JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN CAROL H. WOODWARD EDITOR VOLUME 47 1946 Published monthly by the New York Botanical Garden BRONX PARK, NEW YORK 58, N. ¥. TABLE OF CONTENTS (Exclusive of Notes, Current Literature, and Book Reviews) anaes we _ : Seaweed Products and Their Uses in Am C.K. Tseng 1 I. Background of the beni ee in the U.S.A. I H. Uses in Food an rugs 4 The Banyan Tree of Bandar ’Abbas Mary F. Barrett WU Control! of Chrysanthemum Diseases . Dimock 14 Broadcast: Molds as Manufacturers Vincent W. Cochrane 15 etters From Readers On Cocobolo Flutes Joseph F. Burke 23 Rebuttal on Cinchona Review Norman Taylor 23 Fepruary (No. 554) The Surucucho WH. Camp 25 Seaweed Products and Their Uses in Americ . In Scientific ee fas: in Tidus CG; 32 The California Big Tree a , New Yor! W.C. Fame 40 Torrey Boone Club anion Tenet len’s Semi-Centennial 43 Marcu (No. 555) The Shamrock of Ireland—What I. a Harold N. and Alma L. Moldenke 49 ce Writing and Politi Joseph A, Brandt 59 ore the Blind the ee of Gardening 62 Apri (No, 556) Introductions of Daylilies in 1946 A. B. Stout 77 Growth William J. Robbins 82 Broadeast—Onions in Education and Research Charles A. Berger 84 Hidden eines ae len Leslie N. Goodding 86 Tafelberg’s Discove: 100 May (No. 557) A Commuter’s Greenhouse John H. Myers 105 Begonia Literature ie Notes aaa to Library 111 Orchid Society Meets at Garde: 111 Th uanita Margaret Douglas 112 Half-Century of Work at Garden Observed by Josep h W. mith 118 Exhibit of Plants anes Flowers Wins Award toe — Garden 119 Broadcast—Bugs Louis Pyenson 120 June oe 558) Cushion Plants of the Peruvian Pun: W. H. Hodge 133 Wildflower Sanctuary in a Long Island Garden Edith sii Johnston 141 Some Notes on the Lens. and Trees in Audubon’s “Birds of America” 144 Broadcast—Vegetable Sie That Make Fine Soap pa ee 155 African Expedition oh Way 157 Western Collecting Tri 160 y (No. 559) Garnering Edible Mushrooms te Vitamins d Minerals Margaret Poo te Teasel in the Woolen Indust: Fr ed ae hel 1 Something About Australian "Orchids H. Rupp i Summer Care of the Flower Garden rance ead 181 Holland Bulb Dedication 186 Aucust (No. 560) The Bur Oak Openings in Southern Wisconsin A. B. Stout 189 A duben Originals on Ls 197 Rose Growers Meet Again at Garden 198 Clinic on Rose Disease es cad Culture 199 ive Graduates Receive Chinas 202 Address to the Gradua James G. Esson 202 Mrs. Andrew Carnegi 208 Plants from Afri 208 Broadcast—Sugar is the Foundation of Afl Life E,. E, Naylor 209 SEPTEMBER (No. 561) Chrysanthemum Show and ae Oct. 25-27 213 Some Neglected Andean Tuber: W. H. Hodge 214 Plants and Plastics R. V. Williamson 225 Exhibit of Bessa Flower Paintings 232 Herbarium Gift sd Aa 562) N ONE A ae oe Lover in the Caribbee e Helen of the West fae J. S. Beard 237 ae Gia. Tree of Brazil and the Oil from its Seeds George S. Jamieson 243 B. O. Dodge Lesion Nematodes on Roots of Japanese Iris Do 246 Exploration—The Process and the Result On the Eerie of Botanical Explor: E. J. Alexander 248 On the Identification of Material in the Teta W. HY Cas _ 250 Broadcast—Sixteen Centuries of Tea Drin king (William H. Uker. ee aoe 562) nN Two 1 Report of the Director ee eis William J. Robbins 1 Publications of Members of the Staff H.W. Rickett 10 Report of the Treasur arthur M. Anderson 16 St Bounical Exploration ro the New York Botanical Garden 1897-1946 H. A. Gleason 23 New York Botanical Garden Membership~-1945 28 Events of 1945 at the New York Botanical Garden 39 ili Novemper (No. 563) Foods from Fermented Soybeans ... As Prepared in the Netherlands Indies aohoo, a Cheese-like Substance, and e Other Products ‘ Gerold Stahel 261 Robert Cine: arper A, B, Stout 267 Wood Displayed in Library Has Sais Properties 269 Ing Ty Pi 271 Fastigiate Oak Reproduced from Seed J. G. Esson 275 The Bessa tin 276 Three-Day Show and Program Staged with Eastern States aes Society 278 “The Gift of G 279 News from ‘Abro a 270 DeceMBER (No. 564) Foods from Fermente: oa A As Prepared in the Netherlands In I]—Tempe, A ee fal “Staple Gerold Stahel 285 Tropical Rain Tre Edwin A. Menninger 296 Dried Plants Used i in Pictorial Compositions 304 Return from Africa 307 Benefit Exhibit 307 Index to Vol, 47 308 COVER ILLUSTRATIONS 1946 Bladder Kelp eens on the Waters of Puget Sound Robert H. Tschudy January The Valley of the Rio Mazan, Province of Azuay, Ecuador W. H. Canip February sane in Ireland ac the Spot made Famous by St. Patrick Mrs, Branson De Cou March Manca a Daylily "De veloped at the Garden, Being Introduced This Year April Tulips at sat New York Botanical arden. Eliner N. Mitchell May Lilian etn Shown in the Painting of airie Hens by John James eke June Adirondack Scene William F. Afatthews July Hypericum Moserianum Elmer N. Mitchell August One of the Many Forms of Stapelia variegata in the Garden's Collection of Succulent Plants Elmer N. Mitchell September London Plane in Autumn William F, Matthews October From Garden and Farm Elmer N. Mitchell November ae made with Seed-heads of o Clematis Species Grace Knox Macfarlane December JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN Vo. 47 JANUARY PAGES No. 553 1-04 6 1—24 JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN Carot H. Woopwarp, Editor Events of the DMonth URING the current year it is planned to publish in each ounal a schedule of the month’s events. Announcements of Members’ Day, Saturday programs, broadcasts, and courses will be hod this month on the last page of the Journal. * * * Intermission Speaker = event of special interest in February is the appearance of r. William J. Robbins as the intermission speaker on The New oe Philharmonic = ony Society’s program to be broadcast over BC ai i some Sunday afternoon soon. ‘he date is aries set for Rebniacy 10. Dr. Robbins’ address, which will be on the subject of “Growth,” is one in a series of intermission a by leading scientists, sponsored by the United States Rubber Company. TABLE OF CONTENTS January 1946 BLappER Keir (Nereocystis Luetkeana) FLOATING ON THE WATERS OF PUGET SOUND Cover photograph by oF alias of Dr. Robert H. Tschudy ui mette University, Salem, Oregon SEAWEED Banas AND THEIR Uses In AM .K. Tseng = 1 OUND OF THE SEAWEED eo IN THE U.S.A. 1 IL Ga In Foop anp Drucs 4 Mary F. Barrett 11 A.W. Dimock 1 Broapcast: Motps as MANUFACTURERS Vincent W. Cochrane Vv. 18 Current LITERATURE AT Harriet K. Morse 22 EADER: BOLO FLUTES Joseph F. Burke 23 Rep L on CINCHONA bein Norman Taylor 23 January oe AT THE Gar 24 The ts i w York Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New York 58, N.Y. een in oe A a am a eecend Class Matter, January 28, 1936, at Be oe Office at New Yor shah N. Y., under the Act a sustse 24, 1912, Annual subscription $1, 50. Single copies 15 cents, Free to members of the Gar JOURNAL of THE NEW YoRK BOTANICAL GARDEN VoL. 47 January 1946 No. 553 Seaweed Products And Their Uses in America By C. K. Tseng Scripps Institution of Oceanography \ X YHEN we ae the list of things produced with the help of algae, hese seaweeds seem to be essential to much that we eat, as well as to Pee from a druggist y products which! today depend at least in part on these long-neglected seaweeds or which consist HW. 5 a ec g & & < 2 ia a Co .8 2 3g fa fo} = ta 0 iM 4 3 fo} 2, - fo} fo} Me entirely of algae themselves.— PART I BACKGROUND OF THE SEAWEED INDUSTRIES IN THE U.S.A. URING World War I there was a serious shortage of potash in the pain States, because the net of this chemical, so vitally im- portant in modern scientific agriculture, then came entirely from Germany. However, through the co-operation of an United States Cama: with Contributions from the Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of Califor La Jolla, California. New Series, No. 276. 1 2 home i pees several domestic sources potash were develop of these was the California seaweed kno nas the giant kelp (Macrocystis pyrifera) he alors of tl bls kelp remained second only tural brines as a sou American potash (Tressler, 1923)." | During of that time, acetone and ee acetate, both needed for the of smokeless powder, also were derived from Macrocystis through a unique oe process. Iodine and a oe carbon known as “kelpchar” wer other valuable ae produc The Pacific ee industry thus prospere oe ew years, with as y as ten factories engaged in ed for a as man the production of potash, acetone, kelpchar, and iodine from ee stis, bu t immediatel tilties, all of the kel ably it will never return, since potash a w i obtaine more cheaply from sources other one prene ut the Pacific kelp industry has come back for other purposes. Since = late 1920's . has been engaged in making a total lly different kind of pro g in ame ae 7 (Phacopl hy- ceae), especially kelps. ene serving as a source of algin, the Pacific kelp Macr oS as well as the bull or bladder kelp (Nereocystis Luet- keana) of the Puget Sou ind region, Wa: cha is dried and powdered for peas seaboard, the — Bes w materials the minaria ae (honed eyo nd L. scchaine “Croat sn nied 1945-6). In the recent war, ane rt [e) There was however, hor ais a pee important material, AGAR, which is ai in public “health work. ake is extracted chiefly from veka and also from other ae of the red Pie ueuetones Prior to the outbreak “o war n the P a most of t ‘ar came fro! oe Although it has been ears ed in this ev sinc 1919 (Tseng, 1945a), the domestic a: roduction ae to only a small percentage of x total American consumpti Until ee Ae erica’s agi ustry s = suc = principally because of the keen Japanes ee. Sin 941, however, the industry has greatly expanded and is now able see erenestly a of the essential s of this country. The aan agarophytes (agar-bearin s) elidium carti lagineum var. stum (agarweed) from southern California and Baja California, Mexico, and Gracilaria confervoides fror Beaufort, North Carolina, and Indi iver, Florida. acific species of Gelidium, such as G. a Other P d rborescens and G. sve (both ial as hair- agar), are also occasionally used in this relatively new industry. 1See footnote 3 (page 5), also the list of citations at the end of Part III, to be published next month. The aes ‘ Trish moss, or carrageen (Chondrus crispus), areas the oldest seaweed indus a he pea d oe ates. For a century it ie bee Gad oa ae chiefly for m ae blancmange. Late. ly, a commercially seful has been ree fon it to serve’as a stabilizer in Thocolat te ae ae pare cinee soda fountain syrups, cough syrups, tooth paste, ee wee cae other venaned and tl sre ont ike industry 3 in America was established on as Massa- tury ago, for the Sra ering of Irish moss. Botanic- aly cali Chandra — a member of the red algae, ae moss is also kno am in fe trish Fre ree aioe a Until oer Ee the industry amounted mainly to gathering and preparing the seaweed to sell as a crudely cured and par- fally bleached “moss. ” The buyer boiled the seaweed, ne served vari- ous ad ie ncluding anne milk dessert. At nt, besides the crudely cured ‘ TmOES? for kitchen use, a high! ly pur: vified extract of this plant, called CARRAGEENIN, is made available in large quantities. Such t de produc en reat demand in recent years by the food, drug other industries in this country. Irish moss is now being processed in Massachusetts and Main well as in Canada’s Maritime Provinces especially Prince Edward Island (Anonymous, 1942; Fraser, 1942; Needler, 1944). 4 hus, the aes of algin, agar, and oka siete now comprise the ae pri incipal seaweed industries in Amer: There are, besides, two maller and ay little known ones, the urple ee industry of California 2 nd the cae industry of the East Coast, both kinds ne sea- weed being used for food. Purple laver, which is botanically know Porphyra, has ee rae by the Chinese residents in California si since the latter part e last century. The species commonly utilize are harves Prior to the sues of war in the Pacific, a moderate quantity of the California lav as exported to Seer Rey 1931). American dulse (Rhodymenia ae a) comes most the Canadian Maritime Provinces especially in the Bay of fs ee (Wilson, 1943). e basis of the proc pe methods, American seaweed products of ‘ay may be Benes in the follo ae three groups: Whole seaweed : Irish moss, purple laver and dulse, which are merely fee in the sun, ee aly bleached, and are utilized in the form of whole plants. . Ground seaweed: Kelp meal and pills, prepared by grinding certain of the algae. 3. Seaweed extract: Agar, algin and carrageenin, extracted seaweeds either by water or by alkali. They are hydrophilic colloids, com- monly but erroneously called seaweed “gums” ; rece term “phycocol- loid” ae been introduced to designate these sigiae aa 1945c, 1946). ek ok Ok Ok Parts II and III of this article will deal in detail with the uses of algae, first in food and drugs, and second in scientific research and in industry. * * x * PART I USES IN FOOD AND DRUGS URRENT uses? of these marine ihe the = have extended far expectations of the ntists of even a generation ago. This is especially true of the phy oesllonls which i roved their use- See S$ as ee een emulsifying, thi g, and bi dy-p sa ng a, ec their unique colloidal ee Ss, they hav und * Smith (1905) and Tressler (1923) give comprehensive discussions on the utiliza- ion of American SS aviel products up to that time. This oe - January 1917 ne contains the report of a lecture by the late Dr. M. Howe, former De or of the New York Botanical Garden and an ou tstanding pee authority on the algae, on “Some economic uses and possibilities of the seaweeds.” From west and east coasts, pues laver ve) and dulse (right) are gathered as occasional items of food. Indians of the Pacift a like the nee (Porphyra per- forata), and the Chinese use it in their seaweeds oup. ulse (Rhodymenia palmata) is sold in eastern metropolitan adel: to be eaten raw as a relish. s well as in scientific and medical laboratories.2 These are in addition . the uses of certain algae as food in themselves. Seaweeds as Food hree species a algae are dried for food in America, though ree are by no means as popular as these or similar species are in the Or ita ow- ever, ue seems = be an increasing interest here in seawee eee recent yea Since the outbreak of the last war, for instance, the writer has a eee more “inquiries concerning seaweeds for food than = or sae trial purposes. The species already used.in this country are Irish moss, carrageen (Chondrus ia aise anor ymenia se a), ae pace laver Gaia tails . The seaweeds are actually rather poor for human cons ee becae use of their low digestibility. They consump should be pane as an adjunct rather than as an energy-building substance 3 Among the recent contributions that have been published on the uses of American seaw — and seaweed products in general are those by Chase (1942), Scheffer (1943) and Tseng (1944b, 1946). eee cane with specific ee 2 products include those by Tseng (1944a, 1944c, and 5a) on agar, by Woh (1942) and huis (1945b) on agin, and by Ausmann “1 1913) ange (i322), aad Needler (1944) o carrageenin. For full citations see the end of Part 6 In both Europe and America, Irish moss is scare! the best are and most ex’ marae used food-seaweed, for s the one employed i making the een bla ancmange, especially in ee New England ee The fo nlgiee directions were given by Smith (1905) for its preparation: “Soak half a cup of a iy moss in cold water for five minutes, tie in a cheesecloth bag, place in ouble boiler with a aes of milk and cook for half an hour; add half a espeonta of salt or less, according to taste, strain, flavor es with a teaspoonful of lemon or vale —.. : ape and pour into a mold or small ae ‘ve h have been wet water ; pe berdeane: eat with sugar and cream.” Dulse is the aes sae food-seaweed utilized in northeastern America. This one is eaten raw and dry as a kind of salad or relish. It has adopted on n summer months it is found occas ee in mar. ee . Boston, Philadelphia and Vancouve eae at almost any time in New York City. Ce cally it is employed as a thickener in soups, satices, ae previ Purple laver is are as a tood article only by the Chinese, so far a: the information of the writer goes. According - Hodiat (1931), as much as 300,000 poun a of the fs ied Porphyra were harvested by the Gane in California in 1929. The oe is used by Chinese restaurants in America as an ingredient of Pee, he Indians of the Pacific coast iG use some seaweeds, especially or the use lo not offer them on the market. e Japanese in America formerly im- ported “kombu” or Sone kelp ee japonica) from Japan for er pace kelps, in gene tral, are not as delicious as the Oriental ee Moreover, in normal times, fraported “kombu” would be cheaper n local laminariaceous kelps which have to be harvested and dried with eee expensive American labor. As Roughag. n oe use of the seaweed extract, agar, in the United States is as roughage. Agar is not digestible in human systems. Therefore, when ni rm of powder or flake, it serves accustomed to highly refined food, have to encounter, and agar flakes successfully take the oo of the coarse eae that their ancestors ate normally with every m As Stock Feed a cet Europe, ae: have long furnished aga - th mestic animals. aed hn nter months, and occasionally e 7 ae ee ds of sheep ee other cattle on the coast of ae wander freely and eat Bos even when grass is still available. Experi- il, ents in France, Germany, Norway and Ireland all unanimously point to 7 the nutritive value of seaweeds, especially the kelps, as food for domestic animals In America, whole seaweeds are not commonly fed to animals, but as stock feeds. Analyses arious mine ee as well 0 eee ing of. and groun nd kelp (Macrocystis pyrifera). mcern is de ae entirely to the manuf of i re These are oe supplementary feeds to be with grains a nee “established ratio rally oe seaweeds should, if oe toto, be rinsed in fresh ae to leach out the excessive ee which, if taken in oe kr may have an ae nae the ea of the animals. pe cad that animals ‘m: eae from a ed days toa oe or olen ie food ‘abi from an ary ration to ees seaweed diet. The value of seawee ee as ei feed di fiers with the kind of Hise ae with, the seas' rvesting, with the different animals peas on them, and with ae pees preferences of the animals for he kind of eet offered as food. In aes Produc of its moisture- ee ability, agar is extensively used i raking ae akes. These are generally prepared weeks before hey ach the consumers, aay a addition of agar helps to keep them in good conten for long per In s, both aaa ci algin are used as stabilizers. One of the chief pele in making icings for layer cakes and sweet yeast dough products, as buns, is to prevent the adhesion - the sugar saws to wra aa eer on hum id s ummer days. A a consi agar and algin have ee inl and making it fee che on sugar crystals. Therefore by th di tion of such c ae the i i ad ee of icings to aici ed often be aan — sag kept more soft and m hiffon pies, and both a: and algi General speaking, where a ved ae is desired, s preferred if a softer product is wanted. oe combination of both « oltoids aie the best Carra ere ae suet been adopted for similar In Dairy Products f the phycocolloid production in the United States is serving the dairy industry. It has been estimated that more than one-half of the fac- This gigantic bull or bladder kelp (Nereocystis Luetkeana) was photographed on a dock at Puget Sound by Dr. Robert H. Tschudy. When dried and ground, the plant is used for making kelp pills is humans and kelp meal for livestock rations. 9 tury-made ice creams in this country are stabilized with algin. ae are needed to impart smooth body and texture to can ice ea also prevent coarsening of the product ples storage f mat of i rystals. e cream mixes made with saat pete whip ice creams show a smooth clean meltdown without erum bout ten ae ago, it has been rated by most experts as a better material than gelat Until very oy ange and lemon ices have been stabilized almost exclusively with are gi cessfully used here as well. Algin also fills the role more a in ieee sherbets, cre the more costly aie which required a higher temperature to dissolve it, eater a was w Carrageenin es bee introduced as a see for all these frozen cen sure s used more extensively in chocolate milk. In cream ee of ie Senne type Gl redues the t tendency of this ee to exu eS, mproves slicing qualities, and produces a firmer bo a wees is ae ae to such dairy drinks as malt ed milk and aadbphile. milk. Algin is he into cream cheese and cheese spreads and also whipping creams for decorating fancy cakes, to es serum drainage. In milk puddings, ee serves as a gelling agen In Sweets and Other Foods Agar is widely used in making confectioneries, chiefly in jelly candies and marshmallows. Algin and carrageenin also serve as fillers to give body o candy ba: a tions. to cand: rs and similar conf In making jelly desserts, eons oids are very tse ful. In fact, agar was originally introduced to ee countries and America to serve ae gelatin Rao in oles jellie algin and carrageenin are used i aring various kinds oe Rg aessngs, aspic salads, and desserts, fee fruit butters, ae and pre Aga: asa and as a gelling agent in the canning fr powders. These phycocolloids also appear sometimes in ae casings. In Pharmaceutical Emulsions, Ointments and Jellies ell-know: neat - hae in a aaa igaiaes preparation is in making trolatum-a; uch prep rations does not serve as a asative as “the aa is ee . believe since this colloid is Lie in too concentration, generally less than 1.5%, to be effective. It serves Seman as an emulsifier and helps to make the preparation easier to take. 10 In England gaat is used in similar petrolatum preparations and n cod- = er ay emulsi “Dec n Cho: ae a epared from carrageen is probably the best known Diyence colloid giaracetal emulsifier. The National Formulary recommends a 3% Chondrus solution for the “Mucila ago Chondri,” which is used by itself as a lerieeat and frequently as a vehicle for other medicame: Bec f its chemical reaction, algin is not generally employed as an saaaeee but i is useful as an auxiliar: eaweed colloids have bee vas occasionally i in emulsions to carry medicinals such as vitamins and sulfa-drug compounds. Algin is especially valuable as a base for greaseless, oaees soluble ointments and lubricating jellies, oe tragacanth and other gums, because it is compatible with most of the ede achee in the official eae las. In making sulfanilamide ointments for surface wounds, algin is employed in emulsifying the petro- latum base. Agar serves as a vehicle for lactic acid to combat toxicogenic bacteria in the intestines. Irish moss, when employed as the base of cough medi- cines, is said to give the medicine body a to produce a slight soothing t. t in Iri in New is soaked in whisky and the ao liquor offered t trons as a remedy. aes helps to make smooth pone jellies for Ee nds. In Medicinal Pills and Tablets An interesting use of agar in medicinal preparations is in the so-called seal-ins” for pills, a type of coating Maes regulates the rate of solution of the capsule and penne the timing of its opening. The agar is added i in aoe eat ba pecans in the waxy eee of the coat- ing. By of its r absorption, aes eae in the de of the coated edie eens in the desired place. eos is used in the coatings of certain gen ntian violet capes enplye d i ues treatment eae with Oxyuris vermicularis. s also a ean eer n a prepari tion for the treatment of Coccidioides talon in chickens. pace ee and sodium alginate are both useful as alerts sian uch pr epa arations as ae irin tablets. _ These allo’ oe also incor- me ones tablets Fae oad . supply certain mineral ated res needed by human system h Macrocystis ae and Nereocystis Luetkeana are dried and Ree for this purp (Part [IT will follow in the February Journal.) Em The Banyan Tree of Bandar ‘Abbas By Mary F. Barrett “The usual amusement of [the city of] Bandar ts to walk wider the tree of the ae von have little collations there.’ (Translated from Jean-Baptiste Tavernier, eventeenth century traveler.) en se the ee sun had shone aes a cloudless sky fee ue nar- w Strait of Ormuz, at the m of the Persian ian on the bare re nd the betas ee of the coastal tow: of oe ’Abbas, (formerly Gombroon or Gamron), which then, in the 7th century, was an important trading pare of Persia as it is today for Iran. The heat radiating from sea and land was increased by the hot wind hae ed: appeared He ci ene and made the city unbearable. party of m and mules rode through the narrow — reet: — e the flat- or can ae houses with their viel towers for connie. past the palaces of Persian officials, the bazaar, the mosques and syna- gogues, the French, Dutch and English “ “actories" ere gaat es a nee seeking the most oa uaa n the vicinity. grove about three miles from tow: Her ahi ndant oe provide “d a cooler shade, and wells contained ae es than that found in the city. people wandering under the long horizontal branches or leaning against e great tree trunks; but the members of the party at first paid them little attention, for they were attending a business men’s picnic, given by local merchants to celebrate the end of the trading season. The guests were ship masters and agents from the vessels which crowded the road- stead and exhibited the flags . almost all = maritime nations of the ith them were a few caravan leaders whose cam mels had brought d spi T ere s cargoes, which would soon be loaded upon protesting camels and would start on land journeys to various parts of Asia. e company first partook of a collation—an elaborate meal of local fish, mutton and game, as well as ea fruits and wines brought in y ship and caravan. Most enjoyed by many of the guests were the coffee and — the latter being drinks of ol water flavored with fruit juices. While they were eating the men discussed the weather. The English “factor” henna d to ewcomers that because of the intense heat all resi- dents of Bandar ne betook themselves for the six months of summer to the mountains which could be seen in the distance. The city then was 12 abandoned to es and to caretakers who spent most of their time in “ditches” or tubs of water, in the attempt to keep cool. It can not be a that the feast was enjoyed equally by all aoe of the group. Some of them were Scone (or ve ans) from the ara- tively near-by region . West India, who were considered r ce sociable because their re ee forbade the ea ae of animal food and Me drinking of red wine, which resembled the blood of animals. Their name, or nen was derived from the Sanskrit word vanriya and the Hindu title BUNYA or BANYA, meaning merchant or clerk. It had come to have n iis connotation among the other ieee since it was applied to men who had a bad reputation in nae: ng. Fryer, 1698, characterized them as “a £ Common of the grea est Cheat in ae World, the fittest to make Brokers and Merchants o fter the meal the Lae strolled through the grove, commenting as what they saw. The m a ing thing to the Europeans was the g Bee which was Geae. a of many trees, but of a single tree. Maay ars previous : this oe e they learned, an Indian fig-tree had bezn oe nted there. It had g with astonishing rapidity in height and diameter and ey pr a. numerous cord-like ane really air-roots, from its branches. When these had reached the ground they had rooted lengthened br: s.* This explanation, support y observation of dif aa pies in poke ier of the secondary trunks, disproved the theory of s of the any that the branches had bent down of their own om a had 1 root a There existed no rec ee of the origin of the slip which had produced this giant. However elderly Persian merchant recalled a Portuguese name, bE Goa, for hie partials tree, and stated that he eae it ne be apart of a famous old tree of the e kind which used t 0 grow the city of Ormuz on the islan d of eta name across re Strait fro m Be nee *Abbas. Ormuz had been captured in 1514 2 the ene adv enturer Albuquerque, who had come to it from Goa in Portuguese West India and sian had ies a ue plant with him. It was native to many parts India, but n that of Persia. The old ia reminded the hr that the ees of ae y ae uildings in sauees Abbas had a ee r from the ruins of Ormuz after Shah Abbas, with the help of t English, ie conquered the island from the Portuguese in 1622 and laid waste the ee He thought that a slip of the ol had a ea across the Strait at the same time, and en in ies epee Bar ne master from ean of ean aan on 2 the Kabir Bar, or Cubbeer Burr, a celebr ey Ae tree of the e kind, which mas Herbert, who saw this tree in 1628, reported that it had ac fi of “00 paces and could shade several hundred men. ae 13 rew on the bank of the Narbada (Nerbudda) River in the Surat district. d ed t Kk: th potential ones and could shelter an army o thousand men. He said that in ee of flood people woe "ake to cf branches of this tree in company with ee bats and - rds. Some of the group seemed skepti- cal of hee delaiuan and the story-teller felt much insulted when he overheard someone ask under his cor h whether they always could dis- tinguish the people from ea monkeys To appease ae Indian oe figures on the size of the tree have been r y seve traders ja erected there, “to adore and adorn” with silk streamers as they did at home in In undeme ath this same species of trees. The English ane eee to of his c i aude that it was just as well fia it was too dark to see ne images in the temple. me the men a other names for the great tree. The Persians liked to call it LUL, nee Portuguese and the Dutch preferred their own equivalents for ROOT-TREE; but the En nglish a and the French de- clared that they uae . use he nae BANYAN, since the plant had such ders Today hs name BANYAN : ey lied not only to this common Indian tree ae Linn n 1753 called both Few indica and Ficus bengalensis ae Sat: jeer but to other species of fig-trees which have the same habit of aerial roots. REFERENCES Chardin, John. Voyages en Perse et autres lieux de !’Orient 8: 506-519. 1811. (Earlier Engli ish editions were not seen by me.) aaa cia Faso memoirs 1 24-28. o plates. 1813 Fryer, Jol ount of East Indies and Persia, being nine years travels 1672-1681, Wm. C Cooke “edition 1: 265, 1909. 2: 78, 107. 1912. Herbert, Thomas, Travels in Persia 1627-1629. Sir Wm. Foster edition pp. 41-49. 1928. Tavernier, Jean-Baptiste. Les six ie da de Jean- ore Tavernier—en Turquie, en Perse, et aux Indes 1: 613-622. pl. bef age Valentijn, Francois. mie en Nieuw Gait “Indién ae $1: 202, 267. 1 Valle, Pietro della. De’ gi di Pietro della a : pellegrino 1663. Trapt as oe ue vels of Pietro della Valle in India [in 1623]. Printed for the Hakluy Soci : 35. 1802. seis ge. A dictionary of the economic products of India 3: 343-346. 1890. wae "Henry & Burnell, Arthur C. Hobson-Jobson 63-66. 1903. 14 Control of Chrysanthemum Diseases By A. W. Dimock, Cornell University HE FOLLOWING SUMMARY taken from a alta aeas oe re red a ai the Chrysa m Show i Tacks either the special iteledt or the time for the more complete program. r (B) is sais 7 the chrysanthemum hobbyist or specialist who can and will othe: give more time t PROCR U A For the gardener who lacks the time and equipment ps sist spraying, te tal tre nt of the plan 1. not attempt to grow varieties which are highly poe tnene He verticil- lium wilt unless they hav ee a me ne r varieties in this cate a ut p i definite ‘ert oo at flowering time s ee sate ions will not be taken front in 2. After the tops have die the fall, cut off all stems at the ae a and remove all plant debris from beds. It is on this material ie disease and nets pass the winter. organisms 3. If divisions are ae in te spring, clean them up ver. y ae eae: sed He Be e that are thoroughly cleaned up. 4. As plants - not too. ely. 5. Keep on the lookout for chry- santhemum rust an ilde nd apply a good ting sulfur or wettable sulfur spra: he earance of either disease. Repeat ee once a week until good control is The above program will, duri season, give good control of the common and serious ’mum diceusce but may fall down in an ex cessiv ely wet season. Y of oe ater control practices oc, PROGRAM B the chrysanthemum hobbyist or com- OKC real grower who wants near-perfect disease sae regardless of weather— and oS is e and eine ee ide co nae Ll prac 1. Rog cillium-infected plants at ete ie Diseased plants will yield ane cuttings, and adequ: roguing cai t be done in spring - ea: jailer” h ake a thorough garden clean-up in the fall, removing all old stems and plant debris. Carry stock plants for propagation either in frames or the aia ae or at ast make provision for g petetion prior to aa (Te mpora ce) para fined cheesecloth le to serve the purpose.) a i an use ex- foliage Y pos- 4. Tha . for the Ba pans treme care in Wateing: must be kept as dry as is humanly sible. 5. Spray the developing foliage of the shoot gr tow with either 2-2-50 Bordeaux mixture, or, er, with Fermate at 1 lb. per 100 gal., at least r 3 times before propagating. The lower leaf sur- face must be red. is} Do not use runners eres only t propagate until lon gor- ous ho ae are ilable, re take: aly short tip, eu nes from these, If earlier propagation is neces. sary give the stock plants some heat and use electric lights to prevent budding. or divisions for rooted peice merse the cuttin, ngs in Ss 9. Subirrigate the propagating bench if possible. 10. Again immerse Fermate suspension, prior to potting u 11. Set new plantings on new areas each year so far as possible. the plants . roots ay ae ju r plas 12. Spray during the growing season with ener % 2-50 nee eaux or Fermate Ib. (1 Ib. na =e i ), making applications often en keep all new cont covered an ee so as a a co age of the lower leaf surfac 13. a ne mulch (1 2 inches ns on the soil of tn ee seit for a second season jand of a i d) o but is still a good idea for Pednc ite ae controlling weeds and conserving soil moisture. 14. Watch for the appearance of powdery mildew and use a sulfur dust or add wettable sulfur to the spray (1 Ib, per 100 gal.) if and whien this disease appears. In a acquiring a material, reject eased. We now important and diseases ime a ee a as loner any excuse e distribution of in- fected mater If the above program is adopted it doula be possible to come irouee ee wit any eee wet a ry, alm no disease dev vlc he re i diseases “verticilliamn, "wilt and chrysan. themum yellows (the same insect-carried virus disease as aster yellows), which cannot be completely conéroled | in garden ny practical Soil would eded ca these. ieee: however, the former a ge tacks only a few. garden varie oS an a tive t 100 per cent canitrolied by the te advocated. BROADCAST By Vincent W. Cochrane Me LDS are able to manufacture cer- ain shit ts better than man has ever ie able to do to by chemical means. na radio program given ov YC by the New York Botanical Gorden Sept. incent W. ane of the ederle Laboratories (n the Depart- ment o lant Pathol t the Con- hae ee Experiment Sta- tio ee bed a ie of these products hem from specific fungi The paragraphs ee represent excerpts from his talk, Aan are used a: re typically raieroscopic ey ‘like ohare oe in appear- ance to the green mold on bread or on the white Coens mol a duced by her Probably most important of the neds made commercially by ee is citric acid. Ever since this method was de- ean 30 years ago, the prods ct that is Se flavorin: rinks, and confec- tonery. an ae chiefly from the fungus vr. It is also e i i. great citric acid, such as citrate of magnesia. Citric acid is made from Aspergillus niger in much the same manner as other ds d other ki acids ar ther kinds o mold. You start with a sugar solution—a sort of weak syrup—in a shallow alumi- num pan. ou seed this by sprinkling e black spores of Aspergillus over the surface of the solution. These spores minate and grow into a mature mold, consisting of many fine white threads os : bear pase ene bodies. As it gro the gy from the sugar is 16 used up, and the — gives off its end- produer into the re This product is citric ac which is chemically intial with the acid found and Ss fone pro- duced ie molds are lactic, eaake and allic Gallic acid comes generally from the galls on oak trees (sometimes same but it takes a fui pou s to produce it. these galls are picked and piled up a ft for a le, th wi me: ies the r tannin aa is sterilized ‘and 3 under ci fac ink, gallic sed a: cae ingretient, alone with “he ron salts and the dye. ecessary also used in medi iGne, partic ay if the treatment of skin dis which ex! ely c le abtances piadue ed all. livi cells, and hich bring about chemical changes without undergoing change selves, are als times eat aeatenten by fungi. e com est and most useful os these is DIA i hic! medicine, of mold diastase is anothe of Aspergillus group, ‘Aspergillus, veraae: large number of commercial diastas preparations are manufactured in this country. The partially purified enzym has a wide variety of uses: (1) in medi- cine for relie certain gastric tun and aphyllous are not Latin y cords da SAMES AND. TERMS. mainand Cc. Jaeger. ges, illustrated. except by adoption. The — atin prefix Charles C. hotaes Springfield dis- 1s given only one of its meanings, 1944, $3. d that the least common; hed cua al Biological names and terms have al- is separately treated, the prefix ni ways been the delight ae the biologist plained; -ant is called an English Sufi; (unlettered as he often is) and the 50 it is, but the Peale is od French. : : fade despair of his students. The appearance Stramineus ao ae t of a “source-book” of these words is Ovi ae a botanical. usage refers therefore an event of some importance. cae 7 abr Diploid is a derived When one recalls that the words are de- from ‘Gaek dipl- and New Latin -oid, rived chiefly from classical Latin and but oe diplo- + -id. The classification Greek, with frequent recourse to - of into “p: ”’ and “suffixes Saxon, Arabic, Sanskrit, Japanese, and has got nie thor into troubl ah taw, t the author which he calls a p: has forgotten 1 work must have an impressiv ror rds a: arch, mesarch, wh philologica To Professor the arch might conceivably be called a eger has given us “full i ele- x, but is the principal root of ments from which scientific biological the wo e treatment of this im- names ter the ort er two headings (as if are given their Greek, Latin, or ge ere were two such words) is ae origins and — concise meanings, ing; its nie Aa are all deri gether with numerous examples of there from oe prin meaning, use in scientific nomenclature.” In other It is s etiines hatd to find one’s way words, this is not a lexicon of biological in this jaaele of roots and stems; it words, but a list of ae “elements” would perhaps have been better if roots from which such words have been made. were Cefinitely treated as such and dis- @ defnition of each is “strated Be tinctively printe: instance, the Gaines and ae derived from common roo’ kk), meaning a point, sometimes by a small drawi i rrectly given as the sou uch Considering hat a st pend is task as ute, acicular; it acer is this is, the author has done a remarkable not included, being separately treated; b t 56 es mi rrel ough under acué- we are ref cut the etymology of such historical ac- ‘U wisters as) Mesembryanthemum and fae old ies oe of “conn © th 5, u in quotations “trom is “That some errors and omissions may International Fates ie polanio al Nom tho: have inadvertently crept in is beyond lature. Like the au s of that rh doubt.” ether or not an omissi Jaeger p eee does noe ealize that the is likely to “creep in,” there are cer- 0 i ich combination. atropurpureus tainly some error: tent even to o and rubigino-tomentosus is not an ace innocent of philology as the present re- vowel but part of the stem of the e r instance. oe al i ne in moniliform, on the other et d5 i ed : correctly designated as cup but a covering: it has “heen coniused i ae ve cee with the Latin, calix, from whi ch w Suche talogue of errors is offered chalice, and , largely in ae to the author’s ex- 19 sed wish, and nor as a detraction from oH another di a Book oy ne we fro: Cte ek ertain couse of trouble It is well kno Ba From creek and but if y é ©) e. In my pinion, anyone capable of using such a ook is also capable of learning the Greek letters. Then one could perhaps make i: clear that tov (ion) is the same word a: Viola, the digamma (vau foe ‘been lost, and ‘that, Vaccinium is similar lat ed to bandos (Hyacinthus). H. W. Rickert. in Hum MI MEAL OE Manual Fungi n Dis nie. ae ALS— cup a "Medical Sciences of the Council. 348 ee Ww. B. anuladerey 3.50 an Conant, Ma rtin, mit ith, sake and Callaway, in = ook “Manual oF Cli Mycolo it by Ne ‘ory in m making a diag- y helpful hints tance of the ee nosis is stre Mand as to fecnniaue "are giv The material is presented in a clear and concise les nner, with numerous i iustratons will be a decided help ie worker . this fiel ie Depa bane OOF ein Columbia-Presbyterian Medical Center. Writings on Natu THE BOOK soe NATURALIST! Edited by en eee 499 ages. Alfred A. Knop: ork, 3.50. Beebe is well qualified to prepare a ‘edit an anthology of natural history. He has succeeded in his purpose of pro- viding for the readers of this book a aa section of the growth and devel Imost without exception, well written, or: and interesti A. brie biographical note precedes each one. ciate almost all a phases o fatal history. or readers particular in their interests, may Hae ve as an eau who have been oe nw HERVEY, Evander Childs — School. ee Plants ea are listed. are according bel is scale ey of eurface-t formations nd land-types are included. ARTHUR CRONQUIST. On Photosynthesis PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND RELAT. . Vol. 1. Bugene ars 699 pages, indexed, Interscience Publishing Co., 1945, $8. ae is a first volume of a parts: ced on the theories of the ee 20 ess, This book should be in the libra of al who no Mee ay of the many aspects of photosynthe W. par ee ee for Carden. GROWTH. ee 203 pages, glossary, index. Press, Lancaster, This book lives up to title— filled ath “information on re rowlh and written especially ee th L. Baw. iilostwations, Ja aques Cattell Pa. 5. = c read, and i jects discussed range from the fundamental ae of plant such and 0 ce al given on 1 whether to mulch or prepare a ee pile, what other items k 13 gardening “Hasiness, ‘has ond the seed catalogue requirements wth, book both Gaterestints and E. E. Nayior. Your Forests YOUR FORESTS: Martha Bensle ey creased emphas nt ood and wood pee ra “ole Forests fae taken on a new importance. his is po ed oS in ie volume, which oO pres the cardinal features re cur woodlands came . kinds of ee d som top which the ee eae ke Bees 40 discuss, and does. But there are also chapters on forest products such as ae Lens including rayon and nylon, for areers and opportunities—"Men Who "Work in He ee ae the out- look for the fut of the ee interesting ae ions UNeis to Catch Wind’— d erosion, imple, straightforward, lucid style, in eee that Jack and Mary can un- Epwin B, Marzxg, Columbia University Hardy Woody Plants TREES, SHRUBS, AND VINES FOR THE ETH TERN UNITED STATES. George Graves, 267 pages, 68 arte fore K, 1945. University Press, $3. This neat little book i . ane = ready reference guide to se faved species and varieties of plants. It is a carefully lecte a a n- nd-cover, will do it to ae with a little help in getting The author follows Rehder’s “M. I of Cultivated Trees and a pe edition, in Me mai In the case Shick Por opriate ven for most plants, which * should esc those who are scared of botanical names. Follo owing 21 listings in different eateecris foe book concludes with brief chapter: ay to Shop for Trees, Shrubs, ‘and Vines” a “The Problem of Pru uning Besides being a handy reference, this book should stimulate interest in a wider vey of woody plants than is usually our communities Hen NRY E. Downer, Vassar College. Camellia History in Color CAMELLIAS. G. G. Gerbing. 42 pages, 8 by 12 inches, 37 of whien nat 1 ¢ol rept Ger F ina, Grae, Sioa, $10. his ee a of camellias is substantial of and it is his worthy to make complete history of came aaellias which will be valuable for Seas and ae to non- growers. The book is good to look at. If the col a typographical errors give evidence of wartime difficulties in ie it is sil a unique and beauti- ful link in the in. This is the second able at $15. r Getbing ercc to pub- lish piel of s for the loose- leaf volun in re is e autumn opening of ‘the camellia seaso Eva Nose, Seles. Fla. alice Plants N AND GARDEN. 215 pages, illus- sylvania Press, Philadelphia, $2.50. This new book describing the weeds of the eastern temperate region of Nort! flowers, weeds: underground systems; and seeds; and stems, and leaves; fruits the all-important means of dispersal which scare atone their eventual establish: y flor: =] emphasis to but others: have been recognized The list of plants classified as weeds is eee and the aia le ot te the parts such not graphic, indic: eds, roots, stolons, etc., which effective in distribution. The inclusion of “tree weeds” i not ob- ser eer ao ane value es desiabie ensive treatise of un- ie eE G. Fis Sta a aa Anat New Jersey Agreed meas Orchard Cro die THE ENCYCLOPED: BERRIES AND a Co TO GROW THEM. Wilkin- gon, ae Bag ee ilhueteied 1 by. Tabea Hofmann. Blakiston, Philadelphia, 1945, se. IA OF FRUITS, HOW This book 7 divided into two parts, the first ee a list of fruits and nuts d the con- and diseases affecting Of the lesser known fruits and nuts, any items are of doul oh matter pertaining to including a spraying eae all this, it is not a very convincing book. DWIN BECKETT, Middletown Farm, Red Bank, N. J. 22 Current Literature* At a Glance By Harriet K. Morse Light as an Ecological Factor. Ex- periments in the control and seers ot het ee shade as they apply to plant rowth a under discussion in ae PB o- tanical Res sided for November ie The icle i ig uw tation by attention to light has enormous possibilities in the future. Hardy L. ey os ne aha Bie State College of For riten these arti ppeieas a a tieceaie of 168 items, show- ing the vast extent . the literature per- al is subje owing Holly. Dr. Charles H. Con s has writen in the simplest possible tects an 8-page ilystrated bulletin on how to raise ee holly (lex paca) from seed or front tirsery gro stock, in New ey Agricultural Experi- ion Bulletin 493 ultural directions are given in full detail Sa non. iting are carefully ee plained ‘Orr easu ug) Sen on Roses. ne interest he rosarian is Professor Alex Laurie’s composite report on ri work re meetin. ilwaukee, Novem , 1s pu he Florists Exchange, Nov ssor Laurie discusses 110, Profes here: the latest findings on such sie as gravel culture, matic eff i ests at Cornell have sho ros es have greater keeping quality wae afternoon cutting is practised. Those ea Mor: Lor tw cepreciation vot the great explorer who, has contributed so richly and horticultural Quart erly of the introductions. She quotes thon from ~* AN publications mentioned here—and many éihere-—may be consulted in the ‘Library ef the Botanical Garden, in the Museum Buildin: FE of the native ed is writings in which he Mere ers — scribes the primroses as he firs them growing in the wilderness. Effect of Mi n Soil Proper Soil ieee ‘Glas 1945) Hibs one af interesting conducted by Oregon eae tati (Technical Paper 441) to dined the effect of straw, trash and other mulches on mois- nutrient supply, and 1 uctur Six plots were under dif- fac treatment over a period of three years during which ane the results were ee recorded. Jefferson. In two illuminating Peo entitied Ne ciel Jefferson: His Interest in Plant Life as Revealed in his Writings,” Ede nd H. Fu ve ne evaluates efferson as among the first in the orld to attempt to raise pene third article in the series is yet to lished. Plants Neglected in Landscape Use. In a stimulating article, N. R. Elliott, Professor of Landscape Architecture of the University of Kentucky, makes a plea or the greate of comparatively little own pla hich deserve great popularity. ig ‘ommendations iven in the American Nurseryma ‘O- vem 1, are the J Ae yrs ; American yellowwood, m, winter- y (Berberi : alos) ie and climbing bi sae meee, with numerous oth ante 's are Back- € f ‘olding = map “showin the location at half of a stat Indias other ni an ae mes, often corr oted, I in this interesting 20-pa, “0 o clned io en 60 books of value to the LETTERS FROM READERS On Cocobolo Flutes To the Editor WAS interested in your account in the Journal of the investigations in for e connection with wood allergy, I ha had a good deal of experience in the last two years with Sere flutes. Some ly so. My eeusiivenes: seems ore acute in the spring of the ar. The flute maker who is using cocobolo does not appear to hae ee red by ha te ling and worki t a second mak could no ndl i - used foeewood and mahogany instead. I understand the maker’s s become sensitized; in player it is usually the lips and the chi One know complained when usin, a mi so there may be al- lergies to other woods. The first symptom seems to dryness of the lips, Bi an itching ae lip or chin at so pot. It is the wood of the cocoel flute that is borhersonie: raw cocobolo and red cedar come ‘onl- tac the lower lip causes itching and then eruption on two separated spo where the unfinished cocobolo rests, The nished upper surface, that comes in con- tact with the upper lip, does not seem to cause tr The Seek is some kind of varnish. he offenders are T der: flutes made of cocsislo containing a great deal - the yellowish resin in the wood A white clo im me in swabbing che ore of cu e will come o aa d yellow. e in a long while have I run nes. ivy preventive after playin effective if any slight chines were felt, Half-inch lengths cut from the fingers d This has eroded Been ently effective preventive. These rubber mouth- . eloud be washed frequently with water and dusted with talcum ae estic inatrnent, bot tone, in my opinion. JoserH F. Burke. in workmanship Rebuttal on Cinchona Review To the Editor: VER since Jussieu egiae col- lected Sasa ona in * ermine Sep’ ember . those grow! normal times, commerdally regligi le. n Dr, Fo: sberg’s. “Colombian Cinchona Manual” (2nd edition, Bogota, 1944) he rightly uses quinine su tel fat of De value, foll He at my boo! gen medical schools, and state depart- given private investigators ments of. health. NormMan TAYLor. 24 JANUARY EVENTS AT THE GARDEN Haale ie pm. The Working Technique of a Taxonomist rthur Cronquist The ae of this opening program of the new yea: o demonstrate to members and their guests the menos used by a botanist in ident ying aie partial rly when a large and complex group, such as the com- rc dais i i seudied. ist i work, also classed as “eystematic botany,” the New York Botanical Garden is built. Petes the world aro look to the Garden for authentic identifications of plants, parade. a North pas ag aa aes part of South America, and adjacent regions, t their own botanical research. Saturday ee onane. m. each Saturday Jan. 5 Travelog of French North Africa wrence C. Cur Connecticut Agee! Espiner Seared Jan. 12 Explorer in the Galapagos Islands von Hagen Author of “South Aue “alle d Them Jan. 19 In All the World A motion picture showing vacation scenes in Glacier National Park Jan. 26 The Pineapple Industry Ralph H. Cheney Long Island University and Brooklyn Botanic Garden * # & Radio Programs 3:30 p.m. on alternate Fridays over WNY Jan. 11 The Story of Quinine, from a to Pharmacy W. H. Camp Assistant Curator Jan. 25 Vegetable Oils That Make Fine Soaps orgia Leffingwell Author of “Soap, Its Industrial and pies Uses” sok & Courses Two-Year Science Course for Gardeners General me ote I, E. E. Naylor, Instructor, commencing Jan. 7, 8 p.m., and meetin; ly. Sad anes Botany ges Arthur Sonat and Frances E. Wynne, Instructors. g Jan and meeting weekly. ; Gis: Course in he ae Outdoor Flower Gardening, Ache ‘King, Instructor, co and meeting on alternate Thursdays. mmencing Jan. 10, 8 p.m. ek ® aarti: Even mbers’ Da’ ci 6, “My Garden of Myomycetes” by Mrs uth eae programs: Feb. 2, ee ulent Plants, E. J. ‘Alexaidée: Feb, 0 vice. te MeVeigh; Feb. 16, Trees in Winter, Arthur Se Radio Proera ms: eb. 8, THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN JosepH R. Swan, siden: Henry ve Forest Barpwi Vice. president oun L. RRILL, Aedae ie ew ArtHur M, ANDERSO Henry DE La Monta GNE, See Elective Managers WIL1aM FELTon Barrett Mrs. Eton Huntincton H. Hosart Porter Epwin De T. BECHTEL Hooker Francis E, Powe t, Jr. Henry F, pu Pont Mrs. ArzertD. Lasker Mrs. Harotp I. Pratt MARSHALL Freun Crarence McK, Lewis Wii . RogBins Rev. RopertJ. Gannon, E. D. Merrie Percy SAUNDERS S.J. Rosert H. MontTcoMERY Stoney J. WEINBERG -Officio M Gane Witiiam O'Dwyer, Mayor of the. City of New York Mary E. ies LLON, Preside of he Board or Eaucanon OBERT Mos: ke Commission A ce Managers By the Torrey Botanical Club H. A. LEASO: By Columbia University N T. Bocerr Marcus M. RHOADES ee W. Ba.rarp Sam F. TRELEASE ee STAFF Wuiam J. Rogsins, Pu.D., Sc. H. A, Greason, Px.D, Assistant Director and oe HENRY DE LA MonTAGNE Assistant Dace Frep J. Seaver, Pu.D., Sc. D. Head Curator A. B. Stout, oe ae Curator of Education and Laba: fitories Bernarp O. Donge, Px.D. Plant Pai ek Joun HENpDLEY “BARNHART: A.M., M.D. Bibliographer Emer . W. Rickett, Pa Bi ieece. Bassett MaGulire, Pu.D. to} Harotp N. Moipenke, Pu.D. cla road ELizaBETH “a a A.B., B.S. Lib Hoe Exmer N. Pho. i ah E. J ALEX ANDEE "BS S. Assistant Curator and Curator of the Local Habs Came, Pu.D. - eee Curate Po E AWenKE Pu.D. t Curator E. Naytor, Pu.D. pre ‘urator Artuur Cronguist, Pu.D a nie 2 AVANAGH, Px.D Setma Koyan, B.S. Techutes? reine ROSALIE WEIKERT Technical Assistant Inpa McVetcu, Px.D. Technical Assistant Mary STEBBINS, M.A. Technical Assistan Carol 0 p, A.B. Editor of the J. Tuomas H. Everett, N.D. Horr. Horticulturist L. Wr x, A Custodian the Herbari Orto D Collaborator in Hawatian Bota J. Grout, Pu.D pao) idan os of Mosses Inez M. Harine Assistant Honorary Curator of Mos: JosepH F. Burke Honorary Curator of i Diatomacene B. A. Kruxkorr he Honorary Cur _ tof Economic Bot lany Erset on = PecKHAM A.C. Pra Cee of. piles and Grounds ach the Botanical Garden, take the Independent Subway to Bedford Park Bouev ard station; use the Bedford Park Boulevard exit and walk east. Or take the Third Avenue Elevated to the Botanical Garden or the 200th Street station, the New a ra Bark . the Botanic ical Garden station, or the Webster Avenue surface car to ar! stati otanical G SMembership in THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN and what it means TO THE INSTITUTION, men berue means support of a program that reaches several nundied: oh eae ands of persons annually. Briefly, this ogram mprises (1) horticultural display, (2) education, (3) scientific re see and ) eee exploration. To furt the er this work and ape plant life to the public, the Garden issues Tar, a sen ures, p to Seater ane useful information books and p spdleniey pe pate popular, and presents lectures, programs. io b a b of s eh in gardening and botany. he laboratories £ Lene ry ser in its research educ al work, while the extensive aes at the Garden give oS public vistas of beauty to enjoy the r aroun he public is also free to he Botanical Garden’s library, and. under ion, to consult the herbarium. THE INDIVIDUAL, membership means, beyond the personal gratification of aiding such a program, these privileges: Free enrollment in courses up to the amount of the annual member- ship fee paid. As pbeeribher to the Journal pe to Addisonia. Admission to Members’ Day programs and use of the Members’ Room also at other times. share of plants when mde available for distribution. (These plants ae include the Garden’s new introductions into horticulture.) onf ces with staff members, upon request, on problems related to botany and horticultu Ff announc of special displays, lectures, broadcasts, pro- la n ali from ane Garden’s large collection, under established regulations for such loan bership card which serves as identification at special functions ie Botanica Garden and also when visiting similar institutions in aie cit *” Ga net clubs may bec ae pees of the New York Botanical arder thus receive Sa privileges for the club as a unit and others for individ members. Information on Garden Club Affiliation will be sent upon D 5 ea o oD s firms may become Industrial Members of the New York Botanical eae ate nation on the classes ol Induced Membership and the privileges of Be eoente will be sent aes req * * ses of membership in the New York Botanical Garden in addition to eae Memberships are: Annual Single Fee Contribution Annual Member $ 10 Member for Life $ 250 Sustaining Me mber 25 Fellow for Life 1,000 Garden Clu Peneeyon 25 atron 5,000 Fellowship Membe 100 he oe ntributions to Ae Garden may be deducted from taxable on pee to the Garden are Beacnible 4 in computing eile aa New York estate tax A legally Stoel form of bequest is as folloy i ees bogus ath to The New Yo ee Botanical Gane incorporated under the Laws ah oe ork, Chapter 28 of 1891, the s of Gifts made subject to a reservation ai ncome from the gift property for the een eet the donor or any designated beneficiary during his or her lifetime. All requests for further information should be addressed to The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New York 58, N. Y. JOURNAL THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN FEBRUARY 19 4 6 JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN Caro. H. Woopwarp, Editor FEBRUARY EVENTS AT THE GARDEN Members’ Day Feb. 6 3:30 pm. My “Garden” of Myxomycetes Mrs. Ruth N. Nauss nla pag Programs 3 p.m. Saturday 2 Succulent Plants for Indoor Gardens E. J. Alexander se Curator Feb. 9 Vitamins from Vegetables cVeigh Téchinical vein t Feb. 16 Trees in Winter Arthur Cronquist Assistant Curator Feb. 23 Floral Emblems of ca Nations, and State Flowers of the U.S. A. Two motion pictures in color by Russell T. Pansie Radio Programs 3:30 p.m, on alternate Fridays over WNYC Feb. 8 Maple-Sugaring in New England Harold C. Kimball President, Southern New York Fish & Game eet Feb. 22 Sugar is the Foundation of All Life E. E. Naylor hee "Curator Courses Nature Study E. E. Naylor. tructor, commencing Feb. 6 p.m. and ending June 12. Na Alertness a arranged for New York sity teachers. Forthcoming Events Members’ Day, March 6 Commuter’s Greenhouse” by John H. Myers. Saturday programs: *March 2, Diatoms, ea of the Sea, J. F. Burke; March 9 > Papermaking, Floyd E. Carlson; March 16, Romance of the Hybrid Orchid, a motion picture in cofor b . Zinner. Radio Programs: March 8, Lesson in Lan scaping, Mary Deputy Lamson; March 22, Plant- Huntin ng - Mexico’s Mountains, E. J. Alexander. Courses: Outdoor Gardening Practice, April 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS FEBRUARY 1946 THE VALLEY OF THE Rio Mazan, Province or Azuay, EcuaDoR Cover photograph by W. H. Camp THE SuRuUCcUCHO W.H. Camp 25 SEAWEED Propucts AND Tuuir Uses In AMERICA III. In Scientific RESEARCH AND IN INDUSTRY C.K. Tseng 32 43 Torrey BoranicaL CLus Ogsserves GARDEN’S SEMI-CENTENNIAL Notices aNnD Reviews oF RECENT Booxs 44 CurrENT LITERATURE AT A GLANCE Harriet K. Morse 47 oTes, News, AND COMMENT 48 The Journal i is published monthly by The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, w York 58, N. Y. Printed in U. S. A. Entered as Second Class Matter, January 28, 1936, at ae Peet Office at New York, N. Y., under the Act a fades 24, 1912, Annual subscription $1.50. Single copies 15 cents. Free to members of the Gar JOURNAL of THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN Vo. 47 Fesruary 1946 No. 554 The Surucucho By W. H. Camp OLD, bleak ee ns by incessant storms, and with much of it 1 twelve f and feet in elevation, the Paramo des Soldados lies ee the t eee crest of the western cordillera of the Andes exactly 3 degrees south of the equator in the province of Azuay, in oo Rain falling on this $ paramo, or the water piite its hasan rst gathers in a series of moraine-bound lakes, rem of a e pie ition, which are draped like a ragged ae ee al its margin The waters from the westernmost of these lakes come together and form such streams as the Rios Balao ie huir pee Patul. Tumbling over the of tl n ‘thes e deep bosom of acific. TT. ing another story—and quite a different | journey. Let wu = follow one of them So e of the des Soldado: form the Rio Surucucho; this joins the Mazan—both of them roistering mountain streams—and together they make up the Seay (the as The Matadero is an pia ae cap in its calmer moments, Fe hae when angry and in n its way, the nt a scurries past the small farms of ne eae ae os in the valley, pausing aaa with an obscene chuckle to tickle the bare legs of the brown-skinned women who stand in it as they beat their laundry on its spray-wet ae Then, lightly mocki and sometimes a little Sieprenes it hurries past the ecclesiastically pious city of Cuenca with its nearly thirty cathedrals and churches. Soon it is cucho ee compound name, sURU standing for Chusquea, the gia erie grass which often forms impenetrable thickets at the higher eleaeeas eeualieut - “Andes, regions, and CUCHO meaning a corner, cleft, or narrow canyon Hence: Sur othe canyon where the bamboo-grass grows. 25 ENTRANCE TO THE VALLEY OF THE SURU! CUCH it was evident that the valley was U-shaped and Spay aac formed,” The large transverse moraine ay dams the valley may be in the middle dis- tance. The uate 7s of tl to én enter the valley from then over a series of cascades and dala Sonins coh those of the Surucucho in a ile floor, they form the Rio Matad 27 joined by the pagan Yanuncay and once-bloody Tarqui. oe r these become the Paute. At first os is a rapidly pra Ss of white water while it gathers momentum; then, twis ting an ing wa. he Pa ute ain writhes its tortured way down through the black and somber gorges of the eastern cordillera . . . only to find its way once more blocked. Exhausted by its Boke the Paute is picked up and carried along by the eager and less weary waters of the Upano and Zamora tt the Zamora rises far to the outs in the mountains back of the town of Loja; the Upano northward among the melting snows near the crest of the ae es ng and explosive volcano called Sangay). Together—as the Namangoza—they make sho. f the last nee ploughing straight trough between the ends of the detached ranges called the Condor and the Cutuct. And there, stretching ahead in its vast flatness, seemingly for interminable orested plain. What is the catalog of rivers si there? The Namangoza aaa the pee i (a papi swings 1a the south to ee ae ne nm; and, afte when it seems a ‘duite certain which aes the Mieshon finally finds the Rio Solimées which, dallying ee the low- land jungles ie ever trending eastward toward the Atlantic—is lastly called the Am: Eastward oo the crest of the Paramo des Soldados, it is two thousand miles in an Lore route to the Atlantic (and well along toward three n if one were lo fo) Westward a the same place on that paramo, it is a mere thirty-five i i reas of Ama: River this one i the farthest from its mouth; its distinction lies, I think, in being a one eee to the Pacific. * * * * below the equator, the Andean oe of southern Ecuador were soeten with winter last July. , having collected on its margins previously, I had wanted to oa - ee ihe ieee des Soldados to investigate the cold-weather flora. It probably would oe hs particularly rich, but possibly might contain some few items of inte Negotiating the transportation necessary for a dash onto this omens be made by relays eed along ue line—took some time Cael ees a man willing to rent mules the last part), but was finally accomplished and our trip was sedled for the = of July. Saturday the 14¢! a beast of a day; | aes the 15th was worse— and J wished more eee once that I could call the thing off. But there was 28 no way of finding the man who was bringing the nara for the last part so that i pi = cancelled. Nor did it seem the least bit auspicious en we set out in the pre-dawn darkness on the morning of the 16th. I had on full- fae apes underwear, a heavy lu alee ae a fleece- lined jacket, and a eshed wind-breaker. Even cold seeped in aroun nd i edges ie A Paik more properly say that - ite elevations the air is so ee ted and forms © poor a “blanket” in the interstices of Aen that the heat ie from the body i is often A siege aaa normal bodily oxidations can replace it; men and animals often die on those paramos, not from freezing, but from excessive heat loss and the lowering of bodily temperature below that of normal function). Tr raveling westward from Cuenca we arrived at the little village of Sayusi, picked up our fe = sc before 7 a.m. and started the real climb toward the cre It t long pee we came to the last of the valley cabins. At one - a as said that he had crossed one part of the paramo a few days before a that he had encountered snow most of the ec Arms . iis nat on the ground, but that he had been in snowstorms much of the And there ahead of us we could see the clouds—black and ee ee on the crest. A little f it had been only a problem of sticking to the trail and driving ahead over the paramo it is likely we would have pushed on, but I had wanted to have our party spread out and thus be a sage to pick uP the pcan which might be present. Frankly, the m gave us more than “cold a Although the boys Mes e bund eae up in several ee “of aa hey did not have the clothes I did and already I was beeenicg o feel insidious symptoms of a altitade heat on Gi t is different on being just Rsiraniee cold; apparently it affects me co-ordination quite as much a e physical system). At best, the ling. treeless and usually eee paramo is a place where it is easy to get lost. Anda ae pone Gisele with his job and watching close by oe first me plant and then another—and over there a li ttle way yet another—can is ni tious. Riding along with occasional glimpses of what was ahead, I cer- tainly was not relishing the prospect of the re peneibility of trying to keep the party together; also a compact group doesn’t ine enough plants; and, besides, who wants to collect plants in a snow: At an elevation of about 10,000 feet we i a ee valley and our guide said he thought there ought to be a trail going up it. Also, it looked as if it wo a if i be somewhat protected from the es which occasionally aa angrily down off the heights a oes The guide’s guess s to the trail proved correct and so, with some relief on my part and (if fi could judge by their pes) a tee on the parts of my boys, we 29 left the main trail, crossed the Rio rate sg ducked up _ valley of the Surucucho, penetrating it for hee After twisting a bit, the aspect of the valley changed and assumed oni 7 a box-canyon (only I couldn’t see the head t ae pie in). Then through the and rain it was evident that the valley was U-shaped aa typ icie alc formed. Farther ae ng we came a a high Mes of unassorted rock earth—1 noth ing but a giant moraine—and back of the moraine was a oon of a glacial lake in as wild and picturesque a ae as I saw anywhere i a? ae We booted the horses over the moraine and slid down the san side through Hes tangled thickets and forest which cove ae it, entering a veritable garden Fine collector’s Lahn Soon the fire was goi ee and some coffee was inside us. e group heh ee Soniie spe occasionally to ee notes or to dash back to the welcome aroma of the coffee pot (the guide kept it going, saw that the ire didn’t ee and also that they didn’t begin to browse on the piles of specimens be- inni e fire It was, I assure you, a rather queer ‘feeling working around that lake, in the nearby forest, on the eeu cae or out on the meadow, for up above us hat snow-storm still churned around the surrounding peaks. I say that it gave one a queer feeling, one which seemed other-worldly, to see the snow whirling up there and then to reac out—knowing t that you were at a little better than 10,000 feet See gather in another . for a few brief moments the cliffs were tipped with golden light.” armload of variegated white and pinkish-mauve and aL orchids, or to climb one of the gnarled trees and dislodge a colon epiphytic lycopods, its filmy-threaded and eutiees branched hy hanging down as much as a meter long, or to ae across ‘hat squashy e whole setting—the peaks, the snow swirling tie ‘the beetling ia the aera up canyon walls, the lake and its flower-strewn eadow—yes the ur ee and eee hee plants I had studied in our own Rockies, Sierras, Cascades aaa oar coastal sees that a feeling aa 4 br assailed me. It made doubly so when, from far up cliffs, I heard a sti aoe “ening 7 G all the WE rid of the eae a our own moun of t Beale enaal beautiful black and white more like a fal h and .possibly even more ce pene to the eagles. An ordinary cotton-tail rabbit scurried out from under my feet, and later, adding to the feeling I had, I looked across io lake and saw a deer bounding over the meadow. But this feeling of being back in the scenes of other and earlier collecting days was quickly dispelled by the massed epiphytic ferns and lycopods; the 31 shimmering orchids ; the thick-stemmed and almost arborescent pipers; the clumps of roseate and purplish peperomias ; the gnarled and patriarchial lau- raceous trees with me 1r aromatic leaves; the eres ppiieaee found not only as herbs and shrubs but aiso as trees and e as great ropy lianas cling over trees ; ‘he various is oddme ent! . ae fe bee group so com- he mn, o be hidden in the grass, - and knotty- stemmed vine ee all of sixty feet; the pees eee ‘of melastomes, some with flowers so deeply magen' nta a they appeared to be black, or other nie of this same apr ates confusing family with sprays of foamy white flowers, some of th veritable trees; dainty purplish bog-violets oe hbase Gee way aroun nd the dank margins of o sed ae t heaping mounds of e not blue or violet as one would sae bub a cn and brilliant crimson ; the frizzly-leafed hypericums, their flowers a brilliant nian: Cae the highly variable and almost unreal forms of the arboresc MAK (Arali e) ; the clumped and frot SSeS ibe sane i the cascading trusses of golden-flowered barberries; and, scattered here and there, seemingly a aloof from the rest of this wild oe of high- mountsned jungle in their stately grace, the enormous trunks of the e-fern, which, forsaking the eee heat of the warmer regions thousands ‘ f be h t ries, some dan immunity to the cold and ventured up to the very edge a ae bleak and bitter paramo. Any slight disappointment at having failed to reach our ele objective was easily forgotten in the work of collecting on more than 550 specimens we roped onto the backs of the pack-animals at ey a of that ay. t a a out ae behind the peaks with its ever-surprising meres an ess. rT aoe slo oe nd cautiously among the treacherous rocks. Pausing for a moment I looked back. Far above, a thin moon glistened wanly over the paramo. Behind us—only a black cleft in the mountains—lay the valley of the eee dark and mysterious amid the mists and shadows of the And Em The valley of the Rio Mazan in the Province of Azuay, Ecuador, On wer. like ne i en neighbor, the Surucucho, was scoured out of the very ancient volcanic A origi izes rolling. Later; the Rios Mazan and Surucucho unite to.form the Mat: Seaweed Products And Their Uses in America C. K. Tseng Scripps Institution of Oceanography akg I and II of this article, which were published in the Journal or January, first gave a brief survey of the American industries a on kelp and other ee then dealt with specific uses of the three main products of the algae: acar, derived from several species of Gelidium, cin, from Laminaria da te L ia a. d crocystis pyrifera; and CARRAGEENIN, from the hondrus crispus. Their use in feed and eae aaa ee and other sweets, and in item: ght at th pills, capsules, ointments, and such— were ene as well as their uses by themselves as food, roughage, and me icine. In this concluding part the products from alage, as they are used in scientific research, in aia dentistry, and photography, and in a cosmetics, varnishes and paints, as well as their important place in other industries, are oe A list of references appears at the end PART III IN SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH AND IN INDUSTRY In Microbiological Culture Media of agar for bacteriological culture media is well eile for are employed in biological laboratories everywher They ula ple, by public he pathogenic and non-pathogenic Haan as well as fungi such as Penicil- lium notatum, and other molds, the solid medium used is invariably agar gel, to which are added various cae to encourage the growth of these organisms. Agar is valued for these solid culture media, because of several unique eee A one percent agar gel is solid at 37°C, the temperature at agar used in American biological laboratories comes mainly from these two The aren seaweeds, Gracila he confervoides (left), used in the East (though also found n West Coast waters), and Gelidium cartilagineum variety robustum, the agarweed of California (tight). Agar is also bad used today i food and other industries. (Gelidium photograph by courtesy of U. S. Fish & Wildlife Service.) which most pathogenic eee eee be ee i = same ase a- uid. ture, gelatin, which was used, is nm, agar i rela- tively inert subs ; - vi ble ak mos bain ae S geiatin is readily digested a lique ganisms. ar d t,” as do all hydrophilic ie ae oe of ae is ee great enough to pecree ith the enumeration of colonies on the culture plate and with the iso ae tion of pure eae Other gelling substances, be media if it were paras loop or needle. Moreover, — r is nearly cena and is utral in reaction. At present ees and even young stages of orchids, as ol as micro-organisms, are grown on: agar media In — Research n bio He ee agar is used as an embedding agent for small or oe objects. = re cau recommended for plant materials which i be sec Be the freezing microtom ant pi eee use agar as a vehicle ee carry test solutions in the santa Avena method for the quantitative aeons of plant growth one. In the analytical laboratory, agar is useful as a coagulant for a sulfate, since the addition of mere aoe of the colloid causes 34 oo of an ordinary analytical precipitate of barium sulfate in a very shor In colloid research, agar is one of the classical materials. Much of o present bane oe the behavior of hydrophilic colloids has tudies of a Sodium ae is earlnved by scientists working with sex hormones. In Agriculture Bea rae ae bacteria are prepared by cians ee agar si to and protect the granules. These a: with eel fertilizers : be in area nto fe soil for “providing a good supply of these beneficial soil micro-organisms. Ther the market several commercial agar cultures of certain rare ‘strains of soil bacteria such as Rhizobium species for prom tyes Top produc’ Agar and algin have bee oak in agricultural sprays, in whi - aes activate - eerie to a noteworthy degree and greatly reduce the necessary amount of the Foe eal As Impression Materials e outbreak of the war, when agar was frozen b ard a! y th e media, about 75,000 pounds a oS were used to make ir for dental plates. A substitute was soon found in another seaw duct, algin, and this, with the proper cen and fillers added to give -the aan toughnes and resistance, is probably now used as a base as much as Algin- er dental materials do not produce as accurate molds as do the agar-based ones. They are, however, more co n u ient ince the dentist has only to add warm wate he commercial mixture, stir and our the resul ing paste into the oral cavity, and ut t 1 s the necessary mold is obtained. For general purposes the algin mixtures are therefore used. Agar materials are preferred for critical inlay and fixed bridge works, where great accuracy is necessary. In beatae Preparations ycocolloids are variously employed in the cosmetic industry as anes emulsifiers, gel-formers and bodying agents. Irish moss is a regular ingredient in many tooth pastes. A thick mucilage rageenin of astes. erves as the base of sulfo er oil curling jellies. It is also an ingredient of compact powders and rou gin is probal e most useful se: i cosmetic industry. Its value lies in its ability to aes standard preparations of controllable consistency, which trans ost odorless. Ordinary preparations made with kar: raya gums have a gr ayish- brown color, and those made with tragaeanth are quite opaque. Another 35 advantage of algin preparations is the wide range of banibene Bgee effected by the addition of calcium ions to sodium alginate solutions. The prepa arations may either be at ed to creams or on inte jellies, added. of its unique nce algin sed in a ae pau of cosmetic preparations, such as glycerine hand j jellies, beauty milks, creams, outh washes, hair pomades, hair fixatives, and lotions for enna Ete In Varnishes and Paints rrageenin and algin are employed in making water paints. Casein paints stabilized with carrageenin are easily applied and adhere to the aoe while drying. Recently sodium alginate has been ae eee used n the preparation of vehicles for resin emulsion varie he oe in ing as an nee rae ium alginate dove shellac to form a which drie: ough, tenacious film. Treatment with ‘dilute aoe or calcium sete pres pare this film insoluble, hence useful as a waterproof THREE SOURCES OF ALGIN, A SEAWEED DERIVATIVE e broadleaf kelp (Laminaria saccharina) and the horsetail kelp (L. digitata), at he left and pone both or es ich are found along the East Coast, and the seawee! a = the right, a very ng of Macrocysti e ee. by iat from mid he the phycocolloid ALGIN can is lager ane is used ae suc ich educts' ae. fro : a agen mai sreriels: wel ee s in many industries. Ceci eee Fs courtery of William Randolph Taylor the left and right pictures by courtesy also of the Scientific Monthly.) 36 arnish, Coated over asphalt paints for steel plates and insulated wires, es alginate he elps to prevent the painted surfaces from adhering to A retarding compound has been dev ee ee of finely ground fire- retar’ oe chemicals dissolv and suspended i aqueous sodium or nium alginate solutio Best results are oot with mono- ammonium phosphate as the ie me es although satisfactory prepara~ tions are also made from a mixture of borax and boric acid. As Coating Materials Recently ammonium alginate has been adopted for coating dentures made of acrylic resin to take the place of bea Sie ee not been available foe this purpose because of the = of the alginate ee are igraaeee with a ae to a — eae s when these are still warm from the wax removal. When dry, these are immersed i calcium chloride ree and thus oo im situ into insoluble calcium alginate ara It is believed that the use of alginate in coating dentures will be continued because of the greater ease and uniformity with which it is ap oh ed. cae useful ee ene made from algae is called triethanola- mine sree which is red A ee na eae rae to be ic acid. This results in a oe su and h ste, which produc ooth, soft, exible and strong film aly. Sue | in ciel nae Pe olube in + and sae It is strongly eee and may be used to coat solid faces su cheese, meat, and even metals, plasti cs and various pee articles. gran e some of the other rene it is not readily attacked by molds and other micro-organisms. In Cenene of Latex An important use of algin is in the paces une vee it acts as a pian i agent io separate the rubber from the rubber-free lower layer. Formerly Irish moss and other hy deopnilie cis were used for this purpose. In recent years ammonium poe and, t lesser een the princip agen small amount (about rae of the phycocolloid is safbcient to suid about the separation of rubber In Photographic Films Though agar alone is unsuitable for use in certain photographic ma- terials because of its tendency to stick to gelatin and its insolubility in organic solvents or in alkaline solutions, the esters of agar are soluble i a number of organic solvents and can therefore be employed as coatings ocean near Laguna Beach, California, this kelp, Macrocystis pyrifera, Out parent see reurface of the water with a mosaic of bright brown. Besides being one of the sources of algin, this abundant seaweed is used in making kelp meal for stock feed and kelp pills, containing certain minerals and vitamins. (Photo; raph by courtesy of U. §. Fish & Wildlife Service.) or backings for photographic films, from which they may be later removed by means of alkaline solutions. Backings are required to keep the films flat and, to some extent, to carry colored materials for minimizing hala- tion. In Liquor Clarification Before liquor prohibition in the eae States, one a the most tm- portant uses of carrageenin was in the fining of beers stages of b td a natural slow setting or rapid fining with the help of a clarifying agent. Carrageenin has the ability to pete with the tannin of hops to form a ec mass, which oS. ha pagis ay aan Rs caus flocculent mass is easily rem t while ni is S stil being used in ie fae adacey, ra ‘ee gone eee replaced by other chemical finings. Algin finds use for the purification of beet i in sugar manufacture. sie sete is added to the aide aa upon subsequent acidification, forms the insoluble alginic acid. The suspended impurities adhere to the colloidal inicellae, which settle in a para gelatinous mass, ca the liquors are thus clarified. As ariarid Lubricant In the hot- Page of t ungsten wires for electric lamps a lubricant is a At present the lubr' icant is _an agar gel in which powdered i indu se an expensive material known in the trade as Bena a-da, ag,” he urable on ly imited sources. The agar- o inexpensive and easily procurable but also more efficac The agar gel is able to hold in suspension larger particles which, within certain ranges of size, provide more complete and uniform protective covering on the exterior of the wire. In kaa Water Treatment modern steam alae the elimination of hosed salts in boiler fet water is is of utmost importance. Crude algin is now extensively used n the wa oa Its value lies in - rection with the calcium and shige se ea metallic i ions in hard w: The precipitated calcium alginate forms globular flocculent masses a ee s other sediments to give a ae pasty rae most of which can be blown out of the boiler at regular intervals. Being thus scale formation may be avoided. Alginate also appears to interfere with crystal growth, which | in Gea is a long step toward scale prevention. In Leather Finishing ts stiffness. It is principally used in the ae of Bone grains and grain upper leathers. Carrageenin solutio: rushed on the leather, which is then glazed by rubbing with glass ones. This mucilaginous ee: smooths and cee down the tiny rough projections on the surface of unfinished le In inner soles, ca ee is is sed as a filler to import stiffness and body to a. Its use also helps in the waterproofing of very heavy leather. W! i oli eenin se ) store the finish to worn ies d leather. According to Chase (1942) one shoe manufacturer in New Engla ad alone used to import acnivelly about 12,000 pounds of Chondrus crispus from Ireland solely for leather fin- ishing. Miscellaneous Use: There are still more industries which use the products of algae. A mere enumeration of some of them is all that can be presented here. For example: Shredded agar may be incorporated in small amounts in tobacco to retard excessive evaporation of moisture. In hectograph duplicators, agar is used to make the gelatinous rolls. 39 rice is reported to be used in the manufacture of submarine storage batteri A oe e of ee compounds with an inert siliceous substance and eee sulfuric acid, after heating and washing free from eae acid, makes an efficient clorabsorbing material in seer oe eee is reported to be used as a binder in cartridge primers. mt is also employed in oil-well drilling are to seal off porous oo ns, in can ae compounds, as a medium for separating plates in manufacture af storage batteries, and as a ces for printer’s ink. Algi d carrageenin both a ea in ae g calico printing pastes. gin and car Recently great gee has fe cee in certain “ lginic fibers as possible textile materials. Chromium and beryllium alginate fibers are of special interest because of their strength and their fire-retarding properties, a e United States patents for their manufacture have already bee ted. ae =o REFERENCES NN USES OF meena PRODUCTS IN seveeey Anonymous. 1942. Sea n Mai Fishery Market News, 4(5): Market or Ir ash moss in ihe Eastern Tnited ae Com- Bonnot, Paul. 1931. Callfornia seaweeds: “Calif. Fish and Game, 17(1): Chase, F. Meier. 1942. Useful algae. Paleo Rept. for 1941: pe 4, a 1-9. Fraser, M. J. 1942. The Irish moss industry of Massachusetts. ‘y Market Howe, M. A. 1917, Some sconce uses and possibilities of the seaweeds. J. New York Bot. Gard., 18: 1-15, pls. 189-190. Needler, A. W. H. 1944. ithe “Tris hh moss industry of the Maritime Provinces. ‘Atlantic Biol. Stat. Circ. G-3, 9 py Galineomrashed): Scheffer, V. B. 1943. The Commercial aaporenee of seaweed gums in the United States. Fishery Market News, 5(6): om - 1905. The utilization of es in the United States. Bull. U. S. Tressler, D. K. 3. “Marine products of commerce. 762 pp. Reinhold Publishing Co., New Y Tseng, C.K. 1944a. Agar: a valuable seaweed product. Sci. Monthly, 58: 24-32. Tseng, C. K. 1944b. Utilization of seaweeds. Ibid., 59: 37-46. Tseng, C. K. 1944c. A seaweed goes to war. Calif. Monthly. 52: 10-11. 35-3 Tseng, C. K. 1945a. America’s agar industry. Food Ind., 17: 10, 11, er ve 141, 230, 232. 234. 258, 259. 356, 358. Tseng. C. K. 1945b. Colloids from kelp gives rise to a unique process industry. Chem. and Met. Eng., 52(6) : 97-100. Tseng. C. K. 1945c. The terminology of seaweed colloids. Science, 101(2633): 597-602. Tseng, C. K. 1946. Phycocolloids: useful seaweed polysaccharides. In Jerome ‘Alexander, Colloid Chemistry. ee S Technology and Applications. Reinhold Publishing Co., New York Cin Wilson, Ethel. 1943. Dulsing at Dark “Harbour. Nature Maaazine, 36(3): 127-128. Wohnus, J. F. 1942. The kelp resources of southern California. Calif. Fish & Game, 28(4): 199-205. Em 40 The (alifornia Big Tree at Aurora, New York By W.C. Muenscher, Cornell University N May, 1923, while on a field trip, accompanied by Dr. A. S. Foster: my attention was called to a California Big Tree (Sequoiadendron rowing i ae even within the last year several inquiries have been as abou The tree was killed in the severe ne of 1935, but it was not until 1945 that I obtained ion ission from the present owner to fell the tree? This note, Saag its ultimate fate, will shed some light upon the age of the specimen. At the time of its death in 1935 this tree was ee sates > fet in gs ne 50 inches in diameter at its base. s 48 inches one foot above the ground level a . = oe in oe ter oo) es Pt the ground. sev ral attempts my part to germinate seeds from this tree ee to apes it by nae “aile d. So far . I have been able to determine, attempts by several others to root cuttings likewise did not succeed. Along the ee near the tree, sometime between 1925 and 1935, New York historical marker was erected bearing the following eeceaten: “SEQUOIA, CALIFORNIA REDWOOD, PLANTED IN 1826, BY PETER SMITH.” This marker proved of much interest to passing tourists and others and helped to perpetuate the local tradition that the tree had been planted on this site = tween 1820 and 1830 after it had been brought by boat from Californ: The bona interested in this tree finds two faults with the above in- aaa (1) The tree was a California Big Tree and not a California ood (Sequoia sempervirens s). (2) Tf this particular See tree been planted in n 1826 it would mean that New York State had a Cali- a Big Tree growing in it more than 20 years before io botanical aaa a the Big Tree in 1852. Of course this is not an impossibility 1 Muenscher, W. C., A Sequoia tree far from its home, Vol. 30: p. 617, 1924. 21 am indebted to my assistant, Miss Babette I. Brown, for eee _ ‘ling the tree, preparing the oe and ¢ eons the growth rings. acknowl- edge the co-operation o Kenyon of Aurora, New Yo ae os pantie permission to fell the tree and to eee such parts as were necessary to determine its age. shows decayed, The last ring was aid down in 1935. From the outside ae the center, each of the first six white dots delimits ten rings. The space between the two dots near the center contains two rings. (Photo by W. R. Fisher.) ut it appears highly improbable. The species was not botanically de- scribed and named until 1853. A few white men—mostly immigrants, e rospe: i ee ing in the Sierra Mountains prior to 1852. It seems highly improbable, however, that any of these trees were transported to eae where they could have been loaded on ships for transportation as early as 1830. 42 Aurora tree was felled on oo 7, 1945, ten years after its death. a ne time the upper 30 feet of the crown had been broken off by the wind. Much of the sapwood o the remaining 35 — me trunk left fae ing had aaa eat but yas was sound e a 2 ae the de- termination e growth rings. The hea: ees till sound but heavily SR, near the oe The bark, about ie ae thick at ottom e tru i act. From independent ce nist along several nn on cross-sections of the base of the tree (less than one foot above the roots) the number of growth rings was established as 67. In this latitude a climate there is growing 67 years, it appears to have been planted after 1868 unless we assume that : was less fs one foot in height at the time it was trans- planted to the Aurora ce oes As ae oe oe of the tree at the time of transplanting are not know: e been transplanted uae several years after 1868. gos st ae of. a he eet tings leads to the co cision that this saa tree lived not less th an 70 years and at the ae t more than 75 yea: aera that it lived 5 years before it attained a Height not to ee Since the tree died i in 1938 after having lived less than 75 years, it is obvious that it could not have been transplanted in 1826. If it had been ead on that cau date it would have been at least 109 years old oe me of its dea itical examination of this tree’s own record does not support the Rie explanati ion of its early adventurous sea voyage from California to New York in 1826. A more plausible papas is that it may eae been one of many seedlings that were grow: the decade of 1860 in nursery in Rochester, New York. A ae er of these seedlings were planted in various places in the northeastern United States and Ses In 1924 I could find aa of only two large California Big Trees in the northeastern United States, the Aurora tree, and another in the Painter a rbo retum, near Philadelphia, In 1931 I saw a number of them about he sai e in botanical ole in pues Edinburgh and Prague a in iene places in betwi Those planted in Europe, for some reason, seem t o have fared fetes than rae in i: eastern United States. le: ones of this tree and also a cross-section of its trunk taken 414 feet above the ground have been deposited in the herbarium of the Department of Botany at Cornell University. 43 Torrey Botanical (lub Observes Garden’s Semi-Centennial ere ATION of the fiftieth anniversary of the New York Botani- to a conclusion January 8 with a d Prece by a luncheon served club an f the Garden staff, the program consisted of addresses by Dr. L. C. Petry of Cornell University, Dr. Ja Schra: of iversity of Pennsylvania, and W. Sinnott, oe of the Sheffield Scientific School at Vale and a member of t arden’s Corporation.* . Seaver, retiring President of the Torrey Botanical Club, opened the occasion with a brief address in which he spoke of the appropriateness of the ve uw use it was the room in which for many yea < . Small = Percy r . ir, an ia hee Ha club in plea which resulted in cee Torrey € anical Garden. m J. Robbins, Dr, oe poke on “The Plac After a few nae oe oe Will m on “Objectives ith which botany is a part,’ he said, “should become the synthesis of all scientiae ght.” . Sinnott discussed the relation between the study of physics and bio-chemistry and of botany, ae ularly as they concern understanding of the structure and pro s y composition of toplasm, of respiration, photosynthesis, morphogenesis, enzymes, light, erat and * ” ele ineral nutrition of plant also referred to antibiotics, experi ental evolution, viruses, phylogeny, to ec: colo logy an bec distribution in their relation to Sard Eek to the subjects of growth, the cand electrical systems vg an 7 Rees ee of fu otany should “be fel es in the direction of the newer fields of the ie said, ae ig also that aie ee be trained b ething e, but as some- to think philosophically, ae taking their botany as so! thing vitally affecting life. Among his examples he te ede rece! ently increased respect of medical men for the science of botany, read ses of penicillin and er botai Lica oe The Torrey Club’s day of celebration was continue dinner at the Men’s Faculty Club at Columbia ‘Univers, when Dr. ia Brandt, President of Henry Holt & Co., ae on “Sci pee and Politi ing which follow: ce * Dr P. W. Zimmerman of At the club’s annual meet: ich ed the Boyce Thompson Institute was elected Predict eo ae Dr. Seav * Dr. Sinnott has since beem elected. to the.Garden’s Board of Managers. ork Botanical Garden or may be puri Notices and Reviews of Recent Books ce publications mentioned here may be consulted ii the Library of The New rchased on ae through the Library.) Vegetation of the Far Described For sia he oe PLANT LIFE THE PACIFIC WORLD. | Elm Pp. Merrit, 208 es, illustrations, glossary, index. acmillan, New York, 1945. $3.50 Most ae the eae things resulting from so complicated, en wi tik y whet! they are really od or not. “Plan ife of the Pacific orld” is, however, a result of the war that is pure gain of the logical consequence presence in se Pacific e la: ee ae hundreds of thousands of me he of the botanists teres ted in nie Racine flora was eae to take time out and his ledge of aan ast know. this fascinating flora aid vegeta ion. his is ag significant since he is the world’s ack ov ee pees on the plants of ee a Too often those whos ree ae eal never get around to w riting do awn : general picture 8 After a chapter - summarily disposing of the peeeey perils moa ae of the cal jungle, and for th besinncés. on Slant classics i Merrill tal up the m vegetational formations t seen in the islands. The strand formation, the one likely to be seen first and by mo: ple, is discusse first. Then foll he mangrove, the seco! y forest, nally the primary forest, the wonderful climax Vegetation of the opie with its unbeliev com- plex ee The common me ~ vious gen an nde species in the e for. Fatiene are discussed and wa eee by over simple De good 1 e-draw- ings. There are so many spec in the primary forest that it is practically im- area. idere but only a small scattering. The diptero- carps and rated are especially men- e ean of the awa. at high altitudes ae aes are ae out Spec cte s of tropic ae interesting and 6 curious gee of eeds, cultiv ated Plants and food given attention. It is made obvious here is little need to starve in the jungles of the Old World Tropics for ee with a little knowledge of the plan uF tur: rally, ee the most Bs a oras oF O48 Da 5 oan 5 2 Go are pro- ‘ded to Clarify these discussions. The one sng that leaves reader r obvi ous close rw. . $ fpr int feature of insular floras (and. Gauhe) that Hep weigh ie in nal c tion of the subject onsidera it pee diseuccion of ine names follows, based mainl hose of th tial to a study i hee floras, directions for preserving and sending in specimen: and a ns, short ican: of botanical terms canalee the “bo ok, shows signs of ne) Ea temporaneous discourse had 45 orded and sent, without further ado, to the aS Certain botanical flaws have ee ch as the assigning a on one page to fl on the seco page Y towne (100) to the Actinidi- One misconcept deserves note. In the ter: the discussion of endemism the terms en- demic ice haiede are ad sted as oppesiies when endemic ually, species is aiemstically ale edieaa. The alter a ve pee uild have been wide- = or wide eres us fea ook is its inte: Pee eis A belief tae one aay perhaps fostered by ala: aa writers whose stock t errill’s Kk. I detected not a s sentence oO h writing; there are no wasted ei jose e enoug more infor ° ‘ac- tual natu: All that is required to be able to this book rudimenta intellectual curiosity. In his introduction Merrill says, “This work has not been prepared for the pro- fessional, botanist. . . .” The reviewer, iowever, though perhaps one of the small ee mis Longoen! familiar wit under ‘oac! mn quality m- ation and presentation, an eminent atlas to ee s weil as popu- lar science will have been made. F. R. Fospere. Flax and: plddcrinrae RY OF LINEN. 102 pages. Co., Brooklyn, Willi Chemical Fr Theegete 1945. Publishing 75, This book makes i everybody, even though y t d faintest oe mighty good reading ou may start interest in nd pa 3 dent to he rents, and will be- to you--for the man shines through every page. The student of fibers will sca anes that a lifetime of discerning research lies back the his- torical data included. e layman will oy oa eeliesticn of how n parallels civil- zed davanecient in ce Ids. Ber nice S. BronNeER, Tertile Toohnslogiet ss Grass ITER LAWNS. Howard B. Sprague. 205 pages, illustrated, in- dexed. American Garden ee and Doubleday, Doran, New New edition, 1945. $2. This is a well thought out treatise on ve dag maintaining and general up- However, 90 satay If thi ture is used on a law that had previ been t: arsenate of lead for Japanese beetle oe (as lawns should be), burning may " "steal beatae, oe I would* e the book a wor a aoe B. Jac Superintendent, Gleig Esa, Mt. Kis ¥. Desert Wocodies OF SOUTHWESTERN Th y pages, ity 1945, Although intended primarily “semipopular” guide to the Nie Plant of our southwestern deserts— eally complishing this in an ex err ‘pane ce -ahere is nothing the looseness in the text ee Sa experience has taught technical” works. qu: general habits 0 two-color distribution ead and the 0 Nevada, Utah, Arizona, New Mexico and Texas (and by inference the adjacent 46 desert_areas in northern Mexico), this a conspicuous text fills oe has been eed among our regional eee : A thaps unfort tunate ee a boo his size and quality is available ra paper bi india ae W. H. Camp. Wine from One’s Own Grapes GRAPES AND WINES FROM nOME VINEYARDS U.P. Bede pages, ated, ne Ox- fora University ress, oo Tr. 1945, $3.50. subject matter of this volume is indated by the chapters as follows: Part e Vine yard with chapters on Called eCiates: rape Plant; Propagation ; Climates, Sites, and Soils ; Planr oi or ms d; Plantin or) & hn e of = Wie arious are presented cle aay ee thority and in n interesting m ture grapes states. Part II e devore d to the mai a ing of wines in the A. B. Stour. Plant Collecting in Brazil BRAZIL: ORCHID OF THE TROP- ICS. Mulford and Racine Foster. 314 Presa a usira ted. Jaques - tell Pre: Penn, This is ae an account of several expeditions of two enterprising vee col- lecto D of t ‘ors into various parts sada and western Brazilian jungle eae nah wilderness. The Fosters ‘specialized 0: in bromeliads, and it is eet that this field their collecting w: both ps trem aly xtensive ae entrar dinarily complete. r degree, they were To. a les also engaged i in the. collection of orchids and other epiphytic flora. Their travels, as covered by the book, ranged from Rio Sao Paulo to the hinter- Bahia, Espirito Santo, and Minas eraes, among othe: tes. It did not include Para or azon region. The ane is s ly and realistic i d emphasis sometimes found in books of this kind. It is primarily a travelogue, and bromeliads and orcl , though ex. tensively treated, enter in specific relation to the stor. - — rt ae ion. One of t rming features of the book is ie Nilas ations There are four truly beautiful aoe photographs of bromeliads, and a wealth of black-and- white photoate Most the latter are excellent In a of them, “hue e, “for exa ocelot more dangerous perhap s this is what is in- ae fay an her, the book is worth reading Union College, Siheaiaty, N. Current Literature* Ata lance By Harriet K. Morse By last October, it is aug a ne clipping service ie pile on 20,762 items on truth behind these, the Famuary “is nae -to- ae av of Fortune magazine contain date, illustrated report on the fine ings regarding th’ rst-rate insecticide—its effectiveness, failures, toxicity, and hods of application. s by Thomas Church. Modern n landscape Ev architecture is skill- fu ily, “faterprete ed by one of the leading California landscape architects in The ity, informality, usefulness, a ae pk keep. ugh the economy ae design is deftly Geta ae Ae stone, stucco, a ood ie he companiment of Ne selected plan aateriale Excellent idea: may ei ee ae - ae ‘liustrations ‘which accompany t For Lily Enthu eae ae Lily Com. mittee ot the Amer: Hort icultural Society ee published an informative bul- letin of reports from member ps 11 States, Canada, and overseas. he ar- ticles discuss new varieties, latest cul tural theories, disease control, hybridiz- ing, and other t S. is bulletin, als rep: lily articles from the = tional Horticultural Magazine, ma e non-members of the society a small fee collected for the Lily Cantnitee Recommended Vegetables. Of great interest to the vegetable gardener is a series of five articles on disease-resistant ey hardy oo written by Victor . B . S. Department of Hee a 19. evaluates cabbages, corn vafieties; the third (October), cu- * All publications mentioned here—and many others ay be ee in the Benes or the Botanical Garden, e Mus uildin, cumbers, melons, squashes, and pump- kins; the fourth Naud en the solanaceous vegetable “fruit” crops such as eggplant, peppers and fomatnes The concluding article is scheduled for April 1946. ril Care of Fruit Trees. The following Lanes are ie hes interest to those grow fru ae uni ta. eee Cir- for Fruit Tre other fertilizer is ie to he as J efiective for the maintenance of desirable growth and yield of fruit trees as one contain- ing nitrogen, pi articularly i in readily avail- able form,” Mis ssourt Agric. Exp. Sta. Bulletin 489). Shall The 31-pag Sone by “his. ae ane ne vari- ous nade of farm selection, budgeting, and ssible returns. It suggests also how to study such types as vegetable, AR livestock, and dairy farming (N. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bulletin 719 9). as. “Your alates for suc- than with any other flowering house- plant,” writes 3 i olley in the Flower Grower for Decemher. He dis- cusses soil, exposures, eens tempe: era. ture, “teding, troubles, propagation, cand summer Sixteen the most opular gael flowered varieties are liste ae and a few double orci sug- gest ahlias. Three experts have selected the best dahlia varieties for 1946 and provided a rating table for the East, Mid-west, and Pacific Coast in the Flower Grower for December. Mak a Herbarium. The Herb So- ciety of teers has publis fel a 10-page penohle of suggestions for the colle ct ng, preparation, and m slant materials, for the aoa’ or as a possible garden ae a i. N York B 1930 pub- cal in M: lished istrocton oe preserving herbar- jum spec 48 Notes, News, and Comment tion r ars ae len, especial ly in Ecu lant: ew vork Botani a Garden isplayed cotton textiles in which the design was intro- duced by tieing and dyeing the yarn be- fore weavin The horticultural exhibit of the day featured plants that he te : sent back from the expedition. them were species oe Teopaeolutn, Gratis, Begonia, paras) Cobaea, Solanum, Trades- nee of o ‘0 be found when ie ae o er living parts shi Fed Foe ae flowered tthe Garden’s greenhou At anuary, "Meniee Day c ms Pol olypor US “Sulphusreus, an edible Hae which had aay in the greenhouse. Numerous or chids d other plant a 3 haracteristic ae of plants, in a naturalistic setting h sand, stones, and examples of ani- mal life. The me was originally on ea at the Interrational Flower Show w York, vation Commi of the Garden Club of America, A second miniature desert scene pro- vided ne ae eds and originally dis- played i as later set up in a Specs cae Glas house at the Royal Botanic Gardens at Kew, Englan Mrs. Hoyt’s major interest was preser- ia tive desert plants, and she Conehaton League, around 1930, It bale largely een a d enthus: n Joshua Tree Natio onal ie as mie lion-acre tract n Twenty-Nine Palmns, Calif., set aside by the Federal Gov- ramet ang 35, Mrs. How was also active in musical : reles, ond. = "founder of the Music rts Association of Pasadena, as Well as president a fe old Los Angeles Sym phon ry Orches' Visi s. Dr. ae O "Cenéz, Argentinian plant pation hom Buenos Aires, spent the at the New Yor! tanical Garde Dec odor Mist of Notre n The Dame Unnenig: Editor of The Amer- tcan dled Naturalist se of Lloydia, and Cla: E. Kebusk of the a old Ari ore ae poe "Wiliams, botanist at ie Chi- eum of Natural History, with ed was at the Garden for he last week in December. r recent visitors have been : 1! Ims in the herba: Jan. 17 and e Ralph W. Chaney, Berkeley, Cal.: Cla ence J. Hylander, ane has been zopointed editor of sient bans rt Macmillan John D. Dw oN. cere ] of “ ii Pineanple Afpany wait Co. gford, Lennoxville, Que- bec Arde, amateur mycolog’ ist of ‘Philadintia4 Mr. and Mrs. ee Linton, Foes an nd W. E Roeve Oved ou wage and Miss E. H. Lane man of the Burpee Company, Doyles- town, Pa. dee an i Greg an resse e Garden Clul h 0 . 15 on “The ee Ze of “Plant cas THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN Officer Josep R. Swan, ie: HENRY DE ce a ae Vie weston es ae MErR’ esident RM. ere 2 LA Mowricn Pcie q lective Managers Wits Ferton BArrett Mrs. ae Huntincton H. Hosarr Porter Hoo: Fr. Epwin De T RANCIS E. Powe t, Jr. Henry F, pu Pont Mrs. re BERT D, Lasker ae ae I. ee TLLIA op ARSHALL Crarence McK. Lewts " Perey S\uNDERS Rey. Rear Gannon, E. D. Meramy Epmunp W. SINNOTT S.J. Rogert H. Montcomery Sipney J. WEINBERG E Wiuiam_ O'Dwyer, Mayor of the City of New York Mary E. Poeea Presiden Hs a the Boar ‘d of Education T Moses, k Comimissione ppointive Managers By the oe ae Club LEASO By Columbia University Marston T. Bocerr Marcus M. R#oapes Cuartes W. Batrarp Sam F. TRELEASE THE STAFF Witniam J. Rossins, Px.D., Sc.D. H. A. Greason, Pu.D. Assistant Director and Ges ‘or Henry pe 1, MonTacNe Assista es Dir oe Frep J. Seaver, Pu.D., Sc.D. ‘urator \. B. Stour, Pu.D. Curator of Education and Laboratories ERNARD a ae PD. Plant Pathologist oun HEN y BARNHART, A.M., M.D. Bibiogrpher Emeritus I. W. Roeser, 3 Pxu.D. Lass ASSETT Mac Pu.D. ‘urd Tarotp N. Moroes, ans D. slssociate Ge ELIZABETH C. , B.S. Librarian ELMER N. oe Photographer E. J. oe S. Assistant Curator and Curator of the ee Heriarwm N. HH. CAM , PH Assistant Curator E, Nay oe PAD. oe ant Curator RTHUR Cronguist, Pu.D. Assistan trator AVANAGH, Pa.D. Assistant Curator ELMA Koyan, B.S. Technical Assistant Rosavie WEIKERT Technical Assistant Ito, McVeicuH, Px.D. Technic ssistant Mary Stespins, M.A. Technical Assistant “aRoL H, Woopwarp, A.B. Editor o rnal wHomas H. Everett. N.D. Horr. Horticulturist x. L. WItTTRock, “AM. Custodian of the Herbarium Tro DEcENER. M.S. Collaborator in Hawatian ee \. a apes ee D. giles Curator of . OSS: In Har Assistant Fee Curator of Mosse. ete F. Beans Honorary Curator of the Diatomaceae B. Kru Honorary Curat tor r oF Economie “Botany Erven Assos 3 PeckHam Hi “y Iris ALC. Pra Superintendent of Buildings and Grounds To reach the Botanical Garden, take the Independent Subway Ls Bedford Park Boulevard station; use the Bedford wan penlevata exit and walk e Or take the Third Avenue Elevated to the Botanical Garden or the 200th Street "station, the New York Central to the Botanical Gard “statio ion, or the Webster Avenue surface car to Bedford Park Boutleva: PUBLICATIONS OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN Books, Booklets, and Special Numbers of the Journal An Illustrated Flora of the ence United States and Canada, by Nathaniel ord Britton = eee son Brown. Three volumes, eae des criptions and illustra- tions of 4,666 cies. Second Baler EoaRe eda) of ae rales Bites lees e Conee hatte ee by P. A. Rydberg. 969 hide and 601 figu 32. Price, $5.50 postpaid. 1 ama Flora, . See Hose Britto: be Charles Frederick Millspaugh. 695 pages. nee ptions of the s ee pterid aprtesl ryophytes, an pee of en Bahamas, with "hess oe on explorations and collections, bibliography, and index. 1920. $6. North Car by Kenneth K. Mackenzie, containing 539 plates of Carex aad ‘elated plents "be Harry C. Creutzburg, with a cescir en of each species. Indexed. 1940. Two volumes, 1034 x 1314 inches; bound $17.50; un- bound $1 a, Keys to the North American Species of oes by K. K. Mackenzie. From Vol. 19, opt 1, of North ee Flora. $1. ood and Drug Plants of the North American Indian. Two ee articles by vee A. & G. L. Wittrock in i ae for March 1942. Vegetables ane Fruits for the Hom den. Four authoritative ay. reprinted from the Journal, 21 pages, ilidecedceat Baie al by Carol H. Woodward. 1941. 15 cents- The Flora ee Unicorn Tapestries by E. J. Alexander and Car ae ae pages, illustrated with photographs and drawings; bound with pe 1941, alog of Hardy Trees and Shrubs. A list of the woody plants being grown Rr at the New Hows Poreacal Garden in 1942, in 127 pages with notes, a map, and 20 illustrations. Succulent Plant of Net and Old World Deserts by E. J. Mleranecs 64 pages, indexed. 350 eecies eated, 100 ileal Bound in paper. Second edition 1944. 50 cents. Periodicals dae sonia, annually, devoted exclusively to colored plates accompanied by popular descriptions of flowering plants: eight plates in each number, thirty-two i ach volume. Now in its twenty-seco snd olan Subscription price, "$1 10 a volume (four years). Not offered in exchange. e to members of the Garden. ournal of The New York Botanical Garden, monthly, ae hay book eviews, ane non- Sonus a ee on bot sa aud ene Subse B Oa ae Be copies 15 cents. Fre member e Garden. Now in its Perth volume. cologia, oe illu ee in color and otherwise; devoted to fungi aban a chens, conta pine, Feeboicall articles and news and notes of general in- terest. a year tle copies $1. each. Now in its thirty-eighth volume. Twenty- ne Year it dey volum Britto A series of botanical papers published in co-operation with the American care i Spat dec Subsc aan tee price, $5 a volume ($4 to members of the Society). Now its fifth volur American Flora, Destion of ts wild plants of North a cui ie the West Indies, and Central America. 94 parts now issued. offered in exchange. Prices of ie Bee “parts on request. Contributions from The » York B a Gar A series of technical papers reprinted from TAs ae than ee ie 7 ue each, $5 a volume. Memoirs of The New York Bolen ed sees A collection of scientific papers. Contents and prices on requ m ° $3 JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN Caro. H. Woopwarp, Editor MARCH EVENTS AT THE GARDEN American Orchid Society March 19 1 p.m. Trustees’ Annual Meeting in the Members’ Room Members’ Day March 6 3:30 pam. 4 Commuter’s Greenhouse John H. Myers Paaeaecie eee Programs ach Sat ek 2 lay Jewels of the Sea J. F. Burke Honorary Curator March 9 Pare Making— short motion picture ee a talk by loyd E, Carlson w York State Colleen of Forestry March 16 hoe a the Hybrid Rielle A motion picture in color by A.M, Zinner Mareh 23 aes in the City t K. Morse Author of oe eat in ake Shade” March 30 Medicinal Plants—Their History and Folklore A. H. Gr Brooklyn Botanic Garden Radio Programs 3:30 p.m. on alternate Fridays over WNYC March 8 Lesson in Landscaping Mary Deputy Lamson Landscape Architect March 22 Plant-Hunting in Mexico's Mountains E. J. Alexander Assistant Curator Forthcoming Events Members’ Day, April 3, “Report on Mexico” by E, J. Alexander. Saturday P. grams: April 6, Lilies for Garden Beauty, by A. B. Stout: April 13, Wild Flowers Seca on Springtime Walks, Walter Shannon: "Apri 20, Plants Pat the Bible, Harold N. Moldenke; April 27, Realm of the Wild, a motion picture in sound from the UV. S$. Department of Agriculture: Radio Pieaane April 5, Little Gardens of pee York City, Mrs. Garret Smith: aut ae Bugs, Beware!, Louis Pyenson. Cou rere Gardening Practice, April 1 . Field Botany, Apr il 20; Garden Contactor: April 3 TABLE OF CONTENTS MARCH 1946 SCENE IN IRELAND NEAR THE SPOT MADE FAMOUS BY ST. Cover phoogr he ae Branson De Cou HAMROCK OF IRELAND—W4uat Is It? rold N. & Alma L. Moldenke 49 ScreNcE Writinc AND Potitics Joseph A. Brandt 59 TEACHING THE BLIND THE ART OF GARDENING 62 Notices AND Reviews oF RECENT Booxs 66 Lisrary Girts Current LIiverATURE AT A GLANCE Harriet K. Morse 72 Notes, News, AND Cone ENT ¢ Journal is published monthly by The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New York 5 N. ™ pond BL ve S. A. Entered as Second. Cart ee January 28, 1936, at the Post Othe: at New 4 or ‘k, Y., under the os of August 24, . Annual subscription $1.50, Single copies 15 ¢ . Free . members of the Garden JOURNAL of THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN Vow. 47 Marcy 1946 No. 555 The Shamrock of Ireland—What Is It? An Investigation of the Probable Plants Involved By Harold N. and Alma L. Moldenke “Sing a song of Ireland, Blue lakes and sparkling rills, Gray rocks and misty moorlands,— hi Of shamrocks and green hills.” PEAKING of Ireland, a popular ballad says: “The angel oe ae i with star- ua ee to ie the Shamrock find it wher LL go. The compose of sons and ae OF Erin and ae e world. To the i grows nowhere else in the world except on the Emerald Isle. ally there is no basis for this belief. There eae could be, when oe tu no one knows what the shamrock really is. While there has been con- aderhie argument as to the identity of the “true” shamrock, the only that it is one or more point upon which all botanical investigators agree is of a small group of ee leaved satel wi pee in = British as nd common throughou of Europe. Sev tal of t ae ading c ee ery eaion of the United States as well! This statement will be ard condemned vile canard by all true Wearers of the Green, but it is true s a base an nonetheless. t us der the botanical and hi ee ie of oe case. ccording to leading linguistic authorities!" the “shamrock” is derived f lic mRaG and Irish szamRoc (a i or scent over the 0), a diminutive form of SEAMaR, the generic term for “trefoil, clover, honey Stic ei ”” or for just “clover.’ re ome Pcie state ‘tat “thre ved” Gaelic nee AMRAG etymologically signi lea applied originally to any plant with pelenirg ice of fe Teaflets, Bio 49 pre 50 this daha form the word had evolved already in the 16th century to the ent- shamrock.” Other forms of the word in the 16th century 17th were SHAMROTE, SHAMROCKE, SHAM-ROKE, and SHUM-ROKE. In the HE ie ar OF ANCIENT AGES A portrait, of nen n Saint of Ireland holding a He valgh leaf, from a woodcut in € abs al Lee of St. Patrick” by Rev. James ‘Oe, D.D., sixth ae 1882, lent by courtesy of the tibsary of Notre Dame Universit ty. 51 century it had evolved to SHAMROOT, SCHAMROCK, SHAMROOK, SHAMOCKE, SHAMROGH, SHAMROGTH, SH GUE, and CHAM ROCH; and in the 18th cen cae . to SHAMMOCK, SHAMROQUE, SHAMROGGE, SHAMBROGUE, and SHAMBROGH. In both the 17th and 18th centuries we find the forms SHAMROG and SHAMROGE in use Irish seas tells us that ae Patrick (38 92-461), patron saint of Ireland—who, by the way, was not an Irishman by birth, but either French, Scottish, a or voces pai after oe e ieee in oo stab- ish : > S un mq > = a $s wn g > iS a i County M: Dur rs n de- livered in the open air on oes Hill of Tara 5 to ee curious Druid 7 mene he stooped and pea a ae Me es leaflets from some small plant grow- ing in the green sod at his the open hillside. With ae trifoliate leaf he aicupied to oe te deste rine of the Holy Trinity, and so ably did he preach and so apt and easily aries ndable was his illustration tat the members of his pr caper considerable audience we: ted t ages on the spot. This faeces is unre ceded a ieee rea: that the shamrock was adopted as the national emblem of Teland There is no valid reason for ees that the sermon on the Hill of Tara was preached on the 17th of March, now celebrated as St. Patrick's Day. Rather, that date was a ae of St. Patrick’s death. On the 17th of March true sons and dau s of Erin the world over are expected to wear a shamrock, or, aoe Rae a leaf ie a shamrock, or Taking even that, some ae the shamrock was gen ae egarded as the i symbol of Ire- ea as the ee ( Onopordum icine is the symbol for ear and the rose for England, is Bae illustrated by the ae proposed eh Oliver Wendell Holmes in 1856:7 “We drink a triple health— Rose, the Shamrock, and the Thistle, ” and, even earlier, by Steele i in ee when he paar of “the Scotch Thist le, aah eee Shamb brogue old English belief maintai he name “shamrock” was ape to aa worn to commemorate ne Patri ck, to oe him as a sham rock in contradistinction to Peter, who is the ock uw which the Church is founded.® This, of course, is a al falas aa one suspects, malicious inte erpretation 0 of the origin of t d. Queen ae : (1819-1901) placed the trefoil in her royal dade in Hien of the Fre fleur-de-lis. The shamrock is now side by side with the rose and ne thistle in the national badge of the United Kingdom Up to about the 17th century Irish peasants were accustomed to using sEAMROG for food, ae this plant has as quite certainly identified as the purple or “red” clov + (Trifolium pratense). This spe cies is still fre quently called eipneyecele” Ten ued 0 as ckles” by farmers in England and the United States,’ and is pro e bly he pla nt re- ferred to by authors wie claim that sEAmRoc originally aed to “trefoil, clover, honeysuckle.” 52 Among the earliest Seehaee san on this form of shamrock is one 1571, when his history of Ireland! says “Shamrotes, Water-cresses, Roots, ee other eee they feede upon.” Other 17th ces us shamr i feed willingly upon mush ts an 12 “Feeding upo: Wi $ses, es, mushromes, shamrogh, butter tempered with oate ie n no more cloathing than a mantl e; eed on Sham- rootes as the Irish doe.”4* “They willingly e earb Shamrock.” “Whilst all the Hibernian Kernes in Multitudes Did feast with Shamerags stew’d in Vsque-bagh.”1© “Their fare being many times shamrookes, oaten-bread, beanes and uae aalke! vt 1 “Butter, new ch d er eese, an curds shamrocks, are the food of the meaner sort all, this rece Gerarde in his famous fae ” of oe definitely identifies this e shamrock ed Trifolivm pratense when he says ““Medow Trefoile is pete n Irish shamrockes.” In this identification en concurs in 1699 by Seying eee rically,°° “Their shamrug is the common Clov addition to ue tea Me the name to he red ae er, there ee *1 that it pplied also to the wate s (Nasturtium oF ficinale), a species of ee which does not ee “rifoliat te leaves. 1577, for instance, Stanyhurst sige this comment :*? ‘“Water-cr esses, which they terme shamrocks, ro and other herbes ed feed upon, and Spenser in 1596 tells that WE they founde a plotte of water-cresses or sham-rokes, ther re the ey flo cke as to a ae for the ae Holland in h 2 wat ss WI a the Iri oh oe are a kinde.” Yet it is al- 1611 pa los i 13 quoted in the oe bce a seem definitely a pee the shamrock separate Hu the n listing articles of food of the natives. That this ents was oa with relish seems to be indicated by a passage from Te in 1643-°5 “Some Bookes also of Trish Rebellion were devoured as they had been shamroys Laas The wearing of the shamrock as an emblem or badge on St. Patrick’s Day was first mentioned in literature® in the year 1681 when Dineley wrote: “The 17th day of March yeerly is St. Patricks, an unmov: ee feast, when ... the vulger spray ied poeta 3 leav’d gra From that time on the mention of s < as a food tere decline, and we hear more about the pot. ae oie ae um), nutritious a aple food. A native of the temperate Andes of ieee noe was to) rt T d ed ‘ such an mealies that the species is even today called the “Irish potato” and m are who erroneously believe ie the white potato is an ae go Treland. From the 18th century on, the references to shamrock incline toward its White ees aes repens), one of the numerous plants whose trefoil leaves Hae it a can e for the title of the true shamrock of Ireland (Photograph by - W. Bro a). emblematic use. For instance, a poetically disposed writer in 1741 8 unburdened sae at this opera a little shamrogge, ais adorn My pretty Flavia’s breast this morn 1775 Sheridan * tells us: “I put a a shammock in ‘his hat this eee and in 1781 Jo ee ‘ recounts shamroque (Laurus nobilis) was employed by Greeks and Romans to crown their heroes, is further indicated by the lines from the Irish poet, Thomas Moore, rifolium frepen th Re ee ele Herc To these possibilities the other author- tie: red clover (Trifolium pratense), the water-cress (Nas- ae um wos 7 ie nee yellow hop clover (Trifolium minus), and the bird’s-foot “refoil (Lotus corniculatus). ‘All these species, now com- 54 mon in Ireland, eae see hoes claims ae aa thus associated with the national emblem ress, however, has the least claim, for the application of the name “ a mrock” to ny non-trifoliate plant was doubtless very local, applied, if at all, only to the edible form. Because of its affinity for cool running water, it could not have been the plant aa by St. Patrick, and the eg ieee certainly has not survived. The wood- sorrel, black medic, red c' white es and y cae hop clover are widely sold *! all over oe oe today a “true’ @ ex- ock and a ported in large quantities to the Un ited ate and pres countries ieee loyal Hibernians will pay fancy prices for a spray to wear on St. Patrick’s Micgueyd to the Oxford oa Dictionary, raed pee and r recognized source-books,” 3? 33 the name “sham st ate oe d in England to Trifolium minus foten aa as only a variety of T Makara sii this is the plant most frequently worn there on St. Pat tric ck’s Day new Internat coal En cyclopedia agrees & that ] ee “is the gen a accepted one shamrock.” e that the identificatio tion of the shamrock are be asso- ce with “the story of St. Patrick on the Hi i of Tara, then, in spite of the conclusions of Brande and Bentham,®* the wood-dorsel: can be pee from the running at once. ne wood-sorrel grows only in the dense shade of cold damp woods. Even in such a wet ore as ae it — ee be found oa on an pee hillside such a: h St. Patrick is generally ehiptae he rile Mente bis Tamous& sermon. The clovers and black m other hand, only found along roadsides, in fields, = a7 ures, an oF ee ae Mout of them—with the Largan a of the red sates which ge iseiders requires a jess rugged and exposed positio on— rin dae ian been present at his feet. Nicholson, who ee i voted qi 0 this subject,’ concludes that the white or Dutch clover (Trifolium ee and the small yellow hop clover (T. dubium) are the two most likely candidates for the honor of having fur- i he two e e nished a leaf to St. Patrick, and, of the two the latter is the more probabl since it is most a in poor mae gro such as found on the Hill of Tara. Also, some botanists maintain that T. repens is not truly native in nee and was not introduced eee until long after the time of the Sai ia na 1 Nathaniel Colgan, a member of the Royal Irish Academy, issued an appeal to all parts of Trela nd for plants of the “true” s of the 3 ed 24 specimens, T. dubium by 21, T. pratense by 2, and Mediage Papaind oe is interesting to note in this connection the divergence of opinion among well-known botanical authorities as shown by the species to which 55 they apply the name “shamrock” = their floral lists. It is Laren 2 Oxalis acetosella by Britten & Holland? Britton & Brown, Blan Henkel,* Lyons,? Sudell,28 Webel, 7 and 4 Griffith. 40 The last- mentioned in fact, makes a special comment to the effect Ne this is the “Irish s| k.” Tt is listed for Trifolium minus ple itten & Holland a - “Standardized Plan a ames.”41_ The lat en reduces T. minus to the category of “a hort. of T. repens.’ ” Britten & Holland * apply it also to - pratense; ne & Brown 1° aud Webel to T. repens; and Britto: on Brown,” Lyons,3" Brenchley, and Stuhr“ to Medicago lupuly oe closely ae Tift ‘dium Peale a is —. “shantock” es Jep 45 “true shamrock” by Bri &B n,?° and “true s ees o . 1 nd” by Lyon: ea Lyons alle T. fae white pete and Webel °° designates T. ee var. purpureum oS eae shamrock.” the eight species of Trifolium and O-alis listed by S art & Corry * from northeastern Ireland, only Trifolium repens is Pete as ae ” while Mackay 4” says of this species: “It is the tip, making it somewhat cordate in outline, is Oxali 1 Caudoxalis) Bowieana, photographed in the Thompson Memorial Ro: ns "Gard 56 the plant which I have observed, for the last me yrs., to be worn as the shamrock on Patrick’s Day.” He lists the name “shamrock” hea eC r m n that the ager ent shamro ck as old authors say it sed heartedness and eee 3448 As a her: alae ic ee Ft marks the Kingdom of Ireland, and also St. Patrick, who is represented in the habit of a bishop holding a generalized trefoil, “most often a stylized oxalis leaf? of a. shamrock on St. Bes s Day. In ae are a pean to say of this custom, to wit: “Trifoliu n by the Seamar-oge, they often commit ce _ Liquor, which is not a right keeping au of the Lo Hn Suc and to the point are these ne items from t pas mdon “Daily Telegrph for March 22, 1888, March 18, oe respectively : “An Trishm on Saturday last aoe to drown the shamrock i in the orth ae fas fon "The opportunities for a he law. he word “shamr adjective and as a prefix or na eerie For instance, in the British Empire “Sham- rockshire” i a eouas | name for Ireland. This, was so even as far back as 1689 when an author © — on the factors “which ... Make Wit so scarce in Shamrogeshire” a: n 1724 when Moffet 54 ators us Anns wn ¢ origin of the first settlers of the towns of Shamrock in Florida, Missouri, eee Pennsylvania, and Texas! adjective we find i Pa as far back as 1581 when Derricke ® says : My soule dooeth ee their eae oe manners.” It is fre- quently found as a modifyi ing or defi ord in the common names of oO he tr shamrock. Thus, the “native sue of Morris 53 in Australia is Lotus australis; the “Australian shar ae is oe Suavissina 3+ “water shamrock” is Afe res wrifoli 86, 37, 40, 43:55 “blue-flowered sham- rock” or “shamrock=pta” 5 Parc cnas conumunis ;°% 7 “Cape shamrock” Coins issued in Ireland presumably about 1643 show St. Patrick with mitre and crosier holding a shamrock in one hand. Known as ue hab! Newby coins,” these pieces of mon oe were brought to America and used in New Jersey in the middle 17th century. (Reproduced by courtesy of the American Numiwmane Society). : para bowiei; #8 and “Indian shamrock” is Trillium cernuum and ‘um. 3t 43, 55,58 Tn the horticultural trade almost ae aa ee pee is offered to the ee public as “shamrock” on St. Patrick’s Day, most especially any species of Oxalis, Ionoxalis, Belboeis Caudox- alis, or Xanthoxalis, And yet, There's a plant the Irish hold dear, “Tis a native, same as the hills, No other like it we're knowing; The Shamrock, in Erin long growing. On the Cover St. Kelvin’s Church at Glendalough, Ireland, shown in the cover photograph by Mrs. Branson De Cou, is in eastern Ireland, near Tara Hill, where St. Patrick is fica to have preached his ano sermon, using the shamrock to represent the Trinity. (Photo from Black Star). bate) FOOTNOTES 1 Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary, edition 5, p. 914. 1943. 2 Oxford English Dictionary, vol. 9, p p. 622, 623. 1933. aC. Nicholson, Gardeners’ nronicle. Tendon, vol. 89, pp. 205, 206. 1931 a ’ of the Christian Chu 1. 4, pp. 45, 46, and 48. 1886; John Healy, The Life and Writings of a ‘Batre, “1908 ; ‘and Williston Walker, & History of the Christian te A nee ealy in re “The Life and Writings of Saint Patrick” (1905) claims that as ee °F sermon could as Well be the Rock of Cashel in County Tippera ae s Tar: Hill in County Meath. He states, further, that there is no trace of this story in ihe early works on the life of the Saint, “still it has caught the popular imagination iad made St. Patrick's shamrock the immortal le of Ireland’s faith and nationality.” a International Encyclopedia, vol. 20, p. 786. 19 r Wendell Holmes, For Meeting B cre Club, p. "52. 1856. tse "Richard Steele, The Spectator, no. 455, paragraph 2. 1712. 58 Mary Pirie, A Popular Book on the Flowers, Grasses and Shrubs, pp. 252, 253, tone [n.d.]. 10 oe Lord Britton & Addison dee An Illustrated Flora of the Northern United States, Canada and the British Possessions, vol. 2, edition 1, p. 276 (1896) and cain 2, p. 355 (1913). 11 Edmund Ca ‘ampion, A historie of Ireland. 1571 [ed. Ware, part 1, chapt. 6, p. 18. 1633 12 Philemon Holla nd, Camden’s Britannia, or a chorographical description of Eng- land, Scotland, and Ir eland, cat a) p. 147. 1610. 13 ‘John Speed, The theatre of the empire of Great Britaine, part 4, chapt. 1, p. 138. 1611. ‘i 14 George Wither, Abuses stript and whipt, part 1, chapt. 8 1613; Juvenilia p. 61. 633. 15 Fynes Moryson, An itinerary, chapt. 3, p. 163. 1617. 16 John Taylor, Sir Gregory Nonsence his newes from no place. 1622 [Works, part 2, p. 4. 1630]. This quotation is dated “1620” by the Century Dictionary. it oe Taylor, An armado, oe nauye of a hundred and three ships, vol. 100, chapt. Ib. 18 Piers Descr. West-Meath. 1682 na oo p. 121]. 19 John Gerarde, The herball, or ral historie of plants, book 2, chapt. 477, p. 1018, 1597. 20 E, Lhwyd. 1699 [Phil. Trans. vol. 27, p. 506. 1712]. ie Encyclopedia ear Me a ue 686. oo 22 Richard Stanyhurst, ntayning and perfect description of Ireland, 1577 [in Raphael Auoieahed “The fut Caste) onus of the chronicles of En: ngland, Son and Irelande, chapt. 8, p. 28, 1577]. S: , A view of the present state of iene 1596 [Works, ed. Globe, p. 654. ec 24Philemon Holland, Xenophon’s one part 1, chapt. 1, p. 4 margin. 1632. 25 John Taylor, Preter-pluperfect, Dp. eo 27 The “potato” carried from Santa F . “En, ngland by John Hawkins in 1563 is thought to have been the sweet-potato gas batatas). 26 Thomas Dineley, Journal giving some account of his visit to Ireland. 1681 fin, Jeune of the Kilkenny aaa ae ser. 2, vol. 1, p. 183. 1858]. he Gentleman’s Magazine, vol. 11, p. 741. Richard Brinsley Sheridan, St. Patrick’s nee art 1, aoe . 1775. w ae Johnston, The history of John Juniper Esgq., vol. am 28. 1781. mas Moore, Oh the Shamrock!, p. 16. 1813. 32 is ia & Robert H. Holland, A Dictionary of English Plant Names. 1886. . 5549. 1889. Some Irish tokens of the last , acne with various forms of the shamrock. (Courtesy of the A m Numismatic Society) 59 34 Cordelia Harris Turner, The Floral Kingdom, pp. viii, 274. 1876. 35 Neltje Blanchan, Nature’s Garden: Wild Flowers, adapted by Asa Don Dickin- son. 1886. ee Alice Henkel, Wild Medicinal Plants of the ee States. 1906, B. Lyons, ‘Plant Names Scientific and Popula: 28 Richard Sudell, New Illustrated oe Encyclopedia. 1933. 59 AL ebel, German-English T: cal and Scientific Dictionary. 1930. 40 R. a Griffith, Lae Botany. C t Names. : eeds 0 iE 1920. 43. E. T. Stuhr, Manual of Pacific Coast Drug Plants. 1933. 44W. L. Jepson, Manual of the Flowering Plants of Cali aoe nia. 925. nde W. Robbins, ace ee hale oe eT in NCotoo a 1940. 46 Samuel Alexander Ste Hughes , Flora of the North-East of Ireland, pp. 36, 37. 1888. 47 James Townsend Mackay, Flora Hibernica, pp. 58 & 77. 1836. 48 George H. O’Neill, Message of Flowers or their Floral Code and Dictionary. 1917. 49 Caleb Th pee Synopsis stirpium Hibernicarum alphabetice dispositarum, s.v. Trifolium. 50 Irish rar ee p. 80. 1689. : William Moffet, Hesperi- ae 1724 [ed. 1755, 52 John Derricke, The i ima; lande: a poem. 1581 ted. 188s, p. 8]. ee Pine ard E. Morris, Aust aie EA ai sh a dictionary of Australasian words, phrases, ani «Toseoh H. Maiden, The useful native plants of Australia, p. 143, 1889. F. Sievers, American Medi oe ae of Commercial Importance. 1930. ts Willian Miller, - dictionary of English names of plants, p. 124. 1884. 5? Liberty Hyde Bailey, Cyclopedia he Foricultite: 1925. 58 Alice Henkel, American Root Drugs. 1907. Em Science Writing and Politics By Joseph A. Brandt Excerpts from an address delivered by the president of Henry Holt @ Company, publishers, at the annual meeting of the Torrey Botanical Club, January 8, 1946. F all the ables sciences, pee has always seemed nee me to be the most humane, the the most necessitous. Plant life is as indis- and a ears of his 7 solubly interwoven in man’s one as ae white blood stream, as necessary a: and w Ofc een of botany i in the Pae possible way. His- torical botany was always a science conceived of as directly in the service earthy and a humane science. The earliest oo of botany concerned a ‘vith those plants medicinally useful t And while rn botanists a of their science along the aoe lines, : ‘lieve ine average layman, thinking of botany, remembers such direct nefits as eet plant hybridization, and other aspects of sped bot Is pes "t you will permit such a broad and catholic conception of 60 your science, you will find that you have less for which to 0 apologize than d any other scie: by conquering energy, and m Science is now the capital word of ene - peak Yet, tts modern cientis! grown na’ of the th im. He has conducted his a laboratory a = ety has b F Now, it may become an angry term "of reproach. ae agai Naas to the atomic bomb, Dr. ate continued : aes ete ret of nature without comprehending the seul which nature exacts from tho o cannot ne in harmony Historical with hee accounts of what cord is replete with ac we would al “enlzation” which have oo because of disharmony. The ved ion the jungle a bril- ant ealiaton ine before ae Rock and Harvard Universi The of rmony with nature! Perhaps botanist, or his more modern ay tifi t ilization of today, could m s of steps untaken by man to counteract that decay. Howe ver tn une we may think science has to nature’s la nature still is a “iowa able, atl pervs force. Politics the science of living with fellor n; and pu mce in the service of society should be, therefore, the applica- tion of science and nature to man’s living together so ee e residue of nature to another aa air * The Suan! capitulation of Ger and the of ae brought Tittle real 5 oe instead er, a é families, among indi- This, all happened at the time science reached its a of atomic e ion cation ad ae eed in almost unbe- nice in the Hy box which the physical sciences opene att Hevable triumphs, such as world-wide instantaneous communication ane spread literacy, the greatest of mass ation, the world gr and ett grasped at the other Doe oe ‘this mean ae to the scien- sea in oe wor es. It ans, ie ‘se m straw of an- are the necpe speaki ing for the people, leading he people. agree with Professor Harold C. The actio: ie nie Urey, like Paul B. Sears of y own a newspaper city editor's desk was firmly imbued the idea that it was dangerous to set up the world of learning an aristocracy, set apart fr t lesser people whom the learned thought could never ie omprehend what they were I must ee that while I did not urrender, I found it ee ni more difficult, the longer I stayed in academia, ni doi far too many instances, a seine choles would reply: “Oh, cou sa eA He of doing g anything porti r. uld ritin the profes- 8Z2 x ok * Sometimes the youngsters were ready to go ahead but were held back. I well remember one very brilliant young his- torian who had written a beautiful dis- 61 sertation which, with some modifications, would have reached a considerable audi- ce. The tions that I suggested es “ee were simply concerned with lus sserta whi tad beck “assembled to satisfy the vanit a . jury. With these modifications, the university could pub- a pay him a rather ni alty. insisted upon the dissertation, “which was ieee for no audience, he ee have a fair ‘to Tr publics he young scholar agreed heartily with of suggestions. “There’s aii tt to do, however,” he “T think I should talk this over with my professor who directed my toral work.” “Weill,” I replied, “I know what the nsw is. Either you were trained to be e all right, idn’t quarrel with it-as a commercial 1 Ss w : the. mi ut the torian had better publish just as he had a th written the dissertation, je reason? “You may want to ge in some other university some aay.” the profes- sor told the young man. “You'll ha to show some department ee that you know ow to do research. may not get the job i th you oo publish your Gaereuen as you wr n that narrow arn on ate viciously aan social plane, have we conducted the business of highe: lucati T on Americal erely a super-employment service in the interest of tao but not in the in- terest of society. r hand, I will remember o my office and without prelimin- aries, said, Foe, how would you like to publis! h a book called ‘Deserts on the arc Paul | Sears had seen what man was doing to nature. He had pursued his research He the point that now he kne had he do something for society. e in fear of the awful calamity of witnessing daily ions of in harmony per ook, as Tt ‘of scientifically correct. high school education understa aa rt tu know, ome O. 't the reco n like Sears, however, remained Saree until the atomic bomb arte wren” even the most unsocial of the scents to the ore that he was art a olitics as well as of a learned "3 ea eres x * So a scientists like Professor Urey, turne te itics. The ve at last assumed tl res ibilit: f citizens which they have shirked in the past. And I thin! y o longer turn back exclusively to the laboratories or n- nt themselves with writing | ed ab- stracts for their society journals. Time Ss a short. sae Rus ourselves or anyon _ ae Ae we've got 6 ha in of man is assume ae responsibilty in a the new which science created. Tha education has . be . two-fold, It mos o oe to Boe people as rapidly and by y wise, civilization is walking its last mile. ES 62 Teaching the Blind the Art of Gardening hae and women can become eee ee ba cols they can learn to dig and rake an eeds, weed and pee their gardens, and to ome “their ee S eee or flower Dr. Hugh Findlay, who for a score of years directed work in landscape architecture at Columbia aa ae has been devoting himself since shortly before his retirement to the teaching of gardening to the blind. Tools which he has designed now are eae in forty places in the United States and in Canada - Cuba. Every week he goes eae his home in Englewood, N. J., to eae Hospital in Philadelphia, where, under his aria oe some unded, blinded oo are learn- ing to “see” by using fingers, is i. Ris arms, feet and gai in panes ‘ ne tools and the soil and mn with which they w gaining health and new interest in life, too; and Dr. Aine an a stories of their pride and excitement in the gardens they are making. For many years he has had this hope of working with te blind. "Whi on ie battlefields of France during the first world on ee *“] dreamed of these blind boys being a to come close to a to now its healing happiness. As Frank Eyre, bli ne ee _ dene once re ‘I should rae to insist on the value of gardening as an occupation for the blind. msider it one of the best and era) ways of finding ’ abundant life.’ When our boys started to come back from the battlefields of the second war with the light of day shut out = their eyes, I found a way to have i then Dr. Findlay expresses his ae to a number of teachers of the blind, and quotes one of them, who has said: “Gardening is an especially aneaa aaa because it takes ine out into a ae and overcomes endency to stay indoors and miss out on proper ex ercis Tei is Sie ee adapted to their eo. senses ar needs. It provides: the feel of the soil and of plant textures, the smell of the oe a various flower fragrances, the sound of windblown foliage. And, because garden- ing is never easy, it offers a challenge ; eel compllehnent aan a ae over odds and helps build confidence, assurance, and inde- penden Dr. Fi ndlay’s first work — the blind was at the Institution for the Blind in the Bronx several y ago. Last summer he demon str ated his mu orted. ‘With no further caseaictle seas use ane sar successfully.” Dr. Fi ndlay finds that his blind gardeners ca a furrow oe sow seeds in it with skill, thin their plants ee . measuring betwee: ‘TIVE HANDS OF BLIND GARDENERS rde sh ing the 0 € fre a partly closed hand. In the garden the an sower lets the tips of his fingers follow a wire which has been set ane over furr The five pictures of soil t hey i een studied under Dr. Findlay at the Naval Hospital in Phila delphia are rr he (5) leafmold, (6) clay, (7) muck soil, and (8) garden loam, ready to receive seed. them with their fingers, and, through their sense of touch, quickly de- termine top and bottom of a bulb that they are planting. ee 5 & Aes — | . A furrow hoe, made by attaching a discarded blade of-a mowing mac! hine to an iron vod which in turn is attached to the handle. The wire clip is attached to this are poe the mowing machine blade is welded a rod with two sola attached, one at each m7 ise with shoes attached to a bent rod for udaetes in worl working ‘wo sets of or the pa screws by which the rod is held to the blade provide for Ete different 3. The sade. has a gauging rod with shoes that may, be adjusted to dig a hole from two to eae jae dee, 4, ae rer ial sweden ee : valuable in destroying weeds and in cultivating plan Ate oe clip is attached to a wire uning close to the plants and the bey is - see i eae . The rake is a sie with a clip anached to a wire which runs the length of the a to be raked. The height of the wire gauges the depth of the raking. ing dist Aor whi ch the “eeding Ganlen 3. Rai in along the Pe of th 4. Maki nee a furrow for seéds “ith a speci fe. 1. A wire to guide the implements is a necessity. a blind gardener is being shown how to force a tee ted into the _ aoe ‘eran it i tighten the wire. Some- times a tool is attached to the wire by a clip. other times the gardener uses the wit guid i 7, a mts to the first b is measured “oh ae hand. The weeder is ‘i ipbed to the wire and the movable rod is set in such a that the roots of the plants will a be touched by the prongs of this fmplenent = 3. This shows how the rake is guided ou the soil by means ‘of the wire to which it is clipped. Blind gardeners quickly to handle a rake properly and find that Preparing ine soil in this manner is one o: ah pleasantest aspects of gardening. Ankle and hoe alike are guided by the wire. Although the finely ae soil covers de ‘shoes attached to this hoe, the shoes determine the depth of furr ve a 9 a a a, ® o "S -o.& ha 8 5 % she a a to, set. wire, 66 Notices and Reviews of Recent Books (All publications mentioned here may be consulted in the Library of The New York Botanical Garden or may be purchased on order through the Library.) Dutch Science In the Malaysian Islands SCIENCE AND SCIENTISTS IN THE NETHERLANDS INDIES. tz 8 5 2 3 E ra o 2 nm e Surinam and Curagao, New York City, 1945. pehronce Botanica Co. Waltham 64, Mass.] $4. This large octavo of 500 pag’ of such varied content that a eae review of it is ae to compress into a few brief par. ag S, One might e: s title an or- derly, system matic ere of science in the utch Indies. Instead, it comprises some ae 9) ie 3 Db BS ae Di as varied as the them- selves emis: i ology, topography, geology, mineralogy, paleon y, ropo! zoology, ey es stry, agricu ulture, medicine. her: i the volu lume, and T the individ ontributions would be ef- fectively buried were i t for the de- tailed table a ae filling five of the preliminary p; Presum: re ar wees will be ticularly iterated in the ae OF the book relating to plants. The essays on agriculture include discussions of botan- ical plant-pathological investigations of tea, rubber, and of cinchona. Sot oO most interesting botanical Peat are extracted fro ks of t . Wa . G. Fairchild. ‘There are essays on phyto- chemical research by D, R. Koolhaas and on paleobotanical research by O. humus. Other botanical contributions en: history of ppotany in Netherlands Indies, by F. Went; and an account of the flora ‘of ‘Tjibodas, by Docters van Leeuwen. the editors of this volume, its preparation was doubtless a labor of love and a tribute to their Fatherland, and in its execution they deserve nothing but praise. To its publishers it was probably ething el The Boar Dutch oni specifically disclaims respon- opinions es , yet the critical mo- ment of i earance leaves little room for doubt that, e rd, this book is important as political propaganda. It presents th hout, clear and con- vincing e e that Dutch control of their East Indian colony has conferred een utterly impossible under native rule Joun Henpiry BARNHART Southern Viewpoint On ee vation ING BY THE LAND. John C. Ginora: 139 pages, iNustrated, in- dexed, Glade aang Coral Gables, Florida, 1945. $2.5 Dr. Giffo rd i very much in earnest about the ureency of a belated conserva- tion of the things which make the earth ‘ood and beautiful, particularly forestry. 67 also believes that the one-family home- solution of eco- ee is one wa: proper the author. n viewpoint, and a ally designates Florida, United oe hig the Gane. egion “the Tro Hhe ae s of s book are really atticles on diverted subjets. The pur- pose of the boo a broad to) ser all o further readi the subject. ae ee tee are typical scenes in Flor Eva BLE, es "Fle. Handling the Shears In South and West HO TO PRUNE bi bordlama yt s S. R. Sanford pie pi s, illustr: b Dachioe! ea & Gee, Ine., “Hotlyivood, Drawings accompanied by arrows and pr tinted. Ta een Filaeaate instructions in the text for he pruning of about 75 ead kinds of shrubs that are culti- vated the West. The — sigeees onition, “Have "your identify yor plant ae Tent eal be ur s, whuspered to the author, who seems to have one some Rae with what he ied spell or ieenaith two related plants, Continued on page On this, the first occasion whe advertisers, the en this Journal has been o ope w York Botanical sans is glad to welcome i distinguished names which appear on the following pages. MAX SCHLING eae vailable now pe ble May Spring Catalog Advance Bulb List summer Biennial & ids: Perennial Seed List, Peonies, Iris etc. Available June General Fall Bulb Catalog Available September Write for these now. We wil me on our mailing for one MAX SCHLING SEEDSMEN, Inc. 618 Madison Avenue New York 22, N. Y. Wholesale Seeds Imported Grasses Lawn Mixtures Seaboard Seed Company Philadelphia 47, Penna. YOUR TREES... More than 700 Davey Tree Surgeons have been in the armed forces, (an abnormal percentage out of 1,000 men). Gradually they are coming back. They are good men. Soon they will be able to render expert healing service to thousands of fine trees, neglected during war years. The entire Davey organization is getting back to its pre-war stride. It will not be very long until your trees may once more have the reliable service of Davey Tree Surgeons. DAVEY TREE EXPERT COMPANY - KENT, OHIO MARTIN L. DAVEY, PRESIDENT TWO GENERATIONS OF TREE SAVING SERVICE 69 and the drawings seem to give the ere a nae ae of what to do and wi and w HOW TO PRUNE FRUIT TREES. R. Sanford Martin, 90 pages, illus- trated by the author. Murray & lywood, Calif., 1944. nd, A a especially in the Sow s for manner of pruning ae diferent nds of fruit-bearing trees and shrubs. cig hal ee THE AN AMERICAN. NATURALIST. Pianeld B. Sumner. 298 pages. The Jaques Cattell Press, Lancaster, Pa., 1945. $3. A professor of bio ortance in his education and oe Send for your copy of our é Spring Catalog. Enclose = 10¢ to cover mailing and ndling. ba FLOWERFIELD BULB FARM « Dept. 210 + Flowerfield, Long Island, N. Y. Storied Background GRE. 4) e Dorrance. 187 pages, Doubleday, ores & Co., Gard City, New York, 1945. $2. To the person ee in botanical history _and the tales xplorations rugs important plants, sal book le an entertaining back-- gro While the professional botanist, to matter little, for here is an inviting troduction to a sub hich might wit pleasure be further pursued. bibli- ography offers adie additional readin, suggestions for Heren M. Woopwarp. Flowerfield’s GEMS OF THE GARDEN ind Bulbs, ied Plants and Sede are ve cael ae trated in field’ Catalogs. See the new “Clarion” ($2.50 e: 46 Spr ink Hemeroeallie ae Flowerbel Ad's 1945 he stunning new soft powder blue * “Dimooneathe” ($1.50 each). See‘ beautiful “Wanda” ($1.50 doz.) a -yellow sport of Picardy, that stardiest of Gl Gladiolus. Fine Tuberous: rooted plant for deep shade that may be planted indoors now. 10 selected Mixed tubers, $2.50 Library Gifts t gifts to the Garden’s some present y the y signific: f notes on these are given below. SINCE 1828 have one the sa ee of Am Latoaibone for os ality Purity and Germination VEGETABLE SEEDS FLOWER SEEDS GRASS SEED BULBS AND SETS Ask your dealer for Buist’s Seeds write for 1946 Garden Guide and Catalogue ST ts rena Ga. Philadelphia 5, P- Box 417 Box 35, Sta. E e Lost Woods by Edwin Way Teale, 326 pages, illustrated with 200 of the author’s own Rv eae we indexed, pub- Cur of Myxomycetes at the New York Botnical Garden. Lista Preliminar de Salvador by Salvador ene and pal le C. Standley. 450 pages. Seas ey 1941, ‘wenty ee ators from insti- tutions in the Uni States have con- Rees to this ae the first a paragraph of chformation lant. Commonly cul- ded. Two supple. mentary fists the original one, and the book concludes with a section of posthumous writings of Dr. Calderén. The gers pega by -Raphael Vv. sso. 286 es oth maps and many ohoter ane” the Founder and President of the STRAWBERRIES reo” SEED A delightful surprise for any gardener w. plants can for dutdoor or gree Bardener. They have deep green glos: flowers, and it i ripen red ies about four times the si: the same de ui: ver vom S su: licious fla porch or light living roo n wi an bata Pataca Serr wate "plants can ae used as owt favors, or your guests, at se 5 $1. ds, 25c n various stages of development from tiny pale green it fi times the size who has not previously grown a < be successfully grown by in ett ones to fully til well into aie . providing the ae Ganienng Msrted a now ae. oe color plates. ee ue. Ac mailed fre on req NEW CAGO 6 47-49 et 0%? Unuighanh SeodStorn. 601-609 a Jackson Blvd. 71 Eeedoron eet Chamber of Com- merce in New York. Dr. Lasso is also eit of the tagazine Ecuador. He his ae Pai a chapter on the ens peers phy untry; then come pales historia chapter Moilowed by s Government, Language, Att, Dine oe Clim; Prod- ucts, Industries, ai ers. In one long I n chapter, ean “facts are given about each provin Peis otdnica Zapoteca by Blas Pablo 154 pages, sbi 7 illustrations and Froiece showing the Zapotecan god flow: love usic,, and dance. Ne rly M40 pa ges of teresting text pre- cede the lo doo tiv: - ph: oe list of Zapotecan plan be eginnin: with apa, the oes aiid * eidinge with T maes the native na Les Pipérales by Henri one pages, rineaiorear Published as part of he Flore Descriptiv ae dati les Fran- Mr A is a Col- Botanical sent other cross-references to fa he has one recently. ent the Gar a Catalogu rhs pr ad. “with Duss, of his own author ever Plants by Roger P. Wode 245 illustrated, indexed, ‘onica Botanica Co., Wal- respiratory system. did some of his graduate wore at the New York Botanical Garden, is now SEED COLLECTORS We are interested in purchasing Tree—Shrub—Perennial Seeds Correspondence invited HERBST BROTHERS 92 Warren St. New York 7, N. Y. RHOD. KALMIA (Mt. La OFFER A: Five of above plus Az RHODODENDRONS LOW Fine eee Aastite | RHOD. MAXIMUM—white, CATAWBIENSE—purple, RHOD. CAROLINA—clear ach OFFER B: ees 4 veers ayaa iW foot sees ecu alea Baral AS 25c 2 ta 15 in. high, sith rapes earth ball. express on arrival (abo a.) Price each. 5-24 c ou 50 up July 50c ae 4c 40c pink, May 8c Wc jurel a pink-white, 4c We May f the above, packed; al! 20 for speci dulacea (0: jay) for Y NURSERY SERVICE ch St., New York 7, $11.00 mens, one each . $12.50 3K, 50 Chur MA STAIGREEN is a moder. free of troublesome producing under normal conditions a per- manent lawn of beautiful ee ted turf, fuxuriant os emeral fa Pamphlet n lawn formula, weeds and crabgrass, ‘How a uild a Permanent Lawn” in icka; iy 22 Ibs. $2.20 10 Ibs. $ 8.00 5 ibs. $4.25 25 Ibs. $19.00 100 Ibs. $72.50 Delivery ate anywhere in U. S. A. Use 1 Ib. for a new lawn 10x20 ft.— half ane for renovating old. WRITE FOR INFORMATIVE 32-PAGE BOOKLET Rage aur Cost is d free on but request ae a) of " or more, 100 Ibs. $ Ibs. to 200 sq. ft— pal, pas Mer renovating Free on Request—I946 Seed Annual Simp WelteB 132-138 Church St., Dept. BO, New York 8 Englewood, N. J. Newark, N. I Hempstead, L Suburban stores White Plains, N.Y Stamford, Conn, Associate tga of Research in Al- rT ies. he troublesome len. A glos- raphy precede will abe reviewed in an early number of the Journal. bs om) Current Literature* At a Glance By Harriet K. Morse Patents. The U. S. Patent Office lists ue its uestem hae the following: carlet- nm} hard, pants s paten: dating from 1931, with full descriptions and colored plates. To date the collec- tion contains 670 items. Three Cereals. The story of rice and methods 2 rice farming in the Old World presented, with needa es in Natural Bistory ‘for January. wild rice . America, though of a ait Iso discussed. paras he ri ana of different eivilizatic ns. From England. “Answers to Growers” is the "title oF a new bulletin ai issued y the John Innes Hovticultural In- stitute in London. Articles of ,special in- terest in No. 1 are based on the questions : “What is the use o seedling treatment affec “What is the best leaf- vid * All publications mentioned ‘here—and m: others—may be consulted in the Library of the Botanical Garden, in the Museum Buildin; Food from Woo A good tein feed for cattle can. ne prep oer te rom sawdust and other wood waste, accord- be ver is Amazing Crop.” Other wood products discussed include ethyl aleohol. "plastics, soil conditioners, and artificial flavorings. sanist’s a A lively account 7 been continu ing his tor in Hawaiian Bua a “the Life of William Curtis. The bic enten- a of the bith of ~ great “natural- celebrated in England j in Fancy oF this on and the an. 5 of the British magazine, articles to him ‘al mental 435 magnificent coisk ae Aphid Resistance. How to tell at an ay stage whether or not a plant will be resistant to aphid infestation is de- i in sta ee edity for December, in a repor periments at the Texas Agricaltural “Experies nt Sta- tion. “This hod,” says, an based on the fact ie if * phids are placed on the emerging first true leaf a = Sus- ceptible plant, in a very short time the leaf petiole bends as and_ the young leaf begins to c Such effects are not produced in resistant plants.’ Root Studies. Ina ae of recent ahs ons ‘ath a f the i i Sata cee ° and his co-workers. DRICONURE contains chemicals. It’s a natural fect izer and soil improver. cae asy-to-use, ee Sey by nurserymen, “pe fessional growers and hom gardners. Large 50 Ib. (2 bushel) bags at leading gerd supply stores, or write direct. ATKINS & DURBROW, Inc. 165 John Street New York 7, N. Y. 74 Notes, News, and Comment Annual Meeting. E. J. Alexander and W. H. Camp Saari the annual meet- Co: Board o ne een collect: Le back home, and Dr. es conti: the story from there to the final identiScation ake eir — be published i the ual Re issued i pring. Dr. nd W. Sin mott, Sterling Pro- SO ny at Yale University and een a mem- from aon! 29, 1933, when he went to Yale. sme front January o o Previous to that to December 1932—he had been a Seer Director of the Garden. Board “ast April), Mrs. Hugh Peters cian Doscher (new members Be ae visory Council). All officers oo re-elected for the year, and the seven board members whose ms were expiring were re-elected for another three-year term. ey are Henry de Forest Baldwin, William Felton Barrett, Edwin De Bechtel, Henry F. du Pont, Rev. Robert I. Gan non, S.J., Mrs. Harold I. Prati, and ae R. Pee J. Henry Harper, who is As- sistant to the President 4 in Bie Manhattan of the New York Botanical Garden, ae on ae in the campaign for funds, and Mrs. Robert H. Fife gave p enn of the isory Council. Ir. m J. Rob- bins presented the iin to his > 2 velopment, free 5a0 ROSE Yiola Purple ae Perennial and Fruits. quest. VIOLA Purple Heart HUGE FLOWERS - PROLIFIC BLOOM Huge velvety, flowers ar in tand- deep vi violet. “blue bountiful succession ftom early spring through Pall presentative of the out: and tine Pyte we J. JACKSON & PERKINS CO. WORLD'S LARGEST ROSE GROWERS LANE NEWARK, NEW YORK : Colossal and K Chrysanthemum. Flowered Many Gorgeous A glorious array of rich paseels and ay oe ant aa apri. Prather te ors cream, "buf ye ellow, ome in fascinating two-tone harmonies, petals chrysanthemum-like. Sturdy plants, 3 ft. tall, casy to grow anyw putas a re? Send Dime a see Burpee’s Seed! w. ATLEE BURPEE co. ale FREE} 973 Burpee Building, Philadelphia 32, Pa. [[] Send 2e-Pkt. Burpee’s Big Zinnias al color. nebes plewer (No. 3235) postpaid. Enclosed is 10¢ Hope apa te Chints W. ‘Atlee Bu 973 BURPEE BUILDING PHILADELPHIA 32, PA. annual report as Director. The ‘complete report will be published as a section of urnal, the Jou: To Chicago. Dr. Frances E. ip who had been Assistant Curator on taxonomic staff since September 19 ie the tea edge 4 to be married Wi Hillier, a lawyer recently i ue “he: studies fale mosses for North American Flora, using the facilities of the Gos cee of Natural History. Much of her tim et os _ edited the Ta.ronox uri of the time that see oe away from the Gin and for a time was Acting Editor of T. ryologist, to which she al: ibuted several p; oe published in the a ee = ervey Botanical pee ib and eé “A Life Story o e Mo voses”™ au edt r her Hees in this Journal for April ‘1944. She ae previously lectured on mosses at the Garden and last year took part in the series of Saturday programs in the as on “The Great Groups of Plants. r. Wynne assisted in several of the ie classes given in the Garden’s Science Course for Gardeners and also taught a class at Hunter Col- lege. John R. Brinley. A man whose name was often associated hee the New York Botanical Garden i arly days died in Morristown, N. J., Ges l. He was John R. Brinl civil engineer a ae Bie ary ‘190 Le dea ndsc ntil oe 1931. va 84 years old at the time of his ES Garden Lectures. A series of four in- yvitation lectures on oe subjects has been sponsored t winter by the Women's Division of Carden operat ing through the Manhattan office. Held at . Jo t the home of Mrs. hn Sloane, the 76 opening lecture took place Jan. 17 with a H. Everett speaking on “Gardening ficiently. Hi receded by Dr. Willen 7 questio: ie tt, Patronesses sponsoring William C. Breed, Charles Burlingham, i, Sherman Haight, ie Huil, James - oa O'D. n ame G. Me ell Harold R. Mix- sell, Frederick Moseley, Harry T. aah Reeve cane John Sloane, and Myr Subsequent lectures were: “Planning and ae a Bae Garden Upkeep” by H. Dow: with Edwin Beckett and Fri sicaek © Pi ing questions ; oWhote New in the Garden” by J. H. noe with George H. Gillies and F. F. and “That Constru oti A. C. Pfander with Henry Carl F, Wedell assisting. B. Aul a In Providence the evening of oo "6, pe Rhode spe oe tural Society s as 's 20-m mo’ Picture Sire, “Play aad cas life of’ Man,” William ‘J. Robbins on Hae a sorance of Plants Harold N. Moldenke bddeaed a ae of garden bs in New Jersey on orn of Adaptation Among our Plants” Jan. 23, and on Feb. 8 s sioke ae the Garden ub of Eagteo aod on “A Naturalist in Florida.” Elizabeth C. Hall talked to the Scarsdale Women’s Club ga len section on horticultural literatur: On Jan. 6 she ad- Jan ressed “lemiae of Ambler School . Horticulture for as on Library of the York Botinical Garden. and its Readers, "BL J. Ale described his Mexican expedition at annual meeting of the Garden’s Advise Council Dec. 10. THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN Officer. JosepH R. Swan, ee a Bre Fcc Bau ee Ve ein n L. Merri, e- president Mera M. eee Treasurer Henry pe La Montacne, Secretary ective Managers Witiiam Frerton BARRETT Mrs. ea Huntixncron H. Hopart Porter Epwin De T. Hoox: acer E. oe Jr. Henry F. pu Pont Mrs. Av + D, Lasker M eg MarsHALL Fierp CLARENCE Mek. Lewis WV pee [. Ronn Rev. RogertI. Gannon, §E. D. Meraiy nae MUND W. SINNOTT S.J. Ropert H. Montcomery Sipney J. WEINBERG ee i ieee: ers Witiam O'Dwyer, Mayor of th ‘y of New York Mary E, Dasox, President of Lies oa: ee of Education Rozert Moses, Park Comunissioner By Coluiibia Tienes praeaiae T. Bocert Ma eS M. Ruoapes CHARLES W. BALLARD Sam F. TRELEASE THE STAFF noe J. pe Pu.D,, Sc.D. Director AG. N, Pu Assistant Director and Curat or ENRY DE i ee Assista ee Director Frep J, Seaver, Px.D., Sc.D. urator . B. Stout, Pu. Curator of Education and Taboraione: BERNARD QO. Doce, Pu.D. Plant Pathologist OHN eae Barnuart, A.M., M.D. eg Ate Enert tus H. Ric Pu.D. rapher Basserr Maciine, .D. vator Haroip N. MES Pxu.D. wlssociate Curator Euizazetu C. Harz, A.B., B.S. pp rarian Eimer N. Mitce Photographer E. J. oo BS . Assistant Curator and Curator of the oe os bari T0801 W. H. Camp, Pa Assistant ae E. Nay , Px a ctssistant Curator ARTHUR Crosguisn, ae sistan ba Custodian of the Herbarium Collaborator in Hawaiian Te any onorary Curator of Mo Assistant Honorary Curator o. Mos Hoa Curator of the Diatomaceae Honorary Curat. or of Se Botany 0 ee Erne: Anson 8 PeckHam Ff A.C. Pra Superintendent of Buildings and Grounds reach the Botanical Garden. take the Independent Subway to Bedford Park Reaevard station: use the Bedford fark Boulevard ae and walk east. Or rake the Third Avenue Elevated to the Botanical Garden Bate 00th Street station, the New Cen t York tral to the Botanical Garden station, or the Wel he ter Avenue surface car to Redford Park Boulevard. airy Avenue fac tO Lne Huranical wal York Central the Botanical Garden statio THE OREO uE CL OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN h t the State of New York in “1801. The De of Incorporation aaa among other things, for a_self- perpetuating body of icotDorsect who meet annually to elect members of the Board of Managers. They also elect new members of their own body, the present roster of which is e Advisory Council consists of more women who are elected by the Board. By y are also elected to the eee on. Officers are: Mrs. Robert H. Fife, Chairman; Elon Huntington st Vice-Chairman; Mrs. William A. Lockwood, Second Vice: Hooker, Fir. . Nelson B. Williams, Recording Secretary; Mrs. Townsend Scudder, Corresponding and Mrs. F. Leonard Kellogg, Treasurer. Arthur M. Andersot Mrs. Arthur M. Anderson Mrs. 6 Ge Arents, Jr. George Arents, Jr E. C. Auchte: Dr. Raymond F. Bacon 1) 5 ~ 2 3 dwin De T. Bechtel Be Prof. Marston T. Bogert Prof. William J. Bonisteel George P. Brett Mrs. ie ard de Wolfe Biixey Dr. Nicholas Mrs. Andrew cae Miss Mabel Choate Miss E. Mabel Clark W.R. Co - Coe Mrs. pats W. Coon Mrs. Henry S. Fenimore = Mrs. W ili im Redmond Cro: Mrs. C. I. DeBevoise Mrs. Thomas M. Debevoise Mrs. Henry J. Fisher Harry Harkness Flagler Mrs. CaN Fox Childs Rev. Robert I. Gannon, S.J. Dr. H. A. Gleason Archer M. Huntington Pierre Jay Mrs. Walter Jennings Mrs. Alfred G. Kay Mrs. F. Leonard Kellogg Mrs. Warren Kinney Mrs. William A. Lockwood Dr. D. T. MacDougal Mrs. David Ives Mac! - H. Edward Manville Parker McCollester Miss Mild eae Louis E. McF; . John R. Meine Mrs. Roswell Miller, Sr. S_ P Mill le George Vane H. de Ja Monta Col. Robert H. ee M H rs. Robert H. Montgomery Barrington Moore Mrs. William H. Moore B. Y. Morrison Mrs. Augustus G. Paine Mrs. James R. Parsons Rufus L. Patterson Mrs. Wheeler H. Peckham Mrs. George W. Perkins Ts. ey Peters Howard ee ee Plat bart Porter Francis E. Powell, a Mrs, Harold I. Pra Mrs, ae Procter Mrs, Henry St. C. Putnam Joseph R. Swan Jo: Arthur S. eee John C. Wister Richardson Weis ae JOURNAL THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN hd Vou. 47 No. 556 JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN Carnot H. Woopwarp, Editor APRIL EVENTS AT THE GARDEN ee Day 3:30 p.m. Report on Mexico E, J. Alexander Sard Raat Programs 3 p.m each April. 6 vile a Garden Beauty A. B. Stout April 13 ild gia s Seen on Springtime Walks odachrome. ‘Iustrati ions Walter Shannon April 20 Plane ee the Bib Hen N. Moldenke April 27 Realm of the rile A motion picture in sound from the U.S. Department of Agriculture Radio Progra 3:30 p.m. on ae Fridays over ana Apa 5 Little dni of New York City Hon y President, tee Gas Club Mrs. Garret Smith April 19 Bugs, ea State oe of Agriculture on Long Island Louis Pyenson Courses of Study Outdoor ei Practice, Arthur King and George H. Gillies, eer starting April 18, 7 p.m. Part of the Two-Yea: r Course in Practical Garden Field Baas G. Wittrock, Sas starting April 20, 1:30 p.m. Tdeaaneaeen of wild flowers, ee shrubs, and fer Garden Construction, A. C. Pfander, tte: starting April 30, 7 p.m. Actual, supervised work in the building of garden fixtures. Per hcomane he Members’ Day, May 1, Comments on the Living Plants Displayed, by T. H. Everett. Saturday Paaae. Nay 4, Plants a Tropical Regions, with Scenes from Nassau, by Otto Degener: May an } Journey to Ecuador, with a motion picture, “Down Where the Bee: a ins,” by mp; May 18, Mushrooms and Other Useful Fungi, by TABLE OF CONTENTS APRIL 1946 Mancnu, A DAYLILY DEVELOPED AT THE GARDEN, BEING INTRODUCED TH Is Cover anak is CTIONS OF DaYLILIEs IN 1946 tout 7 William ]. Robbins 82 pete Charles A. Berger 84 A ibis. BOTANICAL GARDEN Leslie N. Goodding 86 rs, News, AnD COMMENT 97 TAFELBERG’S DISCOVERER 100 OTICES AND Reviews or RECENT Books 101 ete Jouroat is published monthly by The New York Rotanical Garden, Rronx Park, New York 58. inted in U1. S, A. Entered as Second Class Matter, January 28, 1936, - “the Me Office . New” York, N, Y., under the Act of August 24, 1912. Annual subscription $1.50, Single 13 cents, Free to melee of the Garden, eer JOURNAL of THE NEW YorK BOTANICAL GARDEN VoL. 47 Aprit 1946 No. 556 Introductions of Daylilies in 1946 By A. B. Stout W! TH the ten new daylilies here named and described, the number of horticultural clones of Hemerocallis named by the writer reaches fi e total number of pedigreed seedlings have been grown and studied in “this breeding project is about 100,000; so the oe of name ections is ab i ade the ie " =. Oo Journal of the New York Botanical Ga rde en in January 1941 aon with ee - ae ms of daylilies a ve well to the ss cates that a w given horticultural nam Asa tule a Se i is ol observed over a period of at least se years. oo y' fir a plant reaches its full stature and habit of growth. Only then can ae quate evaluations be made, based on critical iene with other seedlings and with named clones of the same type or class. he past five years have been difficult ones for ree propagation and hence there is only limited stock of these new daylilies for distribution by the ae ‘arr Nursery Company, which propagates these plants for distribution to the trade. of t iehces a species ee ae "oa peat ey pare Peta after ake hybridization. In the descriptions of the rae oe references are made to “Color Standards and Color Nom caclatare” by Ridgw: o the first volume of the “Horti- cultural Color Chart” dy Sie by ihe Royal Horticultural Society, and to the plate of colors i e “Garden Dictionary” edited by Norman Taylor and published by Houghton Tiffin an Conese “Tt has already a reported to the readers of this Journal (February 1931, page 32) that the New York Botanical Garden does not propagate the daylilies either for sale or general oe tion. This is done by the Farr Nursery Co. All of the ie ose described sees hie under observation agen real bias during veral yea < OF propagati in the nursery of this co lose records on Hen one oa vigor and hardiness: and on other imiportant characteristics = these scion have been cores in deciding on introductions and in for ing the riptions here presented.” 77 78 BRILLIANT COLORS IN NEW i aes HEMEROCALLIS CLONES... : 1, Firebrand, rich crimson-red with orange throat. 2, a ae Hooker, brick red with a throat of light cadmium. 3, ust Orange, rich coloring with numerous flowers on branching scapes. Numerous gardeners visit the i sa dia of daylilies at - Som pale — — tan ae Garden once mn of flowering. me t mes in one s ae nie ‘the choice = seedings by thes peer is d on oeeeal preferences in regard t or of There has, however, been a growing apprecia ation of ae various eee ae of daylilies a of their comparative values 79 gardens. The great diversity now existing in beter makes such evalua tions necessary. The writer bse records of many selections which nae gardeners have made. One such evaluation is noted in the description of the Firebrand Daylily. Several somewhat Sean daylilies are included in the a here described. None closely duplicates ae clone already na med. Some of the readers who have visited the experi tal plots in recent este wil note (Early D and Candelabrum) are not ae ted in these aes A eeu number of selections these eee was made in 1945 and these will be critically mel as well as propagated during the next five years. These selections include several of the pink-flowered type, the e: ich wi r, aad a several ome with crimson-red flowers, one of which will be name - bat rtha Strong. years bot : ron 0: McL. Turner have been active in the sele ction of a days oF have shown special interest in the progress of the breeding. Mrs. S member of the aie i] 1931. M a member of the Advi oe a from April 1925 and of the Corporation death on 27, 1945. new ie of daylilies here named and described for the first time are as follow: August Orange Daylily: This daylily Mrs. ee Hunt tington Hooker blooms in August. The flowers are rich (Blanche Ferry rae in whose honor orange and are larger and more con- this ovily is named, has been a mem- spicuous than vie a Ay pupaeetin ber of the C Corporation ae the New Yor! which is one of the ents. scapes Botanical Garden since 1933, a member are about 3 feet tall an ae iabieteey of the Advisory Council ane. 1931, its The plant is dormant in winter and will chairman from 1934 to 1941, and a mem- probably be hardy throughout northern ber of the Board of Managers since United States. joe 8, 1934, Blanche Hooker Daylily: — Visitors Caprice Daylily: For it son Hs gee fated this plant as fesse in Tate Ma y and early June the e “best red” of all the numerous seed- Caprice Daylily is a distinctive and some- ae in blo ‘ew York Botanical what new type. The flowers are rela Garden during the last ten days tively small (about 2% inches in sg; ), There is also a second rather profuse full, cup-shaped and rich brownish red The ave a border or margin of period of ering in September and cadmi hich is the color of the throat October. The flowers have a spread of The buds are dark brownish red, about 4% inches; the color of the throat scapes are usually about 2 feet long and is near deep chrome or light cadmium the flowers are min, with or some- (a de of orange), an es a: vhat surmounted by the tips of the foli- near brick red (Ridgway) and slightly 28° bl The ae of the pl: rongly re- more intense in the midzone. e scapes Sod es isthe me 4 arent he oll : : n reach a height of about 3 feet. The foli- par ‘as a complex hybrid which had age is evergreen and there is some winter jn its parentage H. flava, H. fulva clone injury at New York. Eur a and H. Middendorffii, 80 Fantasia Daylily: The widely spreading pigmentation gradually increases towar d petals and sepals, usually much twisted, the tip of the petals ee | Spun Th with pale and rather faint dull red tints burnt sienna. us the: wo-toned over greenish yellow, give ine flowers of distal color pattern. The seit ee nee this plant dine tive char: The red red than the petals. In well ju) /, ROSE. AND RED TONES a IN NEW DAYLILIES 4. Rose Gem, with old rose coloring. 5. Caprice, a smaller flower of brownish-red with cadmium throat and sepal margins. 6. Fiftieth Anniversary, a handsome large fever of orange-red, the petals marked with oxblood red, the throat tinged with gre Viking, a red. i Fantasia, she twisted petals showing faint red tints over een yellow. Geo’ 9. orgia, an unusual pastel combination of pale rose plants the scapes stand above the foliage and reach a height of nearly 4 feet. The foliage is evergreen and there = been j ork during severe open ae hen. plants iven no protectio: Fiftieth Anniversary Daylily: The rich ed coloring (orange-rufous) of jades, d mi orange throat of the give outstanding character to ae flowers are rt and about $ ee in spread and t ee iod o besins in late quot 3 Sn ain d showing o: flowers has been sale auras the past 8 ee The plant has an evergreen RECENT DAYLILY DEVELOPMENTS EVERGREEN LEAVES a Hl plant with good foliage; the flowers orange-~ and buff. habit. The year 1945 marked the fiftieth anniversary of ae New York pogee Garden. ae members of Garden taft, a ing the ie at in he selection and naming of this plant. rebrand Daylily: This daylily has a aan ‘eimsonered coloring (near Morocco : Wi hc when it was admired and its selection peau y Mrs. aur Pinchot. The capes stand erect eo a height of 3% ae ring per begins in late Tan The foliage is eee corns abode This ely is some- Dayli the "throat green but the plants have suffered little winter injury at Ne ork. A well grown plant st: fro: to 4 feet tall. At New York the period of flower- owers peach colors—a estore which suggested the name Georgi Manchu Daylily: In comparison to the ad Daly, this has a narrow, arch- ing but pro’ 1s. 3 feet tall and tees Pe os slightly — the mound of leaves. The perio flowering is in late June and early Rose Gem Daylily: This plant has a iorote habit i; growth with a fine mound of evergreen foliage and scapes Growth ‘oadcast over work, to 4 feet . The flowers are medium large and full with a ser read of nearly 6 inches. he general color of the flower is near old rose ieee ee ere is some eye-zone 0 a darker shade the petals icuous, especiall hen the flowers are vo a dista n som ters at the plant suffers some Yor! ee ais "but the recovery in summer is very complete and the plant makes a fine ae of flowers during July and early Augus Viking Daylily: The scapes of this richly as pa a aes ne a a stiff and well bra: foliage is See li age eer ue standing, and it holds its form and dark green colo it th Or hence it is cleane nd the throat is greenish chrome. The plant has an excellent vere nd a com- Handiie appearance. ew York Botanical Garden the peried of bloom has been from mid-July to mid-August. By William J. Robbins A talk —— during the Philharmowic-Symphony United States Rubber Company CBS Net 10, 1946 (copyricHTen 1946—vnNITED n. We , Or W) do more than w ee Few attempt to and why—or to answer of the H isa cae of Sais to all of us. nay wond Sunday, February STATES RUBBER COMPANY) It is a personal subject. s, how it o other fundamental cee we might ask about this process which we all experience 83 What is growth? ae people would probably answer by sa that when anythi ing Beds it gets heer But this is pee all et he mean by the term tha ‘A dog eke ose ely an enlarged puppy; a Bs n e than gnified infant, and an ok ie is ance As an ian simplest living creatures it is sntmately associated with increase in siz ost living ee es as a single ze and derived cell, microscopic from the parents "This ere bit of protoplasm, or living material, s— that is, it divides and multiplies, until the mature individual — if it on of the larger s—contains ee cae - oe oe ay of cells, al Sens fro inal one. rage- sized on ae as you may are eaten for dinner, has betw d bil- lion ae As these they arge; and they also change in character, ee organized into tissues —that the: with each kind of living thing frog’ egg always grows i frog, and never into a chicken or a peony. Our nose al i 2 it carries on a eer series of chemical reactions and physical processes “ee ean ee result in the characteristic struc- an of the indiv idual. more the size of the The pahde o Pharaoh’s serpent dee e kind of material of which the cone ae le. To use g pom wder will not do. mus mi . The behavior of the ash a se cer ree also are necessary to get e desired result. us We conceive _. growth of a mature individual. constitution of living protoplasm | is, of ou exceedingly complex, the chemical reactions and physical eee: are infinitely numerous and say growth takes place by a re pone giving but the hace jutline of grow This important, bec: e mical sential for the growth of bacte prob! ann ae Rice ihe the ‘e need to know not only 4 ihe details ‘of the way in which cells divide and how they are 84 arranged in ae and organs; we need of the chemistry and tions, y other highly techincal matters. One of the things we should like to know is how to control growth. Many of the diseases which plants and a ndure are results of the growth on their bodies. For example, athlete’ moni growth of certain bacteria in the lungs. revent 0: the: ev cure these diseases we must prevent o p the growth of the parasite in the h The rotting of fruits and vegetables, the decay of lumber, and ne of cloth are caused by the growth of bacteria or molds in or on the material affected. As human_ beings and hat ane i ore oe dad Do all living things age? Is a fountain of youth? These are questions en cae — ie e matured and sed to ly change ae aaa ane begin to grow ra do not ordered place in the ching of cells but become unruly m mbers these pa rou; —change f condition to a opal Crowne form, and how can they be induced to return to their normal and harmless condition? If we knew enough about growth we sco answer these questions aa many other: 0 £ interesting and hopeful thi: e have learned is that growth is an nimals, as it is in man. periment more easily and freaky with these less omelets forms life, though the final test, of course, wth in plants, in- pidly. or some other lowly things than in man a consequence they Leen ate himself, Ey BROADCAST By CHARLES A. BERGER, S.J. N ROOM and laboratory, onions Dr. Cha: . head of the bi descri ‘bed hie eign of cells in the ro Botanical Garden’s broadcast over station answers to some of the questions he was asked over the air are given her EARLY all biologists have at some time ‘used the onion for study, because in working’‘on cell structure and be- CLASS to aed both He and sctentists in their sty A. Berger, S. J. ol from a nearby grocery-store are helping tudies of cells and ees le dham University WNYC October Fa hag Berger's havior, they generally find the largest cells i - the tips of the onion roots. To provide a bit of background first: are ‘microscopic in size, Growth con- sists of the constant dividing of thes cells a h ae becomes two; each o thes s two, making ; these e bec fou divide ‘again . ‘hs, with geometric have a complicated ts : moss or on yes, or even an animal. ry hum being began life as oe single cel, which, just like the first cell of a growing onion, divided and divided ecame diff - tiated until an embryo was formed with recognizable pi The * fa ct that a living structure and growth depend upon micro ae cells and their behavi make: tudy of the cell important. 10 Years a Cell Si arliest pe s of cell structure scover the onions are to buy at any neh ened older they are, the better ies In s, in our own ieee a on “ham University and in many er institutions too—biologists vbave bet treating the growing onion root t with various chemicals d drugs ane josed ese these artificially new information is obtained about t normal process of cell division. From Research to Applic Pure science research is eae con- cerned with increasing man’s knowledge a. kn esonsibie re heredity. and not with applying the newly found information to particular uses plication of _ biological itt made by medicine, agr: y. For example, ae chemicals applied to onions have the ef- fect of “doubl bling a oe e the cells. eae foes hort: ae ital mormal grow’ the microscope. Chromosome Investigati own special field ae research with the onion = the chromosomes that are in the When en os “cell is ready to wo cells, each Sey: Ww ‘Mm of them soon ie ae large as the parent cell, and iar ‘ae turn to divide in the process of oe not until ne 7 1880 vior of the s first noted and verified by scientists. A cell bees - microscopic in size, and the chrom es are so m that oe. _that the eo! the contain ihe ‘cisterial that 86 cA Hidden Botanical Garden Planted eed oe Nature, Sycamore Canyon in aint Arizona Yields ees a Plants from Distant ae pence Raritie: By Leslie N. Goodding care to wander down to the southern border of Arizona, following ie unsurfaced road cores on the sketch map here, you will find, in a neglected nook called Syc e Canyon, a remarkable botanical garden lanters. In this na unct i e along the road), then turning almost due west on the main road (unpaved a — traveled) to tae a little “Mexican” village. From that point oad leads almost due south a short distance and then, worried by 7 ees winds aimle ab toward the hills to the south. The old adobe walls and ruined buildings of ae he somewhat famous mining camp of Oro Blanco are passed and finally the more recent mining town of Ruby—until lately a oo producer sve Ruby is left behind on the traveler’s right, and the road grows poo: To one used to mountain roads of the West, ee i is still a Sod ner Five miles over hills r m Ruby br 0 h From the highway, if it may be called such, in the very bottom w, a dim road leads to cas This ends abruptly a short a a Two sights will assure you tl ae arrived at the heey site. First of these is several trees - Salta taxifolia.t You must tra’ miles from here to see another of ae trees. A specimen or ot is et away eee of Tucson, a few occur on the Santa Cruz east of Nogales, a few in the San Rafael Valley eat of the Huachuca Mountains. For 1 This writer has tee entirely on “Flowering Plants and Ferns of Arizona” 87 ore, you must jump into the southwestern tip of New Mexico. Salix taxifolia is unique among willows, at least in the United States. The leaves are small, narrow and silvery, the twigs small in the extreme, and the tips form perfect canopies. Incidentally, the branches are pruned just cow : : : : t andmark has some historic significance. It is the remains of the aaa a aa, Only an old adobe corral nee a few broken-down adobe walls of buildings remain of this once ee ca ranch. Here on April 28, 1886, Apaches attacked the ranch and tw n were wounded. Most fal the story revolves about two ten-year-old ee as ran the Indian To Tucson--26 miles a Continental 1l miles Arivaca Junctilon 25 miles Arivaca A small corner of southeastern Arizona, showing the location of Sycamore Canyon. 88 en to warn women and children at a nearby sees and also the n Oro Blan Many weird see are told. woven hidden treasure, for holes hav ome must b n excavated in fe corners of the If you explore the shade of a widely spreading oath oak (Quere ili i i virtues should be ex ur ae are tasty. S tree is not peculiar to this egion, but covers a areas in New Mexi The xico, Arizona and Mexico, where, southwestern ranges, its forests reseble vast — ds. During the acorn season hundreds of In dia ns and Mexicans move to the ommon in season in ie The gateway to the aie is little mor emerges from the sands during the rainy season and even in the driest years small seeps of water are ae be found occasionally. In spite of the shifting gravel and the total pair oais of the water for lon, during dro yee the seeps are alw: e e than a wash, though a stream a g distances teeming with fish, the Lier of which m more than three inches in length. Almost ime below you park, the wash begins to narrow, nd as you rw it pee a a ae you get the first ae of what may eee be called the gate to the garden—: aad r pinnacles of rock, perhaps one hundred feet hi ie approa a this gate there are Populus gente), ash (Fraxinus i bonplandiana var. oaaas oh), which in siz and beauty are beyond oe commonplace is poi yields at least sed relatively rare plan cassava ae oes its roots between which pane r ble kud one 0 ; a ae ease with a: moment to recall that the butterfly oo of Virginia, and n a gr the e in his right mind would accuse it of b a we r of g been brought to this spot an. Just as sidelights The beans of the Metcalf bean ar ie large as large a are elicious to eat: ou, Ss hough tr rodent competition is too keen The m anihot unknown to Co: . me other it carries probably lethal amounts £ hydrocyanic sare a dee like ae as it can pro ably be made safely edible with prope In th ent. main wash, slightly below your last ea on aa steep west bank General view of the entrance to Sycamore Canyon. a rare passion vine (Passiflora aes cg the sloping rocks. The flowers are typical passion flow nch in diameter with white petals and purple crowns. The eae ot the small fruit i is edible—in case rods Rancens (from this point on you may designate the wash as a stream) you view a rugged canyon to your right. This is well worth a detour, ae the climbing grows tough. Mee boulders and brush ob- struct the way. Junipers - nd oaks are most abundant. Perhaps this can be classed as site Al for the low, much branched Toumey oak (Quercus toumeyi). While this a oy its small, shiny, dark-green leaves, is not o in southern Arizona, it is probably unkn eee n to most of our reader he north-facing pa of this can: yon is a riot _ Mae pas Tias (Ecler rusbyi) cling to the crevices in the rocks. Mim rahami ar. lemmoni happens a just the right place to i a bit of ae vf blood as you attempt to climb the slope. Tight against the i of the cliffs are banks of Choisya mollis with their waxy white and exceedingly fragrant flowers. It would be a prize in any man-made garden, but it seems to pine away in captivity. In spots are encountered thick brambles of blackberry (Rubus oligospermus) in thickets of mulberry (Morus microphylla) and 90 hoptree ae angustifolia). In case you are rae the blackberries, while delicious, are so small that it ee a few to fill a cavity in your teeth. The alee is an excellent wild-life and ne cone uo plant, easy to propagate and hardy. The “fly in the ointment” is that the birds beat you he berries and e seed aaa extremely expensive. I h- western folk-lore, thickets of hoptrees were favorite places for the whites to hide the es es of the eee in mn Indian wars. Why? Perhaps even the Below the ramble and = eon are vie shrubs, one of which i in some regions is a v Eve e the tips of its branches twist crazily the air. This shri i ee ra. aaa ra var. en should have s tayed rupicola, These plants are crue ce both are hosts of the most hideous disease affecting junipers. In aces alo anyon ca: bar! ni monosperma), and the Pinchot juniper (Juniperis pee i). oe these are beautiful specimens—perverte up this canyon is an awful scramble. Ladies, wear your slacks, sa Scotch Highlanders, better don a pair of overalls. Perhaps the prize of your trip, i perchance ) you are lucky, will be a beautiful little fern, a ed eee 7 a ult Kearney a Peebles’ “Flowering Plants = ae of Ari * to get an appreciation of it — a eee of the Hima Meaaais en thus far, judging by written records, found in the United States in only two places, and in each of these places Raia by bi An ae detour from the main canyon can be made by crossing numerous deep, small canyons extremely diffic ah to eerie The writer owes his life to a a od hat ae thick skull o: e of his trips through this bit of coun Wom ould stay out, 3 men should go in pairs, for aaceies a have pia ee . ae ins yo S bones should you fall, befo r friends could find yo such a side trip might uu well be Pie woe yids pea eae ash (Fraxinus 2Tf the reader is disappointed at the omission of some of his favorite genera, the writer begs forgiveness, for, although they may occur in the canyon, this paper is intended only to stimulate interest in this little known region, and not to give a complete catalog of its plants. 3 J. G. Lemmon oaae the first collection, in the Huachuca Mountains. So far as he knows, the writer is the only one to have ‘collected this fern from Sycamore Canyon. 91 greggii), a truly béautiful and rare tree or shrub; the Texas muhly (Muhlenbergia texana); a tiny iver (Polygala glochidiata), a relative which ted in the Southwest nia this region only, but which is a ce bed in 1 the American t ut rather than attempt this dan Sine pe you may return to our side canyon with all its dives vegetation. ieee south facing slope is strangely different from ioe north He much of the slope ae the cliffs is covered by a carpet of amolle oe Schottii). With care and good heavy shoes oa can work your way through the dagoer ike vegetation. By the way, the roots a es a are used the same as yucca oots as a substitute for soap i ea They are potent. ee ae slope two Acanthaceous plants occu abundan One n over wide areas of southern ney but fica pveriooked is s Tetra, merium hispidum, and the other—much rarer but more widely distributed— is Elytraria imbricata. The latter is truly oe The closely oe cated leaves give it the appearance of a club-m e flowers are som hat showy but so evanescent that they are som seen. e be found. One is an indigo (Indigofera sphaerocarpa) con cae to south- ern Arizona and northern anne perhaps it is better to say “known only from this region,” for it is quite abundant within a mile ie the New Mexi xico line in Cochise County, Azo, i do ube tless — not recognize the state boundary. The other plan rare species of dalea (Dalea lagopus) ; at Pie it is rare in the United States, ae been ae es but this one locality. Elsewhere it is reported from southern Mex ie ntral America. Perhaps our eel friends will explain this, little — may be of interest to note in what has gone before ie what will fol- low, the number of plants from the tropics which have found a oo in Sycamore Canyon. It will be equally interesting . ee plants fro more northern regions. In no sense of the word does this region toca a tropical aaa The general aspect of the region is that of central or northern Ari here are no eat defined trails down the canyon. From the ent es pass the ee finger-like eae on a side of the ae e othe upper end of the ei ou na real canyon for miles. The sides are precipitous in ee pla kp ac a sal heath pi to the steep slopes. It is possible . mes through the canyon but going in several places is t ; razing animals aoa n - aes without extreme per i entrance, h rT, a cany r' suasion. A mile o below th n owev opens in from the east through which cattle and horses pass from the Bear Valley ranch. The stock, however, cannot climb the precipitous slopes GATEWAY TO THE “HIDDEN BOTANICAL GARDEN” IN ARIZON. At the see an ee spire of rock seen around the bend in the wash by ion one enters the can’ m foot. At the right, a view looking west from the entrance. except in a few places and the overgrazed condition so prevalent in many places in the Southwest is ape! absen On the floor of the canyon, as well as on the slopes and on the benches ee oi rat Carica basis pungens) is frequent ue in spots shr ould be relaed _ al a an cana site. Per! aps no more oa perfect specimens can be found any place. At least one specimen the writer en needs is no — than 15 feet high with an even = of 25 ae in all directions from the center; a perfect cone, the outer limbs tight to the ground and well rooted. The dense, almost ae trable panes of manzanita so common in many parts of central Arizona are, however, a in this re t you te i wonder about the reason for the name Sycamore 93 Canyon, clewane (Platanus wrightii) are common along the fale but ore so tha no m an in hundreds of canyon: ne hee in the Sow In parts of California there is a species of Dichondra eal ee green Ce that is cultivated quite ex! tensive as a ground-cover in shaded Sycamore Canyon there is a ted plant with small silvery spots. In leaves which forms a dense natural gro is -cover in at least one spot. While widely distributed in tropical America, this plant (Dichondra repens var. oo has apparently been reported within the United States only n this regi In eee in the canyon a lotus of exceptional habit (Lotus alamo- aa. occurs along the stream banks, where it ie close stands like bur- clovers. Its ele are glabrous and shiny, an the flowers rather showy. Here again is a plant known in the United eee ae Be caress a Pos ssibly it is common in Sonora and Dur: In early summer a dark red lobelia (Lobelia een is a ane along ee stream banks. This is a common plant in many parts of the coun- try, but a second one (Lobelia ee var. ne which is a later bloomer in the canyon and a t per omer in cultivation, is found i nited Bites aa in ene n. ae plant is now we established as an plies 1 at the Thompso on Arboretum near Superior, Arizona, at the Soil Conservation Service Nursery at Tucson, Arizona, at a few See in Tucson. * * see es not claim all the rare lees in the canyon, so, to digress for a t, experience with an unusual snake * will be described. With his ae Mrs. Charlotte Rede the writer one time encountered an extremely curious snak king in a low will It wa: st e baskin; ow tree was at lea six feet long an nd so slender that it could not have exceeded three-quarters of an inch in the thickest portion. The tail for a length of two feet was not thicker than a lead pencil. The head must have been six inches long, taper- ing from the thickest sare into a slender snout. It was not in the least pla by our presence. In a it eee us to handle it, pulling : from one eee to another. At e had it protru uding at lea three feet straight out in the air. There it nen dieing out like es ean straight. The chief evidence of life was the constant protruding and threatening movements of Me tongue. * x The ball-moss ( peiade! recur) is cea ae Florida to es and in tropical cute ca. In Arizona it appears to be no Cruz County ; i arden it is ee ndant on oe an The diiey dows: currant (Ribes aureum) is comparatively rare in southwestern ranges and commonly occurs a relatively high altitudes. In 4For a further discussion of this exceedingly rare snake (Oxybelis micro- phthalmus) refer to “Field Book of Snakes” by Schmidt and Davis. FOR AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENTERS siete are shown cassava roots, approximately d, five pounds on a single plant, grown at Bar Ce from seed of Manihot shee: an unexploited species, collected amore Canyon. FOR MYCOLOGISTS t is shown one of ¢ the distorted t to mn, eae are to be found ther Sycamore Canyon it seems peculiarly out es ee hugging ag oes - ts cliffs. It is not abundant and is confined to one small area. of the rocks above it are tufts of the relatively rare fern, ee auriculata. Ina canyon leading into the main canyon from the east, the flor: ppears a bit baa Here one of the liver eae ee ae is al seen robably this occurs in every mou range rizona, but most seals including the writer, ee the eee a mosses. This, however, is so striking in ie ee condition that it is hard to over- A view in Sycamore Canyon. ook. Much stranger is the appearance of a - syne (Amelanchier mormonica). Here the altitude must not be tl ie t, wher the usual habitat of this species is in hoe mountains We n Arizona to Wyoming at see over 6,000 feet. Another pei in this site is the apparent absence of Gymnosporangium on the leaves or fruits of this serviceberry, despite te association of Sania junipers. 96 7 ieee ae a nein to say ieee ie the grasses of this region. others are ra mall clump of gama grass eS lanceolata) bss ina ee trek by two Soil Con- servation Ser TS ago. The ey gathered a box of the roots and carried hee ae wo a a half miles through the rocky can These were Gai plaatel in the Soil Conservation Service ee : Tucson. This grass is interesting, not alone because it is da in the United States, occurring only in Cochise and Santa sees Counties in Arizona, but ity. Though it : a seers it cannot wit Head grazing, as sto aos it too closely. e Mule ae untains in Cochise County, on the slopes of the ii achuca Mountains, and i in a Canyon it grows Me a Lies so rough that cattle cannot reach it. other grasses which on on the aa ee ak norther: eae re ae Santa Cruz Count: ae “incidental ly into Sycamore Canyon. They have only recently been mentioned in Sie tables put ae a the U. S. Forest Service and the Grazing Service. These are the crinkle-awn (Trachypogon montufari) and Elyonurus barbiculmis. Three muhlies are abundant in the canyon. i d M. paucifio Ss a . paucifiora. common is M. dumosa, a handsome cane grass with slender solid stems. Rare species are the curious little annual, M. tn and the somewhat es perennial, Af. xerophila Space will hardly permit a discussion of the grama grasses eae of as page are seven or eight species in the canyon and on its slopes. Ther a or five species of Panicum. Poa, Pecuen Se: clgr a on, Sita , Koeleria, Sphenopholis, Lycurus, Stipa, Aristida, Hilaria, Cynodon ey inteodced ), Chloris, elec en Setaria, ropogon, and Het fad on also are all r ted her: Not all a nents plants in this ee can ne mentioned, but two more seem to be of special interest. Huisache or sweet acacia (Acacia ane is because of its fragrance and supposed medicinal value. It is reputedly rare in pay fae i is, however, quite abundant on the slopes of ne Syc Canyon r the Mexican border. It may be aaa a that | it is oer on the upper slopes ‘at perhaps 5,000 feet on he east slopes of the Baboquivari Mountains in Arizona. The o ae ‘lant is inges Arizona, but is abu ndant i in Sycamore Canyon r the Mexican border The de Vicate 1 racemes of white flowers of this oe are beautiful and aie ee aed ant. s this botanical garden. Any time you visit it you can expect to nae an iene one ed plant— if, of course, you are willing . pay the price in sweat. This garden is guaranteed to please—any botan 97 sie News, and Comment Arizona Author. As a botanical col- oo fn n western and southwestern states exico, Leslie Gooddin, ng, author of “A Hidden Botanical Garden appearing in this issue, has contributed herbarium of the New years wa! Government Service as forest pathologist and botanist in th western ted States and in British Col: rt Beq will of Mary Thurston Cog ft "of New “York City and Sauga- been ab Annual Tnvitation Lectures. A second series of invitation | the Women’s Hie of the Garden’s Manhattan office has been ova during the past month at the home of Mrs. Arthur Pata “A Botanical Garden and What I the subject of Dr. William os Robbins Mar. 7. eae ae H. ae spoke on “Plant Ex athe s in Ecuador” Mar. 14; Eliza- beth C. “Hall on “The ‘Tira and its Ser- . 28, ai of Mm mes. aS Lloyd Derby, Ro Fineke, Coe Iselin, Grafton H. Pyne, ne Philip B. Weld. Patronesses wer e incent Astor, Louis Aen Bissell, Neville Te Booker, Donald B: ee d- low Bull, Henry Fenimore Car De Coursey ee Hen: A G. Fone Ellery Ss. James, Henry Jame: hur Lehman, Tohn J. M oCloy P Rufu. L. Patterson, Harold I. an Harry Pel- ham Robbins, Nelson A. Rockefeller Mor Straus, John B. Whelpley, Sid- ney Weinberg, end Kaight Woolley and Miss Mabel Choa Graduate Students. Two candidates’ for advanced degrees are aia at the New York Botanical Garden. Hassan Mohamed mac’ has come from Alex- andria, Egypt, where he was le ae in botany at Farouk I University to study or a Ph.D. d of Grai from the Ss. a at the University ¢ tig obtained his B.S. in 1940, sudyng taxonomy Big pe net eres iiider rs. Camp and Stout. Microscopist. Joseph F, Burke, the Gar- den’s Honorary Curator of as ae has been elected President A e Staten Island Microscopical Socie! ean Conference. Two Antillean have contributed articles to agri- culture and forestry, held in Trinidad in January. Henri Stehlé, pias of the School of Agriculture see voli, Martin- nt of Forests at Port of ae Trinidad, the British West Indie. Visitors. Mustafa Bey Barbary, who is in America to attend Ls neds en fornia at rkeley, he Garden . 13, R. Hi oldr idge, forester, who has just returned oan erat iti and other co ed at the den Feb. 20 regions, stoppe Gar I ‘ay to ae where he plans a ndertake work in botany. © gra Elisa Hirschhorn of the University of La Plata, spent two days at the Garden ly March, just be ny ae to tina. Dr. Hir: schhor who is a my- has b oO years staying at Minnesota, Washington and ard Universities. ae . Harry K. Phi of Yale Uni versity has been diadying algae at the Garden for aries tis under a Ther- esa ae fellow: ip from oe including N. Zz chores and A. Alpatiev, here in this country to obtain seeds of tropical Stake Si the New York Botanical Garden ar. 7. The Beauty, Dignity and Inudispensability of Trees @ Trees are Daas far ae price. id be cat without them trees, once lost, leave a great void. They should be cared for ... by reliable experts efore it is too late. Davey Tree Surgeons are outdoor men who are thoroughly trained .. . n existence wo who love trees... ate their beauty and appreci- , their dignity ean RTS More than seven hundred of these Davey men went to war. But now they are coming back to their profession of saving trees. ow their expert service is avail- able to you once more. DAVEY TREE EXPERT Schad deta KENT, OHIO MARTIN L. DAVEY, PRESID TWO GENERATIONS OF TREE ae SERVICE her visitors of recent eek oe Geet Reid V. Moran of con I, F. R laa of the U.S.D.A., eee "Stoke of olyoke, eae — Mrs ial sere (Jean nn) of N William T. Tes of Paadelehia. Gone mander Edward Steichen e Ridgefield, Conn., who hed charge of n val ‘photog- raphy during the war, and Mr. and ‘Mrs. af North Alan Macneil, lily growers fi ho e authors of a nounced by the Oded ‘University Press. Lectures. E. J. Alexander talked a the Garden Club of aie Feb. 14 o Dodge at a meeting of the Garden, Ch Club of Mt, Vernon, an oy eb 18. Dr. troubles of roses, Hela Techy oodles African violets, and Dr. Harold N. Moldenke lectured Mar. 5 to ie pee rden Club of We: stfield, reasures of our Hills” an Mar, 4 46 the oe ie Center of Elizabeth on the Bis . AL . ae Ba on fh Fun; Elizabeth C. Hall ener on the pro- Shale o me aan ye - ie ae sylva Philadelphia "Feb. 9, “atk “bout “book ing ee Platt, a member of the Gar- den’s Corporation, spoke on “Art Forms in Nature” before the Torrey Botanical Club at ras Bees Leathe a ae ing his subje his own ome: Tyler Arboretum. The 70-acre hate a "Tyler Arbor pas ow ago "the | and. once SEED COLLECTORS We are interested in purchasing Tree—Shrub—Perennial Seeds Correspondence invited HERBST BROTHERS 92 Warren St. New York 7, N. Y. Wholesale Seeds Imported Grasses Lawn Mixtures Seaboard Seed Company Philadelphia 47, Penna. 100 Startling New DAHLIAS aes ieaeegieaie Perf Formal Dec- orative type di aa ae er Lavender oll wo ROYAL COLLECTIONS n E—5 roots, 1 each of inne colors, (Value $5. ) $4.50 Collection F—10 roots, 2 each of above colors, (Value $10.) nesta Novelty REGALIA iy Decorative Type ‘or the first 9 in. across i time. Blooms in. ac in lively, intense Ag Sturdy bushes, 4% 5 ft. ie Wonderful for $3.50 saree a0 for $31.50 limped LaheB 132-138 aes St., Dept. BO N. Y. 8 Subur Englew: oot NJ. White Plaine. N. ry. Newark, N. J. Stamford, Conn. Hempstead, LI. peti was Hager ia to the Tyler Ore been mi r e Corp York Botanical Garden, has been ap- Lonny Director of the newly enlarged A fiilia The John Burroughs Garden Sra bea Yonkers has become an Affiliate of the New York Botanical Tafelberg’s Discoverer first white man ever to see the tablelan Tafelberg in ich was i th Netherlands, y adventure briefly in a letter received last nth by Dr. Maguire. Commenting on o Maguire’s article on Tafelberg in The Cerne Review of last October, Dr. Pull t white man who imb the n car your Fig. 4.* The moment my pat oa i was covered by um and De Kock would not believe my story until they saw ue Epcaas el their own eyes the follow: “Tt tae pe ways "hee my desire to set my foot on that tleteak some day, and ae a war has prevented me from do- “Earlier j in the letter he remarked: “We have resumed our work immediately after the war but are still working unde: ler ex- tremely trying circumstances,” *Th same photograph as the one appearing fon mare 284 of the Journal for Decemb 194 101 Notices and Reviews of Recent Books (AU publications mentioned here may be consulted in the Library of T. York Botanical Garden or may be purchased on order through the pa ugar too, the book notes, is an im- Sources and Uses of oe Ss ; First Discovered in Plan portant source of glycerin through 7 fermentation. In 1858 Pasteur found pce pty ie, Indstal ana that approximately one-thirtieth of the Le! gw and Milton = ~ Z. em eS ont JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN Carnot H. Woopwarp, Editor MAY AND JUNE EVENTS AT THE GARDEN Rose-Growers’ Day June All-day meeting, with F. F. Rockwell as speaker in the morning, followed in the afternoon oy a aime and demonstration on rose diseases and e. Registration fre leeds Days May Comments on the Living Plants Displayed T. H. Everett June : Painting Wild Flowers in Westchester County Eloise P. Luquer ne Afternoon Programs m, a Saturday Plants of ahaa Regions with scenes from Nassau Otto Degener Collaborator in Hawaiian Botany May 11 Journey to Ecuader—With a motion picture, “Down where the North Begin. W. H. Camp Assistant Curator May 18 Mushrooms and other Useful Fungi aver Head Curator Radio Programs 3:30 p.m. on alternate Fridays over WNYC 3 Wegetables for Late Spring Planting orge H. Gillies Head ee Mace Field Estate May 17 The Worlds First gent Crops Major LaVerne V. Johnson May 31 ae Centuries of Tea-Drinking William H. Ukers Editor, Tea and Coffee Journal June 14 Your 230-Acre Garden elvin Sawin Member of Advisory Council, New York Botanical Garden June 28 Sugar is the Foundation of All Life ‘aylor Assistant Curator, New York Botanical Garden TABLE ae ama TuLtps AT THE New York eae “Canney, ae open by Elmer N. Mitchell! Prins Carnaval, of 60 varieties on view, all presented by the people of the Netherlands, through the Associated Bulb Growers of Holland, as a mark of gratitude for their liberation. A ComMMuTER’S GREENHOUSE John H. Myers 105 Breconia LITERATURE cae ae oe To LIBRARY 111 oe So peas Meets at Gari 111 Margaret Douglas 112 Hae eee oF Work at GARDEN OBSERVED BY JOSEPH W. SMITH 118 EXHIBIT OF PLANTS WitHouT, Flowers Wins AWARD FOR ca ae cnn 119 Broanc. ance Beware! Ey eae 120 Notices anp Reviews oF RECENT Books CurRENT Deane AT A GLANCE Harriet K. Morse 127 eta eee 129 Notes, New: D CoMMENT The Journal is published monthly by The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New York N.Y. Pemted 4 7 me = ac , Snitered as Second aryese Matter, January 28, 1936, at the Post Ces at Ne new York, under the Act of August 24, 1912, Annual subscription $1.50. Sin, ingle copies 1 8. JOURNAL of THE NEW YorRK BOTANICAL GARDEN VoL. 47 May 1946 No. 557 cA Commuter’s Greenhouse By John H. Myers H HAT is a greenhouse?” This was the es question in the informal talk on “A Commuter’s Gre given by Mr. John H. Myers of White Plains, a pei of the Garden for many years, at the Members’ Day program March 6. He answered his own ques- i Ows : tis primarily a cae enclosed building; in the case of th amateur it may perhaps be better defined a. eae “noose room. e glass allows the light and heat ae 7 n to ente and at the same time retards ibe eae of heat a within the greenhouse to the great outd “The equipment a a verenhonse consists of some too supely of water, a source of heat, containers 7 the ee ich the plants cat ee the medium itse e article below has been adapted from He be Illustra- tions show the plans and equipment of his own hou S a student and a young engineer, I was oe more tease in seeing the wheels go round than I was in a garden. How when T eventually acquired a aie in White Plains and became Hs oie in pal a its grounds, I began, probably unconsciously, to acquire an ocation—an interest in gardening. ome walks, a patch of grass and a driveway, then a vegetable and iting garden a came into being, my avocation took a stronger hold 105 106 on me and I began to ean oo ee he eae only about no seven-twelfths of the Where the idea ot know, but egan to think al ie i (pce ‘vegetables in a Coe rubbered, I asked questions, and, a much scheming and planning, ay waiting for igh prices ae orld War I to subs 2 T plun © bein the hi As a result, in the fall of 1921 a greenhouse came int To use a apres term, the eee was ee corner of the dwelling, opening o of its cellar. It was heated by hot water oie through pipes ane under the side benches and coming first from a coal- aadies boiler in a pit below th dwelling at a time was heated by a similar but independent plant. Since then an oil burner has fen oie which furnishes hot water heat for dwelling a gr enh with thermostats gov erning each independently. At the start I experienced much difficulty in acquiring knowledge about to quote tw obscure places. became my guide and mentor, but the scale of it had the needs of an amateur. Outdoor gardeners at that t oe is, the amateurs—knew next to suet about gardening ae glass. The men id know were those who operated large Roe ee on private garden Garage C Drive pgm eg » $ Vey egelable an: Cutting sha | 30.40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Scale of Feet ea a Plan of the Property, showing the position of the greenhouse in relation to dwelling, garden, and law’ Plants in Pots i 7 : tA TI L X\ Raised ducts 1 Cellar of Dwelling Scale of eer 4 O/ 234 § 6783910 Three inches old in a center where sweet peas and: ee are grown fe cutting, with smaller Blane along the edge and a faneine shelf from age side for an extra row of potted plants. The carnation bench at the end is removable so that in summer the outside door is iable cross-examined them and everyone else who seemed to eee ay of the information I was after. So slowly but surely : pees som For a few ng. seasons vegetables were forced, lettuce and aoe in the fall, tomatoes and English Sipe in the sp cine Perhaps I should be careful about using the plural number because there were none too many em. And I ee as season succeeded season that while any num- of people could get an eyeful of beauty from an — Baldy oe eg of well grown flowers, by no means could the same, or e a les. number, get a stomach full of fresh vegetables from ae house which —— duced the bo ouquet. = ie heen is now used to grow flowers, patos h in spring a few mbers are sometimes ripened t an - plants of pees ae ae ee are grown, to fruit later in ne fee garden. Tools, Pots, Flats, and Benches sort of equipment is used in operating a rane e? house tools are diminutives of garden too’ el sub- stitutes oe the Sates or shovel, the hand aes for ce fee On and a scratcher does the e work as a three- or five-prong cultivator in the gar rden. They are ea in the right hand whereas the use of the garden tools requires both hands and sometimes, in addition, the right foot. A ee bib in the greenhouse generally furnishes the water. The source of heat is very often a hot water boiler, and if the amateur’s greenhouse 107 108 Rear of the house showing how the one-room greenhouse has been attached, opening out of ee cellar and connected with it lee a flat roofed passageway which serves as a potting shed. In the foreground are the author’s coleise ‘ames, which supplement the fee iie in starting plants for the outdoor pe which I have defined as a glassed-in room is sae to garage or dwelling, their heating plants may also serve the greenhouse. Pipes through which the hot water ae are generally placed ae walls or under raised benches. Containers for the growing medium (which for the amateur is generally good suitable soil) are clay pots, flats and benches. Flower pots need no lant always, or you lose caste. Day, “Two flats of ees “A flat of chry- ns. nches need somewhat more description. They may be divided into two kinds, solid and raised. The solid bench consists nF soil laid on the dirt floor of the greenhouse and often confined by a low curb. Or the curbs may take the form of walls a 2 feet 6 inches high and the space between ae except for the top 12 or 14 inches, may be filled with broken brick, pieces 0 le The wood, preferably eee like ae flats. The boards of its top are separate by % or % inch to afford drainage od around its edges are boards about 109 6 inches high to retain soil or to keep pots from being pushed off and broken. Selecting the Plants to be Gro he question is often asked, on set be grown in the small green- house ? a] e answer is, almost any plant that can get along with a night temperature of 50-55 and a day te Seen of 60-70. Plants of fine fol oliage or fruit and plants with attractive flowers may b wn in pots. : way, is what our grandmothers did before the introduction of steam heat robbed the air of ow € eal dm ing-room window looking to the south was, during w: a little prin in itself. Often displayed there were beautiful a mens er age and flowering plants. Grandmother tenderly cared for her oat and on severe nights drew the curtains or even moved the plants away fon the gla: Another use to ie the small Seana lends itself is the sce of cut flowers. Many people are fond of bouquets eae ing-r and on occasion derive pleasure from sharing their flowers with feeds who from age or ee may be shut-ins. The flowers oe by florists culty. A small Pes. may, in the early part of the year, also furnish seedlings of vegetables or annuals for setting in the garden where their fruits and aden will mature. Plants grown from seed sown in the wed hose whi seed sion of vegetables and flowers. Bulbs may be made a bloom i ina ngreen sn — they open outdoors in the spring. faci satura and, used together, they ene and soe out the sane of garden: Warning Word for the Beginner Without meaning to pose as an expert, a few words of advice to the amateur, ae d from my own experience as one of them, may not be out 1 Wi 4 ee who has th n eae as a any o other work, o reep ay ie or she can ke a e am en! : nature supplies the light, heat and moisture, while indoors she furnishes only the light and during the short dull days of winter often not too much of it. Gardening under glass is an entirely different operation, as I dis- covered when I began some twenty years ago. And while I now grow | Looking down the. right rd propagating cases at the farther end 2. A closer view of the ae foie cases that are essential in the greew Toc LOU. ie. Two flats for. raising seedlings and sarvecy with home-made devices for straight furrows in them etting “plan ts’ or seeds a some plants ie all of the groups which I have referred to above, I by means did this when I ie oe I have expanded my operations Tittle by little over a ee If my experience counts for eae the beginner is likely to have rather vague notions as to what use he wishes to make of his greenhouse. So my advice to him : not to bite off more than he can chew, and to make an easy start in the fall of the year by procuring ae friend or florist a few potted plants which will Been in the greenhou: Then let him pot a few King Alfred narcissus bulbs and bury them in his garden pee a the proper interval, into the greenhouse a pot or two of t time. And, when sprin at hand, let him sow seeds ees onl flowers and a few ears say lettuce and tomato. The chances are 110 111 that when the hierdie fall arrives he will be eager to start another cycle the oid errors made of growing, t what the s ee Of his 0 eo Thu to put his fae and, as erfects his technique, he will derive more and more satis- realize to what use he wishes t season, and he pe e@ pr evious season and to n some- s in time will i d himself and season succeeds faction and pleasure from gardening under glass egonia Literature and Notes Bequeathed to Library ORTY-FIVE notebooks containing a Ith of material a ns one hav become a ine erty of ary of the New York Botanical Gx den through the wi wie Albert H. Gere of Me Pa. The collection, which as- value for reference work the notebooks, 42 quarto-size vol- “umes contain photographic Fie Loe aet pies of ature of copie: lite e a Begonia ee an varieties uding poe luctions o plates from oat s ‘Botanical ‘Magazine and of six fro m Addisonia; qe descriptions of Begonias: as contained in the Transactions of the Linnean ociety: the Proceedings of the American Academy of Science, the Philippine Journal of Science, Botanical Cabinet, Paxton’s Magazin otany, and other publications; photographic re s of “Die ao Be vga 7 Albert Porsche and of “Begoniaceen-Gattungen und Arten” by H. Klot tzch. additi one leather-covered note- pase an ate to all the’ ma- al the 42 quarto-size a eiving the © a mtents of each book habet on as chet is reproduc ed. The o other notebooks contain citations to the. iteratice on beecnias: arranged alpha- betically according to species or variety. Orchid Society Meets at Garden f the American Orchid So- he New York Botanical Garden March for the annual trustees’ meeting. uncheon provide y Mr. an Mrs, Rodne ox Jones was served to 65 in the embers’ where others joined the group for the meeting which took place in the afternoon. Immediately following lunch, the group inspected orchid apts and publica- tions of the Garden e library, and after the meeting they ees taken on tours of ne building and of the main conservator! ‘rom arden’s propagating house about 75 o chid species ti Seta to me Cisplaved. in the Member: Fif- color paintings y Olivia Embre ie Fo rida ore cechide y Lay were also shown. Aion the guests R. H. Gore, M of the day were Fort Lauderdale, Clint M Essex Fells, Mr. Jon is President of the American Grad: Society, has been a member of the New York Botanical Garden since 1919. 112 The Huanita Rare Fragrant Tree of Mexico Found Blooming In the Courtyard of a Ruined Chapel By Margaret Douglas a N before we entered the gate to the courtyard of the old sar neruaees n the little Mexican town of Santa Cruz de las Flores, which w ja come to the State of Jalisco especially to see, the fragrance of flowers from within the is all rea $ n overpowering scent. Inside there grew a gnarled old tree, ie although the trunk was hollow, still had sufficient vitality to produce a crown of foliage and flowers. The shiny leaves of a clea Sassy reseed those of a young citrus tree. It was in full bloom when we there in January. The clusters of flowers were snow white and grew ihe way apple oo do. he buds were white and waxy-looking, like those of orange blossoms, but the texture of the open er was not as heavy, and the five petals had a ph ieed crinkled edge, reminiscent of a crepe-myrtle. The custodian gat red flowers for us, and later as we left the gateway a passing Mex- on seeing head in my ca stopped and remarked, “That tree is very rare.” An old priest, seeing us there, came to invite us into his house beside the present church. That was just at the moment when the Mexican spoke to us, and the priest listened with astonished interest, as he had never heard the legend, while the villager told us the story of the tree The Legend of the Flowering Tree Hundreds of years ago, he said, a pilgrim was passing through this town, carrying a crate with two little pots init. He was very weary and as he had his age. The only thing he asked was as i. would pour some water into the crate occasionally, but not open it. This she did, and watered the plants faithfully for ee Ba prim never returned, cag ne day when a heavy perfume issued f he bee she decided to open [Thies were two beautiful plants, ee with white bloom. She ae them to the church a ted Hee one on each side of the entrance. ey for years, then finally one died. The Lease who had become super- stitious a oe ee fast tree, attempte: take pons also to grow plants eas seeds, but none ever succeeded. hs ars ago, when repairs had to be made to the wall around the church, a tong. on was evidently cut thro a yy the workmen, and to everyone’s surprise, a shoot started up about ten feet from the tree!’ 113 shoot has grown well aay the villagers hope that it will live. I took ome “ali ips and I dipped them in hormodin, and they did sprout four small leaves, but unfortunatly the a was tipped over a the roots dried before T discovered the acciden to the fend who drove us to see the hospice, for any particu- lars she cou aes about the unusual flowering tree. Below I am quot- ing her Report from Mexico “Sefior Cornejo, Director of the Library at the University of Guadalajara, and a most serious student on Hispanic and pre- - Hispanic periods in pecewee Seaetr ila by admitting that practically nothing of authenticity is known here he subject. In ie extensive perusal of old books and manuscripts, he has oud ee rence to this tree other than the legend we heard of when we visited Santa Cruz ti ing hospi nt . sense house was 01 Chatally ended for the accommodation of officials and priests traveling from the main foes establishiment at Tlalcomulco to the outlying convents throughout Nuevo Galicia. “The legend of the tree as fostered by the Spanish rae is this*: An image of the Virgin Mary was shipped from some unspecified pi in Spain, cradied against i “th in the g PI breakage with thin branches of an unfamiliar tree. pon the arrival of figure at the hospital, a botanically Se ‘priest placed the the pe where one took root to become the tree w Subsequent attempts ‘to propagate the tree in this manner ne fale, the rooting - this branch is considered a miracle due to its positio mn over the heart of the of the Virgin. ‘Sefi hele ° calle to we We ention a significant and most interesting fact. The village j is now kaiow s Santa Cruz de las Flores, supposedly from the fact that the tree is still in full blossom a the third day of May, which is the jou of the Holy Cross, ut this village was known in Hispanic times as Santa Cruz Xuchitlan, Xuchitlan being the Spanish corruption of the gee ec ae ve the village, Xoel itlan, We know “hat in the Nahuatl tongue eant ‘flower’ and TLAN e place of.” Seftor Cornejo mentioned ss ee en Toe the Indian ee i Vt incall a of the aguacate, et cetera. Therefore, he believes that when the Indians gave this oe se name of ‘Place of the Flowers,’ it w enomeno 0; ich phen nm occur there w no mon the surrounding There ite fior ni ah ie oo ee interested in the su concludes that this tree, with t w, is the sole remain ample in this village of a tree et cndienons to this art of the world and certainly pre- spanic. He believed that the subsequent stories came into b ot earlier than he 18th century, 1 - eCO rare oe to have its origin questioned, and ponder ard reports of others of its kind in different parts ee Moxa but caliiouih fe hee teed to find the rae location of these spe — has a oe o discover their whereabouts. There is no record of the tree in Grad Identification me the Tree From a small branch which I sent to Dr. Robbins, Dr. H. A. Glea identified the tree as the HUANITA, known in most botanical ee ci as *The legend here is slightly different from that related by the Mexican villager. The huanite, rare flowering’ tree of Mexico and southward, as depicted in W. B. Hemsley's “Biologia Centrali-Americana” published in London in 1888. 115 Bourreria ae but more properly called, he said, by the one Geis name of huanita. It belongs to the Borage family and is native to southern Mexico, Geni a and Et Salvador, but is © apparently 3 always excessively rare. Mos es faa acta have been taken from cultivated trees.t £ Paul C. i and Shrubs "of Mexico” (Vol. 23, part 4, page eee fe ae hie brief description of the ae “Shrubs or trees; leaves alternate, petiolate, entire; flowers rather large, white ater ‘cory like cymes; calyx eoeaniane 2 to 5-4 iobate, in ‘Tobes ene corolla erform, the limb ale a a styles 2-cleft, the stigmas flattened ; fruit a a ontaining 4 bor: At the end of Stan eee i ot ten cies species of Bourreria, B. li 2 ae as a “doubtful species.” This is because no specimen was the author from Mic oe the nee locality. Yet he gives a nu ache of vernacular names ae the plant, a aS HUANITA Ge c Hane IZQUIXOCH and DE PEC (Oaxaca), YAGA GUIEXOBA (Cae. Zao) s B ne is identical ee B ene as seems likely from the des , then, according to informants New is Botanical ae te tree should be ree is its earlier of B. huanita; or, perhaps, if international rules are to be strictly followed, the spelling should be in the original form of Beurreria, or +A specimen in the herbarium at the New gs Botanical Garden, collected in August "1938 by George B. Hinton at Acahuato in the district of Apatzingan, Michoacan, came from a spreading tree 15 meters Cok 45 feet) high. It was ae in the plaza, of the tow wn, and a notation on the herbarium sheet states that ‘ other exists in the region.” A letter in the a for the species - the puedes gives some additional informa- tion about anothe eee 2 the tree. Addressed to rae oe Britton, May 23, 923, it is written by Sylvester Baxter vet Malden Mas ess man and writer who did some botanical Paes while in Mexico. vee ae writes : “Tt was in April, 1899, that I went to Uruapam. had picked up in a curio-shop in Querétaro a history of the Bishopric of Michoacan, in Spanish, . . It was printed i apa: an ae a rem: but that trees from three ¢ ings stence, one in the garden ov- T" i a ], lowe: oe perfume. The ioe es seemed serene like an orange. sent cuttings o Prof. Sargent, ee es ae m the mail; “also some seeds. but Dawson could make then germinate. flowers I’ sent for on area were referred to Dr. Goodale at eae Probl the aed name ne ee “Tt should be worth while for some botanical explor nee got and get cuttings, = possible. “April is aa the ‘best | time, for a eee then be in full bloom, It would be a misfortune for such a rare and beautiful thing to be lost to the world.” The tree described by Baxter, if alive oy stands within range of the dust falling from the newly ae volcano Paricutin E. J. ALEXANDER. +In a later work eel Woods, 1931), Standley accepts the name of Beureria huanita, as made by Hemsley 116 even Beureria.* The change to an o was authorized by de Candolle in the Prodromus, Vol. 9, page 504. sive article on the huanita in the Axales Instituto de Biologia, 1931 (Universidad Nas e Mexico), A. R. Laguna describes gen hich he Beurreria, as containing only . s and shrub piesa: to the extra-tropical regio Ameri The huanita itself, he says, was famous medicinally for many years in rans medi has a as ing, astringent, and a perfume. In delving into the history of the tree, Laguna cites the mo ale ork of Francisco Heaaadc. physician n to Philip II of Spain, “Rerum vee Novae Hispa ania e Thes aurus,” published in Rome in 1649, where there is a ith a magni e zouixocuitL. This agrees, in large part, with the plant in question. The same description of the plant appears with slight variations in an edi- tion of the work entitled “De Historia Flapiaran Novae Hispaniae,” pub- lished in 1790. Laguna writes further “Worthy of special mention is the first nen in Spanish of the ‘yzquixochitl,’ published in Mexico in 1615, in the work entitled, “Cuatro Libros A la Nee y virtudes medicinales de las ‘lan ntas y animales de Nueva Esp: y Francisco Jiménez, Dominican friar, who made the translation of he riginal Nae = of Dr. Francisco Hern ae enriching it with numerous personal obsera ons before i Rom n ab don Pablo de la Llave and don Juan oaraee entitled, ‘Novorum eget sa Ge oeae first saw public light, and in this was fou ind the first botanical description of the ‘huanita.’ This Neco ae: done in Latin by such illustrious ane is found in the first chapter of the w a bo in it the i o av. and ee is gi # to - octor don ere Leén published in the Gaceta Oficial del site erno ad Estado Poo y Soberano de Michoacan, in 1866 two eae Haas this important plant, the ae the first article, Dr. Leén says that he tried to find the plant that eee and arza were studying, but he was only able to find out that it w pee: nd n 7a ae capital of San Pedro, in the district of the same name, in the ¢ of Ure and grafted to 2 _cherimoya, and that it had died ney years ago for. Tek of life “be cause of old a Farther on he says that he had seen two indiv se ls of this plan ‘one in the house of the estimable seiiora dofia Loe rda Izazaga de Cano,’ and the other on the place called ‘la cineraria’; he adds that both ey are notable for Ambrosius Beurer (2 Mr 1716—27 Je 1754), for whom this genus was apothecary o uremberg.” He spelled the genus-name Bourreria; in the index, however, it appears as Beureria, which suggests that someone may “have called his attention to his wrong spelling. Jacquin took up the name in 1763 ; his is the first legitimate publication. He spelled % Eat pemeee Beurreria, correcting t the first vowel but retaining the double r. ould be possible to regard this as an unintentional pHnoeraphic error and change : e Baers De epas had no business changing it to Bourrer ia in any ¢ The name is certainly Bourreria; it may be Beurreria or Beureria as one inierpiels the inter- naienal ae T should favor the later, since the original intent is clear. “H.W. Rickert. 117 their development and that they exceed the designation of ‘shrub’* that was giv them by de la Llave and Lexarza; that he had news | another example at pee a size existed in the village of Tacdscuaro, and that in the Ess ten village of ‘Los there were also several. Finally, he points out that Tarascan name of the village of Jiquilpan, which i is “Vanimba; signifies ‘place iE Sadan itas, which might indicate that in this place there existed at ae aa some mae of the plant in question, and that notwithstanding its Tar ame, considering its rarity in a ichoacan, it is believed that this plant is Sor Gndigcious there, but imported.” wonder if any of the one eae fifty eed a the Garden Club of ae who Fated Uruap see me in 1936 saw any huanitas in the Botanic Garden there. It was the season ve bloce m1. Sori years ag we ee President elie at seas He is a great lover of flowers and plants, and had I only known about the huanita at that time, might have ane re it there, an much helpful nue fa him, In Mixteca the huanit ta is called YTAYUCUINE, h means “Flower of the Tiger M pal according to artinez yee o says that g to Dr. a, YUCUINE of TEHUANTEPEC means “Mountain of the Tiger, t place is the cea native habitat. In ancient times the historian week called the huanita FLOR DE yucUAMA, surely a corruption aa he YUCUINE—a type of change which often occurs when a name is difficult to pronounce Genesis of a War Historians consider this plant as the cause of a bloody war between two of the oldest and most powerful villages. It took place in Tehuantepec in Saiaprerd 1496, when an army of Mexicans, sent by the King of Mex Ahiutzotl, were vanquished at 2 gola by the Zapotecas and Mines allies, under the command of ae of Zaachila, Ay coca The Mixtecas, subdued by the King of ae on the retur: the campaign in the marae of a area er a tree ons ‘eth bea. tiful and fragrant wh s, kno e Mexicans as ¥z HITL, The Mixteca eae eeu te in i gardens an ee oe eshed himself with the beauty and aroma of the flowers. He felt proud to pos- sess tie ve ee to the hot country, ei reminding hie of the lovely f Tehuantepec, for which reason he named it, in the Mixtecan, UCUINE. When the new king of Mexico, Moctezuma II, heard of it he craved to possess it, and in the second year of his reign, therefore, sent a commission to the Mixtecas to secure by peaceful means the object of his desires. But the can bassadors were haughtily mee by M: cae oe Cacique of Tlaxiaco, who refused to give 7 es XU! started the war—the troops of Moctezuma with r greater units bgeden the territory, and were victorious. Mallinalli a ‘the Cacique of Achiutla *The t Santa Cru in altitude of about five thousand feet, is more fees cae ae high eon hour Gane en inches in diameter, although described as a shrub of about three feet high, in some other states! 118 taken prisoners, their towns burned after practically all the in- are were sacrificed. Then in the end, the Bae ey the precious tree with great care to the gardens of Moctez at Huaxtepec, near Seba nue sees in Morelos, where plants of all peanees seem to flourish. Some India n monarch said of this tree that the fae are not to be found ee where, the solitary specimen having dried out on the road to oi as rden. Ot her authors affirm that seeds of this ate tree were care- wn and cultivated by Moctezuma, and were studied there in the ae of the 16th century by Hernandez and Fray F. Jiménez E> Half-century of Work at Garden mere hand ‘on families ere Observed by Joseph W. Smith remember oe the new Bo- aes : ica. most people, a ona to Joseph W, Smith, gardener, Jong trip with horse and carriage, with Pp on the 50th anniversary of his em- a picnic lunch packed under the back seat. ae at the New York Botanical Joe Smith has personally watched the arden, a purse of more than $200 was growth of a large number of the plan given to hi March 21. Presented that ie been cultivated in the Garden’s during th m hour in the palm house conservatory since the bu ilding was of Conservatory Range No. 1, it repre- erected in 1900, A sugar palm that he as contributions ee oc entire as planted grew quince to the top of the cane e Garden’s employ who, 90-foot dome; eventually flowered, died, ae of friends fron “ouside the. Sta and was cut down in 1934. A seedling all attended the brief, informal ceremony. Lon ae tree has already shot wu i ie on to brief talks given by Dr. new Botanical Garden was opened in wits He s and T. H. Everett, G anical e Bronx Park, he sought a job there and the anniversai ceremony included pres- began working March 21, 1896. It was entation of a Hate ole painting, show- about five years bef e conservatory, ing Mr. Smith in the palm house, made where he lias sp f his half-cen- by one of the younger gard tury at Garden, replaced the wil aiid bo cherry trees and mountain laurel that had staff and | employ no the old pasture north o “the Members’ Day poe gram May 1, am University. He can remember when Mr. Smith was pea with a resolu. a the apartment-covered one of is tion ae congratulation from the Board day’s populous borough of Bro: of Manager: -. iS POWER Pec — NOMLEDGE \ [es on AM ie wenkd couse - if vsclealy Ht 008 : ew ; Te Seis sseg00 119 Exhibit of Plants Without Flowers Wins Award for Botanical Garden GOLD MEDAL was awarded to the New York Botanical Garden for its exhibit of “Plants Without Flowers” presented at the Inter- national Flower Show at Grand Central Palace March 16 to 23. This was e war. xhibit featured seaweeds, yeasts, molds, and bacteria. q of the exhibit and.a decorative border was made of some of the most ornamental specimens of algae from the Garden’s Herbarium. ultures of various molds, yeasts, s, and bacteria were shown in four-foot conservatories occupied tables at either en staff of volunteers recruited by the Garden’s Manhattan office served at the Flower Show each day, and a member of the staff was also present to answer technical questions. Along with announcements of the Garden’s oe b literature—-were distributed to all who stopped to view the plants without The exhibit is now temporarily placed on the main floor of the Museum Building. The New York Botanical ay) Gold Medal Exhibit of Plants Without Flowers at the International Flower Show. ‘arch 1946. Tarery MINUTES ANOTHER WORLD 4 1. We On i BILLIONS FROM YEAST oN ereld wo we in 280 Feast: Aden ~ySame 120 . | BROADCAST | By Louis Pyenson | Bugs, Beware! Cc oe Pye New Yor a “Bot tanica ai on which his talk was based is given here Grubs About the first pests that the gardener will run across while digging up his plot are the white, fat, half curled grubs that represent the immature s tag _ oy: such bactles as a Jpn bee” the Asiatic garden beetle, and the Jun e@ be etle. Re- d of what | beetle “they into, they all damage ie feeding ¢ on “the ee a se e- tables and lawn grasses. Some law like a carpet because ihe grubs have chewed off the roots about an inch below the ground. If you find numerous in garden a that you are ding up, ix up 2% tablespoonsful of ethylene dichloride emulsi eacl nl rate of 1 gal- lon per square yard. Water the garden wal afterwards. The same method may be used on turf i 0% © of 5 pounds al 1, po08 square feet, qaetibe it in well afte wards. The kill is spectacular, as the ee ae to the surface of the ground yin, Canker Wor ore Recaie known as inch worms, these pests are beginning their annual shrub destruction tree and foliage now. hey can be easi i of, however, if you are fortunate enough to have a good sprayer. Eith sen- ate or DDT can be used, but DDT ap- fears to be the more effective material. foliage for canker worm using on the trunks of the trees in much the way as tanglefoot. Apply DDT ch MEASURES for a dozen common n pests were given by Dr. esd on The ane + WNYC April 19. o the tree trunks with sprayer or brush a 3- to 6-foot band in the proportion SORE on of 50 percent T ee ass le abo to get the fall canker w about the middle of Februa spring canker worms as they crawl up the trunks to lay their eggs on the twigs. Worms nother early bird in the garden is the ‘m. ae h oil. Thes mil containers a extensive creage, poiso eci be. scattered over eld few before planting. Flea Beetles Nearly as quick on the trigger as the cutworms are the minute black flea beetles, which appear about the same i Ss t Pp tiny ho can plan ots with nae Foliage in a aaless somethin done them, Pyreth ru a oO dust can be used effectively but a con- nous. Palm on the foliage is neces during the period of beetle abundance. 121 Aphids Nearly every vegetable, fruit, and ornamental appears to have a species of aphid that nd is particularly fo: f it an vin oul at all aphids can us numbers, They are biological wonders, as they go through another in the tf . at oe eo plete absence of males. trees and s| S you must get them early or you don’t get them at all, since they are quite well protected fr rays in the eae d on z age. The fairly Be DINITRO sprays s under a U1 f trade mame ae excellent pe killing aphid eggs on tre the 1 fonds open. it is too late are no i pine sul- fate is stil the bel naaterial ae aphids beyond a egg stage on shrubs, trees, and vegetables. Cucumber Beetles An uncanny judgment to when to come ott of ‘hibernation scene to be pos- sessed by t r beetles, melon plants, and simply ca them to disappear by Monday. E ey don’t estroy the plants, they may affect them with one of two bad diseases—cucumber wilt and cue x mosaic. The beetles should be kept entirely away the plants if you wish to keep the plants healthy. That means dusting from the time ng ne em until len ing r cryo- time with a rotenone-copper lite- Sonne combination dust. Boxwood Leaf-miner One of the rst pests that the box- wood grower hae ‘had to comet with is finally on the verge of being conquered, ven wiped out. m referri ing to the oxwood Haran eee pine = very difficult to kee out c n the grounds o: ric pplied all, sides of the “oliage a prior to any adult emergence (generally early in May) will desiray Ae rangle fly coming out of the foliage for the entire emer- gence period ae 2 to 3 weeks. Rains do not impair effectiveness as suitable aude are used in the spray. Mexican Bean Beetle lways ure ne that will with us in the garden—the exis ean beetle. The beetles come t of hibernation about the time the earliest planted are getting their second or third s Both t nd their spiny y arvae do con- s ello siderable damage ot bean foliage. still neve to rely on pyrethrum or rotenone dust to keep these ir —and remember, the under- side . ‘the eae must be hit. Chinch Bugs In Jun of our once beautiful lawns will beeia. to shew brow: those ¢ inch bugs a; pounds square feet an in well ” should nearly eliminate chinch bug trouble. Corn-Borer We also hav new chemicals nlp — the cron corn-borer ich tacks nearly all succulent t n., chem known DDT, used ; Tr gives better colitral than rotenone. Slugs any gardens in damp aes or in damp loc he are troubled slimy, gray, spotted ee that come "oie only after dark eed on vegetables and flower eee and slim ails nee ee go flashlight and Honen your will see them all o are present. ma, poison bait Hise at eo hi effectively curb these night prowlers. in addition ent plants. ver the foliage: if hey ae eH Japanese Bee We must not peice the Japanese beetle, which is sure to be with us again in July 122 appears edible. So far the best protection a foliage has been ieee with the oO e of DDT, which will n miy kill the seel to keep hen away from foliage coated with it. DDT tends o stay effective for about three weeks, so that one application in early July and nother thr ive ample protection to foliage for the season. Remember, DD a poison and hould not ed on its or vegetable rts that to be e ruit trees can fruit is not to be harvested until twe and August, chewing on ev erything that months later Em York Botanical Garden or may be pur Notices and Reviews of Recent Books ae publications mentioned here may be consulted in the Library of The New rchased on order through the Library.) Nine Experts Solve ae For the Home Garden GROUNDS | FOR LIVING. Edited by Van gham and Richard ra ena Hd pages, Sees illu: trated by George Bactehold, Rutgers Berar "pre $2.50. ah gay pap of this was ne its first attra pe ae coe ing the enclosed aged oe room ee is Beet” to I never understood a wl with ardens for was pleasant to find my privacy, even slig foe e htly xy Charles H. Connors, the ution of the many problems besetting : small home owner who is eager to use his limited grounds to the best aavantane most welcome even to hose of us who have done much reading and given much thought to this cee subje seen good S Ls et ‘of on ent t and college bulletins available i i we are apt to overlook sources of information so easily available to us. Landscaping in miniature—lawns, shade trees, flowers, getables, fruits, soil and outdoor con- struction a: bly covered. The chap- er on a how is particularly good, en- pleasure w. derived ftom the outdoor “Tsing! pres will tun gall and w ‘a was suprised, | in ge section on fruit trees, that their b is not more stres: Roce tha t ges Se oe the poor householder hours of tiresome toil which could better be 123 devoted to relaxation or other pursuits. Was it ei io Romans who used overflow f £ thei bath wa a irrigation o eir grou bi le, with a turn of the wrist, to attend i this most irritating of summer chores, is a dream r nine experts had pi e ae se on ee ing to come true! ent installation of some coe should not te ‘0 difficult of realization these im : in spite of this lack, e than books! t st being, bee having i read an at ie a it, ordered to add t to mine, jana suo ie irk oo : its pages for solutions to my ow: dilemmas. KatHERINE G. FENIMORE Cooper. Nutrition from a New Food THE US s Lager is er in nutritional Jee and in poe eae new foods to the public. In this book she has given a hrief history of soybeans and their uses, Especially striking is oe description of their fi nutrition are backed ie ‘acts coming from some of t ee laboratories and nutrition oe She gives facts concerning the pr Hea i 1 eans. 8 oe Be a f si ae teaae i in ‘industry. She ae 350 recipes for preparing soybean “ Loa McVEIGH. Manifold V: Of ae F orestry BEHOLD OUR GREEN MAN- SIONS, Richard car D. papa 313 pages, illustrated, dexed. The University of North Carolina aie Chapel Hill, N, C. 1945. $4, A endium of useful facts about forestry in ie United States, “Behold Our ansions,” is written in a manner to ee a pa aes both = the nage sional fore: and the lay reader. One impre — ‘ariuary by the “thoroughness with very phase of forestry is treated and the reliability of the statistics esented. xcellent photographs illus- f be labeled “The Blowed Lands,” instead - tue Mountain Lake.” rane faue of the photographs on the fe h page im- meal following page 78 should be tran: ae enumerates the many ways ich He forests of this country and their products contribute to the national Next, forest d their de- economy. fires and their de structiveness and ee for forest re creation are covered well. The discussion wild life management is comprenensive, The book is Particularly thorough in 1 w, soil conservation and flood control. yf ie weiue careful to point out, is not a cure-a’ A thorough d ll forest prod ucts, with considerable ces informa- on regarding production, is contained in the chapter on lum nd it: ore a most interesting picture of the livestock history is given of the West in atio: ee : restry, with especial ales of what ern ment control has m- Deas in the he author points ae os need toes grazing and t: the Northeast. He oat ave em phasized more strongly how detrimental es ing is to farm woodlands in this region. of co-or- The relation of the farmer to forestry and the importance of farmlands in pro- i est crops for bo ducing forest cr th local use and for sale a rought out rather well, and the aut points how farmers can and should support forestry. n the chapter on “Fire, the Destroyer” it is stated on page 149 that one fire in New York State i n ingle A brief but sexcellent SORT i is 5 gi ven ° anet enemies and tree diseases, par- cularly the chestnut bark disease and the 124 white pine blister rust among the tree dis- eases, eatin with a brief Nae of wood r gi al and o ther: The a author he lead- ership of the Federal govern! an for- foe taking a a eae deal of ‘his eal m the so-c Cc eland Report 2 Joint He shows an appreciation of the fact that the burden of responsibilitv for aaa n all but Federal lands lies upon maple chapter is devote the forest problems of the South, seed the out is particularly important arO! community forests and the pens of ae ‘type of forest to American com- uni ies. the last chapter covers economic fac tors in private pubes The author ici ae privately ist forests cannot me future de mers. ot imber crops. He co ommend the i jicreasing of publicly ewned forests from the dees 196,000,000 acres ‘o 315,0 s. It appears that he is 10n nforcement wit ederal Supervision? *—a ae cont with ahich: ee oesteae and timberland owners will a: wr TLIAM G, Howarp. Director, Lands and Forests N.Y. State Conservation Dept. at ieee Handboo. This is an ceil lent fanaieok a. the trees indigenous to the region south of the Mason and. Dixon Line, the Ohio River, f the Mi to the western limit luctory een ine t of nomencla ur trated nee S of terms employed, and a ve -page key leading sometimes ay genera, metimes to individual speci ce eb h a key to aes included ae the generic deci ription. mmon names, as well a: alee names sand authori rities, are pels st cases one ements concerning the habit, leaves, flo See fruit, twigs, bark, habitat, distribu- tion, and economic importance. There has long been a need for such a book as t H. N. Movvenxe. Beneficial Bacteria MICROBES OF MERIT. Otto Rahn, 277 pages, illustrated, in- arya Fa Tess, 19 $4. It is indeed high time ree someone called a attention to the fact that not all microbes is in this ee His ly one out of every 30,00! i Hi types ¢ neficial ones, not fe ing the yeasts and molds, in such a simple manner tha t anyone can understa nd him. His a worthy ote ; t add greatly to ae eae “and ‘clarity “of oe of them are really fascinatin, n ae “of its simplicity, however, this book is remarkably complete and accurate, ence © students of high scho interesting to sci ol age. E. Conn, JEAN New Haven, Conn. 125 ine tetas Tale Of a Century Ago THE pice CAROLINA RICE PLANTATION as revealed in the papers of Robert F. W. Allsto: Edited by J. H. Easterby. 478 Danse: indexed hakyred of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1945. $5. Mr. Easterby has given us a painstak- ing, intligent study of rice planting in the low cow of South Carolina, more i the Ger icna district, 5 three divisions :—firs fifty fase, a Tees account of t life Robert F. W. Allston, Me of West Point, engineer, lawyer, gov- ernor of South Carolina, but above all tice-planter. ‘wo hu indred pages of an on Iston family letters follow, then come an two hundred pages of overseer Aone slave documents and factors’ correspond- rt At one time Robert Allston owned seven tice daira ie all situated in the ida’ Georgetown di t tidal swam f the Georgetown distric that lies sone: the neck of land between e Peedee and Waccamaw rivers. Rice a planting was big business. ie of the ae plantations one hae ees a of 20,000 bushels of ri “The documents show and wom doing anaes a diet lt Sve day o day, yea year—a far cry ‘from the romance of ie legendary South, or the pigsties of “Tobacco Road.” We should be Spe to Mr. Easterby for a job well don Thien saa Rock Hill, South Carolina. Conifers for Cultivation RIENDLY EVERGREENS. mlien. 230 pages, indexed, D. Hill Nursery Com. indee, Ill. 1946. $6. sa ae ti fee apa volume, ‘of : ine eo the library o Ku i jinsirated, Du pruning, diseases, insects, landscape uses, soils, fertilizers, francplantine, propaga- tion and other opic: relevant to: E. i. FuLLING, Editor, The Botanical Review. Chromosomal ale oul View GENETICS. Alten 452 pages, “luted indexed: Henry Holt & Co. ew ‘K, 18 Ae: $3. 30° felt. of genetics It pee aE sabes primarily fro om the chromosomal p mnt of mosome behavior and the tiewerel basis of Hered than do most elemen- tary text very helpful innovation is the aclision. es a brief summary at the end of each chapter, which. should i as of . are numerous problems, which will 55 serve - increase his understanding of the ee y of the figures are new and some, Aotabhy phila on eee 194-195, are interesting and in- f this sort can include every~- sion of the in physiolo ogical ‘genetics “whic h have been Neuros, ar chiens is h have thrown a good deal - light on the oot basis of de- velopmental problem: general, the chapter on develonmnent seems a little lim- ited. The introduction of the student to the hromé chromosomal and he has studied the genetic facts is perhaps not as good pedagogy as taking AA ne as ism 1 fist and passing from it the al basis of inheritance. This, ‘to ow- t wi long been done with * Drosophila. With Plants this sometimes results in rather eofa oar rticular iv definite letter symbol for every pair of alleles, e minor points, however, and g : t should prov ble addition to the list of books available to baie teacher of introductory courses in gen Epm DW. Sin Yale University, 126 A Pioneer hai Again re On Begonia Cultur Sania 0 THEM. Bessie Raym ona” Buxton, 163 pages, illustrated, indexed, Is- sue under th spices of the Massachusetts Horticultural So- ciety. Oxford Univer: es! New York. 1946, $2.25. 1939 the author published a book under this same title and it answered a long-felt need and reawakened lively interest in begonias. ok embodies ae of bs is it is not exactly a n old one with additions. "New pp ane describes the ae This bo ok male subtle appeal to the home grower; here Ties one of its hig! é values. It is so designed as to make Sh iiee hobby Sad for the many ing, as 1 begonias under Pest: ases. Also one learns from e nd from see contradictory plant among beg The reviewer questions the wisdom “of suc labels as “‘a difficult plant to gr and “the result is a sickly plant. With a wealth of good material scat- d through its p , its usefulnes: particular field i im wh the author is an ow utstanding pioneer. For those who have come further alon the road, one eee for the more technical b wh es down defini ? stich tee fe result of fst seehone research. ALPH P. Sis Hopkinton, R 7. / : ews TO ATTEND THE ANNUAL FESTIVAL OF ROSES to be held June 15 to July 15 at the Rose Capital of America 'W the new Mo & PLD PRE ae by the RE the 0 diff Roses developed a dern partment of Plant Research of Ros erent varieties Bae in our display gar Jackson & Perkins Co. Werbats Mpg sy Rose Growers NEWARK, NEW YORK 127 Current Literature* At a Glance By Harriet K. Morse Fuchsia Book by the Fuchsias in Color. The for Rts published last year Am Fuchsia Society, contains 22 handsome illustrations in color. A de- sana check list varieties introduced since 1934 is of great interest, as is oe ne oF nurseries aie on true-to-m stock. Germination. The Missouri Bo- sie Garden Bulletin for March 1946 me 150 garden nui s required for thei germination. adishes aa eee in two days wh ile among the ~ e Glox- ita and ay (21 day. Delphini fro nold Zurawski, switihe in the 048 jabucuian f merican Del inium d cronietne” articles also appear book. welty Tomatoes. nae isa — about ‘O- matoes a: WW Home Gardening tort the South, 1946) ee ie ne and com- ments on thei: s food and decora- tion. Aiiong tien oe red ond yellow * All publications mentioned here—and many others—may be consulted in the Library a the Botanical Garden ¢ Museum Buildi: pear tomatoes, plum, cherry, strawberry, peach, persimmon, green gage and apple : y are age uit and - she the com- ae ot en- the title, “Rubber, rubber from the 16th century on, wher the early Spanish explorers in Americ: st sent back reports of this curious milky substance found in trees. The his- tory is brought up to date with a descrip- tion of current production problems, in- aa o. control, in different parts of the world. Postage Stamps. In Frontiers magazine for February, stamps o bee t id Post- “Things Apothecary — : Postage Sianips: ” Amer- Druggis can av 1940; “Agriculture n Stamps o es Pan American Repub- Ties." Bu letin of th American Union, March 1939, COSTA’S Penthouse Landscapers BArclay 7-0764 196 Greenwich Street New York 7, N. Y. Plan head for Your Trees , many trees have become war casualties. Injuries, diseases and insects have made headway during years when ex- pert care was scarce. More than 700 Davey Tree Surgeons have been in the armed services. Now they are coming back to the work they love. They are good men—skilled, reliable, diligent. Soon the Davey organization will be well along toward its ptewar ability to serve you. Plan now to have our local represen- tative examine your trees. Let Davey Tree Surgeons minister to their needs . . . restore their health and vigor. DAVEY TREE Bar ere COMPANY - KENT, OHIO Two Sear aicN Lk ae ei 5 s AVING SERVICE For the Blind, In a for his brochure, on “arden foe “Vealth and Happiness,” Hugh Findlay, the au- thor, says, Thi ook is prepared pri- marily for the blind who love nature and vegetables to the world’s great store- ouse.”” [ is Ny cen little book will, it is , be produced in braille, that ae bree a read for: themselves how to become vegetable eee Orchid Magazines. The Ore: Digest, spring ie Bars by the Ord Society of Califor ae sts six periodic: on a orchid in ish, besides one in Por guese 6 oe in Spanis Em Library Acquisitions Some of the Library’s lately arrived purchases are briefly described here. Two early works on the Caran have been reprinted by ae A. Mc a a of very IL oor in an English translation ei 1838; the other, “New Ic T the Camellias” by Alexandre Verschaf- felt (1848-1860), translated from the rench by Mr. enny lf. Only he s of thes i not the illustrations. ioneer Settlement in Asiatic Tropics by Karl J. Pelzer." aaa in land utilization and agriculture in south- eastern sia. merican Geographical Society Serial Publication No. 29. 1945. Darwin on Humus and the Earthworm, with an introduction by Sir Albert . 194! ion Obse servations on their Five illustrated volumes of Flora Agaricina Danica, dated 1941, have been received from ee agen. Prepared by J. E. Lan they are published by the Royal Vegan and ‘Agrcatuival College, Department of Plant Pathology. Several volumes of the ie Flore Géneral de Il'Indo-Chine have lately arrived from abroad. 129 Startling New DAHLIAS L_ MINIATURES a. on diminutiv e plants ts. Beautiful colors—lovely for: room decoratio n. White—Y ellow—Blue—Bronze— Lavender pian ean iraagegeei ge Colle: ots, 1 each of araae eal. Walon $5.) $4.50 Collection F—10 Deen . each of above colors, (Value $10 $8.50 Sensational ae ae REGAL! lively, intense pink. Sturdy bushes, 4% to 5 ft. hi e Wonderful for garden and cutt: -50 each; 10 for $31.50 Seasalings 132-138 Church St., Dept. BO i Yy.8 Suburban Stores: Englewood, N_J. White Plains, N.Y. Newark N.J. Stamford, Conn. id, LT. Notes, News, and Comment e ee of _ wy Spain’ and by erat cuador. ork Botanical Garden ated 7 is i ee a ea. sented a detailed — an “Distribution and Variability in Teosinte.” These were all of the A aed he “Comparative Studies on the B-Vitamin Content of Wholesale Seeds Imported Grasses Lawn Mixtures Seaboard Seed Company Philadelphia 47, Penna. 130 Trisomic and Disomic Maize,” represent- ing work ie t she did while at Yale Uni- Na t Garden, sented “A Diccussion of Pytogeoeganhy ae ne as of North and Sout! mel Chai Dr. W. H. Camp elected. scbaitiniet of the ore ee the B ° eric: ce no clatur th merican Society of Plant Sresaesey and was elected a member of munittee for drafting a constitution for. “the newly organized ee for the Study of Evolution. ae Bassett Maguire went to yieeees arch 19 oe address the Dartmouth oe Club M 20 on his exploration, of Table Club Building March a and the Science at Colne oe Apri Dr. Dai ‘went to Boston last month oe address the Chestnut Hill Ga sas Club April 2 on “Lilies for - EL verett spoke before the John nee Garden Club of Yonkers, an Affiliate of the New York Garden, April 17 on “Garden Soils Composts.” r. William J. Robbins addressed the Greenwich Gar en Club AP vil 16 and gave aera enh on The Botanical spects of Penicillin = Similar Sub- N. Moldenke talked on “Tre: Bedford Township April 11 to hear a alk by Elizabeth n “The New York Botanical Garden’s Library and its Services.” Miss Hall illustrated her lecture with books, boolclets, i a and other materials from the libra 131 On his return from St. Louis, Dr. W. H. Camp on April 1 addressed a group at pee State University, where au ‘or s before join- ing the Caan staff in 1935, speaking on “Wartime Experiences of a Botanist.” Field Work. Marjorie J. French of Amherst, re a raduate of Oberlin and a stu eee faical ee last month cing: library Seen as part of the field work required in her course. Solidago. Dr. Arthur Cronquist worked in the National Hertarnn in Washing: dur par Fe ee ee of Solidago, he returned from the St. Louis ene the first of April he stopped at Notre Dame and Ohio State Universities te ino “additional specimens of Com posites. Coaieuieee Staff eerie who at- tended the meetings of the American esate ao fie s the las March Pre the * monthly conference of scientific staff and oe Bares £ the ie April 1 The ey were a ‘amp, Ar ae Cron quist, Ww. Kavanagh, Iida McVeigh, and H. ew. Ricket — the Fie ies March 13, . H. A. Gleason spoke 2 “Trying to Me aintain some e wn Names” and Dr. H. N. Moldenke on Some Little Known Genera of Verben M. Truman Fossum, Assistant mo: Im. Among other groups have recently made guided tours of the Ga: Se are a Boy Scout troop ronx and a sixth grade class Visitors. Dr. Albert Zeller of Basle, who is workii ing on a nutrition project for the Swiss government, visited the New York Botanical Garden in early March. He Nie oie interested in Dr. Robbin: ork nutrition in which a! are ae as the experimental material. udd E. See of Coker College, Hietvilte S.C. came to the Garden last month to consult with E. J. Alex- ander on his collection of South Carolina plants. Jeannette E. Graustein, Professor of Pla hology at the University of Delaware, spent part of her spring vaca- tion worki the Garden’s library on a era oo in the correspondence of ae hn ichard A. cee who as recently been released from service with a ‘med Fo: gia came to New Yor k fro ie Gray Herbarium and worked April a 13 in the ae here on the flora £ the West Indies. Among other visitors of recent weeks have heen Henry Teus che er den California Insane of Technology : Ruth | of atrick, grea hnes eee Horti- culture at Ambler; Edgar T. Wherry from the Universit: Pennsylvania ; Robert lausen, Cornell; C. V. orton, Smithsonian Institution; A. Grout, on his way lorida to Ver- mont; George a f a former pee gardener o has been serving h the Marines i a Mike Pacific and who 1 ae returning to his nursery busi in California ; ee M. O'Sullivan, ie University. Conference. Research carried on in the Archivo General de la Nacién in Mex: durin, work of this grou ee £ bo- tanists was therefore lost, until Sessé 132 and Mocifio’s works were published in Mesico near the end ws a 19th century. ie expedition, how resulted * in important botanical collections, now de- 7 ested in Madrid; of value in SEED COLLECTORS our know. ie ee bonny. Dr. Rickett deciphered and eanelated all of ie correspondence and ae as abe | = ae eee ex: ae ay ns which bs loc exican archives; for the fee tie detailed dates and nea are interested in purchasin of their travels are available. The com- eee P : plete story wie be published in a special : issue of Chronica Botanica. Tree—Shrub—Perennial Seeds re-war crowds invaded the Correspondence invited abundance both outdo: on : than 7,000 visited the Easter display in House 6 of H E R B S T B R 0 T H E R S the Main Conservatories. Among the fl ed_ there a6 were Darwin tulips, marguerites, butter- oe, Wetter St: New York 7 Mote fly-flowers (Schizanthus hybrids), ciner- arias, azaleas, and showy African daisies of several genera. Outdoors, the late flowering cherries were at the peak of their bloom. ee first of the poet's narcissus nas to blend with the earlier valle ffodils, which had remained in prime serie eee the long cool weeks since ed te on ae re were one of gnoli: gree he edge PHOTO ENGRAVING CO., INC. wi wondionds | in thes southeast cance of Ha grounds, and the many dogwoods gave 305 EAST 47th STREET promise of flowering in aoe week. NEW YORK 17, N. Y. The first of the massed azaleas were : ahs ng color, and at the entrance to the on the S pr is, many hundreds MAKERS OF ot eee Bales tl ee of pe mulas. iums, grape hyacinths an PRINTING PLATES other anal “bats violas, aegis blue- bells, moss net subulata) of PROCESS BENDAY oe colors. pel-cress oe tuft, the ‘lilac ac flowers of ne PINE ACETONE Genta - fe eae of Daphne Cason, and m In me a a iy, beds adjacent to ae conservator arly varieties had come into bloom, THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN Officers JoserH R. Swan, Presider HENRY DE Fears BAe ou Vice “president eet Pe MERI Vice- - pre. aa = SON, tree gee aiid e La MonTaGNE , Secretary Elective Managers WILLIAM FeLTon BarreTT Mrs. ELon Huntincron anes E. Powe, Jr. Epwin De T. ak EL Hooker Haroun I. Prat s. ALBERT D, LAsKer ie J. Ropesins ae anre he ] Lewis A. ae SAUNDERS ARSHALL F; Eomunp W. Stnxott Rev. Roszert I. GANNon, Ronert H, Monneeny c rae scey STILLMAN SJ. H. Hosarr Porter DNEY J. WEINBERG Ex-Officio io Managers Wiuiam O'Dwyer, Mayor of the City of New York Mary E. Chee Presider 1¢ of the Board of Pdueation T Moses, Park Conissioner ee Managers By the fee Botanical Club EASON By Columbia University Marston T. Bocert Marcus M. RHoapDEs Cyarres W. Battarp Sam F. TRELEASE THE STAFF WitLiaM J. Rosarns, Px.D., Sc.D. Director H. A. ear Pu.D. Assistant Director and Curator Henry A MonTacNe Assistant Director Frep J. “SEAVER, Pu.D., Sc.D. “He ad Curator A. B. Stout, Pu.D. Curator of Education and Laboratories Bernarp O. Dopce, Pu.D. Plant Pathologist Joun HenpLey cares A.M., M.D. Bibliographer ses H.W. Ricxetr, Pu.D. Bibliographer Bassett Macuire, Pu.D. Curat or Haroun N. Monpenke, Px.D. eee rebut ELizaApeTH C. ee A.B., B.S. rian eR N. MitcHe Pho vapher E, J. ALEXANDER, B 5, Assistant Curator and Curator of the Local He cobain H. Camp, Pr Assistant Curator E. Na Pu.D Assistant Curator ArtHuR Cronguist, Pu.D Assistant Curator AVA a, Px.D. Assistant Curator Setma Koyjan, B.S. hnic sh Rosatie WEIKERT Technical Assistant Ton McVeicH, Pu.D Technical Assistan Mary Stepeins, M.A. Technical Assistant Caro. H. AU Gon We AnD: AB. Editor of the Journal Tuomas H. Everetr. N.D. Horr. orticulturist G. L. Wirtrocr, A.M. Cust todian of the Herbarium Otto Drcrner. M.S. Collaborator in Hawaiian Botany A. J. Grout, Pa.D. Ena ‘ary Curator o Osse. Tnez M. Hartnc wlssistant Honorary Curator of Mosses JosernH F. Burke Flonorary "Curator of the Diatomaceae R. A. Krukorr onorary Curato of Economic Botany Eruet ANSON S. PeckHamM He Mae Hecti A. C. Pranner Superintendent of Buildinas and Grounds the taneal an den, take the Independe: nt Subway to Bedford Park Beaeoar Meanont | te Bedford Park Boulevard exit and walk east. Or take the e Third Avenue Elevated - the Botanical Garden or the 200th Street station, the New York Central to the Botanical Garden station, or the Webster Avenue surface car to Redford. Park. Boyleward... _-.---- Third Avenue Elevated | to > the “Botanical Gar PUBLICATIONS OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN Books, Booklets, and Special Numbers of the Journal 2 Illustrated Flora of the Northern Upson Dee and Canada, by Nathaniel Lo As Britton ae ellos Brown. Three volumes, giv g descriptions and illustra- uons of 4 cies. Second edition, Bearinte ed. $13.50. ee ne leas ed Plains el Central noon America, by P. A. Rydberg. 969 sie and 601 figu 1932. ce, $5.50 postpaid. The Bahama noe ie Nathaniel ah Britton i Charles Hredente Rens 695 pages. Descriptions of the sp ania) wel seE ee bryophytes, and thallophytes of the Bahamas, with ee explor rations ne ea $6.25 bibliogra a and index. 1920. an Cariceae, by Kenneth K. Mackenzie, containing 539 plates ef Cares me related Hens by Harry C. Creutzburg, with a description of acy Index 1940. Two volumes, 1034 x 13!4 inches; bound $17.50: Seidl $15.50 Keys to the North American Species Ae les by K. K. Mackenzie. From Vol. 19, Part 1, of North American Flora Food and pie tees a he North ‘ges Indian. Two pe articles by Marion A. & G. n the Journal for March 1942. Vegetables and Fruits ne the Home Garden. ae authoritative articles “eprinted from the a 21 pages, illustrated. Edited by Carol H. Woodward. 1941. 15 c e Flora of the Un n Tapestries by E. J. Alexander and Carol H. Wo “el ward, 28 sagen iieceateel an Ae aa drawings; bound with paper. 1941. log of Hardy Trees and Shrubs. A list of the woody plants being grown nailer at the New Yor e Boe pie Garden in 1942, in 127 pages with notes, a map, and 20 illustrations. Succulent Plants of New and Old World Deserts by E. J. Alexander. 64 oe indexed. 350 ce treated, 100 illustrated. Bound in paper. 1942. cond aon 1944. 50 c Periodicals {ddisonia, annually, devoted exclusively to colored plates accompanied hy popular descriptions of Teueane plants; eight plates in each number ae two in h volume. Now in its twenty-second eens Subscription price, "$10 volume Gear years). Not offered in ehiees e to members of the Garden. Journal of The New York Botanical e den, monthly, containing news, book reviews, and non- technical articles on botany and horticulture. Sen ae tion, $1.50 a year: single copie . Free to members of the Garden. Now in its 47th volume. Myc baer Pimone ae illustrated in color and otherwise; devoted to fungi. eediae ue net containing teclinical, eu and news and notes of general in- ‘ar; single copies $1 ach. Now in its thirty- ahi "ohne eae ae Nice ear Index volume $3. Brittonia. A es of botanical papers publis hed in co-operation with the American Society a “Sect. Taxonom ts. sy ee scription price, $5 a volume ($4 to members of the Society). Now its fifth North American leu eee of the an Pa o North America. ine Peale West Indies, and Central ae arts now issued. Not offered in exc ae Prices of the separate parts on pre Contributions from The New York Botanical oe den, A series of techie papers reprinted from journals Gunes than hee sous 25 cents each, $5 a ume. Nees of The New York Botanical Git. A collection of ae pape Contents and prices on request. JOURNAL THE NEW YorK BOTANICAL GARDEN Wow, 2Y/ J U N E PAGES 358 1-9 4 6 133—160 JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN Carot H. Woopwarp, Editor JUNE BLOOM AT THE GARDEN Roses ue great Rose Garden on the east side of the sroung largely contributed by th firm of Bobbink & Atkins, contains 7,000 or mo e plants in some 800 varieties and species which will be at their peak the first half of June. To reach the Rose Garden by automobile, turn into the grounds at the second gate n rear of the poate Building, then east and south to the Rose Garden. By subway, e nearest route is by way of the White ae Road line on the East Side IRT, walk- ing westward rs the Pelham Parkway Station. Peonies A collection of 240 varieties, including the ee Sayed at the north end of the Main Conservatory, will be in flower in early Jun Rhododendrons Starting in late May, the Garden's large collection of rhododendron hybrids will continue to flower during the early part of June. Daylilies Late June and July is the peak season for daylilies, to be seen in the Experimental Garden on the east side of the grounds. Pad Garden While the peak of the season comes in May, many attractive flowering plants will give pleasing color and pattern during June. JUNE EVENTS AT THE GARDEN cagagiGs Day June Painting Wild Flowers in Westchester County Eloise P. Luquer Rose- Gron ers’ Day June An ee -day program starting a - ae with an inspection of the Rose Garden. F. F. Rockwell, Editor-i -in- “Chief oft e Garden, _ speak at 11:30 on “Roses for the Beginner.” A picnic lunch ay feller and at 2 p.m. there will be a clinic and demonstration on roses diseases and culture. Radio Programs 30 p.m. on alternate Fridays over WNYC June ra Your 230- dee Ga (ie len Melvin Sawin r of Hoy Council, New Yori’ Botanical ee June 28 Sugar is the inaaien of ae Naylor Assi Mee Curator, New York Botanical Garden TABLE hae ie Lihum superbum (with greatly me on oe in the painting of prairie hens by John James oe dubon Cover illustration CusHION Puan 6 THE ew RUVIAN Puna WwW. odge 13 WILDFLOWER SANCTUAR RY IN A Lonc IsLaND GaRDEN Edith Farrington Johnston 141 SoME ae on as OWERS a TREES IN ie : s “Bir F AMER Helen M. Fox 144 Nevers oon ‘REVIEWS ior Recent oe 152 ope LITERATURE AT A Harriet K. Morse 194 BRoApcasT—“ VicEeantr One Teas Make Fine Soar” Georgia Lefingwell 155 AFRICAN EXPEDITION UNDER 157 Notes, News, AND eae 158 WESTERN COLLECTING TRIP 160 note Journal is published monthly by The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New York 58, Y. ponte’ ip Se ee ae i ntered as Second Class Matter, January 28, 1936, at the Post Office x New York, un t of August 24, 1912. Annual subscription $1.50. Single copies cents, JOURNAL of THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN Vo. 47 June 1946 No. 558 Cushion Plants of the Peruvian Puna y W. H. Hodge Illustrated with photographs by the a FEY COU: eee can compare with Peru in the variety of plant formations. ne u can find a eae chr of lowlands, either wet or dry, of wi a rain-forests or m dry thorn-forests, of deals ae ‘and cold, and also of the alpine and the en the arctic and the tropics, plus all the ta she bet Perhaps most unusual of a! on eae areas which the Peruvians call the puNa—a formation churacterisi of the highest Ande s and to = 4,000 et) in the Wes H phe and interesting as the site o the Inca civilization, one of the eel civiliz wale autochthonous to the New World. The Peruvian puna, which technically is that portion of the altiplano lying above the 14,000-foot limit of cultivation, has its northernmost limits at about 8 degrees south latitude in the beautiful snow-covered range of the Cordillera Blanca, which begins just south of the ancient Incaic city of Cajamarca. From this ae on the flanks of Peru’s high- est peak—Z3,000-foot Huascaran—it ends without interruption, but with many an irregular ae ae the lofty ean of a western Andes to southern Peru and Bolivia, where it ands to for its ae display on the high. valley country ene the ee the snowy eee of Ecuador is apparently due to the rather pro- nounced reduction in elevation of the Andes in northern Peru, where the cordilleras average considerably less than 4,000 meters, as compared to is 4,000—5,000 meter average of the true puna. This notable break e Andes—located in the Cordillera de Piisuranasiaey lying west of he pet bend of the Marafion River—has been the key obstacle to the Dr. Hodge is ane Professor, Facultad de Agronomia, Universidad Nacional, Medellin, Colombia 133 THE PERUVIAN PUNA 1D ITS : TERISTIC PLANTS AND por w bal Photographs by W. H. Hodge Tola ey (Lepidophyllum) on the Pampas de Arrieros, dried and stacked to be used as Boos. ee the bunch grass and the puna mat formations, in the vicinity of Huito in cohen Peru. The cushion plants are ae rae 2 sony or rocky areas such as the slope in the background, where the heat-abso pow a he rocks raises the soil temperature so ithe it can better suppor t a plas Scattered cushions of Opuntia lagopus and O. floccosa growing amid unch- “grass @ ero, This is a favorite grazing round ibe lamas and alpacas. Ichu pees on the pampas near Lago de Salinas, east of Arequipa, at an elevation of 15,0 eet, corsa Sa a variety of plants crowding together to share the moisture which is more abundant under the big compact cushions. 135 cole pan age not ie of high Andean plants but also paielipn puna animals. Thus, puna plants, and especially the cushion for. not en eae ed in Bont north of 8 degrees south latitude; but aon of that ae ects a different type of formation called locally the JaLca, or PARA which is superficially similar to the puna. Except for the ee ‘of the curious FRAILEJON (Espeletia) the jalca, or north Peruvian paramo, is apparently more = the paramos of Ecuador and Colombia P n Per e puna has an ae ana the Peruvian describes as “triste,” a somber.” If such a description is just it probably stems from the feeling give n by the dull a pesca of the vegetation of t these high prairies and rock-fields. n humid places one seldom sees fresh vivid greens, and instead . pevennal wiry grasses have a drab yellow-green or gray-green hue, shared by companion plants and bird life. The year TO und this color changes little, even during the Januar ry to April “winter’ pee eee squalls of rain or sleet or ae are in season, offsetting somewhat the overbearing influence of the lon, dry season. Except for the wet, poorly ces ene the puna is a region of drought to its plant inhabi tants. onditions are brought about by a number of factors common i ee regi of igh: alt titude. dessicating power, is earns tremendously ~ the thinness of the air; and wind movement, working in gine on with the preceding agents as a shee uae is particulary Si tive oes - its freedom of movement i gion lacking + indbreakin: e-holding and shading Dropetes. - trees. Ma Ae mp to alleviate ae dry condi- tions, for the perature often drops the freezing point , an ad what little ‘soil water may la then Ley locked in an icy form which is useless to a thirs Thus the puna is . ce a » desert, a cold desert, and probably the highest desert in the world. In ce ee places—for instance, in areas high above and to As east of Arequipa—it can be as barren and devoid of plant life as the most arid stretches of bes owland desert, but more often it sports the Gaede semi-desert aspect—a meager woe a ae nts u — m1 stony, bouldery, or a soil with nowhere, save in solid = Be vegetatio: The arance of the puna varies from place to place depending upon uch oe TS as. age ion, ex ea , soil, drainage, and whether the particular area n the western entral Andes. On those okaed prairies borderin: i spon the tillable on of the altiplano, tufted bun grasses called IcHU are most common; brook margins and those ex- *See Fosberg, F. R.. El Paramo de Sumapaz, Colombia. Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 45: 226-234. October 1944. 136 pansive ie poorly drained basins into which flow the snow-waters from the glaciers and snows of the higher peaks are covered with a rich green ieee oes in whic h flat mats of Distichia muscoides of the Juncaceae are dominant; while at the ee exposed elevations which extend up to online at 16,500 to 17,000 feet one encounters most fre- quently ne — of the puna lot, the ‘cushion plants The des onditions mentioned abov ve placed ‘their imprint on the flora of ne: puna in a definite sort . as ie nearly all the plants , are c ials, war i i hi and flowers oe to the soil, as though fearful as to what the elements might be able to do if these parts were raised t see above the ground. Actually this pee of growth enables puna aoe not only to hoard froietaee : ae ae to ne to the full the ee heat absorbed by the soil as a of the intense solar radiation at high altitudes. All plants have cert minimum temperature oe ee ha soil heat which must be order to permit normal growth. If it were not for the increased inslaton which makes the soil temperature ae the high Andes almost as warm during Se pnae as ane soils at sea level, many of the puna case would be unable to grow at su ae elevations where air temperature: cool. Untonnatdly much of the warmth absorbed by the ae in dayli i hours is rapidly aisipated at night, but the loss of heat stored by pois and stony ground is not so rapid. For this reason, at the highest elevations in the Andes, = aie are ae absent on areas of soil, but on boulder-strewn or rocky —where the soil temperature aver- ages higher over a Dehoae day ‘period—aseitions of plants can still To a certain degree, most ras cae are cushion plants; that is, they. possess the general shape of a cushion, though exhibiting great variety, extending from rosettes and flat plate-like cushions through alae convex ee to the exploded cushion or tufted plant represented by t bunch grasses The tallest plant s of the puna are the grasses, but so extreme are the xerophytic co ease of the region that the stiff leaf-blades of even such pate Seana he grayish-green ichu grasses (Festuca orthophylla and F. escens, “alemsgreti species, and Stipa ee ae generally See aes isture. The ichu grasses, especially the widespread Stipa ichu, are he mo sat Se economic plants of the ie a, for they serve as the principal food for wandering flocks of sheep, llamas, and alpacas, and so as ee onivera “hath the huts of the Peruvian sierra In ngiee ae ichu hold-over from the days of the Inca en ae gal oe zCO cm bales of massive stonework said to have been etched with ichu gra FLOWERS OF THE PUNA IN PERU 6. Astragalus uniflorus, with ean Selanne blossoms on nearly subterranean stems. 7. Hedyotis filiformis, whose fine e flowers are commonly seen along the road between Ja ma, where Hs Astragalus also grows. 8 ee in ia ignated mat meee with ae een of ies 9 a ° Yellow blossoms of the cactus, Opuntia lagopus, nearly hidden by the felted mass of the enormous cushion, photocraphed on a ceene de Crucero, in the Depart ment of Puno in southern Peru, at 15,000 feet. Bunch grasses have a wider distribution than the other ae associa- tions of the high Andes. The monotonous appearance of a nena: growing ichu grasslands belies the comparative wealth of the hi ushion flor that often accompanies them. Wandering among the nore eee 138 grass clumps and looking closely at the gr ne one ae ah ane many a delightful botanical surprise by discovering some of t er cushion and rosette plants in such genera as Calandrinia, nose ae nthus, Hedyotis, a eae peep ugly Hypochaeris, or Lia pecies of Arena d Dr ind one of the Northern Hemisphere, as do also the lavender flo curious rosette-fo: legume, Astragalus unt ape but the cushiony forms of stich iliar genera as G ma (found sedifolia) and Verbena (in V polystachya), are characteristic of i puna. In the western Andes of ane Peru, and at ee ieee o wherever soil moisture decreases and desert conditions bec tense), the bunch grasses ath out to give way to the Gucaiy e the iow cushion-forming plants. This is the realm of the so-called puna mat, a plant association whose variegate appearance is caused by the yellow and green colors of its constituents. Spectacular in aspect, it is ri i species fnaa any of the several other puna associations, for besides the tiny Pp insignificant cushion-former ef of the wonders of the cushion-plant world—notably the small grayish Merope aretioides growing with the bright green Azorella yareta. Theirs is a close and curious community life, for despite the many b: p 0 wee soil that are mek available, giant cushions, tufts of grass and pigmy rosettes crowd together, often growing one o though : shelter, shade, ar via alike all available soil moisture. Azorella, which the Peruvians call YARETA, Or LLARETA,* important element of the flora of the puna mat, and is a do: over extensive areas, especially in southern Peru, where it is abundant in the high cold desert regions [ the Departments of Ta quequa, Aree: and western Puno. Its average nea distribution i in com general region runs between 4,000 and 4,800 meters, but y: Ww a: ete eta is ein acaulescent, but as it matures the original short stem becomes highly Bike nched. Th branches are crowded together in such a as to i 2 highly- com- pacted, tumorous, convex mass. This is a cushion which in outward *See Rusby, H. H. Liareta, a Strange Fuel. Jour. Bot. Gard. 33: 54-57. oe en In yet aie Dr. Rusby refers to Az cet Tape a different cies use 139 appearance is for all the world like a gigantic, irregular cauliflower head; and the compacted branches beneath appear like a Fee head of that vegetable. So tightly packed is the yareta plant person can walk across its hard surface without damage to the ae ei the multitudes es. Besides offering a minimum of evaporating surface to the dry environ- ment, cushion plants with a form like yareta are vegetable sponges which n absorb for thei ‘ that may come in the form precipitation. In the period of maximum rainfall, Hote to ae the cushions are verdant green, but this color hae during the longer ae season to an earthy shade matching the rocks of the habitat aa makin, somewhat difficult for the casual observer to differentiate between ee and plant. Flowers of the yareta, like those of most puna ae re not $ but are rather tiny, insignificant, greenish-white affairs which ney each cushiony lump with the oe petal sana characters ee umbelli- ferous genera. I have noted flowering Rea ent of o duri mi om Ma canny on the surface of the plant a the last months of the year. e seeds are alee blown by the wind until they reach a spot suit- able for their germinat The stems a: probably aids the plant conserve stored water. This may be the sie undoing, - in high ieee areas, where it has long thrived, ordinary firewoo absent, and yareta has been the only siete available. I is an oe ee -hitter, ee as the cushion dries, nous material oozes from it, making the plant highly aaa pee ee indians have long used the resins ‘obtain d from burning the green yareta as astringents aa absorbents their home medicine, while the ashes are ts has been shown to an enormous am f heat with the production of little or no smoke. Yareta are ace - thus proved to be a good thing not only for the puna herdsman—who annually collects en ae of the cushions three months before needing them, stacking th o dry like cordwood outside i also for big busi i i i i railroad: i- pefian bakeries, appreciative of an intense heat-producing fuel, prefer smokeless yareta to all Ste arenes the railroads also, especially the Chilean line running from Arica to the Bolivian capital, have demanded ates have used : = lesale as a locomotive fuel. pies and to some extent tora (Lepidophylium), another puna plant, are tanita sights as high. along the tracks at trans-Andean pines stations. Yar abounding in Azorella ie are fast disappearing, apeeealy ao od within reach of the railroad. A good YARETAL has from 10% to 15% of the ground covered with yeas eres a rate of GENERAL VIEW OF ee PUNA FORMATION EAST OF AREQUIPA RU Elevations here, in the vicinity Pe Pati on the road aan ae and Puno, average between 15,000 and 16,000 feet. Tes ne ae fe plan of the cushion or rosette- for type. — 70 plants per hectare. Re the present time a heen and richest rea of yaretales is in the western cordillera near the Chilean-Peruvian frontier, where there are an ae 500, ene - plants. Harvest- ing takes place during the dry season and the plants are handled like peat. Fortunately, the Peruvian Government, nena e fact that without some sort OF control this slow-growing plant may ee oe point of ex- tinction, has fies steps to guard against the heretofore unbridled ¢ ploitation of it. After more is een about the growth habits of Aievalle control a eventually lead to the production of yareta on a sustained yield bas Like many another iueloes desert, the puna has - cacti bee: ee to their picturesque and grotesque cousins of the lowlands, are and- ing oddities among their ce plants. The ae genus Bae is most commonly seen, and is probably the most stratosphere-minded of 141 the ee ais clan. Species of Opuntia may be found fide often sn wline at 16,500 feet, in widely separated regio th Peru arene the flanks of Huascaran in the Cordillera Bianca: at ee reached ‘Tcl pass, 85 miles east of Lima in the Western Cordillera of Central Peru; and neers. in the Andean Cordillera of Carabay: ra lying es of Lake Titi ecies of cushion cacti like. Onn tia ignescens, fraternize ate on the high prairie ee es. These areas, which are the favorite grazing grounds of the alpacas and vicufias, are subject to frequent flurries of snow Dian often ngs in ae ed patches. At such times cushion cacti an nd s patches are almost indistinguishable, for the two com- monest react ae 0 puntia ee and O ai aa are covered with snowy- flee woolly hairs, as the specific names indica Opuntia ae appears to be a cactus only in its tiny ene ie cactaceous flowers, which ae se the real ee wool of the cushion. Otherwise sp an aber: member of its family, — with branches mee as lol into its high, convex, woolly cushion as are the ‘branches of the Azorella. One en eae stand pe this firmly ey cushion, but if you ere nk that mat is soft the touch, bewa Opuntia cushions with their ae ae es are more ae plant pe they are plant pin-cushions! O. floc and O. lagopus are close epee on the puna prairies, but although eae: in shape and in color of flow O. floccosa forms smaller cushions, in which the individual hairy ae more loosely packed. vella and the companion species of Opuntia constitute an unusual ne pile represents the acme of the cushion-forming plants high in the Andes where atmosphere is thin. Em Wildflower Sanctuary In A Long Island Garden By Edith Farrington Johnston Published with the aid of the Olivia E. and Caroline Phelps Stokes fund for the preservation of wild flowers. A WILDFLOWER-CONSERVATION project on a small but im- pressive scale is the aes of Mr. and Mrs. S. LeRoy King of East Hampton, Long Islan r. King is a carpenter by ae but for man: years he has devoted all his leisure time to the collecting, raising and 142 propagating of the vanishing wildflowers native to lower Long Island. Mrs. King is an ardent collaborator in the en ines and does much to keep eee dogs and rabbits away from their treasu On a lot some 50 by 300 feet the Kings have a small cock garden; a lawn with a magnificent old sycamore and several American cedars; two cot- tages and a garage; a panies ed pool with wl head, meadow-beauty, purple loosestrife ce oad-leaved arro ee = oun nd its eae fish and frogs—raised by M ae from the waters; a row of rose- red mallow; and ber after bed a ee es ail behin d iow wire fenc- ing, because the rabbits, too, are great flower-fanciers, particularly fond of — and orchids. e is a bed overflowing with red- pie columbine interspersed a ee in-the-pulpit, several trilliums and the yellow lady’s-slipper. Across the lot from this, tmder the pines, isa cae of cauiae arbutus, with checkerberry, ae tain eee $ pine and moccasin-flower. Here, where the ground slopes ie He ool, is a great clump of lavender- blue monkey- — three na et high. Further back, in the borders, are Joe-Pye weed, purple oe “(Ophela's “long purples”), ironweed, and = Tonks s- one lilies, sometimes bearing more than sixteen blooms to the Natural Orchid Hybrids In the center of the grass-plot stands the crowning glory of the place: a large sunny oval bed of wild orchids, mainly those of the Habenaria clan. The two chief parents are the yellow fringed orchis ne the white There are yellows with an orange fringe, pale cr white fringes, anda deep creams with white upper petal. All are thriving gloriously and most of them acquire a acer ape esis er 7 blossoms to the scape that is unusual in wild specimens. In r. Kin ng has tried an experiment in esthetics by planti ing aes snow- nao specimens together an nd the e nchanting. is truly eee peas than yellow—, and whites less snowy than the white parent. pur Nea pen bed, but in the sort of shadowy glade t that it prefers, the aaa ringed orchis eee a beneath dark al hones: Mien na dappling of shade and sun, the little crested orchis gro a dee ae box Bhs andy loam fr om its native thickets. oe a hybrids with the white rane orchis but it is not easy for the layman to distinguish its offspring from some of the gr: ee eee of the icy fringed orchis. Around the nee of the a wie ane there is an heirs pei of grass-pinks, Aret orchis and rose pogonia, and outside that again, a mat of aa car dias oe now rapidly eae 143 their living-space. Kings only sending up lusty flower-spikes. A Conservation Practice Mr. King h devastating the noel bea pumas over riod o ev These latter are from seed collected and sown by the winter before last, but several of them last autumn were already as acquired this unique collection ii pe wildlings not by Z ae He pur: a ed ing a policy of eryon cee the roads and e e by-ways on Long ele are — eae ood. graded and ie improved,” from the viewpoint with five Sia sons and a daughter who are of the naturalist. Mr. King, w all familiar with every aspect of Long Is th of the motorist if not from that land life, is te to learn a all such projected improvements before the scrapers start their deadly work on the roadsides. In his little jeep-like car, Beelzebub, he cee Bees aie road at about thirty miles an ra herever he sees one of his favorites within the zone of prospective operations he stops and with a on pitts spade cuts out a large block of the earth containing the roots are never osed, nor are they shocked by bein, ng ee eee found a owing. Losses run first, before he discovered the rabb if the cool twilight he sets hee out in their holes in his garde en, choosing or creati appointed abitat in which he 1 rabbit-damage to the flower-scapes was heart-breaking. ere have been other disappointments gees The first purple fringed orchises throve for a few years serein ae the moccasin- flower refuses to set seed; the habenarias are subject to an occasional on aped. But the effect of the pan care bestowed on the plants i in this private wildflower sanctuary i of lov eliness and perfec’ paradise that has non Bie from scraper and cemen tion in a small earthly t. Here is a list of the wildflowers being grown in the Kings’ Long Island sanctuary: Prince's pine—Chimaphila | umbellata ‘yprip caule aberrant a emer Monkey- ca wer—Mimulus ringens Joe-Pye weed—Eupatorium maculatum Turk’ ‘cap eam superbum He ellus —Pogonia ophioglossoides Cardinal” Mower 1 obelia Cardinalis Turtle-he ae lone glabra Meadow-bea: Rhea virginic Purple losestrife—Lythrn Salicaria Broad-leaved arrowhead—Sagittaria lati- folia Columbine—Aquilegia canadensis Jack-in-the- a pete Fea a —T. grandi, flor T. oo Yellow _ = Elie Cypapateonn parvi- florum pubescens eben groulue_Epiode repens Checkerberry—Gaultheria Poona Spotted ine green—Chimaphila aculata 144 Some Notes on the Flowers and Trees In Audubon’s “Birds of -America” By Helen M. Fox The Audubon plates shown here = on the cover are reproduced by courtesy of the American Museum of Natural Histor HEN a ee looks at the pictures in “Birds of America” by John Jam udubon he is struck with the surpassing charm of the flowers that Ree ny the birds. Sometimes the plants are more ae ee the birds, as in Plate 64, where a swamp aa is show: mid big green leaves and half-hidden blossoms of May apple, or on PI ie 5. wher Soe s fly-catcher is secondary in interest to the conical red fruit and large glossy leaves of a branch of Magnolia grandiflora. n = ork between the he 1826 and 1834, Audubon drew birds and cat invariably against the bare white paper, though he often aise lly filled-in for eee nd of stream or thicket. During the next few years, a when he was ene Sanaa water birds, he fre- quently painted in the sky as well as a background of a or distant hills, perhaps because he saw his ae S i immning t the er or diving from the sky. He also showed beaches and oceans, rivers pie ng through grassy meadows, and once in a while on a distant shore there would be a log cabin or farm house with smoke lazily curling from its chimney. On Plate 231 the city of Charleston in South Carolina is shown along a stretch of water behind long-billed curlews and on Plate 269 the fort and town of St. Augustine form the background to a long-legged greenshank. But when throughout ae Liew he depicted birds a nd plants without back- ground, the birds were always so well placed and he leaves and branches a ven such an airy oe that the observer could imagine sky or forest es. ‘i his “American Ornithological Biography, which appeared in Edin- burgh from 1831 to 1839, Audubon published his field notes about each i birds, then ¢ plate. First he plants, interspersing the first three volumes with brief narratives and descriptions of the American scene. ae es in this article has been n fr nd fro: The note eae Plate a pies pee pi nme grous,” or prairie hens, against meadows wit ground of low hills and with a picture of Lilium eee to one arene ays:1 “This beautiful plant, w! hich grows in swamps and moist copses, in the Northern and Eastern States, as far 1 Spelling, capitalization, and wording are reproduced here exactly as they appear in the Ornithological Biography. 145 as Virginia,® as well as in the western prairies, attains a height for four to five fe a makes a poled appearance with its numerous large droop- ing a ae ae ometimes amount to twenty or even thirty on a single sten wa: ced to reduce the stem, in nedee to introduce it into my drawing the tk ‘ground of which is an attempt to represent our eee ster al di a was = bot an artist aa a scientist. ae oe he went up to ome i t ae bon is where each = was native from his own observation ud fon consultation of sa nies of Pursh, Willdenow, and Michaux, hich he refers in his note “To achieve artistic effects, he said, “The ee plants or portions of trees which are attached to the principal objects ae e been mae oe pei ae in oe cone of which the bi te nd, and a s some persons have ai the trees or plants po which they save fea or perch.” Such was the case in Plate ae where two Canada jays are shown disporting ee amid leaves f the white oak in autumnal colors. _Althou ugh this species of oak is not bon di Meneia in Maine,” says Au where the Canada Jay chiefly occurs, T have em ployed it in my drawing on aed . the rich colouring of its fine ees during the aw eis onths. in Louisiana, where it is plentiful, that one must see it, to judge 7 ie grande which it attains under favourable circumstances. I have often seen these oaks spreading their nae : anches amid the tops of Magnolias fully one hundred feet above und... One f the eens. observers of nature to travel in pean ieee bon eye what ritin sae well as painting. He was eighteen when a left eae in 1798, he had be een ae he was a aid. to return to America, land of his ce th. He always spoke with a French accent er revealed a French aes in his writing, in the choice of ords and expressions, as also in the constant use of the article “the.” In his passionate love of nature he reflects the Romantic spirit of his time 2 This lily is hardy to New Brunswick and sometimes grows eight feet high. PLATR, CLORE” ve bird, Bachman’s nia is deptcted with a rare shrub, the “‘lost” ails identified on the plate (No. 1 es s Gordonia pubescens. The drawing of the plant was made by Maria Martin, sister- eee w and second wife ss oe Reverend John ies of Charleston, friend of ‘Audubon and discoverer of the 147 ioe Bs his ile onataneege the French writer Chateaubriand, and the Am n, James Fenimore Cooper, as the following quotation shows: Every “dividual ere he sound se t, teas with a to the love notes of woodland warble He asts a glance upon ee lovely forms without proposing : his a ae ous them does he look on the trees which they frequent or the flowers over which they glide, wit chou ete thei ea or delighting in their sweet odours or their brilliant Of one of his travels i wrote: “The aspect of the oD, reer = tracted my mind from those ae that are the occupation of m the tall yellow poplar, os hilly ground, even the red cla ay 7 ene at with amazément.” Besides plants and birds he seed all o wild animal : : ; order o n the frontiers, Indians and vo ya, as way S as lum ] me t eralbolege: th : ae a sae source material for folk lore of early nin neeenth century America, west to the Mississippi, south to Florida, and een ough Hoy eastern states to Labrador To quo’ aes some of his notes on flowers, of the great mullein, ne Thapsus, where only flowering ae are shown on Plate 113, he writes, ‘““This plant, which is well known in Europe, is equally so in hi the latter country, I not say.2 At present there is hardly an old field or aban caies piece of ae on the borders of the roads that is not over- own The flowers are used i een for catarrhs, and a ceostion a the leaves i is employed in ae thew: the sassafras on Plate 114 says, The sane of its foliage a " oles al properties render it one of our most interesting trees.” Of Helenium oe ntatum, on Plate 145, he writes, “It is often gath- ered and burnt, to prevent the musquitoes from entering houses.” Of th Labrador ee ee Ledum groenlandicum, on Plate 191, he writes, “T was informed that fishermen and Indians frequently make use of it inst = tea ” While eres oe habits of Hire ape ee ee thev ate and at the same time saw other anim spans show on Plate 25 . el See one ee them about to spider, he says, “Huckle-berries form a portion of the food of many birds, as fa as of various quadrupeds. Of the former, mention in particular the Wild Turkey, several species of Grouse Wild Pigeon, the Turtle Dove, some Loxias and several Thrushes. Amon S a5 REE 3 Verbaseum Thapsus was introduced into America from Europe. 148 the latter, the Black Bear stands pre-eminent, also Raccoons, Foxes, Op- possums, and others destroy great quantities. When _ the season is favour- able, these 0 thickl gathered in large quantities, and as they become ripe, numerous parties resort to the grounds in which they are es by way of frolicking and end the time in a very agreeable man: He notes that animals like to eat the one ts of Vitis aestivalis (raccoon . grape), oie on Plate 111. “The gr: sane are small, a and very acrid, until severely bitten a frost. The a and winter, racoons, bears, Oo: sums: = m i hem.” ne, in all s ecluded places as are frequented by the Spotted Grous, are eagerly ere its ae . The berries are ovate and of a scarlet our. Sometimes Audubon mentions wild trees which were planted in gardens, for example, Prunus caroliniana (wild almond), ee with blossoms and fruit with cardinals on Plate 159. “Many are planted around ae tation i aeese or ae as ns of our southern bone on account of the beautiful appea: The fruits are greedily devoured by many ane of bir ut the Robinia pseudacacia, shown in bloom with chipping sparrows on Plate 04, Audubon says, ‘Although abundant in the aa state, it is now planted around farms and plantations, on account of the great value of its timber. It is besides a charming ornament of our avenues, either in the cou ae or in the streets of villages and cities. e note et briar, Rosa Ue hina — ee Plate 137 with plow eae eae: one of the males feeding a worm e female ia whic a s place ed amid aie a of deta ae a white r is revea ae of Audubon’s romantic sentim “Th eet Briar is ver . e Sw gen fied eee throughout the United oe I i found it from the extremities of Nova Scotia along the Atlantic coast, and as ae the interior . have travelled. The delicious odour of its leaves never fails to gratify the person who brushes through patches of it, while the delicate tint of its flowers reminds one of the loveliness of female beauty in its purest and most blooming state. Truly a ‘sweet home’ must be de. nest that is placed in an eglantine bower, and happy must be the bird se in the midst e fragrance i is cheered by the warble of her ever loving "182 6 Audubon went to Europe to raise money for the Hames of As Gat batch of drawings, a feat which he had been unable to accomplish in the United States. With flowing locks framing his narra te his 149 Baltimore orioles in the branches of a tulip tree (Plate 12) brought high praise to Audubon oe. the Duc d'Orléans, when Redouté took Audubon to visit the future King of F ure clad without intentional conspicuousness in leather-fringed frontier clothes, the portfolio of drawings under his arm, he presented letters from scientists and statesmen in America to the wealthy ae scientific people 150 a Scotland, aes and France. In his diary on September 20, 1828, notes meeting the great French flower painter asic is ae apie had oe pleasure ve pies old Redouté this morn: painter par excellence. reading Le Sueur’s ge to ce ener ve years ago, he looked pee me o axedly y; a said, “Well, si r to ‘become acquainted with you,’ and es fu ee mony he showed s best works. His flowers are grouped with p mre taste, al drawn re precise in the eva and colo 2 ce a pure ee ten vis nature incom par rably better than I ever saw it before. Old R a a all that is not oe alone; he cannot bear either the —— of tuffed birds or of resin and ee a strong. desire to see a work Ghee nature was deline: in an animated manner.’ Redouté was in the abi | visiting the Duc d’ Orléans, ee aa later King of Sie once a week, and took Audubon with him of the hour’s ‘The portfolio was at last opened, an wh en hie held - the plate of io Gass ‘Orioles, with a nest swinging amongst the tender I “ twigs of the yellow poplar, he ne ‘This — all I have seen, an am not astonished now at the eulogiums of Redouté!’ ” The note on the tulip-tree, or yellow p oplar (Liriodendron tulipifera), in Plate 12 in the Ornithological Biogr: ae is as follows: “This tree is one of the most beautiful of those indigenous to the United States, and i i v, or even a ap feet. The flowers and upwards of three inches in dia . It is gener: ae cated, aa pr ine rich soils. .. . The wood is oe eter but easily wrought, and is employed for numerous purposes, ae y in the ene of houses, and for charcoal. The Indians often form He canoes of it, for which pur the trunk being of great length and dia ameter, and the wood light. In dif- ferent parts of the United States, it receives the names of Poplar. ae Wood, and Cane Woo a” Much has — written about the “lost tree,” snail ha, G. pu ubescens, or Franklinia alatamaha. John Bartrai e first time in| oe on the banks of the eee River (spelled Ala- ee at that time), when a his son William, who it again in 1790; a it it has never since bee n growing wild. The trams brought cuttings home with he m cay it is thought that all Hee “Of Franklinia alatamaha now gro ardens oe from those anna It is surprising to find a Eoodicton of the plant under the name of Gordonia pubescens as a background for Bicker! i manii, on Audubon’s Plate 185, made in 1833. i rt the drawing of the shrub was made by Miss Maria Martin, and the second wife of the Reverend Jo chman, a keen natal and w: called either Gordonia m saw it for ohn Ba friend of Audubon, who lived in Charleston, and for whom the med. Later the two collaborated on the “Quadrupeds of nee. ” The 151 branch of the Franklinia came from the botanical garden of a French gardener, ae a. pas situated at Romney village, then a = miles outside of the c part of the city of Charleston. Audubon notes on Plate 185 f toll ae “My friend Bachman has the merit es having ae bed pretty little species of ‘Warbler , and to him I have the pleasure of a 7 dging ae enceae for the pair which es will ss repr ee in the plate nied with a figure of one of the most beautiful oe our ae eee a Sees drawn by ae friend’s acer Miss Martin. I mysel have never had the good fortune to meet with ane ee of this inter- esting Sylvia, respecting which little is as yet kno’ its discov verer having . le to fin nest. The first obtained was found by him a few miles from Charleston, in South ae in July 1833, while i was rambling over the crags of ‘ood of young. s to the shrub are given from Willdenow and ae and it is lo : : Ss attains a height of more ira fifteen feet. Its leaves are obovato- lanceolate deep green, downy beneath, and its large white flowers, with their numer- On the branch, open flowers as well as rounded, pearly-like buds are shown, and a few of the pee are Pen typical - this late-flowering tree io ea turns a ee red while some of the flowers are still in bloom. other member of the family, Gordonia es us, is drawn on Plate 18 ‘with = “forked. ite re -catcher, Muscicapa savana, perching on the branch. Audubon notes: ‘The a. ae aes ona a peak grows ter. ful small tree is met with j in Georgia, South Carolina, and Florida, in moist garden of Mr. Norserre, who liberally afforded me all the aid in his pow for embellishing my plates. The leaves are evergreen, lanceolato- ee shining, and leathery ; the flowers white, of the size of the common garden- rose, and placed on long peduncles; the caps sules ae a acuminate.” Audu Among other plates drawn by Bachman’s “sister” for bon were pie a tistiaanaae oe with Swainson’s ae on Plate 198. “If I rites Audubon, ene f the objects represente this ie hs eve x figured before. me Le terflies are from the pencil of Miss Martin. also a large orange- 1 flowered trumpet-creeper. Bignonia ed eerie on Plate 184 152 accompanying a ie eS bird, resplendent with throat of “velvet- lack and emerald-gre “For the beautiful drawing aoe which this plant has ae engra on ‘Lam indebted to Miss a Ser dubon. Evidently Au fbn himself also sk eel plan fro e Noisette garden, for es rites of the lovely pink-flowered Peoee pre me (P. pubens) on Plate 165 with Betane nch: “This shrubby tree grows on the banks of rivers, and near swamps in Georgia; but the twig represented in the Pl as from a tree in the beautiful meee ra di M NolseETTe, a few miles from Charleston, in South : rolin Among A Audubon’s finest a portraits are S$ ee alacaieaaean, various magnolias, and graceful delineations of-pines, larches, hemlocks, and cedars, generally with ee fruits and always complementing the colors of the He a are pecking at the cones, uttering over them, or perching n the bra ln shor ie a eee of the flowers in Audubon’s “Birds of America” is a visit to the loveliest of native American plants throughout the seasons and seen under the best possible auspices Notices and Reviews of Recent Books First Edition of a Manuscript Curiously, no reference appears to the 656 Years Old work of Albertus eae written not At GHORBAT. Oe RU RINDS long before. No other commentary is Edited by Lyan Thorndyke, as- nee on the diffi culty in communication sisted by Francis S. Benjamin, Jr. OF, kr owledge occasioned by the lack of 476 pages, indexed. University printin Rufinus’ own work shared the of Chicago Press, 1945. $5. ommon fate, and although copied at Herbals are still being published. We least tae passed into an unmerited have just had, in nae te os edition a obliv a work written a 1290; long w: ‘o oa modern aa ae Line for any auttior. ieee ng a Cac on of old and discarded c ae doctor,” pena of the Archbishop ae nents is of smal le os ate ye had earlier studied astron- historian and even to the oe Bologna an aples, turning (who must on occasion be a historian) thence: 16 medicin ne and herbs. His herbal, it is an event of importance, ufinus’ De wirtutibus saa contains in its 118 descriptions do not, it is true, always fix olios a vast number of simples, mostly the identity of the species as we conceive ut not all herbs, tanec in more or them; but they are largely original a less alphabetical order. Most names are scriptions, not lacking in par followed by quotations from Dioscorides, identity a the herbs can usually be from Macer Floridus, and from con- traced; the ene Tolan temporary authorities; the work is a names a terminology will be > a compendium of current information. value in the interpretation of the general 153 body of old herbals, upon which all our nomenclature is ultimately based. For mple : “Ninel Hot and dry in the third rade. herb Pi ich forms a stout stem ike roe of fennel and minute leaves like those o “fennel, ar forms violet flowers he hich issues a fruit, and the fan a are eeleed na seeds. This herb is called also ame Nigella.” Even in the 1 ntury synonynt: a probl (th our horticulturists think it is something invented by moder axonomy! “Millefolium is called also ambrosia and eyebrow us, and also certonium minus ; i m Ww. For some descriptions and m: of the oe proper a anaes ny ‘hie col- ing the u leagues, 1 mixture of fact and fan ney had as ae written ‘medie mixture,” but very dif- erent tay. ug certain, herbalist told that t about a all “< he s day old each h branch puts forth 2 an azure leaf, and in ee aay day of the moon each product small azure leaves, ... and th pe multiply for 15 days. If any one drink a drachma of the jui ice fg leaves, I found that even if he ae years old he would return to the. = of 30.” But even in his medicine, and despite his use a authority, he relies very largely nce. of inslans on eutor other thoes he ae a hee ie ies oneicon a a abrades the silent o intestines, I a This ofa, appears wi ae — care of Dr. Lynn Thorndy’ kee wal know! for his studies bE the medieval period. ber 0 ful indexes is too bad that because of current conditions the work had appear on wretche Marae _ assuredly w a far ahorer li Perhaps ch the for ‘0 vith the original ‘manuscript fut hope an editi worthier (in this respect) of the original ; also for a translation into a modern language of Rufinus’ corrupt medieval Latin. H. W. Rickert. ae oe and eile Botany Wheats of Classical An- ee a former staff writer for the Division of Statistics and Historical esearch, United States Department Agriculture, | has brought segether the rather i In Gas This study deals only with the Mediter- ranean region. he classical period is lefined a. e 500 nd yea he style of presentation is rather tech- nical, reader, however, can see by been reached. The author reveals incon- tancy in Pa ritings, and concludes that, most historians have based their ses cn Pliny, this work nee to be re ined for misconceptions. An item a interest is the supposed derivation of oe ain hee - Pilea viticum, Var: of the agricultural writers “ntorprefed he iord in Ne bee ved fro 0 (to bea € his work should be welcomed by all ae have an interest in the subject Grait O, Fernwoon. Cooking out of the Garden THE GARDENERS’ BOOK. wea w. Senlumpr. ie aoe: in- illustra y Edith Cole- SS, mation such as Te Nice to Know, 154 Cuts of Meat to Buy and How to een : ese $ explanations of cooking techniq and the way the pean are nae ae “tort recommends this volum those be- ginning to cook. A serious defect in a Gardener’s Cook and Lp an Be ye for pee balls of cottage hee ere is of course some use of mint ai goo a viol d mint leaves, ae anise, oregano and sage, sed in n cookery and ‘all ee 4B grow, recipes are given seem to depend almost entirely on a well advertised brand of hot_seasonin; e book Per. haps some Poe te proceeds as ec sale will ee Sra to golep a herb garden the Marcta GARRICK, lam Mill Far ae New City, N. Y. Dersnnes of Many Kin PICE HF. BOOK. J. W. foamed 240 pages, illustrated, in- oes aguas 1 tye Co., ly: i 1945, $6.50 The Spie ce Ten dbool d as guide for eee oad’ ee to whom it should prove very valuable. Amateur herb fanciers may also find it al interest, especially as dried The book sa ue one may , herb s season- Spc f sp car terest to the spice trade are the Peto ns which refer - fig Federal Pure Food Laws and Stan EnoirH va Food eee New York Sun. Current Literature* At a Glance By Harriet K. Morse xican ads Thomas MacDougall, a Pi south ae Mexico, has written on Observations of Se Pacific Slope Or- chids” in the American Orchid Society Bulletin issued March 1. The article ert one of his earlier trips in the tal of Oaxaca. Orchid Culture. Detailed pata or the use of ture are being given in a series of aricles running in the fee rican oe pian Bulletin. in June of Meee with illust irections for me secdine ae of the series appeared ary covering the repotting of cal 7 New Zealand Alpines. rock gardeners n Of interest to booklet on “New Zealand Alpines in eld and Garden” by W. B. Brockie. ig attractive small Late de- mon; ibed il Ranunculus, Myosotis, Hebe,” NT eanane, and H elichrysum, besides M fazus outed which is blished in many Americ: rock garden: tory of the tagua ao ke "prot et ne the cae hytelephas before | the ee Nuts. , the pgs Li ngton, March 1 ae nut is commonly known as vegetable” Gardening. Helpful ey often assum: in the January-February ee of the American Rock Garden Soc * All publications mentioned here—and m others—may be consulted in the Library of ‘the Botanical Garden, in the Museum Buildin; 155 tiles Through History. M. Cc. Gated author of “Art “of he ‘Ane al December 1942, ha: written “ ears of Fibers and Fabrics’—a 34-page, illustrated _hand- ook to se ie exhibition at the Brook- Mus Vanilla Leaves. So sensitive to light are the leaves of aa van that in jominica, where vanilla is wr com- mercially, the size, shap coloring of the leaves are used we as indi- cators of light conditi ow ye rodny i eas Bulletin of the American Ockia bist Blight. Fear for the chestnut of Italy, where the European be with t ports that he chest blight which’ has robbed America of its trees a lately invaded Italy to a serious degr Prospective farmers a in Connecticut are told what to yee for, what to expect, and where to additional information in Bulletin in f the University of Connecticut Ext i torrs. ts) sion Service at lango Culture. With the purpose of meet ta e culture of the mang lorida, the tkins Insti- go. s from the press of the Stuart Pap “News in "Florida and is priced at a Southern Gardening. Of special Led in Dheckerk Lawrence 3 bo oe t, “Garden: of the South,” issued b of North Carolina Press lists of as of intere’ — ys ict cha: fe a ‘nfo ardening. The a 1943 open on the Herbert Metal precited (5c » are os of soap ren ha uthern garden A by the American Amaryllis Society. Her beck “A Southern Garden” was published Plant: Fishes. “Your Aquarium” is an iastreted nents on the care of fish and a abe of ie aquarium. Concise an on nt, this primer is of real S oe is oe ae ave author is William of the Aquari Innes, past president of the Aquarium Society, Phila phi ah author of other works waria. (In Zoblshing Cocmainy Philadelphia 7, "Pa. ic.) oisonous Pest Plants. In Farmers’ Bul- let tin 1972 of the U. S. Departm and Sum: Poisoning. (10c.) i Sunt. of Documents, Washington 25, D. Em BROADCAST By Georgia Leffingwell “ EGETABLE OILS Tha all the continents to get the right materials its produci—the “right materials’ generally being fine quality ha i also included a brief history vi the use soap. Soo appearance of genuine n the stage of history is re- Sean ” is now believed to have referred to 156 a preparation of weak lye, perhaps mixed with fuller’s earth, and used mail inly for Animal Tallow First Used The earliest known soaps were made not ee vegetable oils, but from animal fats; but they were scarcely worthy o the name of s The ninth century, after the emer- Dark Rees dee the gence of soap as a plant produ ap ct, wi olive oil used instead WV. _ ihe Saiiie still quite crude, e fi for the past eleven ee years have been made at least in part from ot ble oils, and olive oil was st of t ai For centuries, olive oil had most prized of all unguents for skin a hair ; chief ingredi f£. the perfumed oint- ments of th ladies of Rom chosen for the pe chrism of ne cient priests and kir Today the olive is Saini ‘cultivated and olive oil expressed i : — much the same way as when, in times, Ulysses adventured on hes He fark ea “in tle ee of the lands”——which still lead t he orld in the production of olives, and the oil from there still is used in making oap. Coconut and Babassii But many other oils are also used today, and of these oo oil is the ae im- portant. It is nothing for ve oil for a cake of soa on travel 5,000 miles ce nore ro the Philippine Ten to the United = t is ek ding ea coconut oil, or fat or oil for one pound of importe tropical oil. Our North American soap- makers would welcome a domestic fat or oil endowed with the quick- lathering properties of the lighter tropical oils, but nature, b y of climate, has thus far denied us thi oon. During the war, hen the Philippines could do no ship- ping, we u what substitutes we could The country was already employing o with Brazil by which three-fourths of all the babassi nut kernels from Ns country would be shipped he: eriod of e Amaz re iHbabitants i centueies Hage used the nuts for food, as a cooking oil, for il- jumination, and in a Runber of other ways, while they have used the shells for fuel and ae a. eet and its leaves for countless pi There are re Spabaes plantations as yet, bi me day, if they can be estab- lished, babassd oil m se ee important ticle of commerce between the two ae resent, ia ere ae natives who gathered the s from the ild is by Chand with S. at is no easy job, bass oe one of the largest and toughest and hardest shells known Palm Oils ee _ Two other ant oils which must be br oucht ee sdistances to ath ap palm crushing, the kernel. Si is one jon the kernel wae this fru = ral s that the Oap United States, but most o rown in the southern states, and e es these must be oe eee the lig! vite tropical oils. Cotto ‘own, for ex: ample, for the cottonseed. von which Z very useful; also soybeans, peanuts, and corn; likewi . pe, which is a relativ £ cabbage and turnip and paca anil hich has a very oily seed. These do- mestically grown oils have essentially the ne fathering qualit tallow, en suds quickly and also t to meet today’s demand for a soap that will react in cold or in hare. se t must be blended with comparatively light ait obtained in the tropics. ach as can 157 African Expedition Under Way L. J. Brass iS dhe tee se apres Garden In L Uy BRASS left New York by ¢ American Airways May 8, 0 rst leg of a trip to Nyasaland iS col- See Trave nee way ew- near ie ua’ t elgian Cae if where he woul a on ag while waiting for to take yre, uaa is to be yasaland, ae The es plete party ‘for the Vernay Nyasaland eee incl Harold E. Anthony, Chairman of the Mammal Department "at the once Me seum of Natural History, Guy C. Shortridge, Di- rector of the ate Museum i or King Williams Town o Cape, and Arthur S Vernay, leader of the cocnellition. pai £ th of the plants from are center at the New York ee arden. 1941 the Garden published in Brittonia the botanical results of the ee ting a a to yee Bur ar Brass, who has been else al- ost con’ atin ee since 1925 in New Cae a the Solomon Islands, is the America: use! aintains a_ biological satan ‘at. Lake Placi Florida, where he has been making a botanical survey during the past winter. His first botanical work was as assistant in the Queensland Herbarium in Het After a period of ranching in Austra’ in 1925 he started on his first expedition. Sar; then Direc! Piet to the aon Islands is - 7 1932. 33, was also made for the Arnold o Nyasaland Arbor sats t trips New Guinea in 93 11935- 34, nee a aan ‘ose. a a 3; uinea trip are ae at the New York Botanical oe n Africa his collecting will eral, covering as many as possible of the 20 to 30 major plant communities that special attention to the hig on Bs side of the Great “Rift ae i These mount ee run about 10,000 heir u les at lower levels, shores of oer Nyasa. The itinerary te anned season, which beens in April and dade in Novem Little collecting has been d the - the high mou Imperi: orestry Institut Oxford but so far as is known, ue other oe tant collections have been made por this region of mountain, jungle, oe ion whic! h i photographs. Motion pictures also will be taken during the expedition. 158 Notes, News, and Comment T. A. Wes The Associate Editor of the Florists Exchange and Horti- face Trade World, T. A. Weston, died in New York May 5 at the age of 68 His home was in Hriltsdale, plant vanes He was the originator the CHRONICA BOTANICA Co. International Plant Science Publishers Catalogues sent on request WaLTHAM -:- MASSACHUSETTS AETNA PHOTO ENGRAVING CO., INC, 305 EAST 47th STREET NE ORK 17, N. Y. MAKERS OF PRINTING PLATES PROCESS BENDAY LINE & HALFTONE of Viola “Jersey Gem” and h troduced a Aig are bie RY epoca hich ybrid, o a oe ay stock a display in the "New i Bo tanical Garden's ee ure” pub- Born in London, Mr. Weston came to this country in 1920. For the past 11 he has ekly column, “One an’s Garden, ee the New York Herald Tribune. He is the author —“Practical Camatien oe ” and “Bulbs That Bloom in a Edward ’R. Steichen at “Ridges Conn. e@ as cele oreman is being s Pecora, who has re- rned to the Garden after 3% years of Giic with the U. S. Army Air ae When Mr. Pecora ee in ‘Aug ust 1942, he was a student gardener. ouis Polit, who. alco came back fro age ts spring, has ees returned “ s for! ae s Arboretum Forem: a chief jee ieee t to ihe horticultur a harles Mam Acting Arboretum man during his absence. left the is Denne her residence to sylva Mem Day. Among the plants dis- be e ane ana Day program of Everett, speaker for the day selected "35, exhibited them ine vidually, and commented on each ont They included plants ck ‘rom ae er: " Some had been recently ‘collected by the Garden’s own explorers and w 159 tified. Some t, others represented: ne ebiained fon different sources botanical fr worn collectors in n distant eu ee . world, from private grow seed exchange with other in- Gatutions ind from the wild in various se 2 the United "states. The majority re plants only slightly known to fan eae ers. Eacl ember att was presented with two specimens Of the pickaback plant, Tolneia Menziesii. Le s. The Torrey Botanical Club heard an ees Be Dr. William J. ‘y me Notes on the Medicine” was the title of a talk on the Botanical Garden’s exploration in South America, given by Dr, H. Gleason betore the Greenwich Garden Club May “Four other Affiliates of the Garden fn cheese lectures by staff member during the past few weeks, as follow Stout spoke before a Garden Club" of pavatuees ay 6 on “The Origin and I ae vement ae ae vated Pla nts.” H. ON. denke a ve. vels in Adaplation ai Plants” April 29 be- ib of 3 ad a ia" 5 2 » a a 5 re a a a a in io} 4 a Car the Short Hills Affiliate, Apri r again before the fee Shor Were serving for the Botanical Garden at the Flower Show in March. Radio. Co-operating with the American Women’s Maren Patines in pre- senting tw broadcasts on gardening, he ea mean Botanical arden was represented by Arthur f Mt. Kisco over Station WW: in ueens May 8 in a program entitled “Fundament f Gardening for Production” and is being represented a Francis Paterson of Huntington, Lon Island, over WNYC June 7 on “Summer Care of the Flower Garden rold N. Mol enke was B “Botanical Aspects of Easter Aroun World.” The winter series of lec! troduced over the air in a tad “falle is Carol H. ave odward on the program “This is our Town” over WMCA. National Park Illustrative of Plants and Customs of the South Seas 'y Otto Degener ey Flora Hawaiiensis) Plants of Hawaii primar to Hawaii, this book Devoted draws attention to te South Sea cee as hol _ Botanical “Garden, Bronx Park, SEED COLLECTORS We are interested in purchasing Tree—Shrub—Perennial Seeds Correspondence invited HERBST BROTHERS 92 Warren St. New York 7, N. Y. 160 rd Member. Chauncey Sulaes Boa architect, of 230 Park Avenue, N held eee oe i fill a the class of 1 vacancy in Visitors. Dr. Stanley A. Cain of the Universit: a Tennessee, just “returned from eight nths overseas as Dean o the Selene School at the American Uni- versity ie ad at Biarritz, prance was a visitor at the Garden May Seren of the Forest ey ril. Kenn Wagner of De Pau Ur ty, Greencastle, Indiana, studied W.E eS, A ronomy in i e Ma 6. i ed Gunder- son of the Brooklyn ‘Botanic Garden; Josiah L. Lowe from the New York State College of Juan B. of Santurce, Rico; Me Laz rela Schwarten, Librarian at the Arnold Arboretum; Dr. Hanns Ross! of the Department of Forestry, Lima, Peru, with his ape aals poe Rossl, and Paul Kuehn, also of Lima Em Western Collecting Trip TARTING on the sixteenth summer of plant collecting in the Intermoun- tain Region of the West, Dr. Bassett nearl State College at Logan, where the work was initiated 1931, ia River basins in southern Idaho, eastern Oregon and Nie on. He expects to be back in a Yo marae 1. is is la: maining unit to be covered in this area vot a third of a mil- m squa: iles. oe approxi- mately one-eight! the entire United States, the Interm oa ntain Region is ex- pected to yield aly than 5,000 species of plants—a region of greater floristic diversity than eae ‘oth er part of the coun- try, with the possible exception of Cali- fornia. To carry on these studies, the results which ie pone - pablenet jointly by New nical Garden and Utah State College 100,000 ee mens have already aoe ae It is expected that “30,000 im will be ay hee the lot this y in ing speci tion to ecolo ogy ond is nt di making a photographic record of the various sections where collecting has been done. COSTA’S Penthouse Landscapers BArclay 7-0764 196 Greenwich Street New York 7, N. Y. ‘THE NEW YORK BU THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN sie Joseru R. Swan, Presiden. Henry ve Forest BAe, Vices itik N Henry pe La Montacne, Secretary ective Managers WILLIAM FEeLton Barrett Mrs. Eton HUNTINGTON ae 1s E. Powe, Jr. Epwin De T, BecuteL Hooxer Haroto I. Pratt Henry F. pu Pont Mrs. ALBert D. Lasker Waa J. Ropsins . oe McK. Lewis A. Percy SAUNDERS Marsuatt FIeLp E. MERRILL Epmunp W. SINNOTT Rev. Rogert I. GANNoN, ed MonxtcomMery CHAUNCEY STILLMAN S.J. H. Hopart Porter SIDNEY J. WEINBERG nagers mu O’Dw ayor of the City of New ¥ WILLA ork ANDREW G. Cason, Th ce sere of the Board of Laie Rozert Moses, Park Commissioner eintive Manager By the Torrey Botanical Club HLA. G LEASON By Columbia eae Marston T. Bocert Mar M. Ruoap Caries W. Battarp Sam - TRELEASE i STAFF Bees x Poche Pu.D., Se. or Px.D. Assistant Director and ee Hex ee = MonasGne Assistant Director Fann. Js Gags tae D., Sc.D. Head Curator A. Curator of Education and a es aa Sen 6. "Don a .D. Plant logist JoHn Hen Serene A.M., M.D. Bibiogreper ‘Emer W. Roa PH.D. bliographer Bassett Macurre, Pxu.D, Curator Haron N. Motpenke, Pu.D. Associate Curator EvizabetH C. cae A.B., B.S. ibrarian Evmer N. Mitcu Photographer E, J. ALEXANDER, B S. Assistant Curator and Curator of the wee ebatian W. H. Camp, Pu ssistant Curator E oe 4 r ArtHur Crongutst, Px.D Assistant Curator F. W. Kavanacu, Px.D. Assistant 7 Setma Kogan, B Technical istant Rosatie WEIKERT Technical Assistant Iva McVeicuH, Px.D Technical Assistant Mary Stepptns, M.A. Technical Assistant Caro H. Woopwarp, A.B. Editor of the Jou ih Tuomas H. Everett, N.D. Horr. Hrorticultw G. L. Wittrock, A.M. Custodian of the Herbarton Otto DrcEeNner, M.S. Collaborator in seat Bot A. J. Grour, Px.D. ae Cura Mosset Inez M. Haring Assistant Honorary oo ‘or on Mos. JosePH F. Ee Honorary Curator of the Divionacea B. Krukol Honorary Curat tor of Economic Botany Ernr Anson 8 PEcKHAM A. C. Pra Superintendent of Buildings and Grounds To reach the Botanical Garden, take the Independent paths to Bedford Park Boulevard station; use the Bedford Park Boulevard exit and w: east. Or take the Third Avenue Elevated to the Botanical Garden or the 200th Givece station, the New York Central to the Botanical Garden station, or the Webster Avenue surface car to ord Park Boulevard. York Central to the Botanical Garden station Redfard Dac aulawaed THE CORPORATION OF THE NEW ORE BOTANICAL GARDEN The New York Botanical Garden was ine ted special acts ioe the Legislature of the State of w York in 1891, The! Act at Tagore rage provides ong other ‘tere, for a_self-pi erpetuating body of scosporatars , who neces annually to elect “members Gh the Bond of Managers They also elect new members of thei body, the present roster of which is ia “the” ie Council consists of 12 more who are elected by the Boa’ custom, they Pope also elected to the Corporation. Oneene are: Mrs. Robert H. Fife Elon ntington Hooker, First Vice-Chai aman ee William Lockwood, eee Ke Chairman: Me Nelson B. Williams, a eeoLeane Se ; Mrs. Townsend Scudder, Corresponding ty; and Mrs. F. Leonard Kellogg, Treasure Arthur M, Anderson Mrs. Mortimer J. Fox Mrs. Wheeler H. Peckham Mrs. Arthur M. Anderson Childs Frick Mrs. George W. Perkins Mrs. George Arents, Jr. Rev. Robert I. Gannon, S.J. Mrs. Hugh Peters George Arents, Jr. Dr. H. A. Gleason Howard Phipps E. C. Auchter Mrs. Frederick A. Godley Rutherford Platt Dr. Raymond F. Bacon Mrs. William F. Hencken . Hobart Porter Prof. L. H. Bailey rs. A. Barton Hepburn Francis E. Powell, Jr. Stephen Baker Mrs. Elon H. Hooker Mrs. Harold I. Pra Henry de Forest Baldwin Mrs. Clement Houghton Mrs. Rodney Procter Sherman Baldwin Archer M. Hunting: Mrs. Henry St. C. Putnam Charles W. Ballard Pierre Jay La Mrs. James Barnes Mrs. Walter Jennings Stanley G. Ranger William Felton Barre: Mrs. Alfred G. Kay Johnston L. Redmond Mrs. William Felton Barrett rs. F. Leonard Kellogg Ogden Mills Reid Edwin De T. Bechtel Mrs. Warren Kinney Prof. Marcus M. Rhoades William B. Bel Mrs. Lee Krauss Dr. William J. Robbins Prof. Charles P. eee H. R. Kunhardt, Jr. Prof. A. Percy Saunders rof. Marston T. Bogert Mrs. Albert D. Lasker Mrs. Melvin E. Sawin Prof. William J. Bonisteel Mrs. Barent Lefferts John M. Schiff George P. Brett Clarence McK. Lewis Mrs. Henry F. Schwa' Mrs. Richard de Ane Brixey Mrs. William A. Lockwood Mrs. Arthur Hoyt Scott - Nicholas M. Butler Dr. D ‘acDougal Mrs. Arthur H. Scribner Mrs. Andrew Co Mrs. David Ives Mackie Mrs. Townsend Scudder Miss Mabel Choa Mrs. H. Edward Manville Mrs. Samuel Seabury Miss E. Mabel Clark Parker McCollester ts, Guthrie Shaw W.R. Miss Mildred McCormick Prof. Edmund W. Sinnott Mrs. ae W. Coombs Louis E. McFadden Mrs. Samuel] Sloan Mrs. nry S. Fenimore Cooper Mrs. John R. ieee Edgar B. Stern Mrs. William Redmond Cross D. Mer: Nathan Straus Mrs. C. I. DeBevoise John L. Merrill Mrs. Theron G. Str Mrs. Thomas M. Debevoise Roswell Miller, Jr. Mrs. Arthur H. shee Edward C. Delafield Mrs. Roswell Miller, Jr. Joseph R. Swan Mrs, ae Ross Delafield Mrs. Roswell Miller, Sr. Mrs. Joseph R. Swan Julian F. Detmer S$. P. Miller Prof. Sam F. Trelease Mrs. Charles D. Dickey George M. Moffett Arthur S. Vernay rs. Charles Doscher H. de la Montagne Mrs. Antonie P. Voislawsky Mrs, Walter Douglas Col. Robert H. Montgomery Manfred Wahl Mrs. John W aper MrauR oberciiaontcomers Allen Wardwell Henry F. du Pont Sidney J. Weinberg Barrington Moore ts. Moses W, Faitoute Nels Vell Marshall Fiel Mrs. William H. Moore Nein x William B. O. Fiel Hs Yo Nikeuat rs. Nelson B. Williams rs. Robert H. Fife e. Augustus G. Pain Mrs, Percy H. Wii Mrs. Henry J. Fisher Ars. James Parsons John C. Wister Harry Harkness Flagler Rufus L. Patterson Richardson Wright JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN Vou. 47 J U L Y PAGES No. 559 il 9 4 6 161—188 JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN Caro. H. Woopwarp, Editor MIDSUMMER EVENTS AND DISPLAYS Century Plants to Bloom ULY, it is expected, will see the flowering of one of the Garden's largest century plants, a specimen of Agave neglecta, ape a pare ane At the time of hi eas to press, the flower stalk was reaching s 8 fee the glass roof of the conservatory, from which pane had een eae Meme a smaller specimen, believed to be Agave hipicels with whitish erage oe its leaves, is due to bloom within the pues of the glasshouse about the same This plant was started from seed in 1923. Plants Outdoors H¢ OLLYHOCKS will be flowering in the Advisory Council border in July, and in the ool of hardy waterlilies, the East Indian lotus (Nelumbium Nelumbo) will start its long season a loom. The * ‘catalog border” of perennials reaches the peak of its season in midsummer. pee, i trees in the model garden, tuberous begonias are making a show: ste "atten Late June bloom shou ihe a Saat into early July among the Japanese iris and in the vivid Collection on Pacific hybrids of delphinium. The demonstration vegetable garden and the border of perennial herbs nearby a flourishing, while the seedlings of the annual herbs across the path give promise of later interest in this planting. e first signs o color on the newly set out annual flowers ae Conservatory. Radio Programs Alternate itis 3:30 p.m, WNYC ae on the dial) July 12 Sixteen Centuries el Tea Drin he U Editor of the Tea and Coftee’ Trade Journal (This program was postponed on ee 31 because of the City’s broadca of the proceedings of the United Nations assembly at Hunter Colle; ay July 26 City Parks for Summer Pleasure Francis Cormier Senior Landscape Architect, New York City Park Department Aug. 9 Daffodils io Plant This Fall David Platt hee President, Max Schling Seedsmen, Inc. Aug. 23. Poisonous Plants of Suburban Byway. ine Fike State Seed Analyst, New Jersey Agricultural ree Station TABLE OF CONTENTS ULY 1946 ADIRONDACK SCEN Cover illustration From a crayon sketch by William F. Matthews, selected from a ou ction of Mr. Matthews’ drawings on exhibit in the Museum Building this summe nae eae cae MusHROOMS FOR VITAMINS D MINERA Ma poser 161 Tene IN THE WooLen INDUSTRY echel 168 SOMETHING ABOUT AUSTRALIAN ORCHIDS upp 172 Summer Care OF THE FLoweR GARDEN Francis Paterson 181 Notices AND RevIEWS OF Bee? Booxs 183 DEDICATION OF ae tae 186 Notes, News, AND Com ee 187 The Journal is published monthly by The w York Botanical Garden, Bro: ‘k 58, N.Y. Printed in - o. A. ae as Sond. Class Matter, Tae "28, oe, ae he Post "Oiee at ne oe Tk, under the Act of August 24, 1912. ‘Annual subscription $1. 50. Single copies JOURNAL of THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN Vou. 47 Jury 1946 No. 559 Garnering Edible Mushrooms For Vitamins and Minerals By Margaret McKenny CIENTISTS say es although mushrooms are not the “vegetable beafsteaks” they once were thought to be, they do contain a moderate measure of ae ein a Ge oe ae a Saale content provides appre- ciable amounts of iron and The iron is of a significance, for ar ani a ey are ae in this a elem Moreover, the meadow mushroom (Ageri ig as has been cd by laboratory tests* to be an excellent source of a number of rtant vitamins, notably fie B vitamins, oe acid (or niacin) and fai ce, as well, of in B: (thiamin), vita (asi c acid) vitamin K. 1 ssential amino acids are anne present, and the 2.67% of protein conta’ in Agaricus campestris “com- pares alge with that of many fresh vegetables Why, then, do we not avail aa more of this pleasant form < nour- net is so easily obtained? We visit nutrition classes to learn what we should eat, and we ae and budget our mar rketing pee yet we ignore ae re packed mushrooms growing wild in fields and woods—a food without oe sien hac be eaten aoe cooked or raw and also oad or dried for We can, of course, bn ci mushrooms from the market, but during the summer and fall they are expensive, if obtainable, and that is the season when our eee is bursting with the succulent growth of oe which seem to appear as if by magic after a few soft warm * Anderson, E. E., and C. R. Fellers. The Food Value of Mushrooms. Published the Proceedings of the American Horticultural Society, pages 301-30: e + Fitzpatrick, William H., William B. Esselen, Jr., and Edith Wei Comp osition and Nutritive value of Mushroom Protein. Published as Contri ibation | No. 321 from the Mass. Agric. Exp. Sta. in Journal of the American Dietetic Association, pages 318-323. April 1946. 161 162 Margaret McKenny is the sais of Gstaad a Field and Wood”; i ae oo “A Book of Wild Flowers,” “A B of Garden Flowers,” and “A Wayside Fruits,’ all illus ee in te by ies Faeranin Johnston G aut, ee f “Wild Flower ae ry in a Long Island Garden” which ap- peared in last month’s Journal) ; and of “Trees of the Covntrasde” and “Your City Garden,” the last in ee with E. L. D. Seym TYPICAL AMANITA Flecks of the veil on top of the ite gills, a ring und the stem, and a cup o bulb at the base characterize the esis of oa desde le group of a (Photograph by Rutherford Platt). 163 Learning the Poisonous Species The inevitable question, ““How can I tell a mushroom from a pee ae always proves a stumbling block to the uninitiated. The first remember is that only in the popular mind is the word eee tinked with ay and t oe with edibilit ith no more effort than we put into making o out our daily menus in the face - shorta, ae we may learn the ene ee of the poisonous mushrooms which we must avoid. Next we must learn to know the few ee species—those which are so easily distinguished from the ae € that they may ie gathered with perfect confidence—and we mu ee oes age to these few. ever exper Go th a scientific expert the first few times nd let this ies examine every mushroom that you put into your basket or bag. If a poisonous one gets into the container by mistake, the g. entire lot must be sacri But ll means do not let fear keep ee from this fascinating form of hunting which you m: ay pursue on foot n yo , b dsides, and i r I eadly mushrooms—that is, all those at een known to All the d science—belong to one family, the Amanita family. Learn to distinguish the earmarks of this family and, though some of its members are not poisonous, give the whole cla’ al nick th. rue mushroom plan of ite threads called the MYCELIUM, which ramifies na a * soil or ae rotting wood. these thre: gradually ey in mushrooms of the manita ae they an me r covered with a white veil ¢ alled a the veil, leving on in ae naa the form of a cup and carrying ak into oe a ne ae r half u urface to bre The gills, or the radiating pie on ane underside o e@ pure white, yellowish, brownis i or greenish. The gills are always an e cap is cut from the stem and laid on a piece of rs as he be a deposit of pure white roductive dies of the plan . The deadly amanita Cee falotes), the pure white form of which is called the destr is w , occasionally it may venture ee iS a ae edge of shady lawns or meadows. Learn it well and avoid it, for it contains a poison for which we have ote a no anti 164 other member of the Amanita oe the fy mushroom (Aman: muscri), is well known in bares and Asia, where its ee content has long been used as a pois aes fies. It also occurs in Am Its ee underground is similar to t of the deadl eee oe that the base of the stem is bulbous and the enveloping veil breaks up into fluffy scales, half of them ringing the bulg' in concentric rows, the on half eing carried up on the cap in the shape of fluffy anded cap is yellow or ea be may have a pire f five or six ee The fl y mushroom ale oods, very r being found | in the open. Often groups o a aes or fifty of this ad beautiful plant may be seen in birch or pine woods. It contains a poison for which atropine is a partial antidote. Seeking Meadow Mushrooms Knowing these two ae ane an types of poisonous mushrooms, you may now gather up y rage and your basket and venture forth on one of the most deli ghtful ae ts in the world—the search for meadow pile paged Pethaps it is the end of August, and oe mak see several gentle rain. he mushroom aie recognizes it aaa season, ta ae interlude between stmmer and a Tee ose attuned to nature can almost ne ie rustle a stir =) oe ee the sod. The meadow mushroom always grows in the open, never in the wood- land. So out we go to the open pastures, where the lake mist is just rising from the grassy slopes. And there, and there, and there, and far be- yond, the close-cropped grass is he with the creamy ne What a feast ae have for today’s aca . will be a feast for a gourmet as well as a feast of vitamins and minerals—for in ancient Rome mush- rooms were so highly prized that ne were prepared only by nobles and served in special golden dishes his toe is the same species t that we buy at the market—but oh, how different in flavor and consistency when we get it fresh from lawns and pastures! The young fruiting bodies of the meadow mushroom, as they grow et the tangled mass of threads beneath the soil, are not surrounded with a ny veil. They push through the a in the rm, ee cream- ae but bates soft and silky to the touch as rain-wet skin. only a parti ich e is cut from the stem and laid on a piece of white paper, there will 5 oan be shown a purple-brown spore-print. This is a valuable dis- TWO UNMISTAKABLE EDIBLE MUSHROOMS Left: The morel BC alatdan, hace ay colored, spongy cap appears in - woods in spring. Right: The meadow ree m (Agaricus campestris), frequently found in grassy places in te summer and The pinkish aie urn purple- Swe as the ushroom matures. eee by Rutherford Platt). tinguishing mark, for the eee mushrooms of the Amanita family always have as _ Tes Now e drop the pink and as setae into our baskets. wot rartuay oe days we may e market basket full— = for a meal for ruta ee and our Pend bee a quantity to c: rv dry. You may be of one thing: after one success- an an ful mushroom trip you will be oe pheenad a devotee of ae sport— all through the year spotting favorable hunting grounds and ene their location a precious secret, only to be disclosed to the chosen few. Morels in Springtime In many parts of the country there are people who think no mushroo equals the morel or ee mushroom (Morch ella). Unlike ‘al growin g meadow it appears only in the spring, often in open seers or on oe orchards. In the South the colored “folk 166 call it “hickory chicken” and search for it under the fallen leaves of 0 hickory trees. It often springs up after a forest fire. mg ago in Europe some of the peasants so loved it that they used to set fire to the woodlands in order to re a bountiful crop, until laws were passed to The morel may be cream-white, tan or brown in color, and it has an indented, sponge-like surface and t has no cup he base of the stem, bot ae are hollow, and the spores are borne in the d pressions of t rels have never been cies d, but have ae a de ian ee ie ee that in parts of the ntry where they a $ d reservoirs i Ohio, camping ties as- a every year to gather them in quantity to dry for the winter. Th o found in great patches in the far , and oft a forest fie eae of pounds may be gathered by those who are “in the know.’ Two Kinds of Coprinus Other choice morsels for the gourmet are the shaggymanes idles TUS comatus) and the inkycaps (Coprinus atramentarius). The shag: nky them in the early stages, _ we t firm, and cook them immediately as they are delicious then but n deteriorate. They generally grow in rch soil in the open or in Deal uae by the sides of roads or near lakes ich muck soil. "The inkycaps are more rounded or oval in ae leaden-gray in color, with very short stems. They often spring up in the open on the edge of lawns, in parks, or by ae roadside. Sonict mee ther one of the most delicately flavored mushroom dishes that can be found Puffballs, Large and Miniature growing in the same fields with the meadow mushroom puffballs can be found, and large or at they are all — edible. The giant puffballs (Calvatia gigantea) ranging from a few inches to great globes two feet in diameter, often weighing 25 pounds, can ‘e confounded with isonous species, Care i i the smaller species (of the genera re hig and hacia 7) not to mistake the button of a poisonous amanita for uffball. If a puffball is sliced in two, there is nothing to be seen ae solid ie while in the amanita may be seen the outline of stem and cap hates : should be gathered while they are pure white an fe, or, as the spores begin to ripen, the flesh gradually turns yellow, then brown, and bone: bitter in flavor. 167 Yellow Shelves on Rotting pees Al time during our stro he summer or fall we may come upon the sulphur polypore (Paypors spare), great wavy masses of a shelf-like growth edging a rotting stun r log. The caps are bright orange above and sulphur-ye' lo ben oath. "The s fre oy grow on rotten woo od in the forest, but often may be found in the open. In Con is one of the most beautiful aaa and if you once learn it you can ever mistake any other for If gathered tle young and gently cooked in butter, there is no beers which equals 7 for consistency and flavor. It is like the white meat of chicken, but al ways moist and tender. As it grows older it acquires an acid flavor, ae gives it a tang greatly relished by some people. Oyster Mushrooms in Quantity Last but not least of our easily eae bvecig aut is the oyster mush- room (Pleurotus ostreatus). It far from bei ing last in bulk, for. although the pees ae are ae if you once locate a log where oyster mushro are ing, by watering it ey and ee the caps pick a as are tes you may prolong the fruiting season for mber of weeks and harvest many pounds. The oyster mushroom alw: ways grows on ans logs, in the open or in the woods. The caps vary in color from white to brownish tan. They are gama stemless and are attached at ie side. The gills beneath the caps are pure white. They may be found any time during the summer or fall a occasionally in spring. They are tender, delicate in flavor, and can not be confused with any other species. Cooking and Serving the Mushroom Feast : All mushrooms should be cooked as simply as arte They may be cooked in butter, the juice slightly tl aig seats cream added i cook gently and handle with the care that food of such nie ity de- he meado shroom a . h ore ious raw in a salad. Let them stand with a small quantity of French dressing half an hour, nas mix them lightly “with watercress or celery or both. turdy shoes a asket on Now eady h the fields a nee for the delectable, vitamin- and mineral-filled mush- rooms which spring up by the thousand in late summer and early fall. 168 Teasel in the Woolen Industry By Fred Noechel ACHINERY and equipment of the twentieth century have not yet been able to equal in combined st ae th and fineness the delicate see on ida heads of a teasel plant for raising the nap on woolen oods. No r brus t been found which will a ee com- aren to ee aciened by “the tie in softening the tex a fabric. This thistle- — plant which ears grew wild in ike ae of the English co ee ame is used ioday as it was centuries ago in the gigging process in the woolen and wi er ind ee ry. The date when it was first used is a matter of ceric history. Possibly some clever woman of the time, ae nt on creating a better home-made woolen fabric than her neighbor, chanced aa the fact that the dried heads of oe Mee ie the texture of a heavy garment by raising a nap on the cloth. have happened a very ee time ago, for the nee ais in A bese before the English language as we use it had evolved, and it ‘s hoeeere related to the w ease—not in the later sense ne sas but referring The ee cee eel is known as ei sylvestris. With Scabiosa, and a few r known groups s forms the Dipsaceae or Teasel family, w! ane ores Tescinbics: = Thistle family. It has the character- istic tightly packed head of flow th d bracts which link it at oe a ae t re familiar thistles. In the wild form, the minute barb on the tip of each b the flo head i i exible. th el ok rbs, 0 the cultivated teasel, after it has matured and dried, that make the plant of in the napping or gigging process in the finishing of woolen fabrics. The cultivated form of the plant has assumed a name of Dipsacus fullonum and is cor pee called ecw s teasel, the gigging or bec: napping operatio mill is dor ee the one of the fuller, who supervises the ‘fulling or ce of the fabric The first extensive cultivation of the teasel plant aioe in ee ee rt of France. In the United States, re first planting of teasel for ir kaneateles, New Yor I then in cultivation. Later, a member of the same family that in the teasel plant to Skaneateles went to Oregon, imported oe from France, Mr, Noechel is el of Physical Laboratories for the Botany Worsted Mills” at Passaic, New Jer. Heads of wild teasel (Dipsacus sylvestris) in full bloom. (Photograph by L. W. Brownell) 170 d grew a large aan of a superior type of teasel. These two sections, See N. Y., and M on eae are still supplying the bulk of the teasels used i n the United Sta nt sizes of teasel ae coated teazle) are reaped pee Gee cae ain Medit rows on the m sels grow on branches off the main stem, and butto (sales ese takes fte but for best result d ce and climate for strong barbs for blankets, eal a moist climate for develop- r s. dried and then sorted into their categories oa as kings, mediu and buttons. ing iefly and other heavy fabrics. Mediums are used for fine fabrics, and are the most valuable teasels grown. e gigging process, in which the teasel heads function, brings a nap or pile to the cloth by gradually easing, or teasing, the surface fibers out of the yarns, thereby eras a oe ae material and at the same time softent a the outline of the pattern and effecting a more subtle blending of colors. In the general ae ss called moist gigging, the cloth is im- mersed in water and the fibers are raised while in the moist state. The teasels for gigging are first treated with hot water or steam for five minutes and allowed to dry. Thus softened, they are then set tightly ba by hand in two or three rows in iron slats or frames, with - rbed bracts ot the eae all facing in the same direction. These frames are mounted ao which revolve at approxima ely 100 r tions per minute. The evoluti clot abe poss or gigged is then brought lightly into ae ae the a produce the faced hee the contact is gradually increased until the ee Siaee has been achieved. a fibers are first disentangled a then out, for it is important t they be raised gradually rather than tor: Teasels whose points a been dulled and softened are used in he fe steps of the process. FULLER'S TEASEL AS IT IS USED IN THE WOOLEN INDUSTRY (On the opposite page) The upper picture shows the dried heads of Dipsacus fullonum with their finely barbed bracts. At the left are used heads, dried and brushed clean for further use. To the right a this is a group of badly worn ireauie pe in — as they are removed from the slats (pictured below). Some of these can be reused at the beginning B. I. Bertelsen) 171 FULLER'S TEASEL AS IT IS USED . IN THE For description, see the opposite page. 172 These are gradually replaced by new or sharper ones until required nap or pile is achieved. When the teasels iecanie filled with wool fibers and have bea ome nee by the moisture, they are dried and brushed clean for re-u If the teasels are worn out on one side of the frames, the frames are ae Badly worn teasels are meanwhile replaced by some which are still in fairly ae ae For this replacement it is necessary to sort teasels according to the degree of wear. That is, new teasels should never be mixed wi en ‘older ones; if they are, streaks will ach length of cloth is run several times over the teasels, the number depending upon the type of fabric mae gigged. As the cloth haat over the teasels, the cylinders revolve in the direction, except e first pair of cylinders, the first one - which revolves in the reat tion i the ‘lot h and the second one in the sie direction. After this, the cloth = over these cylinders at a slower rate than the speed of the cylinders. mple: The cylinders revolve at 100 revolutions per minute and os doth i is fed over the cylinder at ten yards per minute. In this manner the ager - - a are given an opportunity to lift and comb the fiber e time, always starting with worn teasels and gradually eatie eee new ee Since the raised fibers will vary in length, the cloth after gigging has to be passed over a shear which cuts the protruding fibers at a predetermined eae thus assuring a uniform length of nap for the type of finish desired.* he author Pee valuable assistance given by H. C. Templeton, A. J. Mallen and L. J. Gre Something About Australian Orchids By H. M. R. Rupp T is a novel experience for an Australian, well past the meridian of life, to be invited by the editor of a New York journal to tell its, i i g en ted me eve: in the southern State of Victoria, I used to eas “spiders” and “double- be the bush-lands ee bie father’s hom ralian orchids fet o fancy prices. Most of them are very ae members of the ae fom to ares they belong. In the cope 173 north of our continent, hundreds of leagues from where I write, we have some noble and beautiful species of Dendrobium, and a few others of like calibre; but these are a small company, and my knowledge of them comes from friends in the far north, or ses ener growers—I have never been beyond Brisbane in that dir But orchids are orchids, a os belong to the flamboyant bat- talions of cattleyas, cymbidiums, oncidiums, and their associates, or to the odestly cla 0 i i é erial plant from Queensland which means as much to me as me latest giant eymbidium does to the pea, It a four wee flowers, pure white, with a delicate uti age they opened at 9 a.m., me i. 3 p.m. their brief life will be But xt week et will be some more; and this goes on for abo ae six non "The re is no common name for this little gem, but it is known to botanists as Thrixspermum album The number of known Australian orchids is aioe 500; but there are st areas in our tropics se robably several hu ndr ed more await pari w Sow ad North in Opi one woul oer epiphytes predomin: oe decreasing in numbers as one travels south. hus i e 2, Victoria 5, and Tasmania 2. There are none either in South Australia or in the southern portion of ie Australia: the northern parts of the last-named state are terra incognita to the orchidologist. The majority of our orchids, then, are obviously terrestrials. It has always puzzled me why orchid growers despise most of the terrestrials. Not that I regret their attitude; for it means that many of our most charming wild flowers have a chance of survival in their own domains. But I feel tions, it i t ee good form among growers for an orchid to have i ts i groun é Phaius Tankervilliae, now fess exterminated — n New outh hei nsla: id fav vourable conditions e pos seven feet in he ight. Its large, aspidistra- ha: flowers, each sometimes four inches in diameter. They are white outside, mottled or clear Se nside, wit! ee — purple or nein labellum. Phaius grows in swamps near the coa’ 174 Australia can probably claim to possess the two most oe orchids in the a for they are, lit iene aes ranean. One ind at Corrigin in Western Australia, and the rt two thou isand aie eae the continent at Bullahdelah eee pat -a-deela) in New Sou Wales. Of the Western are plant I have no first-hand knowledge; it was described by the late Dr. R. S. Rogers in the Jour: og ie the Royal Society of Western Australia in Oct ober, 1928. But as my privilege to describe and name the Bullahdelah plant, ee was dney, at the foot of ive outcrop of alunite known as the Alum Mountain. I had lived there for ne young man by chance dug up the first nee they w ent to me as a curiosity. Subsequently, a grant from a Science Assouation enabled me to visit the scene of the pai and the local doctor and I succeeded in digging up six good specime: We established the fact that the flowers of this neath t the soil, They are ee ned massed together in heads at the tops of the thick rhizomes, which are not unlike stout aaa shoots, more or less covered with white te ae Soon after exposure to light the plant gradually turns dingy pur The ees Rhizanthella Gardneri and the eastern Elie nies aa differ so stra Hah iy all other orchids, that a new tribe had to be erected to ser ita ae certain structural affinities and their common ane habit, they so erie from one another that each had to be made the type of a new pe ong the most beautiful of our terrestrials are the “sun orchids” (Thelymitra), so called because most of them expand their flow wers only on warm, sunny days. Some are racemes of fairly large star-shaped flowers. Colours range from blue, pink, and purple to yellow. The labellum in the sun orchids is only very TERRESTRIAL ORCHIDS OF NEW SOUTH WALES (On the opposite page) Upper left: is venosa, a lilac or bluish-grey orchid with dark veins, is known only on the plateau ee ates Tops at 3,000 fee altitude. The insets show enlargements of (A) ae ao from ee e and (By column from the front. Upper right: 7 : * ast um, Archeri, all seine Y% natural size. Lower left: The “Snderground orchid” of Bullahdelah, which was named by the author Cryptanthemis Slateri. It grows and h hi — front, bov ight: The largest of the Atv greenhoods,” Pterostylis Baptistit, a ale green orehid with bands of, dark bro The enlarged drawings show (A) the labellum from above and (B) the labellum and: column from the side. 175 TERRESTRIAL ORCHIDS OF NEW SOUTH WALES 176 THE SPIDER ORCHID AND THE DOUBLETAIL The ana spider orchid of the south and west of Australia is Caladen' extremel southern Queensland t to Victoria, is Pterostylis Wools The flowers are pale green, often tinted with red. 177 ey ia from its tn character as the third petal. The ma- of the species are Australian, but the genus is represented in New Zealed, New Ca ledonia, ae er the Philippines. Almost exclusively ea time are the eae oe most of + which the lateral sepals hang down like pecies occurs in Java. There are some ance beautiful pte TS a ne enus. Yellow ith brown markings is the pre edominant ae hi there are lilacs and purples also. One of the species ae ated (D. venosa) occurs in myriads on the plateau of Barrington Tops in New Sou h Wal at an altitude of 5,000 feet; yet the most eat icuiine i failed > discover it in any other local it ity. The genus Caladenia, with upwar rds of 70 species, includes a bewildering sade of ex ee attractive flowers, in which I think almost every known colour is represented. Caladenias are most strongly developed in the are parts Of eae Australia, and a whole article could S But the om oO nities nted in the meee states too. The larger species are popularly pider orchids,” from their long slender sepals and petals. Pies a ne Ree ten inches across from tip to tip of the sepals. s the common name implies, the “greenhood orchids” Cia labellum hoods, such as P. Woollsii, a pas am meee long lateral sepals, have a very ee appearance, and a ore curious than ioe autiful. qe - bel- lum in all species except two tice are over 60) i In some, it springs sharply back against the column at t the lightest touch “This action of course is connected with the capture of pollinating ; The pee of all Australian ate Heats is Prasophton with upwards of 80 known species. Roughly speaking, we may divide it into two sections, the large prasophylls | fe ore called the “little » rassies. Many of the aged are tall and robust plants with a es leaf like that of an onion e flowers are relatively small, in less dense ae of green or ae shades ; a few are ned with Scie: colours, and some ha ave a white labellum. a all species the flowers are reverse ed by a er in the ovary during fae. so that they come out ae dow: To me, by ts £ ite most pases ee ie the Bas are the little pace ee ng to the on GEN These are all rather dwarf, extremely ee Shae ane a een eee Penny the stem 178 cept for a very short free lamina high up towards the flowers. The ee are so diminutive that a a power rful magnifier is essential for examin- ing the structural details. Even with this aid, correct determination of th species is often very difficult: one of my friends es me he would either have to give up trying, or qualify for an asylum! Yet when one of these tiny flowers is placed under a strong magnifier, he observer 8 fail to be astonished at the beauty of colour and form and the complexity of structure which een developed g sp oe in i Nes South Wales, where thirty species ee ina aaa ees ere are some in every Australian state, and 0 also occu a Zealand. One needs the am Bay eye” han Gee elusive tie pene of the orchid world; but o u know aa t to look for, the rch becomes quite fascinati ting. "They. eae chie fly in summer ae autumn, and _ their favourite haunts are moist places in open forests or on heathlands. with a vals. t popular of these is the “Cooktown orchid” of North ee Beads bium Phalaenopsis. The flowers are' large, bright mauve with a deep purple throat. The genus pec re hea ae a the whol Siena ‘ eastern Australia, and on occurs Tasmania. The most widely — of mee bes a aoe Te “rock- lily” —a misnomer, since it is no a lily, and grows on trees as freely as on rocks. It is a large ane bulky Bees and oat bear as many as 100 racemes, from ten to twenty inches long, each with numerous yellow, cream, or white flowers. iis large clump of this reid in full bloom is a sight not easily forgott But m beautiful ne the rock-lily is ig a orchid,” D. fal- oe asian to certain highlands South Wales and outhern Queensland where there are free _ a Antarctic beech wv othofagus a Hees Althou ugh the beech orchid grows on several other , it has found outside these beech forests. Tt i is a large ae and a pee Stores I once had a specimen with 103 racemes, seis about 14 flowers each. These are oe an inch in diameter, snowy white eek for purple specks on the Tabellue and with a powerful SOME GROUND- AND Hee DWELLING ORCHIDS OF AUSTRALIA (On the opposite page) Upper left: The orange-blossom o rchid, aga ilus falcatus, found on trees in coastal id, Den > € & 8 - 2 S wo 3 a g ae oe 5 Fy i.) 3 2 8 § ° om z 4 = Le ac) be a i.) 2 5 a o a £ = a g. in New he igh ane blue, Lower right: This Blac to Hide sable orchid, Diuris punctata, is foun all the Australian He except Tasmania and Western Australia. SOME GROUND- AND TREE-DWELLING ORCHIDS OF AUSTRALIA 180 THE ALUM MOUNTAIN AT BULLAHDELAH, NEW SOUTH WALES subterranean orchid, Cryptanthemis Slateri, was discovered just behind the trees he at a back of the old church. but Gs aaa perfume, which is exhaled only during the warmer hours of the day Even more lovely than our dendrobes are some of our species: of Sarcochilus, vera gems of the bush. The finest of these is the “ravine orchi oa re aldii, which scrambles over ae rocks in deep gorges. Its nu ee rs are white with deep crimson blotches and spots; one variety oe pea ‘ee crimson with darker red ma: ene Smaller, but rivalling it in beauty, is the “orange- cee orchid,” S. falcatus, with white flowers mated h purple and orange on the labellum. It is eg very sweetly scented, ou one variety occurs with an objectionable odou Although ~ ce are mostly showy-flowered plants, as a group they era little more than a quarter of the 500 orchid species growing in Australia For desea . the flora of his native land, he has specialized on the an ds, a ae is the author of an official ene of the N National Herbarium at Sydney, “Orchids of New South Wales.” eve the first volume of a projected series on the flora of that Australian stat "Rupp js an honorary member of the staff of the New South Wales National ee rium. 181 SUMMER CARE OF THE FLOWER GARDEN This art icle has been adapted from a broadcast Cee by Francis Paterson, Super. 0 ihe. at Dain intendent of the estate [ Mrs. A. G. Milbank (Panfield ong Island, over June 7. Mr. Paterson, who has ae severa Pan eke gardening for the New a pee Garden, app. e en's representa= tive on tins program, which wa. t of a series being peed by the pie Women’s Voluntary Services. Cultivation soil is ight or gravelly. Mulching, like One ca the first essentials of success cultivating, helps to conserve the moisture in the fl ef garden is diligent ea in the soil and make it available to the for it will dining weeds, conse! ture for the plants, and promote eee: rapid root growth. he question is frequently asked, “How often should I cultivate?” The answer is, “As oft his will bi ten days the active rowing period of early summer, but less often as the plants devel nd their expanding leaves smother the weeds in g beneath eae the ground eal aaa xe) flat hoe and a ot andled cu tivator with from 0 five claw- mae iones: Regular Gleaner should b ntinued through- t er, especially in dry weather, as it will t the soil becoming hard top and cracking. It will also make a dust mulch on the surface which ne the soil : sash to oy: the growing roots ma Mulching wer garden mulching is not flo ac’ , partly because it may become unsightly and partly because, as flowering plants levelop, ya a all a natural pro while. se growers also recom- mend mulching plants aati hee in hot, dry weather, especially where the plant when it is most needed. seas y well-meaning suburban garden- ers Ain what could otherwise be beau- tiful ee beds Bes ecause they carry out ail practice of Sori inking the Hoven: a 2 Tittle abate day. a method of watering is to be deplored, t penetri the: easily knocked Sallow-rooted plas = are ind o ut of the soil ashed of a vane rain. It is ont he: atering is properly done i eneficial to flowers. When dry weather prevails and the plants need water, “they should by all means have it, ut they be more than merely sprinkled, ind should be given thor: oaking to a depth of several an orning or evening is the time hen water will be most Penepeil not Henne the heat of the day. Feeding Many gardeners ask whether feeding of pian is advisable during the sum- mer. The tall, fast-growing “plants such chrysanthemums, and del- among others, will respond dahlias, Shinums 182 agreeably to feeding during their ane ering. Porae Any garden fertilize a 5-8-5 analysis—that is, 3% itr sei, "3% phosphorus, ae a potash —can be recommenced, usi cup- ful to every three plants ae ap She g it just before rain a lage it Mell into the roots wi Care should be taken to ke ce fect ilizer away — the aoe done. A tiandtul of aa fertilicer is - three gallons of water and pplied t ro e es Fe er- thing Should be discontinued as soon s the flower buds show color once a plant is bent down even an expert can’t s it u look like its natural growth. The t supportii near the pla: we from the garden ind of twine supplied by seedsmen $ The art of staking is simply the knack of “ealibe stake and tie almost invisible. Dividing Early fall is an excellent time to divide sucht perennials as lox, peonies, and others that have passed t ir bloomin erio' Pulling them apart carefully, leaving at least one eye or bud to each, ary ca n to ten years before they need dhiding. eB lower: -growing nian do not require moving as often. If the dividing is not done in the fall, it can frequently be oe just as effectively in early pri Pest Control Effective control of pests and diseases nto Sago the various Some insect : often and these must be combatted with fe spray which will po 2 ie ie Bats contact with their bodies. ostly beetles and nicotine, roten Ane, or pyrethrum is i applied according to the manufacturer’ direct th a poison base is eee nich ae arsenate of lead. there is objection to the use of poison in the ga , there ever $ rotenone or pyrethrum ne also quite effective against tee pes The control of ee on flowers su as delphinium and phlox can be vested of a by the use spray with a copper base, h r r re. This spray is va i many other fungus diseases also. Dusting with 1 owdered I will similarly check the growth of fungi on leaves. The best a ie rose spray is a mix- mended. ll sprays should be diluted according to the manufacturer’s direc- tions. Gladiolus thrips are ses trouble some and hard to control. gar gallon of water. All parts of the Alan should be sly sprayed, pre- ferably in the morning 183 REVIEWS AND NOTICES OF RECENT BOOKS seca tt A pproaele to Soi RT. ‘arming and tae ine with Composts. J. I. Rodale. 242 pages, bibliography. Devin- Adair Co., New York, 1945. $3. ee soil 1: when preparing our soils fter reading it we can in no large way disagree with anything that ‘is written . tea greed has been largely responsible for soil Papas 1 we belie is the duty the a cal theories, and "orwat aoe conception of soil fertility. t it may, there is no doubt that the subject it today that i we can deny o1 cali es the use oe oe when penne palates or DDT to spray thei eir haulm Dir a book that will—or Para ce reading eee to thought and to experimen s G, Esson, Editor, The Gardeners! Chronicle of America Designs for Planting OU. Edited by . 160 pages, ilustrated._ Robert a McBride & Co., New York, 194 lan tors garden build- c B Donel editor of “A calls this new contri- tion to ae itereture: Its chapters are written by a dozen experts in various An all-t -roun fields of horticulture and landscape art esthetic Gewpoint than that of prac- tical dirt g ae Garden fe and ornamentation are treated, plants nae various seasons, spe- cial and color schemes ted by v Tr San profusely illustrated and much interes ting material but Ss work is poor and there is no ote of contains the pres. index Rut N. WETZEL. Touring ha ans Past To the Pre: AND HOMES SENICO. Cora M. Oneal. illustrated. & Company, $3.75, Beginning discoveries in set Banks bases Dallas, Texas, with recent archaeological the Valley of Oaxaca, at al tells toy fy ‘B P< 8 ban. Crafts series, "should be read by aia traveler: neal a quotes fas sscinating writings of Mrs Me archaeol Nut from the s. Zelia a ologist, botanist, and histori tall” had such Paes Hageehle Taeviece on these subjects, that her gE 184 death before her book could be published has been a oe t loss. One is glad to see that so much of her annie Pan on to thé Ga rden Club of Mex: part of M . Oneal’s_ book, e descriptions 3 Ghedern tots i in teresting, one is likely ae the aut eatoms, habit of carrying bouquets sions and p ae rare ones 10 ae Mocte tez meal. rdevates two chapters t the Se condiiest gardens of which feces exist today. Rereading the stories et all i one a nostalgic to prefer feadie fe such as the on all occa- craving ins cnet ee octumiless eae flower-bordered templating fro the Valley excoco, where = aid out superb gardens ar here botanists still come rom far coimtries to study the trees— ul Ww f especially the wonderful square enclosure of taxodium, called El Contador. Bobbink & Atkins NURSERYMEN N. PLANTSMEN Most of the unusual Roses, Trees and Shrubs not obtainable —— will real zr tay Peas ; que is the Annals of Aine rican Hote Visitors Always Welcome Catalogue Upon Request Bobbink & Atkins Paterson Ave., E. Rutherford, N. J. he final chapter (VIII), on Orchids a Orchid Hunting, tells of seeing these _ flowers on the famous Pueblo Highway, but they are probably tillandsias (Brome- liads), with the ir, bright scarlet nes— sometimes called “pine orchids.” It might be added that, while the descriptions in oe ; . ae Ss Ol exico, e, some of the tells ie ‘botanical oe are regrettably inacc! y. It is to author has passed Puebla by with Sicily ni s Bee pal atio ahaa of the ort n sum Oneal has sup- plied us a information of great in- terest, but if o ight be c aes en i Id be ar- anged i zi more geographical and con- lective equen ice. MarcareT Dovuctas. From Vegetable Oil To Insecticide SOAP IN INDUSTR Georgia Tae neces: and Milton A. Lesser. es, indexed. Chemical Pub- lishing Co., Brooklyn. 1946. $4. This practical treatise acquai chemists, manufacturers, technicians and ot s with ae utilization of s acu ring processes reveals in a etn ae "iver the place filled in modern industry by this familiar itera, ae hin getable oils are such an im- portant ingredient. ne the peculiar arene of soal that makes it useful in of manufac n many OCcessi roducts soap "functions Y sdvaniac ously for other than aioe baat ie to s efficiency as Se agent wie range of emulsio: oan el of as a wetting agent Shee ot its ability to lower sur- face tension, it is pointed out in the 185 book, accounts for its extensive use as a “spreader” in various types of insecticidal life. Soa sprays useful in guarding plant 100, aS a Ss eacive perdi nt, fed quently forms an ficient insecticide against a vari of Pleat pests, espe- ety cially for small plantin; standard, frequ ently ec sans may made spray, it is pointed out, S tender plants such as young cabbage or auliflo in seed beds, garden caulil € se , on peas, or on g beans, as it ma: ect the ves, half strength soap solution will suffice for such plants, but for use on hardy plants the a oO be increased to kill 1 i Both the ee spersing a: ing prop- erties of soap are called “i Ht play in preparing Gaesticidal emulsions based on oils or ance Included are a num- ber of indicative formulas of specifi interest, as for cxam le one recommended for newl tched scale in- sects on hardy shrubs, and another, forti- fied h sro su hi su gested protection of ornamental bushe: Wituram F, Leccert. Two New Volumes On Botany and Chem vid Goad: Font. a Sees. indexed. Binion iladelphia. 1945. $9. agnt — a this tion. he ciples = Physical Chemistry” would s long more properly in a teviboole ‘of chemistry. The ction Molecules” would interest any- one who works with the structural as- ies of protoplasm 5 “The Respiration of R. Goddard in- Bae the student to ie ‘modern ideas of respiration and the utilization of the energy which can be secured by the de- ‘b I gradation of carbohydrates. is to be ped that this section, in an ex: d form, can be made availabl ‘a pan can be le as a Separate publication which could be used in teach- ing students ie pleat physiology the ele- meni ae of resp ost of the ner seems to have eae Cae in 1942. John t Edsall, eres pages, seeing Academic Press, Inc. New 1945, $6.50. another book of reviews of cer- hors a: quality of the reviews. might interest botanists are: Chemistry of the Peas: The Micro- oe Assay of Acids; The Amino Acid Composition of Food Pro teins; Wheat Gluten: X-Ray Difraction ae Protein Structure ; and The Copper rote: Amino F. W. Kavanacu. rid Famous etd TUERCEX hpseety of the Dutc Specially selected for dications clientele Newest creations Tulips, ere bie and m re species Magnificent List of Botanical Tulips Exclusive U. S. Agents Write for catalogue THE BARNES, IMPORTERS 536 Willow St., Lockport, N. Y. irector; Walter Roozen of Holland Bulb Dedication eae land tulips at the New York Gar nies was dedicated the afte m of in avited guests were seated outside the ne Pie near the borders were to C itera and ae the path acing to the Museum peace ae roughout the spring, eee ther bulbs, al so part of the gift, n shown in ae ‘ain Con servatory. ‘The oT ges from Holland Pause ae rie ane a United States, They tae on pee Haar rer 186 Helland and Margar et Herbst of New Tok, both representing the Associated Bulb Growers of Holland in New York. from bulb growers by means of small contribuliens made by the people of liberation of their country. The money was raised by a national working under the title, terpret Netherlands oe were part of a larg so the New York P. epartment oe ree American war cemeteries for rue oy, The Committee is ae ted here by the office oe ne Ass ea Bu ab Growers of Hol eet - which Joseph R. en e Ga oe ae ce _G en van Swi peeren Acting Gi the ae) in New York; Dr. Eelco N. Kleffens, Prime Minister of the Netheraide ond Dr. William J. Robbins, the Garden’s Director. Miss Margaret 187 Herbst, representing the Bulb Growers, then presented a Le =a of tulips to rae Robert H. ee i an of the Garden’ Ace Cow After an inspection of the tulip beds, the Garden's guests were entertained at tea x ee Feepeee Building. Among those pre: e Walter Roozen, of the Associated Bulb iCiouene - Robbert Faile, A. M. van den Hoek, Edith G. Fricke, T. van Staveren, Mrs. Grafton H. Pyne, ‘ n : Mrs. J. S. Ten Eyck, Mrs. Edward J. Prest, Miss Viola Fox, es James Fox, Peter Vandermeyden, s. Sa Trelease, E. ~ Seymour, Dorothy : Jenkins, G. van Marx, V. vai Marx, Mrs. “John G. Winchester, Mrs. Charles Burlingham. Em Notes, eas and Comment nm Club Day. Garden clubs of the vicinity, "Of we York nae the au den cd; arranged by the Garden’s Manhattan of- ce, with Mrs, Reginald Fincke as chair- an, Mrs. G. Eustis Paine, Mrs. Grafton H. Pyne, and Mrs. Philip B. Weld as vice- chairmen, a committee of the en The ning hour was occupied with a jecture oy r. W. H. Camp on “Plant Pelee and in the afternoon Dr. H. W. Rickett served as com entator f and ae buses carried the v ee ol e and cue the ee t hrough ie Rock Garden, aes and Mu- seum Building. husiasts. Rose-Growers’ Day bruh rend re people to. ae oe June Because of th of the roses there, afternoon, after the program was over and the sun had appeared. A m ple bs report of the day's cen weil ihe given in the next issue of the Journal. Har, T a half yea ter his retirement from th tanical rden, fessor Robert arper, formerly head of the Botany De- par t at Col 1 career will be published i in an early ber of the Jou acific Conference. Otto Degener at- ten rd the Pacific Science Conference of the National Research Council in Wash- ington, D. C, June 6-8 Dr. ben ie of the aicton “of - sciences. mbers. Howard Bayne of 40" Wa and Charles B. Harding of 14 1 St. were elected to the Board of None of the New York Botanical ee - meeting of June 10. Both will s in the class of i948. SEED COLLECTORS We are interested in purchasing Tree—Shrub—Perennial Seeds Correspondence invited HERBST BROTHERS 92 Warren St. New York 7, N. Y. Bryophyte Research. Dr. Margaret Fulford, Associate Professor of Botany at the University of Cincinnati, arrived at ie pecs ve ae io t June to one the mer wo! in American of oe an rs. nee Haring of Poughkeepsie came June 11 to spend two oS omnes on the Garden’s collection National Academy. William J. Robbins and Dr. B. O. Dod € guended a meeting of the National Academy of aaa in Washington, D. C., ‘April ~24, oe A model of the a aia ‘w York co-operated, at are Central Pale May 4 to 11. showing scenes m of Detroit as part of a pic- torial es of ene Doran cal gardens of America, early in April. AETNA PHOTO ENGRAVING CO., INC. 305 EAST 47th STREET NEW YORK I7, N. Y. MAKERS OF PRINTING PLATES PROCESS BENDAY LINE & HALFTONE Grou, and colle e le in charge. ace Botanical Club met in _the lecture hall May 15. oe Philadelphia and the Irvington Garden Club, ork, were shown the Gar ewe short. Im, “Plants and the Life of Man,” had lunch in the Mem- Conservatories, and other displays. r recent visitors have been a school gro from elbyville, Del.; another f eachers’ College of oe Univer- sity; one from the School ne eras Ne ork Univer: Bios Se the Bro The biology pe me three New Jersey schools—Hasbrouck sical Se anion P; > id Em as. pe month, besides Girl scouts from St. Albans and a class from P. ar- ranged by the School Nature League. Staff miber: a oe for Garden Club eles and oe groups in recent weeks include Dr. ae N. ie Watchung May “Grasses”; Eliza- beth Cc. Hall, Rye Ce. ee Jom 4, “Garden Book . Old and H. W. New Can: Ga ae Club June i “The Plant Kinedonn': Dr. amp, Greenwich Garden ‘Ctub (at ite, heciee Jane 12, “Exploring and E. Naylor, auP ane lec a8 ci tor with the Garden’s full-len motion at Farmingdale, iss spoke before the Flushing Garden Club tame a on “Garden Books for Summer THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN ers Joseru R. Swan, President Henry pe Forest Barpwin, V ie lama Joun L. Merrux, Vice-pre. aes M. ANDERSON, Trea. sini Henry ve La Montane, Secretary lective Managers sseapees Heel Barrett Mrs. eel Huntincton Francis E. Powe, Jr. Hoo: Howarp Bay rs. Harotp J. Pratt aan De T. eons Mrs. Aum D, Lasker Witu1am J. Ropsins Henry F. pu Pont CLaRENcE McK. Lewis A. Percy SAUNDERS MARSHALL FIELD R no W. Sinnorr Rev. Rozert I. GANNON, ma af Ronen H. MonTGOMERY es eae Crartes B. Harvinc H. Hogart Porter y J. Wer Ex-Officio Managers Wiiiam O’Dwyer, Mayor of the City of New York ANDREW G, ea Je Pre pa of the Board of Education Mosss, Park Commissioner Appointive Managers By the Torrey Cpt Club H. A. Gis. By Columbia University Marston T. Bocert Marcus M. RuoapEs CuHartes W. BALLARD Sam F, TRELEASE THE STAFF WituaM J. Rossins, Pu.D., Sc.D. Dir H, A, Gueason, Pu.D, Assistant Director and Cur HENRY pE LA MoNnTAGNE Assistant Director Frep J. Seaver, ee Sc.D. ead Curator A. B, Stout, Px. Curator of Education and La ee Bernard O. Doncz, Px.D. Plant Pat. Joun HenpLey BARNHART, A.M., M.D. Biblio. alist ‘mera H.W. Ricxett, Px.D. Bassett Macutre, Pu.D. Cura oe Harotp N. Moupenxe, Px.D. Associate datas EvizaBety C. a A.B., B.S. ei Ever N. MitcHe Pho. vapher E. J. ALEXANDER, B S. Assistant Curator and Curator of the Local Fesbacinm W. H. Camp, Pa. Assistant Curator E. E. Navtol 5 Be ‘i “Assistant Curator ArtHur Cronguist, Px.D. Assistant Curator F. W. Kavanacu, Pu.D. ssi a Curator Setma Koyan, B.S. Technical Assistant RosaLie WEIKERT Technical Assistant Ihpa ee , Po.D Technical Assistant Mary STepetr A. ech Z tant Caro. H. Wootw Aau; A.B. Editor of the Journ Tuomas H. Everett, N.D. Hort. orticulturist Wittrock, Custodian of ae H as Otto DreGcENER, Collaborator in Haw A. J. Grout, Pa.D. onorary Cur r) ost Inez M. Harrne Assistant Honorary Curator of Josrpn F. el Honorary alts of the Dietomaceae B. A. Krux Hono rary Cur of Economic Botany oe Anson 5 PeckHam Hi 4 "IN Vecti A.C. P Rahat ats of Buildings and Grounds fanical Garden, take the Independent Subway to Bedford Park Boulevard nines pie the Bedford Fare Boulevard exit and walk, east. eo take the Third Avenue Elevated to the Botanica 1 Garden as the pooh Street station, the New York Central to the Botanical Garden station, e Webster Avenue surface car to Ponlevdrd -yfau0n;? wsev lie peurura cark pou Third Avenue Elevated to the Botanical Gard Membership in THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN and what it means HE INSTITUTION, membership means support of a program that LOE reaches several hundreds of thousands ‘of Persons u i this program comprises ( rticultural plisplay, (2) education, (3) scientific research, and (4) botanical aenlaenies To furt this wor d to disseminate use tion about plant life to ihe public, Garden issues ks and periodicals, both scientific and popular, and presents lectures, grams, radio broadcasts, and courses of study in gardening and botany I boratories and la rbarium and library serve staff in its research and educational i rden give the public vistas of beauty = ; y t a und. The public is also free to use the Botanical Garden’s . under direction, to consult the herbarium. E INDIVIDUAL, me ership means, beyond the personal gratification of aiding such a program, these privileges Free enro ollment in courses up to che amount of the annual member- ship fee pai A subs seription to the Journal and to Addisonia. Admission to agus Day programs and use of the Members’ Room also at pate tim A share nts when made available for distribution. (These ile plants may eieae the Personal conferences with sta elated to bean and horticultur une nts of Rete displays, lectures, broadcasts, pro- en and Bate eae Use of lantern slides from the Garden’s large collection, under eolab ete regulations for such loans. mbersiie card which serves as identification at special fon at the ‘Bees eal Garden and also when visiting similar institutions ties. Garden’s new in teed acer into wei ta ae mbers, upon request, on problems Garden a may. beer RL enter rs of the New York Botanical arden, and thus receive certain privileges for the club as a unit and others for Uae ele event on Garden Club Affiliation will be sent upon est. may become Industrial Members of the New York Botanical ess firms strial Membership and the privileges Bu @uncen, STE on the classes of Indu of membership will be sent ae request * es of ieee in the New York Botanical Garden in addition to Tadustial Memberships Annual Single Fee Contribution mual Membe $ 10 Member for Life $ 250 aauniae Men 25 Fellow for Life 1,000 Garden Cluh AM ation 25 Patron 5,000 Fellowship Member 10 Bene 25,000 0 Contributions to the Garden may be cetheual ae taxable income: Contributions to the cide are deductible in computing Federal ae New York estate ta A le gally a foe Diu form of bequest is as fo Ilov eby bequeath to The New York Bot cad “Carden, incorporated under the Laws of New York, Chapter 285 of 1891, nie sur ifts may be made subject to a reservation of i the gift property for the benefit of the donor or any designated re nee his or her lifet MIL requests for further information ree pe addressed to The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New York 58, JOURNAL THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN AUGUST PAGES 1 9 4 6 189—212 JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN Caro, H. Woopwarp, Editor LATE SUMMER DISPLAYS AND EVENTS Flowering Plan Waterlilies—| en tropical and hardy sorts in the two pools in the conservatory court Annuals—a colorful border on either side of the path ee to the conservatory, Har ay a sare a varieties, ore to blo ak in September, near conservatory. Heather—in the Thompson Memorial Rock Gar Vegetables and a Fs Approximately 30 food crops he demonstration vegetable garden. About 75 kinds Be annual rd peed herbs in two separate plantings. Members’ Day Programs Monthly meetings will be resumed on Wednesday, October 2. dio Programs Alternate eae 3:30 . WNYC (830 on the dial) Sep:. 6 Food From Field ‘Gia Forest Milton feats Science Editor, Henry ae & Company Sept. 20 Some Interesting New Jersey Gardens Nan uzicka Sauk Gardener: Writer, Cees N. J. FORTHCOMING EVENTS Educational Program In the Two-Year Science Course for Gardeners, classes in Ecology and Plant Geology and He Plant Pests and “Diseases will start September 30. In the Two-Year Course in oe Gardening, the class in Cultivation of Trees and shruts val ae a tober Aut ter: Bay ‘will start September n teem in ae Study for Teachers will eh September 18. Saturday Programs The autumn mae of free Saturday afternoon lectures and motion pictures will commence Oct ‘ober Chissanshonaak Show—October 25 27 Second annual display and program at the Garden in co-operation with the Eastern States SChepeantheniuns Society. TABLE OF CONTENTS AUGUST 1946 ee Moserianu Cover photograph by Elmer N. Mitchell R Oak OPEN _ IN SOUTHERN WISCONSIN A. B, Stout 189 ae Oucninie: On VIEW 197 Rose Growers Meet Acain AT GARDEN 198 Cuinic on Rose Diseases AND CULTURE 199 Fwe oo RECEIVE is IFICATES 202 ADDRESS TO THE GRADUA James G. Esson 202 Notices a REMEWE = "Recent Booxs 205 Notes, News aNnD Com 206 Mrs. ANDREW ChaNeGE 208 PLANTS FROM AFRICA 208 Cover Picture 208 BROADCAST E. E. Naylor 209 ne Journal is published monthly by The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New York 58, a peat ng U. 7 a Phen as Second Class Matter, January 28, 1936, at the Post Omics cn New oe ar der t of August 24, 1912, Annual subscription $1. 50. Single copi } 24, 1¥12. Annual sudseription 31.90, Single co JOURNAL of THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN Aucust 1946 No. 560 Voi. 47 The Bur Oak Openings In Southern Wisconsin By A. B. Stout ee article has been condensed from a paper of 20 pages pubbehed in he here te of the Wisconsin Academy of = ae and leer, Volume 36, pages 141-161, 1944 (issued Jan. 2: ae e parts omitted include a discussion 0 (a) Early records for Dane County and Rock © (b) The or openings in Selatan to the native es of Wis- con {c) The re records of the second growth (d) The natural range and variations ‘of the bur oak. (1 Literature cited. pla = oe reproduced were provided by the Wisconsin Academy Letters, from the author’s pies bie the appearance of the original ee official i t has been pres n of the Babcock Oak Ope ening “escibed bee In a letter recently sent to au hoe ment Botany, University of Wisconsin, says: B ck Grove has con: h hasis which y no’ vinced both the Natural Acres Committee and the Arboretum Committee that that place should be very high in our Conservation Department Remarking that Id c under the Arboret Committee, he writes further, “Administration would probably consist of maintaining fences and hiring a local farmer to keep an eye on the pla hin e region should continue to be lightly pastured. Light pasturing is what has kept it as a good oak eavy pasturing woul an trimental, and om! oak openings, of i with no ae it would lication o me study of the bar s mple of a nearly extinct type a of the steps nay he taken to preserve thi natural woodland in America—C.H A nes Oak Opening openings were the principal timbered lands over a ee d about one part of southern Wisconsin when this region was poten teade hundred years ago. Today only a few remnani numerous One of these, pare 30 acres in extent and natural parks still survive. 189 View looking westward across a section of the eee ae sea Opening near Albion, Wisconsin. Photo in 1941 by still in good preservation, is situated a ne a to as abs of the village of Albion in Dane County. similar gro maller area, located about a mile to a sou ee The ‘thuste ee from photo- graphs taken in this grove in 1941, ane = stately grandeur an the rugged beauty of natural oer of this t of tree growth. In this particular oak opening the ee are, I believe, all bur oak: (Quercus macrocarpa Michaux) ; but in some of the other oak open of the iy and especially on the belt ‘as moraines there were trees of the white 0: Saha us alba L.). These oaks are all broad-topped and so t one hundred years. Between the trees there is the firm turf of native grasses that has never nis disturbed by cultivation. The entire area of thi ‘ ch that lie adjacent to the grove and which continue for some distance coat east and the northeast. But many of the openings of t region wi the more rolling and as ee A small, a low, and ee sluggish stream S Saunders Creek) flows close to the south of this oak opening, and along its banks, both above and below the grove, there are flat marshy grasslands that t are often of considerable extent and ecru there are areas of tamarack swamp. These lowlands and their r-table are, as a rule, only slightly below the general level of the 190 191 uplands. Marshes are abundant throughout much of the prairie-oak open ing area es was glaciated and on which the drainage is peclggically still your Oak an in Wisconsin The Babcock Oak Opening as it stands today is typical of the groves which once ties eda poate art of an extensive area in es isconsin. This region ended ac the es southern boundary of the state. Northward i ae h ae re to west decreased, with irregu a ae limits, until it terminated near Rush Lake. Row ughly Ae entire area in Wisconsin comprised about 5,000 s square miles and it formed a broad- based wedge that projected perieye into and almost eae a wide belt of more ee forest growth in which oaks were, and still are, the eal species e Cou iunty, in ie sega corner of which is the township of. ce is situated near the center of the area of oak openings. Rock County lies pa artly saiccent to Dane County and south of it. These two counties were quite typical a hia best developments of the prairie-oak opening vegetation in: Wiscon: The Vanishing of the Prairies and the Oak Openings in Wisconsin The fertile prairie lands were ready for the plow of the settlers. But on many of the homesteads in Dane Cou nes ane . ee ube counties sie acreage was mostly oak openings and many o were removed or at first merely killed by girdling to provide a to “alt oo For a tee some of the oak openings were utilized as pasture lands for cattle, horses, and sheep, especially if there were no lowland aa ows in a farm. Between the scattered trees of the oak openings the native grasses flour- ished and provided excellent grazing land. se aes to 1900 many public oe on ies holidays as Decora- tion Day and Fourth of July, and commu: cnics were held in an oak opening where the chee fae of a Ree contributed much to: the comfort of all. But the extension of cultivated farmland steadily reduced the area of the oak openings. To some extent the needs for timber for building homes, ae the construction of rail fences, and for firewood con- tributed to the removal of the grand old trees of oe oak and white oak. Natural Reforestation by Second Growth ile the bur oaks were rapidly being decimated and the areas of oak openings were disappearing in the region about Albion, as elsewhere in southern Yee ae was a most remarkable spread and increase of new or “second growth” stands of “black oaks.” This noteworthy and conspicuous nat cere eforestation entirely chan nged the character of the arboreal population in ne particular area during the years between 1850 192 1890. Here this hanes ae ie almost entirely composed of and Quercus a Q. coccinea Muench This cee of re appeared a as seedlings which were often in such pee that they formed thickets over many upland areas that were not cultivated or heavily pastured. Often the me) growth invaded oak openings and filled in about the old trees of bur oak and Ne oe As a result, in a span of some 40 fas s, nearly aie) farm i about Albion ats at least one “woodlo oF Bean ee oaks” ee oe any were no more tan 12 ene in diameter at the level und. hus i second- agi oak forest composed ae the so-called black a became the prin cipal natural association of tree growth about Albio where ne oak opening: shad merly eae abundant. Perhaps - nee acreage of this second growth was in existence here about 1880-1890. Scattered through aed S the mee cere oods there were, and stili are, towering monarchs of white oak and a lower tre the bur oak whose gnarled tru he were usually from three to four ane in ante These had existed here when the site was an oak opening. In these trees ee red-tailed hawks build their nests. The larger oe ca ne are n hollow and in such cavities the screech owls nest e abundant copiers and the less ee and more secretive ae haa make their homes. The writer can attest that in these woods near the village of Albion, as well as in the oak openings, he has rarely observed, about one of the bur oak trees, any ee yee that could have grown from its acorns. How- ever when second-gro oods were cut over and not severely pastured a ree growth” re aa often eee some seedling reproduction f bot! nd white oak and bur oak. The Ecological Status of the Bur Oak Openings ral features of the oak openings in Wisconsin are characteristic rr tree-like stature; (b) the trees a ttered o ane a park or orchard-like dis cagaes with dense sod of grasses between them; and (c) there has been for many years no 2 epredation nee seed of the trees and no invasion by Shee woody sp ms trees in these bur oak ee judging from those now in the beock ae date back to about 200-250 years ago, a rather short and sa period of time when the entire ee of the post-glacial history of th sidered. Various sae have pia the view frequently expressed from early date and a referred to in this article, that the e prairie fires of the Indians were an important a in destroying tree growth in the belt adjacent to the para and that one result of this was the development of 193 the oak openings. Pee has supported this view and described the probable process as follow “The fires destroyed eins trees at the west margin of the forest, prevent- ing further advance in that direction. It is doubtful if they penetrated far into the forest, but by destroying the undergrowth and killing the more sus- ceptible species, te eee reduced the forest to the park like condition known as oak o According to ae view the oak openings in Wisconsin and in neighbor- ing states were remnants of an earlier and more dense marginal forest of re ve older of the bur oaks and white oaks withstood eas by fi a n the Babcock grove the character of Le grove has remained quite eee since the last prairie fires swept the area. During “ time in the area of this grove there continued t oe eed reproduction of the Le oaks san ae re; but there was ee daily little ae of oaks and w! eu: over the entire a W ecame . all the acorns Eas this Babcock grove during the past one hundred years? From the general evidence at hand, especially summarized and presented by Korstian,? large numbers were eaten by rodents and weev ils ; perhaps a few germinated and had even a chance to live in pene ae the a and fi nally it may be that eee of the bur oaks and of any invading woody species were destroyed in the brows- ings of cattle, nee and sheep. It would seem that the i cts in situa- tion, as well as those for the decided selective reproduction of black oaks over white oaks, could yet be ican by direct pee and experi- mentation, and also that the matters of reforestation warrant such study. t may be noted that ‘be ee sae dense sod of grasses with a cattering tess of trees is a somewhat Eeeble and obligate re- lationshi hip. merease in the stand . the trees will eliminate the grass be neath the canopy © of ae branches. e dense sod of grass roots and or seedlings os faery to ae caebltche d. e rather robust ea a of the bur oaks in the oak openings of Wisconsin is no doubt due to the fact that the trees iG oa aise Illinois. fall has in recent time become favorable to fo oe pee and the oal m. t of considerable width. ak-hickory portion of the cak forest belt overed (a) much of the Ae ae land of Ohio and ana (b) portions 1 Gleason, H. The vegetational history of the Middle West. Annals Ass’n. Am. Coe 12: 39-85. 1923, 2 Korstian, Clarence F., Factors controlling germination and early survival in oaks. Bull. No. 19, Yale School of Forestry. 1927. 194 of southern Michigan and southern Wisconsin, (c) parts of ee Iowa and Illinois, and (d) portions of other states to the southwes The nan ] eeties Under terr pening” Webster’s New . International ee aoe fin 1934, Printing of 1942, pee the following defini “Opening 3. A thinly wooded a without undergrowth, in the midst of a forest or grove; as, oak “abe min US") But the bur oak o in onan were not in the midst of a forest ; they were aie ae surrounded by or boda on prairie grass- land. In ee, Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1900) there is the following in the United States, a tract over which there is a deficiency of ee — iz i i over the surface as com- S oak, and obtusifolia,s post oak, are the most cera eee such openings are often designated as oak- Sin Similar cts in the more southern States, especially in Kentucky, are called Bea ad oak-barrens.” s novel, The Oak Openings, in hich there is mention of the bur oak. The two species of Quercus men- in the quotati area in Texas and Oklahoma, but neither = ales in the extensive oak openings in Wisconsin nor is now found in It appears that the term “oak orchard” — yed “ Chamberlin ® has had rather limited use in the ee of oak o penings, and that the terms “park” and “grove” have rather wide applica tions which include other types of tree growth. The term chaparral ® is especially applied to broad- leaved woodlands of the southwest which range from “an Lagunalnne thicket of low shrubs to open oak stands” some of which may so resemble the oak openings of Wisconsin but are entirely eee - different ans Since oak openings of Wisconsin constituted a somewhat ee = of can grassland and oak forest association in which the bur as more abundant oo the white oak it seems suitable to apply the pe bur oak openings.’ 3 = Quercus mar ee Muench, 4— Quercus stellata Wan 5 Chamberlin, Ts C., Geotoxy of Wisconsin, 2, Par nae (The map of the native vegetation of Wisconsin, Plate No. II A, bears te a 882.) 6 Shantz, H. L. and Raphael Zon. Atlas of American ee Part 1. Section E. (Note Selly Figures 6 and 7.) 1924 View near the border of the Babcock Bur Oak Opening, looking eastward across an area of former prairie. In the distance ae 7 odland of second growth is in sight. Photo in 1 by the author. A Commemoration of the Oak Opening in Literature The bur oak openings esis special mention and distinction in the Balan novel The Oak Open which was written by James Fenimore ooper n 1848. The scene of a beginning of the story in the year 1812 was ina ie oak opening on the banks of the Kalamazoo River in Michigan. The description is as follows: ‘T i med ‘rolling,’ from some fancied ane wit! that air of negligence that one is apt to see in grounds, where rt is t and tl he have obtained the name of ‘openings,’ the two terms combined giving their ae - ae particular species of native forest, under the name of ‘Oak Open: “Thes: ears so peculiar to certain districts of country, are not altogether without ye irene though possessing a general character of sameness. The trees were of very uniform size, gz they resem able a good deal in form; and having trunks feet in diameter. The variety is produced by. their Sebo In places they stand with a regularity resembling that of an orchard; then, agam, 195 196 e more scattered and less formal, while wide ee of the land are they ar occasionally seen in which they stand in copses, Vay ant spa eee a bear It affinity to ae jee lawns, being covered w erdure ASSES are supposed to be owing to the fires lighted sane by ae ioe in order to clear ce ee -grounds.” This excellent description of an oak opening was based entirely * ‘on . evidence of documents” furnished to Cooper by the “bee hunter” an important character = the novel, and-later a well-known pee a ichigan, General Benjamin Boden In the concluding chapter of the no The Oak Openings, se of his journey during the summer of 1848 from his home n to N. Y., to Kalamazoo. This, he states, was “an an se ae tru oe. he portion of this journey from roit to Kalamazoo was by railr a and of the natural scenery Cooper makes comment as follows: “The whole country was a wheat-field, and we now began to understand how 3) tl ay, e€ ind them un ndergoing the chan, hich are incident to the p ge of civilised men. As the periodical pee “had now ceased for many years, underbrush was ing in lieu of the natural gr i in lie ni ass, and in so mucl hose groves are less attractive than formerly; but one easily comprehends the reason, and can picture to himself the aspect that these pleasant woods mi orn in times of old.” At Preceuaee Cooper found ae “Those who had laid out this village, some fifteen years since, had the e to ech most of the trees” and that the hone nd grounds were ee ‘o the eye, on account of the shade, and the rural features they preset i i ar of 1848 Cooper evidently saw few surviving trees of the bur oak openings that existed in the area ee the Chateau au ” Mie 1 36 years earlier and evi- dently Md did not ae tee sizable area of the oak openings still in a natural conditi But e there were thousands of acres of such oak ie in nena In regard to the present status of bur oak trees in the area about Kal: om eal stand of bur oaks in this vicinity. Scattered trees are found throughout eh aise the oe oo nye that of ight or ten Formerly groves of bur oaks were found near ate ee a large ee near Osten on route U. S. 12.” The bea area of the prairies and of the oak a in southern Michigan was relatively small in comparison to the area in southern Wis- consin oe ev _ ye the donee of the bur oak ae was quite the same in both r 197 Concluding Remarks The early records are particularly complete and accurate for the main ae erie the character, location, and extent of the bur oak openings n Wisc . Their relations se ae ecological eae in the so-called oak- ckory ik whic constitutes western margin of the extensive eastern forests of North America are now well recognized. For perhaps a sie ee ee aan the advent of ee ne eae into southern Meech ing-prairie associati what static feature in the mide cea region where ther ae d te Gaon changes in per plant migrations. Both the prairie and ee forest are decidedly static and self-sustaining and the two tend to be mutually exclusive. In the bur oak Sank these two sharply contrasted types of vegetation are combined i what balanced and static relationship But the coming of the white man spelled the ap oom of the oak openings. The land they oc fee was fertile, there was sufficient timber for the exi Of these the Babcock grove now bal about fifty acres ees) is still in an excellent ne of preservation. It e memory of the grandeur and the beauty of the extensive groves, of mee this is a = nant, that has Sear this epitome which ag may be considered an obituary of the bur oak openings in Wiscon Do trans- plai lf lant has thick fleshy roots he will guess rightly tha’ before a peas spell of drought would ad t Yet we any gar ae ce : _atempting to tr lant oriental poppies in April just as they would do witl nannies 3 and usually if the poppies remain half alive ft ot account for e usually be ved in spring without any damage at a As a rule, plants may be move t Vy * provided they are protecte m drought and cold until they are again establishe I have heard it —< that wens may not be noe ae ween var This is not how Indee d, Sialeds and some notes reniidhe thought as to color combinations are safer planted in ere are $ li ea mples. ulbous pees should usually te ovanted before iy start a new ‘on’s grow Mis ee ther oe - Seaching: to be fouw shod one of them. Matas he start iS grow soon after the growth wn. ae squamigera in early September ower Pe Ik have died . At that time we have found that new root growth will soon begin. These are a few of the more common examples and for the as there is an unending fe Id from which he can gain experience. Avoid Conservatism My plea to you of this year’s class is to No and action are of is very Beer yore muc instances, the: forget a the gardener must do things that Sar not ee. —he must TOW, “the lawn, sweep the paths, prodie fruit and vegetables as well as flowers abov are he is expected not to fail in his aren Perhaps a Seared that he must not fail makes him a e to experiment, and it is rather oben that the con- eiplicheNe that he can a ae = seats makes the amateur mor r for crimen If the gardener kni of peoaucine ie fruit, vegetables a flowers he is hired to pro oduc there is no good reas and brace ie usually take the line of ies tore ine All o can be converted to an un ending ares I would only emphasize A not become conservative, en let, your ves be governed thus. a will miss so much that fe. available: rom real ex- perience, I can aceon the suggestion I in the beginning—train yourselu He i ook Gi laste and in time throu study that you will find pleasant and by reading what others have written, you will see much that you ae ae to be blind to today. ae if it is your lot to produce year oe you will at least be Paaeded to your choice in art and science. NOTICES AND REVIEWS OF RECENT BOOKS The Botany of Toxic Pollen aati k YFEVER PLANTS. P. dehouse. 245 eres stlustrations, Stechert & 1. Wodeh ae pil a oe brought us hi Plants,” fectively cor scholarly “Pollen Grains. author’s intent, in ouse, ue etre student ene has now “H The. acl 40 ects id been by an ore horeiahiy studied reported upon than the bo- tanical a k consists largely of a descrip- of pollination are i tion of pollen extracts and on their clinical effica so ical a student of pollens would have been at in- ter th informed ler. The book is well organized and attrac- tively aay a aes are by the author, and the drawings of oe hayfever An e bibliography shows tl nee io Hae been familiar with fee important floristic works of the series the monographic or revisionary studies, aa cing the more important hayfever ups, where available, and a consider- able amount of current anes largely by investigators of hayfev e@ present volume, ae the classic “Pol rains from the author’s tt researches, is ely a ae ion ta fr numerous _botat works and specific studies of ee As such, it can b no more accurate than the sources of in- formation, nd fault with the lack occasionally error or Y sitisleadting. A few instances, taket pages dealing w: floras th: iewer ae most ne timately, will serve to or there is no intention oa labor ie ge 2 one reads that “The com- extensive slopes domi of grease’ ae, ( vermis, the range - giv 102) as “throughout the eee and easter: ai Oregon, Washington. 206 Again, Allenrolfia occidentalis (page 102) is said to be “common in salt marshes in Utah, Arizona, and southern Elsewhere it a Oo be unimportant or absent.” ut nrolfia likewise is abundant in saline areas of shall “ table in Nevada and extends in into south- and irrigation ditches are hardly to be. eee i a flats where the plant naturally ee ambigua, aid (pa: 200), “occurs only in sal Pane prin- cipally along the " No mention is made of the Te: - *Basin’s cogener, S More consistent consultation with bo- ar with the floras of discrete a areas might have to some degree ce suc! inor the great wealth portant data provided, and detract ian preciably from the real value of the book, which should receive wide use a general probation Bassett Macutre. Native Edible Plants INDIAN VEST. Wil Plants of America. Jannetis Me Lucas. 118 pages, illustrated by Helene Carter. J. B. ae neott von ae Philadelphia ork. 1945, $2 Many plants known to have served the Indians as food are presen reed a use and recipes are in- cluded. The illustrations are really bea tiful and the re book very attractively planned. With the amount which went into i ce ing. meaningless See and dangling con- ee occur, which make the reading ough goin, For example: “It was not grass leaves, and only in times of een the roots. which the Indians used for foo 4 the lilies, summer brought another plant--or rather several species of nt—to serve as food for the Aone altho ough to us they are only a nuisance.’ wh ether cane or merely grass the eons of all ae vAmerican grasses ripen with the mth.’* “T ne ce eee Bey is no western cousin of any eastern fruit.” THERESA RIcKeETt, ES Notes, News, and cai entury Plant. of its flowers above the roof of e New World Succulent House July 15. For several s, only the buds in 8 ard the tip of tall inflores. a Meanwhile, smaller century plant (tnace LAS which at confined it- self within the walls a oof of the CoH eAaICr ry, had come ne Fall flower. The stalk of this was 8 6 in. high. is plant was grown from seed acquired in 1923 from the botanical garden at La vo a The age of. the larger plant is not kno Staff. Dr. W. H. Camp has been need Associate Carat tor, effective as of July He first eae a member of the Ga taff as t chi efly on the ees and his Shee ‘on the con- cept of the species and on evolution and 207 oe ued he has carried on ex- uther ar was abs r three years for government economic plan of strategic value. Student. B. H. Greenwell, a former ae at the University of Hawaii and at rd University, cam ‘o study Hawaiian collaborating with Otto oases in le writing of Book 5 of his Flora Hawaiiensi Radio. For the Garden’s radio progra: of June 14 over WNYC, Mrs. John D. Beals, Jr., took the place ‘of Mrs. Melvin Sawin, with whom she is co-chairman of he ittee, or: zed ted on the program, which was entitled ‘your 230- Acre Garden.” Visitors. Ady R. da Silva of ee Brazil, who has been working for the past two years in the laboratory of Dr. St University of y back to Other Biaalian visitors of re- cent weeks a of Rio be ew pee ne ia Th Mrs oe ce Camp Rodrig 0) cousin, io de Campos Goulard. From the Hawaiian Islands, directly a indirectly, have come several other si diti o Amy Greenwell, $ ye wl eG Seth tia fancier of Hon Jan at one time a collaborator "Carl Skottsberg on Hawaiian botan Esther Zimmer, former ae and volunteer worker at the Garden, stopped i . Californi o 2g xy ca 4.8 RG o 3 Cem & 4 2 8 Pe 4 ° 3 = whi bread- eon Neuorcre. in the labora: tory of Dr. G. W. Beadle and has just received an eee degree at Stanford University. $s going to the Osborn Botani cal Laboratory at Yale, a she will work under Dr. E. L. Tat Thorvaldur ee of the Dominion ust a Laboratory and J. iller of minion Lees of Plant Pathology at St. Catherine's, tario, stopped at the On Garden after giving papers at a con- ference at Cold — Harbor in July. Th. n Eck of the General Agricul- ae "Experiment aeben es Buitenzorg, Jey ee ose ee e-h and one-half years war So Singapore, Visited the ‘Garden July 15. useum ; neon Herbarium, Cambridge, Mass. ; nay Yale; jenn D. Dw: rene ship student who wo diseases of delphi ate mder Dr. Dodge ; ane Edw: in M. Betts and J. L Edwards f the University of Virgini Scholarsh Francoise A. Kelz, Barnard ae e of 1944 who since then has been gi Leary assistant in botany at eas cade the Columbia University nee of te see has been granted one-month scholarship this summer to work on igs and fertilities under Dr. A. B. Stor Volunteer. Margaret Vicario, a ane at the Re: nae in New York and ght f Carl ot vember f eek of voluntee: ork in the plant “pathology iigetory cee ae B. O. Dodge during her summer vaca 208 Mrs. Andrew Carnegie aining contemporary rep- York Botanical Garden, ndre Carnegie, died June 24 at the age of 89 When the Act of Incorporati s pre- minent men were list ed as compri: or Corporation, ot ical Garden, Am Andre a names was that ° long been a of the ‘Cocporation a Advisory Council Ove iod of years, Andrew Gane conned to make gifts to the PHOTO ENGRAVING CO., INC. 305 EAST 47th STREET NEW YORK 17, N. Y, MAKERS OF PRINTING PLATES PROCESS BENDAY LINE & HALFTONE ew York Botanical legis presenting $5,000 to the Science and Education Fund, besides $1, 250" a five instalments designated for other special purposes. always Aer Life in the New Yor! since 1926. Prev a she had made five contributions totaling $950 for spe- cial funds, n June 1, 1 the Gar den "$1,000 foe niversary Fund, Mrs. des of the Garden's “Advisory Council and of the Corporation ten years Plants from Africa the Belgian Congo inclu de Chior rophora excelsa (called aaa re geen or Chéne d'Afrique), giving hardwood construction timber; Rehnaa Gillett, a ky bark; Newboldia laevis (PE! sed for ; Zrathvaphlocu ouineente, the bark of which is used by ordeal poison ; and. a ae eS - oS opsis, Swhich in the Congo is used as an understock for citrus fruits. nd cuttings of herbaceous a fo) a rovince, until ready to ri eturn. Cover Picture the New York Botani- rianwn is a hybrid m and A. pat fulum, developed at Versailles, France, in the Moser nursery about 1887. KRAME BROADCAST By E. E. Naylor E of the usual style of con- been done previously in presenting the Garden’ oadcasts rh eaders, the program e: ar is Out pee ey spoken over the Sugar is the Foundation of All Life NOUNCER—The New York Bo- tanical Garden is on the air with one of its bi-weekly programs on topics concerned with pl: Bae Today's sees ba Pee t important ae oa Thecus accordin: title announced tanical Garden, tion of all life.” Wy beentice a its dara ng to the by the New oe Bo- ) Sugar is the Founda: ur ker will be Dr. E. lor, of the Botanical Garden’: scientific staff. He will be questioned by Celia Kramer, also an employee the Garden. But bef h ome to the microphone, we will have a word from Carol H. Woodward, Editor of ani who has car oar this program for you. Miss Woodw: RD—In some i- R—Miss Woodward, I have often heard you and Dr. Naylor and 209 others at the Garden say that without green plants, mankind could not live. Can ~ explain this statement and ll me whether it is actually true? t. and other meabers of the animal world ul e plants, not ae ean, ‘ot also for the very e bre O you mean to say we could not raw 7 breath if there were no green lan N— that is correct. We would ac- “a suffocate, if we did not first to death or o oo o 2 s directly or indirectly oe didn’t mention sugar in that of foods, Dr. Naylor, yet it (was es world. sugar come into the picture? N—Well, the answer to your question i simple enough, for the green plants make sugar, and green plants are essen- a to life; bur an oa of the answer is more complic: Ku I ae woul ral to Ino ou u plea lain eet ane a pee mo nts, you see, Pla are tie miniature eae ight. ‘he process of ture is called photosynthesis—meaning putting together, or building, with a aid of ight. You remember some your chemistry from college, don’t ou K—Yes, a little of it, at oe N—Then eae may remember water 2 composed of two parts of sara en of oxygen, and that idan oxide cond one part of carbon a two of oxy: K—Yes; that’s H:O and CO: N—Correct. Now ordinary sugar is Hi»Oy That is, there are 6 parts of carbon, 12 of hydrogen, and 6 of : at f “hyd ‘ogen (fro he water), plus parts xygen r the two together) t sugar requires only six of se 18 parts oe n, $0 the rest is set free i r. This is the oxygen we breathe. —The oxygen then is He by-product. Is = right? and the sun with its energy ae the motive power in the leaf factory. is chlorophyll or green ci oring matter in the plants, helps transfer ih energy to the hon 5 , out of which the nded. g K—But how do the leaves of aa Aa get this carbon dioxide and w: es the tip of every root is a fine, fuzzy coating of root hairs. These SEED COLLECTORS We are interested in purchasing Tree—Shrub—Perennial Seeds Correspondence invited HERBST BROTHERS 92 Warren St. New York 7, N. Y. re difficult to see when a plant is puted ee the ground, but they are e same. The water from the main root finally moves out into the green cells of the leaf. K—Then ee does the carbon dioxide come from? a dioxide travels very N ciffevent road. This raw mate: eal is found in the air. You are oe with carbon dioxide gas, aren't y K—Oh, Isn’t it the gas au gives se ate to champagne—and — soft drinks at the soda fou an a it is also the gas nae a rough microscopic openings, r pores, called 2 a hi are thousands of thes ores on each ware inch of lea: eiteee The doors to these stomata open and shut under different conditions of ee tempera- ture, and moisture. Once inside the leaf, the oe ee Gai with the water to eak solution of carbonic acid And you dow’ t mean carbolic acid. N— carbonic, with an N. This weak carbons acid selution moves into all the cells of the leaf. wae sugar 7 only in the leaves? N—No. Some plants, such as the cacti ae eae ae iu Bye ouarsa have no tru m the sugar is made _sirectly | peneath the surface of the K—But some ae that I have seen in the oes have red or brown or rple eS S, ae the beautiful copper outcry you can oy see € there all 7 chloroplasts occur stly in a special iver of cells di- ve neath the supper surface of n is that the reason why a ery observant It is within the chloro- pper side of the i actually come together, and, with ihe aid t, form the basic food . eo again... why do you call sugar basic? N— en is basic because from it all other foods are derived. With a re- arrang r will ition of other chemical elements, starches, pro- teins, fats id oils, and other sub. stances are built inside the plant. Also, ugar ishes our bodies with energy. Lo : as By Ww. a : PS . it sible ‘And "this energy is ofiginally ook in the sugar that is made in the leaf. K—But if I nibble a leaf it doesn’t taste sweet. —No. In the first place, a very small percentage of sugar is present—except in Ss sugar-cane or such asa strawberries a , mi the ly oavered into starch and other products. K—Is the sugar made in the leaves like the sugar we have on the table? -—It may or may not be. Many dif- ferent types of oe are for ried in re ts. One of the principal kinds is or grape i gar. The aa Str ‘ose, OT Feuit sugar, corn etim: called Hevsose; a fue pelos or Can S present in Feet anne dis pas cially ehisdane in sugar-cane, sorghum, the sugar beet, and the ‘sugar maple. This, of course, is the kind we use on the table. K—What happens to the sugar after it is made in the plant? N—Well, any one of many things may happen. The sun’s energy contained red, t of all plant derives from the sugar it Some of this energy is used to eatid up its architectural structure— like the veins which hold up th ace of A very lar. of the plant's ere as we ie ad, is converted at If you have taken you have K. 4 N—Starch is often stored in large vegetables, Dp and at in a such as potatoes, uch as wheat ar F converted stored as fats, or oils, as in gives and uts. Starches, fats and oils are made in the plant from sugar alone, by a series of chemical changes in this uni ique and marvelous factory, but proteins are made from sugar plus certain salts of Bobbink & Atkins NURSERYMEN PLANTSMEN Most of the unusual Roses, Trees and aon not obtainable elsewhere will found growing this great Eaablamen ... one unique in the Is of American Horticulture. Visitors Always Welcome Catalogue Upon Request Bobbink & Atkins Paterson Ave., E. Rutherford, N. J. 212 nitrogen, sulfur, and sometimes phos- phori K— Where do these come from? other chemicals d by the root sys- Dissolved in the eans. K—Didn’t you = that vitamins are also made by plan —Yes, that’s rig’ ght. You may buy yours from the drugstore, but they are all $ initially made by livi plants. with the other subst ' re manufactured within the plant by the combi in ut I didn’t ieiow helo ae sugar played such an important role. N—Sugar is the basic organic sub- stance formed in the Hen Sorin photosynthesis from the water and carbon di that are drawn i the leaves. . But I haven't finished yet, by any means, in felling of ue products made by and in green plan K—Then still other things may happen to the si N—Oh, yes! You no doubt like the odor of a rose, or the sweet scent ot the suckle. N—Well, the uae of flowers comes directly from the sugar made a the green uae a plant. The nectaries of th alee hold enough oe to attract bes and other insects. In addition, the color of flowers and fruits is made from pigments ¢ that are de- veloped from sugar. K—That is very interesting but I still want to know more Y shout: plans ee ie sugar as sugar in large life si N— N—Man depends chiefly on only two for the bulk of his Hee supply. One of eae is the sugar , a kind of giant The aint fs “th sugar beet, r chemically is identical ith that found in the Ik of t sugar-cane, ee ugar, es ae which giv consume it, also es as e plant "the Geey with which a. see. W—Dr. Ae aylor—I hope you are not going to overlook the important energy from ae that is used to run our factories and to heat our caus and office buildings in winter N—That is ing. . certainly worth mention- K—How do you mean... '— Why, ihe see and petroleum is the ie den gy run was stored in pla ants millions of years ago. hese plants have become cynic and greatly changed hemical composi- plants, a. ur means of life today . and he ae ntal ueene in all a a Yes, in the fina malysis, it _is the aid of light ica provides both the i orld with plant and animal w ith energy from the sun in a usabl m. It also serves as the rce of the food that keeps live, and, as a by-product, with the oxygen we pee ae Res 7 and other animal loro- phyll, or green coloring water and therefore can not produce ir oxygen, no matter how long bathe in the sun So, the next time you a lea with the sun selining on it, ‘aan a ite ‘é or thing Nature’s greatest and ne Wickens! qictes k. products are ess plant, but for ing pene ential, not only for the al! living things, includ- THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN Officers Joseru R. Swan, Presiden ee me Forest fees Vice-president ale MERR Vice-pre. re R M. ea f shee rer ea bE La Monracne, Secretar: lective Managers Athen Fetton Barrett Mrs. Eton HUNTINGTON Sieg E. Powe tt, Jr. Howarp BAYNE OOKER Harotp I. Pratr Epwin ‘De sab Beane Mrs. ALzerT D, ane Wass z Rogsins Henry F. vu oh CLARENCE McK. Lew Percy SAUNDERS MarsHaLt Fir E. D. Merritt . MUND W. SINNOTT Rev. Roser I. Cceiiins : : S. Rosert H. MontcoMEry See STILLMAN CHARLES B. HarpING H. Hosart Porter Swwney J. WEINBERG Ex-Officio pn ers Wittram O’Dwyer, Mavor of th 'y of New York Anprew G, CL. ae USON, Jr, President wer he Saeed of Education OBERT MOSES, Pa rk Commissioner Appointive Managers By the Torrey Botanical Club LEASON By Columbia saa ites Marston T. Bocert arcus M,. oe Cuaries W. BaLlarp ae F, Tre THE STAFF WittaM J. Ropsins, Pa.D., Sc.D. Director H. A. Gieason, Pu.D Assistant Director and Curator Henry pe LA MONTAGNE Assista Director RED J. SEAVER, Px.D., Sc.D ‘urator B. Stout, Pu. Curator of Education a Laboratories Bernarp O. Donce, Pu.D thologisi ETT, Pu.D. "Bib iographer Everett, N.D. Horr. ‘Horticulturist Tuomas H. Ba heer Macuree, Px.D. Harotp N. vo PuD. Asso W. H. Camp, Px.D. Associate Curator E. J. ALEXANDER, B.S. Assistant Curator and Curator of the Local Herbarium E, E. Naytor, Px. Assistant Curator Artur Crongutst, Px.D. Assistant Curator F. W. Kavanacu, Pu.D. Assistant Curator Rozert S. De Ropr, Pu.D., D.C. al ssi. wong Deus Setma Kogan, B.S. echni istant RosaLie WWeiwens Pochnicat Asiston Inpa McVeicu, Px.D. Technical Ass TEBBINS, . Techn ea Euizanern C. Hatt, A.B.. B.S. ibrarian Caro: H. Woopwarp, A.B. Editor of the Journal G. L. Wirtrocx, A. Custodian a ue if erbarium Otro DecEne noe Collaborator in Hawaiian Botany Evmer N. Mite Phot ota piapher Jonn HeENviev Bannan, AM., M.D. Bibliographer ibis A. J. Grout, Pu anaes) Curator a Inez M. Hartne As. norary Curator of JoserH F. BurKE ee Curator of the Diatomaceoe KruKorr Honorary Cur ator of Economic Bota ErReL ae me Peckuam H ‘y A. C. Pra oe of Buildings and Grounds ach the Botanical Garden, tak: Independent Sub ee eat ord Park Bonteverd station; use one Bedford "Park Bester exit "and wal ‘ast. Or take the Third Avenue Elevated to the Botanical Garden or the 200th Sree “tation, the New Webster Avenue surface car to York Central to the Botanical Garden station, or the PUBLICATIONS OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN Books, Booklets, and Special Numbers of the Journal An Illustrated Flora oi the Northern United States and Canada, by Nathaniel Lord Britton and Addison Brown. Three volumes, giving de escriptions and illustra- tions of 4,666 species. aoe edition, reprinted. $13.50 Flora of the praiees aad Plains cos bee ee Americ, by P. A. Rydberg. 969 pages and 601 figu 1932 » $5.50 p oes Bahama Flora, - cece Lind eas i Be rles Frederick Millspaugh. 695 es, Demetee of the sperm pepe Pre deee bryophytes, and thall cence: of the Bahamas, with ae on explorations and collections, bibliography, and index. 1920 North American cores by Kenneth Ls Mac eens nae 539 plates of Carex and related plants by Harry CC eutzburg, w escription of "ae species. Indexed. in Two volumes, te x 134 nee bound $17.50; un- bound $15.50. to the North American Species of Carex by K. K. Mackenzie. From Vol. ac Sparen of North American pee $1.25. ood and ae pas a the North American Indian. Two pee articles by Moh A. @G. ock in ae Journal for March 1942. 15 c tescrables and ie hi the Home Garden. Four authoritative articles reprinted from the Journal, 21 pages, illustrated. Edited by Carol H. Woodward. 1941. 15 cents- The Flora of th ae nicorn Tapestries by E. J. Alexander and Carol H. Wood- want: io Bek siesta with manera ee drawings; bound with paper. 1941. 25 ¢ ee og of Hardy Trees and Shrubs. A list of the woody plants being grow: ee at the New York pee otanic uc) Garden in 1942, in 127 pages with note es a map, and 20 illustrations. one Plants of New and oan World Dee by E. J. Alexander. 64 pages, indexed. 350 eee treated, 100 illustrated. und in paper. 1942. Second edition 1944. 50 cents. Periodicals Addisonia, annually, devoted es vely to colored plates accompanied by popular descriptions of ae ering plants; eight plates in each number, thirty-two in each volume. Now in it: went second volume. Subscrisuiont price, "$10 a volume (four years). Not ise in exchange. Free to members of the Garden. Journal of The New York Botanical Garden, monthly, containing n ook reviews, and non- deh articles on fie ny ange Horeca Subsene ton, v3. #03 year; ales copies 15 cents. Free to members of the Garden. Now va cologia, bimon a illustrated in color and otherwise; devo to fun ngi, See ue hens, containing technical articles and news and notes ee general in- terest. year: single copies $1.50 each. Now in its thirty-eighth volume. Twenty- he Year Index volume $3. Bri A series of bo tanical papers published in co-operation with the Agana ieee a or ee Taxonomists. aE Py epson price, $5 a volume ($4 to members of the Society). Now in its fifth North erican Flora. Descriptions io he wild plants of Nee h America, including Gu mlancl is he West Indies, and Central America. ae rts now issued. Not offered in exchan Prices of the s separate parts on reque Contributions ane, The Wer York Botanical on len, A series of technica! papers r eu nted from jounele r than the above. 25 cents each, $5 a volume Memoirs of The New York ee ne A collection of scientific papers. Chaat and prices on requ JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN SEPTEMBER PAGES 1946 213—236 JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN Caro: H. Woopwarp, Editor AUTUMN EVENTS AT THE GARDEN as Show and Program, Oct. 25-27 r details of the program, see - opposite page. Radio Progra Beginning a ee of October, the Garden's radio programs over Station WNYC (830 on the dial) will be given on alternate Wednesdays at 5:45 p.m Sept. 6 Food from Field and Forest Milton ng Science Editor, oe Holt & C Sept. 20 Some Interesting New Jersey Gardens Nan — Smith Gardener—Writer, ‘Living ston, N. J. Oct. 2 Plant Products from Bra José Garrido "Torres eae Director, Brazilian Giotamene Trade Bureau Oct. 16 Suitable Trees ier the Home Grounds eale Superintendent of the Arboretum, Boyce Thompson Tastinite Fo, Afternoon Programs 3 p.m. each Saturday in the lecture hall. Fre Oct. 5 “They Said it with Tulips” and “Holland Blooms Again” Two motion picture films in sound and color With o t by E. L. D. Seym Horticultural Bie “American Home Oet. 12 Exploring in Southern Mex Illustrated ak Kodachromes EB. J. Alexander Assistant Curator Oct. 19 Wild Flowers of the Jersey Hills Harold N. Moldenke Associate Curator Members’ Day Program ct. Opening of exhibit of 19th century flower paintings by Pancrace Fey With comment by W. Rickett a liographer Courses Field Botany, G. L. Wit foes Beak 1:30 p.m. Sep Nature Study for Teachers, a Instructor 4 pin. eee 18 Plant Pests and Diseases, ons % aa t, Instructor, ie . Sept. 30 Ecology and Plant Geography, Ww. H. Camp, Instructor, m. Sept. 30 Cultivation of Trees and Shrubs, J. i. Beale, aed 8 oa Oct. 10 TABLE an aa Septem ONE aye THE MANY FORMS OF Stapelia variegata IN THE GARDEN’S COLLECTION OF CULENT PLANTS Cover photograph by Elmer N. Mitchell CHranteu SHow Anp Procram Oct. 25-27 Some NEGLECTED ANDEAN TUBERS Hodge 214 PLANTS AND a. R. y ‘Willisees 225 Exuisit oF Bessa FLo TIN 232 NotIcEs AND Revnwe 6 o aca ee 233 Notes, News, AND COMMENT 235 The Journal is Published monthly by The w York Botani arden, Bronx Park, New York 58, 7 Y. bet in U, os rane as Second. Class Matter, metre 28, 1936, at the Post Office t New » N.Y. tthe Act of August 24, 1912, Annual subscription $1.50, ome copies i$ e JOURNAL of THE NEW YoRK BOTANICAL GARDEN Vor. 47 SEPTEMBER 1946 No. 561 Chrysanthemum Show and Program Oct. 25-27 EPEATING the successful autumn event of 1945, the New a ain ¢ otanical Garden is again co-operating "with the Eastern States Chrysanthemum Society in presenting a program on chrys: um culture, combined with a three-day indoor and own collection of hardy chrysanthemums, which are d to be at at time. Representatives of the Garden and of the Chrysanthemum So- ciety will ara a tour of the Garden’s fate at 11 a.m. the opening day. A box luncheon, each person bringing his own, will pre an ae ‘afte NN pro} 8. L Paroclen | Principal eran at the Plant Industry Station of the U. S. epartment of Agriculture ar gaia Md., t n h: dedicated to Mary MacArthur, daughter of Helen Hayes and Charles MacArthur. The flower is a creation of V. R. de Petris of Grosse Pointe Farms, Mich., chrysanthemum hybridizer. The presentation will be made by Emest bs Scott, President of the erm tat Socie n be served in t Members Room for members of the two co-operating organizatio: On Saturday and Sunday, the le bits in the Museum Building will be open see the public without charge from 10 a.m. to 5 p.m the Garden’s ae displays will be on view daily until 6: 30% p. ta. 214 Three Neglected Andean Tubers By W. H. Hodge Illustrated with photographs by the author HERE is something about the Andean environment that has favored u f that mighty cordillera four important species, representing four different genera, have been grown by ancient aboriginal ee oe their edible tubers. One of this quartet, the familiar potato (So - Ricite a a This is three tubers may not merit comparison with the potat = i do vepiacee flavorsome qualities. And who can tell where these plants might be in the s esteem had they nese ae ie distribution and selective breed. ing that has been accorded the The oca, melloco and afiu are it of the high Andes, ee cea best crops in the aad zone—that is, at ape lying roughly bet 9,000 and 14,000 fee ee wever, Ha trio lacks the extensive ‘titadioal range of the potato in South America, and none is to be found for any great distance south of the Palin ia dare at approximately 20° south latitude. The three species thus he short daylight hours charac- teristic of low latitudes, and a aera introduction to north temperate regions with the long daylight hours that prevail during the growing season is ee tical. Relative of the Woo rel eo these lesser tubers oe oca (or occa)? is the most ieageael species - with melloco a close runner-up. In several ee rate a area elie in the Colombian Department of nes at of Peru) the oca is nearly as important as the pota ost ane center of oca See known to me is the village of “Cayo Cayo which i at the head of the Sandia ravine just ¢ of th end of Li Titicaca. From cae ~Cuyo, which is ae at an ais of 11, 500 feet in the bottom a a narrow, steep-w ae Qt daa or ee ancient terraces rise in series for ral thousand feet, making an impressive display on the precipitous tea. They noe that te valley has long been an important agricultural site. Today ocas are the principal crop grown on these pes 1 Around Bogota O-alis oe is a wipta, while in the Venezuelan high- lands of Merida the commonest name is INCAIC TERRACES ON THE MOUNTAINSIDE AT CUYO-CUYO These spree ee series of ancient terraces, in the Department of Puno, Peru (only a portion oe hich can be seen here), are used today, Hick as they were © onal, (oe e cultivation of the indigenous tuber plants as staple food 216 Oxalis tuberosa is an upright, ce. ee herb, more or less the size of a potato plant. The species is a ¢ of our weedy species of is, O 00 re ike them BREE reddish-colored stems. It has trifoliate leaves and orange-yellow flowers whose pet see are generally fine pa rplish lines. The plant does not a aed set seed, a characteristic not uncommon in ae Tong cultivated by m ° Thus like the potat ie oca is reprodu ced by mi of its tu ae TS, which are cut into aliens ce t the time of plantin i They average 2 to 3 inches long iu in inches in diameter, and are iyinanel to eeonae | in shape a . ae bifurcate. Scale leaves conceal the yes. Several varieties of oca are recognized by th sel dia ee form white nen called cyaya-oca, is used to a dried Ne common in the regions of the ALTIPLANO, u marked with or che ee OF swee OCA uae yellow to eens tuber: PEA-oca with grayish anes PAUCCAR and LLUCHCHO-OCA ie are vedidish. colored; and MESTIZA-OCA ate white ave Hill? notes that in Bolivia the color varieties are associated with floral differences, and ae yellow ocas a age ne : flowers; white ones, ate styled flowe and re is s pla anted at he cae o e rainy period. At Cuyo-Cuyo this r September , but elsewhere in the Andes planting pec interplanted o: ted in following years with potatoes, mellocos, or beans ie HABAS 8 (Vicia fa ba). When grown at lower elevations, as in Ecuador or Colombia, one often s S$ ocas “Bante a with m: rude hoe: with the preaitiee oe the ae are mature and e Indian families, from grandparents to chil- ry" 0 during April and May o-Cuyo harvesting the colorful crop. whol dren, are seen on the terraces at Cu 2 Hill, Arthur W. The Oca and its varieties. Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew. 169-173. 1939, CULTIVATING, HARVESTING, AND PREPARING THE OCA (On opposite page) gr isas oS at Cuyo-Cuyo, Peru. in the brook at C yo. ca tubers from which i ater immediately after they of oca Pans in cultivation ar Concepcién in Central Upper left: A oe oca plant (Oxalis tuberosa) growing in the Andes near Quito, : Di as CULTIVATING, HARVESTING, AND PREPARING THE OCA (For description see the opposite page) 218 The starchy oca tuber is typical of the genus Ovalis in ener crystals of calcium oxalate. These are especially abundan hk bitter variety, and their aa sine it see, to cure the tubers before they can be en. Mellowing is br aes aa by placing them in the sun ee ene days, after which the ocas, now sweet, may be eaten—either raw or, mo ore cerned Lae in stews e diet. Ocas placed in the s sun to dry to form a product called cavi, which is cooked slowly in a ae double boiler and afterwards eaten with honey or aay cane syrup as a dessert. Inasmuch as harvests come only once a year, the Indians of the high Andes must store their tuber crops ae a dessicated form called cuvfo, i i pi eres as spoiling. Chufio can be made by Bitter ocas earmarked for chufio are submerged in water immediatly after harvesting and are left there for three to four weeks, or until the eyes take on a purplish color. At Cuyo-Cuyo temporary pens ou en n. available for about a week, and during ne ae they receive a freering ee frost at net and drying by t nm during t the day. of t see dessicated product eee grayish-white in oe “Ch fio ae red for long periods, but like most dried foods it has to be ene eee in water before it can be cooked. Melloco, Rival of the Potato ext to ocas : importance are the tubers of Ullucus tuberosus. In certain areas, (notably the Departments of Narifio in Colombia and Cuzco in Peru) Ulucus is outranked as a crop plant only by the potato. The species goes under different names in various parts of the Andes, but one of the most common of these is MELLoco.3 3 Caldas modified the Quechua appe elation, ULLUCU, to give us the generic name, the names LISAs or PAPA AS are invariably a Nave AS and Rojas are the local names around Bogota while Pittier (in his “P. “Plat = Wetsles de ee states that in the Veneinclan: Andes near Merida the species is called ruBA or TIM THE MELLOCO AS IT GROWS AND IS HARVESTED IN SOUTH AMERICA Above: A young plant of melloco (Ullucus cele in an Indian a near oe The species was originally described from this part of Ecuador. Below: One of the forms of réjas or ces in the Bogoté market. 220 Melloco ee often look like small potatoes, and the casual observer in an Indian produce market might easily pass them up as just another : . a variety with magenta spots—common in Quito. The variants m ay be found in one of two general shapes: 1) as piece pons -like ioe plants of both the potato and oca, with which it is usually associated. The branches are Silay, ee a simple leaves broad and heart-shaped, ae the insignificant flowers are borne on axillary racemes. The melloco is popular with the highland Indians for several reasons. In the ae place, it is more resistant to frost than any other Andean tuber a Se econdly, any ane ao = a me yield in number of tubers plant is always fav me Tt does not seem to matter that tubers are Gai for serranos not eee ssed by “Tare mines tubers, such as potatoes and ocas ce in smaller quantity. Con pe their selection of even potato varieties, t ice eee is with those races which yield abundantly of small tubers typ t com: i the mark Tub f UW ave t nge of onan uses a! do potatoes, and like them they can be prepared as dessicated chutio, which in this species is known as LINGLI. In Quito I have also eaten the tubers sliced and prepared with vinegar in cucumber fashion An Edible Nasturtium Tuber The tubers of the afiu Rana ae those of Oxalis tuberosa. In fact, so mee alike can forms of these two tubers be with thei ir ne 2 yellowish coloring which is ones a with red, especially o margins of the eyes, that on one occasion I have had to plant a Ben one in order to be sure of its oo Ordinarily ae afiu tubers are ed more pia: than oca tubers. In the fresh state they give off a what disagreeable rue making it impossible to eat them raw, as is fe uo cera of the arieties. The sin to ae familiar garden nasturtium (Tropaeolum nee eens eae ae the Andes as its native home. In Indian elpie the two species are sometimes found growing together, one as a crop 4 The Quechua word afiu has the Nahas wage in southern Peru, but MASHUAR - the name encountered from central Peru uador ae southern Colombia. The mes APINA-MAMA (in Paucartambo and Ca le a nd safia (an Aymara appelation ee in the ‘Titicaca basin) are also used in Peru, tou infrequently. At Bogota the tubers are known as CUBIOS. 221 asa weed. And oe oe like the gardener’s favorite, tends to be a twiner, clambering and a ring itself on other vegetation by its tactile petioles, in this way covering ne e area = its growth with its tiny five-lobed green umbrellas. The orange-red to scarlet ae are smaller and less showy than those of the h et Troha: colt a afiu te s never been as important as the other pai as a cro plant. Nev files: its wee can usually be found in most An es real ae for ses n be — se ared in the usual boiled form to e as an occasional sie os a ps Tro ee sais serves ie highland folk more fee ei cee Indian wom Quito assured me ae us — tubers are — good - bad liver Padre Cobo ® state that the Indians ae that the tubers pee anti- roma lat beret when used as food. However, Garcilaso affirms BOVE- AND BELOW-GROUND PORTIONS OF THE ANU Left: Trailing tips of a young plant of amu (Tropaeolum pitas oe in the hi ghlands near Bogoté. Right: Characteristic tubers of afiu from Quit 5 Garcilaso de la Vega, Inca. Comentarios Reales. Lisbon, 6 Cobo, Fr. Bernabe. eee del Nuevo Mundo. Seville, oe 1893. 222 that Indian gallants could counteract oe influence by “holding a small stick in the hand while cating the tuber This magic property of a small. ee was apparently not known to te Teas soldiery who, according to were regularly fed this food during campaigns, on the Inca’s orders, : “that they might forget their womenfolk.’ Ancient History of the Trio riginal hor me of these three tubers appears to have been in the old is ar 1 vari gn aa a hee oe of native names are applied to the three species. Mor , it is this very region which has plied us with proof of their use in a Colbian ae for Andean ubers, like many other economic plants, served a ial motifs— s pic chiefly on pottery—for the people of the old highland Paes Among a race which left no written records, such pictograms have been our best i i e da Iso, fro: land sites, colored paintings are kno which appear to represent the otato, afiu, pen oca. Only pictures eh ihe melloco are lacking. From the highlands of southern Peru, pees Ea a their wild ancestors, oe cultivated range of the u, and melloc eda expanded northward. This Ree may i le ee i pre-Incaic time or it may ane ve coincided with the northerly extension of Inca arms and - pie? agricultural influence. At the time of, or very soon after, the Spanish Conquest the three plants were in cultiva- tion in the fertile ous highlands, northern bastion of the Inca Empire. However, the ancient Chibcha peoples of he northern es oc- m = S ° s > a Fh ea o L o 3 5 eo is) o a a =i = ° as a o i] 7 i=] highlands of Colombia and adj acent oe ea where they now are grown, apparently took place after the Conquest. What evidence is avai ‘abl e eee distribution of the cays in years Be acaar following the arrival of the Spaniards comes from tl writings e chroniclers. Ovalis, Ullucus, and — ae a in the jee : that order, which | is more or less the order of their importance as crops. Potatoes were mentioned dre by Oviedo in 1535 four years later Valverde writes of the oca as occurring in the region of Cuzco; while the melloco and fae do not — ae ea chr i 15827 when they were recorded from Cue n Ecuador ut indirect evidence of the tubers’ ee ema eerie is presented un- knowingly in the writings of certain individuals who traveled overland 7 This chronology is taken from Yacovleff, E. and F. L. Herrera. El Mundo Vegetal de los Antiguos Beane Rev. Museo Nac. 1935, Lima. i. nt Lani ‘_ Mi %, ‘ yee PRE-INCAIC PICTOGRAMS OF ANDEAN TUBEROUS PLANTS (Mustration from Yacovleff and Herrera, “El Mundo Vegetal de los Antiguos Peruanos’’) These early illustrations from Tiahvanaco, near Lake Titicaca, show that tuber plants were familiar to the ancient Andean peoples. Upper left: The potato (Solanum osum tuberosum). Upper right: Y: ff and Herrera have identified this design as repre- senting the melloco (Ullucus tuberosus). However, the leaves are not c s in lucus oto of living plant) and the present ter beli ore likely represents the potato. Lower left: The afiu (Tropaeolum autheane ), with it characteristic peltate leaves and conical tubers. Lower ri ht: The oca (Oxalis iuberos), with trifoliately compound leaves, schematic flowers, and ae yy tuber: from present-day Colombia to Peru. Cieza de Leon,’ writing in 1553 of a trip south through the Andes, ne A mention oe lly any of our trio of tubers oa after his arrival i However, near Ipiales (now on the Colombian- soon orean fron Ra ‘he records that the people grow abundance of pot: and ‘otras raizes’.” These “other roots’’ were h today a More specific data on distribution come not from the chroniclers but from Colombia’s famed patriot-botanist, Francisco Tosé de Caldas.® Being a Cieza de Leon, Pedro: Crénica General del Peru. eeu 1553. 9 Caldas, Francisco José de. El Semanario del Nuevo Reino de Granada. Bogota, 1808-1811. 223 MARK Left: At ee freshly dae oca tubers are ee in a man’s poncho or a woman’s LLYCLLA, pena carry-alls of the Peruvian Indians. Right: At Hoancayo j in Central Peru Indian women sell their tubers in nue famous Sunday market. native of Popayan in pacar era Caldas presumably was more than familiar with the op plan of his country, and especially with those er undescribed species, so gave it its present Dinca, Ullucus tuberosus. In commenting upon this species and Be its value to the ier ns of the Quito region, he lamented that it (as the afiu and oca, which were also popular in Ecuador) had not oe eae a his ene New. Granada (now Colombia). Thus, if we are to believe Caldas, our tubers S oe only as far as northern Ecuador by the end of the 18th hey deserve a far wider distribution, to this day ues have ee aes little beyond the region of their origin. We only speculate on how we might be using ae today, had. these three ses tubers been submitted to the widespread clvaton sa was accorded the potato, carried afar from the same native Andea Al the time of writing this article, Dr. Hodge was Visiting Professor on the Faculdad de Agronomia, Universidad Nacional de Colombia. § Plants and Plastics The Role of Plant Cellulose and Lignocellulose In the Development of the Plastics Industry By R. V. Williamson HEN, just 100 years ago, a practical method was discovered for m. eae cellulose nitrate by treating cotton with nitric and sulphuric acids, a plant product became one of the parents of pia stics industry. This start, He by Spee in Basle, ae erland, was followed by the epochal span 22 years later by an Amer n, John ae Hyatt, he combined cellulose nitrate with pila plat ea camp! hor-—and our modern plastics panes was bor att had produced aah we know as ce a : id. Growth and ae of our. modern plastics industry has continued from that day to this, at least from a practical standpoint, neat cee use of plants or plant products as esse ee sources of de- rivatives for, or physical components of, plastics ts astor oil, and is used in large quantities as upholstery for thea — and car seats. Pee aaa have been dev i in recent years, such as Ilulose tate, but e, propionate, and ethyl seliide, wich have indivi eee cae an a them valuable as plastics for specific in- ial uses such as steering wheels, instrument panel trim in automo- nee and for the ae film in safety glas Cotton, which is a rather pure form of ae is no longer the only source of cellulose for the production of cellulose plastics 5 have been developed for the production of high grade cellulose from many dif ferent plants and trees. The particular plant o r tree that may be used depends upon ‘many factors, such as convenience and ease of processing The author ts in charge of the Plastics and Building Materials Section, Aaa Residues Dicision, at the Northern Regional Research Laboratory, Peoria, Illinois, one of the laboratories of the Burcau of Agar aes Industrial Chemistry, oe tural Research Adminis- tration, U. S. Department of Agricultu 226 by present pulping methods, yield of cellulose, and the economics of col- lectng the raw material, manufacturing, and distributing the finished Thermoplas he ee ne aie Pet ane are classified under the general plastics classifica’ as TILERMOPLA‘ ae Thermoplastics are characterized by een fe he on so that they can be molded under heat and pressure, but they ise “ cooled below the eee ing point in the mold before the mold is opened and the specimen removed. Thermosetting Plastics A ma oe advance was made in the ea nee about 1909 when Dr. L. H. Baekeland discovered that a resin uct of phenol and oe when molded under heat and ee ce softened and then set to a hard, rigid condition in the hot mold, making it unnecessary to cool the mold before removing aa pao ee of this type are known in the industry as THERMO PL. cs. These resins could be eae nto attractiv ve transpar aun ar ticles ne were strong and durable, but rather exp In order to reduce the cost and increase the ae - ar posses OF ‘the new resin, experiments were conducted o e of the resin as a bi eae ie less expensive eaten oo again ae Bette came into the pic Phenol-formaldehyde-woodflour Molding Compounds mbinations of roughly equal parts of finely ground woods and phenol- d ae i ee production of th Ww ae but very little phenol ni time and importa production fro e ovens was expanded greatly. The plastics industry cea, pee Fae World es Ia ee 2 bas = saa ae ve War II molded plastics were in eviden and o} ay of phenol-form: maldehyde- cea hae is had | been “evloped a high degree by extensive research on both the resin and woodflo Bees the i possible product from these materials. Ph 14, Llshwa, ere | 7. oF fl Compounds Att ttempts s have been mde from time to fine in the past to use various agricultural residues, such as ground cornstalks, wheat straw, flax shiv and corncobs in place of woodflour | in phenol-formaldehyde plastics com: PHENOL ... FURFURAL ... FORMALDEHYDE Phenol is the technical term for the nes popularly known as carbolic id. Before being liquefied with w. it occurs as a colorless r ystalline compound. ne way om roducing it is by the ieiawe distillation of organic substances such as wood or coal 2. 5 Furfural is a colorless oily liquid, obtained in similar manner to phenol, by eee of such products as corncobs, bran, sugar, and wood. It is of p ‘or, Formaldehyde is a hae gas of unpleasant odor, familiar in the form of an aqueous sol Originally used chiefly as a preservative and disinfectant, today it ae ays an important part in the manufacture of synthetic resins pounds, but the properties of the resulting ae were inferior to those made with woodflour. The usual procedure was the substitution of the agricultural residue flour for the woodflour in a formulation that produced good results when _ was ae If ae aha were in- ferior, no speci ial. effo rt was ie o deter whether a for tion cou a = found that would tae aa penne with, ie eeataea esidue ee he oe Regional Research Laboratory at Peoria, orale was completed and research work started in the early months of 1941, of the many research projects of the Laboratory was a use of agricul residues in phenol- iene plastics eee unds. The experi- mental r ar ts soon showed a marked difference in ee of the different ceil residues when use a a the same resin binder. This was mae cially true of corncob flour, which appeared to be so worthle ess in the early experiments that it was abandoned for a time. Further study of the ade of different resins on the pro erties of ea ee residue compounds r ae in the production of corncob c uinds with strength properties only superior to other aie ae compounds, but super es to woodflour compounds. The amount of a ee used in general eties molding com- pounds ranges from 47 to 50%. Therefore, a serie . compounds was prepared with six Hee puna residues and 47. of a resin that produced a a vie rncob flour. Molded sp ecimens | - om these The results o pen tests are shown in Table ee S.T.M (American Society for Testing Materials) speck tions: or general- purpose woodflour phenolic plastics are shown for compariso 228 ee I—Properties of compositions with a phenol-formaldehyde resin content of 47.2% and o agricultural residue content of 50% plus 2.8% of dye, lubricant, and catalys Flexural Tensile Water Agricultural residue strength strength absorption® Psi Psi Percent AS.T.M. specifications for general-purpose woodflour phenolics 9,000 7,000 0.80 Corncob 11,990 10,240 0.49 Wheat straw 10,450 9,080 0.42 Peanut shell J0,200 9,320 0.35 Hemp hurd 9,680 é 0.37 lax shive 9,530 8,730 0.36 Corn stow 9,570 7,600 0.69 a Pounds per square inch. b Twenty-four-hour immersion at 70° F. The results in Table I show that all of the agricultural iain aie d can be used to produce Hette which meet general purpose speci ons. Considerable difference is shown by the diffe aa agriclaral re resi sds . strength properties, erobably due to small amounts h f the peanut shell, h , and flax shive compounds, which show relatively low water oe The relatively high water absorption of the corn stover oud is s pro oba ane os result of the leaves on the cornstalks, eee a various exper s have shown that the leafy portions of oe behave Ae Anas in ee com- pounds from the stem, stalk, or trunk. The war emerge ney prev sates a ape detailed study of the causes of variations in properties of differen Pe a ural residues in eee cs, as pied had to be directed toward producing plastics with a lower phenol- formaldehyde resin content because of the possible shortage of onal and si de. nol-formaldehyde resin content of molding compounds cannot be ee materially by replacing it with an agricultural resi sae ue flour, because molding properties, strength, and ce eae ea ion are not sa nae compounds. Theref sea made oa do organic or inorganic materials that could be eater a the phenol resin and still meet the specifications for general purpos e molding co ounds. The various residues did not give best results in Bee ics eae compounds by simply substituting one oe for another in otherwise the same formulation. However, it was possible to are compounds with only 25% pro: sed, which met the specifications for water ener and gensile and fel strengths in the case of each residue that was used. 229 Table I] shows the results obtained with seven different agricultural residue compounds. Each c ompound contained 50% eercanals residue flour, 25% phenol-formaldehyde resin with organic and inor aes eX- tenders for the resin, plus dye and lubricant, in some cases. The positions other than residue a resin are shown in pares to the able TABLE I1—Properties of compositions with a phenol-formaldehyde content of 25%, an ie residue content of 50%, plus organic or inorganic extenders, dye, ‘ant. lubric: Flexural Tensile Water Agricultural residues strength strength absorption Psi Pisa Percent Minimum A.S.T.M. ere for general purpose woodflour nolic 9,000 7,000 0.80 Corncob? 13,100 9,700 0.60 Wheat straw? 10,420 8,100 0.48 Peanut. shelle 9,29 7,180 0.69 Hemp hurdé¢ 10,840 8,350 0.57 FI. ived 9,500 8,200 0.54 Corn stover? 10,580 7,090 0.62 Rice ee 0,800 7,140 43 ¢ Pounds per square > 20. Vinsol, 2. 21% ae chalk, 2.0% Dies dye, a zinc stearate. €22,5% pre ecipitated chalk, 2.0% black dye, 05 % zinc steara 435.0% precipitated chalk, 10% titanium dioxide. Ac rison of the results in Table II with pias in Table I shows that the Eee - the 25% resin compounds i in ae II is superior in some cases to that of the 47% compounds in Table I, and all of the ve resin compo} rae meet the minimum specifications ee general p woodflour phenolics. These results show clearly that eat ne can be used to produce high ae plastics when properly formulated. Plastics Based on the Natural Constituents of Plants ants are eee primarily of three constituents: cellulose, hemi- cellulose, and ligni Cellulose is composed of chains of molecules with six carbon atoms. simple sugar, glucose, also having six carbon atoms. Glucose may be re- acted with phenol and other oe to form resins, which have poten- tialities for plastics production. , Although no industrial plastics process based on these reactions has been dlrs ellulose is, as previously stated, Gide @ used in plastics in the form a nitrates, acetates, and butyrates. Hemicellulose contains pentosans, or five-carbon compounds, that may be converted to ae ] the action of dilute i Furfural may be react phenol and other materials to pro resins suitable for ed with oduc plastics production, a plastics molding eer of this type are in commercial production 230 Lignin is considered to be the pian aie ae cements the cellulose fibers together to form the plant structu Ligni a — ie the other plant constituents by several different eth It may be solved and separated in the form of a solution, ae the cellulose as a fibrous residue, as is done in the Race ins of paper pu ae or the cel- lufose may be dissolved and se aa in the form of a glucose solution, leaving the lignin as a gran nular residue. The properties of ligni n depend inferior and no industrial process has been developed so far in which oe lignin i is used as the sole binder in plastics compounds. Scientists have pee ee the possibilities of lignin plastics - many years because natu seas! ae evidence ie a can be used with other plant poieee o produce a wide of plants, including trees, which may be use He as co prince t ae : a ce many ways t thi fibers so that the material could = molded into satisfactory products without the addition of other binder In 1925 W. H. Mas ere that heating wood chips for a short time under high- ae steam, and then — Kees the pressure of the steam, caused the chips to explode a fine fibers = could be suoueea under heat and pressure he strong sheet o board. In recent years, improvements in . ee been made so that boards 4 fet wide and . ae mg can be molded to produce a bla “ strong, high-gloss, water-res roduct. Other simple shapes such a rods and bars can te molded, ae ihe peadul does not have sufficient Pere c fae to produce i tricate mold d objects t { the process is that when the wood explodes the fiber bundles separate at the lignin bonded surface. When these fiber bundles are molded under heat and a anes they are welded together again through the lignin bond. The high- ee sure steam treatment ie converts some of the materials in the wood t water-soluble produc These products are removed in the sens process with the ee that a more water-resistant product is produced. The Forest Products araron at Madison, oe ~ pe SGasiienitle research on the hydrolysis of wood at moderate stea sures, in the ie of water alone, water and a small amount of ae acid, and water and an ae oe ak with ie aa washing operations, removes water-soluble materials and produces a product with increased concentration of lignin. in aniline hydrolysis, a ee sibility exists for a reaction between the aniline and lignin and the aniline and aes producing pentosans. The hydrolyzed wood products can be used i 231 plastics with a reduced resin content. A paper mill is producing lignin- enriched wood pulp in sheet form, which when laminated under heat and cts. Agricultural Byproducts Laboratory at Ames, Jowa, carried out a research project on agricultural residues pe to that of the Forest oduc’ ory on wood. Asa work, plastics meidiee compounds are being produced commercially by a modified process ie sugar-cane eee which is the crushed, ae sugar-cane waste fro the sugar Thr aa aa saa is mies eee in regard to the ee of different plants and different parts of the same plant in plastics. Though we can not yet t de ren Uae a chemical analysis all of the posite of a plant in plastics, we can determine some of the possibilities Table WI shows the ek of several agricultural residues with respect to ash, lignin, and pent TABLE IJI—Ash, lignin, and pentosan content of several sa residues. Agricultural residue Ligi Pentosans ae ei Percent Corn stover 8.11 12,60 25.95 Cornstalks 411 15.65 24.36 ‘orncob: 1.67 12.48 38.90 Wheat straw 8.94 14.69 31.20 0 5.05 17,40 30.20 Rye straw 4.51 16.38 30.70 Flax shives 3.89 24.93 26.60 Bagasse 3.00 20.50 26.60 Tobacco stalks 10.20 13.68 19,80 An examination of Table IIT shows that corncobs are Seema al pentosan content, which is just about double that of tobacco stalks. tosans are the raw materials for furfural manufacture, and fu ae i is t i r plasti y- The Northern andar area nein has ane a Sad process for converting corncobs alcohol, furfural, and | one ton of corncobs ee 40 one ns Lae ol, 300 anes “ot furfural, and 300 pounds of lignin aoe rate oi ced. Indus- trial uses for alcohol and paces are already - ae research is under way to find new and more e ae ae uses as lignin. If this process is successful on an ren scale, the common corncob will attain new importance as an industrial raw material 232 The ideal goal for the use of phase crops is to find profitable use for the whole plant instead of o utilization. of the flax The s d. The layer of the straw he fine paper ae raw residue straw is run ee machines which remove the s used fo » a=) ° 4 Ss 3 fe) Ph ma na a a p ort ee gel cture of ‘igure an ives, can be used to pro other high grade poste as ee by the Bee ene at the coe eal Laboratory. wledge accumulates through research, we may confidently expect to | Denil crops, which in turn will place uses for the whole plant in cases o il an even greater al Exhibit of Bessa Flower Paintings RING the 18th and early 19th centuries, yer of distant regions, U pa Bana plants a to men and women ands were initiated and many bool descriptions of exotic ani of flower painting reached its zenith. for hortic of cultu In France, one of the leading wo: this i was the “Hackioe Conor de ma lA r,’ begun about 1810 by Mor- dant aay and continued later by Loiselew slongchamps. Until 1827, the paintings illustrating these volumes were ade by ace Bessa, pupil and asso ciate té, renowned painter of Tose S. The uae made for this work, r Tr ee Garden, Paulo Campos-Porto, whose possession they have been since 1922. The New York Botanical Garden present the first public exhibition of the d ornamental plants. ultural tre of paramount ure in Europe. "8 edit ond to ee ks and periodicals were devoted to During this period 7 art paintings in rth America. Opening with the Menbes Day program of Oct. 2, the exhibit will continue for six weeks, One hundred pain be wn some of ter ‘reproductions wh : are in the we tanical Gar a library ; also pages from the original te: and oter materials of "historical oe The paintings were originally made by order of Charles X of Fran d di presented to his daug! enue, the Duchess of Berry, as a New Year's gift in 18 Duchess, who was the patromess of the artist, was the sister of Ter Cristina, second impress of aL and it was with her that the Bessa cainting s, along with 60 creme a nee reached the New World a 233 NOTICES AND REVIEWS OF RECENT BOOKS The Story of the Quinine ik FEVER BARK TR) a L. goles Doubleday & N. ¥. 1946. " 5 pages. co Inc. Garden City, old, is and its relation T a tale of nishe - pees itself to be rid this dread 1 Duran-Reynals has for fiction; she quite t the facts ‘the ae lon; fortunate to have an author able to bring the tale together in a highly readable manner. The story begins not in the beginning, for that is shrouded i King of donia, who — qui mistakably—died of malaria and so los the worl ich his genius had conquered. The story ends with the present and t proble sient s—the stag- gering problem of m: ig effective anti- malarial s ‘abstances ae to the ines hundred million people who today s from this debilitating and dread disease greater concern will “The Botanical Institute of the Kingdom of Granada” (Chapter vit) wherein is given an account of the tri: ials is, who labore is now Colombia and w! ee a= called me Beier a “American . the ies of rt are told And through it all—as a throbbir ing and insistent jungle drum—will run the sorry history of gov- freee red-tape and official indif- the end of the book also bin millions of poor de vils rotte id died in he pestilential fever areas gusta the world, L world ie —for example antations : Cinchona abollte Shee they we: sufficiently profitable beca ue the Dutch were growing the more profitable alisaya and Ledgeriana in Java. Thus the estab d and successful Indian plantations of the red-bark fever tree were cea in spite of the fact ie n that ul an was even then well know it a made yu! te) siderably less cost than that of the single alkaloid quinine. ver ois vee gentlemen in the Kina for somehow Bur had been convinced: that only cn ity bn alkaloids was effective— ely, It i 4 BL g 2a z! t which happened to produce this particular alkaloid : much greater abundance than the other: you oe to read of this aed fe) at the apte: same ane Pty betwee the tine in the light of present political conditions in ‘E2¢ ASE the pee -Malayasian region, If you the other only e had foe gui This re- r half-living souls who malaria—you probably Nill realize what this is all about. iewer does. rally, in book of this type— =} ao en to ch- nical phases of Cinchona. ere is no reformer with an axe to grind, but a historian giving us the facts in a straight- Bobbink & Atkins NURSERYMEN AND PLANTSMEN Most of the unusual Roses, Trees and Shrubs not planes oS will be found - ie Ss & 8 oo Establishment nnals - of Aime: rican Teale Visitors Always Welcome Catalogue Upon Request Bobbink & Atkins Paterson Ave., E. Rutherford, N. J. s d besides, it is in- herefore will be forward manner. a written us concerne a the problem. And this is as it shou! be. W. H. Camp, een Essenti HOSPHATES AND SUPERPHOS- . Gray. 416 pages, in- Interscience Publishing Co. York. Second edition, ATE. dexed. New $7. Concerned with phosphates for agri- ee pares this book first covers briefl Ae he history of the phosphate in- dustr ach p rodicing country. Results of the ener analysis = the aks ae et rocks a Ss ma 7 a og Ge reserves, mp and phosphoric acid. The he b O Wi -wide picture o agricultural essential. . W. KavanacH. isu aneey NCE, Edited by S00, pages, illustra- Dublications. ait ‘Caroli lina, pel $3. Under the title “Studies in Sci ee Rate of North Car ‘olina has | ie sesquicentennial pub- Mitchell Scientific Society and ished in the Journal of the y F, ander Nutritional st lies a representatives of e gen n the Saprolegnia ae Wi ffen; and Revision aE he genus Coleomyces, parasitic in insect larvae— ae N. D J. an 235 Notes, News, and Comment Staff. Robert S. de Ropp has been ap- pointed to ue scientific staft of the New York Botanical Garden as sistant As: Curator, to: toe rk on growth problems in the Regia for ay physiology. He beg: eae the gies ndor a Bachelor of oe denies Dr. de opp nantes iy Ph.D. Eats there in 1940. H Re D mperial College of Science ae Pechnoloay of London, African Collections. Plants collected for the Garden ar Leonard J. Brass on the nay and Expedition num- bered 3,621 chests: i July 10, after six i di n £0) ha. Agee amounted t clu d- ing about 100 aie cryptogame. Ten days a he wrote that the number had reached Meanwhile, the mammals collected b members of the part totaled 901 ecimel £ 57 species. Col- lecting has been done chiefly on Zomba Plateau, Mlanje Mountain, and Chambe Peak, for which t depot in ia Gorge was used as the base Lectures. The Lutheran eae Asso- ciation of New York Cit: — by Dr. Harold N olden ing a a me ing at the ee June 22 on “Plaats of the Bible.” At Villa Rosa, the home of Mrs. W. m a Newport, R. I., Dr. Saale the New- ie Lake and Vale Garden Club o: pone n, N, Y., w A ffili = et the Botanical Garde . wa show den’s full-length film in B. Sto uly 8 Anot! liat the Millbrook Garden Club, of which Mr. and Mrs. Joseph R. Swan are mem- bers, heard a talk by Dr. Stout Aug. 15 on “Lil for Garden Beauty.” The meeting was at the home of Mrs. Charles C. Townsend at Claremont, N. oa ’s short motion Pictu e film n by wae yee Public School No. 35 of a ie ion a 21, oie a visit to the ‘ose conse vatory. Visitors. Among the ae a to the Garden was Dr. Nor W. Peis teacher of horticulture at Midland Ache corte oe in England. ue Tarver s also e to Hamilton, Mr. Laking a de of Ontario ‘Agricultural Cae and ae pecent years he has worked at Kew Others visitors of recent weeks have eae Richard A. aioe of = Gra lic; Rev. John A. Blatchford, tn AETNA PHOTO ENGRAVING CO., INC. 305 EAST 47th STREET YORK 17, N. Y. MAKERS OF PRINTING PLATES PROCESS BENDAY LINE & HALFTONE George College, Kingston, Tee Rafael A. Toro, head of the Biology Departme yaguez, ae Rico, . Yang of the National: “Medial Col. leg ein Sha nghai, China; Noél Robertson ae the Bet Colonial Seuie: W. V. #H. Berry, Florida Southern College at Lake- land; Robert K. Zuck, Biology Depart- me Drew University ; Elbert L. Little, U.S. Forest Service; Rolf et Hat rlow Herbarium os eee Clausen, Cornell; Robert Hulbary, Catambi: Lazella bchwvarten, " Librarian he A! nald F. a - a 2 a : Si Co., Weiser Park, Pa.; and D Mrs Charles Thom, Po se , Long Island. In addition, present and former residents of Honolulu ats have lately been visitors at the ate include Mrs. J. P. Morgan and her daughter, J. SEED COLLECTORS We are interested in purchasing Tree—Shrub—Perennial Seeds Correspondence invited HERBST BROTHERS 92 Warren St. New York 7, N. Y¥. Patricia Morgan (Mrs. Eric) Swenson, oer Sumner, and oe Cassidy, of Ca mbridge, Mas: ond Arbore vate arboretum of New York ce Senate esmond ‘bl Newbur; obtained from Senator Desmond at 94 Broadway, Newburgh, N. Y., or from the arboretum superintendent, ‘Rudolph M. Nocker. The wher is to include all native eee ie and shrubs which may prove hardy in the Newburgh cli- hy eign trees and shrubs. started in 1939, now contains 499 spec Herbarium Gift En EN hundred specimens of epee a were collected half a cen- the estate of William Rocke- eller, “north Tan en cowe have w York Botanical Garde This a le “herbaria im, neatly bug face oe d ae tl metal ca ae more than san Most of the common species ot pes th wildflowers native to the region are there, s the fam ds, with th as well a: ilia: s, h the exceptio: “of two whic are com- nm but which perhaps had not yet in- vaded t hes e Hieractum apparently all den interesting group of specimens show: igs of trees and shrubs in winter condition: collected in the early part of 1896. About 20 years ago this private herbar- ium came into the asean of Crosby aige, eel producer, author and Tr, hae ae speci out : sp ene Bees of his in- covers. This terest in Ho ipaeay he made the New York eno cal Garden a gift of the collec! THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN fficer: R. Swan, Pre HENRY DE LA MontTacn_e, Secretar: lective Managers WILLIAM FELTON BARRETT Mrs. a Huntineton Francis E, Powetu, Jr. Howarp BAYNE Hoo: Mrs. Haron I. Pratt Enowin De T, BecHTeL ae “Ataexs D. pee WILLIAM J. Ropsins Henry F. pu Po: CLARENCE Me K. Lewis A. Percy SAUNDERS MARSHALL FIELD Rev. Rosert J. Gannon, mee ee Labels J. Roserr H. ie ae oe STILLMAN Cuartes B. Harpinc H. Hopart Porter y J. WEINBERG cia ed Managers Wittiam O'D Mayor of the City of New York ANpbREW G, Cuavsex, Te aro of the Board of Education OBERT Moses, Park Commtissioner Appointive Managers By the Torrey Botanical Club H. A. Gieason By Columbia University Marston T. Bocerr Marcus M. RuoapEs Cuaries W. BaLrarp Sam F, TRELEASE THE STAFF Wi.uraM J. Rossins, Pu.D., Sc.D. H. A. Greason, Pu.D. Assistant Director and Cas : or Henry pe LA MontTAGNE aie Director Frep J. Seaver, Pu.D., Sc.D. ead Curator A. B. Stout, Px.D. Curator of Education eat Tahordlones ERNARD O. Dover, Px.D. Plant Pathologis H. W. Rickert, Pa.D. bliographer AS H. Everert, N.D. Horr. orticulturist ASSETT Macuire, Pu.D. rane Tarotp N. Mos, Pa.D Assoc: ator W. H. Ca PH ae Curator J. ALEXANDER, B iS. Assistant Curator and Curator of the pe Herbarium E. Naytor, Pw. ant Curator . W. Kavanacu, Pe. pps Curator ‘OBERT S, ee Rorp, Px.D., DLC. Assistant Curator ELMA Kogan, B.S, Technical Assistant OSALIE Wetreer Technical Assistant toa McVeicu, Pux.D. Technical Assistant RY Stepsins, M.A. Technical ae SLI C. Hatt, A.B.. B.S. ib: in >AROL ‘oopwarp, A.B. f the Tot nal x. L. Wittrock, A.M. no the Herbarium TTO DEGENER, ne Cc ollaborator 1 in Hes atian Bota cL N. Mitcw rapher oHN HENDLEY ere A.M., M.D. Bibliographer Emeritus 4. J. Grout, Px.D. orary Curator of eae nEz M. Harinc Assistant ee ry Curator of Mos. JosepH F. Burke Honorary Sas ies of the Dintomaceae . A. Kruxorr Hon orary Cur of Econom ¢ Botan ny “THEL ANSON S. PeckHamM A.C. PFANDER Atte of patie and Grounds To reach the Botanical Garden, take the Independent Subway to Bedford Park Boulevard station; use the Bedford Park Boulevard exit and walk east. Or take the Third Avenue Elevated to the Botanical Garden or the 200th Street station, the New York Central to the Botanical Garden station, or the Webster Avenue surface car to Bedford Park Boulevard. THE CORPORATION OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN abe New York Botanical Garden the State of ven: York in 1891, was incorporated by a a gells perpetuating body of incorpotators, who meet annuall Man. ne’ mbers of their own bod They also elect ane aha low. The Advisory Mrs. Elon Huntin airm: b Secretary; and Mrs. F. Arthur M. Andersor Mrs. Arthur M. Anderson Hen: Sherman Baldwin William Felton Barre’ Mr. Prof. L Sone Bonisteel George P. Br ret Mrs. Richard de Wolfe Brixey Dr. Nicholas M. But! Mrs. Andre ~ Miss Mabel Choa Miss E. Mabel Clark - Coe Mrs. Jerome W. Coombs Mrs. Henry S. Fenimore Cooper Mrs. William Redmond Cross M I. DeBe & S Mrs. John W. Draper Pon Mrs. Moses W. Faitoute Marshall Field William B. O. Field Mrs. Robert H. Fife Mrs. H. enry J. Fisher Harry Harkness Flagler Council consists of 12 or more custom, they are er elected) ae nee ee Hool Nelson B. oWiitnnee ae ae Mr. onard Kellogg, Treasure e-Chairman ny eae Mrs. Mortimer J. Fox Childs Frick Rev. Robert I. Gannon, S.J. . Gleason Mrs. ee Mrs. William F. Pierre MacDougal Mrs. David Ives Mackie Mr: Edward Manville John L. Merri Roswell Miller, Jr. Mrs. Roswell Miller, Ke Mrs. Roswell Miller S. P. Miller Mrs. William H. Moore B. Y. Morrison Mrs. Augustus G. Paine Mrs. James Rufus L. Patterson R. Parsons women Officers are: Willia: ; Mrs. To) sameerel Sc ne e present roster of which who are elected by the Board. B Me Roberts Wot, face Chairman; d Vice: . Correspondin Mrs. Wheeler H. Peckham org, Perki Lady ee Stanley G. Ran Johnston L. Redmond Ogden Mills Rei 5 be a Mrs. Melvin E. Sawin John M. Schiff irs. Henry F. Schwarz a thur S. Vernay Mrs. Ant Manfred Wa a rafters wees JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN ee es eS Foss ieee ead VoL. 47 O C T 0) B E R Paces 237-260 IN TWO SECTIONS No. 562 19 4 6 SEcTION ONE JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN Caro, H. Woopwarp, Editor EVENTS—OCTOBER AND EARLY NOVEMBER 1946 Chrysanthemum Show and Program October 25 11 a.m—Inspection of outdoor planti 2 p.m.—tInspection of c competitive exhibits the ar 2:30 p.m.—Address on “Chrysanthemum Brecling’ L. Emsweller 3:15 p.m.—Clinic on chrysanthemum culture and eaneesl bi diseases and pests 4:15 p.m.—Dedication of new chrysanthemum to Mary MacArthur 4:30 p.m—Tea for members October 25 and 27 Indoor displays open in Museum Building 10 a.m. to § p.m. Outdoor chrysanthemum displays on view 10 a.m. to 6:30 P. m. bias Day Progra: i—“The Compleat a Exhibit of co petri oe and herbals with address by Albert E. Lownes ota! A ftern rogram. Oct. 19—Wild Flowers ee the (ates Hills Harel N. Moldenke sociate Curator Oct. ee Gift of Green new motion ees in sound and color. Nov. ee Coloratio A. B. Stout Curator of Education & Laboratories Nov. 9—Gardens of Canada Dorothea G. Norton Canadian ae Nov. 16—Tkhe Art of Paper-Making dem ae en and exhibit of hand-made paper and its method of manufactu Harrison Elliott Stevens-Nelson Paper Company Radio Programs Oct. 16—Suitable Trees for the Home Grounds J. H. Beale Boyce Thompson pares Oct. 30—Planning a Woodland Garden for next Spring Helen Hull Garden Consultant and SWaiter Nov. 13—Books for the Gardener’s Pleasure 0 er, Jr. nm L. Member of the New York Botanical “Garde en TABLE OF CONTENTS October 1946 Lonpon Sete In AUTUMN Cover he From a pencil drawing by William . een in an exhibit in the Mus A Fonest Loven IN THE CARIBBEE ae elen of the West Indi J. S. Beard 237 THE Orrtcica 8 OF bee ie ae OIL FROMITS SEEDS George S. Jamieson 243 Lesion NEMA’ aa on Ri oe OF JAPANESE IRIs B. O. Dodge 246 ExpLoRraTION-—-THE Pro AND THE tee n the Revace of TBO cal Explor E. J. Alexander 248 On the adage oe ply in the “Hetbarom . H. Camp 250 BROADCAST—SIXTEEN CEN ae ee William H. Ukers 252 OTICES AND Revawe OF Recean Boo 256 Notes, News, AND COMMENT 258 ie Journal is published monthly by The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New York 58, ™ ae in - S. A. Entered as Second Class Matter, January 28, 1936, at the Post "Oies a pares ork, N, Y., under the Act of August 24, 1912. Annual subscription $1. 50. Single copies 15 cents. JOURNAL f THE NEW YorkK BOTANICAL GARDEN Voi. 47 Ocroser 1946 No. 562 cA Forest-Lover in the Caribbee Islands V. The Helen of the West Indies By J. S. Beard IE somewhat pretentious title of “Helen of the West Indies” is one which the inhabitants of St. Lucia, second largest of a British Wind- ward Islands, like to claim for their island, because she was fought over so bitterly during the eighteenth century struggles of oe fae English. uci next island always the great French stronghold. In taking St. Luc Pees the length. Thu s St tea did chan: ands many times. The island was finally made over to Britain by the Te aty of Paris of 1814, but before that date it had been predominantly in French occupation and had acquired a French character which persists to this day. All place names on the island are French, old French law is still in force, and the current language is creole French, many country people having no English at all. All local D me o nich, and to of Franc will seem very odd: for this PaTors, as it is is called, is not just a French h a language pounded of a French vocabulary and a West African syntax, a rathe interesting hybrid tongue. To a Frenchman | may be familiar, but not the construction. It is very difficult to believe from the St. Lucia of today that the island was ever so bitterly contested. The greater bulk of the au of St. Lucia are extremely uae including the worst soils in the Lesser Antilles. Accordingly there are few stretches of the island ie are ae ly cultivated, most - the land being covered with a dreary and monotonous secondary bush in which the peasantry periodically ee Gaal patches 237 St. Lucia’s Petit Piton towers straight up from the sea over Soufriére Bay. and plant food gardens. This lack of agricultural productivity has naturally sunk the island in a depressing poverty. Scenically St. Lucia is quite attractive. Twenty-five miles long and twelve ae it is covered with low mountains not exceeding 1,600 feet in altitude for the most part. These are geologica ally old, and the original volcanoes have been so worn away that their hard basaltic cores now project as Eee eae ee pee = peak . hein PITON locally i cha The thei necting ridges are divided : ie and ae cut ee mith See oa at their mouths. The southwestern corner of the ae chiar the town of Soufriére, is Se younger and contain striking are including Gimie (3,145 feet) the tee ‘ oP of this he Sul ena (a solfatara) and the famous Gros Piton and Pati Piton. These t i i wri On such slopes one does not expect to find a very t r dense tree growth. The forest is, actually, of a dry” type about 20 fet high with 239 many deciduous species. Lonchocarpus iene a is dom- inant, wi he red-trunked Bursera OMMIER MAUDIT), Cedrela mexicana (ACAJOU ROUGE or ae se pes prickly Fagara Moka iae (V’SPINEUX), blue-flowered Cornutia pyramidata (BOIS ASSAVE), and Coccoloba Le (RAISINIER or wild grape). Coccoloba diversifolia. becomes dominant at the summit of the Eros Piton. Cloud conditions here make Sees very high, and the woodland features an aaaanie abundance of epi Lhe Galen Anthurium Hook On rock: er y places on the slopes there i nteresting ground layer . na rest. - e surfaces of th e bou ders are ae nsly covered ae mats of a eperomia, a white- oe orchid ( ooo ciliare), moss, ferns, a large bromeliad, and t pecies of ee m. The association o such a hygrophilous aaa ne with a dry ty oe overwood i us one. Botanical ae show that Juniperus bailed: has bee seallected on the Pitons but the writer has not been able to find it. This is the sole oe pre of this species in the Lesser Antilles, for it is now extinct in Barbados There is an interesting vegetation around the aaa ae since only special plants can withstand the poisonous sulphurous gas off. Closest to the fumaroles appear catend tufts of the aa ia Pit cairnia alate ia and the sedge Cyperus ligularis growing in and yellow stratum of rock rotted soft by the gases. Slightly fae an tate es of Clusia alba ae C. Plukenetii ies their deep green leaves and pretty flowers. aa around the perimeter are densely covered with ferns of several sp To find virgin rain forests one must, as in all these islands, penetrate the somewhat sea interior. About 15,000 acres ie the interior remain unsold for agriculture and in theo ios now constitute a Forest Re- serve. Uatoun unately, only about a third the area ee re n legally conse? ane there is ae uate control over the remai ee. so that ti e done by the shifting prea About 10,000 acres carry y good aly rain ages me of it, in the most inac- cessible parts, absolutely v Ther one eae Forest Reserve drive of five miles over a very bad road, setting one down at saan schoolhouse on the very oie ie the forest. From here the old Fre road across the island may be followed on foot, for it is only a bridle ae through the forest round the slopes of Piton ps The southern block of forest may be entered w modern road crosses the Barre de I’Ile or neues watrshed Che a 200 feet ae tion). In both directions, north and south, ack follows the top of the ridge and one soon arrives in virgin foes of Ge Licania type which has 240 The southward trail many a steep climb over Piton not known the axe. of the forest. A more Paes oe continues for miles into the dep difficult but more interesting lies up the Roseau river. If the course of this Pee be followed, man’s disturbances are in due time left behind and the river is seen in the best of its wild beauty between eres forested banks. One of the ater river bank trees is an endemic of St. Lucia, Chrysochlamys caribaea (BOIS MANGLE), a stilt-rooted tree at the family a While not ae beautiful, it is interesting as a botanical hird approach to - forests is by way of the bridle bees crossing ie ee from Micoud to Soufriére. It involves a walk of twelve miles along a i aa ack and : is advi to stop en route at ie res t rest t at Quilesse. Actually there is Pauw little virgin aS to see on sh h vi this route because of past depredat ms of the hifti ting c cultiv eae of St Lucia, deep, porous a ‘Dacryodes- -Sloanea as soci vi n least favourable sites, exposed t ith compact, badly aerated red cl il, the Licania-Oxythece association is found. in intermediate sites, of course a Seeias te, tl floras mingle, conditions. ma ting out a more extre: Both types for ue ne rain ae 90 to 100 or more ee tall. The Licania type gives wded impre: ae an is less rich in epiphytes, but apart t from aor the raftecncs are qui In the Dacryodes-Sloanea ee the chief dominant is Dacryodes ee (GOMMIER), see followed ee dae caribaea (c aaeng ae i Sterculia caribaea (MAHOT COCHON). Others less common RR this series of agrneee of the Lesser Antilles eae will already be very familiar with the resin- pec eae an e heavily ee Sloanea. Sterculia caribae whose ee ue a useful fibre cordage. The other fn men hea are oe timber trees. ae is ee a rai pee tree ne showy flowers—huge, white, magnolia- di rarely’ sees fa t fa 4 how off to bes Av but smaller tree a forest is Tapura pes a ey with a tobed and fluted he The palm Euterpe globosa- ( eae bie, he bulk of the lower storey pee with | stilt ted mita Recs (PALETUVIER) and Swartzia caribaea (CASSE Ther are numerous big- leaved Males pial to aan Phiodoudeon and Carludovica. rchid e Li icania- fn yied ce hg ee is quite differently composed. Euter a globosa is still often very common in the lower layer and so is Tovomita, 241 i several ie ee trees og! ues them. The chief dominan’ now Licania ternaten. MAS. Ss (BO: sE) and Oxythece pallida Ca aa. ane is sill “fairly common but Sloanea almost disappears. icinia nor Oxythece yields timber of any value 'ypical associated re ts in eee Protium attenuatum (L’ENCENS), Ternstroemia olig (MERISE), Micropholis chrysophylloides phylio (FEUILLE DOREE), “Manilbara eer (Batata) and Guatteria caribaea (CoROSSOL MARRON). Of these eight iat mentioned, two secrete an aromatic gum and three a latex. r Dac ae itself thes: peculiarities are uncommon in the ae feed Epiphytic vegetation is scarce but includes the unusual climbing fern Blechnum volubile. A 6 The dense growth of giant epiphytes, mostly Anthurium Hookeri, at the base of Gr Piton is shown at the left. Beside it is a boiling mud pool, surrounded by bare ihe encrusted a which forms part of the Sulphur Springs. At the top is a sad sight all too common in the interior—forest destroyed by peasantry for vegetable gardens. rain forest high up o peas Dominant ae are ete oligantha and Micropholis Re shellodee with Anthurium on the und, species of Smilax is among the common lianes and trails its prickly tendrils ae es a to the peril of the bare-legged intruder. Its patois name po ome in ears ing rare plants in ve St. Lucia forests besides the Chryso- chlamys along rivers include the tree Dussia martini ace (POMMIER), sole species of an aml “anil eae and the shrub Exostemma paca Luciae (QU Ors) wi huge heads of purple flowers most fuel a ae eee is pel locally as a febrifuge. There es a Saal ae palm, an Aiphanes, which is probably endemic but so far undescribed, and two new paca recently collected He the writer, Miconia lnciona, Case and Licania oligantha A. C. Sm The latter becomes ee : in the dwarfed rain forest at ae tops of oe and high ridges, as oa mple at the top of La Sor The St. Lucia ae has been relatively hay ihead and undoubtedly a number o novelties still await discovery. 243 The Oiticica Tree of Brazil And the Oil from its Seeds By George S. Jamieson NE of the South ets trees most recently to be exploited is the amieson, the country’s authority on oil-producing plants and their roducts, here tells bik the story of the oiticica tree and its useful a ‘bearing seeds—C. H. W. HE OITICICA TREE, which is indigenous to the interior region of northern Brazil, is a tropical member of the Rose family, cass as Licani id ge numbers e trees are growi: ild in the states of Ceara, Piaui, Paraiba, and Rio Gra do Norte—that is, eral the “ ” of hich pushes eastward into ic. The most extensive sta nds of them are along the banks of the Jaguaribe and Acarahti rivers in Ceara, and of the Assi, Apody, Piranhas, and Ipenema in we Grande a Norte. A considerable portio mn of the country in which the oiticica is ne - eeciany Ceara a, is semi-arid and subject to long periods of dro c higher. ee on toed periods, ae ae foliage i is nee the ci ee milar to mango vegetation see r general ay ance is sim Since ae s the dense th ade of these pete trees ee ‘bee n greatly eed both by man and beast. In later years, much use was .made of oiticica lumber for carpentry purposes by the natives; however, for some years now it has been unlawful to cut the trees As early as 1860, some attention was given to extracting the oil from t or making t the disagi e odor of the oil, which persisted in the soap, discouraged further foal tion for many years. oo ian followed several further attempts to produce the oil on a small c mercial scale, she chief idea of converting it into se but one were also unsuccess y 1918, chemists had found es was a strong drying oil, and 244 Oiticica trees resemble mango trees in appearance, their breadth often equaling t ate Che and - ge ah ae ae ee Paiee are reproduced by corey ] entific S of tl Paint, Varnish and Lacquer Associ experiments began to be made in order to find how to use it for making paint, then varnish. After much time and effort had been pie eee tory methods were Saale Panes the oil fee these purpos: ever, it was not until 1927 that the oil began to be successfully os in commercial quantities. By i 31, its producti on had iner — so that some of the oil could be exported to the United States and Europe. Since 1939, following years of large seed crops the annual uae of oil has at times amoun ted u up to near ly 15 ,000 ah tons. It should be mentioned, i e th Oiticica ae blos. luring A’ ioe a September. The fruits are collected from December to March and Berane rted to the oil mills, the majority of which (Fourteen or more) are located in i. state - . ara. The matured fruits are oval, varying in length from 1.2 to 2 i s and from 0.5 to 0.75 ee in diameter at the middle. They consist oe ay friable thin shells in which is e saa a single seed or kernel of a more or less reddish-brown color throughow They constitute pe about 65 075 Laura . the weight of the ae The average weight of the seeds examined was 3.7 grams and the oil content of different lots of seeds varied from 35 to 62 percent. 245 A characteristic of the oil is its ee shortly after expression. 2 order t wate it permanently liquid for convenience in handling and ing it, oil is heated to 210-. 220° C. for oon 30 minutes. As wit other ie drying oils, in order to keep it in good condition until used, i ks. ablish: studying the propagation of these trees. As a result of conga there, thousands of seedlings are now being budded ee ee taken from high yielding mature trees, for ing out in plantati Many of the trees begin to ‘o blossom two bie os buddin: ng, ane ee not budded, in many instances, do not blossom until nine years old or more ae sie dure is i. oO being ex eae! used in the establishment of the newer tung treé plantations in our southern aa southern plea and pice by now elsewhere, thus eee for the trees uniform bi ing characteristics, ae could not be obtained from seedlings not budde a It appears probable na few more years the crops from budded speci- mens will supple: a ey a notable extent the seeds collected from the wild e8, view of the value of the oil for manufacturing paints ee other pro- tective coatings, the possibility of growing the tree in the southern part of Ilorida was suggested some years ago. At that time one nee was The nut-like fruits of the oiticica tree, which grow up to 2 inches long, consist of a thin shell enclosing a single seed, or kernel, with an oil content of around 60 percent. 246 made to aie it there, but without success. Somewhat later, Brazil passed a law which prohibits sending any oiticica en to other countries. This will have little ees ues ver, on produc in other countries, for prior to this decree, ee € percent of the ay ay ae or to England could be germin ated. These experiences show the obvious need of getting seedlings instead of — from Brazil for plantings a be established in other countries, on any commercial scale. som ) Lesion Nematodes On Roots of Japanese Iris By B. O. Dodge OR nearly twenty years the cause of the death of Us aaa iris ss een a repeated puzzle. Time after time, as cultures have bee made from the rhizomes, we have thought we had the answer, a the result e never quite clusive. Now, again, we th w at aoe one of the basic causes, and it is an agent previously unsuspected ase t was back in 1928 that Professor R. A. Harper first asked me to ex amine his Japanese iris planting at Ridgewood, New Jersey. The a in many clumps were dying out after having grown beautifully for some years. The leaves of some plants gradually setige rusty brown prematurely during the summer months. In many faa the whole clump had died out or was doomed. We found that the ee s Sclerotium Delphi, along with some species of Fusarium, Neth developed on rhizomes kept in moist chambers. Thrips were are frequently foun working in ee leaf he: i nd m maggot: sheaths. Since we fou ore consistently m s of fe small fly Chaetopsis fulvifrons infesting the ee of leaves, it hes Sip ae that sae babl: ble f uch of injury.t i G. sgt aseaaie oa Brooklyn Botanic Garden, had rs eee ee same ly in S. oe yee ed. 0 a Poe of rhizomes, the leaves from which were brown, and kept them in damp chambers for several weeks. On most of them new os os to develop. When these rhizomes were planted out os ag sent out some roots, good plants were forthcoming the follow- Professor Harper also found that if he Seer his dying ore. iene vie off oe replanted seen in a new plot, they usually recovered and flowered again for a few A t time eee: iris in our own limited plantings at the Botanical Garden suffered some infestation by thrips, but the fly was not often foun During the past two or three years we es noticed that our Japanese iris in 1 Dodge, B. O. Notes on some iris troubles. Jour, N. Y. Bot. Gard. 30: 5-10, 1929. 247 more recent plantings were not doing very well. Although some small ly stunte ere rusty b his summe ring June and July it found he plants in some of the clumps either were dying or were already dead. We found ad heey thrips, the sclerotium disease, nor the nisi ae could . oe of the all r att: rane a were thoroughly washed. The short ‘ay cated pee joes much like those of our boxwood which Dr, G. Steiner at Beltsv: sets Md., had found were badly ia with two new species of meadow n matode. na se perhaps nematodes were also injuring these iris pants, t Dr. Steiner specimens from three different gardens from which ouble had ae poet He found meadow nematodes badly infesti ting the roots ach, and ge out that the — of nematode on iris was ae Fegan: on the roots. He had previously written me that the meadow nematodes in the ss of boxwood usually infest ed “the t tips of cee roots, thereby not causing lesions. Ni been ie to the lesion nematode, ae primarily to “the chaetopsis fly or to thri ee and Young? have shown that when soil infested with the lesion 2 Godfrey, G. H. and P. A. Young. Texas Agr. Exp, Sta. Bull. 628: 16. 1943. Roots of two Japanese iris plants, the leaves of which had turned brown ci di ed, shown at the left. The ee or matted rootlets are characteristic of 1 ieee with the lesion nemai mode: af the larger ond more turgid roots a “he qed le ms cause hea At the “pe is a root on which most of the rootlets have been kil led. by nem Mae ‘infestation. I left in hale garden, plants like this will die completely. Nematodes are now believed to ie the cause of some iris troubles previously misunderstood. 248 nematode is properly fumigated swith tear gas (chloropicrin), the araeee at are se killed. It of Japar se iris are infes ted by the when iris is infected w out in soil tha fumigant t is therefore epee es ith scle t has been sterilized with tear gas or some other effective =e Exploration The Process and the Result O ADDRESSES printed below were aban by two of the head E TW if members who had r i hh sta; recently returned from extensive botanical expeditions 6 opical America, at the Annual Meeting of the poration of the New ee Botanical Garden 2. They are published in this number of the Journal in order to accompany the Annual Report, being issued as Pat ‘wo of the October number. distributed without extra charge to mbers of the Garden and to others who the nay be interested in following the year’s activities at the institution. ON THE TECHNIQUE OF BOTANICAL EXPLORATION E, J, Alexan ARLY collectors in Latin America did not make advance preparations other studying maps der This, of course, must still be done, but now it is desirable to learn in advance, on the basis of the collections of the early ex- objec- m. ain- botanical and o kno a W ‘materials might be found. This sala sitated long study in ‘he ae, tak- ing copious notes for field quested in person immediately upon ar- rival. Since Latin Americans never do anything at a fast pace, it is not possible to t the permits upon short notice, and it may be d weeks, or cases, months ae they arrive. Fi dried specimens, live plants and seeds, needed apa on the Departments of Agriculture and Forestry, as well as letters to their fi ae oc in the area: iit whieh I esne ted t go. With the id of U. » Embassy officers, I obtained these in ten da dee arrival a center, it is i well present Dredge ie Oe and who know the Benda ea 1) wor) nd a ry, available for Ik, ai illing to ndertak ssistants ar Shien chosen from tho 0 present themselves, al- S ta a new line to them and hunters by tra ade, Latin American 249 helpers must be made completely ac- quainted a ae oe is’ doing, in de- tail, an hey have great difficulty understanding why one does things a which there is no financial . of allow them + 1 es of tl work in order to retain their good-will and loyalty requent ese are held, for the natives kno eir seasons and ‘conditions of growth: ne tan give advi what areas to visit and ben. tt - to this native knowledge that I must give credit for the large quantity of seeds obtained, as well as many rarities, both horticultural and botanical. oe Problems ssibility of places and ways transportation thereto and back. are aise imbortan' s honey- ections where trai some he le s is necessary. In one place, on Cerro Guiengca a siping Raat was side | the sae but it a eco . toc oh ail down the othe ae comple traverse of “this “ine topped ee Sin ese mo ra: e thes uitains rarely Me it ae also enue = 10. ey a Hee of that, in additi o food, camp- ing and collecting equinment. In fact, this carrying of essary all over Mexico in the Wine an except in a few areas. Often we had to hite a horse or burro with its ner for ow heavy ‘or long oe t When too trails are eep, carry the equipment tions out. O e trip over th res Cruc to the Pacific coast of Oaxaca, we used he collecting assistants, s ee : pina man at each village to carry terial to the next one, thus ee Hee so hen we came out at Miahuatlan it was all waiting in a hotel room. T! letters and ca rom the official ae a in Comitan near the Guatem: a bord r, where the local for- le ester de with us himself as guide to insure us the courtesy of the natives for tas and lodging. In the Cafion de Ja Mano Negra near ates, in Guerrero the “Vice- Mayor” an armed deputy along to act as sian, carrier and guide. Collecting Te In collecting, it always advisable no gather parts for herbarium speci- mens without first going over an entire colony in order to select representative material. This should be gotten into sae as s s possibl Notes also be taken of flower and fruit Iso b color and texture, odor if present, size, general appearance ae type of plant, habit, habitat, and uses any. i col- lecting seed, clean mai ature seed is always selected, and for plants, ood fealty ropagating material: must be chosen. re - m cee ae wrapping are best cone on 1 1 avoid future n Athentieatng herbarium __ speci mens ould de from n the sam c ee, i ‘i a - e in identifiable ae ition. Sin experienced botanist can nee “identity _ the field a plant flow fru to family, raid Frequently to ens it is possible - to have a pare nably idea as to what group a plant belones when only seeds are present. This must o course b ¢ from seed and st ene ull identity as to species is rarely possible in the field. After the Plants are Gathered Drying of herbarium specimens is one a bee most tedious of the field-collector’s tasks. Each evening after the ae er collecting, every one of the speci- meng must be gone over, carefully ar- ranged in the position in which a : de- sired a dry, all surplus ote ved, ach a ced in presses between newspaper shea for the ee drying. A stove for supplying arti- jal heat is usually carried along for fala work, in order to speed the drying, which often takes two or ys in d i ter as a center, the rainy season was on, and artificial heat was needed. 250 After all the day’s specimens are which usually takes until “later, it is then necessary to write up the day’ s notes, alae and records, and plan for the next day. Seeds must be washed nee of feshy ma- terial to avoid rotting, and lai out to dry, and ue ants mst be heeled into sand i: dr. ‘hus . often tw ees o'c ce in ce morn- ing red cae gets to bed, to be up again at daylight. Four or five hours of sleep were the most we usually ha in the Rela, after a heavy day’s collect- all nae ee are finished, dried eeds must then be packed shipped final clearing job ecessary to clean all the weight. Dried Hving specimens must be sorted and also cleane facilitate pass- age through the Jant Quarantine Stations and thus avoid delay reach- ing destination. Then permits were again required for shipment, each permit taking about k to obtain, Il of these tasks d a surprising amount of time and tediw on ust imsel he collector ns and awaits the arrival of the Sienna Next comes the work of identification, rounding u of reports, and analyzing the results obtained. This usually takes the fences time of sometimes years ially as one mu Iways wait for plants seed to reach identifiable Some of the results which may be reasonably Reina from | this particular Mexic e briefly: Intro od ction to horticulture of ma new or rare subjects of Gemamenul 6 of Soe value. Some of those which pecial promise are a fine red- offer eebaas lobelia twelve feet tall; a golden- wered tree pent elia; an exceptionally Hae Sees rsimmon; a fine pure white day-blooming epiphyl lum ; several fine morning-glories with royal purple, lilac, Tose pales and buff-yellow towers ‘tra: agrant vote ae lowered, rubby eupatorium ; ‘a ric h blue- flowered shrubby ue a fine d shrub- by rnonia; a thistle-like plant with Haine red flowers; an intensely orange marigold-relative; a passion-flower ie highly ornamental red fei t; an oran yellow thistle-like shrub; a_ be atta a goilden-flowered, fragrant, ai pe bignonia ; and the famous hand-flowe! tre Ther be expe ae cd fair tpeeeeata ge of ae new to renee, rare plants of which the instation ihs no se s a aeaey import: ant ran: tension: * new collections of little known Gedes besides much learned of the flor: of Mexico, periculatly some little visited sections, all o h will serve towards a future round ing-up of our knowledge the flora of our neighboring republic. o Em ON THE IDENTIFICATION OF ATERIAL IN THE W. H. Camp war there were numer- phe exact Ra from ing great farticularly ribution and Lad ie DE Sa Saenee eee concern: variety of puaiee plants, regardin istri abu a a ished at once, but, as in man: elds, we were peer “in my opinion lai tirely at the door o cuatsts themselves; rather, it is because the field is so large and the ers so few. onically enough, had ev half the it spent ing th r emergency sary fumbling without essential this data could have been saved. 251 Furthermore, although we might easily disregard the dollars lost, we cannot medical supplies and matériel. This war demonstrated as er before that the amer 0) pla: —the systematist—in his herbarium is not an “ivory tower” scien- tist but an ingore ant cog in our civiliza- tion. the problems of a civilization at en ie no less than one at war. It therefore would seem advisable that we continue the work a our knowledge of th = iabotion bare “availability of eee with all the energy at our command. From Mountainside to Printed Page Of the various things which heppen between the time a plant is growing o some distant moun ntain: nside and the time it becomes officially ee ay two which happen eve y He fellow Y gystematists), For the explorer and systematist ie may be aed oft - are one and the e person), es e two operations—the collecnne and publication are only a small part of the Let us, therefore. for a brief ea consider ae what happens be- tw he ti i received in the herbarium ond nite day it has an official Latin (botanical) name attached to it. Con rary to popular supposition the wae land surface has not been ade- quately covered by reais. of mai Is, floras, or even lists. So much has yet to be dealt with in an organized manner that, for the most part, the systematist working over the material brought back inj by the latest expedition has almost liter- we to dig out his identifications as best Co nfron ted with a specimen, the sys- tematist must first make a tentative iden- tification as to the family. This rarely presents any great problem, but there are cases where Pe comules Say ment occurs. If flow or several of the sks € bo as to be made once cae pliable and a bring the parts back to something of thei! u A normal shape. en : wers must i dissected under l lenses of special ee determine the number of parts and their arrangement. a aeely ge ve position, so far famil “For bes n es pee ae identification as to g and species—the levatemtict 2 conde hiniseli indeed lucky if ther is anything ap a graph of the rs tha take his specimen into the herbarium and _ be e laborious and rt onsuming p of “matching.” one of the ies nee such as that of the otanical arden, he may be Tate enough to match his specimen a thers previously Srey and es hopes) correctly beled. If the group to ee ich the plant ae longs is pelubvely a nee usually is at ae trouble d the matching is don relative! ely shor time ; i large— ty several hundred species already oe ae that general part of the world—then all he can do is grind wn through the bebanuny species after species and - ter case, until he chances upon match. When one recalls that this matching often i to be done with the aid of a magnifier microscope it is easy to envision the ay it a takes to identify a single specimen. On ae ot is eepecially tru from one of the: ies as the Ara isa great likelinood that he is unable tch it; if so, his troubles have Ha nee earch through the herbarium Vv that an check ‘he available literature “pertaining o this group of plants a ascertain what thee species not in the herbarium ae been previously desctibed from the sam 252 gion. If so, then he goes into the fibea digs out the literature and care- fully. “transla tes the cripti ca one imself lucky. does not find a suitable description he yet is not positive that he n species and must go through the literature in ever- cles and along natural lines ere still is no pe le description, then ne an even more Pens ie of work. No serv. through the more recent literatu e, Cov- ering possibly the last five years nd when one remembers that there about 1,200 journals whi ublish botanical material, me can envision the task cor fronti the re earcher who does not lesire t rature further 2 ee duplication of described ng the work of identifying a single , sometimes so much eas to be d n the average, the mateal at the rate spe literature and its ev: of the ¢ollections present is sucl tash it ns aay proce nsiderably t a more rapid rate usually results in ] visions are a ral outcom identification of materials from the lesser known parts of the world; they are per- haps the most valuable immediate results obtained. Thus it is that months or even years after it is collected—and after a long and ten tedi cess 0: against collections in the herbarium as well as all the liter: eee available—there appears in print in ical journal the de- scriptio Cf a a “ pecies”—new only mn known to the scientific wor! BROADCAST By William H. Ukers EA MANUFACTURE and consump- y ‘s, Editor of the Tea & Co. Fae a ade Tournal, ee Saeed of “All Abou “All Abo t Coffee,” and ‘ Rone: of Tea The para- graphs below hae en ne from his script, which was entitled: Sixteen Centuries of Tea Drinking ee et course have no way of telling w long Ne people of China and couse drinking But w that they have ion using ot for at least 1,600 years, for from the year 350 A.D., when we have the first reliable literary reference to tea, we have Fe oma: story of its cultivation an The Earliest Reference nes Be ie mention of tea in ictionary an centae ted by ‘the celebrated “Chinese as Rue Po. Tea define dt formation is As led from the leaves by bo tionary it is called x1a; Sut later it be- came cH’a, which in the dialect of Amoy 253 was ee Some countries— Is an ord for tea from the cu’a of the fess dialect. Others ive taken it fon h and thus the Amoy, e get in several familiar languages, s s French and erman, a word that sounds like “tay,” botanical name o te $ different sort of derivation erman botai fer, in cen- Thea, ose classical name which would sound a uch as possible like the Oriental name. When Linnaeus, from hom al oder botanical names ar : firs cause it represented the barbarian fame - he ae it), and also because it was i ee be ee for godd ie ch man particular ‘plant might divi conceive to be pada rrane Ori, The birthplace : ea is believed to se in “south pala Asia, occupying Yun- in China, of Indo-China and f It is very mountainous there, ag the best teas come from mountainous a was brought a oo from its home in a or hi tory. Fro first Chinese even reference to —350 A. we know that tea was fae grown i ats e Yangtze valley, and from Bae it eradually moved eastward to the An Ancient Publicity Stunt Another book about te: ared in the ven- awakened and my spirits exhilarated xe if with wine.” Althou; the Chinese tea growers hoped to sees their methods a Sane the p: Devine eyes of the it Shs tea book of Lu Yu which gave the information bs foreigners who anted to learn h yw tea in the: ain countries.” gr oe the ese Tea Celemony. The Formal Drinking of Tea eremony, as it is practised in the oe social nana is like this: After the £ the sol emit, abe At to his es with both hands y dignified fashion. The his gullet with a distinct sucking noise, attest his great delight with the aught. Tea Ceremony was originally As _ the practised, the chief guest takes a sip first, then the teabowl is passed to the next pe i in turn passes i und uni it reaches the host, who drinks last. e next guest has a which to drink. t has finished drinking, pass out, receiving their pea and farewells with many bows and obeisances. 254 oo of course, does not go on every time that one uses tea in Japan, for the cnlire are ion drinks it almost con- oy ith oe a very ordinary tea le on 6 rse, cheap leaves. It is only for special oo that the cere- mony is brought into play. Tea in Meek and America Tea made its way from the Orient into Tae about 1650. v It was very expensive then, costing from six to ten pounds—that i dollars—a tea. About this time a quantity of tea was sigs ies to England from the Nether- lands, ere the serving of this drink already ov bee social elegance tea-gardens ing concerts, even opportunity for I “in publiqu reat Britain in the 18th century who talked against it. No less a figure tl the o Wesle Saas tea to ts ful to 0 e Wesley late in a ie “became a tea even is sa are us ales ndon at reals. and he wo anothe ho of drin ing tea has made its influence felt pottery, painting, and poetry. in Making Black and Green Tea Several different kinds a can be ° in American stores, among them plain green and black tea. fea a can be obtained from the same lea’ After plucking, if bl: fe pores a he second step is rolling by hand or by machine, to break ge the cells of the ea juices leaf aS a the are stored. This t be deie without tearing the f. he third process is fermentation. As soon the juices produ are exposed o the air, oxidation starts and the leaf assumes a brig! per color. During fermentation the leaves are spread out t t floor t ‘h tes step in producing black tea is dry: ring, ” which may be done or firi in baskets eas charcoal fires or in tea- firing machin desired, ahaa steamed in revol orated cylinders In China, Japan, a ‘ori poate a and manufacture is more , the n leaves are tossed about by hand i in aan iron vessel built into a charcoal st As to crisp, when they are put ey and tnoroueh yt dried oc slow ‘oal fi In the fi which i s haliw. leaf is ie a light w slight ferment, a which i and rolled by h and and the ee ais shaped” bamboo baskets over oal fire: The Meaning of “Pek Pekoe ond oe nee are names for the housew to conju Heated ae ie with or: uit, is it a particular r ee Ot fe The term was originally applied to a tea in China scented with 255 orange blossoms, s later broadened to cover a more or Tess. wall twisted leaf, Generally speak- which results grade, slower than Beane 08, aaa eeaults from sifting. A Choice of Tea kind of tea to use depends en each of these classifications there many different grades, and eieatelly ‘a to suit his o like the K hina, which is black, and I find the mountain-grown Ceylon hard to re- How To Make Good = The bes tea is to use freshly drawn, *slehtly se or Fate hard oe water from the faucet. Bring it to a bubbling boil. Allow one rounded a standard “exspoanta of tea for each cup tea i ro oy ered ted in, or gla oe meee use the leaves a second of the Pacific dna rich plant life found o descriptions must be brie! vegetation is presented 295 pages “Stimulating, informative, and well worth reading.” PLANT LIFE of the PACIFIC WORLD by Elmer D. Merrill Director of the Arnold Arboretum This remarkable book, prepared by the leading authority on the flora c region, is the first to cover in ae 1 ext m the Paci , but a fees over- “a es of the luxuriant 256 drawings The Macmillan Company, 60 Fifth Avenue, New York 11 —-The Journal of the N. Y. Botanical Garden. volume the islands. Necessari Price $3.50 256 NOTICES AND REVIEWS OF RECENT BOOKS Root Disease Fungi ROOT DISEASE FUNGI. S. D. G rett. 177 Adelie jp coonanien Chronic: “GE. Stechert & Co., New York, 1944. $4.50, on is book was written by a mycologist who had himself made extensive studies and control of so ae to the plant, fungus is necessary. On there a are many situations w! plant would not find the ma available ae an ee then “sickens and dies. a uch an env! that the at Te present, ener out the necessary chem: cal changes so that the plants peas erie amounts ne euaee foodstuffs a rer thrive. Ti mn of the € affirmativ he when is there a He call for arta assistani Among the aes fue discussed we ae et of soil environment, espe- cially as it per bain t the read of root Hiseaces. » Gapbade welleae tomato and flax ae and the Gibberella oe blight © wheat are favored by high soil ae nion smut, tobacco Fost rot and stem canker of potato are favored by low temperatures. One is at first sur- rised to find that the euler age aa seedling blight of wi hi ceptibility te initial cee under high and low ie temperatures. More than 20 diseases favored by high soil ce ais are listed. ee hi — a them w of corn, pineapple wilt, and ee Of cereals, Of the . diseases favored by low on moisture e find 10 are smut diseases of cereals: em ee for this, the author points out, is that the initial infection by smuts is poy favored by the better aeratio drier soils. The author ae es very clearly those dieaess pe by, light soil as contrasted with heavy soils, and those tho us varied to meet such environmental condi- tions. Some root rot diseases of plants are favored by applications of organic matter, while other diseases like “take of wheat, and cotton roo are controlled by applying organic m aa vary his methods of control where plana: tion crops are grown in ean pr as contrasted with crops in old plantations. e book is of the type ee will be found especially eae i ie younger plant pathologists who eed of a coerrehensive ree ° that oe of plant pathology about which they are Kk less well ar _ especialy likely to be as the book deals in general where methods of control involve ‘Sacie prin- ciples widely cn able. i raphy of about 400 titles e general and author soil-borne organisms. . O, Donce. iseases caused by 257 As Tom Barbour Lives On NATURALIST’S SCRAPB he omas Barbour. ane te trated, indexed, sity Press, Cambri (aces Mass. $3. n Thomas Barbour’s “A Naturalist’s Seragtock, Me publi a oy months after in; A Many-Faceted Garden ITHIN MY GARDEN V LS. Georgia Squires Whitman. 156 pages, indexed, illustrated he Tool Shed ess, edford, Y., 1939. Distributed by Wim. S. Hein- man & k 10, N. ¥. $1. tanical and sa names, and with the making of garden, the author includes man all over the wor! n search o The | specimens to enrich the collections of iS ras garden 9 h his “beloved. museu e book is many smaller gardens devoted to the growing of certain plants. The book de- ch scribes these ous gardens in detail and interesting experiences connected To the beginner or those who can devote with his long years as Director of the only a small t of time or moi Museum of Comparative Zoology at Har- the book is confusing and discouraging. ard and Director of the Peabody Mu- | The pick: rden is a good sugges- seum at Salem a a the Boston Museu tion, ay be gathered there e gave his ti to these museums Without ier Binet Baas La for the lov - the work. nae appeals to those who love to be out o ple with independent means eve doors, yet Sees the time to cultivate as much as he did to us young scien- many flow Lerge Bizzet. Hunter. Grove SEED COLLECTORS We are interested in purchasing Tree—Shrub—Perennial Seeds Gard called him o Correspondence invited a d picked up on the Tamiami ur gratef ul that Tom HERBST BROTHERS 92 Warren St. New York 7, N. Y. in the years ELeanor F. MonTcomMeEry. women 258 Plants of Primitive Use ETHNOBOTANY bad WESTERN W. INGTON, a Gunther. th i= versity of Washington. Publications in ees 10:1-62. 1945. $1. materials they seem to have little ne except as psycho-palliatives ; conversely, a oo number either are art of our copoeia today or are closely related spi nace s which may be pre- sumed to contain at least slight amounts of similarly useful substances. For the anne Herb ce rden RY ccna HERBS. Helen Whitman Unpaged. The Tool Shed Bedford, yy ¥., 1942. tributed by Wm. S. Heinman New aed $1. This book is useful to those who are staring to study or grow herbs and are NA PHOTO ENGRAVING CO., INC. 305 EAST 47th STREET NEW YORK I7, N. Y. MAKERS OF PRINTING PLATES PROCESS BENDAY LINE & HALFTONE pg in botany as ing. e information is ie Sef aa aie by scription of ‘the p ant. The e page devsiel to personal experience with each kind is eee A ee keeping of records of herbs i arden. An excell ty book, even allowing for errata at the end. ‘The title is excep- tionally well chosen. ETHE BizzeLL HuNTER. Phetoyerher ss in Simple Terms color, Evans maton Ti 1944, This of the Basic Science Edu- cation deflew’ prepared by scientific au- thorities on the staff of the Laboratory f t The bookle lls photo- nthesis in ae =< t ng minds can easily understanding of this funeamental proces The forma- tion of sugar rch in the living very attractive feature of the p ublica- tion is the numerous ot illustrations yy Matilda Brewer, The ing pro: fessioil should welcom me al “he botanical subjects in this serie: E Nive Notes, News, and Comment nual Report. The Annual Report New York Botanical Garden is ue to read it may obtain a copy r ithout east by writing to the editor. This x's publication, in addition to the anal oh ports of the Director and the Treasurer, the titles of papers published by staff i ration a " i tions sponsored by the erie a 21307. Nearly 250 collecting trips are recorded. 259 Fifteenth Trip. When he returned from the West i in early September, os Bassett Region. iis woe this year with Pro fes. sor A, H. Hol olmgren, Utah Si © College, wa: s largely in Oregon, wie Bar and Baker as headquarters. He also worked out te ro Idaho, during late June and early July. To Georgia. D ra Cronquist, who had been a mem the scientific staff New Yo ic Bean ical te at the since ag 15, University there. Staff. Marjorie Anchel has been ap- pointed Research Associate at the New York Botanical Peg tbats effective Oct. - Dr. Anchel ( erbert Rackow) w working until recenty on the chemistty of penicillin at the Squibb Institute for Medical Research in New be She obtained her ae deg: at the Physicians’ & Surgeons’ Hospital of eee University, warldie unde the late D: Schoenheimer. Later she was hee a with H. Wa elsch. ‘or a while id organic chemical research at Queens College. At the g done on antibiotics and nutritio act ors. Dr, G. Ledyard Stebbins, Jr., ay Se of Genetics at the University ‘Glioma, who is in New York to lectures are being given on Tuesday $ pm, starting Oct. 15 cae concloding Nov. 26. Stebbins’ a “Vari in Plan tion ai ese olution i Dr, Lulu ais pee ster Uni- ersity, Ham ton, Ontario, spent the last of August ae the esas working on the cytology of Lia ae a aaa of plant n of Ghent, an American Educational Foun- Dr. Shuh-wei Hwang spent three weeks during ool a ming acquainted with w in the physiology and plant patholos ae pusce beiere she returned to ina, Pe Me m D, Valleau, University He entucky, visita d the Garden and ee Sept. 20. Lunsingh fag wed of The Government Adviser for Pe Re f were visitors at the G Dr. H. S. Re California, autho: of the Plant Sciences,” Garden Sept. 20. _ Other visitors of recent weeks have included José Vera Santos of the botan: Perea University of the Philippines ; K. L. Yang, National Medical College, Shanghai; Elizabeth Buell, biolo: de- astern ois St tate Teachers’ . Forest Servic ice; Harry Iowa State Co Wlege; A. Lwof, Institut Bobbink & Atkins NURSERYMEN PLANTSMEN Most of the unusual Roses, Trees and Shrubs not obtainable elsewhere will be found growing in this great Establishment . one unique in the Annals of American Hor euliare Visitors Always Welcome Catalogue Upon Request Bobbink & Atkins Paterson Ave., E. Rutherford, N. J. 260 Pasteur, Paris; M. A. Donk, of the Herbarium at Buitenzorg, Java; Thomas D, Grieve, cae nburgh, Scotla nd; Arne Miuntzing, ew s; Gen ayre, oniae ee ee we Cc sa ing Wen-yu echw: Chinas Elizabeth A, Valentine, Tniversity Ivania; Harry K. ry, Chi- as Nenival Histor. eee i D Padwick, mycologist, of London, for- merly of India; F. Hyl: and E. C. ene botany department, University of s for Pacific Islands. Through eae eae the 1 York Botanical Garden is assisting Navy Depart- ment in selecting nine plants foe the oe islands of the Pacific. Stimu- lated b s four articles entitled “Tropi- “the ks rid Around” published in the Jou Lin 1945, Captain W. F. Jennings, ‘Assistant Chief of Naval Opera- tions (Island Governments) wrote to Mr. Degen or further information. The reply took the form of ist of more than a mdred names, with brief de- scriptions, lants recommended for soil ‘ood on the islands where much of the native vege- tation has been aa by bombs. T! list was prep; in co-operation a Amy Greenwell Ker tain wrote ie mh 2.5 to the ar oe used at the Schoal’ > Convocation, Dr. W: was invited this for the openin University Sept. 25. He spoke on “The Challenge of Science. a. Notes from the diary of L. J. ra. who is eee in Nyasaland, southeastern Africa, for ° ica _ the spent lecting on Nchisi mourn the last of July and first of August, then about two weeks n Nyika, which is a high plateau prac- tally unknown botanically, At which .stands some 6, level, on the dee of the western escarp- ment of the Great Rift Valley, roxi- mately one-third the plants, he re- ports, are of the same species found on the lower plateau of Zomba, while the remainder are new. At about 5,000 feet the mountain is covered with brachy- stegia woodlands. ofilm Reader. The Garden has acquired a microfilm reader i the Li- rary, and is having films made of some its own books : id of ae Ais ee uae t 2 does not posse It i med to contin 7 he aving oid aod rare Work photographed, ur to use ne oe rather than ae ks for reference, in or and wn ron irrepla lace- able mes. Whenever a book has been miratied, the card catalog will bear tion. be ae rthday. aries ee es ve of aes the dean of ists, who has boone cherished frend of every bot fro i United Stat who co pllec iis m1 em rs of the staff of the New York Botanical Garden, reco: nized the occasion with letters of re- membrance. A_ biographical note and else ae of Professor Conzatti, writ- . H. Camp after his ale fon Lie appeareal in this Journal in May 1937. Storm in Missouri. In a letter thank- ing i Garden for ee living specimens cted on Table did severe dam the Gar “Although approximately 1350 tights roken the were nhouses,” he the The Srouns jooked like a a bane: after a heavy artillery fire. hail. field THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN cers Joseru R. Swan, Presiden Henry ve Forest BALpwIn, Vice president ae a L. MERRILL, Vice-pre siden HUR M. ANDERSON, ribbed pane DE LA MontacGNE, Secretary lective Managers ILLIAM FELTON BARRETT Mrs. co Huntineton Francis E. Powe t, Jr. Howarp BAYNE H Mrs. Harorp J. Pratr Epwin De T. BrecuTe. Mrs. ae D. Lasker ae J. Ropsins Henry F. pu ot CiarENcE McK. Lewis A. y SAUNDERS MARSHALL FIE ED Rev. Rosert I. Cannae oa PERILL: i SJ. Rosert H. aa iaiaga CHAUNCEY STILLMAN Cuartes B. Harpine H. Hosart Porte SIDNEY J. WEINBERG Ex-Officio Managers WiiaM O'Dwyer, Mayor of th 'y of New York Anprew G, — AUSON, Te Pisin oe i: Boor i, are OBERT Moses, Park Commissioner Appointive Managers By the Torrey oe Club . A. GLE By Colinbia University Marston T. ee Rcus M. Ruoapes LEASE Cuaries W. BAL me F. Tre THE STAFF ILLIAM J. asta Pu.D,, Sc.D, Director H. A. Gieason, Pu Assistant Director and Curator HENRY DE LA Mee Assistant Director Frep if Seaver, Px.D., Sc.D. ead Curator B. Sto Pu.D. Curator of Education Ga fae ories ERNARD O, Donce, Px.D. Path logit IcKETT, Pu.D. "Ribli rapher HomaS H. Everett, N.D. Horr. Horticulturist ASSETT Macuire, Pa.D. Cur Tarotp N. Moripenxe, Pu.D. Associate Curator W._H. Camp, Pu.D. Associate Curator J. ALExaNner, B.S. Assistant Curator and Curator of the Local Herbarium E. Naytor, Px.D. Assistant Curator VANAGH, iS Assistant Curator OBERT S. De Ropp, Pu.D., D.I.C ini t ih tor Marjorie ANCHEL, Px.D. Research Associate ELMA Kogan, B.S. Technical ‘Assistint OSALIE WEIKERT Technical Assistant ae peri Pu.D. Technical Assistant RY STE s, M. Technical Assistant Lieanait c. Hatt, ‘AB. B.S. ibrarian eee AB. of the Journal x Ly o Wire *K, A.M. edie wy ue Herbarium ITO Dace 7 Collaborator in Haz - ie ® = 7) BY o B iJ ° 5 He " » 4 i i) 4 a Lo} &. =] a a ~~ sown in situ rangement attained as high a standard as species and varieties. The Peony and Lil heretofore. On the other hand, the chrys- Border was forked over and fertilized with 4 i rieti mi dis Pies ered ar Garden Pp v were excellent and a trial border cone was very good. ee 33 out of 44 stand- ing 420 plants in 127 varieties attracted ard roses were completely ‘killed in spite [4] of protection with salt hay paper, other 1 Sumbere! plants. Bobbink an i aniecaiet and building only 139 curred in a Thomp: plants ae 2 0 individuals i @ s Ba to the American Red Cr Toss. It consist ted of a ical Red Cri 262 specimens of the azalea “S ” The plants were provided by Bobbink and At- kins, Rutherford, N.J. An Easter display included 564 plants in 33 species and varie- ies. ring th his r 3,594 plants in 308 species and vari ietie exclusiv ive © 369 o or- igaea repens, Polygala ifolia, and chids in Cornus can sis, The display ye was less extensive than usual because of lack of attention to changing soil for the ardy varieties and the loss of many of the Labels, Accessions, and Records tropicals because of the failure of the heat- The Few li f time required Demonstration \ G y this f the Garden. In tinued and ee coer of edible produce 1945 more than thre an-years were de- were obtained. On th leaf crops voted is wore 5 n e including the rec- did better than the root crops. Annual ords and files kept by the secretary or the d Perennial Herb Borders proved to rdeners in removing and in- satisfactory features. The amount of new Hing or on occasion making incidental lanting in the Arboretum was smaller labels. In 1945 there were 2,244 new Jabels an previously; 739 plants were set out, laced in the outdoor collections, 1,075 51 in the Azalea Ga 417 as hedges, 21 inc labels made, and 45 ca fea lead ns, labels installed in the Conse: y. New general es c Hh wer ved and 1, ‘960 anh added to the rsery. Indoor Plantings A considerable strain was placed on the propagating houses because of changes in personnel, the reception of considerable quantities of new material from the collec. tions of Alexander, Camp and Maguire, and increasing demands from various sources for en ic or orna. mental value no ailab! The Hortcultrist ‘has been engaged in a with interesting and encouraging results on a variety of items. No success has been e ae ieee portion of the propagating pee Main Conservatory The only major ‘flower « exhibit was a Red Cross Show TV to the Salle doa Grnbeed Seed Exchange The 1945 seed pees e was sent to 380 correspondents and 4 f diff 4 5 specimens 5 esilecte d for the her barium of cultivated plants. Plant Distribution egu mbe: crs: nat which 206 individuals re- eived plants of Oxalis Ortgiesii, ns ide num cis ni, and Pelargonium “Chiorinda.” More items were given e ieee versities aie colleges, an = other institutions, "and to various com- ercial concerns. Giits and exchanges were received ans 87 individuals and institutions. [5] HERBARIUM Accessions to a herbarium aatee the year were as follow: Phanerog: General ‘hetenad 20,341 Oriental herbarium 2,630 22,971 Cryptogams (not including es Pe a 1,167 Al, 3,645 Mos 11,903 Hepaties 2,11 18,833 otal number of specimens in the most note- in ag’ ceton University on indefinite loan. This aaa amounts to about 50,000 PMore t han 10,000 specimens were lent aah the year to 37 iain eheuone In addition to routine dut iv. Fre Seaver, Head Curator, Gilabenied with r. aterston, oe sa for the Bermuda ‘Department of Agr: abr final s continued his researches cetes. He served also a: as Managing Editor o' leason, and Cur continued work on th “itsrated ‘Flor ra (of the Northeastern Stat ions was carried on cea the year . Mr. Walter Graham, Mary Content Easton, , Anne Rogelberg, and Natalie Harlan D Day: Dr, oes Res are "Curator, spent from May 7 oO} teenth fi tio clin made in British Guiana an Sur: Dr. H. N. Moldenke, Associate Curator, returned to active duty and has resu work on the Verbenaceae, Avicenniaceae, and ee as well as a number of other pro Dr. W. oe mp, Assistant Curator, ent the first modes of 1945 in Ecuador in search of wild stands of Cinchona for e Foreign Economic Administration Commerci: Company) o! United States Government and fr a south-central Ecuador. In addition to liv- we af 4 ceed han 26 OND barium specimens were brought back for study and exchange. rv. E. J. Alexander, Precicrti pte of the xico. He ps oe with extensive na of a plants —— es rbar material. SG a ist, Assistant Cura- nena his studies on ae Sapota- ae and ee d — es on the Com Two months devoted the major por eoaue e spent collecting in the Mi idle “Wes 4 ir. nces E, Wynne, Assistant Cu ay assisted with the secret of the 1 ext for the “Illustrated Flora’ ae ed research on mosses. Mr. G. L. Wittrock, Custodian of th f and con- , Technical Assist- ust sual services in the tto Deg seas "Collaborat ‘ator in Ha- watian m Botany, — his studies cen- tering on the of Hawaii, Fiji, and ges parts of the a ir, A, J. out, Honorary Curator of Mo ose, an a Mrs Ines M. Haring, Assist- static i. oseph F, Bur ko. reat ith th Monachino, continued research on 1 group of economic plants, med PHOTOGRAPHY The Garden Photographer, Mr. E. N. 3,112 prints and enl ts, and 112 lan- haere in addition to taking 300 feet of tern slides. kodachr e film, made 1,221 negatives, MEMBERSHIP Membership in the Garden remained at is approximately | the s same pate a as i 1944 ar) The total Cem- +» 110 Ta Mustrial. wiicnasanaaet ce seni aeas: ber 5, 1945, as follows: wae Total : 908 MUSEUM cs By le- in Nature Garden Science, yoted part of his time to revamping the and in co-operation ae Miss Carol H. oe museum. Progress on this program Woodward, cee the Saturday after- is slow because of limitation of funds. In noon lectures a addition, Dr. Naylor served as docent, con- PLANT DISEASES r. B. O. Dodge co-operated with Dr. terest. However, very little damage to M. Massey on the control of black spot lawns or ha foliage = other ete . ith of mate wit! was Gar both tale and dusting sulfur as carriers. . beetles in 1948. Few Shbe were aunt in in Fermate gave good control of black spot the ground. a ane i In but left i the Plant eae reported Disea a new disease of pachysandra caused by a ‘iderable attention. ae co- balay with species of Pseudonectria. oe insects Dr. G. Steiner and his associates, the pres- | were thought to open the way for invasion ence of two species of nematode has a by this parasite. Spraying pachysandra found to be associated with bronzed oi with a dormant 1 to 16 oil spray, follo wilted boxwood. Dr. Steiner helicre: that at intervals during summer with Bor- se new nematodes which he has dis- ixture as fungici nd 40% ide ai e mary cause of many nicotine sulfate as an insecticide, seems to boxwood troubles formerly attributed to have given good control. ilt, ca ‘ungi, or winter injury. Infestation re cotoneaster with lace- fo: £ ob } ematodes ave bugs was no been fairly well controlled in the past by Black Leaf 40 fumigating the soil each spring with for- An unide with leaf- ae ctrl on, maldehyde and taking cuttings from unin- Japanese iris is being studied in fested plant tion with Mr. Brayton se of th ie Zoo- nicotine sulfate helps to prevent the nema- logical irae Study 7 Tat delnhi leaf to leaf. Apids are controlled in the he t ntings. The same way. soil was treated with tea with no bl { the f t damage to adjacent shrubs. case of 4 ott oO f sclerotium rot was ae during the af the grubs of eee pee Tee rests summer though some dosti t one end of of this treatment will be watched with in ium rot. [7] LIBRARY Miss Elizabeth C. Hall and her assist~ a o1 h a leather dressing was given to a considerable por- tion ee ae feather bound books. During the year 21,314 unbound volumes d 666 bound volumes were added to the ee which now con- tains 51,935 bound volumes. The periodi- cals and continuations received amounted to 399; addi he main catalog were 9,288 and tl a oe files 1, . Flower ani fruit prints, totaling 783, were borrowed from the picture collection by artists, ad- blishi: gar- den ‘clubs, public bases, art departments, pharma ceutical ¢ and designers of hibits here and elsewhere, in which books, illustrations, and other materials were shown. Nearly 22,000 items from over aa do- ors were received during ach gift has been acknowledged ender BIBLIOGRAPHIC WORK H. W. Rickett edited Brittonia and No. aa American Flora, taught in our Edu- cational Program, and edited the Bulletin 0; it - Torrey of A his own researches and the routine Gis of his position. FINANCES Th lete fi ial report of the Garden is printed on pages 16-22. PUBLICATIONS Two spt of Ia Mirae : a No. 4 of V e 5 — edited by ickett, were satay These oe Ne pages and include eight articles, three by taff of the New York £ th lates by Mi dr ed E. Mathias and incall pages. Yi ork Botani- e Journal of The New cal i edited by Carol H. Woodward, [8] was published in 12 numbers and totaled 380 ae including two supplements — the Annual Report and a Garden Week Report. number of Addisonia— No. 3 of ae 22 — edited by Mr. E. J. Alexan- der, appeared. The ean Sra of Mycologia, cael by Dr. d J. Seaver, appea sl numbers i amounted to 0 BE 15 p to th numer- us popular and scientific articles were published by members of | the staff, as may EDUCATION The educational program was continued ae the supervision of Dr. oul me an nd Dr. E. E, Na ylo lor, with Ae ie and eka who have co-operated with the Gar The following table summarizes the subjects taught in 1945: ‘egistration Number or Average of Meetings Attenda: Like -YEAR SCIENCE COURSE FOR GARDENERS “1 YA Systematic Botany (A. Cronquist) 12 25 = ic General Botany I (H. W. Rickett) 12 21 oe Breeding (A. Stout) 12 23 nomic Botany L, Wittrock) 12 19 TWO-YEAR COURSE IN PRACTICAL GARDENING 2A Fundamentals of Gardening (T. H. Paces 6 (2 hrs. each 37 2E Cultivation se re ede aber Plants (J. W. Tansey) 6(2brs.each) 26 2¥ Indoor Gardening Practice (E, Beckett) 8 (2hbrs.each) 15 FIELD BOTANY ie L. Wittrock) ° anaes 7 (2Zhrs. each) 24 7 @hrs.each) 20 [ATURE GARDEN SCIENCE (Nature Study for Teachers) ae phe (E. ra Bete E. C. Hall, M. M. Brooks, oe O. Dodge) 15 (2hrs.each) 24 # (E. E. Naylor, M. M. Brooks, G. L. Wittrock) 18 (2hrs,each) 22 FREE SATURDAY AFTERNOON LECTURES Winter 8 141 (average) Spring 8 136 (average) Autumn 10 144 (average) tudent, Mrs. Annette cad reg- by Miss Woodward motion picture reel were made to various groups. Guba groups totaling 1,197 indi- v the super- sera two radio ropa: “areanged were presented as a NY! 1 preset four students wh eang successfully com- lete ed the Two- Ye ear Sci cience Course for = Two-Year Course in - Mr, P. JY mbt sry the arena wo ‘te at entation of the scientific a of te Gar den, of some of the staff ducted ‘coin sae its establishment ist so fai can st have been referred to ‘elsewhere i in this re- fications which are oe of the im- cts of the sci sci ee activity cana be overemphasize d, It at Ie at +f tiltc Card ation always i in- roles expense beyond ah Ne poder tates more or less independent financing. Th spite of this handicap the Garden has of the flora of the earth, the esas . information on the medical and other of plants, incidental geographical discov- eries, and invaluable am pce Ey for the men who participat In concluding this report may I express my appreciation for the i received from many people within ar without the Garden organization. would be impossible to carry on without the devoted and loyal support of i employees and without the help of eadun ers of the Board of Managers, the Advisory Council and the Corporation, and from the many friends of the Garden. PUBLICATIONS OF MEMBERS OF THE STAFF And Others Associated with the Garden During 1945* ‘ Compiled by H. W. Rickett Alexander, Edward Johnston (Editor of Apprsonia) A new genus in Cactaceae. perm & Succ. ah 16:175-178, f. 161-163. D 1944. Gerardia acuta, Addisonia 22:33, 34. pl. 721. 4 Ap 1945. Rubus linkionus. Double white bramble. Kadi 22:35, 36. pl. 722. 4 Ap 1945. Gentiana linearis. Addisonia 22:43, 44. pl. 726. 4 Ap 1945, Habranthus andersonti, Bronze fairy-lily. Addisonia 22:45, 46. pl. 727. 4 Ap 1945. Barnhart, John Hendley Robert S. Williams. Jour. N.Y. Bot. Gard. 46: 146, 147. 3 Ji 1945. Burke, Joseph Francis Robert Hagelstein. Jour. N.Y. Bot. Gard. 46: 288-290. port. 26 D 1945. Camp, Wendell Holmes (Editor of the Taxonomic InnEx) Vaccinium hybrids and the development of new male ron ears materials. Bull. Torrey Club 72:1-21. f.1,2, 29D 1944, (With Geo E McMitzan Darrow. The North American blueberrie: groups of Vacciniaceae. Brittonia 5: 203-275. f. 1-30. 9 Mr 1945. A river is named. Jour. N.Y. Bot. Gard. 46: 144, 145. allust. 3 J1 1945. Cro Arthur The pas pen of Minnesota: a floristic study. Am. Midi, Nat. 33:244-253. “Ja” [Mr] 1945. (With Cart Orro RosENDABL.) Studies in the Sapotaceae—I. The North American species of Chrysophyllum. Bull. Torrey Club 72 aera pa Mr 1945. Notes on Compositae of ortheastern United States, I. Inuleae. Rhodora 47: 182- 184, 14 My; II. Hetanthese and Helenieae. 396-403. 18 D 1945. A new Aster from Yukon. Madrono 8:97-99. 7 Au 1945, =e eh a Sapotaceae, ITI. Diph olis and Bumelia. Jour. Arnold Arb. 26: 435-471. Studies in the Sapotaceae—IV. The North A i ies of Manilkara. Bull. Torrey Club 72: 550-562. 27 N 1945, A fi ticl stted ¢; 1 b f th ff published 41 reviews, short notes, .. Degener, Otto me mnaed eriocarpa » pallida Degener & Sherff m. Jour. Bot, 32:210-212. 13 : ap oe [In: Ear Epwarp SHerrr, Some additions : ae genus Dodonaea L. (fam. '< Sapindaceae Frontal plants the world around. Jour. N.Y. Bot. Gard. 1, 2 My; eel 0-125, illust. 7 Je; 132-143. illust. 3 Ji; 158-167. “dese af Ji Tas. [Modi- f the world” in Am . Eagle 4026: 1, 3,4. 18 0; 4027:1, 3,4. 28 O; 4028: 1, 3, 4, Coe A botanist leaves Hawaii. Torreya bee 8 S 1945. ae o the “Cheng-Ho.” Am. "Ragle 4 029; 1, 4 4. 8 N 1945. [Modified from Jour. it, Ga: 7 Plants of Hawaii “National Park illustrative of plants and customs of the South Seas. i-xv, 1-314. f. 1-45, pl. 1-95, 2 unnumb. maps. Seer edition, revised, of “Ferns and flowering plants ee Hawaii National a 1930.] Photo- lith., Ann Arbor Mich. 1945. [The “plates” occupy n niibier ed pages.] _ Dodge, Bernard Ogilvie © terminology. Mycologia 37: 360-369. 11 Je 1945, Farther fear on mycogenetic terminology. Mycologia 37: 629-635. 10; 784-791. 1 Inheritance of factors involved in one res of heterocaryotic vigor. Proc. Am. Phil. Soc, 89: 575-589, i cae tables 1-5. D 1945. (With Mary yeaa Bartley ScuMitr and Anrra APPEL.) : t, Thomas Henr: oF, aren drummondii. "Gard. Chron, Am. 49:25. Ja 1945. ce that benefit from early indoor sowing. Home Garden 51:70-74. illust. Ja wo yellow d Epimediums, Gard. Chron. Am. 49:53, F 1945. Cymbalari li. = Ag Chron, Am. 49:85. F 1945 Perennials from winter-sow: Home Garden 52: 74-76, “F” 1945, _ Preparations for piauine. pits Garden ! 5 740-45. illust. “Mr” 1945, Fritillaria pudica. ae a a 38, Ue 723. 4 Ap 1945. Kalanchoé grandiflora. Addiso: 22: 41, 4 c L. 72. fe ae 1945, | Sedum Cheyirihan” ‘Gard. Ciro no. Am. haocite 1945, Bedding plants for summer garden: Home Garten a : rae p 1945. Grow your own hard-to-get ‘perennials Home Gard awe ” sliust. Je 1945. Basic soil i amey verment. oe Men’s Gard. Club yen 1945 : 36-39. [Je] 1945. Biennials. ome e Garde 6. J119 Bongardia R wolf. Gard c hron, Am. 49:221. Au are mt your iadoor s ‘soil indoors. Home Garden 63: 44, 45. 945, ial border. Home Garden a: 366. illust. S 1945. The alpine flax. Gard. Chron, Am. 49:277. Darwin tulips. Home Garden 64:89. O 1945. Anonymous.) Some dont ee Beng Chri ere Am, 49:305. N 1945. Plant portraits. 12, Wig illust. Ja; 40, 41. illus: illust. ie 100, 101. To yee 130, 131. illust. My; 160, Ter Saar ig: “186, 187. 4 Th 219, ae illust. Au; 236, 237. illust. S; 264, 265. illust. ‘0; 292, 293. He 4 e ees Dee Barger 105 (seme . 9 S; (360994): 8.16 S; (361064) : 8. 28 S; (3 361134) : 10. 30 ee (361204) :9. 7 O; ee 274):9. 14 O; (361345) : 8. 3 (361415) :9. 28 O; (361485): 10, 4 N; (361555) :9. 11 N; (361625) : 9, is N: acre a a N; (361765) 10. 2 D; Cae1838 10.9 D; : D; (36 A guide to eee lowers. a. ih Racine, Wis. 1945. A gnide to wild flowers. Field flow 3-60. illust. Racine, Wis. 194! A guide to wild flowers. Woodland ‘flowers. 3-60. illust. Racine, Wit * 4945, [11] Fulling, Edmund Henry (Editor of Tae BorantcaL Review; co-editor of AMErr- CAN JOURNAL OF Botany) Thomas Jefferson Club 72: 248-270. 9 My 1945. lif led in his writings—II. Bull. Torrey Gleason, Henry Allan ae editor of Nort AMERICAN FLora; associate editor of th On Blakea Topobea Bah Torrey Club 72 : 385-398. 3 J1 1945. Some ec of Colombia. Ball Torrey Club 72: 472-479. 5 S 1945. A botanist looks at a rose. Jour. N.Y. Bot. Gard. 46: 215-220. 1 O 1945, Grout, Abel J of THe Brvo.ocis Two new species o Dearan es Tex xas. Bryologist 48: "5 26, 23 Mr 1945. A abe of ie eer ne Ane rican species of me icanep anes ‘and en a descrip- Bryologist 48: 60-69. 25 Au 1945. Hall, Elizabeth Cornelia 4 The 1944-1945 review of garden books, Libr. Jour. 70:235-240. illust. 15 Mr 1945. Book shopping notes. Fl. Grower 32:539. “N” [OJ] 1945. Hervey, Annette (Hochberg) A survey of some wood-destroying and other fungi for antibacterial activity. Bull. Torrey Club 72: 165-190. a ae tables 1, 2. 13 Mr 1945. (With Wr ge Pies Rozsins, Ross Watiace D. N, Roperta Ma and Wititiam Curnton R $.) Kavanagh, Frederick Walker On the toxicity o! of streptothriin Am. Jour. Le aa 210: 61-66. Jl 1945. on Grorrrey Rake, Dororay HAMRE, WALTER L ER and RicHarp Donovicx.) ear EVENTS, AND ee ROMINENT DURING 1 (On the opposite page) PORTION ae ae CROWD which attended the Sproat cere- the New York Botanical Garden, Sunday afternoon, May i sary a bbink the first annual Chrysanthemum Show at the ‘Garden, in company with Arthur Herrington ‘lef t) of Madison, New Jersey, and Dr. B. O. Dodge, the Garden’s Plant Pathologist. [12] Log con oe = > 3 A es | CROWDS, EVENTS, AND PERSONALITIES PROMINENT DURING 1945 Krukoff, Boris Alexander The genus tit gestae in Venezuela. Darwiniana 7:185-193. 15 D 1945. (With Josepa MonacuHIno.) i Longmuir, Stuart Neilson Plants for damp soil. Home Garden 55: 61-63. My 1945, Ma, Roberta Mohli A survey of es e woud. destroying and other fungi for antibacterial activity. Bull. Torrey ae 72: Sarre a i+4, tables 1, 2. 13 Mr a (With Witi1am Jace Rossins, ANNETTE [H RG] Hervey, Ross Watiace Davipson and WIL Cirnton Rogeins.) Maguire, Bassett Nee a the geology and geography of Tafelberg, Surinam. Geog. Rev. 35: 563-579. The first botanical exploration of Table Mountain in Surinam. Jour. N.Y. Bot. Gard. 46: 253-272, illust. 14D; 277-287. illust. 26 D 1945. Moldenke, Harold Norman Sa of Paytotocra) Vital vegetable oils. eae s [London] 24:113-117. ilust. 1944, [Repr. from Nat. Hist, 53 :231-237.] soeaiens to the Fee “of extra-tropical South America VI. Lilloa 10: 363-385, 29 PLANT bide rer SPONSORED BY THE GARDEN AND SOME OF THE RESULTS (On the opposite page) OME OF THE LIVING PLANTS sent back from Mexic e. the uppe it. Foreman Erich Deitrich is showing a pot ymeno~ callis bulbs to Assistant Foreman Michael Griffin in the Garden’s prop- gating house. Below, at the right, is one of ymenocallis bulbs which flowere few months later. To the left of thi. a flowering bra) f Spi a fragrans collected in Mexico b: homas Mac- Dougall, who Mr. Alexander’s companion on the Mexican expedition 0 f three species of Tro (th to which the garden nasturtium belongs) acquired b: p during his sojourn in Ecuador. With flowers of on orang ne en Hee {13] ds ] d vernacular for members of the Verbenaceae.and Avicenniaceae. Phytologia 2: 65-89. “D isa" [7 Ja snee The recorded common and vernacular names of Verbenaceae and Avicenniaceae ar- Phytologia 2: 89-123. “D 1944” [7 Ja oor aarti notes on the Eriocaulaceae, Avicenniaceae and Verbenaceae of Tex Phytolog’ pene cy eae YP Ate 194 A stort to our knowledge wer an cultivated flora of Florida—I. Am, Bes ene 32: 529-590. CN ie Fe 1945]. members of the Verbenaceae and Avicennia- cea o Sup plement 2. “Bot ee 106: 158-164, “*D all [Ja 1945]. ee ‘inows Tistribution of the members of the Verbena: and Avicenniaceae, supple- nt 3. Castanea 10: 35-46. Je 1945. A ye to a cowie of the wild and cultivated flora of Maryland—I. Tor- ‘9-92, S 194. hic distributi the members of the Verbenaceae and Avicennia- ceae: = Supplement 4. Am. Jour. Bo 32:609-612,. D 1945. Monachino, bbe A revision of L ja, and a transfer of Zschokkea (Apocynaceae). Lloydia 7 :275- 302. “D 1944" 98 aA 1945 A Te taal 1 ara Gere inclusive of Neocouma (Apocynaceae). Lioydia 8: 109-130. “ye? Jussiaea wraguoyensis a oon aie New York. Rhodora 47: 237-239. 6 Au 1945, a Lear Strychnos in Venezuela. Darwiniana 7:185-193. 15 D 1945. (With nip een els, Kaus KOFF, Naylor, Ernst Elliot a pins and their erobieas of survival. Jour. N.Y. Bot. Gard. 46:55-65. illust, 29 et cians William (Editor of the Torrey Botanical Ciub; managing editor of Brittonia ; co-editor of NortH AMERICAN FLORA New combinations i in Cornus. Bull. Torrey Club 72:223. 13 Crataegus egglestoni, Eggleston’s_ thorn, Addisonia 22: 47, e a 598 4 Ap 1945, Jour. N.Y. Bot. Gard. 46 (5452) : 19-23. (Anony- i) Con m, Flora 28B : 297-316. 28 D 1945, Bibhocephy: aan 28B. N. Am. Flora 28B : 317-374. 28 D 1945. _, Robbins, William Jacob f. 1, 2, tables 1-5. 29D 1944. moe he anti-malarials. Jour. N.Y. Bot. Gard. 46 (541): cover. 29 Ja 1945. (Anony- Ph Bull. Torrey Club 72 : 76-85. re some wood-destroying and other fungi for antibacterial activity. Bull. Torrey ¢ Cut 72: Homan f. 1+4, tables 1,2. 13 Mr 1945. (With Annette [HocH- ERG] Hervey, Ross WALLACE Davinson, Roserta Ma and WiLi1AM CLINTON Ros- Annual My 1945, of the director for 1944. Jour. N.Y. Bot. Gard. 46 (5452) : 1-18. illust. Phat and their si \f Jour. N.Y. Bot. Gard. 46: 170-173. 24 J) 1945. “ Se P the foundation of all life. Cubelet Press 10 (14):2 unnumb. p. illust. 9 Au [14] phytes. Am. Jour. Bot, 32: 509-523, f. 1-8, 4 ia Wes te oo" iN - ees in: Som ee a the Sugar Research Foundation, Inc. and its Prize Award Program: “7 rr O 1945. Seaver, Fred Jay (Editor of Mycotocta ; co-editor of Nort America Fiora) is a herbarium, and why? Jour. N.Y. Bot. Gard. 46 (547): cover. 24 Jl 1945, Photographs and descriptions of Cais epecrirs : Ar new Helotu tum. Mycologia ae we -269. 7 1. 6 Ap; “XXXIX” [XL]. 333- 9 5 7 Myc ophag z tees 55:10, 11, 76-78. ilust. My 1945 Arthur Ef enry Reginald Buller. Mycologia 37: 5. 277, “po ort. 11 Je 1945, Sclerotima bifrons. Mycologia 37: 641-647. f. 1 (frontisp.), 2. 10 D 1945. Stout, Arlow Burdette The bur oak openings in southern Wisconsin. Trans, Wis. Acad, 36:141-161. pi. 1, 2. Inactivation of incompatibilities in tetra a progenies of Petunia avillaris. Torreya 4:45~-51. fF. a — ie ei J 194, Dayle: old ai ort. ae N.Y, i 9, Better plants ih erg arte it. NY. Bot. Gard 4 5 (548: ee a 22 Au 1945, ‘Classes and types of i in ras ice cific incompatibilities. Am. Nat. 79:481-508. N to4 5. ae on seeds of the lily-of-the-valley. Jour. N.Y. Bot. Gaia 46:205-214, lust. nade Carol Helen (Editor of the Journat or THe New York Boranicat Ga sim a ancy: Jour. N.Y. Bot. Gard. 46:25, 26. 26 F 1945. [Intro. to Longevity of New atk Botanical Garden’s fiftieth i Parks & Recr. 28: 149-153. illust. L; C. Bobbink honored with medal at rose-growers’ program. Jour. N.Y. Bot. Gard. 46: 168- Wa illust. 24 jy pane page Garden Week report. Jou t. Gard. 46 (5482) : 1-36. - illust. 24 Au 1945, sete get gardeners receiving Holland bulbs this fall. Jour. N.Y. Bot. Gard. 46:220- 222. 45. ene Latta rye Plants of the Surinam coastland. Jour. N.Y. Bot. Gard. 46:229, ried Thousands vies mum shoe tl New York. ats = Recr. 28 : 361-364. illust. D 1945. The New York Botanical Carden: In: Rebecca B. Rankin, ed., New York advancing, 251-254, tllust. 1945, (Anonymous.) Wynne, Frances ete Studies ies an ’ Drepanocl Taxonomy. Bryologist 47:147-189. maps 1-5. “pi.” 1-10. “D 1944” [2 Ja aS ast, sees in Sa iene us. ry Phytogeography. Am. Mid]. Nat. 32:643-668. maps Ja 194 oe os in heuaees National Park. ca Potomac Appal. Trail Club 14: 5-9, ies “Ja” 1945. (With Irma SCHNOOBE Drosera filiformis. Addisonia 22: 39, 40. PL. 724, 4 Ap 1945, = ies in Calliergon and related genera. Bryologist 48:131-155. maps 1-5. 290 The iis of Shenandoah National Park, Virginia. Bull. Torrey Club 72: 506- 520. 27 N 1945. (With Irma ScHNOOBERGER. ) REPORT OF THE TREASURER Arthur M. Anderson THE NEW YORE BOTANICAL GARDEN Exhibit I1— BALANCE SHEET ASSETS JUNE 30, 1945 Permanent Fund Assets Investments at c - a ara at time of ac- quisition, havin of $3,037,441 based on ain une 30, i98, paitiag a esi $2,637,052.79 a aoe investment . 37,693.59 ——-——— $2,674,746.38 Current and Working Asseis: For general purposes $ 21,787.02 For special purposes : Cash in banks . $72,707.16 U.S. Government securities at cost t (ola ged interest $72.92) 20,590.92 —_— 93,298.08 Accounts receivable : ity maintenance woe ee eee $44,931.88 Employees and hee Ke dete oes cd, ans wee 63.95 oo 44,995.83 spe and dividends receivable on invest- of permanent funds (Exhibit ITL) . 18,608.50 Prepaid insurance premiums, ete. 1,650.17 —————_ 180,339.60 $2,855,085.98 To THE Boarp oF MANAGERS OF Tue New York BoranicaL GARDEN We have examined the balance sheet of The New York Botanical Garden as of Jun 30, 1945, the fiscal wear then ende dd. Our examination with gener ally cir- cumstances, and eluded ae ie of the accounting records and other ee evi- [16] Exhibit I— BALANCE SHEET LIABILITIES JUNE 30, 1945 Permanent Funds ( ee we Restricted endowmen: $ 285,513.16 Unrestricted endowments, including bequests set axe by the Board of M ‘unds : 2,389,233.22 : $2,674,746.38 Current es and Special Funds: Current lia ccounts ee $ 12,366.83 see a oe V): income of danas pene +» $18,261.26 oe pee) pune designated ba ai cific purpose: 75,036.82 _ 93,298.08 Deferred income credit : Subscriptions and memberships paid in ad- VAG: og a ee a 29.50 Working fund: Balance at June 30,1944 . . . . . . $74,391.17 Add—Excess of unrestricted income over expenditures for the aes ended time 30, 1945 (Exhibit II) 254.02 ——. 74,645.19 ——— 180,339.60 $2,855,085.98 In our opinion, the accompanying balance sheet (Exhibit I) and related statements ‘Exhibits II to V, inclusive) | present fair! rly = positi ion o of The New a rk Botanical zarden at June 30, 19: Price, WATERHOUSE & Co. 6 Pine Street, Yew York 5, N.Y., Vovember 20, 1945. [17] THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN Exhibit II— STATEMENT OF OPERATIONS, UN. RESTRICTED FUNDS FOR THE FISCAL YEAR ENDED JUNE 30, 1945 ome Income fi t of p fund $ 98,825.24 Contribuitions : City tenance : 264,641.65 Other ‘ 815.00 Membership dues: : Annual : 6,970.00 Sustaining, garden clubs etc. 1,625.00 Su ee : 3,565.31 D 2,885.47 Total income . $379,327.67 Expenses: ae heii Sal i - $144,416.18 - 32,121.57 Plants, seeds, supplies, etc. 2 10,626. 68 ———_— $187,164.43 Botanical science: Salaries . $ 33,223.77 Supplies, research, publications, ‘ete. 1,150.89 . 34,374.66 Salaries . 2. 1. . . $ 35,432.20 Instructions, lectures, etc. : 6,007.66 ———_ 41,439.86 Administration : Salaries . -§ rei 933.39 Stationery, telephone, postage, ete. . 794,47 = eae ————.__ 36,727.86 Leela 5 « $ 41,997.25 Fuel, material, supplies, etc. . - 27,918.95 ———___ 69,916.20 Equipment purchased . . . 56.50 Special retirement allowances . 9,394.14 $379,073.65 Excess of income for the year os eas o wee carried to working fund (Exhibit!) . $ 254.02 [18] THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN Exhibit ITI — SUMMARY FF General Funds: Bonds Stocks :, : Preferred Common . Sage Fund: ae a Sto Breterred_ Com S; bien Endow- Fund: hae Stocks : Preferred Com John D. Rocke- Gast Jr, fa Socks: sae Com: Recaption types of Preferred Comm PERMANENT FUNDS value par value at book value) $ 450,000.00 40,830.00 163,648.00 $ 654,478.00 $ 399,000.00 181,255.00 134,769.00 811,641.09 $ 715,024.00 $ 396,000.00 “$ 157,000.00 153,500.00 81,778.00 $2,282,069.00 $3,035,441.00 $1,402,000.00 427,085.00 452,984.00 JUNE 30, 1945 Book value, representing Approximate quoted value $ 503,811.00 50,486.00 297,166.00 $ 851,463.00 $ $ 453,895.00 $ 226,432.00 287,322.00 $ 967,649.00 $ $ 408,085.00 $ $ 159,541.00 $ 251,731.00 190,280.00 $1,525,332.00 618,860.00 891,249.00 $3,035,441.00 cost or ap- Praisal at date of acquisition $ 452,659.86 $ 3,756.14 43,080.00 259,051.21 754,791.07 423,073.95 190,739.47 197,827.67 387,932.71 65,533.00 105,260.77 158,392.82 186,162.51 167,338.82 $1,422,059.34 $12,983.00 485,514.98 729,478.47 $2,282,069.00 OF INVESTMENTS Ave: Accrued annisal a eta interest. and dividends June, 39, % 3.10 4it 278.25 3.55 $ 4,034.39 3.32 3.74 $ 4,038.96 663.75 2,014.75 3.48 $ 6,717.46 $ 4,036.03 350.00 600.00 $ 1,151.87 1,243.75 475.00 3. 2,257.50 3,368.00 THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN Exhibit IV — STATEMENT OF PERMANENT FUNDS SHOWING CHANGES DURING THE FISCAL YEAR ENDED JUNE 30, 1945 Balance June 30, 1944 Rectricted a t ang 8 pw Endowment for science and education . ie 89,115.49 Addison Brown Fund . . 21,149. 31 John Innes Kane F ‘und . : 41,347.63 Maria aay Jesup F: ‘und 25,000.00 Olivia E. ann ete Phelps Stokes Fund | §,030.63 ha aie ‘and . 755.04 7 Hi Memorial Fan 5,000.00 ‘Aewsider P. Anderson aa Lydia Anderson Research and Fellow: ‘und . 25,000.00 Students’ Research Pu ng 12,074.50 greet str t for the publication of “Myco- 10,000.00 Nathaniel Lord Britton ‘and Elizabeth Ger- trude Britton Fund 48,057.20 Elizabeth Gerride Britton F und | GO Ow, Os 1,883.36 $ 284,413.16 eee Gali lowment ~ oe + + + $ 248,005.07 David Lyd uae Ge tiy oh “asl de ah 34,337.86 William R. Fund . : 10,000.00 Darius Ogden Mills Fund 48,099.17 Henry Iden Fund. , Fanny Bridgham Sane 30,000.00 Frances Lynde Ste n Fund 25,000.00 Russell Sage and Morgue Olivia ‘Sage | Me- morial 784,575.48 Frances Griscom Parsons Fund | eat ee 2,304.67 Special Endowment Fund . $78,090.83 John D. Rockefeller, Jr., Fu ind. 497,747.29 The Cha te Patrick Daly and Maria Lydig aly 19,636.34 a Tames. "A. Scrymser and. Mary c Serym- 33,908.82 The — e N. Best Fund | Se eh 3,000.00 The Mary Strong Shae Fund | ae cae 3,916.11 $2,328,621.64 $2,613,034.80 Net Balance additions June 30, 1945 89,115.49 21/149.31 4134763 5,030.63 "755.04 5,000.00 25,000.00 $ 100.00 12,174.50 1,000.00 11,000.00 48,057.20 1,883.36 $ 1,100.00 $ 285,513.16 $ 7,554.43 $ 255, sts : 29,554.02 814,129.50 2,304.67 4,521.38 582,612.21 18,981.75 516,729.04 $60,611.58 $2,389,233.22 $61,711.58 $2,674,746.38 THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN Exhibit V — SPECIAL FUNDS STATEMENT OF RECEIPTS AND EXPENDITURES OF FUNDS AN D SPECIAL FUNDS DESIGNATED FOR SPECIFIC PURPOSES FOR THE FISCAL YEAR ENDED JUNE 30, 1945 Receipts Face 00. ~ berene. _Rajendis, Jame 30: eee ermanent funds: Te” and income) _ tures 1945 | is ang and educ:i oa ublic c 's and ins’ traction uae and publicati ions ‘ . $ 6,247.17 $ 3,325.00 $ 3,358.91 $ 6,213.26 Addison Brown Fun Publication of “Addisonia” dG 3k. e 110.48 = =1,565.66 1,546.70 129.44 John Innes Kane Fund: pda of living plants and related 1,809.40 1,543.00 1,026.92 2,325.48 lise De Witt Jesup Fund: Hgenice collections 931.00 927.85 3.15 Olivia E. and Caroline Phelps "Stokes Fun Investigation and asian of native plants 187.00 186.84 16 Charles Budd Robinson Fund: Exploration . eae 28.00 27.45 55 ae H. Memorial Fund: Development of model gar 186.00 186.00 Nee P. ale and od “Ander- on Researc! : an ao ellowship Fund . 1,167.87 931.00 1,372.75 726.12 Se Students? Researcl Scholars! ips and prizes . . . . . 1,578.22 453.00 275.00 = 1,756.22 Mycologia Publication. “Gf “Mycologia” 2,892.53 5,832.87 4,541.89 Transfer to Mycologia Fund (Exhibit 3,183.51 Iv 1,000.00 Nathaniel Lord Britton and” Elizabeth Gertrude Britton Fun Research, exploration, publication, pur- chase of plan 1 bo ae specimens, etc. 4,207.53 1,791.00 2,075.16 3,923.37 sere ieeiaige le Britton Fund: Wild so : 70.00 70.00 $18,013.20 $16,843.53 $16,595.47 $18,261.26 S; Abs -_ designated for specific a be eo garden cae a 2,237.30 $ pa $ 173.78 $ 2,278.52 Contributions oe scienitibe fund 1,045. 12 324.48 820.64 Contribution towards ae) for (specific im- provements and sg! elopi 10,000.00 10,000.00 Conabution of Mrs. E, an ntin: ooker : Exploration and other ye ey . . «= 11,500.00 1,500.00 10,000.00 Gatny tion of Mr. J. R. Swan Explorat a ~ . « + 5,000.00 5,000.00 Dr. Robbins’ Res sear rch, Fund ane . 3,286.22 2,520.52 525.98 5,280.76 Fiftieth eaniversary 3,351.00 3,351.00 Expense fund for Fiftieth anniversary 000.00 24,234.43 23,765.57 4,935.78 is 493.12 3,888.57 19,540.33 $38,004.42 $72,679.64 $35,647.24 $75,036.82 $56,017.62 $89,523.17 $52,242.71 $93,298.08 eee Expendi- tures Balance BY FUNCTIONAL CLASSIFICATION: Ree Adal and income) : Inc investments of permanent funds. . . . . . $10,645.00 Contrib eye ae & 16,719.58 For ae of Fiftieth anniversary campaign « eg : 48,000.00 __ Biftieth anniversary fund es ea ok = oe 3,351.00 Pe, ais aS yey fa. i 2,000.00 Say sales, fees, etc. hohe te He iy abe 894,29 Subscriptions and sales of publications ee ee ae ee ee 7,913.30 Total per statement by funds. . . . . 1... . $89,523.17 etiiaak orticulture Ae es $e A ME es Se eA ge Te > 256.00: Plants, seeds, supplies Me elie Gay fat) a a F358 gE ag og gE D. Emil Ktein na ae Koffler Ts. Lan Hildegarde T. Kras' M reissel s. John L, Kuser, Jr. L ur F. Lafrentz venstein Lehma: Lenox Garde b Tenry M. er Margaret Bispham Levey iL — ack Li Mrs. Elizabeth S. Lickman Tr ries C. Lieb r, Sven H. Liljestrand ohn W. Little Anne P., Livings’ Mrs, Willia oe Tockovood Mrs. Janet C. Ernest K. in M: Mrs. Roger L, Lyo: Mrs. Henry M. Ts M Ars. David Ives nag larold L. Lar () Mrs. Susan Delano Mc- elvey ving aaa ieee D. Merrill i ank Jeremiah Milbank Montreal Botanical Garden Barrington Moore oore Mrs. "William H. Moore Miss ee M. Moran Rev. B. S. Morris Mrs. ee Hennen Morris Mrs. A. Henry Mosle Mrs. K. K. Mosle Dr. Charles R . Mot Mrs. J. Tanya Moca ae uhl fe! Ray sais Joh Fatian s. preci 36] ANNUAL MEMBERS — continued N National fg Board of Pharmac: Mrs. Elsie M. ey Mrs. R. W. N; Mis s Anne Deanne Novick Dorothy Oak Mis: rs. S. B. Olney Mrs, Malcolm Ormsbee P Mrs. Emma Pag Ars. Harold Pag e firs. Augustus C. Paine Mrs. Sheffield Phelps M. icker eth L. Pierrepont Mrs, Herman G, Place ANNUAL MEMBERS — continued Rutherford P Mrs. Arthur eee Louis Sach: rs, Maurice Polla! S. Sac . William L. Poulson Mrs. Henry W. Sage, Jr. rancis E. Powelt rs. J. T. Salman , s. Addison Strong Pratt Georgiana W. Sargent rs. Frederick R. Prat Anton Sarovec rs. George D. Pratt Valentino Sarr irs. John T. Pratt erbert L. Satterlee frs, Clarence Price rs. Melv: Ee Sawin rinceton Garden Club Henry A. Sc {rs, . Proffitt Mrs. J. Louis Schacter (rs. Henry St. Clair Put- py sw. Sel nam Herman Schae: Mrs. Percy R. Pyne Benjamin Schare Mrs. Berry Schifling Max Schling, Jr. < : Rudolf Schlumberger rege ae ietiaes Mrs. Frederick Schluter Mrs. walsky A. P. Schmidt pee R aa Maxwell Schubert irs, F. F, Randolph Joan Setace : avid Sach Mrs. Anthony Schulte atherine Rau Dr. Otto Schu fagdalen Rauch ara . ae {rs, Norman 2 Ream Me ‘ ara hwab obert C. Rea Mrs. Henry F. Schwarz sere Reid Mrs. Townsend Scudder firs. a Er. ennel Mrs, Samuel Seabury (rs. Junius A. Richards (Ta jeorge H. mk \nne S. Richardso: . erie id Mrs. J. Kenneth Mrs. Alfred Seton . Bayard Ri Walter S. Shannon eorge Roberts + rs. Guthrie Shaw (rs. John W. Roberts Robert L. Shaw everley R, Robinson M.A neffer . Robinson Albert M. Shelby Ida Sherman ts, John D. Rockefeller, Mrs Nelson A. Rockefeller FS Shumaker Mrs. Alden K. Si ibley oller S. HL Siegel Mrs. Margaret H. Ross Marion G, Sierm oseph Roth S a GS adeline Rothstein Lawrence Mrs, Stanley M. Rumbough Mrs. Walter ‘sinn ay n fate L, Russell rs. George artha M. Russell Skak. Mrs. Roswell Skeel, Jr. {37] Mrs. Samuel aa gle K. Dr. J. Mrs. Catherine Smith Mrs. Edw: ard W. ae Ethel D wale Haren aes s. Gin foe ranza Win in Sperling T. Stanley fine Lou Stansbury aes A. ae d W. Sta a M. Stei: Ars. Sigmund Stein ylvia Stein te: {rs. Robert D. Sterling Mrs sare Phillips Stern Telen wart rs. W. ey i Li Mrs. Myron Ta ylor Daniel G. Tenney Mrs. Howard L. Thomas R. T as Mrs. Oakleigh Thorne Victor C. Thorne Sherman Thursby Walter E. Thwing r. Arthur C. Tiemeyer Neil E, Tillatson Louis B. Tim 74 M. Titefsky Emi ‘opp Mrs. Kalt Treadway Mrs, John B. Trevor Charles pial Joh U Susie Uhrinchks A. Harry Ulrich Mrs. Ste phen G. Van Hoe Willian Van Jahnk Mrs, Edwin Van Mrs, Er nest G Victor ANNUAL MEMBERS — continued James Viles Herbert Vogel © Antonie P, Voislaw- William von P; Mrs. Bee *yoachals C. R. Vos WwW Dewhirst W. Wade Mrs. Dudley Wadsworth Burnett Walker Miss Mariam D. Walker M: Mrs H. E. S. Webster: rs. F. Webster Se . aie r C. Wei ve eins Webers Mrs. Matthew Mrs. oa West . iulkens Mrs. Frances R. Williams [38] Ars. nee Bib jams Ars. Langbourne Williams Ars, Nelson B. B. Williams Ars. Percy es a a Will rm . Thornton even. Win: Irs. Roy T. W: toy - ohn Mildred Mrs. L. Dae oath tend 's. Park M. Woolley pedis County Hort. Soc. Richardson Wright Louis Yavn Mrs, H You Mrs. Mahonri M. Yoke vA George A. Zabris William Ziegler, a A t Zinss: Mrs. A. A, Zucker EVENTS OF 1945 AT THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN Jan. 16 Annual meeting in the office of President Joseph R. Swan. Mar. 4 segs of Sceeaatis display for the benefit of the Ameri- n Red Cro ae ang ay lasting nats a month and at- focus 100,000 May 10 Presentation of ace holly trees to Rockefeller Center. May 13 Rededication Day, inaugurating the Fiftieth Anniversary Garden Week celebration. May 14 to 20 i Dike including and Members’ Day — May 13 ae Day — May 16 moration Day — May 20 (A complete report of Gard ie Week was issued as Section 2 of the Journal for August 1945.) May 24 seine of Honorary Degree of Doctor a Science to Dr. m J. Robbins by Fordham Universit: May 31 Industrial Memberships created by action.of the Board of Managers. : June 13 Third Annual Rose-Growers’ Day. June 21 Graduating exercises for students in the Garden’s Two-Year Courses, with P. J. van Melle as speaker. Aug. 2 Visit of Sir Alexander Fleming, discoverer of penicillin. Sept. 30 International Folk Dance Festival for benefit of the New York National War Fund. Oct. 26 to 28 pies ene Chrysanthemum Show and Program in co- on with Eastern States Chrysanthemum Society, ac- sean by an rues of paintings of chrysanthemums by Wang Chi-Yua [39] THE CORPORATION OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN The ya special act of the Legislature of the Sta‘ of orn Wee in ae The ue i Tncerporation pee among other things, for a self- Gerseaetne body of incarporat tors, who meet annually They also elect The Advisory Council consists of 120 emore women who are phe i. the Board. By custom, they . Office: : Mrs, Robert H. Fife, Chairman; Mrs. ae ; Hating ton Hooker, First Vice- Chairman; ‘Mrs. William A, Lockwood, d Vi enesing Recording oe Mrs. Townsend Scudder, Corresponding paeeae at Leo ard Kellogg, Tre: Mrs, Arthur M. ae herman Baldwin ‘harles W. Ballard fra. James Barnes Mrs. William poten ee LR. rs. Teror : ‘rs. Henry S. eninioge Cooper rs. William Redmond Cross D, i im Be BB a a 4 illiam me o Field Mrs, Robert H. Fife Ts. Hay J. Fisher Harry Harkness Flagler s. Mortimer J. Fox ils Frick ‘ev. Robert i Gannon, S.J. n H. Hoo Ts. ; Cement : Houston rcher M, ‘ington ierre Jay s. Walter S rs, Alfred G. Kay irs, F. Leonard Kellogg rs. Warren sree gne firs. ee Montgomery ‘ol, Robert H. Montgomery Ars. William H. Moore Y. Morrison frs. Augustus G. Paine Irs. James R. Parsons R nm! ufus L. Patterson firs. Wheeler H. Peckham [40] firs, George Ae ies 5 a Ee ff BI et ti Ee n e, hwarz ts, Arthur Hoyt Scatt chur H. S . Swar am F, Trel Arthur = Mate M: John C, Wi Richardson Wright Jos Henry de Forest Baldwin, vice piesinex John L. Merrill, vict-presipENT THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN OFFICERS eph R. Swan, PRESIDENT seal M. Anderson, TREASURER Henry de la Montagne, sECRETARY ELECTIVE MANAGERS William Felton Barrett Mrs. ea Huntington Francis E. Powell, Jr. Howard Bayne Hoo! Mrs. Harold I. Pratt Edwin De T. Bechtel Mrs. ‘Albert D. cpa William J. Robbins Henry F. a ee anne McK. Lew . Percy Saunders patel E. D. Merrill Edmund W. Sinnott Robt. L cata S.J. Robert H. a aaa Chauncey Stillman Cee B. Harding H. H ona Por Sidney J. Weinberg EX-OFFICIO MANAGERS William O’Dwyer, MAYoR OF THE CITY OF NEW YORK Andrew G, a Jr., PRESIDENT OF + Moses, PARK COMMISSIONER APPOINTIVE MANAGERS CLUB UMBIA UNIVERSI H. A. Gleason Charles W. “Ballar d Hie M. Rhoades Marston T. Bogert Sam F. Trelease PUBLICATIONS OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN Books, Booklets, and Special Numbers of the Journal An Ittustratep Fora or THE NortHERN UNrrep STATES AND. Canana, by Nathaniel Lord ae and Addison Brown. Stee volumes, d ill 4,666 s: s. Second ie ition, reprinted. $13.50. Tan Ban HAMA Flora, by Nathaniel Lord Britton and Charles Frederick Millspaugh. 695 Bao of the cpetmatophvtes; pteridophytes, bryophytes, and thallo- ahve of the Bahamas, with keys, notes on explorations and collections, bibliogr. aphy, and index. pon nee 25. ORPH N CarIceaz, by Ken a K. Mackenzie, containing 539 geaee o Carex and elated vrais by Harry C. Gr re. Bn a Laue oe of = oe spec: In oes = oe mer 13% inches’ bound $17.50; unbound $15 ares N SPECIES OF CAREX, K.K. ee From Vol. 19, Pat 1 oy pate Anmsvican Fl Flora, $1.25, . OA eo. -Book or GENERAL LicHeNnotocy, by Albert Schneider. 230 pages. 76 plates. 1897, 0. ' Foop anp Druc PLants or THE NortH AMERICAN INDIAN, geet aheratee articles by Marion A. & G, L. Wittrock in the Journal for March 1942, Se VEGETABLES AND Fruits For THE Home Garden. Fo from the Journal, 21 pages, illustrated. Edited by Carol | H. ac aaahe a aH THE Fiora OF THE Unt CORN TAPESTRIES,, by E. J. Alexander and Car ard. 28 pages, ill awings ; bound with paper. oNaal, te = Cat. or Harpy TrEEs AND SuHruss, A list of the woody plants being grown out- pea - t the New aoe Botanical Garden in 1942, in 127 pages with notes, a map, and 20 illustrations. 75 ce SuccuLentT ee nts of New ann OLp Wortp Deserts, by E. J. Alexander. 64 pages, casing 350 species ected: 100 illustrated. Bound in paper. 1942. Second edition 1944. 0 cents. Periodicals DISONIA, annually, ted exclusively to colored plates accompanied by popular decree ns of flowering phi eight plates in each ee thirty-two in each volume, Now in its twenty- “second | volume. Sree price, $10 a volume (four years). Not . e Garden. oe or THe New York sss Garoen, monthly, containing news, book re- WS, eae non- Series seliegee on aoa and horticulture. Paraee tion, a als 50.a year; singe ies 15 c mem of the Garden. Now ts 47th v olum fea mon ie ly, ae a color and otherwise aa ted to ane including pee Conan technical articles and news and notes ae Pattee interest. $7 a yea! vali es $1.50 each. Now in its thirty-eighth volume. Twenty-four Year inde A. A series of botanical papers published in co-operation with the American eae Plant feats se = ubscription price, $5 a volume ($4 to rnembers of the Society). Not in its fi: : ORTH AMERICAN Honk eee of the wild f North America including a fee the West Indies, and Central America. 94 Lest now i d. Not : ie eee FROM THE NEW GARDE reprinted from journals other then A ee 23 ce cents.each, — MEMoIRs (OF Tae New Yo ORK Boranrcat Garpen. A pera ‘Of ‘scientific papers. Contents JOURNAL THE NEW YorRK BOTANICAL GARDEN Vor. 47 NOVEMBER Pacers No. 563 19 4 6 261—284 JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN Caro. H. Woopwarp, Editor EVENTS—LATE NOVEMBER AND DECEMBER 1946 History of Paper- An exhibit covering several thousand years of papermaking, arranged by Harrison Elliott, ce ee on the Garden's Saturday Eriosn program of Nov. 16, will be on view on the main floor of the Museum Building until mi ngs Samples of the earliest bane made in the pioneering countries a ae e, and North America are shown, with pe labels explaining the p ae nufactur e by hand and ine. and exhibit, also some rare fe books pri on paper made from different kinds o ilebraues Displays Chrysanthemums and other late autumn- Hoviraipe plants, in addition to the permanent exhibits. ao daily, 10 a.m. to 4 p.m esis ees Progra o of the G sarden's First Eee to Africa e Vernay Nyasaland Expedition L. J. Brass Radio Progra ety Wednesdays at 5:45 p.m. over WNYC (830 on the dial). . 27—Amino Acids—And You F. W. Kavanagh Assistant Curator Dec. 11—Farm and Garden Crops of Colonial America Anne Dorrance Author of “Green Cargoes”’ ay Veer books Dec. 25—After-Christmas Care of Christmas Plants e Free Staff Horticulturist, Home Reis Magne ey Afternoon re as 3 p.m e hal! the lectur Nov. fees Plants i How They Grow E. Naylor re Curator Nov. 30—The Romance of the Hudson Mrs. Gordon Wi Wightman Hudson River Conservation Society Dec. 7—Careers yes Cellulos motion eee in sound and color, with comment by W. D. Turner, Technical Consultant on Plastics. Programs to be resumed after the holidays oO From GarDEN AND FarmM—Stitt Lire Composition sy Emer N. MITCHELL Cover photoes pn Foops ees FERMENTED Soy. As PREPARED IN THE NETHERLANDS IND I—Tao aan A CHEESE’ cee Sor aNee AND SOME OTHER Prot ee Stahel 261 Rosser Anca Har . Stout Woop DisPLayED IN jee Has Porn PROPERTIES Picture PAMPHLET OF VEGETABLE GARDE FAastIGIATE Oak REPRODUCED FROM SEED J. G. Esson 25 Tue Bessa Pamntincs : 276 TuHReEE-Day SHOW AND Zoe STAGED WITH Bein STATES HRYSANTHEMUM Soc 278 THe Girt oF GREEN” 279 Notes, News, AnD COMMENT 279 Notices anp Reviews oF Recent Booxs 281 ‘he Journal is published monthly by ork Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New York 58, Y. Printed in U. S. A. Entered as Second: eee Matter, ppovtee 28, 1936, o oftg Post Office at Ne New York, N. Y., under the Act of August 24, 1912. Annual subscription $1. . Sin gle copies 24, 1912. Annual subscription $1.50, Single cc JOURNAL of - THE NEW YorRK BOTANICAL GARDEN VoL. 47 Novemser 1946 No. 563 Foods from Fermented Soybeans... cAs Prepared in the Netherlands Indies I—Taohoo, A Cheese-Like Substance, and Some Other Products By Gerold Stahel Director, a nae Station, Paramaribo, Surinam N East Asia—and here in Surinam too—soybeans are ene ioe seed production alone, chiefly for human consumption, in contra the aes uses made of the crop in North America, where much a it is oe as hay to cattle and a large proportion also oF $s into mee and other products. ‘Relatively few soybeans are eaten in the United States. pices a fas the rathe bitter taste of eae and their failure to cook soft. They have learned to ferment the soybeans with quick-growing fungi, thus making several palatable and eon foods. Most pao - these eee are TAOHOO and TEMPE; also TAOKOAN, a cheese made aohoo ; TA a ae paste- -like condiment, and KETJAP, wh: aa is ee sauce. 5 se milk is also made, but without a fungus, and sprouted soybeans are widely used by orientals. Sprouts and Milk from Soybeans In the Netherlands East Indies sprouted soybeans are called TOKOLAN or TAOGE. They are one of the nares : every ot & ima =a & ° 4 Q ° 5 =e je] 2 g ° =] ° Fh a ° o nae a > o a ~ © 3 a ct a +2 a 8 o a 4 o 3 oO Tropical Rain Trees By Edwin A. Menninger CATTERED as the tropics a oak su in — na there are trees of various kinds which a ara rair ” because drops os moisture fall . the ground a eath them: en elo like a show This phenomenon has fascinated many observers. A few writers ie attributed the “rain” under these trees to a condensation of dew, but oo majo rity of scientists who have s ane os matter have proved that the “rain” is generally a liquid secreted on insects which are sometimes present in ai enormous numbers that they tal Paes a shower under the tree while the sun ee eae all arou One of the earliest records omenon was s reported in 1889 in the Journal of = coe Society a ie Rev. R. Baron in his “Flora of Madagascar” when he eee eee is a oe wooded tree, from the trunk and branches of which, at certain seasons of the year, there is a ceaseless dropping of water: sufficient indeed to keep the ground quite damp. a is caused by a number of hemipterous insects crowding together in a slimy liquid. May this afford an explanation of the sinilae well-known phenomenon exhibited by the Tamai-capsi,* or Rain Tree, of the eastern Peruvian Andes the best known “rain tree” of the tropics is Pithecolobium (Pitesti), ue - a Macmillan’s ‘‘Tropical Planting and 8, says of i nos — leaves, ae hh form a canopy of shade in the time, close up at oe ee during a een of drought a patch of green grass 1 ath, while the soouiie = ground is parched and brown. This led 1 i ie supposition tha t the tree mysteriously produced rain at night; and hence the name Rain-tree. * Efforts to identify this tree have get soavaling + More recently designated as Sar 297 Paul C. Standley in “Flora of the Panama Canal Zone,” page 196, says: “The leaflets are said to fold together during cloudy weather, hence the name raintree.” Referring to'this passage, Dr. David Fairchild writes: “I have noticed they fold here (Florida) at night. I think the idea of the tree raining is erroneous. The nearest I ai role to seeing a tree rain was i lark strand t anted to Tamarind trees (Tamarindus indi i) and in the evenings thelr ie eit he were always dripping a salty water. It was the condensed fog from the sea.” ooke, in eo ae Marv ee of eae Life or Cinoness of Vegetation,” page 15, mentions “rain” falling m P saman, and adds: “A glance upwards showed a multitude of a sucki the juices of and quirting for len raining under its branches. The ejections of i this.” for : Harold N. Moldenke, Associ Curator at ae w York ee arden, notes that wills, ener -leer, (page 11 in the ait editio on, a the third) points out that the leaves con monly nee ish-like smears of sticky io A ee of aphids which eS on che ee and continues “The insect bores holes into the tissues, sucks their juices, and ejec drop of honey-dew on an average once in half-an-hour. In passing Re a irae ee ted with aphids one may sometimes feel the drops falling like he cain Otto Degener, Collaborator in Hawaiian Botany at the New York Botanical Garden asks: “Have you fot eae felt droplets of moisture on your face when walking ‘inder a tree? I ha I then traced it to the honeydew of aphids.” “A Rain Tree a Bolivia’ ect Woods” for 1926 by Dr. H. H. Rusby, then Dean of the College of Pharmacy of the City of New York and an honorary staff member of the Botanica) Garden. He wrote: of the strangest phenomena observed by the members of the Mulford clonon party of 1921 was that of a rather copious rainfall from the a nid-day in al clear weather and in brilliant in ; road, and with few other trees abor steady. and its pattering was like that ofa 2 mil one of our summer lays. It was sufficient os et one’s clothing in a a tea Mcmieut. if standing beneath the tree. The of the tree was about that of a large wild-cherry t There being no © convenient aos ree climbing it, it was felled, when the und to cauze of the shower of the e where covered by nests. No ope enings in the bark could be Mapua vith the naked eye, and the party had no time for an investigation 298 of the mechanism of the procedure. The tree was in flower-bud at the time, and the specimens secured prove it to be a hitherto undescribed species of Vouacapoua (family Fabaceae).” Macmillan, in the in supporting reference ne of the Canary Islands. In thie connecti Museu Municipal do Funchal, in Nodera, ene “The genus Oreodaphne belongs to the Lauraceae is peculiar to Madeira as well as the Canary Islands. The nam to have taken the place of Oreodaphne in all the — modern books. why it might be called rain tree, I cannot give any satisf. have never heard Ocotea foetens aes anything pet Til in ie it is the sieaeciae name. ‘Rain or it is quite new to me.” With reference to the species, Jom enna writes in “A Botanist in oa ern Africa,” page 6 (1946): “So 1, indeed, is the vegetation to the water supply that there is an ieee story about a celebrated rain tree on the island of Hierro, the most te: the Canaries, Although the Canary Archipelago was probabl x to ee Planting and Gardening,” withou o the ses naan as the “rain tree” I. Maul, director of the and the species aes e Ocotea seems ne to them, in which he ene a tree from which water was obtained. The particular tree of Hie is supposed to ne : been Oreodaphne foetens Nees, a of the awe. a aly: Lauraceae. grew in a hollow i -and whilst in the heat of the day it fier in the night time it condensed enough water ae phe oo to supply the whole island. Beneath me precious ace a ae s built to conserve the at a e Spanish name for as El "Gan ‘So Stamens was this tree at the beginning of the Seat, centary that’ pictures of it were used as doe in con- temporaneous herbal: Hutchinson repro ces two of these: one from Bauhin and Cherler’s “Historia Plantarum Generalis” reo and one from Duret’s “Histoire Admirable” (160 Audas, in “Native Trees of Australia,” page 212, writing of Glochidion ferdinand ‘of the Euphorbiaceae, records the common aes “rivulet tree, rain or eeping tree, the last because of the curious effect of insect asso- clations: a species of ‘frog-ho opper’ live on the sap of aa softer parts of the tree and ae oo by ants in search of moisture, causing a dropping of fluid fro C. T. Whit eGovernment Botanist at the Botanical Garden at Brisbane, | writes in ae conne “The ‘Rain Tri ie is given to Glochidion ferdinandi on account of the mioletire: adel by the larvae of frog-hoppers or spittle insects. It appears that the larvae of these insects suck the of the tree and excrete it in the form of froth. After losing some of its included gases the froth falls from the tree as a clear liquid. If a file of the Kew Bulletin is avail- * This species was later described by Dr. Rusby as Lonchocarpus pluzialis in the Memoirs of the New York Botanical Gaiden: Volume 7. 299 able to you, you will find a reference to this by Mr. Francis in the issue for No. 3 of 1931, page 156.” But perhaps all of the showers do not come from insects after all. Britton & Wilson, in “Scientific Survey of Porto Rico and the Virgin Islands,” e re r lume 6, page 178, record the common - of “rain tree” ie Brunfelsia ameri D er no explanation. In onnection, Edw: Horticulturist of the United elias : Depart of Rogen’ s Experi- ment Station at Mayaguez, “On the origin of the common name ge Tree’ for iat Wa americana, T can find s to the reason of this ae The follow. ing has been suggested: (1) That the corolla, tube hangs dow n a pendula nt is manner either during or just prior to rains, (2) that the Fraps is more pronounced during or just prior to rain, and (3) that the pan is so prolific 1 7 hen th wers fall it aj h shower’ and this name is Bo commonly y the natives of the hills for this particular plant.” Most of the showers from tropical rain trees, however, are aul by ee ea de species 8, Bea cicadas, or frog-hoppers—as is evidenced b on species 0 ane Pilhecolbion, We (not y repor necessarily Ca, and Glochidio NOTICES AND REVIEWS OF RECENT BOOKS Farm Management Theories decline in the price structure. The size of UNEASY MONEY. Ea the national co Rea Federal Faulkner, a Bases, Cniversity wt budgets and o1 credit, and in- i aa Norman, terest rate policies, ead one to bates ne $l: that we shall be lucky indeed This we by the author of “Plow- prices from rising. The chief interest man’s Folly” is addressed to the larger of this book, however, lies not field of economics. r, Faulkner's bos author’s ideas on economics but | in his is that if the United "States is to com- suggestions on how farming as a business pete in the post-war world markets, can be made m ient and more p “drastic Aenea ue elting oS ” ss to the farmer. or Amer nec is first recommendation is that farm- proposes rm initiate “this wecneral einen ere Should adopt better methods of in prices by lowering the cost of farm handling the soil, substituting for contour products, iroush more efficien : peed plowing the mixin organic matter ae He anes ig with in the surface of the soil. TI hor ‘ood S, we have lower eas has modified somewhat his views of the and wih lower ages “Tower prices of iniquity of the plow as set forth in ig engin rticles, all without affect- “Plowman’s Folly,” but insists that great- ing the standard of liv ly increased yields of wheat and corn This reviewer doe age believe that may be obtained by surface tillage, with- there is much likelihood of a general out the use of chemical fertilizers. He 300 also sugge a re-appraisal of current notions on he usual Lees ee hay ro- tation, which he belie ible or much of the over-producton of wheat and corn. He ue 1 should be grown near labor costs and that asimal should be used solel: ‘Yy m to cut manures eadows and to b ace by th e of green manures disked into the soil. ‘or corn, he a es using rye and vetch; for wheat, soybeans, ¥ uckwheat, lespedeza, and even young corn. With better pas tures, he intimates that prime beef mig! again be cae eted direct from the pas ture, eliminating the 1 feeding. Far: ae sare urg ne acquainted ed to becon with recent dev conned in chemurgy and its e a on the demand for farm prod- ucts, such as soybeans, a and swe potatoes. He suggests that t crops be grown on part of the acreage formerly ccupied by wheat and n, the income from which can be used to offset thi lost through lowered prices o farm products. Mr. Faulkner's views on farm man- agement are ee Said should have a wide audienc ove B. Harrincton Katonah, N. ¥ “By Their FRUIT KEY TO NO: Ye a TREES. William M. Harlow. pages, HOR eee Published ie author (284 Kensington Pl, ae cuse, N. T 1946. 50 cents. Although primarily designed for be- 4. ginning “students of lendrology, this ooklet will be of great assistance 1 others gece to identify the more com mon species of trees in the rth- eastern States solely by their fruits. Certain of the more complex gener the thermore, in these genera the epeeilie Sel Seas usually are to = fou a cha other than those of t i ae rt is a handy hook! oy als a dehnite niche in. this oup of publications, . H. Camp. International Review ADVANCES r ENZYMOLOGY, Vol. 6, Edited by F. F. Nord, 563 ator Pu ublishers, Volume six oe ‘he Pages! Pane eleven excellent reviews of maintained w sary = ® 7) ma d op pics “discussed are: a Russia Th ino Decarboxylases by opal FP. Gale Enzyme Problems in Relation to Chemo- therapy, “Adaptation”, “Mutations, Re- sistance, and Immunity, G. Sevag Peete Sica ons "vetween aes ally Related Comp: by w. Woolle Adenosinetriphosphatase Properties of Myosin by V. A. Engelhardt of Aitered Metabolism in Diseases mical Changes a by Ath iter aa ate seat th Wheat and Their Signi- in aa and’ Baking Tech- by W. Geddes Tocopherol Tnterrelationships by K. ©. D. Hickman ane P. L. KavaNaGH. From the Pacific Northwest ted, Publis hed “py the “Society, N. 38th Ave., Portland 13, 946, 1.5 With one eye on winning pe ribbons at the fall shows, a dozen members of mae and cific Northwest ainate ow to ates these big blooms is covered step step in the first a articles and although, individual metho vary, there erable duplication here, Cultural practices are meticulous, particularly in the matter of selecting the 301 ee el will yield a prize flower, and is is done is fully explained and and it happened to be opened at random by ae avails the ae of the D id not be i ilvstrated. M.D., it woul nediately put Growing aie in pots in the eee down. or er ie heel-cooler gardener for final bloom indoors has more east- or not, the book mpt him to look em application in lea come of the other it through and to read the captions of articles, and in six pages the methods me of ils illustrations and perhaps a and advantages of this system are fully fue : if oO her here of its text. covere paper i quality, its Peculiar! rly, only in J. G. Bacher’s article fin fs is pleasing, the illustrations are on Small Varieties is there any discus- many au clear, ona the type, as this sion of chry: uenen varieties, and reviewer's old eyes can testify, is excel- his list contains many kinds that are lent. ‘Altho ugh as an amateur he has popular in the East. operated a greenhouse for a ie while, The only technical article is one on he was refreshed by ding disease control by Drs. Frank McWhorter ne book describes the castrcton of and A. W. Dimock; another writer covers greenhouses from foundation to finial. pest control ts opening chapter, ate it titled." eneral Pau F, Frese, Survey” gives the raison aire of the types, Editor, Flower Grower. greenhouse, describes the various Building and Equipping sketches its r and evolution, a Crone owing this is chapter explaining in detail what the author terms “sash beds” i ; _ —that is, coldframes, hotbeds and similar 69 pages, illustrated. Giakee Suda, structures. This chapter is followed by ew York, 1 $2.50. two on the greenhouse proper which enho discuss location, arrangement, size, pitch E re this book found lying ee a table and style o roof, Structural Material, We in the waiting room of a doctor’s office, Everyone enjoys PLANTS IN THE HOME and this Cae book by Frank K. Balthis contains hundreds of suggestions for growing house ee successfully. r. Balthis, for- merly a culturist at Garfield Conserva- aes t dows. He tells you how to grow all the o many new ones. This book ing plants indoors. Beautifully illustrated. From your bookstore or from The Macmillan Company, 60 Fifth Avenue, New York 11 302 Framework and Methods of Erection, Glazing and Painting, bce and Ventilating Machinery, Beds, Benches aud Jalks, are treat ir five hes methods and machinery for heating gr houses. Chapters on Water Supply and rigation, Concrete oe Plar and Estimates complete the volur k coul studied aa arofit y an ssional or amateur, wh contemplates the acquisition of a green- house, or who age Reve one. Wi ile it is concise, the e samc complete and i to — as its 1 aT eating and auto- tatie control of ventilation indicat t ts to be regretted that > Pia which may Aira be used for reference h a minor ratte er. Joun H. Mye White Plains, N. ¥. Bobbink & Atkins NURSERYMEN PLANTSMEN st of the unusual Roses, Trees and Rina not obtainable elsewhere will be found growing in this great are ra) ique in the nnals_ of Atledcan Horticulture. Visitors Always Welcome Catalogue Upon Request Bobbink & Atkins Paterson Ave., E. Rutherford, N. J. The Lore of the ae ae TREES IN BRITAIN Brimble. 352 pages, acmillan, Fr ‘ldsteatea, in- London, 1946, As a companion and supplement to his pana in Britain,” Mr. Brimble pre- en a a pee work it general review of the ane era an the principles of classification; and the suc- ceeding chapters deal with he’ ood plants according to their families. The notices of individual species include short running descripti s on origin and distribution, The book is ae colored sued t ional excellence by - nui ee of Te portraits by Arcli- deacon Lonsdale Rage. been pues: as a marriage and oe but industry and a ee oral have been more directly im- “Trees in Britain” is designed for the use of “botanist and amateur alike; Ls it can be recommended Pate only the latter class. Ther ae len book on the trees of Brita tain ty i Johns (often quoted by Brim) era Boule have done reissue is as 1. stispect, i of pri i tl = t C. Barneny, es falls, N. Research in Holland MODERN DEVELOUMENT OF CHEMOTHERAPY. Havinga, H. i e feta & K. Cc. Elsevier, 1946, $3. as is number four of Monographs on the Progress of Research in Holland Durie the War, of which — have been 2 onographs on a wide of plantas” zoological, plsical hence, and technological top- ics. volume under pen pare h tl pharm nacology ot s ‘ ndica’ ess of the Dutch in conducting re- eayel under adverse conditions existing 303 in an invaded country. Part of the work was seriously oo by the lack of gas and electric: . W. Kavawacu. Review of wal Farm Hist ARMS 4 AND FARMERS. The Story William pe pie illustrated, e & Co., Boston. This is an easily read rehash of the cad recessions of American ntil the soil had b ie joint at which chemistry sa plant and anitial’ breeding are atid able a main- tain eal of the things said here have been a more aoe oe ‘at they can not ue said too often. VirceNE KavaANaGH. Foundation for Beginners ABOUT FLOWER AR- RANGEMENS, Winifred Teele. 51 pages, illustrated. Published by the author. (Mars. Arthur P. Teele, add Walnut Place, Brookline 46, Mass.] $1. 1946. This booklet offer: wide range of ideas ae the _prinintes or mechanics of low: anger Written in simple, see ee it Pre an er undation r beginners. The aedina yy plant ee bizarre not being necessary to win peor y A. JENNISON. Essays on Biochemist CURRENTS 1 IN BIOCHEMICAL RE- . Green, editor. tae eee TTatereciones Publishers, w York, 1946. $5. ay one short essays vari- ous aspects'o of biochemical peceireh are by authors who hi contributions to the topics they disc The book opens with a Gene and Biochemistry” by G. W. Beadle and closes with “Organization — Support of Sci- ence in the “Unite ss”? by L. unn. hs interested in Feeney will find arly every chapter worth careful read- he. F. W. KavanacuH. Text Book in a New Edition w. . j Philadelphia, and h edition. $4, Although this book contains much 0 it is capsulated stype f bacteria that fo a icoid colony. om ge state that “apparently penicillin administered without sensitizing the Sahject " and that “some organisms may become penlin-resttant = aa uch organisms generally Re irul- ence.” In the light cent in vestigations on Shis ae “tt would appear that these statements are of doubt- ful validity. Pure! of oe inaccuracies of = res- = great advancem mad a pe 7 “the collection of “Floating particles of and the “American Societ c cteriologists.” ‘The general caliber of this book is uch that it ee oa be recommended for a school t Mary STEBBINS. Technical ak Freshwater Max E. Bri presents in a ron Sloe of Illinois Algae” a check list containing species in This 177-page book pub- todd we. i versity, Evanst Joseph Ewan, the Put of Plant mportan a. this gen 304 Dried Plants Used in Pictorial (Compositions Now on Exhibit in Museum Building WO hundred pictorial Rane made entirely of dried plant pea are on exhibit at the New York Bot a] calae and will remain on view in a tee Building through Dec originator of these unique designs and pictures is es Grace oe veers who has developed the art ce, the past five years out o a lifelong habit of observing the aaah of plants, particular ly around ne farm at Salem Center, N. Y., along the roadside, and in nearby fields, and of bringing home and pressing specimens whi ch a appea ealed t o her [ aa scenes. One of her most effective scenes shows a family of —agegressive father, solicitous gees and a flock of littlé ones— ail oe from immature milkweed pods, swimming on a lake whose shore is bordered with sturdy evergreens made a yarrow leaves. Grasses, weeds, — sections of fruits aie vege sara as well as garden flowers and the e familiar wild flowers, have been used. All are mounted on colored oe which brings out sffeively the ee tones of the dried ae Mrs. Macfarlane was the guest of the New oe Botanical Garden the opening of her exhibition on i Senucay . 23. Here is the of her work, as she tells it herself. 305 Rabbit-foot rae against a ee of soft yellow, has inflorescences quarters curling around the ed, grass, form the dea at the right. flow “Danbury, oe ve my birth- place. I married areas aes He City st Pee is ae 0, we cami 0 Sal a Caner: a gall village ‘in forthe Werke ter. Here I able to satisfy my ate bu wild flow rs and a garden: As child I Halways been toto! or and es Pbut ea never had. the onportanty to take 7 lessons in art or painting. out five ago, however. oe my collectio on a aan _ was taking two co that ‘spring, down - i ead foe ee ae exercise. The green was just be- ginning to hoe and “T gath Pad what- ever took my Ai uite im- q ‘pressed by the be eauty