and care in collecting and preserving, commercial cotton presents numerous and varied isti grades of cotton, so as to produce a net result which could not be produced by the sole use of any one grade Fic 2. The lower photograph shows an open boll of the Acala atiety. ‘of cotton, natural size. The upper shows ve combed staple and ginned seeds of the same variety, natural size. The photographs are here used by permission of the Bareat. of Plant Tada of the United States Department of Agriculture. 110 This blending of the cotton is performed in various ways. one method a bale is opened and spread out upon the floomin a thin layer, another bale of different grade is the: pon the is process is continued until the required. mixture y ci rt which very perfectly combines the qualities of the different grades us ae he preparation of the cotton for use, the first process is that of removing all the impurities, such as fragments of leaves, pods, etc., this process being known as carding. The process of the thread a rough or somewhat shaggy appea and a great deal of study and experiment was devoted to remov ing an defect. method commonly in use is that of causing the thread to pass IItI through a thin mixture of some fine white powder in water, which causes the adhesion of has Aree ends and gives a fine 0 thr caref ty. As has already been said, the quality of any product manufac- te from cotton will be better when the longer staple grades sed. will be seen that in the process of separating these long It amount tton composed of linters and of short pieces, result ing from the ginning process, from t ages of tl l-weevil, and from other S. one this material is wasted, since ous use for cotton, which depend upon the chemical nature of its substance, rather than its mechanical per- fections. T. bstance composing cotton hairs is about the war. Thi cial process, in nitric acid. The acid enters into ea aon collodion. It is, of course, very inflammable and even explosive, and its use in the eee calls Ps careful storage and preser- vation. The uses made of the ain seed are entirely different in char- acter from those of the cotton, and some of them are very sur- prising, as to the results ae ined by the various rare processes. This subject calls for separate treatmen’ . Russy. Ii2 METHODS OF PRESERVING AND ARRANGING HERBARIUM SPECIMENS So many requests for directions for collecting reach the Garden that the following paper has been prepared to cover the subject in zones, and while on the march in difficult country as weil as while working from a fixed base. The essential features of preparing plants for scientific speci- mens and for botanical study are their preservation by drying and merely separately, but i aw to show their relations to eac It is therefore desirable to secure whole plants when- ever possible and representative parts of plants too large to be preserved as r such large plants, and others which may greatly change their appearance in pressing, supplementary notes or photo hs are extremely u The ds used in preparing specimens depend partly on the use to h they are put and partly on the quantity to be collected. The mycologist, collecting leaves infected with fungi, i le flow om oO © an sive way may wish to take advantage of as possible means of increasing his output and reducing his ork. CoLLECTING From the very beginning of his preparation the collector must have his ultimate end in view—that is, the finished herbarium i i i a much or how little to collect is one which recurs with each spec- imen., 113 Of small plants—that is, herbs up to about three feet in height —complete specimens are preferable to portions. A stem may ral divisi ; the parts found on ‘the a ae Sie to the plant in ques- ion. Equipment. Considerable equipment is necessary in order to co. lect efficien ntly and rapidly. Perhaps the article of greatest i i hich o: b a trowel m. d, but for c stout hunting knife will one the same purpose, nee 114 sure, it will not long retain its edge. A small supply of etc. to be sacks is useful in collecting loose fruits, e Transportation. The problem of transporting specimens from of va n m d photographs of detailed features, such as expanded flowers, irable. A phot n fruits, and bark, are also desirable. photograph of a special habitat in which a group of plants are associated may be found interesting. addition to these notes which concern the individual Jeo it is also necessary to add some general information which is t 115 of several plants and often of a whole day’s collecting. Such collection, and the habitat (when this remains constant for a series of canada Some arrangement is necessary to associate the specimen with larger permanent book while putting re ne sin press. At this time notes can be elaborated and definitely tied up with the col- lector’s number RESERVATION The essential feature of preparing specimens is their preserva- tion by drying and their flattening into a small bulk by pressing. labels or numbers, and packed in boxes fr shipment. eded. Presses. Presses are best made from wes any point; ropes should be fastened by a! simple a slip knot as possible, so that they may be untied easily ie quickly. 116 ers. Thick blotting paper, or better, regular botanical dry- ing paper, is used to absorb the moisture from the specimens while and after os g 08 and aay within it su by cords abow feet above the oO ene stove is lighted beneath it, and the heat, aoe through the corrugations, dries the p in a short time e the ascending hot air to the presses, a skirt of muslin is e e press and reache: the floor mal weights placed on the bott of the skirt, where it lies on the floor, or ly circular frame of chicken-wire, prevent the m e muslin from blowing against the stove and minimize the danger of fire. 117 Pressing. Having returned from the field with plants, the next task is to put them into press "Ss, ther of pressing ae and frames, els, note-book, and pencil as needed. nm a pressing frame with the lengthwise oe down. On it lay two driers, and next one pressing paper. On this Cc w < Ficure 1. A method of suspending the corrugated-board press over artificial heat. range the first specimen to be pressed. Straighten out the leav into cal eae natural position and see that exposed € used on each sheet. Several small plants of one species may be Have before you on a table within 118 Sans together and are usually desirable to make a “good speci- See th Ficure 2. Opening the press to remove the dried specimens. the memory can not be trusted. When these matters are attended ac or ropes around the press and tighten by hand. -Put the whole 119 press on the floor, stand on it, and again tighten the straps as ae as possible. rious small details of arranging the plants will occur which are aH solved by experience, but certain features may need i Flowers ° 3 3 i fa) 6 wn =") & < oO 7 w 8 P < ao ia ma oO a a. o 8 oO Ay fel w oO & carefully betw ween small pieces of thin paper aid the latter in- i F a pressed in two pe or even more. The ultimate aim is to vi abi press kk ea by abru at removal of the we ers. Restrap the press as before, and spread the wet driers . a sun to dry. process of changing driers must be repeated daily until the Shee are fully dry (see below), and ae take from two to ten days, e of artificial heat. hen ee papers and artificial eat are used, the processes of pressin rying are mo less separated. After 12-24 hours under y pressure, th ants are as flat as necessary. Now replace part of the driers 120 by corrugated boards, so that each plant, in its pressing paper, groov oards are used, half of the driers will be taken out for fur: use in pressing. W ers do not need to be dried in the sun, ut may be used immediately for further pressing, while the wet driers returned to ress will be by the artificial he The press with the corrugated eee m e filled until it is 12-18 inches thick. uch pressure is no longer necessary, since only th ing process r H up the press, attach the co) $s mes retain their moisture after the leaves are dry and ial eae Quantity of supplies neede In preparing for a collecting ee provi many pressing papers as are expect e use Since pressing without artificial heat requires cee eck average, and one pair of frames will hold about 50 ay be needed more than 150 s mens in a day, and can seldom average more than 80, so that 12 pairs of frames will be sufficient. By the sev- ent e 560 pl will be in press, requiring as many driers, while the same number will be daily spread out to dry numbe: i will therefore approach 1200. drying with corrugated r, 48 hours will be the average length of time and a press will hold far more plants; driers will also be in continuous u For an average of 80 ts per day, 5 pair: 200 driers will be silnient If experience shows that one can 12t collect plants more rapidly, or if there may be occasions when the use of artificial heat is not practicable, larger quantities of sup- Storing dried specimens. As soon as plants are dry, they should be wrapped apie while still hot and probably quite sterile of insects and Wrapped bundles may be then stored for enenaer i in pee boxes of appropriate size and weight. THe HERBARIUM Identification of specimens. The individual botanist, who forms a private herbariu breakage, and of separation of specimens from their data. Permanent labels. h es and accompany: be written on the papers only, a neatly printed label adds greatly pearance and general value ec tio: uc labels should be of good paper, not less than 2 by 4 inches and rarely if ever larger than 214 by 5 inches, and sh how clearly the name of the plant, the place and date where collected, the name of the collector, the serial number of th ection, if any is used, and her useful information about the nt Some parts of this may be printed, and when large collections are made from single localities, the printing of more details saves much . Thus an amateur may have his labels headed simply HerBarruM oF Jo MITH, or at - es PLANTS F cky and at the bottom CoLLECTED B Hw. A 0 MIT more detailed label is shown in Fic. 3. Labels sent in every 122 case be printed and all data except the name added before the ted. If m never repeated, even though John Smith collects no plants what- ever through an interval of several years, or collects in widely PLANTS OF PERU Shrub 2m. high; fls. white. Dept. Loreto: Mishuyacu, near Iquitos, alt. roo meters; forest No. 162 G. KLUG, Collector October-November, 1929 Ficure 3. A sample label. different localities. When the labels have been prepared, one specimen with its label, or ee small specimens to make a good quarts he s solution momentarily, the fingers being protected by rubber gloves, 123 then laid with the ate between driers and dried under light pres- sure for 24 hou Some botanists a not believe in poisoning, fearing that the bichloride may in time damage the specimens. ey are not poisoned, insects must be excluded by other methods, as described below Moudting paper cut to the — size, oo by 114 inches, y 8 : 8 paper and affixed by a number of small strips of gummed linen distributed in epee quantity over the stem, petioles, leaf-tips, flower-stalks, and other narrow parts. If the first two meth- ods are used, it is er to supplement the glue gummed strips over on stems. All loose parts should be placed in a small vi ich is pasted on the sheet ry glu each corner or strips 0 glue along both ends. After n Se ane hey specimens, alternating with driers, should be placed under light pressure until the glue is dr angement. After the specimens have been poisoned, Pree on herbarium ee and properly labeled, the question of their arrangement comes he aim of arranging specimens ce cti ma a im and second, ie colle see is ae in a natural sequence so that it is a complete story of the flora of oC region covered. S s can be placed; if more a quired, the material can be divided into smaller taxonomic divi- 124 sions. Each cover must be labeled concerning its contents in one in a convenient sequence, such as may be found in any manual of taxonomy. Storage. Finally comes the question of storage of the her- barium. The fact to be kept in mind is that every sheet must be readily available without disturbing other specimens. To this end an arrangement of upright cases is desirable. Such cases must be desi to e dust of the atmosphere f the specimens, nd if they are insect-proof as well that is a good ow- , occasional fumigation by carbon bisulphide or original poisoning of t ecimens will do away with the dange in- ects 1 ty of wooden and metal cases will be found convenient, but for a small herbarium a much simpler type of cor- rugated c ard case is quite as useful. Such a case has been described in detail by Dr. E. D. Merrill (in Torreya 26: 50-54. 192 Exchanges It will be wished to increase the size and scope ectin as the “ Naturalists’ Directory.” An amateur ten = h ae institution his plants are collected in a little-known loca uch institutions a sr market for ali ns specimens may be a although of course common plants, or plants from often-collected localities are not in demand. Study of herbarium specimens. Most of our taxonomic knowl- i i d lan flower structure, however, are usually poorly ei and are sear aN by dissection. dissecting flowers, detached specimens from the packets re on Fe sheet or flowers removed from the specimen may be used. The flower is boiled in water for one to three minutes and then dissected under water. After boiling, the various parts re- 125 sume their original size and shape and frequently ee natural el 8 his of more value for future comparison e named by an un- known person who may have had little rare ee the ale H. A, Greason, A.C. Eee GROWING EXHIBITION FLOWERS? n attempting to ae you a few hints on growing exhibition it i and give them the benefit of their experiences at all t es. Al- though I have been successful in winning many pri - do not claim to be a source of all information pening to eenibtion standards ; it would be impossible for me or anyone else to be able 1 Abstract of lecture given by the Head Gardener of the ae Estate, Mamaroneck, New York, in papas Range 2, The York Botanical Garden, on February 1, 1930. 126 to grasp all the essential details of superior cultivation displayed at our exhibitions To achieve success at exhibitions is in my opinion very largely a matter of paying strict attention to routine wor! y this mean such operations as cultivating, pues watering, staking, g. there be any time lost in trying to cure — ridding plants of insect infestations, or building up weak o Ofc st begin with the best ie stock, otherwise troductions, for no introducer of novelties can neglect an oppor- plants are concentrating most e he ffo rts on een uch as Swee i while being somewhat seca The matter of feeding and fertilizer is always an important one for the exhibitor and I am sorry to remark that many exhibitors erfced their plants; this probably is the worst fault ex hibi re are many plant f on the market today, uae ably a brand for each important flower and for some flower: 127 many brands. My experience in regard to this is that some fer- tilizers are more beneficial a high standard of culture than others, even if they be of a lower analysis in plant foo nae to an for so e This ate depends on the com pounding of the sac heaia the filler used or the d used in makin; the amount of plant food. There are enough pa nee ie domestic and imported, guaranteed to give results that the amateur need take aster. We should avoid feeding during a period of very high temperature and also during a prolonged spell of wet cloudy weather. Flowers generally can . en just before the exhibition by applying a little sha The natural function of flowering hence the exhibitor’s job is to hold as many flowers as pst ble and kee fro: ing to seed, but this must not verdone or eae si poor color will be the resu XN xhibitors fail in Roecneles their flowers in nike freshest pean conditi es this is due to rough or careless ling, but mostly to a Jee condition, owing t ck moisture in the stem and foliage. Some stems are so hollow or love for the beauty of stems and never bury them in deep recep- tacles. 128 As a general rule, all flowers should be cut and immersed in water at least one night before being exhibited ; twenty-four hours is better. Wiiting is due to air penetrating the stem tissues and it a radiator that is filled with air with no means es escap' i flower can sometimes be restored to a fresh condition we: eee in ae groups and garden effects. We elevate oa ated. We have e r of fa a ee is a more important study than color. We incline 129 towards the spectacular rather than to sa arene but with all our faults we are progressing and the proof of o ae ress is clearly demonstrated by the ever-increasing num a er of cee exhibitors which we have at most of our flower show James Stuart. NOTES, NEWS, AND COMMENT Dr. and Mrs, N. L. Britton returned to New York on April 21, after an absence of five months in Porto Rico. “Daffodil Day” was observed at The New York Botanical Garden on Tuesday, Apri ril 2: ues st of the varieties, with the exception of the later “ ee eo in excellent condition. Dr. B. O. Dodge, Plant Pathologist of the Garden staff, Brier and demonstrated methods of growing the Monilia none moulds to a special meeting of Ne ork Association of Biol- Teachers held at the Ethical Culture see at Fieldston on Saturday, April 12. He gave special attention to the sexual stages and hybridization and the resulting cee ratios. . A. Gleason, aia | New York April 19, on a five ns with mat now preserved in European herbaria. He will also attend the meetings of the International — Congress to be held in Cambridge, England, in Augu: r. A. B. Stout, of the Garden staff, lectured on “ Sterilities in Hove ine Plants” on March 14, in a course of free public lec- being given in the Macfarlane Hall of Bot- any, University of Penney ani ia. 130 In continuation of exchanges, the Garden Herbarium has re- cently received 1012 specimens of marine algae from the Univer- gether it constitutes an addition of great scientific interest sad value Among the collections of Oriental plants recently received for study by Dr. E. D. Merrill, Director-in-Chief, are one of more made y Mr. Fang in Secuuen Province for the National Cen- Field ia = Stanford University, and The New York Botan- ical Gar ACCESSIONS LIBRARY ACCESSIONS—SEPTEMBER, 1929 (CONTINUED) va Eric Gustav. Symbolae ad historiam litterariam Sueciae. Sect. Pars 1. aan anecdoton Linnaeanum. Upsaliae, 18: oo ELIZABETH, PSEUD. [JESSIE Beast. The New Forest. “Boston, n.d, (Given by Mr. G. M. Mischke.) GossELMAN, CarL Aucust. Blekinges flora, Ed. 2. Lund, we Gremit, Aucust. Flore analytique de la Suisse. Ed. 2. Bale, HacstrOm, JoHAN Oskar. Critical researches on the Paenen seas N xn Harmens, Gustav. De similitudine vitae physicae in animalibus et plantis. Londini Gothorum, 1752. ————.. @ transpiratione plantarum. Londini Gothorum, 1756. Hartman, Cart, Botantk. Stockholm, 1871. 131 Ofversigt af he florans cater vaxtfamiljer, ordnade efter Fries geek system. Orebri 3. Hartman, Cart Jou Handbok i ps ee flora. ae Me a Carl oe Stockholm, 1858. ————. Ed. Par Stockholm, 1879. vensk och Norsk excursions-flora, Ed. Stockholm, 1860. Rast till botanologien eller vextléran ¢ S Gibnanheal Ed. 5. Sto : HASsssLQuist, RIK. lier palaestinum eller Resa til Heliga Landet forarttad baaiien ar a til 1752. Stockholm. 1757. HELLenius, Ca AS. De Asparago ‘Aboae, 1788. ——_. 1a. pie , 17 ma 1786, ——.. Hortus Academiae ea Pt. 1. Aboae, 1799. Henninc, Ernst Jowan. Botanik, Ed. 3. Stockholm, oe AUL Currstorit. Botanische Wanderungen durch die Um- gebung Kiels. Kiel, 1879. Beco Orro Rupotr. Skandinaviens flora. Vol. 1922-: Hoan, ‘By N FRrirHIoFsson. Blekings fanerogamer och karikrypto- Katlekecia 19 1-2a. Stockholm, ae oe 7 m vivum der vorziiglichsten, so wie einiger schidlichen Futterkriuter und Graser nebst deren reifen Samen. Ed. k, 18, 3- Ros f Justanper, JoHan Gustar. eee historiam plantarum fenni- stg: - ae Ed. 4. Stockholm, rgo1. ammandrag af Norra Sveriges flora. Linképing, pes ttt: Ay & pt, G. N. Chrysanthemum og Lathyrus en vejledning a ee gion Kuckucx, Erns' RMANN PAut. Kummer, Paut. 1879, Lagstapius, Cart PEtter. cae til kRénnedomen om vaxiligheten i Torned eden a sala, 186 Laxarr, Orv. te N Der Str idwandever. Miinchen, 1905. Deke Blumenwelt in Ce Hannover, udien iiber die Samenjahre und Altersklassen- verhalinisse ae Rei auf dem nordfinnischen Heideboden. ie Lars Macnus. Ofversigt af Sveriges vigitgare sedate wtslagten ordnade efter det Friesiska systemet. Karlstad, 1877. 132 Laurie, ArtHuR Prttans. The food of plants. London, 1893 (Given by Mr. G. M. Mischke. Lippeck, Ert ustar. Fungos regno vegetabili vindicans. Londini Gothorum, 1776. ——.. ‘al om skdénska plantagerna. Stockholm, 1755. Lirja, Nits. Flora afver Sveriges odiade vexter. Stockholm, 1839. —_———, ———.. Supplement 1. Stockholm, 1840. Linn, GustaF Herman, & Vernier, Nits Gustar Otor. Vara medicinal vaxter. Ed. 2. Stockholm, 1917. AE ARL. Hy, liae, 1776. Lippert, Juttus. Die wilden Pflanzen der Heimat. Prag, 1876. (Lénnror, Eras] lora fennica: Suomen kavisto. Helsi ingissa, - 1860. LyTTrKens, Au . Namnlista éver svenska Vaixtnamn pd gagn- och ograsvaxter. Stockholm, 1907. —_. as. ‘képing, 1885. Mea, eae U Kasuioppi Cae Rouluille. [Botany for the yhykdinen kasvioppi ja kasvio. [Compendious text book of e : en koul: vio. [Manual of ‘the Finnish flora for schools. d. aig sed MEN ER, CARL C. spiratione plantarum, oO fe Miyosu1, Manasu. Botents eee n aus den Tropen. Tok: Mo iscu, Ha Fea ne a als Theorie der Giea. on 4. Jena, ee M eG eS Frangois ANTOINE. Recher: ied penned oe sur les ise de Benes ue. 6 mémoires. [Bruxelles, 1838-41.] MUELLER, FERDIN ‘ON. Seiet a ear plants readily eligible ee Maat culture or naturalisation. w South Wales edition (enl.) [Ed. 4.] Sydney, 1881. —————_—, ——. . 8. a 1891 Mueurer, Kart [rn Srurtcart]. Praktische Pihancentunde fiir Handel, Gewerbe ane Uaeeniithal Stuttgart, 1884. Natuorst, ALFRED GABRIEL. Svenska eee New ed. Stockholm, 1905. Neuman, Leoporp Martin, & ie eae Freprik Exias. Sveriges flora (Fanerogamerne) Lun Noroiincer, Hermann. Deutsche iene 2 vols. Stuttgart, 1874- 70. , Nyvanper, Freperk. Spicileginm plantarum fennicarum. Pt. 1, 2. Hels- ingforsiae, 1843-44. Nyman, Cart Frepark. Svensk fanerogamflora fér skol-ungdom. Orebro, 1873. @Orstep, AnpeRs Sannge. Frilands-traevacxten i Danmark. Kgbenhavn, 1864-67. Ourn, Jonan Henric. Plantae suecanae. Pt. 1, 2, Upsaliae, 1797-08. sa asi “Com Emit Hansen. Plantevaexten paa Faergerne. Kgben- havn, 133 Patmer, JOHAN Ernst. Férteckning éver ae och Bohus Léans ‘anerogamer i oe Uddev 9 Pautsen, OvE WIL: af ae tise a : Transkaspiens lavland. Post, Ham OLF VON. Férsdk till en systematisk uppstallming af vext stallena + mellersta Sverige. Stoc , 1862. RetwHotm, Heneatk Aucust. Suomalaisia kasvunimejé. [Finnish plant er Kakteen und "Phyllokaktee . Ed. 3. nkfurt a.d. Oder, 1917. Rotre6.i, CHRISTEN Frits. Botanikens udstrakte nytte. Kgbenhava, 1771. C. tematisch geordnet. Leipzig, 1 Sameato, Goncato. Lista das espécies representadas no Herbério por- SIM ERMAN GEORG. ie ae und Vegetation von Kiruna in schwedischen Lappland. » IOI —_--. vegetationen + Kia na. Lund, 1910. Svenska véaxtsociologiska sillskapet Handlingar. No. 1-10. Uppsala, 1923-2 SVENSSON, Per. Flora éfver Norrlands kérlvéxter. Herndsand, TeNGstrROM, JoHaN Macnus ar. In distri ste vegetationis ve ae bothniam collectanea. Helsingforsiae, 1846. Stirpes cotyledoneae paroeciae Pojo periculum botanicum. Helsingforsiae, 1844. THIELENS, ARMAND. Acquisitions de la flore belge depuis la création de la Soctété royale de botanique jusque et y compris P anné 1868. Mons, Vocter, Pau, Ueber aH ee der schweizerischen Alpen- mzen. Miinchen, WAHLENBERG, GORAN ¢ florae gotlandicae. Upsaliae, ——. Om SegHaullisee pee insamling och férvaring. pen 1848. Watiman, Jonan Hag De systematibus vegetabilium qua ratione oeconomicae ree penne Upsaliae, 1815. WarMING, JOHANNES EvcEeNnrus ae LOW. Den ‘danske planteverdens his- a efter istiden. Kgbenhavn, 1904. Warmine, Jo NES EucENIUS oid, & orHers. Bidrag til Vadernes, Sandenes og Marskens naturhistorie. Kgbenhavn, 1904. baa eae: Hemnricw Moritz. Schulflora von Osterreich. Ed. 2. Wien, 2, Wotan, Constantin. Literatur und Pflensenverzeichniss der Flora 0 1 ekonomiskt hanseende vigtiga svenska jemte tie om potatissjukdomen, sot, brand, rost och pyleaoe Goteborg, 1870. 134 Wirzin, JoHANN Ernest ADHEMAR. Scriptores rei herbariae fennicae. Helsi Gfvergéngen mellan den Falun, 1906, no ze an, WIrTE, ee ato Hernrep. Till de svenska alfvarviixternas ekologi. WITTRocK, Varr B RECH na notula. Holmiae, 1882. [—_—.] ee ae Spare tbat Schwedens. Stockholm, 1873. LIBRARY ACCESSIONS DURING OCTOBER, 1929 ALLwoop, Montacu CHARLES. Carnation culture up to date. London, — FREDERICH bes Louis Otto. Betspiele zur nein Un. uchung von Pflanzenk: ee heiten. Ed. 3. Berlin, 1922. Pees ies: tcatate ogus plantarum Horti regit botanici braydensis ad annum 812. [Milano, 1812. Baitey, Liserry Hype. Manual of garde ah New York, rgro. BamBer, Cuar_ts James. Plants of the jab, Lahor 6. . Die wissenschaftlichen aie der tans ane d. 3-5. Berlin, 1924. Beitrége zur allgemeinen Botan Vol Berlin, 1916-23 Bose, Jacapis Cuunver. The psa. fs the ascent of sap. London, Bowen, Joun. The naturalist in Norway. London, 18 Brooks, GILBERT. Complete British gardener. London, 1779. On Watlis. The divine ae of the craft atalogue des végétaux tant exotiques cea 2 nos. uate 1920 & n. d. ADOi Man de floricul ture, eer € au programme des sd’ hepsi - e agriculture de l'état de Vilvorde de Gand. Cas ie 1909. ae ALFRED Frepertck. Daffodil growing for pleasure and profit. Conrtutiacet, Ter Catalogue plantarum imp. reg. Horti botanici man- 18 New York, 1913. enchus seminum anno 1818 in permuta- Cooke, ARTHUR O. The forest of oo De rari DI BRUNN OFF, GIOVAN iu LONE “ferantar, “Mutinae, H aa at aoe Castle. London e of plants growing in the ae ie Holland eateries Mauiaee FQOr. 2? Diane, Frepertc Grorce D. REY. Latin names of common plants; their pronunciation & history. London, 1927. 135 romance of the Apothecaries’ garden at Chelsea. Ed. 3. i . [Durazzo, Iprotito]. Caielogue des plantes cultivées dans le Jardin de razz0 de Grimaldi & Pegli, départment et arrondissement B : imporiant ee trees a the United ates; a manual of practical forestry. Bo 1912 FE . as - .d. Fisu, Davin TayLor. Bulbs and bulb culture. London, n. d. . of Ed. 3. London, 1905. alogue des plantes cultivées dans le jardin te Butt- gliara (Marengo). Turin, 1810. ratio plantarum quae prostant in Horto botanico butt- hierae pees anno 1785. T. 7 LIAM, COMP. Contributions to the flora and fauna of Ripton 1881. and ne’ hb rhood. London, Gerarp, Montacu G: T, AND Report on the proceedings of the Pamir boundary expedition, es Calcutta, 1897. GrirFITH, JoH LLIAM, FREY, ARTHUR. The micrographic dic- tionary. E on, 0. ‘rhe lure of the garden. New York, Ig11. (Given by .H.B rt.) Hemstey, H. Rock and brn “gardening. London, IBBERD, SHIR n rites; their ae cultiva- propagation and oe management tn all seasons. London, ————. The amateur’s rose book, comprising the cultivation of the rose. London, 1874. Hint, ArtHuUR WILLIAM, COMP. dex marum, ceeding ke Oxonii, Hote, oe RE A k about roses; es to grow and show thei Ed II. lands n, 189r ie nee. ee a ZIEL, Tou McEwen. Flora of West Tropical Re eee ee phaneroga- rica. I{tcuester], Micah. ae of plants in Abbotsbury gardens. Lon- don, 1899. Kuster, Ernst. Botanische Betrachtungen iiber Alter und Tod. Berlin, 1921. Le bon _jardinier ; almanach horticole pour Vannée horticole. 2 vols. P. Lexy, Hue UGH VANDEVAES. Useful trees of northern Nigeria. 1925. Liesxe, Rupotr. Morphologie und Biologie der Ea eee spine ceten). Leipzig. 1921. Liuey, A. E. V., & Mipctey, W. A book of studies es cae ee with some suggestions for their application to design. London ‘O10. 136 Miter, WILLIAM. 3 a Vol. 3, nos. 3 Vol. Ropway, James. In the Guiana ce tue of nature in relation to the struggle for life. Ed. 2. London, Rome.i, Lars Gunnar Toreny. La eases i marken, som ekologisk aktor. Stockholm, 1922. Ross, Cuartotre M. W. A manual of Heda botany. London, 1894. RostaFINSKI, JosEF THomas von, & Woronin, MICHAEL STEPANOWITCH, eber Botrydium granulatum. Leipzig, fe Sanvers, THOMAS WILLIAM. Cultivated roses. London, 1899. Scuinz, Hans, & Ketrer, Ropert. Flore de la Susise. id. francaise vue par le Dr. E. Wilesk et le Dr. Hans Schinz. Part 1. Flore d’ excursion. Lausanne, 1909. Scuwarz, Georce Freperrcx. Forest trees and forest scenery. New York, 1901. Seemann, Bertuotp Cart. Popular history of the palms and their allies. London, 18! Sitva Tarouca, Ezwst, & orners. Unsere Freiland-Laubgehélze. Wien, 1913. Unsere Freiland-Nadelhdlzer. Wien, 1913. MEMBERS OF THE CORPORATION Edward D. Adams Vincent Astor ry 1, tephen herm Marston T. Boge Geo r rge P. Bre George S. Brewster Prof. N. L. Brit Dr. Nicholas M. Butler Prof. W. H. Carpenter eee CRColt ices W. Cromwel Murry Guggenheim MEMBERS Mrs. John W. Draper, a Mrs. David Ives Mackie, Mrs. A. Barton Hepburn Edward S. Harkness Prof. R. A. Harper Anton G. Nae Meee A. How her M. Huntington rof. ae F. Osborn seph P. Hennessy oe Lathro Rufus L. Paar ip: Joh ma Valensne = Snyder Jam aie ‘ods, a m Frederic. Straus . H. We Bronson Wint Grenville L. Winthrop OF THE ADVISORY COUNCIL Mrs. Robert C. H: rs. Wm. Kelly Prentice Mrs. Frederick ogo rs. ee Roosevelt Mrs. Walter Jen s. Arthur H. Scribner Mrs. Delancey Kan n rs. Samuel Sloan Mrs. Gustav E. iGiserl rs. Charles H. Stout Mrs. Frederic S. r. ron G. Strong Mrs. William A. Lockwood rs. Henry O. Taylor Mrs. John R. Mc! rs. John T. Terry Mrs. Roswell Miller rs. Harold McL. Turner Mrs. Wheeler H. Peckham rs. Louise Beebe Wilder Mrs. George W. Perkins rs. William H. Woodin Mrs. Harold I. Pratt HONORARY MEMBER OF THE ADVISORY COUNCIL Mrs. E. Henry Harriman GENERAL INFORMATION Some of the leading features of The New York Botanical Garden Four hundred acres of besuttally | diveried land in the northern pail of the City of New York, throug’ bw h flow, ite, Bronx River. A nati hemlock forest is one of the font oe the Plantations oF thousands of hates and Hoes trees, shrubs, and flowering plant. Gardens, seating a beautiful rere garden, a rock garden of rock- loving plants, and fern and herbaceous gardens. es, containing discards of interesting plants from America _Flower shows throughout the year—in the spring, summer, and autum displays of parties eehodts, tulips, lilacs, irises, peonies, roses, lilies, water-lilies, gladioli, dahlias, and chrysanthemums; in the winter displays of pak ouse- bonnes p ae useum, containing exhibits of fossil plants, existing plant families, (el Palanite occurring hin ene hundred miles of the City of New York, and the economic uses of p An herbarium, Boe ising more than one million specimens of Amer- He and foreign spec oration in differ nt parts of the United States, the West Indies, Central a and South Ameries for the study and collection of the character- Sci agit research in laboratories and in the field into the diversified problems of p life. A library - "botanical literature, comprising more than 39,000 books and numerous pamphlet Public lectures on a terest variety of botanical topics, continuing throughout the year. Publications on botanical subjects, partly of technical, scientific and partly of popular, interest. The education of school children and the public through the abov features and the giving of free information on botanical, horticultinen ee pee subjects, e Garden is depend nt upon an annual appropriation by the City af New Be Ix, cere borer and membership fees. It possesses now nearly two and members, a i membership are Lolwaya is me. The classes of member gue contribution $2 Benefactor Patron ingle contribution 5,000 Fellow for Life 1,000 Member on TELE, ese afc ove Bert nee contribution 250 Fellowship Member ..........- annual fee 100 S staining ae aber Lyeheletne Raha annual fe 25 Gauainaabe a oe Garden may be deducted from taxable incomes. The following is an approved form of beque I hereby bequeath to The New York evil! ‘arte incorporated under the Laws of New York, Chapter 285 of 1891, the swum of ———— All requests for Ee information should be sent to Tue New York BoTanicaL GARDEN BRONX PARK, NEW YORK, N. Y. VOL. XXXI JUNE, 1930 No. 366 JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN IMPRESSIONS me THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN’S 1930 DISPLAY OF NARCISSI Nnson S. PECKHAM SOME EXAMPLES OF INTERRELATIONS OF ROCKS AND TREES THUR HoLiick THE ORIGIN OF CIVILIZATION IN RELATION TO THE ORIGIN OF CULTIVATED PLANTS E. D. Merritt THE TEN COMMANDMENTS OF ROSE-GROWING LAS ORNAMENTAL PLANTING FOR SMALL GROUNDS Hucu Finpiay NOTES ON SOME PLEISTOCENE MOSSES NTLY DISCOVERED R. S. WILLIAMS CONFERENCE NOTES FOR MARCH AND APRIL PUBLIC LECTURES DURING JUNE, JULY, AND AUGUST NOTES, NEWS, AND a uPA ACCESSIONS PUBLISHED FOR THE GARDEN Ar LimMe AND GREEN STREETS, LANCASTER, Pa. THE SctENcE Press Printinc CoMPpANY BHntered at the post-office in Lancaster, Pa., as second-class matter. Annual subscription $1.00 Single copies 10 cents ree to members of the Garden THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN BORED OF MANAGERS Henry W. ve Forest, Preside JosrpH P. HENNESSY Henry DE Forest BALwin, Vice President CLARENCE Lewis K. Srurais, Vice Presiden ApoLtpH LEwIso Joun L. Mersitt, reasurer D. T. MacDoucar E. D. MeErriLt, Secr ‘ary KennetH K. MACKENZIE Epwarp D Parker McCOoLiesTER Cuartes P. B: Be H. pe LA MonrTAGNE, Jr., Marston T. Bocert Barrincton Mo GrorcE S. Brewers J. Prerpont Morcan N. L. Brr Lewis RuTHERFuRD Morris Nicwouas 3 Monsay poe H. Hosart Porter RoBERT E For Henry H. Russ et A Teaco, GerorcE J. RYAN R. A. Harper EpM ux W. § ‘ James J. Waker, Mayor of the City of N. Watter R. Herrick, President of the {aed of Parks SCIENTIFIC eee aoe R. A. Harper, Pu. D., Sc. D., Ehern n D. T. MacDovuaeat, Pu. D., LL. D. CHARLES P. BERKEY, Pu. Ds ‘Se BARRINGTON Moore, /\5 18%, M. Marston T. Bocert, Se. Bak x. D: Henry H. Russy, M. D., "Sc. D. NicHoras Murray Buri R, PH. D., Sear RYAN, LL. D. aera: D. ND W. Sinnott, Pu. D. DIRECTOR em ay N. L. Brirron, Pu. D., Sc. D., GARDEN STAFF D. Merri_t, ScuDisaieas Director-in-Chief MarsHAtt A. Howe E, ‘Pu. DE ae TD). mrctateRicaraee ae Reco ssistant Director Joun K. Sma t, Pu. D., POR De toni ae Head Curator of the Museums A. B. Stout, Pu. D. Director of the Laboratories P. A. Rypserc, Px. D. Curator Curator FRED Seaver, Pu. D Curator THUR Ho ..ick, Pu. D. 4 Jeobotanist Bernarp O. Donce, Px. D. nt Pathologist Forman T. McLean, EG Sere) Sh: Cu DBS aM Supervisor of abla Education Joun HENDLEY BARNHART, ne M,, Me Die oud sia cetera eee Bibliographer Percy WILson Associate Curator PALMYRE DE C. MITCHELL Associate Curator ARAH H. Hartow, : Librarian . H. Russy, M. D. Soastoo Honorary Curator of the Economic Collections ELIZABETH G. BRITTON ...-s-cseseeseeeeeeees Honorary Curator of Mosses ARY TON a ts Rosert S. WILLIAMS Adminicranea Assistant E. J. ALEXANDER Ass: One: \LBERT C. SmiTH, A. B. Setaaeh Curator LYDE C , A, M. chnical Assistant farjorie FE. Swirt, A. M. Assistant Pathologist OSALIE WEIKERT Technicy Assistant ‘ENNETH R. Boynton, B. S. d Ga ene L. Wittrock, A. I. XE. Denstow, A. M,, D. D...... Honorary Custodian of Local 1 Heron OBERT HAGELSTEIN .......scsseeeeeess onorary Curator of Myxomycetes PB: | SOULH WICK) Esa) D sis )ictecleiteveliteteele Hee todian of Herbaceous Grounds STHEL ANSON S. PECKHAM. Honorary Curator, Iris and Narcissus Collections n R. Briney, C. E. Peet e Engineer Wee Ss: Grorsneck erk and Ac non ARTHUR). CORBETT on eee ees Superintendent of Buallinee and Grounds JOURNAL OF The New York Botanical Garden Vor. XXXI JUNE, 1930 No. 366 IMPRESSIONS OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GAR- DEN’S 1930 DISPLAY OF NARCISSI The reactions of visitors to a collection such as that devoted to the Narcissi at The New York Botanical Garden are really look, once the matter is pee explained to them and they derstand the reason for One old lady who saw ie Daffodils for the first time remarked mixed; “so,” : said, “if y any varieties, people will know at once.’ * his idea is eae contrary to an effect such ‘of6r ‘1 AVP ‘uapsrey pero” AOA MIN oy Je uoTejURT snssoreN syt FO qaed Wo or sunny aie > +, ¢ we 139 as one would really have where the plants are in a wild state. Then the varieties would be regulated by the kind of soil, the exposure, the drainage or lack of it and, above all, by the climate, and one wow. gether. Us y. After studying the collection at The New York Botanical arden for several years, the theory that Trumpet Daffodils do Ficure 2. Narcissi at The New York Botanical Garden, April 25, 1930. not “naturalize” ane is vindicated. They assuredly are affected by abnormal seasons and all of them with the exception is rapidly disappearing, can be replaced by a Poeticus sort that 140 might be planted so as to grow up among the bushes at the base cks. WN. hi i ent display each year. edsii seem to be just as satisfactory as those of the other section of the Leedsii roup ey bloom notwithstanding rainy summers, when bulbs riety White Queen has naeee in the grass and this year was ee fine. This is no new sort but is still a reliable one, as is also St. Vincent. Phyl ida was oo this year as being a is Of small Daffodils, the most ae seed perhaps, has been for study purposes and each year widens the uses to which these studies and the collection itself can be put. EtHet Anson S. PECKHAM. I4I SOME EXAMPLES OF INTERRELATIONS OF D TREES ck outcrops and the trees that grow upon them frequently f pre t only picturesque bits of scenery but also examples o interrelations that are both interesting and instructive; and the outcrops of Manhattan schist within th ested a The New York Botanical Garden provide numerous examples of such interrelations. e schists are extensively folded, and the eroded surfaces of the anticlines are unevenly worn and weathered, according to the relative hardness or soft ae the strata wh they are ex posed; and the urfac suggestive of a miniature e are series a ie Gibpreila tes and valieys. The latter rep- resent lines of weakness in the rock structure in direction of the bedding planes, and fracturing or ca ting often occurs along these lines. The strata are also paralleled and Bete b tion of soil, aden of vegetation, etc., and for the gradual disin- sae of the When eee are such that the germination of the seeds of trees is possible in one ese loci, and trees gain a foothol there, their root systems, constantly extending panding wher d ever opportunity a assist rain, frost, cramped environment and perish early in life; others manage t maintain themselves in stunted form for a greater or - length f time; some are so located that they are able to develop coin- cidently with the disintegration of the rock and grow to ae. The position and location of an irregularity or crack or crevice of any kind in which a tree has germinated is of primary impor. tance in connection with their subsequent interrelations. An ap Ficure 3. Young black-birch aaa rooted in a orzontal rock joint in the fate of a ridge. Photograph by H. C. Har Ficure 4. Mature red oak growing in the upper part of an expanded, vertical fracture in the side of a cliff. Photograph by H. C. Hartmann. 144 prox ximately vertical crack or crevice is in a more favorable posi- e ridge or cliff, expansion, and consequent fracturing and splitting of the a is eee te be : seen two black birch (Betula lenta L.) loved 3 us red oak (Q ? possibly 40 0 ue year ee ia aegis began its life in the upper par in the side of a cliff. The mai turing and disintegration of the surrounding rock, and it may be expected to do so as long as the base of the tree and its roots con- tinue to aan and expand. Ficure 5 is a view of the northern end of a prominent rock out- crop in es emlock Grove, showing hemlocks [Tsuga canaden- sts arr.] in various stages of growth, some of which are ‘ock. Sane washed away, and Godel extended certain of Fic Close view of one of the trees included in Ficure 5, showing the ope root ay stenn eaendiba in part into the soil of ie ps floor and in part into the rock joints. Photograph by H. C. Hart Ficure 7. Black birch with exposed root system straddling a bare rock surface for a distance of about 35 feet. Photograph by H. C. Hartmann. 148 its roots into the convemealy located joint. A relatively small ead ia ene net the other one Ficure 6 is tion may be seen, well ane on the surface of the rock outcrop, pais uses with the I main roots ich are jaidine the surface of the bare rock f distance of about 35 feet. The trunk is about 3 feet in cir- cumference. é oot on the left, from the base of the ee to i res m. Id be interesting to photograph certain of these from time to time in the future, in order that illustrated records of the changes wrought by natural agencies may be available ArtHuR HOoLiicx. 149 THE ORIGIN OF CIVILIZATION IN RELATION TO THE GIN OF CULTIVATED PLANTS* has done little to vary his food supply or his kinds of 0 an compared to those our prehistoric ancestors $s tamed and brought into his service these pl ani In ’s capacity for adapting new living things to his use ap im food plants have their native hom com- paratively small areas and in each case these natural habitats e ere ancient civilizations took their ris Ise- areas in which civilizations developed and from these s t li d areas our most important or basic f plant d do- mestic animals came. In many cases these domesticated forms ha t taken kindly to the new regions i 8 eggs, and as insistently as if these were the aatieal products of the New World in which we live . D. Merritt * Abstract of a lecture a en at The New York Botanical Garden, on Saari afternoon, April 19, 1930. 150 THE TEN COMMANDMENTS OF ROSE-GROWING* 1. Rose culture is simple. Too many books have tried to make it hard. 2, Any ae i ne grow a good crop of weeds is good for roses. There oil so poor that it cannot be amended, ter h to eats whic de lon their own roots when I can have of 1929 it grew. The only own-rooted plants available in the market are little slips that have never seen out-door conditions and it is up to you to bring them to maturity by care 4 o io] oO wo oO < ia When fe eine them the first season you are poisoning them. Do not overdo summer feeding. Even with old plants do not overdo it. When you plant roses next oe leave them lone. Do not use aires or any kind the first stract of a lecture given at The New York nena Garden on November 2, 1929. I5I 7. Fight enemies. All plants have some enemies and the roses have no more. There are roses that have hardly any enemies and the others have no more than other plants. We can plant “black leaf forty” (nicotine). If you haven't “black leaf forty,” use the soap suds. . For a long time black spot was considered a leaf disease only and it was thought that after the leaves dropped they did not have the disease any longer. But by st e have found th: - spot spores are carried over winter on the wood, so therefore clean your plants for the wi Keep o spraying until your plants best medica lime sulphur when the foliage is off your plant. Cold winds will do harm, but much we aay been blaming on cold we have found is due to ae con 9. Fertilize ee soil in the lat ae a the following year. The plants like to have their ee well prepared and assimilable. anything else, is bone meal. with bone meal. It requires about six months to be thoroughly digested for the plants, so if you want your p plants to receive the benefit of fertilizers now (November) is the time to apply the Tf y an use man t it in the hollow, which will do no ari Scatter straw on top nuary, not as a blanket, simply to break the wi not believe tha n plants are calle dormant that there is no process of life, because that life is in the tissues. When the ground is frozen and the top of the plants 152 exposed, 20 degrees above zero with wind is far more deadly to vegetation because of drying, than a much colder ‘temperature i e Y od of winter protection in the far north is to wrap the plants in tar paper. .\ most important operation is the pruning of roses, trees, and shrubs. If you prune roses, you disturb the comfortable order of e on account of lack of pruning. “Ina newly planted rose garden ‘ne iat rdly b th e zg den ; that is, you should hardly see that anything has been planted. never see old plants dying in summer. It is the new plants ee die. To have your roses successful you must prune. J. H. Nicotas. 153 ORNAMENTAL PLANTING FOR SMALL GROUNDS* Sm. mes benefit even more than large estates by proper f all homes planting. Great interest is shown on the part of the present i i d area. But often this work is carried out by someone wanting to ee plants and all types and varieties of plants are crowded into mall spac here is an economic value in making a plan and selecting a th in adding too many features to limited space and also danger in conditions in which the plan is to be carried out. Consideration e in t can never be “rubber oe designs, for eac sifuation has its many problems to consider. People are often over-awed by the fear of expense regarding e u on evergr and oth get clearly in mind a definite plan en carry it out in a practical way. There h the plan while they squander money eens er plants and then feel that the picture they tried to make is a fail- ure en they ask the landscape architects to correct thing. is is always expensive, beca h of the material used is often discarded. Make a study of the area ‘ Design o ll Properties” by B y, dra 0 plans if you feel capable, but get some trained eee to check them for Ww mall properties, mak ou right in desi d then go ae after preparing ee soil ae select the es t the gro ut ie utility also beings ss not ai er h, neither does the size a ae ings they use, but the arrangement and the scale of things used both in the house and in the garden are sometimes not given sufficient Have a bit of lawn where possible. Do not invest in plants that will not ae in your soil. Do not spot your property with * Abst: of a lecture oie is The New York Botanical Garden, on Sa: ene March 1 154 a collection of nursery stock. Do not start planting without a plan, for you will frequently end up by calling the scheme a failure and forever apologizing to friends about. Do not try to copy a large estate scheme on a small area. But by all means, plant trees, cle and flowers according to a worked-out plan, and not by ch Hucu Finpray. NOTES ON SOME PLEISTOCENE MOSSES RECENTLY DISCOVERED n making excavations for a large building in Minneapolis, Minn., recently, fragments of various mosses were found mixed in with numero the University of Minnesota, by whom they were de- termination hese deposits seem to be late Pleistocene, forme perhaps thirty thousand years or more , ieve, and con lines of leaves and leaf-cells, descriptions of which will appear late The above find is very similar to one made in Washington, D. of all the Washington specimens were found in sola perfect con- dition, showing well the cell structure, so o be determined without much doubt. A more detailed ie - the species will be published by Professor Berry. R. S. WILLiaMs. 155 CONFERENCE NOTES FOR MARCH AND APRIL At a conference of the Scientific Staff and Registered an held on March 12th, Mr. A. C. Smith reported on “A Collecting Trip across Peru,” using lantern slides for eee ae $ re- port was published j in detail in the JournaL or Toe New York BotanicaL Garpewn for April, 1930. ma the conference in April the following program was pre- ented :— ae Short Phytogeography of the Prairie and Plains Region” by Dr. P. A. Rydber: “Notes on some Speciaiens of Pleistocene and Post-Pleistocene Mosses” by Mr. R. S. Williams. The paper by Dr. Rydberg will be published in the future. A summary of the report by Mr. Williams is published in this issue of the JournaL or THe New Yorx Botanicar e A. Sto ‘OUT, Secretary of the sone PUBLIC LECTURES DURING JUNE, JULY, AND AUGUST elivered in the Lecture Hall of the Museum Building on eae afternoons at 4:00 P. M.; illustrated by lantern slides and otherwise; free to the public. Doors closed at 4:00; late- comers admitted at 4:15; ae close promptly at 5:00 June 7. “Daylilies,” ba é . Stout, mae st oe June 14. “Over the Andes. a down t Mr. Albert C. an eee Curator. June 21. “Trees - Shab : Greater New York,” Dr. s, Curator of Public Instruc- tion, ‘Brovkya hae ne Garden. June 28. “Roses,” Mr. Kenneth R. Boynton, Head Gardener. July 5. “The Philippine ey ¢ D. ae ero Chief. July 12. “Porto Rico: Its Flora and Sce r. Marshall A. Howe, ee Director. - 156 July 19. ‘Plant Traps,” Dr. John Hendley Barnhart, Bibliographer. July 26. ‘Diseases and Pests of Ornamentals,’ O. Dod Dr. B. Dodge, ae Riri cis August 2. aed ae acta and Oth e Inter- esti Dr. Fred J. ca coe August 9. “Florida, Dr. Jo hn K. Small, Head Curator of the Museums. August 16. “Fossil Plants of New York City and Vicinity,” Dr. Arthur Hollick, Paleobotanist. August 23. “Wild Flowers of Late Summer,” Dr. Forman T. McLean, Supervisor of Public Educ August 30. “Growing Paes in doe ee Climate,’ Dr. J. M. Arthur, Boyce ee Institute. w to Reach the Museum Building uilding is reached by the Harlem Division of the New den, Bronx tsitors ci the Elevate: Railway at an Street ind ‘Ave ie, a hose coming by the New York, Westchester, and Boston Ee Scie ok 180th Street for cross- town trolley, transferring fhorth at Third Ave NOTES, NEWS, AND COMMENT recent visitors to the Botanical Garden who are inter- r. A. od from ‘the sil cotton tree and also in the fish poisons produced by species of Cracca (Tephrosia). Mr. Carlos E. Chardon, Commissioner of Agriculture and Labor of Porto Rico and Mr. Rafael A. Toro, Plant Pathologist me time at the Garden during the ae of May and June, working over their collections of South American fungi, oo to the peas on of a check ae of the fungi of Col Mr. Robert Hagelstein of ncoles Long Island, has recently been appointed Honorary Curator of Myxomycetes of The New York Botanical Garden. Mr. Hagelstein has devoted much 157 time to the study of the diatoms and Myxomycetes and has one a - ee private collections of the latter to be found in the will spend some time at the Museum Building, arrang- ing an Saas the Garden collection of slime-moulds [Myxomycetes]. Gu Leg April: The maximum temperatures recorded t The New k Botanical Sata for each week or part of a week were: Pe the 5¢ ee on the roth and the 11th; 80° on se 7 and rs on the minimum Beene recorded w 29° the 3rd and ie ae 37° on the 17th; 28° on the oon and a on the 2oth. The total precipitation for the month was 2.30 inches. Traces of snow were recorded on the 8th ACCESSIONS LIBRARY ACCESSIONS DURING OCTOBER, 1929 (CONTINUED) Srmmons, JAMES Raymonp. The historic trees of Massachusetts. Boston, IQl Srrovot, Sto. Etude anatomique, eae et physiologique sur les u douce de la famille Lémaneacées. Paris, 1872. Sitaungsbericte _ Kénigl. Hobmischen ee ge der Se Mi Cla, Jahrgang 1888, 1899, nN 1900, Prag, 1889— SLOBODA, DANIEL. eecumnni V. Praze, 1852. (By exchange with Dr. Karel Domin. Situ, Epwarp. The of Sir Joseph Banks, president of the Royal so- ciety, with same is of his friends and contemporaries. London Smrtt, Jouan WILHELM. aes nens fornamsta diliga ach giftiga svampar. Ed. 2. Stockholm Smytuies, EveELYN ARTHUR. ae forest wealth. Ed. 2. London, 1925. SoMERVILLE, Wittiam. How a tree grows. London, 19 EEDE, G. Repent 1c S. Bartow. The Indian oardendr and guide to the successful culture of the bitchen aaa fruit gorden in India. Cal- ‘utta, I STERNER, Ka ARL "RrKarp. Olands Vaxtvarid. Kalmar, 1926. Srraspurcen, Epuarp Apotr, Streifsiige an der Riviera Ed. 3. Jena, 1913 SVENSSON, Per. Flora dver Sveriges kulturvaxter. Stockholm, 1893. 158 Tuepenius, Knut Frepeik. Bihang till skolherbariet. Ed. 3. Stockholm, ——.. Flora ofver Uplands is Sédermanlands fanerogamer och ren varter. Stockholm, THONNER, FRANZ. Analytical key to i natural orders of flowering-plants. n, 18 VELENOVSKY, Josue. Beitrage zur Kenntniss der bulgarischen Flora, Prag, 1886. Vivoit, EUGENIO, COMP. eae delle piante del giardino Feroni di Fi- renze neil’ anno 1804. [Fire Warnio, Epvarp AUGUST. apo aieee Pohjais-Suomen ja Venajén- arjalan rajaseuduilla. Helsingissa, 18 WarRMING, JOHANNES EucENIus BuLow. Plantesamfund. Grundtraek af im WIESNER, JULIUS VON. Die Rohstoffe des Pflanzenreiches. Vol. 2. Ed. 4. Leipzig, 1928. Wicper, Gerrit ParMite. Fruits of the Hawatian islands. Rev. ed. molulu, 1911. Woopwarp, Marcus. The new se of trees. London, WUNSCHE, EDRICH OTT Pflanzen Destin: ‘Die hoheren Pflanzen. Ed.g. Ed. a a ees meit. Leipzig, 1909. ——-. Leipzig, 1 ae . Ed. 10. - (Zuccacnt, Arrttio]. Synopsis plantarum Horti botanict Musei regit ees anno 1801. Florentiae, 1801. Auctarium ©. . ad annum 1803. Florentiae, 1804. ACCESSIONS MuseuMs AND HERBARIUM 0 specimens “American Grasses” Century 10. (By exchange with the United States Department of Agriculture. 48 specimens of cacti from Arizona. (Given by Mrs, Charles W. McKelvey.) Pe ce era of Crotalaria incana from Florida. (Given by Mr. W. M. flowering plants from Hampden County, Massachusetts. Gene oy Mr. Frank C. Seymour.) specimens of African trees. ae by the Imperial Forestry Insti- tute, ee Professor J. Burtt-Davy.)} 1 specimen of the fruit of ‘Cealine Recordii from British Honduras. en by Poa Samuel J. Record. specimens of flowering plants from Cuba. (By exchange with the Ae Arboretum. 159 specimens of flowering plants from New Providence, Bahamas. ce by Mr. L. J. K. Brace.) 17 specimens of flowering plants from Cuba. (By exchange with Brother Leé 16 pee of flowering plants from North America. (Given by the United States Department of Agriculture.) 4 photographs a oe of Alchemilla. (Given by the Herbarium versity.) I specimen of uaa spectabilis from Ohio. (Given by Dr. H. M. 3 specimens of Zollernia ape from Honduras. (By exchange with the Field Museum of Natural History. 2 specimens of Cyperus difformis ae California. (Given by Dr. Elmer D. Merrill. 16 specimens of flowering plants from North America. (Given by Dr. H. M. Denslow.) 56 specimens of flowering plants from tropical America. (By exchange oy the ue raniig of Natural History. pecimens of flowering plants from North America. (Given by Dr. eee F. Blake. I specimen of Alisma Plantago var. from Utah. (Given by Dr. P. A. Ry sa g.) specimen of Mitrocarpus breviflorus from Texas. (By exchange with a United States National Museum.) 12 specimens of flowering plants from Cuba. (By exchange with r Ledn. 557 cimens of jennie flowering plants. (By exchange with = Univers of Califor of Bl chan ee Fort Myers, Florida. (Given by Mr. W. ee nil a I specimen of Echinacea purpurea from Virginia. (Given by Dr. W. A. Murrill.) 300 specimens of flowering plants from California, Oregon, and Wash- ington, (Distributed by Mr. A. A. Heller.) 6 specimens of Cassia from tropical America. (By exchange with the Field Museum of Natural History.) I specimen of Baptisia perfoliata from Florida. (Given by Mr. Severin R 355 specimens : North American plants from the Marcus E. Jones Herbarium. (By exchange with Pomona College. photograph of Sphaeralcea Emoryi. (Given by Mr. Thomas A. Kearney, Jr. 4 specimens of flowering plants from British Honduras. (Given by Mr. CL. ae 6s of f and flowering plants from tropical America. (By nae ane the ‘United States National Museum.) 160 145 specimens of flowering plants from North America. (By exchange with the Field Museum of Natural History.) 19 specimens of a nd flowering Bee from Hawaii. (By exchange = r= D i B aD NicHoLas Murray BUuTLE ER, "PH. Dp; GeorceE J. aa iD, 5 10), EpMuUND . SINNOTT, Pu. D. DIRECTOR Le ae N. L. Britton, Px. D GARDEN STAFF 2) DS MERRILE SCH DS see Director- -in-Chief MarsHa A. oa Br DSc Di eek a cae yearn ssistant pean Joun K. Smatt, Pu. D., Sc. D. ............ Head Curator of the Museums A. B. Stout, Px. D. Director of the Laboratories P. A. Rypserc, Pu. D. ‘urator H. A. Greason, Pu. D. Curator Frep J. Seaver, Px. D. ura ArtTHurR Ho ick, Pu otanist Bernarp O. Dopce, Pu ologist Forman T. McLean, M. F., Pu. D. ........ Supervisor of vablie Education Joun HenpLey Barnuart, "A. M.,, AE 1D EEO BOM GS idicds Bibliographer Percy WILson Associate Curator PALMYRE DE C. Aree Associate ae tor rian leh, Isl, Russy, M. . Dacha Honorary Curator nels the Eeowomi Cone ExtzasetH G. Britton orary Curator of Mosses ARY E. Eaton Artist Ropert S. WILLIAMS Admins orye) Assistant J. ALEXANDER Ass: t Curator Avert C. Smitn, A. B. As. stot Curator yDE CHANDLER, A. M. Technical Assistant farjorie E. Swirt, A. M. Assistant Pathologist OSALIE WEIKERT Te oh al Assistant CENNETH R. BoenrUy, Biss d Ga ren OHN aE Brin EY, c. E. andscape Enaiiees GROESBECK cle ye and Accountant (ees ;: ween Si intendent of Buildings and Grounds JOURNAL OF The New York Botanical Garden VoL. XXXI JULy, 1930 No. 367 SCIENTIFIC SURVEY OF PORTO RICO AND THE VIRGIN ISLANDS As Chairman of the Committee of The New York Academy of Sciences on the Scientific Survey of Porto Rico and the Virgin Islands, the insular possessions of the United States in the Amer- ican tropics, I was in Porto Rico for five months from nee 1929, to April, 1930, accompanied by Mrs. Britton, who gave m continued assistance, and whose facility in the Spanish ee paved the way for many interesting observations and discoveries oc s, not ot inable, be- mous develo: ng aad iene of Porto Rico remain mana ae which is just as good as English, if you happen to kno Our studies were ceoneos by His Excellency, Governor Roosevelt, and Mrs. Roosevelt, by Hon. Carlos E. Chardon, Commissioner of Agricul- ture ae Labor, ae Sefiora Chardon, and by Hon. Jaime Bagué, Assistant Gnas ner, and Sefiora Bagué. The sayestiesHode conducted by the Co: mumittee, since 1914, i cluding Geology, Palaeontology, Botany, Horticulture, Poe P Rico. Museum of Natural History, the Department of Geology of Co- by members of the scientific staffs of many other institutions and e study of the the results are in progress of publication, in a series planned to 161 162 consist of sixteen volumes, each of four Parts; about one-half of guidance of Don David Noble and Don Ramon Gandia, engineer s and geo olo uae onditi Th States Aa cine Experiment Station, Mayagitez, by Mr. 163 May, Director, and Mr. T. B. McClelland, ae ar een at the Forest Station, "Rio Piedras, by Villia . Kra: Chief Forester, and his paneer Messrs. C. Z ae ioe ce o of Ar : Rob of Ponce, and Mr Noyes; to the Misses Noble, of Condado; to M Maxwell, of Ensenada; to Mrs. Herman L. Cochran, of La Muda; to Pro- fes wles, of pereee to Mr. an Tower, of Pueblo Viejo; to Mrs ughan, of Bayamon; to Mrs. Robert A. Miller, of Ponce; to Miss Clara Livingston, of La Sardinera; to Mr. an rs cKay Jones, of Villalba; to Studies of the native flora were continued, with especial refer- i WwW: ence to rare or little-known species, and a few wild plants hitherto unrecorded for Porto Rico were detected; we also obtained more f speci S. . Horne, dred accurate and beautiful paintin, Some of th been reproduced in several issues The New York Botanical Gar- den’s journal “ Addisonia,” and I wrote descriptive text to ac- We Rico in progress while we were there by Mr. James Thorp and Don Gulielmo ei on behalf of the Sugar Planters; with Mrs. Thorp they accompanied us on several occasions; here there 164 are extensive areas of plains very little elevated above the Carib- n Sea, much of the land subject to saline influence and thus ae for agriculture; its — or other improvement is a highly important a ‘oblem. These saline or subsaline lands are characterized by a number és species of wild plants, which exist only under such soil oeaitons. Don Gulielmo esco ied us during one trip to the beautiful gar- den ‘“‘ Los Nisperos” at Tallaboa, a residence of Don Lucas Val- through c¢ had been Ane a ae man, large trees of several spero ollo eau "So ociety oe America,” for a communication, as Honor- t Bur San Juan, for infall data at numerous stations in Porto ‘Rico and the Virg: n Isl ands. The progress in ere of Porto Rico, under the active direction of Chief Forester Kramer is noteworthy. From the sev- ge, whe from owners of estates and from corporations have largely in- one eens expanded interest in forestry and appreciation of its In Fe etal an examination of forest conditions and need Porto Rico was made by Mr. Joseph C. Kircher, District ae D ede: and Dr. , Assistant District Forester, of the al Forest ice; we participated in dendrological discussions with them and in several field trips, in company w: i nd Mr. S; ae repor recommendation favoring > rge ex e Federal and the Insular Government forests, 2 Published in i Journal, 1: 226-231. Je 1930. 165 and the establishment of a Federal Experiment Station in Porto Rico, is a highly important contribution to tropical forestry. T! ederal inquiry was extended to t irgi lands, through an examination es conditions on St. Croix, St. Thomas, and ohn, ramer in April, and followed by an iaportint re- 0 Arbor D ae November 29, I took part in the ean aot the children of San Juan, of a young tree of “ Cobana negra (Stahlia monosperma), an endemic species of Porto Rico, now rare, symbolic of the need for reforestation? ; this tree is valued und by h ing in the beautiful arroyos of that estate. A few seeds ger- minated last year at the Agricultural Experiment Station at Maya- giiez The permanent preservation of several relatively small natural orto Rico, illustrating various ecologi cal features, in. Rico where the natural forest is traversed by a main road for any a mile, Members of the Biology Department of the e University of effectiv in excursions organized by Professors Pagan and Garcia and 2See Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 31: 45-47. 166 Mrs. Rachel Dexter and aided in their study and determinations of many plants. The lichens of the region are, as yet, imperfectly and incom- pletely known. Very large collections have been made in former and reduced them in catalogue form, indicating ove r hun- dred species at present known, there ee probably, many more. We cane some additional specimens of interest on limestone south of te) ihe ; ind sewhere from Mrs, Britton. w relative to many problems in Tropical Agriculture. We partici- pated in field trips and in discussions. Conferences were also held with Mr. L. H. Dewey, Fiber Expert of the United States De- partment of Agriculture, who was inspecting fiber studies at May- agiiez, and with Mr. H. N. Vinall, Forage Crop Expert of the De- partment. To aid the study by Professor William ay a of species of rowing on a tree near the road from Guayama to Cayey; speci- 167 mens of the flowers and leaves of the native century plants were also obtained for his study of Agaves, supplementary to his mono- graph published several years ago by the National Academy of oso mological investigations in Porto Rico have recently been Pare by the appointment of Dr. M. D. Leonard as Entomol- 0 € wn. Forbes, of the Department of Entomology of Cornell Universi an visited Porto Rico in April, especially for the study and collection was with us for a day at Coamo Springs, where he pee de- sirable specimens illustrating the life-history of some of these sects. ae ology, for the Scientific Survey, remains to be written, e also visited some of the many sites of aboriginal lage: es sites, fate and near the southern coast, have been mapped in detail by Montalvo hroughout, our experiences were delightful. The ample, the island, and many of the country r are traversible by 1 motor-cars. The tropical climate is enjoyable, tempered by the trade-wind, reaching summer heat through the le of the day, but quite cool in the later afternoon, at night, and in the early morning. N. L. Britron. 168 COFFEE The term “coffee” possesses different meanings for different classes of people, in accordance with their varied interests in it. To the guests at table, it means a ee ready for use; to the average housekeeper, the roasted and ground seeds of the coffee plant, ready for the p ee or boiler. The importer and tion. If we go to the coffee-grower, we fin dh a the term crop as gathered from them, or to the seeds as fae are packed defraud the purchaser, or in the remo al from it of one or more e success of its culture, but they have a decided influence on the Ficure 1. Coffea liberica pos A branch, bs leaves, flowers, nd young fruits, reduced. . H. Cheney's book on “Coffee,” by courtesy of The New York Gasca Press s the general and character of the beverage yielded by the coffee. A: rule, the finer grades of coffee, that is, those of finest ar flavor, are produced at high altitudes, while the lower elevations may produce coffee that is stronger in its nerve-stimulating activi 170 e writer recalls an occasion when, with two companions, he ahaa eek a est with a tT whose hou a ee e the ae After a cordial greeting, ou ee a complete stranger to us, whispered some instructions to a servant, who shortly reappeared with nine cups offee, three for each of us. ur host requested us to t m i specified order, and then anata . as to any differences of flavor that we might have noted. 1 three were quite distinct, as attested by all the guests. He ia explained that all these grades were grown in his own grounds, the difference in flavor being due to conditions of altitude, soil, and exposure of the loca- tions of grow ee is one ot the a are of shrubs, at any stage of its eee With n r flowers nor fruits, it is a lovely foliage plant, its leaves a abundant, symmetrically placed in d and oe dealer, this putamen is known as the “pod.” In the flat face ach putamen there is a ee longitudinal furrow, which is 171 also found in the face of the seed after the putamen is removed. The texture of the seed is hard and tough. The e fruit should be fully ripe before being gathered. p his in a The ares is the rubbing off of t uw i large plantation is done by m: e, but the man with a few plants, grown to supply his own wants, usually loys a oth in a wooden b wl or trough. Afte rt the stones | are washed and Fic 2. Coffea arabica L. A drooping branch, showing nearly mature fan aes reduced. (Photo taken in Porto Rico by M. A. Howe.) made for the purpose. The putamen or pod is sometimes re- s “coffee in the bod ” After its nein it is sold as “podded” coffee and ae its keeping propertie not so good. The quality of raw coffee ene ne long keeping, but this effect may be greatly reduced by keeping it closely protected i atmosphere. In such ima fo} nn keep it dry, as it readily becomes mou The flavor of coffee deteriorates still more rapidly after being eorsted: so that many 172 housekeepers prefer to aaa raw coffee and to roast grind it just before using. How n ground roasted coffee wi retain its flavor very well noe a oo time if packed tightly j in air- SS Nee such as fruit jars. coffee with the a venioyed constitutes the oe itself and Doesce es its own covering, the testa, which is closely adher- fe ate in the roasting process and will flake off as a sort of chaff, must be winnowed ow It must be understood that unroasted coffee has none of the, £ Cc or d developed by the production of new substances in the coffee by the roasting process. We must therefore next consider the con-| seed. The oe quality of any coffee is eae partly by its flavor and aroma and partly by its strength, the amount of coffee., mi the amount, but to the fact that the caffeine is more readily and completely extracted after the roasting. The substances that give the odor and flavor, on the other hand, are not present in the d ) m, volatile, giving the aromatic odor, and also imparting the peculiar taste for which the coffee is valued. As a rule, coffee that is strong in caffeine is less fine in and a so that the practice of mixing or “blending” ditferent 173 sorts is commonly employed to yield a product that combines all h OFFEE BERRY WITH COVERINGS IGURE 3. Sketches, showing structure of the coffee berry or fruit. By courtesy of The Brazilian- see Coffee Promotion Committee, through Professor Ralph H. Che: customers. About the best coffee that is in abundant commercial xo) lo t equally good is Bogota coffee, from the same count ost Brazilian coffee, produced at relatively low altitudes, is a strong, that is, rich in caffeine, but of rank and inferior flav The well-informed copes bape pays no attention Sane: . the common trade- marked Prands nor to the advertisements concerning them, but rders b hical names, such as those given above. Un- sortaately, in n the present depraved state of our trade, one has ffee, ie Although a lot of samples of coffee may be quite oe uk c o the same thing also by tasting ie coffee as prepared 174 for drinking. Men who do this as a business are known as coffee- tasters. The skill of these expert tasters and the accuracy of their co: all brand of coffee came out first, and another one came last in all cases. € aromatic and savory principles of coffee have little influ- ence in n affecting the general physiological activity of the system, it. 5 io} taf oO “ fat 3 a. a teal far @ a oO n a iat iy ‘ong ee mes when 1 these exist. Increased activity from this cause is e safety of the nervous system. As a temporary emergency 175 measure, this stimulation may do, the extra effort being com- rres atural temptation, however, is to abuse the assistance thus se- cured and to continue to bend the intellectual bow farther and farther, until it snaps or refuses to come natural and efficient s s, coffee may become a habit-forming drug, 1 gh not in the sa no t as articles of the narcotic class, which affect the intellect unequaily. e result of excessive coffee-drinking, reducing t re for and the ability to sleep and stimulating the amount and intensity of mental activity, if 1 nued, eventually brings on ondition of 1t10: of inability to use the muscles in a normal way and this aa rt The strictly medical uses of coffee and caffeine can not be taken up he ut they are very important, and would be much more so if ee were not oa seagate so ae its medicina effects have . some extent preve e medicinal ce, tains about twice as much caffeine as coffee is alkaloid is also contained in much larger amounts in guar: th national eae sas in i aia Brazil, in cola seeds, used in tropical Africa, y te nd in cassine or dahoon, of iou e dulteration of ground coffee oe addition of various t ce substances have been used for this purpose, beans and chic root probably having predominated. It is a notable fact that re er: g been a d to the use of one of these ote coffees, he may acquire a taste for it to such an extent that he no longer cares for the pure product. io) ma a a ¢ wn & S 3 oO H. H. Ruspy 176 PLANT LIFE SOUTH OF THE ICE oe DURING THE GLACIAL EPOCH One of the many questions — asked of the oe is in relation to the kinds of life—animal and vegetable—that ce Age of the Quate e covered practically the ae ae and north temperate pa North America and Eur Weh ave leamed considerable about the animal “life—the mam- moth, mastodon, woolly rhinoceros, ca: but we know comparatively little ab i d be sai this vegetation, and its study, have been carried on in the Old World to a much greater extent an in America. There is ample evidence that the glaciation was not continuous. There were several advances and recessions of the ice. A glacier us) oO Lig ty S oO RO &5 $3 i] 8 a w oe a = Oo = ments transported from the . The plant remains, preserved * Abstract of an illustrated lecture delivered at The New York Bo- tanical Garden, Saturday afternoon, March 15, 1930. 177 in the form of peat and lignite, show that the vegetation then in existence there was almost identical with that of a modern cypress 0 mai have been found, photographs and drawings of many 7 | “tosail plant remains, etc ArTHUR HOLLIcK. THE TREES AND SHRUBS OF GREATER NEW YORK* The total area of greater New York, comprising the five bor- oughs of Manhattan, Brooklyn, Bronx, Queens, and Richmond g' Tly 3000 * Abstract of an illustrated lecture given at The w York Botanical Garden on sane afternoon, June 21, 1930. 178 acres, much of them i in a state of nature. It is very important that region. But the greater amount of ae land in the city ma: cies such as Sweet cae Will we ea Black Jack Oak, Virginia Pine, ith species such as Sugar Maple, Beech, ca Birch, Hemlock, etc. On this account the stand these noxious gases and the dust and smoke of the city bet- ter than any other tree species. ArtHurR HarMount GRAVES. 179 NOTES, NEWS, AND COMMENT e 21st, Dr. Fred J. Seav T gave a lecture on “ Fungi, tural Hall in connection with a Flower Show, was well attended and considerable interest was manifested by the members of the Club. Among the visitors who enrolled in the library during the spring were the following: Mr. Harold C. Bold, University of Te i .; Dr, Alfred retas : ee N. J.; Mr. S. H. Bucihaae and Dr. Donald Reddick, Cornell University, ne N. Y.; Mr. E. P. Killip, Prof. aes S. Parker, Mr. C. A. Reed, Mr. Kn owles Ryerson, Dr. Walter T i Edga: WwW Swingle, Mr. H. L. Westover, and Dr. Edgar T. Wherry, an ington, D. C.; Frére Marie-Victorin, Université de Montreal ; Dr. Rafael A. Toro, Bogota, a and Prof. Y. Asami, College of eacaiance Tokio, Jap. . William Cashman Ferguson, a life member of The New York Botanical Garden and a critical student of the flora of Long connection with installing it in the Museum Building o Garden, . Britton has been elected Honorary President of the protection of desert plant life and the conservation of desert 180 beauty spots in the form of park areas containing rare desert flora ” and fauna.” Mrs. A. Sherman Hoyt, of Pasadena, is the Founder : T Mrs. Hoyt publishes an appeal to all conservationists and friends of the desert, with long lists of vice-presidents of the new League and of members of an advisory boar Meteorology for May. The maximum temperatures recorded t The New Y¥ we 5 48° on the 15 on “ 27th. The total precipitation for the month was 3.27 nches Meteorology for June. The maximum temperatures recorded at The New York Botanical Garden for each week or part of a w e 3rd; 57° he I and 55 oe on the 30th. ao total precipitation for the month was 3.02 inch 181 ACCESSIONS LIBRARY ACCESSIONS, NOVEMBER 1-DECEMBER 31, 1929 ABSHAGEN, H WIL cree aa Das Phytoplankton des eens Rodden nS. Cae. wald, 1 An account of the Bartram garden, Pha, published in “ The Hor. ticulturist” in 1850 . with an added facsimile of an early aes Catalogue a American trees ond ee plants most of which are now grow m John Bartram’s garden. Reprinted. Philadel- phia, a ANprak, Carl Justus. Beiiriige zur Kenntniss der fossilen Flora Sieben- burgens und des Banates. [Wien, 1855. Anpré, Hans. Uber kiinsiliche Blatt- und Bliiten-metamorphosen bet der Schneebeere (Symph. rac. Michx.) Berlin, 192 Annales de crypiogamie exotique. Vols. 1, 2 nos. tb, Paris, 1928-29. Archivio botanico. Vols. 2-5. Forli, 192 26-29. (By exchange.) Basincton, CHARLES CarDALE. Manual of British botany. Ed.9. Edited by Henry and James Groves. London, 1904. BacumMann, Hans. Das Phytoplankton des Siisswassers mit besonderer Beriicksichti es V ena, IQII. Biszy, RicHarD, Buiter, ARTHUR fd REGINALD, & DEARNESS, Jou Fungi of Manitoba. Tondon INA a 1 1929. BRONGNIART, ADOLPHE THEoporE. Observations sur la structure ids du Sigillaria elegans comparée a celle des Lepidodendron et les Stig- : ‘ . is, 18 maria et d I Browne, Dantet Jay. The field book of manures; or, the d sees muck book. New York, 1856. (Give a Mr. Louis ri . Cea ee XAvER Rozert. Die Flora des Bernsteins und ander derer ssiler Harze des ostpreussischen Tertiérs ... bearbeitet von Rich- ar s, Vol. 1, an la erlin, 1907. Cements, FrReDERIC Epwarp, WEAVER, JOHN ERN ae — HERBERT Curistian. Plant competition; an analysis heii Washington, 1929. (Given by The Cae Te iaoe . Washi: ton.) CoLant, cara Essai sur les flores tertiaires du Tonkin. Hanoi- Haiphon; be —. sur les dele tertiaires de quelques gisements de lignite Pinto et du Hanoi-Haiphong, 1 ee ANDREW it o treatise on the theory ond eae 2 landscape ile) adapted to North America. Ed. 5. 1854. (Given by Mr. Louis D, Huntoon.) 182 DuCane, Fiorence. The flowers and gardens of Japan, painted by Ella DuCane. mae 1908. ENGELHARDT, Ueber die Flora der iiber den Braunkohlen gefindlichen Tertiirschichten vow ne allie, 1891. FiscuHer, Epuarp, & GAUMANN, Ernst ALBERT. Biologie der pflanzgen- : ; . FiscHer, Jo . Versuch einer Naturgeschichte von Liv- and. 2. ni I Forstlich naturwissenschaftliche Zeits chrift, zugleich Organ fiir orstbotanik, Forstzcologie, co. Chena, Bodenkunde und Meteorologie in Miinchen 1-7. nche Forstliche Blatter fiir Wiirtemberg. Vols. 1-7. Tibingen, 1828-1 834. Porstliche Zeitschrift unter Mitwirkung ae Lehrer der Forstakademie in, 1879. Fuurmann, Otto, & Made Eucine. Voyage d’ exploration scientifique olombie. Neuchatel, 1914. gies James Sykes. A manual of Indian timbers; an account ure a ucture, growth, distribution, and qualities of Indian woods. pai 1881. Gartenschénheit. Vols. 1-10. Berlin, 1920-1929. (Vols. 9 and 10 given . E. A. S. Peckham. Georci, JoHA Gortiies. Bemerkungen ie Reise im russischen Reich im Jahre 1772. 2 vols. St. Petersburg, ay Luier, & Gortant, MicuHrere. Flora paiiee con saubectale riguardo la Carnia. Udine, 1905. ie Aucust. Exkursionsflora fiir die Schweiz. Ed. 9. Aarau, 1901. Grgn, A. Howarn. Skov og Folk. Kgbenhavn, I Hu tor-Kaas, rtvic. P Plank i norske vande, Chris- tiania, 1906. Hartz, Nrxorar Ec Kruse. Bidrag til Danmarks tertiaere og diluviole lora. Kgbenhavn, 1 Hetiry, G. B. The native flowers of New Zealand illustrated in colours. London, 3. Hotm, Herman Tueovor. Novaia-Zemlia’s Vegetation saerligt dens Hotmerz, Conran Greorc Gorrrrm, & OrTENBLAD, VEIT THORS’ Om Norrbottens skogar. (Str les foréts de la Norrbothnie.) Silulin I Hosius, “Avcusr, & M W. von vER. Die Flora des Westfilischen Kreideformation. {Cassel 187 af Joncmans, WiLLEM JosePH. Paldobotanisch- nhl inant Studien im Niederlindischen Carbon nebst Vergleichen ea umliegenden Gebieten it Anhang von W. J. Jongmans and pce Berlin, 1915. Tonssox, Heitor. Om Algevegetationen ved fe Kyster. Kgbenhavn, Ig10. 183 Journal fiir das Forst- und Jagdwesen. Vols. 1-4. Leipzig, 1790-1794. CHNER, Emit Orto Oskar von. Flora von "Stuttgart und Umgebung. nd Pilzen. Ba 2 2. Limanowska, Hepwic. Die Al fie its der Limmat vom Ziirichsee bis unterhalb des Seu heaaees Stuttgart, 1911. Mancenor, G. Recherches sur les constituants morphologiques du cyto- plasma es. s, . MENT ul TENFELD, CarL Emir Hansen. Planteverdenen 1 , = Lod 3 & a a & os ae] = $ = By a s Oo Kj¢benhavn,] i Mes. MMER, . Biologische Studien im Torfmoor von Roben- usen, unter besonderer Beriichsichtigung der Algenvegetation. E E & Frnt, Westey Pitissury. Destructive and useful insects; their habits and control. New York, 19: Mortarty, HENRIETTA MARIA. ele gee of Gieen house plants, drawn and coloured from nature. ondon, 1 NATHANSOHN, ALEXANDER. Sur ies re slati HORS Qua existent entre les change- ments du plankton végétal et les phénoménes hydrographiques a’ nee les recherches faites & bord de Eider, au large de Monaco, en 1907. 08. Monaco, 19 Natur: wwissenschaftliche Zeitschrift fiir Land- und Forstwirtschaft. 1-18. Stuttgart, 1903-20. Neue aha pid wochentliche Rundschau = dem Gebiete der urtschaft und Forstwissenschaft. Vols. Tubingen, 1901- Vols. nes Oberste-BRINK, Kart. Beitrége zur Kenntnis der Farne ne ey OstruP, Ernst M. iatomeér, Kjgbenhavn, 1910. OstenreLp, CarL EMIL Hansen. De danske Farvandes Plankton i i Aarene, 1898-190: pts. Kgbenhavn, 1913-19. 7 To, Ernst von. Additamente zur Flora s Quaderge birges in Sachsen, TTO, : enthaltend meist noch nicht oder wenig bekannte fossile Pflanzen 2-54. Alphabetical Iris check list. Baltimore, PeckHaM, ETHE! L. 1929. (Given by Dr. M. A. Howe.) cil sae Wu R, OSWALD vox. On the lignite formation of mM, & He Trocey, Devote London, eae HENNING EXLER. Zz nske Arter af "Staegten Ceramium (Roth) yngbye. aon 5 . PETERSEN, JOHANNES Bove. "Studier over danske derofile Alger. Kgben- PerzHotpt, Georc Paut ALEXANDER. Ueber Calamiten und Steinkohlen- Piaten, Paut Louis. Untersuchungen fossiler Hélzer aus dem Westen der Vereinigten Staaten von Nordamerika. Leipzig, 1907. 184 Potonié, Henry. ead und Beschreibungen fosstler Pflanzen- Reste. Lief. 1-9. Berlin, 1903-13. Lehrbuch der Pflonsenpatiobotanit, Zweite umgearbeitete Auf- lag n W. Gothan. Berlin, 1921. Prabtische ” Blatter der Bayr. Landesanstalt fiir Pflanzenbau und Pflanzen- schutz. Vols. 1-5. Freising, 1923-1927. Pyte, Rosert, McFartanp, Joun Horace, & Stevens, Gtenvon A. How New to grow roses. . 17. York, toe) (Given by Mr. R. Pyle. RAUNKIAER, CHRI N CHRISTIANSEN, ansk Exkur. Mine Flea elle Nggle til Best nie ne af de danske eae ha og Karsporeplanter. j@benhavn, 0. REINECKE, Kart L. Flora von Erfurt. Erfurt, Ricuter, Oswatp. Die Biologie der Niteschia err Benecke. Wien, 1909. RosENVINGE, JAN Lauritz Anpreas Koiperup. Undersggelser over ydre Fa. re Inflydelse paa Organdannelsen hos Planterne, Kjg- n, 1888, Rostrup, FrepertK Georc Emit, & orners. Vejledning i den danske Flora anden del blomsterlgse Planter. Kgbenhavn, 1904. S K, UG eitrdge zur Flora des Keupers und der rhatischen Formation. [Bamb SCHINDE , G. Die Tertiarflora on en a vom Eichelskopf bei omberg (Bez. Kassel). Berlin, 1907. SCHMALHAUS. OHANNES THEODOR. Be Devonische Pflanzen ous EN, dem Donets-Becken. St, Petersbur, SELK, HErnrt Hu. Beitrage zur Kenntnis, i ce der Elbe und thres jetes. Hamburg, 1908. Suinn, CHartes Howarp. Pacific rural handbook. San Francisco, RRAIN. A monograph of the British lichens; a descrip- tive catalogue of the species in the Department of Botany, British Mu- seum, Part 2. Ed. 2 rev. London, 1926. Sotms-LausacH, HERMANN ‘Maxrmian Cart Lupwic FRIEDRICH 2U. Veber i . Jena, 1894. Soutucott, M. Some Newfoundland wild flowers. St. Joh SpRECHER von Bernecc, ANDREAS. Tropische und sub- ee ne schaftspflanzen. Vol. 2. Olpflanzen. Stuttgart, 1929. STERZEL, JOHANN Traucott. Die organischen a oe Kulms und Rot- liegenden der Gegend von Chemnitz. Leipzig, SucHLanot, Otto. Beobachtungen tiber das pe os des Davos Sees im ep aailaeaie ys mit chemischen und physikalischen oa. mungen. Tuomeson, Hom oe Sweet potato production and handling. : GER, Franz, Versuch einer Geschichte der Pflanzenwelt, Wien, 1852. Un VAurkancas, Itmari. Plankiologische Untersuchungen im Hafengebiet von Helsingfors. 1. Helsingforsiae, 1926. MEMBERS OF THE CORPORATION Edward D, Adams Vincent Astor F. L. Atkins John W. Saeed George F. Bak Stephen Bake Henry de Forest a illiam C. fe Marshall Fi William B. O. Fiel Childs Fric Murry Gecko MEMBERS Mrs. Beara . apraen Mrs. ae Tes Mackie, s. A. Barton Hepburn SSE S SSE SE ES tt G Edward S. tn Ae G. feteden Giece iter 12) F. Osborn Peihic Nev wbold ae Lathrop Pack Rufus L. Patterson Phipp as Charles G. Thom pson Thorne Win Gaile Is wigieicon OF THE ADVISORY COUNCIL Robert rs. SDRC nee Mrs ;. Harold I. Pratt rs. Wm. Kelly Prentice rs. James Roosevelt Mrs. Arthur H. Scribner rs. Samuel Sloa pe rs. William H. Woodin HONORARY MEMBER OF THE ADVISORY COUNCIL Mrs. E. Henry Harriman GENERAL INFORMATION Some of the leading features of The New York Botanical Garden are: Four hundred acres of beautifully diversified jens in the northern part ee ine ‘City of New York, through mi ch flows the Bronx River. A native mlock forest is one of the features of the tract. Plantations Bt thousands of Hee and introduced trees, shrubs, and flowering plant Gardens, including a beautiful rose garden, a rock garden of rock- loving plants, and fern and herbaceous gar Greenhouses, eae thousands of Ieee plants from America and foreign countries Blower shows throughout the year—in the spri ng, summer, and autumn displays of manele cata: tulips, lets, irises, peonies! roses, lilies, water- ities, gladioli, dahlias, and chrysanthemums; in the winter displays of aan ouse- blooming p ee Am containing exhibits of fossil plants, existing plant families, local Blanes e occurring win one hundred miles of the City of New York, and the economic uses of p n herbarium, comprising more than one million specimens of Amer- ican and foreign s xploration in aiff t parts of the United States, the West Indies, Central as and South Ameren, for the study and collection of the character- Scientific research in laboratories and in the field into the diversified problems of plant life. A oe of botanical literature, comprising more than 39,000 books and numerous pamphlets. Public lectures on a great variety of botanical topics, continuing throughout the year. Publications on botanical subjects, partly of technical, scientific and partly of popular, interest. The education of school children and the public through the abov features and the giving of free information on botanical, horicaliel ae forestal subjects he Garcon is dependent upon an annual appreD aan by the ork, ee of New private aeseeaed and membership fees. It possesses now nearly two thousand mem pee , and apr a membership are always elton The classes a membership ie contribution sonic single contribution 5,000 1,000 single sect iee 250 annual fee 100 A 25 10 annual fee Pie ct ee te Garden may ‘be ene from taxable incomes. The following is an approved form of beque if Wes bequeath to The New York eae “rd incorporated under the Laws of New York, hamter 285 of 1891, the sum of ———— All ee rh further information should be sent to Er New York BoTaNnicaL GARDEN pr PARK, NEW YORE, N. : = VOL. XXXI Aveusr, 1930 No. 368 JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN BOTANICAL EXPLORATION OF BORNEO E. D. Merritt NOTES ON BOXWOOD TROUBLES B. O. DopcE anp Marjorie E. Swirr PLANT NUTRITION Forman T. McLean THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS E. D. Merritt NOTES, NEWS, AND COMMENT ACCESSIONS PUBLISHED FOR THE GARDEN Ar Lime anp GREEN STREETS, LANCASTER, Pa. Tue Science Press Printinc ComPpANy Hntered at the post-office in Lancaster, Pa., as second-class matter. Annual subscription $1.00 Single copies 10 cents Free to members of the Garden THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN — Heke OF MANAGERS Henny W. ve Forest, Presiden Josepn P. Hennessy Henry DE Forest aaa Tice President CLarence Lewis F. K. Srunrcts, Vice Pre. Apotex LEwIsoHN Joun L. M f Pelee a . D. MerriLt, Sacral ‘ary KENN K. Mackenzie Epwarp D. ADA easy MeCoussne Cartes P. BeiKiy H. ve LA Monracnez, Jr., Marston T. Booey BarrINcTon Moore ee ae S. Bre J. Prerrpont Morcan N. L. Britton Lewis RuTHERFuRD Morgis NicHotas Murray Butter H. Hosart Porter Rosert W. pve Forest Henry H. Ruspy Tuomas A. Epison Gerorce J. RYAN Cuitps Frick Mortimer L. Scuirr R. A. Harper MUND W. Pa de D: {anne J. Wavxer, Mayor of the City of New Yor. ALTER R. Herrick, President of ihe ji btal le of Parks SCIENTIFIC DIRECTORS R. A. Harper, Pu. D., Sc. D., Chairman D. T. MscDSUeaE, ag a sO) 3 1D) Cranes . BERKEY, Pu. Dy "Sc. D. BarrINGTON Moorg, A. ,M. re rsTon T. Bocerr, Sc. D., LL. D. Henry H. Rue M. > ’Sc. D. ee Murray BUTLER, Pu. D., GeorcE J. Ryan, LL. D. EE De limnD: Epmunp W. SINNOTT, Pu. D. DIRECTOR Pape N. L. Britton, Pa GARDEN STAFF E. D. Merritt, Sc. D. ......... Director-in-Chief MarsHA_t A. "Howe, P fee ID), Se, 1D), aialate astelelaetasil eet Ssts on Director oun K. Smatt, Pu. D., Sc. D. ............ Head Curator of the Museums A. B. Stout, Pu. . Director of the Laboratories P. A. Rypserc, Pu. D. ‘urator A. GLEASON, re B Curator Frep J. SEAVER, Curator ARTHUR menace Be D Paleobotanist Bernarp O. Doncr, Px. D. ant Pathologist Forman T. McLean, M. BY PHoDiaraaeee Supervisor of soni Education Joun eared Barnuakrt, UN M,, MoD. ee itiecoosmen eee Bibliographer Percy WILso Assocs Curator PALMYRE DE C MITCHELL Associate Curator ARAH H. Hartow, A. M. Librarian H. H. Russy, M. Bee ae Honorary Curator of the Economic Collections Speen: G. BRITTON foci sis stein a with wriegisieste Honorary Curator of Mosses Artis Adminsstratite Assistant Assistant Ca ania Cur Technical Aston H. D. Cus todian of Herbaceous Groun Eruet Anson S. Dectakin Honorary Ge Iris and Narcissus Collections wR. Brin-ey, Landscape Engineer VALTER S. Grorsnuck Clerk and Accountant AntHur J. CopBETT ............... Superintendent of Buildings and Grounds JOURNAL OF The New York Botanical Garden VoL. XXXI AUGUST, 1930 No. 368 BOTANICAL EXPLORATION OF BORNEO The flora of Borneo, essentially of the same type as that of the Malay Peninsula, Sum imatra, Java, the Philippines, and other islands ; 4 culminating in Mount Kinabalu in northeastern Borneo, with an altitude of nearly 13,500 feet, the highest peak in Malaysia outside of New Guinea. Nothing was known regarding its flora until about 1840, when Korthals made rather extensive collections in the southern part ness of a tropical flora as compared with that of a temperate region. : 185 186 The great extent of country; the high temperatures and humid- fied flora, conditions that can scarcely be duplicated outside of the hand Ge al regio While botanical pees of surrounding regions, such as in h rapidly, less attention has been given to the reo, one that icher than those of the three regions mentione above reasons are that Borneo up to the mid last century supported no permanent Euro S 5 country even today is but slightly developed agriculturally, indus- trially, and commercially; and except n ‘ i, and widely scattered settlements, roads do not exist, all transpor- tation bei the sea, rv, and i rails 1 ex ploration in the interior is naturally difficult, and to r remote points one must be endowed with courage, fortitude, and initia- tive, nets with the opt of the r, v etches Botanical expl: n of eo was actually commenced a gO years ago rthals oe the important collections may be mentioned those of Beccari, Lowe ey, Barber, Lobb, Bur- bidge, Teysmann, Creagh, Fraser, Hallier, Haviland, Hose, and other eriod betwe o and 1900, ince the ginnin, esent century those of Nieuwenhuis, Schlech- ter, Winkler, Foxworthy, Miss Gibbs, lemens, Ramos, Top- ping, and Elmer, and the important series assembled by the per- sonnel of the British North Borneo forestry ice. The r which 237 were new; and this collection was a within 10 miles of the coast and below an altitude of 2000 fee’ In 1929 Chaplain and Mrs. Joseph Clemens, i had previously made most important collections on Mt. Kinabalu, British North 187 Borneo, in connection with their ascent of that mountain in 1915, made extensive collections over a period of nearly six months in ela g pleted and the eee sets wi will be distributed this fall. The col- ieee is one of the largest and most important ever made in Borneo and will add materially to our ee of the flora of oe see island. e botanical collections made by Mrs. Clemens i in the past 25 cluding many of the ce and suc a in southern Mindanao and Pu ae in northern Luzon, both about 10,000 feet high, Moises, Pinatubo, Data, Pauai, Tonglon, and others in excess of 7ooo feet in altitude; in British aes Borneo; in Chihli and Shantung provinces, China; in Ana: French Indo-China; and in various parts of United anne Saag ranges Utah, Oklahoma, and Tex: The xtracts from a letter wr ee by Chaplain a oe 9, 1929, at the close of the field work i Sarawak give some idea of the conditions under which the fo was done: Singapore, November 9, 1929. “We sailed from Singapore May 15, 1929, for the Rejang iver, i reached Sibu the 18th, and Kapit, the beginning a alf days. : of the hills May 24th ; by steam boat, one and ah Here kindness of the District Officer, er ided with a comfortable galow and commenced collecting in earnest, d h ver a charcoal stove dard Oil can this means, and utilizing the sun to dry pads, plants were immortalized in from to three days. We collected fo i wo ee day about a month and then proceeded to Gat on the Upper Rejang, ie we reached after nearly two battling against the swift 188 “In three days the river had risen fifteen feet, so that we could Oo ished his codpe ys making fees specimens. e was interested in our project and issued orders to have us taken to any place, ane that men be furnished us ae our outfit. “You tha . we interest ourselves in Mount Poi sent us . € o, it wa r le month. In fact it was beneath a huge rock, i a tri gerne ‘On can stove. This plan caused us some excitement one 189 morning, when Lady gave an insistent call for me to come a € imb. On re help get ecimen from a tree sh Id not climb = turn we found the cave full of fir sm sr cighe presses of plants, most of which I ha 2) e top of he ntain, besides much of our valuable collecting material “That experience le to construct a cai rying-room under the shelter of a nearb: ck. The interior had two pole platforms, one above the other, so that the presses, two deep, could be placed edge over the fire. It held over twent. esses, be- ni na the trees rose more than a hundred feet above and about us, and we seldom got a ray of sunshine. e fi i t ouses. The cies roared, lightnings Rashed, and rain poured; while rattan and rickly ‘vines tore my clothes and skin Tr beams la see and : pee sure ee spending the night Ie ood s neath ‘y soon supplied with dry clothes, a ae oid with warm bovril broth; the scratches were healed by germicidal soap and mentho- m and li we a rack, over the fire on our ret { ese were soon trimmed, ai night. . On October 6th we descended to t the chief’s house at Sabak ut, and the next day we went twenty miles on foot to Lundu. \What 190 mountain is Mount Gadin, immediately back of Lundu, with its as waterfalls unendin ig variety of ferns, orchids, arums, ost cinds ! w to vantage. But the aa launch was sent for us according to setae and we puffed our way into Kuching Harbor on Octob {e) bee ‘7th we were taken by automobile a distance of 25 miles to Bidi Cave. Two hundred feet of ladder had been made at ave. p 0 tain, because of the Liles ar ie but une ay she had e i xt d 1 > I took helpers with nee and went pnt a querer of a mil un e ber of strange coun secured. The strangest, Lala is the huge- leaved M. oultonia, which is known from this alone. ne evening ‘the rain nee to pour in oom into the valley ie ea was followed by a strong wind that came around the orner with such velocity as to crash trees more than a foot through a fragments and pile them into a heap at the foot of the i ipic Sane were a in this gear place, when the ee ing, an wi to carry our great ee of plants, we brought down about one hundred species. What work it was to trim, label, and hand them over to two trained men to put into presses. We filled all the presses = then abe extra bundles, until all our eae an r o Hee ied that the Rejang River region is mostly a me ep clay land, which is being rapidly set to rubber trees. 191 Poi Mountain is granite, and thus re its piling up many huge Bidi Cave stone, that washes away so fast that in a lar! a garden the bushes soon ue ae roots standing like the ee ae straddle bugs bearing the p a ne pronounced the ee to have been a glorious spree. Te ariety o rom every nook along the trails, and from behind or down every tree of forest or field. “Our friends tried to dissuade us from maki ing the arduous trips to the Upper Rejang, and to Mount Poi. I surely did feel 0 verdure that co the beautiful country of the much-loved Rajah I be permitted to deviate so h ay th found the natives the richest and most contented of the one of ny of the many lands visited in our years of wandering in search of things that oe the earth. “Yes, it is a strange manner of holiday diversion: especially when Me have only the love of wild places as our excuse for doing it, but I married a wife, and she owns part of ie time, aa chooses res manner of. playing the game—and why not?” {Signed, Joseph Clemens.] E. D. Merrit. NOTES ON BOXWOOD TROUBLES When owners of estates place a value of from fifty to a thou- sand dollar ore on a clump of the bushes, boxwood must be eee as an aristo ocrat of ornamentals. It is one of the hardy i st the pride of an estate an ugly thing which, if it were any other shrub than box, would be condemned to the brush pile 192 The prevalence of certain box troubles in the vicinity of New York have been brought to our attention during the past two ears. A ies note as to their nature and control may be of in- terest at this ti Tue Boxwoop LEAF-MINER, MonaRTHROPALPUS Buxi Lazou e leaf-miner is one of the most common and destructive of f ac infeste he leaves are normally a beautiful dark green, but those infested with th er in eat years turn brown, and the leaves of 1 ear now conta oung miners show th c. 1, D, 10, 11 he adult miner is a fowl two-winged fly or midge somewhat ee than one-eighth of an inch long, with deep orange body and G st n the een yellowish flat galls capes of the work of the in- - Fr thre the young larvae feed on the one ae tissue during the summer? ing the spring months of the next season, swollen yellowish reached. The leaf about half i fe eens ae leaves the case and flies away after 1 Weiss, H. B. Insect enemies of greenhouse and ornamental plants. . J. Agr. Exp. Sta. Circ. 100: 9-11. 2Hamilton, C. C. The boxwood leaf-t miner, Md. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. 272: 143-170. 1925. A Ficure 1. Box- a Miner and Psylla leaf-curl. A, B and C from Ham- ton; D from Wei 194 about three minutes. If one shakes a bush a few days after the insects have emerged, hundreds of the little chaffy pupa cases are dislodged and float away (Fic. 1, B). Control: The leaf-miner may be readily controlled by application of a mology of the United States a of Agriculture, recom- mend the following preparatio 1 gallon of heavy stock-food molasses. 6 gallons of water. 10 teaspoonfuls of 40% nicotine sulfate. Hamilton,? of the Maryland Agricultural es eae Station recommends a somewhat more concentrated mixtu I part of eee food molasses. 4 parts o I part of nionne sulfate to 500 parts molasses and water. e important thing i is to prevent the adult female from laying s generation. The mo- a oO 2s 2 re = =n w fa) = ae 5 a. OQ 2. < BO og 2 a Oo $ ° 2, on Md oO = 3) co a“ oO Pp me oO a <= 0 larvae were pupating, ee on ae 15 the adults were first seen 8 Middleton, W., and Smith, F. F. The boxwood leaf-miner. U. S. Dept. Agr. Bee aaa Brief 1930. 195 erging. Undoubtedly many had come out the preceding day, eds fli th as a of the flies were swar out the bushes on the morning of the fifteenth. The first application of spray material (molasses 1:5, “black 1 oO” 00 s given immediately a th very satisfactory results. Four other applications at about five-day intervals were also made le 3 observed and the destructive effec the insects was ve on marked, as dead pupae and adults were found in great numbers adhering to the molasses. Tue Boxwoop Psytia, PsyLita Buxi Linn. nother insect which has been found infesting particularly the York al rde Pi to be applied as soon as the curling leaves are observed.* ‘ALE, LEPIDOSAPHES Ubi LInn. he oyster- aa scale has been Se on box at The New ae aa cal ne ee but, ek for two bu shes in negligible umber: the insects se ae identified provi- pn as pene gus citrinus, may be effecting control. *Hamilton, C. C. Insect pests of boxwood. N. J. Agr. Exp. Sta. Cire. 179: 3-14. 1926. 196 When allowed to develop unharmed, this scale may cause consid- erable damage. Defoliation and dead twigs encrusted with the t Ju pear in August, at which time a second spray should be given. FUNGI ot and canker aaa eae ae dea’ in f by gro The the canker. These two aac an been observed by the patholo- gist during the past two sea Material brought from Pesawile N. Y., from the estate of Sanford D. Stockton, Jr., in May, 1930, showed dead and dying scopi omewhat waxy be interspersed with the cage hyaline, blunt, septate hairs (Fic. 2, e). Closely associated with the Volutella was “Verticillium Busi” (Fic. 2, a, b,c). The sexual stage of Volutella Busi has 5 Wilson, Andrew. Insects and their control, 75-79. Thatcher-An- derson Co. New Brunswick, N. J. 1929. 197 been assumed, on the basis of association, to be Nectriella Rous- seli The constant association of Verticillium Buxi with the ge. The culture able ance, and in every case both Volutella and Vis, developed. In FicureE 2, a to e represent various stages in the development of cass Io % os = URE 2. Volutella Buxi. Sie c, Verticillium stages; d, young acervulus ; e, meee sce with hai the asextial fruiting structures which may be found in the indi- vidual single spore-cultur IGURE 2, a, represents a typical Verticillium eae we its spores. In Ficure 2, b and c are isolate eae which, if crowded together as cee in FIGURE 2 Pe ee ould be considered acervuli of Volutella Mactopia Candollei leaf-spot has aca both at The New York Botanical Garden and in the northern suburbs of the city. The specimens observed showed a fad margin about the 198 leaf ae aienee ae than the rest of the leaf and definitely differentiated fro ae dead margin was dotted with the black eiciidia of ce a Pathologists at the New oe Agricultural Experiment Sta- tion® have also observed a canker associated with the previously bushes where conditions are ideal for its development. Sugges- tions® for control for these troubles are: (1) Each spring clean out all old leaves from the center of the clumps and burn; prune out dead branches and paint with a good wound dressing. (2) Spray with aa mixture (4-4-50) just before growth starts in the spring. a canker has ede completely about the main trunk, surgery will not save it and the whole bush should be destroyed before it infects its neighbors B. O. Dovce, Marrorte E. Swit. PLANT NUTRITION?* All life of this earth depends for its nourishment on the fodd feeding our plants, both in the garden in the house, as we giv to our own food, we would easily have twice as good results with as we have 0 h ae feeding of plants is a surpris- Bg are asleep—but the main sleep of plants is not every night. ox canker. N. J. Agr. Exp. Sta. Nursery Disease Notes, Vol. 1, 0. 12. e, 1929. 1 Abstract of demonstration and talk given at Conservatory ra 2, The New York Botanical Garden, on Saturday, December 7, I 199 It is a resting period of weeks or months. Likewise, just as we can give children too much concentrated food in candy, cakes anure, bone mea rather small amounts of the cauen elements. In supplyi 2 i ne em ene in the medicine: potassium nitrate or sweet niter; or in gun powder, the explosive part of which is a ee compound. Ni- lasm 2. Phosphorus, which is most familiar as ee striking end of a match and likewise commonly used as cee in phosphates. Phosphorus is an essential constituent of the 3. Potassium, which gets its name from a or lye, which c ood as. co) de tassium as potash, potassium oxide. e average chemical fer- ilizer i ut f t r concentrated special fertilizers now available. ee of these, Ni. 200 ophos! ka, contains fifteen percent of ammonia, thirty percent 1 available. Accordingly it must be used with caution, in sma quantities. Fertilizers vary widely in their availability. Some, such a nitrate of soda, superphosphate, and sulphate of potash, produce ect! ike the i i as good source of potash but usually contain only ten or fifteen per. cen Nex t to the fertilizers the most important thing is the acidity of the soil. the soil is too acid it poisons plants by releasing f£ iron an are necessary to plants. By properly manipulating the acidity of the soil it is possible to do some surprising things. For instance, 201 me of our best grasses for our lawns thrive in an acid soil. The bent grasses can stand a very acid condition in w! weeds can- not grow at all lue-grass will stand more acidity than weeds. Some fertilizers, like ammonium sulphate, make the soil acid at the same time that they feed the pl y using only acid fertilizers, such as ammonium sulphate, superphosphate and muriate of potash, we can feed the grass well same time pickle the soil, making it so acid that ds cann te) the es. us far sed only plants get from the soil. The most important iad materials for plants come from the air and water. Water constitutes more than nine tenths . most plants and carbon oxide absorbed from the air enters into e than ninety-five percent of the remaining dry tissue. So in ae our plants, particularly indoors, we must always remember that the supply of air rich in carbon oxide breathed from our lungs and the supply of water are two essen- loose soil through which the air can pass readily and watch the watering, so that the soil can become partly dry and aerated be- tween one watering and the Forman T. McLean. THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS? people realize perhaps the extent of the group of islands north end of apm placed at San Francisco would extend across the North American continent and the islands of New Abstract of a lecture given at The New York Botanical Garden, Seine afternoon, July 5, 1930. 202 Guinea at the extreme east would lie wholly within the Atlantic Ocean. The i scatter ‘ed over an area of 570,000 square miles. The greatest length of the archipelago north and south is 1,150 miles, somewhat longer than the state of California. East and west the islands ex- tend 665 miles, e land area is about equal to that of the New England States and New York combined and accommodates casionally rain ch in one day as it frequently does here in a ar. The red is as range in altitude, the variation in the seasonal distribution of rainfall, high temperatures and hi humidity hav: r development of a very rich and ex- fi ct. a oO a z a a 2, is] Z. a oe oO g o p a a a pw 6 c regions of Polynesia and even from Africa and Madagascar. 203 The principal alliance . the Philippine flora is ene with the d d. B tra Th a meeting place for plants from videls: scattered tropical a E. D, Merr NOTES, NEWS, AND COMMENT ofessor F. H. Kramer, of Gettysburg oe ee Pa., has recently presented to the Garden a large Christmas Cac- fifty years. After a certain amount of subdivision, it has been in- stalled in one of the cactus houses of Chrseciatony Range No. 1. Dr. E. D. Merrill, Director-in-Chief, left New York on July 19 to ae the Fifth International Botanical Congress, to be held i mbridge, England, August 16-20, and to visit botanical in- sien: in Great Britain and on the Continent. ALB. St Director of the ee sailed on June 28, with similar pur- poses in view, and Dr. J. H. Barnhart, mr eee and Dr. O. Dodge, Pin pe ahae followed on August Dr. H. A. Gleason, Curator, who will attend the Ce, left on April 19, on a five ee ae of absence. 204 The Upper Cretaceous Floras of Alaska, by Dr. Arthur Hol- lick, Paleobotanist of The New York Botanical Garden, has just i ited ation ropic: ments.” In the “Foreword” it is stated that a similar volume on the Tertiary flora of Alaska is in course of preparation by the same author Meteorology for July. The maximum temperatures recorded The New York Botanical Garden for each week or part of a 66° on the 25th. The total precipitation fbr the month was 2 inches 205 ACCESSIONS LIBRARY ACCESSIONS, NOVEMBER 1-DECEMBER 31, 1929 (CONTINUED) uae es Die Flora der béhmischen Kreideformation. Parts n, 1882-85. Waikene: Tae Eucentus Butow. Om planterigets Livsformer. Kj¢benhavn, 1908. Weumer, Cart. Die Pflanzenstoffe, Ed. 2. Vol. 13. Jena, 1929. WersENBERG-LuND, CaRL JgRcEn. eee over de danske Sgers ‘Plankton. ny ch Specielle Del. 1. Tekst; 2 Bilag. avn, 19) Zacuanias, Emit Otto. Die Tier- a Phosinuel: des Stisswassers. 2 vols. Leipzig, 1891 ZEILLER, CHARLES RENE. pte de la flore fossile [du bassin houil- ler de Valenciennes]. 2 v xte and atlas. Paris, 1886-88. MUSEUMS AND HERBARIUM 2 specimens of algae from Costa Rica. (By exchange with the United States National Museum.) 2 specimens of North American Hepaticae. (Given by Miss Caroline C. — : 27 specimens of Hepaticae from seule poadier Paniiee Ha- waii, Jane, and New Zealand. (Give: orge H. Conklin.) imens of marine algae from se Trinidad, ete. (By 2 ae wk Prot. William Randolph Taylor. cimens of Botrydium and Protosivhon from Maine. (Given by Mr. ee CP Parlin.) 218 specimens of Pteridophyta from-Jamaica, B. W. I. (Given by Mrs. Wm. R. Pitt.) 397 specimens of miscellaneous marine algae. (Given by Mrs. Wm. R. Pitt. 3 specimens of Gelidiwm crinale from Haiti. (Given by Prof. W. R. Tay! 1 specimen of aie Neesiana (patent hermaphrodite form). (Given by Dr. A. M. Showalter.) 27 specimens of aan American ace eee (Given by Miss 2 specimens of Riccia from California. (By exchange with Yale Uni- mens of Lithothamnieae from California. (By exchange with te Univerty of California. s of marine algae from California. (Given by the Field Mu- a 23 specimens of marine algae from Panama. (By exchange with the Farlow Herbarium, Harvard University.) 206 I specimen of Chara eer from Texas. (By exchange with the bee neue National Mus sp ns of fungi, ae lichens, hepatics, and mosses (Centur ee tf pice ogamae Exsiccatae”). (Deposited by Col ata “Univers. 2 specimens of marine algae from the Philippine Islands. (By exchange with the United cre National Museum.) 3 specimens of marine algae from Cape Breton Island. (Given by Miss I specimen of Enteromorpha intestinalis from Nebraska. (By exchange with the United States National Mus i f cryptogams from Peru. (By exchange with the United U1 ae 2 specimens of algae from Uruguay. (Given by Dr. F. Felippone.) specimen of Gelidiun. crinde from Texas. (By pred ‘with the ake: any National Museum.) I specii of Riccia Sullivantii from New Jersey. (Given by Prof. R. A. Harpe 1G 3 specimens of Riccia from Oklahoma and Montana. (Given by Mr. A. J. Shar: 5 specimens of Jnactis and other calciferous algae from West Virginia. (Given by Dr. David White 12 specimens of marine algae from Cuba. (Given by Dr. Mario Sanchez 14 specimens of marine algae from Costa Rica. (By exchange with the United States National Museum 26 specimens of marine algae’ from British Honduras. (Given by Mr. Cok, Lundell.) 9 specimens of marine algae from Haiti. (Given by Prof, Wm. R. Taylor.) I ane of Anthoceros punctatus from Santo Domingo. (Given by Dr. R. Cifer: 2 specimens Sof marine algae from Bermuda. (Given by Dr. & Mrs. L. R. Blinks. 1012 specimens of marine algae, mostly from the Pacific Coast of North America. (By exchange with the University of California.) 5 specimens of marine algae from Martinique. (Given by M. Gontran 8 specimens of marine algae from La Jolla, California. (Given by Prof. Wesley R. Coe. . 16 specimens of marine algae from California. (Given by Mrs. Nina nee is.) ; pecimens of freshwater algae from Costa Rica. (By exchange with _ United States National Museum. and 2 ground sections of fossil (Ordovician) cae (Dimor- phospho rectangulare and Chaetocladus capillatus) from way. (By xchange with the Paleontologisk Museum, Oslo, No i. 207 58 specimens of marine algae from Canary Islands. (By exchange with Dr. F. Bergesen. II specimens of Riccia Austini from Texas, (Given by Miss Caroline C. ieee ) 2 specimens of oe Haynestae from South Carolina. (Given by Miss Caroline C. es.) 44 specimens of nee from Maine. (Collected . Mr. Percy Wilson.) specimens of “ Fungi Dakotenses,” Fascicle (Distributed by Dr, cimen of oe es from Minnesota. (By ex- oa with the U. S. Dept. of Agri specimens -_ ae from ‘California, Oregon, and Washington. (ay exchange with Dr. Gertrude S. Burlingham. I specimen of Patella erinacea from Nebraska. (By exchange with Miss Catharine Lieneman.) I specimen of Peziza domiciliana from Utah. (By exchange with Prof. A. O. Garrett. I ‘eae . Dasyscypha arida from Canada. (By exchange with Prof. H. S. Jac I enece st Sclerotinia fructicola from Virginia. (By exchange with Mr. W. W. Diehl.) 2 specimens ae fungi from Maryland. (By exchange with Prof. Charles S. Parker.) 2 ca of fungi from Pennsylvania. (By exchange with Dr. L. O. Overholts.) ADDITIONS TO THE COLLECTIONS OF DAHLIAS (1930) 48 plants, 3 etiea and 11 roots, 6 varieties. (Given by Mrs. Charles H. Sto 33 plants, i varieti es, (By exchange with Serg. Michael A. Batto.) . roots, 16 varieties. (Given by Dahliadel Niceae oots, I5 varieties; and 14 plants, 7 varieties. (Given by Peacock Dahlia Farms, In 26 roots, 15 varieties: and 12 plants, 4 varieties. (Given by Success Dahlia Garden 24 plants, 12 varieties: See by Mr. Charles H. Totty.) 23 plants, 15 varieties. (Given by Dr. M. A. Howe. al plants, 8 varieties. (Given by Chemar Dahlia Gardens.) 13 plants, 8 varieties; and 6 roots, 3 varieties. (Given by Mr. C. Louis Alling.) 13 roots, 12 varieties. (By exchange with Mrs. Carl Sherwin.) 12 plants, 6 varieties; and 12 roots, 6 varieties. (Given by Fisher & asson.) 12 plants, 4 varieties. (Given by W. E. Marshall & Co., Inc.) 10 roots, 8 varieties. (By ie with Mr. Albert Sas 9 roots, 4 varieties. (Given by Mr. Harbeck Mills, Jr.) 3 208 8 plants, 8 varieties. (Given by Hee s Gardens, Inc.) 8 roots, 8 varieties. (Given by Mr. J. J. Broomall for Success Dahlia Gardens 7 roots: as var! rieties. (By exchange with Mr. i D. Green.) er.) ye 5 roots, 5 varieties; and 3 aaa eon (Given by Mr. j. Hood 5 roots, 4 varieties. (Given by Mr. Curtis M. Redfern.) = 8 ia) a 4 roots, 2 varieties. (Given by Mr. Nathan A. Miller.) 4 roots, 2 varieties. (By exchange with Mr. George naiaiae 3 clumps, I variety. (By exchange ath eae He E. Rogers.) riety. 5 ne 2 clumps, 2 varieties. (By echange with a izabeth Pincula.) 2 plants, I variety. (Given by Alice Meussdo a Dahlia Gardens.) ee 1 variety. (Given PUBLICATIONS OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN Journal of The New York Botanical Garden, monthly, containing notes, news, and non-technical articles. jones to members of ne Garden. To others, 10 cents a copy; $1.00 a y Now in its thirty-first volum Mycologia, bimonthly, Hereied | fo fungi, including Teen $4. 00 a ene single copies not for sale. [Not offered in exchange.] Now in its twenty- second volum a disonia, auarter| ys) devoted exclusively to colored plates accompanied by popular descriptions of flowering plants; eight p each number, thirty-two in ea eal en Sn Weeipion price, ene i year. [Not offered in ex ged.] in its fifteenth volum ffer changed. ow i Bulletin of une New York Botanical Garden, cancaite reports of the Director-in-Chief and other official documents, and technical articles em- bodying results ae investigations. Free to all member ts of the Garden; to others, $3.00 per volume. Now in its fourteenth volum North American Flora. Descriptions of the wild plant s of North Amer- ica, dec licige pecenlend, sie est pene and es ral America. Planned p pee mpleted in 34 volumes. Roy. agolie to consist of r or neate parts. ue now ees * Su Bechiouen price, $1.50 per Bach a a limited number of separate parts will be sold for $2.00 each. [Not offered in exchange. Memoirs of The New ee pe teniee Garden. Price to members of the Garden, vols. I-VI, ee 150 volume; to others, $3.00. Vol. VII, $2.50 to paemers to other GS, Vol. I. An Annotated Sata logue of the Flora of Haseag and the Yel- lowstone Park, by Per Axel Rydberg. ix-+ 492 pp., with detailed map. Bees c Vol. II. The dnduence of Light and Darkness upon Growth and Devel- opment, by D. ougal. xvi-+ 320 pp., wit 176 ASnt es: ey Vol. III. Bhidice ‘of Cretaceous Coniferous es ains from Kreischer- ville, New York, by A. Hollick aad E. C. Jeffrey. xiii-+ 138 pp., with 29 s. 1901 ol. IV. Effects of the Ra ays of Radium on Plants, by Charles Stuart Gager. viii 478 pp., with 73 figures and 14 plaice 1908. Vol. V. Flora of the Vicinity of New York: A Pontapution up Plant pers Pecarued at the Celebration of the ‘Twentieth Anni- Vol. VII. Includes New Myxophyceae from Forte Rico, by N. L. Gardner; The Flower Behavior of Avocados, by A. B. Stout; Desens tions of New Genera and Species of Plants Collected on the Mulford Biological Exploration of the rnee alley, 1921-1922, by usby; and The Flora of the Saint Eugene Silts, Kootenay Valley, Br itish Co- eeabis a, by Arthur Hollick. viii 464 pp., with 47 Hintes! 10 charts, and II text-figures. 1927. Contributions from The New York Botanical Garden. A series of tech- ni from journals other than the say Price, 25 cents each. $5.00 per vol- ume. In the thirteenth volum THE NEW YORK = bane ari GARDEN x Park, New York, N. Y. GENERAL INFORMATION aa of the leading features of The New York Botanical Garden | | hundred acres of Been riety dercenen land in the northern Part | of the ‘City of New York, throu the Bronx River. A native — hemlock forest is one of the tele un ei ee wet ek thousands of native and Ae trees, shrubs, and flowering plan Gardens, includ ing a beautiful rose garden, a rock garden of rock- loving plants, and fern and herbaceous gardens. G es, eaneenne thousands of interesting plants from America and foreign countri : Blowers hows ineouenone t the year—in the s spring, summer, a n displays of narcissi, daffodils, cube, lilacs, irises, _Deonies, roe hey water Mili ies, gladioli, dahlias, and c hrysanthemums; in the winter display. of aeeasinn sy blooming plan f A museum, containine exhibits gt fossil plants, existing plant families, local plants CceuTnE undred miles of the City of New York, and the omic uses Lee ee An her'| eee sorsprsing more than one million specimens of Amer- ican and foreign specie Exploration in aieeeed t parts of the United States, the West Indies, Central iat and South eed for the study and collection of the character- isti Scientific research in laboratories and in the field into the diversified problems of plant life. A library of botanical literature, comprising more than 39,000 books and numerous pamphlet Public lectures ou a Uoreat variety of botanical topics, continuing throughout the yea: Publications on plaaen subjects, partly of technical, scientific and partly of popular, interest. he education of Scheel children and the public through the abov features and the giv ing of free information on botanical, ‘orticultural, a e York, private aoe and patie in fees arly The ses of membership are: sin ee contribution $25,000 single contribution 5,000 1,000 single contribution 250 annual fee I spas fee 25 coggo0e ual fee 10 Contributions to a Garden ims ibe pees from taxable incomes. The following is an approved form of beque I hereby bequeath to The New York Botanical sa incorporated under te Laws of New York, Chapter 285 of 1891, the swum of ———— All requests for further information should be sent to TH a ade York BoTaNnicaL hea X PARK, NEW YORK, N. Y. ee on ae VOL. XXXI Sepremper, 1930 No. 369 JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN THE IMPROBABILITY OF PRE-COLUMBIAN EURASIAN-AMER- ICAN CONTACTS IN THE LIGHT OF THE ORIGIN AND DISTRIBUTION OF CULTIVATED PLANTS E. D. MERRILL GLADIOLUS Lepore tones Pine ae NEW YORK NICAL GARDEN Forman T. McLean AUSTRALIA, PAST AND PRESENT ArtHuR Ho.tick AND Forman T. McLean COURSES OF STUDY OFFERED AT THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN, 1930-31 PUBLIC LECTURES DURING SEPTEMBER, OCTOBER, A NOTES, NEWS, AND COMMENT ACCESSIONS PUBLISHED FOR THE GARDEN Art Lime AND GREEN STREETS, LANCASTER, Pa. THE Science Press Printinc Company i Entered at the post-office in Lancaster, Pa., as second-class matter. Annual subscription $1.00 Single copies 10 cents Free to members of the Garden THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN BOARD OF MANAGERS Henry W. ve Forest, Presiden OsEPH P. HENNESSY Henry DE Forest BALpwin, Vice President CLARENCE LEWIS . K. Srurcts, Vice President ApoLtpH LEWISOHN Joun L. Merritt, Treasurer D. T. MacDoucaL E. D. Merrity, Secretary KennetH K. MACKENZIE Epwarp D. Apams PARKER MM cCouimente CuHartes P. BERKEY H. pe ra Monracne, Jr. Marston T. Bocer BarrrncTton Moore GeorcE S. peel ay J. PrerPont Moe NSLS BRr Lewis RUTHERFURD Mores Nicwouns Monnay eee H. Hosarr Ponnea Ropert W. ve Fi Henry H. Russy Tuomas A. Ear coM GeorcE J. RYAN CaaS RICK Mortimer L. ScHIFF . A. HARPER Epmunp W. SINNoTT ee Jj ee ee ae the City of New Yor Wa tter R. HER nt of the Déparemen of Parks SCIENTIFIC DIRECTORS R. A. Harper, Pu. D., Sc. D., Chairman D. T. MacDoveat, Pu. D., LL. D. Cuartes P. BER Y, _ 1D), Sie, ID), BarrincTon Moors, A. B., M. F. Marston T. Bocert, Sc. D., LL. D. Henry H. Russy, M. D., Sc. D NicHoLas Murray Butter, Pu. D., Geore J. Ryan ele: ILE ID), Liane, 1D); EpmMunp W. Srnnort, Pu. D. DIRECTOR EMERITUS N. L. Brirron, Pu. D., Sc. D., LL. D. GARDEN STAFF Merritt, Sc. D. Director-in-Chief VIARSHALL A. Howe, Pu. D., ees Di FAs eae atone Assistant Director Joan Ke Smarr, (Pe Ds tScmD rina eee eens Head Curator of the Museums A. B. Stout, Pu. D. Director of the Laboratories on RypserG, Px. D. Curator H. A. Grrason, Pu. Cupatoe RED J. SEAVER, Pu. D 1 ArtHur Ho.tick, Pu. D. ast ERNARD QO. Donce, Px. D. lant Pathologist ‘ORMAN T. McLean, M. F., Pu. D......... Supervisor of Public Education OHN HENDLEY BARNHART, oN, M,, IME TDD Os Sache Rosa ees Bibliographer ERCY WILSON Associate Curator ALMYRE DE C. MITCHELL Associate Curator ARAH H. Hartow, A. M. Librarian a lel, (Reuse, LDPE cla Honorary Curator Oy) the Economic Contin LIZABETH me Burrow Honorary Curator RECS, Mary E. Eat ast OBERT S. Vienne Administrative Ass . J. ALEXANDER ssistant Conereh Axpert C Situ, A. B. Assistant Curator LYDE ANDLER, A. M. Technical Assistant Marjorie E. Swirt, A. M. Assision Pathologist RosALie WEIKERT Technical Assistant Kennetu R. Boynton, B. S. Si ‘ardener G. L. Wrrtrock, A. M. Docent H. M. Denstow, A. M., D. D...... Honorary aati dian of Local Herbarium Rosert HAGELSTEIN .........s.ee0eee ee Honorary Curator of Myxomycetes E: B: SourtnWwick ver. 1D see sere eee Cus he has of Herbaceous Grounds Erne: Anson S. Peckuam. Honor ary Curator, Iris and Nera Collections Joun R. Brrntry, C. E. Landscape Engineer Water S. GROESBECK Clerk oad Aken tant ARTHUR \J,) CORBETT joie ie soni en Superintendent of Buildings and Grounds JOURNAL OF The New York Botanical Garden VoL. XXXI SEPTEMBER, 1930 No. 369 THE IMPROBABILITY OF PRE-COLUMBIAN EURA- SIAN-AMERICAN CONTACTS IN THE LIGHT OF E ORIGIN AND DISTRIBUTION OF CULTIVATED PLANTS In his classical volume on the origin of cultivated plants A. de island situated somewhere in the Atlantic Ocean between the 2 210 Mediterranean basin and America; and some proponents of the e hemispheres not a single foo cee and not a single aeaesicied food-producing animal in common? As one r is manifest that agriculture as an st have been developed and practiced for a very long period of time before man alee any considerable e of civilization; agriculture, ensu zation, and its development must have preceded the attainment of any permanent higher cultur he basic food plants of American origin include but one cereal, or he are the t lima bean, all of our common garden and faa beans, the tomato, 2i1 pepper, Jerusalem artichoke, squash, pumpkin, peanut, and in the t more strictl. ical regions cassava, 0 , arrowroot, ¢ te, a uch fruits as the papaya, avocado, pin le, cus- tard apple, soursop, cherimoya, sapote, foe : ao or late, cashew, and others. None of these were known in Europe first voyage ee 1492. The basic food plants of Eurasia are the common cereals, wheat, rye, barley, oats, rice, and others of minor importance, such as millet, Italian m ullet, pearl nies, sorghum, ragi, teff, coix, etc., and for conve e buckwheat may also he classified here, al- i d a ical, and ecclesiastic ae rom Eurasian sources over- i act th tacts with a new region, is to take with him those items that are 212 basic to a permanent food supply; that is, his cultivated plants and domesticated animals, This was just as true 10,000 years ago as it was at the time of the European a of America in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. such as possible early Eurasian-American contacts, as well a ratio ely be ignored. aie pnete! ral evidence is wholly and unmistakably in sup- of an autochthonous ie renee of pre-Columbian civiliza- tions in a merica, with absolutely no ee contacts and no Eurasian influences shaping or developing them . D, MERRILL. 213 ' GLADIOLUS EXHIBITION AT THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN On Saturday and Sunday, August 23rd and 24th, the Second Annual Exhibition of the Metropolitan Gladiolus Society was staged on t! ain floor of the Museum Building at The New rk Botanical Garden. how was also the eastern regio: exhibitio ican Gladiolus Society, the Metropolitan tion of the Americ: the adiolus Society being affiliated with the national society grounds, of the thousand varieties grown there, there was ample variety of forms and colors for the visitors to and alee a flower, and the American dals £ i neta aie Gold ze M rt the finest exhibit in the open classes ; Mr Neil : MacDonald, who was second only to Mrs. Barnes in the sweepstakes; Mr J sh, of Yonkers, Mr. F. hibitor, who poe his ee all of the way from Scranton, 214 Pennsylvania. His blooms made a fine showing and won several prizes after their journey through three states. The Gladiolus is one of the best flowers for co Race ee and one of Ver Fully three hundred varieties were in ie , and m re represented by blooms of the very sre Belay, with cut stalk five feet long and heavy heads o h sixty-two inches tall, with five blooms open, the lowest six and a half inches acr Oss. Another remarkable cree was one of the variety Mrs. nb: = a Leon Douglas, grown by Mr. Kroll, and B Golden Dien nn eae it in the clas rt e longest of an American variety fon New England, Miss T. Rose, a ice] 4 ° : =p y 3° a Triumph, exhibited by Mrs. Barnes, easily and consistently won, as did her stalks of the lavender variety Captain Boynton, an- ‘udprery [edTteIOG YIOK MON SYD I VOTqIYX| snporpersy o€61 oy) Jo ed YW “I mINdTY 216 other native of New York State. Mr. Ewing and Mr. Walsh, both novices in gladiolus exhibiting, won several awards with their white Tiffany, lavender-pink Gladness and red Scarlet Bedder were heavy winners in many classes. The Gladiolus is the ideal flower for the novice and amateur, ied easy to grow and to ultu Interesting and instructive ae were phos by the Firth- cliffe Gardens, of Pearl River, N. Y., ers of the British Gladiolus Society’s Silver Gilt Medal for ae ae display ; by the Glory and red and blue-slate matted Bengal alee Golden Glory, and Golden Measure, to pink Longfellow, bright-red Pythia, sal- mon-pink Catherine Coleman, ruffled White Glory, and the new imported purple Franz Hals. Vhile Mrs. Barnes was competing almost entirely with men in the gladiolus classes, in the Bnet displays and classes for 217 other garden joes the ladies took first place. . Jone: ie K the classes for flowers other than gladiol Since she is dy a convert to the Gladiolus it was a more appropriate award than might at first appear! With such high quality of flowers and many close decisions, the judges’ duties were heavy. The judges were Mrs. Wheeler A Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station, and cLean, Count at Tr mn. s. Sarah V. Coombs, of the Scars- dale Garden Club, naged the exhibition entries and awards, with a staff of a drawn from The New York Botanical indoor and outdoor displays of flowers, particularly on Sunday. Forman T. McLean AUSTRALIA, PAST AND PRESENT? AUSTRALIA IN THE Past The story of what we know and what we infer in regard to the past or geologic Re a ene will be in the nature of a brief prelude or prefac the descriptions of ee day condi- tions ie be are and discussed by Doctor McLean. of the eastern hemisphere is ee it may be seen that Austr oie represents a southeastern extension of the Eurasian continent by way of the Malay peninsula a a numerous intermedi- ate islands. It is the smallest of the continental areas, except Greenland, sale has an area panes ey to-that of the United Sta Abs ° joint illustrated lecture given at The New York Beene: ace on Saturday afternoon, October 26, 1929. 218 Ifa map that shows the submarine deeps and contours is ex- D ssums in Australia. The flora, also, although n not as primitive, see s the fauna, contains ne unique elements not found in any existing flora elsewher n the earlier aie visited Australia—De Gonneville i in ifers, giant gum trees Nagata and other species gad genera of angiosperms unknown outside of Australia. a unique fauna and flora, isolated and remarkably distinct i the world at large; and yet, if an intelligent, native-born descendant of one of the early colonists were to be suddenly trans- lated back into Mesozoic time, toward the middle of the Cretace- ous ra about a time when the Amboy clays were being deposited o r present eastern continental coast line and the Dakota ae was being laid down as sand on the shores of 219 ; the inland sea that occupied what we now call the middle west of the continent—if we can visualize him thus translated, no matter in what part of the world he might find himself at that time, he would look about him and probably remark “Well, this looks like Australia. o) tralia. ideal landscape of the Cretaceous period in eit ither Europe © or one, some time during the Cretaceous period, and previous to the 220 time when the placental mammals supplanted them, in the Tertiary aie g the ee period all of the continental areas, with the nes of Australia, were linked together. Eurasia and rth rica were oe where Behring Strait now is Animals could and did migrate from continent to continent, but not t f Australia. Many of these reached the Malay peninsula, but they could no more swim over stralia than the g or the wombat could swim over to the mainland volved its own rae types a life to the best of its ity. The line of demarkation between the Australasian and the P' Wallace, the naturalist, who first directed attention to the signifi- cant facts biological distribution connected wi Celebes, the Moluccas, ustralia, and Tasmania lie to it; Borneo, Java, Sumatra, and th alayan penin to the west. Some rs ago a book was published in England, entitled “Captain Lawson’s adventures e uinea,” in h were described encounters with lions, leopards, rhino s, etc., none of which exist on that isl located his adventures a few miles to est, in Borneo, or Java posed the fe sceton. nclus: case our friends the anti-evolutionists and bi In s dandenentaline any feel that their views have been ignored, the 221 ee attempt to Bee an acceptable interpretation of the s may not be out of place An Arkeological ee Father Noah and his sons, they pun sae istinguished group of mammals, aie pla But they snubbed the duck- billed platypus a te jumping ngaroo, In a manner that was very far from gentle. To the hee boy they hint i he was nothing but a moron, nciples eugenic would condemn; And Sai belies let fee perish than ean as a menace To society, and to Japheth, Ham, and She: So he ae to the big Diprotodon, yas on ee ae he climbed, > e Then fe platypus, the wombat, and ‘he re “Fell | in behind, As the simple- ‘minded very ofte n do. They jumped upon an nae that eee floated by, And they drifted far outher unknown, sia ee con aecioeie in a ae we cae Australia, med a doughty little kingdom of their ow From ee on the thread of the story will be ae by Doc tor McLean, who will tell you about the “doughty little iinedont as it exists es The lecture was illustrated by lantern slides that included maps showing ve location of Australia in relation to the adjacent main- 1 islai o) reconstructions of fossil marsupials and plant life. Artuur Ho tick. PRESENT-DAY AUSTRALIA Not only has Australia been isolated from the other continents of the world since early geological times; it was also undisturbed 1See ALLEN, Grant. A fossil continent. Pop. Sci. Monthly, vol. 33, Sept. se cory, Wa. K. Australia, the land of living fossils. Natural His- tory, rk oe Jan.-Feb. 1924. 222 by the Ice Age and other great geological changes. West Aus- r ed dry 1 no else in the world outside of Australia and the eee island i i ich the Ameri d n flying flying squirrels. The so-called ea opossums replace our opossums and raccoons. ere were formerly carnivorous marsupials in Australia, but these now persist only in Tasmania, having been exterminated in Australia by the dingo dog in com- paratively recent time. Just when the first native blacks came to Australia is not , but it was tL cent times, as time 1s reckoned in Australia, and while these native black m are the most primitive of men, the giant eats marsup ial sap- Since the advent o e white r ae ancient life forms of Australia have continued to oe Aue oth to hunting and to the destructive influence of man and his introduced rabbits, foxes, sheep, and catt 223 The plant life of Australia belongs to the same broad families as occur elsewhere in the world, but many of the genera are en- re where else in the world. The greater part of the dis- tinctively Australian forms are of -land , with leav' - uced in size or absent hus the Acacias, which usually have large, spreading co und leaves, have their leaves reduced t narrow, flattened leaf-like petioles in Australian sp e numerous Eucalypti are the principal timber trees, in cluding huge size, such as Eucalyptus regnans an pilularis, sometimes twent et in diameter and ove ; dr eet tall, and the tallest tree in the world, the Karri (Euca- all! re are ma g ms of plant life, s s the so- called grass tree (Xanthorrhoea spp.), of the lily family, with ta black, palm-like tr nd grass-like leaves; the W ustralian Chris tree, a root parasite that grows into a good-sized tree, twenty-five feet high, but which lives as a parasite on the lowly shrubs and herbs around it in the semi-ari ins. Another parasite, the mistletoe on the Eucalyptus, develops foliage just a, fi highly ornamental Dendrobiums, etc. Several of the Australian native plants have been introduced into cultivation as ornamentals—the Everlastings (Helichrysum 224 and nie um), blue lace-flower (Didiscus caeruleus) Brachycome; Grevilleas, Araucarias, Acacias, Eucalypti, and Ce There is also a restricted high mountain flora, composed of temperate climate plants, partly of familiar northern genera— Rhododendron, etc.—and partly, apparently Antarctic in extrac- n. Introduced weeds have proven as upsetting as the introduced mammals. Prickly a oe mtia) has usurped large areas in Queensland and in the arid regions; thistle, European rose, and bramble (Rubus), pa aes have viet wide aa inci stry of Aus e pine 0, will thrive on the poor uplands, week produce only scrubby r Lumbering in the native Australian timber is carried on mainly in West Australia, Victoria, and Queensland. xen are used extensively in logging eon primitive means of trans- portation being often used in the most up to date mills. 225 ince the ee oe of Austr alia are essentially rural mi ather ing that wn ae ° a o g. m. as oh ry 4 ane) = a. aa = 3 es a wo i 4 a wi country, so that the — ae of Australia is scarcely five i e our i million, compar e hundred and twenty million, in an area of comp: The isolation of Australia in Ae Sana ie Dae into a d weeds have taught the Australians to be cautiou about permitting new po: About forty colored lantern slides were oe to illustrate this lecture, and the lecture platform was decorated entirely with 4H nts imp: Callitris, Eucalyptus, pe revillea, Melaleuca, and Casua- rinas, representing the strictly Austra lian or pied Tarly Aus- to) ho: icus, pear (Opuntia stricta) as an example of one - the worst intro- duced plant pests. Forman T. McLean. 226 COURSES OF STUDY OFFERED AT THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN, 1930-31 Three courses in botany and gardening will be given at The u hers who wis studies and for people interested in horticulture and are open to 1. Plants and Their Home envionment Dr. oer Le Mc- Lean and other staff members. Tuesdays at 4:10 P. M., beg: ning September on fifteen double sessions, one iaihe ine held work and one half lecture or class wor' ee $8.00. Combines outdoor aeerae of native plant decpeatiens in woodlan meadow, pond, and rock nen with lectures on plant life, both plants, particularly economic plants, in the grounds and green- houses of the Botanical Garden. 2. Plant Relationships, ee Elmer D. Merrill, and mem- bers of the Botanical Garden staff. Tuesdays at 4:10 P. M., be- ginning February 17th. a $8.00. Double sessions, one hal time field or A study, and one half lecture. This is r- of the great gro of plants—algae, fungi, hepatics, mosses, ee conifers, pai out eae Howe rine ‘lan with special emphasis on the easily suitable for class- s Grow Plants, Dr. Forman T. McLean and staff of of the work, drawn both from the garden staff and from other oes information write to Dr. Forman T. McLean, Su- pervisor of P Education, The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, oe York, N. Y. 227 PUBLIC LECTURES DURING SEPTEMBER, OCTOBER, ND NOVEMBER The following is the program of the free aes lectures ee September, October, and November, 1930. e lectures ar given in the Museum Building on Sanday ea a eon and are Teas by lantern-slides and otherwise. Late-comers are adm eae 6. “Beardless Iris and Iris Species,” Mrs. Wheeler . Peckham, Honorary Curator of Iris and arcissus Collections: September 13. “Unusual Plant Occurrences Around New York,” Mr. Raymond H. Torrey, Torrey Botanical lub. September 20. “Along the Canadian Labrador,’ Mr. Howard Cleaves, Explorer and Lecturer. September 27, ‘“‘Dahlias,” Dr. Marshall A. Howe, Assistant Di- t re . October 4. “One Thousand Miles Down the Yukon by Canoe, Dr. A : October 11. “In Distant Forests,’ Mr. James A. G. Davey, B : ound October 18. “Insects in Relation to Plant Life, P. Felt, Director and Chief ee aa Tree Research Laborator October 25. Bt ” Dr. Forman T McLean, Supervisor of Public Education November 1. ree and Ot fer Drug Plants,” Professor W. J. Bonisteel, Instructor ine (Pharm macognosy and otany, Fordham Univ: November 8. ae : Tees of California,” a “Dr H. A. Gleason, November 15. “Plant. Hy ” Dr. A. B. Stout, Director of abora November 22. mari Plant eee * Dr. Elmer D. Merrill, Director-in-Chi November 29. “A Winter in eee ” Dr. Fred J. Seaver, Curator. 228 NOTES, NEWS, AND COMMENT Col. William Boyce Thompson died at his home in Yonkers, N. Y., on June 27, in his 62d year. A man of extensive business interests, he was widely known to botanists as the founder of the B zona. From 1921 to 1927, inclusive, Mr. Thompson was a mem- ber of the Board of Managers of The New York Botanical Garden The New York Botanical Garden’s 1930 collection of dahlias includes 1096 plants, representing 398 of the better and newer ieti i res t This group is represented by 114 plants, of 46 varieties. Meteorology for August. The maximum temperatures re- ded at The New York Botanical Garden for each week or part week were: 95° on the 3rd; 99° on the 5th; 76° on the 11th and the 17th; 8324° on the 18th; and 8934° on the 30th. The minimum temperatures recorded were: 58° on ist; 64° on the rith; 52° on the rath; 55° on the 24th; and 59° on the 26th. The total precipitation for the month was 2.74 inches 229 ACCESSIONS LIBRARY ACCESSIONS FROM JANUARY 1 TO MARCH 20, 1930 ArtHur, JosepH Cuaries. The plant rusts (Uredinales). New York, 1929. Baitey, Lrgerty ans ed. Cyclopedia of American agriculture. 4 vols. New York, 1907-09. Barrp, WILLIAM. aa cy clopaedia of the natural sciences. London, 1858. sate oe La pepiniére, fruitiére, arbustine, vigneronne et is, a ei Eom unD James. My tropic isle. New York, 1924. (Given by . J. H. Barnhart. Beatsy, JoHN Tuomas. Fruit ranching in British Columbia. Ed. 2. BEELDSNIJDER. Ca talogue des plantes qui se trouvent & Rupelmonde, ovimce d’ Utrecht. n.p. [1923]. Bennett, IpA Danorince. The flower garden; a manual for the amateur gordener. New York, 1910. Bunnett, Jesse Merte. Roadside development. New York, 1920. Bercen, JAN .vAN Jean PLEYN DE CouRAGE, PSEUD.). Negotianum satyricum of de quinta essentia van den toeback. Maersdamme, 1676. Biicuer, H. Praktische Pilzkunde. Leipzig, n Bos, Hem mo, Tuinbourwplant Runde der hou utige gewassen. Assen. 1913. Bulletin de la Société d’ histoire naturelle de Toulouse. Vols. 1-15, 17, -28, 34-55, 357, couse, 1867 . (By exchange.) Bulletin de la Société d’ horticulture de Cherbourg. Vol. 1, Cher- g, 1846, 1848. [ eries.] Vols. 1-59. Cherbourg, 1 Bursank, Lur uther Burbank; his metho discoveries and a Cigiois application; under the editorial direct of John and Robert John and Henry Smith Williams. New eit IQI4-I5. Catkoen, Henprrk JoAdn. Planten—atlas naar het duitsch bewerkt. eiden, 1897. CALVERT, Amelia CaTHERINE (SmitH), & Catvert, Pure Powe. 4 year of AM Coox, Ernest Tuomas, ed. The ay, ‘pook peace London, nd. Ss se He es ee gardens. Ed. 2. London, 1908. Cooke, ane ble and poisonous mushegouis: what to eat and what to ae he ate 1894. — Jou ‘Noe. eltlas des champignons comestibles et vénéneux. Ed. Paris, nd. apt reuae AratHea (Stickney). Flowers of field, hill, and mp. New York, 1898. 230 Dinanp, Aucust Pau. Taschenbuch der Heilpflanzen. Ed. 26. sslingen, 1922. mae Jaco EL ELL Knopmutatie biy den ines en hare be- eekenis voor den landbouw. venhage, Phytochemische Noreen aoe einige japanische : My rock-garden. London, 19 FiscHer, ENGELBERT Lorenz. Uber das Princip der be aban und die Con’ nograph thothamnia, afer o erodes ares clei ae sie se Trondhj 929. (Given by the Ri of Sciences. of the y Henrik yal Nopeefan Society FRANCE, iw Hetnricu. Die Seele der Pflanze. Berlin, nd. ae r ets Vols. 9, 10. Berlin, 1928-29. (Given by Mrs. E. A. 5S. Peckham GEERTS, Sonus Marinus. Beitréige zur Kenntnis der Olin und der partiellen Sterilitét von Oenothera Lamarckiana. Nijmegen, 1909. E] An zum Pilzsammeln » ge von Hermann Dischler, Zwenkau, 1897. SEL VAN. Oost-Indische pons baad uitgegeven vy redactie van H. C. Prinsen Geerligs. ols. Amsterdam, GREEN, SAMUEL Bowprear. Vegetable gardening. Ed. 10 rev. St. Paul, 912. ES, James, & Burttock-Wesster, Grorce Russert. The British Charophyta. 2 vol ondon, 1920-24. Gussow, Hans THeopor, DE S. Mushrooms es) toadstools; an account of the more common edible and poisonous fungi of Canada. ttawa, 1927. (Given by Mr. George M. Mischiee, Hatt, Atrrep DanriEL. The Bie Ed. 2 rev. New York, 1908. 2 rev. New York, 19 Hantor, Paut Aucuste. Le “Urédindes (rouilles des plantes), Paris, 18, 191 Harris, THappEus Mason. The natural history of the Bible. Boston, 1793. Harrinc, Pieter. De bodem Amsterdam, onderzocht en beschreven. [Amsterdam, 18. Ree heerches? sur la nature et les causes de la maladie des pom- é@ terre en 1845. [Am saa Ha Rica Frevertx. Voyages and fravels in the Levant in the years 1749, 50, 51, 52. London, eer HeatH, Francis Grorce. don, 18 . HEIMANS, EINsIuSs, Hein Wititem, & THIJSSE, ee PIETER. ee tnne flora van Nederland, Ed. 2. Amsterdam, 1909. The fern paradise. Vlust. ed. [Ed. 5.] Lon- 231 Henstow, Grorce. The origin i blant structures by self-adaptation to the environment. London, Horrmann, Juuius. Alpine ie for tourists and amateur botanists translated by E. S. Barton (Mrs. A. Gepp). London, 192° Horme, Cuarres. The gardens of England in the southern & western counties. 2 vols. London, 1907-08. Husparp, Henry Vincent, & KIMBALL, gee An introduction to the study of landscape design. Rev. e w York, 1920. ume, HarprapA Haroip. Gardening in the ee South. New York, 1929. Huncer, Frreprich WILHELM Top Cocos nucifera; hand boek voor de kennis van den cocos ees mm Wederlanieen! Indié. Amsterdam, 1920. Kamerinc, ZENo. Beknopt leerboek der plantkunde voor Nederlandsch- Indié. Haarlem, Korxwitz, RICHARD. _Pioncenphysioogi. Ed. 2. Jena, 1922. Moyne, Louts (OULO Country residences in Europe and America. bs Ww - Lock, CHARLES GrorGE WarRNFoRD, Wicne R, Grorce WILLIAM, & HARLAND, Rozert Henry ER : gar growing and ei London, 1882. Lounon, Jonn Ciaupius. An encyclopaedia of gardening. New ed. edited by Mrs. Loudon. London, 186 Lowe, Epwarp JoserH. A natural history of new and rare ferns. Lon- don, vols. London, 18 ESE native ferns; or, a history of the British species and their varieties. 74-76. Macertuvray, Wittiam. Life of William Macgillivray ... with a sci- appreciation by J. Arthur Thompson. London, i910. M NN TARAGARET. Mushrooms of field and wood New bey ©1929. MATTHEWS, WILLIAM y. Maz id labyrinths. 2: geen Tuomas. The native flowers and ferns of the Ua States. s. Boston, eke eee Epmunp. Fithrer fiir Pilzfreunde. Zwickau i Sa. 1918. ——-. Volks-Aufgabe ae "Filhrer fiir Pilzfreunde. Zwickaw i S. 1896. Mieue, Huco. Taschenbuch der Botantk Ed. 3. Leipzig, 1922. Micuta, WattTHER. Praktisches ene Stuttgart. [1910 MuLtIcaN, Avert. Travels and adventures of an orchid hunter. Lon- don, 1891 Moutscx, Hans. e Lebensdauer der Pflan, Jena, 1929. Money, Epwarp. ae cultivation & sanusalare oy tea. Ed. 4. Lon- don, 1883. Morris, Frank, & Eames, Epwarp A. ae wild orchids; trails and portraits. New York, 1929. (Given Charles Scribner’s Sons. ae A, co ucuer, H. Essbare oS giftige Pilze Mittel-Europas. Ber! 232 Ouprmans, CorNEILLE ANTOINE JEAN ABRAM. Neerland’s plantentuin. vols. Groningen, 1865-68. Postuumus, Oene. The ferns of Surinam and of French and British Guanjer, Henprtk Marius, Lex, Henprix Anrr. ABRA: Boryzs, J. Aard, cespeiingcaie en ‘esring a eae (bladrol) en stekte: Sereh. n, 1916. eo aoe Fungi; an introduction to mycology. London, 1929. Ro Rr Wi BINS, WILLIAM Jacos, & RicketTT, Haroip LIAM. Botany; a text book for college and university students. New York, 1929. Rosinson, Wittiam. Mushroom culture; its extension and improvement. London, 1870. Rout, Juttus. Unsere essbaren Pilze in natiirlicher Grosse. Ed. 6. Tubingen, 1903. Sawer, JoHN Cuartes. Odorographia; a natural history of raw materials and drugs used in the perfume industry. vols. London, 1 4. Scunerer, Hans. Die botanische Mikrotechnik. Jena, SCHNEIDEWIND, WILHELM. Die Erndhrung der landwirtschaftl. Kultur- pflanzen. Ed. 2. Berlin, 1917. SEAVER, Frep Jay. The North American cup-fungi (Operculates). New ork, 1928. Smiru, JosepH Russert. Tree crops; a permanent agriculture. New York, *1929. Spoeur, Herman Avucustus. Photosynthesis. New York, 1926. Starr, Orto, comp. Jconum botanicarum index londinensis. Vol. 2. nii. 1930. Sroxasa, Junius. Uber die Verbreitung des Alumininms in der Natur. Jena, 1922. TuHurser, Francis Beatty. Coffee, from plantation to cup. New York, 1881. Trovessart, Epouarp Louis. Microbes, ferments and moulds. New York, 1 L Ulrpriks, FrepERIKE J, vAN, & BrRuUINSMA, VITUS. Faded inleiding tot 8. WALLACE, ALFRED RUSSEL. y life; a record of events and opinions. 2 vols. New York, 1905. Wane, Cuartes Wiiuis. The American carnatio New York, 1903. Warp], H. C. Wild flowers of Switzerland. [ohion 1883. Warp, Harry MarsHaty. Timber and some of its diseases. London, WierLen, PIETER VAN DER. Cacao; culture en bereiding. Amsterdam, 1906. Wricut, WALTER Pace. Herdy perennials and herbaceous borders. New York, [1912]. 233 ee Hern oe Bijdrage tot de kennis der houtige lianen. Amsterdam, 19 LIBRARY ACCESSIONS FROM MARCH 21 TO APRIL 30, 1930 Allgemeines Forst- und Jagd-Journal. ooh 4-7. Prag, 1834-37. ALPHAND, JEAN CHARLES ADOLPHE. ee a Pons 2 vols. ‘ext and plates. Paris, 1 bee Arines, J. Les agreils végétales de la Basse-Provence. n.p. 1928. Backer, Cornelis Apri The problem of Krakatao as seen by a 2 Bacon, ania Sylva acai or, a natural history in ten centuries. Barrors, Teena Cuartes. Réle des insectes dans le fécondation des uégétaus. Paris, 1886. BatTanvleR, JuLes Aimé. Contributions d la flore ailantique. Paris, 1919. ——. Flore de VAlgérie—Supplément aur phanérogames. Paris, Beworsr, Raymonp. Recherches sur la structure et _ classification des Acanthacées de la tribu des Barlériées. Lille, Beu.aycue, Louis Lucien. Recherches sur la eee végétale. Cor- beil, 1915 Bors, Distr ‘Guorce Jean Marie. Les blantes alimentaires chez tous les peuples et a travers des ee Histoire, uitlisation, culture. 1. Phanérogames légumiér . Phanérogames fruiticres. Paris, 1927- Boyp, James. A history of the Pennsylvania horticultural society 1827- Braun-BLanguet, Jostas, & Martz, René CHARLES oo ERNEST. Etudes sur la ane et la flore Marocaines. Rabat, iar de la Soc pour la protection des paysages de ee Année 25. Paris, fot ile, rine o V Indo-Chine. Vols. 1-4, 23-30. Saigon & Hanoi. 1898-1901, Burr, Epwarp ANncu s Farlowianae; illustrations of the larger fungt of eastern en er by William Gilson Farlow. Cam- bridge, 1929. gre ‘Aver IER GHISLAIN DE. a. Gislenii Busbequtit Omnia quae extant. ges 1633. Cones, At eee monographie oe genres Castanea et nope Text nd atlas: Paris, 1928-19. . de Cyprés. Paris, Camus, Epmonp Gustave, Bercon, Paut, & Camu Mono- vaphie des Orchidées de l' Europe, de ? Afrique sotnionds : P ae Mineure et des provinces Russes transcaspiennes. , 1908. Camus, Epmunp Gustave, & Camus, AimitE., Iconographie des Or- chidées. 2 vols. Paris, 1929 234 CuHoux, (PIERRE. Etudes biologiques sur les Asclépiadacées de Madagascar. Cocarpas, Epmonn. Des chiendents (Cynodon Dactylon L. et Triticum L repens L.). Paris, 1879. Coox, Moses. The manner of raising, ordering, and improving forest rees. Ed. 3. London, 1724. Cooke, Morpecat Cusitr. Fungi australiant. Melbourne, 1883. Contribution al étude du peuplement des hautes montagnes. 1928. Corvemoy, I. pe. Recherches anatomiques sur les genres hae et inapis. Paris, ? Coutouma, JoserH. Flore de Ceilhes et de la haute wallée de ? Orb; valeur des Digitales de Ceilhes et de la région d’ aprés leur teneur de digitaline. Montpellier, 109: Courtn, Henrt Euckne Vic Recherches sur ? absorption et le rejet é leau par les graines. is, 1 KALL, RT. Coal measure London. Cuvverver, N: The English Psion “norge, “with three hun- ved and sixty-nine medicines 7 ish herbs lon, 1733. Curret, Grorces. echerches pacaleades a sur la : is, I Darwin, CHARLES T, I RANCIS é motrice dans les utes . traduit del’ Arla, annoté et augmenté d’ une préf- ace par Edouard Heckel. Paris, Les ennemts des cultures fruitiores en Algérie et les oon pratiques de le attve. v1. DetHAN, Georces. Des A nthacées aa es. d. 2. Paris, 1897. Dicuet, Lion. Les Cactacées uti exique; ouvrage posthume revu André Guillaumin. Paris, 192! Dorp, Pau. Recherches ff ‘a structure et le développement de la fleur Se, 1903. . oe de technique botanique, histologie et microbie végétales. Paris, 1909. Doutiot, Henrt Louis. Recherches sur le périderme. Pari AKE is, 1889. emarques sur la flore de : ee Dr Lt CasTILLo, Emmanuet. FR nésie et sur ses rapports avec celle des terres voisines. Pari: 10. Dusors, Avpert. Recherches anatomiques sur les Linées edges (ie Ducamp, Louis. Recherches sur Pembryogénie des Araliacées. Paris, 19 Ductuzeau, J. A. P. Essat sur Vhistoire naturelle des Conferves des environs de Montpellier. eae 1805.] EHRENBERG, s OTTFRIED. wachsende Kenntniss des unsichtbaren Lebens als solbidende Bacillarien in Californien. Ber- in, 1870. ase JoserH. Histoire naturelle et médicale des Digitales. Mont- pel 8 a Taxon Die Pilskrankheiten der Kulturgewichse. Ed. 2. Stuttgart. 1926. 235 Die Pilzkrankheiten der Garten-und Parkgewiichse. Stuttgart, 1928, Fecuner, Gustav THEODOR. ag oder, uber das Seelenleben der Pflanzen. Ed. 4. Hamburg, Frotow, es von. Uber eae pluvialis. np, [1843.] Forr: Garten der. Erde; eine Bilderfolge mit Begleitworten. Von ’ Bhitengarten der Zukunft. Ed. 2. Berlin, 1922. Fonnsrsr, Kart, & Scunerper, Camitto Kart. Das Dahlienbuch. Berlin, 1927. -Fournier, JEAN Paut. Flore complétive de la flore francaise ... région arisienne, ouest, centre, nord, est. Paris, 1928. odie Prerre. Les Scytonémacées de la France. Pari 927. K, Georc. Die Algenvegetation des Golfs von Meapel, nach neueren ee al ee n. Napoli, 1927. GabEcEAU, Et Le Lac du Grand-Lieu: monographie phytogéograph- ique. Garcin, ALPH mee GABRIET.. Recherches sur Uhistogénése des péricarpes charnus. Paris, 1890. = GarsauLt, A. G., ed. Notice sur le Réunion. Ed. 2. Paris, goo. GARTENBAU-VEREIN IN Mainz. Jahresbericht. Vols. 1-7. Mainz, 1841-47. Gatin, CHartes Louis. Dictionnaire aid emoire de botanique, revisé et 0 é apres la mort de Vauteur par Madame Allorge-Gatin. Paris, Gaussen, Henrt Marcer. Végétation de la mottié orientale des Pyré- nées: sol-climat-végétation. Paris, 1926. Con Gérarp, René STANT JosEPH. Tratté pratique de micrographie, Paris, 1887. Grsson, WIL Hamitton. Eye spy: afield with nature among flowers wage things. New York, 1897. N, AYMAR. ities sur les Lythracées. Lons-le- ae 1909. ae Hernetcu Rosert, & Berenpt, Georc Car. + Bernstein und die in ihm fadiien Pflanzenreste der Vorwelt. — rlin, 1845. Goy, Pierre. Les facteurs accessories de la croissance chez les végétaux inférieurs, Paris, Gravis, JEAN JOSEPH acne oe réflexions au sujet de Venseign- ment de la botanique. Gand, 1 Grétot, Pau. Henrt MARIE. eee ies sur le systéme libéroligneux oral des gamopetales bicarpellées. Paris, 1898. Gann, JAN Vv. R. Den nederlandtsen hovenier. Amsterdam, 1683. sian ANDRE quer, Rozert Fernanp. -irbres et of eaur util ue ornamentons, Biers 1927. Pannen Magazin. Vols. 16-23, Hannover, 1764-1771, 1778- 1785. Hea almanac and annual for 1897. Honolulu, 1897. Herm, Frépiric. Recherches médicales sur le genre “Paris.” Paris, 1892. 236 es du peuplement de la Corse; Etude biogéographique. Paris, 1926. BER-PESTALOZZI, GOTTFRIED Epouarp. Die Schwebeflora (das Phyto- nkton) von Seen und Kleingewéssern der alpinen und nivalen Stufe. Zurich, 1926. Hue, Aucuste Marie. Lichenes extra-europaei a pluribus collectoribus ad M i useum oe missi, [Paris, 1898-1901.] Humoert, Henrr. La destruction d’ une flore insulaire par le feu. Principaux ae cts de la végétation & Madagascar. Tanaris 1927. —. ee de Madagascar. Caen, 192 Huncer, Frr H WILHELM Tostras. Charles de LVEscluse (Carolus Clusius) nederondch amma 1526-1609. s’ Gravenhage, a Hy, Fétrx Cu Tableaux analyt s de la flore d’'Angers. Premier Ais ea arene Angers, 1884, The intellectual observer. Vols. 4-12. London, 1854-68. Jackson, Benjamin Daypon. A glossary of botanic terms with their derivation and accent, Ed. 3. London, 1916. JoHNSON, LLIAM Henry. Cocoa; its cultivation and preparation. lon, Journal of botany, British and foreign. Vols. London, 1863-76. A ERT. Catalogue of the Palaeozoic Han in the department of geology and palaeoniology, Britis. UuseUum. nm, I K6épren, Frieprich THeovor. Geographische pean des europai- schen Russlands und des Kaukasus, 2 pts. St. Petersburg, 1888-89. Krasser, FRIDOLIN. Peis 4en uber die qerivle ee der Cycadophyten aus Se mannliche Zapfern. Wien, _ KG OLTZ-. Lana Georcrs. Les dunes du Golfe du Lion. Paris, 1923. Lampert, EvrennE. Des cannelles. Paris, 3 LAMBERT, fhe ‘Le Orchidées et les plantes ‘de serre. Paris, n.d. Lanessan, Jean Louts pr. Flore de Paris. Paris, 1 LANGERON, Maurice Cuartes. Atlas colorié des plantes et des animaux des cétes i France. Paris, 1906. Laprige, Georces, & MalIcE, pes Azert. Flore forestiere eG com- prenant ae les espéces ligneuses en Tunisie, au Mar t dans le midi de la France. Paris, [1915.] Lauriz, ALExanper, & EpMmonp, eis B. Fertilizers for greenhouse and garden crops. New York, 1 2 B géraniacées. Paris, 1908. Le Héertcuer, Enovarp. Philologie de la flore scientifique et populaire de Normandie et d’Angleterre. Coutances, n.d. ce ur practicicn. Vols. 1-6. Paris, 1857-62. Lévertié, Aucustin ApeL Hecror. Table analytique de la flore francaise. 1906, Lima, mW ESLAU DE Souza Perera. Flora aa de Portugal. Mono- ‘a do genero Dicranophyllum. Lisboa, 18 MEMBERS OF THE CORPORATION Edward D. Adams Vinecnt Astor F. L. Atk Daniel Guggenheim Murry Guggenheim MEMBERS Mrs. John W. Draper, Chairman Mrs. avid, Ives Mackie, rs. A. Barton Hepburn Edward S. cn Frederic R. Newbold © Brot, ka Ae Ep has. Lathrop Pack TA ee cae Rufus L. Patterson A. Heckscher hipp: Hon. Joseph P. Hennessy F. R. Pierson nton G. Hoden James R. Pitch Marshall A. How H. Hobart Porter rcher M. Huntington Johnston L. Redmond drian Isel Ogden Mills Reid Walter Jennings John D. Rockefeller tto H. K Prof. H. H. Rusby arwin P. Kingsley on. rge J. Ryan Clarence Lewis iff acDougal K. Mackenzie e Prof. Henry F. Osborn oh : Valentine P. Snyder James Speyer . E. Spingarn Frederick Strauss . K. Sturgis Br Grenville L. Winthrop OF THE ADVISORY COUNCIL ae Robert C. Hill s. Frederick C. ot ee Valter Jennin: firs. Delancey K: a Mrs. G i rs. Frederic (rs. Wrlferea AN, Tweed rs. J [cGinle {rs. Ros Mrs. Wheeler H. Peckham ES: Harold I. Pratt Mrs. Wm. Kelly Prentice rs. James Roosevelt FS eae He ea rs. Sam rs. ee: a see rs. Theron G. Strong rs. Henry O. Taylor s. John T. Ter: ts. L Mrs. Will iam H. Woodin HONORARY MEMBER OF THE ADVISORY COUNCIL Mrs. E. Henry Harriman GENERAL INFORMATION te of the leading features of The New York Botanical Garden re hundred acres of beautifully diversified land in the nore oan of the City of New York, thecnele vee ch flow ee Bronx River. A n hemlock forest is one of the fea of the tra Plantations et thousands of native and Hee trees, shrubs, and flowering plan Gardens, including a beautiful rose geneen a rock garden of rock-loving plants, and fern and herbaceous gardens. Greenhouses, co ining thousands a interesting plants from America and foreign countries. Flower shows throu ghou ar—in the spring, summer, an nd au irises, _peonies, roses, lilies and chrysanthe mu ms; in the winter display s of ele ouse- ‘loaning plants. Am im, containing exhibits of fossil plants, existing plant families, local Biante occurring ae n one hundred miles of the City of New York, and the eco onomic uses of plants. COmpEHSig more than one million specimens of Amer- ican nad foreign pa Exploration in diff parts of the United States, the West Indie Central aud South eee Peat he study and collection of the charac Setentif Eescared in laboratories and in the field into the diversified problems of plan A ae ary of botanical literature, comprising more than 39,000 books and numerous pamphlet Public lectures on a ee variety of botanical topics, continuing throughout the year. Publications on botanical subjects, partly of technical, scientific and partly of ae interest. The educa Bells chool ren and the public through the abov features aun the ety ng of free iiforanen on botanical, horticultural and for a 1 subject he Gu is dependent upon an annual appropriation yy the es ty of New 4 a mbership fees. It arly two thousand members, and sgnlcatinas for enefactor.,\\sieisc seme om reratenets single contribution $25,000 Patron ritecmietie dete tre eroter single contributi 5,000 TAN, Hoke IH Sooubocogocouotu single contribution 1,000 emoyerr wey ILM beg SGoachnoongnd single paar 250 Fellowship Member ............. annual 100 Sustaining Member ............. sue fee 25 nnual” Member jn. ec ere nual fee Contributions to the Garden may be Asiana from taxable incomes. The following is an ein ces form a bana I hereby bequeath to The New York Bota neon incorporated under the Laws of New York, Chapter 285 of Fear GE sum of ———— All tae Fie further information should be sent to Tue New York Botantcat GARDEN BRONX PARK, NEW YORK, N VOL. XXXI OctopER, 1930 No. 370 JOURNAL OF THE NEw YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN IRIS STUDIES IN THE GULF STATES Joun K. SMALL BEARDLESS IRIS AND IRIS SPECIES ErHet Anson S. PECKHAM A “BIG TREE” SECTION REACHES THE GARDEN D. Merritt PLANT ECOLOGY COURSE STARTED Forman T. McLean NOTES, NEWS, AND COMMENT ACCESSIONS PUBLISHED FOR THE GARDEN At Lime AND GREEN STREETS, LANCASTER, Pa. Tue Science Press Printinc CoMPANY Entered at the post-office in Lancaster, Pa., as second-class matter. Annual subscription $1.00 Single copies 10 cents Free to members of the Garden pe em ree = THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN ARD OF MANAGERS Henry W. ve Forest, Sa JosrpH P. HENNESSY Hea DE Forest BALDWIN, Vice President | CLARENCE LEWIS F. K. Suse Vices President ApotpH LEWwIsoHN Joun L. Mer ‘reasurer D. T. MacDo D. Merritt ae KennetH K. MACKENZIE Parker McCotiester awe) 1D) mee H. ve LA Monrtacne, JR CHAUES e nae Barrincton Moore ARSTON OGERT J. Prerront Mo EORGE S. BREWSTER Lewis RuTHERFURD Morris N. L. Brirron H. Hosart Po! NicHoLras Murray ao Henry H. Ruszy Rosert W. DE Fore: GerorcE J. Rya Tuomas A. Episo Mortimer L. ScHIFF CHILDS K Epmunp W. SINNOTT A. Harper AM M ee Sa James J. Waker, Mayor of the City of New Yor. WaA_rtER R. HErIcx, President of the jean ke of Parks Seren ae DIRECTORS R. A. Harper, Pu. D., Sc. D., eee ney. a MacDovaat, Pu. D., vie D. Cuartes P. Berkey, Pu. D., Sc. RINGTON Moore, A A.B., MF Marston T. Bocert, Sc. D., LL. Be Hewny }. eece ae >. Se D Nicuoras Murray Butter, Pu. D., Epmunp W. Sinnott, Pu. D. Eshleman) AM F. TreLeaseE, Pu. D. DIRECTOR Pee ate N. L. Britron, Pu. D., 1D), TL, 1D) GARDEN STAFF . D. Merritt, Sc. D. Director-in-Chief MARSHATLIA Flower; Pa DSC (Diener were eee eeeee its Assistant Director Joun K. Smatt, Pu. D., Sc. D. Head Curator of the Museums A. B. Stout, Px. D. Director of the Laboratories P. A. Rypserc, Pu. D. Curator H. A. Greason, Px. D. Curator Frep J. Seaver, Pu. D. THUR Ho ttiick, Pu. D. nist Bernarp O. Donce, Px. D. lant Pathologist Forman T. McLean, MitH SPE Dye eeeice Supervisor of Panic Education Joun HENDLEY BARNHART, "A. MiMi Die ete occ eter Bibliographer Percy WILson Associate Ga ator Patmyre DE C. MITCHELL Associate pad ARAH H. Hartow, A. M. rarian Tels Tab Ios IME ID), ooo sgons Honorary Curator of the Economic Caliecnor ELIZABETH & Britton Honorary Curator of ae Mary E. Eaton Artist Rosvert S. WILLIAMS Administrative Assistant E. J. ALEXANDER A t Cura Avpert C. Situ, A. B. sistant Curator YDE CHANDLER, A. M. Technical Assistant [arjorre E. Swirt, A. M. Assistant Pathologist OSALIE WEIKERT Technical Assistant CENNETH R. Boynton, B. S. Gardener L. Wittrock, A. M. Docent i. M. Denstow, A. M., D. D...... A ras aL S ustodian a Local Herbarium OBER TELAGEESTELN pmol feleier tester vers Honorary Curator of Myxomycetes BS SouTH WICK EE Da eeer ere nee Cuatouian of Herbaceous Grounds THEL Anson S, PECKHAM. Honorary Curator, Iris and Nar nots Collections Joun R. Brrney, C. E. e Engineer Watter S. GROESBECK Clerk a Ao tant ARTHUR J. CORBETT BAe ey yi Superintendent of Buildings and Grounds JOURNAL OF The New York Botanical Garden VoL. XXXI OcTOBER, 1930 No. 370 IRIS STUDIES IN THE GULF STATES Opportunity was afforded last spring for a more thorough than usual study of the native irises of the Gulf States. Attention was further pbeervatiors were made on the seven species native in that state. flowering and late-flowering. The first group contains five spe- cies, Iris carolina, I. savannarum, I. Kimballiae, I. nie , and I. Albispiritus; the second comprises two species, [ris heeaaeia and J. tripetala. In the pages in mid-March, the iris season was well under way, in some places nearly over. How , our main object was accomplished, namely, the oe an ae cting of Iris Albispiritus. In northern Florida, the plants representing the second season had not yet come into flower. Reports from the oe Delta led us to hasten to our headquarters in New Orlea he remarkable natural iris ; fields discovered in southern Loui- siana in 1925 have been visited by the writer several times pre- io tiods. The discovery was a mere incident, en route, on a botanical trip rom Florida to western Texas. The iris display between Lake Pontchartrain and Ne rleans was so unusual that several plants were ed in passing and mailed to the Garden. I~ Each succeeding spring, up to and including this year, broueht more Louisiana iris plants to the Garden plantations. In 192 2 Fic e flatwoods along Twelve-mile Creek near the Cal hatch ie 2, Fio a nee Albispiriiae growing along a pool. This white. flowered iris inhabits the flatwoods on both sides of the Caloosahatchee. Photo by W. M. Buswell. ‘sdurems ssaidfo puv sysouurey syiqeyut ose 1] “ejnsuyuad 2y} 07 pouyuod st 1! ss94M ‘ep ai) St SET, aniq,, SIU “eplopy ‘erpeory sou durems-ssoidAa & yo a8pa ay} uo Bujmosz ie Ly yo ad peotdAy (WQS SiMJ——S WNIT] 240 1927, a and 1928 comparatively few plants were oe to the grow- uch of 1929 ns Ww were established in New Jersey, Maryland, and Florida. In the ime i 1 gumbo near the mouth of the Mississippi were hardy in the cli- mate of ae latitude of aoe York and that they flourished in the ordinary soils of that r Enough material had en assembled and studied to indicate the magnitude of the iris development in the vicinity of the mouth of the Mississippi River. Fortunately for our iris studies, the past spring (1930), curi- spent six weeks in continuous field work about New Orleans and at several localities remote from that city. We are indebted to numerous friends resident in that region for their helpful codp- ee t 8000 plants were sent to the Garden and to other co- ease northern plantations in which southern irises are being pr i mately, in large Las rt, for distribution to other iris plantations in America and in the Old World. Mr. one s color notes and descriptions based on sepals, , the color of the blade and of the crest, indicate some 200 dis- aeautatle forms, which may be summarized as follo six various shades of san blue, with about fifteen different mbinations of crest and color; ae various shades of eaadee blue, with about twelve differ- ent combinations of crest and color; eleven various shades of oe with about forty different com- binations of crest and c seventeen various os 7 sed- violet, with about thirty-five and color; fourteen various shades of ee with about twenty-five differ- ent combinations of crest and color ‘SoysIe yes spreMo} ApremMdiysed ‘sorrread uo S¥ds8 SBA S19A09 UajzO I ‘sa}oads 19]]B] BY} AY] “SpLIOL,] UI sey weHsvuUnDaDS S14] se EURISMOTT UL sMIeIs owes ax] sey sata -ods Sty], “BuRIsmoT ‘ayeH-e[-e-auIog Jo yinos satmesd ay) uO DamsanIyUDHO stay Jo AUOTOD TEMS Y—E FANT 42 ‘STOMOY Jajora-daap sieaq pue Sotsads [123 ay Jo auo st yy sured paspuny [er9Ae8 yo saruojoo ur sn990 UL ‘suvaIQ Man avdU Syourmey nokeq oy} ur dno par Ayensn sarsads st SMOP-,, NG ,, 94} JO suit uy—P fcr:fela) ax 243 nine various shades of cerise and magenta, with about eighteen different combinations of crest and color Penn various shades of pink and old- ose, with about twenty ae fferent combinations of crest and color; enty-six various shades of red, oran red, and orange, with ree thirty-five different combinations of crest and color The flower and fruit of one of the new species discovered i in the immediate vicinity of New Orleans, so far as is at present known. e are safe in assuming that they have not been so dis- astrous to the natural growth of iris there as has been the growth of the city for two centuries. The number of plants destroyed and a: the kind of species exterminated through the drain- age and filling of the city Nes nev At the present stage of the ay. neal ve species and a num- Our usual criterion for assigning the status of species is an isolated pee Ae pete propagation by rootstocks and an annual accretion seedlings without any variation in the characters of the peri: is remarkable ae development of iris in the tip of the e plants : Stalks seven feet high have been found during our explorations. In such cas six-foot man has to look up in order to see the Addisonia 12: 1. pl. 365. 1927. = Addi isonia 14: bl. 449, paneer 1929. 244 terminal flower. In view of these facts, the Lower oo Delta natural iris field constitutes the one most spectacular cal and horticultural discovery in North eee from the st ee point of a single genus within such a limited a oe K. SMALL. BEARDLESS IRIS AND IRIS SPECIES The genus Iris is a large one, the various species and their hybrid forms being found in a band completely around the north- ern half of the world from well up towards the arctic circle to the two three “Sylphs,” to use the ic parlance, grow there which hee in are classed as Moraeas. Irises fall into several large natural ee arranged according o their most noticeable differences and the differences in the Io T ee in most cases follow these same group lines. Se divisions are Bearded, plants having a conspicuous signal or beard on the lower perianth segments or Mien = aii Lars with no such signal; Bulbous, those with r e for = bulbs; Oncocyclus, those with thickened Bene one Ao r to a stem and seeds wi uous white arils almost as tee as th conspic w the seeds ease ee ae like the Oncocyclus but with more han one flow Besides these there are hybrids be- tween groups ae in some oof the larger groups there are numerous geal ns. he ca cae is Laan the best known to the general g done uc should be a sort that comes true from seed. That means true to 1 Abstract of an illustrated lecture given at The New York Botanical Garden on the afternoon of Saturday, September 6, 1930 245 shape and other characteristics, fae the size and color may vary considerably. So many of the old Bearded a that we have in our gardens that have be collected as‘ wild” are com- y uw but hybrids just the same. This makes the work that is done by and scientists cannot feel that the results give any conclusions ed on more th Id aa there were such as ore uesswork. In o he: ere suc’ species as [ris pumila, I. Chamaeiris, I. a, I. variegata, pallida, and the hybrid(?) J. er til, v Brobs the earliest crosses were made by bees between these species in and out o gardens. Certainly, our knowledge as hen man really began to do the pollenization shows the date as so late an ae eae tural and botanical worlds so full of irises that sure hybrids that the problem is a very serious one. The hybr. ae eae hardly no e to begin or what lines to work on to come to results within his lifetime. One e man, M of Indiana, ppo He checks carefully all the seedlings and their variations. results are tabulated. His iris fields show ugly and “poor” varie- ties but he and Mrs. Cook have put ten years of hard labor on this background work and expect to continue it. He now sees that conditions (wir eo e pe sae now say may be caused by disease or ini the co. di white with faint markings of the lavender. Mr. Cook says that 246 his research has convinced him that the feathered irises are the 1 veins that run out towards the edges from the ridge or from the af can think of ase where color is co edges and fades towards the centre as is the case in these Plicatas the Bearded grou ther Bearded species that have been used in mo ode are I. cypriana and I. trojana. These are tall, mci branched varieties and have been excellent for bring- ing better “spacing” of flowers and wider branching into the gr oup. The Bu Ibous group is divided into several sections, the most h hi have been obtained. Iris filifolia is of African origin and is n hardy here itself. The Coe ao is little known in this part of the United States. The member: s it are difficult to deal with as they come from countries that h a long period of drought during which the plants get a aaaiee rest and do not grow at all. Unless we can give them these conditions we have no success. Some varie- ties come from Palestine, Syria, and Mesopotamia and are rather 247 tender, not accustomed to our cold winters. Others from eastern eae It is never lifted but is pane Hen elow for several months in summer, has a natural covering of rough grass for winter and the protection of a back-wall of stone that radiates heat with the been made with the Oncocyc d Bearded irises, a famous ex- ample being Iris William Mohr. This iris, introduced in 1925, is a good grower and seems fairly hardy and may be treated the about fifteen years ago, which apparently disappeaied from view i W: group, heneae by the firm of Van ane in Holland. Some () _thes more closely than the other, causing confusion in the mind of the uninitiated. 248 The really Boridicss 3 irises never have a beard, though they ly species, that known as the Siberian d include all the hybrids the Kaempferi division would be quite the biggest, a arden varieties are legion. I suppose the three argest divisions are the Siberian, Kaempferi and He ma. In he Siberian the two principal species are Iris sibirica which branches ra 1 own the stem and lis, branching near the to) ris sibirica is a native of Europe, ugh it is widely spread and forms turn up i In this try per: haps the nearest to it i prismatica. The Laevigata section is best k Pseudacorus, which is of European origin also and has become “naturali a number of places here is is the true Fleur de Lys of France and not the white Iris Floren- tina which is s ten mentioned in this con princi- ction. Ow pal American representative of the Laevigata division would be I. versicolor, the ordinary swamp Blue Flag of the northeastern States aan ; United Sta o go back to the Siberian group, Jris orientalis has been collected in an albino form and nam there are newer and handsomer white h , Snow Queen hav- nd the plants wi ear California section are coe in the rock-garden as most of 249 them are slender-stemmed and short of stature. Another subdi- and is best for the ai Raise this iris from seed and b atient. It needs to = paar to bloo The crested or Evansia irises, those a crests instead o 0 and a well-drained location are general requirements. i is that of J. t bef T ith our native crested irises are all good plants for the rock-garden in semi-shaded positions. lva division may prove to be larger than was at firs t,as an f forms are being discovered. Iris fulva color rarely found in irises, The bearded variety nearest to this 250 color is Apache, which is tawny but blended with many other colors. Jris fulva has a number of forms, some light, some dark, while Fulvala and Dorothea K. eee are red-purple and blue-purple with the characteristics of J. foli After this comes the Hexagona grou eae foe an iris native of ane coast along the southeastern United States. Dr Small calls this the ‘botanical Iris wastebasket,” as so many of our native floral arrangements a its ane of a on the ground makes it unsuitable for gar I. flexicaulis is another that behaves in this way, only even more so. The re wers have hardly any stem native iris with a distinctly red-purple color is i chrysacola, a an- sissippi Delta. While this is not quite so es rtling a flower as Jris chrysophoenicea, it is very lovely and any gardener would be glad TO i i sun but semi-shade does not harm Iris vinicolor. A covering of peat-moss is certainly very beneficial, as it helps retain moisture, 251 acts as a protection during early frosts. A very light covering of salt hay he = up by De anc ache - deniduct® trees or shrubs is worth while, as growth is retained. Where the plants are al established and there is a mat of leaves, no covering han th 0 n our as near New York these irises do best on case of the ene division, f ese irises. hese are one treatment can be given. Ceri in their culture are . borer, which attacks these varieties just as much as the Bearded is ha to deal with here, too, as he d ot p so easily a is narrow folia: d one cannot lift and reset the plants with the facility that one can handle other g li are mi aves turning brown the plant may be suffering from ro is can be treated with semesan A solution of one table of semesan to fiv ns of water be d about the plant or the dry material can b ed into the soil. This is expensive but seems to save many a rare iris. Iris foetidissima cannot be grown here out of doors with suc- cess but we can have the Spuria group, of which there are many thing for naturalizing. It grows freely, making sheets of color in Peninsular Florida and is well named, Prairie Iris. 252 Iris tri ipetala from the southeastern United States is another sho upply with k p ally toa ne oe — will ies ane ae ees them very soon Eruet Anson S, PECKHAM. A “BIG TREE” SECTION REACHES THE GARDEN w York Botanical Garden has just acquired a cross sec- tion of e trunk of the California big tree (Sequoia gigantea) : ‘ See : and i dates with special referenc American an e k history. It is estimated that the tree ad ch the section was t between 1200 00 years old ia it fell i is important addition to its museum the Garden is indebted t lonel Charles R. White, Superintendent of t Sequoia National Park in California. Colo: t de all arrangements for cutting and crating the section in the Sequoia National Park, and arranged for its transportation by truck to the 253 nearest railroad station at Lemon Cove, California. The Lucken- bach Steamship Company voluntarily supplied free transportation from Oakland, California, to New York, a very material contribu- tion to the ga arden i in view of the size of the section, and i its weight tio’ Beca' e inden, - was found that on ay it could not be brought into the museum building except by temporary removal f the doors and transoms. There is an excellent section of the California “ Big Tree” in the American Museum of Natural History, and sections are to be a elt that w tant addition will have been made to the museum exhibit at the Botanical Garden. E. D. MERRILL. 254 PLANT ECOLOGY COURSE STARTED At the second session of the course of study of Plants and Their Home Environment at The New York Botanical Garden, Yale University, gave a most interesting ta talk on the successive oS that are constantly taking place in the plant life around . How the old fields on abandoned farms of this region gradu- sumac, and bayberries, followed by gray birch and by oaks and hickories, and, if the situation is a ae one, finally by hem- lock, beech, and sugar-maple fores 2, He further told how high ae ridges of trap rock devel- e 1 protected the ground and reduced evaporation the more shade- enduring oaks, such as blackjack, scrub oak, and others come in and patie even oust the pines. . In lakes and ponds, the process of change i is _ as apparent ism carried to the extreme. First, submerged see oe up in the bottom of the pond, then as the sediment and plant remains 255 build up the water level ae the edges of the pond become as shal- et deep, the replaced by the more salt-enduring white cedar. Thus, the origi- nal pond area is gradually filled up and converted into flat forest 's metimes in poorly drained areas, where the water is acid because of decaying vegetable matter, then there is a different type of development over the ponds, the floating bog type. Here the nade nie mats out over the water, sometimes two feet deep, with c r underneath and th by the fone - jeciate vegetation dropped down from above. lowed by swamp pains and finally by black spruce, white alder, and other woody pla: 6. He also described be aes taking place on flood plains to the bottom are followed by wild , so much enjoyed by the migratory birds, then by poplars and willows, and finally by mixed forest of oak, ash, maple, and other deciduous trees. re are similar cha our sandy beac and in our salt marshes, always tending to produce flat dry land from the irregular or sub- erged areas. On one hand, there is constant erosion of the land and flattening down of the hills by geological processes. On the other hand, vegetation covering the country has a tendency to level and to fill up the low places. These changes are constantly 256 going on about us and it is the study of such successions in plant life and of the conditions obtained.in them that is considered here in this course. At The New York Botanical Garden we have sey- eral good cies ate of pond-filling and of the spread of forest trees into open The people sacle in the course are: Mrs. James J. Montague, 204 Drake Av enue, New Rochelle, N. Y. Mr. Edmund Baermann, 640 East 236th Street, New vod i, N. Y. Mrs. ar H. Baermann, 640 East 236th Street, New York, N.Y. Miss Josephine M. Hannon, 4142 Boyd Avenue, Bronx, N. y, Miss Adele M. Hoesten, 2292 Bronx Park East, New York, N. Y. Y Miss Irene E. Nelson, 524 East 236th Street, New ie N.Y. Miss Ida Enklewitz, 215 aa 164th Street, New York, N. Miss Helen Konigsberg, P. S. 90, 166th St. & Sheridan Ageia New York Cit Miss Mary M. ee 2065 Grand Concourse, Bronx, N.Y. York : Mr. Walter H. Boyce, 78 First Street, bee , N.Y, FoRMAN 'T, McL Supervisor - Public ere 257 NOTES, NEWS, AND COMMENT A “Celebration of the Three-Hundredth Sirens of the First Recognized Use of Cinchona ” = to be held at 2 nase Botanical Garden October 31 and November Pap e to be presented dealing with the history, ne eee nei and medicinal uses of cinchona. Mr. Paul F. Shope, Mycologist i in the University of Colorado Boulder, sp few days in September at The New York Botanical Caen: looking Colorado polypores. Mr. Shope is on leave of absence from the University of Colorado and will end the year in ei study at the Missouri Botanical Gar- ae St. Louis, Missouri ears! Sam F. Trelease succeeded Professor Robert A Har, $ exec utive officer of the Department of Botany of Co- n J rt n lease became on that date ex-officio a member of the Corporation, the Board of Managers, and Board of Sci entific Directors of the Garden, in succession to Professor Harp The following visiting botanists have registered in the library Lae the summer: Mr. W. Clement Percival, Syracuse, N. Y.; rof. W. T. Fitzpatrick, Ithaca, N. Y.; Prof. J. H. Clark, New Bras N. Y.; Dr. Francis W. Pennell, Philadelphia, Pa.; Mr. Earl L. Core, an Virginia peeeee Dr. Walter T. Swing Dr. M. A. Rai a Mr. V. H. Florell, Washington, . C.; Prof. Shigeo aah ee eee of Chicago; : eee S. Fawcett and Mr. Fred M. Reed, Riverside, Cal. ; Prof. . L. Jepson, Berkeley, Cal.; Mr. J. E. Higgins, Canal Zone Ex- periment Gardens, Summit, C. Z.; Mr. Carlos E. eae San Juan, P. R.; Dr. George ee Berlin, Germany; M oa: Compto Kars tenbosch, S. Africa; and Mr. Felipe M. 7 Usiversiy of the Philippines On September 8th, Dr. Fred J. Seaver and Mr. Edmund H. Fulling - esented The New York ielacates Garden at the “Get- Together” of the Bartlett Associates as guests of the F. A. Bart- lett Tree eee Company at Stamford, Cee During the 258 forenoon a series of very oe discussions = the various k w Aphids. The afternoon was devoted to in Section of cavity-fill- ing and oT by the ee experts. One of the features of the day w clambake given in the grounds of the institution. The entire occasion was both instructive and profitable. Re for September. The maximum temperatures re- corded at ew York Botanical Garden for each week or part f a week were: 88° F on the 2nd; 83° on the 12th; 86° on the mp tures recorded 6) ere: 53° on the 4th; 1 on the 9th; 54° on the 19th; and 4 ae on the 2gth. fo total precipitation for the month was 1.80 in ACCESSIONS LIBRARY ACCESSIONS FROM MARCH 21 TO APRIL 30, 1930 (CONTINUED) LInDEMANN, Epuarp von. Flora chersonesis. Odes: Lirarpitre, René pe, & Matcurt, G. Co ae - Hed phyto- sociologique de la Corse; le massif - Renosa. Paris, Loret, Hener, & Bar , AUGUSTE. re de Aowalier ou, analyse descriptive des plantes dasculaires rf hahaa Ed. Montpellier, Lucas, ARTHUR Henry SHAKESPEARE. The algae of Commonwealth Bay. MANSFIELD, BAF: Contributions to the flora of Beaver County [Penn- lv trom the Mansfield Herbarium. 1865-1903. MarcHAnD, Nestor Lion, Recherches sur organisation des Burséracées, Paris, 1868. Marcotte, JULEs. se générale du Matico. Paris, 1863. Marret, Lion. Le. des ae aris, 1924. Martin-Lavicne, E. Redeerhes sur les bots de la Guyane; leur oo fication a P aide des caractéres extérieurs et caeae wes. Lon e-Sa 1 1 unier, 1909. Marrtonne, Lours EuctNe EMMANUEL DE CuHevaier, Aucuste, J. B. & Cuénor, Lucien CLaupeE Marie Juuien. Biogéographie. Paris, 1927. 259 MATHIEU, JEAN JosepH Avucuste, & Trasur, Louis. Les hauts-plateaur Maovry, Paut Jean Baptiste. Etudes sur I’ le i et la distribution ee des Plombaginacées. Paris, MitcHett, THomas LivincsTone. ree expedition into the interior of eastern pai 2 vols. London, 18, Moreau, Fernanp. Les Lichens; ds biologie, systématique. Paris, 1928. Nuson, Arvip. The timber trees of New South Wales. Sydney, 1884. Nusstrn, Otro. Forstinsektenkunde. Ed. 4. Herausgegeben von Dr. L, Rhumbler. Berlin, 1927. Nyvanot, Petrus. De nederlandise herbarius of kruydt-boeck. Amster- dam, 1682. ——_—. Der verstandigen hovenier, over de twaelf maenden vant jaer. Amsterdam, n.d. Owens, CHartes Ermer. Principles of plant pathology. New York, 192! Paront, Lorenzo R. Las malezas de los cultivos en el partido de Per- gamino. re Aires, 1926. Paucuet, Lion. Recherches sur les Cupuliféres. Paris, 1909 PEREIRA pees Antonio Xavier. A flora de Portugal (plantas vasculares) disposta em chaves dichotomaicas. Paris, 1913. tt, Epwarp Epcar. Bulb growing in Australia. Melbourne, n.d. Poskcuin, Cartes Henri OLtvier. Essai sur la flore de la Guinée fran- caise. Paris, 1906. PoETHIG, Pa & ScHNEIWER, CaMiILto Kari. Hausgartentechnik. Ber- lin, Pratt, Mane Berry. Shade and ornamental trees of California. Sac- Quincy, Joun, Pharmacopoeia officinalis & preety or, @ com- pleat pie i snes in four ports. Ed. London, 1720. ReicHow, Han biirgerliche maa Berlin, 1927. Zi mons. Par! Reynotps, Putte Keer. The banana; its an cultivation and place among staple foods. Boston, Ricuarp, Oxrver Jures. Florule des clochers et des toitures des églises de Poitiers (Vienne). Paris, 1 Rocuussen, JAN Jacos. Culture et fécondation artificielle des céréales et s arbres fruitiers de vis 1 Hootbrenk et leur application aux Indes néerlandaises. Paris, 1 RoruMayr, Jutrus. Essbare ad giftige Pilze des Waldes. Luzern, 1914, Rousseau, Jean. Eiude de eee espéces des genres Malva et Lava- tera. Lons-le- Laas Rovy, ee . eee dela Pies de France. Paris, 1927. TTEN, LouIs Maw: Nn Ropert, ed. Science in the Netherlands East ndies. ener 1929?] 260 ie eee RED. Claves analyticae Festucarum veteris orbis (Sub- 1 BaeFestcoram) Rennes, 1927 a de la section Eu- Festuca et leurs variations dans veer eaee Genéve, 1913. Sanvers, THoMAS WILLIAM. Flower foes. London, n.d. ——.. Frui . , ———. Vegetable foes. London, 1922. Saporta, Lours CuHartes JosrrH Gaston ve. Die iE anmeaes von dem Erscheinen des Menschen. Oho © von Carl Vogt. Braunsweig, ScHARFETTER, Rupotr. Alpenpflanzen. Bielefeld, 1927. ScureLe, Georc Hetnrich Avotr. Revue des Hiéractums d’ Espagne des Pyrénée. wec notes par M. Edouard Timbal- sede Auch, 1884. ScHWAIGHOFER, ANTON. Tabellen sur Bestimmung einheimscher Sporen- . Wien, 1892. SéE, ae Les maladies du papier piqué; les champignons chromogénes qui les provoquent; les modes de préservation. Paris, 191 SMILES, ee ueL. Life of a Scotch naturalist; Thomas Edward. New ork, 1876. Sousriran, Jean Lion. Essai sur la matidre organisée des sources sul- reuses des Pyrénées. Paris, 1858. Spire, CAMILLE, Contribution dT étude des Apocynées; en particular des lianes Indo-Chinoises. Paris, 5. STERZEL, JOHANN TRAUCOTT. Die Flora des Rothliegenden im nordwest- in, y Straspurcer, Epouarn, & orners. Lehrbuch der Botanik fiir Hoch- ‘ I. —. . 16. Je 36 Studi sulla vegetazione nel Piemonte pubblicati a date dell 11. cen- ienarto della pee dne dell’ Orto botanico della R. Universita . Torino 1729-1929. 1929. (Given by the Le of the Turi Sypow, PAauL. Anleitung zum Sammeln der Kryptogamen, Stuttgart, TANAKA, YosuHto. pee ae neh — aes and illustrated. 4 vols. text in Japan Tokyo, ——.. in English, che ——.. — lish Taian ee 1895. © Tutomeson, Ja ee British New-Guinea, London, 1892. TRAPPEN, JOHANN eee van ver. Herbarium vivum; oe verzomeling van gedroogde voorbeelden van nuttige gewassen,... met derzelver beschrijving, 2 vols, Haarlem, 18 Voss, ANpRrEAS. Botanisches Hilfs-und Warterbuch fir Gértner, Garten- fretinde und ees Ed. 7. Berlin, 1927. Vuycx, Laurens, & Pavorp Smits, H. C. van ve. Naamlijst der wae landsche neti laa en beschreven in Deel l—xxv der siLsad Batava. s’Graven 920. PUBLICATIONS OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN Journal of The New York Botanical Garden, monthly, containing notes, news, and non- technical articles. Free to members of the Garden. To others, 10 cents a co 1.00 a year. Now in its thirty-first volume. Mycologia, Bimonthiyy co: {2 fungi, pata lichens; ak 00 a year; single copies not for . 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Annual subscription $1.00 Single copies 10 cents Free to members of the Garden THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN | RD OF MANAGERS Hewry W. ve Forest, President OSEPH P. ENS Henry DE Forest BaLpwin, ae President CLARENCE Lew F. K. Srurets, Vice Preside: ADOLPH Lewisor Joun L. M , Treas D. T. MacDoucar D. Merritt, Secretar KennetH K. MACKENZIE Baya ID) Bee Meee . DE LA MontTAGNE, oes Bagrcnow Mo J. Prerpont Morca EORGE S. BREWSTER Lewis RUTaERaoe Morris N. L. Brirron H. Hogart Porter NicHotas Murray ee Henry H. Ruspy Rosert W. DE Fore ORGE J Tuomas A Bancow MortiMe ScuI CHILDS Een W. SINNOTT R. A. Harper ae peas Janes J. Waker, Mayor of the City on w Yor WALTER R. Herrick, President of the Hplestiks of Parks SCIENTIFIC DIRECTORS R. A. Harper, Pu. D., Sc. a pee B T. MacDovaeat, Pu. D., LL. D. Cuartes P. ee Supe, ee BarRINGTON Moore, AG BE M. F. Marston T. Bocert, Sc. ‘ay ihe Honey TRU D,, ‘Sc. D. NicHoLas ae URRAY ae Pn ID), Bomunp iw! aa 12s, 1D), ILL, ID),, Ire, 1D), Sam F. TrELEASE, Pu. D. DIRECTOR een N. L. Britron, Pu. D., Sc. D., LL. D GARDEN STAFF E. D. Merritt, Sc. pias -1n- cue MARSHALL A. Howe, ree Ds Seb Ds cae ae es eae Assistant Dire Joun K. SMALL, Pu. Desc Dive ene Head Curator of the Mus A. B. Stout, Pu. D. Director of the Laborviones P. A. Rypperc, Pu. D. Curator H. A. Greason, Pu. D. cwnne Frep J. Seaver, Pu. D. ArtuHurR Ho itick, Px. D. Pal ie Hie Bernarp O. Dooce, Pu. D. a Paticlege ‘oRMAN T. McLean, M. F., Pu. D. ........ Supervisor of Public poor oHN HENDLEY BARNHART, "A. M.,, Me Die cicsiis leche arenes grapher ERCY WILSON abe Curatee ALMYRE: DE C. MITCHELL Associate Curator ARAH H. Hartow, A. M. Librarian 1. H. Russy, M. Ee) Honorary Curator of the Economic Collections LizaBeTH G. BRITTON Honorary Curator of Mosses {ary E. EATON tist obert S. WILLIAMS Administrative Assistant . J. ALEXANDER Assistant Guna \LBERT C. Situ, A. B i. ‘urator Ciype CHANDLER, A. M al Assistan Marjorie E. Swirt, M Assistant Pathologist ROSALIE WEIKERT Technical Assistant Kennetu R. Boynton, B. S. G. L. Wirrrock, A. M. ‘ocen H. M. Denstow, A. M., D. D...... Honorary Custodian of Local Herbarium ROBERT HAGELSTEIN pUcHuOnto bd doddD ad Honorary Curator of Mono EY B) Sourmwick, (hE D iiss an cnield oer Cu baie of Herbaceous Grounds Era: Anson S. PECKHAM. Honorary Curator, Iris and Narcissus Wena oun R. Brintey, C. E. Landscape Engineer Watter S. Ghose aede Clerk and Accountant ArtHur J. CorBert)|:....-.05.-... Superintendent of Buildings and Grounds JOURNAL OF The New York Botanical Garden VoL, XXXI NoveMBER, 1930 No. 371 BOTANICAL OBSERVATIONS IN EUROPE The period which the writer spent in Europe during the past summer extended from July 8, the date of landing at Boulogne, voted to botanical work, followed by visits to gardens, arboreta, nurseries, and scientific lee at Genoa, Naples, Rome, Flor- ence, Milan, and Munich, followed by oe weeks spent a En- gland at Cambridge and in and about London Asa delegate from The New York ioe Garden, I attended 0 important congresses. One was the Ninth International Hor- ticultural Congress, hel on on st 7-15 invitation of the Royal Horticultural Society, at which I presented address on “ The Inter-relations between Vegetative Reproduc- stu f : lilies (Hemerocallis). They were observed at the a daylilies have been produced; in the iets of living ae at the Royal Botanical Garden in Munich; at the garden George Yeld, who was a, pioneer in the breeding of daylilies: in 261 262 the nursery of Mr. Amos Perry at Enfield, where several hybrid clons have originated; in the very complete collection maintained As a result much was learned that will be of value to me in further study and work with this genus. opportunity to observe poplars in Europe was rather fully , the purposes for which hey are grown, prevalence of diseases, and methods and results ip. : Observations were made which clearly ee that the virus diseases of lilies (Lilium) are present in England, and have a vital relation to the culture of lilies in England, as in America. two different nurseries, one near London and the other near the bulbs when they were obtained by the nurserymen; also the disease was spreading to plants previously healthy. ater, in company with Mr. A. Gr Tove, author of a volume on a were especially studied by Dr. Ogilvie in ae In certain 263 greenhouses, Howeve® the Precentage of plants with virus dis- , and were or the first time in land. oe = a in the commercial forcing of lilies in E d, as i , is to use bulbs fo e crop only, after which the ee are ee iscard But even in such cases, the presence of virus diseases in as mu sath as 25 per cent. of the bulbs results in considerable loss to the grower. n the various garden plantings of Lilium aanahiie in the Royal ndant an estate of Lieutenant-Colonel L. C. R. Messel. Many of ‘hese plants have been grown from seed. in plants were Obeewe which were clearly due to the isolation i ivi me of a single individual h possessed some type of sterility that made cross-pollination necessary for fruit production propagation of a clon such a plan us, e garden of story building, has bloomed freely for many years, but has never 264 borne fruit. At the Royal Botanic Gardens at Kew, the plants of Hidalgoa Hay (the Climbing ee of Abutilon vexil- named is . special interest, for it lost to ‘ealGvaeen for y years until 1916, when seeds of it were obtained from the wi in South America. But, evidently, the cee propa- gations were from one single seedling which was fully self-incom- ae fee , all the plants at Kew now set no fruit to any ki of pollination amongst them. These and oth were of spe- cial interest onnection with my own studies of sterilities tions of interest and value that were made, and of many persons who showed special courtesies to the writer, all of which are ap- preciated and cherished in personal remembrance . B. Strout, Director of the Laboratories. REPORT ON BOTANICAL STUDY IN EUROPE, 1930 With the permission of the Scientific Directors, I sailed from numerous specimens recently received by us from ela ai Peru with the types, which are chiefly depo in E n her- ia. T ond reason was the Fifth International Botanical Congress, held in England in August, befor een ardens at Kew, and one mo the Conservatoire Botanique in Geneva. At each of these institutions I w: ly re- ceived and given every possible facility for m To the officers in charge, Dr. L. Diels, hn Briquet, and Dr. Arthur . Hill, I extend my sincere thanks for hospitality and scientific courtesies, and I am eee ess indebted to the numerous learned botanists who compose their staffs. A shorter time was spent at the Herbarium Boissier, in the University at Geneva, and I wish 265, to record my appreciation of the assistance given me there by Dr. Gusta auverd. Our assistant curator, Mr. Albert C. Smith, had only recently returned from an eglenive collecting trip through Peru and parts of northern Brazil; and my visit at Berlin was peeceaey in i en- ck, Schlim, and Linden from Colombia and Venezuela. All of these collected nt explor was able to identify a considerable number of our own plants. with the Spruce material. The plants from the summit of Mount Duida, on the other hand, are largely endemic sa undescribed ; 266 and it was accordingly impossible to match them in any of the herbaria which I visited. It was necessary, however, to be assured that they were species, which involved careful search in all th institutions through the material from the Andes, Venezuela, an tn Brazil. A ty lants Zu of the pla were identified in this way; but most of them await further study and description. e International Botanical i at Cambridge, which was attended also by four of my colleagues, was a success in every , eac make new acquaintances, ee to establish contacts which will cer- tainly prove valuable nee progress of our research work. A few words may : pa concerning the three institutions r. Engler, to whom the progress of the garden is large y due, i : : : The enormous herbarium and library keeps it in the lead among insti- tutions carrying on taxonomic work. H. A. GLeason. 267 UNUSUAL PLANT OCCURRENCES AROUND NEW YORK? The exceptional plant occurrences here noted, in n the local flora ed by the T iF Sia aee fa ctor pages vegetation in the n States—the continental i ice-s sheets of the last A rarer ae of plant distribution, due to the effects of the U1 other effect, due to the change in he climate after the disap- pearance of the ice sheets, is the apparent infiltration of pioneer stands of species commonly found south no vanced into the area north of the terminal moraines, and, in some cases, into habitats strikingly different from those where seh species are ordinarily seen. e vegetation in general, in this area, has become established in zones governed by soil, moisture, elevation, and other causes, in the period of at least twenty thousand years since the last re- t f the ice. There are four principal, rather well-defined Ba estnut, oak, yellow poplar stract of an illustrated lecture given at The New York Botanical Ce on Saturday afternoon, cake ae 13, 1930. 268 ee tree) belt i in northern New Jersey, on the north shore of nif- erous forest, is represented on the summits of the fener: Catslalls, from 3500 to 4200 feet above sea-lev which was formerly more common in the chestnut, plants which appear to be laggards from the n ard retreat of species whic happiest in a colder climate than that of the Middle Atlantic States, or pioneers in later wav: migrations dent as to the reasons for their presence in this a T rst examples of the rear-guard units of the northwar movement that followed the melting of the ice, which appeal to our athy as surviving relicts of bleak conditions which pleased them better, of the most int in Three-toothed Cinquefoil, Sibbaldiopsis (Potentilla) tridentata, und on the es and a , at mod le- , 1640 feet, at the northern front of the Hudson Highlands ; igh Point, 1807 feet, in northwestern New Jersey, the highest summit of Kittatinny Mou ; and on high summits in Luzerne County, in northeastern pee les 0 These are all open bleak spots, where the conditions are similar 269 those in which the plant is common and happy, farther north, on the above-timber line areas in the Adirondacks, Green Mountains, and White Mountains. South of our area, this plant is found on high peaks of the Ap- palachians, in Virginia and North Carolina, from 4000 to 58 n=) = ° im Fy] z a o& = o 2 a o wm & = = ° aed o wn 3 f=] cris} loam p ° 2. ° 3 & o o o o A ip 1 d the Mountain Sandwort, on Adirondack and New England s u, and on Mountain, 2300 feet, on the New ork-Massachusetts line, in the fated to disappear in such precarious sae ition: mong plants which are Canadia Coa with ranges mon in northern New England, in t dirondacks above 1000 feet, and on the higher Catskill summits. I know our stands to) chunemunk Mountain, in Orange Cou : at 1600 feet, and three on Kit Mountain, in northwestern , the : None of these colonies seems happy; they flower only scantily and do not fruit at all; they persist apparently by vegetative ex- ns. aoe ng the trees, there are two northern species which appear ie their ae limits in our area at elevations a 2000 feet. These are the Red Spruce, Picea rubens, and t 270 American cay Larix americana. Both occur in a few limited ds—. r feet; in high we oods about Greenwood Lake, in Orange ounty, New in Passaic County, New Jersey, at 1000 t 1200 feet; on Kittatinny Mountain, at High Point, 1650 feet; and farther south in two or three places at 1400 to 1600 feet - other northern , the Northern White Cedar, or Arbor- vitae, Thuja occidentalis, is found, with some of the Red Spruce stan oted, about Greenwo ake and , and wa formerly reported farther south along the aie ae ae It ecomes more numerous in northern nty on the Taconic Ate P. ty, N. J. a i and Kittatinny Valley limestones, whence these boulders were transported, but absent in the older rocks about their present loca- tions. Two interesting examples of southern plants which apparently followed up the retreat of the ice in the competition for the land vi up the Hudson River as far as Constitution Island, opposite West 271 Point, ion ee ay the New ee ee about aan 00 fee J man, as in its typical ae along the New a Pine Barren 1g! southern New York. It is still found on trap rock ridges north and we ove hu manence, although it should long persist in the dry, sandy areas = [=] p wo t. ese are y Ourslendine Ria an of unusual occurrences ‘of e threatened with extinction by the invasion of their Boston by species fitted for more moderate conditions. Raymonp H. Torrey. 272 HARVESTING IRIS SEEDS IN THE GULF STATES Observations among t the irises of the Gulf States for several pester flowering seasons aroused a desire to visit the same as far as the great variety of species and forms is concerned, ever n peninsular Florida, as a result of an early flowering season B Hume, wh en observing the iris localities in that region for several years ere we secured the re fruits of early-flowering spec Iris carolina and of I. savannarum, the stalks of both usually standing in water two ie Here c! lockonee River, and also on through the corr ceva latitude of sue ma and aes to and beyond the Pearl Rive stead of going directly across the state, we went ne into - fae of the Apacs River. There three sake types of the genus iris occur. The Versicolor group is represented b: striking forms of the wide-spread Iris carolina, the Savannarum rc by the much geographically restricted Iris Kimballiae, and the Tripetala group by /ris tripetala. The two first-mentioned early-floweri : i i a, a late-fl re j Appell few seeds of this unique species were heretofore col- 273 “"Spaos Jo satyuenb SBA aonpoid Seaie YING “aj}ejs sy} Ur sorsads pata -MOp- eel pue qwepunge jsout oy} $1 UMOYs a1ay auo ay, “S147 JO Saisads uaaas sysoddns aovzins s,eprsopy ATanbasy yL se “UMOYS WHADUUDADS si4y “EPLIO[A ‘Sarteid sayDyeyesooley 2} Jo eBpa ay) UO reid MOT JO arch rettl a | 274 lected. In Florida it grows-in the flatwoods and along streams ts. freely every season, but this season thousands of pods could be harvested in a short tim After the delta of ne Apatachiosls River, we came to a series River, the Pascagoula River, and ouis. In the vicinity of all of these are irises; Jris carolina, at least, s in evidence and furnished seeds for our studies er, the shores of the Mobile River furnished a forerunner of t we wer the Mississippi Delta—a large “ blue” iris related to the dominant species of Iris of southern Louisiana. The metropolitan district of New Orleans, in the midst of the great iris development, was the center of our most extensive col- w through the ragweed in the direction of the large iris patches, and 275 then mowing down small areas of ragweed. The first attempt failed of results; a second search on another day was made by cutting more t ae and more areas, and yet without success. On nd thi Localities where we had collected iris in water knee-deep waist deep were now actually dusty. This rather unusual condition had a decided effect on the ripen- ing of the iris pods. In the marshes and on the prairies that had become unusually dry the pods were found to be fully ripe, in some cases actually spent. In damp ditches and along bayous the pods were often just maturing or even gree Our activities were confined for the most ao to a region south of the latitude of Lake Pontchartrain, along the eastern bank of various species of Iris in that region. Experiments from several standpoints are now underway ; for example: the hardiness of the plants in northern latitudes and h ft ir than those of their natural habitats; their reaction to dry situa- tions as contrasted with their natural wet haunts. 276 This extraordinary development, discovered a half decade ago and referred to in recent publications,” has suggested various and interesting problem: already te recorded, in some of the articles referred to in the preceding footnote, no satisfactory explanation for the existence of these lower Mississippi Delta iris fields and their con- stituents has yet been suggested. However, the habitat . these multitudinous iris species and forms is interesting, and is, in part, accountable for their exis- tence. This h Habla peel, at least, is geologically recent. The soil in which the irises grow consists of the alluvium brought ‘tabl ins of th refus of the many settlements along their courses and t oe ee from myriad farms, draining into countless streams. ae deposit, rich in plant food, ee eee forms a gumbo.in which thrives both native and ex vegetation Two theories to account oe the presence of this concentrated iris growth may be mentioned: I. It may represent the remains of a vast development of the genus in the more recent geologic times f Mi tribution of the southern Louisiana irises may be mentioned maxi- i aa the Mississip —the Mississippi proper, the Atchafalaya River, the larger ey between and flanking these main outlets west as far as Vermilion Bay and east to Pearl River; II, in the most recent es of the _N. 1 Addisonia 12: I, 2; 14: 1, 2, 5-14; Jou Y. . Gard. 31: 40-45; ie 277 sr ane soil referred to above (which is soil that has been re- ently and is now being added to the superficial layer, by the fields as close to saline influences as it can get without actually entering the salt-marshes. Joun K. Smatt. seeds OF APPRECIATION OF SERVICES OF AND MRS. BRITTON BY THE INTER-AMER- oot CONFERENCE ON AGRICULTURE, FOR- ESTRY, AND ANIMAL INDUSTRY Washington, D. C. cretariat : Pan-American Union, October 6, 1930. Dr. Nathaniel Lord Britton, The New pees Botanical Garden, City. I take pleasines in enclosing herewith an official copy of a reso- lution erie ted o aan 19, 1930, by the Inter-American Conference on renee ultu "Very truly eal N M. EstaBroox, Secretary General. THe INTER-AMERICAN CONFERENCE ON AGRICULTURE, Considering with a deep sense of appreciation and fully rae the valuable oe contributed r. and Mrs. Nathan fecpecively, of The New York Botanical Garden, 278 plorers and Aa eee students of the West Indian native flora and their ae ion and leadership in the research problems A the tro; RESOLVES: o record in the minutes of this Conference a recognitio: of their important hee and that a copy of this fe ianee be sent to The New York Botanical Gar (Approved Sepienibes 19, 1930.) A true copy: Leon M. Estasroox, Secretary tee MACDOUGAL’S THE GREEN LEAF'* s attractive little book of 142 pages, the author tells an t interesting an able story of food manufacture by plants in their green leaves—a process as indispensable to man and all other life on earth as it is to the plain, clear, an mple phrases he explains the complex processes and tl ctures in which they are per Fi e discusses the grass leaf, the food purveyor for man and most of his domestic flocks and herds ; then the pine leaf, supreme builder of wood; the leaf and t cactus tru His accounts of the physical and physiological processes are full and excellent, and enforced by such graph comparisons to factories, rooms, and buildings as to h whole story read like a fairy r instance, in describing the structure of the leaf he supposes it to be mag ,000 times and conducts a tour of investigation through this food factory describing the conditions there at different times ee day. Forman T. McLean. 1 MacDougal, D. T. The Green Leaf. Pp. 1-142. f. 1-22. D. Apple- ton & Co, New York. 1930. $2.00. 279 NOTES, NEWS, AND COMMENT Eight Fonsi for the training of leaders in forestry have Boa nd the Board is preparing to receive applications for fellowships for the year 1931-1932 e fellow- ships alrea ranted cover a wide range of practical and the orest pro icu tural management, and forest pathology. Six to eight fellowships, with stipends ranging from $500 to $2,500, are available for the The coming year. e purpose of the fellowships is to g men who have shown unusual intellectual and personal qualities to obtain training that will best equip the r responsible work, ner i in the teaching of forestry, in forest research, or in the develop- ment of public forest policy ACCESSIONS LIBRARY ACCESSIONS FROM MARCH 2i TO APRIL 30, 1930 (CONTI WepvELL, Hucn Atcernon. Voyage dans le nord de la Bolivie et dans les parties voisines du Perou; ou, visit au district aurifére de Tipuani. Bas 1851. West, Georce. A further contribution to a comparative study of t et phanerogamic and higher cryptogamic flora of aquatic A in Scottish lakes. i 10. Wuure, Girpert. The natural history of Selborne. New ed. 2 vols. Lon- don, 1922 Witson, Ernest Henry. Aristocrats of the trees. Boston, °1930. Wits Hergert Eart. The lore and the lure of Sequoia; the Sequoia ca, its history and description . and the history of Sequoia al P. s, 1928. WUITNER, ee Les algues marines des cétes de France (Manche et Océan). Paris, 1921. Bui mo Mesozoic plants from Nagato and Bitchu. Tokyo, On some Jurassic fossils from Rikuszen. Tokyo, 1904. 280 LIBRARY ACCESSIONS DURING MAY, 1930 Abhandlungen der naturhistorischen Gesellschaft 2u Nirnberg. Vols. 1-4. Nurnberg, 1858-68. Arcret, CLEMENT, & Francois, Vitat. Flore élémentaire des cryptogemes. N amur, n.d. ANDOUARD, AmproIseE. Etude sur les Convolvulacées purgatives. Paris, 1864. ANDRE, JEAN MARIE ae Chimie agricole. Paris, 1913. Paris, 1920 ——. Chimie eorioe " Chimie végétale. Ed. 2. Paris, 1920. Alnnales aes aphiqu vols. Paris, 1827~28. Annuaire nécrologique. vols. Paris, 1821-26. AUBRIOT, 1. & Dacurin, ArtHur. Flore de la Haute-Marne. Saint-Dizier, 1885. BaGnatL, James Eustace. Flora of Warwickshire. London, 1891 Battton, Henrt Ernest. Anatomie et physiologie végétales. Paris, 1882. 1890. SON SEWELL, & Trimsie, H a Some North American , Pau pe. Les gréves de Roscoff. Paris, 1914. BED6é von LNOK, ALBERT. Description écononvique et commerciale des ‘s de l'état hongrois. Budapest, 1885. ee Witty IncranaM. IVho’s who among the ferns. New York, 1910. Bensaupe, Raout. Le phénoméne de !’ agglutination des microbes et ses applications & la pathologie. Paris, 1897. Bercen, Fanny (Dickerson). Animal and plant lore collected from the oral traditions of English- “speaking folk. Boston, 1899. Besnou, Léon. Catalogue raisonné des plantes composant Vécole bot- anique v pe [1872]. Brewrrr, ARTHUR EpmuNv. Flora of l’aterbury, Conn., and vicinity. 6, S & = ms R x = 8 = EN > jury, 1926. Bors, Déstré Grorces Jean Mane, & GADECEAU, EMILE JULES. Les végé- aux, leur réle dans la vie quotidie é. Paris, 1909. Bonnet, ‘Epxo onp. Essai d’une monographie des Canellées. Paris, 1876. istenne. Pari Bonnier, Gast TON EucENE Marie. Les nectaries; étude critique, ana- tomique et physiologique. eo 1879. Bonnier, Gaston Eucinr Martz, & pe Georces DE. Nouvelle flore du nord de la France et de i. Belgique. Pari Bouvet, Georces. Catalogue raisonné des Ae utiles et auisibles de la re d. ine-et-Loire. Angers, 1885. Brown, JAME e forester; a practical treatise on the planting, rearing and ee ek athlee of forest trees. Ed. 3. Edinburgh, 1861. 281 Browne, Danie Jay. Letters from the Canary Islands. Boston, 1834. Bulletin ae la Société vaudoise des sciences naturelles. Vol. 8-13. Lau- sann Bulletin peeraias “four Vv échange des plantes. Vols. 1-13, 15, 19-23. ‘oix, 1891-191 se EpMonpD Gustave, & Camus, Aimég. Florule de Satnt-Tropes et s environs immédiats. Paris, 1912. Cie. CIEN. Action des engrais sur les végétaurx ligneux. Paris, 1909. CuHapals, JEAN CHARLES. Guide illustré du sylviculteur canadien. Ed. 3. uébec, 1891. Cuaraszot, Eucine, & Gatin, CHartes Louis. Le parfum ches la plante. Paris, 190: CuastainctT, GABRIEL. Catalogue des plantes vasculaires des environs de la Chatre (Indre). (Angers, Dd CHATEL, Remy. l ville des Bixacées; étude et description de la i des Pangiées et du genre Gynocardia odorata en particulier. is, 1880. S, Cony. JoaNnNES CHARLES MELCHIOR. care botaniques, chimiques et médicales sur les Valérianées. Pari CHAULIAGUET, JULIETTE Marie GUSTINE cee Etudes médicales Pari: Cooke, Morpecar Cusitt. Sarre a fungi, how to distinguish and how them. London, 1891. Courin, Henrt Euctne V: , Jopin, Hen & Daupuiné, ANpRE. Ailas de ee inicroscopigie | manuel a travaux pratiques. Ed. 3. ‘aris, I CoureELa, Foe ae Histoire botanique, chimique, commerciale et pharmacologique de la Rhubarb. Paris, 1800. Crévin, Francots. Pali de la flore de Belgique. Ed. 5. Bruxelles, 1884. Crozier, ARTHUR Atcer. Popular errors about plants. New York, 1892. Curtis, CARLTON CLARENCE. Nature and development of plants. Ed. 4. Dannenserc, P, Zi immer- und Balkonpflanzen. Ed. 4. Leipzig, 1924. a Giovanni Barrista. Stirpium exoticarum vel forte novarum , 1927. Dousiepay, a (De Grarr), [Wild flowers worth knowing, adapted by Asa Don Dickinson from Nature's Garden. New York, 1926. pe haa igs frrenneE Simon. Observations sur les bulbes des Lis. pts. Paris, 1873-1875. ames -Jouve, Josepu. Les comparaisons histotaxiques et de leur impor- tance dans P étude critique des espéces végétales. Paris, 1871. Ecorcuarp, [JEAN Marie]. Flore régionale de toutes les plantes Qui crois- sent spontanément . dans les environs de Paris, et les départements 282 de Seine-Inférieure, Calvados, Eure,... Charente Infériewre et Gironde. Vol. 1. Paris, 1877. Ferree, Emite. Plantes médicinales de la Bourgogne; emplois et doses. ris, I Fitz, JAMEs. Southern apple and peach penta adapted to the soil and climate of Maryland, Virginia, the Car Ss, Georgia and farther ate a treatise on insects and see ee Richm Fircue, Paut Henrt Marie THERESE Anpré, & Granveau, Louis N. Re- cherches chimiques sur la végétation forestiére. Paris, 1878. RSTER, L. e ¢ Rittersporn. Berlin, 19. ForqguicNon, JEAN Baptiste Lucien. es champignons supérieurs; physi- ologie, ea SE Paris, 1886. Flo FRANCHET, ADRU e de Lowr-et-Cher. Blois, 1 GANONG, WILL ae cis. The living plant. New York, 1913 GENTIL, oe Petite flore mancelle contenant ao et la descrip- tion sommaire des plantes vasculaires de la Sarthe. Ed. 2. Le Mans, es Tuomas GrorceE. Intelligence in plants and animals. New York, I Life and immortality; or, soul in plants and animals, Phila- delphia, 1897. Mae Dominique ALEXANDRE. Tables dichotomiques de la flore de Lor- raine. Ed. 3. Publiée par Fliche & G. Le Monnier. Nancy, 1883. Gorrart, Hans. Die Aphelenchen der Kulturpflangen. Berlin, 1930. Goon, WILLIAM. Garden work; a book for ais lovers. New York, 1913, Guewan, E. Le jardinier provengal; traité de culture pratique pour le Gutot, Liontpe. Les foréts et les paturages du comté de Nice. Paris, 1875. Hatc, Harorp Axel, The plant cell: its modifications and vital processes. ondon, 1910. Harpy, Marcer. Esguisse de la géographie et de la végétation des High- lands d’Ecosse. Paris, 1905. H6uHNEL, ree von, Discovery of Lakes Rudolf and Stefanie. Vol, 2. Huwmxoron, reeen Oakes, Poison ivy and swamp sumach. Jamaica Plai ILLIck, pee! ‘smacon. Pennsylvania tre Harrisburg, 1915. JaccoTtTet, Joun. Les champignons dans - peas illustré . en couleurs ‘aul Robert, fils. euchatel, 192 zi Jackson, JoserH. A catalogue of the " flowering hie and ferns of Worcester County, plies Worcester, Jacquot, Euctne. Essai d’une statistique agronomique de I arrondisse- ment de Toul Sela ie la Meurthe). Paris, 1860. Jouns, CHARLES ALEXANDE e forest trees of Britain. Ed. 9. Lon- don, 1903. 283 Jotycierc, Nicoras. Principes de la philosophie du botaniste. Paris, An Jounin, Louis. taux marins dans la ton Kacue, Paut, & SCHNEIDER, CAMILLO Kart. Po tia. Berlin, a} $ Recherches sur la distribution iid ts des végé- de Roscof. Mon 928. Kenrvitte, Henri Gapeau ve. Considérations et recherches expérimentales sur la direction se racines et des tiges. Paris, 191 t and water. Los Angeles, 1 NEY, ABROT. . Kruckezerc, Henry W. George Christian Roeding. 1868-1928. Los An- geles, 1930. (Given by Dr. E. D. Merrill. Lawson, Peter, nopsis of the vegetable products ws Scotland, orming a d pie es of the ee exhibited at the great exhibition of the in y of - nations. Edin bf os ve des rues d@ Aix- en Provence: Part 1, La vieille ville. Aix, . E falogue des plantes naerreunile qui wet 1891. croissent ey cies dans le te de Mo gs ublea LEMOINE, Atlas des caractéres ve s des plant s de i flore pede. . de la flore rémoise. 2 part: Reims, 1880. Les fougéres de la flore rémoise & de la flore parisienne. Reims, LéverLt&, Aucustin ApeL Hecror. Petite flore de la Mayenne. Laval, ——. ————._ Suppléments 1-2. 1895-99. Luszock, Joun, Lorp AVEBURY. Jers, poe ve ves. London, 1903. McPuatm, James. The gardener’s remembrancer throughout the year. London, 1807. GN’ Antone. Les Lortet, botanistes Rule particuliérement Clémence, Pierre et Louis Lortet et le botaniste Raffavier. Lyon, 1913. rodrome d’ une histoire des botai a lyonnais., Lyon, ‘1906. saa Sr Catalogue des eed vasculaires et sponianées des en- s de Romorantiu, Romorantin, 1875. ———. Ed. 2. Romorantin, 1894. Matuews, Ferpinanp ScH “Pamiliar trees and their leaves. New York, 1905. ————. w York, 1921. MauMeEné, ‘ALB BERT. Les ce Nains ‘Japonais, Paris, 1902. Mérat, Francors Victor. Nouvelle flore des environs de Paris. vols. Paris, 1837-38. Louts. Arvet-Touvet, botaniste dauphinois, et son 2 Ber- Moeuzr, Feo NaNnD Hernricu Jacosp von. Select extra-tropical plants. ictorian ed. [Ed. 6.] Melbourne, 1885. S. Eta NICOLEANO, ‘GN , & Brézéano, V. t de? arboriculture en Row 284 manie ; Ried rendu des travauc depuis 1893 jusqu'en r900. ° Buca- rest, I NIEL, ane Catalogue des plantes phanérogames vasculaires et crypto- games semi-vasculaires croissant spontanément dans la département del’ Eure. Rouen, 1889. Parsons, Frances THEODORA (SMITH). Ke 1902. PARSONS, y ELizasETH. The ue A habits . illustrations by Margar ancisco, 1914, ILLET, Prerre Aimé. Statistique horticole de Maine et Loire. How to know the ferns. Ed. 4. wild flowers of California, their names, et Warriner Buck. San Pavig, L., & Angers, 1842. PererMann, Artuur. La composition moyenne des principales plantes culitvées. Ed. 3. Bruxelles, 1879. PLée, AucustTE, & Prée, Herborisations artificielles aux en- a s 5 a a i) a BS Lae] p a m Flowers and flo owering plants. New York, 1929. A. Perennials of flower land. New York, 1929. Given by Mrs. N. L. eae muEL N. Botanica neglecta. William Young, Jr. (of Philadel- “ Botaniste de Pensyluanie” and his long-forgotten book, being of his “ Catalogue d’Arbres, arbustes et plantes her- bacées d’ Amerique.” Philadelphia, 191 Rozinson, RowLanp Evans. In New England fields and woods. Boston, ¢ 1896. Ropinson, SAMUEL. a e plants referred to in the above quotation were later aoe the type of another species, the original eae on . which by the by C.S dae: flowers or be and wher € ther re are several a en it grows rch to Evrurtnax (Garden and Forest 9: 152; Silva 10: 50), with the mistaken idea that the large black fruit w which T had pathered on the Marquesas in 1886 had been produced by this tree. Seeds of Thrinay kevensis were er trom the Arnold Arboretum i 8, a s Thrina: v no. are trivial. The strongest evidence that supports the two-species ginia, where he began to collect Ha ies autre In 1875 he settled in Florida, which was his ho: r the inder of his life. ma years he was a Se Serene nad his specimens, with printed labels, are t found in nearly all the large he f the world was the discoverer of ma e plants of soutt Florida. During the last five ee his life he extended his activities to parts of the West Indies. He died at Jacksonville, 1 Septe: fs 1g907.—]. H. B. 7 Garden and Forest 9: 162. 1896. § Garden and Forest 9: 162. 1896. ® Botanical Gazette 27: 87. 1899. 6 ee is without the plants a teaitet or pane the eee The of the e specimens of the two proposed species. e— Dias So eae anabe ae the pinelands of No Name Key, hile specimens of the other—Thrinax ie eimai from the Marquesas Keys, which indicate a hammock environ It is therefore evident that one of two conditions obtain, namely there are two closely related species of the sessile-fruited grow of Thrinax in Florida, as well as the distantly foes UT parvi- flora, the one a pineland plant, and the other a hammock plant, or there is one species which inhabits naturally both ee and hammocks. Now, the Seay cea evidence naturally inclines to the former alternative, for, e xcept in the cases of two widely dis- referred to T. 1 carpa, Examples of these forms own i gures accompar ese no e form the leaves stiffly spreading, the lobes often relatively short, and their tips spreading e other form a oosely he tips. So far, we have not been able to find any differential characters in the inflorescence, either in flowers or fruits As matters now stand, the problems of ie genus Pannen in Florida can be solved only by the further gathering of ate direct evidence in the field, which means‘a thorough survey of the Florida Keys on the reef and Cape Sable region on the ne for the genus is represented nearly the length of the chain of keys and on the Cape Sable crescent. Joun K. Smatt. 7 INSECTS IN RELATION TO PLANT LIFE? The relations existing between insects and plants are exceed- own th m one blossom to other, Man. tchids ae de velope po extremely iaitecnae and could be readily discussed at consider- able length. Like the higher animals, insects find shelter in the stems of vari- ous trees and other plants; in addition, in the c f£ numerous le obtain food and shelter in this way. The cambium miners of trees 1 Abstract of an illustrated lecture given at The New York Botan- ical Garden on Saturday afternoon, October 18, 1930. 8 me in this class. Certain insects are so p dependee upon he codli to} g commonly in th le, the bean weevil, which restricts its operations to the bean, the nut weevils, whi commonly in various nu species is definitely restricted as to the food plant in which it may liv long s series 0 i botanists and not a few distinguish ae between eae relate of t 0 great economic importance. See over half of the more in- 9 jurious or destructive insects affecting agricultural crops and 0 U1 g 0: hese mean to this country. The hosts of enn ies ins re i tm subject atta large numbers o ne sects, the parasites ie the Predatores are os mportant in the of nature, and do much to prevent many insects from becoming so abunda: t $ scourges e common apple tent- caterpillar, well oe because of the conspicuous white tent-like ests Id c and in apple orchards in early spring, is ment of a lon, e parasites. The white-marked tussock mot! known pest of shade trees, especially the linden, the orse stnut, the elm, and the maple, presents an e i parasitism, since there ar t only parasites whic y upon this inse ut parasites which prey upon its parasites. These are own as hyper-parasites. The hyper-parasites in turn are preyed upon by others; and t e the matte e more complex, the t : Ss viewed from the practical standpoint of the lumberme: are eugene in the ae biological sense, since they are very ng decay and preventing natural wood- lands from ae a as it were, with fallen trees. They assist eee mai eens in chee! the dead wood to soil. wee ants condition, more light and a drier atmosphere presumably being 10 important factors, than is possible in the case of trees with a: € dence to show that they may be trans nate some distance by winds. E. P. Fett. II WILL OUR CHESTNUT TREE RETURN? The forests in and about the mountains of Pequannock and Towaco, in Morris County, New Jersey, were formerly famed for the abundance of their chestnut trees and for the production of the nuts e chestnut blig! as early and comp structive in that alee and the last tree was destroyed many years ual i places, many of the roots survived and made fresh eee re rees. These young growths fol- lowe sual course of soon exhibiting signs o disease, d after a more or less pr una is often being 1 cleared away the forest growth — around these trees and shall tch their development with c 1The observations of Dr. Rusby are of interest in connection with note of encouragement, nearly twenty-five years later, should z appear in the same periodical.—Ed. nit of a chestnut, ripening in Morris County, New Nery: Oke: 13 I have since learned of many young trees, in ages separated parts of New Jersey, which have fruited this I have noted the presence in the New York market of a eae heirs larger sup- ply of our native chestnuts this year than has appeared for a decade past. H. H. Russy. ONE HUNDRED KINDS OF BANANAS? Southeastern Asia is probably the native home of the cultivated bananas. Seedy, wild bananas are found there in open spots of their seeds scattered far and ah e. erent kinds © ni regio in e America. While the eid nice oo oriental oo for the banana is two surviving ina one in Madagascar and the other in North- ern South Am Whatever may one been its origin, the seedless = banana was carried by man to most parts of the tropics before the dawn of history; and he has developed hundreds of di ae pee for many different uses. One, the Abaca, is the source of Manila hemp, the b r The Abyssinian ba: for its fleshy edible rootstock. Some of the oriental varieties are specially rich in starch and are used for meal ne has anana oil that i da: ce of that mate: North eaten and it is rather surprising, with the hundreds oe varieties an Abstract of an eee — given at The New York Botan- ical Garden on October 2 14 able, that only three commonly come into the American market. e ma jan commercially in the ee Islands, the Azores, and Hawaii, is on inches long is half full of sweet nectar. The banana flower-buds are covered with fleshy, thick, aly ales tightly overlapping each other like a small cone-shaped cabba: The natives of the tropics in pig except the ek the same can be said about all parts of the 15 useful banana plant. The bananas that come into the markets of the world are nearly all grown by an American company in the ost attractive with bright yellow skin and green tip it is far from ripe. If you wai the who truly ri until le fruit is speckled brown all over and there is no longer any trace green on it anywhere, hen it is at it: eetest, t tender, and most palatable The lecture was illustrated by lantern slides and was followed ry a two- im, showing banana industry in all of its phases An inersing ex xhibit of ripe and green bananas and of some of the unusual varieties was furnished by the United Fruit Company ; and samples of the fruit in proper edible condition were distrib- uted to the audience Forman T. McLean. ACONITES AND OTHER DRUG PLANTS? ove are a group of Ranunculaceous plants, growing in the igher ntainous regions of the North Temperate Zone. Their Genaten seems limited by the presence of the native bumble- bees, which are the only insect pollinators of ae plant. With e bservation he Ni PB Most aconites grow from three to four fee see ts althou Bs 1 Abstract of a lecture given at The New York Botanical Garden on Saturday afternoon, November 1, 1930 16 me may reach eight or nine feet. Dwarf species suitable for rock gardens and edging plants attain but a few inches. While : omi new and unknown constituents present in the species that have not yet a eee ither botanically or che emically. Alkaloidal studies take on a new interest at the present time since they are mical compound that can at e with epeculized treatment the seeds of certain species have been made to germinate in five days. The aconite flower has a peculiarly shaped hood, which partly encloses the rest of the Hower and for this reason they are called studies of hybuids in Gladiolus as to chromosome number an germination of pollen Meteorology for January: The maximum temperatures re- corded at The New York Botanical we en for each week o part of a week were: 56° F. on the 4th; 47° on the 6th; 49° on re 18th; 44° the 26th; a me on the 2 A The minimum tem- peratures recorded were: 17° on the 2nd; n th 3 10° on ; 19° on the 9th; ro the Ae kee se = the 23rd. The total precipitation for the nth was 2.25 in Only traces of snow and sleet fell on the a a a an of the month. ACCESSIONS Museums AND HERBARIUM 87 herbarium specimens from the Malay Peninsuula. (By exchange ith the Si otani Le 29 specimens of flowering plants from Florida. (Given by Mr. Chas. A. Mosier.) 1 specimen of Ceratiola from South Carolina. (Given by Mrs. John R. Tolar. 204 herbarium specimens from southern India. (Given by Dr. E. D. Merrill.) 1 specimen of Lycopodium cernuum from Florida. (Given by Miss Marian S. Franklin.) : 17 specimens of flowering plants from California. (By exchange with the University of California.) 48 I specimen of Dichondra carolinensis from Georgia. (By exchange with Dr. R. M. Harper.) a specimens of plants from Sumatra. (Given by Dr. E. D. Merrill.) Setar flowering plants from Cuba. (By exchange with the rear Arbor 200 specimens Sof pte plants from Cuba. (By exchange with the Riksmuseum, Stockholm.) 225 specimens of Hie ering plants from British Honduras. (By ex- change with the United States National Mus: 1295 herbarium specimens from Szechuan oe China. (Given by r. E. D. Merrill.) 587 herbarium specimens of plants from the Caroline Islands. (Given by Dr. E. D. Merrill.) 75 specimens of ferns and flowering plants from Brazil. (By exchange with the Riksmuseum, Stockholm 4 specimens of flowering plants from Indiana. (By exchange with Mr. . Deam. specimens of Oenothera from Pennsylvania. (Given by Mr. Geo. E. Osterhout.) 624 herbarium specimens from Hainan, China. (Given by Dr. E. D. Merrill.) 110 specimens of flowering plants from British Honduras. (Collected by Mr. W. A. Schi i s of miscellaneous fungi ee western North America. a 67 specimens of flowering plants from South America. (By exchange ie useum y.) 109 herbarium specimens from Formosa. (By exchange with Mr. Shun- ichi Sasaki. 118 herbarium specimens from Assam. (By exchange with Mr. R. N. Packs 6 specimens of flowerless and flowering plants from Uruguay. (Col- foes by Dr. Guillermo Herter.) 175 "specimens “Flora Asiae Mediae.” (By exchange with the Univer- ee of Middle Asia.) 0 herbarium specimens from Indo-China. (Given by Dr. E. D. Mer- Bi 66 herbarium specimens from Samoa. (Given by Dr. E, D. Merrill.) 8135 specimens of plants from South America. (Collected Has i ‘th. 75 specimens of ferns and flowering plants from Brazil. (By exchange with the Riksmuseum, Stockholm. 300 specimens of flowering plants from the Pacific Coast. (Collected by Mr. A. A. Heller.) 60 specimens of woody plants from Cuba. (By exchange with the Arnold Arboretum.) PUBLICATIONS OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN Journal of The New York Botanical Garden monthly, containing notes, news, and non-technical articles. Free to members of the Garden. To others, 10 cents a copy; $1.00 a year. Now i in its thirty-second volume. Mycologia, bimonthly, devoted to fungi, including lichens; $5.00 a year; single copies not for sale. [Not offered in exchange.] Now in its twenty- third volume. Addisonia, quarterly, devoted eer to colored plates accompanied by popular descriptions of flow g plants; oe i. ae a each number, thirty-two in each volume. Sa HBS sont ion pri year. [Not ered in exchange.] Now in its sixteenth hvala Pedy ine gents Re anes ea GO ne Free to all members o the Garden; to others, $3.00 per volum Now in its fourteenth volum No ah Aaerican a loca Descriptions in the wild Plants ‘of Aesth Amer- ica, including Greenland, the West Indies, and Central America. Planned to be completed in 34 volumes. oy. sto, aH “volume 7 consist of four or more parts. 66 parts now issued. Subscription price, $1.50 per pant a limited number of separate parts will be sold pe $2.00 each. [Not ffered in a ag Memoir: New York Botanical Garden. Price to members of the Caen ay ney I, $1. 3 per volume; to others, $3.00. Vol. VII, $2. 50 to members; to others, $5.00. Vol. I An Annotated Catalogue of the Flora of Montana and the Yel- lowstone Park, by Per Axel Rydberg. ix-+ 492 pp., with detailed map. 0 tg 1. II. The Influence of Light and Darkness upon Growth and Devel- opment, by D. T. MacDougal. xvi-+ 320 pp., with 176 figures. 1903. Vol. III. Studies of Groceeous enters Remains pee Soden ville, New York, by A. Hollick and E. C. Jeffrey. xiii 13 » with 29 plates. 1909. Vol. IV. Effects of the Rays of Radium on Plants, by Charles Stuart Gager. viii-+ 478 pp., with 73 figures and 14 plates. 1908. Vol. V. Flora of the Vicinity of New York: A Contribution to Plant Grosrephy, by Norman Taylor. vi-+ 683 pp., with 9 plates. 1915. Vol. VI. Papers presented at the Celebration of the Twentieth Anni- versary of ote oy ee Garden. viii-+ 504 pp., with 43 plates w Genera Bibeical Euoleiat ion of the econ Valley, sete ees by H. H. Rusby; and The Hee of the Sain t Eugene Silts, Kootenay Valley, British an Brittonia. oe i ries of botanical papers. Subscription price, $5.00 per art. Now in its first v Contri Buton ma rom The "New York Botanical Garden. A series of tech- nical papers written by students or members of the staff, and reprinted for ee ounnals pines ae ee ines above. Price, 25 cents each. $5.00 per vol- thirt t THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDE Bronx Park, New York, a Yi GENERAL INFORMATIO Some of the leading features of The New York Botanical Garden are: fo) undred acres of beautifully Gi nee ane in the northern Book of the ‘cae of New York, t Feuer) whic h flow: ne Bronx River. 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A library of botanical literature, comprising more than 41,000 books and numerous pamphlet Public lectures on a rene variety of botanical topics, continuing throughout the year. Publications on botanical subjects, partly of technical, scientific and partly of popular, interest. The education a school children and the public through the above features a hs giving of free information on botanical, horticultural, and Ay su he ee is dependent upon an annual appropriation by the City of New York, private benefactions and membership fees. It possesses now nearly two thousand members, and applications i membership are always welcome. The classes of membership a i ual fee Contributions to the Garden siege ine piretion from taxable incomes. The following is an se form of bequest I hereby bequeath to The New York Botanical Garden incorporated under the Laws of New York, ua pal uf ra the sum of ———— Conditional bequests may be with income el to donor or any designated Bencneey dacin ng ie or her lifet All requests for further information should be dent ie Tue New York iia ten Niseganl BRONX PARK, NEW YORK, N. Y. ‘ VOL. XXXII Marcu, 1931 No. 375 JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN ALTITUDINAL DISTRIBUTION OF EASTERN AMERICAN IRIS Joun K, Smati GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF beg GROWING Joun F. Jouns' Meee Gre RECENT ADVANCES IN LANT PHYSIOLOGY Forman T. McLean NOTES, NEWS, AND COMMENT PUBLISHED FOR THE GARDEN At Lime AND GREEN STREETS, LANCASTER, Pa. THE ScriENCcE Press Printinc CoMPANY Entered at the post-office in Lancaster, Pa., as second-class matter. Annual subscription $1.00 Single copies 10 cents ‘ree to members of the Garden THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN BOARD OF MANAGERS Henry W. bE Forest, President Crarence Lewis Henry DE Forest BALDWIN, ie President AvoteH LewIsonN TURGIS, Vice Pre. Henry Locxwart, Jr. JoHN L. Merrit, Teen D. T. MacDoucaL E. D. Merritt, Secretary Kennetu K. Mackenzie Epwarp D. MS H. pe LA MontTacne, Jr. Raymonp F. Bacon J. Prerront Mor perees janet Lewis RuTHERFURD Morris ‘ARSTON T. BOGERT H P Gerorce S. BrEwsTER Deed es OES RITTON Henry H. Rusp NicHoras Murray gure GrorcE J. RYAN Ropert W. DE Fore! Mortimer L. ScHIFF Tuomas A. Pursearin Epmunp W. SINNOTT Cuitps Frick ae a TRELEASE James J. Wacker, Mayor of the City ue Nee York Watter R. Herrick, President of the Department of Parks SCIENTIFIC DIRECTORS R. A. Harper, Pu. D., Sc. D., Chairman D. T. MacDoueat, Pu. D., LL. D. Raymonp F. Bacon, Pu. D., Sc.D. Henry H. Russy, M. D., Sc. D LL. D. Marston T. Bocert, Sc. D, SUD, 30), Gronce J. Ryan, Nicnoras Murray Butter, Pu. D., Epmunp W. SINNOTT, Pu. D. LL. D., Lrrr. D. SAM FE eee Pu. D. DIRECTOR EMERITUS N. L. Britron, Px. D., Sc. D., LL. D GARDEN STAFF E. D. Merritt, Sc. D. Director-in-Chief MARSHALL A. "Howe, Pu. D., pe | DEN a CA ANS Assistant Direuioe Joun K. Smatt, Pu. D., Sc. D. ............. Head Curator of the Museums A. B. Stout, Px. D. Director of the Laboratories P. A. Rypserc, Px. D H. A. Gieason, Px. D. Curator Frep J. Seaver, Px. D. ArtHur Hottick, Px. D. ae leobotantst Bernarp O. Donce, Px. D. nt Pathologist Forman T. McLean, M. F., Pu. D......... Supervisor of able Education Joun Henpitey BARNq#ART, "A. M,, MoD PE Euan eee mies Bibliographer Percy WILson Associate Curator PAaLMYRE DE C. MITCHELL Associate bisa’ aiAs H. Hartow, A. M. Libra H. H. Russy, M. LD Honorary Curator eek ake Economie Collecuens Euizazera G. Brirron orary Curato Mosses Mary E. Eaton Artist Rosert S. WILLIAMS Ad Assistant E. J. ALEXANDER SC stne Curotar Axsert C. Samira, A. B. pe Curator LYDE CHANDLER, A. M. Assistant Marjorie E. Swirt, A. M. pened aeahan ogist RosALIE WEIKERT Technical Assistant Kennetx R. Boynton, B. S. Head Gardener L. Wittrock, A. oceni H. M. Dens Low, A. M, DED you: Honorary Geli ian of Local Herbarium ROBERT) HIAGELSTEIN: |. ctsieen cite ates Honorary Curator of Myxomycetes EJB) SOULHWICK MEH Dy ercnieyn erecta Castadon of Herbaceous Grounds Erget Anson S. Prckuam. Honorary Curator, Iris and Narcissus Collections Joun R. Brintey, C. scape Engine Watter S. GrorsBecK ‘k and Accountant ARTHUR J. CORBETT ............0 Superintendent of Baildinen and Grounds WN p) JOURNAL OF The New York Botanical Garden VoL. XXXII Marcu, 1931 No. 375 ALTITUDINAL DISTRIBUTION OF EASTERN AMERICAN IRIS ae genus Iris is typically circumboreal and circumtemperat n the Old World and the New, its of cies have Ss eautle ae in past geological times with varying s h of American irises evidently inhabited the 3 o 4 o ia] i=) 4 a3 > ® 4 i=} ue) ry 4 aS B oO Bh = o Q ° i=] . =] @ =| o T prese y iris mal and climatic changes coincident + additional lands were irises of eastern North America have eb printe: arden Fee withi e past six years. They are Eight caine in Addisonia 49-6: 32. 1924, Ej rticles i isonia 12: I-16. pl fais 19: 7 i 1929. One article in JournaL or Toe New Yor oee GARDEN, 31: 40~ One article ia aa or THe New York Botanical GARDEN, 31: 237- 244, f. I-4. One are in n Fons or THe New York Boranicat GARDEN, 31: 272~ 277, fe 4. 49 ‘puno18 ayi UO Jey ol] S¥[eIs-IIMOY PUR SaAud_ OY} WIIOJ SI) UT ‘TaMossI UT AyTeI0] ad4y 9YI UT Payd9[]09 1 angry syuejd wo1y ‘uapies) jeomuejog YIOA MAN ey, ul Sulmois ‘(ayersoid ‘seuoBexayy dnoiz) vsoyof siz ° 51 formed on the flanks of these areas. Of particular interest in this connection is the es Plain on the south and east of the Pied- mont- Blue Ridge strip. During the ee eous and Tertiary, barring minor ups and Pe of these land-masses in the making of the continent, the genus Iris had a long and relatively monotonous existence. Then came the Ice A: As a result of their influence it appears that the whole plant arrangement from Canad. If of Mexico was rea ost of the plant life north of Pennsylvania, Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois was wiped out ny species migrate southward, while numerous others, unable to stand the change of climate and incapable of migrating, must have been ext ated f we can judge by the present-d eographic distribution of iris, the val species only managed their retreat, so to speak, exceedingly well but, once started s ard, continue until th hed a safe re , as far as aerial and terrestrial condi s were concerned, near the s| s of th X1¢ fe , it is possible that some species may have migrated southward during the interval between the latest eee and the t of ni gla ie w ers ave been driven southward as a direct result of the ice-sheets, oa gradually ecome acclimated along the ea of the Gulf. The various primeval species of iris migrated southward chiefly through the highlands, as the lowlands emerged from the sea only ra i Tertia After nt i onti to be considered underwent diferent experiences That surround- i efuge and i i and cold from glaciation, while a surrounding the southern reservation and its vegetation was damaged mainly by water ro ae 2 ris i indebted to Mr. E. ". ieee Me C; ee ele Mr. B. F. Bush, Dr. 7 Ehlers, Professor M. L. Fernald, Mr. Page arbison, Professor Ficure 2. Iris Hooke (group Hookerianae), growing along the beach at Mount oe Me. s form the flower-stalk exceeds the leaves. Photo by Edga °p Wher Tue NorTHERN oR GLACIATED PLANT RESERVOIR rthern primeval plant region (eastern Canada north of 5S) represent four distinct groups h nus, cata markedly ng themselves i th inflorescence and in frw ne species, [ris Hooke T 2)*; erate a de- cidedly circumboreal type, has not ane far from its most re ce estral refuge. From the former highlands the plants have descended to strictly coastal habitats m a nd Newfoundland they avoid saline habitats, but follow headlands, sandy or grassy slopes, and other coastwise formations, always 3 The ce ngs with this article represent all groups of the genus in the eastern regio 53 eer at sea-level and within sight of, if not actually “a e On the contrary, south of the St. Lawrence River aaa on pla e d North America. Its plants in descending ae the highlands did not often reach a saline aes In Newfoundland and Labrador the iris plants have descended to within a few hundred feet of the sea. In Maine, since the last Figure 3. Jris versicolor (group Versicolores), growing in a bog Arlington, Vt. In this form the flower-stalks and leaves about “eal each other ‘S2AE| BY} PIXa SH[EIS-1OMO] dy} WOOF sty) UT “Aasiof MAN UsoYIION Ul Zoq eB UT Burmos1B ‘(avoyewsig dnoi8) osyowsnd say “bh aundIg 55 ice-sheet withdrew, 2 have diag oe to attain oy maintain?) an altitude of two t and feet on Mount Katahdin and in New inland limit ao Iris apa On a nearby island, Great Cranberry, both [ri i i i fa (III) A third species, as far as the evidence goes, descended from the highlands only oceanward. Iris prismatica (FIGURE 4) has no close relative in eastern North Ameri ms a gr by itself. It is now represented in the lo va Scotia and southward along t e ngland coast, and further ee ward eta near the boundary between the Piedmont and t Coastal Plai IV fourth group is represented in this northern region by Iris lacustris Nase: 4A). This species by some chance barely es- caped extinction by the ice sheets. In descending from the high- ands it seems to have died out in the rear as it a ed, and a present the very dwarf plant is confined geographically to the upper Mackinaw peninsula and the opposite shores h- igan and Lake Huron. Consequently it occurs ont n altitude ut 500-600 feet. t a be said to have geographic posi- ge Sree species then, [ris Hookeri and Iris lacustris are now ee to the environs of the northern plant refuge, and see have barely vena extinction through mete- oric and ae Hee Consider: he present geographic range of these two species, allowin a os some reason it fell to their lot to a confined to such relatively ak areas, one can understand why they cannot now readily in The dw sre Iris lacustris, is confined to an area drained by Lake Huron and Lake Michigan. The seeds of this species are not adapted to aquatic distribution, and furthermore there are no 50 extensive migrations of animals, which are the chief agents for distribution in this case, to carry the seeds and plant them in more distant ea oints. Tv! either into the lower St. Lawrence River or into the sea. wo other species, /ris prismatica ae Iris versicolor, con- sidere preceding paragraph, evidently had wider geographic ea in es acial times, and will be considered further on e following pages Tue PLant REFUGE OF THE SOUTH. The southern primeval plant reservoir was more extensive in area than the northern, and apparently richer in plant forms; at least more abundant materials, so far as iris is concerned, survive = ived from th r were later der’ m there. species mentioned, Jris prismatica is represented on the eastern » of the Blue Ridge at an altitude of about two thousand feet, whence it descends through the Piedmont to the Atlantic eae Plain. When the glacial ice retreated, the t Ficure 4\. Jris lacustris (group Vernae), from near the shore of Lake Huron in northern Michigan. Photo by George E. Nichols. 5. Iris regalis (group fo growing in The New York Botanical Garden from plants collected near Chacaho ula, La. In this form e leaves exceed the flower-stalks. geographic ranges met and merged toward the sea, so that now this iris grows from Georgia to Nova Scotia. Thus it has extensive latitudinal range, but little ea eee other hand, /: ersicolor was also app: leer common t of t idge. aon apparently as a result of its ancient experiences: the plants -penbo ynoqge a7e syyers-20 MOH OU} pue soavet 2ut wuoy sty Ut eT ‘guRapiQ. MON tee tens joo squeyd wosy wapzeg jeouviod yson MON PUL UE guimos3 + (sas0JOOIUTA dnos8) 40/022 SMI ‘9g sundtyy pe}ey! 59 derived from the 7 cage foe on on reservoirs exhibit e southern eerie reservoir harbored two closely related species, one inclined to a northward distribution, the other inclined 0 her The southern ple _ virginica ie ae sil. exists in the Blue Ridge. This as left us indications of its past history. In its eso and botanical re es it resembles /ris mentione 0. descended from their common ancestor, even though now growing only remote fro: se ancestral home. Although, as ee s the present evidence: goes, there were no e southern region two representa- tives, [ris verna and Iris cristata. The original specimens of one of the three earlier- “published American irises, Iris ver from al Virgini: 1 coastal form of the species represents the botanical type of the but seemingly not rimeval gical e e latter still exists in the present southern highlands, holding in fact he altitud for iris, at about 4, dfather Mountain in the North Carolina Blue Ridge. The trail of the spe- cies may be traced from this altitude to sea-level, there being dis- 60 tinct changes in its features as it goes across the Piedmont (be- tween the Blue Ridge and the Coastal Plain). The primitive type : ineline wi an io on the north, Florida on the south, and Missouri and kansas on the west, occupying roughly a vast elliptical area. West of the Mississippi River the species reaches an altitude of about oo feet on the Oza i ges east, west, and south ee, basins, there being very little drain- age northward. The wider geographic range and consequently more varied ex- periences of the recent ancestors of Iris cristata have resulted in g T from the highlands have resulted in the cence © or developing Ficure 7. Iris tripetala (group Tripetalae), growing in flatwoods be- tween Weewahitchka ite es 2h Joe, Florida. In this form the flower- stalks equal or exceed t. of a half dozen distinct groups of iris in the Coastal Plain since the latest general submergence as the land. Not only are these numerous species of iris now cut off from their ancestral home, but they exist for the most part in ie outer zones of the Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plain. One of these “lost tribes,” so to speak, is a nee plant of the southeastern states, [ris tripe (Figure 7). Its range is strictly Coastal P sth e i a Gulf xi mor superficial a eae to Iris Hookeri in its three all, some- times almost rudimentary petals 62 Another of the “ lost tribes ” may be typified by Jris eta a al ormer now growing at a maximum altitude of about 750 feet in ttom: Passing into the Flori is peninsula and the Apalachicola delta, tt abundant, and does not grow quite so high above the sea. third will be referred to in a later paragraph. Cur riously enough, so far as we know, not a single iris has been concerned, Iris savannarum and Jris virginica. According to our i , the latter sligh about th 1 mouth of the Rio Counce on the opposite side of the Gulf of Mexico “yye1S-TaMOy oy} pavoxa “ePLIOPT ‘Doysyeyuiays ayy seou duems ssaulto e ur BUIMOIZ {(]9010 ‘OVUOBeNaTT dnois) vue Ficure 9. Iris lbisptritus (group Violanthae), growing in Hiwoods near the ones tchee, Florida. In this form the leaves and flow stalks are about equal. So far, the fe of iris considered are all a eon on the Atlantic seaboard, although several of them als so r the eastern ulf coastal region. delta a species of quite a different group of the genus, and its maximum altitude is only a few feet above sea-level. assing westward, we find the iris development in western Flor- ida, southern Alabama, and southern Mississippi relatively meager. Colonies of [ris virginica are most abundant, but they occur, nat- 65 urally, only a little above sea-level. A ‘‘ blue ’-flowered species, a-level on the flats of the Mobile River, apparently further inland, and along Bay St. is. As soon, ho , as th lower delta of the Mississippi River is reached, one finds himself in perhaps the t remarkable local development i of iris in the world. of the latitude of Lake sean ad arid thus almost at sea-level there are growing g naturally m an fifty species of iris, represented by scores of varieties. Fro rom the Ficure 10. Jris fulva (group Fulvae), growing in a small bayou near lo Louisiana. In this form the flower-stalk much exceeds the 66 standpoint of altitude there is nothing to be said about these, how- he more recent seuss history ett iris in eastern North Amer- ica, throug antial evidence, indicates great changes in geographic a ae distribution and locally great slaughter e sissippi basin an ten into the present highlands of cae GROESBECK Clerk and Accoumian THUR ORBETT. | 1s c/se eo watels nate Superintendent of Buildings and Grow JOURNAL OF The New York Botanical Garden VoL, XXXII APRIL, 1931 No. 376 PLANT HYBRIDS! Plant hybrids have recently received a signal recognition in the ers who are concerned is producing new plants of value for culture, to nurserymen who propagate plants for sale, and to every one who grows such pl for pleasure or p tree, bush, e, an all fruits, the tree and ornamentals, a he eous perennials of the flower den w all once new lants m are prop ege y; and i e- gated vegetativel n the d velopment of many of them hybridization and selective breeding played an ee réle. Such plants are now to be considered as inventio Thi ee naturally gives additional stimulus to the popular ete | in plant hybri nd in plant breeding—an interest that has al ly become very general in connection t k- able advance of knowledge during recent years regarding the Ww. processes of reproduction and heredity in both plants and anima Popular interest in plant hybrids is centered in the following ques- tions: ct of an eactoe lecture given at The New York Botanical Ga: ee hoa er 15, 73 74 (1) ae are hybrids? (2) How are plant hybrids produced? & What ee uses ee plant hybrids? (4) How is it alte to obtain new types of plants by hybridi- zation? (5) What do sia hybrids reveal bee inheritance? Fortunately the essential facts involved in the answers to these questions are now well known and ee may . understood or at escen from wads itaals and which differ in one or more well-defined charac- Hybrids are made possible by the normal processes of fertiliza- tion and sexual reproduction as a result of which a plant as well as imal may hav differe ents. h the hi 7 and that within a seed there is a snide plant which may grow into another mature plant. What a seed is and how it arises have long been matters of much speculation 7 s man thought of th d nterna similar in nature to th buds on brane s long as this idea prevailed there could be no really scientific bree of plants, for ther $ no conception of th 1 le parent in reproduction or of its influence on the offspring, and there was no adequate control and selection of the male p This became a par the methods t ing. e sequence of steps in seed reproduction may be stated as follows: Flowers bear spores of two kinds. The familiar pollen 75 grains shed from stamens are microspores, which are widely dis- tributed as insects and air currents, and by such means s of ore). This s but grows within the ovule to form a group of delicate aes one F. ve by repeate divisions which continue and extend the diploid condition to all parts of the embryo and later to all parts of the plant which it may bec eer with the use of modern methods of a c a rtilizat ce of a plant is found to be a complex mechanism with different parts, among which are definite bodies or packages of germ plasm called chromosomes. These are usually uniform in number in all 1 i di Ss a Normally, half of these chromosomes in the cells of a plant interact in the expression of characters in the new plant which these cells build. Thus the microscopic study of the actual structure of the plant shows that most of the qualities which one observes in the plant 76 do not exist as such 1 in the individual cells. Some characteristics leaves and the various red and yellov gments in ee, nae a in flowers are Epa ana within the cells and are very closely as: pe ee special parts f them. But qualities which belong exclusively to organs com- posed of many cells are directly pene in a e spores and all the body cells of the plant by units of living material that are transmitted from generation to ae T te t C 7 5 to do r eo rate in the production of mass or general characters, such as size and shape of flowers. When the plant is a hybrid its dual nature brings into play dif- ferences in certain of the units of the living structures which operate the machinery of the cells and which determine such ex- pressions as color and size of flowers, size, color, and quality of fruit, shape of leaves, and habit of growth. rther process must be considered if the essential nature of reproduction and hybridization is to be understood. When the Thi number. During this ioe ses ae eneral rule is that the Ne ane are associated in pairs and ae pair are reassembled in all possible combinations in the spores. idered in a simple C case of a plant with only six chromosomes in ee cell and . In two oF ae Re co on ations ne of the two parents; fat each of the other assortments t hee is one chromo- other e some from one parent and two mes from the n this way a complete set or set a. of chromosomes is, sede cell. Then ’ 2 spores to the ul of invita chromosomes which hi possess :— ~BOC: A Bic; Alb ce; a Ble; ab. Cpa. B.C; ABC; ay p fully normal processes, obtained by each spore and sex 77. fertilization brings two sets together during the life of the next generation. The number of different assortments in a set and the number of different recombinations i wo new sets will depend on the differences which exis re in ae pairs of the two oa sets. If the two members of each pair are alike and -i = a, B=}, and € sad equal tod BC. Ifa difference exists in one pair only, then , are possible and in free ire a seven different nds of re- combinations are possible b the the number of iene in a set is more e than three f at lines plants are bisexual, the self-fertilized offspring of each may be grown for comparison. By such methods the various laws of ir Showing methods employed to control pollinations in the Fic J: cross- ireedina and the self- ng of various vegetable crops. Photos hy courtesy of the Ferry-Mor: eed Company. 79 heritance in plants have been formulated and are still being de- tudi ed. fl is bi and produces Pp there is a possi ibility that its seeds may be formed from self- pollination, in which case both the male and female elements b najority ca. members 0 he : same variety. But many natural hybrids are to be pecies or two strains of the prog) and eee it may be one of the methods by which new types of plants evolv. By controlling pollinations and thereby influencing the fertiliza- tions in the flowers of plants, the parentage of seedlings may be i rol e wi the determined and controlled at the will of perimenter or plant breeder, subje imitations which exist in the extent to which s fertilizations will occur. The al rule is that plants and a h are widely different will not cross- fertilize and hence it is not possible to obtain hybrids between most types of plants aks will not d ith nuts, or roses with apples; some roses will not cross with certain other roses. Such limitations ar importance in pres ig divers types of life. Yet within related kia of plants much hybridiza- tion is aaa we in nature T nae treatment. eae in ae may be brought into sate ae garden and utilized in hybridizations that Tay ae fea natura rally. In general, the results of hybridi 1 . No new qualities appear and the hybrid progenies are no different from the parents 80 II. No new characters appear but certain characteristics of the two parents are combined in some of the by IIf. A new quality appears in the firs st geeraton of the hybrids and this is continued in certain lines of descen er generations. IV isti of the second generation exhibit many gradations or “quantitative between the extremes of the two parents. . New characteristics appear and at least certain of the hy- brids are decidedly different from the original parents. In some a acter or a quality of a character by which i parents differ. I. Wuere No New cei: APPEAR Hybridization that produces no change in the appearance of plants may be illustrated in the moth paling (Verbascum Blat- to I ratio as do the F, hybrids This behavior in hybridization is readily understood. These moth mulleins have as many as 32 chromosomes in the two sets, but the hereditary Hee in respect to flower color are carried in only one pair and the other pairs are practically alike. In re- “in co: senting the kinds of germ plasm by letters, capital d when a quality is dom in ession and small letters when it is re ive. When fertilizations between these two ty, ccur, JY" pairs with « and are Vw, it the geri ee fluence is seen for the germ plasm carrying white. These hybrids 81 produce two kinds of spores and sex cells, some carry Y, others carry w, and when the hybrids are self-fertilizated the recombina- I ww. cn are Panta to one that is white-flowered. The various onditions involved in this hybridization may be elated: in ie following diagra mG) ge mR RS germ cls COTOTOMOIOIOIO Fusion of eggs and sperms —_ ” F, hybrid /\ " spores and Q) Y” germ cells Fusion of ram llastrating. an operation of the mechanism of in- Fic 2. Diagr i heritance of flower color in hybridizing yellow-flowered and white-flowered races of moth mulleins (Verbaseuin Blattaria). eggs and sperms veral “ Mendelian” laws of inheritance are here illustrated. In the hybrids there is dominance of on the contrasted hered- itary units (for yellow) over the other (for white) which is called rece. segregation of the contrasted units of germ $I hen spores are pr d and th ha: tion in the next fertilizations. Ther purity in the segregation of the germ plasm units, for the white-flowered plant * breed true and their units of germ plasm show no change or in- termined yellow. Also, as far as is now known, the hybrid com- 82 position Yz may be kept in existence for innumerable generations and still the factor for w will reappear or segregate with purity. ea i ave either white- flowered parents or certain yellow-flowered parents. Ss OF PaRENTS COMBINE IN Hygr idizing parents which differ in two different characters, yellow, an qualities wrinkled and green are recessive When plants from the € grown to maturit d self an f inds are prod ced: round-yellow ink Carden sea ave two sets ae seven chromosomes each, or seven s for these two pairs of characters one may simply consider the ce of two pairs of chromosome e parent with round-green aes produces spores and germ in the following self-fertilizations nine “diferent Biuds of recom- binations are possible. If one estimates these on the basis of equal chance fusions between four of each type of egg with each type 83 of sperm the results may be shown in a checkerboard diagram, thus :— Eggs RY RY RY RY Sperms RY Rg wy wg Eggs Rg Rg Rg Rg Sperms RY Rg wy wg Eggs wY¥ wY wY wY Sperms RY Rg wY wg Eggs wg weg wg wg Sperms RY Rg wy wg But the different kinds of as in this F, amen = into four classes in respect to appearance and n respect to the combination of germ ane un ay 16BY), 268), RY), ORY) sag Re (RY)? 7(Rg)) F0wY)) Fowg )4 (wi) or nine hybrid embryos that are round and yellow. I I (Rg) ; 2 Rey or three that are round and green. (MH) 1 (Rg)! 2 (wa)? g (Wi) 1 (wY), 2 a. or three that are wrinkled and yellow. (w¥)? *(wg )? : 168) ieee . (Iv) Iwe)? oT one that is wrinkled and green. Careful experimental studies of this case with records of pedi- greed cultures show that the actual results conform to this ex- planation within the limits of probable erro 84 hese F, onbiyes only the first named in each group will both charac t all hav yellow s and then selecting seeds from those that produce only round Ree seeds. In this way a new race could be obtained. It is of interest to note that all four types of seeds are to be found in one plant, giving two types (1) round yellow seeds and (2) wrinkled green seeds, which are combinations not seen in the parents. It is of interest to note that the different genetic constitutions in various sister hybrids and the mechanics of the heredity involved could only be discovered experimentally by making controlled ; i rents, followe series of known parents and in their offspring as tested by con- trolled self- and cross-pollinations. An increase in the num mber of differences in characters that are tions is 729; and unless the progeny are grown in large numbers no two of them will be alike in all respects 85 New ee In First New GENERATION single new characteristic Fits ars in the F, hybrid and is Sontniea in later generations may be illustrated by the hybrids of certain red-flowered and te a owered races of the four-o’clock (Afirabilis) which have pink flowers. The tw orm sex f a h had oo in hybrids, which do not breed true to the pink flower- ees points of practical interest may be noted in this type of result. The seeds of pink-flowered plants (Rw) will produce m ty ick may be two types of oie in the first ee on SECOND GENERATION SHOWS GRADATIONS H y that gives many gradations in a character may be Tee . the results obtained when a certain red-seeded wheat was crossed with a white- was crossed with a white-seeded wheat. The roduced seeds that were light red in color. In the colors of the seeds of the various F, plants the re many gradations, ra tr to white. Geneticists interpret this result in terms of multiple factors that have ac ioe reactions. The re 1 seeds n the one parent appears to be due to several units i ae plasm. Th e F, hybrids possess oF of these and are light combinations of these factors in different numbers in mie various 86 individuals in the F, result in different degrees of red in seeds according to the number of factors present. Many so-called quantitative characters are extremely complex, both in their ex- pression and in their inheritance V. Hysrivs THat Have New CHARACTERISTICS ‘bridizations which have greatest interest to plant breed- ers and oe value to horticulture are those which bring new characteristics into existence. These may be illustrated by the following cases :— By hybridizing certain varieties of white- flowered sweet peas, hich b cultivated sweet oe had purple flowers. The flower color of the F, hybrids of the white-flowered pa arents seems to be due to a inet interaction between two series of hereditary units 0 owered es. When these factors are aa ht ae i iia Ae assorted in the p ction and germ cells, ec d in subsequent fertilizations, many shades of fl colors appear ut even i ny s Its are merel - versions to types previously in existence, their reappearance may be in associations that are new—suc larger flowers and e th prolific blooming. Reversions are hence of value in plant breed- ee t hy bridization between distinct natural species of plants ’, with orange ir have all been utilized by repeated crossing as parents of hybrids. A great diversity of flower colors pemiee in tsp progeny. There 87 are many intermediate shades of color, there are many combina- ons iffere ti of different elements of coloring, and there are various es of intensification, ee of fulvous co 1 are obtained hav red flowers, brilliant red colorings and it much intensified eye-zone in t Iso these hybridizations bring into existence a wide range of variations 1 size and for flowers, in period of growth and season of flower- dominant characters from different parents may be combined (Cl II); certain pairs of characters show quantitative in- heritance with numerous intergradations (Class III) ; for other ane there may be types of reversion oe and for many he oe new qualities appear. Asa result, no two seedling aa es de a complex hybrid coe re alike. So metimes |. wo sisters & a populatio f the siz 2 arac- ter, such as the color of flowers. From such a medley individual plants of special merit may be selected for propagation and garden culture or for use in aus breeding. The results obtained in hybridizing various citrus fruits, a work begun over 30 years by Dr. . Webber and Dr. Walter T. Swingle of the Bureau of Plant Induce: may be cited as note- worthy in the production of new types of fruits. A wild Japanese pe obtained a uced a rem narsable! new Giles of fruit so different rom any t evious. e named “citranges.” The fruits ‘of the different epee 7 os in size, pie and color, They have an abundan acid juice and are more ybrids now known as “tangelos” were obtained between the tangerine and the pomelo or grape fruit. Their fruits are also of ox of fruits of the tangelo. From right to left below are iit a ea fen anh tangelolo (hybrid of tangelo and pomelo), gelo, and of t a new type with almost no characters precisely like those of either parent. The seedling which produces the best fruit is known as the Samson tangelo and it is now being grown to some extent in Florida. By hybridizing the . West Indian lime with the very hardy kumquat orange, hy own as “limequats’” have been ob- ined, which are i ‘oda For many years hybrids Bence distinct species and even be- tween species of different genera have been known and it has 89 e recognized that in certain cases such hybrids may be more or a a new type of plant. For cab ibl ally these | have ee con- (Brassica oe ae) are sua sidered as sterile or as very is fruitful. Recently, however, a ussian botanist, Karpechenko, ma ful stud f h hybrids and has succeeded in developing a fertile strain. A stu pore formation shows how this has been possible. In the F, hybrids the processes rogenesis ar ratic but in a few cells tl duction divisions are omitted and the 9 chromo- t an e 9 chromosomes from th each f $ the processes of s formation becom h more regular and there is high fertility. Thus the progeny remain half cabbage and half radish and t has come into e what may be re- ar as a new species to which the generic name Raphanobras- sica been given. ants of this new type have been hybridi with such other species as the turnip (Brassica campestris), the i A fertile triple hybrid involving tee species of Nicotiana has recently been reported by ea K n. Jour. Botany 18: 112 931 t 5 wide ae ie otes fe seclneet mentioned above. Th studies of chromosome be (ee in Guia show how these ri h results stimulate interest in hybridization and indi- cate tat it is indeed a potent agent in the production of new types of plants. a are differences of opinion among plant breeders an the basic units of germ plasm or w various units into new combinations. The matter is one o interest and importance ny hybridizations do not c eon the olved; and changes in the h inv o occur which are apparently not jay related to hy bias. gO tion. But hybridization does bring new qualities and characteris- tics into existence in plants, producing new types of great value an. ybrids are frequently more vigorous in vegetative ls in sei a as are many c rnamentals such ec ‘onomic plants as the tu a i=] = a a S = oO ct > gy } + 9 a Pt) s by when the s eeds of such ner were ie ied were ae 0 u fo in hybridization der the gardener’s protection any types which cannot survive i te are ke ving. By methods of vegetative propagation, some of ,s as graft- ropag. y such e been de- ey aad maintained ihe many clons of tulips, irises, danies gt chrysanthemums, peonies, asters, ees lilacs, roses, rhododen drons, etc., which grace the gardens of today. By such means these groups will in the future be ae er improve ) t plants that are now wild will be utilized in the development of still wer kinds of plants of value in gar d orchard regarding the processes of reproduction and heredity as this has developed during the Pe oy oe The § science of ae aims to discover by ad of e law of heredity in reproducti ion. It aims to determine the ce change or “mi they assume new properties, and ho dita At the same e time microscopic studies reveal much prim nh . results of activities - units of living material see formation of spores = sex-cells. ome of the highly si P i Man elas from the usual p ee are found in the . 3 : eration of plants. Unbalanced numbers in the sets of chromo- 92 somes result in many inceylanlies during segregation, le e miplete abor' to) advance ju or what aan will be eee when breeding is begun with a new group of plants. It should be pan aiateen oe the plant breeder or the eticist Oo ) stri rid the tions and to this extent deter e parentage. He can a cert: e, force or ind ss-breeding and obtain hybrids which may never occur 1 tu use in choos- in selecting the offspring in studies of heredity or in selectiv breeding which aims to produce plants of value to mankin A, TOUT, BOTANICAL CROSSROADS, HISTORIC AND PREHISTORIC From boreal regions almost to the tropics, one can now drive by automobile over a direct route. Since the completion of a new ig n a jeune back would have been called fantastic, is now made pos- sible. And while this route se is distinctly : modern, it crosses on its lai used by the a orien nations,—the Algonquian, Iroquoian Sionan, Uchean, Muschogean, Timuguanan, and Arawaken. The 93 lower part of its course traverses the territory of an unknown ui But as they a been revealed, they have been obliterated on the pers of the road, and no one, apparently, has recorded the traces of the life of ee people, extinct now for several hun- ars. The only documentary evidence we have of their existence is tured and held prisoners for a period, ma: the sixteenth cen- tury: t the plant life of i region a its own story of the civilization of this now lost tribe. he aborigines built mounds, made trails, and dug canals! The first have weathered the centuries well enough to be quite evident today ; the last have been mostly filled in Aah sand and silt, but ill be traced. e modern Seminoles and the ancient aborigines had trails running from the Everglades and Whitewater Bay to Florida re and the other waters along the eastern Florida coast. I Ned to take their dug-out canoes with them either way ae had t de them over the 2 nd, The £ old exhibited ri s the white man today. The Soa SE both for cae in im- possible, places is nothing short of pathetic. Thi culiarity, mer € a er eee a long and perhaps rough water journey around the capes This ancient canal has filled in with marl during the centuries since it was in use. However, the filled-in materials, with p 94 haps a different water content from that of the bordering lands, support a different plant page and through this difference form of small kitchen-middens, many of which have gradually er modern ae cross this ancient one in several places where these characteristics are evident. Judging by the local evidence as compared with our standards of living, the old red man there nce. The mounds mentioned above are situated in the dense Ue gator lakes, and gave a re range of country for drawing on the vari- ous mammals and bir Joun K, Sat. HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS! The growing of herbaceous perennials is one the most satis- fying branches of outdoor rien This phase of horticulture gives large dividends in uty, pleasure, a satisfaction, with 1 Abstrac ne is illustrated lecture given at The New York Botanical Garden on ee day afternoon, December 6, 1930, by the Horticulturist of the Ticckivn Botanic Garden 95 comparatively little expenditure of time, money, and effo n yet, in the development of the perennial border, ample sea is affor r the exercise of cultural skill aud work of the highest order, if t mis e ed wi gard to color, height, and time of blooming, and then properly main perennial border is a permanent thing and, to get et results, supply of plant food. Planting may be carried out in the spring eon : planting. Although a perennial border may be as little as two feet wide, best results are obtained when the width is considerably eecaten than this—say, eight to ten feet. This width affords greater Me portunity for artistic grouping and harmonious relation of th component plants. Although, by making use a spring- and fall-blooming bulbs, the blooming period of the border may be made to extend from March happens tha owner is away throughout a large part of the owing season and it is a waste of sp t plants that $0 ] n all cases, a plan should be made before actual planting starts. The lecturer demonstrated on the black- card the methods followed in making a planti Routine work sists of surface cultivation, wate sion and replanting of some plan s rysanthemum, Hardy Aster, Phlox, Veronica, and Peony, varying from every year toe a cording to j Cc The most desirable plants for the perennial border were dis- cussed with special reference to their cultural requirements These included Goldentuft, Hollyhock, Ane , Columbine, Aster, Bellflower, Chrysanthemum, Delphinium, Dianthus, Fox glove, Gaillardia, Gypsophila, Sunflower, Day-lily, Iris, Lily, Peony, Phlox, Primula, Sedum, Globeflower, and others. propagation by seeds, cuttings, and division; soil preparation; planting, ov supports for plai MontaGue FREE. 96 OBSERVATIONS ON ROOT GROWTH FROM CUTTINGS? Factors Eohyae root ees from cuttings are as follow Temperature: Roots will fr cuttings over a w eae range of fempesiares but a is ee an optimum ter t varies with the species. In general, the optimum falls somewhere between 60° and 75, oots will grow with t ture: ch lower than the optimum but require more ti T g rowth., po ample, some cuttings will root in three ood growt ng: months’ time at 50° F., whereas they will root in nee weeks if placed at 70° F. Hater factors: At the time the cutting is made it has usually an optimum water-content. As soon as it is separated from the mother plant it has the problem of ie moisture from a creased or stopped. The water balance is best maintained by plac- ing the cutting deep in the medium or maintaining a high relative humidity until roots start. awygen: This is seldom a hmiting factor if cuttings are plac oxygen ae is too low. Also, when he water is aérate en Too r e moss and sand pe eee, furnishes atisfactory me eat moss is more or less sterile and ik moisture Sch me than sand bstract of a lecture for class instruction given at The New York Botanical Garden on ee 10, 1931. 97 Season of the ee and light: Many cuttings grow best if made requirements have to be worked out for individual species and it is not s 0 generalize. Inherent qualities: There is aha ing inherent in varieties which cannot be overcome by pra . If a cutting lacks the capacity t rm roots from ee i it is nen to propa- gate plants from cuttings. There are a few species of this sort. Holly cuttings were made and planted in sand to demonstrate the best method of planting cuttings with leaves. Hardwood met demonstrated. The class had some practice in making various inds of cuttings. P. W. ZIMMERMAN. A NEW BOOK ON ALPINES BY MRS. McCULLY? Added to the list of books on rock and water gardens this spring is an enticing volume from the and experience—of ees son McCully and the press of cae entitled “ Amer- can Alpines in the Garden.” Enticing it is, first because, after four brief but thorough c rs. M m the Siskiyous to the High Sierras, among the Rockies of the ex- treme east and the Coast Range of the extreme west, and into the 1McCully, Anderso American Alpines in the Garden i+ 1-251. The Macmillan. Cotenhe. New ¥ Me Mr 1931. Kone eee $2.50 98 mountains of the desert and the southern border of the United States. And all the ae there are flowers—magnificent flowers, ae pei some remote and rare and some abundant. er proves = knowledge of them by describing the bt babies, and requi ts some 600 species which, she roper caution, be transferred to one’s garder Esp well moisten 1 will sometimes eciest themselves to new sur- rs. would seem, to a an alpine garden at once—how one can a tate the sun-baked rocks of mountain heights, the flat moraine compo. of glacial débris, the rou hff watere ntle seepage, the shady hollow which gives other plants their natural surroundings, and the mountain pool and stream wit quatic Eve Mrs. Neu lly has raised herself. At e end she ee al the alpines according to their habits and eauiements CaroL H. Woopwarp. NOTES, NEWS, AND COMMENT In addition to the oo with Sun Yatsen University and the ee of Nanking, noted in the February number of the Journal, Dr. E. D. Merrill, Director-in-Chief, has made an agreement with ae n University of Canton, for codperative work in the botanical ee ion es southern China. r. E. D. Merrill, Director-in-Chief, has been appointee amem- of a committee of The National Parks Association “to stud a functions and uses of National Parks as a guide in determin- the purpose of making them accessible to the people” The mycological department of The New York Botanical Gar- den has recently mounted and filed in book form nearly 10,000 99 specimens of fungous exsiccati. Most of these are duplicates of specimens already distributed through the collection. However. is very convenient to have cluplicate sets filed in serial order. hoped that snes all published sets of exsiccati may be so arranged. ol o 77) . Dodge has just turned over to the Mycological De- paritnent one hundred specimens of fungi “ Herbarium Myco- : Tr $3 logicum ee issue rof Dr. Tr. Savulescus of Roumania. These specimens are unusually well put up, with es bale aA they are a valuable addition to the collec- n of exsicc The following visiting ae have enrolled in the library during the winter: Dr. 1. M. Johnston, Cambridge, Mass.; Prof. John E. Jack, Jamaica Plain, Mass.; Pro . MLA. hdaees New Brunswick, N. J.; Mrs. Allan Marquand, Princeton, N. J.; Dr. cae I. Wherry, University of Pennsylvania, ts Pa.; Prof. L. O. Overholts, Pennsylvania State College, Pennsylvania ; Miss Phoebe M. Knappen and Mr, E. L. Killip, Washington, ; Mr. Myron A. Rice, Clemson College, S. C.; Prof. Shigeo WV amanoucn, egies of Chicago; Dr. Caroline Rumbold, Mad- ison, Wis. ; all, Carnegie Institution, Stanford Uni- versity, Cal ; Mr G. A. Ledingham, University ronto, Can. ; Prof. A. H oo. uller er, Univer ity of Ma — W innipeg, C cane ad, U. Ss n A. Stevenson, mycologist of the Bureau of Plant In- dusty, “t ashington, D. C., spent several days at the Garden in = i = je} E =] ive} o < oO g = c 3 a lon iu ° 5 3, =] a a ° . a oO S po 3 Zz ae) oO = wr uel 7) g r*) a oO Pp oO Mr. Stevenson has spent several years in Porto Rico and has become especially interested in this group of fungi, most of which are tropical, A trust fund for botanical research has been established at the University of Minnesota as the result 7 a request made by the late Dr. J. Arthur Harris a year ago on his death-bed. He asked that nothing be spent on flowers for a funeral, but that the 100 money be put into a trust fund for research in botany. The fund contributed by university staff members and others, now totals $1,066.21. Dr. Harris was head of the Botany Department at Minnesota and was also connected with the Agricultural Experi- me ti i uthorit 10 Man, Ace in that field adopted by the Scientific ‘Book Club last summer The Rev. Dr. Alpheus Baker Hervey, author of popular books on botany, such as “Sea Mosses,” “ Beautiful Wild Flowers of cum,” died at Baldwin, ae Island, on March 10, a few weeks the last five or six years. Dr. Hervey was a frequent visitor to The New York Botanical Garden and many of his later collections of algae were sent here for determinatio oo ee Lae The maximum temperatures recorded t The ot wi w ae were: we se on the 2nd and 6th; 53” on the 14th; 56° on corded were: 24° on the 3rd; 26° h ; 30° on the and 39° on the 24th. The total precipitation for the month was 4th 0 amount of ee Traces of snow also fell on the zoth and the 19th PUBLICATIONS OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN Journal of The New York Botanical Garden, monthly, containing notes, news, and non-technical articles. Free to mere: rs of the Garden. To others, 10 cents a copy; $1.00 a year. Now its thirty-second volume, Mycologia, bimonthly, devoted to fun ngi, inc reludiog lichens; $5.00 a yea siete copies not for sale. [Not offered in exchange.] Now in its Gener third volume. Addisonia, quarterly, devoted exelusively, to colored wiates accompanied by popular descripti ions e pLiow: wering plants; eight Ble ales in oe number, thirty-two in each v Su Bee cription price, 00 a r. [Not red in exchan ea ONSwi n its sixteenth volume. Bulletin of The New York ‘Botanical Garden, containing reports of the Director-in-Chief and other official documents, and technical articles em- bodying results of Peeves ions: Free to all members of the arden; to others, $3.00 per volum Now in its fourteenth volume. No a American lore, Descriptions of the wild plas of le Amer- ica, including Greenland, the West ena and Central America. Planned ° 0. paral Om four or more parts. 66 parts now issued. Subscription price, $1.50 per part; a limited number of separate parts will be sold for $2.00 each. [Not Co} ered in exc aed Memoirs of T ork Bot 1 Garden. ce to members the Garden: vols. ne UE "ie 50 per Ela: to others, He a Vol. VII, $2. a to myembers to others, $5.0 Vol. I. An Annotated Guialate of the Flora of Montana and th el. pewstane Park, by Per Axel Rydberg. ix-+ 492 pp., with detailed. map. eo a ie sarauenice of Light and Darkness upon Growth ae tg opment, by D. T. MacDougal. xvi 320 pp., with 176 pounce: hee ville, New Yo rk, by A. Hollick and E. C. Jeffrey. xiii 138 pp., with 29 Vol. IV. Effects of the Rays of Radium on Plants, by Charles Stuart Gager. Vai + 478 pp., with 73 figures and 14 plates. 1908. Vol. V. Flora of the Vicinity of New York: A Contribution to Plant Geography, by Norman Taylor. vi+ 683 pp., with 9 plates. 1915. Vol. VI. Papers pacsenved at the Celebration of the Twentieth A versary of The New York Beater Garden. viii+ 504 pp., Sain ve plates and many text fe es. 19 Vol. VII. Includes New Mececok yceae from Porto Rico, by N. L. Gardner; The Hower Behavior of Avocados, by A. B. Stout; Descrip- tions of New and ay cies of Plants Collected on the Mulford pape ical epider ted of t zon Valley, 1921-1922, 8 Brittonia. A series of botanical papers. Subscription price, $5.00 per volume. Now in its first volume. Contributions from The New York Botanical Garden. A series of tech- nies papers written by students or members of the staff, and reprinted ‘om journals other than une a ove. Price, 25 cents each. $5.00 per vol- iinie. In the thirteenth v THE NEW YORK Be owe GARDEN nx Park, New York, N. Y. GENERAL INFORMATION ees of the leading features of The New York Botanical Garden ae ur hundred acres of beautifully cryersiied land in the northern Park of the City of New York, through which aloe fhe Bronx River. A nativ hemlock forest is one of the features of th Plantations of thousands of native and ch a trees, shrubs, and ts. io flowering plan Gardens, including a beautiful rose garden, a rock garden of rock-loving plants, and fern and herbaceous garden Greenhouses, eenisining thousands Be Ratecestdes plants from America and foreign countr; Flower shows ciroupieat the year—in the spring, summer, an displays of narcissi, daffodils, Auli lilacs, irises, peonies, roses, lilies, water-lilies, gladioli, bua and c in the winter displays nts. e- hrysanthemums; Am Saati Tetibt its of fossil plants, existing plant families, local plants pce wi epe undred miles of the City of New York, and the economic uses of plant: An herbarium, comprising more than one million specimens of Amer- ican and foreign species. Exploration in different parts of the United States, the West Indies, Central and South America, for the study and collection of the character- istic flora. cientific pevearey in laboratories and in the field into the diversified prapicnts of plant life. A library o Doane literature, comprising more than 41,000 books and numerous pamphlet Public lectures on a ieee variety of botanical topics, continuing throughout the year. Publications on botanical subjects, partly of technical, scientific and partly of popular, interest. The education of school children and the public through the above features an nd we giving of free information on botanical, horticultural, and forestal su The Ce is oe upon an annual ues Dy the City of New York, private benefactions and mem Bue ship fees. It possesses now nea any wo thousand basen Se a eee nee ion membership are ee welcome. The classes of membership a ra eee ce ; series Bono Benefa atron single contribut 4 Fellow for Life sseeeeees Single contribution 1,000 Member for Life ............... single contribution 250 Fellowship Member ............. annual fee 100 Sustaining eRe eee enersleierete anual re 25 nnua Contributions to the Ghigitin & may vie aces Sai taxable incomes. The following is an approved form of bequest I hereby bequeath to The New York Botanical Givien incorporated under the Laws of New York, eile! eae it nie the sum of ———— Conditional bequests m with income payetis to donor or any designated teneheaey dining he or her lifet All requests a further information should be or ee & New York BotanicaL GARDEN pene PARK, NEW YORK, N. Y. VOL. XXXII May, 1931 No. 377 JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN A DESTRUCTIVE RED-CEDAR RUST DISEASE SCIENTIFIC EXPEDITION TO VENEZUELA H. A. GLeason BEGONIAS AS HOUSE PLANTS Bessie W. Buxton THE WATER-LILIES OF THE UNITED STATES Joun K. Smart NOTES, NEWS, AND COMMENT ACCESSIONS PUBLISHED FOR THE GARDEN At LiME AND GREEN STREETS, LANCASTER, Pa. THE ScreNcE Press PrintiInc COMPANY Entered at the post-office in Lancaster, Pa., as second-class matter. Annual subscription $1.00 Single copies 10 cents Free to members of the Garden THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN BOARD OF MANAGERS Henry W. ve Forest, President Gr HEnry DE Forest BALDWIN, Vice President ApotpH LEWISOHN H F. K. Srurcis, Vice President ENRY LocKHaRT, JR. aa L. Merritt, Treasurer D. T. MacDoucaL D. Bar ie Aah cd KennetH K. MACKENZIE Epwarp D. Ap H. pe tA MontTacneg, Jr. Raymonp F. BACON J. Przrront Morcan Cuar.es P. BERKEY Lewis RuTHERFURD Morris Marston T. Bocert ; H. Hopart Porter GerorcE S. BREWSTER Henry H. Russy TTON GeorcE J. RYAN NicHoLas Moree Butler Mortimer L. SCHIFF THomas A, ee DISO: Epmunp W. SINNOTT Sau Farr ae ue TRELEASE R. A. Ha pens m H. WEBSTER quis J. WALKER, gMosar of the City Me We Yori R. Herricr, President of the Depectment of Parks nares DIRECTORS R. A. Harper, Pu. D., Sc. D., Chairman D. T. MacDoueat, Pu. D., LL. D. Raymonp F, ‘Bacon, Pu. D., Sc. D. Henry H. HR a ny Sc. Cartes P. Berxey, Pu. D., Sc. D. Groce J. RYAN Marston T. Bocert, Sc. D., LL. D. is y NicHoLtas Murray Butter, "PH. D., Epmunp W. ar, ee D. LL. D., Lrrr. D. Sam F. Trevease, Px. D. DIRECTOR EMERITUS N. L. Barron, Pu. D., Sc. D., LL. D GARDEN STAFF E. D. Merritt, Sc. D. Director-in-Chief MarsHa.t A. Howe, Pu. D., Sc. D. .........2. eee e eens Assistant Director Joun K. Smatt, Pu. D., Sc. D. ............. Head Curator of the Museums A. B. Stout, Px. D Director of the Laboratories H. A. Greason, Px. D Curator Frep J. Seaver, Px. D. ARTHUR Hotticx, Pu. D. Paleabeteg Bernarp O. Doncez, Px. D. nt Pathologist Forman T. McLean, M. F., Po. D......... Supervisor of able Education Joun HENDLEY BARNHART, "A. M, IM.) Dives ae cece eis Bibliographer Percy WILson Associate Curator PatMyre DE C. MITCHELL adssacinte| puroiar Sarau H. Hartow, A. M. HE Rusay M.D cna. ee Honorary Curator eu ihe Economic Cal aletons EvizasetH G. Britton rary Curator Mary E. Eaton rtist Rosert S. WHE Administrative Assistant E. J. ALEXANDER Assistant Curator Apert C. Smirtu, A. B. Acniant Curator Crype CHANDLER, A. M. Technical Assistant Marjorie E. Swirt, A. M. Assan Pathologist RosALiE WEIKERT Technica Aaielant KennetH R. Boynton, B. S. d Gardener G. L. Wirrrocx, A. M. ocen H. M. Denstow, A. M., D. D...... Honorary Cysiodion of Pacey ee Rogert FUSCEESUEL plereteleteteyatclelelelaielerstale(s ‘ary Curator of Myxomycetes E. B. Sournwick, Pu. D...............- Cus ote tan of Hebbesecus ‘Ground Eruet Anson S. Peon, Honorary Curator, Iris and Narcissus Collections Joun R. Brintey, C. E. an els ngineer Wa ter S. GuorsbEck Clerk and Accountant ArtHur J. CorBett ...... eiersoieeiets Superintendent of Baddinge cia Grounds JOURNAL OF The New York Botanical Garden VoL. XXXIT May, 1931 No. 377 A DESTRUCTIVE RED-CEDAR RUST DISEASE? ago Dr. a P. Clinton, preparing a program for the a Natori Shade Tree Conference, asked the writer to dis- cuss methods of ete the apple rusts without removing the cedar This was, in effect, a request to defend the red cedar, Juniperus virginiana, nst the ¢ e of being a public nui- ance, brought against it by apple-growers of this country. is claimed that the apple is subject to a ttack . species of ging to en =} ao Bet rho OD so loa’ mage galls characteristic of these two species develop only fro tissue and the tree rids itself of the individual infections ae m d after two or three years, because the fungus myceliur become perennial by penetrating down into ae branches. n recent years it has been proved that a third species of rust, Gymnosporangium germinale (G. eee severely attacks the f £ ral ieti f apple, rendering it unsalable. This species is nnial in the limbs and trunk t 1 Th pere fungus develops largely in the outer cortex just beneath the corky bark, however, so that it does not seriously affect the cedar host. 1Studies in the genus Gymnosporangium 102 Ficure 1. Explanation on opposite page. 103 Thus on three counts the red cedar is condemned, the only remedy, the apple-growers say, is to destroy all red cedar ” he said, shall peste old Bee rs ae long ae guard about i een dwell- ing and they were not to be sacrifice This note is not particularly a deine of the red cedar as an a welcome break in a dreary Long Island land- in old New En- e, OF as gland pastures. Rather it is to direct attention to a rust disease which is eee te surely contributing to the mortality of red cedars in t eee in ae part of the country can boast of such beau- be seen in Arlington Na- what appears to be the effuse type of infection by Gymnosporan- gium Nidus- Limbs to inches in eter quently roughly scarred for several feet, and every year s limbs as h died are out. e is scarcely a tree still standing that does not show several serious trunk and limb infec- The natural alternate hosts for G. Nidus-avis are cco . Paria but, as has been confirmed by others since then, writer has proved conclusively that the apple can also be infec’ a Fic A. Portion of trunk of a young red cedar three years one inoculation with fanboy ante Vides -avis. B. The male s A afte having been wet to cause the rust sori to swell. Natural si Ficure 2. Explanation on opposite page. 105 It is interesting to see, however, in such places as The New York Botanical Garden and other parks, that red cedars planted in re- ent years sho i i i with a Gymnos . single species, is certai ily miuluform’ in its manifestations. Ame- d Malu. s : densel ded acerose leaves; (2) sori poe, large e wi ~brooms; (3) trunk infections, i There i about ten aa a the one The rate with which trunk infections spread is shown in Fic- urE 1. As compared with pear blight, the spread here might not seem very rapid. It is because of this rather slow rate that the ultimate damage by this rust has heretofore not be eal- iz Il potted cedar was inoculated by spraying it with suspension of aeci res taken from apple leaves previously involved large branches. Infection first showed two Bek — 2Dodge, B. O. Studies in the genus Gymnosporangium—lII. port on eas made in 1915 and 1916. Bull. Torrey Club 45: 300, Ficure 2. Red cedar showing swelling of trunk and excessive growth of strips of bark in the region infected with the rust fungus Gymno- pastuberd Nidus-azis, completely encircling the tree. The 7 ck strip n the side of the other cedar shows a more localized trunk infection by other species of rust. Ficure 3. Explanation on opposite page. 107 in the form of two stem sori at a point about the middle of the es nowett tion. A piece of ph hoon the n Figure 3, A. rre ela orientation of the swollen sori is seta indicated in ane pictu The most destructive type ae ction occurs when the fungus travels straight up and down, ace the development of long, arallel ayes ridges, as wn in FIGURE 3, B, The ridges is dead gus is moving slowly around the limb, as evidenced by the two row Ten sori beyond which (above in the picture) the fungus has as netrated. Small boys are sometimes said to e cedar-apples stimulated to form Gymnosporangium Juniperi-virgini is may I be be- lieved, beca e t the ridge-like galls shown in s this figure in the spring of the year when th r would have found them composed of rather firm cortical oe £3. A. Telial sori of Gymnosporangium Nidus-avis on a limb of red ced r. Sori irregularly oriented. B. Below are seen four or five s on a limb killed by a eae infection of the effuse type. Natural siz 108 filled with rich foodstuffs of a pleasant nutty flavor. Instead of forming “cedar-apple” galls, this species causes truncate mae like galls well supplied with food for th eee of the s to be formed. After the teliospores have matured, the gall a. becomes brown, more or less suberized, ae transformed into a ridge which seems to serve as a sort of cork callus Recent observations on the condition of trees now as compared per have u face eee nm by “red spiders.” It is clear that when large numbers of ae of the tree are infected with G. Nidus-avis so that witches’-brooms are formed all over the tree, considerable damage is bound to follow Nevertheless, it is the deche seated trunk infections which hee stroy the cambium and inner bark that are the most ser: ious, seriously handicapped. The great damage done the southern white cedar, Chamaecyparis thyoides, by two ot — species 0 ymnosporangium will be described in a later n B. O. Donce. SCIENTIFIC EXPEDITION TO VENEZUELA e Pacaraima-Venezuela Expedition has recently published a t gz the in reaching this remote region make a codperative ae ea 109 while the fact that it is an almost completely nae region ce ver $ gives pro of results of the highest importan ral line of s ee investigation, extending beyond the falas of any one of the three organizations. In ae to facilitate the conduct of the expedition, an indepen- dent company has been incorporated under the laws . a oS of Nev rshi _E. the Garden, vice-president, and Raye R. Platt, of the Geo- graphical ee secretary. e other members of the corpora- tion are the directors of the three coéperating institutions. The charter gives eran all necessary powers to carry on the exploration, "i the material collected, and publish the scientific e Baca raima Mountains cover an area about as large as the mor ‘th 500 feet above the one io wlands in pee m Venezuela. Although known to geographers and biologists for ntury, it was never ascend: 1 € spent sever: e n its broad summit and re- turned with a s botanical collections were presented to the Garden by the Amer- i - represent the sole basis of our limited knowl- Between He two extremes lies the vast unexplored range of the Pacaraimas, t unknown biologically and only partially and probably eee mapped. Robert Schomburgk crossed 110 the range in four places nearly a century ago and located a few joints by astronomical observations. the Indians in 1 studies e Indians in 1904. dredge, of the Brooklyn Institute, has penetrated the range at a different place. Maps generally s various rivers rising in t into the their exact location, their 2 ae lowland rivers, or the height of ountains is unk nd the information given by ca he use of aéroplanes to ort ae already been established at simen t to New York, and for bringing in mail and fresh sup- ple The leader 2 the expedition i is H. E. Anthony, of the American he will be aér was aérial ae og ae (e) arctica. G. C. Graves, and, and W. B. Millar, Jr., are the geolo- gists; C,H. Curr logist ; : and G. A. Thorne, chief pilot, late of ihe ee Expedition; two or three other members will be chosen late III The botanical interests of the party will be cared for by two en, A. C. Smith, of the Garden staff, and N. Y. Sandwith, of the ns at E Smi ritish G 1 . men are unusually well qualified for their eae on such an me Fhici ome of the remarkable floristic ae [ hiss region became hee when the Schomburgk brot her 5 frst co llected there nearly he extreme eastern end of range, aroun ima. Since then R has b known as a center for a peculiar flora, characterized by an extraordinary number of local endemic spe- cies and by ai usually large proport plants with large and beautiful flowe Al gh several other collectors have since then penetrated ima or actually reached its summit, it is probable that not more than half of its plant inhabitant: as yi At the other extremity of nge, M ui 207 species of plants find their on higher alti- udes of Roraima and this ee i ener is ae by adequate exploration Between thes ee mountains lie the unexplored parts of the to contain 4,000 different kinds of plants. ho low- lands will probably be mostly well-known species, but t her evations contai sibly a sand e species still unknown to botanical science. Naturally we can not even guess Ii2 what these plants will be, but we may logically expect to find among them many of great scientific or horticultural interest, if Duid. oth. In the = will shelter co twice as many eae and there will be a in a mountainous ae where every summit a its own en- i read we lution takes and ee eae arison give some ve of what their an- d ani- 3 a w a fel oR om 3 oa e 5 BF pes a ct Ba o Bd 4 a Q ° 5 a = 8 c. 3 aq ct a o a=) & wn o vn. tinuous across te Gis valley westward to the Andes. if a 113 hows a considerable proportion of plants with Andea’ e c affinities, this th will much strengthened. Fourthly, i plants any hi ental species which will be a distinct asset to American horticulture, either nder glass in the northern states or in the in Florida and California, and every eff made to get seeds, roots, or cuttings of many of these back to New York for cultivation o rt Tf sufficient funds become available, xpert horticulturist will be attached to the expedition for this particular purpos ifthly, here is always the possibility of disco of new and valuable very medicinal plants, now in use by the Indians but still unknown to ce. Space does not permit a discussion of further details of this remarkable flora, and a single example must suffice. The largest pitcher-plants in the oe 80 far as know oe he Pa- e kind o his In an able pa ts oe in the greenhouses of The New York Botan- ical Gar H. A. GLeason. BEGONIAS AS HOUSE PLANTS? Begonias make ideal house plants, because some varieties enjoy a sunny window, and others are quite content with little or no sun. They pee at different seasons, also, so one may ie fora countries of the world, a great many being found in Central and Sout i 1 Abstract of a lecture given March 14, 1931, at The New York Botanical Garden by the ee aie Secretary of the National Council of State Garden Club Federations. 114 The best soil for begonias is a light, porous one, composed of oO a. a one part old cow-manure. This should be thoroughly mixed. If it is not possible to get these materials, any greenhouse man will sell Eas mixed soil. Begonias should be watered sparingly, for they do not like wet feet. Some fresh air should be admitted every day, but direct draughts should be avoided, as this will cause the leaves to drop. e eaves. € prevent the nay from cracking, and the family e less apt to have head colds.) Pans of wet gravel may be ie under the pots, and jue ‘ water set on the radiators will help to keep the air moist. The best time to propagate ig rage is in the spring, when cut- s may be rooted in moist sand. A home substitute for a a th o i st appears on the glass. After the cuttings are well rooted, whic usually takes three or four weeks, they may be transplanted into small pots of soil. he bloo: ming varieties need a sunny window, but the Rex and spotted ‘leaf varieties ie nicely in a north window. For house plants, winter-blooming kinds are most desirable. The semper- es reen hae d hite flowers. Rosea pect on is a seedling of n leaves and great Schmidtiana, a Brazilian species, has small, gr h-green, vel vety leaves, red underneath. 1, white, pink-tin we ers are both plentiful and constant. mplinti is another excel- lent winter-bloomer. This is a tall shrubby variety with beauti- IIS fully mottled leaves of green and cream-yellow, with rose tints. he large trusses of flowers are rose pink. This needs a sunny window. e north window, we may choose the old favorite, ar- leaves and ioe ed flowers, will do oe inan arthess indov a north window. It comes from Colombia, a might well be The most difficult part of begonia culture is to a the begonia. Florists say frankly that they are slow sellers. And people seek- ing the choicer varieties say it is useless to go to the florists, as they carry only a few of the old varieties. But the demand of e ami ness. So if we keep on demanding begonias—and buying them— the florist -_ hunt them out and grow them for us, and we shall all be happy. Bessie W. Buxton. ‘2ZIS 24} Ul SHOET IW JeYM SIaMOY JO Joquinu oy} ul dn sayeUl JT ‘AYY-1ITEM Sty} YM pajejndod Ayyory, oq Av spuod JO sazis [[e@ [fey [uN Sursds <[se9 worg ‘iddississipy usayinos ur puod puxjeuld e ul vyD4ope vYDjs0D “1 TANITA 117 THE WATER-LILIES OF THE UNITED STATES? Water-lilies are now sauce ean some o attractive, but for many es bef t vogue, these plants were Ridin from The aborigines made use of both the ones and the seeds for food. ce water-lilies are ae of wet oo we are not dis- appointed in finding on the Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plain, the ultimate drainage ee of the interior tiehiande a considerable development a aquatic flowering plants. cur in sizes ranging from the gigantic Thalia . si almost caer Wolffella. Some are firmly anchored in the mud, o e free-floating. Some grow only quite sudden changes in the ae level. TS. Se are floriferous during each ome have daher small flowers; others have both large and ; attractive and even showy flowers. Following is a table of the ‘species native in the United States: Castalia ampla (white or pink-tinged)—southern Texas (Mex- ico and West ea o Brazi ue pale- -violet)—southern Florida and os hern Texas (Mexico). w)—Florida. Castalia eens lla (white or pinkish)—southern Georgia and or! o Louisiana (Iest Indies, Mexico. Castalia ce na (yellow)—southern Louisiana and Texas Meri exico). Castalia minor (white or pink)—Florida to Louisiana, and New ersey. Castalia nee TS or pink)—Florida to Louisiana, Mani- toba an a Scotia Castalia tetragona er meee Canada to northern Idaho. Castalia a (white)—New Jersey and Oklahoma to Mich- igan a eae The f ing notes and illustrations were made possible mainly is by exploration carried on through the interest “7 Hee of the Garden. 118 There are eight or nine species? of Castalia in North America orth of Mexico. About half of them are pie to the At- lantc and the Gulf Coastal Plain, while the other half occur in Texas, ranges southward through Mexico and the West Indies to Brazil. Of the three extra-Coastal Plain species, Castalia odorata e . White or pink flo comprise the variety hese more eee 4 distributed water- Plain sho e vari Mexican specimens. This geography is also represented in Cas- talia elegans (FIGURE 3), which was recently discovered in south- ° Nine species, if Castalia flava and C. mexicana are distinct. "MOLIA SI POLI BY, ‘SdaMoY pue sores} pasiou ayy Aq ainjoul ay} ur paouep “1A9 SI SB ‘SNOIOBIA ALIA uayjo st jue styy, “eplioyy ‘aATY eyoWOT, ay} Ieau puod & ul vay DYDIsD) “Z aN -aydimd sty y, “AOWLOLS 94} UL SIOMOY If 6z61 [NUN epLIOL,y UL payoo,ssao sem ATI] AayeM palaMoy ‘sypourmey Wye [eMOY ay) 1vd9U dweMg ssaidéy Sig ayy ur puod ev ur suphaja vyojspy “€ ano Figure 4. Castalia lekophylia in a pond near Tallahassee, Florida. This is ou argest- -leaved and largest-flowered water-lily. The leaf- blades me up to about two ae across, frequently turning up their edges’ after’ the manner of ites oria.” The white flowers often measure nearly a foot across the cor ern peninsular Florida. Otherwise it grows naturally in southern Texas and in Mexico. An additional color appears with this 0 These aquatics occ ene still or flowing water. For some a 3 Th 5 Castalia is sear ha of both boreal and t Pp oh ms in the ted tes e northern pl. oe are thoroughly hardy and grow well dusiag their short season. The in: e growing sea’ year—although the plants have more or less of a resting season -—often grow with astonishing luxuriance. Joun K. Sma. 122 NOTES, NEWS, AND COMMENT A photostat has recently been purchased by the Botanical Garden and will soon be in operation. Its cost has been covered by a special grant from the Carnegie Corporation. e Gardeners’ C. hronicle of February 7 carries an appreciative .A.B.S Laboratories of The New York Botanical Garden. It reviews his work with diseases of lilies, in hybridizing daylilies ae callis), in breeding seedless grapes, in discovering synchronous i ichogam vocados, in in i ciprocating di in a , in investigating sterilities of various plants, etc n age of the sa ue ion of “ ses of lilies,” based largely o si y 0 the results of Dr. Stout’s studies and illustrated by Sie ae furnished by him Instead of attempting the well- -nigh impossible task of trying 20 and April 30. There is a spread of about a month between the blooming of the earliest and the latest of the 150 varieties in the collection, so that not all of the varieties can be found in bloom at a e time. The naturalized plantings, designed 2 rs, able that this year’s display included nearly a half million individ ual flowers. eae for April. The maximum temperatures recorded ae e: 65° F. on the 4th; 69° on the 11th; 76° on the 18th; and te, on the 21st. The minimum temperatures recorded were: 37° on the 3rd; 32° on the rath; 37° on the 16th; 35° on the 24th; and 34° on the 30th. The total precipitation for the month was 3-45 inches. 123 ACCESSIONS Museums anp HERBARIUM 80 specimens of Ga from the Marquesas Islands. (By exchange with Mr. E. P, Mumford. 12 specimens of ee plants from the northeastern United States. (Given by Dr. J. A. Drushel.) 200 specimens of flowering plants from the West Indies. (By exchange with the Riksmuseum, Stockholm. 984 specimens of plants from New Caledonia. (Given by Dr. E. D. Merrill.) 89 specimens of plants from Kwangtung, China. (Given by Dr. E. D. Merrill.) 954 specimens of plants from Kwangsi, China. (Given by Dr. E. D. 103 sp: ens of plants from Anhwei, China. (By exchange with the ankin 558 specimens of plants from Yunnan, China. (By exchange with the ies Botanic Garden. 99 specimens from Malaya. (By exchange with the Singapore Bo- sical Garden specimens of Chinese plants. (Given by Dr. E. D. Merrill.) Pe ‘phot rah . ee sp. from Ft. Meade, Florida. Gus by r. W. M gee pec imens . "Philippine ferns. (By exchange with the Univer- sity of Calif a.) es specimens of Chinese plants, the Bonati herbarium. (Given by . E. D. Merri oe Shea ‘of Philippine plants. (Given by Dr. E. D. Merrill.) 120 spec of H. Handel-Mazzeti Chinese plants. (By exchange with the Vienna Museum of Natural History. 1223 specimens of plants i Cae oe by Mr. oo ey Yates.) 305 specimens of plants from Bo (Giv: y Mr. D. Wood.) 83 specimens of plants oan the Fiji ‘ce ye pre with the British Museum, 85 specimens from Rarotonga. (By exchange with the University of California. 225 specimens of Chinese plants. (Given by Mr. C. Y. Chiao.) 156 specimens of Yunnan plants. (By exchange with ie Vienna t tory. II9 specimens from Kwangtung, China. (Given by Dr. E. D. Merrill.) 6 aes of Asiatic plants. (By exchange with the Singapore Botanical es n.) 2 specimens 2 Cuban mosses. (By exchange with Brother Leén.) 12 specimens of mosses. (By exchange with Rev. C. H. Demetrio.) 6 specimens of plants from Vee (By exchange with Mr. Henri Pittier.) 124 cimens of mosses from Jamaica, West Indies, and Costa Rica. a by Mr. Edwin B. Bartram.) 2 specimens of mosses from China. (Given by Mr. A. P. Jacot and Mr. George Marshall.) 4 specimens of mosses from Maine. (Given by Mr. and Mrs. Frank imens, types of moss species. (By exchange with the Botan- li Seivoni South Dakota. (By exchange with Mr. A. C. McIntosh. I specimen of moss from Peru. (Given by Professor F. L. Herrera.) I specimen of moss from Washington. (Given by Miss Patchin.) specimens of mosses from England, Scotland, and Wales. (Given by Mr. J. Burtt Davy.) i mosses sae Texas, Costa Rica, and Jamaica. (Given by Mr. Edwin B. Bartra 4 specimens of Peruvian mosses. seum of Natural Histor 9 specimens of mosses oe Michigan and Wisconsin. to (By exchange with the Field Mu- (By exchange , New Mexico, Mex- at ico, and Jamaica. (By exchange with Mr. Edwi nB. Bartram.) 25 specimens, “ Musci Americani Perfecti,” nos. 126-150. (By ex- change with t. 66 specimens ‘of flowering plants from Samoa. (Given by Dr. E. D. Merrill. cimens of Malayan plants. 87 spe (By exchange with the Singapore Botanical Garden. 281 cimens of Siberian plants. (By exchange with the University of Tomsk.) 146 specimens from Nanking Province, China. (Given by Dr. E. D. Merrill.) 132 specimens of Formosan plants. (By exchange with Dr. T. Tanaka. 1209 specimens of plants from Borneo. (Collected by Dr. A. D. E. DE 5 specimens of plants from Kwangtung, China. (Given by Dr. E. D. 4 Merrill.) 1705 eae “ Filices sos (Distributed by Rosenstock.) 18 specim of Mexican m . (By exchange with Brother Leén.) 6 bee s st mosses fro m Tennesse and Mississippi for naming. (By exchange with Rev. C. iH Demetri 173 specimens of mosses from Peru. *OBy exchange with Professor F. bs H ens of Pentstemon from North America. (Given by the Fess Institution.) MEMBERS OF THE CORPORATION *Mrs, Arthur eee eld im B. O. Fie s Frick ‘Miss Helen C. Fr: *Mrs. Carl A. de Gersdorff Mu: enheim *Miss Elizabeth S. Hamilton E S. Harkn Pro H . R. A. Harper oa E. Henry Harriman T. A. Havemeyer A. Hecksc! *Mrs AY oe aaa #Mrs, Robert C. H A . Robert Irving Jenks Walter Jennings *Mrs. Nee Jennings Otto H. K *Mrs. pene cey *Mrs. F. Le paar ioiteee arwin P. Kingsley *Mrs. Gustav E. Kissel Clarence Lewis Frederick J. a Henry Lockhart, Jr. *Mrs. William Lockwood oa ie Ma poe eth K. Mac! ie. David nal Fine ter old aes Renny F. aoe Cc m a fus L. Patterson *Mrs. ee Perkins fences is Pitcher H. Hob: eines Ree nS I. ry St. c Pie er H. H. Rus! ohn K. Small Gre nthro Mrs. Wheeler H. Peckham *Mrs, ‘Willi iam H. Woodin * Member also of the Advisory Coun + Honorary member of the Advisory C Couaeil ¢ Chairman of the Advisory Council. || Secretary of the Advisory Council. GENERAL INFORMATION Some of the leading features of The New York Botanical Garden Aree Fou r hundred acres of beauties dives land in the northern part of ihe "City of New York, through which s the Bronx River. A native hemlock forest is one of the features of ae eget ae BlantaHons mi thousands of native and introduced trees, shrubs, and owering plan Ganieas! including a Beatstetul, ee gatden, a rock garden of rock-loving plants, and fern and her arden: Green Hopi nee NaGaetae a eeerecine plants from America and foreign countries. Flower shows throughout the year—in the spring, summer, and autumn displays of narcissi, daffodils, tulips, lilacs, irises, peonies, roses, lilies, water-lili nee Bladioly dans and chrysanthemums; in the winter displays of greenhouse-bloo A museum, containing exhibits of fossil plants, existing plant families, local plants Genta within one hundred miles of the City of New York, and the economic uses of plants. An herbarium, comprising more than one million specimens of Amer- ican Ba joey species. xploration in different parts of the United States, the West Indies, centcallat aad South ideereae for the study and collection of the character- astic Sticnanc research in laboratories and in the field into the diversified problems of plant life. A library of posce literature, comprising more than 41,000 books re numerous pamphlet Public lectures oe a ferent variety of botanical topics, continuing throughout the yea Publications on botanical subjects, partly of technical, scientific and partly of popular, interest. e education of school children and the public through the above feats eee the giving of free information on botanical, horticultural, and orestal s The Gade is dependent upon an annual appropriation by the City of New York, private benefactions and membership fees. It possesses now nearly two thousand members, and applications for membership are always welcome. Th ses of membership are: Benef: single contribution 25,000 Patron single contribut 5,000 Fellow for Life .............. .-. single contribution 1,000 Member for Life ............... single contribution 250 Fellowship Member ............. annual fee 100 Sustaining Menaber) y).)o/c) chee ete annus tee 25 Annual) Member cijejecisie cicieisiee sso nual fee Contributions to the Garden may be noha from taxable incomes. The following is an approved ie es bequest : : I hereby bequeath to The New York nical Garden incorporated under the Laws of New York, Chapter 285 is 1 the sum of ———— Con diti onal bequests may be with income payebte to donor or any designated beneficiary ane = ‘his or her lifet All requests for further information should be eat ne Tue New York Boe ia BRONX PARK, NEW YORK, VOL. XXXII Jung, 1931 No. 378 JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN THE CYPRESS, SOUTHERN REMNANT OF A ORTHERN FOSSIL TYPE nw K. SMaAty ROCK GARDENING WITHOUT A ROCKERY Erne Anson S. PecKHAM PLANT LIFE AROUND NEW YORK AS STUDIED BY THE TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB Raymonp H. Torrey ECOLOGICAL RELATIONS OF PLANT COMMUNITIES G. WATERMAN NOTES, NEWS, AND COMMENT PUBLISHED FOR THE GARDEN At Lime anp Green Streets, Lancaster, Pa. THe Science Press Printinc CompANy Hntered at the post-office in Lancaster, Pa., as second-class matter. Annual subscription $1.00 Single copies 10 cents Free to members of the Garden THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN BOARD OF MANAGERS y W. vE Forest, President CLARENCE LEWIS Hey DE Forest BALDWIN, Ai President ApotpH LEWISOHN F. K. Sturats, Vice Presiden Henry LockHart, Jr. Joun L. MERRILL, deen D. T. MacDouGaL D. MERRILL, Secretary KennetH K. MACKENZIE Raymonp F. B H. pe La MonracneE, Jr. CHartes P. BERKEY J. Prrrront Morcan Marston T. BocErt Lewis RuTHERFURD Morris Georce S. H. Hopart Britton Henry H. Russ NicHoLtas Murray Butter Grorce J. RYAN Tuomas A, EpIson Epmunp W. SINNOTT Cuitps Frick Am F, TRELEASE R. A. Harper WILLIAM ie WEESTER jams J. Watxer, Mayor of the City of New TER R. Herrick, President of the Desapiment of Parks SCIENTIFIC DIRECTOR R. A. Harper, Pu. D., Sc. D., Chairman D. T. MacDoveat, Pu. D., LL. D. HEnNR’ BY, ; D. LL. D., Litt. D. Sam F. Tretease, Pu. D. DIRECTOR EMERITUS N. L. Barrron, Pu. D., Sc. D., LL. D. GARDEN STAFF E. D. Merrity, Sc. Director- in-Chief MaRsHALL A. ee Pu. Di Se Dis oe sapisoeatna sists Assistant Direc Joun K. SMALL, Pu. D., Sc. Dan Head Curator of the Mus A. B. Stout, Px. D. Director of the Laboraores P. A. Rypperc, Px. D. Curator H. A. Gueason, Px. D. Curator Frep J. Seaver, Pu. D. Curator ARTHUR Houck, Pu. D. Paleobotanist BeErNarp O. Done, Pu. D. ant Pathologist Forman T. McLean, M. F., Pu. D. ........ Supervisor of Public Education JoHn HEeNpLEY BARNHART, "A. M.,, Ne. De eee ae rae ate Bibliographer Percy WVivson ESCO Curator PALMYRE DE C. MITCHELL Associate Curator SaraH H. Hartow, A. M. bags: ibrarian H. H. Russy, M. D. ........ Honorary Curator AU ed Economic Collections ELIZABETH ye heli TTON ary Curator of Mosses Ary E. Artist Rosert S. AVisahies Administrative Assistant E. J. ALEXANDER Assistant Curator Apert C. Smita, A. B. Austetant Curator CiypE CHANDLER, A. M. Technical Assistant Maryjorte E. Swirt, A. M. Assistant Pathologist ROSALIE WEIKERT Technical Assistant Kenneta R. Boynton, B. S. Head Gardener . L. Wittrock, A. M. locen' H. M. Denstow, A. M., D. D...... secre Caen ian of coeg rete RoBeERrtT ah ceed ae ary Curator of Myxomycetes 134 SOUTHWICK, PH. Dit hacia eieee Custod: 1an of Herbcceoua ‘Grounde Eruet Anson S. ere “Honorary Curator, Iris and Narcissus Collections Joun R. Brintey, C. E. eee sche Engineer ‘Wa tter S. GrorsBECK erk and Accountant ARTHUR J. CORBETT ....... Ua Neliore Superintendent of Batten and Grounds JOURNAL The New York Botanical Garden Voi. XXXII JUNE, 1931 No. 378 THE CYPRESS, SOUTHERN eae OF A NORTHERN FOSSIL T Des spite the Reacas agencies active in later Senet ape Y ve robbed us of much vegetatio: hic. ages in America.. e cypress Evidence furnished by underground parts indicates a long histo situations, and today the natural soi continue to be low, and S$ permanently very w: ast experiences of these 6 species have hardened them so T I ften thrive, when trans- re: i been termed the “ ternal. e genus Taxodium has survived in the present geologic pe riod ee species hey are naturally confined to the south- eastern United States and easter: niil me of th cent plants have no generic hie sae ves in e reste e family relative exists in Glypto- strobus of gastca ee he following notes and illustrations were made possible by ex- ploration carried on mainly through the interest of friends of the rden Ga: 125 ‘Ppadojaasp A[Buo1s ,, S9auy,, 94) YIM waysks-j001 ay} Sursodxa sny} ‘aseq s}t Inoqe WoIy patiing usaq sey usodep snumy SUL “eplopy “SaqoyorayxQ aye] JO atoys ay} Suope (wmnyouysip wnuporpy) ssaidXo-19AU yews Wy ‘1 TNO 127 The botanical history of these ae — ve the publi- cations by Linnaeus of Cupressus disticha This species was finally put in its proper ea, eS Ty Richard.? Less than a decade later another cypress was brought to light by Thomas Nuttall* and treated as a subspecies under the desig- nation Peis disticha imbricaria. bout fifteen years later this plant was named and described as a aa under the name Taxodium ascendens by Adolphe Brongnia After a score of years the third, and apparently final chapter of Taxodium, from a specific standpoint, was written in the publi- cation of Taxodium mucronatum by Mi hele Tenore.’ hus the fundamental ose history of the cypress was confined to one century (1753-1853) and is apparently closed. However, the genus had ae ae S$ previous to this one, in the archaic and pre-Linnaean eras PRE-BOTANICAL H1IsTorY dium is an ancient type of ate the three existing spe- Ti cies rep t mere remn ossil plants referable to this mus were widely scattered in north te d i regions in the Tertiary period. Specimens have b d in the strata of North America, Europe, and Asia, even as far north of the Arctic Circle as Spitzbergen PRE-LINNAEAN Hist Observations made previous to the middle of the aoe century are variously recorded in a number of old works. example: a kynd of wood we call cypress, ieee ee the t; t re sor three fathome above the oot very streight, and Ri oe or ene foote within a braunch.’’s 1$p. Pl. 1003. 1753. ?Mem “Mes . Paris 16: 298. 1810. 3 Gen. 2 181 Ses Sei LT : ie 1833. 5 Ann. Sci. Nat. Bo I. 19: 435 1853. ° William Strachey, a. of Travaile into Virginia Britannia, ed. Major, 1 ‘ssaulhd-19AT1 ayT JO yeyy wey 4 S99UY ,, JOpfBuls Pue waMajy saonpoad waysds-joor ay yz ‘ay A[ABau Ua}ZO ae Ady], “ssaidAd-13Aatt ue ur uey) y4eg tajed SABY SNUNA ST, “epttoyy ‘duremyg ssaidAy Sry ay) ul (sutepuaosp iinipoxryy) pursys- -ssoidso Yo 'Z aN 129 r five feet round this tree, oe a ete eeneae aa. si _Stumps ae m tops round and with a smooth red ba k. fro: ™ ae in : Virginia, most abundantly, where these, Lirioden- drum and Platanus are the largest of all the trees of this region.”§ bservations made about the borderline of pre-Linnaean and post-Linnaean periods are recorded thus in quite flowery lan- guage: he Cupressus aes stands in the first order of North Aes erican trees. $ majestic stature is surprising, and on ap- proaching them, we are struck with ind of awe at beholding the stateliness of the trunk, lifting its a p t ds the ies, and casting a wide ua upon the ground, as a dark inter- vening cloud, which, for a time, precludes te rays of the sun. The delicacy ae . color, ee texture of its leaves, exceed every- thing in veget GEoGRaPHIcaL DistRiBUTION’ The combined aes distribution a the three species is it comprises the extensive, at lea a lin way. is, se Coastal Plain a em ent provinces of . Gulf of Mexico, and the Atlantic Coastal Plain from Flori sout! press or bald-cypress (Taxodium distichum), the oldest cypress, botanically speaking, exceeds th two spe- xas, southern Missouri, and southern Indiana, and in the Atlantic Coastal i er: 7M: Pinay eae I a a ° 5 R a ina S ir o 3 rg & + 2 vy ° =] a? 7 ~ - extensively n Bull. Torrey y Club 29: 859 9, and 32: following notes and illustrations have been made oe asa nee of exploration carried on through the eae of friends of the Garden. 130 ‘JUaPIAs sautovaq wWa}sAs-jOO1 9Y} Ul ,, 99H » JO Bey ayy ‘keMe pays’ -SUMOIG MO[2q apUuBID OY BY} JO vIeSe1 Be em ‘asked sIyy Ut Aeyo “Jos 3y) wunipoxD ], ) ssaidao UeoTXa PL YA ‘sexay ‘aqtA ayy “E TINO 131 The second ‘botanical cypress,” the pond-cypress (Taxodium two species mentioned ae are seta temperate-region plants; ve third species, the Mex cypress (Taxodium mu- cronatum), ranges from the tropica a zone of Mexico northwar into southern Texas. Its typical habitats in Texas are borders of acas HHNICAL CHARACTERISTICS The outst rere eee las of cypress, at least in the two earlier-described cies, is its root-system. Following the rule of trees growing in a in dai ac ater-t is near the surface of the ground, the roots spread out horizon- tally. They do not ee below the normal water-table. ise ct “k io} BS 2 nn = a o iat o ct. > ® = a rs] ion =a o ithin. root-system of the Mexican PL ecie seems to lack the con spi cu- ous “knee” ae However, the roots spread horizon- on urface. The aérial ee characters of the three species are inter- $ are Seen throu a conic sharp-ridged aon and on the pends h ai dation sae a dorso- vert mtral manner, ae giving ae bran Alcs a e Another set of characters aligns the species cee. By 132 the cones the river-cypress and the pond-cypress are grouped to- gether against the Mexican cypress. In the two former species, con I e cone-scales have fewer setae tubercles, and a facial mucro. The leaf- he make the same alignment of the species. In they rgr that are n the Mex: ican cypress the aie are persistent and 2 is truly ever- een F THE TREES The interlacing characteristics might be continued by mention- above the ground the actual girth of the trunk is one hundred and four feet, while following ae sinuosities caused by the but tress-like ridges, the circumference is one hundred and ta: six feet. The a is not nee and . greatest pecs is about forty feet, while the spread of the branches is about on hundred and forty-one feet: CoMMERCIAL FIELD FOR CyPRES Their great abundance, the large size of the cypress trunks, the d the de- destroyed, ye he remote parts of the Southern-Atlantic and the Gulf coastal plains, ceca and towns still spring up in the wilderness almost overnight, and in a short time one will find acres of stacked lumber ready to ae ne to distant points Although dried cypress wood is comparatively light, when freshly cut it will sink in water. Consequently, the lumberman ‘YSNOIS syoor00[eyAQ ay} se Ns ‘syInojs Worf IO Si9Alt Buope wory poindas ‘ssaidAo-T9AL ayy JO SYUNIZ wos apeul a4e ssouD ay, ‘ssosdk9 ay] JO sasn aan -Julid ay} JO auo si SIT, “epliopy ‘tweryy Jo sam Sapy[Bi9aq ay] ur sous = eee jnosnp UeIPUy sjouruSg YW “P aun = — a RE 5. A canoe made and used by the aborigines of southern Flor- ida, due from the tidal marsh on the reservation of George P. Brett, near Cocoa: nut Grove, “ei rida. This boat shows the use cypress was put to o. It mt o! Semi he serters from the Creeks SBE "labama’ and Georg, as the word Seminole implies—Photograph by George P. Bre must “girdle” the trees and let them die before felling them. The apparent sinking of the land oe the Gulf Coastal Plain aids and n dence of t aS of the Coastal Plain furnished by the eae ae dor How THE Woop 1s UsEp On account of its many good qualities cypress wood is used in all as of modern construction, from the rough exterior to the ees finished interior. Its primitive uses are also continued, ainly among the Seminole oe of southern peninsular 135 rida. They employ it in the construction of their camps, for fence-posts, eae nner fuel, etc. The pioneer white- naturally uses it in simi : for long distances, over shallow and deep waters, even roueh water, without a mishap! Joun K. Smatt. ROCK-GARDENING WITHOUT A ROCKERY? This sounds like a paradox os like a paradox, it is a simple ir ft i i m. ge, and alpin and other low-growing plants. But, instead of concentrating this garden in one definite spot, as we do nee we have a naturally rocky outcrop or where we are foolish enough to make a moun- tain (or a mole-hill) in a level, unstony country, we appl r rock-gardening to various locations which appear convenient to be so treated. w, we know that in rock-gardens unusual and “ difficult ” may bi 1 Abstract of an siluee tee lecture given at As New York Botan- ical Garden on Saturday afternoon, March 7, 136 hot sun, while roots may be deep in a cool place under a rock. We know this is achieved by making “pockets,” or particular ie ens, oe each group of plants, studying and providing for special needs. We may spread or limit the size of these definite little gardens to suit our taste or the exigencies of the We ais know that the basis of success in yhonicultntes is to ardening, whether in a — or not. Where we make the first mistake in not using k- the rockery, and re ese places a mber if we ke ee sm. ept by strong winds or the wash that has taken down those ap often of cut stone, et formal ame occasionally the bane of i vi often, then, have just a ledge, an edge of rocks, perlage near a 137 lawn; or, maybe our neighbor’s place is rocky and high, while ours is low, and we can do our rock-gardening at the foot of his in full ey may be just on the edge of real rock outcrop- pings or be made to look as if they were. Some of us nad oe kh oe > cs o oe 5 wo o a ° = st < a 5 s 5 fc) 2 Aq faa iy = @ Faas > & 3 nd far fv thick moss would be. The ane ah aed be kept for the sides. ae think that bulbs are out of place in rock-gar are among those which do well even e edge of paving, if properly place Frequently the only paving in a garden is sh Ik or terrace leadi the e door, and a clever planting on the edge of this to bloom during several months and 138 combine with the flowers in the bed behind will make a charming place of what is usually humdrum. nstead of making a dry wall against a bank, a few very large stones may be set together to form a wall face, and patches of , and dwarf bearded-irises, perhaps “‘ Naomi” (ale) or Chamaciris a blue familiar with the herbaceous border on the edge of the lawn and know that low plants are required towards the t with rock plants among and above ce stones. The paths, then, 139 are slightly sunken. Heavy rains will run down them and a ash into beds. Gravel paths are good, and if the bede a are Bret aa bordered with large stones, plants may be allowed to grow out on a edges A narrow bed backed by the ee a ees can be built up making pockets of lovers and which really will not grow on the e f water unless raised above it, are sometimes placed near streams that have a ce a t tones have set, simulating a nat- an ural rocky edge. Here we can use many rock-plants, while our narcissi and Japanese or Siberian irises are set behind the con- crete protection, n the edges of our rock-garden beds which are: er we i e d 0 not show above the surface is prevents the roots from spreading among the less vigorous plants ie ae them arge flat stones, often oa of paving, may eae if it is carefully done s not to make a set pattern, ie pockets can be fashioned between them. A sort of shelf of a flat stone il many times be the delight of a family of “ hen-and-chic! (Sempervivum), and thymes also love to spread about on such a ledge—but i iar be sloped slightly, so water will not remain on it under the plan After the ee are put in, always sprinkle the surface of the ground between them with stone chips. One makes these by 140 pounding up rottenstone and one makes mortar-rubble by saving 0 € old rom masonry taken down and pounding it up, or o1 can buy it from any contractor who wrecks buildings ft is glad to have you it for nothing. Anywhere that buildings 1, peat-moss, and s ings. Sprinkle r n the surface or mx it In wit. you are preparing, if yo n get it, use brok aigiecone also for the plants that really are native to a ie countr Clinkers of pea- eal from the furnace are not objectionable, is added after a hot dry spell, when ne e surface is well dried out. unless it is very carefully done it does m an goo ings to remember in plant combinations, if you edge tall irises with bulbs, watch out that the irises row over 0 plants near together, weeding means the extracting of very young 141 weeds as soon as they put out their second leaves and show what they are, and the ruthless thinning of plants that wish t over each other, letting each come close enough to ee ik allowing no overbe: earing qualities to persist. Another yon with which we must charge our memories is the planning of combinations of blooming times; of two blooming junction with crocuses if we use a-species of crocus that is a binations ihroushout spring, summer, and autumn. Iris. reticu- lata, coming with early scillas, snowflakes, and grape hyacinths at the ae of March, can be preceded by snowdrops and crocuses, and will be followed by daffodils, Scilla campanulata ee species _ tulips, lilies, autumn crocuses, colchicums, and ster ergias. Any good rock-garden plants as recom: ed in si ae 0 dens. The thing to do is to buy seeds and plants from reliable sources, to study the requirements of the plants, and to supply the plants with these requirements ETHEL ANSON S. PECKHAM. PLANT a AROUND NEW YORK AS ee BY E TORREY BOTANICAL CLU. The territory which has been covered by the field excursions of the Torrey Botanical Club apie one of the richest and most varied floras of any region in the United States within reach 1 Abstract of an illustrated lecture an at The New York Botanical Garden on Saturday afternoon, March 28, 1931. 142 of a large metropolitan area. And fortunately so, for this abun- ban as well ag to the city’s numerous amateur students of The 7) rrey Club, by the way, is the oldest botanical aaa tion in the United States. Named for Professor John Torrey of mbia alee an eminent American botanist in his, i S was establ ba ore than sixty years ago, and has devoted itself since to bie study of the flora . New York. Geographi aly, — a covers all of N ee en Pennsylv e Hu highlands of Hudson and New Ua sey, and some hi o subal- ine tra a oO — wu a 77) o. S oO oO > oO 8 a 3 c Ee s = crac] BS & a ig] ss} 5 Ea 5 irs} + = oO 3 5 M_ Oo at) tnt oq s W. ce i occupied a large percentage of our mixed forest, sometimes as high as 70 per cent of the stand, its destruction has thinned the 143 2 =] @ 4 th A ° 3 woods, left dead tree-trunks, standing and fallen, which are a re menace, and generally damaged the timbe he wo have had effects on herbaceous plants. With the clearing of the land for i ollowed auty. But this is past helping we pu ee on our eee too late, and these i i : sulted in the woody and herbaceous ee cover found here in the seventeenth century, befor and his plant followers changed the conditions and the a nt aeesdst ions. e development of the conservation ide ea in recent years and ne the most heartening Gee for those who regret the di seca aan of so many native species before the invasion of ed weeds is he spectacle that may be seen around any of the ‘old abandoned farm sites in the woods, in our highlands. 144 Native trees, shrubs, and herbs do come back, slowly. but exorably, and sm mother out the adventive plants established a 1 ga ut we may rejoice that the abandonment of much of the marginal lands mistakenly cleared for farms, and the establish- ment of public parks and forests, has renewed the ee 10 nto the regio: ered is one of the most interesting of such botanical phenomena. Such relics are not rare in the New Jersey Pine Barrens, in the i d New Yor! i adventive nee and their halting ere native s ecies have ately va: areas, con enables them to ee or even regain old Sete is i The aj are evidently moving up in the pice aon All such factors— 145 geological, climatic, artificial—had their part in the present com- position of our flora, and will be given their due and relative weight by the pete st ae in attempting to understand the reasons for rrence, ieee fice ee arance, per- sistence, or oS ote our ee pla Raymonp H. Torrey. ECOLOGICAL RELATIONS OF PLANT COMMUNITIES? The subject of ecology has to do with organisms as related to their environment. It might, ane be characterized as a study of the home fnduences which act on plants tant. This is easily recognized by the common use of such terms Soil moisture is another factor of highest importance. Water passes ie through the plant body at an average rate of 300 Yr every es and as a result we have ees as well as rain-forests in every climatic z The ten content of the soil, especially in regard to the amounts of essential minerals present, also strongly influences the s “rich” and “ poor” soi i erally speaking, a moderately loose texture 1 more at than dense one, as it is more easily penetrated by the roots and makes water and mineral nutrients more available 1 Abstract of a talk and demonstration given at The New York Botanical Garden on ae 10, 1931. 146 ight is, of course, a very important factor, as it is absolutely essential in making sug: material of n d Vv. Considerable rear in the composition of the vegetation will be fou ie two extremes. ants and animals also influence plant growth. The chief ecalie effect is found in the decay of dead Loe by which returned to the soil. On the other hand, i t their less ee pie S. msible for ae plant diseases. nts by burrowing and grazing, and also by ds. any plant grows is a complex of all these neue ane Hos are ey. uate classes of homes, cred f factors to be found. also be ne into ee gccoraing to th spe- eir "difering requirements. These groups ach aes will be oice of revices. Humus collects around these col- Ss, Si her aouartne are characterized by the varying amounts of humus found above the solid rock. iy °° a=) en alee must be regarded as a substratum, as algae and mee floating aquatics are found even in the center of ponds, still other communities in shallow water, and others on the ae 147 Another basis for the pe ueene of communities is found in physiographic forms. Upland communiti ies form one group, which nities in agriculture and gardening when man ane the home for the plant species which he wishes to cultiv Here he is ties. This gives an exact understanding of what may be called “natural landscaping,” and may be used as a basis for pean landscape gardening. W. G. WaTERMAN. NOTES, NEWS, AND COMMENT aie by The cas Paper Company and The Oxford- Miami Paper Compan Dr. E. D. Merrill, Director-in- rea gave an illustrated address on “Plants and Animals of the Philippines and Neighboring Islands-How They Came to ae Where They Are” before the Washington Academy of Sciences at the Cosmos Club, Washing- ton, D. C., on the evening of May 21 r. E. D. Merrill was one of the committee of four on selec- tion ae the Cuban Fellopehins of the John Simon Guggenheim Foundation, which committee made its report about the middle 148 f May. More than seventy oe applied for fellowships. Three fellowships were granted, although only one awa ad been eee The bee is usually $2,500, plus a travel allowance 5 Aa ford The New York Botanical Garden has received a silver medal awarded to it for the new hybrid Hemerocallis Daylily Mikado, i ibi Sho uring T: scribed and illustrated in Addisonia ie March, ee and in the issue of this JournaL for February of this yea: mt work on the herbarium collections of Algae and See Algae; 100 specimens of Vedas Hepaticae Selectae et Criticae; about 300 Species of miscellaneous ee and about i f Algae on mica. cate Algae we out in ange to the number 2,3 specimens. With the aid of temporary assistance provided by the Prosser Emergency Employment Committee, the collections have all been cleaned and dusted. AW cas for May. The maxtmum temperatures recorded The New York Botanical aged for each week or part of a e 24th and the 25th; and cae on the 27th. The total precipitation for the month was 4.05 inch PUBLICATIONS OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN Journal of The New York Botanical Garden, monthly, containing notes, news, and non-technical articles. Free to members of the Garden. To others, 10 cents a copy; $1.00 a year. Now in its thirty-second volume. Mycologia, bimonthly, devoted to fungi, including lichens; $5.0 00 a year; single copies not for sale. [Not offered in enehaniee: ] Now in its twenty- third volume. Addisonia, quarterly, devoted exclusively to colored plates accompanied by popular descriptions of Rowenne plants; eight plates in each number, thirty-two in each volum Subscription price, $10.00 a year. [Not ffered in exchange.] Nee in its sixteenth volume. Bulletin of The New York Botanical Garden, containing reports of the Director-in-Chief a other official documents, "and techawel articles em- bodying results of investigations. Free to all members of the Garden; to others, $3.00 per volume. Now in its fourteenth volum Nor! merican Flora. Descriptions of the wild Plants ‘of North Amer- ° ica, including Greenland, the West Indies, and Central America. Planned to Bey complete in 34 volumes. oy. 8vo. He “ea é to consist of fou more parts. 66 parts now issued. Subscription ae ice, $1.50 per parts a limited number of separate parts will be sold for $2.00 each. [Not offered in exchange. Memoirs of The New York Botanical Garden. Price to members the Garden, vols. I-VI, $1.50 per volume; to others, $3.00. Vol. VII, $2. os to members; to others, $5.00. Vol. I. An Annotated Catalogue of the Flora of Montana and the Yel- lowstone Park, by Per Axel Rydberg. ix-+ 492 pp., with detailed map. Vol. II. ae Influence of Light and Darkness upon Growth and Devel- opment, by D acDougal. xvi-+ 320 pp., with 176 figures. 1903. Nol stins Studies of Cretaceous Coniferous Remains from Kreischer- ville, New York, by A. Hollick and E. C. Jeffrey. xiii+-138 pp., with 29 ol. IV. Effects of the Rays of Radium on Plants, by Charles Stuart Gager. viii + 478 pp., with 73 figures and 14 plates. 1908. Vol. V. Flora of the Vicinity of New York: A Contribution to Plant Geography, by Norman Taylor. vi-+ 683 pp., with 9 plates. 1915. 1. VI. Pa prcsenied at the Celebration of the Ae nee Anni- Vol. VII. Maclnces JY ew Bigs oph hyceae from Porto Rico, t tions of New Gans and Species of Pl: Te Collected a the paid Biological Exploration of the Amazon Valley, 1921-1922 and The Flora of the Saint Eugene Silts, TOA Stena, valley British Gal fembia. by RS Thte Hollick. viii-+ 464 pp., with 47 plates, 10 charts, and Brittonia. A series of Botanical papers. Subscription price, $5.00 per volume. Now in its first vo ope eons from The New a ere eotaneal Sarsen i series of tech- nical papers written by students or ff, and reprinted from rouiiale’ ather than the above. hg Bs elie hd $5.00 per vol- ume. In the thirteenth volume. THE NEW YORK Sl eupeieaes GARDEN nx Park, New York, N. Y. GENERAL INFORMATION Some of the leading features of The New York Botanical Garden Aree Four hundred acres of beautifully diversified land in the northern part oF the City of New York, through which fos: ee Bronx River. A native milock forest is one of the features of the tations of thousands of native and satan trees, shrubs, and Garden: pmelecinete beautiful rose enrden, a rock garden of rock-loving plants, oad een and herbaceous garden Greenhouses, containing thousands ae interesting plants from America and foreien countrie Flower shows throughout the year—in the spring, summer, and autumn displays of narcissi, daffodils, palips, lilacs, irises, peonies, roses, lilies, water-lilies, gladioli, dahlias, and chrysanthemums; in the winter displays of greenhouse-bloomi an taining eonibie of fossil plants, existing plant families, local plants occurring within ene hundred miles of the City of New York, and the economic uses of plan An her! rberien, comprising more than one million specimens of Amer- ican and foreign spec Exploration in differ eh parts of the United States, the West Indies, Centravan and South America, for the study and collection of the character- ist1 Scientific research in laboratories and in the field into the diversified problems of plant life. of pea ricey literature, comprising more than 41,000 books d numerous pam Public lectures on a ‘creat variety of botanical topics, continuing throughout the year. ublications on botanical subjects, partly of technical, scientific and st. The education of school children and the public through the above features and the! giving a free information on botanical, horticultural, and pie subjects. City of New eae private benefactions and member a fees. Tt perce ses now nearly two thousand members, and sep for mbership are always welcome. The classes of membership are: Benet single contributio: Pa single contribution 5, Fellow Moye ILA Eoooanaaddo0d00008 single contribution 1,000 ember fOr) Tike er wicicereielnie sie . single contribution 250 Fellowship Member ...........-. annual fee 100 Sustaining Leas (rasooona «ss... annual fee 25 annual fee CounueEna to ioe Garden ms ‘be deductea from taxable incomes. The following is an mie form of bequest I hereby bequeath to The New York Botanical Garden incorporated under the Laws of New York, hed Mas 285 of Ae the of ———_ Conditional bequests may be made with income Pau to donor or any designated ben during his or her lifet: All requests for furt! r information should be can ie THE ee York BotaNicaL GARDEN BRONX PARK, NEW YORK, N. Y. | : q ] Juty, 1931 No. 379 VOL. XXXII JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN “CRAZED” CROCKERY AND OTHER STRANGE HABITATS F MOULDS Marjorie E. S BARTRAM’S IXIA COELESTINA REDISCOVERED Joun K. SMALL i RELATION OF CIVILIZATION TO rn AND THEIR FOODS Paut B. Man: THREE RECENT BOOKS ON PLANT GEOGRAPHY . A. GLEA PUBLIC LECTURES ye ae GARDEN A GLANCE oe CURRENT LITERATURE Caro, H. Woopwarp NOTES, ewe. AND COMMENT PUBLISHED FOR THE GARDEN At LIME AND GREEN STREETS, LANcasTER, PA. THE SciENcE Press Printinc CoMPANY Entered at the post-office in Lancaster, Pa., as second-class matter. Single copies 10 cents Annual subscription $1.00 Free to members of the Garden THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN BOARD OF MANAGERS Henry W. ve Forest, President CLARENCE LEwI Henry DE Forest Ee ice President Apo.tPH Lae oaw F. K. Srurets, Vice Pre. Henry LockHart, Jr. {ony i, MERRILL, Teltane | D. T. MacDoucaL . D. MERRILL, Secretary KennetoH K. MACKENZIE Raymonp F. Bacon H. pe LA MonrTAGNE, Jr. Cyartes P. BeRKEY J. Prerront Morcan Marston T. Bocert Lewis RuTHERFURD Morris aoe > Brey Stee H. Hosart Porter Henry H. Russy Nees al eee Butter GrorcE J. RYAN Tuomas A. EpIson Epmunp W. Sener CxHILps F. TRELEA‘ Sam WILLIAM a Weneees yas J. Waker, Mayor of the City of New Wa ter R. HErRIcK, Present of the Departinent of Parks SCIENTIFIC DIRECTOR R a et Di Se. > Cleinnas D. T. Mac se: Pu. D., LL. D. YMOND ACON, Px. i enry H. Russy, M. D., Sc. iD}, Cartes P. Berkey, Pu. D., Sc. Ta Marston T. Bocert, Sc. D., Grorce J. Ran, oe 2 NignoLas Murray Butter, Pu. b: Epmunp W. Sinnott, Pu. D. LL. D., Litt. D. Sam F. Trevease, Px. D. DIRECTOR EMERITUS N. L. Britton, Px. D., Sc. D., LL. D. GARDEN STAFF E. D. Merritr, Sc. D. Director-in-Chief MARsHALL A. "Howe, Pu. D., Se Diss aes cite terere sac cnane Assistant Director ouN K. Smatt, Pu. D., Sc. D. .......... ... Head Eerier of the Museums A. B. Stout, Px. D. Director of the Laboratories P. A. Rypserc, Pu. D. Curator H. A. Greason, Pu. D. Curator Frep J. Seaver, Pu. D. ( ArtTHur Ho tick, Pu. D. Palecl cee Bernarp O. Done, Pa ae Plant Pathologis: Forman T. McLea n, M. F } = Olt DAS BB aA Supervisor of Public Sinha Joun HENDLEY BAReet iN ML, 5.5, BAS BRC REARS Sel ER ed Bibliographer Percy WILSoN Associate Curator PALMYRE DE C. pease Actoute ales SaraH H. Haru 6 H. H. Russy, M.D. paocoded Honorary Curator cle hae Economic Collections ELIZABETH pe . BurrroN orary Curator of ee Mary E. Roeert S. Ween Administrative Peceie E, J. ALEXANDER pees Curator Apert C, Smita, A. B. Assistant Curator CrypeE CHANoLER, A. M. cal Assistant Magjorie E. Swirt, A. M. Assistant Pathologtst RosALiE WEIKERT Technical Assistant KewnnetH R. Boynton, B. S. Head Gardener G. Wittrock, M. Docent H. M. Denstow, A. M., D. D. ..... Heenan Custodian of Local Herbarium Ropert HAGELSTEIN ......... ianarary Curator of Myxomycetes . B. Sourawick, Px. . Custodian of Herbaceous Ces Joun R. Briw LEY, CBr andsc Y Bagineee WALTER. S. GroEsBECK pie ‘a Accousian ARTHUR J. CoRBEIT ............06 Superintendent of Badu and Grounds JOURNAL OF The New York Botanical Garden VoL. XXXII JULY, 1931 No. 379 “CRAZED ” eee AND OTHER STRANGE BITATS OF MOULDS* The saa and their close relatives are, without a doubt, the most widely known of the lower fungi. The great diversity of their eae and of the conditions under which they can live, together with their usual attractive green or blue-green color, can account for this fact. They are commonly known merely as the “blue moulds.” Dr. Charles Thom, of the United States Department of Agr culture, has worked for many years on the genera Penicillium i i i of other i oratory of Medical Mycology, College of Physicians and Sur- geons, Columbia University, has been an object of interest to stu- 2 Acknowledgment is due . B. O. Dodge for his suggestions and for the enlarged photograph i ee on crockery, and to Dr. Charles Thom for examining the cultur 149 150 dents and others who have visited the Museum during the past hree or four months. edical men have reported isolations of species of Penicillium and Aspergillus in connection with a great variety of physical ail- ittle evide i fortunate that the ee sane can deal adequately w infective elements of of those consumed with food, ae u e body. iterature on the subject often mentions unusual habitats, particularly for species of Penicillium. India ink, paste, cork, ea) f these. The house- tant in regulated (enpeetire do much to decrease the losses, but anti- Fic The upper photograph shows fungus spots under the glazing crockery, educed one half. The lower picture cee the Fate after own considerably on another piece of crocker: ropes of aye clan following the “crazing.” The lower fete’ is Biel about fifteen diameters. 152 septics such as weak boric acid or borax solution in the case of fruits are often essary. That Penici illia a1 are not all annoying is an by the cheese connoisseur who has them to thank for of his choicest fla t oquefort, Gorgonzola, and other blue-veined cheeses, the con- ifbutae fungi, Penicillium Roguefort and P. Gorgonzola, are ee es e of the Penicillia in the soil, from which they have been ea in large numbers, has not been definitely established. That some of them have the faculty of attacking cellulose has been ae and their presence may have a significance in soil fertility. The variety of media on w hich Penicillium can subsist is well ere it is th that as a rule the Penicillia can adjus Lacan: to — con- centrations of poisonous chemicals than can huma mong the various records of unusual substrata D for Penicillia ed in the lab- o times in hot water it was found, after an interval of a few days, 153 overed inside and out with a fine dust composed of spores of Pencil A binocular microscope showed the glazed surface d : i ik o be “crazed” or “crackled,” the fine cracks ma’ a net-lik attern over ish. The mycelium of the fungus consistently followed the pattern of the checks and formed hol ope-lik strands of rough-walled hyphae just over them, fro: hich ex- ended side branches bearing the typical spore-producing “brooms.” T photogr: in RE I shows a piece of the material enlarged about fifteen times to w the manner of growth. hat nourishment the fungus might be obtaining rly this material can onl urmised, but, as indicated by the figu growth was Bea t. on the care ey the perngerates warns against ihe use ‘a cracked characteristics showed it to be ea aga from 2 of ecies in the T. i ive his opinion on its identity, inaienine an it longs in site “ fascicu ae roup. A secondary form accompanying one the cultures was identiaed by him as close to Penicillium as agrinum. Our attention has been — to eae unrecorded occur. rence of a member of this A shipment of dried paste ef crushed seeds of Paullinia pe from oe America, known to natives as ei cee a and used ise! as a source of caf- .B to the of this fungus are particularly Seana; eee fe 154 considerably in size and form they are always covered with fine warts and show a collar-like “ connective” at one or both ends where they were ae to others in a chain. The enlarged figu re of a es conidium (Ficure 2, D) ines the most Figure 2. A, Spore Aes of the crockery cleats B, Individ- ual Penicillium spor C, Spore-head of a a Aspergillus. D, Individual Aipergulas. conidia. E, Asc uarana Aspergillus. F, Single ascospore. All highly magnifie i common form. The conidial heads are also very variable (Fic- URE 2,C). Sometimes they show only a slight enlargement of the moisture content and hence becomes a problem for shippers. Marjorie E. SwirFt. 155 BARTRAM’S IXIA COELESTINA REDISCOVERED What a beautiful display of vegetation is here before me! Seemingly aint ed in extent and variety: how the dew-drops e and play w ips of twink! la on the sight, trem! ling on the tips the lucid, green Savanna, sparkl : the gem that flames on th turban of the a ae See the pearly tears rolling off the uds of the expanding Granadi lla: behold the azure fields of cerulean Ixea! = equal t! e ric golden flowers of the Canna lutea, which ornament the banks of yo pentine rivulet, meandering over eadows; the al endless varieties of e m WS} mos the gay Phiox, that enamel of the swelling green banks, asso- ciated with the purple Verbena corymbosa, Viola, pearly Gnapha- lium, and silvery Perdiciu These lines of a favorite form of ei ghteenth century English well describe some of the plants and their environment in north- ern Florida. The phrase mentioning Ixia is here the most inter- esting referen The middle “of the first week of June (1931) found Professor and Mrs. Lord of the nee of Blonds at The New Yor Botanical Garden after a days’ trip from Gainesville, Florida uring an inspection of Miss Eaton’s illustrations of som n fessor Lord said, “ That plant grows in the flatwoods north of Gainesville, Florida.” Our inder wa the ‘effect that per- s it was this plant or ar it was something different. This expression of doubt resulted in an invitation to drive back to lorida with them the oe of the following week and see the plant for my he invitation was accepted, and it resulted he cal fre of Bartram’s IJxia coelestina, in a. flower, in a tc) e fact that the plant had already been in ral w Le te, at aye eae North Carolina, we were met by H. A. ee who has furnished the Garden with a number of rare and new plants in recent years. Here we were well on William Banas s trail, so to speak. Mr. Rankin, in a oe recently re- ceived, states: 1 Bartram, Travels through North and South Carolina, Georgia, East and West Florida. 153. 1791. (Philadelphia edition.) 156 Returning homeward from one of his trips to Florida and other Gulf States, Bartram passed through what is now Fayette- es ie reach ae a Be Carolina oe pee a Lake Wacca- the region, and a grandfather, several times removed, of Mrs Rankin. Bartram mentions many shrubs and trees he found growing in that region. These still may be seen where he found them or nearby n o'clock in the evening of June ninth found us nea sight owers, which, however, gave only a faint idea of what were the beauty of these areas of flatwoods at the height of the flowering season, as indicated by the very num pen- ing cap These were so numerous that Bartram’s statemen about “azu ds of cerulian Ixea” seems perfectly justifiable e very noticeable early withering of the ers interested us greatly, It t ran exceptionally short diurnal period, or the end of a longer, perhaps mainly nocturnal period of activ- ity. Of course, the color oo violet) of the corolla seemed to argue against the second alternative. Fic 1 (on oppo! osite page). William Bartram’s illustration of J. coslestina published in his “ Travels” hea of the Philadelphia caion) very good representation of this rare aaa interesting iridaceous IXEA. Pelee pe Rad. tutllosa subrotunda.C: ieee ho agate Fohis ucwte- SS aes reed eee a vid. Tourn. 158 rect observation being the only way of solving this problem, we decided to let the plant answer for itself, and started for the field th i fl s the sun rose the swelling buds burst! After about three hours the perianth showed signs of withering, and by about nine o’clock he daily routine was at an end. he next ae that suggested itself was, what is the daily routine of this plant in the flowering season? Each plant consists of a bulb which not a leaf and a flower-stem (scape). which arises a flower, or in case of a compound ee a second A flower which opens the day after the first flower is s er the flower withers in the forenoon, the plant ceases ee activi to down no flower, not even a bud appears for in e stations for this plant which Professor Hume ha noticed a short time before. These were readily found, but the lace re the plant had grown most abundantl cultivated field s the native flora is gradually eliminated! a *s original station appears to have n Ss Lake George observations in that ie were made too late in the forenoon to verify this ee itio: Early in the past century Tho ® Nuttall referred to Bar- tram’s a ey as, “A very scarce plant, and a doubtful genus Aqetcrente to this plant by William Barton follows: “The venerable William Bartram, who is still living at Kingsess n i dens, ment: i travels into Florid: t he t with whole fiel f the Ixia coelestina. The visits of late botanists not having thrown his p in their way, led d e Genera of North American Plants. 22. 159 whether Mr. Bartram had really met with an Ixia, or whether he had not mistaken some other plant for it. as Nuttall, how- ever, has corroborated the account of Mr. Bartram, by meeting with two or three species ae one of | which f is ohee figured. This circumstance has afford o the venerable naturalist, whose plant ee appears to have been another that a Nutta 1 also vitiated its geography - acrid it to Pp als tomia, thus drifting further and further from its true botanical position. Although often and for a oe o associated with the genu Nemastylis in a rather careless way, the flower of this oe is quite distinct from that of Nenasiis and from those of any other known genus. The flower of Nemastylis is erect, strictly actinomorphic, the corolla lying in a horizontal plane, the thread- ora of North America 2: 90-91. 1822 160 eke oe and stigmas ageines at right. angles to the d beneath the anther A group of Salpingostylis coelestina in flatwoods north of Soa. "lorida. The perianth is violet or lavender-violet. The flowers are sometimes ee violets by ti natives. The plants grow most abun eines ina a mice round, on slope from the drier high parts to the wetter about af ear te s. rnucopia or trumpet-shaped structure, with reniform stigmas 1 flatwoods ae the plant grows. Other minor differences also After ' ‘sailing under false colors” for over a hundred and fifty b a recorded on a plate at the very beginning of its career, this plant 161 has, it is to be hoped, found a secure haven in ue binominal Sal- pingostylis coelestina (/xia coelestina Bartram e history of aan plant will illustrate ee seocaal methods of taxonomic bo tany—field botany, closet-botany, long-range botany, ane r he pl their results toweh ie methods a clot. -botany or = tone: range botany and eve of them Coincident nie A solution of fei status sof the Bartram plant, the existence of a new species of Nemastylis, a genus typical of as Te: to study this plant in the field will ie eae this Joun K. ae THE RELATION OF CIVILIZATION TO BIRDS AND FOODS! Civilization would be malo without birds. Every living plant has hosts of insect enemies. In spite of all the develop- ments of modern science, using sprays, insecticides, and even poison powder and poison gas, we are forced to admit a national Stigmas reniform, spreading, double-toothed. ae erect, obovoid. 1 Abstract of a talk given by Mr. Paul B. Mann, of Evander Childs High School, on May 16, 1931, at The New York Botanical Garden. 162 out the assistance of our feathered friends, who are the natural enemies of insects and whose help in this particular cause be- comes of the greatest significance. I ects chew all the leaves of a plant—no matte sturdy the root system, eventually the plant will die, because the leaves are the fo f the plant. In their green cells, starch, sugar, and proteins are formed, which in turn becom basi ft tld of animals and w. can be classed as a truly beneficial. It is our native birds that Not only do birds eat harmful insects : eel ane, vast quan- tities of weed seeds. Sparrows are the mo The birds of prey, the hawks and owls, are ao ey for e most part, because ae feed not only on injurious insects but particularly on field mice and other rodents. Civilization also owes a great deal to birds from the aesthetic ndpoint re beginning to insist upon real conservation of our wild birds. “Sanctuary” is the slogan of the campaign. Paut B. Mann. THREE RECENT BOOKS ON PLANT GEOGRAPHY Dr. Riibel set himself a gigantic task in attempting to bring to- gether in one volume a general discussion of all the manifold or! e brought t types of vegetation of the world.” it an unusually wide personal experience derived from his travels in many lands and an equally thorough knowledge of the literature. The result wle: is a handsome and authoritative volhime which must be as great a satisfaction to its author as it is a delight to its readers, 1 Ribel, Eduard. Pflanzengesellschaften der Erde. Pp. viiit 464. 242 f.tmap. Hans Huber, Bern and Berlin. 1930. Fr. 3 163 After a few pages devoted to a general statement of the prin- ciples underlying the differentiation of plant associations and a eview of some of the vario ifyi them is then ae in turn, with indication of their geographic distribution, general physiognomy, and climatic correlations, and handsomely fee from photographs. The last are indeed a e of the portraying practically every type of vegetation. The work closes with a map of the vegetation of the world, on a scale of 1 to 90,- and in ten colors. We may hope that a translation of the book into English will soon follow Ribel is also the editor and one of the contributors to an- ro and Poland in 1928. Dr. Ritbel gives an account of the ac- tivities of the excursion and a of the participants present in esults. detail some of its scientific r * unt Kilimanjaro is the highest known mountain in Africa, 0 i the vegetation in a very readable and esha book. e fea- will of the remarkable vegetation which is luxur' ee developed at a Tr The Sellen half-tones illustrate these and other plants pro- 2 Ergebnisse der Internationalen Excursion durch die Tschechoslowakei und ee 928. Pp. 25 f. Han ern and Berlin. 1930. a 3Geilinger, Walter. Der "kina, sein Land und seine Menschen. Pp. 182. 156 f.+4 col. pl. and map. Hans Huber, Bern and Berlin. No date [1931]. 164 fusely, give many interesting glimpses of the natives and the larger mammals, and show landscapes and other features of the country all the way from sea-level to the peak of the mountain. H.A PUBLIC LECTURES AT THE GARDEN During the remainder of the summer, the following free public ‘lectures will be given at The New York Botanical Garden. The Cee illustrated by lantern slides and otherwise, are given in the Museum Building on Saturday afternoons at four o'clock. July 18. “Diatoms, Microscopic Beauties,” Dr. Marshall A. Howe, Assistant Directo July 25. “Edible and as nous arseeSoee Dr. Fred J. Se Curato Aug. 1. “Coal, Its Oana aa Development,” Dr. Arthur Hol- is Aug. 8. “New Gladiolus Varicties? Dr. Forman T. McLean, Public Aug. 15. “Collecting Fungi in Nor fee Wisconsia Woods,” Dr. odge, Plant ect Aug. 22. “Seedless Erte, ” Professor F. A. Varrelman, Ameri- can University of ier ton, . Aug. 29. “Through the Mountains of Colorado, Wyoming and South Dakota,” Dr. Fred J. nee Cur ator. The program of lectures given during the spring and early part of the summer consisted of the following: Mar. 7. ‘Rock Sea without a Rockery,” Mrs. Wheeler ‘. am, Honorary Curator of Iris and Nar- cissus "Collect tions. Mar. 14. “Begonias as House Plants,” Mrs. H. Bux orresponding Secretary, National pee of ane Garden Federations. Mar. 21. “Seeds for the Garden,” Dr. A. B. Stout, Director of Laboratories. Mar. 28. April 4. April 11. April 18. April 25. May 2. May 9. May 16. May 23. June 6. June 13. June 20. June 27. July ir. 165, “Local Plant Life around New York as Studied by the Torrey Botanical ve ” Mr. Raymond H. Torrey, Torrey Botanical Clu “British Guiana,” Dr. tA . Gleason, “Wild see and Thei me Cousins,” Dr. Tonuan T.M bape coe - Public Educatio be Plants, ” Dr. John Hendley pane Bib- apher “Big Trees and a of California and Thei Preservation,’ Dr. Elmer D. Merrill, Director-in- Chief. as and Scenic Features of Cuba,” Dr. Marshall A. Howe, Assistant Director. “Spring Flowers,” Dr. Kenneth R. Boynton, Head Gardener. “The Relation of Civilization to Birds and The ‘oods,” Mr. Paul B. Mann, Evander Childs High Se foe “Fungi is in Their Human Relations,” Dr. J. Gardne Hopkins, Professor of Dermatology, College of Piy- sicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, and D B Dodge, Plant Pathologist, New York Bonne cal Garden. “John Bartram, American Quaker and Botanist to the King,” Dr. John Hendley Barnhart, Bibliographer. “Rice, ae ae ae Plant in the World,” Dr. H. A. Gleason, Cur: Neston ‘of the pare ” Dr. Elmer D. Merrill, Director-in-Chief. * Roses,” Mr. Kenneth R. Boynton, Head Gardener. “Daylilies,” Dr. A. B. Stout, Director of Laboratories. 166 A GLANCE AT CURRENT LITERATURE? e “Garden Implements That Save the Back’’ de- scribed in Horticulture for June 15, 1931, rubber-toothed rake, a r-purpose cultivator that stirs the surf soil, pull t weeds, protects overhanging branches, and serv e ~ sired as a wheel-plo h ; ae pa hoses with special nozzle and sprays, wire stakes wit ral loop to hold up plants, and garden curbings of steel an na * “ The Gardener Takes to the Water ”’ is the title of an article y R. W. Lindsley in Nature Maganne for ed well eee a plans and photographs of an attractive lawn pool whic rap! au ahs built. Easily understood ena are given - = nstruction, care, and planting of the pool, the total cost of bai Iding which was under $25. x o£ Successful garden ferns are pictured and described in I and Asplenium Ruta-muraria, are all growing in the garden of W. Herbert Dole. * ok OK New England wild flowers which can add an attractive corner Botanical Gar at Lexi n, h-marigolds, tril- liu berry, columbine, violets, iris, butte: weed, lilies, harebell, cardinal flower, rose mallow, and gentian are the cipal ones mentione * Ok Ok Of interest to those who like to go state along the coast is a phlet just received on “The Origin and Development of the Vegetation of Sandy Hook, rysler of gers Uni- by M. A. versity. It is a reprint from the Bulletin of the Torrey Daianital oe for December, 1930. All publications mentioned here—and many others—are available in a — of The New York Botanical Garden, in the Museum Buildin 167 o from Mr. Chrysler’s pen, in the form of a reprint from Cae of February 20, comes a report of a new fossil cycad found near Woodbridge, N. J. x Ok OK Ok Bush-honeysuckles and their value to gardeners are discussed in a Arnold Arboretum Bulletin of Popular Information for une 18. J. G. Jack, the author, gives important points in the aes and propagation o ae ae nts. Although compiled for the region onde fifty miles of Mil- waukee, the new vest-pocket edition of the mushroom guide pub- lished by the Milwaukee Public erica should be practical for any area of si il. It contains similar climate and s key to the species, a glossary, astations an index, and recipes ee cooking the edible varieties. Huron H. e a is the author. x Ok e “fossils in the making’ a such eas can . calle is of many plants have also been found in the layer of sod that has been hidden for years beneath the beach-sands study of inheritance and chromosome number in the Pere ie appearing in Torreya for May-June, 1931, Dr. Forman T. McL lings arising in the second generation from the crossing of two ies. The fol species. The eae generation, if two interspecific eas are crossed, may hav possibilities of ty, x Ok Ok OF e Ginkgo tree, native oe ae and a which has bee! ed in New Lingnan Science Journal, a scientific organ of Lingnan Univer- sity, Canton, China 168 Native names for this tree, which has great paleobotanical im- rtance, are the Grandfather- aed or the Silver por tree or the White Fruit Pine. Quoting E. Watson,? Dr. Gra ys: “In China white nuts are used as food and are usually found on the table at wedding feasts, fo ich occasions the shell is commonly d. red. e Chinese credit whi t eat many medicinal properties, and use them in treating coughs, asthma, b d ut complaints, etc en eaten raw, white nuts are said to destroy cancer; when cooked they are con: sidered to be peptic and anthelmintic anese use white nuts to promote digestion n to being used in fo n when digested in wine or oil, in making a kind of detergent cos- metic.” “On account of sentimental as continues the author, “th this time quoting W. Y. un,? e tree is not often cut The wood is soft, but straight-grained, light brown- ish j in aa with a silky sheen. he Japanese use the leaves ee fertilizer, especially on rice fields under water. They ascribe o the leaves an insecticidal p CaroL H. Woopwarp. NOTES, NEWS, AND COMMENT Merrill, Director-in-Chief, has recently ie elected Dr. E. D. to membership in the Washington Academy of Scien Dr. Fred J. Seaver, Curator, spent several days recently in anageh er ae over types of fungi in the Schweinitz collec- Whe pore ch; ossible, microscopic slides showing r- acters repa ith ermission 0 be W. Pennell, and brought back to The New York Botanical Garden for critical aes These were later Sees in the her- barium of The New York Botanical Gard 2 The sins ae of Chinese Commerce. 1923. * Economic Trees of China. 1923. 169 Drs. Merrill, Barnhart, and Hollick represented The New York c ri en tram on the two hundr ey anniversary of his founding of the first Botanic al in the American Colonies. Dr. Barnhart presented a paper on the “Significance of Jone Bartram’s Work to Botanical a “Horticultural Knowledge.’ The Narcissus, Iris, Peony, Rock Garden, and Rose exhibits at The New York Botanical Garden have been unusually attrac- tive this year, due to favorable climatic conditions, seas ngs of table iris, treatment of diseased plants, and no additions of newer peony varieties. All of these floral displays have eae nu- merous visitors and have received much ri comment a publicity. To make use of stock on han elease space in the limited propagating grounds, naturalistic plantings of day- ee Harold McL. Turner Garden’s iris exploration and studies were continued in A an hi D John K. Small and Mr. E. J. Alexander. Most of the time was devoted to the field of native iris in the lower Mae River Delta and in the Pearl River Delta. Both sides of the Missis- sippi River and bayous, swamps, and marshes, a between i explored. S a iris plants were sent in for the Garden plantations and for minor plantations in different parts of the United States Recent visitors to the library included the following botanists: Mr. Rimo Bacigalupi, Gray Herbarium, Cambridge, Mass. ; Prof. Alexander W. Evans, New Haven, Conn.; Prof. Wm. Mansfield and Miss Elsie G. Whitney, aoe N. Y.; Prof. H. H. Whet- zel, Miss Harriet B. Creighton r. S. H. Heieee Ithaca, N. ¥.; Prof. George L. Zundell, ee8 College : ; Prof oS ar T. Wher and Dr. F. W. Pennell, Philadelphia, ee : Prof. F FLD. 170 Fromme, Morgantown, W Va.; Dr. Walter Swingle, Prof. A. S. Hitchcock, Prof. Charles S. Parker, Mr. John A. Stevenson, and Mr. E. P. Killip, Washington, D. C.; Prof. Wm. Trelease, Urbana, Ill.; Dr. D. T. Mech oueels Tucson, Ariz.; Prof. F. E. Lloyd, Toronto, Canada; Prof. Marie Victorin, Mont eal, Can- nifre i England ; Mr. Matsuta Matsubara, Tokyo, ae and Prof. Wm E. Hoffmann, Lingnan University. Canton, Chin: A popular account of the “Diseases of Lilies” by Professor Carl E. F Guterman has ently been published in the Year Book of the Beene Seeks y of New York for 1930. This report summarizes all the available information regarding dis- part o effort to eliminate the virus diseases from the display plantings of lilies. The Fifth International Botanical Congress, held in eames England, in August, 1930, authorized the publication of an In- ternational Address Book of Botanists and appointe a committee .D Museum at Bena Dahlem, Dr. E. D. Merrill, Director-in-Chief of The New York Botanical Garden, and Dr. T. F. Chipp, As- sistant Director of the Royal Botanic Gardens at Kew. The last publication of this kind is the third edition of Dérfler’s Botaniker- Adressbuch, which appeared in 1909 and is now badly out of date. The committee, therefore, has had to collect all the information anew. The arrangement will be by countries alphabetically, and a 171 eneral personal index will make possible the easy tracing of a <3) Pc) 4 2 =} > th -_ ° as > o a o ° ra a o > a ni negie Corporation latter having been secured through the directorate of The New York Botanical Garden e famous Bull Creek and Dyerville forests, held to be the supreme development of California’s giant redwoods, are now ciety, and Dr. E. D. Merrill of The New York Botanical Garden, all members of te Council of the Save-the-Redwoods League. 172 The Metropolitan Gladiolus Society, of which Dr. Forman T. McLean, Supervisor of Public Education, is President, is stag- : : ladi patronesses and patrons. The T the title “Plant Gladiolus” was ae uit the last of a and ing all timed with the aim to have | r show The Garden is anticipating to exhibit more than 1000 varieties at that one tim ith entries from urs, novices, commercial and from the nearby private estates, this exhibit can easily display the finest assortment of Gladiolus and late summer owers ever in any one exhibition. Any wishi: copy of final prize schedule may secure one by writing either E. A. Teven, 480 Lexington Avenue, New York, N. Y ona for June. The maximum temperatures recorded Y 18th; and 57° on oe 24th. The total precipitation for the month was 3.56 inches. os Heckscher Barton prey He ae ae Aaa ati Archer M. Hunt isto aldw: Adrien Iselin rs. peer aes Jenks Walter Jen ‘of. Charles P cae Billin Walter Meabines . Kah ge Whit al *Mrs Dela ane Ruel einard |G) Bodman §Mrs. F. Leonard Kellogg Prof.MarstonT. Bogert Darwin P. Kingsley *Mrs. Gustav E. Kissel Clarence Lewis M. Butle hart, Jr. *Mrs. Andrew Carnegie +f by il m_ Lockwood . Carpente: Ir. acDougal enzi neth *lMrs Parker MeColl ester arin Le Brun Cooper es W. Cromwell s. John R. eitial Henry W. de Forest dgar L. Marst r.H.M. Denslow George MeAneny Mrs, Charles D. Dicke Dr. at D. Merrill ohn W. Draper John L. Merrill son *Mrs. Tae nie Ac min T. Fairchild Hon. Ogden L. Mill ‘ield ela Behe Ic liam B. O. Field Barrington Moore ick J. Pierpont Morgan Dr. Lewis R. Morris *Mrs. Carl A. de Gersdorff Dr. Robert T. Morris eim eil *Miss Elizabeth S. Hamilton Frederic R. Newbold ns rof. Henry Osborn e ‘per Chas. Lathrop Pack _ tMrs. E, Henry Harriman *Mrs. James R. Parsons } T. A. Havemeyer ufus L. Patterson *Mrs. Wheeler H. Peckham ecmber also of the Advisory Cou t Honorary member of the Advisory ean ¢ Chairman of the Advisory Counc | Secretary of the Paveory aes _ § Treasurer of the Advisory Council. MEMBERS OF THE CORPORATION Mrs. eee Perkins ied Phip: F. ee Hea R. Pitcher rt Porter Prof. H. H. Rus! ae Pe Walenane P. Snyder James Speyer ngar ie H. Stout n ee Strong . B. Thay De Williaa ‘s. eee inthro *Mrs. William i. Woodin GENERAL INFORMATION Some of the leading features of The New York Botanical Garden are: Fo undred acres of beautifully cinecined sand. in the northern part of the Tc of New York, throug x ich flows the Bronx River. A nativ. hemlock forest is one of the features of the lantations of thousands of eae and sreraeees trees, shrubs, and flowering plant Gardens, including a Beautifal rose garden, a rock garden of rock-loving plants, and fern and herbaceous gardens. reenhouses, Seutain ning howands of interesting plants from America and foreign cou: Flower show: 4d thrsdckoe the year—in the spring, summer, and autumn displays of narnieeh daffodils, tulips, lilacs, irises, beonies, roses, lilies, waterllies gladioli, dahlias, and chrysanthemums; in the winter displays of greenhouse-blooming plan A museum, containing ae of fossil plants, existing plant families, local plants occurring within one hundred miles of the City of New York, and the economic uses of plants. n herbarium, c Bp aang more than one million specimens of Amer- ican and foreign apecte xploration in diff ae parts of the United States, the West Indies, Genel and South America, for the study and collection of the character- istic research in laboratories and in the field into the diversified ee of plant life. ibrary of Hotapical literature, comprising more than 41,000 books aa numerous pamphlet Public lectures on a lores variety of botanical topics, continuing throughout the year. Publications on botanical subjects, partly of technical, scientific and eth of popular, interest. eieanet dete on school children and the public through the above ane s and vie ing of free information on botanical, horticultural, and forestall subjec The Garden se aaa upon an annual a ok the mbe possesses now ne ay two thousand members, and Cain. oe membership are always welcome. The classes of membership a Benefactor single contributio atron ingle contribution 5, Fellow for Life ............. .... single contribution 1,000 Member for Life ........ seeeeee Single contribution 250 Fellowship Member .......... ee. annu 100 Sustaining Member ....... Seren apnpal fee 25 Annual Member ................ ual fee Contributions to the Garden may be cereal from taxable incomes. The following is an apres form of bequest I merely bequeath to The New York Botanical Garden incorporated under the L of New York, Chapter matt i ae the sum of ————. Co mi tional bequests may be e with income pals to donor or any designated beneficiary Hee his or her lifet: All requests for further el ai should be pe 4 Tue New York BoranicaL beg BRONX PARK, NEW YORK, N. Y. Aveust, 1931 No. 380 JOURNAL OF Tue New York BOTANICAL GARDEN IN MEMORIAM: ROBERT W. DE FOREST, EDWARD D. ADAMS, AND MORTIMER L. SCHIFF SALVAGING THE NATIVE AMERICAN IRISES . SMAI RECENT SCIENTIFIC OBSERVATIONS IN PORTO RICO . L. Britton THE LARGEST WL H. H. Rus: A GLANCE ae CURRENT ier rate iecies Caro H. Woo! FISH-POISON PLANTS Ae aiopnce IDEAL INSECTICIDE PUBLIC LECTURES DURING SEPTEMBER, OCTOBER, ND NOVEMBER. NOTES, NEWS, AND COMMENT ACCESSIONS At LIME AND GREEN STREETS, LANCASTER, Pa. THE Science Press PrintING CoMPANY Entered at the post-office in Lancaster, Pa., as second-class matter. _ Annual subscription $1.00 Single copies 10 cents . i | PUBLISHED FOR THE GARDEN q Free to members of the Garden F THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN an ey OF MANAGER y W. DE Forest, Presid CLA HENRY bE Forest BALDWIN, Vice President AvotpH LEwIsoHN F. K. Srurers, Vee Presiden Henry Lockuwart, Jr. joae L. Merritt, Tre gee D. T. MacDoucaL eee ee ry KenNETH K. MACKENZIE ON ae >KY ES Hy Gerorcr S. BREWSTER H. Hosarr Porter RITTON Henry H. Ruspy Nicnotas Murray BurLer Tuomas A. Eprson oy ay ‘TRELEASE A. Harper Ber WEBSTER JAMEs J. Mace) Mayor of the City a Nea ‘Wa tter R. Herrick, President of the Dearvnens of Parks SCIENTIFIC ao eee R. A. Harper, Pu. D., Sc. D., Chairman D. OUGAL, PED) LD) Cinmues B ERCON: a De ee iD), Henry it Russy, M. D., Sa D. HARLES P. Berkey, Pu. D., Sc. NGNwes ocer, Sc. D., LL. D GerorceE J. reece 1) Nrewotas We Buruer, Pu. D., Epmunp W. SINNOTT, Pu. D. |, Isai, 1D), Sam F. Trevease, Pu. D. nee eee eer rae . L. Britton, Pu GARDEN STAFF Dae Dy ae Se.) Dy, Director-in-Chief MarsH A. Hows, Pat DENSe Dl ie aes Hae eae an as ssistant Director Joun K Esa att Pu. D., Sc. Dict eee Head Curator of the Museums Director of the Labora) ti Paleobotanist t Pathologist ERE IDS MOR a pA Supervisor of Publi piaee eg Joun HenpLey Bie "A. M, MEE STS vise sca er Ca er Bibli Percy WILson Patmyre DE C. MITCHELL Associate Curator Sarau H. Harrow, A. M. Librarian H. Ruspy, M. Deen Honorary Curator coh ne Broan Collections Euizasetu G. Britton ‘y Cur of Mosses ry E. Eaton rtist Rosert S. WILLIAMS Administrative Assistant J. ALEXANDER Assistant Curator Avpert C. SmitH, A. B Mscheiane Curato LYDE CHANDLER, A. M Technical Assistant ocen i. M. DENSLow, A. M, IDL D Rana Honorary Custodian of Local Herbarium OBERT HAGELSTEIN, Bo SSe So Mwanetannne Hon Bene) Curator of Myxomycetes . B. SourHwick. ADE Ae ORs Custodian of Herbaceous Grounds HN R. BRINLEY, (GE es S. GroEsBECK ArtTHuR J. Corser Sif d \ Cle of Buildin and Grounds oe JOURNAL OF The New York Botanical Garden VoL. XXXII AUGUST, 1931 No. 380 IN eer ROBERT W. DE FOREST, en D. AMS, AND MORTIMER L. SCH At a regular meeting of the Board of Managers of The New York Sours Garden, held on June 19, 1931, the following w i recently deceased managers, Robert W. de Forest, Edward D. Adams, and Mortimer L. Schiff were adopted: Rosert W. DE Forest Robert W. de Forest died on May 6, 1931, a few ee after eae his eighty-third year. He was a member of th rd of Man s of The New York Boudicil Garden since oe since oe ae been one of the most active members of its Ex: ecutive : Committee. and far-sighted counselor in important affairs, he hada thought out his plans and understood the difference be- tween what was essential and what unessential to their fulfilment and was thus able to adapt them to the views of others knew how to ahaa Neale sacrificing the end he had in view He had v: rage, caution, patience, persistence, as well as far- aie. practi wisdom he outcome of his work as an organizer and director of cul- tural and Sleep saeneitione carried on by private enter- I 174 prise and in codperation with the City Government, as well as hi Ci Gar s nature. He was a of trees and flowers. He gave the Garden untiring devotion and his tact and considerateness in ps with its affairs during the many years he was a member of its Board of Managers made his influence dominant in its counc cle s. Resolved, That the Managers of The New York Botanical Gar- € to w ’. de Forest, their satisfaction in having had the benefit of his wise counsel for so many years, and their deep regret in the loss of an esteemed friend and associate. Resolved, That the for ae preamble and resolution be en- tered on the minutes and that a copy oe transmitted to Mr. de Forest’s family, with our ae sympathy. Epwarp D. ADAMS We, the Board of Managers of The New York Botanical Gar- den, desire to join in the ieee expression of regard called forth by eo death of Mr. Edward D. Adams, at his home in Nev dams show its affairs, being a generous contributor to its endowments, a former Vice. -president of the institution, and member of various committees, Resolved, That the Managers record their profound sorrow caused by the death of Mr. Edward D. Adams and express ie a eal their appreciation of the service rendered by him, a: heir admiration for his mental powers, ae so ay distucnhed him in many fields of human endeavo 175 TIMER L. SCHIFF M It is with the deepest regret and sorrow that we have to record the sudden death of Mr. Mortimer L. Schiff at his home at Oyster 4, 1931 Mr. Schiff had been a member of the Board of Managers of this institution since 1926 and a mee of the Corporation since 1909. The extent of his philanthropies covered a wide field of char- 1 y life. Of the highest ideals and integrity, he held the unqualified respect of all, making his loss eae felt, but leaving a standard for all who came in contact Resolved, That these resolutions be spread upon the minutes ane a ety. sent to Mr. Schiff’s family, with our warmest sym- pat SALVAGING THE NATIVE AMERICAN IRISES Tris is ancient and iris is modern. It appealed to the ancients in the abstract, interpreted by the imagination through the poetry of the early Greek theology. To the moderns its appeal became concrete through their sciences. In the varied significances of the word, iris has been an object of study, exercising the mind of ast. Hemisphere. one assigning of the cise Ls name Iris by: ants i i at more appropri the plant geographer, and an esthetic adjunct for the horticul-~ turist and the plant breeder. Ficure 1. In the delta of the Pearl River, Louisiana. A small patch of Iris a aunts in the foreground. The « “weed-wagon” (the popu- lar name for collecting motor) in the background. The above-named Species anid my iad forms of Iris virginica constitute the iris flora of the Pearl River Del THE Irises or LovIsIANA o The New York Botanical Garden, at least as an hs ne the credit of rescuing for the botanist and the horticul- urist the remnants of the wreckage of the most ea na is fiel i red. ange as it may seem, what was the maximum development in ne iris field of the lower Mississippi River Delta, even in re- cent modern times, will never be known.1 ‘o one who has seen the southern Louisiana irises in flower @ 3 a 3 = og @ 2. iS) a ct 5 o o ave no means of knowing, except as in- on a following page ; but the panes things that have This opportunity of rescuing iris pla and ascertaining facts jae exploration has been made ees through the interest of several friends of the Garden. Ficure 2. Collecting iris in swamp at Arabi, Poulsen. Colonies bree and small of many kinds of iris occur here. This ip and those of Gentilly are the richest in various kinds of iris. el aire in the past and are happening in the present are well known from direct and indirect evidence. ae a thorough survey of the iris lands in the New Orleans region, we confidently calculate that through rural improvements and urban growth about eighty per cent of the iris fields of a half ed! : ni omprisi the c formations south of Lake Ponchartrain, once he a he iris ae complete 178 the case of the marshlands, nature may destroy and may et the iris fields. On the other han the bottom-lands against man’s destructive methods, nature has little chance to a ey ° am ere the ae spring up along the highway et plantations, and general agriculture drive out the remnan the native irises er to show how thorough these destructive agencies may become, take the Bayou Lafourche for example This stream is now a federal water-highway s banks both sides ate ee stream are lined with houses ne ce for hundred n AMERICAN Iris IN BoTANY AND HorTICULTURE thin the past two dees oe kinds of native iris have co to our attention. They have been ada a the fold of ies and are being introduced into horticu cal ises are considered. ones, as a result of the remoteness of many of their natural habitats, have in the past and are now suffering less devastation and extermination. Ficur Our shortest-stemmed iris—/ris flericaulis. In the typical form of | this j iris the flower-stalk is about six inches long. It is z zigzag and frequently lies on the ground. This iris is related to Iris foliosa, in which both leaves aa dower stalks lie on the ground. Up to the beginning of this century our native irises received a little attention from either botanists or horticulturists. The active and well-known American Iris Society devoted it tention and resources almost exclusively to the natural irises of the Old World or to their numerous hybrids. o a 180 erences to American iris appeared in European plant ur erio g two f the present century, ther eleven species of Iris in easter: r eri nd the same umber in western North erica.” The e group of iris is he beginning Iris foliosa® was published by Mackenzie and Bush. Twenty-six 3 Iris versicolor L. Sp. Pl. 39. 1753; various plant provinces, eastern ee merica. is virginica L. Pl. 39. 1753; various plant provinces, south- eastern United Stat 5 Iris verna L. Sp. PL 39. 1753; various plant provinces, southeast- rn. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 31: 41-42. 7 A list of those now known west of the Mountains, as inter. ee by botanical writers of the regions invelved, comprises the fol- low: Tris aa ata. S. Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. 20: 375. 1885. ris californica Leicht. Garden 52: 120. Douglasiana Herb.; Hook. & Arn. Bot Beech. Voy. 395. 1841. rt rtwegi Baker. Gard. Chron. IT. 5: 323. 1876. Beech Voy. 395. 1841. aa Purdyi Eastwood. pe Calif. “Acad. ‘Sci. It. ae I: = pl. 7 f. 2. I Tris Seiosa hie Led. Fi. . 4:96. 1852. Tris tenax Dougl.; Lindl. ae Reg 15: pl. 1218. 1829. Tris tenuis S. See Proc. Am. Acad, 17: 380. 1882. 8 Iris foliosa Mackenzie Bush. Trans. Acad. St. Louis, 12: 81. 1902; eee Plain and adjacent plant provinces in the tees River Valle Ficure 4. Our tallest-stemmed iris—/ris gone growing i swamp near Cut-Off, Louisiana. In this swamp violet-flowered irises pre- vailed. The plants were mostly three to five feet tall. ee plants in Phe colony shown above were fully seven feet tail. If Sor e of the drooping leaves were straightened up they would overtop one’s ead, 182 years was the time extent of this second epoch, during which s species, additional to Jris foliosa, brought to light by pian in the Gulf States were published by the writer.® servation during explorations in the lower Mississippi River Delta indicated a third and very spectacular epoch, ushered in the publication by the writer of seven speci es, one from penin- ia: that date the unusual displays of native irises in southern Louisi- ana led us to concentrate on the region and to make the best of the opportunities at our disposal. Tue RANGE OF COLOR OF THE IRIS Alexander, co-student with the writer, of these Louisiana s that it ays have a cast of violet an e “red” and the but various ae f lilac, red-lilac, red-purple, rei, cae lilac, and rosy-lilac. All of these, with one or two excep re I within a certain few of the color datenay! colors as to t. also indicates that. he now fixed and geo- Seen well-established species ne than the Jris gigantt- caerulea types were possibly of hybrid origin. ®See Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. Bt: bi oe Jour. . Bot. A Dictio diyof Color. By ‘A. Macre and M. Rae Paul. McGraw- ai ‘Book Cone Inc., New York, 183 The two possible parental species, so to speak, Iris ees “red,” and Iris giganticaerulea, “blue,” have proved themselve to be champions of variation in color-tones. Up to two years ago these two plants were considered quite simple in coloration. Our recent explorations have shown them to hold color-values almost beyond belie I) The seme guardian of the “red” possibilities (Jris fulva) exhibits in its flower a range of colors from clear yellow embraced in the; iris ate considered nee (II) The primitive guardian of the “blue” otitis (Iris giganticaerulea) is sometimes colorless, or white (albino) ibits all the of blue iolet he ey or their ancestors must have come from. The trail of Jris fulva still leads back to the higher elevations. Iris Eien. however, does not give as complete a history of its ancient migration. found by Edward J. Alexander; ( : a pale creamy-yellow of uncertain Menon found by the writer. Color t the only variety shown by ae uisiana irises.. Ther is ne variation in the size of plants. Mentioning the ee 184. the flower-stalk of Iris flexicaulis may be six inches high; while that of J. giganticaerulea may be seven feet high. (FIGURES 3, 4.) CoLLecTING IRIs IN THE SOUTH The weather in southern Louisiana last winter was spring-like This dro @ =i a + cS 5 S oO Qa Q 2 a bh oe 9 i=] ch a tent t flower until two or three weeks later than usual as the normal spring weather prevailed, the iris fields burst into color. From this time to the e f the ering ery day—and lon: t id-work, col- owever, y will be made to continue the exploration and a eservation of this as yet unexhausted store of the American a HN K. SMALL. 185 RECENT SCIENTIFIC OBSERVATIONS IN PORTO RICO n continuation of former studies, and a as chairman of the com dem 1 in by the United States Department of Agri Ticulture, in pos pera aon i sul: n sev ties rich in large on New York demy of Sciences Committee, i eemed desirable that the localities should be st y Professor owa: eyerhoff, of Smith College, Northampton, Massa- chusetts, who had just completed the geology of th jardo Dis- trict,? is now occupied in writing the geology of the Arecibo District. A invitation, aye Meyer. me Sci . Porto Rico & Virgin Islands with geological 186 on March 23rd and made geological studies until April and; dur- were made in April, 1931, by Captain John R. Embeck, U.S. A guided by Don David Noble The total number of ciecteat aoe represented, obtained from ten localities, is not fewer than twenty, a notable contribu- tion to Wes ian palaeontology ; ve critical study anode go far toward determining the actual geological age of the older rocks o Rico, a question ich has been debated, with the prepondera: of opinion favori e taceous Epoch, but th insufficient palaeontological information.? Among these species, one found i tn. in metamorphosed anism, forming cylinders a foot long or longe ab SIX inches in diameter; cross-sections show narrow, radiating, neck- lace-like bands, giving them a wheel-lik ect fossil was first made from the older limestone of the island St. Croix, by T. Quin, who described and illustrated it in his interest- ing account of the geology of that island,? but without giving it an , or nite conclusion as to the biological The orto d St. nee oe uplifts of ne two islands separated by about 2 See erhoff, Geology of the Fajardo District, Sci. Survey 2: 219-229, eh and preceding reports by other geologists. 3 The building of an island, qto, pp. 106. Christiansted, St. Croix. 1907. 187 forty miles of Caribbean Sea, is of surpassing geological interest and importance With Professor Meyerhoff, studies were made of the stratig- he Older Ser: ock Series of s at many places, especially as distorted by folding and the numerous intrusions of mol rock, after the sedimentation of the st and their partial or complete solidification into conglomerates, shales and tuffs o ganic, largely volcanic origin, and limestones formed in deeper water, thro accumulation of microscopic organisms and their ‘bris ; the complexity “ structure se produced is very baffling ; which the sediments were deposited. The distortions are espe- ome of the li Progress of eae Soil Survey was followed with high apprecia- ion of the e of this investigation to agricultural problems a to its pee relationshi We continued botanical and horeeulanal observations, and col- lected many specimens. The Supplement to the Descriptive Flora of Porto Rico and the Virgin Islands* was published in Decem- ber, 1930. During our recent studies a few unrecorded wild spe- cies were detected, noteworthy among them the vine-like shrub orne on a steep wooded slope southw de ito, and hitherto known only from to Domingo, Cuba, ca, west- ern Mexico, and Central America, and an attractive nen orchid, with bright yellow flowers in long clusters, a Pleuro hallis, fice ico. and records were made o exotic plants introduced by the Agricultural Experiment Stations and by the Forest Service, and the cae or failure of many r re obse Much attention was given to the feat ies of water-color paintings of wild Porto Rican plants, made by . Charles E Horne during the past ten years, now facia Gk over four hun- 4 Scientific Survey 6: Part 4, with index to volumes 5 and 6. 188 dred species. Suggestion which has been oes that these be pub- d by of Port rh such publication, and a provisional Uae a s has been prepared, for wide distribution, inviting subscriptions. Arrangements were also made for translation of the Bee text into Spanish, by Mr. Rafael Andrés Toro. The progress of reforestation through the distribution of man: thousand young trees from the nurseries of the Forest Service i iati k has bee & 3 Eg o g. °° 3 4 a La mh o rs] + < 4 o a ° Fh a) =) 5 os ° a 3 ° = o a o g Pre nee ane cane December, with Professor John C. 189 VanDyke, of peal College, New Brunswick, New Jersey, who h Many pri hospitality and for information. That ‘of M rs. Heylman at Casa ‘o studied in Misses No a at on a where ox rare Calophyllum tree pre- large, lustrous leaves and attractive white flowers is a good addi- 190 tion to species eee oe ornamental ees At Mrs. Cor- ani coran’s estate, near a, dal-woo , pre- ly recorded, ae ma: ae gr , demonstrating the availability of this elegant, small tree for decorative arboriculture o 4 ry oa 4 4 = ry is - 3 4 c a ion a) < _ o rly Oo p 7 = o& = » 74 been recorded as introduced into Porto Rico; on le- ga s t e-flowered Aguacero (Brunfelsia undulata) native of Jamaica, with fragrant, white flowers si ong, at Mayagiiez, u the pea : a of the Insular Experiment Station at Rio cen dir Cc! r. e ja, was of much interest. aya- giiez Station we sa e and ae plantation a several species of Crotalaria, el important plan use in increasin the nitrogen conten soils, under pee ation for determining which species is most effective; here, also, further studies were made of rare exotic trees in the arboretu e Rio Piedras Station, studies were mad: the herbarium, in ch Dr. Mel ‘ook, e tributed many spe owar g the reference value of this already important collection; genetical work with papayas (Carica Papaya -known, valuable, vi eee food-fruit, carried on by Doctor Thomas Bregger, look ward improvement of cultivated races. IgI Scientific work at the University of Porto Rico was observed with pleasure and gratification. Chancellor Chardon outlined to iversi useum bui i i us plans for a University M building, to be built as a unit of the ment at Rio Piedras. A m, satisfactorily con- structed and installed has alwa a need of Por ico, an there are important collections available for one there, both der public and unde ivate ownershi an. ecimens col lected during the progress of the Scientific Sur ) gi soils of Pore Rico have all been derived from the disintegration i i 1 is widely recognized i tant element in liberal education Id excursions with the of the Biological De- partmen e University, headed by Professor Garci, achel Dexter, and hel in the collection and determination of specimens for class- c ne of these trips, to the eastern ainland tto Rico was kindly ai b Jorge Bird, ge the Fajardo Sugar Company, wh t the motor- boat “ Bluebird ” at the service of the party, and thus enabled us to reach poin Ensena da, a region of low rainfall, where the vegetation is similar to that of the uthwestern t the dry so arts of Porto Rico; here we found the little spurge, Chamaesyce sila oo on cleared la Visits were made the Polytechnic Institute of Porto Rico at An, ery important educational work continues nder the direction of President arris. We made botan- ical studies there h Professor Palmer, and d hi est. President Harris accompanied us on an excursion to 192 a on the south coast, for the study of other interesting e entomology of Porto Rico and the Virgin Islands is receiv- ing critical consideration by the Scientific Survey, notably aided ti de by Doct i Station at Rio Piedras. Organization of the investigation by Dr. F E. Lutz and Mr. H. F. Si hwarz, of the eee Museum of t molo: uring his previous services as Entomologist of the Insular Agricultural Experiment ae will, doubtless, be followed by additional knowledge of in: Other classes e ee animals are also under investiga- ing been described umes IX and the vey publica- ons mon, e Invertebrates, the studies of Spiders (Arach- r . essor Petrunkevitch, of University; of the Museum, are progressing for publication in Volumes XIV XV of the Scientific Survey. Noteworthy zodlogical work has been accomplished, and large collections have been aes by Professor Stuart T. Danforth t the College of Agriculture of the University. cS arge archaeological coletions have been made and preserved in Porto Rico by students from time to time. It has been our 5 Scientific Survey of Porto Rico and the Virgin Cae XL, Part I, eee by C. H. Curran (1928); Vol. XV, Par a ea by William T. M. Forbes (1930) 193 ae scea to see ae ae together by Doctor J. L. Mon Po e Don Narciso R: ler, archaeological member of the Scientific Survey Committee, Curator in the American Museum of Natural History. N. L. Brirton. THE LARGEST CACTUS? The cactus of which a picture is here presented is probably the largest species reported up to the present time. It was found 0 rd Expedition of 1921, gro a tly on the hillsides above the Canyamina and Meguilla rivers, to the south of az i The specimen shown was al largest that I found. Its size is indicated by comparison with my body, as I saad beside the trunk. Identification of the species, or even the genus, was not possible, as neither flowers nor fruits were present. — of he natives produced the most contradictory statements, even and lor of flo information being me er sble, cuttings sent home did not retain their vita the branches are not nearly so stout, erect, and rigi , no n or veral required to clear away the fae so that the picture could be taken H. H. Ruspy. Ficure 1. A large Bolivian cactus. A GLANCE AT CURRENT LITERATURE? Beg ginning with the Hae t at “Th All publications mentioned here—and many others—are available in the ts of The New York Botanical Garden, in the Museum Building 195 kernels, bitter almonds, Baa pits water- and poison-| n-hemlock, in “Tf s mixed; s h S w. is not yet wholly determined ; death from eating poisonous honey, such as supposedly overtook Xen ophon’s army; and cases of ill- ness from an excess of solanine in potatoes. “ Potatoes belong to the same poisonous family that yields ae aes shade and the datura, both of which are deadly poisonous,” says Dr, LaWall, “but pshaw! so do tomatoes and eggplants, so why worry?” ke Ok Studies of plant diseases occupy a large number of the pam- phlets maieias lately by the Botanical Garden. The silver-leaf disease of plums and ae has come out in a Hepat from the Journal of Pomel ang Horticultural Science, by F. T. Brooks chley. “‘ Protecting Orchard Crops from Dis- eases and ee ” is the title of Bulletin 498 of the Cornell Uni- versity Agricultural Experiment Station, pr ps by C. R. Crosby, W. D. Mills, and \W. E. Blauvelt. ‘“ Diseases of Small ated in a eti tural Experiment Station is an article on the removal of spray residue from apples * OK Anyone who wishes to know all about delphiniums will find his > og a 6 iy = 4 ry ian td re ao oO a. 3 @ 3 + id ° = oO ® = @ > a" ation. M evoted here to an ae study of the genus by Earle 196 r. A. B. Stout’s contribution on ‘‘The Inter-relations between Vegetative Propagation and Seed Reproduction,” from the pro- ceedings of the Ninth International Horticultural Congress in London, has just been received in pamphlet form highly decorative shrub which offers possibilities to Amer- b round of holly There are also a golden and a royal grevillea. Although chiefly mountain inhabitants in ae oe land, the plants are said to ‘ow well in a sandy aie inexpensive shade for greenhouses—one which is easily ic t s n ass i desired, is described in the June issue eof the Missouri Botanica. Giger Bulletin ek x Ok In preparation for the many gladiolus shows to take place the country over in August, not excluding the Metropolitan show at Grand Central Palace, August 25-26, the July number of the Gladiolus Review gives exhibitors tips on what to r and how to treat the flowers in a | to the an “Buried Trees Die” is the i of an illustrated article in The clmerican ee for August, in which Martin L. Davey tells how the life of a tree is frequently endangered by the grading and filling oe: coincident with the building of a house, and how such danger can be avoide * Ox The decline of the Mayan Empire and the depopulation of the Petén district, according to C. Wythe Cooke in the pele te angt 19, have been: (1) erosion of the soil on the higher eas ine ee 197 farming, and the consequent exposure of the rock, making agri- the fillin ith silt, as a re a pose bles (2) the fil of the lakes with silt, - sult e erosion; th sequent lessening of the water supply, important for transportatio ell as every-day living; orta (4) resultant increase of mosquitoes in the now shallow lakes, and (5) the probable se or increase of malaria. x Ok x Gardening magazines the country over are devoting many pages to rockeries. The feu issue of ae ca and Gar- dens contains two articles—one on the construction of a pool and rock garden, and one of se eae of the rocks. he June issue of La Costa Assurra Agricola-Floreale, pub- ae in Sanremo, Italy, gives an illustration ae description of Iris albispiritus, one of the irises which Dr. K. Small dis- vered on his spring trip to the Gulf States a ee ag Caroi H. ee FISH-POISON PLANTS MAY PRODUCE IDEAL INSECTICIDE? e ideal insect poison, one deadly to insects but harmless to ae and animals, has for years been the object of scientific 1From Office i pee United States Department of Ag culture, July 21, 1 198 natives led scientists to believe that here might be a poison ef- ide and world-wide. | Dr. R.C. aeatls principal chemist in charge of the plan ost of the research has related to cube and derris roots, but the wide of other fish poisons in the tropics indicates field rich for pets lees € pro Sroriahie aes but some progress has been made in this direc- tio n. It is an interesting ieee the scientists point out, that the natives of the world entl Malay States derris is used, and the natives of the pee Congo use ther Lae roots. Rotenone approaches the ideal insecticide because it not only kills insects that eat leaves or fruit sprayed with it, but it also 199 kills others if it is sprayed on them. It is both a stomach poison and a contact poison. Rotenone promises to come into wide use. With the pioneer poison aoa pla: e and as a spray aga fruit insects. There appears to “ an alee upply of raw material for the one. Doctor Roark reports that cube is found in cube grows wild, ae is no reason why it should not be ate ae Doctor Roark says Although ee has Been Seu ean upon rotenone and the tropical raw materials from which it can be extracted, the arts 0 the United States. Experiments to determine the feasibility of this are under way. The cultivation of any in the East Indies fits in well with rubber growing. R r trees are planted about 30 feet apart. Derris is a small shrub ond is planted between the rows of rubber Tees. , rotenone costs n more per poun nd in the concentrated pow- her nts. the raw materials, there is likelihood that the poison may be p duced at a fairly low cost 200 PUBLIC LECTURES DURING SEPTEMBER, OCTOBER, A R Following i is the program of free illustrated public lectures to M e Boynton, Head Gardener. Sept. 19. “ The Gardens of the World,” Colonel E. A. Havers. Sept. 26. “ Color Photography in the Garden,” Mrs. Jerome W. Coombs, of Scarsdale. Oct. 3. “Dahlias,” Dr. Marshall A. Howe, Assistant Director. Oct. 10. “ Plant Distribution in oe ” Dr. Elmer D. Merrill, Director-in-Chie Oct. 17. “ Autumn Casati ” Dr. A. B. Stout, Director of Labor: Oct. 24. “Botanical pene in the United States,” Dr. John Hendley Barnhart, Bibliographer. Oct. 31. “The Ancestral History of Some Living Plants,” Dr. 4d : Nov. 7. “ Autumn in the Garden,” Mrs. Wheeler H. Peckham, es = Curator, Iris and Narcissus Collec- Nov. 14. “ Some "Baibl and Poisonous Mushrooms from s, M.D. Nov. 28. “A Winter in Bermuda,” Fred J. Seaver, eee NOTES, NEWS, AND COMMENT . D. Merrill, Director-in- Chief, has been elected an Hon- f Dr. Merrill has been especially interested in the activities of the Urusvati Himalayan Research Institute of this Museum, 201 . L. Keng, of the National Central University, Nank cing, gust, studying the Asiatic grasses in the general herbarium. uffman, Emeritus Professor of Botany in the hom: Ar he Ne ical Garden in connection with his notable studies of the fleshy Gnek The 1931 Dahlia Collection of The New York Botanical Gar- 8 de: ate of writing (July 22), includes 1083 plants and 42 varieties, without counting about 100 s ve been dis- rib hi ed borders. Ne arieties have been con- rnell, W. Parella, Locust Valley Dahlia Farm, Lea ae ae Fraser’s Nurseries and Dahlia Gardens, ee Ga: ie Inc., Mrs. Seabury C. Mastick, James Smith, and E. O’Kee The daily aa of July 27 carried the announcement of the awarding of the first patent ever granted by the United Thi : patent gives the exclusive right to reproduce, use, or sell the plant throughout the United States for a period of seventeen years 202 oo for July. The maximum oo eh t The New den for each ko ork Botanical Gar or each wee! of a = were ie F. on the 11th; 92° ont ne 1; 89° aie ee and 100° on - 2gth, he minimum feniperstites recorded 64° on 4th; 62° on the 13th; 66° on the 17th; and 62° were: he on the 26th, ea total precipitation for the month was 3.49 ches ACCESSIONS Museums AND HERBARIUM 12 specimens from India, (By exchange with Forest Research In- 259 specimens of flowering plants from Venezuela. (By exchange with the United States National Museum.) 352 specimens from Kwangtung, China. (Given by Mr. W. Y. Chun.) 225 vets of Siberian plants. (By exchange with the University of Tomsk.) 24 specimens of flowering plants from Hawaii. (Given by Dr. E. D. Merrill.) 723 specimens of plants from India. (By exchange with the For- estry Research Institute, ae Dun, India. 21 specimens of miscellaneous North American and European mosses. (By exchange with Professor J. M. Holzinger. 797 specimens of miscellaneous North American and European mosses. (Given eorge Newton Best.) oe of miscellaneous mosses of Venezuela. (Given by Mr. Heati Pitt: 7 specimens s of mosses from Wisconsin and Michigan. (By exchange with the Field Museum of Natural History. 5 specimens of miscellaneous mosses from Texas and Arizona. (Given by Mr. nowy in B. Bartram. 25 specimens, “ North American Musci Pleurocarpi Suppl.,” nos. 1-25. (By exchange with Dr. A. J. Grout. II specimens of miscellaneous a from New Mexico, Texas, and Colorado. (Given by Mr. Edw 52 specimens of mosses from acne Guiatia and Trinidad. (Given ion wa a “Musei Americani Perfecti,” nos. 151-175. (By ex- 5 y: . J. Grout. 4 specimens of mosses from Davis Mountains, Texas. (Given by Mr. E. J. Palm 9 specimens .. mosses from Venezuela. (By exchange with the Field Museum of en History.) 203 4997 specimens of miscellaneous mosses of North America and Europe. (Given by Mr. Eugen . Rau 4 specimens of mosses from esc. “(Given by Mr. Edwin B. Bar- ae specimens of miscellaneous mosses from Glacier Bay, Alaska. (Given a Professor Wm. ooper.) 29 specimens of miscellaneous mosses from Mt. Duida, Venezuela. (Given e Mr. H. H. Tat 2 specimens ide Pee cake mosses from Peru. (Given by Pro- to) . Herrera.) 4 specimens of nisetancous mosses from Washington. (Given by Dr. John W. B 16 specimens ee mosses from Venezuela, H. Pittier. (By exchange with the Field Museum of Natural History.) 9 specimens of flowering eer from South America. (By ex- 37 specimens of flowering plants from Japan. (By exchange with M. Fujioka.) 41 specimens of flowering plants from the Marquesas Islands. ok Bs Dr. E. D. Merrill.) s of flowering plants from Peru. (By exchange with re tiaited Ses National Museum. 29 ecimens from Chihli Province, China. (Given by Mr. J. C. iu. 208 ee from Kamchatka. (Purchased.) IIg specimens of flowering plants from British Guiana. (By ex- change with the Royal Botanic Garden, Kew, Englan 2 photographs of wild plants of Cryptostegia grandiflora from along the Orange River, Fla. (Given by Mr. W. M. Buswell 83 herbarium Gpecinich: from India. (By exchange with the Madras 4 eerie of iris pods. (Given by Mrs. A. H. Ellender.) 6 specimens of Limonium angustatum. (By ex ate with Mr. W. M Buswell) 308 specimens of flowering eee s from California and Lower Cali- Boe (By exchange a Stanford University.) 30 specimens of flowering nee from Cuba. (By exchange with Dr. J. T. Roig.) I specimen of fibre from Chamaerops humilis from Morocco. (Given by the Otto Gerdau Co. 6 specimens of aes eee Ss ee ae America. (By exchange with the Field Mus f Natural H y.) 2 we of eaicia pe ee in Florida. (Given by Mr. W. M. Buswell. 80 specinens of flowering plants from Cuba. (By exchange with Mr. J. G. Jack.) 204 25 specimens of flowering plants from Cuba. (By exchange with Brother Leén.) 4 specimens of aaa mosses from Trinidad, West Indies. (Given by Mr. W. E. Broadway.) 15 specimens of See mosses from Venezuela. (Given by Mr. Henri Pittier.) 23 specimens of mosses from Cuba—Santa Clara and Pinar del Rio. (Given by Brother Leé 6t specimens of mosses from Honduras. (By exchange with the iT: -) 4 specimens of Wisconsin mosses. (Giv N.C. eee I specimen of moss from Melrose, Macs. oe Mr. C. C.K: man.) I specimen of moss from Mt. Lemon, Arizona. (Given by Dr. Joseph Bequaert.) I specimen of moss from Memphis, Tenn. (Given by Rev. C. H. Demetrio.) I specimen of moss from Montreal, Canada. (Given by Rev. H. Dupret. 2 specimens of moss from British Columbia, Canada. (Given by Mr. F. rs MacFadden. ) ecimens . hana mosses from Texas and Alaska. (By re ca wit A. J. Grout. 5 specimens a Pleistocene mosses from Washington. (Given by Professor E, W. Berry.) PUBLICATIONS OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN ‘Journal of The ew York here Garden, monthly, containing notes, news, and non-technical arti aes to members of the Garden. To others, 10 ¢c te a ae ; $1.00 ees eee in its thirty-first volume. Myc ologia, bimonthly, devoted: to fungi, including lichens; $4.00 a year; single copies not for sale. [Not offered in exchange.] Now in its twenty- second volume. Addisonia, quarterly, devoted exclusively to colored plates accompanied thirty-two in ea oy volume. Subscriptio “Price, $10.0 [Not offered in exchan Now in its fifteenth volum Bulletin of The | New or Bor tanical eee earniencitts reports of the Director-in-Chief and other ial doc nts, and technical articles em- bodying results of He alae ee ie “all eae of ithe Garden; to others, $3.00 per volume. Now in its fou pe North American Flora. Descriptions of the wild Peete ‘of North Amer- ica, including Greenland, the West ae ges and Central America. Planned to be completed in 34 volumes. Each volume to consist of four or more parts. 64 parts now eee ’ Subscription price, $1.50 per part; a limited number of separate parts will be sold for $2.00 each. [Not ered in exchange. Memoirs of The New York Botanical Garden. Price to members of the Garden, vols. I -VI, hae 50 per volume; to others, $3.00. Vol. VII, $2.50 to members; to others, $5.0 Vol. I. An Annotated eeeede of the Flora of Montana and the lowstone Park, by Per Axel Rydberg. ix-+ 492 pp., with detailed Se Vol. II. The pndneyce of Light and Darkness upon Growth and Devel- opment, by D. MacDougal. xvi-+ 320 pp., with 176 figures. 1903. Vol. III. Suis of Cretaceous Conilenous Remains from Kreischer- ville, New York, by A. Hollick and E. C. Jeffrey. xiii-+ 138 pp., with 20 909. Vol. Vv. Efects of the Rays of Radium on Plants, by Charles Stuart “a viii + 478 PP. with 73 figures and 14 plates. 190: ork: AG 1. VI. Papers presented at the Celebration of the Twentieth Anni- ersary of The ue pee Garden. viii+594 pp., with 43 Pltes and many t res Vol. Ms tee oe eee phyceae from Fort Rico, by N. L. Gardner; The Flower Behavior af Avocados, by B. Stout; Descrip- tions of New Genera and Species of Plants Cocca on the Mulford and The Flora of the Sai ugene Silts, Kooten pay aiien British Co- lumbia, by Arthur Hollick, Steyn pp., with 47 a pistes 10 charts, and II text-figures. 1927. Brittonia. A series of Botanical papers. Subscription price, $5.00 per volume. Now in its first volum Contributions from The ew York Botanical Garden. A ser tech- nical papers written by students or members of the staff, ee reprinted from journals other than the above. Price, 25 cents each. $5.00 per vol- ume. In the thirteenth volume. THE NEW YORK Sah ees GARDEN x Park, New York, N. Y. GENERAL INFORMATION Some of the leading features of The New York Botanical Garden Four hundred acres of beautifully divenstiied land in the northern part of the City of New York, through which flow ie Bronx River. A native hemlock forest is one of the features of the Ponsa A thousands of native and ade trees, shrubs, and flowering pla ceae beautiful rose garden, a rock garden of rock-loving dens, ae and fern and herbaceous gardens. enhouses, containing, thousands of interesting plants from America and areign countrie Flower shows thr: roug hout the year—in the ng, summer, and aut displays of narcissi, daffodils, tulips, lilacs, cea Peonies, roses, thes Waterless gladioli, dahlias, ang chrysanthemums; in the winter displays of g: enhou use-blooming plan A 4 aude exhibits of fossil plants, existing plant families, local plants occurring e hundred miles of the City of New York, and ey economic uses ne nla An herbari com mae more than one million specimens of Amer- ican Ps Goren species. Exploration in different parts of the United States, the West Indie Central and South America, for the study and collection of the characters istic flora. cientific researc Mag laboratories and in the field into the diversified problems of plant A library i ee literature, comprising more than 39,000 books and numerous pamphlets. Public lectures on a iereat variety of botanical topics, continuing throughout the year. Publications on botanical subjects, partly of technical, scientific and partly of popular, interest. The education of school children and the public through the features ana the giving of Oe information on botanical, horriculinent aati ae subjects. he ee is dependent upon an annual appropriation by the City of or ie private pee ea and membership fees. I possesses now ne two tho members, and applications for membership are altaya Helene The classes of membership are: en single contribution $25,000 Patron single contributi 5,000 Pellow, for Mite vn aaeceen ...... single contribution 1,000 Member! for Wife). hires staan sine contribution 250 Fellowship Member ........... .. annual fee 100 Sustamniie Member SN Ta 6 2) annual fee fee 25 wal) Member aie csi) alsterstaisis Paansinins to the anion aay be deducted a taxable incomes. The following is an approved form of bequest hereby peeeca to The New York Botanical Condi incorporated under the Laws of New York, Chapter 285 of 1891, the sum of ———— Conditio ae beg uests fa ne a with income payable to donor or a design nefici ing his or her lifetime. All anaes for fuiker ERO EG RGR should be sent to Tue New York BoTaNnicaL pata BRONX PARK, NEW YORK, N. Y. SEPTEMBER, 1931 No. 381 JOURNAL OF HE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN GLADIOLUS BADLY INFESTED WITH THRIPS B. O. DoncE THE WILD PEPPER-PLANTS OF CONTINENTAL UNITED TES Joun K. Smart HIGGINS’S OUR NATIVE CACTI Forman T. McLean A GLANCE AT CURRENT LITERATURE CaRoL ‘OODWARD NOTES, NEWS, AND COMMENT ACCESSIONS PUBLISHED FOR THE GARDEN At Lime AND GREEN STREETS, LANCASTER, Pa. THE ScrENcE Press PrintTiInc COMPANY Hntered at the post-office in Lancaster, Pa., a8 second-class matter. Single copies 10 cents Annual subscription $1.00 Free to members of the Garden THE NEW YORK sleet GARDEN BOARD OF MANAGE y W. DE Forest, President ee Lewis Benes DE Forest BALDwin, Mes President AvotpH LEwIsoHN F. K. Srurats, Vice Presiden Henry Lockwakrt, Jr. Joun L. Merrit, Tere D. T. MacDoucaL E. D. Merritt, eres tary pag lags MS MACKENZIE Raymonp F. B H. pi Monvacneg, Jr. Cartes P. a J. Praeowe Morcan. Marston T. Bocerr Lewis RuTHERFuRD Morris EORGE S. BREWSTER H. Hoszart Porter N. L. Brirron Henry H NicHOLAS “eee BuTLER GerorcE J. RYAN THomas A Epmunp W. Sinnott Cups F: oo ae TRELEASE ER H. WEBSTER James J. WALKER, Mayor of the City on ork ‘WALTER R. HERRICK, President of the Departmen of Parks SCIENTIFIC nese. Re Hane ae D., Sc. D., Charnan x as eau Pa. Ds Laps YMOND ACON, Pu. Disc a Russy, M. D., Cuartes P. BERKEY, Pu. D., Se. D. Ga Tae ane He D Se Marston T. Bocert, Sc. D., LL. D. ORGE Je J pr NicHoLtas Murray Butter, "Pu. D., Epmunp W. Sinnort, Pu. D. PE Dynes Sam F. Tretease, Pu. D. DIRECTOR EMERITUS N. L. Britron, Pu. D ID}, IL, 1D) ‘GARDEN STAFF ing 1D), Met Sc) D; Director-in-Chief Meee A. Hows, PH) DiiSG.s Dior igs vee scones ssistant Director Joun K. Meese! Pu. D., Se. ID: aaa ele Head Curator of the Museums A. B. Stout, Pu. D. Director of the Laboratories H. A. Gieason, Pu. D Curator FRED EAVER, Px. D. ArtHur Hottick, Pu. D. Paleobotanist Bernarp O. Donce, Pu. D. Plant Pathologist Forman T. McLean, Mo BP) PHD eaa see Supervisor of Public Education Joun Henptey BarNnHART, "A. M, Nh DS maa ale) Bibliographer Percy ‘WVILson Associate Curator PatMYs£ DE C. MitcHELL sseeien cue or Sarau H. Hartow, A. M. brarian ussy, M. D. HARUN Honorary Curator eh the Econowig Cone E1izasetH G. BriTton Honorary Curator of Mosses Mary E. Eaton Artist Rosert S. ates Adin eee Assistant E. Assistant Capes dene cent sauaad Custodian ee Local Hoban . Honorary Curator of Moxon K, Px. D. Custodian of Torbu aceous Grounds Eruet Anson S. _ Pecray. Honorary Curator, Tris and Manes “Collesnene Joun R. Brintey, C. E. ee ndscape Engineer Waxter S. GROESBECK lerk and Accountant ARTHUR! Jp) CORBET eases Superintendent of Buildings and Grounds JOURNAL OF The New York Botanical Garden VoL. XXXII SEPTEMBER, 1931 No. 381 GLADIOLUS BADLY INFESTED WITH THRIPS During the month of July complaints began to come in of the great damage being done by thrips to the gladiolus in the vicinity dissolved in boiling water added per roo gallons. Yet Augus the thrips were rapidly increasing in number. As the flowers of the earlier varieties were now coming out it was decided to try a rum compoun Later, when the flowers appear, a pyrethrum compound is prefer- able on account of its giving less injury to the petals. The double strength solution of Black Leaf 40 was again put on all of the 205 206 gladiolus plants August 8. This is rather a drastic treatment. Some injury to the more tender flowers was noted, as was to be expected. The seriousness of the infestation seem justi he experime gust 13 the double strength solution was ap ly to that part of the planting where only a few flowers were showing, and the remaining portion was sprayed with the usual strengt at this writing (August 20), it looks as h must be done on cloudy days or late in the afternoon or a e sufficiently ea intervals and at the time o Tr. amilton, of the New Jersey Agri icultural Experi ment Stati ion, on July 18 issued a at service bullet i corms is should be of great interest to gladiolus- crower: and through the courtesy of Dr. Hamilton it is given below “THRIPS ATTACK GLADIOLUS ” “Two kinds of small slender insects known as thrips are in- festing gladiolus plants in New us ral according to reports re- eived from various p: ne of these gr thrips VanEeckei Pa which i und principa ie gladiolus as they are t r Ficure 1. Gladiolus thrips injury. (About natural size.) 208 pt i lus will be only partially successful, because “the | rete hide aad i 0 he fo off 10 s trom ground and the injured parts ze ee ed by ne ning or some other method which auld make it impossible for the thrips to escape. This practice destroys many thrips that might migrate to unin- fested plants. “ Observations have shown that the thrips come out onto the 0 e pounds to 50 gallons of water or 1 ounce to 2 gallons of water, s “ The pees are | o wet, and the addition of wl heat flour, glue or paste give an even distribution of the poison. These eee oan should be used in amounts equal to the lead arsenate “The a appli cation of a spray of nicotine and soap o at the strength recommended plant 1 y the manufacturer e@ § is 0: loes not cont ap, add enough of this material to bri p cont p lf one ee four or five spray applications at six- or seven-day inter ae 5 reduce the oe to the plants. “ When the bulbs are removed from the ground in sa fall they the should be oe d for thrips, and if these insects are found bulbs should be dipped for 15 to 20 minutes in a ee of free nicotine in water. The nicotine should be used at the rate of 1 ne of water. The bulbs should then be dried thoroughly before putting away storage. If thrips are pres- nt on the bulbs in the pune they should be dipped in the nico- 0 tine solution before pla: Dr. R. te, of the New Jersey Experiment Station, also believes - treatment of the corms will serve to prevent much of the trouble. He savs in a letter to the writer: 209 “ Personally I believe ae best method of cleaning up an infes- on: tation is to treat oe A ant corms after curing and cleaning h yrethrum s or pence soap soluti he thrips overwint one an use certain scarifications of the ng the storage period. inh more, they multiply rapidly during this period. I am going to dip all my hich under experimentation, number about 7,000, in nicotine soap solution as early as possible this “Tn rega a question whic e raises, I would say that I am no to remove the s from my ¢ befor poe this fall. I decid pon the length of treat- ent which anit give in the nicotine-soap solution, but the: a pace it will be at least a one-hour treatment. I think this length of treatment will penetrate at least most of the sane and will kill most of the thrips—how many will remain to be A. Weigel, of the Bureau is Entomology, ide ape a tes in a letter of August 13 that the problem is a acute and compli cated fee r by the fact that sev al d soap, may result from the use of Pane extracts of pyre ethrum as well as from derris preparations. He says further rr pias several ceay oe should be made before and c the infestarien | to a minimum “ee t been reached and favorable hiding places for the thrips have in- creas' number, the control is m difficult. flowers should, therefore, be cut as near th stage as possible and emoved from the plantings to pre escape and return of the thrips. Then the spray applications should be made and thi same procedure followed bef . spraying. To g ned best results it will be necessary to spray at weekly or ten ee i als throughout the season, and the spraying one oo by eee the insecticide to all surfaces in order to hit all ex- posed ins annot expect to hol: n aoe with only one or two applications during the summer or with r ular but Sere made applications.’ Dr. Forman T. McLean, who has Tae es from the Amer- ican Gladiolus Society meeting in Cleveland, Ohio, reports that gladiolus pee were very serious in ie in 1930, and are doing a great deal of damage this year also. 210 E. f the Department of Entomology of the Ohio eee cie: val E eriment Station has recommended tentatively the following ae which is the most promising of those tried out to date by him. “ ay. applications of nicotine sulpha ite and s ee been th our spraying . Soap be added where nicotine aiheas nd lead arsenate are combined. It remains to be whether frequent a of arsenate of lead might not . lowe by spray inju B. O. Dons. THE WILD PEPPER-PLANTS OF CONTINENTAL UNITED STATES? The only relative of black pepper in the northern ‘ial of east- em ses North America, is in a family once removed from the true pepper family. It is the common lizard’s- a terrestrial herbaceous plant with aromatic a g stems, broad leaf-blades, nd a spike of fragrant white rs 1The genus eae in the United States, seems to be 1 ‘0 Florida. It was at one time reported to grow as far north as Gos Cc it i 's ploration i in Florida through the interest of friends of the Garden. ayAydida AypestdAy st jy] ‘so, Sutdesap pue s9a1} BurAry jo syns} oy) Srqequl ‘skay apeEysieaq ay] Jo sypouruey pesdos} oy} JO samads uowWOD Jsour ay} ‘sIYT, “EPO ‘sKay apeySi0aq ay] JO Aajunos peaysowoy ‘y.ouME_y S.ppTYys ul Boy uazjoi e uo vuvpioy vINOLIgag “1 AAT 212 southern temperate regions, however, several members of f unusual in our g- he botanical generic name-—-Peperomia—is a Greek word for pepper. The original specimen came from South Am 4 > o species are most numerous in can tropics, pata’ in South America hey are also plentiful in the Old Wor tropi nus considered a historical standpoint ma are now extra-tropical. One is endemic in the Bermudas. Five tes. The recording of these plants within imits was a to t i species were on record these are endemic species, al- though one mas: ded many year: r the name o of the wide-spread tropical American specie In al: any large greenhouse one may see specimens of the genus Peperomia, or, in common parlance, the wild pepper-plant Some are cult show plants, others merely for the general interest nets about the rather odd relatives of the plant from which the black pepper of commerce is deriv: The ai peppers are low soft-succulent ae usually copi- ~~ = 8 = eae: B ima oO Q ay [are 5 = oO a 5 ch ° 4 oO D a oO =] ay ° 4 cy ally not fragrant, but the herbage of some pee. is aromatic or gives off a ae y aroma. The genus Peperomia differs from Piper, to which the aan 0 ir i Vilcnes if due attention is paid to temperature and moisture 213 Discovery oF PEPPERS IN FLoR! than a hundred years ago (1821) ad A. Ware,? a acielat anda traveler, made a collection of plants in “ ae Flor- promptly into the hand Thomas Nuttall? During the fo ann yar (1822) Mr. Se pub- lished a paper based o: are’s collection under the title “A catalogue of a ea se plants made in East Florida during the months of October and November, 1821, by A. Ware, Esq.” = o ° g. § @ =] a fel 9 23 ® 2Nathaniel A. Ware (1780-1845) is said t ave been a native of Massachusetts, but most of his life was spent . southern states. di i i sissippi, in territorial days (before 1817), and there ss consider- bl ater years he lived in Philadelphia and Cincinnati, and he died nels His inti in oe natural ces was vell cae Tl; uttall cribed ma : ees aie y Eas wea.—JOHN HENDLEY BARNHART. 3 Thomas Nuttall (1786-1850) was a native of ee hire, where in his youth he learned the printing trade, company wi s young friend John Windsor (1787. 1868) familiarized Thane with a ‘plants of that Englan to pub- lished biographies). Coming to America about 1808, and continuin ng work lev he should occupy it at least nine months of each year. — conyAydids Apes -1A} are AdY] ‘IIABMOZFT “JOOH Yoowurey sy} uo snwmMy Ut pus $924} FO SQUAT] pue syuns} uo Mors sued ayy “suoTdaL ouemoy adey oy) pue ajqeg ade oy} ul Eprsoyy ur UMOUy SE sereds Ued}IoUly yeordos} siyy, “epHoyy ‘worge1 ouew -oy ade oy] ut sxspowmeYy weg jekoy ay} Jo suo ut ypueiq eyuozl10y & uO DYOfisnIgo DUKOLaday "% FINO 215 hat paper contained the first reference to the occurrence of e genus Peperomia—there recorded d 4, he United States or north of the Straits of Florida ae f the straits, in the ndies, as well as in tropical continental in years Sere to the siete he Peperomia referr part of the peninsula and adjacent territory, and by Bahamian d Cuban immigrants on the islands of the Florida Reef south of the peninsula. Notwithstanding various collections made in icc parts of the state subsequent to the ae of Mr. Ware, the genus Peperomia did not figure again in the botanical ieee of Florida until more than half a pei had elapsed. Then, fifty- t covered in oo southern extension of the Gulf Hammock region, b wton.® This plant was confused at first with that originally ae in oe and oaly faa more recent collec- tions resulting from d subsequent studies S its true status established. 4 Chapman, Flora Southern United States, - 2 645. 1884. 5 ick Lewis Lewton (1874 ) was born in aoe aie His professional training was in tachi Ty, a ath e was for ten y an t : Ss e De of the tae = textiles of he National Museum.— 216 e fourth species for the Florida flora—Peperomia spathuli- folia Sales 3)—-was not discovered until about twenty years after the next preceding This is not closely related to any of the species ae nies ae It really constitutes a separate oup. At the end another eens and a half, the Cape ae ae ac fth, now know definitely five species of Peperomia on the Florida peninsula—though the genus has thus far escaped notice n the Florida Reef, if it really is represented there. The present car : y our iatenaive explorations during the past score of years WHERE THE WILD PEeprers GRow The ancestors, more or less remote, of the Florida wild pep- were evidently in the West Indies. The seed-like fruits— tt a sti tions we now know the nel ee debuions quite thoroughly. In the following notes these wi ld peppers are considered in the sequence of their taxonomic relationships. It is interesting that Bese cumulicola (FIGURE 5), the i i d one of the tw esting. The specific name used here is in reference to its occur- rence on shell mounds. ‘queidery A10A o1e sayids-19MOY oY], ‘Buldrp ut asoueisesz Aoids & yo saars aBeroy ‘sKoyJ apepsiaaq ay} Jo Uolga1 peaysatmoy oy} Ul yDOwUIEY Jone ajje_{ ay} ul 10 J s 2 . 218 This Peperomia is not typically associated with any West In- ian plants, except in the caverns referred to above, where it is in- in its native haun d flower in December. The flowering stems then die down and the pe eee stems r rn almost dormant through the earlier months of the succeeding year; they then gradually form stolons from which the new flowering stems arise in due season. = 4 mt cay kh ° a 3 i, p o> » 3 3 ro) a = 3° Lasd + is fe) =) = 2 iy Co) me year American ates along the eastern coast south of Fort Pierce. sromnne 1 of The w York Botanical Garden place; and for the last six years of his 1 wi es Botanical Laboratory at Nor aston, Massachusetts. He devoted much e to b for years, his chief interest bei ns and in th allied genera Jsoétes and Equisetum; his studies were, h ver, by no means confined to these groups. While connected wit! nes Li ae tory, he mp: dL ‘uropean botanical trip, in 1905, and visited southern Florida on collecting trips three times: o- vember an ecember, 1903; in May and June, 1904, and in Feb y and March, 1 e visited Miami on each trip, devoting particular attention to its vicinity, includ he Everglades, the Keys, verglade Keys, as f Ri Im Ha ck. In 1904 ae a ie a a e west coast. yy years his health was very pre For died at North eta ene several Hin ae ae ion ere birthday —J. H 219 Curiously enough, it has not been found on the Everglade Keys, where tropical vegetation dominate. e plants also thrive in naleanibh and under glass in the North, ut they show the same habit of seasonal routine as do those of P. cumutlicola. IGURE humus of a hammoc! Fort Pierce, Florida. Although the ais of this species are terrestrial they occur only where at lea peed thin layer of hum In the Cape Sable region, where humus commonly six to twelve mnehes thick occurs, the plants grow very luxuriantly. n De cember, 1920, the most extensive growth of this nea yet a was discovered in the low hammocks of the lake able. There it covered acres of mangrove swamp and thrived luxuriantly, making flowering stems two feet ird species, in the botanical sequence, is Peperomia stil Its range is the most restricted in every way of the ae one high-land hammock, the Hattie Bauer hamm r Naranja in the “ Homestead Country.” The species is ae 220 n the other side of the Gulf Stream only in the Bahamas and Hispila t ’s eyes is Peperomia epee the second endemic species of the It grows on the ks and branches of rough-barked oo particularly on the live-oak Quercus virgiman is o intimately tangled up a), where with epiphytic ¢ ferns, es and orchids, as well as with mosses and hepatics. his species grows in hammocks slightly further north than the Everglade Keys along the eastern borders of the Everglades, but ntly nor a sumes the form of a vine with elongate gad even somewhat twin- nches was sopaveddy first found in Florida, perhaps in the Brickell nes which is now in the city limits of Miami, in 1877, by A. P. Garber. Although an epiphyte, plants of this species also grow well planted in soil, under cultivation in the conservatories. The first species of Peperomia discovered in Florida came from The ne: rthern extremity of the state, as noted al last addition to that genus came from the southern extremity th 1 est In lant and grows together with typically West Indian floristics which exist on the present main- 1 f a. This one grows in low hammocks wh water-table is nearly at the surf t nd or, in wet weather, above it. Its habit of growth resembles that of P. flori- dana, er occurs ch se mats he colonies of that species sometimes ass It has a more sprawli ode of growth, and its larger leaves make it a more conspicuous plant ive. 8 Abram es ae es 1881) was born at Columbia, Lancaster County, Pennsy! a graduate of Lafayette College (1868), and studied sae at ou “Onivun sity a Pennsylvania OLD. 1872). fs § Z abo sev a to tl collection of aie in that hitherto little-known region. spent two seasons at what is now Miami. e also collected in Porto Rico in 18 n 1881 he returned to Pennsylvania, where he died, at Renovo, in Clinton County—J. H. B 221 Pecutiar Hasirats or THESE Five Species Sec only to the doled themselves are their peculiar habitats, in attracting one’ s attentio gain considering the species in their taxonomic sequence, we find that ae pee is a humus plant. It grows only Ficure 5. Peperomia panel cle growing A kitchen-middens near Port Orange, Fioride! As far as known, this plant occurs only on the shell heaps left by the Florida aborigines: It thrives in the humus and sand which has collected between the shells and forms a ground-cover in its growing season. Winter is its flowering season. as of the aboriginal kitchen-midd refuse heaps Although a very tender plant as respects cold, this peculiar habi- tat enables it to e her nort other species Its relative, Peperomia humilis, is ae a hum but occu- pies a quite different stratum. colonies, lar: cupy a layer of humus that has cade over ee ae limestone rock, or marl. In the broad sense, the plants of these two species are terres- trials. In their habit of growth their main stems or rootstocks are beneath the surface of the strata they grow in. The-flower- 222 tems are erect, bear succulent leaves, and terminate in a simple r med abov n ence rachis is white at an ae delightfully fragrant, characteristics not ae in our other wild peppers. A t peculiari h hibits any inclination to assume the rdle epiphyte e two following species—Peperomia floridana and P. obiu- sifolia are epiphy However, the plants of eac’ c cupy different kinds of tree-habitats, The typical habitat for Peperomia floridana is the sound bark of living trees re i maintains colo’ that per r lon into d ats. Although epiphytic, these plants, like many other epiphytes, are humus plants to the extent of growing in as much decaying vegetabl atter- igs, leaves, inflorescence, and fruits—as constantly collects in the meshes of ia c i aes The second species—P. obtu ara a so e is more P. floridan caying bark, on trunks and limbs aad well-de 1! stems and the lout, strict, simple or spar: ingly branched, green rachises completely and densely covered with flowers and fruits place these wild peppers in a group by themselves and isolate ge. As mentioned above, no species is known to occur on the Flo ida Keys. Had these unique islands been botanically explored 223 before they were disgracefully devastated, or were it possible $ thoroughly to explore the few primeval hammocks still extant at ms of the year, i i and may yet be—brought to light Joun K, SMatn. HIGGINS’S OUR NATIVE CACTI: This little book of 170 pages is well written ee pouliee T ‘he index and the fine color plates make it both a useful and a tractive guide to the student and our native cacti, and it is sincerely hoped that it will stimulate interest in the cacti an conservation as well e plants in flower, and the descriptions are apparently, many of them, made from personal acquaintanceship with the cacti of the Southwest, both in their native homes an the gardens of California, with many of which the author is pean intimately The greater icy of the book is devoted to discussions of the varieties of cacti and their characteristics and habitats. One : nar : ry cact everybody interested in these curious desert growths, either from - point of view of a them in the wild ae or attempting 0 grow them indoo Forman T. McLzan. Higgins, Ethel Bailey. Our native cacti, i-viii-+ 1-170. A. T. De La Mare Co., New York, 1931. [Illust.] Price $2.50. 224 A GLANCE AT CURRENT LITERATURE Did you know that oranges are sometimes washed with soap grapefruit ripen on the trees before they attain a good color, they are exposed several hours to ethylene gas after being picked, to give them a hue ae in oo market The initial number of the Journal if Urusvati, Himalayan Re- t roblems and fi f n pee “brief ene ies of Lomonosov and Charles R. Lan- man, to the latter of whom the ae is dedicated * ed anyone would choose a gritty Kieffer pear to eat is a e to scientists at the Agricultural Experiment Station of Michigan State College, so J. W. Crist and L. P. Batjer are at- y genetic factors, someday to be able to produce pears with smoother, more palatable pulp. The progress of their experiments is reported in technical bulletin No. a of May, 1931. wers to a host of possible questions on plant-raising may be found in the 1930 report of the New Jersey Agricultural College tation, just issued. Station and State Agricultural Experiment 4 f special importance, outside e customary farm crops, are the reports on peach-breeding, small fruits of all sorts, garden vegetables, and or: tal plants. One interesting experiment r ded tells of the effect of feeding narcissus bulbs with vary- ing amounts of nitrogen, showing th: orous and fertile Similar tests have been made on other plants with markedly diferent results. 225 Those interested in the study of mosses will want to see the Annales Bryologici, “a bigs cease to the study of mosse: and hepatics,” edited by F. oorn and published in The Illustrated ones in Fre ae Lat: n- : pint m Ss! der the cluding a biography of bs Flei * e Cactus and Saia Society of America, through its up to date. The entire se) aa are now out of print. Photographs as on ae oe in Kingston and of t aquarium plant house at Hope Gardens, appearing in the sles report of the poe of Agriculture of Jamaica, make one want to take the next steamer to that lovely island; and especially so when one reads that, despite the much-talke ae of depression, record crops of bananas and sugar were raised and exported last year. x Ke OK OK I quarterly volume of Landscape Architecture, dated July, 1931, some delightful designs are given for a pe ol, steps, pergola, tea-house, and foot- ea for a country estat How Henry F. Bosenberg got the aie plant patent for hi everblooming climber, ““ New Dawn,” is told in the Florists’ Ex- change for August 8. The plant is depicted as adaptable to vari- ous methods of growing, blooming from June until frost, being resistant to disease x Ox ns of edging the flower garden, ana ay it a a wale are suggested in Horticulture for Aug Advantages of brick, stone, sandstone, concrete, asd nae oe are given. Those who have oe over the ree of Long Island, or have visited estates in that region, should enjoy the descrip- tion of the flora given by Alpheus W. Blizzard in Ecology for 226 January, 1931. He deals specifically with High Hill, in West Hills, but ie: survey is ete applicable to Hempstead Plains, Montauk, and Shinnecock ie Weeds—How to eae Them” is a complete treatment, with illustrations, of one of the most troublesome topics of gardeners and farmers. It appears in Farmers’ Bulletin 660 of the United States Department of aa ulture. Volume 17, part 4, of North American Flora has just been issued. It contains part of Poaceae (Grasses) by Albert Spear Hitchcock Carot H. Woopwarp NOTES, NEWS, AND COMMENT va. ances proofs of the “International Address Book of Bo- tanists,” a directory of individuals, scientific institutions, univer- sities, and societies in all parts of the world ene in the study of botany, have been received at the oe The volume was authorized by the Fifth International Botanical Congress at Cam- ridge, England, in August 1 e committee charged with its preparation and p oe consisted of the late Dr hipp, Assistant Di ae ic a Kew, Dr a Diels, Director of the ee een Berlin, and Dr : order Messrs. Bailliére, Tindall & Cox, 7 and 8 Henrietta Street, Co- Garden, London, E nd. e directory will be particularly useful to those interested in plants in that through consulting it they will be able to make contacts with trained individuals in almost any part of the world 227 from which they may desire to secure material in the form of seeds, plants, or reference specimens. H. Goodspeed, Professor of Botany at the University of Giiens spent August 5 at the Garden feu Nico- tiana in the herbarium. He had just returned from a fourteen- month trip to Europe, and while there he looked up most of the extant types of the species in this genus. B. A. Krukoff, a ea ea forester, left New York on lan Mr. Aueus st a for Brazil, where h emain about six months, carrying on certain technical caer ai In connection with vi ini the limited time available to him while there he brought together an interesting series representing about 150 species of trees which he presented the Garden for identification has been received from Dr. Albert N. Steward 0 69 edition pean the generosity of Henry W. de Forest, who supplied special funds for the purpose. eee ‘it August. The total rainfall for the month was week were 67° on the 5th, 61° on the 12th, 58° on the 23rd, a 55° on the 31st. 228 ACCESSIONS ADDITIONS TO THE COLLECTIONS OF DaHLtIas (1931) 53 roots, 21 varieties. (Given by Dr. M. A. Howe.) 34 ae a 17 varieties. (Given by a er nd Masson.) 30 S, 15 varieties; and 8 plants, 5 varieties. (Given by Success Dahlia “arte 27 clumps, 9 varieties. (By exchange with \ A. Tennyson Beals.) 26 Ae 12 varieties. (By pie with Mr. oe Parrella.) 24 roots, 12 varieties; and 6 plants, 3 varieties. (Given by Peacock ants, IO varieties. (Given by W. haa Has Co.) 19 roots, 4 varieties. (Given by Mr. James Sm 18 roots, 14 varieties. (Given by Sunny Slope Dae Terraces.) 16 roots, 8 varieties. (By exchange with Mr. Hs C. Garwich.) 16 roots, 8 varieties. te ee W. W. Kennedy & Sons.} 15 plants, 5 varieties. (Giv y Ruschmoh he Growers.) varieti Given Ma Dahlia del Nueevies .) a - 2 Fa A a _ < ry a a o a = 12 roots, 4 varieties, iven by Mr. . W. Darnell.) io plants, 3 varieties; 6 roots, 3 varieties, (Given by Henry F. Michell Io roots, 6 varieties. (Given by Alice Meussdorffer Dahlia Gardens.) 9 roots, 4 varieties; and 7 plants, 5 varieties. (Given by Mr. C. Louis ing.) 8 plants, 7 varieties. (Given by Mr. J. A. Kemp.) 8 ae 7 varieties. (Given by Mrs. S. C. Mastick.) 7 clumps, 7 varieties; and 2 roots, 2 varieties. (Given by Mrs. Carl a 6 plants, 3 varieties. (Given by Lyndora Gardens.) 6 roots, 6 varieties. (Given by Mr. J. J. Broomall for Success Dahlia Gardens. 6 roots, 4 varieties. (By exchange with Mr. Leo Ritter. 6 roots, 2 varieties. (Given by Locust Valley Dahlia Far m.) 4 plants, 2 varieties; and 4 roots, 2 varieties. (Given by Fraser’s Nur- series and Dahlia Gardens.) 4 plants, 2 varieties. (Given by sae Rule ore ce 4 roots, 3 varieties. (By exchange with Mrs. E. Spingler.) roots, 2 varieties. (Given by Chau Hee see "re ee Farnum.) 4 roots, 2 varieties. (Given by Mr. Georg 3 roots, 3 varieties. (By exchange wit! J 2 roots, 2 varieties. (By ees with O'Keeffe.) 2 roots, I variety. (Given by as eee ies poms 2 roots, 1 variety. (By exchang a E. Robinson.) ots, I variety, (Given - Mr. ae he < eee > 1 clump. (By exchange with Mr. George Halsey.) I root. (Given by Mr. George Emonds.) MEMBERS OF THE CORPORATION rs. Arthur Anderson A. Heckscher *Mrs. poorer Perkins incent Astor *Mrs. A. Barton Se Howard Phipp (C1! F Pi an W. Auchincloss *Mrs. Robert . R. Pierson nd F, Bac Anton G, Hodenty i James R. Pitcher rs. Robert Bac *Mrs. Elon H. oee ort ‘Stephen Ba Dr. Marshall A. How *Mrs. Harold I. Pratt enry de Forest Baldwin Archer Be a ieee *Mrs. Henry St. C. Putnam herman Baldwin Adrian Stanley G. Ranger und L. Baylies *Mrs. ieee nae Jenks Johnston L. Redmond rof. Charles P. Berkey Walter Jennin; Ogden Mills Reid : . Billings *Mrs. aad Tenings John D. Rockefeller Whitney Blake Otto H. Ki *Mrs. James Roosevelt eorge Blumenthal *Mrs dire Ki tof. H. H. Rusby Mirsiadwand Go Bodman §Mrs. F. Leonard Kellogg Hon. George J. R: rof. Marston T. Bogert Darwin P. Kingsley +Mrs. Arthur H. Scribner P rs. Gustav E. Kissel enry A. Siebrec eorge S. Brewster Clarence D d W. Sinnott rote N, 1, Britton Adolph Lewisohn *Mrs. Samuel Sl rs, Jonathan Bulkley Frederick J. ee Joh ma las M. Butler Henry Loc aleating P. Snyder rs. Andrew Carnegie *Mrs. Win oskrod James Speyer enter Dr. Ij *Miss E Mabel Clark Ke kK oe *Mrs. Charles H. Stout *||Mrs. David Ives Mackie Frederick Stra arin Le Brun Cooper Parker McCollester *Mrs. Theron G. Strong lames W. Cro 1 *Mr hn McGinley FE. S enry W. de Forest dgar L. Marsto B. i low George McAneny Dr. William S. Thomas ts. Charles D. Dickey t. E. D. Merrill Charles G. Thompson rs. John W. hn L. Merrill Robert Th ison Mrs. Roswell Miller, Jr Louis C. Tiffan njamin T. Fairchild H L. Mill . Sam F. T: i ontagne, Jr. *Mrs. Harold McL. Turner William B. O. Field Barrington Moor M. W: rt Pierpont Morgan 1 rburg iss Helen C. Frick Lewis R. Morris Allen Wardwell ts, Carl A.de Gersdorff Dr. Robert T. Morris William H. Webster urry Guggenheim Hugh Neill . H. Westinghouse ‘Miss Elizabeth S. Hamilton Teedsic R. Newbold *Mrs. Louise Beebe Wilder dward S. Harkness Prof. Henry F. Osborn *Mrs. Nelson B. Williams A. Harper Chas. Lathrop Pack Bronson Winthrop s. E. aa eerae *Mrs. James R. Parsons Grenville L. Winthrop ‘ A Have Rufus L. Patterson *Mrs. William H. Woodin *Mrs. Wheeler H. Peckham * Member also of the Advisory Council. GENERAL INFORMATION Some of the leading features of The New York Botanical Garden are: Four hundred acres of beautifully diversified land in the northern part of the City of New York, shrouee which Hose. oe Bronx River. A native hemlock foreae is one 0: e features of the Plantations ah eae of native and oa trees, shrubs, ana flowering plan Gardens, aie beautiful rose garden, a rock garden of rock-loving plants, and fern and herbaceous garden Greenhouses, contents thousands ae interesting plants from America and foreign countr: Flower shows (rdagtone the year—in the spri ng, summer, and ai displays of narcissi, daffodils, tulips, lilacs, irises, _Peonies, roses, “Miles Wien Bliss, rae Seale and chrysan nthemums; i in the winter displays of greenhouse-blo ae m, caus exhibits e fossil plants, existing plant ee local ras ts occurring within undred miles of the City of New Yor and the economic uses ae plant An herbarium, comprising more than one million specimens of Amer- ican and foreign species. Exploration in different parts of the United States, the West Indies, Central and South America, for the study and collection of the character- istic flora. cientific papery in laboratories and in the field into the diversified Le ablens of p life. A library ce botanical literature, comprising more than 39,000 books and numerous pamphle Public lectures on a fence variety of botanical topics, continuing throughout at year. Publicatio rebe tanical subjects, partly of technical, scientific and partly of aaa a interest. The education of school children and the public through the above features and the giving of free information on botanical, horticultural, and ea subjects. he Garden is dependent upon an annual sep ee by the City of New ae ve Cray benefactions and membership fees. It possesses now nearly two thousand members, and srieations Ra membership are avays welcome. The classes of membership Be o single contribution ee Patr single contribution 5,000 Pelion for ite Ou ewes «+--+. Single contribution 1,000 Member for Life ............... single contribution 250 llowship Member ............. annual fee 100 Susanne! arabe vate ate Rit okae he a fee 25 Annital Member ieee ieee ual fee Garena a a Garden may be soe from taxable incomes. The following is an approved form of bequest: I hereby bequeath to The New York Botanical Garden incorporated under the Laws of New York, oe r 285 of 1891, the sum of ————. Conditional bequests may be made with income ee to donor or any designated benched during his or her lifetim All requests for further ST EOmHaE On should be sent e | Tue New York Bence ena BRONX PARK, NEW YOR aes VOL. XXXII OctoserR, 1931 No. 382 JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN PER AXEL RYDBERG Joun HENDLEY BARNHART VEGETABLE DRUGS AND MEDICINES H. H. Russy THE BIG Vea OF CALIFORNIA HUR HoLiick SECTION oe “BIG TREE” ON EXHIBIT IN THE aie bes OF NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDE CONFERENCE NOTES FOR FEBRUARY AND MARCH POPULAR COURSES IN BOTANY AT THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN A GLANCE AT CURRENT LITERATURE Carot H. Woopwarp NOTES, NEWS, AND COMMENT ACCESSIONS , PUBLISHED FOR THE GARDEN it At LIME AND GREEN STREETS, LANCASTER, Pa. THE ScieENcE Press PrintING COMPANY ; Hntered at the post-office in Lancaster, Pa., as second-class matter. ; i ! Annual subscription $1.00 Single copies 10 cents 4 Free to members of the Garden } P ; ‘ THE NEW YORK dan ay: GARDEN BORED OF MANAGER y W. DE Forest, Presiden: CrLarENcE Lewis Ewa pE Forest BALDWIN, Vice President ApvoLtpH LEwIsOHN F. K. Srurais, Vice ae ent Henry Locxwart, Jr. Joun L. Merritt, Treasurer D. T. MacDoucaL E. D. Merritt, Seer KENNETH MACKENZIE Raymonp F. BA H. pe ta MonrTaGNeg, Jr. Cares P. BERKEY J. Pierront Morcan Marston T. Bocert Lewis RUTHERFURD Morris GeorceE S. Ee Bye STER H. Hopart Porter Henry H. R NIcHOLAS Munsay Butler GerorcE J. RYAN Tuomas A. EpIso Epmunp W. SINNoTT CuILps Frick ae ne ‘TRELEAS! A. HARPER AM H. WEBSTER James J. Waker, Mayor of the City Me New York Wa ter R. Herrick, President of the Department of Parks SCIENTIFIC DIRECTORS R. A. Harrer, Pu. D., Sc. D., Chana zi ‘ie Mac aul Pu. D., LL. D. Raymonp F. Bacon, Pu. D., Sc. rY H. Russy, M. D., Sc. D. Cuaries P. Berkey, Pu. D., Se ee oRGE J oend Marston OGERT, Sc. D., LL. D. i Miceonss Murray Butter, Pu. D, Epa W. Sinnott, Pu. D DIRECTOR EMERITUS N. L. Britton, Pu. D., Sc. D., LL GARDEN STAFF D. Merritt, Sc. D. Director-in-Chief MarsHatt A. Howe, PH. (Di Sen De yout aerials tee eiee Assistant Director Joun K. SMALL) fa D., Sc. Dice aha Head Curator of the Museums A. B. Stout, Pu. D. Director of the Laboratories H. A. Gieason, Pu _D. Curator Frep J. SEAVER, Pu. D. ARTHUR Hoticx, Pa D} eobot Bernarp O. Dooce, PD: A Sancta Forman T. McLean, u. aN Dies anes Supervisor of able Education JoHn Henpitey Barnuart, A. ‘\ UY FAG] DRAB APS Rea ae Wi eDS Bibliographer Percy WiLson Associate Curato PaLMyYRE DE C. MITCHELL Associate Curator Saran H. Harrow, A. M ‘arian USBYs Vien Dera eer Honorary Curator pou ee Beane Collections ExizaBetH G. Britton ‘y Curator of Mosse Mary E. Eaton ast Ropert S. WILLIAMS Administrative Ass wan E. J. ALEXANDER Assistant Cane Axsert C. Situ, A. B ssistant Curator Crype CHANpLER, A. M. nical Assistant Marjorte E. Swirt, A. M. Assistant Pathologist RosaALiE WEIKERT 1 Assistant KennetH R. Boynton, B. S ioe Wittrock, A cent H. M. Dens LOW, ASM DD iatire Honorary Custodian of Local Hoban Ropert HAGELSTEIN .....ccsseseeeeeess onorary Curator of Myxomycetes EB) SourHwiGk JP Die ssetlenicteicielals Custodian of Herbaceous Grounds ENBey Anson S. PrckHAM. Honorary Givaier: Tris and Nupoeeie "Cc ollections w R. Brinvey, E. Landscape Engineer yun S. GrorsBeck Clerk and Accountant ARTHUR J//(CORBETT)|s\ cise ie)s) sielelele Superintendent of Buildings and Grounds JournaL or THE New York BoranicaL GARDEN PLATE 306 ER AXEL RYDBERG i 25, 1931) P (July 6, 1860-July JOURNAL OF The New York Botanical Garden Vou. XXXII OcToBER, 1931 No. 382 PER AXEL RYDBERG (WITH PLATE 306) The New York Botanical Garden has recently been called upon to mourn the loss of one who devoted nearly a third of a century to continuous service on its scientific staff. Per Axel Rydberg, son of Adolf Fredrik Rydberg and Thekla Elfrida Otterstrom, his wife, was born in the farming community y 6 idk6pin; yal gym: Skara, fees in ee and emigrated to cane in the fol- lowing year. Upon his arrival in the United States, he first sought and ob- tained work in the iron mines of Michigan, but soon met with an xpe accident so serious that for a time he was ted to su es its only permanent res owever, was a slight lameness that e or i le in his later years is q ble that this accident, incapacitating ie an manual labor put- ting an en i iti o become , ha i on ing e d something to do with his return to ne lees ae for which he had been fitted by his earlier tramin m 1884 to 1890 he taught at Luther Academy, Wahoo, Ne- es e t versity of Dies ae ae oe his later lifelong devotion to the study of It is true ie young Rydberg had been interested in botany while still a student at Skara. He had then formed a represen- 229 230 tative herbarium of Swedish plants, and his first appearance in botanical literature was in the pages of the Swedish journal “ Bo- But his anes and with it his special interest in botany, had ered i ity of Nebraska anists gathered about their honored professor, that his early love ae} eae os @ = It was in the year of his graduation that a botanical survey of the state was undertaken by the Botanical ae of the univer- Six students or former students of the university, with the e but under the actual i ection of Professor sity. hree (numb I, 2, an ever appe t 21, com- prising the Rosales, by P. dberg, was issued in 1895 is the most impot- year, 1895, was a very important one—perha 231 tant—in his career, In that year he received the degree of M.A. rom the University of Nebraska; the Rosales of the Flora of Ne- and Noe but to the vicinity of New York City, his home for the ‘or most of the next four hae he was Lastioasiae 7 natural doc- ni In the summer of 1896 he eae his field-work in Montana for the United States Department of Agriculture; in 1897 he eN T arden, to collect in Montana and the Yellowstone Park region; and in the summer of 1898 he was employed by the Garden while working up these collections In 1897 a chapter of the onsen scientific fraternity Sigma k: Xi was established at the University of Nebraska, and in the fol- lowing year Rydberg was elected a graduate member of this cha few months after a his work at Columbia oe he was elected, Janua: 4, 1896, to mer i e Torrey Botanical Club, the nae a with which his was ever after most ages ee Early in 1899 the permanent st £ The New York peuan of Bulletin no. 4, dated re 13, 1899. In this list of nine names, the fourth is “Dr. P. A. See Kscaat Curator.” Eight years later, his title was altered to Curator, but otherwise it re- i t EE = 5) rom his appointment to the staff of The New York Botanical Garden it is needless here to record the details of his life so fully for they are better known and may be traced to a large degree 7 232 his numerous published papers and books. These deal chiefly k wi ft y Mountains and the plains to the east- ward, with monographic work on the North American represen- tatives of certain groups of flowering plants, and with p hase ography. Some Id cla oup oO ee but to him plant ecology was merely a phase of = eography. During his years at The New York Botanical Garden, most of i a In 0 he spent two months in field-work, with Frederick King Vreeland as an assistant, in southeastern Colorado. In the summer of 1901 n wede as in England and S this was the only time he ever revisited the land of his birt! In 1905, he w bsent from the arden for nearly three months on a collecting trip to Uta e€ also visited the Aga of Wyoming, San Francisco, and L Angeles at this In 1911 he spent ee months Albert Osbun pe. im ie exploration of southeastern Utah; this was the last time he was as far west as the nee ann he was a member of other ee oranizationg: n 1900, year following his Se on the newly-organized staff of h w ¥ ned th i ciety the pvericae Geo raphic Society. er: cluding a now in pre S00! appear nearly seven thousand printed pages. mong the most important are his monographic studies incorporated in t orth American Flora that has been in course of publication by The New York Botan- ical Garden (all too slowly) for more than twenty-five years. Of 233 this work there have appeared so far about 5150 pages, about 2150 devoted to flowerless plants. Of the remaining 3000 pages, devoted to flowering plants, about 1250 were written by Per Axel R al a ens more tha one third of the whole. he two younger daughters, remain to comfort their mother in her bereavement. For months before his death, Rydberg’s health was gradually h t ium, mornings, until the f July, and even on the 24th he gave final instructions concerning the flora of ich he had seen and revised about rst proofs. The end came early in the morning of July 25, 1931, at his home, 3304 as eared ee nue, New York, N. No ac of Per Axel Rydberg would be complete without some Sr ae to his religiou s life. Brought up in the state 1 in English; and a brief commitment service, at the grave, in Woodlawn cemetery, where rest the mortal remains of one who, all through his life, was faithful to the service of his science and his God Joun HenpLey BarRnHaRT. 234 VEGETABLE DRUGS AND MEDICINES Drugs are the substances from which medicines are made, but i a drug may be used as a medicine in its own form. t is often said that a little knowledge is dangerous, but a 0 even a few of the simpler facts regarding drugs and medicines can easily be made to contribut ty of the average individual. The percentage of people who do not pos- sess this knowledge is remarkably gre ost of the powerful dr re capable of doing harm as well as good, not only through actual poisoning, but : a used when not properly required, when in ex cessive amo whe Whe kes se of a vegetable drug in its own form, a powdered digitalis leaves, mandrake root or aconite root, the greater part of the ot act but pass t of t stem nux vomica seed, ound of aconitine in r pounds of aconite roo this reason, it is usually considered best to ext active constituent in some way, and to take this extracted matter in solid or liquid form, known as a medicinal prep n an ade according to a definite process and of definite strength, t preparation being adopted in medicine, it is called a galenical ae ion, If a drug is boiled, the resulting liquid preparation is a derecnan If steeped in hot water withou boiling, it is an infusion ot are commonly known as ersed, hence the im nce of acting in accordance wi defi- nite formula, starting with ae or measured amounts and endin nite amount of the filtered or strained liqui ve seen a woman poison her child . taking too | an amount of a root, and being it too long, so that the decoction became excessively stro There are ines eae whose active constituents cannot be tracted with water, each constituent being soluble in its ad 235 liquid or liquids, such as alcohol, glycerine, volatile or fixed oils, alkaline or acid solution. The particular liquid so used is called the menstruum. Ifa drug contains several different constituents whic ired in the preparation, and these lubl ferent liquids, the menstruum mus a mixture of different sol- vents e other hand, one constituent may be desirable and nother not, so that it becomes necessary for pharmacists to study each and every constituent of all drugs, in order to de ine the best hod of m: preparations. T are is nec- me king the he same essary to have the quantities of drug and menstruum proper determined in all preparations, as in the case of decoctions infusions. t is often necessary or desirable to have preparations of the extract. Extracts are used in the making of pills, and it requires great skill to mix the he mass so that all the pills will contain exactly the same ami of e Tt will be readily senna Gee " there is a fluid extract and a tincture of the same drug, the dose of the latter is larger, in the rw arn: flowerheads; iodine is a scaly aint eee larkspur is a 230 seed; and of these the average customer desires the tincture. Witch-hazel is a leaf and the customer desires its distilled ie arb root i in i n form, but usually th ask he oil of turpentine, distilled from the turpentine, which latter is a id or semi-solid substance. Practically all see as Ses are exhibited in the cases of the Economic Mus ft w York Botanical Garden, and it is the solvents to be used in extracting it, the precise nature of the process of manufacture and the ape of the finished product. se k constituents; the fluid extract made from a must also be assayed and found to contain the same specified a: A careful study of these requirements an lead to the belief y must i u 1 products, and in the ve iy sata of a public, ee cals this is n se. he who e of any law rests in its execution, a pee to enforce ie al ae for drugs medicines is very oir Not only is this condition due to the neglect of public officials to enforce the law, and often to ee collision with law-breakers, 237 but to the fact that some of the methods employed in testing the preparations are in t. When the testing is done by accurate ical processes, i resul st be correct. If the mist ex- tracts the pure quinine fror preparation, weighs i finds it in required amount, error is impossible, but, eee as , a fad ow i ation for det ing t dici nal strength and value of a preparation by administering it to some such animal as the cat, dog, guinea-pig, rooster, or frog, and noting the e of reaction exhibited e animal vari- ability of such reaction in di t individu nimals, or i ifferent ind I same animal under different conditions renders this method quite unreliable. een this fallacy affects only a small num- er of drug: Tt is ee true that the number of drugs subject to standardiza- tion by chemical methods is relatively small. In the great ma- jority of cases, the only metho etermining t y or the alue vegetal rugs is through their careful selection by roperly trained indiv is wor onfided almost wh harmacists, hence the great importance of thoroug! training in ph hools in this art of pha: nae the case of pois s eta the public are not allo to ke pure at all, pt u ee restrictions comprised main using the drug itself, or one of its pane teh in medicne its active constituent is extracted in a 1 adminis- tered in small doses, in the for f solutions, pills, tablets, cap- sules, or other forr These active const of cours extremely powerful and usually poisonous, and the greatest care as to xercised in maintaining their purity and 1 or measuring the do e taken. In the Economic Museum of hi rden, there rge ca’ ate i les,” wher f these important products are exhibited, in connection with, or in relation to, the drugs from which they are derived. H. H Y, . H. Russy, M. D., Honorary Curator of the Economic Collections. 238 THE BIG TREES OF CALIFORNIA? e two species of trees in California known as “ big ment in the living flora of the world, except for a few individual trees that have been cultivated in botanical gardens and else- where. From the fossil remains, however, we have learned that the genus was formerly represented = ee different species and that it had a distribution that w: orld-wide—at least in the Northern Hemisphere. emains oe ve been fou Asia Europe, Iceland, Greenland, British America, oo en Cae. and Alaska. It reached a maximum development in the Tertiary period. During the aaa period, when a large part of the ice, during h ist. in regard to the big trees of the Sierras—Sequoia gigantea—that we are now speaking. ese trees are included in twelve scattered groves, some etl within, some cian within, and some entirely withow any Sa aaa controlled reservatior The Ma a grove was the ae one to be placed under gov- ernment te and protection. It was acquired, in part, by the State of California, in 1865, and in 1890 was included, intact, in sonal P. : ® < 5 9 uw 2 oa ian z a a wn = o s o ot o 3 oe wn a o oO > a & anis gro acquired, in 1900, after all a of delays and aecoueene oppo- 1 Abstract of an illustrated lecture given at The New York Botan- ical Garden on Saturday afternoon, November 8, o. The lecture ocat ain of the most striking gen- eral featu n number of the largest individual trees in the groves; sean operations, etc. tent of the groves; views of certain 239 sition—commercial and political. Finally, however, ce necessary d the Ca Fo . t 1 t! ment-owned timber land, on the basis of fifteen acres of averag timber land for each individual Sequoia tree 100 feet or more in eight! ext and the last one of the groves acquired was the Kings operations and many fine trees destroye In 1917 the U. S. Gov- nt authored an eis oer iation of $50,0 ooo for its purchase d$ The National Geographic Society started a sti sn hea the necessary $20,000 the third and largest of the aved. In regard to the future of ce trees, one main fact has to be They belong to past ages in the history of the earth. veaa are in- : ane F f uur kn and, b accident, they may live, as many individual trees now in existence 240 have lived, for thousands of years. It has been said, by those who are competent to express an opinion, that none of the big b lightning. Almost every one of the outstanding big trees shows evidence of having been struck. And lightning has often been followed by fire. A big tree also becomes top- heavy i in time. The tremendous h ab as by erosion of the soil, a wind of unusual violence is too ‘7 much for the tree to withstan d. ARTHUR Hott ick. SECTION OF “ BIG TREE” ON EXHIBIT IN THE MUSEUM OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN 1930, through the courtesy and interest of Colonel John R. W ie Superintendent of the Sequoia National Park in Cali- fornia, it was possible for The New York Botanical Garden to and was then by actual ring count 1694 years old, having com- menced its growth in 2 Dd. is interesting exhibit was secured at a minimum expense, lo thin wedges of California pee e smoothed and finished, and . this was done the section was Ficure 1. The “big tree” section, 1694 years old, as exhibited in the Museum Building of The New York Botanical Garden. nstalled against the wall in the basement exhibit room of the museum oe where it is attracting much attention. In of the great age of the tree, it was possible to mark Pee a the growth rings with important dates in history. Those selected were 400 A. D., the approximate time of the Roman evacuation of England, the tree then being 177 years old; Cha y lumbus ; 1624, first Satilenient of Ne ew Amsterdam ae York) ; and 1776, Declaration of Independence. The largest living specimen of Sequoia gigantea, the so-called General Sherman tree, is estimated to be between 4000 and 5000 section at e New York Botanical Garden is conidbeby Natural Hi n + arden Museum the oo us A. D. 223 to A.D. ey was eXx- c api After that date growth was very slow, the average Be aeat in trunk diameter per hundred years from about 280 to 1917 being between 6 and 7 inches, with a gradual tendency t to increase in size more and more slowly as the tree attained g¢ age. D. ence 243 CONFERENCE NOTES FOR FEBRUARY AND MARCH he monthly conference of the Scientific Staff and Regis- n kK. tered nee held on February 11th, Dr. Joh: Small gave a report on “ The Epiphytic Bromeliads of the cee United America. Four species | occur in two or more states, thirteen spe- and one species is eet in Texas. The geographic rae o southern within the United States, extends from Florida i Texas and southern Virginia, mostly in the Coastal Pl Dr. Ernst J. Se r rted at this conferer brids between the Large-toothed Aspen (Populus pene) and the Northern klace Poplar Cole balsamifera virgin- tana).” These particular hybrids were obtained by using the Ne lar as the seed parent. In general appearance the hybrids resemble but in careful study rous ch acters show influence of the seed parent. These hybrids are all of poor growth and very susceptible to a twig disease (Fusicla- dium tremulae), At the conference for March (11 Mr), Mr. John Y. Keur T was displayed, illustrating the various aspects of disease, the problems under investigation, and the evidence that is being ob- tained regarding the nature of the virus. Secretary of the Conference. POPULAR COURSES IN BOTANY AT THE NEW YORK NICAL GARDEN here is no more agreeable way to study the plants than to go into their home Deiaaas in woodlands, meadow, and swam and there study r habits and Lee The course ie study, entitled “ sate and Their Home Environments,” which 244 started with its first class exercise on Tuesday afternoon, Sep- tember 15, at 4:10 P. M., aims to accomplish this a thing in a series of fifteen sessions of field trips and lectur It is de- signed particularly for teachers and outdoor oe who wish to make themselves more proficient in the field of botany to gain a more intimate knowledge of plant life. Each ses- sion will py approximately two hours and on fair-weather days will coml outdoor study with lectures and notes. was originally designed to reach the alert require- ments of the York teachers and is accepted by the Board of ducation as m g requirement. The fe the course is $10.00 which includes membership in The Ne coral Botan- ical Garden for one year. ose who are already 0 Two other courses will ffered during the winter, one on “ How to G Pl ” beginning the first Saturday in Decem- ber, and another on “ P elationships ” beginning t e 15tho February. These courses will be under the general supervision f{ Dr. Forman T. McLean, ouel of Public Education, The New York Botanical Garden A GLANCE AT CURRENT LITERATURE! hen gas from inside the trunk ofa saat tree was lighted, healthy scarlet oak tree during the dry season it threw a stream of liquid through the bore three or four feet out into the air. Color of flowers is not necessarily affected by the acidity of the soil, oe to Rexford F. Daubenmire, of Butler University, Indianapolis. In a report issued by his university in August, he 1 All pu wee fees here—and many others—are available in the library of The New York Botanical Garden in the Museum Building. 245 shows that no relation existed between flower colors and soil con- tent in Phlox, cent Dodecatheon, Delphinium, Hepatica, and Lupinus which he studied. * hie pte is the most successful pasture growth, espe- rd iabl . Wyllie Fen- valua (Dactylis Pe io oe aie oe Aare (Poa tri- vialis) as good additions. x «x * «x The sensitive fern, Onoclea sensibilis, is said to be the only fern which is identical in the modern and fossil forms, according t the .lmerican Fern ae = sis summer quarter * To make the early aia sole gay with the tiniest PRs Be mi ical spring collection of snowdrops, cloth-of-gold crocuses, squills, and glory-of-the-sn * A child’s transition from innocence to knowledge is most easily and safely made in a garden, says Angelo Patri, also in the Oc- rdens, Give a chi ce in a sunlit corner, where he can actually grow things suc- ces ie this gr reat ae eae — conclud- ig: “Till soil and ri a garden ea double purpose. Gee eaaae wie ae are eta a” a = A protective and eee desing for the hands, to be used while gardening, is aati by Dr. E. A. Merritt in the Garden Digest for May. It is made by pe > grams of soap chips in 370 grams of distilled water, adding 20 grams of gum arabic and 2 grams of hydrous wool fat, and whipping until it ne Then add 6 minims of oil > Pe and whip agai Autumn color in the rock garden is a phase to be sought for, and Helen Russell, in Horticulture ] September 15, tells what 246 lan use. She suggests first of all Sedum Sieboldii, S. dasy- phylhon, and S. lydium, which turn pink, pink-purple, and crim- son, respectively; then the houseleeks, Sempervivum, which also turn, exc for armentosum, which is all the more attractive ith its contrasting d To trail over the ledges, re- maining inter, sh Id wuonymus radican. ma: red a e wou ave coloratus, and for other showy features, the heathers and cotone asters. Poppies, the arctic chrysanthemum, and Daphne cne- orum, she mentions for ee oo pe ve owers e reprinting of volume one - Britton and Rose’s The Cac- taceae began with the appearance of the first sixteen pages in the September issue of the Journal of the Cactus and Succulent So- ciety of America, which is undertaking the tas Caro. H. Woopwarp. NOTES, NEWS, AND COMMENT Preliminary programs for the Sixth International Congress of Genetics, to be held at Ithaca, N. Y., August 24-31, 1932, have — ohana The eae aaa are expected to ane in n August 20, and the extensive program for the Yor Oe ae. of ee delegates includes a visit to The New ork Botanical Garden on Augus . Hansen, of the University of Michigan, plans to sail for Bolivia on October 3rd to carry on field work in botany and pedition. The New York Bo ay melee been able to par- ticipate through the a from Robinson rene und. After thi i ea we | that Mr. Hansen o 4 = 77 =o o 8 wa has postponed his departure ee 1g Dr. Fred J. Seaver, curator of the es recently spent several days in Ithaca attending a mycological foray given by the depart- ment of Plant Pathology of Cornell University. The guests of honor were E. W. Mason, Assistant Mycologist of the ae Bureau of Mees Kew, England, and Jacob E. Lange, th 247 well-known meas of Denmark. In addition to these, a num- ber of well-known American mycologists were in attendance. The meetings es of field excursions and subsequent study and comparison of material collected. Dr. Lange made a special effort to correlate the American and European forms of the higher Basidiomycetes. The following botanists enrolled in the library during the sum mer: Profs. A. Le Roy Andrews and H. H. Whetzel, Tacs Roger: and Mr. W. .C.; Mr. H. liams, Durham, N. C.; Dr. M. Bleed. Hariville S. Cy; Prof. and Mrs. -e HL Gilbert Coral Gables, Fla.; Mr. P. H. Léding, Mobile, ; Mr. George Thomas, New Ouleans, La.; Prof. Frank T. ccnroe pee Ky.; Prof. Willard N. Clute, Indianapolis, Ind.; Mr. Forest C. Strong and Mr. Karl eee East a Mich.; Rev. Anselm M. Keefe, West De- e, Wis.; Dr. Myron P. Backus, Madison, Wis.; Prof. Shigeo Wavanpachi Chics Ill.; Prof. Adriance S. Foster, Norman, Okla.; Prof. Henry 8. Conard abe Iowa; Mr. c E. ie a M. B. Lin ford. Honelult.: oie and Mr oN. fabeges ae wald, Copenhagen, Denmark. e Gardens of the World ” was the title of an me i ture ie by Colonel E. A. Havers at The New York Bot: Garden on September 19, 1931. The first picture ees was the “ Garden of Eden,” a beautiful scene on ey bank Ss ° the Bible history; a tri to Africa showed an oasis o reat ra, wher rything can grow — to the rich sa and an abundance of water; Palermo’s Aas we re bloom ee a the gardens of the poets, Sanaa that of Shakespeare and Ann Hathaway ; the gardens of Windsor Castle, and many more of the royalty, also the Temple Gardens and Kew 248 Gardens; Earl of Kenmare’s Irish Gardens, with statuary anc gardens of the headmen in New Guinea jungles; Japan with its herry blossoms and other glorious flowers. On August 22, 1931,Professor F. A. Varrelman, of the A: ican University, Washin ae . C., gave an illustrated ease at the Botanical Garden on “ Seediese Fruits.” Seedlessness in < of polli- sales in cucumbers, one and prickly pears; in the Iridales in the ees and bananas. Other types, of different classifica- tions, are barberries, eel pawpaws (eae ), poplars, night- ae ee grapes, chestnuts, pistacio nuts, and dates. aturday afternoon, ee 25, Dr. Fred ob Seaver, Saba thousands of years fungi have been used as articles of diet. 249 matter of so using them would be a very simple one were it not for the fact that a few species, and comparatively few, are deadly : ‘ ; h as you learn to ae our friends or your enemies. Unless one ith which it is absolutely unsafe to attempt to use it as an article of food. Aleteorology Ae oe The maximum temperatures re- rded at The c ork Botanical Garden for each week or part eek were — . on the rith; 93” on the 14th ; and 94° on the 22n minimum (omer anes eee ere: 51° 0 > 54° on the 8th; 55° on the 1 w he 7th; 54° 9 the 25th; and 45° on the 29th. The total piecplanss Ae i month was 1.60 inches. ACCESSIONS LIBRARY ACCESSIONS, DECEMBER 1, 1930-FEBRUARY 28, 1931 ALBRIGHT, Horace Marpen, & Taytor, Frank J. “ ae ranger!” A book about the national pee Stanford bead rsity, I ALLEN, CHARLES GRANT oe ae e story of ile Hants, New York, i by Dr. oe BarLey, FrepericK Manson. ae eee flora. 7 vols. Queensland, 1899-1905. (Given by Mr. Cyril T. White BarTon-Wricut, Eustacr Crom. Recent Sao nices int plant soe with a foreword by R. Ruggles Gates. Philadelphia, 1930. (Give P. Blaki s Son & Co.) Bonpar, Gregorio. Cacao; a cultura e as pragas do cacaoeiro no Estado de Bahia, Brasil. Bahia, 1922. Boyie, FReDER Uber Orchideen. Deutsche Original-Ausgabe, heraus- b, ion F Krénelin. Berlin, 1896. Bresapota, Giacomo. Iconographia mycologica, Vols. 15, 16. Mediolani, 1930. 250 Bureince, FREDERICK WILLIA Die Orchideen des temperirten und kalte Ha ae thre Cultur ne Beschreibung. dus dem Englischen Whee BS setet von M. Le Ed. 2. Stuttgart, 1882. CaVaRA, eres Sulla flora fossile di Mongardino. [Pt. 2.] Bologna, 1887. Coorer, JoHN Wiitam, & McLaren, A. C. Latin for pharmaceutical stu- dents. London, 1930. CoppINcER, RicHarpD WILLIAM. Cruise of the “dllert”’ Four vears in Patagonian, Polynesian, and Mascarene waters. (1878-82.) London, 1883. Correvon, Henry. Rock garden and alpine plants. New York, 1930. (Given . The Macmillan Co. Cowan, A, M., & Cowan, JoHN MacguEen. The trees of northern Ben- gal, ie shrubs, aa clinbers, bamboos, palms and tree ferns. Calcutta, 1929. (Giv y E. D. Merrill.) Cure, J. es dies Ps ore ris et leur culture & travers les siécles. 5 ie Franz. Voralpenpflanzen; Baume, Straéuche, Kréuter, alreneipflansen, Pile Kulturpflanzen, thre Beschreibung, Verwertung 18 und Sa 1893. Datton, Henry G. The history of British Guiana. 2 vo London, 1855. Davis, Kary CapMus. Productive plant ee Bal delphia, c 1917. DE Kruir, Pau. oe er fighters. New Y¥ 1928. (Given by Miss ara: ‘ we DELCHEVALERIE, e Le par anes del’ ee au Caire. Gand, 1897. [Dezatiier pv’ ARGENVILLE, AN’ E JosePH.] La theorie et - ‘pratique du jardinage. New ed. Paris, os ———..] ———.. New ed. Paris, 1715. [—_———.] —~———. Ed. 3. La Haye, 1739. Frye, THEoDoRE Curistian, & Rice, Cae: Burton. Elementary flora of the Northwest. New York, c1g14. (Given by Mr. G. L. Wit a Garcia CaNizares, Feipe. Botdnica general y descriptiva. aban Ison.) 1930. (Given Mr. Percy Wi Gipson, Witttam HamMiLton. Sharp eyes; a rambler’s ae a fifty- two weeks among insects, birds and flowers. New York, Hansen, ApotpH. Die ae cen oe der Erde; eine oe "Pflan- sengeographie. Leipzig, Hesse, HeinricH. Tertscher “Gant tner. Leipzig, 1 HoEHNe, Freperico Cartos. Orchidaceas dos ee da cidade de Sao E 0, . Horwne, Freperico Car.os, & KunLMANN, Jodo waan Utriculdrias io de Janeiro ¢ seus arredores. Sao Paul HorrMaNnn, FERDINAND. Beitrége sur Kenninis der Flora von Central- Ost-Afrik in, 18 HorrmMann, Ja \KOB Frrepricu. Drey phisiologisch-botanische Abhand- HOoLtTEDAHL, OLar, "Rep of the le results of the ee expedition to ee. ae 192i. ols. Kristiania, 1924-28. 251 Horre, Davin Hetnricu. SBotanisches Taschenbuch fiir die ae dieser Wissenschaft und der Apothekerkunst. 1802-1807. burg, : Huct, Franz Joseru. Naturhistorische Alpenreise, vorgelesen der Natur- forschenden Gesellschaft in Solothurn. Solothurn, 1830. Hume, H. A HAROLD, zealeas and Camellias. New York, 1931. iven “ The Macmill: 0.) Jaac, OTTO. echerches expérimentales sur les gonidies des lichens ap- pe aux genres Parmelia et Cladonia. Genéve, 192 James, Frank Linsty. The unknown horn of Africa; an exploration from Berbera to the Leopard River. London, 1888. Jounston, Henry Hatcro. British Central Africa: an attempt to git some account of a portion of the territories under British ine i ew York, 18 N, re ae : Journal of the Museum Godeffroy. Vols. 1-4. Hamburg, 1873-1910. Journal russe de pea nate Tg08-1915. St. Pétersbourg, 19 Junk, WILHELM, ED. Friedrich Martens hispanische Reise- Beschreibung e Anno 1677. Berlin, — 5. KaAMIENSKI, Franz. Vergleichende Anatomie der Primulaceen. [Halle, 1880.] Karsten, Petter Apotr. Finlands basidsvampar i urval beskrifna. Hel- singfors, 18 Kraus, GREGOR. ae botanische Garten der Universitat Halle. 2 parts. LaneE-Poote, C. s Epwarp. The hha resources of the territories of Papua and New Guinea. [Brisbane], La QuinTINIE, JEAN DE. [/ ued pe overo trattato del tagliare glalbert da frutto. Veneti Licer, Louis. Le jardinier ees et historiographe. Der historische Blumen-Gartner. Leipzig, 1716. —. jardinier fleuriste; ou, la ¢ uliure universelle des fleurs, arbres, arbustes, arbrisseaux servant @ VP embellissement ie ee Nouvelle ed. aed 1787. McLaren, JoHNn. Gardening in oe Matas e and flower. San rancisco, 1909. (Given by Dr. J. H. Bar peek Atoys Joun, & Paut, Mons Rea. af ee of color. New + 1930. nes Cuartes Epwarp, ED. Microbiology. Philadelphia, 1911. —. ———.. Fd. 2. Philadelphia, cr i" Mewpoza, CARLos. Bi leyenda de las plan Bar n.d. MICHELAZ. Compendium regni eget ee in usum suorum “auditori umn I elacubrats est. [Gorit Na ST, GaprieL. Bidrag teil Sted _ a flora. 2 parts. Stockholm, 1 rare 252 ae, tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch-Indié uitgegeven door Natuurkundige vereeniging in Nederlandsch-Indié. Vols. avia, ee de a- Notulen van ‘de algemeene en bestuurs-vergaderingen van be Bataviaasch Genootschap van kunsten en wetenschappen. Vols. 1-14. Batavia ele Land and the Victoria Falls; a naturalist’s wan- . . Ed. 2. London, 1889. a i der Proving Schleswig-Holsteim, des an- grensenden Gebtets der ‘Honssstadte Hambu BG und Liibeck und des Fiirstenthums ae 2 vols. Kiel, 188 Rape, Gustav FerpINAND RICHARD Die Cue des kauka- sischen oo EIM, PAUL sei Tiflis, 1901. e Vermehrun gsbiologie der Aspe auf Grundlage des in istland aS “Finnland Lhe is Untersuchungsmaterials. Tartu, 1929. Scur6trer, A., ED. Bemerkungen und Anweisungen fiir die Natur forscher, welche die Expedition von t. Maj. eecale ara” unter dem an. des Herrm Obersten Bernhar von - iillerstorf-Urbair, begleiten. Wien, 7. Scu FURTH, Georc Aucust. The heart of as three years’ travels an a Oe eae in the une. vplored regions of Central Africa from 1868 18 1877. 2vols. New se ‘A. ow fragments; a oT book of the Iris. New York, 1931. , (Given . Mrs. Wheeler to Sahara; ae tragedy. Lan- th neriffe, an “astronomer's experiment; or, spe- cialties of u residence above the clouds. London, 1858. (Given by r. J. H. Barnhart.) See Retner. Consiliorum medicinalium sectiones quingue. i-32. Batavia, 1890-19: Trot, UNo von. ‘Letters on oe an ad during a voyage under- sae a Dr. Solande Dr. J. = as 2 s = & oy & 8 R mM Fl x nN gs Lind, [and] Dr. Uno von Tro Uncer, Franz ANDREAS ie ICOLAUS. ondon, 178: a fossile Flora von Kumi auf der Insel Euboea. Wie UN IL. ie Regulalionen der Pflanzen; ein System der teleo- logischen Begriffe in der nik. Berlin, 1919. VAucHER, JEAN PIE Mono. grafia Skrzypow. Wilno. ER VIALA, PIERRE. Monographie ae pourridié des vignes et des a oS tiers. Montpelli WILKINSON, fy sae story of the cotton plant. New York, 1913. Given by Dr. J. H. Barnhart.) Wrevow, JoHaNN CuristiAn Lupewic. O9conomisch-technische Flora Meklenburgs. 2 vols. Lineberg, 1811-12 PUBLICATIONS OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN Journal of The New rer Botanical See, monthly, containing notes, news, and non- aa art ee Fre susp: of the Garden. To ' others, He cents a co ar. cae He tery -first volume. __. Mycologia, bim Ronee devote to fungi, Maine lichens; $5.00 a year; single copies net for sale. [Not offered in exchange.] Now in ra twenty- second volum lattes, « Gitar rterly, devoted Seely, to colored plates accompanied by popular descriptions of flowering plants; eight plates i in ee umber, thirty-two in each volume. ihe anton price, $10.00 cs UNot offered in exchange.] Now in its fifteenth volume. Bulletin of The 1 New York Botanical Garden, containing reports of the Director-in-Chief and other official documents, and technical articles em- bodying results of investigations. Bice to all members of the arden; to others, $3.00 per yes: Now in its fourteenth volume. North American Flora. Descriptions of the wild plants of North Amer- ica, including Caeenlanal “the West aneics, ana Central america, Planned to be completed in 34 volu umes. 8vo. Each volume to consist of four or more parts. 64 parts now cee " Subscription price, $1.50 per part; a limited number of separate parts will be sold for $2.00 each. [Not Memoirs of The ork Botanical Garden. Price member the Curden, vols. aud ae 50 per volume; to others, $3.00. ‘Vol VII, $2. a to members; to others, $5.0 Vol. I. An Annotated Poialonae a the Flora ae eae and the Yel- lowstone Park, by Per Axel Rydberg. ix-+ 492 pp., with detailed map. 1900. Vol. II. The Influence of Fish and Darkness upon Growth and Devel- opment, by D. T. MacDougal. xvi-+ 320 pp., with 176 figures. 1903. ee III. Studies of Credeccue Coniferous Remains from anes "i ile: New ace k, by A. Hollick and E. C. Jeffrey. xiii 138 pp., with 2 plates. 1 Vol Vv. Effects of ne poe of Radium on Plants, by Charles Stuart Gager. viii + 478 pp., with 73 figures and 14 plates. 1908. Vol. V. Flora of the Vicinity of New York: A Contribution to Plant Geography, by Norman Taylor. vi-+683 pp., with 9 plates. 1915. Vol. VI. Papers Baereneed at the Celebration of the Twentieth Anni- versary of Dee he: ork Botanical Garden. viii-+ 5094 pp., with 43 Ig! 1 Meeaies Ne Myxoy hyceae from ort Rico, by N. L. ordner: The Flower Peleyet of Avocados, by A. B. Stout; Descrip- tions of New Genera and Species of Plants Colle cted on the Mulford Biological Epiorenon of the me mazon Valley, ese Wea . H. Rusby; and The Flora of the Saint Eugene Silts, Kooten Walle ey, British Co- fable. by Arthur Hollick. viii + 464 PP., with 47 f ilatee! 1o charts, and II ae peers 1927. Brittonia. A series of Dee ce papers. Subscription price, $5.00 per vi ea 5 Contributions from The New York Botanical Garden. A series of tech nical papers written by students or members of the staff, aha i reprinted from journals other than the above. Price, 25 cents each. $5.00 per vol- ume. In the thirteenth volume. THE NEW YORK eee te GARDEN nx Park, New York, N. Y. GENERAL INFORMATION : Some of the leading features of The New York Botanical Garden are: Four hu marca acres of beautifully ptt jland’ in the northern part of the ee f New York, thr pacts nee ch flow. e Bronx River. A native hemlock forest is one meee the features of ther i Plantations ne thousands of Der and introduced trees, shrubs, and flowering plan Gardens, one a beautiful rose perden, a rock garden of rock-loving plants, and fern and herbaceous garden Greenhouses, containing thousands of laterectine plants from America and foreign countries. _Flower shows throughout the year—in the spr ing, summer, and autumn displays of narcissi, daffodils, tulips, lilacs, irises, peonies, roses, lilies, water-lilies, gla dioli, dahlias, and chr ysanthemums; in the winter displays of greenhouse-blooming plants. A museum, containing exhibits of fossil plants, existing plant families, local plants occurring within one hundred miles of the City of New York, and ie economic uses of plants. An herbarium, comprising more than one million specimens of Amer- ne aed fore ae pane xploration in different p of the United States, the West Indies, Copa Be South peasy ree the study and collection of the character- istic flora. Scientific peorech in laboratories and in the field into the diversified problems of plant life. A library ue Patanice literature, comprising more than 41,000 books and numerous pamphlet: Public lectures on a i act variety of botanical topics, continuing throughout the year. Publications on botanical subjects, partly of technical, scientific and partly of popular, eae The education of s 1 children and the public through the abov: features an ee giving ee ares information i ROatantenl) hortieulitieall aud ee su he ces is dependent upon an annual appropriation by the mbe i ae New York, private benefactions and membership fees. I possesses now ly two thousand members, and applications for membership are always welcome. The classes of membership are Benefactor single contribution $25,000 Patron single contributio 5,000 Fellow for Life ....... crolalotevel siete single SoHiFBOn 1,000 Member for Life ....... Bharani tale anele contribution 250 Fellowship Member ........ Beet 1 fee 100 Sustelnine Menace CANE ATEN ES anna fee 25 alohnveteyecetaveuoteneveratete ual fee Cs aee i ee Garden may be ee from taxable incomes. The following is an approved form of bequest I hereby beguent to The New York Botanical Cia incorporated under the Laws of New York, Chapter 285 of 1891, the sum of ————. Conditional Hea uests may be made with income payable to donor or any designated beneficiary during his or her lifetime. All requests for further information should be sent to Tue New York BotaNnicaL ea BRONX PARK, NEW YORK, N. Y. Novemper, 1931 No. 383 JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN THE RUDOLPH BLOCK COLLECTION OF WALKING STICKS SAMUEL J. REcorD CELESTIAL LILIES Joun K. SMaAti A GLANCE AT CURRENT LITERATURE Carot H. Woopw. THE BARTLETT-NORCROSS GREENLAND EXPEDITION NOTES, NEWS, AND COMMENT ACCESSIONS PUBLISHED FOR THE GARDEN At Lime AND GREEN STREETS, LANCASTER, Pa. Tue Science Press PrintiInc CoMPANY Hntered at the post-office in Lancaster, Pa., as second-class matter. _ Annual subscription $1.00 Single copies 10 cents ! Free to members of the Garden THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN BOARD OF MANAGERS Henry W. dE Forest, President CLARENCE LEWIS Henry DE Forest BaLpwin, Vice President AvotpH LEwIsoHN . K. Sturets, Vice President Henry LockHakrt, Jr. Joun ey MERRILL, Treasurer D. T. MacDoucat . D. MERRILL, Secretary KennetH K. MACKENZIE Raymonp F. Bacon H. vE LA Montacneg, Jr. Cares P, BERKEY J. Prerront Morcan Marston T. Bocert Lewis RuTHERFURD Morris Georce S. Paves H. Hopart Porter N. L. Brr Henry H. Reon Necworas) Moweny BurTLer GEORGE J. Cuitps Frick Epmunp W. Senor PER 2 aa E TRELEASE H. WEBSTER JaMEs J. Waker, Mayor of the City a New Y ork Watter R. Herrick, President of the Dep aime of Parks SCIENTIFIC DIRECTORS R. A. Harper, Pu. D., Sc. D., Chairman D. T. Mac eae ae D., LL. D. c. D NR’ M. D., S Marston an. Bocert, Be Di, ‘LL. D. ; 1 eter NicHotas Murray Butter, Pu. D., pMUND W. Sinnott, Px. D. ie wiiD), Sam F. Treiease, Pu. D DIRECTOR EMERITUS N. L. Britton, Pa. D., Sc. D., LL. D GARDEN STAFF D. Merritt, Sc. D. Director-in-Chief Wy era A, "Howe, Pa. D., Se De die pase elspa Ass asin ‘ant Direaiey Joun K. Smatt, Pu. D., Sc. D. ............. Head Curator of the Museum A. B. Stout, H. D. Director of the Laboralores EAS GLEASON, Pu. D. Curator Frep J. SEAVER, Pa DSc) Curator ArrHur Hotticx, u. D. Paleevoge Brernarp O. Donce, Pu D. nt Pathologist Forman T. McLean, M. Re eal OS saci ii Supervisor of Bate Education Joun HENDLEY BAHAR, A. M., DMS DS elt Say ik ee BR Sada Bibliographer Percy WIiLson Associate Curator ALMYRE DE C. MITCHELL Associate ea Sarna Hartow, A. M. Libra H. H. Russy, ee eae Honorary Curator uel the Economic Collections EuizazerH G. Brirron norary Curator of Mosse. Mary E. Eaton Artist Rozert S. WILLIAMS Administrative Assistant E. J. ALEXANDER aeesiany Curator Avzert C. SmitH, A. B. Assistant Curator CLYDE CHANDLER, A. M. Technical Assistant Marjorie E. Swirt, A. M. cisica Pathologist ROSALIE WEIKE! echnical Assistant KENNETH R. BOvNROS B. S. He iad Ga men es . L. WiTTROcK, H. M. DENsLow, A. MoD Dy ta Honorary Custodian of Local EDEbrsin ROBERT EIAGELS TEDN nivel sates veneers Honorary Curator of Myxomycetes Be SOUTHWICK) Pats DA veces. Custodian o Hereaceegs Grounds Ernet Anson S. PECKHAM. Honorary Curator, Iris and Narcissus Collections oHN R. Brintey, C. E. if scape Engineer Watter S. GRorsBECK Clerk and Accountant ARTHUR J. CORBETT ............4. Superintendent of Buildings and Grounds JOURNAL OF The New York Botanical Garden VoL. XXXII NovEMBER, 1931 No. 383 THE RUDOLPH BLOCK ool OF WALKING STICK he New York Botanical Garden has recently aan on exhibit the Rudolph Block collection of walking sticks. It n loan ro ector and owner an National Museum in Washi ington, wh has been on displa undred canes! Why, if the owner chose to carry a ties of these woods is a eee feature. Where two or more a ferent aaa There were eleven that I could not identify and n that I could only refer to their families oods have been gathered from far and near and repre- sent the important forest regions of both hemispheres. Some g. a8 254 Aq peompoidar qdesBojoyg) “Dj -(y * ug dy} UT pa {Xo A]jusde41 SE eas) UEIUOSY TUS Sy} 40 Areya4995 ayy jo Asayined SHOUS. Bulyjem JO Uoyoo]Joo xorg y TYE PY L f t “CTT a 255 came ie timber dealers, but a great many more have never done in less than four s. he first catalogue was printed early i and describes 20 second catalogue ap peared a little more tha t later and lists he present atalogue appeared in 1928 at the time the éollection was place on aie at the Nati onal Museum. I and in Europe. Once started, there was an uninterrupted flow of materials and specimens, with every detail under his direct super- Tn ee fashioning of the sticks and handles, the aie Be to- ether of far-flung fragments of the vegetable, mineral, and a mal eins an new a r artistic expressio at has resulted in veritable works of ar iM did 1 is) ‘ not lose sight of the fact that a beautiful wood is a natural mas- terpiece for which the most he could do was to provide an appro- priate setting. My personal acquaintance with Mr. Block pcan ane after he began his collecting, although I had long n him as writer of fiction and articles under his pen name oo ee tae 256 His undertaking appealed to me and I willingly undertook c 0 : vestigations served to fix for the first time the botanical status of me of the best known commercial timbers, and some species new to science were discovered. It is no exaggeration to say that a large book could be written about this collection without exhausting the subject. Within it is the and that the differences in density are due to compactness? ae whose name (meaning raft) implies buoyancy, would s water like a stone were it not for the air imprisoned in . ae walled cells. Of the colors there is the milky white of Holly and jet black of some of the Ebonies; also pink, red, orange, yellow, brown, pur- n it one m: ~ oO a » w Mw oO a wn 2. < ct, > o 3 a o a Oo 4 td ° = < ww fay oy a @ a 2 5 sa No o oer can though some are undoubtedly due to injuries and disease. No adequate explanation has ever been offered for the letter-like spots on Snakewood or the peculiar markings of mot- tled Ebony. Ficure 2. A part of the Rudolph Block collection of walking sticks, as now displayed in the Museum Building of The New York Botanical Garden. 258 e are several dyewoods in the collection, such as the African Camwood and tropical esl Heed alwond, Brae and rae Brazilwood is not so fro; try its name from the wood! Lezwéod at one time in its history 0 was completed out of the proceeds of a schooner-load of Logwood sent f duras to) rt it, “ Paul Revere might have had no steeple on which to have his lanterns their wealth o Logwood to the mother church in the Old North End, Boston.’ ood with an odd history is Lignum-vitae. It was ma ly ene frst timber from the New World to attain commer- cial i importa n Eur It was called the Wood of Life be- The tim! r has a more legitimate use, for the ear shafts of U1 re are two chieftain woods in the gollection=thé Pink Ivory of Zululand ie - Bloodwood Cacique of Panama. Mr. Block’s attention wa: acted to the first of dee by a casual reference in Professo: pane book on timbers to eter: mined Pink Ivory, a singularly beautiful wood.” His first efforts tain cimen wi to obtain a spe re unsuccessful and he was told that the tree was so scarce that it had not been possible to fi e to mak ac for rince of les e occasion of his Royal of getting not one but several sticks and there are three in his col- 259 lection. To quote from my article in Tropical Hoods (March 1, 1928): “ This wood has always been prized by the Zulus and their kindred, such as the Swazis. Under the old tribal custom, which still prevails in the interior, the trees were allowed to e cut. Formerly only the head of the royal house was entitled arry a stick t in Peelers of this prerogative was itter s_ beli both medicinal and ural properties and has long been the favorite remedy of the tribal medicine man. A Il chip applied to a w vound i i to relieve from the chunks that had defied the ravages of decay in the dank jungle. There is the Cedar of Lebanon, with its reminder of King Solo- coffins of the popes, and likewise used for the gates s of Constanti- i ar stroy: terial suitable for fine wood engravings, is of the same kind as that upon which the prophet Ieaiah published his admonitory mes- sage and of which was made the yoke for Priam’s steeds. There cause of its combined toughness and resilience has been prized for bows from times immemorial. One of the strangest forms of wood is ee in burls, those buds trying to grow in the normal space for one. Mer Block em- ployed many kinds in making handles, and in the descriptions one 260 finds references to Amboyna, Lilac, Thuya, Redwood, Satinwood, Ash, Walnut, Myrtle, Wild Cherry, Comino, and Manzanita. are th i Then th e ornate distortions of grain from crotches where the growth of branches, acting like a giant nutcracker, has squeezed t between them 9 forms of grain—curly, wavy, ribbon, and that peculiar sort called bird’s-e 2 ry unusual structure po as a small inlay in a stic Cuban Acana ( 42). cross section of Cipo Cruz He of the Cross), wath the ae oe as a per- fect cross. Ss e just a few of the many loots of this unusual 7 lection. “The casual visitor a ask, ‘ many canes?” his eye may soon tire from trying to ca d them all. Bu t to those who can devote ne ee to study these beautiful speci- mens, they provide an endless source of instruction and enjoy- ment SAMUEL J. REcoRD. Yae UNIversIty. CELESTIAL LILIES In a note in which the rescue of Bartram’s [xia coelestina and the sie of it in its proper pigeon-hole were recorded, refer- as made to further trouble ne was gradually appearing in ae same group of iridaceous plan homas Nuttall, who is generally coe in his interpretation of woods of northern F! Nemes celta, Nuttall se ts the technical stigma 1Trans. Am. Phil . (IT) 5: 833-37. 261 character of the genus, with “stigmatibus brevibus” agai “stigmata filiformia.” In the detailed epee description te again makes a contradiction, with “ stigmas three” against “ stig- mata sex.” Now, Ixia coelestina was described from plants growing in Florida, and no other geographic range was claimed for it when i ecies additi ed ; e Nuttall says, ‘“ appears to be v shows the ar organs of the “Jxia” to be very ‘dferent a those on w. whi ch th ed a from those definitely described by Nuttall, or seen n by him a, i h of Arkansas and the Kiamesha of the Red river. First found in South Carolina [the alee are ours] by William Bartram, whose figure appears to be very accurate.’ Recently, the status a general geographic distribution of Bar- tram’s fon have been quite definitely settled? In a general way T ee as s Nemastylis was in an account of his travels into the Arkansas territory in 1819.2 On page 144 of the work cited he records that: miles south-east ‘of the garrison, and presentin ng an i irr ae un- me) 1 dulating surface. I at ing plant, which my aenerable friend, William Bartram, calle o ot. Garden 32: 155-161, 1931. ravels into the Ar kansas territory during the year ) 3A Jou of 1819. a in 1821. 262 Ivia coelestina; the flowers of this species are also of a beautiful blue, and white at the base. In the following he (1822) William Barton oe and figured Ixia acute. After a description he contin “ Grows in the Arkansa Territory, whence roots were brought by Mr. Nuttall. The specimen from which the drawing was made, flowered this summer at the Botanic Garden of kin SESS, econd flower bloomed on the twelfth of May, by the polite- SS Carr, the proprietor, an opp ity was afforded of figuring it durin, hort time it continued So escent is the caerulean h his flower, that it aded perceptibly in thirty minutes, and so transitory its bloom = in the ee of Hae Hoe ee an hour, it ls be- ame co: the flow The anthers became c ute up. involuted cnnedtcy after te discharge of pollen, which soon occurred when the flower expanded This Ixia acuta was rechristened Nemastylis acuta by Herbert about thirty years later. Bad aes a to haunt Nemastylis. In a note pub- lished in a aie lant periodical® one m: nd a fairly good colored figure of Noone geminiflora (N. acuta) and a few lines of descriptive matter in which reference de to “ cette magnifique Iridée Californienne.” Of , the geography is an error. a’ that the writer of the n as isolated By referring to the July number of this JourNaL® it may be seen at the end of a note on Bartram’s Ixia coelestina, that, “ Coincident with the solution of the status of the Bartram plant, the existence of a new species of Nemastylis, a genus typical of the Louisiana, Texas, Oklahoma, Arkansas region, native in Flor- 4Flora N.A 5 Flee des Serres et et ae Lene de oe 21: 45, pl. 2171. 1875. 8 Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 32: 155-161. Nemastylis acuta, A painting from plants collected on dry a Shills 1 near ‘Ashland, Louisiana: (Picture on opposite page.) 264 ida, was established. The long-known species of Nemastylis are spring-flowering plants. te a ae hand indicates that the Florida species is fall-flowering. It i ped that opportunity to study this plant in the field will be oa this fall.” The opportunity apparently was not forthcoming, but it was made! The information gained in the field is recorded in the fol- ae pres aphs, t thirty-five years ago A. H. Curtiss made a distribution of pare es cau collected mainly in Florida hese specimens were widely distributed, but rely any 0: at their diets knew much about the flora and floristics of Florida. hese specimens was a plant erroneously determined as Pleea tenuifolia (number 5771) ow this misnomer occurred it s ha ine, for the plant bears no resemblance to the ae Pleea whatsoever. Th , however, has in min is clue r many years, but the Bae ie to as the problem was not Sone until this year, as indicated abov uring our campaign last je for clearing up the mysteries of xia, City b. ft sity of Florida, on Sepienber 24, 192 . The cond step was to ; : sleds ssor West’s station in June while we were w n the Ixia problem. Our search gave negative results. The t step was o have scouts on the look-out f e plant in September during their ane anywher the low country of the stern co idge from lie, the Curtiss station, to In- dian eee cc. the West station. The fourth step was to clear up the plant’s status as a species and its particular and peculiar habits and habitats. 7 Curtiss’ Second Distribution of Plants of the Southern United States. 265 in September fourteenth we received the following telegram from Richard P. Lord, of Gainesville, a ean much in solving the Bartram [xia problem last June: ‘ ound Nemastylis in several new localities in os avant oe study and photog- — i is at height of s mber pees ae ve writer in Gainesville, Florida, field-w Ri h otice pen 3 i only, Based upon this peculiar habit we set aside two days to ce up everything connected with the fourth step mentioned vi oe eas West offered his services and motor for the field- more northern Nemastylis localities earlier than af , we spent the following forenoon tryi ocate Nemastylis south- ward, between Mal. ero w cially, we assume, because we could not get far enough west into the lowe? couniey 266 At Vero we visited the nna plant reservation being devel- oped there in a primeval hammock and surrounding marshes for the education of foes as to an vegetation, by Arthur A. Mc- Wald P' aoa closing. There the habitat may be described as mars!