JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN CAROL H. WOODWARD EDITOR VOLUME 43 1942 Published monthly by the New York Botanical Garden BRONX PARK, NEW YORK CITY TABLE OF CONTENTS 1942 (Exclusive of Notes, Current Literature, and Book Reviews) vary (No. 5 Practical Vegetable eae for Amateur Gardeners James §. Jack 1 Victory Program in Ve; sina Gardening 6 The Cultivation of Mushro G, pe Rettew 8 Ornamental Deciduous Shrabs . J. van Melle 15 Williams S. Thomas 22 oward Eric 23 Fesruary (No. 506) sae an Early Start with Vegetab James G. Esson 29 tr. J. H. Barnhart Now ae Emeritus 32 ne al Deciduous Shrubs P. J. van Melle 33 Index to Orna aan Deciduous Shrubs 42 Plant Life and the Law of Man II—Bounties E. H. Fulling 44 Marcu (No. 507 Food Plants of the Indian: Marion A. & G. L. Wittrock Wild Plants Used in Cookery Milton A, Hopkins 71 Medicines from Pla Marion A. & G. L. Wittrock 76 (No. 508) Problems and Possibilities in the Growing of Drug Plants Willa tam J, Bonisteel 89 ee eae of the Old Work E. J. Alexander 96 Ching Tsai ‘w Chinese ue 107 ae Exh ibits 107 Edible Weeds of Wayside ae Woods Helen M. Fox 108 Spring Lectures at the Gar 116 May (No. 509) Tea Substitutes in the United States Ralph H. Cheney 117 Succulent Plants of the Old World E. J. Alexander 124 Herb Conference Attracts Hundreds Carol H. Woodward 134 June (No. 510) Part I Looking into a eas “Tree” H.W. Rickett 141 Herbs in Cos Mala Rubinstein 148 Plant Life a whe Law of Man III—Barber: sie ae E. H. Fulling 152 Gift of South ne n Flower Paintings 163 Question Column: ‘About Potatoes A. B. Stout; “Botanic” or “Botanical”? H. W. Rickett Part II Annual Report of the Director for 1941 William J. Robbins 1 Special Events at the Garden During 1941 14 Report. of the Treasurer Arthur M. Anderson 16 ublications of Members of the Staff and Others ; Associated with the Garden During 1941 H.W. Rickett 22 New York Botanical Garden Membership—1941 28 Jury (No. 511) ee in a Decade D. T. MacDougal 165 hat Is yule? Carol H. Woodward & D. T. MacDougal 168 Booklet on “Succulent Plants Issued Culture on ipucculent Plants J. Alexander 171 South America’s Contribution in Medicinal Herbs Hears K Senson 174 Address 3 to ‘Graduates of the Two-Year Courses Walter D. Blais Ay Torrey Club Celebrates 75th Anniversary Avucust (No. 512) Plants Used by the Dominica Cari W, H. Hodge 189 Notes on the History of the Botanical Garden and its Predecessors in New York City William J. Robbins 201 Herbs in Perfumery Christian Wight 206 SeptempBer (No. 513) Bamboo and Chinese Civiliz: Hui-Lin Li 113 China’s Contribution in Medicinal Herbs Willard M. Porterfield, Jr. a Some Typical Chinese Gardens in Nanking (Photoara phs) 129 uTSses ni i i am Courses Anno d in New Educational Prog: 131 First Members’ Day at Garden to be Inaugurated Oct. 7 131 Free Lectures Given for Victory Gardeners by Garden and “Times” 132 Robert Scott 132 Autumn Lectures at the Garden 133 Octorer (No. 514) Daylilies of Chinese Origin A, B. Stout 237 Growing Wild Flowers from Seed HH. H. Whetsel 244 The Cycads and Their So-Called Flowers and Fruits Photographs by Theodor Philipp Haas 248 Keeping Garden Flowers Fresh Mrs. H. A. Jennison 252 WEMBER (No. 515) Early New York Seedsmen and Nurserymen Richardson Wright 261 Balsa—Lightweight Champion Timber Tree John H. Pierce 268 News from Haiti 284 DecemBer (No. 516) Art of the Ancients M.D. C. Crawford 285 Ash Trees Threaten ed by Lilac Borers Ralph Pinkus 294 Six Members’ Day Programs Announced 297 Index to Volume 43 COVER ILLUSTRATIONS 1942 From the Vegetable Garden Margaret McKenny January Winter Scene at the Garden José P. Carabia February The Shadbush (4melauchier canadensis) in Flower Helen M, Woodward March Kalanchoé beharensis Fleda Griffith April Iris Time at the New York Botanical Garden Fleda Griffith May Portion of a Banana ie Stalk, Peeled to Show the Skeleto: Fleda Griffith June Victory Vegetable nie in July Fleda Griffith July The ie ee A a ‘Wind-Swept Littoral of Wild Bear . H. Hodge Augus Leaves Hy Fruits of the ae Tree Fleda Griffith September Autumn Tennessee Dept. of Conservation October Victoria crusiana, in the Late Summer Fleda Griffith November Cotton—Symbol of Ancient and Modern Industry and Art [New York Cotton Exchange] December EDITORIALS The Garden and the War William J. Robbins January Flowers = Others ebruary Usable nts ch Renee ril A Wartime Necessity ay How This Journal is Aided June Volunteers uly Haven for the August Armed For America’s Horticultural Hai to China Mme. V. K. Wellington Koo September The Library Serves Literature October Dividends from Investment in Sciencs November Flowers Today from a Gift of ne Years Ago December JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN JANUARY 9) Agee? JOURNAL OF NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN i H. Woopwarp, Editor THE GARDEN AND THE WAR TH impact of a nation at war is felt by ee institution, ieee and private. The New York Botanical Garden is n cep’ Fifteen of our men, representing 14 percent of ‘ ae are already in the armed forces of the United ae Fifty of our ae have qualified as air wardens or as auxiliary fire — and others are in training as nurses’ aids at work in the Red Cross and similar agencies. 4 g = < a 4 Bg 5 here are in h every institution contributes to the war ee a botanical garden, Lea of its peculiar qualifications, has uni contributions to make. The interruption of trade and transportation a brought eect ee not only on the specialized knowledge of th staff, but also on some of the unusual plant materials under cultivation i. The Garden's scary Raters and displays also have their function, for even more than in peace, a public garden is an important intai rale. Food is a war weapon, and so the Botanical Garden has instituted a special program of courses in Sie gardening. These courses will not encourage inexperienced and over-enthusiastic to enga unwise gardening, but through sound instruction given by highly qua alifed men, they will cnt to the conservation of land, ie and hum effort, as wel the production of nourishin have es in the Lee will continue to serve individually and as an institution in any can. Villa TABLE OF CONTENTS January 1942 ROM THE VEGETABLE GaR Cover Photograph by eae McKenny Sait oo Grew NG FOR Basia GARDENERS James S. Jack 1 Victory PROGRAM IN ae ‘ABLE re DEN 6 THE ae N OF MusHRooMs G. aaa Rettew 8 ORNAMENTAL Drcovous ee P. J. van Melle 15 Wiitiam §. TH 22 Howarp 23 Novices AND Reviews or RECENT — 24 eueee LITERATURE AT A a 26 s, News, AND COMMENT 26 The Journal is published monthly by The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New York, N.Y. Entered at the ae Ofiee in ae York, N. Y., = aoe class matter, Annual subscription $1.00, Single copies 15 ¢: Free to members of the Gar JOURNAL of THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN Vou. 4300” January 1942 No. 505 Practical Vegetable Growing For Amateur Gardeners By James S. Jack a Bee family that grows its own vegetables for the table will be among the fortunate ones this eee for, if the garden is planned well and given proper care, an abunda: im nutritious food of the finest quality will hs provided for many ar one having a reasonably oa piece of land may eee indulge in veaeable gardening. A plot 50 x 100 fee t should be enough for of from fi ene pee oe until late fall. Even a strip one tenth that size will p : - e oe for vegetable growing a piece of gr eae eles plenty of sunshine. So do not plant vegetables under trees o the shade and ae Scales They cannot survive a struggle ion, for sunlight and for foo reparat ion of the garden is important, ee when possible it should be started in the late fall, rather than in he spring. But let this not dis- courage those whose inspiration com peters or April, for aa vege- tables can still be grown if the ae is given proper treatment. How to Prepare the Ground irst of all, where manure is available it should be used, for it will ake the results of the garden much more satisfactory. Cow manure is is a You ow ready to start digging. Proceed by taking out a trench the ares ind width of your spade, and deposit the soil at the other end 1 2 of the ground to be dug. When digging put your spade into the earth as far as possible, as the deeper ground is dug the better will be the crop. the manure i p sod la nto a garden, it is quite Bet to prepare the ground i he fall so a the i eacl t. The pr i ile the manure I have recommended a id be e dug i int ) the gar << used to advantage during the perio grov d of grow If be used, some other sort of organic material ae be incorporated with the soil in the bottom of the trench. mercial fertilizer is used during the summer, the method of i t on: is i to be follo a loosening of soil with a garden oes thus permitting the mix with the soil, where i es the od. If the fertilizer is applied just before a rain, its immediate useful- vailabl nce r ft t no rain, sprinkler will achieve the sa ts. There are seve commercial etabl tilizers available t arry nationally famous names, and are dverti ive] Buy at reliable stores and you will receive reliable products beneficial to your garde Buying and Sowing the Seed he si advice applies to the purchase of seed as to the purchase of fertilizers. "pee an established seed store. The seed ma: i initial cost e , but will pay dividends before ss end : : season. Seeds do not germinate 100% if kept over from one year er, sO go to a see re whose Ba ese ie been ma notl 8 i m. - ty sea ee where you can be assured of tested seeds most As to the amount of seed to oo a your nee it is eae difficult For a Successful Crop 1 es a@ sunny spot for the vegetable garden. 2. Prepare the ground ee preferably in the fall, 3. Buy eh seeds (also fertilizers) only from reliable dealers. 4. uy young plants, if possible, from the place where they are eu. 5. Plan for periodic sowing of seeds to insure supplies of fresh young vegetables Aaa the season. 6. At the end of each row place a label giving the date of sowing and the name of the early, *, Keep the Be well cultivated. & ce ee unde intro, 9. Use rotenone against insect pes 10. In ie a clean up He Seite garden and turn the soil so that it will pass the winter in a rough condition. 0 set a definite quantity, but do not buy large amounts. .\ reliable seed store can help you in this matter, as you may desire more of certain kinds ha: other. n now g dug, it should be raked with a garden rake t le ri stones vie to make it smooth. The degree of smoothne required depends on the size of the seed to be planted. The ere the seed, iy t the w take a square stick, such as a dahlia stake, about 6 feet long cl ° line in the notch, then push the stake along the line. This leaves a drill es and is about 2 L e P m and , sho sown a little deeper. The method for making a drill for them is to take the corner of a garden hoe and draw it down the garden line, taking out e; Now sow the seed in the lines, being ¢ ue not a let it fall too ckly. Use a cereal dish to hold. small seed, si In this ep c the quantity, and c void ae * too thick. “The drills are ie “tilled i in ee sowing by 4 aking the back of a wooden lawn-rake and drawing it over the bed parallel to the seed lines. Important to remember is this: Put in a hee label at ae : of eac row, telling the variety of see ag nd the date sown, so t you ca In planning the garden, Bie ing vegetables such as corn e kept in oe tches “by themselves so that they will oe cee maller-growing varietie What Kinds of Vegetables? There is a great selection available of kinds of vegetables and many vari a. of each kind, but I strongly urge the ae ing of those that will produce in good quantity, and preferably at t two varieties of each kind. Those that I recommend are as follov String Beans, Masterpiece Onions. Yellow Globe Danvers Bu Lima Beans, Dwarf nion Sets, Ebenezer or Japanese eets, Detroit Dark Red Parsley, Emerald Gem Broccoli, Italian Sprouting Garden Peas, Early English Improved Early Bird arly Jersey Wakefield F : : it Early Flat Dutch ‘ “Midseason Gradu & a sae ta me ue “Dwarf Alderman i _ aad Radish, Early Scarlet Forcing Carrots, Danvers Half-' Spinach, Viroplay Thick-leaved Corn, Golden Cross Bantam oe ae ing and fall) “ — $Stowells Evergree ‘ew Zealand (for summer) Kohl-rabi, Early White Vienna Tomatoes, Stone Lettuce, Big Boston ohn. i. Matchless os Rees ure a young crop always ready for use, it is necessary to ma et sowings of some of the foregoin: ds, Vegetables that are Id hard are not particularly appetizing, therefore sow one line at a time and s additional lines at periodic in’ = se so 10 days apart would be string beans, corn, radishes, and spin: wee and fall), and those at intervals of 20 to 30 days oui be s, carrots, kohl-rabi, and lettuce. Gard arden peas, onions, and bush fee can sown in April at one sowing. See fi eeds. the chart for distance apart of rows ith a eeneeh or that can be bought A the spring, are eggp better results. alk, rt I ae buying at the source of spel ne than the sidew: 5 PLANTING CHART FOR VEGETABLES Distance Depth for Apart Seed Sowing for Rows Beets, Kohl-rabi, Lettuce, 1” —1%4” 12" = Thin Lie ve ae seem Onions, Carrots, Parsley, to come up too Roser to Radish, Spinach (spring and fall about 1%” apart; Jettuce 6”. New Zealand Spinach, 2y,"—3”" 20” After growth thin beans out String, Bush, and Lima to about 4” apart in rows. ean: Garden Peas, Corn 3” 40” Sou quite _ thickly. Thin orn after it is 3” or 4” high to about 12” apart, leav- g 3 or 4 plants together. Pla Distance Apart of Plants Rows, Distance Apart Broccoli 18” 24” Cabbage 18” 24” Onion Sets A 12” Tomatoes 40" 40” Cultivation and Weeding ‘ery important duties in growing vegetables are: Keep the groun he weed: 1. fir cultivated and keep s under control. The first i i ha: the second are several good of garden cultivators available at your hardware store, and a cultivator is a worth-while invest- ment. ultivation, which means loosening of the earth two thr inches deep be n the s of vegetables, also helps conserve the moisture in the ground during dry spells, and r pee it porous after rains. ecessary for plant developmen s has been sa sian cultivation is helpful after dusting of artificial ere betwee rows at it places the fertilizer where it can reach the plant oe most quickly. Safe Control of Pests Insects are certain to be found doing damage in the Me eu ess a Mexican bean be ae is easily aoe by dusting the bean 0 it is seen with rotenone dust, which is non-poisonous. This same dust will be found useful in ee and killing ed insects in y arden, such as cabbage worms, corn-ear worms, etc. The dust should be applied during es morning while the plants are still oe mp, as the dew holds i to the leaves. An application should be good for about 10 or 12 day: case it sho i wher : or ¢ of the c ir ” concentrate on putting the dust on the ear sik just as soon 6 forms, and continue spent every 10 days until time for pic'ing the ¢ has arrived. Avoid s s with poison ingredients as the dan nger x poisoning is great an The End of the Season vegetables get too old for table use, remove them from your garden is unnecessar i i x Carrots and beets can be taken up in the fall and stored in a cool cellar, burying them in sand and using them n a ed, Your garden should be cleaned up in the fall, redug, and left in a rough condition for the winter, as the cold and snows are beneficial to the ground, =m Victory Program in Vegetable Gardening The remainder of this and the following page are taken from a leaflet being dis- tributed to members of the Botanical Garden and others to acquaint them with the ‘den's new program of Victory Courses in Vegetable Gardening. 'Yy pr pea vegetable garden contributes to our national well- ~ The New York Botanical Garden die t gul: Sena ie Progen the following si getable Gardening. ts y course will be taught in a thoroughly practical manner by qua fied instructors— we themselves are engaged in growing iA eas vegetables. VICTORY ee DAY SHORT COURSE IN BLE CARDENING:. Intensive instruction in the ee ining, planting and ntenance of ne home vegetable garden will be taught in a series "of ‘Tectures and demonstratio: The topics will include Planning ‘the Garden, Selection of Varieties, Soil Preparation, Seed Sowing, “Planting for Succession, Summer Care, Harvesting, Storing and tl Culture of Individual Crops, i iffers £ Course in . Practical Gardening,” Sw! g e cl red. Ss prepare s i called nipoH to do this work. themselves as part 0 the course. They will, however, be expected to prepare a plan of a yegetal ar garden (of their own garden, if they so wish) and this will be returned t with appropriate ners: for six sessions on Monday, Tuesday and Wednesday, March 30, 31 and Papel . 10: :30 am, to 12:30 p.m. and 2:30 to 4:30 p.m. daily, Fee: $10, Lecturers—Mr, een BecKkETT » JACK Minimum registration: 25 VICTORY EVENING COURSE IN VEGETABLE GARDENING This course will consist of 12 lectures, each of one hour’s dur: , given. period of six weeks. The instruction is essentially the caine as that Wofered in athe course in “Vegetable Gardening” which forms part tot our regular Educational Program and which begins on January 19, 1942. It covers Choice of Site, Gar den Layout, Soil Preparation, Manuring and ous: Selectior on of Varieties, Plant ing for Succes: sion, Care through the Growing Season, and the Harvesting and Storing of Crops. The use of hotbeds and coldframes is covert ue and the cultural ceairenients of individual crops are discussed in detail. Two lectures will be nae os Thursday evening from Feb, 19 to Apr. 2 oa Mar. 19), 7 to 9 ; . Rectiterss Mae James B, Jack Minimam registration: 20 RTHUR Kino VICTORY COURSE IN VEGETABLE GARDEN MANAGEMENT This course will coi of six lecture periods given in the Museum Builain ng at the Garden followed ed fen demonstration and observatio: ion perieds in yee étable garden of outstanding merit. The lecture periods will be given on Fridays, 2:30 p.m. to 3:30 pm., from Feb. 20 to Apr. 3 but omitting Mar, 20. The demonstration periods will be held at 2:30 ai on the first and third Fridays of each month ee 4 he demonstrations will be g’ given simultaneous! ly by James G, Esson in the garden of Mrs. Roswell Eldridge | of Great Neck, ie nee New York, and by Mr. James S. ‘Jack jn the garden of Mrs. Flagler Matthews ‘of Bro okside, Ridge reet, Rye, New oe Individual students elect to attend the demonstrations at whichever garden the more conv renient bute not more than 25 students can pe accommodated in either group, Students will make their own arrangements for transportation to and fro the garden 1. The instruction sen the lectures will cover the Selection of a Site, Planning of the Garden, Soil Pre; fate ion, and Cultural Directions for Individual Crone! | the demonstrations the students will be instructed in the ‘why’ and ‘how’ of the seasonal Hai connected with vegetable cultivation. Fee: $15. instructors--Mr, James G. Esso: (Minimum registration in each group 15) Mr. James S, Jack VICTORY COURSE IN VEGETABLE GROWING Beginning Jan. 28, two identical courses 5 of six lectures cach vill be given in ‘o-operation with “The Ne ew bis ames vie on wiles sday afternoons at kk ei the other on Wednesday t & are tree. in the New York Times Hal, 240. We st sate Street, New te wit, Admission will be by ticket only. Application for tickets must be made . EF. F, Rockwell, Garden Department, “The New York Times.’ The lectures aH concern the planning and preparation of the home vegetable garden and its care and maintenance. No fee, Instructors—Mr. T. Everett, Mr. Georce H. GItiies Mr. ais ee B. Jack, Mr. James S. a fae THUR Kinc, Mr. JoHN TTS The Cultivation Of PMushrooms ue G. Raymond Rettew the person who visits a flower show or reads the ads pagazines, tt appear that fo grow a crop of mushrooms at home in the cellar ¢ or Foodie’ ‘is simply matter of planting u of, manure that has been inoculated with mushroom spawn, ig then watting for the fone io appear. The amateur may be cans oe a small crop, and no doubt many commercial growers started in the a t to assured of continuous production of good plants requircs a contr oF conditions “hich can only be undertaken by a specialist who has both the ae ae and equipment to mcet the demands of the industry. Mr. ttew, who is Chemist for the Ches ter County Mushroom Laboratories in Pennsylvania, gives é Pasiceibiion here of the scsentihc methods a ah ch more than 20 million pounds of mushrooms are produced e year in a single —C. H.W. THOUGH the cultivation of mushrooms has been an extensive rm rodu large cities where the climatic conditions are suitable. The industry would 1 are pa culturist or agriculturist has little knowledge of the modern methods of re. i q men nt is not retarded b by light. 80 long as the hot rays of the sun ido not fall Da on the beds. relatively low t eae however, is necessary. Thus ea Pee cooling mushrooms can not be grown in the southern states. few ae are equipped with air- conditioning ae makes production possible in the summer months and a few are arene for summer growing, but most of the crops are grown in Mushroom spores are shown here two or three thousand times enlarged. It is from these extremely minute one-celled particles of plant life that the cultivated mushroom—or a lope my other kind—is developed. Fe : fia;* ae . ae: From spores like those at the top of the page, the mycelium of the mushroom develops. These tangled white threads, which are barely visible to the naked eye, comprise the “spawn” with which a culture medium is inoculated when mushrooms are to be pro- duced commercially. A similar mycelium can sometimes be discerned in wood! g. odland soil in which mushrooms are growing. Left: Inoculating culture jars with mushroom spawn. Below: Jars filled with tobacco-stems throug and around which the ee spaun has grou es jens filled with a sterilized culture medium are inoculated with mus ee m grown under sterile conditions in a laboratory whee hee careful handling will prevent any infectious germs fro ing. the fall, winter, | spring. The canning of mushrooms in large quantities, however, ni them available the year around in any section of the United S Mushroom Spawn Produced Scientifically Only one species of mushroom has been successfully cultivated in this country. This species is one of the Basidiomycctes, the two-spored variety of the common field niushroom, Agaricus eau a) campestris. if - ferent strains of this species have a pure white, cream, or dark brown cap on the mushroom. The white strain is Se used by the com- mercial grower. A pure culture of the eas ee a vegetative portion of the plant—is used osted horse T re in order e This mycelium, called mushroom spawn, is pr in special air sees laboratories by trained technicians, starting wi micr res a igreed mushroom. These produced on Te Cub ane! cells, called basidia, which are formed on the mn, r taken from the mushroom under sterile condition are placed on a medium that contains satisfactory chemical and physical conditions for 11 their germination. The spore, which is an egg-shaped cell about one- five-th dth of an inch in diameter, ‘splits open and a colorless mass oozes is $s, WI is surrounded by cell-wall, then beg elon to d out branches. Septa, ions, soon develop, dividing the elongated branching mass into individual cells. As row, developi: fe) ing an , the s become very profuse, forming the ne . intertwining myeelinm t spawn Ned with a sterilized medium are inoculated under sterile ae witl th this spawn. ay composted horse manure was used as a medium but an improved material has been Saag d which uses tobacco stems combined with humus and emi he t uniform temperatures u il the grov aw: completely covered and grown into the mediwn. It is then removed fon the culture jar and is either shipped he grower is slowl must be used within ten days the it leaves the laboratory, but the dried spawn will k for several years without deterioration if it is not subjected to excessive humidity or extremes of temperature @ spa is planted r in carefully composted horse ushrooms can be grown on artificial media but as yet none has been ‘eveloped that is an economical or satisfactory substitute for horse ma Where Mushrooms Can Best Be Grown Both commercial and amateur mushroom growing is done indoors in America, for climatic conditions here do not favor outdoor culture. The growing space must have the following requirement 2 : should be easy to ventilate thoroughly without producing chilling drafts. Mushroom production aus plenty of fresh air yet the beds cannot stand sudden changes in temper: 2, ees to popular belief, ee Nocsttas where mushrooms are grown should ot be too damp, Excessive humidi ty and excessive moisture are very harmful © the growth of the mushrooms. ushrooms will not develop satisfactorily above a temperature of ie Ate therefore the lemperaliire eh not go above this point during the produc period, Mushrooms not b own are ully in the summer months witht aetificial cooling, extent: in caves, and c roduction is successful under o av ite 4, ng faciliti t be provided so that the room can be kept at a proper temperate uring “the winter months, A hot water system is best it produces less drying out of the beds. Ae room must ee located that it can be completely closed up for fumi and t rate sufficient heat during the sweating-out process it ole ihe final Seating of the manure and the pasteurizing of the beds, all of which is necessary for successful production. A sa of one manure is here being planted with mushroom spawn which has been glass jar containing sterilized tobacco stems as a culture medium. Many locations can be adapted to mushroom growing if the above con- ditions can be provided and if - location is convenient ae spreading and e i essary. speci constructed mushroom house has proved to be the ne successful place for mushroom growing. Methods in Growing Mushrooms Fresh manure from horses bedded tees with wheat, rye, or barley straw is obtained from oie It is placed in piles about six feet high and this p e proper eae is adde turned. It nisually. a. from three to five turnings to prepare the manure for the use. The principal beneficial scaaatras is brought about by aerobic actinomycetes plus some action by other fungi and bacteria. The most effective fermentation, th ne aes occurs on the outer two or three feet of the compost pile. It is for ee reason that turning is so necessary When the manure has bec dark brown in color, has lost its fecal odor and shears readily when Sed in the hands, the beds are filled with 13 it to the depth of about six inches. The house is then closed and curing to make the final chemical and physical changes in the manure and to pas- teurize the manure sufficiently to rill disease pe nee and insects that would later harm the crop if this temperature were not reached. After the sweating-out process is completed ae a temperature has éronp to between 75° and 80° F., the beds a janted by lifting the manur a depth of two inches at points one ches apart in both janes and placing one or more pieces of spawn in each hole. he spawn starts to grow at once, and until : Le about met the piece °F, The temperature is hen eee d to below = . and a layer of good, loamy, sweet, are lly prepared soil, * with a pH of bie ut 7.50, is se ec over the beds to the depth o of about 114 inches. is process is ¢ casing” the a and is usually done three to four w cock s after ce spawn. In ten days to two weeks the temperature is again dropped to below : be e nd the beds are watered lightly every other day until sufficien moisture is ae to bring on the mushrooms. This requires from seven to t i reak the ca stretch. It is picked by twisting, not pulling. After the good mushrooms Three or four weeks after the mushroom spawn has been planted—that is, when it has n grown so_ ne face pee pesin to touch each other—the beds are coeyed or ” with a spec ly prepared loam placed 114 inches deep and tamped down smoothly id firmly. 14 of a break have been taken, the h and butts are cleaned from the beds. This ae is aoe “trashing.” T° are then About tice weeks after the ae is laid on the beds the mushrooms begin to appea beginning of a good “break” of mushrooms is shown her conditions. A fast crop is obtained at higher temperatures and a slower ¢ at lower, The average production is about 134 pounds per square foot of space. The mushroom is subject to a number of fungus and bacterial diseases and is also attacked by a number of insects. A grower must acquaint him- self with these diseases and insects and constantly carry out control measures to prevent their development. rpose of this article is to outline conditions necessary for attempt is made h e Q i= oa < af ng Be B i= a 3 o a 2 ru s. Bulletin No. 1875 or the “Manual of Mushroom Culture” published by the Chester County Rene Laboratories should be consulted. 15 Ornamental Deciduous Shrubs By P. J. van Melle HIS is a continuation of the lien ee presented under this title nal last month a brief review of hardy S Course L Garp ee at the New York Botanical Garden in the autumn of 1940. PEA FAMILY Amorpha canescens. Lead-plan low, anne shrub to : ft. high o Albizzia Julibrissin. This, the hardiest for the foreground o species in the genus, grows into a small tree farther south, but in the north it usually remains shrubby, to 7 ft. or more high, An interesting broad shrub with large bi-pinnate leaves and pink flowers in small round clusters. The var. pink 2 rosea with deep ane r at " yardier than the pla et occasionally in shelters "tua tions mostly south of New York City and on Long Island. A highly decorative shrub Cytisus scoparius. Scotch Broom, In- teresting, green-branched shrubs mostly broom has bee! some uralized along tl the southem New Eng- a coast, in sandy and gravelly soils, n barren slopes and roadside cuts. This atiraltie use is undou e play verage domes mei - are 7 cult limited use He in the milder ir region. Indigofera Kirilowi, from China ves retty, racemes to 4 in. long, in Tt deserves freer use in the fore: border. Not over 4 ft. Pp June. ground of the hig! the border 7 pinnate leaves and ae chsered spikes of blue flowers For dry sunny places. in midsu A, fruticosa, False In digo, is a large and gawky native shrub growing to 10 fe or more in height. Hardly suited fort he ay erage shrub Sorder, it is better used in large: aniralistic plantings, pre: a ae in Hone and sunny The terminal spi purple flowers are effective even in oe stage. the Robinia hispida. Rose Acac attractive shrub: zs 7 ft. or mo: ing large patches from suckering roots. m Virginia sealer hardy r park and road- north and much used fo side planting. Pretty cnbuigh for oc a- sional use in borders, and Ong in a reasonably ght — soil, ful ree thickly beset with stiff, pene Colutea taborescens, ie Bladder Senna, from E “ib a June by i d grec! tinted reddish at the seful a in tig ght i dwar is ecidedly in the border, the shrub thriv es in andy soils in full sun. Var, bullat Pea Tree, is a very al daecee patie ee small tree, to 20 ft. high; much used i parts of this country as a barrier hedge, but too large and coarse a shrub for most small landscapes. It has pinnate leaves, with yellow flowers in May. Var, nana isa dwarf form he twisted branches, of : moderate sa Thunbergii (Desmodium pendrin. A sh fb which freezes down to the hea ne evi eras int ee a o his fei fhe in sum height of ahouk¢ roducing on ite new growth, in Se, : aad ae hy a un- dance of rosy-purple While these are very effective, the scheab itself . nds te Hon over Bae become rather too order usc. Some- intidy or tines Ate cand St in ne background of large perennial border: CASHEW FAMILY Cotin Coggygria (Rhus Cotinus). European Smoke- co Bat A nee shrub 15 ft. high with and oval inded is ne somew! fiat “bluish “greet leaves ; valued for the ee a oe of i sub for for onal ‘and ony. oun e val Tent, Conus ameri- canus, is less showy in Erie, but more brill antly colored in autur s aromatica (R. cana iy. Fra- m: A useful native 3 to 8 tt preceded in spring by rather show} spikes of yellowish flowers which mature as compact clusters of hairy red fruit tis aie —_ as a ground-cover in dry ¥ nit “because ot the spread: able for the It rar for larie natural for high, ievertheless s, plantings. HOLLY FAMILY Ilex verticillata, Black Alder, is a very ‘isetul native decidioes holly’ to 10 ft. high, growing in sw: ny ace bu adaptable drier soils ‘ders, to bor sad fee a bright red fae lasting . Its foliage turns brown- a ther frost. I. Tae: vigata, Winterberry, to 6 ft, has orange-red berries and yellow foliage autumn Nem one mucronatus, Mountain Holly, to 10 ft. with drooping red fruit and Meltow autumn foliage, has similar value as a shrub for winter ornament. STAFF-TREE FAMILY ndle-Tree or S: anthus indle- Onl w of the more important decihiou kinds are here reviewed. and mae a handsome, large- ave. shrub to & ft. high 1 ro I bash. dation plantings TM exposures, where it blends well. ith many broad- le; bout Sept. 1, the nisty shroud of Se white flowers which are “effect In mild climates these ture, Euonyius species, especially since it is re subject to A he scale insect which in- fests most specie: E. aera Spindle-Tree. An aprieht: shrub or sinall tree to 20 ft. high, with greenish twigs, valued mainly i pale ay a ornamental fou for its au eae fruit, which of r-lobed, pinkish eapatile er he display a bright orange kernel. able large shrub, much subject to scale, for which must be watched, he very small variety nana, ecually subiect to scale,. is, sometimes used for clipy ped, edgings. Euonymus or Bur ‘ene f outstanding value, ie sery- ta, Winged ala Bui i shrub o about 9 te igh and fully 2 c gainvillea pir let. It makes impressive individual spe mens or solid banks of foliage, serve: Here is one of the finest of all h ardy flowering shrubs, yet it is seen only occasionally. It is Xanthoceras sovbafolun, and it Peon ae the leaves are still young, toward the end of M excellently in the shrub border, and makes also a fine clipped hedge. In win- ter, the bare shr ae Ps 1 and beautiful patter which are not the least 0 its 7 there is a variety compacta which grows to thx 5 ft. wilt otherwise does not ree thon the type. It, too, makes a fine clipped hedge. E. ai ma, Strawberry Bush (do no\ eannice ith Calyeanthus floridus, also called by that name), has fruit of much the same color as that of £. peers aut the lobes are covered with prickly ris, Grows to 8 ft. high. . yedoensis, from Japan and Korea, is a large i shrub to, 15 ft. or more, 0: ing as the preceding, but be- cause o to borders or compositions Ce rt ndens. rk, or, more commonly, Bittersweet, is eaatce. ram. bling or twining shrub, valued for its red re from orange capsules, I: a popular indoor i E drcoration A petal and a tiv on fences in tic "a nds Neagee and rac ral and rali often cused. in the smaller, domestic !and- scape picture, to cover stumps, The fruit, much liked by pheasants, is borne in clusters at the ends of short Bee C. orbiculatus (C. articulatus), th oneal species, . heavier-wooded aid “he is produc in clusters all along the of ae che: ERRY FAMILY X mars n. This pretty Chinese plant is one of the finest of all lowering shrubs, and, though hardy throughout our region, it is too rarely oS hrives in any well drained soil, y and sun-s hed situa- g. pi nd_bright gre : he rich sl { sho -t pal: This shrub deserves a pe roasted. henor in the border or on the law UCKTHORN FAMILY 01 tres eens, cheiving in d an pee open, a well develop effective in autumn, topped with its spires jet-black of b spiny. Like the it is a European C1eS, ataralaed in North Aine rica! is a somewhat smaller, mgul more often used for R. Fra ca em shrub, hedge: MALLOW peMLy Althea syriacus. or erect-growing Hibiscus ose-of-Sharon. al ‘orm ; or en thrive eadtly on any rea nable, no ea occasional goo Their best ae The; however, Jacking in grace. FAMILY tia (S, pentagyna) is a cone southerners hardy well above New York City, but there best given a fav- OH shelter red situation: t f a broad shrub, 15 ft. high and wide, though often cmaller, and puccends orms well in the light shade of other trees. It has large oval leaves which turn orange or red in antumn in open situations, and in July it bears large white, somewhat cup-shaped flowers of great beauty. In he typical form tl have white fila- ments and yellow anthers, but in the variety aranaitora, flowers, which are about 3 in. across, have purple fila- ments. The shrub teeters a comfortably soil, moist, well-drained loamy Gordonia alatamaha. Franklinia. A e ipright shrub, sometimes ta much lower in an en, tum i. utumn, value shrub is in white cae Bere flowers borne in Sep mber, Worth planting tndeed south of New York City and on g Island, in suitable soils and aera HNSWORT FAMILY UM. St. Johns: shut hynericums wigible for ane not over 4 ft. ainly for their nid- or late summer, ee te subjects for Occasionally yellow flowers in they are hardly the roneigud of borders. ed a: Kalmianum, H. prolificum, and H. re (A. aren), all natives: Or her kinds of still Jos wer and §| facing owth are used as ¢ ae -covers, such a: . calycinum, al n Old” orld species with showy yellow flowers: a reliably hardy inland. > TAMARISK FAMILY TAMARIX. Most species are too large untidy for use in fe tburban border or landse They are distinc- tive shrubs ae ‘minute scale like leaves which create xotic, feathery effect. ee fosy or mowers) a borne in show. nal a one is quite Sail hardy | ‘land Abhi if of the oe sine pe e@ su rita % s they even endiite alt ee Yy en are suitable for seashore plant T. odessana, from the Caspian region, is the lowest and tidiest of the lot, grow- ing only to about 6 ft. high, with attrac- tive bluish-green foliage. The Cornelian cherry is attractive in early spring with its tiny yellow flowers and again in August when it shows clusters of bright red fruits. MEZEREUM FAMILY Daphne Meze: n erect shrub to ft. high, from Europe anes een Asia, naturalized here and t the eastern U. S. and hardy tone lont our region. A neat little foreground shrub, valued for its early spring show of small litac-rose flowers, literally covering the branches be fore the Teav es anti a: uit, an open tion. Very much lagued in Piltivaticn by scale, for which this shrub must be watched. ASTER FAMILY eQRnus vacua Russian Olive. hr ree, to 20 ft. wed “DY mealy yellowish int “coated with silvery cales and dro ig fror pedicels, This shrub is oie large ae the ‘average lant ting _ is *onital ble asa ewan speci- or very large border: E, commutata UE. urge tua) the native Silverberry, ix a With leaves silve! and short-stalked, dry and mealy frui like ey in the preceding, More. wsefl Jer: for the background of shrub border: E, umbellata, from China and on also to about 12 ft. high, pas br ownish twigs, silver-gray ves, and ger i multiflora (EZ. longipes *) comes from the same countrics. planted in bor i fet end RTON to » ju n August Wie deninge Favored “Situations in the colder part of our reg GINSENG FAMILY anthopanax Sieboldianus (4. peuta- stan Thea: shade under an impenetrable hedge. trees. “tt makes DOGWOOD FAMILY CORNUS. Dogwood. The Flowering eee c. foes and C. Kousa, are 2 treated here, as they are considere rees. Of several ae kinds hardy oa useful in ow chim we note only the foll C. Cornelian Cherry. large road T cheub to "20 ft. high, a in bi carly ‘Spring with umbels of small yellow flowers and i ar August witl conapiciols fea “Fruit, Blea tly aci ane ate. An effective specimen shrul op c: jons on large places Mather average border use C. alba stbirica, from eastern Asi: is chiefly Jneresting in the winter and scape for its blood-red branches. The- varie- There a showy, conspicuous, gated- leaf variety, Spaeth. To about 6 ft. Cornus stolonifera, Red Osier Dog- wood, is our n: mane counterpart of C. alba, differing from its strongly su in, abit, uit Furnichi ing the same, though less brilliant, color value in the winte landscape. it, TOWS rd of 6 ft i i r gy is a ic planti ings, particularly alon, ng water well with willows, which the twigs resem- ble. (Osier is a name for willow.) Adaptable to drier Situahons, ney some- times take possession of wi E Clethra alnifolia. eet Pe: A valuable eastern U. S. n: bor t a time when few other shrubs are in flower. Effective n bloo All members of this family require an acid soil i BNEIANTHES. Graceful, erect shrubs, o 15 ft. or more in height in cultivation, or remaining much lower, with mos stly whorled branches, a a pleasing appear- ance in winter, nting a structure suggestive of some ‘all ooo azalea. Most mmonly cultivated i es mpanulatus, fro! a fap Its ‘factions are graceful, T droaping austere of more or less showy, small, yellow, bell-shaped flowers and foliag: e Si a 5 before ‘opening, are somewhat attrac! Har by on suce ceeding in the open light s! referring moist soil, e le for the fackeround of borders. OF Ss a aeciducns Hann ene Bc m. Japs sens hes same aes and) i howe Ned flowers, Rather lower than E, campanu- latus, Zenobia pulverulenta, a native from North. Carolina ean iba to 6 ft. high or less, S$ am toa particularly attractive ‘bucherty with glo: rifled axillary oliage. associable with azaleas. hav - oon shoul a ea back, alon; e Conn, and coasts, no} dy ii but ae har ae VACCINIUM. Of the many species in this genus, most important for orna- mental use are the Dlushertics and the deerberry. All ine mentioned belo are eastern U. S. ves, and their main use is in the naturalistic landscape. Ve cory Highbush Swamp Blueberry, growing from 6 ty 12 ft. high, has scarlet foliage which rivals the most brilliant hues in the an landscape. It pr moist or aah V. cum, the Low Blneber. which” ‘does Bat grow over 1% ft. hi ‘eh also Sails ae ie the Jeaves are 0 lon; not retained s endures a drier, sandier soil, hirsutum, the Hairy Blueberry, to 2 ft. high, native to shaded woodland slopes, holds its foliage late and is the: ae fore of value in the autumn. landsea: V. stamineum, the Deerberry, has at- tractive caren clusters of flowers and stacetul ha bit seful in densely shaded wood and pl Fruits of this species not pal le : RHODODENDRON. We deal here only with the deciduous kinds, with which the popular ete has ioe lea commonly associat Most of tl listed are bes oe in ‘ent s places proseted from Ba at least du: the hot of 5 7 oe the *natiiral of is ost those ‘her ce mparal able fringes The ‘swe woods or to light open woodlands. The azaleas lend themselves well for borders ver heavy. o may well give first thought to S. natives, It must . remembered that they demand a dee ‘ool, well drained, acid s oil. R. reseum, growing from 7 to 12 ft. high, has fragrant Dinls flowers, after some foliage has developed. et pepper-bush is a rather coarse but attractive native shrub which in late summer scents woodlands and gardens with its fragrant flowers. R. nudiflorum, 6 to 9 it. flowers before pink, without leaves have R. CS thane Flame A. 8 1 ft, brilliant yellow 10 orange- er flowe: R. ribo rescens, 10 to 15 with fra- grant white or pink- ee “flowers in June or July. Foliage colors. brilliantly in autumn, R. viscosum. Swamp A, 9 lo 12 ft. with white, sometimes pinkish-tinted, also in June or July, ig tne in autumn, fra agrant flowers, he foliage turning For n, ather 0; open, dampish situations. R. ae Pinksh ii A. °° ft, with very lovely, rose-pink flowers spotted with orange, appearing oe the leaves. The above are the hardiest of our native azaleas. Following are some of the best of the t exotic species: lipp penbac! colors. It bea of fine quality i not os wrt antagcou: displayed as in many other kinds, sera e (dsalea yodoyava) ‘oad bas h to 3 ft. Aish (or taller flow and ng, > Foregresnd yelimes flowers. The in autumn in colors w ett ge often lac R. dahuricum and its variety ucroun- fatum are shrubs of up prigt orem to ft. high or less, penne wp flowers the earliest of alf in sprin: s dec eiguot ous, the typi sical “otten semi-eve a Tie ‘i cae en, R ‘onatum (cd lo not confuse witl ncronudatin, a variety of daericum, ateal white ard ‘le is Or fi nare: issiflortan flo a "specially large-flowered varie- 22 tics have been catalogued under _ the heading of gine Magica” and “Su- berba’ senm has white They grow bl succe ed well in Geet “situations hei ialits ed r pollant large flowers in yellow nge shades and hea and ora ol (teal pontica), from to 6 or more, has fra- R ws to about the same height, more et, and bears flowers in deeper shades of orange- bri eee red, before leaves appear. 5 Th rese art bards h belongs the Le a hic! jon ouise i e, m FR, prompt settee with nic id soap. ‘0 be continued) = HE ani mich frie “of many years’ standing 4 in the death on Dec. 219 (Dr. illiam Sturgis Thomas of ork City, physician and amateur Poe prominent in the Geld of mycology. em- actively 5 of the Cun making many tother per- sons acquainted with its work and its 23 displays, and lecturing frequently on the paturday afternoon. Bre During the Ds World Wars, rience in surgery and but since the ee he a is was r his tribut of hay- fever me asthva St. Luk pit , and ogy th until his feti ment in 194 His ever-active mind led him recently to a study of vitamins and their effect on the hum: system, his in inter est in this subj is evide 16-page pamphlet entitled “Vitamin bata” which he compiled and distributed late in 1941 Besides pee son As in, and several other volur Dr. was the author of the "Bield 1 Boo eee ‘Common Gilled Mushrooms” published ae en in 1928, a second edition, — 0 369 the staff a ‘alin has a At ed to acquain with le known fi ld medical, musical, military, histori- scientific organizations with e Jou the Ameri- ical Pec enie Ae Journal of that man of great ability as an inter- of nature and as a teacher, Dr Thomas was the leader of many excu sions for the Torrey Botanical Club and the Mycological Society, as well as count- less informal groups. He continued his active interests in these and other fields, ae his private practice, until two s be a cam ols “ ath, which eas a result ack. He was 70 ye old. Besides Mrs. Thomas and a sister, he is survived by a si laughter, _ A, T. Terai ld, and Willia ephen who is associated with the Thomas, America Philosophical Society in Phila- delphia. Howard Eric Succumbing Howard Eric of Sta ng illness. hybrids, and many hund f other bulbous subjects, a total of 1, plants during the past year alone. esides these greenhouse subjects, he c buted 100 specimens of mountain laurel for the Garden’s outdoor plantings. Addi mane 7 wre. blue partys (rtippens ir pro ich he obtai azil ones bloom aa hav ve ee the Main Conservatories . keen interest in plant to the Botanical Garden aes to work for a while among rdeners, On his estate, called rbank m, at Stamford, he had a splendid collection of plants, puidocrs and in the greenhouse, all of ¢ worthy for the fine cultivation the ey € med A mber of the Grolier Club, Eric “also was a connoisseur of rare be oks and maintained remarkable library, Late in ae op Florida to serve as ‘he Se show of judge. g the fy. te was taken 7H, and never ey recovered, 24 Notices and Reviews of Recent Books (All publications mentioned here may be consulted in the Library of The New | York Botanical Garden or may be purchased on order through the Library.) The piadent Will Be aia BOTANY, a: Pit 812 (424 4 lates Jn colon), indexed. & New tremely interesting and The au- int has been to help organize that | background ‘his Pi e exceedingly valu: Fortun: indeed will be the. student whose A htroduetign to botany is attained by means of this book, HARLES GILLY. The Wishing Book VLANTS MOME. Frank kK. Baithis ue eeeed pilustrated, inde Macmillan, Yor’ 14, 2.50, In one 2 ou re ay northwestern air-bases, dist from large btcabe! ant Ahundane of “shoring choice, the catalogue of a vel 1 mail-order howe is tao . © delightful name—the “Wishing me ” _Wh ile reading Mr. Balthis’ good and especially when look- ¢ illustrations, this name It sould have im- a into a reste It goes on page a Paes rather 00. glibly for the aenben ind of the S puz: oie a ile Prob- correct, but the ideas Tw ably Mr. Te sith is s : first, that “the are new to this writer: o > ic ete f east light is rely greater? ee ther SMEs is that “buds will dev in the dark bet oe in the light.” t would be helpful if someone would i good enough to comment on these two statemi SaraH V. Coops. dn Explorer's Many Trails In South America PLANT HUNTERS IN THE ANDES. Harper Goodspeed. 421 pages, Minster, gndexed. | Fan Rin 35. _Profe ee ed, i in this new book, gives a "account of innumerable “hum- ming-bird” alls over an amazing amount of territory in Ecuador, Bolivia, Chile, Paraguay and Are gentina—on a_ search for South American species of Nicotiana. Besides Micotiaiia for study, he brought 1935-31 veals the many difficu of collectin: at just the ho basi mount anions these ae a thrill in finding « lon an ee ae the I and colo: ful deserintions an antry, its picturesque , ir habi life, ights spent with the Indians, {caturing sleep in company h guinea pigs or chickens— not to mention les: inhabitants that crawl about in the kkness, rather check the urge to follow in Profcssor Good- The book, however, : eee t reading, and its illustrations a erb, Howarp W. Swirt. Introduction to peak FLOW, BRING The first editio on of this book, which appeared in 1929, has long been of value to teac ani indents, It was de- signed to introduce students to the meth- ods and ept: th xonomy of flowering nts. eries of chapters discusses the structure oF ae the production oF pa and the types of the: dis sccal of plants, the morphologial file of rela- tionships among the families of floweri plants with the Besseyan ane ee of the classification of flow- The part of the work ie Sai n to concise and well-illus- trated descriptions of a wide selection of familie: In nn new edition, a chapter has been added on the vegetative parts, with an 25 introduction to the taxonomic jargon nec- to designate the various shapes . margins, etc, of leaves. Two historical chapters een ved to the end (but still contai reference “the followi hapter” which no longer follows), The large folded chart of rela- lows), a tionships has been simplified by the omis- sion of all family names, and embellished with small Picture es: a symptom of o educational trends, A bri of pet which has been added should | he use eful. AL ium are fs small remain, such as“ for “ax ti3 np. 105. One could “sh that the allan fad are inaccurate treatm of eum Vint. eat a8 a glad to w ark contin: its Susetul creer H.W. Rickert. Tivelve Ventors for the Carden vo < pices rd, Maem: 2.50, nastrated by illan Experts” , Mon- Biddle, Dorothea onthe "Westcott, Howard B nald Wyman and Sarah V. e is a certain flavor of continuity aig it that one hardly expects from a kind. sente The subjects are not lengthy, extraneous matter being excluded. The articles are reduced t bare essentials and thes e makin: eat inteaduction to gardening, the ek will Be stimulating ane t the same time furnish valuable guidan J. McKenna, Current Literature* At ance Sy ug. Injury to sycamore leaves in eastern states has been found to be due to a ll plant bug. he symptoms, the bug itself, and methods of control are peepee in Arborists’ News for November. informative booklet on gourds—tbei uses, culture, and identifica- tion, with an la au ues been jaaied by ral nen pny of ei ini Genin oO inne- sota as Bulletin 356. rie, At edition of the National Park Service's 5 booklet, ‘Glimpses. of Our alional Parks,” has been revised by . from the original whieh was ae more than twenty-five years ago. It gives ure! aoe ee Ti ptions with alstrations d ore than thirty National Pa Hes bacteria is told and ot arawines. story of Agr ams. ia: Jenniso1 h-Jun £ The New Bagltnd Naturalist, 1 by athe Boston Society of — y, Sei ae The history of the National’ shee Fund, of which Dr, W. Robbins is chairman, is told b: Ibert F, Blakes "Seience for Oc s_ the organiza- e to donors, Sue 35 Plants. The October and Novenber numbers of Rhodora, Journal £ the New England Botanical Club, each contain another century of addition: to the “Flora of Virginia’ by M. Fernald. Lichen More than a score of pho abe oe lichens appear in the peta tion of Nature Magasine for Nov Good vegetables may re- wing directions in a leaf- e lizers. sult toi follo oz $23 kin a differ aoe ate needed for crops types of All publications mentioned here—and many bier nay be oe in. the Stare of The Botanical Garden, ¢ Museum Buildin: — News, and Comment etired. On January 1 Dr, J. H. Bari fare on Bibliographer Emeritus Of the New York Botanical Garden. He ha Beer Bibliographer since January 1913, and had been a member of the staff for exactly te ars prev. y ri iously. A brie: Dr. Barnhart’s Saag will ae ina forthcoming number Journal, Art Exhibits. Three artists are show- ing ie work at the roams Garden this winter. From Dec. 15 to Jan, 15 there was colle of flower paint- ings by Mercedes érdoba ; following that nd continuing: thro Feb. 17, n Feb, "21 n, who has recently ‘teturhed 228 Bo Two specimens of a rare aehie. ie were brought Mr. B. K from South America by Tu- koff late in the year as a gift co. the Trinid to t ew York Botanical Garden. The pi: i sing in cultivation in eathe United Bz Advisory Council. Mrs. Robert H. Fife showed s and lectured on South America e meeting of the Advisory Council on Dec. 3 at the home of Mrs. William Felton York City. Barrett in New Movie. e Garden’s motion picture was se = evening of Dec. 4 to ear o! of ning jourmalisie Phi, who cals a b botany and horticulture. of ae on publicity projects and problems public institution was given to the 27 journalists by Carol H. pcodward The phe was shown Nov. 14 by Stout before 1500 students of ie “fonor School” during Eyender Childs High School in Bron: ae ‘Bet a Kappa. In celebration of the 165th aaieiory of the founding of i K Robbi at the University of West Virginia, Dec. 9: The Flora of Kashmir, India, was the sul i of DR R Stewart, who is the head of the Gordon College i Rawalpindi, tee at the con- of Conference. ference ie scientific staff and reg- istered students of the New 2 rk Bo- tani 6. . 10. Following this ical arden Dec. talk, Dr, E. H. F chrome views of Charleston gardens. Williamsburg Orchid Biography. During December, an exhibit of orchids from seed to flower of aaa ® ews who to have even to a plant capella ah Site rchids 1 bloo Out " trip to Middictown, N Y., rden and the Zoo chool Middlet Two Lead brought th © Nseum dade ler Con: floor and | basement 0 ont of . F. Connnolly, the guidance Mr. and Mrs. P. J. McKenna, and Miss Elizabeth C. Halil. Dr. Pies spoke briefly to the group in Build- ing, and nted cach a the children, ang “adults ‘with a small ie t pl £ the Tor b. ie ae TSO. rey Botanica ars mecting. in in the Members’ Roo as the Garden Dec. 17, heard Dr. Ww. TR tae speak on, “Vitamins and ae Plants. of Dr. Robbins wed tt tubes containing species 7 Ceraostomella, vee Fespo ended in dif. ferent manners to differs books al Dr, ” cca th. spoke on brary a - col- studen Defense Gardening. WwW. . Robbin: went to Washington Dec, 19 to attend the conference on defense gardening called by the Dauted States Department of Agricultur the lections for the For Traveler. B. A. Krukoff returned late in eer ee a trip to Central and Sout ane Tica, during which he ala examing the k & Merc! ‘om- pany, and visited oe patish Guiana, and Suri larg: ana, Suri tion with work for 4 the Ene "Develop: ment Company on a substitute for chicle. Loa ase pre od of the Garden’s vainting Ss raliat powers i woe peste lst Seat by the A gov iment, wet of ‘Art ember and December to accompany a i pecal e exhibit there, showing the art of Aust ‘ook Fair. The Banckes Herbal, Garden's Tapestry booklet, and useum the the 28 Jou were cutered as exhibits in the Nae History Book Fair at the Amer- ican Museum of Natural History, Nov. 26 to 31, New Position. How ae been employ: ed o1 1934, is ard Swift, who @ gal ardening staff ‘oy val Botanic Gardens at Kew in in 1936. pected flower the g Flowers. An unex) rin oe iz plants t lowering cherie, buttercups, bluebell Fiedtaer yellow flax, hlox, heathe: primulas, p! er, pansies, Johnny mnpeuper s ee lyssum, and thrift. Some foliage of ants, including columbines, was used im the bouquet Recent lectures given by Bina of the staff include “If I Had a Small Garden” before the Garden De- partment of the Community Club at Garden City, Lon sland, Nov. 10, r “Begonias and Their erate before the Mam aroneck Garder Cl 24, and en’s Garden Club New Yo . City, Dec. 4, by T: i. "Eve erett, and “Treasurers of the Watchung lly” before the East Orange Club, Nov. 10, by Dr. H. N. enke. Lunt Lawrence Hadland n Eng gett student gardeners, left ‘the Joh Botanical Garden the last of December to volunteer for service with the United ates Army. AAS, The New York Botanical Garden was represented by five members of the staff at the annual meeting of the American Association for the Advance- ment of Science at Dalles, Texas, the w inds of s Charts Gily - the New York Botanical was co-author, Gar Rickett addressed the ‘Systematic Dr. Seaver giv hi editor oad ea aging € of Mycologia Another wens pen there was Dr. Roberta Ma. Staten Island. Dr. William J. ets ins represented the New York Botanical paren at the sixtieth anniversary pe bra ot the pean as Institute of Arte Sciences the ing wo ae er devia as well as an fonoray den, cura’ the Botanical Ga All-America Selections, e 47 new varieties of garden Rowers tte ia the N York Botanic: rden Al es, er. Pink Queen, anda Flare sate awarded silve er med: medals were awarded to thre golds ars ed But serail, Golden Bedder, and nierembergia, to a phlox n ‘oyal 2 eaiects, “called, Starlight. States. Seeds ese new varieties woe he available 3 in the trade for 1942 gard THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN Officers Josep R. Swan, nad resident Henry ve Forest Barpwin, Vice- president OHN on RILL, Vie - preside ArrHur M, ANDERSON Fer Henry DE LA Montacne, Secretary Elective Managers E. C. AUCHTER Auttyn R. JenNincs Rosert H, Monteomenx Henry F. pu ot ae McK. Lewis H. Hosarr Por RSHAL Mrs. Exo: wy Huwrteron Henry Lock wart, Jr. AROL! Hooke. D. T. MacDoucat, WriaM J. Roppins Prerre Jay E. D. Merritt A. Percy SAUNDERS ine navies Fioretto H. LaGuarnia, Mayor of the of New James Mar: ang Provident of ie pears of ieee Rosi 1? Mos Commissioner Appointive Managers By the Torrey Botanical Club H, A. Gleason By Columbia ee MARSTON Ls poe Marcus M. RHoaves R. A. Har Sam F. TRELEASE THE STAFF WILLIAM J. oes Pu.D., Sc.D. ector H. A. Gue PuD, Assistant Director and Head ie rator HENRY DE oA O MONTAGNE Assistant Director . Stout, Px.D. Curator of Education a Laboratories Frep J, Seaver, Pu.D., Sc.D. Curator Bernarp O. Donce, Px.D. lant Pathologist Joun Henpiey BARNHART, AM., ALD. Biblogaphe Emeritus W. Rickert, Px.D. sistant ibe iographer Ass ator Euizazeta C, Hart, AB., B.S. iar Fiepa GRIFFITH Artist and Photographer e Per ILSON Re. Rogert S. WILLIAMS Research Associate in Bryology E. J. ALEXANDER Assistant Curator and Curator of the Local Herbarium W. H. Camp, Px.D Assistant rator Crype Cuanoter, Pu.D. Technical Assistant RosavigE WErKERT Technical Assistant Frenerick KavanacH, M.A. Technical Assistant Joun H., Prerce, M.A. Technical Assistant w H. .B. Editorial Assistant Tuomas H. Everett, N.D. Horr. Horticulturist . L. Wittrock, A.M. Custodian of the Herbarium one biaceas M.S. Collaborator in Hawaiian Botany A. J. Grout, Px.D. onorary Curator of Mosses Roserr Hacenstens Honorary Curator of Myxomycetes ea HES Bur Honorary Curator of the eS ea more Honorar. ‘y Curator of Economic Botan: reo — Ss. nee Honorary Curatoi ARTHUR J. oe ‘Superintendent? oF Banas and Grounds A. C. Pra: ssistant Superintendent jotanical Garden, take the Eighth Avenue Subway to Bedford Park Bre. iS "the merce ‘Asenne Elevated to the Bronx Park station, or the New York Central to te ‘Botanica Garden station; or drive up “the Grand Concourse then east on. _ ok or, coming from Westchester, turn west at the end of Bronx Rive rkwy., Ur, bol JUL Wwestcuester, Leite FRWY., UF. COMENE a1umt veesiuuesicr, cum MEMBERSHIP IN THE GARD Established as a privately The New York Botanical Gus is dep une as feeinical gardens go, i ‘ rium. ae nem erships. Through these means, ae become the third pees institution of its kind, its library, herbarium, and neve collections ranking am ae the finest and most complete in an ak mbership in ew York Botanical Garden eans promotion scientific research in Reece ag the advancement of fone Be interests Scientifically, the Garden is a ery clearing-house of information nts and botanists all over ne world; horticultural, it often serves as a link between aS “plane explorer o breeder and the garden ning public Through memberships and benefact one provision is made i the Botanical Garden for the training of young scientists and student gardeners; hundre f new books are added annually to the library, which is open daily o the public for fecchren and reading; free exhibits are maintained e , the greenhouses, and gardens, and lectures, courses, a d gardening are gi the public a ) hve of Addisonia a year, each number illustrated with eight colored ane ye unusual plants, “aeconmeanied by descriptions 3) A share se i surelue plant material of interesting or new varieties when- ever it is distribut 4) pomeun cen of special floral displays, programs, lectures, and other events at the Gar to re amount of the membership fee paid, toward courses of (5) Credit study aes by the Garden The privilege of borrowing lantern slides from the Garden’s collection. Use of the Members’ Room in the Museum Buildi A limited number of garden c| ibe are accepted as Affliates. The atvilcees cf ae mber of the staff, a ahae in the distribution of pla isonia, and i for t S| club may engage without fee the Members’ Room at the Garden Fonte its meetin The classes of membership are as follows: Annual Member sonnel ie $ 10 Sustaining Member nu 25 Garden Club Affiliation Sent on for club 25 Fellowship Member annual fee 100 ember for Life single contribution 250 Fellow for Life single contribution 1,000 atron single contribution 5,000 nefactor single contribution 25,000 Fellowships or scholarships for practical student-training in horticulture or a bora research may be established by bequest or other benefaction either in perpetuity or for a definite pe ao tributions to the pase may be deducted from taxable incomes. The following is ontr a legally approved form of beq I ak Botanical Garden incorporated under the Laws of a+ eb “New New York, Chapter 285 of 1891, “ise su ———— ditio . made tli income payable to donor or any designated beneficiary during his or t 1 requests for ehes iformacon should be addressed to The New York Botanical SYNGE Garden, Bronx Park, New Yor JOURNAL THE NEW YorRK BOTANICAL GARDEN Vor. 43 FEBRUARY Pigs No. 506 1 9 4 9 29—56 = JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN AROL H. Woopwarp, Editor FLOWERS FOR OTHERS EN members of the Botanical Garden come to visit the Main Con servatories or, in warmer baa to enjoy the outdoor sanngs no means seeing all of the displays toward which they i d There are children in New Yor ee ols who woul never see a flower in art. Also there are shut-ins in many institutions where ape ust go, perhaps, for medical care with none left over for the flow es would bring much needed cheer; and there are other abe nee table and educational—the services of which are greatly enhanced by the presence of & Pp ‘o such sdatitudons -schoals hospitals, penitentiaries, community cen- ters, and others—the ae York Botanical Garden during 1941 —. more than 20,000 plants. When th the Gar also gave plants to ere —sometimes to needy persone sometimes those ka expressed an interest in the study or culture of ade a gro! ee the gratitude of all the pula is nite in one or another of e rtfelt letters received from individua Wrote one lonely woman: be see, I am old and pe ae w kinds of plants help e to forget.” And a man of 84 expressed a pate ae saying, upon to Bronx Park I will try and see you and convey my personal thanks. TABLE OF CONTENTS February 1942 Winter SCENE AT THE GARDE Cover Photograph José P. Carabia Gettinc aN Earty START WITH eas ‘ABLES James G. Esson 29 Dr. J. H. BarnHaArt Now BistiocRAPHER EMERITUS ORNAMENTAL Decipuous SH P. J. van Melle 33 42 InpDEx TO ORNAMENTAL pecauens SHRUBS Piant Lire aND THE Law oF MAN Ii—Bountizs E. H. Fulling 44 Es, NEWS, AND COMMENT 53 Notices AND Reviews oF RecENT Booxs 55 The Journal is published monthly by The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New York, N.Y. Entered at the Post Office in New York, . Y. as eccond class matter. Annual subscription $1.00. Single copies 15 cents. Free to members of the Garden. hues MA Que Ware, JOURNAL of THE NEW YorK BOTANICAL GARDEN Vou. 43 Fepruary 1942 No. 506 Getting An Early Start With Vegetables By James G. Esson ARDENERS can lengthen the season oi seme that they grow arly early as There a: s by wl is, of course, the ideal place, but the ki structure i is good light. If the right spot is available, seeds of cabbag (Ea ly Jersey ‘Wakefiel 1d), cauliflower (Early Snowball), broccoli Ciatian eee and oe sie y King) may be sown any time during ‘ond h f Febru: o produce plants for setting out in the i rhe or as ee s it is reasonably certain that there will t frosts. ere are, of course, other varieties of these aed mentioned that may use for early planting. It is important, however, that we choose those recomme de our seedsman as being early. T a reli seed house ould suffice for the average home owner. For 7 a good drainage is nei A Ae aan of from to 55° ust be maintained. Use a sandy loam in the containers, sow the seeds thinly, and ne een very i city o a covering o thus buryi ine sowing at all. Indeed, se will germinate without any covering provided they are kept teadily moist; but, if scattered on a nice fi 1 urface with just enough soil rand around them to make the: y put, it will be easier for their tiny roots to get a foothold when germination is in progress. There are ays in practice of covering these seeds. The first is to sift soil over them through a fine screen; one ma osquito wire Ss d e other is simply to sprinkle the oe over by - shaking it over as it passes through between tl nge i g) ore Tr As soon as the actual sowing is completed, cite liberally with water, 29 30 a fine rose ees on the can. Cover the seed bed with paper. e wut interruption. Ex to ligh and air cause drying of the surface of the s d, This is better avoided. s soon as the tiny seedlings are large enough to handle, they should b = a one to outdoor condite: ns. is fortunate enough to have the u reenhouse and a “there is reasonable likelihood that a aes iplasts will be ready to start in the outdoors in April. When a ee is perhaps too great a luxury, similar results can be red from a hotbed, which is simply a coldframe in which some ind of artificial heat arises from below. The time-worn hod of pro- viding this is by fermenting horse manure, alth other kinds of organic mat ay be used. What the material, it should be of uni- form texture; that is, if st 0: nure and leaves are , they should be thoroughly mixed together. Thi Id ilt into a square pile about two fe lee h some early vegetables may be sown directly in the f here one ma’ the vegetables recommen s in the greenhouse. Great care should be given to ventilation, and pening when it is cece cold outdoors, so that there will be an exit for unhealthy fum: such a bed some early vegeta an nies sown directly in the soil in rows or by Pee the seeds. Kin ly grown in this way are early varieties of fetus es b n i i d ating m material dries the soil quickly. Sonianen will obviate spindly growth the most convenient method of making a hotbed frame for city gardeners is by the use of electricity, A lead-covered cable is zig- zagged and attached to a meta me 6 inches below th I, the heat ne regulated by a thermometer ostat. In such a frame it is ta e to raise many kinds of vegetables without the use of unwarranted ae and en Vegetables that require a slightly ae Baan for the germina- tion Aa eeds are naturally those that are n armer regions. These dic See sae a soy acai loam will make a suitable compost. Plant so that in the pot as possib! h never be so ae eas to touch as other, When i cae pots hav filled with roots, the y be repotted into 5- or 6-inch size pots where they will stay sil ae for ae a me should not be before May 25 in the ork t small green tomatoes found on tl ines - he ide s A producing, ths extending an e season. The April sowing will comprise the main crop. reenh sé or d they will grow rapidl io one dee Pie onion, this vegetabl yy many Pp h d the season of this plant ae sowing early. ay setting it i i nice eee oe June 1 ‘that will bear much earlier than sowings that are made 32 in the open during May. The se in small ee using a good garden so: ulling out the weaker whe hod. ame can be done w: worth while starting some squash of th eds are sown one-quarter of an inch deep It is advisable t if an extra long season of this fairly popular vegetable i is desired =z Dr. J. H. Barnhart Now Bibliographer Emeritus longer period than any active ff can remember, York ical Gard questior he has answered have ‘ome frot institutions and scientists in distant parts of the world, well m home, for no other man ever seemed to possess hi vast store of information or his patient ability to unearth obscure facts. is ption on January 1 of the title of Bibliographer Emeritus at the Garden has in no w € i the requests fo the type f i hich his unique have made him especially equipped to answer _Dr. Barnhart has been at ince January 1903, when he was is pointed Reem Assistant, on a e basis at first. In October i907 he wae fared Libres sian, and in January Bibliographer. A graduate of Wellean University at Middletown, Conn., in 1892, Dr. Barn- th . there year, inder ook the study of opetians at Clete receiving the degree of M.D. in 1896, at the of 24, the Garden ae ing the next few years he was engaged much of the time in botanical ete terest hee itself at a arly dai ite serving as Treasurer and as Secretar fro tem of the Botanical Club of the American, Association for the A of Sci Het ant a Saft Botanical Garden, Si lhe was elected ‘Editor of the Torrey 'y — ber. at t leen a member for 12 years. :. Barnh had tw manding cal interest: arliest days —one, the loca ‘a of the vicinity of ew York, and the other, nomenclature, His taxonomic caren has been chieft restricted to Bladd lerwort family; tired of matte what the ae of i Bae con- petbala erase, o but he has no An extraordinarily logical mind fi him Hs work on, Fe ommelatore s field, wer I fields mere almost legendary. And still he cae to pursue his in- terests in the libra: 33 Ornamental Deciduous Shrubs By P. J. van Melle hes is the concluding article of the series first presented under this title in the Journal of December 1940 and continued in the January num t is intended as a brief review of hardy and useful kinds of ‘ : ; ‘ : ‘wo- YEAR T: GARDENING given at the ork Botanical Garden in the autumn of 1940, An ihabetica index to the shrubs treated in all three instalments appears at the end of this STORAX FAMILY Styrax japonica and S. Obassia are hi large Japanese shrubs or small in sheltered and sunny Situations and in 1 d d oils. h k r lo i r Obassia is the handsomer cate 09 ree for free use, qe a * single where hardy, will look well e lawn. eee TLEAF FAMILY Sym, culat the Asiatic alae pe arquoise: heay. is a large Dro Shrub Joceesiovally over 20 ft. high, with fr mall havwthorn “like j in Hattich panicles in + June, follow ved i oe bers wh by ee r hic . oon eaten by birds. The flowers are The nurguase ber Syeabliene paniculata sistently dioecious, so that one had ‘better is at its bes in hebben ber when Rather in frui too large for border use, it makes a good specimen shrub. about 9 ft. high and reach even greater OLIVE FAMILY width. For maximum pon oa at least part of the branches iat have FORSYTHIA Golden-Bell. Familiar finished blooming should be ba ek shrubs, mostly from China, commonly hard each spring, so as to Keep iniucig furnishing . st touch of spring in new | growth from the base. Too often, e, they are rather, large for free use on ee resemblance to the handsome, small properties, as they often grow to stately, rounded beauty of which they are capable. Forsythias flower in early Spring ee their leaves appear, ‘ood. 0: e preceding year’s growth, the bet foe ering time varying with early or late springs. '. suspensa makes a robust shrub with Rea stems and pendulous sweeping brane. os doe branching. rub. not have “habit, i ridiss: that penduons but is an ipright sh a hybrid of the two, showier in flower F. media intermetate in an th fine ven Pani A particularly aricty 0: 3 known as spectabilis. F, gotta, earlier to flower piece most, and not as effective in bloom, is to be recommend i in cold climates ‘where the flower-buds of he other kinds may be rove rost. yringw vulgaris, the common Lilac, numer ous named digi aeaien fro ich n out by “Therefor e, a Heal wile h OW! ing x ye known also eae Fnton in the es vbrid Lilacs, Lilacs,” need ymonth, he lace ym 1 a For, bes’ fee ral value, shee filacs Sonate Dee in the way of foliage or refined appearance, of leaf, more le; leggy being coarse e and dul pee 1 la them peculiar 2 country S. pei rsica, the Per auecie fa rrower- “Teaved, round sian Lilac, is a truly shrub t. or more, with smaller, rounder alasters of pale lilac, Legere: fragrant flowers. It serves ve: tone , in open or ightly st . There a white-flowered variety, a/ba. S. chinensis is a hybrid, known also a: S. rothomagensis (after the French City, where hs originated). clusters, ae ae 7G It makes nor- mally a large bush considerably wider than high. xe, from finn, is atte ee for flowers is not altogether it pleasant S. Josikaea, the Hungarian Lilac, and = ae from northern China, are two atly over-rated, erect, stiff, bold and cmpliatic shrubs with dark green, rather stiff leaves and pale lilac, scentless, attractive flowers unseasonably late, at a time when better flowers abound in Styrax Obassia, considered the choicest of the ee has exquisite white flowers late in the sprin: the border, These two are incapable of — drupes, ripening in September. The shrub y pleasing Sac or refined association, thrives best in a sunny situation in moist, and ‘sont be avoided on the small sandy loam, Tnlan 5 ae Nev Ci . dma onsis-(S: japonica) sevowing to place. A handsome ind diy tual lawn 30 ft. high and ranking rather as Specimen, very attractive tree than as a shrub, is still coarser, but C. retusus is an Asiatic species of is redeemed for a ae spell in late more recent interest, not superior to the une or in yey, immense, broad native. panicles of w edlowers with a strong, unpleasant on Avoid it for the small LIGUSTRUM. Privet. Though familiar suburban property. n the fom of flinned hedges, “the privets ake excellent untrimmed shrubs and Chionanthus ied at the Fringe-tree, serve y xl ha o used, for shady ive from Penn. southward, makes a bo hey retain their foliage late handsome, large, wide-spreading, bold. in the season and bear, in Ju more or branched shrub or small tree of less showy, ly terminal panicles of habit, mostly less than 20 ft. high, clothed creamy or white flowers, followed autumn by je saa berries, quite atta ive in some in large d ing panicles of 1 greenish-white flowers anpearing in May L. a iol ate filles wae Privet, a ~ end of last year’s growths. The foul a of Jp most dioecious, those of the familiar, Thi is a widely s a ‘material statiinate plant the more showy, while for clipned hedges, thou gh it is not the pistillate bears ornamental dark blue sufficiently hardy here for this purpose, L. ibolium which is a hybrid of the abov aad L. amurense, a species from northern Pore are both considerably hardie of these are similar in their apright abit but L. amurense lacks the glossiness of leaf of the two others. » the ‘olium var. lianum. st valuable L. vulgare, from Europe, is of rather upright abit, to about 10 ft. high, with rae nal panicles of flowers and Quihoui, from China, to about 9 ft., is ee and dark- leaved, flowering in August. m nudiflorum, Jasmine, is i and TeOUnE ae of useful for mildest ion. n g- ythia blossoms aly hardy above New York City. here ha ly, it may be trained against ‘alls: to resemble a vine, or used a drape over retaining walls. OGANTA aca leia alternifolia. dd itterfly Bush nor een late A r less, of cae nage with spreading, archi hing, aie branches; ich ar ng i mall 0 flo t neeters a se in any reasonable bu ddleias, Tt thrives 7 situation. soil. B. Davidi, the Orange-eye Buddleia from China, usually dies down to the ground every winter, then flowers in late uly or Aug ae on newly produced wood hearing spike-lik terminal inflorescences, which attract _ butterflie The stems grow to a height of 6 ft. in a sum- mer, a quire staking where tidiness is important. These shrubs are not easil; placed in the small landscape composition. Because of their stubby, cut-back ap- pearance i ing they may disturb the icture of the shrub border, but may serve as terminal shrubs for a perennial border, or in some parable place, umerous varieties are available in vari- ous shades of purple, names of which will ors tal zoR8 rk te The ‘gromd, it au dev: the on new wth from ee — a has rouch the sam In both “ipecies the small whitish flowers are rather insignificant. Vitex Agnus-castus, the Chaste Tree, rasiam species, is a shrub of extra- be eansty. A oo called least above. “Where in hardy it will 5 e value. pinkish or times rther Worth, ‘t val S vouch sh ae Sania growth ‘om the base. Even when it does not ii to the ground, it may b best prac- tice to cut it back close to the ground in the spring, thus ensuring a neat, short growth. The leaves are made up 5- to 7-fingere flets, gray and produces, terminally on the current rowth, commonly effective lilac to purple or blue spikes in a paniculate ar- rophytia large Kaved aad owy Ae V. Negundo is of similar value, but rather less hands some in flower. This is b, asi asius, Ba are hs planted suring, as they can hardly be d h a ball of each, Beware ‘bE dirty white or pale dutl-bluish-flowered forms. also Clerodendron trichotomum, Harlequi Bush, from on China, 8 at least in the colder n, an notes et August or September it produces from uppermost axils clusters of rather ate sweetly fragrant it red- eo will grow Ground 6 ft. high in a seas INT FAMILY ia Stauntoni October. pla a for the foreground of the border, ted as a die-back shrub. The chaste-tree, Vitex Agnus-castus, is a summer-flowering shrub that will grow up to 9 feet high in a single season if it has died back to the ground over winter. 38 deter ations FAMILY SAMBUCUS. Elder. Large and shirts, ‘most upward of 10 ft. high, with , bro ad cymes of fragrant io early spring or summer, wed by scarlet, purple or black ber- tse for the average ler, and best eee for and rural plantin, large natutali istic maden. axima, which is sold as S. a ens 1a varia, is a very large and impressive a ab with st 5 in. or more in len; and 3 ore nen follow purplish- black berries ripening in tember. UM, An valuable important genus, and decorative + oe 2 > 28k: With they prefer a soil on the certain exceptions, damp side. ee I_NATIVE KINDS americanum), the rilob: CV." Highbush Cranberry, to 10 ft. or more, cauiwalent, V. Opulus, V. acerifolium, to 5 ft. high, is valued faintly. or its purplish autumn color. It succeeds well under trees and in dryish soils, : V. prunifolium, the Black Haw, with showy cymes of white flowers in the spring and bluish-black fruit, grows to 12 ft, or sornetimes oe more, and succeeds in dryish plac Lentago, Sheepberry or Nannyberry, nm erect shrub to 15 ae or more, with attractive white flowers in Ma: ay or June, followed by bluish-black “fruit? in autumn, Croup H—EUROPEAN KIND. pulus, The ropeal ghbush anberry, resembles ‘the mee ”. tri- lobuin in fl id fruit, » eo g T appearance not particularly good. an HI—LARGE ASIATIC KINDS a andsome, 1 tong Shrub to. 10 x x 0 sce ° ple: g, horizonta! ae and) strongiy ae ‘eaves red hardy than the type, and about eneplanene, It should be mov with a ball th, gerum (V. theifcrum) is a large an “about 10 x 10 ft, rather erect ed e cui, somewhat shiny, dark green leaves turn purplish or bronze in autum: V. rhytidophyllum is a broad shrub, t 9 ft. or more, distinguished er very iene, narrow, pointed, wrinkled, some- what shiny leaves, which, in places well sheltered from winter sun and wind, re- main throughout the winter. The shrub has little floral value; the fruit ripens and co: orders or in small- has, the odor for which certain of the viburnums are noto dilatatum. A round-topped bush, mostly not 7 or 8 ft. high, with strongly ribbed leaves which turn a beau- 1 red in aut , and bearing showy played all over the he bush. This is one of the handsomest of the sno ball types desirable for border us V. Wrightii, with purplish red autumn foliage and red fruit, is in a class with V. dilatatum, but ‘of broader, more spreading hal bit, Ty Group IV—SM. V. Carlesii, mostly les igh, forms a broad loose shrub, with broad, eu green leaves, tie branches terminated by showy round clus of pink, etly ey LLER EXOTIC KINDS thai | hi The spot ciseases. with Bordea ar soi is oF similar habit with ° maller ee ragrani may be controlled also SYMPHORICAR. best known By the oe ae it includes several other useful shrubs. ane three ie ed “het re all sucker freely fro! the roots. S. albus var. laevigatus, the Snowberry, is a_shade-loving ene oO uae in- significant pinkish flow: fol- lowed by large, shi i e S. albus to 3 ft, and orbici the tnd ian Currant or coal berry, hae much less attractive, smaller, duller leaves, and is hardly worth growing except in wild gardens, where e@ numerous small dull red berries 39 strung thickly along its stems in late summer and autumn have a certain at- trac — Ss. aulti, a hardy hybrid of the idan. poner and a more tender Mex~- , is the most valuable of all, exceptio es Brac ra i d bears pink, cheeke res S. orbiculatus. 4 id the border, growing to about of igh. One the most useful ubs. e and highly deco- all those kinds which are root-hardy in our si m: fe n even ugh ee e killed t id each winter. ne a hybrid much planted in “Cotthern Agi where it is semi- vergreen ws t ft. or more in n height, i is S the one species now com- monly wn outdoors in the North. We e it here as a low filler shrub in indation or other groupings, or as a foreground plant in the shrub border, White, pink. € anicles on the lateral branchlets, a June till ost. Tf n from tings and carried along. in yates pots threeeh the _ up may. well serve . Engleriana 7 ee Zanderi, both from China, are other abelias which should prove hardy enough feu igh the: are as yet little tested in m: of weigelas. It will grow to 8 OF 9 feet high, but may easily be kept lower. WEIGELA, This genus is represented in Barden mainly Py a en of hybrids which a: oe Jog er_shru nattractive foliage, flowering f © May to early June, the Opec hes ie preceding year’s growth heavily laden with trumpet-shaped flowers in shades of pink and red and Fawhite, fae should _be pruned hard directly by cutting back ing stem to encourage oot be bor: In the northernmost part o 40 our region the weigelas are likely to suffer more or less winter injury, and in s been what resembles effect . Honeysuckle. The larger sty Gee are valuable plants for ihe bac id of shrub he’ an and woodlai (ara in some kinds yellow) Juicy berries, One of the handsomest of the viburnums is V. dilatatum, with brilliant red fruit and foliage in the fall. Viburnum tomentosum var. sterile is an Asiatic shrub popular in American gardens veces of its abundant white flowers the last of May, the clusters of fruit ich turn from red to black, which do not last lo ong. Lonicera is a large genus, genet ing a great many an Is a ee eee aor border an well any attractive twinine vine Ss, some oes which may well be used as grou! ahd covers. L. Morrewii, widespreading, to 7 ft. high, is most orinionly planted. Var. axanthocarpa has yellow Parise instead of the usual red. The flowers are white, changing to pale yellow. rica, more erect and taller, is a7 mich used, It comes in white and in red-flowered forms, all of them red- bene rapa fis the var. lutea which has yellow fru L. Maackii, from Asia, is much taller, to 15 ft. high, and it flowers and fruits and the wine-red autumn lea much later, having fragrant white to yellowish flowers. utissima agra a Chinese species roundish L. fra, 1s w belie father” large, n Pp mes in earliest spring, A sprig of it in flower, taken into the house, will delight everybody. L, thibetica is a flunese species inter- mediate in habit betw shrub and the twi shrub with prostrate branches w ventually up and form broad aoanide four feet or more in height, with glossy foliage, and bearing purplish- pink flowers in May or early June. An COMPOSITE FAMILY Darden use, and ‘best employed in larger, Baegharis halimifotia, Groundsel Bush. landscapes, - _ low ee or rocks Ai effective erect bush of variable height, rr to srow cocky from 5 to . in cultivation, native of is our eastern sea-coast, and valuable for L, japonica var. a Hall’s Honey- plafting on sandy soils near the shore, ] he most robust among the nof'always quite hardy far inland. It has grou twi It makes an ex- gular branches and oblong to wedge- cellent quick cover for banks, but some- shaped, shiny, toothed oe to 2 in times gets out of hand in larger areas long. fate dioecious, onspicuons, and may become a nuisance. It has mber. In pistillate, “plate these delightfully fragrant cream and yellow are Pere by effective, snow-white, flow downy seed-heads. Em Index to Ornamental Deciduous Shrubs On this and the folloiving page are listed the genera and species of plants that are ibcaled by Mr. van Melle in has article on Ornamental Deciduous Shrubs appearing in the December, January, and February s omtunibere of this Journal. Coimmon and varietal names are not given here, but synonyms. mentioned are included. The month ts indicated by its initial letter. An asterisk mteans that the subject is illustrated. ABELIA F39 CALYCANTHUS D2 COTONEASTE, Engleriana fertili ae diflor floridus apie anderi agua ARAGANA arborescens J15 divaricata THOPANAX J19 CELASTRUS Ji7 Prancheti pentaphyllus harizontalis Bicbetdinmus articulatus microphylla orbiculatus racemiflora ALBIZZIA ee yas scandens rosea salicifolia AMORPHA Ji5 CHAENOMELES D294 Zabeli ganescens lagenaria frutico: japonica D295 CYDONIA Maulei D295 RONTA ai D294 cionantHus aor CYTISUS seoparius J15 ZALEA . ledifti ireitieus DAPHNE Mezereum J19 mollis potion CLERODENDRON F37 Meee utioriea is yodi trichotemum DEUTZIA D290 wAccHAR IS halimifolia F42 CLETHRA alnifolia_ J20,J21* ceils BENZOIN aestivale D289 COLUTEA arborescens J15 purpurascens BERBERIS D288 Oecd dictyophylla_ D2ga, D290 = COMPTONTA 28s Sa aia koreana 1288 asplenifolia — Thunhergii 128: ELAEAGNUS J19 Vernae D28 CORNUS Ja ngustifoli : vulgaris D288 alb: argentea Wilsonae D288, D289 lorida commutata risa i eee mas J19* ruta qitermifelta stolonifera mbellata 02 ELSHOLTZIA £37 CALLICARPA F36 lichotoma COTINUS J16 ENKIANTHUS J20 dichot japonica americanus campanulatus purpurea Coggygria cernuus EUONYMUS Jl6é alata ot suspensa viridissima ghettos D292 D2gi* GORDONIA alatamaha J18 HAMAMELIS D292 mollis vernalis HIBISCUS syriacus J18 INDIGOFERA Kirilowi J15 ‘AS UM LESPEDEZA Thunbergii J16 ir = MYRICA D288 caroliniensis cerifera pensylvanica 43 NEILLIA sinensis NEMOPANTHUS mucronatus D292 J16 NEVIUSIA alabamensis D292 POTENTILLA fruticosa D295 PRUNUS D296 glandulosa RHAMNUS Ji8 cathartica Frangula RHODODEND: arborescens RON J21 RHODOTYPOS D295 kerrioides ROBINIA hispida J15 ROSA D295 Ecae D296 eglanteria Spa96 Hugonis D296 rubrifolia_ D296 rugosa D296 SAMBUCUS F38 canadensis puben: SORBARIA_ D293 Aitelinsonit as' ns sorbifolia AEA D292 SP. anita D293 B293 D293 callosa D293 cantoniensis 9292 i D293 D293 Reevesiana D292 Thunbergii 1293 trichocarpa D292 VanHouttei D292 STEPHANANDRA D292 incisa Tanakae STEWARTIA J18 ovata pentagyna F35* OCOS paniculata F33" SYMPHORICARPOS albus F39, D289 Chenaulti F39 biculatus reflexa 34 rothomagensis F34 villosa, F34 vulgaris F34 MARIN odessana J18 atu pensylvanicum 2 F36 F3:; WEIGELA F40 ANTHOCEROS J17* sorbifolium ZENOBIA pulverulenta J20 44 Plant Life And The Law of Tan Il—Bounties By E. H. Fulling HE emergence of man from his prehistoric nomadic type of life to mmunal existence in various parts of the world has always ya or p the social developments were founded. Ages ene arr Ce ae these early civilizations was also dependent w During these countless ages, ieee: ae was slow, but fficient to meet early ne rops. S paym w brings us to this second chapter in our story of man and his legal relations as a result of his dependence upon plants. Colonial and State Bounties 2 anish exploration in America was ill fated, for it was founded, at lea: ; Pp d not upon perr t col jon in association with established agriculture. Later, English settlement, destined in the lon: n to surpass other attempts, also ts earl cks, and the “starving time” of Jamestown and the privations of Plymouth Colony re famou the annals of American history hose episodes and many similar incidents in suce ears were all th ts, re or less, uate agricultural facilities, and eee recurrence of them threatened the American colonists until finally th ious governments, bot! f - mother country, Engla: me Seis - the Colonies themselves, natters. of t thos which emanated from oer meer were designed not so much f 45 the good of the colonists, as to augment the revenues of English stock- holders. But whatever the motives behind them, they were all factors in or another reason. Some were short-lived use they in accomplishing their ne poses, and others were cacao pe a Hf high taxation required to support them. Some, on the contrary, w continued effectively many years. few were so successful that ally the industries which they promoted no longer needed this erhneal a of agricultural bounties in America was carried from cue he ye: indicated bounties were enacted. Other names are ae of states involved since 1800. Barley: Mai ine Hops: California, Virginia Be cane Mai Tne oe Georgia, South Carolina Beets, Sugar: Delaware, Kansas, Maine, jute: Massachusetts, Montana, Nebras ka, Maize: eee Cob orgia New Jersey Mulberry: California, Connecticut, Geor- Buckwheat: Maine gia, New Jer. Carrots: Maine its: Main Chicory: Nebraska Parsnips: Maine Coffee: California Peas: Georgia, Mai Cotton: California, Florida, South Caro- Potatoes: Ge: corgia, Maine lina Ramie: California, New Jersey Flax: Cali ia, rgia, Maryland, Rice: California :M arolina, North Dakota, Rhode Island, Borge um: Massachusetts, New Jersey he ine irginia ‘ea: California Flaxseed: Virginia peeies California, New Hampshire Ginger: South Carolina Trees Hedge fencing: Min: Bovests Dakota Terr., Illinois, Kansas, Hemp: California, Connecticut, Florida, Minnesota, Missouri, Nevada, North Georgia, Mary land, fiassar husetts, New Dakota, Pennsylvania, South Dakota Hampshire, New Jersey piled pe Fruit: calvormiay South Dakota North Carolina, North Dakota, Pen n Shade: Californ a, Co prinecticut, Minne- sylvania, Rho de Island, Gua Carolina, sota, Nevada, Wis rginia Turnips: Maine Hem paced: Virginia Wheat: Maine, Massachusetts, Virginia With only a few exceptions, the crops which received bounties in certain colonies during colonial times were not thus favored later in the states which evolved from those same colonies. Only flax in New ee oe 1 The bring sources of d: dditi a. Gray, L. C. & tee ak History of ck in fe ee United States to 1860. Carnegie Inst. “Wa sh. 2 Vols. 19; Bounties b, Hannay, A. M. mties on Agricultural Products. U.S.D.A., Agr. Eco. Bibl. 20, 1927. 46 n New Hampshire, ecg trees in Connecticut and wheat in Massa- cae received bounties in the same regions in both periods the other hand, certain crops which were favored in some of lonies but hich lost or no longer ne he sponsoring when those colonies became states, received Cee suppo ter i - the country. ounties on cc x, hemp, hops, r ulberry tre acco were ing the nineteenth century Among the s which most frequently the beneficiaries of pre- miums were the dye-producing plants, for coal-tar d d anilin dyes wer n in the colonies ; tire century, in fact, had to pass before the possibility of their replacing natural dyes n became sus- In the eighteenth century, therefore, it was found necessary to stimulate tl oduction of thei ural sources, and indigo at that time was especially favored by legislative action e dye is secured princi Pp from the Asiatic Indigofera tinctoria t est Indian [ lL, though several species capable of yi it are native e United States. One of these, I. caroliniana, grew he linas, and early experi- ents were con ed it as a source of the coloring matter, to sucl an extent that in 1694 t was ed in South Carolina to provide special encouragement for production of the stuff. Two years later, how- ever, th 4 as discontinue eanwhile, the industry was being developed in the lower Mississippi Valley. In 1742 the t Indian ecies was introduced into South Carolina, and w it was found that the century it was important in the coloring of wool and silk. industry meant also to encourage cultivation of the cactus upon which 47 the ene fed and were bred. Safflower, reais: linctorius, which wa. orted from Eurasia, also is a source 0 red dye which has long ie ts demand in colonial days. Its seeds yield an oil useful for lamps and cooking, and these qualities undoubtedly also accounted for its value in those days. he production of flax and hemp also came in for their share of encouragement, In the eighteenth century sailing v vessels were still the 0a: 0 facture in the American Ce lonies ought that this might be i em d flax in Britain and thus preventing the rope and textile business from flourishing Williamsburg to one can see very old, large oad excessively gna mulberry trees still standing as mementos to the early attempts in colonial Virginia to b pendent of the Orient in days when the si fin f courtly attire was stil vogue.” icut, Georgia an Jersey sought to promote the industry by sponsoring the planting of mul- e trees, an en, fter their en come matters of mn bat $0 history, California made a final attempt. It is in connection 2 la last effort that we shall later consider a particular instance of litigati 2 The author can not vouch for these interesting trees in Williamsburg as being originals, ae whether so or of later planting they bear testimony in either event to ly American sericulture, 48 Finally, we should take note in _ a too briet consideration of colonial eas that i in 1769 when discontinue ies in Florida, oa of them was left to the overnor who wished particularly to foster not only the cultivation of n i the prod hinea’ nS Sici ardinia ae ductor of the industry into Florida was regarded as desirable. Nineteenth Century Litigation ile bounties on plants hav e had some influence on American life, ot played P. ys product and only indirectly with the sug: a plant, re pertinent to our study are the bounties offered for the planting of t: nd shrubs and for the providing of seed grain he farmers Sag limitations permit us on this occasion to review only these cases ore considering them, ver, i st be said ee eae wa ties in America are more or less matters of the past. Today they are regarde sti tutional, si they involve the expenditure of lic funds, collected pean ublic taxation, for the benefit of private enterprises e devel- pm s point of view and the present significance of it is one of opment of this po ai the ae aspects of bounty histor am * earliest case, so far as the author has been able to determine from records appeal, occurred in 1869 in connection with a bounty on the production of si was in California and resulted from an attempt during the third quarter of the nineteenth century to develop a silk industry in that state, many years after Colonies in the East forsaken the same idea penis effort, likewise, was unsuccessful, and after 1875 was almost fo , but in the years that the project was und way much publicity was ven the matter P te the incipient industry various means were e ed and assistance from the gov- ernment was vigorously solicited endeavor, very naturally, involved the raising . silk worms, and for that purpose white mulb were necessary. nally, aft ter sufficient pressure had been brought to bea: the state ia a bill was passed in 1866 which became “An pe 8 Attorney General v. State Board of Judges. 38 Cal. 291. 49 he Encouragement of Silk Culture in California.” This bill, among other of the ag two ek wo years later, after considerable experi- ad teemed with articles an Board of Judges was empowered to make the awards, and it was in the exercise of their duties and their interpretation of the above quoted part from a ae sy the law was brought into the courts and certain vealed. he oe ae - 1866 had made provision for fractions, and on this score, as well n the interpretation that the law of 1868 granted bounties for each 1.250, 2,500 o ian trees in a plantation, the nee of Judges, on one occasion, made the following seven awards to as mi pee: oe regardless of the actual number of trees ere each $6,125 on 2414 plantations $3, wee on n Abe rele $3,000 "000 0 on 4 one 500 on plantations $ 375 on 1 Hantaton $ 250 on ntation fore these awards were ae ae however, the Attorney General of the State was in some way prevailed upon to contest the rulings of . oo the b an we find him in court pleading on behalf of the Peop of the State that th money was being misappropriated by the board’s awing imaginary lines through large plantations, dividi to units of 1,250, an ; tr as at li plantations, and ee giving bounti ties on each nit. e asserted that the claimant 24% plantations, i aie really had only two; the claimant of 19% apn onl ; and the claimant of 12 plantations, also only nelude ae tions by saying that “The think, g pre ded t healthful aid to the enterprise, and never intended to make it a seca to be paid for by the State in the matter of Urea the mul a it was an encour: een intende a nd not a matter of lucre. The the Supreme Court was ‘ cw hethey a parcel “of ‘lane ae is puted in mulberry t rees can be subdivided by imaginary lines so that subdivision shall constitute a plantation, within the ee of a 7 a 1866.” After due consideration of this question and much discussion terminology in the parlance of nk orchards and te ts the Cou 50 maintained that any interpretation of the law to grant bounties aie ng o multiples of numb f trees planted was absurd, wholly apart from the fact that the revised Act of 1868 had not made any cara for ae ere i. ey to have been condoned, the court stated, s a foot and 1: S So while the court recognized that a man might have had more than were entirely separate and distinct, he could not subdivid y one o them on the basis of the number of trees and collect on the individual as tent the law, the Court held, to make the raising of mulberry trees lucrative by way of State funds, allocat tich basis; the bounties had been offered ely t age the cultivation of mulberry trees in general. The awards of were accordingly ordered changed in harmony with this viewpoint wit t 1 interpretation of the law. - must be n a however, that the constitutionality of tatute was n acked, nor the general principle 0 bounties criticized nae the Bee of distributing the bounties that was ordered revise Among the cases a ree Me matter of constitutionality we may well give heed to of 1891 in Missouri* Twenty years earlier, i OQ, a statute was cea for the purpose of checking the rapid destruction of fore: es which was going on at that time in the state and to assure a lumber supply for the future. It was entitled “An Act to Encourage the Growth of Forest Tre and it sought to mplish its purpose by granting subsidies in connection with planting operations. yas a verbatim copy ae _ ccs law passed in 1867, and as revised in 1 f it read “Every person Rene one a ore of prairie land within ten years after the passage of this act with, aay kind of Roe trees except black locust, and successfully growing and cultivating the ie for three years, and every person planting, protecting, and ‘altvating for three years one- ro mile or more of forest tre n his own aie be set not apart, shall be entitled to “receive for fift ars, com- 4 Deal v. Mississippi County. 107 Mo, 464, 18 S.W. 24, 14 es 622. 51 ing three years after said grove or line has been planted, an annual bounty of two da lars per acre for each acre so pias ted, a two dollars for each quarter of mile so planted, to be paid by the county, Said bounty a not be paid any longer than said grove or line of trees is kept alive and i growing condition,’ Ve can realy imagine the incentive aes a statute ae with 5 its promise to pay each year for 15 year o dollars per acre or per marter mile of planting in that period i. fi an ce investment in planting stock could thus have been retrieved i) s over if a ter raised his material himself from seed; and to have purchased seed- lings, if forest tree nurseries were then and there in business, probably would not have cost more than a very few dollars per hundred. Phe boom was on, and among those who took advantage of the offering was one Henry J. Deal. ou a rairie land with catalpa trees, and when the trees were sufficiently established to justify ee 7 the bounty on the, Deal put in his clair n 1885 the rune im $40 again the allowing year it awarded t same amo But when Deal presence claim for the third er ment it ae ce rt a 7 to pa it o ig = on oo @ S = oO w ames +O Fh Es 5 5a. gS Be wes 8 5, before Deat had done ra ee a new constitution had ‘bee ae with the provision that public funds were to be given t ae enterprise. This restri aa was - radually entering more and re oe legal thinking during the Pees and D ertainly were of a strictly private nature. Had he not, however, ‘made claim under the bounty law which anteda ted the Groen ee any years, and did refore have < ai re tion, Deal was restrained from receiving any further benefit: the ex- pense of the county, and when he appealed to the Supreme Court of the State, this judgment of the matter was upheld. eal’s ae had as en: “The |: ‘onstituti re . Bounties are giv en to. promote the public good, and the Gutention oft d by Lhe ‘courts. The public i is bens ite ed, as eal as ihe indiy idual recipient of the bow We pay a bounty for w alps; thi: source of profit to se individuals ‘killing the wolves, and a sot ar ce of Scuaty to the othe er nee the So with the cultivation of forest trees, The recipient the ae is ‘ponefite d one way, and the Shes is benefited by the caer: of a valuable Commodity, and a a ea of other parties to protect and cultivate grove: of t 52 But oe pee eme | thought otherwis o determine what a pu ublic purpose is, but here no plai , and t tting the trees down ae selling for rivate gain; and to take money collected by taxation from the people for such a purpose cannot be tolerated fora one “without a surrender of all property to the power of confiscation for private u In co cision, the court also comment as follows, and therein we TYO: stat “The legislature of Missouri had no power to authorize county courts to yaise money by taxation, to be coproptiated to the planting of trees upon private property for private gain, no right to the trees or the use or control of the trees being reserved to the ei XK Colorado was the next a in oon bounty laws oe plants th ivate afforestation, namely, increased taxes many years ‘ ‘ e The other bow s designed to assist in the eradication of cert weeds, eer nn mls on Oxyiro. el mee ti, which are poisonous to ¢: nd kn as loco oe Thi called “Lo weed Lav i r e was brought by the institute in a last effort to make collection. This court, too, refused to grant the bounties, declaring the statutes under which 5 Institute for the Education of the Mute and Blind v. Henderson. 18 Colo. 98, 31 P 714, 18 LIRA. 398. 53 were demanded contrary to the State Constitution and therefore a ara nm t9) a. however, on the road principle of private use of public funds, which i h could not legally be done and the laws in their entirety therefore were declared inoperative. * * conclusion we may note the aan decision ® of the United es Supreme elas on January 6, 1936, when it declared the Federal 933, as t onstitution. This - pre for direct payments from public funds jurispr ae ai. iced from man’s relation with plants, at least in our ountry, one of the factors which contributed to the development of that intimate relation in days gone by. bs om) Herbarium Gift. The herbarium of Specimens a the local flora of the vicinity of New York, which was built up by Mr. Georg: . Hastin gs while he was a teacher at Theodore Roosevelt High i ork and an active ode nd for Notes, News, and Comment Fellowship Fund. A further contribu- tion to the Alexander P. Anderson and ivy gas 2 > 5 a 8 2 3 co} 5 wn a & = ny) 22 a = Bo z ic) i 5 a n 4 oe co) 2 =} Zz a York eis Garden lest month wl Dr. of Tower Vi Lal a eer Wn Minn. ae a check for bee"_presented to the New York Botani $2,500. In 1938, Dr. Anderson made 2 cal Garden. Since his retirement a year gitt of $10,000 to the Garden, incom and a half 260, Mr. Hastings has been from which was to be used for shident firing in California. In years past, he fellowship s and research. was a frequent lecturer and guide at the 6 United States v. Butler. 80 Led. (Adv. 287), 56 S.Ct. 312, 102 A.L.R. 914, 72 Am. Jur., Agr. 25. 54 Botanical Garden and, until September 1939, he was editor of Torreya. Annual Mee Officers anc members whose sens were expiri all Swan. hi Mariagers whose terms are now ex ary e Arthur M “Anderson, ie D. s E. arent Lefferts, and Mrs. Shaw, were elected the “ay of the aahiial meeting to the Advisory Counci ollowing committees pointed for 1942: xecutive Committee: Henry Henry F. du Pont, Pierre Jay, Clare M, Rhoades, William . were ap- de Forest Bae d James A. Dawson. Plan: William J. Ravine chairman, Mre, Harold 1. Pratt, James A. Dawson, Henry F. du Pont, and the Pre ence, oe the | staff am le n for Ae eoeier of Science, each tools ee the last week in De n Dallas, Texas, gave re ly conference on the af a istered students of ¢ Garden on aritiary rles H. Stout. On January harles H. Stout, a member of after a two also of the ne: Garden. . Stout had a life-long interest plants and was active in A horticuliiral work, having written and lectured exten- sively and served with numerous horticul tural societies. One of her “The Amateurs’ Book of Daylilies were also among he: am plant interests, ont she wa: of the first to receive 5 of the new seedling daylilies during the early years of their development at the New York Botanical Garden. At the meeting of the cal Club at the Botanical ila V. Barton of the Boyce Thompson Institute fo Jant Research spoke on “Some jal Problems in Seed Dor- ancy,” using the seeds of lily-of-the- Ti the — ot the meeting to the 36 mem- bers rtists, Forty students of the New vark Schoo! of Fine and Applied Art nt o days in the Main Conserva- ories tthe me of Tantiary to sket fropical plants for use as backgrounds nd designs Librarians. library was visited on January 7 by ae from the School of Library Service at Columbia Univer- uae i Cc. Hall espoke to the “Work in a Special Library.” Se grou ark A Dr. William J. Rob- be has heen eeapaited ‘oy “the Presi- lent of the Fe rik Assoc! of New York City to serve as a ‘cert er of the Horticultural Connisttee during 1942. on a trip to Texas clure Trip. Dr. A. B Le During the middle Conference January I 1 14 in Denton, mder the spor hip of the Texas Gar- len Clubs, Inc., the Texas State Col- e for Women. He also showed the arden’s motion picture in kodachrome. n his Tepe , he spent two days at th sour nical Garden and showed the motion Sictive there to members of of January 16, he spoke on daylilies to the St. Loui Corda Club, Both at St. Louis and at ton, he displa ayed | a 30 hand-colored pat of callis w. ve bee ared ai he “New York Botanical Garden for iustraton of a folio monograph of this ge 55 Visitors. Dr. Herman A. Spoehr of Other winter visitors at the Garden the ee Institution a pues Uni- have included: versity and Dr. Charles Bert n of the David R. Sumstine, Carnegie Muscum, Pitts University of Califor vis site d the burgh: R. 2 ola ausen, William T. Winne, Eu- Botanical Garden pec 5. ne W. Dehi d ‘Antoinette Miele, ‘Comelt Dr. G. W. Bea of Ste ford U: University ; Donald. P. Limber, U. S. Bure Peto anford Univer- of Entomology and Plant Qu Arann: sity ame AS the. Garden Dec. 17 to con- Ricardo Fenschietto, Buen res; = D. fer with Dr. Robi iodge on = Merrill, Arnold ‘Arboretum: Tous Preuss, bin: ddr. Do vitamin- le he *sbstances and the Lederle on ae pratorieas Samuel | Grober, Waiver: bread-mold fungus Neurospora Pa f a land; William C, Steere, University Dr. Carl C. Lindegren of the Univer- in an selm or Liew wellya, St. pea iets Abbey, i i i i te ison, Kansas; nnette eTvey, Smit iy of southern, Cali toonia, who. ts.0n «<0 lege: Arnold ‘Kornfeld, lows State. College: leave to work at Washington University, Kjaven’ Caccnva iel Bengas, Pennsyt. St. Louis, on the genetics of yeasts on a yania “State Torest. “setaoks N. Froomken, fellowship sponsored by the Anheuser- Shihab of Wyoming; Mar erman, Busch Co. spent several days at the Syracuse University. Garden early in January and consulted Selman ie Wolk Johnsen sand 5 . ~ ee Blackburn, Rut ee nite nL gate with Dr. Dodge on the genetics of fungi. » Cairo, Egypt; William Seifriz, Philadel- Dr. di from Buenos Aires, i Reid Moran, Ithaca gentina, spent the latter part of and Fosbers, ©, HL M USDA ‘and E. a vember at i Garden, during an ex- p and Egbert Walker, Smithsonian In- ded visit to eastern North America. Washington, D. C. Dr, “a. Tate, Assistant Curator win oe Sona ‘Poush, Amer A. ‘eldman, i, By, He Pour! meriean of South ‘American Mammals at the aracemn’ of Natural History; td owe American Museum of Natural istory, smith, Johns Hopkins. worked at the Garden for uae six Leonard Kline, Montreal Botanical Garden: weeks toward the end of the year identi- Stent. Cutting Lancaster. Pana and Ber. i nari cassidy, rmy, al student ping plants jaa form the Background _ gardeners; and G. G, Nearing, Wanda K Parr, eatures of the exhibits in the aneis King, Ruth Cross, Helene Carter, hall at the Museum, an "Mithael Veres. Notices and Reviews of Recent Books (All publications mentioned here may be consulted in the Library of The New | York Botanical Garden or may be purchased on order through the Library.) With Camera and Microscope author with equipment and materials that PHOTOMICROGRAPHY. RM. Allen, have been available - in this ees and 369 pages, 175 illu strations + 59 that are in use rt laborator’ of otomicr full-page plates ‘o- graphs. D. Van Néstrana? Co., New this ies ve text will be York, 1942. $5.80. cin the mufommation needed both by ne of tl et the technician who is required to turn to of vobse rvation has long been sup- phot tog! raphy for the rst time and by emote by the use of the camera for his c advanced associate who has had serving 7 neocons of a observations. considerable experience in photomicrogra- Bat hose interested ha’ had to look phy. The selective arrangement of abroad for eonpieicane “textbooks that work enables the photomicrographer to would guide them in the making of photo turn to the chapters dealing most directly aphs. Now has appeared an with the problem at hand. Gls discus- ‘Amerean work that contains a lifetime sion by the author of h nm methods of experience in this specialized field. should prove invaluable Toe it was by t is based on methods developed by the these methods that the extraordinary series of photomicrographs in the final section of the book were sealers JoserH F, Burks. A New Botany Text FUNDAMENTALS OF PLANT SCi- ENCE. Ellen, O'Hanlon. 488 pages, Ae illustrations, glossary bnd index. B.S. Crofts & Go, New York, 1941. “Fundamentals of Plant Science” should make a very sa ieee text for a course in eral Botany. The abu dant material it contains is well selected and arranged in It i the occurrence of a continuous spireme. A, Bercer, S. J., Fordham Uni versity, A Nur a hia s Life in the 1830's ARY OF MICHAEL FLOY IK. - ower ry Village, 1833-1937. Tidited by TR. A. EB. Broo: 269 pages. Yale University Pres: ew Haven, 1941, $5. nl reported in her letters, and tl e pleasure of reading them all I these do not trouble me half so much as did the pain in my tooth last nig! This is ra one small gem of the hie Ning humor he ice nd in “The Diary of Michael ook is a charming human manu- man frequen: and hoed pee the peach t is h The Diary of ael Floy Jr. valuable andl enti hook YS asne American life o period for which few printed records exist. ere ScHWARTEN, 56 How It Is Made EMICAL FORMULARY. 1. Bennett, Haitor-in-Chiet, hemical Pub- 41, aoa herg. The form nilae ee tents, various publican any erages, cia a et “Thes se bo eeds specific chemical i F. W. Kavanacu. sid a Dye QUE, W. H. Emig. indexed. Science Press ‘o., Lancaster, Pa., 1941. $1. “Stain Techniqu all v of 75 pages which fee wit ih th he pn cal and physic ical properties 188 logical s: ‘The author also discusses the Saree “of the various stains, their general uses and the methods for select- ing and combining them. Too little infor- mation is given for the specific uses of these stains, the experienced tech- nician kk contains data which may be very us ‘ho of dyes seem that the index should include a ist of the objects to 2 stained in addition to the names of dye: CiypE CHANDLER. Student’s Aid IOLOGICAL TER: L. Me- lander. sat pages, Misiceital vocab- ulary. Be clty ae Parca The College of the Cit; York, Second ition 1940. oN Ipful and stimulati ing book, full of st ai a nd sound advice fesarcing the moras sed by biologists. ook form. Carot H. Woopwarp. THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN ic JoserH R. Sw. esiden Henry ve "Eons BArouins Vice fedden Joun L. re HEnrY DE LA Montagne, Secretary Elective Managers yn R. JENNINGS Ropert H. MontcoMEry Henry F. ONT LARENCE McK. Lewis 4H. Hosarr Porter ManrsHatt Fierp Tewey Lacewae Fran a ee Meare Jr. Rs. ELON HuntTINGTON OCKHART, JR. Vigs, p I. Pra Hooker T. MacDoucar Wire 4 PRossiis Pierre Jay D ILL, A. Percy SAUNDERS Ex- mee Managers Fioretto H, LaGuaroia, Mayor of the City of New York JAMEs MARSHALL, President of the Board. of Education t Mos Park Commissioner A ppointive nagers By the Torrey Botanical Club . GLEASON By Columbia University Marston T. Bocert ieee M. pene R. A. Harper m F, TRELEASE THE oa Wiuttiam J. Rogsins, Px.D., Sc.D. H. A. Greason, Px.D. Assistant Director and Head gee Henry pe ta Montacne Assistant Direclor . B, Stout, Px.D, Curator of Education and Laboratories RED J. Seaver, Pu.D., Sc.D. Canke . Doncr, Pa.D. Bs fRathlegest HN HENDLEY Barnuart, A.M., M.D. Bibliographe . W. Ricxett, Pa.D. ‘Assistant "Dibigraphe AROLD N, “Movvewse, Pu.D. Ass. Parkes LizaBeTH C. HALL, A. B., B.S. ibrar EDA GRIFFITH Artist oe Photographer ERCY WILSON Research Associa OBERT S. WILLIAMS Resi Astociate in Bryolegy . J. ALEXANDER Assistant Curator and Curator: - the Local Herbarium V.H , Px.D. Assistant Curator LYDE R, Pu.D. ical Assistant RosaLie WEIK Technical Assistant Frepertck KAVANAGH, M.A. Technical Assistant wn H. Prerce, M.A. Technical Assistant ‘AR a COD AND; AB. Editorial Assistant noomaAS H. Everett. N.D. Horr. orticulturist L. Wittrock. “AM. Custodi nm of the Heid ‘ium Decener, M.S. Collaborator in Hawaiian Botany J P A Curator - SSES OBERT HAGELSTEIN Honora ‘urator 0. vromycetes OSE ‘ RKE Honorary oe of the Digtomaceae . A. Kruxorr Honorary Cura of Eco OM: ic Botan Eruen Anson S, Peck HAM Honorary Curator, 11 i ARTHUR J. CoRBETT Superintendent of Sultans and Grounds . C. PFANDER Assistant Superintendent ach the Botanical Garden, take the Eighth Avenue Subway to Bedford Park Bird. the Third Avenue Elevated to the pone Park station, oe the New York aa -_ the Botanical ecareen station; or dri ip the aks nd a ‘oncourse then east_on ing from Westchester, “urn west end of Bronx Riven See erent estchester,, ‘arn wi Pkwy., or, coming from” Bidar te OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN Booklets, and Special Numbers of the Journal Sa ee Flora of the Northern United States and Canada, by Nat nam eee Briton and Addison Brown. Three volumes, giving des escriptions and illustra 4,6 ted. 13.50 tions of 66 species. Second edition, reprin $ Y the # paues and Plains of cane L North America, by P. A. Rydberg. 969 pages and ures. 1932. Price, $5.50 pos f Plants of a Vicinity of New York, by H. A. Glew 284 pages, emer A handbook especially compiled for the beginner in plant + idence 19 ‘lora of Bermuda, ie NG thaniel Lord Britton and others. 585 pages Rene ae figures, covering nee fun ass mosses, ferns, flowering plants. 1918. A Text-Book of eet ral Lichenology, by Albert Schneider. 230 pages. 76 plates. 1897 oe orth Ame: aan by Kenneth K. Mackenzie, containing 539 plates of Carex and related plants by Harry C. Creutzburg, with a description oH ‘age species. Index 940. Two volunes 1034 x 1314 inches; bound $17.5 bound $15.50. reys to the North American Species of Carex by K. K. Mackenzie. From Vol. 19, Part 1, of North American Flora. Ferns and Their Culture. Edited by Carol H. Woodward. 40 pages, el 4 Ona omcer ants of the Holy Scriptures by Elea r King, illustrated, and accompanied by a list of Plants of the Bible with qunenonee in the March 1941 "Jou rnal. 15 cents. The Flora of the Unicorn Tapestries by E. J. Alexander and Carol H. Wood- ward. 28 pages, illustrated with photographs and drawings: bound with paper. 1941. 2 Herbal. First published by Richard Banckes in London. 1525. Edited and tran scribed ane modern English with an introduction by Sanford V. i rkey, M.D., and Thomas Pyles. 00 pages, including facsimile of original. Prepa: vied by Scholars’ Facsimies and Reprints. 1941. Price to eee of the Garden, $2.50; to others, $3. Periodicals Addisonia, annually, devoted exclusively to colored plates accompanied by popular descriptions of flowering plants; eight plates in each number, thirty-two in e. Ww fi e. cri i Ie a volum ach volum Now in its twenty-first Seal Subscription price, lume (four years). Not offered in ge ree to members of th urnal of The New York Botanical Garden, monthly, ¢ ites news, book n hnical articles on bota nd hoccenice Subscription, $1 a iews, and nont otany a re Gace copies 15 cents. Free to members of the Garden. Now in its 43rd volume. Myc Fiero bimonthly, illustrated in color and otherwise; devoted to fungi, including li oe ens, contane eae al anid and news and notes of general in ter $7 a year; single c Bue ach. Now in its ee fourth volume. ee four Nee Index v ° $3. Brittonia. A series of Raters papers. Subscription price, $5 a volume. foi North American Flora. Descriptions of the wild plants of North America, including Greenland, the West Indies, and Central America. Planned to be com- pleted in 34 volumes, each to consist Ee four or more parts; 90 parts now issued. , rei : ex e i : Contributions from The New York Botanical Garden. A series of techni papers written by students or mene of ine staff, and reprinted from journal nN other than the above. Price, 25 ach, a volu In the 14t e moirs of he New York “Botanical ‘Garden collection of scientific papers. Prices to members of the ae 6, $1.50 each; to others, $3 Vol. 7, $2.50 to members: to othe :. Derren Wel, il, iP ERG, An Annotated Catalogue "of the "Flor of Montana and the Yellow tae Park. Vol. 2, D. T. Mac Doue GAL, ithe Tadienee of Light and Darkness upon Growth and Development. Vol. RTH OLLIcK and E. C. JEFFREY, Sachs of Cretaceous Coniferous Remains es Kreischerile N. Y. Vol. 4, C. Stuart GAGER. ects of the Rays of Radium on Plan Vol. 5, NorMAN Tay. lora the Vicinity of New York ie 6, Tw eee ‘Anniversary of The nay He rk Botanical Garden Vol NE e ceae from TouT, Th Porto Ric U EiawemBehauion Be Avocados; H. H. Russy, Plants Galeea in the /Nmaeuiom Valley; ArtHur Ho tick, The Flora of the Saint Eugene Silts JOURNAL OF THE NEW YorRK BOTANICAL GARDEN MARCH PAGES VoL. 43 No. 507 JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN Carol H. Woopwarp, Editor ABLE PLANTS RE was a time—before the oceans were crossed by sailing vessels— ae great land-mass Shad only tt for the last four centuries the plants o e Americas 1s i i iS é a¢ ae os < of Eurasia have bee: nd ea ut now there comes a time wl ch continent is again restricted, not ly in its sources of f but also in the plants that uses for spices, flavorings, medicines, fume: cosmetics, as well as a great number of essential plant products, among them the rubber which goes ii tires and the coconut which ributes to nitro-glycerine. Instead of importing their products, as formerly, No merica can learn to raise ma: ants from other continents. Many green things from beh the wild, heretofore unnoticed, can be brought into the economic sphere. information is needed about both cultivated and native plants uch new info ibilities. uring March and April the New York Botanical Garden in tie in furnishing its own supplies of these plants or locating satisfactory aaa ites ver rson who visits the Garden’s exhibit at the International Flo Aa (March 16 21) or who attends the Herb Conference (April 7 and | 8) will be impressed by the practical lessons in this exhibit and program. TABLE OF CONTENTS March 1942 THe SHADBUSH IN FLow Cow a ae Helen M. Woodward (The fruits of Aeastache canadensis were an importan ‘ood for the North American Indian.) Marion A, & G. L. Wittrock 57 Milton A. Hopkins 71 Marion A. & G. L. Wittrock 76 Foop PLANTS OF THE INDIANS ANNOUNCEMENTS OF FORTHCOMING EvENTS AT THE GARDEN 87 Notices AND Reviews oF Recent Books 88 Norges, News, AND COMMENT The Journal is published monthly by The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New York, N.Y. “Entered at the Post Ofice in New York, N. Y., a8 second-class matter, Annual subscription $1.00. Single copies Free to members of the Gar meHIvers ul Lue Uatucus JOURNAL of THE NEW YorK BOTANICAL GARDEN VoL. 43 Marcu 1942 No. 507 Food Plants Of The Indians Vegetables, ees Fruits, Seasonings Glea m the Wild by the i: ane Natives By Marion A. and G. L. Wittrock n the woods or in the open country miles and miles from RSet could we exist for a week without our cust od, or a r without s and the means for cultivating plants? Stranded under these circumstances, w e necessarily starv es- tions of this nature have often been asked mbers o over the country. In some instances hikers se actually ina tion when a bit of knowledge of our native plant life ai ie Eee ines Let u e woods or open country a used for food, note our possible chance of existence. and sunflo did not always provide enough or sufficiently ere food, a nd of ¢ hen equate landed in America, the Indians in t i * Whe wi now the United States were cultivatin e five major varieties of corn classed wi hey st er, pumpkin, squash, an = We daniones: of which the seeds were eaten, serving as protection for the growing corn gud as a screen against the ravaging crows. The 7 is the story of the American Indian. Ss more than 200 differe ioe “there are records of the use of corn in eae cines, beverages, dyes, ceremonies, and the arts. The cultivation of corn was an indicator. of the state of cultural progress of a tribe, 57 58 crops at all were attempted by the nomadic tribes. So the Indian found pee wild plants to satisfy his palate, and those same plants are still i i fields. Could we exist on these native plants? Yes, if we are not too fastidious and will accept what could be eat Of the 3,500 different species known to used by the Indians in America either for foo verages, fibers, medicines, dyes or utensils, nearly half were used for food. A number of trees and shrubs provided nuts; herbaceous plants gave greens an pes of vegetables; edible fruits came from in- numerable plant sources; and many bulbs and tubers which are passed ground meal. In the oe of wheat, the Indians used the seed of many other grass-plants for flou Nuts for Nourishment But perhaps the most important native food plant of the Indian was the oak. Meal made of parched acorns that have been leeched with water to n emove the injurious tannin has a delicious flavo is nutritiou' n- dians long ago discovered the value of a eal, and they learned early ow to remove the tannin by placing ground aco in a fine-meshe The trees with the sweetest acorns are the Cal fornia live oak, Quere agrifolia, and the basket or cow oak, Q. Michauxti. o f the Atlantic cae t any aco i Indians ate the nuts of more than 40 other species of trees and shrubs, a HI ut-like seed of the water chinkapin, or American lotus, rr r di the Indians. Had we the Indian knowledge of the woodland and were we on the alert, in the springtime we could geen find caches of beech- nuts that had been stored by the ae mouse, This little creature usually aid The yellow-flowered emecnican lotus or water chinkapin, furnished food with its nut-like eeds, also its tuberous ro: gathers from 4 to 8 quarts of the small nut = it might have failed to use its winter supply. Indian women would find these caches and rob the stor aan ae would a leave a handful of corn in return. Would we be preciative Hundreds > Kinds of Fruits our next possible source of food. It i is surprising to observe t ‘ in medicine. Mo s were dried for winter use, one, the service-berry, Amelanchier ae being pressed into loaves weighing from 10 to 15 pounds. It 60 was described by Lewis of the Lewis and Clarke Expedition as most € delicious when served as a winter food, eaten raw or broken into soups. One of our common blueberries, Vaccinium pensylvanicum, was dri isin! nt! int Some tri w ed, b Naturally, the ane pone raspberr ies, currants, Sarai d errie i "5 & hawthorns, pers other tue S as food. Our records show that the ae of 14 spec ere eate mortars after removing the seeds and husks, then made it into a kind of T iscarded seeds were ground into a meal which was baked into a kind of bread or prepared as a mush. The pod of the screw-bean, Prosopis used in a similar way. Flowers Fried and Boiled 2 he many flowers found in nature, how many do we use as food? Those that are grown in vegetable gardens today are all of Eurasian 61 ius ears Hat ae and artichoke (of which we eat the involucral bracts of the flower in the bud stage). The Indians, however, ate raw d buds of the common milkweed, Asclepias syriaca, and of Spanish bayonet, nipets baccata; and cooked as aa the inflorescence of 15 other species in the bud stage. Leaves for Greens and Pother: This brings up the question of greens, or potherbs made of leaves and 8 in shoots. The many plants used by the Indians make indeed an imposing list. It seems that anything green, tender, and not too fibrous was u. More than a dozen different kinds of le. re eaten raw, others were used as relishes, the leaves of 59 species were boiled as we prepare spinach, iled with meat. of clover, Trifolium, were forag: California tribes. Indians were bserved in the eating lants raw, though they did have a pouch of salt f i the plants wou! ia occasionally take a pinch to give a bit of flavor—and incidentally aid digestion. The common milkweed was gathered in early spring and boile potherb, as were the young plants of the cow parsnip, Heracleuwm lanatum, which they were apparently better able to distinguish t t ite man can from the poisonous members of this family. The Indians boiled the whole plant of various ies of Oa the lovely plant e h rigold, Ca: palustris; the pleasant, succulent st and leaves of the western miner’ Montia elie and of scores of others, including the very young leaves ae sh cots oO aay Phytolacca decandra, a plant which becomes when natures. We find e find not one section throughout the United. cae thal failed | to have at least a few plants for use as a ps erb to ne ndian. een sonal foods, used when alae to a ad ed flavor to meats. Seeds, roots, and tubers were taken more seriously because this class of food could be stored for winter use. Native Grains and Other Seed Foods Besides that most important of seed plants, maize or Indian corn, which was cultivated, the Indians deciies on the seeds of many wild plants for food. Ww © accustomed to the use of our Eurasian grain plants, such as wheat, ley, rye, millet, rice and oats, that we do not t th 1- bility of other grass species that could be used as grai: Without question we are now cultivating best grain plants that nature can offer, bu € . there are many we could use were we patient enough to harvest them. i Ne ai i i é Ay Ny Wars were fought over wild rice fields in northern United States and Canada. grains | irom, the ae of Zizania aquatica Chow here approximately \4 natural ise e of th ds in the regions where they gr ae LAS LES / 50, \ \s Ne AY NAY \ 63 Either the grain of native grasses is too small, the hull or chaff too dt a to remove, or the harvest too small in return for the labor expended, t 0 Wild rice, Zizania aquatica, however, is now becoming a grain of the market. It was an important food of the Indians, Ledirauld in the m . in Te Returning to shore with their load of grain, ie he s would parch but h o ween wheat and rice. move the hull, but cooked ee whole grain into reddish gruel which was wholesome as a food, though not too appetizing in appearance. rt) Frequently the Indians ground together a mixture of seeds from several kinds of plants, and the Spanish word “pinole” has been adopted thr ale out the country as the name for this combination of seed food. Pinole wa: 64 either eaten raw, Aan with water and eaten uncooked, boiled into a i ities to serve hi ye Si f£ many of our native plants could be used as food were we country. As heside ie we ole hardly keep from tramping over + possible food. Edible Roots and Other Underground Parts Most of these seed-plants we would find in late summer fe autumn, but if we are caught in the woods say in winter time, we still could survive because of the many roots, es and bulbs that are edible and even rms were rane relished a the Indians. We naturally not only bulb but the ce icago ae its na garlic, Allium canadense, a spe onion merly common alo: bank: the Chicago River, particularly where the center of the city, from Michigan Boulevard westward, now is located e banks of the ri would come from afar to gather the sutKaKo’ak, the “wild weed” (also called Jskunk weed”) at SHiKax’o, “the place where the skunk weed grows.” Of the bulbs we find that more than 35 species were eaten raw, 21 species baked or roasted, 19 species boiled; and many prepared as a meal for and cakes, or dried for winter use, served as carat used as seasoning, boiled for soups, and steamed. al f the bulbous plants are ornamental enough to be used in horti- culture today. Who has not admired the beautiful mariposa lily, sego lily, Known today my in horticulture (or as ld flowers to hunt in spring and early summer,) Brodiaea, Camassia, and oa or shooting star were sought by the Indians for their edible underground part and star tulip—all species of Calochortus? The butterfly Hepatic Calo- chortus venustus, was highly esteemed by the Indians for eet corms. Sego lily, Calochortus Nuttallii, the state r of Utah Ss licious food for th Iso believed a common article of food ar the first Mormons in Uta he biscuit-root or camass, Cay ia esculenta, has been considered an important cle of diet among all erm Indian bes. nother western species, the California hyacinth or grassnut, Brodiaea capitata, is both beautiful as a e€ as a foo nd many other species of Brodi ere Coming east we c se corms of speci lium ; spring-beauty, Claytonia virginica ; the tooth violet, Ervihronium americanum; and many others mmon jack-in-the it, drisacm phyllum, was considered an excell: ood and w: d so ensively by Indians in th ew England states that it became known as the Indian tur e the fiery taste o corm e bite into it, but it ts boiled thoroughly the needle-shaped calcium eae tals are dissolved and the turnip becomes most palatable. We ie important plant employed more than thirty different ways by the India 65 ao RTANT PRIMITIVE FOOD PLANTS IN NORTH AMERIC. oe ie voung ye ots of pokeweed, or scoke, were cooked in spring. aoe right: The tubers of the whead were widely used by Indian tribes. Lower left: The thick 67 Of even greater ae was another member of the same ea the Virginia tuckah w-arum, Peltandra virginica. This species is ound in shal ed and the ‘0 in the pit, oo ee earth, and kept there for two days. In this way e ved 2 an Indians boiled the eizouies of the attractive butterfly-weed of ne nee oe tuberosa, and also cooked the young seed-pods with buffalo while the Delaware tribe ate the shoots of this plant as we eat a ee he cat-tails, Typha latifolia and T. angustifolia, were also important plants to the Indians, for the rhizomes can be dug at any time and Pp ood. ce st A was dried and ground into meal. Analysis shows that the flour ages meal, but the could ue substituted for cornstarch in puddings m1 and with loosen break them away from the long slender rhizomes. They would rise to the i s simply gathering and cooking the young oe ee e pod, in late i at e i An important root crop o western American Indians was the famous ed root upon which a partly subsisted in winter. Belong’ ging toot cistern ts of the arrow arum ae made edible by the Indians by baking for two days ina ice pit, Lower right: TI e bvead: rroot or prairie apple of a West furnished major food for both ‘indians and whites in the early 68 to the Pea family and botanically called Psoralea Bae : = also been known as prairie apple, prairie potato, and pon e blan Roasted in ashes, 1 t i ae S Ss huts. When wanted for food they were mashe aes two stones, e other so-called bread-root, known also as racine blanche, cous, us-root, and biscuit-root, Lomatium ambiguum, the Carrot famil ; was similarly important to t inhabi explorers and pioneers he oF it tastes like parsnips, to h it is related, but as it ase ues i s brittle and very white and acquires a g lavor as of celery. It keeps well and is easily reduced flour. a other roots of the Umbelliferae have been used, but the presence of a few spec ira ilies poisonous plants in this family Man-of-the-earth, wild pair os or wild sweet potato, Ipomoea 20 pounds. In the Southwest, ne Indians fou: nd a few wild species of este . Ja a Solanum tuberosum, sel Peru. Also in the West, the balsam-root or arrow-leaf, Balsamorrhiza sagittata, a member of the Thistle family, proved a useful plant to ie oa ans, for its agreeable-tasting roots were eaten either raw or cook e young stems were served raw as a salad, and the seeds were er aa ground oa ale which is a ee in itself. Native in the Son ni desert and adjacent th ith or cooked. When boiled they have a taste like sweet potatoes. The plant was also ground with mesquite beans to make a kind of pinole. 69 w many barks of trees, se or roots do we use as a food? a me diet. ng of willow, po; oplar, La and cedar were sed he cambium nd eat an a coarse bread in the Northwest. The A \lgo niquins alo made cakes tribes ate bark when food was scarce but they considered it strictly mine food, ndian ate no mushrooms until the white man showed him how, ens dozen diffe ed. teresting is Alectoria jubata, a lichen that grows on pine and fir t in the Columbia Ri ion. It was considered delicious when cooked with camass roots or boiled to a jelly-like mass by itse he white man is just beginning to learn the food value of the ferns, of The turnip-like root of the cow par- snip, also the young shoots; the root m, and the flesh be- of the North Puccoon picture, above at the right, by courtesy of the take of Minnesota, Department of Botan: Lan These and the other five drawings of food plants used by the North American yarns appearing with this article, have been made at the Garden through the co-operation of the W.P. WILD PLANTS IN THE INDIAN’S ae ALL ee TODAY Upper left: Three native species of o canadensi and A. cernuum, commonly known as wild pee Tech ou onion, alt oe whi ch were Hi enjoyed by the Indsans- oe ri bts € ground- mut or wild bean, which furnishes food from sos ower left: Bhssaines, shoots, and 8! tuber: shoots, and i eeds. : eed oped s of the buttery weed a are said to make pleasant eating. Lower right: Unfurling fronds of many ferns were eaten by the Indians, and some can be jound in the market today. Brac! Ken, fl which only the central Part oft the stem can be used, he cinnamon fern are show €. 71 which the Indians used at least 20 species. Some of these are now bei served in restaurants 0 Atlantic and Pacific coasts and kind is being commercially canned. The cinnamon fern, unda cin- nam , was used as a spring potherb. The fiddle-heads, or wi ds, were gathered and simme: fo , then oO soup he outs tanding £ ern plant used as a food was the common brake or bracken, Pieridium aquilinum. The rhizome was used by many tribes, its re : intermediate part of the frond in the early spring is delicious and when properly prepared it suggests asparagus shoots. We ha ad our long walk through the woods and fields and have fou vor, nutrition, digestibility, and satisfaction. A little knowledge of the uses of our native plants, however, does have e value le, offers a possible w flavor or os for the gourmet, and provides a source of food in an emergenc’ E> Wild Plants Used in (ookery By Milton H. aa University of “OK idea of using native American plants for cooking is as old rue eae eee on this c Undoubtedly our forefathers de- rived many f value f he Indians than they ever gave i re , and eir most ful lessons was that of obtaining vege- table products from selected herbs, shrubs, and tree o if you e of the m less mon foods from your local market—an is a of bringing to your table e of the most delectable dishes ever tasted, by using ordinary plants in, itd i ures, fields, an oods yy preference to commercial fruits and vegetables, and thereby we are miss- 72 the spice | novelty that they might provide in our diet, as well as are edible, th which meoct from them, For example, the tubers of arrowhead (Sapir latifolia), which is common on the margins of ponds and swamps and in other moist places gr Minnesota, Kansas, and Texas, all ee es ee s the whic! Its botanical name is Amphicarpa pies and it grows in deep rich ends ug! as I n and mix them together i in an ordinary Woot salad bowl which has 73 = soo. wiped with the bulbs of the common wild onion. Here is _ am Sen of young curly dock leaves (Rumex crispus) 2 or 3 clusters of young basal rosettes of shepherd’s purse (Capsella Bursa- pastoris) 6 or 8 bunches of young aeates greens (Taraxacum officinale) 3 large inches of ater s (Ra dicula Nasturtium-aquaticum) or 2 or 3 bunches of t e bas 1 (Oxalis vielacea) Chop the aes thoror a and marinate ju efore Serving wi a dressing of vegetable oil, vinegar, and spites as desire . Serve a bed of young leaves of curly dock and garnish with the watercress Tees. This makes a d ich the most epicurean taste wo’ ald be proud, and as well as being oe tractive in appeara it is extremely h ins. Endless combinations and variations may be tried from these salad plants, but in my estimation they all require a highly seasoned essing ey abs pidly, the greens should not ie as many spices as I have nd, es; greens usually have a somewhat bitter taste but the dressing eliminates that entirely. If you hesitate about eating plants raw, then here are some ued (Portulaca oleracea) is one of mo On only one possible count can it be excluded. Tt does have a s aspect, m like the sae . es okra, and this feature might make it objectionable to som amb’s-quarters — eae album) are ne good, are almost as cooke ubiquitous as a weed, an d in exactly the same way. i ardeners which I cook in boiling salted water purslan ee does tire of the sa y ise s taste is somewhat inferior to that of purslane, but I rank n spir ach ‘o retain its delicacy, serve it ple of igher ie etie than My favorite vegetable, ranking even higher than purslane, is the boiled 74 g flower parts of the common cat-tail. Typha ae and T. niet serve equally ied hae the secret is that on ain the g “tails” when they are only a few inches long ae while ae are ff : : that it is not possible to chew it arid the whole thing must be thrown aw beans and asparagus; there is nothing finer. But what of those plants whose leaves are the sources a aie 0 Here one fade a an seen list. Some make good vegetables, some are rc er ‘ hi of course, one must include the large number of trees whose nuts are 50 First of all there is the persimmon (Diospyros virginiana) et hh it is not abundant northeast of Pennsylvania and oa sey, c t be omitted from this paper. It is generally regarded as ae Fruit, but if its rightful place were bestowed upon it by cooking pee 75 would rank well toward op top of any list. = Eng’ and has her tradi- ke a ae plum pudding 1g] persimmon pudding.t e€ ie $ so common in et nd southwestern h America, and it: s are so flagrantly wasted that it is a pit: be gathered until several ae have sweet and edible. And if y ish to touched them, thus making them try persimmon pie, use any recipe for pumpkin pie but ae the persimmon meat for the pkin ne of my favorite jellies an “jams made from either wild black- berries or raspberries, and often I combin m. The quality is excellent perior fruit for jam is lovely am: at 11 these fruits. U1 summer when their reddish-orange drupes hang on the slender branches in great masses, hen there is the smooth sumac (Rhus glabra), whose clusters of pinkish red fruits can be used for a refreshing cold drink. The little drupe: ipe in midsummer and should be picked before they become too Their taste is very acid and n Il unlike the lemon. To make this lemonade cluster of inflorescences should be used for each glass. Crush the young fruits with a spoon t tract as much of th juice as possible. Then add enough sugar to suit the taste (about t teaspoons), cover with water add ice cubes until the glass is full he color deep pink and the flavor full-bo But do not prepare this drink t in advance, and do n it for more tha hou. cid is aes useless. ee ats ee have America. There are, hout m No ral plants which, though they are restricted to the neice however, 1 Here is my recipe for persimmon pudding: 3 eggs 1 ee led | Beroummon fruits 14 teaspoon salt 1 pi 2 aps Ce mall 1 teas sen oh 1 cup granulated s 3% Wash and Seod the Fei (to make 1 quart, about’ ®; quarts of who le fruit are required) and soak them old water for about an hour. Then run toe through a colander. Mix “the other, ane dients in the order g: i or ly. rt n and bake at 400° for on hour or until the pudding is a i ij whipped cream or hard sauce, and senish 2 with maraschino cherries, The p ne eee well in the icebox for several day: 76 and plains area of our country, have edible qualities which are very familiar to anyone who has ever lived in this region. They ought, by all means, to be mentioned. The ground plum (G ae Shruti or, as it is often called by i 1 kn prairie orale esculenta), whose tempting, fat rootstocks are du from underground? It is perhaps the most familiar of the edible wild root-vegetables, and is delectable either cooked or raw. is the size a medium white potato and has a smooth texture and somewhat sweetish flavor when it is cooked, more palatable than a turnip and not unlike that parsnip. My objective has been not to compile a list of the many species of edible plants, ba rather to discuss only a few whose attributes are well known to me from actual e experience with them, There are literally hundreds of others, equally delicious Weedy and generally ubiquitous plants can be used in cookery as fre- quently as they are desired. But thos see whose roots are prized for their qualities may become extinct if ae are used too often. So it is best to go easy on them and stick to the ee weeds. Em Medicines From Bane Pana cena and Efficacious Remedies Emmy yed by ie North American Indian By Marion A. and G. L. Wittrock “e aera was the Indian name fo: medicinal herb, and such a plant was prized, respected, and RTA as highly as any food plant. The two were closely linked, for able to eat was to the i igi of to be un ble to eat was t North eri al e a form of tor- re, a si f sickness, to be overcome with medicinal herbs. The Indian knew that in order t y his food, he st keep himself in good health. W| he felt sick, he had the utmost faith in the medicine m of his tribe, and he was a willing patient, taking any and every decoction r brew, and applying any liniment or poul prescribed. No challenge loubt ever came to his mind; to his medicine man was all. ful Did not this sacred person have direct contact with all spirits, evil or Was not his wisdom even greater than that of the chief, who 77 rarely acted on important tribal problems before consulting him? The thief. of the tribe may have ruled his braves; but the medicine man was the counselor, teacher, healer, comforter, prophet, and wise one of the ribe—one to 5 : What was his concept of medicine? Explanation of cause and effect d on superstition and the supernatural, but application of plant 0 ce and pragmati soning. drugs was founded on empirical experien tic rea: A plant juice, a from a leaf, or a cl ed root gol rked ; if the medicine failed to cure or heal, the failure was charged to the evil spirit” n important part in the life of the tribe. Should he fail i prophecy to bring rain, a good cr lant food, or plenty of game, or err in his diagnosis of the sick brave, the medicine m ‘oul always e the “evil one” and call on the “good spirit” to i overcome the evil taboo. Thus the medicine and religion of the tribe ave? Outside of what he anal by experience in healing, most of his learning was acquired from predecessor; in fact, this knowledge, which was ned to the medicine man a : s special “society,” was the mos! sacred thing in the e. All members of this elite, secret body were appointed by the acting ee man. In the Omaha tribe, this group was called the “Shell Society.” Young braves could qualify only when they succeeded in passing severe and physically painful tests. Ethnologists have always found it most difficult to learn the _ Secret knowledge of the medicine man, for the sanctity of this “doctor” cam direct from the spirit world, an nd it was considered disastrous to the tribe to reveal its “medicine” to the “white pagan.” The Legend of Medicine osedly, the practice of Indian medicine in most tribes had bee: taught ions ago by the great spirits of the first tier of the spirit orld where ee ‘first “medicine lodge” existed. The legend is told somewhat as follov One he kind spirits descended to earth and Showed the wise Grand- again e in- structed and acts the elders to the lodge. He gave them enn about the uses of plants and medicines aad taught them the Proper cere- mony for eac a 78 This legend reveals why I ndians revered “Mother Earth” a € ce will umes and asqu F and the symbolism it represented were quite as important as plant medi- i he art of heali ing an illness the er an ground,” the Indian’s heaven, never to return. A fee was charged, the amount depending on the nature of the sickness, payable in the form of beads, blankets, baskets or hides even ponies. The medicine lodge was e Indian's drug store, the medicine man’s sanctum. i ailments were treated ther ut if the case was serious, the medicine man called on the patient and administered ctions. no change devel , he gave a stronger herb. Should this also fail, h resorted to moke treatment, which usually consisted of burning leaves, ms and, for some conditions, flowers, si smoke e patient t e; or he heated stones for a sweat in a “ste pee,” throwing ess oil plants on the hot stones for their volatile vapors If these remedies failed, the illness was considered most serious; he ther resorted to severe treatments a tic symbolis: f the patient as in ma, and showed little sign of life, the medicine m: d resort to a strong sternutative, a sneeze 1 The pulverized root bark of the Kentucky coffee-tree, Gymmnocladus dioica, was so use spark of life still existed in the patient, Id certainly sneeze—some- om times fatally. Many such sneeze-inducing plants were available to the If at this point the patient still showed no signs of improvement, and there was still life, the medicine man then called on the higher spirits ough dance. ave often heard eee ie the idea that the Indian must have a d ly large that our ae coat have had trot le finding an open place HERBS UE eit AND NGS The root of Pe wer ae (shown in flower at the left) was used by the Indians, as it is used by doctors ee for catarrhal conditions. Leaves ne the wild calla (sight) ‘ave the Indians a poultice for swellin to settle, What iis the growth in Indian population? One of the many reasons is most ious: sanitation, a problem that was nev d the aborigines. camp gr ecame uninhabitable, the tribe would simply move to ano es have bee: ed out the rubbish heap, Sickness was ever present for the medicine man to cure. Remedies for Common Stomach Ache Stomach trouble, seas caused Hh over-eating, was of th ee a big feast t, many a brave aes seek his ome a ing ic: g which Hee ae ee uld choose a stomac hic. The ctstanding rem xchan: Why not, as considered a good remedy for as conditions, fever, flat- ulence, cough, toothache, and colic? The whole plant w. sed i smoke treatm unters made garlands of the coe to hang round their necks for their nee odor and mystic powers. Dakota 80 warriors chewed the root to a Paste which they rubbed on their faces to prevent excitement and fear in the presence of their enemies. White men, too, have considered nes root a ae Saas It was listed in ia of ‘ Loy $ tives in the world, much surpassing the European species, Rhamnus tic In the East, one of these many excellent emetic plants was the witch hazel, Hamamielis virginiana, a brew of the inner bark being used particu- larly in cases of ming. The ian also found it usefu a liniment ure lar cks or to be rubbed on athlete’s legs to ke imber. The volatile oi! of the pla as used i veat baths for many ailments otions were prepared for skin troubles and a decoction was highly valued as a wash ie sore eyes. How similar are te own uses, today, of this plant. Other interesting emetics were the black drink, aupon or oS holly, [ex pe, the compass-plant, ae enna and the sta flowered Solomon’s seal, Smilacina stellata. Headaches for the Medicine Man to Cure The ere is not a race in the world that is immune to headaches. Indians suffered from them too, caused by the same factor rs—over-eating, domestic problems, tibal wars, worry, and excesses of all kinds. The medicine man had his headaches too, his own and those of his t What magic coul he resort to from his f remedies? Counter-irritants gave the quickest relief n oil, liniment, po , or salve applied e ternally wou us a great i its sting, smart, eat with the hat the headache ight become seconda nd eventually disappear a ough we eis ecog- nize the value of counter-irritants, very eur as those very few of the 0 used by the Indians. Perhaps the most meri Sone an che 81 cure wa $ the jack-in-the-pulpit, Arisaema triphyllum, the corm of which dusted on the aching temples. The theory was that = a a .< 3 a. a s fr ie Eide canadensis ; i crushed roots of Hines dogbane 1 Apocynum androsaemifolivm, d, Clematis Douglasii Colds and Fevers Among the Indians Did the Indians a suffer from colds as we do today? Yes, and the medicine man had even more remedies than we have for He still unsolved r A quart of ade of th to cure a cold within two days. Fevers were ever a problem for the medicine man. Some of the simple ones he could recognize readily, and over the country there were some 113 s from whi ai “i , and in genera feel good.” White men learned the medicinal properties. of the winter- green from the ae and eee it into their pharmacopoeia as Oleum Gaulther € re man apparently knew that sometimes a fever may be allayed or broken by inducing aaa ae In the various tribes more Ms than 85 different species were know! om aphoreti ics. One was the sassa- fras, Sassafras variifolium, th ti the Ol assafras ft . S, Pharmacopoeia. The mountain tea, eae dare. and common ‘boneset, Eupatorium decioliahaps were also used for the relief of fevers, Because he had no knowledge of bacteria, many fevers could not be cingnosed Zs the medicine man. Yet he rec ies zed lung troubles, rice larly when a cough was associated with the fever. Depending upon the eed he ae prepare for pulmonary eo ae a balsam decoction THREE MEDICINAL PLANTS Eon the bark and roots of the fringe-tree (left) a decoction was made for healing ores. The witch-hazel aed was the source of a ‘lotion jor sore eyes. Leaves of the e-bush (right) provided a febrifug. from the balsam fir, Abies balsamea,; a tea of the wild sarsaparilla, Aralia flowers 0 nudicaulis; 0 ; Artemisia frigida; rew of dried f Iderberry, Sambucus caerulea; or of the leaves the um-plant, Grindelia robusta; or a preparati im the consumptive-weed, Eriodictyon californicum, Indians taught the missionary padres in Cali- ia the medicinal virtues of this latter plant ch became known a yerba santa (holy ), for it was esteen: eral tonic excellent medicine for bronchial tro Man the ve ‘metned species were used by the school of eclectic physicians in Ame iver and kidney ailments were diagnosed by many es i which the medicine men across the Satie had more than 36 kinds of plants as a reme o hundred or more American species were used as diuretics by the ee and ie. eclectics. 83 Heart trouble was also recognized by the medicine man, but he found ba very few medicines to combat this ai a from the steeped leaves of uthern wild ginger, Hexastylis arifolia, and a decoction f f the daisy fleabane, Erigeron ramosus, were both k for heart trouble by the Catawba Indians, and a able Seneg t, Polygala Senega, which is now an official a e U.S. Pha ao was used by others to overcome this illne: Antiseptics and Healing Agents The medicine man was truly practical with his antiseptics, healers, nd dressings for wounds in general. His medicine bag was his “first aid ge a si medic: ind-flower, eines fianly esteemed for many ills. A brew of the roots was applied ex d inte fo taken internally, as al s sore eskwaki Indians of Wisconsin used this icine as a remedy to ure crossed eyes e tribe used a small piec root as a lozenge seg. chewed slowly to a pulp and placed on a wound often Oo 238 o as o g » stypt Another oe styptic was a species a puffball, pee a one of the few fungi that the Indians dar . to n general, fungi were definitely feared. The ee of tl ane ee necly be dusted on the bleeding ign ous of the ne valuable anti- septic styptics was the staghorn sumac, Rhus typhina, the bark of which has a puckering effect because of the nae it contains. Wounds that did not heal well were classed with sores, and these, in leaves, by th subst: in the for f poultices, salves, r decocti inge tree, Chionanthus virginicus, and th s of the beautiful yellow clintonia, Clint borealis, and m-root, ‘@ anericana, were among the or more plant species used on sores. For minor cuts the “doctor” had a choice of 32 species of plants, sae for bruises he had more than half a hundred. He also had medicin burns and scalds, most the 48 species so used having tannin as a - ingredient. ne urprising remedies f s down of the ae a the common cat-tail, Typha | ee The same down added to rendered fat of the coyote was made into a plaster to be applied to the pustules of ee patients. 84 s by insects, scorpions, dogs, and snakes were always treated by er ine man. The Seminole Indians used a species of iris as a healer for alligator bites (if the reptile did not take too big a bite). Snake ites, in gener ere treated by antidotes obtained from at least 55 different species, while Tattle snake bites were counteracted by more than 24 species, mi f which are recognizable today by their common name such as snakewor e-root, snake-bane The rattlesnake weed, Echinacea angustifolia, was applied extensively by the Indians and later € alba, steeped in hot water was also considered effective Sedatives, Tonics, and Panaceas Sedatives for nerves were also prescribed by the medicine man. Of these he had, as our records show, 44 species nee which he could select. Narcotics also had their place in the medicine lodge, but their use was When the patie edic an Wo tonics to aid quicker recovery. We have found records of nearly 250 More than 100 kind. were pre- scribed, some to sti imulate appetite, others for the heart, liver, intestines, nervous system, respiration, stomach, and as revivers from faints, comas an iti 2 i ae “3 =: 5 B e medicine man considered more than 30 species as cure-alls. Some ese panaceas have already been mentioned. Our common bearberry, : f ; Indi ce cannabis imum, sweet cicely, Osmorhiza ens and butterfly-weed o pleurisy- root, Asclepias tuberosa 85 Many questions have been asked on the value of Indian herbs. Some of these questions are: What has the medicine man anes s? Are his medicinal herbs of any value? What of his primitive practice, his form of diagnosis? Has this strange mystic technique ah eee something to the knowledge of man? Most of his aoe were remedies and as remedies they were not necessarily good curatives. Civilization has, however, accepted many of hi : et proved by our re official ian in the U. S. Pharmacopoeia or National Formulary. We have already mentioned a few of these official drugs. Others of in are: Common Name Latin Name Present-day Use Indian Use U. 8. PHARMACOPOEIA Male Fern Drvyopteris Vermifuge Vermifuge Filix-mas May Apple Podophyllum Emetic and cathartic Insecticide, snake bites, peliatum dropsy and = rheu- matism, Wild Cherry Prunus virginiana Bark for bitter tonic, Bark for coughs and (P. serotina) iv berries and Se cole ines Rees bey ve, med. flavor. lavor. Virginia Snakeroot Aristolochia Sean for Brew for stomach Serpentaria stomach stahoretc pains and fevers. valuable for fevers. Sweet Gum ened Anviseie dnfetn sere and bruises (very yracifiuad jally for uable medicine in } feneo since earli- American White Veratrum viride Cardiac cand muscular Sen ay aches, Hellebore sedat headaches. NATIONAL FORMULARY Golden Seal Hydrasi Tonic ra a Remedy for eczema; atc conditio inhalant for catarrh, Juniper Juniperus Essential = diuretic Diuretic, flavor and communis and aromatic sthma. It is surprising to note in the above list the similarity of Indian reme- dies compared with today’s official use of ae herbs. With few exceptions they are alike. Eclectics, however, used a great many more of the nativ plants; in fact, we estimate that they es at least 300 different species, about 17% of the total number of medicinal herbs that were used by the American Indians. The white man still has much to learn about the uses of plants from his predecessors on the North American continent. While some of the Indian’s remedies which were adopted early have recently been dropped 86 from official use in medicine, largely because of the development of syn- thetic products, others, when they are tested, may yet prove efficacious. As the i i a the Indian’s belief that the “medicine man” is all-powerful and that only ie has the knowledge and right to determine which pla: Il be use cure an ailment en the white n becomes ill, let him remember the Indian, who never prescribed for himself, but who faith- fully followed the word of his tribal “doctor ANNOUNCEMENTS of forthcoming events at The New York Botanical Garden INTERNATIONAL FLOWER SHOW “Food and ee a - the North American Indian” is the Se len’ ye d bit . L.Wittrock, we have also eee the two leading articles a thie | issue of the Journal. KOK OK HE Cc ] ae ERENCE April 7 and 8 in the Museum Building Open to the ie ee charge Mrs. HeLen Mor , Chairman rene TUESDAY, 10:30 a Address of Welcome Dr. Mime 1 irl Director, Nee York Sit Garden . Heren M. Fox, BG. s 7 Sun Herbs in Cosmetics iss Mata Ruorxstens, Rep. Mme. Helena Rubinstein Herbs in Perfumery . CHRISTIAN WIGHT, Perfumer-Chemist TUESDAY, 2:30 p China’s Contribution in hae Herbs Dr. W. a Porterriztp, U. S. Dept. fe Spices—Past, Present, and Fut Mr. M. L. van Norven, Amer. Spice Trade Ass WEDNESDAY, 10:30 a. adress of Welcome Dr. WitLiAM ee s, Director, eee York Botanical Garden orth American Indian Customs es Medicinal Plants . G. L. Wittrock, Curator of the Herbarium, N.Y.B.G. 87 8. n Med i Herbs Dr. H. K. Svenson, Brooklyn B.G, Motion Picture—The Production of ssential Oils in the Western Hemisphere n through the courtesy of Fr itesche Bros., Inc. Pee 2:30 a Commercial Production of Apa opeen Drug Plants in Dr. W. J. Bona: Profesor ae Botany: Fordham University Some Important Drug Plants and their Role in Medicine Dr. C. C. Lies, College of sie Columbia University Summary of the Conference Dr. W. J. B , Professor of Botany, Fordham U. Luncheon and tea in nce herbs will be pie will : served on both days by the Advisory Council of ae New York Botanical Garden and the New York Unit of the Herb Society of Aineri Some of the papers pan Gee two-day conference will be published in whole or in part in forthcoming numbers of this Journal. * OK PRING LECTURE $ e spring series of free Saturday pian lectures at the New York Th Botanical Garden will open March 21 with a talk to be given in Chinese costume by Mr. George Kin ng, who al describe the garden at his home in Chin: d give comments hines TS. following hi Saturday Dr. W. H. Camp will speak on his plant hunting expedition in Oaxaca. The complete schedule of lectures will be published in the next Journal. Meanwhile, a card announcing the subjects and speakers will be mailed free to any person requesting one. Laat More information on wild pi of North America that can be for food will be given in an erie enti itled “Edible Weeds of Wayade and He b € gen! : ree the April Journal will pe continuation of the series of iihastected articles on ae plants bene written by E. J. Aleeude: of the Botanical Garden’s staff. Notices and Reviews of Recent Books (All publications mentioned here may be consulted in the Library of The | York Botanical Garden or may be purchased on order through the yl Unsung ee of school readers to be concerned more with Modern Socie nventors rather than the antics of hero RUBBER’S GOODYEAR, = Adolph warriors, be they Greek, Roman or C. Resi. cts, Pe pages, es, illustrated. Sher? Her the life of Goodyear, as in the Whenever “ ted a book of this nature _ lives of +6 many other unsung benefactor: the Howght mnvariably occurs to me, of modern society, we find those qualities how desirable it uld be for grade- of persistence, foresight and sacrifice ich have been associated with the real benefactors oh mankind. The opprobrium f the debtor’s prison, the humiliation of bankruntey, ill-health, Seow aad verty were Goodyear’: s IN HERB. Leo: 208 sree “nlustrated, we Barrows & Co., Be. kk will prove an ¢ Sounin’s pee i Tete tion to ir sub iecollections of years of e€ imp: for the rage: Parketer, he chapter on vegetables should Drove a poon and an eae eet who reduc 11S their f Sin ple gardening instruction: clude the colaines Pleasantly. “interspersed with nal comments the each additio: herb, Marcia Garrick. Notes, hers and Comment The caption for the illus. "foe fosum var. e 4 he Feb- no Visitors. Vicki Baum and her son, Wolfgang Lert, I isited th tories and library at the Garden several times recently to gather some authentic hota ical ‘and a material for s Bau ee fC. neby, amateur botanist of Beverly Hae Calif, left for the Coast after spendin, g six weeks in the Britton Herbarium studying the genus Astragalus. Prof. Mar ie-Victorin, Director of the ontreal Botanical Garden, Stopped on cal Gary J. P. iba, on a way a trip scheduled to last for nonths, Other visitors to the Garden this past month included Frank Egler from the New York State College of Forestry at Syracuse University; Dr. Anna M: Carpenter of Bethlehem, Pa.; Carl Witt. ner from the Botany Department at Yale, it Wittner ; D: id s. H. Wheeler of Washington, D, C.; Mis: ogon, a former student from the Sor- mine; Dr. and Mrs arles J. Lyon Dartmouth ; and ae R. Sansome o: Engla: ho is a in the Depart- ment etics oe "Col rin; Har pa of Geni d Spr g ‘bor where she is studying ae genetic pis eleey, of the pink bakery mold, New Spor ncheon. On Feb. 9, 24 gaat of te "Advisory Council of the w York Botanical Garden held a uncheon in the bers’ After t business meeting Mrs. Je erome W. Coombs gave a talk on Alas! Art. from Flowers. | Textile designs found in the gr reen mhouses ee in lib books at the New York Botanical Garden have been on view since mid-November in the m: Inc., in New Yor ity. Seven Pan-American lants are represented: Stetsonia for Argentina, Calathea for Brazil, the ee plant for Costa Rica, Gunnera for Ecua- dor, banana nt for nama, Beau- montia grandiflora for Honduras, an Lefcasti for G aterm th the ma- With th terials are shown the original paintings made by oe who worked for several weeks the New York Botanical Garden. THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN Officers Joszera R. Swan, President HENRY DE arene Bato ae president Joun L. pre. Henry DE LA Mow’ NE, Secretary Elective eae E. AucH Crarence McK. Lewis H. Hopart Porter pes y Fp . ONT ENRY Lockuart, Jr. Francis E. Powe t, Jr. ARSHALL FIELD Mas. Eon Huntincton D. T. MacDoucaL Mrs. Harotp I. Pratr Tooxen E. D. Merri WiiaM J. Roppins Prerre Jay Rosert H. Montcomery A. Percy SAUNDERS aes M ers Froretto H. LaGuarpia, Mayor of the of New York JAMES be paeae President of the jfauy of Education Rosi 7 Mos! ‘k Commisstoner Appointive Mana, By the Torrey Botanical Club H. A. Gleason By Columbia Univ Beraty Marston T. Bocert Marcus M. Ruoapes R. A. Harper Sam FB, TRELEASE THE STAFF LIAM J. Ropains, Pu.D., Sc.D. 1, "A Gueason, Pu.D. Assistant Director and Head oe HENRY DE LA MoNTAGNE Assistant Duseter B. Stout, Pu.D, Curator of Education and Labor: RED J. SEAVER, Pu#.D., Sc.D. ssid ERNARD OQ. Donce, Px.D. eee i oHN HENDLEY BARNHART, AM., M.D. Biblio: ne aphee W. Ricxerr, Pa.D. Assistant "Pilogrepher AROLD N. Movvenke, Pu.D. Assi ‘e Curator LIZABETH C, Hatz, A.B., B.S. 6 tbea rig ‘LEDA GRIFFITH Artist and Pho iographer "ERCY WILSON esearch Associate OBERT S, WILLIAMS Research pce in Bryology . J. ALEXANDER Assistant Curator and Curator of the Local Herbarium H. Camp, Px.D. Pree ‘urator Cuanpter, Pu.D. ical ‘ant OSALIE WEIKE i ‘REDERICK KavanaGH, M.A. Technical Assistant HN H, Prerce, M.A. Technical Assistant OL, Woopwarp, A.B. Edit ssistont ‘tomas H. Everett, N.D. Hort. orticulturist L. Wirrrocx, A.M. Custodian of the Herbarium TTo Decener, M.S. Collaborator in Hawaiian Botany Gr A.D. Honora: SSE, Ropert HaGeLsTEIn Honorary Curator o ‘yromycetes JosrrH F, Burke Honorary Curator of the Diatomacea B, A. Kruxorr Honorary Curat tor of Economic Botan Ernet Anson S. Peckuam Honorary Curator 1 Nt Hectic ArtHur J. CorseTr Superintendent of Buildings and Grounds A. C. PFANDER Assistant Superintendent reach the Botanical Garden, take the Eighth Avenue Subway to Bedford Par! Bred. the Third avenue: Elevated to the Bronx Park station, or the New York dental the Betanieal. spatcen station; or drive up the Gra _ oneogt tee then east _on Moston Blew om Westchester, turn west at end Bronx River Pkwy., or, coming from Westchester, turn we THE CORPORATION OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN The New the State of New York in 1891. The ng a self-perpetuating body of incorporators, who meet annually to elect members of the Board o s. They also hi York Botanical Garden was incorporated by a special act Act of TeeorsoRtien provides, amo: Manager: Iso elect new members of their own body, the present roster of which given below. Th visory Council consists of 12 women who are elected by the Board. they are also ele elegy to "Officers are: Mrs. Robert H. Fife, ane ie Carnortione First Vice-Chairman; Mrs. Sec Nelson B. Williams, Recording Secretary; Mrs. Townsend Scudder, Conessenaey William A. Lockwood, Secreta and Mrs. F. Leonard Ke llogg, Treasurer. Arthur M. Anderson Harry Harkness Flagler Mrs. Augustus G. Paine Mrs. Arthur M. Anderson ts. Mortimer J. Fox Mrs. James R. Parsons Mrs. George Arents, Jr Childs Fric! Rufus L. Patters George Arents, . H. A. Gleason Mrs. Wheeler H. Peckham Vincent Astor Mrs. Frederick A. Godley Mrs. George W. Perkins er Mrs. McM. Godley Howar ipps Henry de Forest Baldwin Sherman Baldw; Mrs. James Barn Mrs. William Felton Barrett rof. Charles P. Berkey Prof. Marston T. Prof. Willi George P. Brett Boge am J. Bonisteel Mrs. John Aa Delafield r. H. M. Denslow Mrs. Robert H. Fif Mrs. Henry J ee Capt nry B. n Mrs. Harold I. Pratt Mrs. Elon H. Hi Mrs. Henry St. C. Putnam Mrs. Clement Houghto: Stanley G. Ranger Arc Huntington Johnston L. Redmond Pierre Jay Ogden Mills Reid rs. Walter Jennings Prof. Marcus M. Rhoades Mrs. Alfred G. Kay Dr Paes R Mrs. F. Leonard Kellogg rof. A y Saunders Mrs. Warren Kinne: John sn H. R. Kunhardt, : Mrs. Henr Schwar. Mrs. Barent Lefferts Mrs. Arthur Hoyt Scott Clarence K. Lewis Mr: rthur Scribner Henry Lockhart, Jr. Mrs. Townsend Scudde Mrs. William A. Lockwood Mrs. Samuel Seabury r.D. Dougal rs. Guthrie Shaw Mrs. David Ives Mack Prof. Edmund W. Sinnott Mrs. H ward Manville Mrs. Samuel Sloan Parker McCollester Edgar B. Stern Louis E. McFadden Nathan Straus John R. McGinley Mrs. Theron G. Strong D. Merrill rs. Arthur H. Sulzberger . Merrill Joseph R. Swan Roswell Miller, Jr Prof. F. Trelease Mrs. Roswell Miller, Jr Mrs. Harold McL. Turner Mrs. Ros: Miller, S: Mrs. A ie P. Voislawsky George M. Moffett Allen Wardv e la Montagne Nelson M. Wells ‘ol. Robert H. Montgomery s. Nelson B. Williams Barrington Moore rs. Per. Williams Mrs. William H. Moore Bronson Winthrop J. Pierpont Morgan Grenville L. Winthrop Dr. Robert T. Morris John C B. Y. Morrison Richardson Wright By en ee ee JOURNAL THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN Vor. 43 A P R I L PAGES No. 508 1 9 4 ) 89—116 JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN Caro. H. Woopwarp, Editor RECOGNITION HE awards that were granted to the New York Botanical Garden and ei crowds that atte nded its exhibit last month at the Int ecen i i i the Flo ho’ in: en of the Garden Ga is carried on as a public service. For its display of Food and Drug ge of the North American Indian, oa Be rden received a gold medal fro | ae wer Show mittee, and “i cognition of t ae ublic value of i did eaucseonal and his acl a a silver medal from the ie Garden Clubs of New ork Si — ition, a wen re ee a as plants of which were = and a specimen Aspidistra bearing 457 en ata to oe th aie at nef its kind ever exhibited in New York, brought a cultural certificate from the Fl 1 Show. As is indicated by the statements made with the awards, these com- bined exhibits brought old and new food plants to the attention “of the people and sae them fine example : horticultural practice as a goal i ned the way t! and gave them a promise of something new. Altogether, it was a display that stimulated the mind and intensified the feeling for the usefulness and beauty of plants as essentials of life. TABLE OF CONTENTS April 1942 KaLaNcHoé Benarensis, A Lance, SHowy, Fert-Leavep SUCCULENT SHRUB FROM MADAGASCAR Cover Photograph Fleda Griffith bsaeaes AND Foster inte IN THE GROWING r Druc PLa William J. Bonisteel 89 ene — OF THE OLD Wor E. J. Alexander 96 Cuino Tsal, A New CHINESE VEGETABLE 107 Art Exnreits 107 Eprste Weeps oF Waysipe anp Woops Helen M. Fox 108 Notices anD Reviews oF RECENT Books 112 RENT LITERATURE LANCE 114 Notes, News, AND COMMENT 114 Sprinc LECTURES AT THE GARDEN 116 The Journal is published monthly by The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New York, N.Y, Entered at tne oe Oliee in nie York, N. ¥., as second-class matter. Annual subscription $1.00. Single copies Free to members of the Garden. JOURNAL of THE NEW YoRK BOTANICAL GARDEN Vow. 43 Apri, 1942 No. 508 Problems And Possibilities In The Growing Of Drug Plants By William J. Bonisteel Fordham University UT of the total volume of approximately 800 botanical drugs* used in this country, the United States formerly imported more than 30 percent of its supply from Europe. With our entrance into the war SS an B = FY w a3 B S = ao in 5 a) d. mported e advances and, in many cases, the witha ne rug from commerce. e prices of a eS See a items will indicate the trend of the market over ae last thirty v Price Variation in Crude Drugs Before Pearl Harbor, Ttem Highs of 1913 World WarI 1936 1939 Fall: 1941 Aconite ro Ih. 13 90 42 25 n Belladonna rot Ib. 09 4.50 15 é .! Caraway frui Ib. 08 69 Al .09 1.05 am omile flowers Ib. 21 1.35 37 28 3.25 inchona bark Ih. .20 -80 36 55 85 Digitalis leaves Ib. a 70 225 36 40 Henbane lea: alee Ib. 2,10 24 14 3.40 Spanish Saffrot Ib. 11. 10 16.00 13.00 29.00 39.00 Stramonium Jeay eS lb. 08 22 .09 This table wanes it alae that to raise any one of these broducts would be a profitable bus but the situation needs some anal Not only are certain ee oF climates nes for some crops, but in sev- eral instances the requirements of the growing, harvesting, or processing *The term “drug” is used here in its broadest sense to include substances used in medicine, essential oils, culinary herbs, spices, and plant products used as insecticides. 8&9 90 of the plants are beyond the skill or equipment of the average gardener. Yet dealers in medicines and other special products want these substances produced in the United States. Others are interested in drug culture as a means of national defense. ea any of our botanicals that have come from central Europe have been ol from na oy plants there, either wild or cultivated. ersons on e ever attempted to grow them in this country, because it is not possible for us to compete w a labor conditions abroad. Seeds and Sal T serious problem a we face is inability to get seed for lee and of course do not have seeds f We are short of any drug items and some will not be eae “until ones is once more establishe ne of the most ae ee has centered attention upon the shortage of crude drug s been the false spaper and far. journal accoun 1 me one journal stated that digitalis wou pound in the fall 1941. Naturally, this created ¢ erable attention for wit ield of 5 nds per fortune fror few A little study would have at many companies gr hi n and, is indicated in this article, the plant € ained from the wild in the northwestern of country Seventy: res certainly would take care of al stic needs. Another report stated that Michigan could produce millions of dollars Tr ude drugs. Essentially that is true, b Id not sell them for there is no market for such a huge production. Arithmetic must be considered in the culture of plants for crude drug products. pee ae lowers the price beyond a figure that will bring a profit to the gro Our Normal Needs Twenty acres of aconite, based upon a yield of 500 pounds of d: drug per acre, would supply our domestic needs. At the prevailing nee of 1913 this would give a yield o per acre. If tubers wer il. for propagation a crop could be procured in the second year. Unfor- thi le for commercial pr ion naatly tubers of this plant are not available duct Using seeds it would take four years before a crop became available. 91 During the period of growth the plants need clean cultivation. Durin: te ro 90 the first rid War w aconi ot was cents a g ield per acre woul 450 and w be an attractive horticultural pr Tf, ho igh price resulted in a large increase in the er : stramonium atura ee wit) acr henbane yoscyamus i ac: veral of the c rig e eir d ie! available for practically all our needs. Stramonium similarly has gone peat y : d The same condition prevails in other countries and when general business is good it is hard to obtain collectors for drug plants. Belladonna Culture One of the most ambitious oe for the cultivation of belladonna has been undertaken by S. B. Penick & Company of New York, one of the world’s largest dealers in crude drugs. Belladonna is one of the items a t n not re in any | nt. only are we ore a to grow enough for our own use, but now we have to sour Ine, fe company has selected large and small acreages in several e s Ag: culture and other interested Governmental Age! Des pite the = wl way! n drug attempting to relieve the shortage and alan high Brice. Belladonna was grown to a limited extent during the previous World War, but for reasons of price the culture a when normal trade relations were re-established. Last year one grower with approximately urity. ; ee ° estimated that about 200 to 300 acres of belladonna were grown last year and perhaps not more than 25 acres gave a sati a tory crop. Since this was the first year of cultivation on a large scale it is hoped that growers m the S year. n: is here outlined briefly ae will suffice as an example for the cultivation of many other drug plant 92 he seeds may be started ewe free and then transplanted to flats The and later planted out in ue field when all danger of frost is over. The soil must be in a good state of cultvati and should have been deeply plowed, since be 1 He e d a considerable eee into oe ground. Approximately 7; seedlings are needed for The. may be planted out in s.or equally spaced so that ey a ‘be acd vate directions. It is necessary to keep the plants free f ds and cultivated during the entire gro ason, e uceioae plant is ubject any plant diseases and it may be necessary to spray hee ly for insect 1 1 ections of this country “be Hladonna. seeds crop the first year. The yield oe acre eeds will mature the first year. After the top. in harvest can be collec be dug t Id of approximately 150 pounds of dried material may be collected from an acre. The leaves and tops flower. obvi f bel rp are sence when the plant is t amount of water an essary tha ver-grt ortion be very carefully dried in oe shade before the drug is shipped to the dealers mold grow! hich troys the drug for eds, necessary to provide special drying facilities, which increase the cost - the grower. ‘or man e have maintained at Fordha Sea Ses a small plot of belladonna which has been highly en lants are allowed to stay in the ground until heavy frosts ha me this time re spring. a result, in early M vig lings is obtained Such a method cannot be used commercially but it indicates that plan’ may be grown in se ae the open and transplanted from there directly to the field. W ae scarcity of bella e have been experi- menting with the arr e, and the two pictures show that it is possible to peed up the activities of nature, giving not o as percentage of germination but a much more vigorous type pla From our experi- ments it is evident that most of the Sees ai used for plantings ad a chance to mature has been gathered too early and the seed ha properly. Seeds collected from wees sources ee that the average germination may run from 10% to 20% Belladonna seedhn ge, raised at Fordhdws University, showing the advantages of treating he seeds.* Both lots were sown on Dec. 18. Untreated seeds, shown in the pot at ihe left, did not germinate vent Jan. 28, and then only 40% of them came thro oug! gh f the treated seeds in the flat at the right, 80% germinated between Jan. 8 a America’s Possibilities Some of the drug eae are growing henbane for its leaves and othe will no doubt i increase the acreage to supply our needs. Stramonium can : : . ee ore He cue a crop, and poe items are ates ctic; ally impos- sible to develop m ‘time. ould hav ee wise, sek ago, to have established sal plantings Ae many of these useful tre wherever they would grow in the western hemispher: Oil-Bearing Crops The drugs that yield essential oils are for the most part produced i other countries. However, the follo lowing substances could be eee in the Americas, though they would require considerable acreage. Such *The details of the seed treatment will be presented in a technical paper when the chemical assays are completed. 94 plants are cumin—2,000 acres; coriander—4,500 acres; anise—25,000 acres. Dill, caraway and fennel would require some extra thousands of r 7 atest available information shows that in normal times Holland produce ,0 of caraway seed; Russia had 10,000 acres to) e and fenn ; and it is estimated tha | acres wer iander. The total production of lavender oil in Europe would indicate cat about 400,000 pounds of this oil are used, but it is now unobtainable in aie countr. w the oil-be: rrr drugs that offer possibilities for culture in America, . t only on large-scale operations. The crops dem ao 2 & kh io. ncre: eage of Tops erhaps the most difficult ones to master because of the haar kill that are required to furnish a fine product. Insecticides Needed If w e to preserve our crops oy insects and our food supplies ru tions are kn xist, the acreage will have to “Be coandebly expanded to meet our present needs. i the trade as “insect flowers,” are also used for ae a. dusting mate- rials. There have been a rae test plots grown in this ntry, and in our northern ae we can increase our yield if we a fone seeds for propagation. But that is a matter of uncertainty. As red sq aL a pamael of U rginca, is used . kill rats, and we need a large amount of this material, so it is hoped that experiments now being as will aie im methods for its propagation. Red squill normally ‘ from the o iterranean asin. hite squill, which also ordinarily came from the same region, is used to a considerable extent in medicine, and this drug is practically 95 off the market, but it is hoped that from - few ae plants now growing here, sufficient seeds will be obtained to make us independent of other countries. The writer has more than 20, oe plants of white ee growing and they will no doubt produce enough seeds for the nucleus fo eed r domestic * Ok Ok How long the war will last is, of course, aie Judging from es after the last war it will be one wo aes ater before any normal relati will be established : des $ goes are bulky material and are ted in the shipping trade as tee cargoes, Shippers will ae ke cargoes pee no o ity is avail b} hen, again, the s corched earth policy may prevent production for any me. Iti writer’s opinion that normal trade relations eee not 2 eae for anol seven S refore, we shall It is seston that we have very little literature availa ble on drug culti- 2 fa] gq ic} 38 oe a > ° A @ o fond a o om A z. = ia g fo} 2 mo ies ih + n c a om losses upon his in The article above is based on the address given by Dr. Bonistect on the second day of the Conference on Herbs. and Drug Plants at the New York Botanical Garden April i one eo ania aad esses, or excerpts from them, will appear in forthe coming Journa of his talk, Dr. Bonisteel exhibit ted a Specimen of foxglove (Digitalis ene Se he said. by biological assay has been proved to contain aes than one a one he olf times the normal amount of Cigtialis, The result of selection an ing, this plant is an example of how our production of essential ar UugS reased b a hapeot rement at the plants ote which they are derived, 96 Succulent Plants Of The Old World 'y E. J. Alexander (Fourth in a serves of articles primarily based on the large collection of succulent plants at the New York Botanical Garden.) HE similar Se which many plants present to desert-like condi- ant of succulent ee it is better to refer to it merely as a the fleshy memb which occur in both the Worlds, 4 in the New World only, ai e remaining 13 only in the ce Wor Tt ts with ae great cae ‘0 Vorld succulents that we e here coi d, and we find them scattered through 21 different Se families. na ne survey of the succulent plants of the world, we note how few are the types of succulence produced as a response to an arid or semi-arid ¢ ae e. As ama P act, there are only two: stem succu- lence and leaf succulence; there are also on o resultant forms o a r mly es rowth: the rosette form and the stem-succulent form, the latter either v In a possible third form the succulent portion is the much enlarged basal part of the stem, sometimes above ground, sometimes bi . This i lity a modification of the stem-succulent type, altho when underground the fleshy portion of the stem is often tuber-like. pares plants in this group require the same conditions in cultivation as tru succulents, the more remarkable ones will be mentioned her Succulent Lilies and Their Relatives ong He erate we find leaf- pe isc dominant with only ree excep One e, Cyanotis somaliensis, is only half-succu- lent and th anes of no g te concern here. ere a ne foot, Testudinaria ye which consists of an See food-storage ody at the ground-surface. This body is covered with large, angled. A id ae with oe e characteristi- pebbled eae Fh long flower spike. SUCCULENTS AMONG THE LILIES (All reduced in size) Aloe plicatilis, a distinctive form with two-ranked leaves. (A) (Left) Aloe humilis, a popular dwarf species. (VY) (Right) Haworthia cymbiformis, showing the typical two-lipped lower of this genus. (2) 98 corky plates, the whole cana an unusual-appearing structure out of the center of which in growing season arises a twining stem which bears oth Hate a is The hind nee is an asparagus relative, ow i rtly hi tem bearing at its ultimate tips small, ver, a the ore ewe eers is the re quite rare, but hardl ae great effort to grow. f great horticultural value, however, are three other related genera, ason of small, compact growth and ease of culture, are among the most choice and de of house-plants require nothing more than a little water, ainage and soil, and som ade, and in eturn make s id specimens that will stand st any amount of neglect and t t ar ot atmospheric conditions. The most closely ‘related to Al species 0 teria, all o ich ve stiff, tongue-shaped leaves, usually with yellowish blotches or raised a white warts. Their tubular flowers, inflated at the base, in shad coral-pink or red, hang in arching rac : While the genera Haworthia and Apicra have greenish white flowers £ great beauty, they are all attractive small plants. Sometimes the leaves have white warts in rows e side, sometimes they are evenly colored, either dark or light, but they are always fascinating. 99 The flowers of Haworthia are hited the three upper petals being larger than the three lower ones; those o s one other f Apicra have the petals all alike is relationship i enus. bi th tender pale green leaves and spikes of bright yellow flowers whose petals are spread flat, exposing the bearded filame he st: mens, They are not easy to iS uigh the species of Sansevieria, also i in the Lily family, have succu- lent-textured leaves, most of pe are jungle rather ea desert plants. is fami the Old World es a Doryanthes, both. from southeastern Ale and quite rare in aie tion. In the Mulberry Family enia, a genus of the Mulberry family, Moraceae, oa distantly related to the figs, contain several succulent species, all fro ni. aves. Allo i a y florescence of the ae called 4 , hypan nthe un, rules a long-stalked, i the ike in ee several “Teat-tike ap S. In rtulaca family are two succulent genera. One, the elephant- bush, Portico eign said to be Pie rite elephant food in Africa, i pular in po, succut oe tt h wide-spreading branches and an es ee un ae but oe tiny pinkish flowers are rarely seen, o in this oa s the a nacampser he “windowed” members of which were ee d in the preceding article. The other eae about in nw r, a osette-like plants with thick ovate or ellipti tical ae and foals. rosy-purple flowers opening for an our or so in the The peek thema e greatest number of species of Old World succulents is in into the old eee genus Mesembryanthemum, now broken into more than 50 genera and ly all restricted to Soutl ri their native home. Several species have escaped al e California coast, and one is con- idered native on the co: ue i ave warranted a as article. The remaining species (numbering FLOWER AND LEAF FORMS IN THE CRASSULACEAE ‘ (Reproduced approximately half natural size.) Kalanchoé tubiflora, with plantlets on the tip of each leaf. Crassula corymbulosa, whose pendent” 4 clusters have a heavy musky odor. : te €@ 7. Kalanchoé marmorata, with white flowers? MORE FASHIONS IN THE CRASSULA, OR STONECROP, FAMILY argentea (also known as C. portulacea), excellent plant for. home culture. Manriqueorum, which stands 3 feet high. 102 more than 2,000) must be treated through a group of their representa- tives here. Stem succulence is quite rare in this group, which is either stemless r e and rosette-like, semi-woody and creeping, or erect a: uch branched with succulent or half-succulent leaves. Il are sun-lover d “inhab - tants o 1 semi-arid region heir flowers are many-petal nd striking resembla: flowers 0 omposite family that many amateurs (and, for that matter, many horticulturists) believe them mbers at family. wever, i of the blos- som, it will be seen that it is a single flower with cal corolla, stamens, istils and ovary, not a imposed of a cl as, in the Compositae. The Mesembryanthe elo: t-weed aaa of having some far-distant, ancestral relations with f of a tree, are noted for the brllian ney and quantity of their glossy-petaled ch are in all r lue and in all si hat several colo : Copp lian Altont deep blood. oi) fos rs and C. spongiosum rose-pink flowers, 3 or 4 inches across; Carpobrotus edule, large golden- i e rose ice-like tubercles are on many species among the Mec bastions, ar yi Oscularia caulescens and O. deltoides are two beautiful shrubby species with small blue leaves and numerous small pink flow ers Dorothe Beas j are tw well b they are suitable for summer bedding in hot dry situations and i oes near the seashore 103 The genus elie which forms its own family ea related an me t to the capers tards, contains half-succulen $, nati sout ica. It is a small ne to 18 feet tall a eet in diameter with smooth pale gray soft spongy he branches are thick ft, the leaves bi-pinnate, slightly over 2 feet long ai early 2 wide. lorescence is a much-branched, racemose ne ee panicle up to 20 inches long, with small white flowers. Familiar Plants Among the Crassulas equal importance is the family of the stonecrops, the Crassulaceae. car familiar with the rock-garden sedums and sempervivums, but ° RS, wers. these are charensis with large, broadly arrow-shaped leaves; tomentosa with narrow, gray, brown-edged leave es; and K, orgyalis with Pygmy debut. These two minute members of the pieuleeae have not previously been eos in cultivation anywhere in the United States, At the left is Monanthes poly. phylla from the Canary Islands; at the right, Crassula nemorosa from South Afri Both bloomed at the New York Botanical Garden early in 1940. Half i dozen young Ree ave seen at the tip of nearly every one of the mottled tubular leaves of Kalanchoé tubiflora. For a view of the plant in flower, see page 100, roundish, rusty-brown foliage. Many of the Kalanchoés have leaves which are beautifully mottled with purple streaks or b otches, ma any _ hers a plain green or grayish. The § ed Be but contains a variation in a beautiful basket-plant, K. wniffora. The species of Cotyledon, not so well known, are nearly all shrubby. Many have large green or whitened leaves, sometimes with red margins; others have narrow green leaves, and one group has short-lived leaves and highly succulent stems. have clusters of large, drooping, tubular flowers, red, orange, yellow, pink or white i The genus arge number of plants of widely differing 105 growth—creeping, prostrate, clustered, shrubby, some even moss-like and others stone-mimickers. Their flowers, individually small, are heavily & wo Pp of mall, rosette-formin plants, their leaves quite thick and fleshy, usually with purplish blotches. Their flowers are white or pinkish, and are borne in a tall, slender, un- sie raceme, ted genus Rochea is noted mostly for its fragrant, long-tubular pen a red in R. coccinea and white in R. odoratissima, ae ie es being rather unattractive. The pink-flowered species do not appear as yet to have reached American ane We cannot me rassulaceae without mention of the shrubby sempervivums 0 e doce Islands, botanically called Aconitum, with their leaves in = rosettes often of inner-plate size and their foot-long pyramids of blossoms. One species, l. nobile, has a head of bloom 18 to inches across, the ers dark red inste: the usual yell r greenish- hit re are also several small-growing species more similar in appearance to the rock-garden sempervivums. Also im the Canary Islands are the two genera dichryson and Greeno he golden-flowered, the species of .tichryson mostly annual or biennial with wide-branching stems a iry leaves, speci recnovia with smooth leaves in tight stemless rosettes which in the s app ik een rosebuds. he final word on the Crassulaceae needs to be said for the genus Monanthes, also from the Canary Islands. There are about 10 sp sedum-like in appearance with slender-stalked ee constructed flowers of pink, yellow, brownish or greenish shades a pyramdalis alee t sadity of the first ee It is abs seen. | Lones. of salmon: pink are blended in the 5 : pendent flowers of Kitchingia pele: a in bloom an know difficult sub- newly unmoances and easily grown mem- ject to grow in eastern pre bas ae of the Crassulaceae Geraniums from Desert Regions succulent-stemmed members of the Geranium family are litt known to horticulture excep Q ce > g 3 ding ones carnosum and P. evthmifolin, all with pale bluish green, deeply cut leaves and small flowers. re is one other genus with succulent species 8 = a) 107 in the Geranium family, Sarcocaulon, with wide-spreading, thick, fleshy and spiny branches, with roundish, ovate or finely cut leaves, and with pink or white ious that ook more li i [ave , gb There are other succulent-leaved Zygophyllums in Egyp Sou also comes another bushy succulent of the eHSIS. This Eee will be continued in the next number of the Journal, and with if will appear oe Mss ateas Gepicting ee hat have been mentioned this month. ie pho raphe ‘a by the author, by F. Griffith, Staff Photographer, and by oof ti ihe Work Projec A elton ration. so Sey oe Ching Tsai, A New (hinese Vegetable e exhibit at the International Flower Show last month of a f this country. These plants, in fact, ais r greenhouse decoration ather than for food; but if extensively cultivated the species would pro- vide a new leafy vegetable American table. In its native land r cooke Belonging to the ee the species is characterized by attractive four-petaled violet-blue more than neh across arranged i loose, erect raceme. oh e ie ves are bluish. The plants displayed were raised from material brought a few years ago from the Royal Botanic aces at Kew, Engla ea hin, sai i” is the t has been given to ne new food plant. Transl. iated, s ae ee table. - the inal Chinese name for = oe could not be found, it was chri aed “Ching Tsai” by Roberta Ma, a member of Dr. Robbins’ oo Art Exhibits jNxe IVIDUAL wild flowers ten times enlarged will be shown in an exhibit of the vet of Miss Florence Murdoch in the Museum Building at the Botanical Garden for eral weeks beginning April 24. Miss Murdoch has drawn each flower in great “detail Her subjects ‘include th bishop's , jewel-weed, ground-nut, coral- QT Beg bladderwort, b eed, and other familiar native plan: i a th vill also be the Garden an exhibit of color bit "’ which are being used in a book by K ings were ry t. ge 25 hte as Me mised shout May Miss Alice Bird o » N. Margaret Mc Kenny has written the 108 Edible Weeds Of Wayside And Woods By Helen M. Fox N the days when Be coastal lands of North America and, later, lands he frontiers of E the explorers, hunters and o & a = fay es o that were unfamiliar the these gid are eaten today, for as soon as the nd became cultivat ed and so ds of familiar plants from < @ ce! fo n co large group of indigenous squashes, and the almost equally large numbers indigenous beans, native furt t uth but cultivated the orth American Indians. While the “Jerusalem” artichoke of North America was carried to Europe by some of the first returning travelers, it never gained popularity as a crop plant among the early s In fact, it is probably more in use today than ny previou oO s might well be adopted again as adjun' ae bot! r their pate and their n crehie aie a ? some ae our common market Pee should become scarce. Wild Onions and Bea Among the earliest greens in the woods and meadows in spring are the spears of the us wild o From New Brunswick to Texas the wild garlic (:illinm canadensc) is native. It eventually grows a foot ne bee abe clust Ix or ite flowers atop its stems. Bulbs o ten the Indians were those the wild cata eas which grows in rich woodlands from New Brunswick t to Minnesota and south to North Carolina, its loose umbels of whi fio wers appearing long the 1 sare gone. Sturtevant, in his “Notes on Edible Plants,” tells how the bulbs of Allium cernuum—a decorative onion with dainty nodding umbels of pink flowers—formed, with the bulbs of cf. canadense, almost tl re source of food for Marquette and his party on th ua from to the site of the present city of Chic 16 Oliver Per er in his book, “Edible y of Chicago 74. ty Med. Wild Plants,” says the op of Allium cernuum has an agreeable taste 109 after being boiled and that bits of the leaves are pleasant in soup or with All earl ee saan ae mee tuberosa, the groundnut or wild y bean, ee s by Can: HOPNIS, also OPE n tribes. oe great eee “botanial of the 19th century, wrote of iti— ‘Had civilization started in America instead of Asia our ground nut would have ee the on Seaham esculent tuber ae won probably have held its place in the first rank al with potatoes of later e tul ues grow lowly and r regire ovo a before being large enough to harvest. Since they creep and spread underground, collecting them is i i imilar to potatoe: Pinnate leaves and gens fragrant flowers borne in short racemes gro on the twini i half of the coun A Western Food Plant mong the early travelers who wrote accounts of edible plants were Captains ea ed Lewis and William Clark, while on the expediti in 1803 t authorized 1 y Jefferson to Ae newly acquired territory ° siana : hase. had been instru by erson, whose neighbor and secretary he had been, to “not d plants of the Indians and tl at which particular plants put forth nn and leaves.” Then in 1843, Lieutenant John Charles Fremont wro re- rt on an expedi tion of the co puntry ia between ae Missouri ‘River le i= 5 a a > oO wa i) es, A fatter a red a: o for ee to the ee sugar heuee | in ne ted Sta a a tiomic conditions surrounding e in- d ustry, Galls NT GALLS AND GALL E Isphraim | Vorter eit pages, bibliography, illustrations, i dex. | Comstock Publishing Co. Ith aca, N. ¥., 1940. $4. A guide to the wasps, midges, aphids, other insects. mites, aid fungi that pro- duce galls n plants, Nearly 300 kinds of bent flected yy galts tabulated, and about 1,800 causative insects and mites only th most important s, but he e are desc bed. The excellent and the index has the specilic as well as generic and common names of the gall-makers alphabetized. Forestry WARVAR MODELS. Harvard a pages, jllus- trated. coma, Press, _ wall, New York, $.50. Illustrations a: esc: pti ms are givel of the three series oe odels New ngland ae which at on view in the ham, waldhite irariawement: tion shows the construction of a model, Famous cane HISTORY White, OF 256 oe the _sstraied with woodcuts ightor MUSEUM Wustraten ing Of- MANt AL FOR haa ns. 426 pages, vice, dl: eaning s exhibits Pe how to ar- range a tudy 1 usewm treated ; ini i the cee of activities, ‘techniqe of mounting display. and the inaridoenient of pak libraries and historic houses are includ il4 Current Literature” At a Glance Dawn Patrol. The most effective time oO Sealy arerecite ducts to plants is from lawn to about 7 am., according to a recen port rogress received from the Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station at N n. The oe best time is at night, even if ents at mee Because a too ane plants and little wind i aie Weeds a pies Weeds. Black-and- white illustrations of every weed that is the con trol of these plant pests gardens are contain ned in three recent bulletins. “Representative Missouri Weeds and their Control” by W. B, Drew A. Helm, is publish Columbia, o., by the Agricultur hea: and “Far me eds: Their Import- a and Con by A. B. Massey, mes rot m the Virgivia Polytechnic In- stitute at Blacksburg. Every eae is ilstrated in the seed- brooms in “Weeds "C. published s State Board Sot YAgrictl: iven of 38) weeds. Ba ee de mer, Extra con es of American issue (the Febru: cay scan of The Guild Carats. official organ the National Gardens Guild, have b nt to the pa eas for di jon among garden this country that would *ike t e re promoting iendsl tween garden lovers in America an ngland, Edit: by Lady S . The Guild Gardener con- tains in this r ra statement from een Mary as Patroness of the Guild and a prose rhapsody on American wild flowers on gardens by the author, Mar- n Cra Fern Books. nts of the useful hiblioeraphy on oo entitled “State and Local Fern Floras of the United States” ry F. “blake have ly been re- The bibliography originally ap- peared in two numbers he .dimerican iF h state is treated sepa- S are fe ste d in alphabeti- citing the s All publications mentioned 1h othe ony be found. in "the hae eo The Botanical Garden, in the Museum Buildin of each work is included in the listing, which contains about 150 major refer- ences. Anniversary. Another recent fern re- eat i. “The American Fern Journal Through Thirty Years” by one of the editors, Ralph C. Bene dict. The Ameri a Society membership, and. the Jou see had the Jargest pagination in its histor ee News, and Comment arden Cou Approximately so ‘rene ratteniled fac of thet two free qr ypeni as given by . Everett “Choice of Site, General Planning and Soil Prep- tion of Vegetable Garden” was pre- ceded both aftern and evening by an address by eymour, represent- ing the “Gard i i ge he Veget: . Jack on * rtl Ro “Cultural Directions ‘Yor Leaty ind John t Times. sin available from the Times for 25 cents Sho rt Course. ecm ceight students ster ered for the Three-day Short Vevetable aidening, which Wi ae given : Ma rch 30 and 31 and Apr. 1 as part of the New Yo tanical Gar- den's Victory Program in ble Gar- fans Presented under the direction of Everett, the course was taught by oup of any sae Fain cme Geo B. Thornae Tite, rancis ane G, Ess and John Staff Change. N. oe Associate Curator, ee the Garden March sional zerden mers: eH. aot ames 115 19 for the Civilian Public Service Camp at Fresno, Ohi mei where he is doing her- barium_work i flora of Ind e ork Botanical Garden, will serve as Acting Curator in Dr, Moldenke’s place. Rec talks Tea by a “neers i include ihe followin By De. aoe ere su stances” petore mw iene Ciub of to plants before the Botany Coll fi Columbia University March 10. By Dr. H, N. Moldenke—"A list Florida" before the Roselle Nature Club February 28, and “Marvels in Adapta- tion Among our Local Plants’’ before the Fortnightly Club of Summit, N. March 13 By T. H. Everett—"'Plants for House and Sunroom" before th ticus Garden Club, Katonah, January 12: lanting the Vege- table Garden” before the Darien Garden Club Feb, 26; “Seed ing, Planting, Cold. frames and Hotbeds for the Vegetable Gar- fedgratea, Haven, at Barttord, Garde titer 4t, P MeKenna—"Groundwork for Vic- tory” betee the Men's Garden Club of New York, : Hall—"Garden Books, Old the Smithtown Garden Feb. 3. Rickett— Gardens of Clois- ter re Caste” before the Flushing Garden Radio. . Wittrock was interviewed by eae Het he Craig over WJZ March 12 on the feod a: airug plants ot He per ‘Aimericns India On Feb- ruary 17, T. H. Everett was atten iewed hy ‘the actres elen Tw verveteecs over WMCA on victory garden: Motion Picture. (Dr. A. B. Stout pre- sented” the Garden’s motion picture in Hartford the evening of Feb. 13 to the Connecticut Horticultural Society, an affliate of the Botanical Garden. On Feb. 15, Miss Fled rifith showed the film at the Methodist Church in Leonia, N. Yr. J. Robbins took the efore the of the American assoc jation Gr the Ad- vancement of Science. On March 9, he presented the film before the Spring Glen Garden Club at Hamden, Conn., and on April 2 etre: ide Washington Botanical Society in the National Capital. New Yor. Film ‘A motion picture 1 color entitled “New York line pro- duced ey the New York “Sy stem. several secnes si owing the rock he in full bloom in & “6 an 5 3 s Oe = tae a rad = ro 5 ra) a 2 a8 sine and civic and social organiza- Torrey Club. Norma E. Pfeiffer of the Boyce . Thanipseh Institute addressed the Roe: poten Gu in ioe Mie Feb. 18 o1 on b tg Tea was served after the two talks. Last month, forty-six mer of the T y Botanical Clul t in the Carnenie Institue? of Col hor speak “The i Nucle olus 4 was e ee rch 3 ee s the club in the ev cning at the American Museum of Natural History on “The Plants of Kashmir.” Conferences. Dr. E. J. Schreiner, a for- mer student at the New York Botanical G: 3 of the ae Feb. 1 “Progress in Forest Genetics Research at the North- east where ‘orest Exper iment Station,” d, Dr. Clyde Chan A. B. Stout spoke on “Blow ering Behavior and its Heredity in Hemerocallis” at the conference March 11. ae For the second time, on March 3] oes nical G siden’s specimen of fang topus (SS. p wadoxa) was sry pollinated, This time pollen Cron ania Taighedaes was used. ore than artificial cross. pollination ae atten pted, Zamia monti~ cola, a Florida species which i a, eultivation at the University of Chicago, being used. No seeds resulted from the 116 1941 pollination, Pollen of the Puerto genetics of Neurospora. Miss Fairchild Rican species was one obtained from the Bowler, a Columbia een of botany, i is University of Chic also working with Dr. Dodge on Cyto. O- logical problem in es abortio Gro Among the college students se w a have made special trips to New York cent weeks eee mt. The executive committee oni ue cours - cal fou App i of the Garden’ s Board of Managers ap- tim pointed Mrs. Harold I. Pratt Vice-chair- o ie e tan. man of the “City Relations Committee at its meeting Feb, 16. in Uni ity, under meray ie Con. ory Tours. Howard Swift Sebold. In addition a group fro fetirned: tron his new position in Phila, Hoffman School at Riverdale. visited fi aun on each of the four Sunday: conservatories Mar. 13 and the scheduled t ‘ conduct the series of car Parsons School of ‘Design ae 6, servatory tours on the plants of Latin Boy Scouts of the Bronx Council un- America, annotnced in the Educational der the direction of C. H. Sass, Activi- Program. The rse was concluded Commissioner, cam he Garden Feb. 15. ane ae ae ot hes aia fn Mane Exhibition. At the ,Osth annual exhi- ing pra bition of the New York Microscopical ociety Feb. 7, Joseph F. Burke showed Students, Miss Esther Zimmer, Senior Santa Monica floating fossil diatoms, at Hunter College and recipient of a some specimens of which were presented month’s scholarship at the Botanical Gat: a year to the New York Botanical len. den, is working with Dr. B. O. Dodge on = G Spring Lectures at the Garden Mar. 21 A Visit to My Chinese Garden With comments on Chinese flowers George Kin Leung Mar. 28 Winter in Oaxacu W. H. Camp, New York Botanical Garden Apr. 4 « Social Approach to Horticulture F, Ellwood Allen, National Recreation Association Apr. 11 Gardens of Ancient Egypt H.W. Rickett, New York Botanical Garden Apr. 18 Local Ferns and Their Haunts Farida Wiley, American Museum of Natural History Apr. 25 America’s Own For With motion icures from the U, S. Forest Service J. H. Pterce, New York Botanical Garden May 2 Cacti and Other Desert Plants E, J. Alexander, New York Botanical Garden May 9 Flowering Shrubs at the New York Botanical Garden Howard R. Seboid, Columbia University May 16 Planis for New York City Roofs wt. MM. Van Den Hoek, Rockefeller Center May 23 Keeping the Home Garden Healthy A.W. Dimock, Cornell University THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN JoseruH R. See Has siden Henry ve Forest Ba Vice-, iv Joun L. Merrn ak Vice. ee ARTHUR M. ANDERSON, Treasurer HENRY DE LA Montacne, Secretary Elective nie E. C. AucHTER Crarence McK. Lewis H. Hopart Porter ieee F. ies Pont Henry Lockwart, Jr. FRANCIS i PowELL, Jr. ARSHALL TEL! Dz T. oe Mrs. Harorp I. Pratt ieee R w Huwtincros E. D. Meri Wituiam . gene Pierre Jay Rozert H. ni aneaett A, Percy SAUNDERS Ex. heed ees Froretto H. LaGuarpia, May: the of New York JAMES Manswatt, Pretided! Of fe pee of Education RosBertT "Moses, Park Commissioner Appointive Manager. By the panies Botanical on H. A. GLeason By Columbia University Marston a pocEE Marcus M. Ruoaves R. A. Harp Sam F, TRELEASE THE STAFF Wiuiam J. Ropsins, Pxu.D., Sc.D. Director H. A. Greason, Pu.D. Assistant Director and Head Cu ator HENRY DE LA MONTAGNE Assistant Director A, B. Stout, Pu.D. Curator of Education and Laboratories Frep J. Seaver, Pu.D., Sc.D. Cura RNARD O. i .D. Plant Pat: Eee oOHN HENDLEY . BARNHART, A.M., M.D. Bibliogr plier Ben rite. HD. etes C R BETH C, Fiepa RET Artis Percy W! s a a ‘Wituans Research Associate in Bryolo logy W JA Assistant Curator and Curator of the Brake Herbariam "PHD. Technical Assistant Tech Satie sista Ch ch hes Woo: BMA AB. “ir G. rae Wir “AM. Custodian of the Orro DeceNen. M.S. Collaborator in Wanton Botany A. J. Grout, Px.D. Ho onorary fn urator of Mosses Rozert HacELSTEIN Honorary Cura of My.romycetes Hon ‘or i ae B. A. Krux Aon norary Cura r of Economic Botany Eruet An NEON rs. Pecxkaam Honorary Curator, N i Hecti ARTHUR J. one Superintendent of Bultiee and Grounds A.C. Pra Assistant Superintendent ‘0 reach the Botanical Garden, take the Eighth Avenue Subway 1 to Feds fore ark a the Third Avenue Elevated to the Bronx Park Gtation, or the New York Genoa me. Botanical Garden station; or drive up the Grand Concourse then a on Moot or, coming from Westchester, turn west at the end of Bronx River FRWY., OF, tommg Irom westcnester, turn we MEMBERSHIP IN THE GARDEN Established as a privately endowed institution, age partially by City peers oe The New York Botanical Garden is dependent for i s progress largely upon benefactio: aoe fetes Pe: Through these hone thoug ae as botanical gardens go, it become the third largest institution of its kind, its library, beac and horcultaeal collections ranking among the finest and most complete in any countr embership The New York Botanical Garden, therefor ans promotion of scientific research in botany 3 nd the advancement of horticultural interests, Scientifically, the Garden is able erve a clearing-house of information for stu and _ botanists all over the ‘world Horce meee it often serves as a link between the une explorer or breeder and the gardening public ough memberships and fencfaccont! provision is made at the Botanical Garden for the trai Si of young scientists and student gardeners; hundreds of new books are added , which is ope to ubli exhibits are maintained in the museum, the greenhouses, and gardens, and lectures, courses, i tion i i e given to the public. Py Addisonia o a year, each pone ai with eight share of surplus plant material of ES ee or new varieties when- ever it is distributed. Announcements of special floral displays, programs, lectures, and other (Ge Cre study offered by the c The privilege of eee lantern slides from the Garden’s collection. Use of the Members’ Room in the Museum Building. : events at the Garden j dit to the amount of the membership fee paid, toward courses of Garden. mited ee of garden sce are accepted as Affiliates. The privileges of abled e A li are one lecture a year member of the staff, a share in the distribution of plants when hey ar ailable, a subscription to the Journal and Addisonia, and announcements of special activities at the B ical Garden. In addition, any member o affliated club may receive for rent y embership a reduction of a in the fees paid for instruction. (This does not apply to the course for professional gardeners. n Afhliate Garden Club ay borrow lantern slides from the en’s extensive Gslecuens such loan being subject s ar tot tne regulations for the use ie lantern slides ne individug’ members. Likewise, an affiliate club may engage without fee the Members’ Roo the Garden for its meetings. The a ef ate are as ice WS: ual Membe annual fee $ 10 : ae ain ning Me ee annual fee 2) Garden Club Affiliation annual fee for club 25 Fellow Bese Member annual fee 100 Mem r Life single contribution Dy pelt oe Life single CoLEaBUCiOn 1,000 atr single contribution 5,000 nefactor single contribution Dey. Fellowships or scholarships for practical student-training in horticulture or for botanical research may be established by bequest or other benefaction either in perpetuity or for a enauonene to the Garden may be deducted from taxable incomes. The following is to) eby bequeath to The New York ei Garden incorporated under the Laws of New York, Chapter 285 of 1891, hoe —_— n eee bequests may be eee ee income payable to donor or any designated beneficiary during his or her lifetime. requests es further information should be addressed to The New York Botanical IN, Me Garden, Bronx Park, New York, JOURNAL THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN PAGES No. 509 117—140 JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN iL H. Woopwarp, Editor WARTIME NECESSITY ey the days when automobiles could be freely i to carry people to distant Sees of outdoor beauty, there would often be fee sands of sanity. ind that is troubled can free itself of much dite its burden by going into a te kept garden or strolling through tl aie Withou conscious effort, breathes deeply, more em in the presence of living plants, and gradually a fresh new spirit seems to replace the worn to Maes country. A Botanical Garden which fulfills such a se pai need for so large a portion of the population can not be classed as a luxury. More in wartime than in peace, it is a necessity oe the upkeep of the eople’s morale, TABLE OF CONTENTS May 1942 Iris Time aT THE New Yorx Botanica, Garpen Cover Photograph Fleda Griffith TEA SUBSTITUTES IN THE UNITED STATES Ralph H. Cheney 117 SucCULENT PLANTS OF THE OLD WorLD E. J. Alexander 124 Hera CONFERENCE ATTRACTS HUNDREDS Carol H. Woodward 134 Notes, News, AND CoMMENT 138 Current LITERATURE AT A GLANCE 140 ‘he Journal is published monthly b: y i New York Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New York, N. ™ Entered at the Post Office in New "York, N. Y. as second class matter. Annual, subscription $1.00. Single copies 15 cents, Free to members of the Garde: JOURNAL f THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN Vou. 43 : May 1942 No. 509 Tea Substitutes In The United States By Ralph H. Cheney Long Island University* EWSPAPER headlines in March 1942, to the effect that the “War Production Board (WPB) Orders Tea Sales Halved Immediately” t e sho tea. ugh a this country had reached an all-time high record on January 42, with 48,000,000 pounds, this amount ey only one Six pply. mnual wo production of nearly two billion pounds grows orld primarily in China, India, Ceylon, and Java-Sumatra. In terms of i. chests, ee to W. H. Ukers in ne ake “Ali About Tea” (Vol. I p. 33 . 336), this volume would make er 214 times the bulk of Empire State Building in New York City. That sounds like a lot of tea, but half of it is consumed in the roducing countries. China produces the most but India leads in alan ts ee Ceylon and Java-Sumatra export 85% of the ee tae of the rest comes from Japan and its possessions. The ne fe pine noe between 81,000, nd 96,000, pounds eis for which it pays 15 to 18 million dol- lars. However, in 1940, the United States imported 000 pounds and in 1941 it reached a record of 107, 10 pounds. Nine- tenths of it is “black” tea (slightly fermented) and one-tenth is “green” tea (un- fermented) and chiefly a Japan. Only Great Britain exceeds our gross tea consumption and only the Tibetans exceed Great Britain in per capita use. The e most im- portant non-alcoholic beverages of the Ae are es coff nd cocoa, and tea leads in the ae ne con as an indisputably important place in our di athe United States 94.6% of our homes serve hot coffee. 7, 5% ae serve e. Cheney is also Resident Investigator of Economic Plants at the Brooklyn reer Garden 117 118 China tea can be grown ene in the eae States but only at a high cost. In the 1880's, a 100-a a farm established in South Carolina which reached a maximum aes ee ae 4500 Soe of tea in one year. Another experimental tea farm was located in Texas but both projects were abandoned because production costs prevented com- petition with imported tea. Today, tea is grown commercially in North Ameri 1 1atemala where the tea plantations are small. Now that production and shipping conditio e been interfered with in rient, the popula of the ited States must turn, in part at least, to substitute teas a pl done in laces where t r has e have ot he wa: already imposed this situation. The published diet of the German army camps includes a tea substitute, but which one is not stated. Se in Tea Substitutes are a great number of plants i in every country He have been as tea ow y of them irth. They substa of raspberry tea for pregnant may be as a substitute for tea. In oe days of this country ee of afras i arcotic poison. Many able tea sources might serve harmless ay if utilized occasionally and e for their distinctive flavors; but to substitute them completely, suet and in appreciable volume for our a China tea is quite another matter. Harmless Native and Home-grown Plants ave several substitute tea sources in the United States. One in become a nationally consumed ee tea in times of p vell war. Before I discuss this one may I mention several minor sources of 119 tea which might receive favor from individuals who are interested in home-growing or in preparing beverages of distinctive and pleasing $s in experience to be advantageous, but a few general rules may be suggested. Preparation e young leaves possess generally a maximum of desirable flavoring principles and a minimum of the tannin and other yao nstituents which con- and hung in the sun to ‘dry or 30 to 60 minutes a onger because of excessive — changes under extreme light exposure). Then they hi hte uild ved to an ah bre (at pa not well lighted) place and kept there aa thoroughly and p. It is not necessa the indoors daily on ‘ ays. When thoroughly dried, the leaves should be stripped roughly from the stems to crumple them, then stored in the dark in tight glass jars Brewing the preparation of the beverage prior to serving, the method used General rules can be suggested as guides. Very ee rae ae a better brew if hard water is employed. If the water supply in your home is soft, the i flavory species make a more palatable eee for the average tas n ee in: instances it is deleterious to boil the leaves. The best rule g esired, m saad drawn boiling water over the leaves and allowing it = stand 3 to nutes. Less time extracts little but color, while a longer period makes 120 the brew bitter. A little sugar a be added if desired, with either oo or milk. In using cassina tea, to be described below, some prefer to boil the leaves 3 to 5 minutes ani fe them to stand for 5 additional ie then to dilute the resulting decoction with hot water to as desired strength, Others prefer to percolate cassina tea for 10 minute Plants Available h the foregoing rules and comments in mind, may I sugges the only available plants which may be used to prepare ee substitute beverages for the pop China y he supply leaves which can be highly recommended as additions to both hot and cold China tea, lemonades, fruit juice cocktails and e to certain alcoholic S the make an excellent Tee Boiling water pour ver th results in a beverage which is very acceptable to most tastes. Strawberry tea takes either lemon or milk satisfac ae True garden or German chamomile (Anthemis nobilis), not mayweed t The only factor to which one must make an adjustment is the aroma, : _ in Bee-balm or Oswego tea (Afonar da ‘didyma) was used by the Indians and an infusion of the leaves (made by pouring boiling water on them. 121 but not by boiling them in water) is made still by some country folks northern New England. It is acceptable, but not the best substitute Gi real te: Pe ae nt — oe piperita), made by an infusion of the dried leaves of either the black or white variety, is a palatable tea and un- i i i r, from childhood I have always € ed to ~» = a S a 2 a = 2 “ fy > a os Ee oO ° 3 E a 2 oO 4 a » a ing @ usa eS Sy es oO te it is very to most ia The Arabs have practised ae mint to * ‘green” tea for many yea eee (Gaultheria procumbens), also known as aes box- berry, creeping wintergreen, mountain tea, and Can a, has enticing possibilities if one fae the patience to collect young fence individually. which flavors a gun. e leaves are 1 cted annuall to some ent and the Spicebush tea (Benzoin aestivale or Lindera Benzoin), or the southern species (B. melissaefolium) was described as palatable as early as 1796 by the French botanist, André Michaux, This ue is prepared by making a decoction, that is, actually boiling the young twig tips for ten minutes. A fragrant, spicy, pleasantly-flavored tea results Californian yerba buena (Jficromeria Doustist 7) is a source of tea a. v ring along the coastal ranges fro ifornia to B Columbia and | cnown to the Indians a: Spaniards of California s a refreshing ring the summer of an opp tunity to drink an infusion of the dried leaves prepared by steeping for 10 minutes in very water. The beverage is slightly tic c ceptable. plant is a vine-like membe the Mint family. Tea-thyme tea should be brewed only from the lemon-flavored — of the creeping ee (Thymus Serpylhun) know t There are more than twenty varieties of Thwnus Serpylhon ae a this one is really deol | for bev a urposes. n be purchased from nurseries. e ition of a half dozen fre: a ie ves to a real tea imparts a delicious eee tang. An infusion of the fresh or dried 122 leaves possesses a lemony and spicy taste which is palatable and refresh- ing. Some people a approve especially of the addition of a slice of lemon Similarly the dried leaves of lemon-verbena (Lippia ales make a delicious hot tea. It has an excellent fragrance, is rprisi color, and poss a lemon-lir yor which is so ising in a that it takes a fe ips to become accustomed to it. Many people, how- ever, learr joy it very qui It is used quite commonly in Chile. It can be purchased in herb t a shops in bags or the living plants can Many other tea sources have been highly recommended in the literature of the past but they have never appealed to my taste. Until I can find ea. vouch for them I can not le them here merely upon historical statements. Among these plants are the N Jersey tea (Ceanothus americanus), known from Revolutionary ying t ou ves of this, I feel that our Colonial population must have een in drastic need of a tea substitute beverage. However, the older saa reports it as excellent. ittany, candleplant or gas-plant ae ae albus) with its lemon- Sania leaves has been recommended as the source of licious tea. My personal experience in testing an eae of the dried leaves would y Mountain tea from the dried leaves . the sw weet ig ode Sanaa (Solidago odora) has been peddled in winter in rura asa si income. Its beverage is as palatable . most tastes Cassina, 1 North American Tea Source The true cassina, yaupon, or North American tea-plant, known also as “black drink,” is derived ae ne leaves of [lex vomitoria, which is stitute. Neither the American holly ex opaca) nor the winterberry (Ilex verticillata ) can be used as a beverage. The only two North American species of holly that have any appreciable amount of caffeine are [lex Cassine and Ilex. vomitoria, the dried leaves of the latter having a caffeine oan varying from 0.25% to 1.0%. These two species have similar a covering 40,000 square ee cere inland for a distance oS only 20 to 30 miles from the Jam r, Virginia, southward through Florida aad westward through the oie States to the Rio Grande 123 Both are abundant in North and South Carolina and the ey f ever, it is IJex vomitoria, the true cassina, fro’ the leaves should b ered for tea, I ite of the unpleasant intimation : this species produces the s leaves for b p ‘ since 1650, the possibilities of the a ub have been investigated numerous times and the leaves have gaia for a beverage down to the present time in rural areas. is plant ‘ondohtey offers - best possibility of a commer cially practical, nativ non- development of cassina as a national beverage seems a be based ae on the fact that ap American public was soca uuren to es na so e change. Howev South used cassina to a considerable extent. es 0 From a practical viewpoint, the use of the ae tea st tutes oa cussed oe with the exception of cassina, could o use. A. tea. Moreover, it is already being sold by some of the larger grocery stores in both the “regular” and so-called “toasted” form. The “regular” *For details, see Chapter X, “Caffeine-yielding Plants of the World” in a book by the author entitled “Coffee” published by the New York University Press in 1925. 124 makes a beverage which is lighter in color and slightly greenish in com- parison with China tea; whereas, the “toasted” is similar in color to . ; to the United States, our native cassina tea would be our most practical species to develop for commercial production. Eo Succulent Plants Of The Old World By E. J. Alexander HIS ar rticle, ne is ee from the oe Journal, is the con- ? 941 (Su nt. Ss ovem (Stone-Mimicry and Windo a Prot), ais April 1942 (the ee en of Succulent Plants of the Old World}. The Euphorbias HAT the cacti are to the New World, the succulent euphorbias are e Old. Many of them exhibit the same diversity of form, Lui from ball and melon shapes to barrel-li d columnar, while some are candelabriform trees which are ones eae of the landscapes where they grow. One group of species has a mass of snake-like branches spread- ing from a basal globe like a gorgon ’s head. Besides these cactoid forms, in some s 's the aa are sos like; in a few they are woody with thorn- tipped twigs ; e the are thinly flattened. In others there are large tuberous 5 ce pee with either succulent or spindly growths arising ae the ¥ Bec ¢ large amount of material which is t known in cultivation, but which has ok mentioned in this Soild: article, ‘the libra of the New York Botanical Garden has been extensively drawn upon for descriptions of some species. PARADOXES AMONG THE SUCCULENTS Pelargonium paradoxum is the name of the first, shown in the upper left-hand corner. One of many niceulene plants in the let analy: this species is one of the most obese of all. At the rig ight tis one of only two or three isbecimens of this plant known in cultivation an yuliere the world. It *s Pa cise diu maquanum, known as “‘half- mense” or “half-m a the: Sock esert regions hee. it ads in the dryest and hottest an of Southwest Africa. Below are three ty, of Mes yanthema becies of Trichodi adema be frost-like beads on leaves and stem at the left; typical flowers r group at the right; and in the center a cact et i A limited number of the columnar euphorbias have large leaves on the new growth, while the gorgon 7 sorts ee sie oun and some of ue ones or are completely ines a an euphorbias are of several types. Some, occurring in ne or Tole appear to be modified leaf-stipules; some are sterile io Euphorbia obesa looking like a gingham baseball. EUPHORBIAS FROM DESERT REGIONS Eupharbie Pari 1 reed “ft Euphorbia _neriifolia; of the leafy: form: Euphorbia Suzannae, in full flower. Euphorbia Coop. charioe nf the rn. , some inflorese b ardened after the fgwers have fallen, and some-are hardened ‘aia one N arise from a cietike growth center (areole) as do those of cacti. All euphorbias have the flower structure called THIUM, which i typical of their tribe. While flower-like in appearance, the cyathium is structurally an inflorescence, or cluster of flo Wha ears to be e cal s an involucre form y the partial fus of five bracts ti these bracts have fringed margins, but more often they bear large yellow glands which frequently have yellow, white, green, or yellow- ish petaloid appendag: (Occasi , though rarely, these appendages are purplish or brownish tinge ten, when tl are no ges, are crescent-shaped or with long forked tips, or they may be elliptical and blunt. t ecies (E. splendens and ojeri) the cyathium is subte by two petaloid red bracts. Within the cyathium, ordinarily, are several stamens and a single pistil. Each of these is on jointed stalk, showin: stamen i single, mucl duced, male flower and the pistil a d female flower. Sometimes the plants a seed, al 1 aSeS Of! lo evelops ies (Elaeophorbia drupifera) the fruit is a fleshy drupe. All euphorbias have ill ometimes dangerously poisonous, causin or burns on the skin and serious irritations if it gets into a wound or into the eyes, oe a few species are said to be used as cattle-food in deeply cleft i fringed lobe at either side of the cle her ae r si ly succulent speci this gen are similar to the deciduous-leaved Euphorbia neriifolia. It appears that only two of tl ave been grown in the i s—M. Lugarda with almost flat tubercles on the stem and chubei with prominent tubercles. The ee are ied those of the latter more strongly veined and crisped ar; The species of Stevia are all much alike. They are succulent- stemmed, leafy shrubs differing 2 rom Euphorbia in habit of growth and ical i tructu Elaeophorbia is one of th aac of all the succulent Euphor- 4 em biae. It is a large panei plant with very thick stout stems. Only ifera is in cultivation. It is pti in appearance to Euphorbia he leav i and to the cerei of America. Their flower and fruit structure is so 128 different from either, however, that botanists have placed them eae ae the Didiereaceae, most nearly related to ears the soap-berries. Succulents in the Grape Fam not or aie expect sere species in the Vitaceae, the ap th ve species in the genus Cissus, thi 18 e it is much branched, with felt- ee leaves and yellow bark which is also papery-peeling. Some Plant Monstrosities s ven more fantastic forms of succulent shrubs mi tra members of t ina in the thor scrub country of Tanganyika. The best known species is Pyrcnacantha matvifolia, ich has a swollen stem base 3 to 4 feet across, seated on e a a topped by a few thick branch-bases which are also topped by a bus ae n that is intricately branched. ion-flower family (Passifloraceae) also offers some strange tuberous- be plants. There are numerous species of Adenia (to be 129 aaa from the genus cae in the Apocynaceae) with huge swollen stem-bases seated on the ground or half-buried, with upright, nnel, in the family is land, Southwest Africa, he plant is pose r 30 swollen, tuft of short twiggy branches with tiny narro flowers in the leaf-axils. The mature plant is said to weigh a half-ton OSA ene of the Milkweed rk known laa aes are the the Milkweed ies in the two ies pian and 4 cies, and i ica, a the stapelias have star-shaped flowers. Caralluma, Stapeli a, Duvalia, ae the lesser known Edithcolea, Stultitia, and Diplocyatha have shallowly cupped, sho bes ; Huernias are aped, Tavaresias long- tubular, and Hoodi ae hile flower: the remaining lesser known genera are bell-sh a sometimes ee nward-arching petals that 2) e flowers are mottled with two or more colors y all carrion-scented, ofte: overpoweringly so. species of Stapelia, S ws antea, ranks as one f orld’s lar; - flor se meas arin nch S$ across. e fr bearing the mi ed usua ae ° tems of the stapelias are smoo’ Sie or velvety, thick and pees) succulent, with watery yet sticky juice. In cross-section they vary from circular to many-angled, the majority having 4 to ides ith tl Tietaied ridged, the three gener oodia, Tavare and Trichocaulon aving many angles. Th in height from prostrate to 6 feet, bu those ial stand over 1 foot hi re rare. Al bercles of one sort or another on the stems—nearly flat ones in nOpsis, spiny processes in Hoodia and in some species of Trichocaulon, pari spines s in Tavaresia, and soft or hard spine-like teeth in the remaining gen \, : Stapelia Leendertziae, showing atte io ane fowers nearly 4 inches ichacailen pict dia cactoid ne of ae peliad, enlarged. Stapelia variegata, nearly nat- ural size; the first of its genus to be introduced into culti- ation from its and home in South Afric Ceropegia stapeliaeformis, a twining sticculent. a Bainii; with « aot is carrion odor its eee flowers. 131 a stems of all species are said to be edible, being so much sought fter in their pus home by adults, children, animals and birds, especially etches = ere is some danger of extermination of at least the rar is i em each of Caralluma, Stapelia, Huernia, and Echidnopsis are easy horticultural subjects. The remainder are difficult to grow and i ners hi ith a i i The i arde ave succeeded with any of ies, They will probably always be a trial on the patience and ingenuity of those who would make living collections of them, and certain species Gea Mead ig and Edithcolea grandis), te defied all attempts at thei cultivation. ae tribe Ceropegiae are a number of interesting genera, trodu nly th : ere ar a petals as in C. sta eine with petal-tips united above a narrow, e umbrella form as in C. S rsonit. S any species similar in form to thi I-kn Sarcostemma viminalis, mostly of stiff upright growth, but with an occasional species of sprawling habit. More Fleshy-Stemmed Curiosities The Pedaliaceae (Sesame family) eee several succulent eres a. Pterodiscus, with five or six: species, has flask-shaped or bas ick tems ai + 8 5 oO a 3 a pe 5 me os "2 x =] > > 2 = = 3 are white or pinkis d have heavy-tuberous, partly ae stems and leafy flowering stems that are either upright or creeping. e flowers are large and showy. mong te strangest of ite is the one tree member of the Gourd family (Cucurbitaceae). This genus, Dendrosicyos, is restricted ed or fi ce ht with sh e trunk is so ne ea it may be split through with a reins “Little pickles” is the dealer's name for this fleshy-leaved daisy, Othonna crassifolia, which is sometimes use ae a hanging ia t plant or, in the West, a cover for dry banks. Relatives of the Daisies he last group of succulents is in the Composite ae which contains a familiar plants as asters, sunflowers, daisies, thistles, and dandelions. Practically all of the su i composites e€ ai related enera—Sen leinia, Notonia, and Ot i ibe Senecioni- dae thonna crassifolia, nee called “little pickles” because of it cylindrical leaves, is t nly one of its genus known in et n col- ctions, t there are at le nm or twelve other s nt species cule of Othonna which are even more desirable. All have ee -like yellow wer-heads, Senecio, Kleinia, and Notonia cae so slightly that they are oe ly all placed in Senecio, but they a’ indicated by the initial letters of istinct genu te red or purple floret h sae ays. S. trop teak us WI ae peer fees like ee S. scaposus with yellowish- ae es flat-tipped leaves, S. crassissimus uk broad, flat, and thick leaves, are ae only es true Senecios well known in 133 America, but there are ones in South Africa that we hope will some Tt Ww ‘onia red, the best k of which leafless N. pendula, commonly called paca tls because of its pecu- liar creeping habit. Grantit and K. semperviva with flat leaves and thick gray stems are but little known, Three characteristic succulents in the Composite family, growing in the rok Botanical Garden’s conservatories. The extremely white felt-like leaves “ “Klet Haworthii contrast strongly with the definitely blue leaves of similar shape in Kleinia Mandraliscae. Between the two ave the shield-like leaves of Senecio tropaeolifolius. 134 Herb (Conference Attracts Hundreds For Botanical Garden Program Dealing With Useful Plants By Carol H. Woodward conference on herbs and drug plants arranged by the New York tanical Garden for Tuesday and Wednesday, April 7 and 8, nie nearly 400 persons to the Garden The ten apers and two motion pictures ange? brought out significant f the important plants i per aoe U to quinine, belladonna, digitalis, stramonium, henbane, and castor beans ai sential drugs of ich t merican supply is already severely limited by the war, Dr. Bonisteel exhibited specimens of digitalis and elladonna which e been improved, the one by selection, the other by chemical treatment of the seeds. He also told of how the yield of quinine in th of cinchona trees has been increased entific methods from 3% to 12% and in isolated instances even as high as fo. However, arned ov thopetul: he point of a as nie human need for these drugs of which our supplies are at ee Charles C. Lieb of ‘the oe of Pharmacology of the Colleg of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia iversi ivi ee the ioe of each of them in medic: ine and their effect on the human system, e entioned especially aconite, digitalis, belladonna, ergot, castor = Pe a in the ciemiaee and the tea which followed-—Dr. Lieb’s address closed the Potente which had begun the previous morning with Mrs, Mortunet J. Fox B Fox a nber of the merica, speaking on “The Back-Yard Herb Garden. ‘ox, who is err Advisory Council of the Bi ical Garden, also of the Herb Society o tA erica, and the author of “Gardening with ers for Flavor and Fragrance” and other books, eeting a atid presided on the afternoon of the served as chairman of the two-day r c first day. Mrs, Robert H. Fife, President of the Advisory Council, presided on Tuesday. morning after a brief introduction by Dr. William J. Rol bbins. Dr. C. W. *An article based on Dr. Bonisteel’s paper appeared in the April Journal of the New York Botanical Garden. 135 Ballard, Dean of the College of Pharmacy at Columbia University, took the chair the second morning, and Miss Elizabeth Remsen Van Brunt, a member ot the New York unit of the Herb Society of America, presided Wednesday afternoot Herbs in Food Following the ieee ae in which Mrs. Fox gave some practical advice for the cultur arden to contain useful herbs for making teas, flavoring ade aa meas pleasant odors, Miss Edith M. Barber, ho i we ; bulbs, and truffles as wild vegetables fit to bo il. (There was no distinction made Haas between what we now know as vegetables and the savory herbs. | ali ere classed as herbs.) pe and other herbs mentioned in this period. include pepper, myrrh, sesame, cumin, and coriander. From Apicius* Miss Barber i a “Selly” which made use of S. = Put in the mortar celery seed, dry pennyroyal, dry mint, ginger, fresh coriander, seedless raisins, honey, vinegar, oil and wine, crush it together. Place 3 pieces of Picentian bread in mould, interlined wath pieces of chicken, sweetbreads of calf or lamb, cheese, pignolia nuts, cucumbers, 5 inely chopped dry ou ‘ coverin ig the whole ith broth. Bury mould i rinkle and s rim, The publishing of Heals ailer the invention fa ae printing press, ae a < ae t intere: oth in remain from this period mention rosemary, parsley, thyme, ginger, cinnamon, and sees aaa was is classed as a spice}, and the flowers d. The 17th c ye ing ee hor. It should be a mess of raw vegetables, he ad Fee : al : herbs whi e had in mind included par: rsley, eee rosemary, sage, sorrel, tansy, fennel, mint, and tarragon. But not the same Apicius who is said to have committed suicide when, having only a half a million or so of his fortune left, could not bear to face life with so little to spend on luxuries for his table 136 ' There is little change from these in the 20th century. Our colonial ancestors, Miss Barber remarked, apparently Ree very few flavoring herbs in their en Consequently tt historic American recipes containing herbs. hile recommending herbs as accessories in cooking, she Hee mie using them in too great abundance and in indiscreet combinatio1 “A fine palate is necessar y for the use of alee in cookery,” Miss Barber concluded. “The rule is, ee to good tas Spices from the Far East Travels in the spice-producing lands of the Far East formed the back- ground for the address by Mr. M. L. Van No rden, President of Van Norden & Archibald, import ers of spices, and vice-chairman of the publicity committee of the American Spice Trade Association, It was the lure of a shorter route to the Spice Islands toward the en = Chinese, however, who were well established in the trade by 2700 B.C., were the first spice dealers in the world, he pointed out. Four a hey because of their shape, they called the “chicken-tongue” spice. Later the French gave the name of dou,” meaning nail, to this same product, and our word cloves is derived from this. In the days of caravans, before a sea route was sought, Venice, which was then a country by itself, was the great European spice center. “The i passi i dia and ulted was what se the jealouty of Spain a nd Por ortugal, which in Gam cre e ow e similar,” he remarked. “T tell them no one really knows, but superstition ie it that cloves, for instance, must ‘see’ the ocean and nutmegs must mell’ it.” Indian Medici So ins as ae plants are concerned, Mr. G. L. Wittrock, speaking on “North American Indian Customs with Medicinal Plants,’ expressed the belief that eae investigations into the nature of some of the plants that were used by the Indians would reveal teal drugs that might 137 replace some of the products that we are no longer able to get because of he bes . Many - the facts he related about the Indians’ use of native found i Mrs. Wi plan in ie ae with him and published in the March issue of the Journal. Essential Oils Dr. Ernest S. Guenther, Chief Research Chemist for Fritzsche Bros., Inc., of New York City, gave the talks accompanying the two motion pictures which his company provided for the conference. Both films were made by Dr. Guenther during his travels into the aa of the world re produc . On m the her ion of pea oils in the Western Hence the other in the Far Eas! x oe Other addresses were given during the conference by Dr. W. M. Porter- field, who spoke on “China’s Contribution in Medicinal Herbs;” Dr. Henry K. Svenson, whose subject was South America’s contribution ; Miss Mala Rubinstein, eee in Cosmetics ;” and Mr. Christian ae “Herbs in Perfumery. o e papers—or significant portions of them will be published in later sean of this Journal. The Audience Among the individuals who attended the two- snl conference were, besides amateur gardeners and persons with herbs as a hobby, growers of erbs and dealers in herb. roducts, professors of bot any and related sub- jects, research botanists a: tists, acl » £ club officers and members, professional horticulturists, landscape architects, writers, editors, lecturers, and akers, and people who work with foo M dition, were membe he Botanical Garden; others, members of erb Society of Ame the Nv: ork unit of ; inder the chairmanship of Mrs. William Felton Barrett (who is also a member o rden’s Advisory Council), served as host rganiza tion for the luncheon ed ¢ hile approximately hi those attending ca m New City, probably another 75 from other places in Ne ee State, one AGnae ee from Kansas, and othe made s; 1 trip York isconsin, Michigan, a clal New from Ohi C gal ssouri, Virginia, Dis trict of Colui an Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Connecticut, Massa setts, Rhode Island, New Hampshire, and Vermont, as well as other state The Hostesses Members of the Herb Society of America who took charge of the luncheon on the two days included, besides Mrs. Barrett, Miss Elizabeth Remsen Van Brunt, Mrs. Edward M. Colie, Mrs. Jay B. Odell, and Mrs. Henry Rennell. Several members of the ee Council ‘of the Garden who are also members of the Herb Society also assisted at noon, as well as in arran 138 ging and serving the tea at the close of the program each afternoon. This group of aes included Mrs. Robert H. Fife, as chairman, Mrs. ant on B. Williams, Mrs. Antonie P. Voislawsky, Mrs. Elon Hu mtingten Hooker, ar pinay Delafel Id, oe Barent Lefferts, Mrs. Henry . Schw: , Mrs. x, Mrs. Jerome W. Coombs, and Mrs, A. io p ata “Also sung ie ‘Sire William J. Robbins, Mrs, H. W. Ricketi Mrs, F. vanag gh, Dr. a, Mrs. Mary Bartley Schmidt, Mrs. Lac, W. Kav ‘oberta M. Schwarten, Mrs. G. M. Schilling, er Mi were handled by Sie Elizabeth C. Hal M: fae Rosalie Weikert. General arrangements EG Notes, News, and Comment Scholarship. Mary Bartley Schmidt caine to the Garden in April to work for year with Dodge on the ni in heter rocaryotic vigor mi he . Schmidt is Te. eeioient of a scholarship from the American Philo- sophical Society. Far Job. Dr. William J. Bonisteel beeen a wartime assignment the last of t of Nelson M. April under the dir Roc! ler, Coordinator r of Inter-Amer- ical . as special consultant on the production of drug ie His work will take him into ma: outh American countries During his absence from Fordham University the remainder of this term, his students in G any are being taught by Dr. H Rickett. Chrysler Herbarium. Upon his retire ment from the Botany Department at Rutgers University, where he has heen since 1923, Prof. M. A. ysler was ho d 16 at a ceremon: which the anstititien collection of nite ved plant specimens was named o Chrysler Herbanan, Dr. W. H. Cam a ve principal address, speaking on ‘he ines barium in Systema aa he pe Chrysler Gers to continue his cocae work on tropi- cal fer War on Reetles. Chinese Boy Scouts or Nai yan Cite visited ilie laboratory f Dr. B. O. ge on April 4 and heard a talk on Japanese pestle, after which they studied the g rin; still wintering just beneath the sod in the lawns. They have volunteered to help in eradicating the Japanese beetles ie Res au York City area this com ne ory Council. Dr. William J. Robbin eas members of a ce jen’s Advi ahaa on a tol on the nds, plans for oe welopinent: “alter “the business ae of the group held in the Members’ Room April 13. alate Dr. Edwin B. Matzke a University and Mr. Club at the Garden April 15 on ae scopic rato: in the Identifica nm of the Com 2 waite Pines’ and "Vr. Libero "Ale poke on “A New Chytrid Genus, Be Se Thirty-five were present for the meeting and tea hic followed in the Members’ Ro Students. The Museum of Fossil Bot any in the basement of the uilding was visited by students from Hunter College March 28 under the direct iss . R. Simpson. Two classes fr the Department of Land- plants in the Thom 1 i Memori Garden April 24. Nature Study. The Botanical Garden represented at a Nature eee tm Board d meeting as one 0 n instructors in the Emergency Nature Lecture Course, 139 During a visit to Cornell ectures. ry University April 10 tor the initiation and banquet of the Society of Sigma Xi, Dr. William t Rol bine two talks, one on “Plant Life at the ee York Botani- cal Gar to thi “Vitamins in Plant Growth A the class in advanced plant physiolog: Forum. nual dinner of the Gardeners Forum took place April 11 at the Bronx River Inn, with Mr. Rola eis, Superin- tendent ot J ishing Cemetery, and Mr. J. H. Beal penn tendent of the Ar. boretum se Boyce Thompson Insti- tute, Torker iS princip: speakers. ce Ever ret served as toastmaster. Forum, was the recipient of a set of Britton & Brown’s “Illustrated Flora of the Northern United States and Canada,” presented by Dr. . J. Robbins, as a prize fo herbarium of e for stud Seaman “Harry, “Ford of the U. S. N: a former apprentice. ane committee for r, O'Lack, Miss Ish. Anne Seaman, and Vincent Flood Control. Word m Dr, H. N. Molde nike, who is at Civi ie an Public Ser- eee of Agricultu: Tree Pictures. ecause of the post- ponement of the publication oe from May to August, for “Tre e Coun- tryside” by Marg: aret Meee “he ex- hibit of tree pic pees ade for fae book y Alice Bir ginally scheduled for this month at the. ‘Botanical Garden, has also been postponed until August. Visitors. Among the spring visitors at le the Garden were Robert Bloch, Ya University; Edna Kobs, Randolph- hse Women’s College; ; Elbert L. Litt U. S. Forest Service: ‘and Artl Eames, Cornell University. Cup-Fungi. Dr. Fred Jay Seaver is te authet and wublicher of a new sup- nted edition of “The North Ameri- he has four new plates in color, as well as many ae an additions : Cae tions. The book, ttra vely bound in blue, came “i ae press tans A review of it will appear in a lat number of He Journal. Mos. . Inez M. Haring has re- turned. ‘to New "York from oe to spend the summer workin: Elizabeth Gertrude Britton Moss "Her Liv Dr. Margaret Fulford, who mas been working at Yale and Har- Sider since tl re or rch the liverworts, particularly hose of Central America, in lieu of the expeditic nn to Central Ai te for whi she ready to start week tha start the America entered the war, has returned to eee ane to complete her year of work enhei wi He im Fellow shir She’ v] ae vee het post as ssistant Professor of Botany at: the University of Cincinnati in Sept Air Ser Dr. Duncan A, McLar Tactartors4 an Botany at Dartmouth, Cat lege, who visitor las e Garden, hag resigned to ‘in es me- legas w ‘ho in the summer of 1940 receiv ved a aay at the Garden. Honors. At their first meeting of the year, ihe Board of Directors of the Hor- ticultural Society of Ne ork re mously d D: director for the term 1942-1944. Miss Elizabeth C. Hall wa ted an honora: mber e North Suffolk Pri: annual botany prizes for otiginal: ‘nvestigation by undergraduate students have been hi mouth College e “Witam Eggl Se g! fea eo) by. Mrs. oo whe s he w Yo: eee ‘schol lar United States Departmen $ assistant botanist nt of Agriculture Current Literature* At a Glance For Vegetable Gardeners. Among the many new books and pot ani bles d for sale throuehoot the county ou tit! s for fhe rowin Own ‘the ook he U. S. Departmen various publications and from le. taken from an address by Claude R. Wickard, Secretary of Agriculture. The book is abundantly auiustrated with draw- ings by Tabea Ho Herb Culture. Much practical infor- manor for the pein in herb parden- ined “Herbs and e1 Station While it has been eee especially. “for Tene of Connecticut ue nae ee alo. ae ee tri tribat eee Ss the ae ‘Taste Essential Oils. print . of more than 50 papers written TEE t S. Guenther and appearing in eight different technical magazines have been presented to the Hbrary of the New Yo otanical Gar- den by Fritzsche Brothers, Inc., whom Dr. Caaets J ee pet tay ch Chemist. ae arly 14 years of travel, Peidustrial. “investigation, and chemical "research; eal in the: produ e field of essential Ano of t ars ha ote ye s heen the motion pictur Bs iY her showing phases of 1 ti stry, two of Sarat Hh ustry, presented by him during the Ga: Heb Conference in April. He has wat about the production of essential oits * All publications mentioned here—and many others—may be found in the Library of The Botanical Garden, in the Museum Building. in France, yegiun Spain, Italy, Sicily, Bulgaria, Hungary, Dalmatia and the Tyrol, portions of Africa, Madagascar, Ceylon, the Philippines, Java, South Ams eee nes °, palttoraia, and other place: ential at he has treated in ne ies ints, which rose; bay, awe carrot, parsley, and celery; juniper, cypress and cedarwood; lemon-grass, ranium, star anise, and s fos eee vetiver, ylang-ylang, palma- epper, pimenta, one. fimmamen nella hyssop, myrtle, e, vanilla, Sandalwood. labdanum, and ae oils that are contained in French c Mushroom Pests. The commercial, also the amateur, ous of mushrooms will learn how t Cen the beds free from 01 and o ther pe d Their Con Cop é_obtain- able from the ‘Sopeviniendet of Docu- in Washington for 10 c Nercissus Pests. Control! of the nar- cissus bulb fly, which in recent years has done great di issus-growing ar x ned in Farmers’ Bulletin No. 1890 of the U.S.D.A. Tlustrations, diagrams, and descriptions are also given for the control of other narcissus pests. Price 10 ae obtainable from the Su- perintendent of Documents New Jersey Weeds. One by one the states are issuing booklets on thei ‘weeds, The latest comes from New Jersey as Circular 416 of the Agricultural Experi- ent Station. It was prepared by Jessie Fiske. Each weed described is illus ed. 7 in Photographs and_ sketches pei Fruit trees, vines, and shrubs before and after they have been pruned are used to explain methods of handling hardy fruit plants in Farmers’ Bulletin No. 1870 of the U.S.D.A. More than 100 pages of Towa Plants. mal Pr f 1 This is the fifth edition of the “Grinnell Flor: THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN C54 LDWIN, oe oun L. MERRILL, Vice- pres side ne ERS! Henry pe La Montaeng, Se crete Elective i E. C. AUCHTER CiarENce McK. Lewis aa Hopart PorTER Henry F, pu Pont Henry Locxuart, Jr. NCIS - PoweELL, Jr. MarsHALL FIeLp DTM Mis, Harotp I. Pratt Mrs. Eton HUNTINGTON iow E, D. Merriit LIAM 7 Ropgins Pierre Jay Rozert H, MonTGOMERY A. ee SAUNDERS Ex-Officio Managers Froretto H. LaGuaroia, Mayor of the City of New York JaMEs erp President a td Board of Education Rogert Mos miMmisstoner By Columbia University M Marston i. ;pooenr ARcUS M. ee R. A. Har Sam F. Tre THE STAFF Wiuram J. Rorsins, Px.D., Sc.D. Director H. A. Greason, Pu.D. Assistant Director and Head Curator Heney pE LA Mon NTAGNE Assistant aed tor . Stout, Px Curator of Education and Laboratories ae J. SEAVER, Pep, Sc.D. Gece Bernard O. Doncz, Px.D, ‘athologist oHN HENLEY Bianaare A.M, M.D. Bibliogt ae “Einert UMS H. ue Rickett, Px.D. Assistant Bibliographer R. R. Stewart, P.D. Act ig, Crater Euizanera C. Hatt, A.B., B.S. rian Fuepa GrirritH Artist and Photographer Percy WItson Research Associate Ronert S. WILtraMs Research Ascociate in Bryology . J. ALEXANDER Assistant Curator and Curator of the Local Herbaviui . H. Camp, Pxa.D, Assistant Curator A R, Pu.D. 4 istant OSALIE WEIKERT Technical Assistant 'REDERICK van M.A, Technical Assistant HN ie Prerce, M.A Te Oe Gee AROL H. Wooowaxo, "AB. Editorial Assista Homas H. Eve a ND: Horr, Gta tuerist . WiTTRO a Custodian of the Herbarium To Drcener, M.S. Collaborator in Hiaiian Botany A. J. Grout, Px.D. Honorary Curator of Mosses Rogert HaceLsTEIn Honorary Curator of Myxomycetes JoserH F, Ere a onorary Curator of the Diatomaceae B, A. Krux porary Curat tor of Economic Botany E fate ‘Anson 8. PECKBAM Hae, Curate 7 AR’ as J oe ‘Superintendent of Buildings and Grounds CP Assistant Superintendent ‘0 reach the Botanical Garden, take the Eighth Avenue Subway to Bedford Park ah the Third Avenue Elevated to the Bronx ne station, or the New York oe feed Botanical core station; or drive up the Gra ceria eaten east on Mosholu from Westchester, turn west at end of Bronx River Pkwy, PUBLICATIONS OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN Books, Booklets, and Special Numbers of the Journal An Tere ie oft ae. Noni United States and Canada, by Nat banal Lord Britton vou mes, giv. ine de escriptions and illustra tions of ‘, 666u cee ae ree rep $13 Flora of ne Prairies and Plains of Geneel North Amerie, by P. A. Rydberg. 969 pe and 601 figur 1932. Price, $5.50 postp: Plants of the Vinci of New York, by H. A. Ge pages, illustrated. A handbook especially compiled for the beginner in plant bidenticatton 1935. $1.65. lora of Bermuda, by Nathaniel ae Britton and other: 3 pages with 494 figures, covering algae, fungi, mosses, ferns, flowering Sine “191 Text-Book of ee eral Lichenology, by Albert Schneider. 230 pages. 1897. Deo) merican Gabe by Kenneth K. Mackenzie, containing 539 plates of Carex and related plants by Harry C. Cre ete, with a description of each species. Indexed. 1940. Two volumes, 1034 x 13%4 nee bound $1 . $15. ~I a 4s) oS S o g Keys to the North ee, Spent ies ort ime by K. K. Mackenzie. From OF Parte N. lants of the Holy Cgbineet y Eleanor King, illustrated, and accompea by a list of Plants of the Bible with quotations, in the March Ba Journal. 15 cents. Food and Drug Plants of the North American Indian wo illustrated articles by ee a 3 G. L. Wittrock in the Jour: aa for March ie 15 cents. rns ou Their Culture. Edited by Carol H. Wo ee 40 pages, fluent” een bepey Me ©, 2 cents. The Flora Ba n Tapestries by E. J. Alexander and Carol H. Wood ward. 28 pages, reer ae Bheoeenie oe drawings; bound with paper. 1941. 25 cents. Vegetables cad Fruits for the Home Garden. Four authoritati from aN Journal. 21 pages. illustrated. Edited by Carol H Weedwarch 1941. 25 cents. Herbal. Fine published by Richard Banckél in London. 1525. Edited and modern Fogle with an i i nfc L ee or and es 200hipa i Pre Se Roles Facsimile and Reprints. 1941. Price to members of the Gane oo 50; to others, $3. Periodicals disonia, annu devoted exclusively to colored plates accompanied by pop oa descriptions i “flowering plants; eight plates in each number, ns two in each volume. Now in its twenty-first volume. euberaeeen price, $10 a volume (four years). Not offered in een Free to members of the Garden. a w ining t terest. $7 a year; single copies $1.2 Now in its thirty-fourth voi Twenty-four Year Index volume ittonia. A series of botanical papers. Subscription price, $5 a volume. th e. s fourth v orth American Flora. Descriptions of the wild plants of North eunottea, 1 reenland, the t Indies, and Central America. Planned to be com pleted in 34 volumes, each to consist of four or more parts; 90 parts now issue quest e In ex (23, S < Contributions from The New York Botanical Garden. A series of technical par written by students or members of the staff, and reprinted from journals other than as ab ce, 25 cents each, $5 a volume. In the 14th volume. of T New York Boi ical Garden. A collection of scientific emoir. papers. Ganene Ae prices on reques JOURNAL THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN Caro. H. Woopwarp, Editor Ww THIS oe Is AIDED the numerous funds for special purposes which have been Pp or bequeathed aS the New York Botanical Garden during the past 43 years, two have contributed to the publication of this Journal. av) Charles P. Daly in faa in memory Mrs. Daly come from this fund, by action of the Board of Managers, is applied exclusively to the Gan den’s publications. Both Mr. Lydig and Judge Daly died before any of the Garden’s current publications were established. The Bulletin, Contributions, and Memoirs, now no longer published, were started in 18' 899, and 1900, respec- tively. The Journal was begun in January 1500. The ine number a ich h si ip’ was ugurate: youngest of the publications, was started in pane Cates estab- lished in 1916, is taken care of by a fund of its o ach of these periodicals has, of course, received” from this fund only a fraction ot the money it has needed every year. There has been a steady hope that more ch funds will be presented: so that each publi cation cae “he eeu of a strong financial bape one now 7 sadly oO m. th excep general endowment oh the Garden. Besides the David Lydi fund, part of the income from the Stokes fend, a n to aro h ers, the accumulated income was used for colored illustrations of “ae flowers needi ction. Se a nal. Whenever articles ie the Tournal deal with native plants, either giving information about them {which was one of the stated purposes of the fund) cr pleading for their protection, it is with the aid of the Stokes fund that this material is published. TABLE OF CONTENTS June 1942 Portion oF A BANANA LEAF-STALK, PEELED TO SHOW THE SKELETO: Cover Protest Fleda ee . Rick Looxinc Into A Banana “TREE” in CosMETICS Mala Paes 148 ce Lire AND THE Law oF MAN TI]. BARBERRY ‘ERADICATION E. H. Fulling 152 Notices AND 1eEws OF Recent Books 158 CuRRENT LITERATURE AT A GLANCE 161 NotEs, ; Cc 162 Girt oF SouTH AFRICAN FLowER PAINTINGS QueEsTION CoLUMN: About Potatoes A. B. Stout; “Botanic” or “Botanical”? H. W. Rickett Journal is published monthly by The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New York. N. ™ Entered at the eas Oice a saa aet York, N. Y., as second-class matter. Annual peace $1.00. Single copies members of the Garden rk, N. Y., as second-class matter. Annual subscript: abers of the Garden, | JOURNAL of THE NEW YoRK BOTANICAL GARDEN Vor. 43 June 1942 No. 510 Looking Into A Banana “Tree” Structure and Growth of the World’s Largest Herb Revealed y H.W, Rickett BUNCH of bananas grows on a plant which some would call a banana ree. ree it is indeed in stature, but botanically more accurately spoken of as a gigantic heb. fter it has fruited, the massive trunk, the enormous SNe - visible structure—dies down to the ground as if it were no more than a cartot-top. Like the ie and foweri ring stem of that familiar vegetable, the green s parts of the banana arise from an underground part is a stem, how- ever, not a root; and it Spates pro acti new branches which in turn form new aerial shoots. The banana is peren: Each branch of the Cae erground stem of a nee is known to planters a bulb, but in structure it is quite unlike the an of a lily or tulip. Botanical ly it is spoken of as a RHIZOME, , though it ae elongate: more swollen than the usual hae me and it is fin. nally. directed eee: in ifs growth rather than horizontally. Perhaps that bot: at factotum, the term TUBER, may be used to designate such a struc h tuber is tipped with a bud, eres of young leaves closely on a growing point called the MERIsteEM. The bud becomes the group leafy shoot and from its apex the towers and fruit develop; after the fruit has been formed the entire shoot in t ft that lateral buds of pans eel appear in the axils of the leaves— is, in ae angles between leaves and es Each lateral bud of a banana t, however, ee athe wide of the stem opposite a leaf-base. The ea is probably as follows: 141 142 he first leaf appears below the terminal growing point, or meri- is repeated when the next leaf is formed, an e next; so tha ently continuou us axis is a series of uae. branches, known as a SYMPODIUM. i fl — £ many families. (The ne ie me-not and the spring- be eauty are two familiar examples.) of 3 be = 7 Oo & =. 3 or ae a he + s oOo & ie} am ay oo al 4 a lo} mh » Ae} °° = z oa he gr its leaves attache d ne: “a ne é plane in concent circles, the oldest rolled one within the other to simulate a stem. The oe trunk of the banana plant is ene called the aang em false begins to elongate, thrusting up thr sae he center linder of leaf-bases. It becomes a massive white column whic! ies a e- third of the diameter o pseudostem, As it grows it continues to form 1 s whi erge th h the sheaths of the old ly as do those which are attached to the tuber. Finally the growing-point develops into the cluster of flowers which protrudes from the summit of the e re has been some tendency in popular and semi-scientific literature to treat the trunk of a banana “tree” as nothing but a cylinder of leaf-bases surrounding an is leafless lee Ga is i the truth. The stem within the pseudostem is leafy for about three-fourths of its heig' tt is not uni n aries surroun ; this is true also of many palms, en of e herbs lant, in fact, a simil looser pseudostem banana plant is notable for the xcessive proportion of leaf-bases to true stem, a eakness of the latter. T cae is composed almost ee of PARENCHYMA—large, soft, thin-w: cells—in whi th nu fill aces re There are i numbers of small eee strands, pa cicalacly in the ae INTO A BANANA TREE This Photograph was made in the Main Conservatories at the Ga den by David Bie drath, Jr, of the Tewsbabeh PM in carly, spring a year ago, and it appeared as ful page illustration in the paper, The other photographs ed daa made b’ Fleda Griffith, show sections of the same banana “ lant after it was cut down a few weeks later. 143 A piece of the pseudostem dissected to reveal the soft central core and ans sturdily c constructed leaf-bases which form the strong “trunk” of the outer or cortical region; but practically no woody fibers. b Tf divested of ould not support its hat ruit-cluster. It m y extend om the tuber under the ground to the ik whi a Teaf. blade thirty feet so many large par herbaceous plants, it is an example of the economical of stru 1 tissues. It is composed of a tou rind on outer and inner surfaces connected by narrow partitions whicl run the entire length base and stalk. The spaces between thes mally filled w pends for ote strength, like an iron columm, on the gidity of its outer 145 all. The main partitions, which are extended perpendicularly to the direc- ae in which bending is likely, serve to keep the two surfaces apart. ductive strands run the entire length of the peciion and are numerous in the tissues near the epidermis; they are joined by frequent cross con- nections at the levels of the transverse septa A cross section of the trunk of a iaiaad plant therefore reveals a central core of soft tissue, the stem, oo by interlocked tough- -ribbe se th of leaf- bases is s split open, segments of the stem can be lifted out of the cane! gly. Cross section of the pseudostem of a banana, showing the central core, or true stem surrounded by the Pinel bases: in which the air chambers are “ible. The dark dots in the ‘ore ave the vascular bundles wins h carry the sap o the leaves and flowers abou 146 af-stalk in cross-section, showing the longitudinal partitions and the transverse septa Le interrupting them. These. partitions, or ribs, faa separated by air spaces, run the entire length of the leaf. The streaks in the wal he blade of a banana leaf is “one of the largest unbroken exparises of photosynthetic tissue in the entire plant kingdom.’* mous i one half @ around ps ® @ 3 em “o) a a = > o s of f e true petiole of the leaf. The banana leaf on sere history in which r f the petiole a t mina, ot blade, have disappeared (leaving only this vestige) The present blade is really an expansion of ae er an of the ancestral ar sa na rtior a structure. The evidence for this has come i fe a a study of the veins, The stalk and midrib are continuous with the base, have the same * Several leaves on the banana plant which fruited at the Garden in the summer of 1941 had blades 12 feet long and more than 3 feet wide. 147 arrangement of air chambers, the same disposition of vascular strands in ae or give ss branches which do so) and run transversely across to either margin, wher ir; nm the tribe to form the false lamina of the leaf. A bias blade develops by marginal growth, not by an expansion of the tissues within the margin. Between the veins in the lamina of a banana leaf is a oe of be ie m- bers which continues that of the leaf ee interrupted in the by transverse septa, Since each row of chambers eivenges to eho or + lett, rt midr ib. a 1 brations.)} On the surface of the expanded leaf the veins stand up a ridges. There are ato strips of cells on either side of the midrib which, st we ; “or Pre 2 wee Ry ae" a 2 Portion of leaf-stalk cut both crosswise and lengthwise to show the longitudinal partitions and the transverse septa, also the spongy nature of the whole. 148 by their expansion, bend back the two halves of the blade into one plane— as you open the journal in which these words are printed. After it has opened, the leaf peer becomes split between the ins into “fal a ee is a pseudo stem its | Herbs In (Cosmetics As presented April 7 at the Herb Conference at the New York Botanical Garden. By Mala Rubinstein* 6 aes herb is the oldest and one of the newest ae dients of beaut; products. Herbs were used for beauty by nee tra ee other gla eae ° cient World, And : ou: a ye and lotions. te of all our mod we find that herbs are still er the most valued o beauty preparations. Herbs are as important today for health and beauty as tl were oe es Of c e, it is not really correct to compare the herbs we use in our eee ee with ee employed by the ancients. I am quite sure * Miss Rubinstein is Director of the New York Salon of Mme. Helena Rubinstein. 149 Cleopatra would not recognize her favorite herbs as we make use of them today. And I am sure she would gladly have paid a heavy ransom for the modern beauty aids we take for grante oday, when want to gi omplexi ons the benefit - herbs, we of ancie: gypt concoction like the followi “G kin e, wax, fresh balanites oil, rush-nut gro ne, put in viscous fluid and applied to the face every y.” This was supposed to expel wrinkles from the oe according to an ‘gyptian papyrus, : ted 1500 B. f dt eir hair, they mixed together s ink-powder, stibi m, myrtle, oil, eee sayelle, and fat of Reareene a applied this mixture to their crowning glories. e E, had a remedy for dandruff, too: powde: gr and roasted barley, powder of roasted ammi (bishop-weed), grease xed to: . did not give up hope. The next o the treatment was to turn the h the ground witl Lyi edy to it, then anoint it with fish-oil on ihe second day, fat “of, hipsupoamts on the third day, and laudanu on the fourth day. n addition to these beauty recipes, women of ancient Egypt, Greece, and Rome used herbs for healing purposes also. In fact, they were impressed by the health- and beauty-giving powers of herbs that they grew them in their own gardens. Later on, we find herbs mentioned in the Bible. In Solomon’s Song, there is the ref “myrrh and frankincense, Il the spi ders of the merchant” to anoint the body. And during the Middle Ages, and s of the cloisters and s used herbs as a method of healing er Superior Hildegard wrote an interesting book . Mot the subject of herbs and their ae properties. Then, coming e England inspired the ladies of her court to plant herbs for cosmetic pu anh Many persons today can remember their own grandmothers making use of herbs in their beauty preparations. For in the Victorian Age, e took their beauty herbs very seriousl n the poet Richard Alison te: “There is a garden i ace where roses and white lilies grow,” he probably did not realize that his words could be taken almost literally Ithough mothers did e roses and white lilies for th © n one book, called “How to be Pretty tho ough Phin ” by Mrs. Humph- rey, which was published in London Hee und a delightful recipe for lipstick. Ladies of ots day woul 1a t an ounce of alkanet an three ounces of oil of almond. This hes Sar oa in an earthen vessel 150 ne pee it ina aan place to In another se ee would mix ince and a half of white and half an of s e drops of ai roses. The reci it is “hick, and aie in a cool place to get ” Ca i woman today going through this routine every time she needed a lipstick? Victorian ladies considered orris-root tablets excellent for a mouthwash and they followed this recipe for tooth powder: “‘One tablespoon of pre- ri aX ° half an of powdered orris-root, ne dram rose pink. Mix well togethe aid of pestle and mortar. es most fragrant and pleasant preservative for the teeth and sweetener of the breath.” hey ee hasan ir faces with seems they went even farther They dene mail ae aes oe eee believed took the color out ‘of their cheeks, ne ae Victorian ritual is the one which v was used afte: rare occasions Victorian ladies rer jhe de fee skins . ‘the sun, they followed these directions: “For = sun- scorching, after boating or bathing, wash you face in water as hot as yo st : ve ou J properties of Reread making gon use of : em. As we eal 0 n our own Oe ries, we have considerably expanded the use of creams. I ie selected a few o f tl auty preparations. T with there ild chamomile (Matricaria Chamomilla). This herb is extensively used in the making of cosmetics e from its good aroma, its volat il is used to produce better circu- lati blood vessel the se: Roman chamomile (Anthemis air to give it nice gloss. The ary (Rosmarinus offen lis) is added to several cosmetic aa “bec of i istinctive ae It was used in the first Eau ne ever manuf. red. ‘Everyone knows Ophelia’s line: “There’s cn . that’s for remembrance.” The sage (Salvia officinalis), like rosemary, is another herb mentioned by Shakespeare, but he gives it a poisonous si ae nificance, whereas in pad this harmless little plant only has a bitter taste. “How similar are her a is also used in rinsin: 151 to life!’ It has a delightful fragrance and disinfecting qualities when sed in mouth washes and gargles. Every woman appreciates sage in the ksh, a seldom realizes that it also may serve among her toiletries. ala pe oe in som cream contains hi eral kinds of ae oe Saperee physicians have written about success in using wild pansy extract. A tincture of marigold (Ca Goitule igo officinalis) is used in homeopat! thie medicines for countless ailments, but we cosmeticians like the flower particularly on account of its rich golden- orange color. Nettle oe — is piel es a — pian apeen ee a is used very efficiently in certai : for ing: nt ina air ae st thanks of the world ie ues and he has many followers i his theory of the benefits o Eyebright (Eup pa iotnatis) is another weed. Farmers dislike it —they call it a parasite living on other plants, and say it is a cause of reduction of fodder for cattle. But as an herb for alee it has been in fo : : - on of the re aning Cheerfulne: We don't know eer erb i on account of its SG little flowers or the se ie bal rom it. Fennel ia aeg haste is mentioned in the book “Capitulare de Villis” written by - magne’s son Louis, who a res US in this the first instructions on hw Shee enidl From that on this aromatic herb and spice was eesti in all the gardens of ie cont ters of Eur It is used frequently for its fragrance, and it makes a helpful nee and eyewash. The rose, as course, is not eae an herb, but because of the frequent use of the Queen of Flow n the cosmetic field, I mention it here. ile Metilos was an herb used by Queen Elizabeth in the 15th century in her beauty culture. Arnica, peppermint, ea and lavender are other herbs used for cosmetics. Our chemists ants are continu- ally working on the effect that various heits have on the skin, to to rejuvenate it, ae on the use of herbs for the fain as a mouth woh in the care of the teeth ine Plant Life And The Law Of Man Til. Barberry Eradication By E. H. Fulling > a Anton de Bary, the great German botanist, put the finishing es to a series of investigations by himself and others which esablished one of the most significant truths in the biology of plants, mely, th at ba oS . ae play an important role in the life-cycle and I ny pai rust had wrought tu nderstanding cause was not acquired until these inve ee rev ee the true nature of the scourge. In short, their revelations showed that the rust on wheat and a disease prevalent on err ves both sprang f e ng trom t icy, a fungus which spread from wheat to barberry and from barberry to wheat, and that the presence of barberry was necessary for the dissem- ination of the disease in grain fiel With slight modification ta explanation has withstood repeated inves- ince it was first ced. In has since been learned that the ; : crops, and this, too, has been amply ea As a result, legislation requiring eradication of barberry bushes in wheat-growing areas has been an important part of man’s battle against this disease which para his food supply European Legislation ae meee ree to the very first move in this direction for eason that it v an 200 years be use the simpl made more th fore the wheat ee S understoo: r centuries th SO Europe ha eni lation of some sort between the blasting heat, as the condition induced by the fungus was called, and t presence of b: inexplicable to them, but the i so many and the proximity of barberry and blaste eat so aaa that in 1660 the Fr a ee eka Rouen secured passage requiring destruction of barberry bushes in the wheat areas.1 * siilae 1Stakman, E. C. Barberry eradication prevents black rust in western Europe. U.S. Dept. Agr. Cire. 269. 1923. te decrees may have been issued elsewhere in Europe during the 17th cen- mber of that y ae ey Sth hee Senate ordered Ss a n fields be eradicated. Prussia 1880 took action and in 1920 Bavaria "did likewise. By 1923 there were 25 laws and police orders in various political subdii tons of Germany directed toward eae of the guil ants. a of eee in Sy ean by law tl me r need since the n 1660, pre in 1 1888 the government permitted local pane districts to proscribe barberry within their limits. In 1891 the Depart- ment of fect ae made its own law. Denr x, aft bitte: uarrel which lasted more than 50 yea tion of barberry bushes 1 superseded it on Jan. 1, 1904, met = eae so alla Vv requiring com lete destructi f barberries, exce, 1 botanical garder a few ther restricted Denmark ee since served as the outstanding example of successful control of wheat barberry eradication. 1882 a as passed i ier k, Austria; in 1916, in Norway; and in 1920 by the Ministry of Agriculture o ngary. In ~ pean countries, especially En: a ee eradication campaigns have been volun- tarily conducted, and a ile voluntar d oth to- 1 of or ee in a manner have been rewarded for th most part by marked success. Early American Lai When the ere colonists came from Europe to America, they brought their favorite hedge plant with them as well as their seed for a wheat crop e barberr i i ing The barberry (Berberis vulgaris) soon became naturalized, ee in, or region nd it was inevitabl mbination of wheat barb should bring trouble, u was imported with ese cultivated pla The colonists undoubtedly were not aware he relationship among ee. It was many years, therefore, before e New England wheat fields were blasted and the supplies of flour seriously threate gain many observations were made concerning the proxi of barberry bushes to infested fields. Finally the situation be- cam ad and the farmers so rate that something had to be done to appease their wrath and offer a possibility of relief. The n- to supposedly more ioe a mn on the matter time, in securing remedial legislation in thr cut that credit must be given for having been the first to act, for in 1726 the following law was passe 154 An Act concerning Barberry Bushes. Whereas the abounding of barberry ey is thor ht ‘o be very hurtful, being oy ale 1 experience oe that, where they are in ate quantities, poe t least incre , the blast on sorts of English grain, fe oe ena rears Governour, Council and Representatives, in a ene fal Court « dl eeoiibled: and by the athorats of the same, That the inhabitants of the several towns within this Colony, may and they ar e her fees fully jmp OWw- ered at their annual town meetings, to determi He and sores the r de- stroying of the said pose See their respective fowachips,_ and oe tine and And if a a (of such town i a. v fre nt for to such enclosures and destroying the said bushes therein growing. Sai penal to be recovered by distraint on the goods and chattels of the person ‘ons so offending. del meseriheless, That if any person or persons have any of said bushes, ie which ‘they make use of or depend upon for a fence, such person or persons hall not incur Tatler of the aforesaid penalties till after ee aes ‘tion t ee trade yy the town, as they and the selectmen can agre y ve or b three indifferent men, chosen by said parties or appointed ty ine "civil authority, sha onable.? 1 features in this law are worthy of co note, for they i i ou: times. The enti shed interesting light on the thought of the entire matter rberry control, according t is law, was se to the several towns with no concerted action in the colony ‘ , as 0} tator has observed,? “the hands of the opponents of the bill are to seen in the proviso, which threw upon th the necessity of first settling with farmers who might claim that the offending bushes were use of or depende upon as fences, before they could enforce any of the penalties of the Act In 1779 this act was sinenied to read as follow: An Act in Addition to and Alteration of the Law ] ‘this State entituled [sic] An a concerning es erry Bushes. Be ii ted by the Goveruour, Council and Representatives, in one Cou as. ssembled oo ie te cautery a the same, That any person or per: hae soever, with the advi nd c nt of the civil authority and ‘Selectmen, or the major part of them, the oun where any barbe: etry | Dushe shall_ be growi i re t Oct ber wiber ni s g 1 and destroy such bushes with out being Hable to any action, suit or demand therefor ; any law, usage or cus © the pea notwithstanding.4 There does not appear to be any record of how many towns in the colony took advantage of the ae eee in either the original law 2 Colonial ae of Connecticut, 10. 8 Davis, A. Barberry, Pushes and ae supplement to a chapter in “The old farmer and ae almanack.” Publ. Col. Soc. Mass. 11:73, 1910. Trans. Jan. 1907. 4State Records of Connecticut 2: 176 155 of 53 years’ eee or of its amended form.’ runes ee however, ant. eradicate fon The following year there was no blast; and from that time to the present ‘both the wheat, and the rye, have been generally free from ae a . nty-five years elapsed before further sega action was taken in New England, this time by the General Court of Massachusetts, In 1754 a long and complicated law was passed, : remain in force for 9% years. According to one student* of New England history, all knowledge of this lesielaton and of the ee which led up to it would seem to have been forgotten for about thirty years ane oe of the tem- porary ae Commenting further on the law, he “Tt will be seen that five years and a half were given within which owners of the land were to extirpate all the barberry bushes in me heb and that provision was made for procuring the work to be don case of common or undivided lands, as well as in cases of doubtful been rtte such as that of bushes growing in division walls, To secure the accomplishment of this work, genera’ ic to perform it f ora: i e may i: ie S$ succes: ailure, is a matte: ly for jecture, however, of the fact that modern botani ‘ats hae » stablished beyond oubt = Reaction between the barberry bush and the rust which infects wheat, it ae ee probable ee this Si holesale attack ee the cout bushes of Mas: achat pro ine ably uch a beneficial e: that wl i the The th w England colo: to law barberries was Rhode Pre n 1766 the legislature attempted to compel eradication in one section of the colony by passing a special law for the Town Middletown, whic 2 “was so cumbersome in its machinery as to be doomed to failure.” + It read: An Act for destroying barberry bushes in Middletown Whereas oe showeth, that barberry bushes have a very great tendency to blast hed Bidw W. & Falconer, J. I. History of agriculture in the northern United Staies 160 i860, Publ. 358. Carnegie Inst, Wash. 1925, let ight, T. y of New-Haven, A statistical account a the towns and parishes of the State of Cofnecticit 1(1) 764. 1811. +t The author of this article will be glad to send a copy of this law to anyone who is interested in its details. It appears in the Massachusetts Province Laws, 1754-55 20. 3: 797. * Davis, Le + Bidwell, le. 156 Be it therefore enacted by this General Assembly, and by the authority of the same it is enacted, That where any person in the town of Middletown, hath any barberry bushes growing in his or her field, or enclosure, and shall be applied by any free holders in sai th on i to a ree in said town, to destroy them, an © person so lied to, shall refuse or neglect for the space of month, c] cut up and destroy them, that then, and in such case, it shall, and may be, lawful for the ns applying, to make application to one of his Majesty’s justices of the peace, who is hereby empowered to grant forth arrant to impress | rers to cut and 1 th rberry hes. th growing destroying of which, applications hath n mde [sic] as aforesaid,) at the cost and charge of the een mde [sic] complainant or complainants and not at the expense of the owner of the land, co ane as little waste, and doing as little damage to the owner of the land s the case will admit of. od save the King.7 Another commentator says of this law that “If the title of this Act had been changed to ‘An Act to protect barberry- en in Middletown,’ it would have defined its apparent purpose about as well.” The inadequacy of this law must soon have fen apparent, for six years after its passage, in 1772, the following was adopted: AN a) — co i aaa t this Colon Whereas itt is S found by ee that fata -Bushes are very destructive to —— ae ee Enacted by this General Assembly, and, by the Authority ree ke is Enacted, That if ny Freeholder in ea oon shall apply to any Person having Barberry Bushes growing in his Field or Inclosure to destroy them, and the Owner of the Land shall neglect or . to cut them annually, - ‘otherwise destroy ayaa he shall Pie as “ Fine, the Sum of Te unds Money, One Ha’ and for the Use of the Town in which the Barberry Bushes S grow, and “the siher Half to the Informer, to be recovered by Infor- mation bef the Court of General-Sessions of th 7 Land Ii And it be further Enacted by the Authority aforesaid, That if any Barberry- Bushes shall be found in the Commons or Highways in any Town in the Colony, and any Freeholder of any Town therein, shall make Application to the Town- h T ; and s n-T 0 Thus ended the early American legislative attempts to control whea rust by banishing eh ries. Some success was recorded a ae attended these effor rts, but it seems safe to assume that v heat greater ial action than was proposed in these laws, the depredations of rust re not markedly curtailed. 7 Rhode Island Colonial Records 6: 509. * Davis, 1. c. 8 Rhode Island Laws, August, 1772, Referred to in Rhode Island Col. ee "7: 54, 157 20th Century Barberry Laws in the United States There does not appear to have been any legislative action regarding barberry eradication in the United States between the colonial days of New England and the first quarter of the 20th century. During a intervening years barberry was gradually ching westward, as naturalized plant and through the agency of se ae Pie it een well established in the great wheat-growing so oft up 1 blished i t- re per Mississippi alle ere its pernicio' le in destru ion aan - attracted growing attention as millions ie a wo: to the rus - alrea ° ¢ in progress, at when it pense definitely known that barberry was le e rust, the i , e which may thus endanger hitherto resistant varieties of wheat. Legislative action to remedy matters was not forthcoming, however, until 1918 when a basis was established for co-operation between the i ment of Agriculture and tes nani barberry and 4 species = is ite rom any state outside this are i any ; it also state to another within the area.* da rar i al regon grape, oe eae to the Ba eae amily, m: may serve as an such comp ca * Stakman, /. ¢. Notices and Reviews of Recent Books (ALL publications mentioned here may be consulted in the Library of Ti York Botanical Garden or may be purchased on order through the ies Pioneer es golae st sack. An instance of Eaton’s far-reach AMOS TON. Ethel McAllister. ing neuen’ in the cultural, srowth of 587 pa des iMustrated and indexed. this country concerns his pupil, Mrs. Al- University of msylvania Press, mira H. Lincoln, “the author of Familiar Philadelphia, 94 “e ectures on Botany (1829), ore than McAllister’s biography is significant 275,000 copies of this book were sold be- for three reasons: uw, because it is our fore 1872. rote Mrs. Lincoln, “The first narrative history of the foremost first lecturer on botany in the interior of educator-naturalist of ineteenth North America w: Professor Amos century; 6, for its historical sidelights o1 aton.” ( kill, N. Y., and tleton, aton’s botanical contemporaries, includ- +» Were points “in the interior.”) There ing some about whict e have known afe interesting quotations and notes upon heretofore very | sand ¢, for its gen- Rafinesque, whose writings ‘ol- uv human in hat is, a story lowed sympathetically but not uncritically. worth the telling well told. Indeed, on Fully documented, with glosses and ex- wonders why his biography was not matory notes, also a good index, this written many years ago, until the author account of the “greatest popularizer of points to the reluctance of the famil, natural science that America has ever to divulge facts Dental ning to the “unfor- known” is at the same time a delightful tunate period” Eaton’s life, 1812-15. volume for ading. One reason That is, his four years of imprisonment is that quoted letters and other pri- at Greet , N. Y,, for alleged intent to mary, often heretofore unprinted, source defra years of “trial and afflic- materials are woven into the narrative tion” carried with them, however, much with easy connecting paragraphs, a de- of historic import, for William Torrey, vice too often slighted by biographers. State Prison Agent, and his son John JosepH Ewan, Torrey came into Eaton’s life. And John University of Colorado, Torrey never went out of it. John Tor- re s then a boy of seventeen but “a young scion of great promise.” And it Field and Gee i oe was then that young Totes y leamet: as C lated by Do ob Eaton phrased it, Cal orretate ‘orol, St n, and Pistil . e Green GENE THE i IGIN 0) wich prison. His nteicesiGH probably 8 bdusine Dobzhansky. later effected Eaton's liberation. Columbia ae ee bes is second aspect of tl ook is pei ork, dition, revised, 1941. hap: a ‘ibution in _ to give a full, documented, at the same time inte; grated, narrative of Amos Eaton's. ite. where n we learn sonal! | yews m his ion as studied by the laboratory orke either ‘field are apt to assert that the work gone in the other nee Jes and co ieee at he sonéstly thought o real bearing oe problems of them an ir work—than through the tution Tt i one outstanding medium of letters Eaton, here so. merits of Dobz ay fool ae t it at liberally qu ? e are biographical tempts to close the gap between the ex- frag Ss ly, Barton, Lewis C. perimental and the observational’ approach Beck, Jacob Bigelow, the Brogniarts, to the study of evolution. The au raite father and son, de Schweinitz, and Ho- who has a broad experience as field m 159 uralist and taxonomist, in addition to being one of the leading ae of our day, chooses vom ithe rich array of i genetic ic data thos ave frect bearing on the pi roblems of the origin of species. ‘opics like mutation, chromo somal changes, polyploidy and genetic yariability in natural populati are dis cussed in this li fte of hy pricieation phenome (including ste rility y). discussion is concluded by a eee of evolutiona a. S seetia and of the status and significa of spe- cies in nature. The facts which are derived both from nai the biblio; rt pene Sinen, but several pters are completely rewritten w one is ad vi botanist ologist who the latest information on the genetic inter- and oi will turn ‘0 “Dobzhansky,” sure to find. what he is looking : RNST - Mae American Museum of Natural History. Manual for Microscopists WORKING WITH THE Mr SCOPE. Julian D. Corrington, 41 pages, illustrated and — indexed. Whittlesey House, New York, 1941. 33.50, a interest ing and well zed anual of methods in iictosebny ethis bk should p prove particularly helpful ° rious amateur or the stu nde ent “of eatment which is neither ntary nor highly technical for this i : Tncluded are detailed TOSCOpic ex minati The ny F excellent photo- graphs and tine drawings will be espe- cially useful t @ person wor orl ing with- a outside on lance. An_ interesting ction is devoted discussion of newer techniques which have been de- vised within the Bast ty phe for the preparation of plan nimal tissues. he chapter o of The c the saree nm re- ents a he appendix which include: list of f supplies, a bibliography, and a set of reference les, ti much valuable information, in an up- date and readily available form. VicToR Columbia ae versity. aaa in Soi SOIL FORMATION, 281 pages, illustrated, indexed. MeGraw-Hill, . $3.50, well equipped by ability, training, and experienc € ae ite oie tr His meth- ae conta He s th 2 r tiation a lating the he Aol fal chan; any sil | property to the changes of he? soil- and then studies the o1 ‘aphy, parent sei cand Five of, ithe eight chap’ e devote d to the 2 ot ‘i one-third ok to climate. Not of the bo ne the novice, this book i - recommended. those who can read i F . KAVANAGH, Communion With Nature ¥ LIGHT OF SUN. Elsie Syming- ton. 196 pages, illustrated by Clare Leighton G. m’s york, 1941. $2, In y Light of Sun” Mrs, Symington gives an interesting tale of personal ex- perience, from as a child, g farm, loved it, and bered the charm of plants wing in a sunny win- dow Through her life | various ardens are symbolic of her stages of apartment in . - York, which tilakes her feel utterly rated from natur e, the source of her 160 inspirations ; final a farm, where she enjoys again ss con wifac t with soil, and the beauty of cultivated fields, ‘he rhythm of the seasons and of day and ni Through intercourse with nature ae has evolved a philosophy of life ich has given her serenity of soul, JETTE McC. WILLIAMS. \GEMENT MADE dle & Dorothea illustrated, Home Blom. 40 pages, I te, New York, 1941. ide. t little more tt s’ ex- pense for this paper-covere , the 1 by two well known writers in this field. For the auth Future ON ‘ON OF AMERICAN Charles N. Elliot. illustrated, indexed. . Smith & Co. Atlanta, Georgia, 1940, $1.80. It will be lo ong before too much will be written on Serreae nn important is the subject to the Am n people; and th ee 6 Gone E. Elliot reaches on to. Those voeoale to whom the subje Naming the Trees at All Sea. TABULAR KEYS oe —_ IDEN- CATION. F THE Wwoopy rence B, Robinson 186 ee Pine Garrard Press Champa ie 1941. $2.60, uide fo sification of pee and dees in summer or on the basis of the distinguishing « char- acteristics of eac em In e genus, for example, veination, color, bark, color of y and leaf shape ar in another, seeds, leaf ‘edge, sinus, , base, bark, and pe etioles, Nature Pictur Books SEEDS AND SEED TRAVELS, TREES, and BIRDS. Three book- rker. 36 ps lets by dtertha, ae orris Pai pages each ne ed Row, Pe- terson ‘e Co. Byanston, DL, 1941 8c. each. Three excellent booklets by a member taff of the Laboratory Schools, Ue nivel sity of Chicago; each one is effec- tively illustrated in color, and tells its story appealingly and well. Apparently written for young g people, but of no small Lts, interest to adu Pros and Cons of Farming IN FARMING. n, 48 pages, illus- Scien nee Research ociates, Chicago, 1941, A hel ca career book Jc which gives both sides of the question; one of a series designed to help young men fin id the place for which they are best suited. Southwestern Flora Revised mund C. Jaeger. trated, indexed. sity Press, Californi tion, 1941. $3. A well illustrated ae to the plants of the Southwest and the California des- erts, Both photographs and drawings are used, and a 16-page key precedes the text, which | is given in the order of fam- ily relationship. Revised edi- ee CONTRIBUTION TO OUR erty ‘LEDGE OF RIVEA CORYM- BOSA Narcotic Ololiuq of bd foagva jtlustra ted. Pate ta of ri fake bridge, Mase,” ere Mu- versity, st ethn a pee logins the ‘ide: lentity of a member of the Morm- ing- glory family as a narcotic a that has | ig been known to the Azt Trees for Camouflage and Comfor: ou REES. 316 pages, ange a Yor! Rev! pnacteated, blareaera ‘i eae New aterial in this revised edition einplasises the value of trees on the home grounds, speaks of their use in war. camouflage, gi f ca: moufia; gives additional instructions the es, includes lightning winter ig among the causes of injury, and otes considerable space to new reloped diseases which ly dev glow) the shade trees of America. cellent books especially for the pro: ony owne: 161 Current eee At a Glan An illustrated booklet de- Montreal. ae “the ees Botanical Garden and its services wa: ved last month, Three new sweet corn hybrids, called LEXINGTON, LINCOLN, and LEE, are an- i erennials, the economic gard d, ane "sg arden, model comm iy gar- names of fir s which han dle the seed, and den, trial g planting are given. Ex- 21 reenhouses,: nursery, wo Wi tia copies of this list are available either ter gardens, Descriptions are alse. given Of from the station or from the New York planting features not yet com pleted: such Bo ae ical Garden, A ten- report of s morphological, ecological, and taxo- the trials which deterunnes these recom- nomic gardens, The booklet outlines the mendations has also been issued, but the courses study and other eta supply of this is limited servi red, including training childrer ginning with the age of fou Solar Ene What is said to and oppertunities for Delany. students a be the first siccess fil pent that the University of Montreal; appro: oe the action of phot ee rds the types o lant, year cabiied in plants has been announce ed ne Yeu ugen: on at the institut: Henr. euscher, Rabin cwiteh who has bee orkin: Director of Technical Services S, s for. Massachusetts Institute of Technology merly Dendrologist at the New the Godfrey Lowell Cabot Sol: Botanical Garden. rieeey Research Fund, according ticle in Time March 23. The physicist ntral and South American Scientists. has developed a cell in i hemical e e list of institutions, socie- , formed by the conversion of light, ties and research workers in os ure and is converted into electrical “The applied plant sciences i ral and light-transforming action this cell can South America has been prepa red by ‘the be roughly com d to the synthesis of editors of ronica Boe! in co-opera- tion with tl ivision of Agriculture ot the Office oe 4 e Co-ordina tor of Int American Wa chington, D. “tt has been Sy iit in Chronica Botanica, Vol. 7, Nos. 2 and 3 (March and May The Corn Crop. Whether to space one’s corn latte 9 or 12 inches apart 2 in rows 30 or 36 inches ee ee yt another hi has been analyzed for e Watie: le Ww and ss—l New “York ‘Apheulta val Experi ent satay The bulletin, No. 700, describ r-year experiment and giving the a Sine be obtained with- out cost from the stati All publications mentioned her fie be found in Hie. Library. - The Botanical Garden, in the Museum Building. od within green plants, a process which scientists have not Teen ‘able to duplicate, even crudely,” according to Time. w book! let has Pen The January issue of Lanta cree ture eo Chats opher oder ardens for der in both, is recom- mended for the ee aire of the homes of today and of the future. 162 Notes, News, and Comment annual mecting of were present as repre. otanical Gard The Secasion was C bined wit dication of an outdoor auditoriur e Arthur Hoyt Horticultural Foundation at_ Swarthmore College, for which Dr. C. Stuart Gager, Direct e Brooklyn Bot Gar- den, gave the dedicatory address. e program also included t resenting 0: a special to Mr. Richardson Wright for his work in t tion of horti- cultur tight, who is the auth of oks concerned w: Mr. of the Corpora: e all members tion of the New York Botanical Garden Board Meeting. Mr. Clarence Lewis was host to the Board of Managers of the Garden for the meeting of Ma 14 at Skylands, his estate at Sloatsburg, N. Y. After the business was finished, the Board members inspected the lilacs, tree peonies, rock and other fine garden, plantings maintained there. oses, Park Committee. Rol er Con missioner of New Y oe City, was named as a meml of the Board of Managers he New York Botanical Garden at the meeting of he Board last h ution. Members of thi offered one plant eacl of 1wo choice be- gonias propagated at the Garden. One was the variety Glory of St. Albans, be- lieved to be the most brilliantly colored of the Rex-cultorum begonias in cultiva- tion. It originated a chance seedling in the greenhouses of Sanders, well known orchid grower, at St. ‘Albans, Eng- land. The Botanical Garden’s stock w. brought from England in 1938, d ates. Ct plant was a specimen of Begonia Lieb- mani, an citmactive. hiconatod species w ee Be eee ae palmate leaves and bea: in Apri in 1939. It wa: sad: described in the e Jo carnal f het 1939, ts were also given a limited ae "of cuttings of other be- gon and geraniums (Pelargonium vari ‘ati fies). Board Members. Mr. William Felton Bareett was recently elected to the Board gers of the New ‘k Botanical as yp edent of the Board of Education of w York City, succeeding Mr. James Marsh ral. ry Club. Dr. W. Camp ad- dred the the aa Botarical Club 1 ii the noon of ie 30 0 The Genetic Struc- ture of Populations and the Delimitatio of Species.” At the evening meeting o the club May 5 at the American Museum £ Natural istory, Dr, an: pouelass. a member of th poration th otani Garder a frequent Speaker at the Saturday lectures, gave an eure fant entitled “Botanizing in an Art M School Gardens. Dr. A. B. Stout rep- resented the New York Botanical Garden as guest of honor at the 32nd annual luncheon of the School Gardens sors tion of New ae mca at the Hot Pennsylvania May Conference. Re eports from the labora- tuted the monthly conference of the scientific staff and registered students of the Garden April 22. Frederick W. Kavanagh spoke on “Inter-relation be- Ma tion of vitamins and thee effect on the growth of several fung! 163 Advi. Council. Mrs, Robert H. criganes ty was elected a member of the Advisory Council of the New York Botanical ‘Garden by the Garden’s Board of Managers May 14. Honors. For outstanding service to ew ¥ ‘a! awarded to Major Gilmore D, Clarke last month by the Park Association oe New York City, Major Clarke is now engaged on a development plan for the New York Garden. A posth Cc in 1941, dhe wards were made at a luncheon at Bankers Club May 20. Judge. Mrs. Jerome W. Coombs oe returned from a trip daring which she acted as judge at the ayes, ne ow held | ty the Garden Clubs of Vir; Washington, 7 and, ‘he following week, two-day course mn ante m and judging pre: sented bye *he “Oklahoma Association of Garden Clubs at the University of Ok: homa. Dr. y J. Davis, head of y at the south- 0 OC: di after several weeks spent at the Garden xamining the wy dbers g type specimens it Mis Nees the of Idaho « Gre out came ie the Garden ork for several days in the ston Gertrude Britton Moss Her- R.C. Allen, Professor of Horticulture during May to study the large collection of Pelargonium species and vai ae many of which are being displayed it Range 1. Among other recent visitors were po G. Bowers of Maine, N. Y.; Pimper a S.D.A, Bureau of Entomology and Plant pur H. Snell, Brow: Grou, Garden clubs, Boy and Girl Scouts, P tadents and others who ie taken advantage of the effusion of flow- ers in spring der groups include the following during recent mec $: nt-Teacher Association of Hawthort igh sche Peleat breeding and pomology class ae Rutgers jurder Dr. J. H. Cla botany class mder Dr. G. " Shull; plant om under Howard Boy Scouts from Dongan Hills, Girl Scouts from Cranford, ie Girl Scouts from Yonkers; hy ‘Woman’s sha conducted tour of the rock gardens “perennial border plantings and the display houses Range i Aviva Kogon has ery. Miss 0 assistant in Dr. Laborat. been engaged as an Dr. M. = monet ai s, Alpes- Maritimes, in southern Frai Gift of South African Flower aintings TH AFRICAN wild flowers are shown in a collection of - paintings periiati nently placed in the Members’ Ri 4 Painted in Cape Town by needs E i Mrs. Morgan’ ter, J. Bryant Lindley, the pictu ee are re- markbly fine renresentaticis of their bay They ar jects. e attractively and uniform. ly eee The plants shown are diolus car~ dinalis, G. G. blandus G, ee E: Soatha: ae and . grandis; Disa ‘schehia, ‘longico ornu, D. coe a, and D. grandifiora; Protea compac Pp pity- phyla. and P, telaleucds ‘Orthogtn Hn yrsoides and O. aureu cerin~ oides, E, viscaria, E. ieee nd E. ae ns: Rochea coccinea, Pillansia Tem- lemannt, Ixia viridiflora, Haemanth: fensis, mone Ane: esoni, Hareeya wnbellatus, and co. capensis, erbera Jame. capensis, Agapanthus Amaryllis Belladonna. 164 Question Column delivery of mail at the New Botanical Garden and ever: is from a school child in the Bronx, w write Cie term in school we are studying as o nit ‘Inventors and Their Inventions.’ My group is Luther Bur- bank. Through A iudying B Burbank a seri- s_ problem ‘has befallen us: Of what The second question comes from a reader of this Journal who wants to know the difference between “botanic” and “botanical.” About eas The potatoes are propagated or aie ae field caltivation merely oy cece as pe ers Peer pet oe e has > 0 any ches of | grows seedlings from co pe ly nit. po dlings produce small tubers and are worthless for culti- vation; a few Grodiice large tubers and have other good qualities and are useful for cultivation, Mr. Luthe: Burhans, when he Mr. Bu ea some seedlings and found that 0 one was rather a good olan ae tubers Wet cut up to make me and so down to the present A. B. Stour. “Botanic” or “Botanical”? Etymologically botanic is the primary form, from Bor TAaVEKOG by way of botanicus. -al is a later addition, which has been explained by the devel- opment of the word e ig in -ic into a noun. So, it is said, cynic became on ie a es equal age and ‘interchangeable fro: a the beginning. We find “Botan a “physicall garden’ toned in 640: Aller perote is in 737 Ot a epotanls < garden” ; the famous garden in Che mney known 1 arden.” r, In eee ere botanical is almost niversal in ordinary adlectival senses, otany or to plants. Botanic has survived only in ‘the names of pt innon auc a sagt 0, be eal SE aie where English the ‘ial ta baeneee about three- quarters are erie gardens. found Botanical gardens a re found in parts of ue United ee ates, in Monte 1, m Van. other sca d ‘ola ces. a ury Dictionary attempts to ni: ie ie istinction in sense, defining bot. as pertaining to botany or fl scientifee study of plants, ‘otanical as pertaining to the study of cultivation of plants. The distinction ot clearly made and does not appear in other dic- oe It is true that such a differ- e of meaning has arisen in many i, bee of wards, x 7 political ; cal. Sue Aeetinet ions oyhen. well, ‘established rd be carefully oe a nd even a merely B Bin incipient (as comic, comi cal) oul he met its Electric is re nee electr cal ex- cept in titles oe as = electrical cugineor is is j of the botanic- My recommer endation would be that the word botanic be treated as obsolete and be retained only as a part of certain proper names, much as the word Britan- nic ee survived i in, such a phrase as “His Britannic Majesty.” H. W. Ricxett. THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN Henry pe LA Monta GNE, Secretary Elective eee C, AUCHTER Waite ae Baeer Cuan McK. Lew: Henry F, pu Pow Hewry Locxwart, Te. MARSHALL "et T. “Ma cDouGaL 7 Mrs. es on eee E. me MERRILL Witutam J. Ropsins Hoo: Ronert H. Montcomery A. Percy SAUNDERS OBART PORTER Ex-Offic bie s Frioretto H, LaGuarpia, Mayor of the of New York ELiswortH B, dat President oh the ee rd of Education Roserr Mose: , Park Commissione ope nager. By the pa dais ae H. A. Ge. By Columbia een Marston T. Bocert eve M. RHOADES R. A, Harper Sam F, TRELEASE THE STAFF Wauas J. _Rozsins, Pu.D., Sc.D. Direct H. A, Gueason, Px.D. Assistant Director and Head Curator Assistant Director A. B, Stout, Px.D. Curator of Education id beaut . SEAVER, D., Sc.D. ator Bernarp O. Dopcz, Px.D. Plant Pathologist Joun gipuee Bien eae A.M., M.D. Bibliographer ae . W. Rickert, Pu.D. laa per RS RT, ne LD: Act ‘LEDA Guirrira Artist and Photographer Witson i OBERT S, WILLIAMS Research Associate in Bryology . J. ALEXANDER Assistant Curator and Curator of the an Herbaria . H. Camp, Px.D. ssistant Curator LYDE CHANDLER, Pu.D Tetmacat aatcnat OSALIE WEIKERT echni i Joun H. Pierce, M.A. Technical Assistant w H WARD, Editorial Assistant womas H. Everett, N.D. Horr. oe lturist . L. Wittrock, A.M. Custodian of the Herbarium TTO DEGENER, M.S. ee ole in Howeien Botany = J Grout, Pu.D. Honorary Curator of Moss Hacerstzi N ry Curator 0 yromycetes J ‘ae a F. Bur Honorary Fe of the Diatomace ne Honorary Cur of Economic Botan: Eruer An on S. PeckHam Honorary Curator, [ Ni llecti ARTHUR " CorBeTT Superintendent of Bualdinne and Grounds A. C. PFANDER Assistant Superintendent reach the Botanical Garden, take the Eighth Avenue Suey to a d Parl Blvd, ‘the Third Avenue Elevated to the Bronx Park station, or the New TE Cencal to os Botanical Garden station; or drive up the Grand Concourse then a on ees Pkwy., or, coming from Westchester, turn west at the end of Bronx River Pkw: THE OOH OraTeN OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN The New York Botanical Garde the State of N ew York in 1891. The a self- perpetuating? nosy a AneOEDOratOrS who meet annually to elect members o Manag uate ey members of their own body, the present roster of a given bel The yAasieory Council consists of 12 or more women who are elected by the Board. By custom they) are also elected to the Corporation. Officers are: Mrs. Robert H. Fife, Chairman; Mrs. Ele on Huntington Hooker, First Vice-Chairman; Mrs. William A. Lockwood, Second Vice- Sarees Mrs. nelson B. Williams, Recording Secre gtanys Mrs. Townsend Scudder, Corresponding Secretary; and Mrs . Leonard Kellogg, Treasu n was incor the Legislature of Arthur M. Anderson Mrs. Arthur M. Anderson Henry de Forest Baldwin Sherman Baldw rs. James Barnes Mrs. William Felton Barrett Prof. Charles P. Berkey Prof. Marston T. Bogert Prof. William J. Bonisteel George P. Brett Mrs. Richard de Wolfe Brixey Mrs. Jonathan Bulkley Dr. Nicholas M. Butler Prof. Gary N. Calkins Mrs. Andrew Carnegie Miss Mabel Choa Miss E. Mabel Clark . R. Coe Richard C. Colt Mrs. Jerome W. Coom s mbs rs. William Redmond Cross M Mrs. C. I. DeBev: Mrs. Thomas M. Debevoise Edward C. Delafield Mrs. Jot ma Delafield H. M. Denslow Julian Detmer rs. Charles ickey Mrs. Walter Douglas Mrs. Jo raper . O. Field Mrs. Robert H. Fife Mrs. Henry J. Fisher Harry Harkness Flagler Mrs. Mortimer J. Fo: Childs Frick Hit cher M. Huntington Pierre Jay Mrs. Walter Jennings s d Mrs. H. Edward Manville Parker McColleste Mrs. Roswell Millon Jr. . Roswell Miller, Sr. . Moffet Y. Morrison Mrs. Augustus G. Paine m J. Robbins Prof. A. Percy Saunders John Schiff Prof. Sam F. Trelease Mrs. Harold McL. Turner Mrs nie P. Voislawsky Allen Wardwel Nelson M. Wells Mrs. Nelson B. Williams Richardson Wright JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN a ; “ eee ts A oe ee va JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN Carot H. Woopwarp, Editor VOLUNTEERS the grounds and in greenhouses, laboratories, and librar New yok Botanical Garden, a small portion of the work shen is performed eee ons who are giving their time for the sake of learning ot 7 an e horticultural department the volunteer workers range from bo: f 12, a group of whom weeded and cane ihe borders and captured Tapanese beetles last summer, to and w of middle age and over who d thi learn the fa ndamentals of gardening in a place where they fe el that correct gardening practices are performed. While sone want this training because gardening is their hobby, others plan to become professional gardeners. A few volunteers who have given time to the job and done their work well have eventually been laced in i i pens 0 ti & & & ma = every volunteer, whether working every day from 8 to 5 or only a few hours every week, the Botanical Garden's aim is to give the opportunity for as broad an experience as = ssible. In the library, volunteer workers preparing for libracy training have from time to time compiled sefal “catalogs and reference files n the laboratories for plant pathology, plant breeding, and vitamin is nearly always to olunte i search, there is a at least one vol x, particularly during the summer ‘hose who show promise in thei re sometimes rewarde with a scholarship of a neath or two at the Garden. But neither a s ir ship nor a job is eld s a lure for persons who illing to give their time free. The chief r Ee eaeat for a volunteer is that she i she have a serious Barbow in n des to work at the Garden. To ‘ood oppor: tunity for training and experience is offered. The Bot: i “Garden looks ith favor on Woluntesie’ being willing to contribute the one of staff members to teach them as they work, in exchange for the work they do, and con: nsidering this type of ‘Supervision part of the institution's respon sibility for ealm of plant life. TABLE OF CONTENTS July 1942 VicTORY VEGETABLE le IN JuLy Cover ene a ae DomeEsTIcaTION IN A DECAl ougal 1 HAT Is GUAYULE? arol H. Woodward and T eee 168 BOOKLET ON ee PLANTS ee 170 CuLture oF SuccuLENT PLANTS E. J. Alexander 171 oOUTH AMERICA’S CONTRIBUTION IN MEDICINAL HERBS Henry K. Svenson 174 AppRESsS TO GRADUATES OF THE Two-YEAR COURSES Walter D. Blair 179 Torrey CLus CeLesraTes 75TH ANNIVERSARY 181 Reviews OF Recent Booxs 182 Nores, News, AND COMMENT 188 The Journal is published monthly by The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New York, N.Y, Entered in New York, N. Y. Annual eto $1.00. Single copies 15 cents, Free to members of the Gard: embers of the Garden. JOURNAL of THE NEW YorK BOTANICAL GARDEN Vor. 43 Jury 1942 No. 511 Domestication In A Decade The Story of Guayule, America’s Native Rubber- vedere Shrub, And How It Has Speedily Been Brough: ‘TInt o Cultivation From The Wi ld By D. T. MacDougal of the most en achievements in agriculture is the recent Breet of ule (Partheniiim argentatum), a rubber-bear- ing shrub native to an arid region ir ern are southern Texas conversion o ild plant t top is a serious task and o accomplished but rarely, as evinced by the fact that of the tens of thou- sa cies yielding substances useful to man, a cor atively small number have been adapted to cultivation. A bearing nuts, lian rubber tree ( ea), seeds of which were pes he r East in 1876, re plantations of a total area of about eight million acres were developed is nas th cane ° ge Today more inner utomobile ti tha: irs ate worn by the populace. The pr ns disarrangement of this ratio s the present cause of an economic flurry of the first magnitu *Speaking before a district meeting of the California Library Association in Monterey last April, Dr. MacDougal outlined the history of guayule development, presented here, with which he has been concerned for more than thirty years. Before he became Director of the Laboratory of Plant Physiology for the Carnegie Institu- tio i Dr. MacDougal w: irecto: the Laboratory at the New York Botanical Garden. (Thi s between 1899 and He was also Assistant Director of the rden ar and a hi the past few years he has n. L tor Ga: for a ye lived in Carmel, Calif., but he retains his position on the Garden’s Board of Managers which he has held ever since he was Appointed one of the nay Directors 1 in 1929. When this body was dissolved in 1933, he was made an Elective Manager on the 165 166 Almost without exception domestication is preceded by a long period of utilization of pro oducts of wild plants. This has not been so with guayule, T . al gr. of 1,806,000 acres. It was then called the Hacienda San Juan Bautista de los ees but now in the rubber and cattle days it is known simply “Ced The sigatadt features of the development of the industry are in- cluded in the operations of this organization, especially since the possi- nes : acquisiti : bilities of cultivation were considered i cquisition of it land holdi value of scientific studies of the pl gnized b the enlightened directorate, and Dr. F oyd (now Emeritus Professo f B cGill University), pleting some special investi- gations on desert pl t the Desert Laboratory, Tucson, Arizona, was engaged in 19 ke a comprel e examination of the anatomy, growth, reproduction, and other features of this plant script embodying his result: placed i an r publication in 191 e through within my lifetime, that great difficulties might be encountered, but that Dr. W. B. McCallum, then engaged in some work with crops at the State Agricultural Experiment Station, Tucson, Arizona, had_ skill Bes ause of the current demand for information on guayule, the Carnegie Ins tution has recently pected A publication by the offset Process accompanying A ter of Dr. with a later paper o Lloyd’s entitled “Mode of Occurrence of Caoutchouc in the Gu yule, Parthenium argeniatum Gray, and it nction,” which, ae ap se di Plant Phystology, Vol. 7, pages 131-138, 1932. In this paper, Dr. Lloyd corrects an rlier statement about the occurrence of rubber, explaining that the milky fluid in guayule occurs in the parenchyma ced ae is thus s ted. instead: of flowing through the vascular tissue as ir h latex-bearing plants as Hevei Euphorbia, and others. Guayule shrubs are tot cae ped for their ‘hibber, as are rubber trees, but the entire plant is ground up in a pebble mule after which the rubber is separated from the fiber largely by a process of flotatio 167 and experience that well fitted him to deal with the many problems that endoubtely ould arise. McCallum had eal got germination, nursery, and field tests at ion under way when revolutionary conditions in Mexico made it advisable to remove be vel seed a other ave to Valley Center, ve in 1912, some two million plants were grown in 1913 1914 in what is a ee cee as the actual ne of the domes- eee of guayule. t was soon ees that the ae included many, perhaps thousands, of strains, differing in many characteristics. Some inc ae 3 le Sis ents dealing with the genetics of the species were carried 0 aid small grant from the Carnegie Institution of \Washin te The eae difficulties e€ so great that t_hybridizations were failures and entire Fifteen plants from the two million he nursery were taken for a semi-final test as to growth, field stand, hardiness and rubber-producing capacity. All but two chs eliminated. Successive sowings proved that the progeny of thes 0 pla ants inherited thei r high rubbe t-produc cing might fe organized. large ranch was acquired in n Arizo: in the oo _ ane Desert re with its ae ee ’ problems to be solved, concerning machi an ods of tillage, har- vesting, storage, and milling of the cro, ‘or guaytle, the last-na process fected chiefly by President G. H nahan (f 1914 to his death in 1941), who came to his duties with ackground of mining engineering. Also under his wise administration M M Williams and D. O. Mulfo signed mec zed machinery for nursery meee seedling diggers, toppers, transplanting machines of a capacity of t es per hour, cultivator: s, diggers, harvesters, trucks, ete., an arr: ne ie ipment necessary t oe available slabs of black gum for the market. 168 “operation of the chemist up to this stage had consisted chiefly i ol .dD.W. Spence, who was a member of the staff of the eae aia for Ww The mills of t Continental Cor ompany are still grinding native shrub from the progressively depleted supply in Zacatecas and are taking steps : “eat. Haci : ae season. A eee oo 700 acres has been added litical versions of chemists’ dreams of “artificial” rubber, ould comprise al ss of the amounts needed to maintain the present echanizati e imate value of the acta caer by plant scientists ild within a decade ma, ee fa counted ve effects) as the prospective rubber shortages in the next five years What Is Guayule? By Carol H. Woodward and D. T. MacDougal ATIVE to the desert Meas and dry mountain slopes in north-c ico and adjacent Texas, guayule is a scrubby-looking, ee high with silvery leaves and inconspicuous whitish hea 1S which indicate that it bel a in the Composite family. Its botanical name artheniwn argenta suggests a Sgeee with the f f f of ir tu. gardens (Chry oe Parthenium), which was once in the genus rd Parthenium, Guayule will be found where yuccas and cacti and century-plants are 169 also seen growing wild. While the Mexicans used it to make the balls for their ancient game of pelota, guayule was not employed by white men a t wa: for nearly fifteen years. Then, around 1925, ee was ae when it i i while mechanized agricultural machinery and ed processes of manufacture were being developed. In 1931 the harvesting of what w called the ee first was rep in a popular magazine. 1932 D out at the te ight of the eae He in guayule rubber i in 1911, result- sad om research he had begun four years earlier. w, suddenly, research a production are both being speeded up t ne an ee mt that rubber from guayule, it is predicted, will begin é replace our vanished supply of rubber from Hevea brasilicnsis by 1945. How Guayule Is Grown he cape of guayule it has been found most profitable germinate and sow the seeds in nurseries. The seedlings are arias about 7,200 to ; acre, when s than a year ol s found ¢ T g plants, but it has been foun profital defe harvesting the crop until it is three or four years old, although the amount i one pl increases still further but at a lower for several years more e heavy root system is rich in rubber and the entire plant is taken up; p tion by cuttings has not yet been m 1 ac- tical or successful, alth periments with this method now in progres: at of the se relocation centers is well peas e project of the Intercontinental Rubber Co. at S , Calif., eee to Federal control early in 1942. The somite store OF high-grade seed was germinated immediately and the seedlings now four million may be transplanted before next season to occupy 40,000 or 50,000 acres. Ro The stand of wild as in Mexico and ake includes a great He of strains, some of which are low in rubber but some yield as high a: igl Domestication of this plan s been accomplished entirely by selection am ua individual plants an foe yields. Hybridization experiments hav as not been successful. Hybrids may yet be produced which might 170 ffer improvements over the selected strains, oe it is not likely that the me percentage of rubber ¢ three or four established strains. TI some teres Ing comparisor meet the n Fri sugar during the Napoleonic wars. principles about the middle of the last cen Whi Mexico since It produced by domesicted plan é of selection for spiprovetnent were established by Vilmorin tury.* ive will be several years before an equal amount is ts. Booklet on Succulent Plants Issued, Based on Alexander’s Articles In Botanical Garden Journal he on cacti and other types plants Sues have been appearing at “interval this Journ: since February aie fa ler the author- ship a Alexa have n made beer x bo sind gece of 64 pages, which the “Garden is offering for sale at 50 ¢ copy. iets ae eee of World Des e New. “and “old ld is th title. In addition to the cnaterial which was printed i Journal for February, July, and November, 1941, a April te May, 1942, the booklet ns plementary list of some vite, iowa New World ¢s Sagan an article also by Mr. Alexander ihe culture of succulent plants (Gann iatted hers ), and an addi- tional Full-page illustration, showing one Vries. +De Species and varieties: MacDougal. P. 92. 2nd edition, 1906. their 2 the Garden’s showiest succulent plants the Main — Conservatories—Aloe Thrash rom South ote a which Pigome a a tly every wi The ye a and illus ratio ons, which conelades aie "booklet, sieve that nearly 350 species have been treated, and of these, more than 100 have been illus- trated. The original articles which have been Teprinted from tie Journal are, besides the introduction aleni a Pi Gard en, “Des i 0 "Succulent Pant of the ert! Mimicry and Windowed Plants,” ond “Succulent Plants of the Old World.” origin by mutation. Edited by D. T. I7i (Culture Of Succulent Plants By E, J. Alexander (Reprinted from pages 61 and 62 of ‘Succulent Plants eh te and Old World Deserts” issued by the Garden in June 1 The type of soil in which a desert succulent will grow best. INCE the paaee objective i in nae plants is not just to keep them live, but hem in good health and with regular flowering $ YP are natives of arid and semi-arid regions. The rainfall in such regions 172 slight, and for that reason the natural mineral foods are not dissolved the soil and washed away. This tells us that cacti and other succu- nN: e. and food during their es season than is generally believed, provided the drainage is perfec he soil mixture, a is the first thing to consider. The fo! olevins has been found to be the best general soil for the great majority of succw lent plants: 1 ood loam, 1/3 coarse Die (not rom the ea, umus, T 0 be ad as well as few or no flowers. [Liquid manure is beneficial for healthy, ee — and flower production; there are also special cactus foods on the market ae next thing to consider is the container. Usually earthenware pots are used. Unless the pots are quite large, they should be placed within a j til glazed jar, or ie ithin a somewhat larger pot, the being filled with sand. The best method of all, if one has the facilities, is to the p inch of t large container of sand or loose soil. Glazed or painted pottery is also recommended as it will prevent the so om. dryin t too rapidly. ainage is best at th sides m, but the ordinary type of hole in the bottom is jus as satisfactory, although the roots may grow through it. If there is no drai ; eme caution must used in the watering. Now, as to the reason for all this caution about too thorough drying out of soi! and container. It is for protectt the tender feeder roots. arid regions ere 18 ays a water-level somewhere under the surface, and wh unconfin tr great distances until tl find it hen onfined inside containers, the roots quickly seek out the bes rce of moisture, and this is th w f the container. Consequently, if these are hot an with it food, will “= burned or dried out, and the plant will then suffer 173 from slow starvation, Miniature pots should not be used as they do not hold enough soil, and they also dry out too rapidly. tainer slightly larger than the diameter of the plant. ext is watering. During the growing season either a small amount lways use a con- 0 varies for the different kinds a succulent plants, most cacti it is from Oct March, ee most South African succulents it is May to Sep- n many other succulents do not, as is generally thought, grow in full desert sun. but in the light shade of bie While some ‘sunlight is necessary, 1 hot afternoon summer sun is really harmful. It frequently burns the plants and makes them unsightly. Some screening is helpful, such as lath shading, ie blinds or muslin. There are some succulents, particu- larly oe of Haworthia, Gasteria and Rebutia, which grow better if alw ae n light sh. Do ae oe tne on succulent t plants. If any insect pests appear, they should be removed with a soft tooth brush inning water gen where conditions of ees moisture and light can be controlled. oS EY establishments have various methods worked out for the solution of their particular problems. There are, of course, otek . wes sorts en can ae < 8 under glass. If the reader will be t first v e t he n grow successfully and rey it vill re Pat a see oe sone errs experience may be gained to try the more difficult kinds. It is then that the real thrill of ae gece begins. Em 174 South America’s Contribution In Medicinal Herbs A deal os of Coca, Cinchona, Sarsaparilla, Ipecac, Loa whee o As Presented Ap nd Drug Plants at the New York Botanical eile y K. Svenson co - ‘the Herbarium rooklyn Botanic Garden E es forget, or Eo to realize, the great contribution that South ca has made in food, m edicine, and pure science. This is ei of the ee now included in the republics of Ecuador and Peru where the Incas and their predecessors, in a semi-arid climate ha 1 Conquest, nae ihe coca plant as early as 1569. In his edition of 175 1574 eae by Frampton in 1577), Vol. 2, p. 31, he says:* “I wai desi sirous to see t hat herb so celebrated of the Indians, so many years Ae ca ich t i th all the i travel by the way, and ete i it be by ways where is no meat, or lack of water... . en they will make Heats drunk and be out of judgment, they mingle wih the Coca the leaves of - = baco, and they do chew them all together, and they go as ae ey we t of their wits, like as if they were drunk which is a thing that dae, oe them great not until 1884 that ihe value of cocaine as a local anesthetic was regret ae its ane. as such was not an accidental one as generally suppos the t of long-sustained research by Koller (see Mor- timer, 7 i. Peru, eae of Coca, “The Divine Plant of the Incas,” . 413). In chron ological order the second important oo plant of South sap: being obtained from the vicinity of ayaquil in Reta ay from Monardes (Frampton translation, Vol 1, p. 38): “The ase cis th with - Aas ae arillia of these parts [Spain]}.” And in the second part of the volum 163): “In the first part we said, how that they aes ‘Sarcen arilla from Peru . “an nd later from Honduras]. And now they tea it not only from the Peru, but also from the Dovne * Modern spelling is being used for these quotations, but the original capitalization has been kept. laa peruiferum, the true balsam of Peru. From A. W. Ha aggis, “Fundamental Errors in the Ear ly History of Cinchona.” Used through the courtesy of the eee of the History of Medicine, where it appeared in October 1941, Vol . X, No. 177 of Quito, and from all that coast: and the best and that which doeth the present writer it appears tha’ much of this magic might . attributed to the crystal-clear tributaries of the Chinbs, nee today provide the water-supply of the city of Guayaquil. The s of sarsaparilla rested primarily on the ability to known from the coastal region of Peru and Ecuador, and a fro: cuador. SHEN was used in Europe as a babe for orthern E the anes an oriental spe of Smilax, an appli the sarsaparilla, i ee confusion not only to the Sout h Ai plant, but also to Ngee y of quinine and to the Smilax of the eastern United Sta ‘ s use by mou of intermittent fever, and o pools ger intolerably bitter by fallen i ; Indians u b Cc Chinchon, who was the Spanish viceroy at Lima, has been recently found and he makes no mention of fevers or the use of cinchona. 178 There were, as a matter of fact, two oe of Chinchon—the first died in Europe before the Count saile d for Peru; the second lived for i i i ae na ‘olombi Peru, but rubber, transplantations in the East Indies where nace strains, especially of Cinchona Ledgeriana, have been successfully grown have furnished aa of the commercial product. Very satisfactory ining is now being duced, however, by the Danish pharmacist, Dr. Pedro Holst of cinerea c her ou many substitutes. The true ipecac came from the Diamantina region of mi byi) which comes from Bolivi d Pe is important tree was eae by Ss Rusby in 1896 and “named by Dr. Britton of w York Botanical Garden ae ned more rec ae ciecoueied South American product which may be classed as pharmaceutical is barbasco. It is an insecticide, however, not a medici the m i it i icine. One aterials used by the natives as a fis son, it is rapidly gaining importance in its adopted use for the protection of N merican cro Though injurious to insects, these i ticides are harmless to human bei Barbasco is derived from several related plants eings. ais in the Amazon watershed and along t the west coast of Ecuador. evergreen tree Jacquinia aa ens is one important source for this valuable South pas drug 179 Address To ea Of The Two-Year (Courses P, he N, York R T Card. £ re now familiar with the trees, and plants materials of 8 ardening. Their arrange- atio space constitute he t Egat ening asize two words “in space,” for if x to make the best use of your knowledge, you must aware of and pe visible the space ; surrou and its use. of a root Space as a isibl ing breadth, depth and form. i make “aba | The spatial relation ships between the parts of the aren mstitute a beauty in cries to eauty of any particular flower or un When there is but one object it exists y itself yet is still related by empty LUTTOw paces soi enclosing ound: ut if there be two objects, immediately something that was not th bef appears—the relationship betwe the two objects, far or ; contrast, identity or harmony sl d si d here it may be asked: What “is by Walter D. Blair =e Program for Students June 25 EN _ student had their worl in ie Twol¥ Pri re ved ir certificates at gra duating exerci eS held the evening of June 25 in the Hage fal in the Museum Building. ded by about Science Cou @ graduates were Theo- lore Olack, padeat gardener; Wi Ash, temporary gardener; ees tude Cea former $ nt gardene: with the U. S. pe 3 and Higene Brady, Thomas Dwyer, Thomas Hennessey, and eyer Kaplan. Graduates in the Prac- tical Cour: e Mrs. ildred Duff, Louis Abran and John Polchinski. Mr. Blair exhorted the graduating stude: to “go forth into the quietude of nature, aware of her fecund forces and her varied forms of life. These forces nd forms,” he said “will become y intimate companions and you will them and know how “a ide the tt channels useful for id The major vart of Mr, Blair’s address is reprinted her beauty? My definition, is Mat eauty is any relations hip in time, sound, form, space, color, conduct that rouses the eat and leaves a feeling oF roe tier nd and space cons tionships of o Reta S re what of ae on ee constitute So I urge mu this reness 0 ene on page 182) NAGUYD TVDINVLOd MAOA MAN AHL LV NOILVYSH1AD AUVSUHAINNY His¢ SAN1D TVOINVLOd ASUUYOL AHL ONIGNALLV 181 Torrey (lub Celebrates 75th Anniversary Commemorative Program Given -1t Botanical Garden HE Torrey Botanical Club, which was one of the agencies chiely fesponble In the cine for the organization of the New k Botanical Garden, celebrated its 75th an- ii. enson, 2 Robert Hagelstein, 3 C. niversary the week of June 22 in New Sitar Caen ee Mee a Wil ee Cc. ol yde Chan er, iNiam ol The second day its members met "ro" youn 'S. Karling, 11 A, E. Hitchcock, 12 Yor! at the Botanical manne ‘where they were re, Jerome W. Cormbs, 13 Prof Marie Vic. joined by me of the Garden itself torin, 14 Mrs. Robert H. Fife, 15 F. D, Kern, and of the "Bota cal Society of America, ie = D. Merrill, 18 H. A. Gleason, 19 Ernest ing in New ork at the same time, 20 Virgene Kavanagh, 21 James Marvin, 2 Artha Hillegas, 23 F. W. Kavanagh. ig out 140 persons attended the morning * a Sve 5 oS ena foe ‘am, the luncheon, and the afternoon 24 C.F. Mook, 2 A. Dayton, anes: _ of the canoe cu, con- a poet eee: Siout. 26 HC lum. 23 vatories, wae e Garden. ettie pe a Robert Bloch, 31 F. W. Pen- : nell, 32 Walter aren, 33 Mrs. Ernest oe oe ice oleae sea the . i the ee ne “ham 35 Anna F, Jenkin y's oe by speaking on “The His- ous tory of thee ew York Botanical 38 ae ree 39 G. S. Torrey, 40 Mrs. iden Other eddre aan Mary I. r, 41 Lloyd Wee 42 George sses_ given in- 1 Shull, 3 Tbe Howard, . H. Wetmore. cued Contribution 2 the Torrey Bo- 3°, Clore s. Hires, 52 Dorothy Meier, 53 Jean nical sre ton Development of + J. H. Barnhart, 55 oe F. ‘ites, Taxouom by "a A. Gleason, in Se ‘Marga ot Fulford, 57 E. P. Killip, $8 F. Lyle arly wi Mee of Bicknell, Brit- Wernd, 59 Ann F. Bowler, 60 A. J. Eames, 61 ton, Brown, Hollick, and Rusby was par- Herriet_ Creighton, 62 Grace Antikajian, 63 ticularly cited; “Modern Taxonomy and aes ae re Fe oeaver: 65: Mrs. Fe J: Its Relation to Geography” by Dr. H peri eg retanrcns reraiay graphy” by » 67 D. Elizabeth Marcy, 68 Carol Anderson, K. Svenson, of the Brooklyn Botanic 70 Lazella Schwarten, 71 Mrs. R. a Stewart, € » Garden; “Economic Aspects of Tax- 72 Alfred Gunderson, - Aviva Kog: 6 Gor. onomy” by Dr. E. D. Merrill, Harvard don Whaley, 77 E. W. Sinnott, 3 Rance University; and “The Importance of Hervey, 79 Anita Ape a 0 Vivian Trombetta Taxonomic Studies of the Fungi’ by Dr. Walker, 81 M. A. Cheyeier. 5 F. D. Kern of Pennsylvania State Col- 84 Sarah H, Harlow, 85 Mrs. A. G. Vestal, sae 86 Jennie L. Simpson. eee. 87 Erling Dorf, 88 Norma Pfeiffer, 9 G. Other events of the week included a veoh, 94 RR Bu Hammond, ie Witt: bie ti at Columbia University on the Be Johnston. 97 ia B. 0. D. 2e, 99 ae ening day, with a tea and exhibit of Blakeslee, 100 Mrs, E. D. Meni sil Cornelia Torreyana in the afternoon and the an- y, 104 Roberta Ma, 105 Stanley A. Cain, niversary banquet in the evening; a pro- -_ “Ruth Patrick, 10! P. Carabia, 109 Ro- gram th joyce itute land Walker, 110 John Pierce, 111 W. H. Plant Research in Yonkers on Camp, 112 E. B, Matzke, 113 Frank Lehr, Wednesday, followed in th oon Among others who attended the Program of an address by Dr. Robbins at the Am: ee identified ure are Aes ican ee of Natural History, ented William J. Robbins, Rosalie Waker Mra HK. Plants Need Vitamins, Too”; venson, Mrs, 4 \ FE: Blakeslee, Mrs. Irving Mc- ram . the Brooklyn Botanic Garden sson, Mrs. L. Clar i lay; and a field trip to the Pine all, Mary Bart ley Schmidt, A Barrens and adjacent regions in southern Marie Siete Ly ease, Fo rn ep, pe er Friday and Sat a) ‘erman, H.W. f the rial for the ibit a illy, Elva fae ‘ettie M. S: Grohe was provided by the Botanical inman, Alm: Garden’s library and herbarium. ae Raines, “and "tent °y Hi neans a complete list, and th jad to have identifications for those that have This address wiil rinted in a forth: een missed in the accompanying _ photograph orn number of. the ‘Journal. Others, it is well as the full names of others who were eva. resent. planned, will be published in Torr pie from page 179) as come a contact with proportion, the Arr ur flowers so that they relation parts to parts and to the oe leasin whole, relation in forms, species, Breas, ane be ing asics which “plese related in itis colors, masses, that make patterns in a delight to evolve beauty the Simple space. , device of position, and beauty of shape As the foliage of a plant outlasts its can often be attained by the addition or flowers one ane velue foliage more than subtraction of a few plants, flowers. From ultitude of cool and $ are penet n greens and fre its soft grays, Geometric forms are pre ae ior backgr: of e ite tonal beauty, of space. The first one ihe emotions Masses and’ gro covers can be con- of freedom and as ion: the second the ‘tived- The varying forms of the leaves emotions of security and shelter. Man and the shadowy interstices between longs to be both free and safe. With them. give eee these masses and vistas the garden designer says, “Dream boundaries and add a new interest, tex- and aspire!” with geometric forms he ‘ture, to garden says, “You are safe here!” Both desires I have spoken of space as an essential are part of normal life and their ful- element in garden design but eae filment is necessary to a complete life. a alee in light, and so z teht must be- conqueror is rama with pro- consider ed elem in your de- jecting himself into tim gardener signs. ariations in its seer soften projects his patterns inte ‘both time and contours, and contrasts of light and pace, combin foliage and eri shade caress and delig! masses into related is that in s add the semblance of life to interest and d es his ideas, static forms and, a: pass, alter t lf, projected into time. Sensi- colors from cool to warm, from te tive to ratio ae space, he tmabucs his de- cool. In shadows are best revealed ae Rate Gvemen t and harmonious subtleties of colors and tones, and in proj sade nsiders future growth shadowy depth the eye finds repose. Con- as his ‘helper in achieving his ends, trasts of light and shade have dramatic In laying out a garden, its form is potency that you will use to arrest atten- more important than teria hat ion, be surprise a: rouse emotion. nake its f. Its design should be the It r task in projecting your dominant idea, wers but its einbel- otal nical knowledge ae visibl lishment. The design iS permatie ent, ae Haake colors of flowers, shapes of flower i foli ing its appeal before, ing nd afte: and foliage ee and accents in the flowering of the plants. The flowers spatial patterns that will add the spiritual pass but the. design remains. Here again beauty of abstract design to floral beauty. Notices and Reviews of Recent Books (All publications mentioned here may be consulted in the Library of The Ni | Yerk Botanical Garden or may be purchased on order through the Library.) Survey Of Some Of The Year’s New Books On Vegetables By Edwin Beckett Vegetables, Fruits, and Flowers An excellent book, well arranged, f GROW YOUR OWN VEGETABLES of valuable information for the Lilie Paul W, Dempsey. 184 pages, ilins. S@7dener and dispensed by one who trated, indexed, Houghton Mifflin more how and why, Chapter 2 has in Company, 2 Park St. Boston, 1942, a of sound advice, eerily, that $2. Me of it relating to s 183 In addition to the necessary instruction for the successful cultivation and harvest- ing of vegetable crops there are also chapters on small fruits and flowers which are timely. “How to—” in Pictures THE FOOD GARDEN. ence and Edna Blair. 147 ee vata . The Macmillan Co. York, 1942. $2. pore pie to do it” book on vege- tables, salad iru ait ete. Profu ely illustra- ted, sho" wit f£ the operations ae in the text, the vari- getables and oie S ad pests at. aint them. Particular stress i this last ph ith metho f 1. A more complete and definite selection of varieties would make the work more helpful to the beginner. Bio-Dynamics er, are suggested ior out this thod of soil with a flair for experimentation but hardly the system for a novice to follow. To Refresh the Gardener VEGETABLES IN GARDEN AND THEIR TRUENDE. Q IN Vernon Among the many books on aeoriabie culture, with their _chapters on vitamin content, have appeared recently this one comes as a refresher. It does not deal with the prosaic, As the title suggests, this work is woven around the many legends and superstitions connected with many of our present-day vegetables. It also contains much. iis orical da é a Be os E} 2 » 5 a bac} old pres A chapter on “Recipes to Try,” which he autho states * “the result ey be more tla that statem ieee would seem to bear out Goud reading for anyone that knows a colewort from an aubergine. Growing Aves us ASPARAGUS PRODUCTION. Hom Cc. Thompson. Ges pages, illustrated, index ceo Orange Judd Publishing Co., York, 1942, §1.25. This small He on asparagus produc- ion would be a decided asset to anyone ntemplating the growing or —. valu- covered able vegeta table. The subjec thors oughly: and authoritatively “trom soil le of the of par: on a large scale, acticelarly for market this work should be on the “must” Chiefly Vitamins DENS FOR VI RY. Jean- Marie Putnam and Ligyal (1. Cosper. _ pages, illustrated: _ineleceil. Har- ourt, Brace & Co. York, 1942. $2 50. Like the recently published books on peat for victory, stress is laid on the vitamin content of those under discussion here. A chapter on “Eat your peau and have contains some rel sugge novel stions and also some 2 ft ie r, also presents some ideas e by no means commonplace and orth Considering, The disease and pest chart is good. eae Aaa bay Can: you are a her cula like abode tl s book. One e arrange- ment. Each lable under discussion has the details, in each of the 25 chapters, 184 arranged in the same order, such as his- tory, food values, culture, habits of growth etc. It makes reference easy. The ther point is that the author does no issue too grave warnin on the pests and diseases; in fact, in places she see to dispo £ nM very a There are a weak s but of minor ta dey ante. “ineidel len tly in vege- spa’ is stated . grown in he untry roduce dormancy . S. asparagus crop » Califor rnia where much of y induced by S th ie tcperatare ugh structions for c: Tomato Facts and Factors THE TOMATO. Work, 135 pages, Utustra tet dndexet ounee Judd Publishin: Ah ae At se on the tomato by an expert. This hook contains the records and find- ings of the r who has devoted mai st rads of this Smaportant c ticularly if contemplating eater 76 under “Cultivation,” the feferting to experiments by ‘Thompson orate es, “found that stirring the soil gave no significant es in yield over mere daar su de stroy It is hard. vince m: m pa: others than old-time qaideners who will find this statement unconvincing. Sound Advice For Gardeners OF VEGE. Charles H. issle; 2 Pages, eee ket 8, Inc,, New York, 19 26. Not a large book but packed full of sound advice and presented in a way that anyone can follow with ease. The illus- trations are many and very descnptive. Not th instructions 0. f the tables This includes, amongst many other items, seed sanitation where necessary, t tela, tive vitamin ee nt of the eae ane . Selection a pee he to ies i nnn ue to best and i t No ould go wrong by followi ving the instruction this book Eee: oe s “Home Vegetable Garden: i othe Rutgers University Frees, a in its larger form bound in cloth instead of paper, it sells for $1.50. eS Horticulturist and Physician Of America’s Early Years DR. BA HYDE PARK. Bre ngst: ce illus: pag “piblicgraphy, EB ts , New York, 1942, $3.7: trated, Gadexed, Dutton & Co. The subject of this ne biog caphy is best noun as om a the fou ne of .Am met edici Born Philadelphia i in 742, he was _bronght to New York three years later by hi his father, John Bard who ete himself in the pny growing metropolis on the advice of a friend Ben ranklin, The younger Bar _College, the forerunner and was th a tin thesis on the effects of opium and nee won a medal “for the best herbarium the indigenou Sam Bard President at a moment when leader could To steered the young re- public into unit: 185 More important even was Bar rd’s role in the history of social al medicine and medical instruction, ane six he retired to the ancestral estate u: the Hudson at Hyde Park, he continged ‘o play a leading ee in the medical in- sitions and welfare and scientific exotic medical plant fetal 01 e this nae ion, en transfer many of “physick garden” Hospital, Samuel Bares interest in horticulture was not only medical, We Painburgh tis pl had drawn th ns state at Hyd k an ial ese were car- ried out by a rdene hom he sent over, After his retirement there he de- voted himself to the developmen the park and garden; by 1806 the rt had form which it still retains . ae in an ae National Historical of Hyde a RAH . GILDERSLEEVE Fire, “Bread-and- ele ese On Plant Propag PROPAGATI G, a ng & L. M. Mequester en, 628 pai illustrated, indexed, Orange yaaa Publishing Co., nen York, md edition, 1942, $3.5: Her a book which not o if all ue Be Plant aaa aad “truit ‘tee stocks in very thoi ugh manner, use a nursery management, planting ne orchard ee and oe of pest control which up to date in their rs tions. It is profusely ‘illustrated. There seems io be 16 operation in the propagation of pants the necessary tools, and methods of handling which is not pictorial ally pre- sented. _In order to publish the latest informa- tion on recent developments in the field of propagation, the authors have included an eppendis€ covering 75 well illustrated Pi 938 ae -to-the-minute information in this ndix “This book is not only a “must or practical plant wilesery tien: but I don’t better book” ae sue ce w chapter f hich cresche invaluable aid for the con- duct of laboratory exercises, The Thor oughness of this phase of the book clearly demonstrated by the fact that 60 pages ar e fey side oe ane he pier" -by-step suggestio ns. of i fi i add greatly to k's cre as a reference guide for teachers and students as well as for pro: ive nurserymen propagators. index of 30 pa; Fortinate will be all those students wheee: ee to plant propagation and n y inaragement will be attain ned y the now edge contained in this “bre: and butter” book congratulate. the authors on their achievement, Henry M. BreKart, New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station. Plant Anatomy Up to Date PRACTICAL as Poster. 168, OMY. indexed’ York, T AN 8. pages, D. Wan Nostrand Co, New 942. $2.50. This iitic book is neither quite a text- per nor merely a laboratory manual, but of both. an : excellent caneroducts tons are the most valu- able fea ba the book. C e ms are ok ounded brie fly the reading u¢ original w otk wi understanding. The treatment eucneey and anatomy, which becom the aswel catalogue of names. It is natural that this author should «devote to meristems a space will think disproportionate ; which some s ce} its ee ble sification OE cell types ma surprise aac “teachers who have not ealized what a vast muddle can exist in botanical thought. The only Cote nie beak is the lack of a: Mar ee inclu introduc tion to "brie ges are held by metal rings; an ae red rubber material; in spite oF which i should with, out eshoek ona it if 1 were teaching plant an: . W. Rickett. From ve State See BOOK IN ERAL . c. Sampson. re pages, : Maarper & Brothers, New York, 1940, §1.75, An ceptionally complete se-leaf laboratory work: book, with “explanats ‘ory = Re seau, Sampson the January RLES L, GILLy. nd review 1942 issue of this Journal mney Reagents LOGY. Paul Weather- ges, illustrations, Bioss- W. B. Saunders Co,, : T5028. ook designed to eedig ae of but nother ie This is overcome some of tl ere are s elas clementary botany viewer's opinior texts, 186 New Edition of Hottes’ lie, evi ised eal itio es by ‘Alfred " Hottes of a of lac! ne g,becaise tual ear and the lack of n that would be earee to bring up to date e. ually, of ac- same book as printes antially the 2. mumerous err te The s in nomenclature ntific name Jot ue eohe ry (Pru yulata) i is listed as. Privat cerasus i japon: Me ppt the name for the European Try ae a latinized varietal ead nfus find The oe than trees, much in this book will be us seta necial on the descriptive notes after RaLpH Pinkus, Arbore ri nF oreman. Conserving the Gardener’s Labor GARDEN erate TASILY. 208 ajimatra ted: K. Morse. “inaexed. coarse New 42, 3. 30. This pleasantly written book by Mrs. Morse scems to we aed just to miss ie standard cellence set in her Tme! t poole ardening in the Shade. Hoe ee ers many use eful sugges- f “5. H. Pyerce. down a ale in garden maintenance— 187 an important item in thes of stress. The merits of a simp fe ae are iven for paved s, perennials, annuals, listed and briefly described, iit misses mention of number i pin id in any select list of aroun nd sre and the bea bridal a of ‘tr ceiaiit flo in spring. “Under Bellflower, Campanula should feel slighted, only three being mentioned, and of these two would so disappear from the e borde: good stout reliables pass unnoticed—but then, not all good things can be mentioned in trying to cover so mu territory in a limited space. estion ia aT hedges of yew and temo ck go un- clipped is not good from the spc of view of hav a good hedge. Both are beautiful in the nat we state of free growth, but whe in hi rm; tion must have one trimm: fie ear to be kept well furnished and ethan bounds. Gardens in general will be more satis. ying when more attention is given to plant selectior he various situations onote oteeranhic illustrations are very Henry E. Downer, Vassar College. A “Speaking” Garden Book WAKE UP AND GARDEN. Ruth ross, 226 pages. illustrated, in- dexed, Prentic York, ae $2.95. Ruth ‘oss's “Wake up and h Cre Ga: vr a treasure: it is indeed, a “speak- ing” garden book, with practical advice, and, on almost every page some beauti- ful, or helpful thought that makes one tealize the necessity of flowers, vege- i tables, and all green things to make the ideal world we all w: pen AH A. Hopson, Greenwich, Conn. pened Work On Arizona’s Vegetation FLOWERING PLANTS AND FER: OF ARIZONA. T, H. Kearney d . H. Peebles ( collaborators) 069 pages, illustrated (29 plates and frontispiece) indexed. U., Db of Agri re i 1. 942, This is the secon i within the last two years that can truly be hi the Arizona flora is fo the 5 range of altitude and emes. within the state, and ity of ecological Habitats re- h in “these pa: eeticular sroun The div id of $ te fectin ng and the vegetationa’ of particular interest is the p “microphyll desert” and the secti gra ph be said of tl splendid see to ae rth American botany ; ae ue it represents a standard f excelle een ne and useableness which shoul coal of authors of future Stat HARLES L. GILLY. cis - Everyday ae A well or: Senin xtbook eee resent the cultural and educational as- f pects of botany rather than the basic materials for 40 ofessional botanical career. e eld is adequately covered with parti phasis on the relation bi lay life. important now, is consistently presented throughout th Rae particular help to the student are the summaries of each chapter and he boldface printing o tanical words or tert H. Prerce, 188 baa News, and Comment Pes mtrol Cour. Although the ration: cues ‘of gasoline i in 1 the ‘eastern states New York Botanical 0 mn: ‘am West from Long Island, four rom Westchester ig) m New +o City. The course was arranged by Dr. B. O, instruction consisted of by demonstration, Pash a nd causes Sof on the care of ornamental trees and shrul Dr. Cynthia Westcott, who handled subject of sanitation in the home garden other important steps in disease and pest control. . Felt di- recte Id work in the recognition injury to trees and shrubs by insects es 2 disease and explained how to prune and and treat trees to prevent further imjury, and Dr. Wes eae ae ee will a ne identification of on disease pests and Gastuuction. in fe es sing of equipment for sprays and Food Values, FE Two free lecture: demon- strations were member: Sy Yo: reference to its inion Garden wore Seventy persons applied for tickets of admission, hina. Twenty-five scientists from chins who are ow in New York have organized the first American chapter of the Science Society of China, an organi- tl zation with 3,000 members in the Orie oberta Ma of the New York Botanical arden is Secretary. Other officers are John Y._C. Watt rnell Medical enter, President; M. Soo-Hoo of resbyterian Hospital, Vice-president; and Raymond Yoh of Bank of cae the Treasurer. Monthly meetings are held at International House. ups. Among the group visitors t tudents fro marest High Ercboleen, and gee the Eimcal New York, June 9 and and s School, Calture School, Visitors. In addition to the botanists who oo to He Garden June 23 in cele- bration of the Torrey Club’s 75: T: rec itor: oe $ inc Paul B. Marsh, orn University ; Richard A. Howard, Gray barium ; Stanl A, Cain, University of Ten- nessee ; nda K. ‘arr, Greenwich, Conn.; Rut hornherst of the Univer- sity of ida, who spent two weeks the early summer working in the crypto- gamic herbarium; . Fernald, head of the Gray jum, who worked in ni f Pennsylvania, ie visited Dr. William J. Robbins July Scholarships. Anita G. Appel, a 1942 graduate of the University ot “North Carolina, is ng at the Botanical Garden this summer on wo months’ scholarship, taderaleine problems in plant breeding and genetics 1 ander A.B. Stout. Miss Appel was a liter worker at the Garden last sur Mi M. Zimmer, u ollege gra uate and a pathology laboratory last summer, 15 working for Dr, B. O. Dodge, also on a t mont! scholarship this summer. the recipient of a Botan Gar ade len scholarship the past ching 1 yt Mi was ftonth 8 ical during man ame xan nam: THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN Henry bE LA Montacnez, Secretar: Elective Managers E. C, Auc. Pierre JAY H. Hoparr Porter Witiam FELTON BARRETT CLARENCE McK. Lewis Francis E, Powett, JR. Henry F, pu Pont He wry Locxuart, JR. Mrs. H LP, Marsa IELD » MacDoucaL tetera aati Mrs. Eton Huwtincton E D. Mennie Wituiam J. Ropsins Hooker T H. Montcomery A. Percy SAUNDERS Ex- “ee kinase Fioretto H. LaGuarpta, Mayor of the of New York ELLswortH Ae Puc President of the pan of Education 7 Mose s, Park Commissioner LEASON By Columbia University Marston ae ea Marcus M. Rwoapes R. A. Harp Sam F, TRELEASE THE STAFF WLLIAM J. Rossins, Pu.D., Sc.D. pie 1. A. Greason, Px.D. Assistant Director and Head Cur Henry DE LA MonTAGNE Assistant Director . B. Stout, Pu.D. Curator of Education and Laboratories ‘RED J, Seaver, Pu.D., Sc.D. Hei rnarp ©. Dopce, Pu.D. t Pathologist DLEY BARNHART, A.M., M.D. Biblioorapher Emerit ts . Ricxett, Px.D. Bibliographer TEW. D. Acting “Curator LIZABETH C. Hatt, A.B., B.S. ue warian ‘LEDA GRIFFITH Artist and Photographer ‘ERCY WILSON Research ae OBERT S. WILLIAMS Research focal in Bryology . J. ALEXANDER, B.. a Assistant Curator and Curator of the Local Herbarium H. Camp, Pu ssistant Curator NDLER, 2 D. Technical Assistant OSALIE WEIKERT Technical Assistan. REDERICK KavanacH, M.A. Technical Assistant H. Prerce, ‘ Technical Assistant ROL H. Woopwarp, A.B. Ratton ssistant HomMAS H, Everett, N.D. Hort. culturist . L. Wirtrock, A.M. Custodian of the ‘Herbert TTO Drecener, M.S. Collaborator in Hawaiian Botany J. Grout, Pu.D. Honorary Curator of Mosca OBERT H[AGELSTEIN norary Curator of Myxomycetes Jose a unKE -y Curator of ae Dislonacee . AL Hon Cu ‘ator of Eco ¢ Botan ETHEL AncOw 5. PeckHamM Honorary Curator Tri. iN ‘ll RTHUR J. cot Superintendent of Buildings and Grounds .C, Pra Assistant Superintendent ach the Botanical Gardens: take the Eighth Avenue Subway to Bedford Park Bue. + ‘the Thea Avenue Elevated to the Bronx Park station, or the "New York Central to the Botanical Garden station; or Grive up the Grand Concourse then east on Moshely Pkwy., or, coming from Westchester, turn west at the end of Bronx River Pkw es IN THE GARDEN Established as a privat tely endowed institution, ue partially by City ape coenony rt t collections ranking among the finest and most complete in any country. embership in The New York Botanical Garden, therefore, means promotion of eoen te research in botany and the sees of horticultural pane Scientifically, arden for ts an ist: Through ships and benefact: ion i the training of young scientists and student gardeners; hundreds of new books added annually to the library, which is open daily to the public for research and r cain free exhibi i mu gr gardens, public. copy of the Journal every month. Py Addisonia o year, each number ee with eight colored plates of unusual plants, accompanied by deccueten 3) A share of surplus plant material of interesting or new varieties when- ever it is pues ed. pn enene of special floral displays, programs, lectures, and other events at a Gar (5) Credit to Nie amount of the membership fee paid, toward courses of study offered by the Garden (6) The spies of borrowite lantern slides from the Garden’s collection. (7) Use of the Members’ Room in the Museum Building. ted number of garden clubs are accepted as Affiliates. The privileges of affiliation Ali a e ee ure a y mber of the staff, a share in the distribution of plants when they are available, a subscription to the Journal and to Addisonia, and announcements of special activities at the Botanical Garden. In addition, any member of an affiliated club may rec for the c t of membership a redu of $5 in the fees paid for instruction (This does not apply e course for professional gardeners.) An liate Garden Club may bor: lantern slides from the Garden’s extensive aro such loan being subject to the regulations for the use of lantern slides by ee idual memb Likew: ae an afhliate club may engage without fee the Members’ Room at the Gaus for its meetin The classes of members Ae are as follows: aan ual Mem annual fee $ 10 Perch vam nnual 25 ean Club Afiition annual fee for club 25 Fellowship Mer annual fee 100 ember for te single contribution 250 Fellow for Life single contribution 1,000 ‘atron single contribution 54 single contribution Rant. Fellowships or scholarships for practical pega -training in ho re or for botanical research may be established by bequest or other benefaction shee in epee y or for a definite pare The following is utions to the cae may be deducted from taxable incomes. qu rm o ereby bequeath to The: New York Botanical Garden incorporated under the Laws of New York, Chapter 285 of 1891, the sum of ———— mad Conditional bequests a b e with income payable to donor or any designated beneficiary during his or her lifet: requests for further afoenacen should be addressed to The New York Botanical ae, IN, We Garden, Bronx Park, New Yo JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN Vor. 43 A U G U S T ee neo -4 2 189-212 JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN Caro. H. Woopwarp, Editor AVEN FOR THE ARMED FORCES EN in uniform are as frequent a sight these days at the New York Botanical Garden, comparatively speaking, as they are on the streets downtown New Yor! a few of them make this Garden, with its f tl eave in f folded paper containing a bit of a plant for which they hope to find a name. . something unfamiliar that they have picked up in a part of the country with which they were ena ainted. Scarcely a week goes by that so: fe Joemey student gardener, now in the Nation's service, does not make a return visit to the Botanical Garden, me di here, commenting on gardening in other p of the world or asking for cl IP < A member of the British Navy comes to t the Botanical Garden whenever which he ha ] was of the most active among the members of his local as well as a national horsiéaltaral society: Another British fighter, a member of the poate ae Force, also has made frequent visits to the Botanical Garden fe tound 7 a place of great satisfaction, ‘ot only because of the ee it offers from the actua ality of war, but also because of his own Rorgcufueal ‘interes An n Navy man who is fond of botany consults with a staf ng ezulanly On. visits to the Garden when he has shore leave. Throug gh the Garden he is able to foster his hobby as actively as though e A boy from Alabama, a former student who is now in the Army, spent a happy day at oe Garden acquainting himself for the first time with the workings of a lar; erbarium. Botanical Garden is a special sort of wartime haven. TABLE OF CONTENTS August 1942 Tue Carts Coast-—-A Trape-Winp-Swepr LittoraL oF Witp Bzauty a ine W. H. Hodge Pants Usep By THE Dominica Cariss . H. Hodge 189 Notes on THE History OF THE BOTANICAL GARDEN AND ITS PREDECESSORS IN New York CITY William J. Robbins 201 Herss In PERFUMERY Christian Wight 2 Notices anD Reviews oF RECENT BooKs 210 CurrENT LITERATURE AT A GLANCE. 212 TES, News, AND COMMENT 212 The Journal is published monthly by The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New York, N.Y. Entered at the rose Office in New York, N. Y., as second-class matter. Annual caeeriper $1,00, Single copies 15 cents. Free to members of ‘the Garden. DELULLULIaSD aMatices 48a fers 2 of ‘the Garden, JOURNAL of THE New York BOTANICAL GARDEN Vo. 43 Aueust 1942 No. 512 Plants Used By The Dominica (aribs W. H. Hodge Department of Botany Mdisa haces State College sone can bo ae ie beng the ane ome of Antillean aborigines.* Dominica’s Carib: also on the verge a extine tion—chiefly because of cgenation with te isan s aes pop hundre ; Caribs or use bow and arrows, no longer paddle their ge (but Father row or in cotton rther, Caribs no longer rely entirely on roe heritage . native economic plants but have borrowed a goodly sampling of the abundant alien species so ¥For certain ethnological material the writer is nent to Mr. Douglas Taylor, ponolce it and co- author of “The Economic Botai of the Dominica Caribs,” iow in preparation. **Although many of the earlier truly Carib names are known, the more familiar Creole patois names have been largely used in this article. 189 190 iceied Sees throughout the Antilles. Little is known and even s has bee it cerning the aboriginals with the result that many o rt e ae of these vanishing Indians will never be recorded. Recen plant collections in Dominica are clearing up the identity of a economic species long used in the everyday life of the early inhabita: The Caribs’ homeland consisted originally of ay ne a ds. Even today a few of these like f the ¢ original vegetation types to show what existed in pre- Columbian times, Three main a ni ,000 ft. elevation) with its low tropical forest, ai peng ic (partial on the leeward side), was undoubtedly the site of the Carib se ettlements, for fi em N 8 gg fa) oe a on frie] =a a > oO fe 4 > oO oO 8 pe & 4 ay N 8 5 om ~ = oO n ies RA 8 5 o in them are to be found many of the tree species used in the fashioning canoes. Finally, upon the ‘lo shrouded yeas and summit of the interior peaks is alow w-statures ed, w wept forest, t. ost Bradey PO 7 DOMINICA AND ITS SURROUNDINGS IN THE CARIBBEAN (Used by courtesy of Miss Le velt Bradie and _of Ne ural History Magazine, where the map red ia June 1941.) HOME LIFE AMONG THE a uterisil from a4 iste one ee 2, A Carb kitchen sh 3. An old ‘Carib woman * eebapiag the tubers of manioc ¢ (Manhiot Geulensay. All photographs are by the author. Manioc (Manihot escule He still is the chief crop plant-of the Island , and it is amazing t Indians should have discovered that a ¢ wi non. veral varieties of tuberous species are own gro Preparation of the tuber for food includes removal of the outer skin by scraping, grating, squeezi in order to remove the poisonous juice), and d The resulting meal, sifted to the requisite fineness is either used to make cassavas (la baked akes, one yO feet in diameter), tine (a loo ioc flour also prep ry db: baking). Other native Bee tubers are TANIAS cen spp.), 191 IN THE HIGH FORESTS OF DOMIN! ICA A‘ ipoirier” tree (Tabebuia) in hall bloo The wanes: ep the Dominican forces are i (Dacryodes es trees are * grow ing their the “gommier” unk of sid a ees gummy exudate sed by the Caribs for torches. 193 and sweet potatoes (CU pomoea Batatas) ; while a wild edible yam, wawa j s ht out. Certain well known native Antillean fruits have been long used by tl the Caribs. These include guavas (Psidium Guajava), pineapples (Ananas sativus), cashews (Anacardium occidentale), mamee- Hee (Alammea ; —the c Ro S a fe} w = oO a. > @ za ° = oe = a ang is} Cc w tre Coe ne aS and BALATA (Janilkara nitida), All these native fruit-bearing species, with the exception of the three last-named pean trees, are be found growing close to the coast. the white race has brought to Carib gardens many important introd plants s as bananas, breadfruit, 7 d s als! economic plants have replaced in cultivation less important native ‘ ple rae 7 Li t eC e artic) and arrow ae from the stems if - eedy y grass, ROSEAU AS WO h as BOIS CHANDELLE (Erithalis fruticosa). ee orches made by molding the aromatic gummy exudate around a wick made of the pounded wood of tree-fern or BOIS DIABLE (Licania pee are long-burning (ten hours), whereas the BoIs CHANDELLE torches—really nothing but Tree-ferns (Cyathea arborea) of Dominica. Fire is often carried by hunters in their rhizomes. bound fascicles of the split wood of this species—last for only one or two hours. Unlike hunting, which is sporadic, fishing is a daily task, for fish con- cl stitute the p 1 meat, and plants play important parts in the daily ces. J ndian Izaak Waltons. Small river fish are tasty but hardly to be with either hook or net in the Finer rushing, boulder- strewn strear e his is the fish dr obtained from three differen e e aes of the Fie Cope known as ENIVRAGE (Clibad um a eee another from the bark or fruits of a tree called BABARRA lospyr eae: es pe from the bark of a forest tree known as BOIS CI ithecellobium Jupunba) unded ENIVRAGE eee are Fas wn into a river pool by Carib women who hastily catch all the fish which jump out of the water 195 order to escape the m. Baparra bark and fruits are also crus. shed river ee to = poisoned for more than a week, and this w aie oo future su ise rue fishing is in the deep blue swells of the rough Atlantic ere for centuries Carib fishermen have sailed and fished with the i fine a sai over the roughest of seas, but then their many-paddled, forty-foot KANAWa (whence our modern wor to the South American continent. Not only does the Island Carib sail canoes but he also makes ae from the slate-gray trunks of giant GoOMMIERS*, one a the largest tre th interior forests. The manufacture of a month-long ae cess. It entails felling the tree, hollowing the ae Gaui the rough shell to *According to early chroniclers Carib canoes were originally made from a tree called perce (orobably Carapa guianensts). Caribbee isles. (isurtaLa) he thinks nothing of sailing thirty miles to the French islands hi cestors thou i plying d cano \ A CA i 2 ca 2 SUIS N ie SNe (rh xy 49 Le \ “NN * »\' J guid 7 Sa Z DUCTS OF THE CARIB ae MAKER To the left are nesting ae s made of “‘larouman’™ (Ischnosiphon Arouma); in the right aa Seale a cassava sifter; in the right foreground a ona fan, ave cies sie s tman “‘finger-traps’’ flanking a “musique” of coconut lea 4. Stilt erpe under the 2. horizont oe se this A thurium, show of its. supporti: tree, are used making round-base baskets. Inflorescence aie (Hele nia caribaea), wi leaves are use described above, basketry. ie of the “palmiste”’ (Es je dominican a) are also used to make ay round ased baskets. This is the same palm whose terminal bud is eaten popular name of “cabbage 197 the coast, and there ae on those touches which change it from a mere dugout to a finished KURIALa. e general ted by ae ‘paddles se ae a toug! wood of either Qui oa ma pee ) or Bours. Besides a canoe-maker, the Domi 2 Carib i is also skilled in basketry, and through the manufactur d vale of these two products he gets what little “pin money” is available. Basket types are as variable as the materials, of which ar plant origin. Laro ([schnosiphon Arouma), a tali reedy plant often semi-cultivated in small stre:1asicde plots in th ,is tl urce of material used in the nes skets or paniers. and oe Peay baskets are made, 2 e outer ae wit strong homemade e of LA PITE (Biipela ae and separated b a carefully eee cee layer R (He se Bihai ion 5 w LAROUMAN ; ong se a ts for storing eggs, cassava sifters (HEBICHETS), cassava squeezers, and fin ps. The split stalks of RosEAU are th ost frequent edging or bi r baskets of Lar Nn. Although these baskets are generally rectangular, the Caribs mi strong round-ba provision or market baskets ct oe stout climbing stems of suc local janas as LIANE POMI NE GRISE (unidentified), or CALABOULI ar nee puberan). "Sesh mat i preparation, whereas tI (Anctherium Palmela an one era aie ) weaving. Baskets made ilt- 10 rec u cana, constitute the chief weaving material. Ta duced into the West Indies have been utilized by the contemporary India: 198 These include the split stems of common bamboo tens vulgaris )— used in the manufacture of market baskets and for a rigid basket-like net, ca , used in catching flying fish—and the io of the screw- pine (Pandanus utilis), here called pakwa, and of VETIVER eres zizanioides), both of which are fashioned either into hats or are used a d BANDE: Richeria RIVIERE: Chimarr rhis cymosa; BOIS BLANC: Simaruba amara), ith he only hangovers git a MWINA days are the kitchens which are rude separate structures (to lessen fire danger) with low boarded walls a mwina-like roofs thatched nowadays with either coconut leaves (rather than YATAHU) or the straw from sugarcane or vetiver. atch may be tied to the cross-rods with MIMBI or CALABOULI or with stronger bark 7 r S) TW: ES ( Plumieri and C. insignis) the ayoupa is ample protection against the average tropical deluge. or immediate surroundings of a Carib hut is a barren-looking stretch of red clay soil usually devoid of all ery and swept re- fully with the homer shru brooms of I da r TANIER as is the interi lo or kitchen shelter are to e seen several of the necessary kitchen utensils, all of home manuf: Among the most important of these are ooden mortar stle gen- erally constructed ither POIRIER or BOIS TAN (Byrsonima spicata simple wooden grid known as a Boucan, held up by forked sticks (con- structed of Guzpois: Myrcia sp., or Bois D'INDE: Amomis caryophyllata), is another familiar object of all Carib yards, and is used for smoking and Saath ay ; ‘ ey! (Gynerium ‘sagit- A GRASS : “Roseau” (Gynerium sagit- is used for making arrow- the best balm a new species, A scandent nee foh- THE CARIBS’ Isr: 1. -Hillia® parasitica; an tractive rain-forest vine. 2. Flowers: of “calabo (Stigmaphylion puberum) liana used in basketry, 5. Blakea pulverulenta, ara epiphytic shrub of the Dominica orest. rain-fi 3 iant bromeliad of th mossy-forest. zone, Glomeropi cairnia penduliflora, 201 drying fish and game. Civilized pots, pans, and dishes now replace the old calabash type, although utensils of various shapes and sizes made from es sh (Crescentia Cujete) are still used a water-carrying and Is and cups. Horeing on the yard are usually to be found numerous species cul- tivated for one household purpose or pees cotton (Gossypium spp.) i i a mer] metimes used as a source o i ly mixed with carapa oil (from the seeds of the forest tree, Carapa guianensis) to make a body paint and insect repellent; castor bean plants (Ricinus communis), oi th used by ue women as a mene aa eee an arrowroot (Maranta Sen known a root is considered important as a charm; clash ne a pineapple-tike é ition there are many edible species, not ae manioc in requiring ace; such are coffee, cocoa, m: Bilbergia), whose presence betrays the fact that the Island Carib, like any other human, enjoys beauty for beauty’s sale Notes on the History of the Botanical Garden And Its Predecessors in New York (ity As pdt at the 75th pases hipaa e Torrey Botanical Clu the ork Botanical Garden, ne 23, 1942 By William J. Robbins LTHOUGH The New York Botanical Garden was established by act a the ree of New York State in 1891, the idea of a botanical garden in the City of New York and efforts to establish one date t back to the anes of the last centur The Elgin Botanic Garden founded in 180 1 by Dr. David Hosack was purchased by the State in 1811 and then known as the Botanic Garden 202 of the State of New York. It was Sana granted to Columbia Col- lege, but funds for its maintenance v ot provided and it w: Abad oned. This garden occupied tl the: area roughly bounded by 47th and 51st Streets and by Fifth and Sixth Avenues, where Rockefeller Center now aaa following quotation is taken from Loudon’s Encyclopedia of eee London, 4th edition, 1826: “Upon the revival of the medical school in Columbia College, in 1792, a chair of botany was established, and Dr. Mitchell was appointed Professor. Dr. Hosack succeeded Dr, Mitcheil; and the result was, yee = e latter professor’s establishing a botanical garden at his own expense, and after cards govern: ment purchasing it of him for the benefit of the medical schools of New York; and i ti ww kno’ s the York tea i ds of New York contains twenty acres; the aoe Sete was fibicnes | in in 1806, and the second in 1811, containing nearly 4000 s About two decades later, another botanical garden was established in ee ‘a pi of his botanical trips, especially in New Jersey. This catalogue lists 40 amental trees, 120 ornamental shrubs, more than 250 perennial ee side eee about 60 dahlias or “georginas,” and 750 greenhouse and hot plants. e Legislature of the State of New York passed an act to facilitate i ‘estab eae of a Botanical Garden in the City of New York. e granted to Samuel B. Ruggles, Robert tu, ili : k atta Shares of a tal st ae in the corporation were sold ai 25 € ie he attempt failed. oe nae York scan Garden was established largely as the ion of the vision and energy of cig 7 rd Britton, eee of Bot in Columbia College: who became t t Director. I , traced to the impression made on rs. N. ‘on by the Royal Botanic Gardens at Kew, England, eee they had ee in the summer of 1888 to study a collection of plants made by Dr. H. H. Rusby onl cee may see 203 Bolivia. At a meeting of the Torrey Botanical Club held in October es the rs. Britto ve a description he Gardens at Kew. At meeting club a committee was appointed consisting of Sterns, Arthur Hollick, Thomas Hogg, H. H. Ri , T. F. Allen, N. L Britton, J. S. Newberry, and rown to consider the idea of establishing a garden in the of New York. At a meeting of the club mn January 8, 1889, an appe suc den, prepar the com- mittee, was adopted a Gates printed. The t text of _ appeal en Ts “The uses of a eae garden may be reckoned as of four sorts. First and fore- eas a pl ag ‘ge. adequately the various uses here indicated a botanic garden requi ires a i at Kew comprises sixty-seven ‘oO serv ately at spacious site. The Roy. ic Garden acres, an area ample for its purposes. Fifty acres might be considered a reasonable amount of land for a New York botanic garden; half as much could be made to uc! its ultimate answer a good purpose; seventy-five acres would be none too much for highest development. . “Two American institutions of kindred nature—the Shaw Garden at St. Louis and the Arnold a ‘boretum of Brookline, Mass,—-are already in cuseecofal operation. These are ae Gs affairs, remotely and inconspicuously situated ; ae a a ponte garden .. in New Ik City would be placed at the best i imaginable ae may pe the f that within two years an New York Botanical Garden was granted a charter by the Legislature of the State of ew York, and Judge Addison mee egan ign for funds by oe 25,000 toward the establishment of the Garden. This sum matched by J. organ ohn ockefeller, and D Mill Columbia College agreed to deposit it: y rt d Iture 25,000. With additional Charles P. Daly, Oswald Ottendorfer, Samuel Sloan, rge J. Gould, len M. Gould, John Kennedy, William Rockefeller, Arnold-Con stable & Co., Morris K. Jesup, Mrs. Melissa P. Dodge, . d Hugh N. Camp, the-s of $25 for an endowment was fully aa ape ry June 1895 and 250 acres in Bronx k for the site of th len were allocated by the City of New Y Tt is interesting to note’ h various agencies and individuals con- cerned during nearly a century in obtaining a botanical garden for New York City were represent final estab: t of this institution. The Elgin Botanic Garden o starte r. Hosack v was Professo otany in Columbia College, and The New York Botanical Garden was initiated by Dr. Britton, also Professor of Botany in Columbia Colleg omas Hogg, son of the proprietor of Ww mn York Botanic Garden of 1834, was a member of the Torrey Club com- mittee which issued the famous appeal. William E. Dodge, associated 204 with the attempt to start a botanical a n in 1877, was one of the ees to the original endowment of $250,000 for this institution. From what I have said, it is clear that two a; encies were chiefly instru- a i e re t 1a amended in 1894), which provided that the affairs of the corporation should be controlled by a Board of Managers as follows: Presid f Columbia, the professor of botany, professor of geology, and _ cere of the Board of Education of the City of New York were ade io business, including the financial management, under the control of the whole Board of Managers, which consisted rot the “Scientific Directors, of the Mayor, the Park se cmnmassionee and at least nine other managers electe d by members of io1 by one manager Pad by more nearly comparable. 205 The Garden in its nearly 50 years has had four directors. Dr. Britton, the first Director, served until 1930 and was succeeded by Dr. E. D till, who resigi in 1935 to become Administrator of the Botanical Collections of Eek aa rsity. Dr, Marshall e became third Director. Up ae iu in 1936 Dr. H. A. Glea: rs e To al Clu! the City of New York and the many individuals who had the necessary vision and a amas: to conceive of such an institution and provide for its suppor SPECIAL CHINESE ISSUE Next Month This ee will be devoted to plants hinese origin, featuring— Bamboo and Chinese Civilization by Hui-Lin Li China’s Contribution in Medicinal Herbs lard M. Porterfield, Jr Order an extra copy for a friend. 15 cents. Ie will mail it, Herbs In Perfumery An Address Given Re 7 at the Herb Conference at the New York Borstal Garden By Christian Wight E> SSEN ee oils represent herbs i ina concentrated and easily handled The term essential oils is applied in general to fragrant compo ounds formed in plants. Some authors consider as essential oils only the parts of the plants recovered by steam distillation. Others include in this defini- nts. i i i f es instances, in Gack to extract the oil, it is necessary to split the ‘compound by fermentation. Up to the present time there is no universally accepted theory concerning the formati £ tial oils and their role in the life of plants, but there exist numerous hypotheses including protection against cold, pro- tection from ins fungus attack, attraction of ts to promote reproduct ry. icts in plant metabolism, and as plant hormones. e oi fin oo ee one oil no greater than pany other. From the indus- ae point of view, however, t f the various essential oils assumes archer aspect aa only a ey small number are of primary interest. The manufacturing processes ee to obtain the oils are three: distillation, expression, and extraction. The process of ee of te oe from the plant is generally per- formed nt the aid of s The steam carries over the volatile bodies in the plant, and after ee ae oil and water layers are separated. 207 This is the method employed in rege most of the perfume materials. apression of ae oils finds a limited use and is confined chiefly to the citrus oils—lemon, orange, lime, a. a and bergamot, The term means oe ‘it says, the ‘rinds being pressed to squeeze out A 0 . stich as petroleum ether, or ether, which ae the odorous bodies. On removal of the solvent a flower oil is obtained. Some Essential Oils and Their Plant Sources on a few of the important plants which furnish raw nie for recta es oe a ce mpse of one phase of the perfume indus oil. This is derived chiefly from Cymbopogon eee oe wild ae cultivates a in the Tinniville district of India. It has ee The imports o lemongrass to this country alone have averaged one-ha’ lf i inds a year. itronella oil. Two types of this oil have large commercial use, that m and the fact that ed the only sw upplier of natural menthol, is now no to All our needs 208 eranium oils are obtained Pe sae oes of the leaves and stem rom clove oil w into isoeugenol, both of which are the basis of carnation flower odors. ugeno. i ili ois de rose or Linaloe oil. This oil is nner from the wood of Ocotea caudata, which oe ‘wild | in Cay and in Brazil. About three- er year are a ed, as is its chief constitutent, ae for its fine ese are but a few of the items produced and cons umed in tonnage quantities. Others are the citrus oil 000, ounds le iced in a year, for use in flavors and perfumery) ; the umbelliferous oils, such nise, fenne raway, coriander and ang the peppermint, spearmint, and yroyal; the other oil: biatae, or N 1 ar’ , thyme, lavender ; niferous oils— pine, fir, hemlock, and cedar; other wood oils—sandal (1,500,000 lbs.), sassafras (1,000,000 Ibs.), and fue and the resins—benzoin, eee of-peru, tolu-balsam, ga labdan Perfumes Directly from Flowers In the flower oils nature has displayed the highest degree of excellence, the greatest harmony of odor. There are only a few flowers from which an oo oil can be success- fully extracted, and these are the rose, the , the the tuberose, the hyacinth, the violet. As an cee of the Tabor involved ae ‘ : planted f flowers the first year, the quantity rising to 4,000 pounds in the fourth a is maintained till the t i y' e. This s 4,000 pounds of flowers yields about 6 pounds of flower “con- rete” ae extraction. This concrete tone about 3 aries of absolute oil : ep : pla e same cea tions of extreme care and tremendous handling hold true for all the other flower oils, and these highly concentrated products bring 209 prices of $300 up to $1500 per pound. It must be evident, from the above figures, why it is impossible to supply the demand for flower odors made ie natural products—how the cost oe production prohibits their use in y but the most expensive perfumes. It must also be apparent that the folston of pure aromatic bodies from essential oils enables the perfumer repro = more faithfully and with greater finesse the exact note he is a Synthetic Perfumes from Chemicals The paaaeeg Dae aromatic chemicals used in perfumery should not be omitted fro: rehensive survey. They have dispossessed ns i ed instead o ee who the aroma “ts iced by some one of it. s ir products is tl erfumer’s job and it is he who has given you the lilac, gardenia, nee Cann ae the host of other odors used in the many colognes and toilet prepa- rations. The sense of ane is, sadly a a little used ee Many people have ra noses, a : ie rained, can only place odors into a few classifications uch a ee ngent, ein aia and ae Many can only qe ee a good odor and a bad one, and some not even that. The Uses of iii Odors There are some seventy industries directly and indirectly dependent on perfume materials, oe probably 80% of the perfume materials are based on herbs an tanical sources. e is not one of us oO is totally unaware of part perfumes play in our daily life, but fe realiz conti ith them from the time we a till the time we retire. Soap alone consumes several million pow of per. fume yearly. We use perfume in creams, lotions, powders beans, bath salts, shampoo, shaving preparations, and lipsticks, as "well as toilet water handkerchief perfumes. mhance a ee M4 = i roducts such as paint, moth crystals, textiles, tooth paste, ‘obacco, floo: g fluids—in fact, the uses range from perfuming the canes at the World's Fair to improving the odor of a chicken coop on a hot nade Our taste co been developed to appreciate perfume as a means of bea tifying our suroundings, and though war has cut off many of our sles nd defense has cut off many of our chemicals, we will find a way to ¢ tinue our battle against unpleasant odors. 210 Notices and Reviews of Recent Books (AH publications mentioned here may be consulted in the Library of The York Botanical Garden or may be purchased on order through the Homie Landscape Anchited ire Ralph Rodney illustrated, indexed, Seymour, Chicago, ConTourRSCAPING is presumably a bo for ihe “professional landscape architect or Jands student. However, the pro- i training and ability is and unfamiliar terms, inadeq a oe. fined and poorly exemplified. The reader is left le the wiser, even after a pain: taki eading, and richer only by a few book since his ear! 1914, a nd at is regrettable "that ce did not give u e beneht of h a experience of tee Hee ys seven veute in the clear re the carli rv 2 2 a ce 3 ae > 5 aa Bo a o 2 om EPUTY STANDARDIZED PLANT NAMES, Second Edition. Erlited by Harlan P, Kelsey and William A. Dayton for American Joint Committee on Hor- ticultural Nomenel. J. Hora: MeFarland ; ‘isburg, solume of the second eton of Sprint pon Names (“S.P a a the Pie dization of names and (2) to the “innovations” i mencla- e, the most importan' ich recog. nize the distinctions between (a) irue species, (b) groups of hybrid (named “polybrids” ). an iG clon In recogni clon e poly- brid the Editorial eee of aes d- ized Plant Names renders a somewhat be- lated service to both botany and horti- culture. In the first edition these dis- ants enational for Horticul- tural Nomenclature. nm any ist of species names which without either descriptions or eatin of een nn i the group o: to clones and of are numerous mai defi- In the designation of in S.P.N. there rids or even as species; but ee this treatment follows that of some ual, ‘The Editorial Committe sence “that there ae common for each pla ence to the names of (see Aster, Begoio, inators are given etc.). Ther Azalea, Hemerocallis, 211 list of plant patents with an made of plants involved, Lists are given sonous plants, range plants, state flo ower “Stan- ‘ime and other a later eee may see all necessary changes made onformity with this beginning.” A. B, Stout. Reference Work on Lumbering COMMERCIAL TIMBERS OF THE UNITED STATES. H. P. Brown & A, J. Pan nim 554 pages, illustrated, indexed, eGraw-Hill Book Co. New York, “oan, $5. is somewhat mislead- su: as it does a practical handbook, “tis ‘oluine is definitely a con- tributio field ee Ne ues and of pests ithe technical 'inowedge of lum ber, a material which is rapidly regain- lost sets and earning added ea substitute bes some of the more strategic and less plentiful con- mi There an excellent botanical back- ground concerning the ewe of plants This in itself is ample justi- he k at this “particular he “fire-side for- t it mark not be repl: TI matic sketches and pho graphs with which the text Sioner is = amply illustrated are especially well done, as they are both pleasing and practical. The descriptions of the commercial species of lumber a: lear and informa. tive. The keys for identification are no loubt quite rect technically, but nat- urally their applicati jon is normally re- stricted to the classroom or laboratory. All in all, Commercial Timbers of th nited States is an e: ent technical ea ise combin: vali secure piecemeal from other aes R. E. B: ICK, Northeastern Lumber Mosinfacturers Association, Inc. Chemistry in eee CHROMATOGRAPHIC DSOR: ANALYSIS. Harold x Pstrain TION pages, illustrated, ind In- torsclonee Publishing Co., New York 1941. $3.75. This the only ae jook on pees hig adso echni invented by Tswett in ‘Too fo or ? searathie the leaf pigments. Chromatographic meth- ods are ate in meats clo: ely re- lated compounds for eelsg v brepa- ative purposes, or in glee ing a pound in a high state of purity. A v: ane ble part of the book is the discussion of adsorbents and ts. About half of the book i d to zine chrom: tography aphy of organ unds. The author’s experience with “the methods tas be en considerable and has eachied him write eee ren EC Current Literature* At a Glance Sargentia. Named in honor of Charles Sprague Sargent, the first Director of the nold Arboretum, Sargentia made its initial appearance on July 20, This new periodical is a continuation of the Con: the Arnold Arborciun s planned to p gu at ae in tery ation of longer papers tributions from (1932-38), in various fields * All publications mentioned others—may be fourd in_ the ned ie Tbe Botanical Garden, in the Museum Building. of botany. The first number contains a foreword by E. D. Merrill and a treat- A. C. Smith distr ibuted mm September and a War Crop. The demand s of peanuts, in place to pro- n and arket of It tables 5 for the F robable 1 Honey returns oad suggestions for main ncoining the oot ne ‘tity in the face sed o “te rom aoa of peanuts has been built up since Notes, News, and Comment Kathry = lor, co- f “Winter Bit” published t ew Volunteer. aan ae Edith Ww. Gr regs the Sun-heated . Taylo ool of e Architecture Vis Dr, John Shuman, who a scholars hip student in plant breeding during 1936, v e Garden in July j re leavii r Guatemala to un- "breeding Cinchona of ra higher yield of quinine. t, E. reiner also t Garden last month to consult with Dr A is ‘orest tree ‘orest Service, a . in which Dr, Stout is a colla be r A, Claar of Chicago, saan m He: the British r. N, Museum a ndey Nat ral Hoe inspected the Garden’s collection of diatom: July 25, ther ent visitor: t eo logical herbariut ave i a ielsen, President o: ae € Micro- copical Society of Illinois; Dr. Walter J. Nickerson of Wheaton Coleg: 7 opel Singer of Har is of ae ichard A. Howard of the Gray Her- mete at Harvard came to the Garden early in August to work for several days on the flora of Cuba, Antoi Miele of Cornell visited the herbarium earlier in the summer investigating species of dralia and Cornus. Among other visitors have been Dr. Carl LaRue of the Uni- versity of Michigan; Dr. S. Norton of the University of Ma ; Mrs. B. B. Hillary, Universi ‘oronto ; Charles Breitenbach, a student from the University of Wisconsin; Dr. nda Farr, American Cyanamid Co.; Elbe Little, ‘orest Service; Dr. Cynthi estcott, Glen Ridge, N. J.; and Camilla Bradley, editor of ime Gardening magazine in New Orl Dr. F. W. Kavanagh i cs wile this month to te ach at sity of Roche Saat for he eptacing Fe ontinue, while Rochester, research on vitamins and lant saath: which she has begun in Dr. Rol bbin: s’ laboratory at the Botanical Garden. New Labor At the Connecticut oreultura’ Experiment Se at New building for the depart- ments ton e Ename for r as is ee welaree to Dr. N. L, Britton of the New ork Botanical Garden THR NEW YORK ROT THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN Jos: R. Swa. resident HENRY DE Fours Baton Vice-president Joun L. Merritt, Vice- -president Anrnon M. ANDERSON, Treasurer HENRY DE LA Monracne, Secretary Elective Managers . C. Auc s. Elon Huntincton Ropert H. MonTcoMERY Witutam ee BaRRETT Hooxer H. He Henry F, p ei a tc K. Lew Francis E. Powett, Jr. MarsHALL Pie Henry Locxuart, Tr. Rev. Rozert I. cone D. T. Ma cDovear S.J. E. D. Merri RCY SAUNDERS see Sa Fioretto H. LaGuaroia, Mayor of the of New York Exitswortu B. Bick, President. of the B. ne fad of Education Rozerr Mose: ES, Park Commissioner Appointiv nager By the Torrey Botanscal ae H. A. Gis. By Columbia pe Marston T. Bocert Marcus M. Rioapes R, A, Harper Sam F, TRELEASE THE STAFF WILliaAM J Rosman, Pu.D., Sc.D. Director H. A. Greason, PH. D. Assistant Director and (He ad Curator HENRY DE os MonTAGNE Assistant Director A. B. Stour, Pa.D. Curator of Education eid Tobavetores RED J. SEAVER, aac Sc.D. Curator Bernarp O. Donce, PH.D. Plant Pathologist Jou HioNDLey. BARNHART: A.M, M.D. Bibliographer. Emortes H. W. Ricxert, Pu.D. rapher R R — peas Pa.D. ae ee Curator HC. Harr, A.B, B.S. ce Fina. Gane Artist and Photographer Percy Wins, Research a die oan S. WI Research eacriate in Bryolog E. J. ALEXANDER, - 3S. Assistant Curator and Curator of the Loc Herbar Hebe H. Camp, Pu ieee Curator CLYDE CE i echnical Assistant ROSALIE WEIKERT Technical Assistant Freperick Kavanacu, M.A. ‘echnical Assistant Technical Assistant tar . Eve Hor . L. Wrrrrock, A. Custodian of the Herbarin Otro Drcener, M.S. reat in Hawaiian Botany A. J, Grout, Px.D. Honorary Curator of Monn Ropert Hacnasrin Honorary Curator of Myx mycetes JosrrH F. B Honorary Curator of the Diatomace. B.A. “iguukor Honorary Curate tor of Economic Botany ErHeEL eo 5, PeckHamM Honorary Curat tor, ArEUR J. Corsett Superintendent of Buildings and Grounds Assistant Superintendent A. C. Pranver ach the Botanical Garden, take the Eighth Avenue Sub Hibs y to Bedtor ‘atk Bre, ‘the ‘hird Avenue Elevated to the Bronx Park station, or the New York tena . the Botanical Garden station; or drive up the Grand Concourse, then east_on Motels » or, coming from Westchester, turn west at the end of Bronx River Fkwy., OF, commg irom weswueste, win we. PUBLICATIONS OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN Books, Booklets, and Special Numbers of the Journal An Illustrated Flora of ihe Nonhen United States and Canada, by Na ame Lord Britton and Addison Bro ree volumes, giving descriptions and illustra tions of 4,666. species. Second paiccn reprinted. Boo10), Flora of the Prairies aaa Plains of Central North Hinerice: by P. A. Rydberg. 969 pages and 601 figures. 1932. sen $5.50 post ci Plants of the Vicinity of New York, by H. A. Gleren 284 pages, rere: A handbook especially compiled for the beginner in plant identification. 1 Flora of Bermuda, by Nathaniel Lord Britton and others. 585 pages ae a figures, covering algae, ange mosses, ferns, flowering plants. 1918. A Text-Book of re ral Lichenology, by Albert Schneider. 230 pages. 76 plates Ae ai Nort eae eae, by Kenneth K. Mackenzie, containing 539 plates of Carex and “related aa nts by Harry C. “Crevtaburg, ith a Tce of each species. Indexed. 1940. Two columies 1034 x 13% inches: bound $17.50; un bound $15.50. e 8 é <5 ® 3 p 5 a E B ies une hi led o uch of Asia. ary gely in China that they found the choicest earden: elas for America, and these have come ste oak t their place effectively beside the familiar hollyhock, oe Yuulon hoo Mg. V. K. WELLINGTON Koo. TABLE OF CONTENTS September 1942 LEAVES AND FRUITS OF THE GINKGO Tepe oe oF Cxutna’s HorticuULTURAL GIrTs TO THE CrTles oF NortH AM Cov sa is ae BaMB00 AND CHINESE CIVILIZATION in Li 113 Curna’s CONTRIBUTION IN MEDICINAL HERBS Willard M. eins . 123 Some Typica, CHINESE GARDENS IN NANKING Photographs 129 (OURSES ANNOUNCED IN NE TIONAL Procra’ 131 First Members’ Day aT GARDEN TO BE INAUGURATED OcT. 7 131 FREE ce Given FOR VicToRY GARDENERS BY GARDEN AND “TIMES” 132 ROBERT Sco’ 132 AUTUMN aes AT THE Se 22 REVIEWS 133 Notes, News, AND Com 135 The Journal is pul blished monthly by The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New York, N. ¥. Entered York, N. Y. Annual subscription $1.00. Single copies 15 cents, Free to members of the Gar vers of the Garden, JOURNAL of THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN Vou. 43 SEPTEMBER 1942 No. 513 Bamboo and (Chinese (ivilization y Hui-Lin Li Arnold Arboretum Of Harvard University HINA is indebted to cue tees plant for the most ancient and most rient, Yet the fact that Chinese civili- zation, particularly in it: eee stages, has been inseparable from the use amboo is caely realized by Occidentals who are unfamiliar with the plant Even today bamboo is of direct concern to the Chinese people. It is the country’s most important “timber tree’’* and it provides the chief material for shelter by the peasants in South China. Roof, walls, poles, window-frames, shutters, soba Ors, aay and many other arts of a house and its surroundings culms or strips. e farm implements too shioned either partly or wholly from this all-purpose . Household articles of bamboo such as chairs, stools, beds, cases, ee crates and boxes are too numer- ous to be mentioned. Bamboo may also be made into kitchen utensils, chop-sticks, mats, baskets and other sorts of containers, and endless varieties of ornaments and fancy articles. In addit ambo nishes people with such means of -trans- portation and ‘communication as rafts and bee and parts of boats. The * Bamboos are actually grasses, not trees, They constitute the subfamily Bambu- soides of the Grass family, the Gramineae. Of approximately 200 different species, more than tl fourths are scattered over Asia, with southeastern Asia the chief center of distributi In China, bamboos are found abundantly along. the Yangtse yalley and in all provinces south of it, but tingly in the Jong the Yellow ver, ever, it seems from record: ich are ently in the ancient classics, that bamboos wer quite com: along the Yellow River, which is the cradle of Chinese civilization he ancestors fhe present Chinese people, moving eastward oon hi ntral Asi: lateau and finally settlin; in the Central P ettling dow: hina Plain, apparently soon became acquainted with this remarkable, "valuable plant and: wiz a ‘mar ero for maintaining the living of the people and the preserva- of t 213 214 primitive type of travel by means of sedan-chair has been made possible onl the presence of light-weight but strong bamboo. Paper and musical instruments are made from the plant, and the young shoots are eaten as a vegeta In fact, it is impossible to enumerate all the bamboo products in a paper of this length. Of greatest fundamental significance are the aoe uses of the plant, through which it has influenced the civilization of Chin: According to legendary history, Ts’iang Chi invented the Chinese characters by imitating the foot-tracks of birds and mammals. While cn 7 (- i. known anct re wer mboo blocks N, ich might be combined together to form books, called 7’sz, apparently the first ractice must ha n to carve on li ulms oo with stone, metal, o er pointed materials. This custom ably influenced the h B es oI iat B oe ° 5 wn a i aK R D a 3 =) 5 & oO a ° 5 3 5 siderably in shape up to the bamboo hs is adually ae themselves into forms very similar to the “HUAN typ s years pass by. Persons who have had experience in Photograph hy Fleda Griffith AMBOO IN MODERN CHINESE ARTICLE: Baskets, a tray, a and a ruler, its ten divisions marked off ti ‘small brass studs. All these objects were obtained in New York’s Chin 215 carving their names on bamboo culms at scenic spots may well prove this fact. The CHUAN types were eae eg Shih Chou and Li 5zu, who founded the great cHUAN and little Eventually, silk and linen cloths oe the bamboo blocks which had been extensively used for taking records. In still later years both bamboo years before the invention of paper, these bambo ks were entrusted with t! reservation of all ancient records. It is for this reason thai China is indebted to bamboo for a clearly ded history of ancient lineage. Bar tablets known as HU (later replaced by jade, wood, or other materials) were used in the emperor’s official circles in ancient times The primary purpose was to take down any necessary notes or memorand: on the tablets. Fu or bamboo ee in two halves were — as tallies for an officer’s aeney ras seals in conferring military pow Bamboo lips, TS'IEN, were used ae for labels of all sorts ee re drawing ning. invention of paper is generally accredited to T’sai Lun of the Han ynasty, more than 2,000 years ago. Reliable records, however, have not a nce per is i a en. found, and the actual existe of paper is ascertained be ata later date. So far as Ww eople of later days, T'sai ade paper out of rr fishing nets. wonders if bamboo may not hav st beer ; as it has been the most extensively employed material for the manufacture of paper in all a nner white papery layer of the n, ich is f ently used for sealing the second hole of the flute, might have been the first suggestion of paper. As a matter of fact, it is the closest natural product to the Chinese bamboo paper: Music, Law, and the Calendar Chinese music apparently owes its origin to the manipulation of bamboo. There are records pointing toward the founding of the art by Li an at i e Anci S and polt I a ae it as the fundamental prerequisite of governing the people law came o' ic i ince it has were all Ree The development of ae oie was toa certain extent effected through CHINESE MUSICAL Soke OF BAMBOO A transverse flute (TrTzu) tipped with ivory i the left. At the right is mouth-organ (CHENG or SHENG), fitted with a a taoupiee and 17 bamboo bibes of varying lengths. Thirteen of these pipes are fitted with free reeds and each has a mi ole ji e the Point i blows: e@ immemorial in China, and is interesting as embodying the Pe of th free reed, more fully a veloped in the g rand organ of to 217 the use of bamboo musical tubes. As the Chinese use the lunar calendar, the solar periods will not come on the same lunar dates every year; there- e€ CHIH, whi g ‘ty combi on “The stem and branch were aaa out of that of x trees, and although there was no record pointing particularly toward bamboo, nevertheless, it is = this plant that ae main stem and side bathe are most readily recogni able, Mathematics and Measurements rave sible for the beginnings of mathematics. _ The earliest bambo 0: a material a making chess- -men, cards, dice, and many other a as bamboo. The unit of measurement, the Chinese foot or cH'IH, was derived from the ee eae for written records, as the latter was Sis known as CHIH H or CH’1H TU. The length of the block equaled one cH’1a, and it se oe the average length between the nodes of a eae culm. The block had to be pan ae a internodal part to avoid the joints and it eventually led to its use as unit of measurement also. poe the present, bamboo strips are still used ar the Orient as ruler: ea and Gunpowder The earliest Chinese people demonstrated ee warring ability and suc- nl eer ring is wars many aborigines in their part of the con- tinent and thus made possible the Soe of the great Chinese 218 Empire. The most a weapons used in battles, such as lances, bows, arrows, so far as records go, were largely made from bamboo. It was not until later years a wood and metal were used. But still bamboo was MBOO IN EARLY CHINESE A’ boo” is re title of this early Ming dynasty painting (1368-1644), done in tie oe of Wen T'ung of the eleventh oeaee Ano 7 Ming d et Goa called “Classic Gem” is shown on the opposite pag 220 conse in the manufacture of other war equipment, especially arrow fa: any other ar . used in warfare and ee from bamboo were de- veloped gradually h the advance of civilization. The most prominent of th fensiv d defense. Mencius, the great sage of 372—289 B.C., recorded that his con- temporary Kung Sh it flying for three days without its coming down. One wonders if it is € , an fat 7 5 OQ justified to call it tl 1 of an airplane in all history. The invention of gunpowder is regarded as one of the greatest con- tributions of the Chinese people to what is called the “civilization” of the world. Besi employin n vena the Chinese have used it even ves them more easily accessible at all places. Still later, sant s of paper € s resu were close ; nay be significance that from ee large-sized bamboo, charcoal is manufactured in West China—and charcoal is an essential ingredient j in gunpowder. state and Other Essential Industries Most of the Chinese farm implements (too numerous to be mentioned) are I bamboo. Evidently, many of those in use today are still in the same patterns that were used 5, or more years ago farmers are thu only shelter y houses, dres: by r nd hats, and provided with furniture and household articles all made from bamboo, but are also fed by farm crops which have been planted, harvested, and pre- pared by the employment of bamboo implements. Besides a used in the fields, all other instrument ts for harvesting, milling, and storing grains, such as sieves, winn g fans, baskets, and storage ae are largely 5 or completely made of bamboo. Sill was the most important textile fiber used in ancient times, aud the Photograph by Mrs. Fred B. Noble AMBOO IN FRUIT The phenomenon of a grove of bamboo in fruit, then dying, was witnessed in Jackson- ville this past summer. Ala times of famine, the Brains oF the ba: Marge lel are sant oped only after many years of growth, have more ce saved the lives of p ian China, where the plant is ae dant 222 sill industry depends a great deal on bamboo. The flat pan for rearing the orms ca os baskets for pee and delivering leaves of mulberry ad are all w 0. oe ing and weaving machines are also t products oe he same plan The fishery industry ae also be practically rendered impossible with- f out the p mboo, as all instruments for collecting and rearing fishes are made fri is plant, which is very durable in contact with the water and is easily manipulated. Primitive hunting, by 1 rrows, o co aa o lances, and similar weapons, again depends largely on Southwest, snares made of bamboo for oe tigers and other wild beasts are still widely employed by the nati The importance of cereals as the chief ious for man has made them closely related to religious ceremonies in ancient times. Most of the containers holding cereals when offere sacri 4 he records, ba a fact which indicates the intimate relation- ship between the two types of t in the very earliest days. Bamboo has eve’ used as a cereal itself in times of eme ins are e because bamboo will gro rm: years without fruiting,*f but occasionally they are produced in large quantities, almost miraculously, it would seem, in times of need. Since they are edi 7 f S tributed uniquely to the ees of the Chinese race not a few time: in its history during famine yea What Future Research May Show is brief review of s of the standing contributions of bamboo should be sufficient to jadi its peeve n the Chinese civilization, It becor evident that this one type of plant is responsib of Ea o wo o ie ra o cr] ee) 2 mboo so abundantly present and readily available as eastern ee where China is located. The ancient * Unlike the smaller grasses, which usually live for only a year or two, the bamboos live for 20 to 40 dig AS Shortly before the end of the life of a plant, it will flower and fruit, then s a clump or = ae grove of bamboo is often a single plant, the egre sere or upri ght bray s of whi ich are connected by the underground rhizo: t Jden ft ruiting, and dying of an trange plenomenoi which is given as attention, especially when the plant happens to fruit at a time when other grains are scarce. tlt is not only in China that the fruiting of bamboo arouses excitement. A recent letter to the pe eee Mrs. Fred B. noe - Jacksonville, Fla. says in part: “Early in the su a fri hon come across the river to see the queer behavior of t the ta mboo, The green A leave eS h d fallen and the tops of the reeds had turned dry and stubbly, and were forming heads like wheat or rye, without a ut a dangling pollen, All through the simmer the bamboo has seemed mu e to be dyin hough continuing the effort to seed. hether it seeds because it is dying or dies erga it is seeding is 2 mystery. The nodes seem to be leaking life juices which draw ants. Birds are plentifu , ome the plants.” It ae “from this bamboo that the photograph on page 221 was made. 223 Chinese, by virtue of their superior intelligence in comparison pee aborigines, and their constructive talent, developed their ability in ee lating this Sa lant in multitudinous ways until they Peer shaped out their great civilization in that corner of the ea he writer does not mean to so far as to say that bamboo ee is responsible for Chinese civilization. Many other things hav im- portant roles, too. But it is to be pointed out that bamboo has occupied a unique and prominent part at least in a t 1 More extensive tudies in classics and archaeology will surely enlighten this problem. As is 8 not so ea ily pre a as metal, stone, and t €, 0 at ware, p h will not be so fruitful as that from other records. Nevertheless, this apparently overlooked portion of knowledg is worthy of receiving more pee study by historians, archaeologists, anthropologists, and biologists as well. ES China’s Contribution in Medicinal Herbs By Willard M. Porterfield, Jr.* NOWLEDGE of medicinal plants in China goes back to legendary times before the day of the written word. The combined lore of agriculture and ici ae the ari st phase of plant science to occupy e minds of wise men, and its facts and practices for many S were passed al word of mouth. Th t treatise on medicinal plants, it is said, was compiled by the emperor Shen-nung, t ather of i culture and medicine, who reigned abo B.C. It is known as the s” ing, or Classical Herbal of Shen-nung, and is ually referred to as the Pen-king. Exactl en it was set down in haracters is not k , but the general supposition is th pub- lishe the Han period (B.C. 202—A. is small yak not ae is the most ancient document of hinese mater ia medica, foundation of all the later works on the subject. It treats of 365 ne drugs, one for each day of the year. ur information on these drugs of the Pen-king comes from quotations found in the Pen Ts’ao Kang Mu, the famous materia medica *Dr. Porterfield, who is now with ihe Soil Conservation Service of the United States Department of Agriculture, spent many years as a t beta ist in China. He is the hi . of articles i New Yi hic! eleven have appeared in this Journal and more © promi onised. The article meee here has been adapted from the address he ae last April 7 during the Garden’ two-day conference on herbs and medicinal plants. 224 published in ap second half of the 16th weal by Li Shi-chen, who is he gr pas' Pen- -king, and about 239 of them were derived from indigenous plants growing wild. Today, some of the same plants which were apparently used 2,000—even ) China, when analyzed and tested by twentieth century medici od dicine. Yet their ear as accompanied by beliefs which were b n. fancy and superstition rather than on scientific principles. Because the imagined virtues of plants were suggest their more o 1s prop the so- called “doctrine of signatures” arose and exter ee ee ae ty for a aie ailment. A few quotations will suffice to illus’ | medicines ie are sweet belong to the element earth and i. medicines that are bitter belong to the element fire, w oe ers the heart. “All medicines, on pe of their properties, that are cold, hot, cool, belong to the yang, or male y in nature, while ‘their tastes, as sour, bitter, sweet, aot and salt, belong to the yin, or female rgy. nd lower, the internal and the external parts o el s on the h ing the system, while the lower half has that of des ending. One of the outst: anes paihere: of a plant which has been glorified far beyond its real value as a medicine is ginse: eh inese have had the most extravagant id cee the virtue of ginseng root, chiefly because in shape it sometimes resembles the re of a man, es are descri in which sick people who were practi an have, upon administration of ginseng, been sufficiently restored to tran nal item busine However, the extraordinary medicinal anaes ascribed to ginseng have their basis in the imagination of the he root is ai, little more than a demulcent and today in ae Ha sf is rarely u a cur. A student wishing to study the genuine medicinal plants of China today d receive very | - help from n Ameri text-book of s ‘ eylon, Java, occasion ally Japan, and thi iddle E. ut authors seem almost deliberately to avoid citing the medicinal plants o ina. This seems strange in view of the fact that Bernard E. Read, one of 225 our foremost students of Chinese medicinal plants, has ace se aie in his compilation entitled “Chinese Medicinal Plants from the Pen Ts’a Kang Mu.”? Not only that. he and an: oa nly , but he hi inese ee ae ae el in many cases claims or tl by diti B art,” an earlier student of medicinal plants of China, gave account of 731 plants of which 107 are listed in the United States Pharmacopoeia and Nationa mulary, general use in the Unit tate: Significant in this conne are import figures for drugs coming from China, In 1938 of the total crude drugs imported, those coming from more serious peer Four Groups To Be Considered Chinese medicinal plants naturally fall into four groups: (1) Plants which possess chiefly imagined virtues, such as ginseng. (2) Plants which a : : 2 in Th des starch and textile fibers, is said to be antifebrile, anti-emetic and counter- : : : own for its fi mature, is also considered a ee eed plant in China. 1 3rd edition, 1936. 2 Chinese Materia Medica. 1928. 226 Chinese Drugs Used The World Over e third group o of plants is oe far the most Regia from the stand- Hi e ° ne. world aateae but also some of those which have been shown by test ici serious ee for commercial e ie) me: eather, eason, 0 avi onment is ie ly one reason why Ephedra ie T- fortunately the importation of ephedra from China has steadily decreased from 1,948,011 pounds in 1935 to 1939 when it amounted to only 614,275 pounds. Rhubarb is ene medicinal product of China which has long been a regular paste into the ite d States. Chinese rhubarb is obtained from ing i i eh ive are gathered grows wild in Kwangsi, ntung, and Yunnan, In com- merce it is sometimes confused with Hein aviation, the bastard star- ise, whose seeds have a balsam odor and sec a poisonous substance 3 Chen, K. K. Ephedrine and Ma-Huang. The Chemist and Druggist. 129 :585-587. Noy. 26, 1938. 227 ae sikimine. Though there are definite ways of pions the two, ug some of these ae ieepeny creep in with the rs, and cases of oie have been treated even as far west as France i Ho land. Ca : ae mostly in Germany Cinnamon comes from the bark of Cinnamomum seylanicum, which i produced in greatest quantities in British India, and especially in Ceylon. Nevertheless, both ie nae and C. cassia, which yields oil from its bark, were known r back as 2 and both of these items s fi have been steady oe into the United States Plants With Export Possibilities e las’ t group o of Chinese herbs with medicinal properties for ae . rer ioned constitutes a collection of plant s largely made i i i 8 related or introduced species which in any case ae China asa ee Sesam (Sesannun orientale), the oil from which is eee used in eee r in America, is a cultivated plant in Chin ere is used i ae lampblack for ‘Chinese ink, and for making aoa as an illuminant, and as a substitute or cael for olive oil, as well as for a medicine. This es nate and it i Jews brought it to Palestine ee : een India and the Far East. It was cultivated in Egypt as far back as 1300 B.C. in has been the greatest center = anes tion for licorice ining in importance as a source. Glycyrrhiza glabra is imported into the United States mostly from oan. Asia Minor, Russia and Turkey, but it grows plent ifully i in porn Chin na, , and quantities come from Mongolia and Kokonor. G. a source and G. uralensis, the Man churian licorice root, since the first world war, has into use. Chinese licorice (KAN Ts’AO) stands next to gi i ce : ae in Chinese pharmacy. It is considered a a great corrective adj and harmonizing ingredient in a large number of recipes, and it cy. also ies a place in American pharr ium, n wrongly associated with China, did not originate there. The smoking of it spread from Asia Minor. thence to Persia and from there on to India and China. Turkey was the great exporter of opium in 228 pre-war days. The unripe Ave sule of Papaver sommniferum var, egree. has been oe ved for domestic consump ion an exploit it for their own HA. Kurzit in Burma, H. Wightiana, an Indian species, and H. castanea of dB The oes ginger, formerly thought to be Languas Galanga, has been definitely identified as Zingiber eae While the West Indies, is wi ; where it is widely cultivated, seem e the source of most of our ginger, the Chinese rhizomes are larger and a “succlet The rich alluvial lands of the Canton delta have b roduc of preserved ginger, In the United States Pharmacopec, “coin eee is distinguished from several other varieties used in medic: astor oil, used medicinally as a pane comes from the beans o ae communis, which, though a native of India, has been introduced into China, Japan, Brazil, the United States, and th ited Kingdom. By far i es producer i is Brazil, but ee ee in China has been a large cen Some Chinese Counterparts of Western Drugs China has many medicinal plants which are closely related to species 1¥ from the West Indies, where the plant is ce is related to var. E TYPICAL oat ESE GARDENS NANKING : the red- ‘pilared anes enc] of a lower pictures, The flow- ‘ering shrubs, including a thadédendron (above | at right), the willow, gis against the wall a Copings ‘and + roofs mostly of green tile. Photographs by courtesy ¢ United China Relief 230 chinensis, introduced into Curagao from China in 1817, Many more such parallels might be cited if we had the space to tabulate them all. Discoveries in Recent Investigations Without commenting further on the still unmentioned numbers of b: hav d inese herbs with medicinal properties which in native Chinese medical practice, we should like in concl call ttenti ) present status of investigations on these plants, namely, the pro and final evaluation of many of the w going forward und 0 interesting result ai more it is 1 Apparently the tile fraction contains the active vermifuge pri le of drug. in the root of TANG-KUEI (Angelica polymorpha var. sinensis) has been used mturies for female complaints. It roduced into European materia medica 25 years a, an emmenagogue extract has been mark under the commercial name of Eume t is a cerebral de- pressant. Unreported work that the active principles of this roo have rong specific action on uterine muscle, producing fleeting con- traction. Together with the testing of Chinese drugs is the more accurate de- termination of content, well illustrated in the case of analyses made in th cent ith certain plants which yield essential oils? It has been fo ntha arvensis, a x contain = percent aromatic oil; 2 0.25 percent; and Amomum Carda een 4.5 per n igrum, noted rth an aoe” as having a pungent odor, and the second and fou f and pias sk etchy account I think we have shown sa. ive 1 ances that in the past have been im nported from China, it is oes especially with present world conditions, that “new” medicinal wledge of which originated over 5 000 years ago in the ine light of Chinese civilization, will be entering the lists of American daw: oe ae 4 Kiang, Peter C. Chinese Drugs of Therapeutic Value to Western Physicians. Chin. Hee Jour. 37 aa 9): 742-746. Sept. 1923. 5 Yu, T. and Biol: Essential Oil Content of Chinese Drags. Jour. Chin, Pharm. Assoc. 1 209. 1936. 231 Courses Announced in INew Educational Program tory Vegetable le Garden movement, inaugurated and Pea 42 a wi 1942-44 edition of the Educational Program, just prepared, copies of which are mailed free upon request. oth of new classes will meet from 8 to 10 p.m. every other week. Several others during the year will follow a similar schedule to aid in the on, York Central either from downtown New York or Westchester County. Members ae ae arden, as usual, are granted a reduction in the fee: ae dae instr oe ¢ liernate Thursdays beginning Sept. 24 at 8 p.m. T. H. Everett, Vegetable G. ardenin, g, alternate Mondays beginning Oct. 5 at 8 pm. James B. Jack and Arthur ae, Tatratiors, Planting th Grounds, alternate Mondays at 8 p.m. beginning Sept. 28 P. J. e Home Cultivation of Trees and ‘Shrubs in the Two-Year Course in Erect al Gardening) hate T y at bed Ecol d Pl h Glso in the" Two- Year Science Course), every Mon at 9 pm, beginning Oct. J. H. Pierce, Instructor. Field Botany, which ae Sept. 12 to meet a seven consecutive a ae urdays at 1 p.m., 4 es in ase of Dr. W. H. Camp, who is on leave of al spring, three short courses wil be giv again: Paar eee oF ge and ae Control, and Vegetable Garde ening. Em at 7 2 veniently £ from Wesi First Members Day At Carden ae Cane ey the ce The fol. To Be Inaugurated Oct. 7 lowin arnounicement is being mailed A SPECI JAL series of programs for this "Tronth to each member of the members of the New York Botani- : . | “The New York Botanical Garden in- place in the Mem bers? Room, at an hour when New York Central trains will con- the Members’ Room. Snes selected 232 will either be members of the staff, who will acquaint the members with interest- ig phases of the fea rien, work, or ie zed fields con- Special exhibits pertinent materials ved at the close of each will be privileged. to brine individual guests, but the meetings will not ie open to the public. The mem- bership card must be shown at the door.” The fest three programs will be as follows: October seventh Richardson Wright, Editor of House & Garden “Early New York Seedsmen and Nu yas 0 ny in the Service of the Public” December second A, B, Stout, Curator of Education & Lab- oratories “Some Simple Facts About Plant Breeding” Free Lectures Given For Victory Gardeners By Garden and “Times” GAIN in co-operation with the New Times, the New York Botaniz dening, was given late ae winter. The present oS has bea planned especially Victory Vege- for per: who ha able Gar rd = during the past season and who wish 1 © reap from them the greatest ring of hom are the subjects at ures, the firs: sien by Esther C. gon Sept. ‘6 and the second by James B. Jack the follow- in: Wedn esday a ing. “Ru Start for Next Yea nan a be the shibject of the ne jee presente by T. H. Everett The course will be concluded sees “21 with George ae Gillies Speaking on “Fruits for Hom Garden: The lectures are being given on We . nesdays at 8 ps a in the New York Tim Hall, 240 Wes is free, ticket: a available through F, F. Editor of the New imes, who is chairman of the programs zo Robert Scott Olive f the best known and most be- among the professional it gar- i the Ye Robert oe succumbed to a b Northern ‘Westchester Hee the morn- f Au at st of the and nthe ealtaal practice that he learn in - youth ved t 0 bring him many prizes at flower hi t d e him Nae umen ability as a judge. AS sco he caine ed a number of to aie ee fae in ihe ape ae world, among them James 2 shea who is now teaching, | : some courses at the Botani iu cott has been Garden, be- survived hy his w Adrian Frylink, In the Gard ze his plac Super iter nd Isidor Straus at Mt. ee to give jstiiction er of the Botanical Garden’s tontee 233 Autumn Lectures at the Garden Sept.26 Flowers the Year Around A natural-color motion picture of the Botanical Garden Oct. 3 Highlights in the History of Grapes A. B, Stout, New York Botanical Garden Oct. 10 Garden Roses in October —A ciseussion of aa ane and varieties . McKenna, New York Botanical Garden Oct. 17 Bulbs for Beauty in 1943 ee | what to plant this fall Ethel ae S. Peckham, Honorary Curator, N.Y.B.G, Oct, 24 “The Desert ag Blossom .« A motion picture in natural color. Alice Chauncey Oct. 31 Batiling Garden Pests While They Slee, B. 0. Dodge, New York Botanical Garden Nov. 7 Insect-Eaters Color close-ups of carnivorous plants. Rutherford Platt Nov.14 Yeast—A Billion-Dollar Microscopic Plant With a motion picture ma age under the miscroscope. Geo: has The Fleischmann Laboratories Nov.21 Forty Years of Reforestation in ie EW. " anleh old, State Dept. of Conservation Nov. 28 The Beauty of the Diatom World Joseph F. Burke, Honorary Curator, N.Y.B.G. Dec. 5 Scenery and Gardens of Bermuda—in kodachrome Fred J, Seaver, New York Botanical Garden Dec.12 Decorative Greens for the Holidays Alys. Wilkam G. Wheeler & Mrs. Henry Kistner Notices and Reviews of Recent Books (All publications mentioned here may be consulted in the Library of The York Botanical Garden or may be purchased on order through the prenels any in America ration of this continent from the first collections of pam ial and Michaux down to 1873 when died. From je Foundations of Bota Shown Through Torrey’s Life JOHN TORREY: A Story of North its “title ie might os net that the book Bence IE a ‘4 pages index, ibe had two separate themes, the biography liography; foreword Samuel and a histo: ploration. The two Yood Geiser. Prine ton "University are bound together the activities of Press. 1 “15, Torrey. e corresponded with a the All those interested in the history of important plant explorers, enco American botany will want to read oe them i a and, wath the cou operation biography of John Torrey r. Re of othe orked o ost of their col- has brought together a Ith of te eid rial, not only the life and work of Torrey was born in New York City Torrey but also on the botanical explo. in 1796 and began to study and collect 234 under Eaton while still a lad. At that time there ee many piace in the Raat tha. xplored, in New York and New Jersey uch h of. hal is on th i ates was not under our flag. The exploration of the Wes just beginning. More th: 0 hi tanist he was responsible for assembling tk materials brought back by dozen: XX the ie preparation of a a_possibi deserbed and s: ystemati ized their di: iscov. are built up a fine collection in New cok ne Decaine the nucleus of the ° the "Ne founded the U. S. National Herbarium - Was sh hington, supervisi ing the mting P them the: per He also did a reat “deal “Toward 2 building up the Har- his t ie he was sat a pro. index. am looking for reading his life of Asa Gray and other aoa) heroes, now ready for publi- Raven R. STEwart, Winter and Summer Tree Guide TREES OF THE EASTERN UNITED STATES AND CANADA. William Harlow, 28 ’ ae teas in- aexed, Hou. York, 1942, Tt seems strange that j it has taken until vos late date for a book to Pe hia on tees whi includes both summ nd wink identi tifcati n characters and oodcraft uses all in one small pocket size volume, the book is extremely usable and is pre- sented in reasonably popular language. Here is the most aay sits of its and and hi is taught living plants, not dried and theoretical botany. ~ J. ALEXANDER, he “Why” of Wood Beh mae WOOD TECHNOLOGY. Harold Don ald Tiemann. 316 pages o Bing ations. | Pitman Publishi York, 1942. $3.50, This ae is a revision of the author’s “Lessons in Wood Technology” which were published Satna in the Sou L sober. oe July 1938 to Apri It beg = havior in her, lessons given by a scientist who has had a long and Peace a caree: a wood technolo ist and who wile instruc ive iy in a simple and Jucid er. SamueL J, Recorp, Yale University. Guide fad the Middle South A SOUTHERN GARDEN. A book for the Middle South. beth oe 241 pages, University of North Carolina Pt Chapel Hill, N.C, 1942. $3. A lively discussion of various types of plant ee a their value as garden Mi subjects iddle South. Miss Eee rence: Dian li ever mi fu of old favorites, has nm quick to and different plants i Yr own den and to bserve the happenings in her neighbors’ gardens. Het observations and records kept overa of years form the basis for this oractics, mafonmative handbook. t will m d vaheable aid to Bar rdeners ie yond the lim- ited area for which it was intende Chaitin. ee Editor, 7, Home Gardening (New Orleans). Notes, News, and Comment Chin The editorial this month, “ America’ s Horticultural Debt to Cn, ce bears the signature a adame K. of the re Chie try in mind that Madame Koo inding ‘Arnericans, through this editorial, of one of their p. obligations to her land across the Daylilies. presented this month, ie Te for October will contain an article on the Covi from China that have es as breeding work by Dr. A. B. Sto Dr. W. H. Camp, on leave of Wee nce Pict the duration of the war, re- cently left by plane for Haiti whi h will be associated with the Société H tia aine de Développement Ag- ri m established to expe- of economic vital in the present emergen Central America. Mr, B. A. ie ukoff returned Aug. 26 from which took him into Guatemala ae Ri a. new ertain tropical plants that are of importance to whe pe ace States in the present world s Water! The’ finest specimen of t which has ever been grown Gar has been blooming for several weeks ii the aquatic house in the Mai: mserva- tories, The last ve Avg e plant cov- ered an area and a few days later the lees were touching the sides of the pool, whitch meas tae 24 fe fe Sixteen full-size leaves were a float ing ont he water, eacl y a4 ap, feet in diameter with a Ue cre Fas more than 14 fe et an nd a margin 5 inch igh. attention from visitors, and pictures eae qt have appeared in several of New York’s newspapers. This spectacular waterlily from South ag is almost identical with Victoria reg New Staff ad er. Dr. Frances Wynne M ae she did special aork on the Tose gen s Drepanoctadus. He er work at the on flowering plants. “ie was graduate a from Alle- hen. to leg ze, Meadville, Pa,, in 1938 and: received a master’s degree ‘in iB botany m Michigan the following rmuda in Main F. J. Seaver resin on Bermuda ieee the Camp Fire oY b ot tia National Park in Me ine Aug. ig his vacation trip here he made a bree collec eee of fungi, emone the are { Hydnunt. Breeding Work. Dr. A. B. Stout is poending the last three weeks of Sep- Mass., and Gen. met at illlamstows, , N. Y., in his work with the hybridi- at ton of fast- Brewing poplars and hardy seedless grapes. Editor. The September number of the Gardeners: acne of ee is coe r the editorship of as a gar ener "of tstanding reputation e receiv is ly training on some of the largest estates in the British Isles, and in this country he was one of the first graduates t ew York Botani- al Garden's Science Course for Prof. sional Gardeners, receiving his certificate in 1934. I s the winner of the George lo chiev: ment for P: ] d awar by the Horticultural Society Ne st a York, and he has twice been the winn of ine Houend wold shel fe the Tnter- Flo Show he 1 nation: een a wn both as Hs and an ex- hibitor. For a nue er of years Mr. Esson_h: fork aken part in the New rden’s biacatio nal activities He has lectured at the Garden and has written for : B. Stout’s laboratory, commenced September pepe an in the fungi under . B. O. Dodge. t Beth- Visito Thomas Laskaris, who pee vecently on appointed an assistant n the staff of the Rockefeller Founda- tion at Princeton, J., visited the Gar- den |: in Au to imspect the del- phiniu being gr ‘or the disease- investigation project he was former! carryi n here at the Garden. ther August visitors included Dr. Mary E, Reid of the U. S. Public Health d Service, Washington, who is doing sor important work in the estigation "ot the periodic variation in the vitamin con- a ee Tuits at les; Dr. S. of Clinical eorge H. Hitchings of Bu hs- Jélleome Co., both of to consult with obbins ; ‘aylor, niversity of Missouri; John C. ister, hiladelphia; Naomi Mullendore, Frank- lin college , ; Wanda ‘arr, Green- wich, Wilbur Wri ght, former student g: vardener who coniplete ed the Sci- and later Siler in Tex: Cornell, and is now fainine in become a bombardier; Ronal cen’ . pene Orle fs rival ‘ormer student arden eTinsley’s s Bon be who, as an awateur mycologist, came to consult Dr, F. J. Seaver on material for a radio broadcast. THE NEW YORK BOT THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN Josepu R, Swan, Presiden Henry ud Forest Baowis, Vice. isdn OH: E, Secret Elective Manage E. C. AUCHTER s. Eton Huntincton Rozerr H. MontcoMERy bases FELton ae Hooker H. Hopart Porter Henry F. pu Pon hipaa us Francis E. Powel, Jr. Crarence McK, Li LP MarsHALL Fie Hea ocx, "Te. Mrs. Harorp I. Pratr Rev. RozerrI. Gannon, D. T. MacDou Wu11am J, Rossins SJ. E. D. Meri atthe A. Percy SAUNDERS — Managers Froretto H. LaGuarpra, Mayor of the City of New York ELLs WorTH A Balen President of the Board of Education , Pa T Moses, Park Commissioner Appointive Managers By the Torrey Botanical Club ‘LEASON By Columbia University Marston a Boga Marcus M. Ruoapes R. A. Haw Sam F, TRELEASE THE STAFF We LLIAM J, Rozssins, Pu.D., Sc.D. Director . GLEASON, PH.D. Assistant Director and Head Curator ee DE LA MonTaGNEe Assistant ee A. B, Srour, Px.D. Curator of Education and Laboratories ‘RED J. Seaver, Pu.D., Sc.D. Cedi Bernarp O. Dopce, Pu.D. Plant Pathologist Joun Henprey Barnuart, A.M., M.D. Bibliographer Emeritus H. W. Ricxetr, Px.D, Bibliographer Harocp N. Movpenke, Px.D. (On leave of absence) ae Curator . R. Stewart, Px.D. Acting Curator Exizapete C. Hat, A.B., B.S. | abrarign Fiepa GaiFriTH Artist and Photographer Percy Witson Research Associate Rogert S. WILLt Res Associate in Br. ‘yology E. J. oes iB S Assistant Curator and Carat of the Local Herbarium . Camp, P (On leave of abse: Assistant Curator Frances E, Wives ‘PHD. Assistant Curator Crypt CHanopier, Px.D, Technical Assistant Rosalie WerIKERT Technical Assistant F KavanacH, M.A. Technical Assistant OHN TERCE, M.A. chnical Assistant Caro. H. Woopwarp, A.B. Editorial Assistant Tuomas H, Everett, N.D. Hort. Horticulturist G. L. Wirtrock, A.M. Custodian of the Herbarium Orto eau M.S. Collaborator in Hawatian Botany A. J. Grout, Pu.D. onorary Curator of Mosses Bas Hageestats Honorary ahaa of Myxomycetes Jos! Honorary Cura or the Piolonacene B. i" cea Honorary Curat of E ¢ Bo tony Etuet Anson S. oye Honorary Curator, [ri ArTuur J. Core! Superintendent of Buildings and Grounds ALC Pranpen. © ssistant Superintendent rene ch the Botanical Garden, take the Eighth Avenu aarti fed Bed ‘atk Blv FP, e Third Avenue Elevated to the Bronx Park statio on, or w Yor “4 ponte to the Bestia caren station; or drive up the crane Concourse “hen “cast on ee ne Pkw: from Westchester, turn west at end of Bronx River to the Botanical Garden station; or drive up thi THE CORPORATION OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN abe ew he of New pro oar perpetuating body of incorporators, who meet eaAually to “lest members of the Boa’ also elect new pri t a Manage sitbe ey (4 bel = é 2B The Titan Council consists of women who o the fas ion. Montes are: Mrs. William A. Lockwood, Sec Vice- Secretary; Mrs. Townsend Scudder, Gorreaondine asurer. Henry de Forest Baldwin Sherman Baldw rs. James Barnes Mrs. William Felton Barrett harles P. Berkey rof. Marston T gert ie Willi nn Wee George P. Mrs. Richard de Wolfe Brixey Miss E. Mabel Clark W. R. Coe Richard C. Col Mrs. Jerome W. Coombs Mrs. William Redmond Cross Bevoi Mrs. C. I. DeBevoise Mrs. Thomas M. Debevoise Edward C. De Mrs. John oe SARE Dr. H. M. Denslow Mrs. Henry J. Fisher 5 Hooker, First Vice-Chairman; Mrs. chairman; Mrs. Nelson B. Williams, eee Mrs. F. Leonard Kellogg, Tre den was incorpor fated by The Act of je rporation members of their own body, ee Harkness Flagler imer J. Fox Childs Frick Dr. H. A. Gleason Mrs. Frederick A. God! Mrs. George McM. ste Archer M. Huntington Pierre Mrs. Walter Jennings Mrs. Alfred G Clarence McK. Lewis Mrs. Roswell ler, Sr. George M. Moffet! de la Mon B. Y. Morrison esent roster of which is re elected by the Board. By Robert H. Fife, chara man; Mrs. Augustus G. Paine Mrs. James R. Parsons is L. Pat Mrs. Wheeler H. Peckham ng Mrs. Arthur H. Sulzberger Joseph R. Swan Mrs. Antonie P. "aed Allen Wardw Nelson M. Wells Mrs. Nelson B. Williams Richardson Wright JOURNAL THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN aoe ee E Vou. 43 OCTOBER PAGES No. 514 1 9 4 y) 237-260 JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN ROL H. Woopwarp, Editor THE LIBRARY SERVES LITERATURE JN¢# day of biographical writing, the lives of the t American ee nists ae out being ee In the pat thee, be William Starling Sullivant, Am and John Torrey have been the subjects of tahaustive bi ooks. aa ‘york concerns De Samuel Bard (of Hyde a if e New library, where there is one of the c antey's largest collections of source otanis their rk. The article ‘Plants of the Holy Scriptures’ written by Eleanor King Plants for American Gardens,” was inspired by Dr. H. N. Moldenke’s mimeographed volume of 135 pages, prepared as part of his work, and was supplemented by the author's own extensive research, also largely don he Garden rtists as well as writers find the Botanical Garden's library in- lar fruit book, ade dra x ‘Plants in the Home.”* and hen “Harshba Mee whose sketches accompany the text of the “Flower Family Album,” have all spent many ho there. any of the stori Margarel enny’s books for ulcer. on wild flowers, garden ers, trees e gle from t elt pe ahely ves. Th experiences of other gardeners, as found in book: dicals in the Botanical Garden's librar re added to her own ae Harriet K. Morse in writing “Gardening in the Sha oe “Some of the background pre- liminary to cee Matschat’s preparation of “Suwanee River” came from this same The te: chnie cal works in botany that have depended on the Botanical Garden’s Personne] and ck for a Gortion of their contehita are many, and the magazines that call upon the library repeatedly to unearth facts i ts innumerable, 1 The fact that the Garden's books, pamphlets, and periodicals are so extensively used places a responsibility upon the institution and_ its friends. It is imperative to keep the collections up to date and to add as much as possible of historical source material whe en it ae ae Gifts of botanical and horticultural manuscripts and books, n old, serve a manifold purpose in increasing the Botanical Garden's elerenee materi for the use not only of Berens os laymen, but for writers of a sorts—popular, techincal and lite TABLE OF CONTENTS October 1942 AUTUMN Cover Photograph by courtesy of the T. D. f DayLivies OF CHINESE ORIGIN A. B. Stout 237 Growinc WiLp FLOWERS FROM SEE! H. H. Whetzel 244 THE Cycaps AND THEIR So-CALLED Se AND FRUITS Photographs by eae Philipp Haas 248 Kerpinc GarDEN FLowers Fresh . A, Jennison 252 Notices A EVIEWS OF RECENT Books 254 CuRRENT LITERATURE AT A GLANCE 259 TES, News, AND COMMENT 260 The Journal is published monthly by The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx P: ew York, N.Y. Printed in U. S, A. Entered at the Post Office in New York, N. Y., as esa ane matter. Annual subscription $1.00. Single copies 15 cents. Free to members of the Garden. cents. Kree to members ot the Garden, JOURNAL of THE New YorK BOTANICAL GARDEN Vor. 43 Ocroper 1942 No. 514 Daylilies of (Chinese Origin By A. B. Stout HE native flora of China has supplied several of the most distinctive e earlier known species of the genus Hemerocallis. Recent in : f indirectly fro the introductions an the "New York Botanical Garde: The botanical variety Hemerocallis i rosea Three individual plants with me pin! the Botanical Garden in | in a shipment of ne ‘alu iayiies collected near Kuling, China, by Dr. Albert N. Stewar lants with this shade of ree nga have ever kia pecaved in ae Cle of living plants or seeds sent from the Ori anical name oe a. file rosea was given to this pink- $ % hom xist in China, of 8 r which was ee as the type ee was dlseaiea in a colored plate in 237 Blowers of wild daylilies rom | Kuling, China, some of which, with color variations in y-pink and crimson-red, have given rise to two new classes of daylilies in these colors. aaa (PL. 484) in a This plant was propagated as a clone wh was given the horticultural name of Rosalind.1 Ramets of this — were first cae os the Nev York Botanical Garden (later by the Farr Nursery Co.) as the type plant ica y e, individual which happens to be ype of the entire population of the variet he members of this pink-flowered variety are somewhat variable in respect to color p n ind has a strongly banded three-toned color pattern.? n named cl of the variety (Charmaine) has ¢ with < a two- eee distal pattern in which the band of more intense Biot is absent. In hybridizations the pink color character is decidedly recessive in Fy Pe ae The Fy hybrids created by crossing H. fulva rosea with non- y - and ed t and without true pink tints. But in later generations pink tinges segre- gate ina eed of patterns and in gradations to other red colors, The k-flowered variety and its hybr id segregates constitute a rather distinct ae of daylilies that are of special value in horticultur 1 Described in Horticulture II. 16: 226. 1938. 2 See the description of color patterns in Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 42: 40-42. 1941. 238 Scarlet-red daylilies All the fulvous-colored daylilies thus far received from China evidently belon: one somewhat variable species Hemerocallis fulva, of which the old familiar and widely cultivated clone Euro, $ an type. The variations in coloring range m dull fulvous to colors that ap- proach spectrum-red, scarlet-red, and aes as the represented in he Ridgway Col ndards. of the plants collected Dr. Steward near Kuling in seh had nee ae Selecti tive breeding from these has given a new race of which the ae e Red Bird is fairly represen- tative. A more eee a. of this and of other classes of red- flowered daylilies developed by breeding ef be published in the volume of Herbertia for 1 Hemerocallis multiflora * . el ne iets eae a — than has any w kn and the flow erous on the h t . 1 stand erect to a height of about three feet and there are numerous flowers after da pe about five weeks. Plants of the species H. multiflora have been used at the New York Botanical Garden in numerous hybridizations that have been followed b tinctly new classes of horticultural daylilies have been obtained. Among the clones of these that have already been introduced are Autumn Pioneer, : jou, B - : d Port. at? Wwe ong all the cllections . plants and seeds that have come to the tanica e € at hey were members of the species H. fava. There are no further data on the natural distribution of this species. From two sources in Korea have 3 Jour. N, t. Gard. 30: 129-136. 1929. 4 Several Bt which ius ie species H. multiflora have been published, The original: botanical description ¥ in Addisonia (Plate 464, 1929.) A aye popu- lar account of this species he ornte ed in the Journal of the New York ee Garden in 1930 (31: 34-39). A section on this species is include at in the author’ volume “Daylilies” which was published in 1934, 240 come plants that are similar to the type and co-type plants of H. Whee in color and size of flowers, but these are at present too immature for final evaluation as to specific identity. He emerocallis altiss ur. $ an unidentified type of yellow-flowered daylily. But several collections of plants and seeds in the region about Nea have contained specimens with the same characters, so evidently the species is common as a wild plant in that area. Hybrids with plants of A. altissima as a parent have already been ob- a resu or hese od en i cukivation in gardens, but they ae promise oe ete hybrids for the fut The Chena Daylily The e Chengtu was zee in 19355 to a nee clone that was then ae rown as a cultivated crop in the Province of Szechuan, for the flowers which are gathered and use as foo ° R s of this lone came to thi rk Botanical Garden in 1930 fr r. W, P. ¢ e New Yo: n en Hsieh of es a University and distri Garon ve the trade were first ed > the t Nursery Co. in 1937, ayy, has attractive scarlet-red coloring in a banded pattern and the season of bloom extends ule into August at a time when no named clone in its color ae is in flow The Hankow Day The Hankow Da mn first described in 1939," is a clone said to be extensively ee near Hankow, China, for the es of the flowers 3 Jou N. Y. Bot. Gard. 36: 216 and Horticulture Il. 13: 394. 1935. 6 See article on “Gum-Jum or Gum- Tsoy” in Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 34: 97-100. 1933, TJour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. : 340. 241 in soups and other dishes. Ramets of this clone were obtained in 1933 through the res of the United States Consul at Hankow. Thi jasper-red or scarlet in the petals. The period of bloom is from the middle of July into August. Our tallest daylily, with the author beside it. Hemerocallis altissima one of the parents of this new hybrid. Other daylilies from China A total of 27 collections of living plants and seeds of Hemerocallis has come directl fe) a’s 1 provinces to York B ical Gard he daylilies mentioned are distinctly new and o special horticultural val Several collections besides the o: ade Dr. S d which included plants with pin ith crimson-red flower: have been f s-colored daylilies that must also included in the specie va. lection an ed of wild plant. the es citrina,® which played an im A in the eal hybridizations by Willy Miller in Italy a 4 . Farr merica, resulting in the production . several Eecica as flowered hybrids (Sir Michael Foster, Parthenope, and Ophir). lants a ee ane which came to the Garden from China milar h are eee cc) type plants of H. Thunbergii, ic sent from the Orie to ingland as early a From two collections of seed made by Joseph Rock on the slopes of the Likiang Sn i e Province of Yunnan in ei ern China, were grown plants of H.F tii. These are pa ofa considerable number of hybrids Wild plants of the dwarf species H. ana are at present kno € $ o mi these have come to the New ‘ork Botanical Garden. Hybrids aie: Botanical Gar om the provinces in the North of China (Manchuria and Mongolia). and nn Korea thirty “diferent collections of live plants and seeds have these hav n me he species H. minor ai id- dendorffii which provide material for a stud the oe that natu- raily occur in t species. f i ees are lants of dwarf or semi- ee and early-flowering, but quite diverse in respect flower color! The latest ies of daylilies which the writer has received from China arrived in 1940. At that time special efforts were being made to et se hina fro: been obtained. But the conditions that have developed in the Orient now make the shipments of such collections ie Without doubt there are wild species of Hemerocallis in China that are Plants of this species were originally sent from the Province of Shen-si, China, to "Florence Ttaly, and first toscana in 1897. (See Plate 482 in Addisonia, 1930.) "See dddisonia, Plate 459, 1929. Flowers of Hemerocallis mnuleifiora. a species that has been extensively used selective breeding. now unknown in aban literature, as well as variations of species k already named. What these may be like is mere c ure, especially wl considers the me diversity ecies already kn from China. The greatest prize t hoped for is perhaps plants whos flowers regularly remain open and in good condition for at least three lays, surpassing the most extended anthesis now ki daylili An other desirable new character is that of truly white flowers. u species and varieties of Hemerocallis that have already come from China to Eur and to the United States have already played a major role in the breeding that has developed the horticultural daylilies of today. Growing Wild Flowers ANY of garden, the borders, or n the enti € grown mai flow ees as a the so- alee cultivated sort e first problem is to get ~ Published with the aid of the Olivia and Caroline Phelps Stokes Fund for the Protection of Native Plants. 245 the seeds. If the species ee wish to ae are to be found i in in region where you live, spot the plants you admire in their gather the se a when it ripens. This c alls ee a trips to their haunts for most of them ripen their seeds and scatter them usually within a short plant s oS you don’t know that the seed will keep for some months, I find it . to plant seeds of wild flowers in flats which I set on the north side of my garage. I water them occasionally until penis overs their seed quickly and thei oe oa age dies off by m ae summer - They may Then too, ention oil which they naturally thrive. - they grow on a wooded hillside, a well I sun. with a profusion of two-inch yellow blossoms during all of May a June. I gather the soft-spined pods just ao they open ite plant the seed at once in flats to give my friends next spring. et 5 = $ 246 m a Hoosier and so: often hark back to the woodlands of my ae n Ne wi children nod knowingly to me of April mornings. Its seed must be sown shortly after it ripens. Another Hoosier treasure is Trillium Gleasoni from Turkey Run, I brought back a dozen plants in full bloom some, years back and planted them on the north side of the wild-flower border. They took to the Empire State soil just as I have done and are now the tallest and choicest of the t nm ngs of. T. juvenile leaf each. Shall I live to see them flower? on’t Eig it s ago I so i eeds of wild flowers listed by seedsmen are as various in the duration seed: no. : which fail to come up in the ing I regard as old seed or seed which should have been sown fami els after it ripened and I try again. Each 247 ‘Species of _plant has its own seeding peculiarities and one can only succ ceed i tha lovely iennial from ou est Coast be pela Atkinsoniana. colleague, Dr. W. C. a brought h m tl i ears ago. I like it best of all the Conopee. species I have ae made itself right at home in my garden, its seedlings com ve autumn “thick as hair on a dog’s back” about every plant that I ee for ue A convenient way of storing wild-flower seeds which are short-lived in ts 18 . per y them as you gather them. That is sprinkle them over layers of sand or a sifted sand-compost mixture in flo Expose the open pots to the weather in a shaded s The in the fall or winter sift out s or sow them s. and all in the flats, he or my seed flats consists of finely sifted compost, t harp river sand, one par ke my own compost by piling together during the spri summer everythi rom yi I that will Fork it over dy for coarse sifti e sprir esift it through a finer-meshed screen I put in the sand ig. in I then disinfect it with chloropicrin (tear gas). This not only kills all pathogenic bacteria, fungi _ insects, but de vitalizes weed-seed a This makes i u have never grown wild flowers from seed try it this autumn. You ae ine plants, more of them at little or no cost and then there’s the m of it. You can’t buy ¢haé even at 35c per plant. LS a THE CYCADS AND THEIR CALLED FLOWERS AND FRUITS In general appearance t ad: ates “sen that their pas ves are more es and re not, hi true flowering Ae Each ais from an ovule and is comparable _ ec structure to the seed — the me of a ingle They the pee a Tea: ike « or ie aes cach ae gee is a carpel; whereas the seeds of flow weril plants are ncloses them. In Cycas revoluta dane mee each carpel Ane is pinnately parted into which rese: the segments of the leaves in ae the ov cals an in e wi lance to a flower. In C. circi: of the opposite page), the lobes are reduced to teeth and the carpels, which are less leaf. are gathered into a ct structure. In Zamia (above on the opposite ge) and in Dion (on the two pages following) these dens are aa more marked; the seed-bearing ca cr pel becomes a long-stalked scale and the loo “flower a firm cone. Above: The female cone of Zamia silvicok shown dissected at the right. Below: The cluster of seed-bearing leave or carpels, in Cycas circinalis, a carpel bearin (Continued tine the two a preceding pag hotograph opposite, Above are some tached seed-bearing scales Photographs by Theodor Philipp Naas aoe Keeping Garden Flowers Fresh Some Suggestions for the Preservation of Material Cut for Exhibit or Home Decdeston By Mrs. H. A. Jennison Little York and Brooklya, N. Y. DEN sues pits picked for home bouquets as well a shows where pri: exhibitors have an ai inate habit 2 wilting at ene moment, whether it is guests or judges who are just arrivin, "Man ny are the suggestions that have been ofered here a there by gar- ie list below-was* compiled as a result of the experiences of judges in the’ ne District of the ~ New York State Federation of Garden Clubs, Inc. While each method sug- at the same time as checks to ties the comparative value of the treatment. These methods are offered the Sine. merely as suggestions for exhibitors and also for aoe making bouquets and arrangements for u can be addressed at the New 7 Botanical Garden, where she is doing St work in the Library, would be grateful for on these or other methods ee effective | in keeping arden flowers fresh after cutting. cae ee Relat aie in full bloom, -_ buds a quickly. Cut fi ded. Asters are in good con- ation hen yee trays pee not shado ae ‘Add one teaspoon of sugar to each water S double the lasting qualities. Do not leave foliage under water Blackeyed Susans. ‘Pull flower stalks from main stem while in sun. Calendulas. Cut when one-half to two- ae of the rays are fully expanded. The stems collect eae on them shee standing in water a short time. Plunge into t heat ts asa ee ant and seems to hurry the process of po b is California Poppies. Gather in tight bud ‘and allow to develop in jars of water in the house. Calla Lilies.* Immerse leaves twelve hours under water. They will absorb mois- nee eng and up ae and strong the next day. Protect flowers in packing by wers at last longer if two teaspoons of boric acid powder are added to. a quart of water. Chrysanthemums. Cut in full bloom, They will keep a Weeks or ten days if one- quarter of a cup of sugar is added to each quart of wa 7 A few florists’ flowers and a fern are included here because of the frequency of their use in arrangements and bouquets. 253 Dahlias. The large- flowered | kinds should be cut when three- quarters of the rays 1d The pompon and single varieties should is ou whee fully ene Dahlias last longer whert t wa oon t. Remove lower leaves as they water-log and turn tee Delphiniums. Cut spike when one-half to two-thirds of its length is open. Pick Be flowers in the ee ning and be careful not to bruise them. Put the ends in ood hot water until bubbles cease to come out of hollow stems and then place Salks i in cold water over night, ines packing, the stalks should be tied to long sticks and a little ice placed ne Gardenias. These flowers do not absor bes reserved in ice- -boxes, after Seine the blossoms and leave Gladicli. cut when thre ers are fully opened, though on certain kinds as many as six x flowers may te open. One must know the vaniety 4 in order to know when the spike may safely be exhibited without the first flowers commencing to wilt. Holly! treatment 7 “then ae ina een ie one-tenth of one fatale of Fitri They will then last a wee Hyacinths, _ Being thick~ Detaled, ae may be completely immersed in cold water, i They also be wrapped in wet news: ae water through the stems, so they a s with water. 1 a paper: bes th tiff. Tris. oe when the ie are in beginning to open. Lilacs. Bee a ne Parle sae the stems for a short distance from the cut end, or a e base of ea em. Remove some of the leaves from around the aaat ter 7 Lupines. Cut early in the morning and put in deep water. Remove broken leaves for they will wilt quickly. However, leaves pulled from the stems are found to ell. Maidenhair Ferns. These will keep longer if some of the leaves of each frond are ee beneath the water ae Marigolds. aa when all but the inner rays are expanded. Morning alone Cut while in a bud and allow to develop in a jar of water in th Pansies. pete will last longer if arranged in shallow bowls with wet sand. Peonies. Cat ed the son gets on the flow are fully ande d. (Ren ve some of the | later leaves and slit the stem at th ase. a in to show color and become just a bit loose 0 ae uch. Put in pe water and leave in a dark cool place for a couple of Sie “develo aes ae Cu one or two flowers are fully open on each s Phlox. The nigh ‘eto ore cutting pour a pail of water around Ae roots of the plants. This will keep the — from falling the next day. Poppies. Carry boiling water in a thermos jug into garden and plunge poppies i i hiy d coal fire way ends are charred; or, cut the evening | before they open. Place a few drops f liquid gelatin or lul h flower when it opens. Regal Lilies, Cut when one- third to one-half of the flower is open or try cutting before the bad fully opens, If permissible, stamens may be removed to prevent aes ion s the flow Roses. For ba ds, cut ae en petals oe ‘fu and place twelve'to eighteen heirs in storage ote harden. PRor flowers, out when a bude are one-half open. To pack oll uw Leena paper to aus a pillow; lay flower on pillow and put stems sphagi Roses may be revived by te oat nating them in a bathtub of tepid Naiees coven fede ‘with new papers to conserve isture. 254 Rudbeckias. Pull flowers aes main stalks in sunshine. Scabiosas. - t when three-fou of flower is opened. Snapdrag. Cut when ae is one-quarter to one-half open at base with the rest in ead, for lower “blooms often brown otherwise. For slime on stems, treat . mm, Tulips. Give them the e tre nt described above for hyacinths. Violets. Hold bunch Coe ay ae let water run through it gently to freshen it. Roll in wax paper to see air and sa in a cool plac Waterlilies. To. keep flowers n have some pa araffin fae hot enough to flow. Po Zinnias. Cut the large zinnias when three-fourths of the rays are. fully expanded; pompons and singles when fully opened. Some additional suggestions for keeping cut flowers fresh are: To keep wi — sweet and clean add a piece of charcoal or a few drops of formalin art of water; or ene th of an ounce of potassium pers into a gallon of w To open buds quickly, place Net: in a deep water container in a warm hi humid atmosphere. A one-half teaspoon of peppermint extract to a quart of water simpler way to preserve many kinds of flowers than the boiling or fe or ©: te) ge the surface in contact Pitta the water. Then plunge in “ cool water d Remove all folia; age ie and buds under water. Cut as slantwise to expose more cell tissue to the water. ‘o remove bordeaux stains from foliage wipe off either ne clear water or with one tablespoon of vinegar added to a quart of w: Notices and Reviews of Recent Books ~ (All publications mentioned here may be consulted in the Library of The Ni York Botanical Garden or may be purchased on order through the Library.) Bacteriology for the es tal, Washington, D.C. ents is ok covers 7 é wi range of topics trot tra-micro- prods Rit tet scopic viruses to plague, sleeping sick- glossary, index rand biblio ness and trichina. The difficulties, dan- Jaques ibe Press, Lancast gers, unsolved problems and suce of Ep research men are well presented in a solid saat authoritative piece clear and interesting but not jazz: n= This of work a pathologist who is Director ner. The stories of the research which of Laboratories in the Gallinger Hospi- led to our understanding of some of the 255 deadliest human Pat Tasites told effectively. It is the sort of presentation that will appeal to ihe miele ent lay as an up-to-date and ri ably ‘complete picture © of our ‘kno wedge: of our micro- scopic enemies. Medical ee about to stu md bacteriology and doctors who are not ecialists should find 0 reading. h of this material has been pre- oe again and again in Pca and magazine articles but it ms to the reviewer that tus is a aber e systematic tesenert than one usually fe hav enjoyed the ook aad would ‘ik e to read vette of it again. ice is an accout + I us chief econ I of eek are so deadly to some crobes mentioned in the Rat R Stewart, piesa ted Chapters on Conservation TH E FOUNDATIONS OF CON: VATION. ‘pDUCAT. TON. Henr: a S biz pages, illustrated, National “witaite Federation, Wash- ington, D. C. $1. ing ; this ould be co) f ‘extre terest to tele i 68 who is at all interested both in the natural world et hi in t lfare of wn The price is ge below ee ‘ion and copies may be obtained “on eos gton office of the Feder: t 1212 Si iste enth St. N.W. Crarces L, Gitty. Vegetable Growing In The South Farmer-Ruralist ; a Birmingham, Memphis, Nas, 1941, 25 cents. This excellent handbook on vegetable srowing 1 in the South gives full, explicit, and accurate directions for main! taining a garden that is productive the year around, The author grows vegetables Toned and tells all the tricks with 2 ion directness. Northerners do well t a much for twice the aed Di Md t University, ol Year Boo: RBE! Volume 8. Edited ty Hamilton 'P. Traub. 186 pages, . The A ual oe. ares three full- paBe, ates eoneeaine his pro- sed a mn Hemero callis. Rep a eee vlily gro eral Be of “he country are 2 printed ‘and biographies of some of the pioneers are given. other zener treated in , Haemanthus, ge ea gro ei tence: on common to all mankind turbed by the conflicts must meinen our ee in the erowine of plants for the certain joy and confi- of the work.” Caro. H. Woopwaro. St maison Practical Text On Insects Revised APPLIED EN’ LOGY. An In- iwoduetory ‘oxthook of Ineects in Their | Rotation to Man. H, T. rer ‘old H, Shepard. Pages a too 383 text illu trations, MoGraw-Hill, New York and n. rth edition, 1942. $3.75. Fernald’s Appli ied oul fie since 1921, dition to entomo- marked advances in ‘our knowledge of in- Bete and control methods which fully- ustify the revision. 256 3 e se general plan has been an lowed as in the earlier editions, the boo! d for dis ion and illustra tiol ing the more cor or the more noteworthy because thei: juriou habits, This arrangement brings the ac- coun lated insects in the sat chapter. relatively easy for the dividual aoe ted in the injurious or economic phases to locate the desired in- formation in relation to the many species affecti crops, gardens, Shade trees and woody pe eneale and animal wel- i f man pos: i ion o the ard to the ecti- ndable. This “rook wil be many students and should be on the shelves of libraries ae oy oS entomologists throughout the E.R: fea en Barilett Tree Research Institute. Rated in Geolo, RODUCTION TO HISTORI- iam J. Miller. Indexed, D. c., New York. $3.50. ate pe of past eee in ane usual wi uggesti g gs 8 = n fth ithust gical events, di ed; . Emphasis, 2 in ne comparable texts, is upon North AMEHC standpoint of studen ronan “this eae a is comenhat unfortunate that rous of the —especially when these pai were of much wider geographical signifi- cance. The story of Pleistocene glacia- tion is oversimplified; in t s in other consideration a the more recent oO 7 s dealing with particular aspects of e problems with which ne ae alt, Cu s L. Gry, Picture Books —— Trees KNOWING ¥ ES. Collingwood. ois tole s pages, sas: trated, indexed. ine Forestry Association, Washin C., 1941. $2.50, th printing of this book, pre- inal. Whi portant trees of North Americ: hissing, ion about nearly f them, and for ch species acaba here is : photo- graph of the tree, usually both in winter in summer condition, Pulse hots ographs of the leaves, flowers, ‘buds, fruits, and bark. b -ctributional beni the pe range. AMERICAN TREES. Russell! T. Lim- bach, 39 folio pages, illustrated 2 the author, indexed, Random How New York, 1942, $1. Marginal drawings - which show i in clear Papen : F ly the flowers of more than 50 commor rees ‘of North Anne help to inten some of mankind’s oldest benefactor: TREES. Joh 96 pages, invstrated, ra aes snouts “e ene Chicago ew York, 1942. $1, As an of guiding many children on inips into parks and woodlands where M. id si Beaty has written this kk in which two all boys are taken to the western woods and en to observe and ask ques- tion: the tr s they go. TREES THE COUNTRYSIDE. Margaret. Mckenny, $2 pages, in- xed and illustrated, | Alfred A. Knopf Co., 32. Full-page color lithogra 2 is Alice Bird, showing 29 trees, with drawings of flowers, fruit, and leaves of each, are combined with a text woeh Bives an interesting personality to each as well as a number of one Facts about its growth and its uses. 257 Preserving Our Natural Resources AMERICAN CONSERVATION In Picture and In Story. Ovid Butler. 160 folio pages, with 254 illustra- tions, The American: Saree As- sociation, Washin D.C, 1941, $2.50, Photographs, a few historic drawings, a % g Ss ae eae 5 a 5 developmen of the reserves as National CONSERVATION. merica, Nature’s balance and what when it is upset ae pictired 4 in hie book: “ for Boy Scouts. The text suggests rious coin projects which will ‘lp to pre ie or restor re this balance, id whick will win merit badges for the Scouts. Boy Scouts of New York, 1942. a For Teachers and Other Leaders ELEMENTARY GARDEN GRAPHS. Paul R. Young. 8 folio pages, es trated by J. Dean Halliday, Barden Reviews, Inc., Pleasantville, 1942, 50¢c. Ac ccompanied by a teacher’s manual, which is sent free wit th every 25 copies (fo or which the price becomes 49 cer th lines ight practical lessons in gardeni childrei for scho CAMPING, a bibliography. et L. Carter. 46 pages, bound int aber. Public Library, Chicag: about 300 titles of ee for sea to sky, handicraft, and sports. Words DICTIONARY OF SCIENTIFIC ERMS, C. M. Beadnell. 235 pages. emical Publishi Brooklyn, 1989. $3. handbook which frequently gives, in addition to mere definitions, a desetit tive paragraph on the structure or use of the object or material. For the ducenle ees RS IN NG, ges, ane nee rated ith Bear Traphs by the author. The illan Co., New r ae 30. omimon ‘flowers of The spring, the Togs dad other ae amphibians, s, and a few lower forms re epicte in a style that is intended for young people. But they must not be so young that they will be- me dis i hapter I by the raged explanation of “reprodu author says that “every plant and animal has an inherited ability, to leave be he ne kind.” OUT OF DOORS IN SUMMER. J. Severn he _DaBSS, Mitusirated, pate millan Co. Ne ork, isa “1. rn In this, the second of Mr. Hylander’s bee of the four seasons, the young like wers, mushrooms, and nat e treated in this book tive animals E WOODS. Maie Louns- na Da erothy aor 142 on & te tp. ‘o years ge, Wash drawings by Elinore Blaisdell add wide to the picture of the pioneer life that was Audubon’. ‘OCONUT—THE WONDER TREE. Armstrong Sperry, Illustrated in color. The Macmillan Co.. New rk, 1942. $1. An appealing story for very small children, Tihustrated by the author with 258 drawings in color showing home life in the South Sea Islands. BAMBOO—THE GR. ‘Armstrong Sperry. color. po ‘acm: ASS TREE. rahe in milla New Bird cages and Sree and many other objects are made of bambo: oo in China, thor tale of and the au little Chinese boy who made a bird cage, for very little American Bove and girls to read. TION OF THE JUNGLE, Elveen Waldeck. a8 2 c. Heath One ae a series of books for children designed to give a pictur of the lands nthe America A factual little volume written by a woman explorer, poe illustrated with jungle scenes and m: Butterflies and Other Insects {ERICAN BUTTERFLIES AND OTHS. Cecile Hulse Matschat. 70 folio pages, illustrated in color, in- fexed. Random Ho York, 1942, $1. An instructive bool ar as it goes, with any Ree bo in color and in Has og uses pla effectively for ee lepicopterous insects. Abou two score pu a flies and nearly as man: moths are INSECT: AND blaine WAYS, Bertha Sie Parker. Dames, illustrated Le Raa “etal onal & Thi y Bertha Morris Parker, a as coerce -_ they are entertaining and instructive, and all pleasingly illustrated in color. Pamphlets on Outdoor Careers book introduces the ho in the forests and makes the “reader scuisinted with their of jobs an _ opportunities. obs in the ibe fee ap- ee and tell ays of making in the northwestern money for: forests, and give a list of books under e heading, Sinteresting Readings About Leth ts and Forest Jobs.” CAREERS IN WILDLIF MAN- AGEMENT. Charles N. Elliott. 48 ages, Paper-covered, with ible ography. Science jates, Chicago, Toa A chapter on the eas of wild- life to the citizens of America precedes the in te, state, an raining agemen his is Occupa- eae Monoeranh| No. 29 in the American Jo Pee sae d From The Mag SCIENCE YEAR BOOK OF 1942. Edited by John D. Ratcliff. 279 pages, indeed Doubleday, Doran, New 1942, $2.5 Containing reprints of 1941 magazine aiticles: pertaining to scientific advances and discovei Hes, this volume enables one ffectively to catch up on a year's re in stry, icine, any, lar_fields. Of particular interest to readers whos chief concern is plant life are several articles on medicine, agriculture, and in- dustry. me tells of t! e1 ge Hee incidence of leprosy over the world g direct relationship cipa: food cee lecaying hy substance, tox! her visdalizes the devas- tating sfc that the absence of birds ina le season would | have upon crops, while a another of the kudzu-vine in the South to stop gullies, provide fodder, and add nitrogen to the soil. veries, through the X-r: the effect oe the angle oF a > oR Recent d iihicroscopie, of 2 il by F who “visited the plains the value of earthworms in aerat- ing and quickly enriching soil, Caro. H. Woopwarn. 259 Current Literature* Ata ce is Varieties, supplement to the Tri extensive ‘fst publiged in ee Ethel Ans . Peckham has led an Iri number of the Bulletin of the Am Tris Socety ts, Peckham was also the compil the original list. ane suppleme aloe Be has beer u nt, assisted again ‘by Cha: E. F. Ge rsdorf, Registrar for the Society includes “ regis- trations, introductions, corrections, and additional varietal ‘ae from autumn 1939 ry 1942. to Janua: Surinam Plants. Under the title of “De Nuttige Planten v: Stahel has prepared a w ork which Was published in Adi s Bulle. tin 57 of the Agricultural “Experimen Station this South Am country. Fruits, vegetables, woody “pisnt s, and eae that are the source of a eeat i the “useful ants” ” that are treated descriptively and ti Pie with a bibliography and index at the end. uth Wales. New So ihe Poison in f New South W: tional Herbarium of New South Wales. Pickaback. A writer from Minnesota, where the winter niente often goe G below zero, reports in the October “ot and bloomed in the Thompson Memorial Rock Garden All publications mentioned here—and many others Ray he found, in, the Librarg, of The Botanical Garden, in im Building. Vegetables. Five cents mailed to the Superintendent of Documents in sh- D. C., will bring a copy “Vic- ane Gardeiis? Miscellaneous Publication No. 483 of the U . Out of its 11 pages the prospective gardener will get some practical information on the why, how, what, and wi in the home culture of vegetables. ropagation. _Detailed instructions for i f n 120 trees and shrubs are given by Willian L Doran in Bulletin 382 of Meena State College at Amherst, Camellia. George Graves of the " Horticultural 'y of a the Oct. er of Horticultural M: ‘nd appends a bibliography of 41 titles, Reprints of the e been distributed. ee 's Described. An innovation amore siiteaiees of nurseries is an mber of plants duri ast few years. Many were iste ie ealér in the nursery's 1942 =a “& ow ee ory. A useful lesson on soils, iE they aot of, Nie jhey need, how they are wa ocd aw: id how they may be caved is told in the Cornell "Rural School ale foe: ‘Nev 1941, ga and photog: s help to tell the sto: Conifers. oe S$ Norway spruce: hich were stored over winter or taken in spring did not respond as I] as cut- tings started at ne ‘imes ah in experiments onducted Dominion Forest Se ervice oie the the ofa of articles on the vegetative: propia: a colers in the Canadian Journal of rch, . ing Agent. Gucteensl as a new healer is described by H. The ae aching aie su pu tik of Biology Teachers, ‘s = levote articles on photosynthesis, 260 id Problem. The solution to the this orchid will furnish definite fa ac Be an can be obtained in a green- r laboratory. Notes, News, and Comment From Hawaii. Otto Deg not been | in New York since 1945, "arived t the Botanical Garden, rk on his Haw: h hi eas on the Clipper May and m collecting trip across the couitry du cing the summer. In 1941 Mr. Deg- ener was a member of the Archbold ex- pedition to Fiji and surrounding islands. Harvey, grad- nimi tory in oa. for the deg Doctor of Philosophy. nber visitors at Vis Among Septerr the New “York Botaine al Garden were M a Fe ell, Brown University ; ‘OM. Fitzpatrick, Sa and Frederic P. Lee, Beth- . Ma. Courses. Dr. R. Stewart is teach- ing the class in Doleey and Plant Epes Taj he Two-Year Science Cour: ge ‘atholo ogy. "Forty students have enrolled for the class in Cultivation of Trees and Shrubs in the Two-Year Course in Prac- tical Gardening being taught by Beale of he A dozen regis te Home Gro sande: t augh Melle, a Saturday class in Bicld Botany, un- + G, Wittrock, has an enrolment cae Fre F. J. Seaver spoke on Bermuda, ‘Oct 4 at pete voral pee bef New. ork chapi the Science Society China or Ree Ma addressed the lees - va of Ash- land, Pa., Oct. in China, Plant Distribution. Members were notified the las Cet. 7 or 8 those who be able to receive two plants each of euchera Pruhoniciana and Ilex crenata Helleri. dhe f er is a hardy peren- nial coral-bell which has been attracting ention for in the Thor Sci Mer ‘al arden. The latter is a handsome evergreen holly of cushion- like gi aylily Party. To honor Mrs, Theron . Strong g, who is a member of the Ad- isory Council the New York Botani- cal Garden, the Garden Club of East Hampton, of which Mrs. Strong is a under, ga’ ete party” July 16. T! ccasion Ww t flowering in son. iT. the speakers ie Samael ‘Seabury, who is also a pat the Garden’s Advisory uincil, App ent. Fos peniog ‘student ey at fie Botanical arden, has joined the staff of the d ni. versity of Maryland for a combination of teaching, extension work, and graduate tudy. THE NEW YORK BO’ THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN JoserH R. hale cs HENRY DE Fonesr Batow yaaa Joun L, Merritt, Vise. - president AnrHUE M. Anverson, Treasurer Henry pe LA Montane, Secretary rae Managers 8 . C, AUCHTER Mrs. N HUNTINGTON Ropert H. MonTGOMERY WuiaM FeLton Barrett Hower H. Hogart Porter enry F, pu P Pierre Jay Francis E. Powe, Jr. MARSHALL Figtp Ctarence McK. Lewis Migs Haroun I. Pratr Henry LockHart, 7 ° Rev. Ropert]. Gannon, D.T. Ma cDoveAt Witiam J. Rogsrns S.J. E. D. Merriu A. Percy SAUNDERS oe Managers Froretto H. LaGuarnia, Mayor of the City of New York ExtswortH B. Buck, President of the Board of Education Rozert Mosss, Park Commissioner Appointive Managers By the yore Botanical Club LEASON By Columbia University MARSTON T ee Marcus M. Ruoapes R. A. Har Sam F, TRELEASE THE STAFF Wi rae J. Rossrns, Px.D.,, Sc.D. Direc a H. A, Gutason, Pub. Assistant Director and Head Cur Henry DE LA Mowtacne Assistant Dustin A. B, Stout, Pu.D. Curator of Education ond Laboratories Frep J. Seaver, Pu.D., Sc.D. ‘urator BerNarp O. pe Pu.D. lant Pathologist Joun Hen ¥ BARNHART, A.M., M.D. Bibliographer Emeritus H.W. RICKETT, Pu. Bibliographer Harotp N, aes Pu.D. (On leave of absence) dee Curator s Pu.D, Acting Curator ExizasetH C. Hatt, A.B., B.S. ibrarian FLepa GRIFFITH Artist and Photographer Percy Wi.son aie Associate Ropert S, WILLA: ssociate in Bryology E. J. ALEXAN: eae B. S. Assistant Curator and anaes ei the Local Herbarium W. H. Camp, (On leave of absence) Assistant Curator ee ‘PHD. Assistant Curato: ER, Pu.D. Techni sistant RosaLie WEIKERT Technical Assistant Frepertck KavanacH, M.A Technical Assistant Joun H. Prerce, M.A. za sststant Caro {ecopwanp, A.B. istant T . N.D. Horr. orticulturtst . iL. Wirtaock, AM Custodian of the Herbarium Otto DEGENER, M.S. Collaborator in biome Botany A. J. Gro’ t, Pu.D. iii orary Cur ie Mosses RogerT Hachasrian Hor y Curator of ME comycetes JosePH F. Bur Honoraby. Curator of the Diatonacae B. A. Kruxorr Honorary Cur ‘ator of Economic Bot en ANson 5. eceeey Honorary Curator, R J. coe Superintendent of, Buildings and Grounds istant Superintendent Botan den, take the Eighth Avenue Subway to ‘ord Park Bhd, ‘the. ied Avenue. tia ted t to the Bronx Bark station, or the New are Central oh the eae aaotaes station; or drive up the Grond concourse then east on eee WY, ing from Westchester, turn west end of Bronx River Pkw: ie the Lpira Avenue Eievareu to que pro: Meantnal Gaeden ebatinns ae detwa wat MEMBERSHIP IN THE on Established as a privatel y endowed pene aided partially by City aged ibe aed nore Botanical Garden is dep ce or its progres eee upon benefactio: rships. each these me mi see young as botanical gardens go, it has = ecome teks third pele institution of its ce its iheaee herbarium, and _ horticultural collections oe mong the finest and most complete in any reek The New York Botanical Garden, therefor eans promotion of Renan coe cents in botany 3 Be. the advancement of horticultural interests, Ssenticay the G n is able serve clearing-house of information for ents and botani all over the ee horticultural, it often serves as a link between une SGee "eeplreee or breeder and the gardening public Through member nd benefaction, provision is made at the Botanical Garden for the een of young scientists a eu t eadenee hundreds of new books are added annually to the library, which is n daily to the public for research and reading; free exhibits are maintained in the m at the ees and gardens, and lectures, courses. and En information in botany and gardening are given to the public. Each indiv i al member of the Garden receives: A of the Journal ie month. G ) A copy of Addisonia on year, each number illustrate with eight colored Pats me unusual plants, areominenied oe description 3) A share ei genie plant material of interesting or new varieties when- ever it is distribut 4) Announcements of special floral displays, programs, lectures, and other events at the Garden (5) Credit to the ay of the membership fee paid, toward courses of study offered by the Gar (6) The sas a eee lantern slides from the Garden’s collection. 7) Use of the Members’ Room in the Museum Building. A limited number of garden clubs are accepted as Afilia The privileges ef affiliation are one lecture a year b ember of the staff, a share in ae aie iparen of plants when ey ilable, bscription to the Journal and to Addisonia, anno Hae f special activities at the Botanical Garden. In addition, any Benne ee an afhliated club may receive the current year of membership a redu of $5 in the fees paid for instruction is does not apply to the course for professional gardeners.) An Affliate Garden Club may borrow lantern slides from the rden’s e e collection, such loan being subject to the See for the use of lantern slides ae individual prem berst Likewise, an affiliate club m gage without fee the Members’ Room at the Garden for its meetings. The ee ot membership are as algae ual Member annual fee $ 10 Sustaining Age annual fee 2) Garden Aeon annual fee for club Dh cies Wis nber annual fee 100 Member for Life single contribution 250 Fellow f if single contribution 1,000 atron single contribution 5,000 actor single contribution Fellowships or scholarships for practical student-training in hor ticuleure or for botanical research may be established by bequest or other benefaction either in perpetuity or for a eriod. Contributions to the Garden may be deducted from taxable incomes. The following is a legally approved (ee of bequest I hereby bequeath to The New ork Botanical Garden incorporated under the Laws of t ee Conditional bequests may be ee with income payable to donor or any designated s requests for ee infosmeaon should be addressed to The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, N OrkNeae JOURNAL THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN VoL. 43 NOVEMBER PAGES No. SS | 9 4 9 261-284 JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN ROL H. Woopwarp, Editor DIVIDENDS FROM INVESTMENT IN SCIENCE Py the corn belt of the Middle West the planting of new strains of hybrid corn is increasing the yield 18 percent per acre. This means that while a normal amount is being produced, 18 percent of the land can fae oe over to some other profitable crop, and this new crop is soybea In and [Illinois alon ne. he increased profit for one year fori, cicheg a a is $101 approximately 000,000. The hybrid corn which brings this result is exclusively the rode of botanists. eine was one rot the eromples given by Dr. H. A. Gleason a is cei “Bot: in the Service of the Public” on Members’ the Garden Neve ber 4. Such profits, he pointed out, do not come from the work of a single man, but: from the ees efforts of ite oan ee ave been doing research for "the past ae ae such men as mb : o i ight i . Gleason did not need to repeat the often told, story of how Columbia Bracuatss doing research at th lew Boas “Botanical Gaiden: conceived puffed rice and wheat as breakfast cereals when the rice in which he was studying starch grains e pied in his test ie The oven which Dr. Alexa nse P. Anderson was g at the ee was Siting. on a shelf beside the audience, giving lente em ne asis the speaker’ arks, “Scientific ne are _ generally produced ‘without ed to ‘thelr practical application,” Gle: aid. “Eventui ually the sa far of many can be drawn ae - Ceaalt, ae some useful e Tactice.” It is the great body of people in the Sporld. the reap the final benefit from the scientific research hich seems so remote from them panes it is being performed. The bus the farmers, the con sof food and of menue praducte the ¢ ctiens asa whole are Phe pain: That is why federal, state, and city governments suppor it scie: nate institutions, That 1 is why scientific wo. ker. are accorded fellowships from funds set aside for social welfare And that is why individuals should i i i ientifi h as to org: g rganizations in we x = benefits are more immediately seen. a member of society, each individual s a responsibility to the futur of that society. A future wort a living i i best assured when science is aiven a chance. he science which today mo ost closely affects the food and medicine of tomorrow is the science of botany. TABLE OF CONTENTS November 1942 VICTORIA CRUZIANA, IN THE LATE SUMMER OF 1942 Cover photograph hick Griffith Earty New York SEEDSMEN AND NURSERYMEN Richardson Wright 261 —Lr WEIGHT CHAMPION TIMBER TREE Johi aH Pierce 268 Notices AND Reviews OF RECENT Booxs 278 CurRENT LITERATURE A 282 lo AND Ci 282 News From Haiti 284 The Jeatnal is published monthly hy The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New York, N.Y. Printed in U. S. A. entered at the pent one in a ce ae N. ¥., as second-class matter. Annual qubsetiptiod $1.00. Single copies 15 cents. to mem of the Garden. ents. Free to members of the Garden. JOURNAL of THE NEW YorRK BOTANICAL GARDEN VoL. 43 Novemper 1942 No, 515 Early New York Seedsmen And Nurserymen By ichardson Wright As presented at the first Members’ Day Geggrens at the Botanical Garden, October 7, than try to penetrate the yeasty sev that hang over in New Amsterdam, let us ta’ ie jest Pheaininee of gardening The ae you'll aes Bh occupation as our Gade point. 1664, shall have to sit quietly in our chairs for 66 years before we find that out in Flushing Robert Prince 2 has — his nursery, and thus in 1730 began renee Itural dynasty destined to last until 1869. The activities of tis aba f eae will run ‘like a silver thread through the ta eal hee Wea We hertg nine up the New York Piles for Petey 8 1739, - tncover i. ie advertising seeds for sal “To be by Joh x, gardener of the old Bowling Gree: orts of gardening ure of the ee sorts and fresh, at reasonable ee oan Sal sorts of ae Pigtail and Cut Tobacco, at his house, next. door to Samuel Heath’s near the New York.” ollowing year Mr. Miller’s bal rss locates him at the Sign The fol of the Thistle and Crown near Bo ‘hen you and I wait thirte ore yea ntil the New York Post Boy that Christopher Blundell, “next door to the s Young, over in Oyste: © Bay, ue oe search of the eee newspapers, Doubtless we could contin but we prefer to skip the short s of oe years ne dip into New York’s first Directory, that of 1786. Ne oes i wu nurseryman is *tisted, There thi mane es and New ae are a little over a thousand names in population totaled 23,614. The British an evacuated the city only tw 261 WWE LONE IAAL Ura da famous: nurseryman CATALOGUE ’ eae AND ORNAMENTAI M4 ALE PLANT 3, LE (P23 LBOUS FLOWER ROOTS, GREEN-HOUSE PLANTS, &e. Sc. pyrivarza at Tas BAN BOTANIC GARDEN, WILLIAM PRINCE, Proprisror, tlushing, Long-Island, near New-York WHICH TS ADDED A ‘SHORT TREATISE ON THELR CULTIVATION, &c. TWENTY-FIRST EDITION. FY OR. eee a i AND J. ee ‘Vaacbateee Wom mR ‘eagemadt ana, BBR, FLOWER, 7 ARS Ss, BULBOUS ruoweR eee ARDENING, AGRICL BD nue, GARDEN TOOLS, be. ORNAMENTAL ‘TREES AND SHRUBS, HERBACEOUS AND GREENHOUSE PLANTS CULTIVATED AND POR SALE BY i THOMAS HOGG, ; 7 Nuvacryman and Florist, ar THe NEW-YORK BOTANIC GARDEN IN BROADWAY, News sa tama of ete ARR YEW YORE SOTANICAL NEW-YORK: FRMES ORG Po acoTt sou -REARAINTBERT. NEW-YORK 263 rs before and conditions in New York were not yet supplying all the cee of life eantime, those Huguenot Princes had continued busy. A son William, years before his father started the nursery, took up the family profession and the nursery w rapidly—especially in cul ro) fruit trees—until the Revolution. Peace came at last; ruined and neglected rch. be restock rinces y busy ir catalog, fil ith varieties of fruits, appeared in 1794. 1783 they had introduced Prince’s Yellow Gage ne in 1794 t perial Gag tw early efforts to introduce plum varieties. When this d proprietor died, hi Be aN ca d in the same spot called id American N: ry, whereas his son W aris cae al _ Our se i is a ‘New York Directory of 1815. I have carefully scanned all 466 pages and 17,400 names of sie stout little volume and hat at the time New York had 53 gardeners (two of them women, by the way, widows), one ooo Steal, at Livingston and i i 105 ame a Born in Scotland in 1773, he early came to New York when he ole first wro n he ha days sold potted plants. th the fall of ee as he recounts in his “Forty Years’ Residence in America,” the young Thorburn hit on the idea of painting the pots green. His ‘frst — “i lee so he painted twelve d so hi i P the third r of the Linn Garden and Nursery at Flushing, was introducing foreign trees and plants of merit, discovering unknown American species, and creating new hybrids. ne of his introductions was the te mbardy poplar. The catalogs of this nursery from 1815 to 1850, many of which are 264 displayed here today," are among the most valuable of our early horticultural publications, In 1828 he wrote the ora tise on Horticulture,” the first work of the kind to be es her ince the Directory of 1815 there ie oO ten years—and now we turn to that o aS: Cue we find 31 gardeners and the following seedsmen and nurser : William Agnew, tobac om flower seed, 280 Front Street. Thomas Badges. florist, 332 Bowery. Later, 826 Broadway at 18th Street. dnna A. Burr, florist, 83 Pearl Street. Phoebe Flandran, florist, 243 William Stre eee Flos nursery and seedsman, Broadway at 11th Street. ban Hee le, seedsman, 18 Maiden, Ale. bade Sis h & Sons, nursery a7 "Broadw Grant Thorburn ie 20 "Nassau 5 Street. He nee & dently come up in the world, because he om his shop—at 41 Liberty Str Of von Floy we have net recently ae the diary of his son? in which journeyings from the Broadway office to the nurser 2 a in dah atte to fruit an de trees. e y' y, ugh working with his father, was apparently more interested in mathematics and religion than in sae re. s Bridgeman had arri from e Berkshire only the previous yea . He is best remembered e aa or of “The Young Gardener’s ee whic! appeared in many editions continually en- larged. This first wae ee in 1829, appeared in 1847 as e three-part ru tables and ornamental gard ar of it, “Th itchen oe es ne r,”’ was republished as late as 1 a commendably long life—37 years—for a gardeni ok. For many years the Brids n display garde at 18th Street and Broad- a ridgeman died in 1 son Alfred continued the 850 but his T business on East 19th Street until within the memory of some present here toda IT wish I could tell you more of those two women florists of 1825— re . Burr and Phoebe Flandran, a I’m afraid they have to main w dunes nother who piques my curiosity is Andrew Gentle, oe Fly ‘ his eis evidently prospering, he moved to Maiden Lane. The others, too, we shall ne oes and press on to consider an important nur- a whos e does not appear in this New York Direct of 1824-5—Thomas ae As you will see, by one of his catalogs on display here today, his 1 About 75 early American horticultural works from the New York Botanical Garden’s library, Particularly those from the region of New om and published prior. fo, le on e display: ee neg this Members’ Day program. vs oe Bite e Diary Michael Fioy, Ir Bowery Village, 1933 185" 69 pages. ale Uni niv neni Pre: 1941. Reviewed in the Journal of the New York Botanical eared Feb. 1942. {ETE ENTH CaRTURY HORTICUL- TURAL LITERATURE A. "These a and their authors exerted a notewort! thy the development of hérticultun ie and: land- i scape aes in the United States in the early days. . 7 4 E ci eT Oat Raval Art and Rural Caste. ue out a tReaTin Nie, WA, ABU METTCRC AE, NHS ROOMY, A HneAECKEERE, EANDATANS WHeTsa, bawULaGy, ESTO LANDSCAPE ‘sl ARDENEN JAY SAUTIL aig me ee ert ab Semdonenrg fo rete, 29% rents or wee kena, Hong Seu, Ww Vat se nan THE FLORIST’S GUIDE, BIEARIAL, AND PURER FLOWEAING pants: HRHRACKOUS AND SHBUUDY. ‘BULUGIIS, FIDUOUS ANIV TUBEROUS woe server on ak mat of oeee rncconete ae ate ene msnets toi 266 nursery first bore almost the name that now is attached to = ain here—he called it The New-York Botanic Garden. It w s loc eee i d Ww s in any other business, so in the seed and nursery trade you can trace a well-marked apostolic succession. Grant Thorburn had he in sin s when hi I, 1, fresh come from Scotland and already well skilled in horticultural practice. name was Pete Henderson. For a time he also worked under Robert Buist, the Phila- delphia seedsman rosarian. By ha: ork and grim economies, he managed to save $500 with which he set himself up as a market gardener ver in Jersey City in 1847. His “Gardening for ,” first published i , became a standard work, with “Henderson’s Practical Floricul- ture” appeari in 1868 f these were ai Ip commercial growers owever, “Gardening for re” appeared in and in ess in New York in 1865 and, as you know, it is still thriving. Mr. in ave mention ed horticultural writing, let us retrace our steps a bit. In 1830 there appeared one of most important books—‘Treatis t ine,” by Willia obert Prince, fourth proprietor of th ince Nursery at Flushing. And the year following he i the “Pomological Manua - 2 invaluable work in two volumes on all kinds of fruit except apples. In 1846 he published the “Manual of Roses.” A ioania of wide experience, he had worked in the field with both Professor Torrey of Columbia and Professor Nuttall of Harvard. Both 267 his importation of rare ae plants and his work with oe and mulber fi trees which he imported mark the breadth of his horticultural interests. Mr. Prince di me in 1869 at the age of 74, having live He yalu- able and ‘energetic life in the pursuit and advancement of botany, pomology and gardenin: ea with this fourth Prince was another nursery not far away from New York City—that of Charles and Andrew Jackson Downing at Newburgh. The latter, our first outstanding landscape architect, died in, 1852 at the early age of 37, by drowning, but he had already won his lee both as an author on gardening and for his landscape work. His molo; e Fruit Trees o merica, ae worl n his tes h ed were TO o for ae a growing + ee both as an eee, editor and as a 850 h soe one. eedsman T later Th Horta hee having P: Barry a ae r. In the ee of the ee ury he entered the any plant ae SS s which a ined a natio ate te as the largest in the world. This was vet red by his blicaton of Vick’s Magazine, by which he helped spread the love and practic co gardening, running from 1878 until 1891. In addition to Mr. v ee? s very orthwhile text, each issue contained one or more color oie The mention of Patrick Barry ey me that I said the Prince ey Vv of Flushing would weave in and out of this brief narrative. 1826, when he came to New York from ae native Belfast. Barry worked — the Princes at Flushing and here he was employed for four In 1840, moving to appeared. Mr. Barry had much to do with the beautification of Rochester and with the development of orcharding in Western New York. He died 18 Wi th the passing of this erstwhile employee of the ancient Prince Nur- sery we eal t close our short and sketchy survey of New York nursery- men and seedsme! But I can ae leave these horticultural ancestors without a few obser- vations on what they ae ne gardening public of their time and what ae ues hande ne These were the foundation i sofa great and vital industry. The ae ere not satisfied with being merchants; they didn’t Hea ae and sell; they created much of what they sold. 268 Most of them were men capable of prodigious labors in their nurseries ae not ae in odd moments. sider Pete erson, writing far into the night after a day of labor and answering a vol inous pe errno ith his own hand. His pelea to commercial growing alone would be enough to justify any s life. their search for improved strains they were just as alert as any seedsman or nurs an tod, By introducing new and better fruits, new and better vegetables and improved and exotic plants they not alo: set the style for “ ties” ca em, but bore witness to the fact that horticulture can never i ing th ndations of a great industry d luable service to their fellow men, they also gave to horticulture a vitality that still courses through its veins. The me 4 n day follow the same patterns. mea te in horticulture, and I find a m: down by Grant pa ay Peter Henderson, Patrick Barry, a the (aur sonetons of the Prine Em Balsa— Lightweight Champion Timber Tree ohn H. Pierce | eles LORERS today are searching the jungles of South America for ree, whose tough, lightweight wood is ; : * slackened, evuars on destined some o and now w again caught t with a our supply rei is ae from one locality which involves serious ship- ping sea The balsa hunters being sent to the American tropics by the United States Governet are g into lands where the natives have used balsa od for i wo nt eir pr The cee cae plied the rivers of west Sout long coastwise trading expeditions on balsa rafts which sometimes carried os: Balsa Ecuador Lumber Cor; fifty people at a time. The buoyant logs were lashed together with tough rope-like lianas. In the center of the raft sharp hardwood stakes were i or. lug oof erected over the blatform, a mast, sails made of rushes or coarse ao a centerboard, and a rudder. first Spanish ine ic see an Inca raft called it a “balsa,” which giver ; Haitians refer to it as ‘ patte de liévre, tambor,” a drum; in pa it is called “algodén” for the resemblance of the ripened fruit In the thick wild jungles the ae is ee more abundant than two or three - to the acre, but as it is one of the few tropical weed aes in cleare it is often found in pure stands or groves. In fact, it takes over eee so fast that . the Cae it is often a serious weed pest. oa £3 Bp 7 1 The Philippine “balsa” is usually made of bamboo, while on Lake Titicaca, Bolivia, a “balsa” is made from bulrushe 269 ‘cuador Clee jungle scenes in Ecuador. Th ees with spotted trunks are balx 1 270 The ee cut the wild balsa and haul it to the river, where the logs € xen, € crop car the raft is loaded with ee nuts, cocoa, bananas, pineapples, and ewe : sweep with him, goes back up the river by motor launc e fruit goes he tagu: egetable ivory,’ ” become eventually buttons, and the balsa logs are sold to the iad lumber companies. hile balsa is found from southern Mexico and the West pone south to Bolivia, the place to see the balsa ee today is in Ecuador on the tern coast South America. Standing on the docks at R ador’s chief seaport, Guayaquil, you look out across arbor to see a strange mixture to-date freighters, modern ferries and barges, crude dugout canoes, and th ge cumbersome bal ood 1 ich j lown t iver, Some se rafted balsa logs came from the wild steaming jungles; others wi well ordered plantations. Most balsa of good commercial quality comes from the plantations along the tributaries of the Guayas River. If we visit one of these planta- A native raft of balsa logs with « dugout canoe on board and a thatched roof of banana leaves to shelter the family. A young balsa tree in a clearing. tions, we can fo ie the ee balsa wood from the planting of the roduc Walking through whe tal groves we see rows of slender, straight, young trees without lower branches, and 60- to 90-foot full grown trees with the very ree ‘hecue tally mottled, white and gray bark. It is hard to realize that such an orderly plantat n from the tangled jungle of ee rain p the length of one of thes tall trees you a crown of e leav h a foot or more | almost as wid aped so ing li huge mountain ma ir Pp leaf. At t e of a leaf cluster is the large red-petaled flower or e ba. long (wlindrical Fruit which somewhat resembles a rabbit's foot. It w: Primitive method of balsa cutting. The saw is unknown to these native jungle workers. ee a resemblance which prompted oy aga Olof Swartz, hes to give the tree the specific name of lag hen a - fruit-pod splits open it ie a mass of fine silky ce in which the se imbedded. At present there is no commercial use for these rs b se of their short staple he Indians, however, find them admirable for stuffing pillows and mattresses ve been known to make crude cloth from them. ick uy me silky “cotton” from the ground and you will see the tiny dull brown ee Pa the cling to it much as milkweed seeds are attached to their floss. 273 wild jungles the wind carries this seed and if it falls on open ground it germinates. On the plantations the amount dispersed by natural means often makes artificial seeding unnecessary. In fact, the young trees must be thinne 0 prevent crowdin, Excepting the wild papaya, the balsa is Satie = fastest growing tree in the tropics. A six-months-old tree is as tall a: and a couple of inches in diameter. Most tropical mes are draped on vines but the balsa grows so fast that the vines canno ake it You will notice that the peons as ae cut the weeds and vines aroun nd the young trees are careful not to injure them. Even a slight qos tre the wood to sevelon a hard fibrous texture. The t ae causes bark from a freshly hewn balsa log before floating it aoe Chipping the river to the mill, Laborer carrying a ig of balsa on one Seales ae it ee with one hand, then ae re the Span se for ‘ ‘male,’ ’ while the normal soft-tex- tured tre called “hembra,” or “female. At oe — to fifteen years ite tree eeaiee cel and malas tout taproot, but by this time the wood is too hea a fibro s for ark The best q ‘ comes es e cut aoe s aie m left on the ground for more than a day or t because the soft spongy weed either decays rapidly or it warps and dias a nce ae logs have been dragged to the river’s edge the balsa cutters re the oe ond prepare the logs for rafting. Unlike the relatively il Indian or Inca rafts, the commercial rafts are huge affairs sometimes 150 feet long and made up of hundreds of logs chained together. 275 t Gu Mal the rafts are broken up and the logs are taken ashore a, though in some tr a to the difference in growth rate between the dry d sei The wood is so © spongy that very sharp tools are needed for cutting it into boards. As the boards come out of the mill the Indian laborers sta eck them or pile them on end to permit proper air oe fter a this lumber is usually put through a dry e the lumber is air-dried at the source . ee sn is 8 at a at the port es delivery, Since the time of ‘the Incas the ingenuity of the white man has so in- creased = uses of balsa wood, tha t today it well merits the title of lightweight champion timber tree.? The demand. war tion faa Meas the uses of balsa until the see re ee like the business e unique properties -3 2 make balsa readily adaptable to so many u. T wood is seme for its ag! ae buoyancy, and non- nduct hea vibrations. From the table below it can be seen i conduction of that se ee is a twice as ae as cork. Ibs. per cubic foot. “oe “ 7 The reason for this extreme ‘lightness is to be found in the microscopic structure of the wood. The of dri ed m: ature wood are barrel-shaped, and hav bs extremely thin oligsife a bers of the ordinary sort seem cells ie more closely those of the ir r the tissue of a vegetable tke the turnip. hile the i hi ew. asily compressible. Con- sen its degree of hardness and weight, it is remarkably strong and ere are other cal erican woods as light as or lighter than bal: re ape bellied” fee "Bachira ‘barriggin and the “quipo,” Cavanillesia platandfolsa, ger they either lack the strength of balsa or have not been found in sufficient quantity to be widely used. 276 elastic. In fact, it is classified commercially among the hardwoods, not among the soft. The resistance of the wood to static bending and endwise 4 : : compression is lf that of spruce, which has 4 t imes the density, nd its elasticity is indicated by fact that a 3-inch cube tl d compresses to } ae a pas of ten anes Leth d co: comes The k the construction of aircraft. To increase the strength and ay retain i eneered wi : woods ar glider construction and in ponto for hydr . O aircraft balsa is pe for fairing, or streamlining, on struts and braces. It is also used in combination with other woods in the new combat boats where a light ee hull makes " or speed and striking power. On the U.S. Moen a gross weight of 150,000 pounds was saved by the use Ss. Every boy who has ever made his own model airplanes knows h idely the wood is u toe such toys and novelties. At the ees ti mo lanes are in great demand also by the armed forces for instructing our fig’ ing men in plane recogniti its natural conditiot n balsa wood is buoyant for a considerable period. But even the Incas realized that the untreated wood absorbed water, for Lumber Corp. Going to the mill. Broad, hardwood blades attached to temporary poles are used as sweeps, or paddles, to steer the raft of balsa logs from jungle or plantation to the mill. Photograph by F. J. T: Balsa wood in cross section unde the microscope. At the se the cell structure is show with @ magnification of 32 diameters. At the right is @ lar; gnification (more than 200) showing a single poe oor vessel, with te Panty Ngnifed wall and beside it a medullary ray, Surrounding them are thin-walled fibers of cellulose tissue. Lie es ee the ends of the logs of their rafts with some sort of wax or re For present-day commercial use the wood is also treated, ee can ee ‘be used to make floats for mine barrages, life rafts, life jackets | and other life- saving ie me! a During the last World War were 250-mile submarine mine barrage in ‘the North Sea. The cellular structure of the wood also — it valuable for insulation and for absorbing vibrations. The lining of your refrigerator may well be wo tial saving in shipping costs, especially in air en i ibrations trades for ceilings and partitions to absorb sound waves, and under heavy iner ion o i € we will not have enough good-q cali hale wood to meet even the more necessary demands of war production 278 Notices and Reviews of Recent Books ae publications mentioned here may be consulted in the Library of The York Botanical Garden or may be purchased on order through the pale More Vegetable Books For Victory Gardeners Fruits Also ‘OOD GARDENS FOR DEFENSE. mM G. Kains. 246 pages, with appen- dices, Greenberg Publisher, New York. 1942. $2. th WI “de- fense gardeni tress ‘the cultiva. tion of ae an but in sae : work fruits have as prominent lace vegetables. Mr. Kains is so well known in se field of horticulture that comment his book s Imost unnecessary. The chapt its for ity, its, Pruning are well anting ‘charts, cae ies, and much other From the Soil Up MANUAL OF HOME VEGETABLE GA Pb les F. ee paulter Dou- - day-Doran & Co w York, 1942. 2.50. An ek guide for the vegetable . The author deals with the cin; excellent chapter, ad "the cultural direc- tions for the tables discussed are thorough and frst oe Variety selec tions and a table of spring and fall frost dates are given, along with other useful data, in the appendix. For the eee Garden: ‘OR uA GARDENS. i oD Everett & Edgar J. Clissold, 96 pages, yeaa and indexed hitman Publ. is. lOc. iT Bardeners | who also St asy tidertalhie for an experienced eatdener, as many operations which he would deem Reviewed by Edwin Beckett ial to mention and explain are of the clear, ni mely, e sub: which be eginner is apt feel beyond his ability. Preparing the Soil is cna ‘20, particularly ait it part of it describin of dig: Var a an tables, zone maps, etc., ar i t the end of the book. The Tabea gine are no a Dart of this ork. They are truly descriptive. An Amateur Tells HOW TO GROW FOOD FOR YOUR ‘AMILY. Samuel R. Ogden. 139 pages, indexed and Sea A. S. Barnes & 1942, $2. is much i s book apart from wit “the ‘ite fells. Re amateur, Barden ont, not only disclos is ae there in the Ww way of v ne but also dispenses his cthusiagn and Cn in ar and easily readable ee ssary fundamental information is give the chapter on Mile Recipes for cooking, ing, and pickling appear to be excellent, and the appendix gives use- ful tabl riety selection, control measures , etc. The sound rea- soning ii , together contained in chapter one, el with the recapitulation later, help to make this book pleasurable and instructive reading. Contradictory Gs ARDENENG — WITHOUT BUNK. 145, pages, indexed. Pa ns New tn The le es this book is somewhat mis- leading. One is apt, when surveying it, 279 to think that the impression is abroad that there is “bunk” in I know that gardening is no “bunk.” is openin: nce the author has 0 point ou “Much of the st wwii h appears miu £ the literature im gardening is pure kK.” He also nfo this chapter, that Ais book bunk whatever. With the first st: a agree ventin ely. I will, however, with Mr. Boal that “there is much teraure on gardens, and I have found A it bunk. od deal of the information offered throug h this book is haphazard and con- tradictory. There are many better man- uals on gardening. Ea eon in Paper Binding FLO eerie Or 5 ae the Fift flowers ‘that wild C ada. ” the cc graphs are more successful than the draw- ings of the individual specie: WHAT DO YOU KNOW ABOUT POISON IV¥? ‘George Graves. 20 pages, illustrated. Massachusetts Horticultural So Boston, 19 25¢ ate boo Iclet consists of an: to which might be asked oy the pe: fan manta miliar with poison ivy and the nature of its poisoning and with methods for its eradication. NAVAIO INDIAN MEDICAL . Leland C. Wy- man and Stuart K. Harris. 15 pages, bibliography. University of New a ‘Albuquerque, 1941, ig list of plants used medicinally by Sie "Ray vajo Indians and the uses to which they are put in the practice of healing and also in ceremonials. AND SCIEN’ MUSHROOM CULTURE, L. F. 80 pages, illustrated and in ae F, Lambert, Coatesville, Pa. ond edition, 1941. $1. uctie ions for the com ial gro waitten by a pioneer in Goa culture in the great producing region of eastern Pennsyly ania, Of interest to the layman is the statement in the introduction that mushrooms conta’ yaluable minerals, ymes, and a carisiderable quantity of sini yp. BS LAX AND ITS PRODUCTS. : . 30 pages. Othe vex: tile, Foundation, Washington, D. Ses iors information about the product of some 11,000 acres in Oregon’s Willamette = fe other i Sta Experi- ww bei t cavied on by the Toe ce Valley ‘Authority ie ae flax into that section of the cor Em For The Cactus Grower CACTUS CULTURE. Elien D. Schulz 180 = pages, Mlastrated eee Orange sJudd,. (Ne Re’ One a ae ay en Ellen D, Schulz for Sune a readable and under- oa ne work upon the culture of cacti and other su ceulenits This is the type o book that is cee enn of thes: nts increasingly poral Far sete e usual “how I did it” type of bo ol vo mus: me: upon botanical relationship s and struc- ot 3 a of wait for a work completely covering the ground for nde loor culture under ticular clim: This hook conditions, was first printed in 1932, but the addition of several salar and sketches and a new chapter on ao ing are the only revisions that com light. J. ALEXANDER. Nature Study Hobbie WAYS TO ADVENTURE, win Way Teale. 222 pages, Indexed, illustrated. Dodd, Mead & Co York, 1942. $2.75. Mr. Teale has written a guide to the avocation of nature study which makes the reader regret that he has only “¢ ne life to give to his hobbies. Wheth Pie 280 of birds, fossils, stars, plants, or Pe photography, he makes that holby for the moment ve most appealing. opens each hae r with an account of the contributi ae amat made to the naturals new fields for their eginner, 8 3 & B23 ae = g ee yy. authoritative work with sl Carot H. Woopwarp, ‘or Elementary oh ieee Student. LABOMATORY PLANT PAYSIOL- . BS. Meyer & DB. ponte figures. “D. Van Nos- a Co., Ines New York, nd 1941. This second edition shows impr ment over the Bet cation in a panes The number T: le binding in contrast to ‘O- Jumn a gement instead of being Pimeoweaphed. . References are more conveniently cited at the end of group of experiments instead of in one section at the en of the book. The size of the page is the same, 81%4 x Ji inches, Alternate pages are left blank for notes. The arrange- ment of material follows the general outline of the authors’ textbook. The expertments are clearly described. with — lequate sirections for trying them out, and they appear 6 be s peadily work- able. . . Consistent with the ideas expressed in the preface of their texthook concerning a correlation of at and p Fume tion, author: s ha’ ave included a number of f cells and tissues, uch. as are ely included in an elementary course in botany and w Pras sliidents taking plant physio! have already d The ale sion of, brief anatomical discussions in je textbook, for read: view purposes for the student, seemed very appropriate, but it hardly seems necessary to include such elementary exercises in the labora- tory manual. th hand, th the ins notructor can a the year to year by suitable Harotp H. Cum, Hunter College. The Plant World, Feterconee PLANT FAMILIES: Hi KNOW THEM. H. E. Jaques 4 pages, illustrated (472 fi dexed, Published by the author, Mt, Plea Towa. 1941. $1.50 in spiral . $2.50 in cloth, This a ee ition to the Pictu red- Key Na- ture Series is, within limitations, a splen- did aid in the teaching of sy. stematic bot- any and the use of identification keys. It is ewhat unfortunate becaus of the size of this volume in contrast to the size of the mr of the diverse membe f£ many pl; families were considered the ‘a- tion o i keys. The inclusion of all groups from Algae and Bacteria to the Compositae makes this volume a con- venient reference source for teachers and tudents of elementary botany. repare a conventional cloth binding. Cuartes L. GIty. sd alias Text on Tree. In san pen the authors have revise a "their earlier well known work in a manner that will facilitate its use. The most significant changes are the in- 281 clusion of important species, al range maps for commercially and the addition of In the 39 pages of the i student can become sufficiently familiar ification, ia fication des rintie n of species to en- ir 0 gras i i for 8 abundance ae illustrations Trips {9 tell the tale of these sovereigns of the Ratpa Pinxus., Amateur casei: at Hote A REPORT PERIMENTS LCHININE Zs; eS Tenney, a Eigsti and Barbara pages, illustrated. paper- rcovered, University of Oklahoma Press, Nor- an, ja, 1942, 38c. n 1940 the aaa of Botany, niversity of Oklah decided to en- courage eriment with col- chicine and re ffect on flowering plants. his report deals with the pur- pose, plan, and rest of the periment, A total of 327 pers ae _ ted in 38 states -operated in the pi e} " the com- pleted experiments, 194 were % recorded as successtu 1; 30.6% as partially success- ful; The writers or ee the results after two years of experimentation seem to show that the use © a dy grou, science classes, and studen t gardene The methods fo treating plants with colchicine to induce changes. in plant tissues are discussed for the man. Ciype CHANDLER. Our shieintg Knowledge Of Vita AND PHYSIOLOGY N H. R. Rosen- Intersci- w York, excellent and inclusive statement of our present knowledge of the vitamins. a adit ition to the text there is included author index and a and subject falles ane: erences to the otiginal Titera- ture are freely een This book sould be available for eriously ested 7 this croup ° ‘t substances. Portent in in the physiology of both p an 0 in W. J. Rozsins. General Knowledge of Chemistry In Relation to Life TEXTBOOK OF BIOCHEMISTRY. Benjamin Harrow, Ph.D. 439 pages, indexed. W. B. Saunders Company, Philadelphia and London, 1941. $3.75. Thi text- book o: heen for stu “en who oe interested in medicine ragriclture and ho! There are concrete chap tere. on 2 foods and. vitamins which may be considered as topics of the day that everyone should r Table 29— iges tive Value of Foods—may be mended as references for polisewives, aa who are in balanced diet for war time. Roperta Ma. Chinese Plant Studies FLORA OF FUKIEN, and Floristic 1 Notes Southeastern China. Franklin Metcalf, First Fascicle, $2 two maps. Lingnan Uni- versity, 160 Fifth Avenue, New York. 1942. $1.50. From the midst of the confusion of war in China come echoes of peace times. “ this book. on the flora of Fukien we re taken the moment ba a ie we rae quiet ‘ory when the on were ee of day-by-day Bos And there is no doubt of the achievement 1 the Flora of Fukien contains not only brief notes on species from Chekiang, Anhwei, Kiangsi, 282 Kwangtung, Macao, Hongkong, and Hainan dating from the period previous but to 1933, but also literature notes up through 1940 on all Ba a sou eastern China species, luding Hun; and Kwangsi. ‘Short diagnostic descrip nd angs tions are attached to all species me The firs’ egies contain. ui of the Fi kien ies fro nt e eae to the Pagecese his is introduc ew floristi outheastemn ina followed b story of explora- tion in Fukien province. Finally, a very carefully worked-out Key to the roe f£ Fukien brings us to the e main body @ monograph, hich consists of th ie systematic descriptions the plant spe- cies. The commendable Cae in- dicated in the study makes this work a Standard 7 oe erence on this section, of the rid flor: D M. Porterrizin, JR, Soil Cnc tag Service, U.S. DA. za Current Literature* At a Glance dee City. Vegetable growing in the ba oe rd of a hot in the city is ex: USE plained 3 in the revised edition of Fas Bulletin No. 1044, issued by the U.S.D.A. wing seven zones with ie dates T company The booklet an thus Obtai pts “ot Decunientst in “Washitigion for five cents. Brief directions for 5 s from to pee are give en Leaflet No. 218 U.S.D.A. (3c). Varieties of cach fruit, ote suggested and Fruit Growing. a plan is given for a hal{f-acre garden of fruits and nuts. Tropical A A monthly maga- zit vhich ots ‘the a Pee (on Gov orth, Sou and one America, Nas beet fenced" OY e¢ Office of Foreign Agricultural Rela- publications mentioned here—and others—hay he found in te ‘ery Sle "the Botanical Garden, in the Museum Buildi tions of the United States Department of Agric ullure joince February 1941, While it co y from Canada to ntine, pei in the Amer- done in exploration and in the develop- ment plantation: rovide the United Nations wi ie products merly hiefl. i thi as ned fre e _ he issues have contained art cles on some phase of the rubber situation, example. mong ot! ed so tar b r, an gi may i Be obtained for a5 cents a year from the, sy ea of Documents, Wash- 2 C ms. Charles Piper Smith, who since 1938 has been issuing sporadically a leaflet called Species Lupinorum, expanded. bis nonprofit publishing activi- tes 0 ude pi fiset leafl Geraitian ‘Records, for which he ani meetin f desi in the Fsocieties" of what ae cals “the, “Hovton, Peltatum, and Spe “dep: Soi tr up lo Co srrell Bulletin nT tald by C. R. Runyan of Cincinnati inthe February number of the Arborist’s News. E> — News, and Comment mbers’ Day. The third Members’ Dav niGenin at the New ort Botanical aia will take nber 2% A. d ome im- le. Facts About Plant Breeding.” The Jecture will be at 3:30 p.m. in the Mem- 283 bers’ Room and tea will be served after- vera by the Advisory Council. While this series of programs is not open © public members are privileged, fact, they are urged, to bring gues whe in this w: cquainted with he Gard s fro exhibit shown that cay is being published in this issue of the Jou Neeranhtentle Displays. South Am anc sa wood, kapok tubbe: rinatto, a ee tee: tomato, opening Hou the middle of October. shown in of orchids, most of Giliich were hybrid cattleyas of Sout! un | Ames jfetent ay py mtb He ‘Flower Display Howse. co Ay w ned with a gar- den-li Pee er OF chrysanthemums in front of the cottage and monastery walls installed last year, with oth flowering and fruiting plants, among them several notewor pecimens of a fir thorn (Pyracantha Duzalii), there and and ee borde s of tl display By ee ‘man displays of sis, onic “erm, and “aquatic plants arg and beg the ee of oo onic plan S| a he three houses which contain succulents continue and of ornamental hybrids of Dante suited for greenhouse culture in At mate Contrary to its usual custom, one a Botanical Garden this Nee will 1 e holiday greeting cards to its itigmbers fend friends. The good ee are there but are not being sent ol, mail as a matter of wartime ect Early in October, shortly be- fore they expected to leave for Colombia, Tr. Fosberg of the Bureau of Plant Industry d Dr. William Campbell Steere, University of Michigan, visited mn chona in te wi hey are the botan- ists in a party of eight men being sent by the Board of Economic Warfare to get cinchena bark for quinine from its native jungles, Seeking information on Hez ensis, Dr. G. H. H. Tate of the American Museum of Natural His me to the Garden later in the month, prior to an expedition Brazil in rch o: ild ber to e out the dimi: d ly of this product in America. = me: (William J. Bon isteel, who mission for the Co- ordinator of Inter: i returned las American Affairs, t month from Mexico and Central America, where been prot e production of ine. He expected to return to the merican tropics within a few weeks. rT. E, Schultes of the Gray Her- para stopped at the Gar t. 29 nm Oc! on i a Guggenheim followin Another Guagenheim fellow who recently ited her Dr J. L Ae Jeni fron alen pee m1 Ate ntina, who is ing the + in the United States, study- ing the Jetasses of h wn country, Other October eis include Dr. R. M. Moscoso, Directs of the Botanical Garden of Santo Do ange. Dr. Samuel J. Record, head of ihe ae on of Forestry; Herbert Blan of the e Krauss of Philadel hia with wk gi cialist of Cali- A. Wi Kathryn Stu ond nee 7 " anprentice gaidener at the Botanical Garden. ‘ational Academy. Drs. William J. Robbe and B, O. Dodge, members of ne National Academ: my in. Washington last month meeting of the ‘Academy Oct. 26, which was devoted solely to business. ff members Lectures. the who have le ee red dusine efore the A n den Society in New York; and Dr. H. Rickett, who showed the 'Garden’s movie to the Millbrook Garden Club. P, J. Mc- 284 Kenna addressed a district meeting of the eae oe Garden Clubs of New York State Oct Staff. Dr. E. E. Naylor came from Columbia, Mo. in October ie goon nee Assistant on the Bot taff, working in Dr mee bbe Until the date of his de- pa arture he was Assistant Erotessor of at the University of Missou Medal. Mrs. Clement Bowers of Maine, N x, President of the New York State Federation of ea rden Clubs, pre- o Dr. Will sented t m J, Robbins at a Juncheon in New Ie Oct , the medal the Federation the New tanding educ: of food and drug plans North American India used by the An exhibit of a ic years in an effort to find a satisfactory method or i flowers in the natural s! tudent Groups. Classes in Horticul- e Plant faterials Jin as Depart- tur Co- ir oward at visits to the Botanical Gar tu 1 shrubs, rock garden, flower nd other groups of plants i hy George J. Lober, éalptor: enti itled “Make Your City Beaitigul . News from Hai Lk 23 meat S 2 Hai Americ: Seaene pene (commonly Suen A), a something of ae ‘work he undertal kin He z Fe ee Mies over, lease or ee lar, eages—clears, leans, and plants. ADA is divided into several divisions or sectors, m onnect h the Cap-Hatien Division, which has three subdivisions, two o ich ar mani on the great ‘laine du ord. O specialize we Tais- ing of sisal, feat they do have a lemon- grass pro. ject to tide th as over t until the I comes roduc The Grande iviére project, of which I am superin- ‘ ndent, is a little different from anyth in SHADA A develops, duction: and co-operati ie ee 300 square miles of _ fer erritory. It is a wild-looking try, at. rather deasely siete for all The ultural’ practices of the have aa ‘little if any of the original: fee tational cover—and this on an _ hich give no real pict re of the eta- tion of aiti. Nevertheless, a “ere patches remain w ic give some indi- cation of what i as: t it could be if it were left alone.” He writes further al e avocado, one and br adfruit trees which are common. In another letter he writes of his plans for Tdeveloping model agricul- tural areas of around 100 acres ; of train- ng a crew of “speciali in the c i £ “specialists” 0- rative extension program to help the tive ue get the new crops started; and of acquiring to 100 for a pledged to the Export-I Bank of Weariteed as security for loans made under a credit of $5,000,000. THE NEW YORK BO' THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN a aca Jos: R. Swan, President Henny ae Foxes BaLpwin, y eee precdent NL. Merrizy, Vice- - presi ‘Agraue M. ANDERSON, yer ver Henry be tA Montacne, Secretar: Elective Managers . C, Aue: Mrs. ELon HuntincTon Rosert H. MontcoMERY Witam oe BARRETT Hooxex H. Pm 7 Hopart Porter Henry F,. vv JEERE JAY: neis E, Powett, Jr. MarsHati Fretp amen Sere ae Tr Mrs. Haroxp I, Pratt Rev. Ropertl, Gannon, D. T. Ma ene a Witt1aM J. RosBins S.J. E. D. Mer A. Percy SAUNDERS Be fio Managers Froretto H. LaGuarnia, Mayor of the City of New York Extswortn B. Buck, President ote the “Board of Education Rosert Mose: , Par. mmission A ppointive Manager. By the isa Botanical ae H. A. Gus. By Columbia Danese Marston T. BocErt Marcus M, RHoapes R. A. Harper M F. TRELEASE THE STAFF TLLIAM J. Koonin Pu.D., Sc.D. Director 1, A. Greason, Pu. Assistant Director and Head Curator sistant Director S. UT, Curator of Education and Laboratories RED J. SEAVE H.D., Sc.D. ral ERNARD ©. Donce, Px.D. Plant Pathologis HN Henptey Barnuart, A.M., M.D. Biblhograper Emer KETT, Px.D, Bibliographer AROLD N. Motpenxe, Pu.D. (Onleave of absence) Associate Curatar .S rt, Px.D. ‘Aethig Curator LIZABETH C. Hau, A.B., B.S Librarian LEDA GRIFFITH Artist and Photographer ERCY WILSON esearch Associate OBERT S. WILL Research Associate in Bryology C ALEEANDER, Be S. Assistant Curator and Curator of sey, pee al Herbarian "H. CaM mp, Pu.D. (On leave of absence) istant Curator RANCES E, Wynne, Px.D. ie Curator LYDE CHANDLER, Px D. hnical Assistan OSALIE WEIKERT a OH: M.A. RoL H. ‘Weon wat, A.B. tculturist 3. L. Wirt Custodian of the ‘Herbori Sr0 Drcen oe ave Collaborator in Hawaiian J. Grout, Px. Honorary Curator of sons BERT HLAGELSTEIN Honorary Curator of Myxomycetes JosepH F. Burke onorary Curator of the pialonace B, A. Kruxorr Hon onorary Curato: Yr of Econom ¢ Botan: THEL ANSON S,Peckuam Honorary Curator, Iri ARTHUR J. Corserr Superintendent of Buildings and Grounds A, C. PraAnper Assistant Superintendent To reach the Botanical Garden, take the Eighth Avenue Subway to Bedford Park Bivd.. the Third Avenue Elevated to the baits Park station, or the New York central ie ame ik saree sta ation; or drive up the oe nd a ‘oncaurs se — east oa ons sole Blew Westchester, turn west end nx Rive to ‘the Botanical Garden sta PUBLICATIONS OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN Books, Booklets, and Special Numbers of the Journal An Heras ie of the Noha United States and Canada, by Nathaniel rd Britton ison Brown. ree volumes, giving descriptions and illustra- tions of 4,666 5 s. Se edition, enna ed. $13. f the Prairies and Plains of Central North America, by P. A. Rydberg. 969 pages and 60 932. Price, $5.50 postpaid ants of the inity of New York, A. Gleason. 284 pages, eae: ts of Vicinity : : A handbook especially compiled for the beginner in plant identification. 19 Flora f Bermuda, by fs moses, Lord Britton and others. are pages aa oe : ; 3.50 A Text-Book of General Lichenology, by Albert nee 230 pages. 76 plates. 1897. $2.50 Noi merican Cariceae e, by Kenneth K. Mackenzie, containing 539 plates of Carex and related plants ry Harry C. Creutzburg, with a deecepey of each species. Indexed. 1940. o volumes, 1034 x 13%4 Teche bound $17.50; un bound $15.50. Keys to the North ee Species of fate: by K. K. Mackenzie. From Vol. 19, Part 1, of North Am n Flora. Plants of the Holy eran 35 by Elea ene illustrated, and accompanied by a list of Plants of the Bible with a ersenr a in the March ane Journal. 15 cents. ‘ood and Drug Plants of the North American Indian. Two luster scales by Marion A. & G. L. Wittrock in the eee for Mee 1942 ardy Ferns and Their Culture. d by Carol H. Taga 40 pages, illustrated; pound in P per. es au cents he Flora of the Unicorn Tapestries E. J. Alexander and Carol H. Wood- ward. 28 pages: Aiberecal oun shee des aoa drawings; bound with paper. 1941. 25 cents. Vegetables and Fruits for the Home Gar from fie Toe 21 pages, He. Edited fe Oe OL eet) 1941. 25 cents. An Herbal. First published by Richard Banckes in London. 1525. Edited a = E transcribed into modern English oH an introduction by Sa ator V. Larkey, and Th 2 Thomas Pyles. pages, Ap cuding facsimile of original. Prepared by Scholars’ Pert es and Reprints. Price to members of the Garden, $2.50; to others, ane Plants of New and Old World Deserts by E. J. lesen 64 pages, indeed. 350 species treated, 100 illustrated. Bound in paper. 1942. 50 cents. Periodicals Addisonia, annually, devoted exclusively to colored ple accompanied by popular cecipsan cf flowering plants; eight plates in each number, thirty-two in each volume. Now its twenty-first volume. SubserPage pes, $10 a volume 0 s, book reviews, and non- ere ar on botany and horticulture. Subscription, $1 a year; single copies 15 cents. Fre mbers is the Garden. Now in its 43rd volume. Mycologia, bimont Me nae Bah in color and otherwise; devoted to ae including li che ns, containing technical articles Ae news and notes of general in- terest year; single copies $1.25 each. Now in ae thirty-fourth ee Twenty- four You Index volume $3. Brittonia. A series of botanical papers. Subscription price, $5 a volume. Now in its fourth volume. North American Flora. Deserpcns of the wild plants BS ee Ame i including Greenland, the West Indies, and Central America. arts now issued. Not offered in exchange. Prices of ie separate parts request. Contributions from e New York Botanical ee a series of technical papers reprinted rom journal other than the above. 25 cents each, $5 a volume. Memoirs o New York Botanical Garden. A collection of scientific papers. Contents pe nee on request JOURNAL THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN —EEE —=s DECEMBER Haid 22 JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN Caro. H. Woopwarp, Editor eae baad FROM A ot OF RTY YEARS AG THE yellow daffodils that will soon begin to blo the cottage garden in the Main Conservatories will be part of this S year' 8 fear a8} fe w ocbe” caclusively used for the rehaee of ae Sor the unds and ieenbouses The first plants to be cae through her fund were the evergreens around the pronae fount in ion of the Museum Building: The follow ing year, 1915, thododendrons which bank one side of the Conservatories were pure ased, Eve wen early suum since then they pone bloomed m: agnificently and ve rest of the year have given the greenhouse a foundation of pleasant gre uring the past ten years veh number of trees and shrubs in cultivation eutdoors at the Botanical Gardin ae been apprommately doubled, ae the 1 7500 Fabs more or less) new kinds acquired, a co Earl ae qua been purchased with the aid of ¢ he eee fund. “Barn dy in place as ornaments to the grounds: others, still in ile pe will be added later, and fogether they will give the beauty of their foliage and Be ¢ ao 8 Rete (OE ye Next Jun the public will see for the first time a display of a remarkably fine new collection of hybrid peonies made possible for the Senne by the oie thcne John Innes Kane fund. A goodly num of the T ori Roe j ild h fact Garden gd Flo: lowering "Meadow have also been scuied through a gift ie of 19 likewise irises, tulips and callas, well eae ries. Without the income from such a fund to draw upon, the Gar through these displays which pometanes strat, ee to fifteen shia visitors on a Sunday, would have much les: offer the flow erlow public. With more funds of this. aoe, some "of ‘thie Garden's dream plans for greater public displays could be brought to an earlier fru TABLE OF CONTENTS mber 1942 Corron—Sympou of ANCIENT AND Mopern INpustRy ano Art Cover Photograph ArT OF THE ANCIENTS M. D.C. Crawford 285 Saturpay Lectures To RE RESUMED JAN. 9 3 AsH Trees THREATENED BY Litac Borers Ralph Pinkus 294 Six Memsers’ ian oo ANNOUNCED 297 Nores, News, ME. 297 Notices aNp Rees OF Rous Booxs 299 Innex To VotumE 43 305 ‘he Journal is published monthly by The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New York, N. es Printed in U. S. A. Entered at the Post Office in Pad Yori: N. Me as second: ‘class matter. Annual subscription $1.00. Single copies 15 cents. Free to mem! of the Gar Its, Bree to members ot the Uaraen. its. Hree to memners ar tne uarnen JOURNAL of THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN Vor. 43 DeEcEMBER 1942 No. 516 Art Of The Ancients A Panorama Of Cotton a Other Textiles From Earliest "ey M. D.C. Crawford* E have come to associate invention with miraculous mechanical i nd mysterious chemical formulae. During the last t invented, within the scope of our age, are - basic products of our aaa metal work abrics— all produced in other ages, ae our machines all follow the patterns set by the pe tools of yesterday Say nota be tanist ; ee an anthropologist, I know an that within the scope of our modern era Age of the Machine, we hi not produced a moe useful s ecies a plant or animal IL the cereal grains, all th etables, oe : e nourishing roots came from some earlier age of inve whic intensity and its variety and increase of wealth, must have eae the age in which we X over, in this age, man not only isolated our plants and pes from Lee but he also developed the techniques to convert raw materials * Mr. Crawford is Research Editor of Fairchild Publications, New York City. 285 Courtesy of American Museum of Natural History Aztec women wearing cotton gar Reproduced from the Codex Mendeeas an ancient pyr from his own use. It is from these a tools that all our modern machines spring, as well as all our products in their original form. n the textil Id, I can speak oe greater assurance, since that is roduce ew weav devices and the ae This age is called by ue eae the ithi ton I am going to discuss, ead one c single ene which a ioe A most profound influence on moder and a of 287 = a that were used in order to impart color” and design, not only TS u y of American Museum of Natural History TON AND ITS PREPARATION IN PRE-HISTORIC PERU eft i. and reddish brown cotton in the boll; below the bolls, seeds of the two kinds with Tine attached. Center: Masses of white and reddish brown cotton ginned (fee pa seeds), ioe) to be carded. Fibers ave laid parallel to each other for spinning. 7 the use a one 0 kinds of cotton in weaving, see the illus Bee on page 291.) Garde cotton on a spinning cone; ine fibers dra i of the larger end are parallel. 288 ences which also make them quite distinct.* Moreover, eee? recog- nize about a dozen species of Gossypium scattered over the world’s six continents, and on the majority of the continents the ea! - ae have not only utilized the native species but through them have developed a high degree of artistic skill. In the graves of Peru we find not only some of the world’s most ex- chnica all of th of Peruvian fabrics is in the s from the alpaca, the llama, and the vicufia, but the Hea ot oe nature of the ae are determined by the character of the otton fiber. ‘otton, in my een ent, is a ine textile fiber. Mankind, at a much earlier date, had learned to spin the ro se basts, particularly flax, and the rough native wool fror ee cone ned herds of sheep. As a matter hod. in, ight or whorl, It is my ee that i iki soms e has not been broken shows the ipa a av gh p a h, obviously eA contact with the little pottery or shell aoe ere in ‘the women’s ee ve of that fabulous empire. Across the world, in the valley of the Dacca, not far from. modern 0 un ar n for t agant co of northern India these Dacca muslins wer m thr which 200 miles long, made from gle pound of cotton fiber; and some of the fabrics aving containes € yi pound. We have an accurate record of this spinning; and, as in Peru, ording to S. C. Harland in Biblographia Genetica (9:107-182, 1932) the dene vot Ce ecupinnn in ih N==26 are as follows: G. hirsutum, G. purpurascens, and G. barbadense (cultivated in the New World), and - tomentosum an and ae (wild in Pol mnesia) | wile the species in whi ch are: oreun ond _ G. lancea wild in Ww i Me wild in Australia), Numerous other specific names have beet roposed A eS PB to Africa ee ay oe Far Enact plants support- ing these insects were cultivated, or at least pate by man, for the sake of this valuable dye, which was obtained from the female. that our own machine-made products = ow that it is impossible to go backward in the time cycle of i ven- ti are in an age o ee je of highly ere imag- ation in Sobeciog: and workr ere has been a rapi improvernen in the quality of our industrial art, and we will do still Better as we study and compare the values which have co n to us from the ae history of the arts of dyeing. But, if we ing i world in which wil in ex e products and build up markets for our goods by buying the productions of other regions, it se to me that some ee to restore the trade in the ancient dyes might be a move, not only in the direction of a better and sounder textile art but also toward a more rational economy. ee Saturday Lectures to be Resumed Jan. 9 Howard R. Sebold, who has brought many classes from Columbia University’s School of Landscape Architecture to the Botanical Garden to study the trees and s and other plantings, will be the first speaker on i in o1 urday which will begin on Saturd: atiernoon, Jan. e fe kodachre illustrations most of whic! ere taken at the Yo cal Garden in late fall and winter, he will speak on “Ornamental Fruits a He in the Winter Garden.” The second lecture, Jan. 16, ‘will bring. Prof and Mrs, Clarence H. Young to the e platform. again, speaking this time e-War_ Rambles in ees The completed program will be sohied in the Journal for Jam 294 Ash Trees Threatened By Lilac Borers By Ralph Pinkus RECENT outbreak of borers which are ee ing the ash trees at the New York Botanical Garden has already sed the death of several ut twe the natural enemies of the borers or by climatic fac This suggests the possibility of cyclical Se in the aed = ‘these borers. Appearance of Infestation n the spring of 1941 a large specimen of green ash, Fraxinus on mA runk vanica lanceolata, leafed out onl arsely lose observation of t showe' sence of numerous ae about a quarter of an ee im diameter, obviously made by s the seaso ance les appeared fro: hich large cuties of frass, the sawdust-like refuse from the insect larvae, were forced out. Some of the ne iy loasely to the bark, but most of it dro ee to the ground. of July, when the frass stopped falling, an inch layer had ae nm the ground surrounding the base of the tree. A month later brown cee pupal cases an inch in length were’ pro- i hi adults truding from many of the holes. It was evident that the adults had nd ppear By this time ae tree was so weakened that nearly all of the leaves had fallen and ma: the he! inter tre s dead and it was then cut down and burne ithin a distan two hundred yards from this tree were several specimens of the common white ash, Fravinus americana, se had also bi infested, but the damage did not become apparent until late in the spring 0 , when t pper branches showed signs characteristic of failing by producing f and scant foliage a irely d the summer. Late in August and early in September there emerged from hol the ae curious-looking insects which at oe glance appeared to be wasps. It was noted that they emerged only sunny days, never when it was a clouded or raining. Life Cycle of the Invader The adult of this ae which is a clearwing moth, is an inch long and metallic black in oe vith a narrow orange band across the abdomen and orange markings o ihe egs. The forewings are also black, but the hindwings are eae except for an opaque margin. The upper r part of the thorax and part of the head are of a reddish color similar to that 1 Seaver, Fred J. Borers Infesting the Ash. Jour. N. Y. B. G. XVII (199): 95-97. July 1916, 295 jotographs by Fleda Griffith Adult (left) and larvae of the clearwing moth, Podosesia syringae, which has become u menace to ash trees, The moth is shown here i times natural size, the larvae approximately doub found on certain wasps of the genus Polistes. The insects described are the adults of the lilac borer, Podosesi aa a moth whose diurnal habit of activity and resemblance t to a wasp pre mably serve as means of protection. Yet, as in other moths, the wing ie rub off readily when Tenmediately after sae the moth clings to the bark on the sunny side of the t Here the integument hardens, enabling the insect to fly in an hour or two. andled before it can fly the legs are apt to fall off. : chi . es 0 the trunk, where they remain for the winter. T is depth of overwintering is probably responsible for the lack of borer activity on wood less than two inches in diameter. The mature larva is an inch long and white throughout except for its glossy brown head. During the summer it lives by chewing tunnels 2 The moth was identified by Dr. a8 tles D. ener of the American Museum o Natural History. a spite of De ame, it has e eaaenly been recorded from ash ty ough somewhat lar: : than the other specimens of P. syringae in the the pas 4 Museum's. collection, its "structure "and fharkings | are similar. The lilac borer belongs to ane eee _Acgetiidae oo e ies bee ae the an aia Peach horer poplar borer, an which clearwings. ’ h bore ae dosesia fravini, its neare est ve, is foun ie ee ‘ck the Mississi ipl Peas er and: ‘th sis 7 can be readily dietneastel by its light brown instead of black forewings, The | ‘a of the conard moth is a much larger borer than the lilac borer and is frequently “responsible injury to the. lilac. 296 through the wood. In preparation for eee it clears a passage to the surface of the bark to make possible the later emergence of the adult moth, which has no jaws for chewing the wood. The larva then pupates with its head facing the opening but far enough back in the burrow t to be invisible. The pupal state a about a month. The glossy chocolate brown pupa then works its way to the op aa ie means of short bristles or tubercles mn its abdominal cores and # eee a leaving the pupal case projecting from the opening of . bai Possibilities of Control The adequate control of borers is not a Sie matter. Familiarity with the life history of the insect may reveal a period ‘in its dev elopr ment when it can be attacked and ee ome aes can n be eliminated during he height o vity by mea a sharp there were some untreated holes. This treatment requires further experi- mentation. Though the method is still untried, it may be possible to control these borers by plugging the holes with putty pe the — od of ee the early part of August, to prevent the moths from emerging. eithe e pupae nor the moths are equipped with sufficiently pe ful ne ie} tr ct n the case of a heavy infestation where many trees are attacked i almost impossible to save the trees by artificial » ven s. The control aie be left to natural enemies such as birds, insects, and diseases which may me the bor or another removal and burning of infested trees ‘to prevent the spread of the insect is done most effectively during the long period after the eggs are laid and before the adults emerge, that is, any time from October to the following August 297 Six Members’ “Day Programs Announced HE first Menbers Day of the new year will occur the afternoon of , and from then to June a program will be given the first We month at 3:30 p.m. in the Members’ Room. Exhibits of plant materia nhouses and grounds a Pi atri onia Licbmanni 162; “Glory of Si, Albans™ 162 enzoin aestivale st, 82", 121; ssaefolium 12 . Crvw) 5 Dincic Work ts Biekart, Henry M. (ryw) 185 Bixa Oren 200", 201 Blair, ¥ Aa dress to Graduates of the ‘wo-Year Courses 179 ieee pulverulenta 200* Blumenthal, George R3 306 Blundell, Christopher 261 Covauillie platanifolia 275 Board 116, 162 C 4, 84, 122 v, dae Cep! sleaiellan Alstonii 102; a a seph 2. spongiosum 102 Bonistel, wiles 87, eratost i ms and Peebles in Cercis cana owing of Drug Plants* Ceropegia cee ae Sander- 9-95 sonii 131; stapeliaeformis 130*, 8 ougainvillea (white) 26 jounties (E. H, Fulling) 44-53 volubilis 98 cuee ne Fairchild 116, R12 vett 190 rady, Eugene 179 rasenia Schreberi 80 Ea ritton, Mrs, N. L. 202, 203 ritton, Nathaniel Lord 202, 205 ritton, Wilton Everett (Labora- ) 212 tory rittonia R13 roderick, R. ¢ ) 211 rodiaea capitata 65* romelia Pinguin 197 rooklyn Museum 291, 292 rown, Addison 203 ryant, Edgar 236 uck, Ellsworth B. 162 uildings and Grounds R3 urke, Joseph F. 116, 233; (rvw) 36 Butler, Ellys Theodora R22 Byrsonima spicata 198 Cc lathea Jutea Cal Calendula cialis 151 Cal Ma _ Palustris venustu: 235, 284 camel Bursa “pastoris 73 ia, José P. Feb. cover, R6, ecesitaie 129, 131 retrospiciens 131 Carapa guianensis 195, Keys to North yearn Species) Ru Caribs (Plants Used By) 189-201 198, 199* Carpobrotus acinaciformis edule 102; glaucescens 102 102; Car; Car. vouiyilie aromaticus Cnagieiic sare 4 131 Chamaealoe Chandler, cya 115, R23; (rvws) 56, 281 Chauncey, Alice 233 Cheney, Ralph H, Tea Substitutes in the United States 117-124 Chenopodium album 73, 111 s 8-1 Chi aphila ‘anal 80 Chimarehis cymosa 198 os (Science Society) 1 ‘ont cae in Medicina ae oa Willard M. Porterfield, Jr.) 223-230 Chinese Gardens” Ching Tsai (new “Chinese vege- table 107 Chionanthus virginieus 82*, 83 Chrysler Herbarium 138 ave ler, M. A. is sobalanus Teaco 193 Chenin draehteti 193 Ledgeriana 178; of- Saal 177 ea Camphora 227; cas- 227; zeylanicum 227 en o laris 128 Clarke, Gilmore D, 163, R3 Claytonia virginica 65 Clematis Douglasii 81 Clibadium sylvestre 194 Clintonia borealis 83 Clum, Harold H. (rvw) 280 Coccothrinax martinicensis 193, 199* ‘olie, M Edward M, 137 ‘olom, Jo 298 Colquhoun, Archibald 17 Connecticut Agricultural Experi- ment Station es (staff) 27, 54, 115, 162, ‘onservatorie: Heat “so Co. (lecture course) 1 onstance, Takai Coombs, Mrs. ae ao 88, 138, 163; (rvw) 24 Coy ak trifolia sis Dicaiscacs 247 ae 28 Corporation 54 Corylus americana $8; cornuta 58 Cotton 285-293; Dec. cover*. 304* *, 304* cover Catyledon 104 Cranbrook Institute of Science 29! 9 Crassula argentea 101*, 105 arborescens 105; corymbulosa os ae 105; nemorosa ee 105; 3s portulacea pyrai crystallinum 102 ‘ryéphytum urbita foetidissima 84 Cues : cae of Mushrooms* (G. mond Rettew) 8-14 Gis of Suc eyed oo (E, J. Al Seay Curcuma longa ee ous William V. (rvw) 112 Cyanotis sottaliensis 96 Cyathea ar! aa rea 193, 194% Cycads their So-Called Flowers. oa Fruits* 248-251 Cycas circinalis 249*; revoluta 248" Cymbopagon flexuosus 207; Nar- dus 207 Cyphomandra betacea R6 Dacryodes excelsa 192*, 193 Dictenas lis ree Didierea 127 Digitalis purpurea 91, 95 Dimock, A. W. 116 Dion edule 250-251* Diospyros Ehenaster giniana 74 Diplocyatha 129 194; vir Displays R4-8, R29*, 283 (See also Exhibits) Dodecatheon 65* Dodds, Donald Dodge, B. iat 188, 231, 233, 283, 297, 298 Dodge, Dorstenia crispa 99; foetida 99; gigas 99 Doryanthes 99 Doryanthes 99 s H, Beaman pa Henry E, pei 187 Downing, Andrew Jackson 265*, 267 ig, Charles 267 repanocladus 235 Jrosanthem ciosum 102 um spe drug Plants jose 89-95 mas 85 1d 03 uff, Mildred 17 ann, Hamilton 236 irvalia yer, , Thomas 179 ly New York Seedsmen and ‘serymen* ae right) 261-268 Echeve: 03 29, a Echinacea angustifol Echinoth us Saar 129 Edible Weeds of Prey and Woods (Helen ‘ox) 108- 11 Edithcolea 129 grandis is Banca nal 114, » R12. rf ee, at _ Reales William W. (prizes) ap Eise id Jr. Bln dria ta gin Botanic Garden Bie racemosa re Engett, John J. 236 Ephed. i 226; sinica 226 Eric, real fe mn Erigeron Eriodicty: ican 82 Brithalie, “tr uticosa 193 ium Erythron americanum 65 Erythroxylon Coca 174 Essentiat Oils 140 son, Jame: Eup iF omen 151 Euphorbi: Bojeri 127; “C6 1 126"; neri- ifolia 126", 127; obesa 1267; poly; ae 126*; splendens 127; Suz: e126". one dominican 193, 196", 197 7, 115, 139, 162, Te ; ae 97 Ewan, Joseph (rvw) 158 Exch: +5 4. 26, 107; (orchids) flowers) 284; sin Dec.) 28 (sprii flower: (See also Displa: Exostemma Exostemma 197 307 Fagus grandifolia 58 Felt, E. P. 188; (row) 2 P, Feltges, William P. Field Botany Course 2 Fife, Sarah Girl (Mrs. Robert H. 138; (rvw) 185 Finane Floy, aan = 264 Fosoienlon rnleare 181, 230 Pla: of the Indians* PiMtaien o & G, L, Wittrock) 57-71 Forster, Mrs. John A. 163, R4 Fossum, F, Truman a6 Fox, Helen M. ae Mortimer J.) 86, 134, 1 Edible Weets ot Warsi and oods 10: Fragaria vese ar virginiana 12 Fraxinus americana 294; penn- sylvanica lanceolata 294 Frerea indica 129 aes sche Bros. 87 ulford, Margaret 139, R24 Pails 7 nee aad Plant Life a w of Man Basher Gaia 152 ; (Bounties) 44-53 Gager, C, Stuart 162 Garden Flower et 254 es 114 (See also Garden: > Chronicle of America 235 Gardeners Forum Garrick, Maria an 88 Gasteria 97*. 98, 173 Gaultheria protons 81, 121 enesee Farmer 2 Gentiana Iutea oon scahra 228 se peared 198, 199%; Hodgeorum 199* Ger oeaianen crassicarpum 76 Getting an Early Start with bet bles (James G. Esson} cite 2%, ma 140, 163, R6, — and Paine ie George H. 6, 7, Gilly, a L. 28, nee 297, 299; (rows) 24, 186, 187, 255, 256, 30: Ginkgo ‘hae Sent, cover Gte 162, R24, 181, 5, aes istoaneropricsicata penduliffora 200* Glycyrrhiza echinata 227; glabra 227; uralensis 227 Goodspeed, T, H, R10 Goodspeed, T. Gossypium 201, 288, Dec. cover*, Coane Seer C Green, Elsie baat aw 301 Greenovia 105 Griffith, Fleda R24; Covers: Apr. —July, Sept., Nov., and other tration eae rob ounds and peru R34 Gear Abel Joel R24 oS TOW! ing Wild) Flowers /rom (H. H. Whetzel) 244- - a area Rusbyi uatteria es ae Ge 165-170 Guenther, Ernest S. 13 Gynnocladus dioica 78 nerium sagittatum 193, 199" ed H Haas, Theodor Philipp Cycad Photographs ae 251 adland, Li zabeth c its, 138, 139, z Hamamelis virginiana 80, 82* Hamilton, C. C. 188 Hansell, Dorothy hee 235, 236 Haring, Inez M. Harpagophytuyn eal Hastings, George T. 53 Haworthia 98-99, 173 eymbiformis 97* Heckscher, August R3 ee tuberosus RB Helic Bihai 197; 19. caribaea a “197 Hemerocallis 260; (Chinese spe- ies) 2. 243"; nana 242; en » Peter 262", 2. lender: 266, 268 Henan hie 179 A H. Woodward) 13. Herb Society of America 87, 137 Herbarium R9-10 Herbs in vec (Mala Rubin- i -15 umery (Christian Wish!) 206-209 Hervey, Annette 260, Heuchera americana 83; Pruhon- isi jana 260 ev brasilie Herat aif 83 Hibisc tiliace ae Hillia perasitica 2007 Hippeastram candidum R6; pro- cerum R6 Hodge, W. H. cover Plants Wen » vo Dominica Caribs* Hodson, Sar. w) 187 Hogg, Thomas oy 203, 264, 266 a Arthur 203 Holmes, Mrs. Christian R. R3 Hoodia 129 Bainii 130* Hooker, Mrs. Elon Huntington 138 Hopkins, Milton Wild Plants Used in Cookery 71-76 Hopper, Franklin F. R11 Horticulturist (magazine) 200 Hosack, David 201, 203 ee “Marshall A. 205 Huernia 131 sean nea Srthelmuunticn 228; Kurzii 228, 265*, Hydnum 235 Hydrastis canadensis Hymenea Courbaril 193 Hymerecyclus 102 Hyoscyamus niger 91 urpureocroceus Tlex Cassine 122; crenata Helleri a glabra 1225 opaca 122; is » 123 Tetum verum 226, ane aieaes 226 Imle, E. P. 118 Indians (plants used by) 57-71, 76-86 Inga ingoides 193; International Balsa 271, laurina 193 Corp. 270, Internati ional Flower Show 86 Tpomoea Batatas 193; pandurata 68 Ischnosiphon Arouma 195*, 197 Jsopyrum hiternatum 246 196*, Jack, James B. 6, 7, 231, 232 Jack, James S. 7 Practical Vegetable es for Amateur Gardener 308 Jacquinia pubescens 178 Jennison, Mrs. H. Keeping Garden Flowers Fresh 52-254 Jolinston, Edith Farrington 26 Journal of the New York Botani- cal Garden R13 Jugians cinerea 58; nigra 58 Juniperus communis 85 Kalanchué beharensis Apr. cover 103; nae Tae tea Daigre- 103; 100” scandens tubiflora 10 103, 204! Kane (John Innes) Fund Dec. ed. Keplan, Meyer ee var ah, F. W. 162, R25, 212 Cis) 6, Hee _ 211 Kavanagh, Viren (Mrs. F. W.) ane scan Flowers Fresh Mrs, H, A, Jennison) 252 » F. e 181 at rthur 7, 231 King, Eleanor R13 Kirby, George 23. Kistner, Mrs. Henry 233 Kitchingia peltata 106*; uniflora 04 32 aizoides, Anteuphor- draliscae", neriifoli repens, stapeliaeformis, to- entosa 133 Ktine, Leonard 298 Knudson, Lewis 27 Kogon, Aviva 163 Kojan, Selma C, R25 Koo, Mme. V. K. Wellington Sept. ed. Krukoff, B. A. 26, 27, R25, 235 L Lampranthus Bro coccineus, omar; inate. cece bilis, Zeyheri 102 Lamson, Mary me (rvw) 210 aureus Bamboo — oe Civiliza- 2 Liquidambar Styracifl Lithospermam Bae 69* aie ne ae Li id, a . 233 ra ss ant csilees and Dis- Li plays R4 Lomatium ambiguum 68 Lomatophytlum 98 Looking Into a Banana ‘“Tree”™* (H. CY 141-148 = W. Luffa cylindrica 225 Lycoperdon Guan 83 Lyon, Laura F. 26 Ma, Robera 28, 107, 138, 162, R25, + (rvw) 281 MaeDeot nD. T. Domestication in a Decade 165- 16 men it H. Woodward What is Gua? 168-170 Mackanest, F k G. (rvw) 255 Mahonia 15 Main Conservatories R12-13* (See also Displays and Exhibits) icana 193 299; (rvws) 25, 301 McKenry, Margaret, Jan. cover, 107 Medicines From Plants* (Marion A & GL Wittrock) 76-86 Meloche, Wilifred Members’ Day one 261, (programs) 222, 297 Membership R10, R29-39 Mentha arvensis 230; canadensis ae Piperita 121 282; Merrill, R13. 205 Mesembryanthemum 99, 125* Metropolitai Museu: of Art 216, 218, nde 289 Molde, a N, 114, 115, 139, dence, Joseph R26 Monadeniam Lugardae 127; Schu- bei 127 Monanthes 105 polyphylta 103* ™polyphylia 403" Monarda didyma 74, 120; fistulosa 74 Monstera pertusa 197 Montagne, H. de 62 Montague, s. Gilbert H, R3 Montgomery, Mrs, Robert H. 163 Montia perfoliata 61 Montreal Botan a wo 161 nee Mr. rs. William Fellows 63 SJ Moricandta sonchifolia 107 0. ronahe Lea Rob » Florence Myroxylon peruiferum 176". 178 National 283 Academy of Sciences Naylor, E. E. 284 Nelumbiem eae 58, 59%; Nemophile mete 247 Nea ieee rf a. atccie Garden 202, 268 New York Botanical Garden (His- tory) 201-205; (Membership) R29-39 New i Cc 2. Noble, Mrs, B. 221, 222 Noy 0 ifera aa North American Flora i Notes on the History aE the Bo- tanical arden (William J. Robbins) 201- Notonia 133 Grantii, pendula semperviva 133 Ochroma lagopus* 268-277 on . Jay Olack, Theodore ae 139, 179, 236 inger, Elmer 299 onan monosperma 198 Ornamental Deciduous J. van Melle) 15-22; 33-425 2-43 Shrubs* (PT. (Index) 42. scularia caulescens 102; del- toides 102 Osmorhiza longistylis 84 munda 210 cinmamom 3 Claytoniana 71 Othonna snail 132* Othonna crassifolia 132* 309 Outdoor Plantings R6-8 Oxalis 61 violacea 73 Pachira barrigon 275 Pachyphytum m1 A Pachypodiu paterson, Francis eckham, Ethel ae S, R26, 3, 259 Pecora, Charles 23 2, 208 carnosum 106; erithmifolium 106; cehinatury 106; paradox- un 125"; tetragonum‘ Mose virginica 66*, Penstemon grandiflorus a a i s g hy Picramnia pentandra 197 Pierce, John H. 116, 299; (rvws) 186, 187 Bal Isa—Lightw eight Champion ber Tree* 268-277 R26, 298; (rvws) Thretened by 294-296 Pinus cies Pirone, Pithecellohium Jupunba 194 Plant Collections R4-8 Plant Diseases R11-12 Pia stribution 162, RS, Pla d the Law of Man {E. Falling) — Barberry Sebaichig. 152-157; Bounties 44-53 anting the Home Grounds Course 2at by the Dominica Caribs* -_ H. piel 189-201 vy Tat, Rather ford:2 Pol chek John 17 Polyga ala = enega ref 228; folia tenui- Borterheld Willard M. Jr. 86, 137; (rvw) ac China’s ontribution se Herbs 223-: 230 Medicin Portulaca oleracea 73 eonaEee ai 99 ul ‘able Growing for eur Carden rs (James 5. 1-6 a Jack) Pratt, Mrs, Harold 1, 116, R3 Prer.anthes alba 84 rince, Robert William ert 2: Probes oad Possibilities in the rowing of Drug Plant: 7 (wa ion J. Bonis ae 89-9 Prosopis glandul a 6", pubescens 60 a a 8. nee - caiapestcis i Bs idium Guajava 193 soratea esculenta 66*. 68, 76, “7 Psychotria Ipecacuanha 178 oder aguilinum 71, 110 Plerodiseus f the G Rw 14; (of the Staff) R22. Pueraria ceaon 208, Pyrenacantha malvifolia 128 Quercus agrifolia 58; coccifera 293; Michauxii 58 Question Column 164 Quisqualis indica 230 R Radio Programs 115 Rennell, Mrs. tienry. oe Rettew, G. Raymond Cultivation of Mushrooms* 8- 14 Rhamnous shiana 8 Rheum officinale 226; palmatum cathartica 80; Pur- 0 26 Rhus glabra 75; typhina 83 Rhyticocos amara 198 Richeria grandis ie Ricinus communis Rickert, H. W. 28, ais 116, 138, , R26, 297; (rvws) 25, 186, “Botanic” or ‘Botanical’? Looking Into a Banana eae 141-148 Rickett, Mrs. H. W. 138 Rabbis William J. Jan. ed., 27, oe 115, 134, 139, moe ‘y31, mab. w) 281 Report of the Di- Botanical Robbins, ie William J, 138 01 a 105; odoratissima Rockwell, e F. 232 Rosmarinus officinalis 150 Rubenstein, Mala 86, 137 erbs in Cosmetics 148-151 Rubus occidentalis 118 Ruggles, Samuel B. Rumex US usby, H. H. 202, 203 agittaria eee 66*, 67, 72 na viminalis 131 argentia 211 ifolium 81, 118 chmidt, Ma rtley 138, 298 cholarships 13 188 ehrciner, 7 chulthe’ 139 chwatien, Tae 138; (rvw) 56 ee tz, Mrs, Henry F. 138 cience Course for eerie Gardeners 1; (graduation) is iety of China 188 Eire: Work Ri4 ne Horticultur- en 162 Seatt, Robert Ma Rae Mrs. Samuel 260 Seaver, F. J. 28, 139, R26, 233, 335, 297 Sebold, Howard R. 116, 293 Seed Exchange R8& Senccio 132 pyramidat scaposus 132 romeo 132, 133* Sesamothamnus 1 Sesamum or! Beale 227 hort vse in sctial Garden- 2 15-22; 33-42; (Index) Sida 198 Silphium teeiniatam a Simaruha ama Simpson, Rober 310 Smilacina stellata Smilax aspera 17; hikes 60 ith, ae Jamesii, ae Solidago odora 122 South African ice. Paintings Sor merica’s Contribution in Medicinal Herbs* (Henry K. Svenson) 174-178 i at the Garden 14-1 (rvw) ne Spring Lectures at Gare Staff Gane 114, 212, _ on Stangeria eriopus 115; paradoxa Ra, ore Stapelia 1 sigantea ty ‘ender 130°; Steers L. re Cow) 300 caribaea Sere _ 203 Stewart, R. ge 415, 260, 297; (rv ae 255 Stigmaphyllon Buberum 197, 200* oe Toda Be pe 115, R26, 232, ae > (rvw ,. 211 aot Potatoe 164 Daylilies of Chinese Origin* 237-243 Stout, Mrs. Charles H. 54 Strong, ee ae G. 260 Stuart, R ee Student Garde a 299 Stultiti eee diphyllum 2 = aceu! a nt Raed (eaten 170 Pla ae Old await oe ler) 96- 107; 124-13 K, 87, 137, ica’s eGae ‘bition inal Herbs* 174-178 Svarire “College 162 Swift, Howai ye 116; (rvw) 25 den’ yn Tabeuia pallida Tansey, Jaen h R6, R27 Tapura ana st, -_ Taraxac 189 in the United (Ralph H, Cheney) 117- 124 pares oa Conservation . cover, 3 arian Gephantifes 96 Teuscher, Henry 161 rauupes 70 161 lanupes 70 Thomas, William S. 22-23, Thomson, J. W. R10 Thorburn, Grant 263, 264, 266, 268 Anniversary) 180-181, 201 Torrey Club Gen 75th An- niversary* 180-181 Tovamita bruni ri 198 Sicamcyes one R& ‘ichoca pictun 0" Tri rhsdiadesia 102, 125* stellatum 125* Trifolium 61 ee ma Glea: 3 grandiflorum 246 roped Gi R6 saga canadensis 81; heterophylla te Turner, F . J. 277 Two-Year Course in Practice: Gardeni 315 Hondatons 9 Typha augustifolia 67, 74; lati- folia 67, 74, 83 Uhelski, John 236 Ulmus fulva 69, 228; parvifolia 228 United China Relief 229 Urgine ea 94 Urtica dioica 111, 15 Vv Vaccinium 28 pensylvanicum Vai a _ t, Diedbeth Remsen 135, a ‘an Bes Hoek, : - a van Melle, P. J. R27, Ornamental beac oa 5-22; $23 (Index) 42-43 Norden . L. 86, 136 ae Course 231 foo Cie 1-6; 29-32 Veratrum viride 85 nay-Cutting Expedition R13 rosea R8& 2 33 Be 8 2 22 5 5 8 ck ietoria cruziana 235; Nov. cover"; regia 235 Victory gram in Vegetable Ga: Voislawsky, Mrs. seule P. 138 Volunteer Workers R11, R12, July ed. vuumccl WHISeTS LL, 616 July ed, vuuthee: workers as41, ACLZ ‘ard, Kingdo Watson, Donald z oo 300 Watts, John 6, 7, Is Guayule? (Carol H. Woodward & D. T. MacDougal) 168-170 Wheeler, Mrs. William G 233 biviade H. H. rowing Wild Flowers From eae 244-247 Wight, ear in 86, terbs i estamos ne 209 Ww . Flowers (From Seed) 244- SH 7 Plan sed in Cookery iltor m Hoskins 71-76 Wiley, Pari ida Williams, Frances Williams, ee, Mc. (Mrs, jelson B.) 1385 ae 160 Williams, Rol ‘ock, G. L. ‘36, ars 136, 231, Wittrock, Marion A. & G. L, 86 ay ral nts of the Indians* Me ai icines From Plants* 76-86 Woodin, Mrs. William H. R3 138, R27; . T, MacDougal ee is Stayulet 168-170 Woodward, Helen M. March ae Ww. Wri i anes ia Wynne, Frances 235 Xanthosoma 191 Y Prof. & Mrs, Clarence H. 293 Yucea baceata 61 Zamia portoricensis 115; monti- cola Hee silvicola 249* Zimmer, Esther M. 116, R12, 188, _ Zingiber nigrum 230; officinale 228 Zizania aquatica 62*, 63 Zygophyllum Fontanesii 107 Zveonhvllum Fontanesii 107 311 BOOK REVIEWS Allen, 35 Anderson, D. B. (See, Meyer L, H. R. M. Photomicrography T's Plants in Bates, Alfred. The Gardener's Third Year 301 Beadneil, C. M. Dictionary of Scientific Terms 257 pee William J. & Richmond William ” History of The ‘i 21 aes Jeffer- Mon. 12 * Dery & Dorothea aie Flower Pai aie rae lice Scaicaeaiad? McKenny) Blair, Laurence & Edna. Food anes 183 (See The Blom, Dorothea Ge Biddle) Boat, Sam ‘ardening— Witho unk a jowers, than rooks, R. E. (editor) te Diary - Michael Floy, 56 A. J. Panshin, es of the United States 211 Ned F. Field Manuat or Museums 113 Butler, Ovid. American Con- servation in Picture and in Story 257 mping, 57 (illustrator). H. Deciduous D. H. The Seasons Woodman 302 Collingwood, Knowing Y our Trees 256 Your Tre ae Julian D. Working Vexetable Gatdening 278 ross, Ruth. Wake Up and Garden 187 Darrah, William Co Au In- troduction to the Plant ger ences 301 Dayton, William A, (See Kelsey) Dempsey, aul W. ow Your Own Vegetables 182 de ca Leonie. Magic in Herbs 8 Deyoe, Cals BP. & Fred T, Ullrich, Gelting Prue with Agriculture 2 Dobzhansky, ee Gen- etics and tlie Origin of Spe- 158 Eherson, Frederick, The Mi- crohe's Challenge 254 Eigsti, O. J. & Barbara Tenney. Conser erican Retuuice: Emig, \ en Technique Emiley, Warren E. Flax and its a 279 H. & Edgar J. ” Victory Backyard ns 278 Farnham, Dwight. The Em- ee Male in the Garden rae var, Em Flower Ar- piers in "ie 303 Felt, Ephraim Harold Shae ‘Applied Estomsiegs oe Gordon F. Atlas of the Scale Insects 303 Flock, eae Burnett. Wild Flow: of the Prairie Prov- ines 278 Ford, William W. Bacteriology 303 on A. S. Practical Plant natomy roe y (See Wells) Frei, "Ru aes: Ge eon Fuller, Plant World 187 Gage, Simon Henry. The Micro- scope 112 Goodspeed, T. Harper. Plant Hunters in the Andes 24 Harland, Elizabeth M. Farmer's Het 1 300 arlow, William, Trees of the Pia States and aaa Canada —& a S. Harrar. Text- bo f Dendy 280 Hanan Elwoo (See Har- w) Harn Stuart K. (See Wyman) Benjamin Tectbook ey “Biochemistry 28 ard Forest. Harvard Is 1 offman, Tabea (illustrator). ) Hottes, Afres ari, 0 sarden Questions Answer 13; The k of Trees urd, = Hi Gillust ir) Gardening with the Experts 25 in Summer 257 Jaeger, Edmund C, Desert Wild Flowers 160 dq) Plant Families: How ‘0 Know Them 280 Jenny, Hake cea of Soil 15 Bains, asi Gardens rDefnse 278 —k M. McQuesten. & Wm. A. Standard- 210 Knott, J. E. Ve; 112 Lambert, L. Practical and Scientific nricheno Culture 279 Langstaff, . Atk Dr. Bard of Hyde Lawrence, inte, A South- getable Growing Leighton, Bs are (illustrator). (See ae SK Limbach, Rus: Trees 256 Lucas, Jannette May. of the Earth 302 A Lot of In- American Fruits Lutz, Frank TE. sects - sey's Garden Massey, W. Bo Southern States Ma ok for ie 255 Matlin, D. R. Chemical Gar- dening 303 Matschat, Cecile Hulse. Amer- 312 ican Butterflies and Moths 258 McAlister, Ethel, Amos Eaton 158 McKenny, Mar; air Trees of the Covnteyide 2 Urea » Le fete Kains) ens Biological ate 56 Tetealf, Franklin VP. ‘no en a +B Flora of &D. son, ory rae see ogy wate hors Mies, Willog J. An Introduc- o Nistor Geology 256 Morse, arden Luasily 186 Mulloy, Richmond Croom (See Beatty) Nissley, Charles H. The Pocket Look of Vegetable Gardening 1 Niven, L. A. (See Massey) Nylen, en . Tobe _ Jobs in the Forests at 25 Gro’ for Your rat 78 *Hanlon, Ellen: inda- mentals of Plant Science 56 Panshin, A. See I rown) and Seed Travels; Tree: Birds Peebles, R. H. (See Kearney) Perkins, pee B. (Se ) ary Grow a Garden gad Be Self: Pool, ne J. Flowers and Flowering Plants 25 Pratt, Richard, The Picture Garden Book ue Putnam, Jean-Marie & © = sper Gardens ea cate ‘ory 183 une. Vernon, Vegetables in the Garden and Their Leg- ends 183 Ratcliff, Josn D. (editor) S ience Year Book of 1942 258 R eal, 1 Iph C. Rubber’s oodyear 87 ee Erika (Sco (Pfeiffer) Robbins, Ann Roe, 25 Vege- tables Anyone Can ote 183 meen Miovence 3. Tabular Keys for the Identification of Whody Plants 160 Rodgers, Andrew Denny, ITI. hn A gaia . rangement Manual nual 308 nial us and Their Ways 258; See Root, Ralph Rodney. Contour- seaping 210 Rosenberg, H Chemistry and Phila of the Vita- mins Genera Botany 186 (See anseau) Cae Richard E Cor. ara to our Knowl- f Rivea canbe 160 Schulz, Ellen D, Cactus Cul- Shepard, Harold H. (See Fernald) perry, Armstrong. Bi The Grass Tree; Coconut— ‘The Wonder Tree 257 See Strain, Harold H. Chromate- graphic Adsorption Analysis 211 oes Elsie. By Light of Sun Teate, Fi win Way. Byways to Adventui eee T Bar ‘a (See Eigsti) Thompion, Home er C. Asparagus (See Chapman) Ullrich, Fred T. (See Deyoe) United State Sugar . Sugar and the Everglades 113 Van Dersal, William R, Orna- mental American Shrubs 301 Ward, Henry B. (editor) The Foundations of Conservation Education 255 Weatherwax, Paul. Plant Bi- ology 186 Dae Nell True. Sunset’s Flower Arrangement Book oe ells, Maie Lounsbury & a Doral Fox. Bay of the ert. T History of Selborne 113 Th as 7] 3 AES % Young, Paul R. Elementary Garden Graphs 257 warden raps 297 Laiden t ranhe 8 Jn WHEW TURK THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN rT JoserH 7 WAN: President Henry ve Forest Batpwin, Vice-president oun L. Me ee Vice: - president ARTHUR M. ANDERSON, Treasurer Henry DE LA Mon’ BE, Secretary Elective Man E. C, AucutTer Mrs. ia Hsitaltiee dl H. MontcoMEry WILiaM Fetron BARRETT pee 5 Bees PorTER : TERRE JAY Francis E, Powe, Jr. Henay. F pu Eo Crarence McK. LEWIS ras Hy. I Peace MarsHatt Frevp Henry Locxnart, Jr. BS TR ABOU on Rev. RonertI, Gannon, D.T. Ma cDoucat Wuuiam J. Ropsins S.J. E. ERRILL A. Percy SAUNDERS eects ee TS Fioretto H. LaGuarpia, Mayor of the of New York Exrswortu B. Buck, e Peesidend | ot ee Board a Education Rovert Moses, Par Appointive Manager. By the seid Botanical oe H. A. GLeason By Columbia University Marston T. Bocert Marcus M. Ruoanes Cartes W. BALLARD Sam F. TRELEASE THE STAFF ILLIAM J. Rogpins, Pu.D., Sc.D. 5 Director I. A, GLeason, Pu.D. Assistant Director and Head Curator TENRY DE LA MONTAGNE Assistant Derector .. B. Stout, Pa.D. Curator of Education and Laboraior RED J, Seaver, Pu.D., Sc.D, Cura ERNARD IODGE, .D. fant Patholowiat ouN HENDLEY BARNHART, A.M., M.D. Biblions her Eiehities I. W. Rickert, Px.D. Bibliographer Tarotp N. Moupenxe, Pu.D. (On leave of absence) perce. Curator . Svewart, Px.D, Acting Curator 06 . ALEXANDER, mB: s Assistant Curator and Coe of the e boca Herbarium H. Came, Pu. (On leazve of absence) sistant Curator D. : 'RANCES E, a ssistant Cur LYDE CHANDLER, Pu.D. Technical Assistant Technic i or, Pu.D, Technical Assistant uN H. Prerce, M.A. Technical Assistant H. Editorial istar ort or . L, Wrrrrock, A.M. Custodian of the Herbarium tro DEcENER, M.S. Collaborator in Hawaiian Botany . J. Grout, Pu.D. Bligstat) Curator of Mosses or Hon 2 Joseeu F. Burke Honorary. Curator of the Diatomaceae B. KruxkorF Honora ary Cur r of Economic Bot tany Eruet Anson S. cEECrEAM Honorary Curato: ArTHur J. eas, ‘Superintendent oF Buildings and Grounds A.C. Pra: Assistant Superintendent the oraniect Garden, take the Eighth Avenue Subway to Bedford Park Bhd, ‘the Th itd Avenue Elevated to the Bronx Park station, or the New York pentzal to the Botanic Garden station; or drive up the Grai Har ‘Concourse. then east on Mos oshol 1, coming from Westchester, turn west at end of Bronx River Ww we Boras Pkwy., or, The New the State of They also elect new members of their own body, given Stee Th s.G George Arent. Vincent Astor EG yAucl Henry de Forest Baldwin Sherman Baldw Prot Bogert Prof. Willi ca Bonisteel George Mrs. Richard de Wolfe Brixey 5 . Butle Prof. G: Calkins Mrs rew Carnegie WLR. Richard colt Mrs. Jerome W. Coombs Mrs. William Redmond Cross Mrs. C. I. DeBevoise Mrs. Thomas M. Debevoise Edward C. Delafel Mrs. John Ross Delafield ev. Dr. H. M. Denslow Julian Detmer Mrs. Charles D. Dickey William B. O. Fiel Mrs. Robert H. Fife Mrs. Henry J. Fisher e Advisory Council consists of 12 0 t was incorp! e' orated by New 1. The Act of TKcs rporation pro a soll perpen body of incorporators, who meet SAneally to sas members of the Beate of Man is aebe Harry Harkness Flagler rs. Mortimer J. Fox Childs Frick r A. Gleaso Mrs. Frederick A. Godley Mrs. George McM. Godley Prof. R. i Harper Prof. Tracy E. Hazen Mrs. William F. Hencken Mrs. A. Barton Hepburn Capt. Henry B. Hey! Mrs. Elon i Hooker Iman Louis E John R. McGinley Dr Merrill John L. Merrill Roswell Miller, Jr. Mrs. Roswell ile Wee . Roswell Miller, Sr. - Moffett Y. Morrison o are elected the present roster of wl by the Board. By Robert H. Fife, Chairman; Hool i William A. Lockwood, Second Vice- elson Bi Williams, Recording Sectet tary; Mrs, Townsend Scudder ; Carsinending ' Mrs. F. Leonard Kello Tre Mrs. Augustus G. Paine Mrs. James R. Parsons Rufus L. Pat Mrs. Wheeler H. Peckham Mrs. Geotee W. Perkins f. Marcus Rhoades Dr. William J. Robbins Prof Percy Saunders John M. Schi Mrs. Arthur H. Scribner Mrs. Townsend Scudder Mrs. Samuel Seabu aus Mrs. Theron G. Strong Mrs. se H eee Joseph R. Prof. Sam F. Trelease McL. Turner onie P. Voislawsky John C. Wi Richardson Wright peat Baar na a ory Creat ely ae Hine a Tame eli oba senietutnaseteleg PRT Siete da aL EERL